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'RE

|r OTTA»

LOVI

THE

ISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION

THE RIGHT HONORABLE

FREDERICK TEMPLE, EARL OF DUFFERIN,

K.P., G.C.M.G., K.C.B., BMl.S.,

LATI

GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA.

WILLIAM LEGGO,

OTTi^WA, ONT., nARRISTIR-AT'L&W, LATH UASTIR IN 0HAN0BR7 AT HAMILTON,
ONT., AUTHOR OF "LIGOO'S OHANCBRY PRAflTIOl," AND OOHPILKR

or "i/BQ(4a'a ohanocry fouhs."

iAotttYeal:
LOVELL PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COiMPANY;

G. MERGER ADAM.

1878.

228544

Lt^i^^', u/,

MEMORANDUM.

The author purposes to follow this work, at the expiration of the term
of the Marquis of Lorne, with a history of his administration in
Canada.

Entered acoordinR to Act of Parliament of Canada, in tlie year one thousand

eight hundred and seventy-eight, by William Lkgou, in the

Office of the Minister of Agriculture, at Ottawa.

iiediratiou.

of the term
istration in

HARRIOT, COUNTESS OF DUFFERIN,

SI ].ali5

iHO HAS SO GRKATLY CONTUIBUTED, BY IIEIl HIGH ATTAINMENTR ANO
HER ADMIRABLE SOCIAL CHARACTER, TO THE SITCCCSR
ArmKVED BY HER ILLUSTRIOUS HUSBAND,

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN,

SKCUIUNG, TO AN EXTENT UNEQUALLED IN COLONIAL HISTOUV,
THE UNIVERSAL RESPECT, LOVE, AND ADMIRATION Of

THE PEOPLE OF CANADA,

BY PERMISSION,
MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.

'ove
KIgin,

[)UFFi

lis A(
Til
simply

PREFACE.

'he slow hut steady development of the principles of Re8i)onsihle
[lovernment in Canada, under Lords Durham, Sydenham, Metcalfe,
KIgin, Monck, and Lisgar, and the unswerving devotedness of Lurd
Dl'fff.rin to those principles, should make an hi : , ical account of
lis Administration acceptable to all interested in theni.

The system known in Canada as " Responsible Clovernment " is
simply an imitation of the Constitutional form c' lovernment, which
las since the reign of George III. been slowly evolving itself in Great
Jritain. T'l.'t Sovereign knew little of it; — his son, George IV., had
10 occasion to attempt any check to its growth : — William IV. vainly
Bright to impede its progress, — and even our present (iracious Sove-
reign, in the warmth of a young heart, attempted on one memorable
)ccasion to resist its power. But a few years' experience taughi her
Its true nature, — she gracefully acknowledged her error, and under her
Subsequent sway this great charter of liberty has attained a strength
jtnd stability hitherto unknown in any country — ancient or modem.

Its progress in British North America has been slow, but steady.

[t was promoted under Lord Durham : — Lord Sydenham worked

out as well as its imperfectly developed features were then under-

Itood : — Lord Metcalfe halted, and attempted its check, but tlie

mempt only brought out a clearer view of its beauties, and added

[trength to its growing power : — and Lord Elgin used it with a broad

lind and loyal determination to give the Canadian people the benefit

if its fullest development ; though in this he was, on one great occa-

jion, opposed by a large and influential portion of the jieople them-

ilves. But it was left to Sir Edmund Head, Lord Monck, Lord

Jsgar, and especially to the Earl of Dufferin, to place the centre

tone in the arch, — for under their administrations the principles

|f Responsible Government have become thorou;;'hly understood

well by the respective Ministers of their times as by the masses

|f the population they have been called on to govern.

It is chiefly with a view to point out this gradual development,
id to show the means used by Lord Dufferin in the process, that
lis work has been projected. No Canadian statesman can hereafter

I . ■

PREFACE.

pretend to even a fair knowledge of his duties or responsibilities
without an intimate acquaintance with the details of Lokd Dufferin's
AfKMiNisTRATioN ; — and no inhabitant of Canada can with even toler
able clearness understand the history of his country in the absence
of a familiarity with its progress since the system of Responsible
Government was established.

The work has not been reduced to a mere panegyric of the Earl
OF DuFFiiRiN, though the exceptionally excellent qualities with which
he is endowed have, of course, appeared. These the narrative have
gradually evolved ; and the student of Canadian history will have seen,
after the study of his rule of the Dominion, of what great importance
a genial disposition and popular manners are to the smooth working
of the government of a number of separate Provinces, differing in laws, |
language, and religion.

The importance of the life of the ruler is to be measured by the |
judgment with which he has construed the constitution of the country
he has been called on to govern; the ability with which he has!
applied that construction to the practical working of the machinery of I
government ; the tact with which he has dealt with the discordantf
elements to be found in all societies ; the influences of a kindly heart!
and a graceful bearing, with which he has smoothed the rough edgesi
of partisan contests, and softened the social and political asperitiesj
so inevitable in all countries, and under all systems of government:
by the degree of confidence in their rulers, and content with theirl
institutions, with which he leaves the people inspired ; and by thel
amount of respect, the warmth of love, and the height of admiratioiil
with which he has imbued the masses of the population placed under|
his charge.

Judged by these tests the hfe of the Earl of Dufferin, inj
Canada, presents a subject for study as valuable to the statesmanj
as it is attractive to the student.

The beneficial effects of his example are strikingly exhibited inl
the government of Manitoba by Mr. Morris. This gentlemaiij
doubtless inspired by the study of Lord Dufferin's conciliating lactJ
and carrying out a similar policy adopted by Mr. Archibald, broiiglij
that fine Province from anarchy to order ; and though these ruler
exposed themselves to the hostility of a class whose only error Avas]
that they i)ermitted their feelings, for a time, to conquer their natural
kindness of heart, yet they succeeded in producing peace and hap

PREFACE. 7

])iness where a severe policy would probably have produced only
strife and wretchedness.

It is hardly necessary to say that the Earl of Dufferin is in no
degree to be held responsible for any statements made, or opinions
expressed in this work, excepting in so far as his own speeches are
concerned, the principal of which have been subjected to his own cor-
rection. With the.se excei)tions he is completely ignorant of the
contents, and will remain so until he sees them in the printed volume
as it is now presented to the public.

A similar remark is made as to Mr. Archibald and Mr. Morris.
The author cannot allow the work to appear without an acknow-
ledgment of the deep obligation under which he lies to a number of
gentlemen in Ottawa. First among them is Mr. Alpheus Todd, the
Librarian of Parliament, whom the author cannot sufficiently thank
for his most valuable assistance in a variety of ways. The author also
desires sincerely to thank the other officers of the Library for their
kindness and untiring willingness to obtain any information he needed
in the compilation of his work.

He thanks, also. General Sir Edward Selby Smyth ; Colonel
Powell, the Adjutant-General ; Col. Stoughton Dennis, the Surveyor
General ; Mr. Alfred Patrick, Clerk of the House of Commons ; Mr.
Vankoughnet, of the Indian Department; Mr. Brymner, of the
Department of Agriculture ; Mr. Buckingham, Secretary to the First
Minister ; and Mr. Botterell, for valuable information and assistance.
The author has much pleasure in saying that the type used in the
production of this volume was manufactured by the Dominion Type
Founding Co., Montreal ; the paper by Alexander Buntin, Esq., at
Valleyfield, Que. ; the portraits of the Earl and Countess of Dufferin
were engraved by the British American Bank Note Company, and
their Excellencies' Coats of Arms, by Mr. James D. Scott, of Montreal.

Ottawa, 19th October, 1878.

! I

CONTENTS,

CHAPTER I.

Parentage — Education — Succession to Title — Lord-in-Waiting — " Narrative of a
Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen" — Created an English Baron — Land Tenure
and P2niigration Question — Lord Dufferin's Writings and Speeches on these
subjects — Appointed Attachi to Lord John Russell's Mission to Vienna —
" Letters from High Latitudes" — Appointed Commissioner to Syria— Nomin"
ated a K.C.B. — Speech of Condolence to Her Majesty, in House of Lords, on
death of Prince Albert — Marriage— Appointed Under Secretary for India —
Under Secretary for War — Nominated Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster —
Sworn in as Privy Councillor — Created an Earl of the United Kingdom —
Appointed Governor General of Canada — Estimate of his Qualities — Banquet
at Belfast — Speech on that occasion — Reception at Derry — Departure for
Canada — Arrival at Quebec 17

CHAPTER n.

Sketch of the early government of the British North American Provinces — Rise and
Progress of " Constitutional " or " Responsible " Government — Maritime Pro-
vinces in 1839 — Lord Durham, Governor General, May, 1838, to November, 1838
— His Report — Lord Sydenham, October, 1838, to September, 1841 — Union of
Upper and Ixjwer Canada determined on — Lord Sydenham's Rule — Sir Charles
Bagot's Administration, January, 1842, to March, 1843 — Lord Metcalfe's Rule,
March, 1843, to Novcmtx:i> 1845 — The Government of Lord Elgin, 1847 to
1S35 — Rebellion Losses Bill — Beautiful Farewell Address of Lord Elgin —
Sir Edmund Head, Governor General, January, 1855, to 1861 — Movement
for Confederation of the British North America Provinces — Lord Monck,
1 86 1 to 1868— The two Canadas, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Con-
federated 1st July, 1867 — British Columbia moving for Confederation — Sir
John Young, afterwards Lord Lisgar, Governor General, 1868 to 1872 — •
Cession of North-West Territories to the Dominion — British Columbia and
Vancouver Island enter Confederation, 20th July, 187 1 — The Earl of Dufferin
appointed Governor General — Arrives at Quebec, 25th June, 1872 — Farewell
Speech of Lord Lisgar 37

il'

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER III.

Reception of Lord Dufferin at QuelxiC — Arrival at Ottawa — Remarks of the Press
— Prcsentat on of Addresses on arrival at Ottawa — Reply to the Address of
the Mayor and Council — Volunteer Camp — Inspection of Camp at Prescott —
At Kinjjstnn — Address of Mis Excellency to the Officers and Men in Camp at
Kingston — Return to i'rescott — His Excellency proceeds to Montreal — " Old
]5apt'ste," the Pilot of Lachine Rapids — Mr. Mackenzie's Dinner — Inspection of
Camp at Laprairie— I.anjTuagessiiokcnjread and understood by His Excellency —
Address of the Mayor and Council of Montreal — Reply— Lcparture for (Quebec
— Arrival there — General Elections for the IJominion then proceeding — Sketch
of the strength of the Ministry — His Excellency proceeds to the Lower vSt.
Lawrence — Defeat of Sir George Cartier for Montreal East — Return to Quebec
— Life of their Excellencies at Quebec — Opinions of the Quebec Press — Liberal
views of His Excellency — Stadacona Games — Reply of His Excellency to the
Address of the President — Dinners — Halls — Effect of their E.\cellencies' affabi-
lity — Action of the Press — Address of the Mayor and Council on the departure I
of their Excellencies for Quebec — Reply — (ireat demonstration on taking final
leave

1 f

CHAPTER IV.

Arrival at Toronto, 24th Sept., 1872 — Reception — Visit to the Provincial Exhibi-
tion, Hamilton — Return to Toronto — Grand Reception — Addresses and Replies I
— Visit to Falls of Niagara — Return to Toronto — Drawing Room in Parliament
House — Visit to the Western Fair, London — Reception at Woodstock—
Ad<lresses — Replies — Arrival at London — Grand Reception — Addresses — Re-
plies — Visit to Strathroy and Petrolia Oil Regions — Return to Toronto — Stay
of about three weeks — Visit to Wykeham Hall School — St. Nicholas Home— I
Trinity College— Presbytery of Toronto — Visit to St. Michael's College — St.
Joseph's College — Convent — Address from Yacht Club — Inspection of Normal I
School — University Athletic Sports— Loretto Abbey — House of Providence— I
La Salle Institute — Visit to Miss Stubbs' School — Grand Ball — VisittoOsgoodel
Hall — Concert at Vorkville, in aid of Y. M. C. A. — Sjieech at Upper Canada I
College — .Speech at Toronto University — Address from the Sabbath School Asso-j
elation — Protestant Orphans' Home — Visit to Sunday School of St. James' Ca-
thedral — Return to Ottawa — Address from the Bishops of the Church of England j
and Reply — Visit to Montreal, November, 1872 — Presentation of Statue ofl
Her Majesty to the City — Speech on the occasion — French Speech — Return tol
Ottawa — Visit to the Christian Brothers School — Ottawa Ladies College — ConT
vent de Notre Dame — Visit to Quebec, January, 1873 — Visit to Poultry Show-I
(irand Citizens' Ball — Visit to Falls of Montmorenci — Ball given by Stadaconal
Skating Club — \ isit to Ursuline Convent — Lord Dufferin on "Manners"-!
Arrival at Montreal — Visit to St. Ann's School — Torch-light Snow-Shoe TrampI
— Inspection of Fire Brigade — Visit to Church of Notre Dame — Catholic Coml
niercial Academy — Ladies Benevolent Institution — Deaf and Dumb Asylum-I
House of Industry — Asylum for Deaf-Mutes — McGill College University-I

CONTENTS.

McGill Normal School — St. Mary's Jesuit College — Christian Ikothers Schools
Montreal College — Convent of Villa Maria — Montreal Water Works — Pro-
testant Infants' Home — St. Mary's Convent, Hochelaga — St. Patrick's Orphan
Asylum — St. Bridget's Refuge — Court House — Supreme Court — Sergeants'
Mess Room — Races of Alexandra Snow-Shoe Club — Victoria Skating Rink
Tournament — Ad<lress from Presbyterian Church — St. George's Society — Mont-
real Board of Trade — Grand Ball — Skating Carnival — Concert of Philharmonic
Society — Speech at McGill College University, 22nd January, 1873 — Speech
at Mc(iill Normal School — Hints as to •' manners" of youth — Speech at St.
Patrick's Orphan Asylum — Summary of His Excellency's character, so far
exhibited in Canada — Leaves Montreal for Ottawa, 5th February, 1873 79

CHAPTER V.

State of Parties after the General Elections in the Autumn of 1872 — Opening of
Parliament, 5th March, 1873 — His Excellency's Speech from the Throne — Social
Life at Rideau Hall — Ontario House of Assembly— Orange Bills — His Excel-
lency declines to deal with them — Sir John Macdonald's opinion on the Consti-
tutional Question — Mr. Huntington's Motion in the House of Commons for a
Committee to investigate charges made against the Ministry in respect to the
Pacific Railway — History of the events leading up to the " Pacific Railway
Scandal " — Defeat of Mr. Huntington's motion — Motion of Sir John Macdonakl
for a Committee — Committee appointed — The Oaths Bill, — it is passed, and
disallowed by Her Majesty — Proceedings of Committee adjourned to 2n(l July
— House adjourned to 13th August — His Excellency leaves Ottawa loth June
for the Maritime Provinces — Visit to Quebec — Baptism of Lady Victoria
Blackwood— Her Majesty's present as Godmother — Visits the Wimbledon
Team en route for England — Sir John Macdonakl offers a Royal Com-
mission to the Parliamentary Committee — Declined by Messrs. Dorion and
Blake — Publication of the " McMullen Correspondence," and Sir Hugh
Allan's statement — Their Excellencies leave Quebec for the Maritime Pro-
vinces — Progress to Prince Edward Islant' — Cape Breton — Halifax — Speech at
Halifax Club — His Excellency obliged to return to Ottawa to meet Parliament
on I \ugust — Interview with the deputation from the "Ninety-three" —
'Iheir Memorial — His Reply — Meeting of the Pacific Railway Committee —
Opening of Pi'.:liament, 13th August — Mr. Mackenzie's motion — Turbulent
conduct of the Opposition — House Prorogued — Meeting of Opposition Mem-
bers after Prorogation — Full text of His Excellency's celebrated despatch of
15th August, No. 197 — Despatch of l8th August — Despatch of the Earl of
ivimberley, 9th October, — London Times — Return to Maritime Provinces —
\ isit to St. John, N.B., 19th August — Visit to Fredericton — Nashwaak — Wood-
stock — Grand Falls — Return to Quebec, 5th September — Members returned to
the House of Commons for P.E.I. — Newfoundland — Charter of the Canadian
I'acific Railway surrendered — Meeting of Parliament, 23rd October — Speech
from the Throne — Report of the Royal Commission issued to enquire into Mr.
Huntington's charges — Debate on the Address — Mr. Mackenzie's Amendment

CONTEKTS.

— Speakers on both sides — Resignation of the Ministry, 5th November— Mr.
Mackenzie sent for to form a new Ministry — Names of Ministers — Remarks
on the Pacific Railway matter K^

CHAPTER VI.

Appointment of Mr. Crawford and Mr. Tilley as Lieut. Governors of Ontario
and New Brunswick — Policy of the new Ministry — Social System of their Ex-
cellencies — Life in Ottawa — General Election in January, 1874 — System of
awarding Medals inaugurated — Proposed appointment of six additional Senators
— Imperial Authorities decline to accede to Mr. Mackenzie's request — Visit to
Montreal — Latin Address from the High School — Latin Reply — Life in Montreal
in February, 1874 — Opening of Parliament, 26th March, 1874— Speech from the
Throne — Riel takes the oath as Member for Provencher — Grand Ball given to
their Excellencies by the Citizens of Ottawa— Close of Session, 26th May —
Negotiations for a new Reciprocity Treaty with the United States — Their failure
— New Brunswick School Question — Points of Constitutional Law established by
it — Ministerial Scheme for Building the Pacific Railway — Visit of their Excellen-
cies to the Lower St. Lawrence — Visit to Toronto in July, 1874 — Commence-
ment of the great Tour of 1874 — Newmarket — Allandale — Barrie — Orillia -
Lake Coucliiching — Rama — Washago — Gravenhurst — Bracebridge — Muskoka
River — Port Carling — Lake Rosseau — Potc Cockburn — Parry Sound — Colling-
wood — Owen Sound — Presqu'ile — Killarney — Manitoulin Island — Little Cur-
rent — West Bay — Bruce Mines — Garden River — Sault St. Marie — Batchewau-
ning Bay — Agate Island — Nipigon Bay and River — Silver Islet — Prince
Arthur's Landing — Fort William — The Dawson Road — Shebandowan Lake —
Mattewan — Kaministiquia Bridge —Kakabaka Falls — Point Huron — Indian
Mission — Chicago — Speech in Reply to the Corporation of Chicago — Speech in
Reply to Board of Trade — Detroit — Windsor — French Speech at Windsor —
Chatham — Return to Detroit — Great demonstrations there — Speech — Moore-
town — Sarnia — Indian Addresses — Point Edward — Goderich — Salt Works —
Mitchell — Sebringville — Berlin — Guelph — Preston — Gait — Miss Macpherson's
Boys' Home — Harrisburg — Brantford — Six Nations Indians — Oswekea — Bow-
Park — Paris — Woodstock — IngersoU — London — St. Thomas — Simcoe —
Waterford — Welland — Cayuga — St. Catharines — Merntton — Thorold — Fort
Erie — Niagara — Toronto — Great Speech at Toronto Club — Whitby — Address
on Education of Girls — Bowmanville — Port Hope — Cobourg — Rice Lake—
Harwood — Marmora Iron Mines — Belleville — Miss Rye's Children's Home —
Napanee — Kingston — Brockville — Smith's Falls — Carleton Place — Ottawa-
Remarks on Tour — Visit to New York, October, 1874 — Dinner at Delmonico's.

CHAPTER VH.

Tlie North-West troubles of 1*^69-1870 — Riel and Lepine — The •' Amnesty " ques-
tion — Lord DuflTerin's despatch of loth December, 1874. He exerts the prero-
gative of mercy without the advice of his Ministers — Discussion on the Conbti-
tional question involved in the House of Lords — Opinions of the Earl of Bel-

CONTENTS.

more — The Earl of Carnarvon — Lord Lisgar — Earl Granville and the Earl of
Kimberley — The difficulties with ikitish Columbia — First official complaint
made 26th July, 1873— Statement of the case — Address of the House of Assembly
of IJritish Columbia — Mr. Edgar's mission— Account of his dealings with the
Hritish Columbian Government — Failure of the mission — The "Carnarvon
Terms " — Ojjening of the House in February, 1875 — Amnesty to aU the partici-
pators in the North-West troubles except Riel, Lepine and O'Donoghue — Expul-
sion of Riel from the House — Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Bill carried
in the Commons, but defeated in the Senate — Mr. Hlake's resolutions on the
power of the Governor (General to disallow Provincial Acts without consult-
ing his Ministry — The Constitutional importance of the question — The Su-
preme Court Bill passed — Mr. Irving's amendment destroying right of appeal
to England — Bill for the establishment of a new Government for the North-
West— Session closed 8th April, 1875 — Life at Rideau Hall— Children of their
Excellencies — Visit of their Excellencies to England and Ireland in May, 1875
— Dinner at the Canada Club — One of His Excellency's Great Speeches — Re-
marks on it — Visit to Clandeboye — Reception there — Reply to the address of
His Excellency's tenants — Return to Canada — Arrival at Ottawa, 23rd Octo-
bei, 1875 — Appointment of Supreme Court Judges — State dinner to them —
His Excellency's speech — Reply of the Chief Justice — Opening of Parliament,
loth February, 1876 — Speech from the Throne — Extradition Treaty — Mr.
IMake's memorandum respecting Correspondence with the Foreign Office —
Continuation of the account of the British Columbian difficulties — Motion of
Mr. De Cosmos, 28th March, 1876 — Case brought down to the Earl of Carnar-
von's despatch of 23rd May, 1876 — Remarks on the Session of 1876 — Grand
Fancy Dress Ball, 23rd February, 1876 — Visit of theii Excellencies to Quebec,
7une, 1876 — Dinner to His Excellency by the Citizens of Quebec — His Speech
on the occasion — His plans for the embellishment of Quebec — Proposed
"Chateau St. Louis" — Visit to Laval Normal School— The "Pet Names"
speech — Remarks on it by New York World — Return to Ottawa 299

CHAPTER VIII.

.'isit to British Columbia, 31st July, 1876 — San Francisco— Arrival at Esquimalt
and Victoria — His Excellency declines to receive an address threatening seces-
sion from the Confederation — State of public feeling in British Columbia on
the Pacific Railway matter — Notice of Mr. De Cosmos — Life at Victoria —
Visit to Nanaimo — Proceeding northward the party visit Bute's Inlet, Skeena
River, Metlahkatlah, Fort Simpson and Queen Charlotte Islands — Returning,
they visit Burrard's Inlet, New Westminster, Vale, Port Hope, ^ytton and
Kamloops — Return to Victoria — The " Great " British Columbia speech —
Return to Ottawa, 23rd October, 1876 — Reply to address of City Council —
Remarks on British Columbia and on His Excellency's speech at Victoria —
His course approved by the Secretary for the Colonies — Visit to Toronto,
January, 1877 — Speech at the National Club — Speech at the Toronto Club —
Remarks on these speeches — The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia —
Canada's high position there — Benefits to Canada by it 443

CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IX.

Opening of rarliament, 8th February, 1877 — Speech from the Throne — Mr. De
Cosmos moves for a Committee to enquire into the progress of the I'acific
Railway — Protection and Free Trade — Motion of Sir John Macdonahl, 2nd
March — Amendments of Mr. Wood and Mr. Orton — Motion negatived — Mr.
Costigan's motion respecting O'Donoghue— Discussion on the Pacific Rail-
way — House prorogued, 28th April — Visit of His Excellency to Manitoba pro-
posed — Sketch of the Province — Hudson's Bay Charter — Rupert's Land — Earl
of Selkirk's Settlement in l8ll — Re-purchase of his lands by the Hudson Bay
Company — System of Government — Sir George Simpson, Mr. Dallas and Mr.
McTavish, Governors — Came under Canadian rule, 1st Decemb"'. 1869 — Gov-
ernor and Council of Assiniboia — Population in 1869 — State He country —
Canada sends in surveyors before entitled to possession — ' satisfaction of
the inhabitants — Mr. McDougall appointed Governor — Reaches Red River,
Octo'oer, 1869 — Refused admission to the Territory by Riel and his associates
— Troubles consequent thereon — Manitoba set off as a Province — Mr. Archi-
bald appointed Lieutenant Governor, May, 1870 — Military expedition under
Col. Wolsley — State of the Province when Mr. Archibald arrived — Policy of
Mr. Archibald — 'Hie Amnesty question — Addresses to Mr. Archibald — His
measures to organize a Government — Titles of Honor (note) — Improved state
of the country in 1871 — Troops disbanded — Agricultural Exhibition in
Octol)er, 1871 — The Fenian Raid, October, 187 1 —Delicate position oi the
French Half-breeds — Capture and escajie of O'Donoghue — Steadfast loyalty :)f
the French Half-breeds — Review of affairs 1st January, 1872 — Opening of tiie
House of Assembly in 1872 — Lieutenant Governor resigns — Departure in
June, 1873 — Reply to Farewell Address — Appointment of Mr. Morris as Chief
Justice in July, 1872 — His appointment as Lieutenant Governor in December,
1873 — Estimate of Mr. Archibald as an administrator — Importance of the assist-
ance of Mrs. and Miss Archibald — Levee at Government House — Popular
gratification at appointment of Mr. Morris — Social policy of Mrs. and Miss
Morris — Their great influence — Manitoba Parliament opened 5th February,
1873 — Purchase of Indian Rights — Treaty of the North West Angle, No. 3,
October, 1873 — Its terms — Account of the proceedings — Execution of Treaty-
Its importance — Festivities at Government House — Mr. Becher (note) — Treaty
of Qu'Appelle — No. 4, in September, 1874 — " Who Calls" — Indian Tradition
— Account of the proceedings at Fort Qu'Appelle — Importance of this Treaty-
Keren's River Treaty, No. 5, Septemlier, 1875 — ^■"* Laird appointed Lieu-
tenant Governor of the North West Territories, in October, 1876 — Treaty No.
6 — Treaty No. 7 — Arrival of the Governor General at Winnipeg, August, 1877 1
— Reception and proceedings — Visit to places of interest in the neighborhood-
Admirable address of the people of St. Boniface — Ball at Government House
— Lord DulTerin and the " native ladies " — Tour through the Province — Visit
to the Mennonite Settlement — Account of these people — Speech of Plis Excel-
lency — Visit to Gimli, the Icelandic Settlement — Speech of His Excellency— I
I*"arewell dejeuner — The great Manitoba Speech of His Excellency — Speech ofl
his Hon. Lieutenant Gov rnor Morris — Departure of the Vice-Regal Party— j
Arrival at Ottawa, October, 1877 — Effects of the Manitoba Speech

CONTENTS.
CHAPTER X.

Fisliery question-Commission an,I . ,

^^-'•n '<nightecl-Ca„ad "t t 7^1^''''''' '^^ «'ch„rds and I,o„ ^^

-l-h .om .HeT,.o„ei;^:;::;^:-^S^^;,^'aWiame„, ,, ,^:;^;^^
ar>-Mackay Institute— HaU ^. w >'''"'''" '"Montreal ,,h r , '
I%ree conferred on Ili ^^ ,r"'^"'" ''^'^'^ Visit to MeG,'"'' '^'''•■"-
Dawson-Speech of Chief ^' '-'"'^"•^^-His Creek speech s ^T"""^~

KetumtoOttawa-Proceedinjjs in P J '"'""' ^^"^'^1 of Canada"

■on on the necessity of adopting Nlr'";-:'''^-^"''" A'acdonaic"^^^^^
the subject of Fr^« t . ^ -National Policy— On,. . resolu-

Crisis" nif ""^^ ^'"^ i'rotection-AII ,r '•'^^"'"tions on

v.! ISIS — Dismissa of the D^ n l ^^'' <'efeated— Thn .. ,^ ,

f"^^ <^on>mons to His Excel lency-H-^T' ''''''''' address of tlie Sena '
ba.aar-Her Excellency's charitv 7. J^P'^'-^'^ '^''-mination-ChiM

CHAPTER XI

JJegree of Doctor of T
— "encies ,h™„,h ,,e Fa ," "" '"'''™™"™'-" Q-^ -W "r r

619

CONTENTS.

His Excellency, 5th September— His Excellency's reply — I)egree of Doctor of
Ln.ws conferred on His Excellency by Laval University, Quebec, nth Septem-
ber, 1878 — Address— Reply in English and French— Address of St. Jean Bap-
tiste Society, Quelx'C — Reply in English and French— General Elections— The
fatal 17th September, 1878— Causes of the upheaval — The Constitutional
question, whether the defeated Ministry should resign before the meeting of Par-
liament — The Ministry resign 9th October — His Excellency opens the Pro-
vincial Exhibition of Ontario in Toronto— Arrival in Toronto, 21st September
— He attends a musical festival at Adelaide Street Rink — Address from Curl-
ing Club, presentation by them, and His Excellency's reply — Opens the
Exhibition, 25th September — Address of the Agricultural and Arts Association
— Reply — Visit to the Cairn, marking the site of Fort Rouille, A.D. 1749 —
Visit to Horticultural Grounds — Address from the Irish Protestant Benevolent
Society — St. George's Society — Public School Board, and Commercial Travel-
lers' Association — Replies — Visit to Central Prison — Citizens' demonstration in
Queen's Park — Address of Corporation — Reply — Address of York County
Council — Reply — Address of the Mayor and Corporation of the City of Hamil-
ton — Reply — Entertainment by the Ontario Society of Artists — Graceful speech
of Mr. Howland, and His Excellency's reply — Letter to the Governor of the
State of New York, suggesting an International Park at ihe F'alls of Niagara —
Fac-simile of a duplicate of this letter — Inspection of Police Force, Toronto
— Levee in City Council Chamber — Visit to St. Michael's Palace — Address of
the Archbishop and Bishop— Reply — AdJ ss of Horticultural Committee —
Final departure from Toronto — Return to Montreal — Formation of the new
Ministry — His Excellency's final departure from Canada, 19th October —
Resume of his administration

* It is a 1

America has

Beaconsfield,

but in nine c

Spencer" or

branch of a m

with the famil

designation of

Duke, is alwa;

appellation ; tl

fill as a variati

THE

Earl of Dufferin's Administration

IN CANADA.

CHAPTER I.

CONTENTS.

Parentage — Education — Succession to Title — Lord-in-Waiting — '* Narrative of a
Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen" — Created an English Baron — Land Tenure
and Emigration Question — Lord DulTerin's Writings and Speeches on these
subjects — Appointed Attach^ to Lord John Russell's Mission to Vienna —
" letters from High latitudes" — Appointed Commissioner to Syria — Nomin-
ated a K.C.B. — Speech of Condolence to Her Majesty, in House of Lords, on
death of Prince Albert — Marriage— Appointed Under Secretary for India —
Under Secretary for War — Nominated Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster —
Sworn in as Privy Councillor — Created an Earl of the United Kingdom —
Appointed Governor General of Canada — Estimate of his Qualities — Banquet
at Belfast — Speech on that occasion — Reception at Derry — Departure f^r
Canada — Arrival at Quebec.

The Right Honorable Frederick Temple Blackwood, Earl ok
DuFFERiN,* K.P., G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., late Governor General
of Canada, the only son of Price, fourth Baron Dufferin, was born at
Florence in 1826. His mother, Helen Selina, daughter of Thomas
Sheridan, was distinguished for her beauty, wit and intellectual accom-

* It is a very common practice in this country, and indeed in Ireland, whence
America has taken it, to allude to noblemen possessing the title of Earl as "Earl
Beaconsfield," «' Earl Elgin," instead of "Earl o/Beaconsfield," "Earlr/Elgin ;"
but in nine cases out of ten this is a solecism. It would be right to say '• Earl
Spencer" or "Earl Russell," because these two noblemen belong to a junior
branch of a noble family and were so created ; but when the title is not identical
with the family name, but is territorial, the " of^' should never be dropped. The
designation of Lord " so and so," of whatever rank the person may be below a
Duke, is always proper, and in narrative frequently proves the most convenient
appellation ; though, occasionally, the iiitroduction of the other designation is use-
ful as a variation.

HISTORY OF TIIK ADMINISTRATION OF

plishments, and as a writ'.r of songs, chief among which are " The Irish
Emigrant," " Katie's Letter," " Terence's Farewell to Kathleen,"
" 'I'he Charming Woman," which she wrote when she was only
sixteen, and some others. She was sister of the brilliant and beau-
tiful Duchess of Somerset, renowned, when I^dy Seymour, as the
Queen of Beauty at the famous Kglinton Tournament, and of Lady
Stirling Maxwell, better known as the Hon. Mrs. Norton, celebrated
as a poetess and novelist, all three being the grand-daughters of the
wit, orator and dramatist, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and she pos-
sessed in no ordinary degree the engaging qualities of her race. Her
literary capacity, her style of writing, and especially of letter-writing,
were of the highest order. To those who knew her well she appeared
as even a brighter star than her more distinguished sister, Mrs. Norton.
Of the Sheridan brilliance, the son of this attractive woman has
inherited a visible portion.

Lord Dufferin was educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford,
and succeeded to the title in July, 1841, while still in his minority.
For some years subsequent to 1849 ^*^ ^^^^ one of the Lords in
Waiting to Her Majesty, under Lord John Russell's first adminis-
tration, and again in 1854-58. He visited the South of Ireland in
1846-7, and on his return to England published an account of his
experiences under the title of a " Narrative of a Journey from Oxford
to Skibbereen, during the year of the Irish Famine." In 1850 he
was created an English Baron, and sits in the House of Lords as an
hereditary peer by the title of Lord Clandeboye.

He early began to study the questions of land tenure, of the
relation of landlord and tenant, and of Irish emigration ; and, by his
speeches in the House of Lords, his letters to The Times, his pam-
phlets, and his addresses at public meetings, he soon acquired a high
reputation as an authority on these complex and harassing questions.
His position as owner of large estates in the County Down brought
him face to face with the great defects of the system under which
the relations of landlord and tenant were regulated, and for many
years he devoted his time and energies to the elucidation of them
with a view to secure changes benefitable to both landlord and tenant.
About twenty years before the passing of Mr. Gladstone's Land Act,
Lord Dufferin had anticipated its leading principle in a speech in the
House of Lords, suggesting that the Irish tenant-at-will should receive
compensation for " disturbance " as well as for " improvements," but,
though liberal in his ideas of what was due to the tenant, he combated

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA,

with unwonted ability, Mr. Mill's proposal that the landed estates of all
the proprietors of Ireland should be brought to a forced sale. In 1854
he delivered an exhaustive sjieech in the House of Lords on the
Landlord and Tenant bills, which was, admittedly, the fairest and
most comprehensive statement hitherto made of the controversy then
pending between the landlords and tenants of Ireland. This speech
was followed by another on the same subject, and the views of Lord
Dufferin had a marked effect on the subsecpient legislation of Parlia-
ment. During the years which elapsed before the conditional .settle-
ment of these uisputes, he published a valuable work entitled " Irish
Kmigration. and the Tenure of Land in Ireland," in which he treated
very fully on emigration, landlords and tenants — gave a retrospect of
tlie economical history of owners and occupiers in Ireland and Bel-
^'ium, and conrluded with an elaborate review of various proposals for
the alteration of the tenure of land in Ireland.

His earlier speeches and writings by their ability soon drew the
attention of the leaders of his party to their author, who, in February,
1855, was invited by Lord John Russell to accept the position of
sjjecial attac/ to his well-known mission to Vienna in that year.

In 1856 he made a yacht voyage to Iceland, a well-known nar-
rative of which he published under the title of " Letters from High
Latitudes,"

In i860, he was appointed by Lord Palmerston, then at the head of
the Government, to proceed, as British Commissioner, to Syria, for the
purjjose of prosecuting enquiries into the massacre of the Christians,
In the performance of this difficult and delicate duty he exhibited so
much discretion and firmness that on his return he was nominated a
K.C.B. The free institutions he then secured for the Lebanons
have not only worked admirably, and enduringly, but have been
repeatedly referred to as the pattern on which the constitution of the
liberated Provinces of Bulgaria should be framed.

On i5ih December, i86i, the Empire was stirred to its depths by
the death of Prince Albert. The duty of moving the address in the
House of Lords, in answer to Her Majesty's speech from the
Throne, delivered by the Lord Commissioners, in which the melan-
choly event was referred to, was imposed on Lord Dufferin, and the
admirable manner in which he discharged it may be gathered from
his impressive speech on this occasion. It is in this speech that we
first see the beauty of diction, the warpith of feeling, and the breadth
of thought which will be found to characterise all the speeches of Lord
Dufferin.

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

' ■

The following is that portion of the speech referring to the great
calamity which had overtaken Her Majesty and the Empire :

♦' My Lords, — In rising to perform the duty which has devolved upon me, I feel
that scarcely ever has any Member of your Lordships' House been called upon to
address you under more solemn or more trying circumstances ; and most painfully
am I aware how great is my need of your Lordships' patience and indulgence.
My Lords, for nearly a quarter of a century it has been the invariable privilege of
those who have successively found themselves in the position I occupy to-night to
direct your attention to topics of a pleasing, hopeful, or triumphant character, — to
a gratifying retrospect, or a promising future — to projects of law calculated still
further to promote the rapidly-increasing prosperity of the country — to treaties of
amity and commerce with foreign nations — at the worst, to difficulties surmounted
or disasters successfully retrieved — to foreign wars gloriously conducted and victo-
riously concluded. But, my Lords, to-night a very dilTerent task awaits me. For
the first time since Her Majesty commenced a reign of unexampled prosperity, we
have been overtaken by a calamity fraught with consequences .vhich no man can
yet calculate — unexpected — irremediable — opening up alike to Sovereign and to
people an endless vista of sorrow and regret. Under such cimumstances t%'en the
most practised speaker in your Lordships' House might well shrink from the re-
sponsibility of intruding the inadequate expression of his individual feelings on a
grief which must have endowed the heart of every one who hears me with an
eloquence far g, eater than any he can command. If, however, my Lords, there is
anythinj^ that can mitigate the painful anxiety of my situation, it is the conviction
that, however inefficient, — however wanting to the occasion — may be the terms in
which yon are urged to join in the proposed sentences of condolence with Her
Mpjesty, the appeal must in its very nature command such an unanimity of earnest,
heartfelt acquiescence, as to leave the manner in which it may be placed before you
a matter of indilTerence. My Lords, this is not tiie occasion, nor am I the proper
person, to deliver an encomium on the Prince whom we have lost. When a whole
nation has lifted up its voice in lamentation, the feeble note of praise which may
fall from any individual tongue must necessarily be lost in the expression of the
general sorrow ; but, my Lc'-ds, superfluous as any artificial panegyric has now
liecome, right and fitting is it that that public grief which first found vent in the visi-
ble shudder which shook every congregation assembled in this metropolis when his
well-known name was omitted from tlie accustomed prayer — which, gathering
volume and intensity as reflection gave us the measure of our loss, s"-»iit
towards the Throne in one vast wave of passionate sympathy, and is even
still reiterated from every distant shore that owns allegiance to the British
Ciown, — right and fitting is it that such a manifestation of a nation's sorrow
as this should find its final embodiment and crowning consummation in a
solemn expression of their feelings by both Houses of the British legisla-
ture. Never before, my Lords, has the heart of England been so greatly stirred,
and never yet has such signal homage V)een more spontaneously rendered to
unpretending imiinsic worth. Monarchs, heroes, patriots have perished from among
us, and have been attended to their grave by the respect and veneration of a grateful
people. But here was one who was neither king, warrior, nor legislator, — occu-

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

pying a position in its very nature inr;onipatible with all personal pre-eminence, —
alike debarred the achievement of mi'itary renown and political distinction, secluded
within the precincts of what might easily have become a negative existence, —
neitiier able to confer those fa-, ors which purchase popularity nor possessing in
any peculiar degree luc tri^k of manner which seduces it, — who, nevertlieless,
succeeded in winning for himself an amount of consideration and confidence such
as the most distinguished or the most successful of mankind have seldom attained.
Hy what combination of qualities, a stranger and an alien — exercising no definite
political functions — ever verging on the peril of a false position — his daily life
exposed to ceaseless observation — shut out from the encouragement afforded by the
sympathy of intimate friendship, the support of partisans, the good fellowship of
society, — how such an one acquired so remarkable a hold on the afiection of a
jealous insular people, might well excite the astonish.- t of any one acquainted
with the temper and the peculiarities of the British nation. Yet, my Lords, after
all, how simple and obvious is the secret of the dominion he acquired ! If, my
Lords, the death of Prince All)ert has turned England into a land of mourning ; if
each one of us is conscious of having lost that calm feeling of satisfaction and
security which has gradually been interwoven with the existence of the nation from
the day he first took his stand beside the Throne ; if it seems as though the sun of
our prosperity were darkened, and a pillar of our state had fallen ; it is because in
hiui we have lost that which has never failed to acquire the unlimited confidevice
and enthusiastic veneration of Englishmen — a man who, in every contingency of
life, in the piesence of bewildering temptations, in the midst of luxury and splendor,
in good report and in evil report, in despite of the allurements of vanity, of selfish-
ness, and ambition, trod day by day and hour by hour, patiently, humbly, faith-
fully, the uninviting path of duly. My Lords, great must that people ever become
whose highest notion of human excellence is the fulfilment of duty ; and happy
may that man be consi iered \i'ho has been able to realize their ideal ! Of the
various achievements of Prince AiV)ert's career I need not remind your Lordships.
We can, most of us, remember the day when he first came among us, and every
subsequent chapter of his blameless life has been open to our inspection. We all
know with what prudence he proceeded to exercise the functions of h-s elevated
hut difficult station, and with what simplicity of purpose he accepted the position
marked out for him by the Constitution. Noble Lords on either side of the
House can describe the impartiality of the welcome he extended to all the Parlia-
mentary advisers cf the C.own. These who have had the honor of enjoying per-
sonal intercourse with him can speak not only to the grasp of his remarkable intel-
lect, and the inexliaustible store of his acquirements, but still more to the modesty,
the gentleness, and chivalrous purity of a disposition which invested the Court over
which he presided with an atmosphere of refinement and tranquil happiness such
as, prolmbly, has never yet been found in a Royal home ; while his various
speeches, replete with liDeral wisdom — the enlightened influence he exercised over
our arts and manufactures — and, above all, the triumphant establishment of the
Exhibitions of 185 1 and 1862, will bear witness to that practical sagacity which
in spite of the apparent inaction to which he was condemned, could call into
existence an unimagined field for the exercise of his untiring energy. And yet,

HISTOllY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

my Lords, it is not so much for what he did, as for what he was that the
memory of Prince Albert will be honored and revered among us, though,
pro'i^a^ly, all that he has been to England no one will ever rightly know.
As I have already had occasion to remark, the exigencies of his position
required him to shun all pretension to personal distinction. Politically
speaking, the Prince Consort was ignored by the Constitution — an ever-
watchful, thcugh affectionate, jealousy, on the part of the people, gUui.Lu the pre-
eminence of the Crown. How loyally and faithfully the Queen's first subject
respected this feeling we are all aware ; yet who shall ever know the nobler
loyalty, the still more loving fidelity with which the husband shared the burdens,
alleviated the cares, and guided the counsels of the wife ? Some there are among
us, indeed, who have had opportunities of forming a just idea of the extent to which
this country has profited by the sagacity of Her Majesty's most trusted counsellor ;
but it will not be until this generation has passed away, and those materials seethi
light from which alone true history can be written, that the people of England will
be able justly to appreciate the real extent of their obligations to probably one of
the wisest and most influential statesmen that ever controlled the destinies of the
nation. But, my Lords, deserving of admiration as were the qualities I have
enumerated, it is by ties of a tenderer nature that he will have most endeared him-
self to our affection. Good, wise, accomplished, useful as he was, little would all
these engaging characteristics have availed him, unless, before and above all else,
he had proved himself worthy of that precious trust which two-and-twenty years
ago the people of England confided to his honor, when they gave into his keeping
the domestic happiness ol their youthful Queen. How faith' lly he has fulfilled
that trust, how tenderly he has loved, guarded, cherished, aonored the bride of
his youth, the companion of his manhood, is known in all its fulness but to one
alone ; yet, so bright has shone the flame of that wedded love, so hallowing has
been its influence, that even its reflected light has gladdened and purified many a
humble household, and at this moment there is not a woman in Great Britain who
will not mournfully acknowledge that as in life he made our Queen the proudest
and the happiest, so in death he has left her the most afllicted lady in her kingdom.
Well may we then hesitate, my Lords, before we draw near even with words of
condolence to that widowed Throne, wrapped as it is in the awful majesty of grief;
yet if there is one thing on earth which might bring — I will not say consolation,
but some soothing of her grief, to our afilicted Sovereign, it would be the conscious-
ness of that universal love and sympathy for her with which the hear^ of England is
at this moment full to bursting. Great as has been the affection always felt for her
by her subjects, the feeling has now attaineti an intensity difficult to imagine.
Death and sorrow have broken down the conventional barriers that have hitherto
awed into silence the expression of her people's love ; — it is not a Monarch in a
palace that they now see, but a stricken Woman in a desolate home ; and public
meetings, and addresses of condolence, and marble memorials utterly fail to inter-
pret the unspeakable yearning with which the entire nation would fain gather her
to its Ijosom, and, if it were possible, for ever shelter her from all the ills and
sorrows of this storm-shaken world. Surely, next to the compassion of God must
be such love from such a people ! To give expression to these sentiments, as far
as the forms of State will admit, will, I am certain, be the hnrtfelt desire of \ our

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

Lordships' House ; and not, even when in some day of battle and defeat your Lord-
ships' ancestors made a rampart of their lives round the person of their king, will
the Peers of England have gathered round the Throne in a spirit of more genuine
devotion ; and heartily, I am sure, my Lords, will you join me in praying that the
same inscrutable Providence which has visited our Queen and country with so
great a calamity will give to her and us patience to bow before the dread decree ; and
that the Father of the fatherless and the Comforier of the afflicted will, in His
own good time, afford to our beloved Sovereign such a measure of consolation as
is to be found in the love of her lost husband's children, in the veneration of his
memory, the fulfilment of his wishes, and the imitation of his bright example. Such
a wish can be emborlied in no nobler words than those furnished by the great poet
of our age : —

' May all love,

' Hi's love unseen, but felt, o'ershadow thee,

' The love of all thy tons encompass thee,

' The love of all thy daughters cherish thee,

' The love of all thy people comfort thee,

' Till God's love set thee at his side again.'

And now, my Lords, glad should I be might my task of sorrowful reminiscence
be here concluded ; but on such an occasion it is impossible not to remember that
since we were last assembled the service of two other trusted and faithful council-
lors has been lost to the Crown and to the State — the one a Member of your Lord-
ships' House, cut off in the prime of his manhood and in the midst of one of the
most brilliant careers that ever flattered the ambition of an English Statesman —
the other a Member of the other House of Parliament, after a long life of such
uninterrupted labor and unselfish devotion to the business of the country as has
seldom characterized the most indefatigable public servant. My Lords, it is not
my intention to enumerate the claims upon our gratitude possessed by those two
departed Statesmen ; but, in taking count of the losses sustained by Parliament
(luring the last recess, it is impossible not to pause an instant beside the vacant
places of Lord Herbert and Sir James Graham. Each has gone to his account,
and each has died, falling where he fought, as best befitted the noble birth and
knightly lineage of each. My Lords, whenever in her hour of need England shall
marshal her armies for the vindication of her honor, or the protection of her terri-
tories, the name of him who labored so assiduously for the improvement or the
sanitary condition of the solditr at a time when peace was devastating our barracks
in more fatal proportion than war our camps, will never lack its appointed meed
of praise. And when the day shall come for the impartial pen of history to blazon
tiiose few names to whom alone it is given to be recognized by posterity as the
leading spirits of a by-gone age, the trusted friend, the laViorious coadjutor, the
sagacious colleague of Lord Aberdeen, and of Sir Robert Peel, shall as surely find
his just measure of renown. But, my Lords, it was neither in the ho}Te of winning
guerdon or renown that the Prince whom we mourn and the Statesmen whom we
have lost preferred the path of painful, self-denying duty to the life of luxury and
ease that lay within their reach. They obeyed a nobler instinct ; they were led
by the light of a higher revelation ; they cast their bread upon the waters in the

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

faith of an unknown return. • Omnia fui, nihil expedit,^ sighed one of the greatest
of Roman emperors as he lay upon his death-bed at York ; yet when, a moment
afterwards, the captain of his guard came to him for the watchword of the night,
with his dving breath he gave it, ' Laboremus.' So is it, my Lords, with us ;
we labor, and others enter into the fruit of our labors ; we dig the foundation,
and others build, and others again raise the superstructure ; and one by one the faith-
ful workmen, their spell of toil accomplished, descend it may be into oblivion and
an unhonored grave — but higher, brighter, fairer, rises the fabric of our social policy ;
broader and more beautiful spread out on every side the sacred realms of civiliza-
tion ; further and further back retire the dark tides of ignorance, misery, crime
— nay, even of disease and death itself, until to the eye of the enthusiastic specu-
lator on the destinies of the human race it might almost seem as if in the course of
ages it might be granted to the intellectual energy and moral development of man-
kind to reconquer a lost Paradise and reconstruct the shattered harmony of creation !
In what degree it may be granted to this country to work out such a destiny none
can tell ; but, though heavy be the shadow cast across the land by the loss of the
good and great, most eloquently do their lives remind us that our watchword in
the darkness still should be ^ Laboremus^ ! "

In 1862, Lord DuflFerin married Harriot, eldest daughter of the
late Archibald R. Hamilton, of Killyleagh Castle, County Down. In
1863, he was nominated a Knight of St. Patrick and in 1864 was
appointed Lord Lieutenant of the County Down.

He kept steadily rising in the estimation of his party, and in public
favor, when in 1864 he was offered the position of Under Secretary of
State for India, which he held until the early part of 1866, when he
was offered the Government of Bombay, which he was forced to
decline on account of the delicate state of his mother's health. He
was then transferred to the War Department, as Under Secretary, where
he remained until June of that year. When Mr. Gladstone came into
power in December, 1868, Lord DufTerin was nominated Chancellor
of the Duchy of Lancaster, Paymaster General, and was sworn in as
a Privy Councillor, Subsequently, in November, 1871, he was made
an Earl of the United Kingdom. He held the appointment of Chan-
cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster until April, 1872, when he received
his commission, as Governor General of Canada, from the Govern-
ment of which Mr. Gladstone was Premier.

This appointment placed Lord Dufferin in a position where his
active mind would find scope for its excellent qualities. He had now
been in political life for about twenty-five years, but though his career
had given evidence of the possession of the abilities requisite to the
formation of a statesman, it had not, thus far, given him the opportunity
to prove it. He took office as one of the Lords in Waiting in 1849,

-■■■.VV'

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

but this position gave him but little political significance. The offices
for Under Secretary for India, and for War, were of a subordinate char-
acter, nor did the Chancellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster, afford any
special opportunities for the acquisition of distinction. The incidents
connected with his mission to Syria, though of the greatest importance,
did not attract any very general attention at the time ; in fact all
that Lord Dufferin accomplished there was only fully known and
appreciated by his political chiefs. The opponents of Mr. Gladstone
admitted that Lord Dufferin possessed great talent for government,
and his political friends were glad to see an opportunity given to him
to show to the world that his qualities were really as great as they
believed them to be.

He had for many years been known and appreciated in Ireland
where he was regarded as the beau ideal of an Irish nobleman.
He was a Liberal, but not an extreme one. He had many sym-
pathies with Irish landlords, but these did not interfere with his
kindly feeling for Irish tenants. His chivalrous spirit led him to
sympathize even with the complaints of the Orangemen when they
were exposed to the one-sided operation of the Party Processions Act,
although, as Lieutenant of his county, he had committed Mr. John-
stone for a breach of the Act. It was, by many, sincerely regretted
that as an Irish nobleman, thoroughly acquainted with Irish affairs, he
had not been offered the Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland, and when the
Governor Generalship of India became vacant by the death of Lord
Mayo, it became a question whether he or Lord Northbrook should go
to India. Eventually Lord Northbrook was sent to Calcutta, and
Lord Dufferin to Canada.*

* There was a singular unanimity of feeling among the leading journals of the
day on Lord Dufferin's appointment. One fairly summarized the general opinion
in England and Ireland, when it wrote : " Lord Dufferin has at length
obtained a working office, in the conduct of which he can display his signal abilities,
and the Dominion, we are entitled to presume, will regard the choice made by our
Government with warm approval. Courteous, cultivated, prudent, yet enterprising,
gifted with an imagination which is as useful to a general or a statesman, as to a
poet or a musician, the new Governor General is precisely the person to fill an
office which demands tact in the management of men, acuteness in the percep-
tion of things, and a comprehensive moderation, able to make ample allowance
for party passions and national peculiarities. If the same talents which fitted Lord
I'-ilTerin for mediating successfully between the stolid Mussulman and the fanatical
Druse, the shifting Maronite and the red-breeched Frenchman, carving boastful

$Q HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

His appointment was important, when we recollect that in 1872 the
relations of Great Britain with the United States, and the vexed and
difficult topics affecting the position of Canada towards the Mother
Country, demanded a policy cautious yet bold, delicate yet firm. It
will he remembered that Lord Dufferin, though not a member of Mr.
Gladstone's Calnnet, was a member of his Government, and that the
policy of that Government was chen looked upon by a large portion of
the people of Britain and of Canada as indicating, at least, a half-
heartedness in the preservation of their connection. It was urged
against Mr. Gladstone that he had, in tolerably plain terms, informed
Canada that England would consent to retain her only so long as she
cost nothing, and would be ready to cast her off at any moment, and
would certainly do so if ever her sacrifice became necessary to secure
peace. Lord Dufferin's position as Governor of Canada ajjpointed by a
Government holding such views instantly became embarrassing. He
was, in fact, about to undertake the government of a country, as the
representative of an Imperial policy, which was suspected of forcing
upon that country the serious consideration of the question of separa-
tion, and impelling men whose dearest wish was to strengthen the ties
between the Colony and England to ask whether it would not be better to
do at once themselves what the Imperial power seemed determined upon
forcing them to do when it suited its own purpose. The embarrass-
ment of Lord Dufferin's position was materially increased by the
feeling then largely prevalent in Canada that her interests had been
sacrificed by the Washington Treaty, for the purpose of settling ques-
tions with the United States, which it was convenient for the Imperial
Government to see removed from further discussion.

It was determined to honor the Earl and Countess of Dufferin
with a banquet at Belfast on the eve of their departure for Canada,
and it s])eaks well for their popularity that the grand demonstration

inscriptions on the rocks above the Dog river, will enable him to deal equitably
with the French Acadians, the orange, green, and sturdy old buff and blue
Canadians, and the generous, but quick-tempered Yankees across the border, it is
matter of surprise to many that a politician whose abilities were well known should
have been kept so long oi't of active employment." *♦♦♦<! Common sense,
solidity of judgment, dignity, courtliness, are required in the West as much as in
the East, for on both continents questions are certain to arise which nothing but
insight, conciliatory manners, and firmness will be able to solve. Lord Dufferin's
Irish blood and breeding will stand him in good stead among a people variously
composed of Celt and Teuton, yet strongly attached to the old country."

THE EARL OF PUFFERIN IN CANADA.

which was the result of this determination was attended by gentlemen
and ladies of all parties and creeds.* On nth June, 1872, their
Excellencies were accordingly entertained at Belfa^^t. The Mayor of
Belfast, Mr. John Savage, presided, and there was a large and brilliant
assemblage, the hall being crowded with the leading citizens of Belfast
and la'"!ded gentry of the neighboring counties. The Deputy- Lieu-
tenants and Consuls api)eared in uniform. The hall was beautifully
decorated. Grace was said by the Rev. William Johnston, Modera-
tor of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland,
and thanks were returned by the Lord Bishop of Down and Connor
and Dromore.

'I'he preliminary toasts having been given, the Chairman proposed
the toast of the evening : " The health of His Excellency, the Gover-
nor General of Canada."

His Excellency, on rising to respond, was received with continued
cheering. He said —

" Mr. Mayor, my Lorps, I-adiks ano GKNTl,EM^:N, — I am sure it will be
easily understood that, to any one in my situation to-night, it must be difficult to find
words either simple enough or strong enough to express his thanks. Those whom
I see around me are representatives of all that is most distinguished in the social,
mercantile, political and professional world of Ulster and the North. They are,
therefore, the very men whose good opinion it has always l^een my chief ambition
to acquire. Amongst them are included not only my jiersonal friends and poli-
tical associates, but numbers to whom it has been my misfortune to find myself
opposed on many niomentous public questions, and on whose indulgence and
sympathy, therefore, I could have no claim, beyond what their native generosity
of feeling must supply. (Cheers.) Yet all have been pleased to join together to-
night in a demonstration of personal kinduess and goodwill towards Lady Uuf-
ferin and myself, so cordial and so unanimous, so diverse in the quarters whence
it proceeds, and so magnificent in its outward characteristics, as may well render
the object of it speechless from surprise and gratitude. (Loud cheers). Yet,
ladies and gentlemen, however unequal I may be to making you understand all

* A leading Belfast journal, politically opposed to the Earl of Dufierin, thus
speaks of the proposed banquet : —

'•' We need not tell the people of Belfast and of Ulster that we are opposed
politically to the arty with which Lord DufTerin is connected, but this is not a
question of creed or party, for all creeds and all parties will be glad to hear of the
advancement of Lord Dufferin to the important position of Governor General of
the Dominion of Canada. Apart from political consideration, men of all creeds
and parties can observe in his Lordship many admirable social qualities, an anxious
desire to promote the welfare of all classes, however we may differ on the means
employed, an unwavering interest in the prosperity of Belfast and its institutions ;

HISTOUY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

that I feel at this moment, there is one assurance I must hasten to give you, and
that is, that I fully comprehend that it is not to anything that I have done, or
been, or am, that I owe this supreme honor ; but that I am indebted for it to that
instinctive feeling of sympathy which all Irish hearts show towards those who, in
the discharge of anxious public duties, are called upon to leave their home and
native land. (Applause). You, Mr. Mayor, have indeed lieen good enough to
lay some stress on my humble efforts to promote the advantage of this town and
neighborhootl — (hear, hear) — but, although I am conscious that the desire to serve
my country has never ceased to be the great passion of my life — (hear) — a sense
of how little I have been able to do towards so great an end has not failed to
supply me with a store of humiliating reflections. In one respect alone is my con-
science at ease, and that is in the knowledge that from my earliest entry into pnblic
life, neither from fear nor favor, neither from a love of applause nor from a dread
of running counter to any dominant tide of popular sentiment, have I ever been
turned aside from advocating what I believed to be fair, and just, and right.
(Great cheering). As a consequence I have found myself opposed in turn to many
of the phases of political thought and feeling which may have prevailed in this
country. Probably there are many gentlemen in this room — I trust no lady —
(hear, hear) — to whom at one time or another my words and conduct may have
been displeasing — (hear, hear, and cheering) — but I hope I may regard their pre-
sence here to-night as an assurance that in the warmest moments of controversy,
no matter how strong my personal convictions, I have never failed to pay to my
temporary opponents that respect and deference which was due to their high char-
acter, their conscientious motives, and their intellectual eminence. (Applause). On
the other hand I trust I may take this opportunity of assuring those of my enter-
tainers with whom I have been politically allied that I retain a no less grateful
appreciation of the confidence with which they have honored me, of the encourage-
ment with which they have greeted my humble efforts on their behalf, and of the
genial and affectionate cordiality which has invested our political 'r.tercourse with
the attributes of jDcrsonal friendship. (Cheers.) Ladies and gentlemen, Constitu-
tional Government must necessarily be carried on by party. (Hear, hear.) Alle-
giance to one's party is the first obligation on every honorable man. (Hear, hear.)
Party warfare is as necessary to our political existence as those conflicting forces
which hold the world in equilibrium, and refresh and purify the face of nature.
But if there is one respect in which public life in this country has the advantage
over public life amongst other nations, it is that our statesmen, in respecting them-
selves, have learned to respect each other — (hear, hear) — it is that each section of
the community, in advocating its own opinions or interests, is content to do so
with sobriety and moderation, and that a mutual spirit of forbearance leads to the

and a readiness to comply with the wishes of our various socitil sections, and with
their various tastes." * * ♦ "The Dominion of Canada is one of the most
imp ftant dependencies of the British Crown, and it is daily growing in importance."
* • * " The community at large in Canada will derive the benefit of Lord
Dufferin's great wisdom, and ability as a scholar and a Governor."

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

ly enter-
grateful
;ourage -
d of the
irse with
lonstitu-
AUe-
r, hear.)
g forces
nature,
vantage
ig them-
ction of
;o do so
s to the

|nd with
iie most
Irtance."
lof Lord

settlement of the most burning questions under conditions in which l)oth sides can
eventually acquiesce ; it is that political controversy seldom degenerates into per-
s(jiial rancor ; it is that when once Her Majesty has lieen pleased to invest one of
her subjects with representative authority, whether as a judge, an amliassador, or
a viceroy — (cheers) — no matter what may have 1)een the vehemence of his political
antecedents, his countrymen of all classes and parties are content to regard him
iKiiceforth as their common servant, champion, and representative — (hear, hear) —
as emancipated from all taint of political partizanhip— (hear, hear) — and as actu-
ated by a simple desire to serve the nation at large. (Cheers,) It is this gene-
rosity of sentiment on the part of the Hritish people which seems to have acted like
an inspiration on the minds of those great men whose services abroad have added
so many glorious pages to our history. It has purified their natures, elevated their
asji rations, invigorated their intellects, until, as in the case of Lord Canning, —
(cheers) — Lord Elgin — (cheers) — and our late lamented countryman, Lord Mayo
— (loud cheers) — their reputations have expanded beyond the anticipations of their
warmest friends, and in dying they have left behind them almost heroic memories.
(Loud cheers.) And how could this be otherwise ? As the ship he sails in, slowly
moves away from the familiar shore, as the well-known features of the landscape,
tlie bright villas, the pointed spires, the pleasant woods, the torrent beds that scar
the mountain side, gradually melt down into a single tint, till only the broad out-
line of his native coast attracts his gaze, something of an analogous process operates
within his mind, and, as he considers his mission and his destiny, the landmarks of
home politics grow faint, the rugged controversies which divide opinion beCome
indistinct, the antagonisms of party strife recede into the distance, while their place
is occupied by the aspect of an united nation, which has confided its interests and
its honor to his keeping, and by the image of the beloved Mistress he represents
and serves, (Loud cheers.) It is thoughts like these — it is the consciousness that
he carries with him the confidence of his countrymen, the good wishes of his
friends, the favor of his (^ueen — that compels a man to forget himself, his self-
ish interests and feelings, and makes him wholly his country's ; which gives
him courage to incur responsibility, to sustain odium, to confront danger, to
sacrifice health, and, if need be, life itself, at the simple call of duty, (Cheers,)
Ladies and gentlemen, as far as such inspiriting auspices as these can ensure suc-
cess, few will have left their native shores under more encouraging circum-
stances than myself, (Hear, hear.) I only wish I could feel that the friendly
aiiticijiations you have expressed were more certain to be realised. But. after
all, perhaps a deep and almost oppressive sense of the responsibility of one's
position, a humble hope to be enabled, in spite of one's deficiencies, to do
one's duty, a due appreciation of the honor of one's post, is a better preparation
for a future career than a more confident and sei.-satisfied frame of mind. (Cheers.)
At all events, there is one function of my great office which will prove a labor of
love, and to the discharge of which I know I shall not be unequal — that which
will consist in presenting myself to our fellow-subjects across the Atlantic as the
embodiment and representative of that kind feeling — (hear, hear) — of that deep
sympathy — (hear, hear) — of that ceaseless and indestructible pride and affection
witii which all classes and all parties in this country regard the inhabitants of our

IlISTOUY OF TlIK ADMIXISTIJATIOX OF

great Dominion. (Cheers.) Lndies and gentlemen, you are of course aware that
the Government of Canada is strictly constitutional — (hear, hear) — that it reflects,
in all respects, the institutions of this country, and that this resemblance is main-
tained, not merely by the outward form of its machinery, but, what is of far greater
importance, by that spirit of dign.fied moderation and sagacious statesmanship
which inspires the conduct of those distinguisiied men wjio have successfully ad-
ministered her affairs and directed the councils of her legislature. (Cheers.) Why,
the mere creation of the Dominion, the union of the Provinces, the concentration
of power in the hands of a Supreme I'arliament, whose jurisdiction now extends
from ocean to ocean, is itself a proof of the patriotism, of the ability, and of the
organising power of the Canadian peojjle. (Hear, hear.) It is not to be supposed
but that many local interests, prejudices and traditions must have imagined them-
selves compromised by the absorption of the Local Legislatures into the bosom of
the mightier body ; but not only have the wisest councils on the subjec* been per-
mitted to prevail, and all minor jealousies been oblilerMed, but even those who
most vehemently opposed the arrangement, when once the controversy was con-
cluded, have acquiesced in the fettlement, and with a loyal and generous patriotism
have done their very best to render nugatory their own misgivings, and to make
the system they at one time found it necessary to oppose work to the best possible
advantage. (Cheers.) Ladies and gentlemen, who can now doubt the construc-
tive power, the statesmanlike instincts, the vitality, or the future of a community
whose Parliament and whose statesmen can already boast of such notable achieve-
ments in the art of government ? (Hear, hear.) Hut, ladies and gentlemen, to be
the interpreter of the goodwill of the people of Great Britain towards the inhabi-
tants of Canada is not the only congenial duty imposed upon me by my office.
There is another of an analogous kind which it will give me hardly less pleasure
to discharge. Side by side with the Dominion of Canada, along a frontier of more
than 2,000 miles, extends the territory of a kindred race — (hear, hear, and applause)
— who are working out their great destiny under institutions which, though differ-
ing in some of their outward aspects from our own, have been elaborated under
the inspiration of that same love of freedom — (hear, hear) — that reverence for law,
that sober, practical statesmanship — (hear, hear) — that cap.acity of self-discipline —
(hear, hear) — which characterises the English-speaking race. As the Chief of the
Executive of Canada, as the representative of the British Crown, as the servant and
spokesman of the British jieople, it will be my agreeable duty to exhibit on all
occasions whatever of hospitality, courtesy, and friendliness to the citizens of the
United States may most accurately exhibit that genuine sympathy felt by this
country for America, which, in spite of any momentary and superficial disputes which
may trouble the outward surface of their amity, descends too deep down into the
hearts of both peoples ever to be really shaken or disturlied. (Loud cheers.) It
has .on my good fortune to know a great number of distinguished Americans.
Some of my dearest friends are natives of the States, and not the least of the plea-
sant anticipations which await me is the prospect of acquiring a better knowledge
and becoming more intimately acquainted with the social and political organization
of that great and prosperous nation. (Loud applause.) But of course the most
constant and absorbing duty of every one connected with the Government of Can-

THE EARL OF DUFFKUFN IN CANADA.

aila. and one not less agreeable than those to which I have alluded, will l)e that of
developing the latent wealth and the enonnous material resources of the vast terri-
tory comprised within my new jurisdiction. Few people in this country have any
notion how blessed by nature is the Caniulian soil. (Hear, hear.) 'I'lie beauty,
majesty, and material importance of the Ciulf of the St. Lawrence is indeed the
theme of every traveller, while the stupendous chain of lakes to wh.ch it is the out-
let is well known to atTord a system of inland navigation such as is to be found in
no other part of the habitable globe. 'I'iie inexhaustible harvest of its seas annually
gathered by its hardy maritime jiopulation, the innumerable treasures o( its forests,
are known to all ; but what is not so generally understood is that Injyond the pre-
sent inhabited regions of the country— beyond the towns, the lakes, the woods-
there stretches out an enormous breadth of rich alluvial so.l comprising an area of
thousands of square miles, so level, so fertile, so ripe for cultivation, so profusely
watered, and intersected by enormous navigable rivers, with so exceptionally mild
a climate, as to be destined at no distant time to be occupied by millicms of our
prosperous fellow subjects, and to become a central granary for the adjoining con-
tinents. (Cheers.) Such a scene as this may well fire the most sluggish imagina-
tion, nor can there be conceived a greater privilege than Ijeing permitted to watch
the development of an industry and civilization fraught with such universal advan-
tage to the human race. In fact, ladies and gentlemen, it may be doubted whether
the inhabitants of the Dominion themselves are as yet fully awake to the magnifi-
cent destiny in store for them — (hear, hear,)— or have altogether realized the pro-
mise of their young and virile nationality. Like a virgin goddess in a primxval
world, Canada still walks in unconscious beauty among her golden woods and by
the margin of her trackless streams, catching but broken glances of her radiant
majesty, as mirrored on their surface, and scarcely recks as yet of the glories
awaiting her in the Olympus of nations." (Loud and long cheering.)

It will be observed that in this speech Lord Dufferin speaks of the
resources of Canada in terms which no one who had not made them a
study could have used. His declaration, that beyond the ]:)resent
inhabited regions of the country there stretches an enormous breadth
of rich alluvial soil, so fertile, so profusely watered, and possessing so
mild a climate as to be destined to become the home of millions and
the granary for continents, is as accurate as the splendid and amplified
description he gave of these regions when in Manitoba, after having
personally inspected great portions of the country, he delivered the
great speech hereafter to be quoted.*

* In M. D. Conway's London letter we find the following : " I once got on
the top of an omnibus, running from Kingston towards Piccadilly, — eschewing
the inside in order that I might enjoy a balmy April morning, and also a whilTof
I that weed which, as the Indians told Columbus, ' destroys care.' By my side
there sat a middle-sized man with a very intelligent countenance, who had assumed
the same elevated but democratic position from evidently the same motive as mine.

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

That T-ord Dufferin was regartled with respect and love by all
classes was further proved by the warm expressions used in addresses
which were jmured in ujjon him from the various charitable, scientific
and other associations. A general review of his career up to the time
of his appointment to Canada, and of ihe almost universal feeling
with which his elevation was received, may thus be summed up. In
his own country, and especially in his own province of Ulster, where
his qualities as a landowner and a neighbor were best known, he was
highly popular. In the mingled force and grace of his character it
was admitted that he united the shrewd i)ractical energy and
activity of the North of Ireland, with the kindly humour and
generous sentiment of the South. In the discussion and settlement
of many intricate and embarrassing questions, and notably those

We had a good deal of conversation. He was particularly interested in America,
and indicated such an intimacy with its politics that he might have been mistaken fur
an American, especially as there was very little of the Englishman in his appearance.
He had a face more Celtic than Haxon — a fine, intellectual forehead — a light,
soft eye, — in all, a face of delicate beauty, but at the same time vigorous in
expression. We discussed Tennyson's poetry, and that of Robert drowning.
Certain little observations made me aware that he was the personal friend
of both poets. Hut he was chiefly interested in American politics, taking very
heartily the side of the men of progress there, and asking many questions
about Wendell Phillips, and other reformers. He said it had been his jirivile^e
to meet Senator Sumner when he was in Europe seeking to recover his health, and
was much pleased with him, but that he had felt deeply grieved by his speech on
the Alabama question. It did not at all do justice even to the devotion which
many of the highest classes, even the nobility — the Argyles, Granvilles, Howards
Carlisles, Ilougiitons and others — had shewn to the cause of the North ; much
less to the sacrifices which the great mas^ of vvorking people had borne unmur-
muringly rather than countenance any of the propositions made for interfering with
the determination of the North to crush ili'i rebellion. He rejoiced in the li1)era-
tion of America from slavery, and lTeliev">(i it would be reflected in England and
in Europe in a mighty advance of liberalism. He hoped still that the Al.ibania
difiiculties would be surmounted, and England and America enter upon a friendship
such as they had never before known, and march together, on the highway of human
progress. I was much delighted with my companion's ideas of literature, art, and
politics : — his fine eye, and his charming voice, and his beaming expression, con-
vinced me that I was in the presence of no ordinary man. By the time we reached
Regent's Circus, cigars were ended — my new acquaintance alighted and disappeared
among the millions of London, with a fair prospect of remaining with me for tlie
time to come only as a pleasant omnibus-top memory. But it was not so to be.
A few evenings afterwards I happened to be in the Strangers' Section of the House
of Lords. A debate in which I found little interest was going on, and my eyes

THE EARL OF DIFFFRIN IN CANADA.

3;;

relating to the Church and Lund, he had taken a conspicuous antl
decided part as a Liberal, without being the mere echo of a ministry
or a party. While expressing his opinions with freedom, and stand-
ing fast by his principles with ardour and sincerity, he counted
warm personal friends among strong political opponents ; — and when
lie was about leaving his country to undertake, by the favor of
his Sovereign, inii)erial duties and responsibilities, all parties
concurred in doing him honor, and in wishing him a hearty and
affectionate farewell. It was universally admitted that numbers of
influential people who only knew Lord Dufferin by the general
report of his public services and his private worth, had marked him
out for higher honors and rewards than those of a comparatively
obscure and subordinate member of an Administration. It was no

were w.indering aVwiit from face to face, lingering here and there upon one whicli
seemed Hive an historical figure-head of ancient aristocratic England. Hut a voice
struck me as one I had heard before. I could not be mistaken in that low, clear
tone. Certainly when I looked in the direction of the man who had begun to speak,
I could not be mistaken. It was my friend of the omnibus-top. Dry as the theme
was — I have forgotten it — the speaker invested it with interest. He had looked
deeper into it than others,— knew the point on which the question turned, and in a
lew simple words m.ide the statement to which nothing could be added. This was
my first meeting with Lord DulTerin, but not, I am happy to say, the last. It has
l)een my privilege to meet him in society, to listen to him, to know something of
liis life, and my first impression has been more than confirmed. I am quite sure
that there is no one among the Peers of England who surpasses him in all that
i;oes to make the gentleman, the true-hearted man, and the refined scholar. The
appointment of Lord DuflTerin to be the Governor General of Canada is at this
moment very significant. It means obviously that it is deemed important th.it
there should be in Canada, just now, one who has been all his life one of the most
faithful friends of the United States ; and also one who, as an Irish nobleman, has
pursued a course towards his tenants in that country which has left him without an
enemy there. So far as America is concerned — even Irish America — his record is
without a blot, nor are these the only qualifications which Lord iJutTerin has for the
jiost to which he is sent. Twelve years ago he was entrusted with the delicate
mission of settling difficulties between the natives and Christians in Syria, where
he displayed much capacity, and for his services was made K. C. B. He also
'-uccessfully compromised difficulties l)etween the French and the Druses, and
shewed such great tact and ability in dealing with the Turks and other Orientals
that many of the most influential men at once named him as the right man to
!<ucceed Lord Mayo in India. There was, indeed, a slight disappointment in some.
quarters that Lord Northbrook should have been preferred for the post in question.
Hut Canada gains a great deal by it. England could send her no better man."

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTROTION OF

secret that, in an oPice generally supposed to be a sinecure, he was
often called upon to exhibit the aptitude and the readiness of a states-
man. Whether as a Royal Commissioner, or as a departmental
adviser, or as a clear and candid expositor of legislative measures
in his place in Parliament, he had, by his patient and meritorious
services, fairly earned his promotion to one of the highest appoint-
ments in the gift of the Crown. When the sudden and tragic
fate of Lord Mayo had added another name to the martyrology of
Indian rulers, the Earl of Dufferin was certainly one of the tavorite
candidates in Britain for the vacant Pro-consulate. But he was
reserved for a dignity only one degree less splendid and momentous
than the Vice-royalty of India, and one possibly more fitted to his
character and capacity. The Government of Canada was strictly
constitutional, and the Governor General had to rule as a constitu-
tional sovereign. For such a post it would have been difficult to
select a statesman better fitted by temperament, habit, and expe-
rience than one in whom the training and the discipline of the
English intellect was so happily mingled with the sympathetic charm
and the imaginative insight of th(; Irish genius. It was declared by
men best able to judge that uie new Governor General of Canada
would bear with him across the ocean the best of passports to a
sound popularity, a brilliant success, and an instinctive sympathy with
the people over whose destinies he was to preside. It was pointed
out that his parting spv^ech at Belfast would be welcomed on this side
the Atlantic as the pledge and presage of a benificent and enlightened
guardianship. It was confidently predicted that the people of
Canada would appreciate the unaffected simplicity and sincerity of
Lord Dufferin's declaration, that to serve his country had always
been the great passion of his life, and that, whatever his infirmities
or his imperfections, he would be sustained by the consciousness
of having never turned aside from advocating what he believed
to be fair, just, and right. It was said that the applause of
his countrymen and neighbors ratified this assurance, and bore
witness to the temper of the man, who had never been betrayed b}'
political controversy into personal rancour, and who was gon^g oiu
to his distant Government with the unanimous good will of all
classes and parties whom he was leaving behind, and who, to use his
own words were '* content to regard him henceforth as their common
servant, champion, and representative, — as emancipated from all taint
of political partisanship, and as actuated by a simple desire to serve

iho m
and ii
Britai
to oni
did at
transc(
glowin
the Dc
of idle
responi
was a.
that tht
and the
of fulfil
the grea
which p
hajjpy ei
That
Mas pro^
of Irelan
those lar^
lias becor
cessity of
were enal
Protestant
ment of th
hensive m(
family, an(
county in
forih the s
the nobilit)
He pander
poj)ularity.
M Der
flavor and
appreciatio
tiilating hin
^icneral of
txcellencisi
adjoining cc

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

the nation at large." It was well remarked that to embody, represent,
and interpret the affectionate feeling of all classes and of all parties in
Britain towards their Canadian fellow- subjects would be an easy task
to one who could express so vividly and so feelingly as Lord Dufferin
did at Belfast this sentiment of a conmon inheritance of patriotism,
transcending and effacing all loca' interests and jealousies. The
glowing language in which he described the aspects and resources of
the Dominion, and pointed to its magnificent destinies, was no burst
of idle rhetoric, but the thoughtful outpouring of one for whom the
responsibility of watching over the peaceful conquests of civilization
was a. labor of love, and an inspiring privilege. Nor was it forgotten
tliat the cordial fervor with which the chief of the Executive of Canada
and the representative of the British Crown anticijjated the prospects
of fulfilling the duties of lieighborly hospitality and good-will towards
the great kindred nation was less characteristic of the tact and temper
which promised to make Lord Dufferin's administration in Canada a
happy epoch in the Western world.

That Lord Dufferin was a patriot m the highest sense of the word
was proven by his great services in the cause of the regeneration
of Ireland when Mr. Gladstone took ofti'^.e in 1872, and introduced
those large measures of church and land reforms with which his name
has become so closely identified. Lord Dufferin recognized the ne-
cessity of these changes long before the masses of the Irish people
wore enabled to regard with complacent equanimity the sight of a
Protestant nobleman advocating the disestablishment and disendow-
ment of the Protestant EjMscopal Church, and the i)assing of compre-
hensive measures of land reform, Born uo Lord Dufferin was, of a noble
family, and living the greater part of his life in the most Protestant
county in Ireland, it required no small amount of courage to stand
forih the sole champion of religious equality and tenant right amongst
the nobility of his province. He never stooped to court poi)ular finor.
He pandered to no prejudices for the sake of acquiring an ephemeral
pojjularity.

-U Derry, Lord Dufferin was presented witli an address by tlie
Mayor and Corporation on behalf of the citi/.ens, expressing their
appreciation of his high charac«^er and great abilities, and congra-
tulating him on his appointment to the elevated jjosition of Governor
(Icneral o^ the Dominion of Canada. A luncheon given to their
Excellencies was attended b> all the notabilities of the city and the
adjoining country, and on 13th June they left the council chamber where

m THE EARL OF :^JFFERIN IN CANADA.

the luncheon was given and were conveyed to the Allan steamship,
Prussian, bound to Quebec, where they arrived on the morning of
Tuesday, 25th June, 1872.

-His
Upper
Bagot's
March,

1855-]

Sir Edi

for Con

186 1 to

federatec

John Yc

Cession 1

\'ancouv«

appointed

Speech ;,{

The histoTj

tO'X of a Pi

fary to a pe

of the consti

J-ike its- ^rei

I changed iroi

population ;

I growth of m

lar powei In

* ^n Canada
phis, strictly sp,
|"'ent," but the f
i<l'scarded.

CHAPTER II.
CONTENTS.

SI. "tch of the early government of the British North American Provinces — Rise and

• -o«ress of " Constitutional " or " Responsible " Government — Maritime Pro-
li.cesin 1839 — Lord Durham, Governor General, May, 1838, to November, 1838

— His Report — Lord Sydenham^ October, 1838, to September, 1841 — Union of
Upper and Lower Canada determined on — Lord Sydenham's Rule — Sir Charles
Bagot's Administration, January, 1842, to March, 1843 — Lord Metcalfe's Rule,
March, 1843, ^o November, 1845 — The Government of Lord Elgin, 1847 to
1855 — Rebellion Losses Bill — Beautiful Farewell Address of Lord Elgin-
Sir Edmund Head, Governor General, January, 1855, to 1861 — Movement
for Confederation of the British North America Provinces — Lord Monck,
1861 to 1868— The two Canadas, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Con-
federated 1st July, 1867 — British Columbia moving for Confederation — Sir
John Youi^jT, nfterwards Lord Lisgar, Governor General, 1868 to 1872 —
Cession of >.irt;j-West Territories to the Dominion — British Columbia and
Vancouver I ' n' enter Confederation, 20th J'.ly, 187 1 — The Earl of Dufferin
appointed Tuvt-r;! >r General — Arrives at Quebec, 25th June, 1872 — Farewell
Speech • t .' C; I Lisrar.

The hisi-^rj ' '' ,'; Imperial rule in British North America is the his-
toiy of a patern. : .t.>vernment, gradually changing from a semi ;^ili-
tary to a personal character, and from a personal to the counterpart
of the constitution .mder which the parent country is now governed.-'^
Like its '^reat exemplar, the Constitution of these Colonies has been
changed irom time to time, to meet the needs of an ever varying
population ; the growth of liberty with us has kept pace with ihe
[growth of '^herty in the parent state, and each accession to popu-
|lar power s']' TnMin has been gradually, but surely, followed by a fresh

* In Canada this form of govciament is known as "Responsible Government."
iThis, strictly speaking, is inaccurate. The proper term is " Constitutional Govern-
liiient," but the former phrase has perhaps become too well established now to be

Idiscarded.

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

accession to popular power in her great colonies of North America.
The ready willingness of the parent state to permit this accession
is the simple secret of the almost passionate loyalty of the Canadian
of 1878 to the British Crown. The rebellion of 1837-8 is but a seem-
ing contradiction of this general statement, since it was brought about
not by the unwillingness of the Imperial power to grant the reasonabl?
demands of a minority, but by the ill-advised measures of the Colonial
Executive itself.

The early Governors of the Provinces were usually, and almost
necessarily, military men. The people were not, it was supposed,
prepared even for 'I.;? mild restraints which Britain imposed on a
conquered territory. ose early days Constitutional Government

in England, as now un !;ood, was almost unknown. The power of

the Sovereign was very great. Each Sovereign was anxious to retain
it at its full height, and felt himself bound in honor to transmit it to
his heir undiminished in extent and unreduced in strength. He
looked upon the Colonies as part of his patrimony ; they were to him
an outlying possession, to be made happy, if possible, by gentle treat-
ment, but to be made subservient to the great interests of the parent
state, in any event, and to be held by a strong grasp, an iron one, if
necessary, as an appanage of the Imperial Crown forever. Thus it was
that restrictions were placed on Colonial iraustry. The trade measures
of the Provinces were invariably shaped to meet the interests of the
traders of Britain, and Pitt expressed in a sentence the whole policy of
Britain to her Transatlantic Empire when he said " I will not permit
even a horse shoe nail to be manufactured in America." This Imperial
policy, has always been changed, when the colonists have made a firm
demand for its modification. The early representatives of the Crown
were chosen, therefore, more as guardians of the Sovereign's properties
than as guardians of the rights of the colonist, — more as assertors of the
Royal prerogative than of colonial freedom, — more for the purpose of |
increasing the profits of Home trade than for the purpose of winning [
the affections of a young people, struggling to create an independence f
for themselv s and their families, and a form of government relievedl
from the heavy hand of a supervising power seated in a country differing |
from their own in the most vital essentials. As a rule these represen-
tatives of Imperial power knew but little of Constitutional Government,
and their instructions did not require them to begin its study. They
were sent out as governors, and they, not unnaturally, considered that!
the more the people were permitted to govern themselves, the less werel

It was i

'or Upper C
Derby), pres
'^y three thoi
"that they

THE EARL OF i^UFFERlN IN CANADA.

nca.

ision

idian

;eem-

ibout

nabl?

lonial

ilmost
posed,
, on a
nmeiit
)wer of
I retain
lit it to
h. He
to him
le treat-
; parent
n one, if
IS it was
leasures
|s of the
nohcy of
[t permit
imperial
.e a firm
Crown
■operties I
•rs of the I
jpose of
winning
(endencel
relieved I
differing
■epreseiv
;rnment,|
Theyj
ired thatj
;ss werel

they governors. When, therefore, they found their subjects disposed
to demand an increase of popular power, they instantly regarded the
demand as an attack on that indefinable territory commonly known
as the " prerogative of the Crown," and with t. loyalty to their Sove-
reign, of which even we cannot well speak harshly, interposed the
])owers with which they were amply provided to resist the encroach-
ments of the people. , r.

But as the Provinces grew in population, they grew in wealth ; as
they grew in wealth, they grew in intelligence; as they grew in
intelligence, they grew in power. They had passed from childhood, —
they were now in young manhood ; the old system of government was
daily becoming more unsuited to the genius and wants of the people,
and was therefore daily becoming more unpopular. The upheaval
in England which resulted in the passing of the Reform Bill was felt
wherever a British heart beat. The power of Colonial Governors in
British North America was fast decreasing, — the people discovered
that a peaceful but determined agitation in England was an engine
which would sooner or later crush both monarch and aristocracy, and
they were not slow to follow the example of the liberals of the old
country.

It will probably surprise many of our young politicians to learn
that even so late as 1829, during the Administration of Sir John
Colborne, no less than twenty-one bills passed by the Assembly
were thrown out in the Upper House, and in 1 830 forty met the same
fate ; that among these was an Act repealing one by which the sum of
;^2,5oo per year had been granted in perpetuity in aid of the civil
list ; that the Province in this, and many other points, presented the
iniconstitutional spectacle of a Government requiring no moneys from
the Assembly ; that the Legislative Council, a creation of the Executive,
was not only not in harmony with the people as represented in the
Lower House, but offered a violent and contemptuous opposition to
their wishes ; that no restraint could be imposed on the Executive by
an annual vote of supply, or by the withholding of such a vote. In
effect, the Governor, supported by an Upper House of his own
choosing, was completely independent of the people.

It was in this year that we first hear of " Responsible Government"
for Upper Canada. The Hon. Mr. Stanley, (subsequently the Earl of
Derby), presented a petition in the British House of Commons, signed
by three thousand inhabitants of Toronto, praying, among other things,
"that they might have a /oca/ and resJ>onsib/e administration." In

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

lit

Lower Canada, the Liberals desired an elective Upper House, since
they hoped by that means to secure what they termed Constitutional
Government, ^ • in Upper Canada, the same party desired to get
the Executive ii: > their hands as a means of securing the same object.
In Lower Canada, the domination of a race and a religion was sought ;
in U])per, the domination of the principle of Responsible Government.

The struggle for an extension of popular power in Lower Canada,
through an elective Upper House, and in Upper Canada through a
ministry responsible to the Lower House, continued with increasing
acrimony until it terminated in the rebellion of 1837, headed by L. J.
Papineau in the Lower Province, and by VV. L. Mackenzie in the
Upper. With regard to the first it may safely be said that every
reasonable concession had been made by the Imperial power, but the
French leaders had evidently determined to be satisfied with nothing
less than independence — while in Upper Canada it may as safely be
said that no great body of the people desired independence, and that
the outbreak might have been prevented by common prudence and
good management.*

In Upper Canada, Sir Francis Bond Head conducted his Adminis-
tration on the supposition that the " maintenance of the connection
with Great Britain depended upon his triumph over the majority of
the Assembly." f But the idea of governing on constitutional principles,
as they are now understood, never occurred to him. In Lower
Canada the struggle was not, as in the sister Province, one between a
Government and the people ; it was a contest between two nations,
the British and the French, " warring in the bosom of a sirgl-i state."J
It was a struggle, not of principles, but of races.

The rising in both Provinces was speedily crushed. In February,
1838, the constitution of Lower Canada was suspended by the Imperial
Parliament, and the Earl of Durham was appointed Governor General,
and also High Commissioner " for the adjustment of certain important
affairs affecting the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada."

* " I am inclined to view the insurrectionary movements which did take place
as indicative of no deep-rooted dissatisfaction, and to believe that almost the entire
body of the reformers of this Province (Upper Canada) sought only by con-
stitutional means to obtain those objects for which they had so long i^aceably
struggled before the unhappy troubles occasioned by the violence of a few
unprincipled adventurers and heated ' nthusiasts." Lord Durham's Report, 118.

t Lord Durham's Report, 112.

t Ibid, 8.

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

The system which had broken down in the Canadas was that
under which, with some unimportant differences, the Maritime Pro-
vinces were governed. These had not been violently disturbed, but
the defects of the general system were common to all. In each, the
people were represented by an Assembly elected by themselves, but
also in each the Executive was irresponsible, and there was, conse-
quently, the same constant collision between the different branches of
the Government, — the same abuse of the powers of the representative
bodies, inverted by the anomaly of their position, and the want of good
municipal institutions, — and the same constant interference of the
Imperial power in matters of a purely local character. That there was
but little discontent in these eastern portions of British North
America was to be attributed to the fact that imi)ortant departures
from the ordinary course of the colonial system had been made, and a
nearer approach to Responsible, or Constitutional, Government had
been secured.

Such was the political condition of the Canadas and the Maritime
Provinces in 1839. The attempt to rule a free people, armed with the
power of representative institutions, through an irresponsible Execu-
tive met the only fate it deserved. The Imperial policy kept the
Colonies in a state of constant irritation, and yet the authorities in
Britain were sincerely desirous to govern with justice and mildness.
The true system of a thoroughly Constitutional Government had not
yet been adopted even in England, and we should not judge harshly
the Ministers of Britain, because they did not give to the Dependen
cies a system better than the one they themselves possessed. Their
Colonial policy was an utter failure. In Britain the agitation attending
the passage of the Reform Bill enlarged the ideas and expanded
the minds of all classes, and the enlightened views of the Liberals of
that country were immediately reflected in the new system which the
events of 1837-8 in the Canadas rendered absolutely necessary.

In February, 1838, an Act was passed by the Imperial Legislature
suspending the Constitution of Lower Canada, — and making temporary
provision for its government by a Special Council, whose ordinances
were to be law. The Earl of Durham was appointed Governor
General, and also Her Majesty's High Commissioner " for the adjust-
ment of certain important affairs affecting the Provinces of Upper and
Lower Canada."

He arrived at Quebec, 27th May, 1838, and returned to England 3rd
November following, having secured the materials for his celebrated

IIISTOUY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

report. This admirable state ]xaper had a most important effect
on the poHtical condition of the British North American possessions,
since it led to the union of Upper and Lower Canada,* — the establish-
ment of Responsible Government, and the general melioration of the
Colonial i)oIicy of the Empire. But Lord Durham had not the honor
of carrying out the great scheme of his report. On his sudden depar-
ture from the country he left Sir John Colborne to govern Lower
Canada — while Sir Francis Bond Head was pursuing his disastrous
course in the Upper Province. On the removal of Sir Francis in
March, 1838, Sir George Arthur was appointed his successor; and
when Sir John Colborne retired from Lower Canada in October, 1839,
he was succeeded by Mr. Poulett Thomson. f The Union of the
two Provinces had now been determined on by the Imperial authorities,
and they had also resolved on the concession of Constitutional or
Responsible Government. The despatch of Lord John Russell of
14th October, 1839, ^^ ^ ^^'^^ ^"d clear exposition of the principles of
Responsible Government as now understood.]; Mr. Thomson was
deputed to secure the assent of the two Canadas to the Union and,

* The Hill of the Imperial Parliament, consummating this Union, framed on
resolutions passed by tiie Special Council of Lower Canada, 13th November, 1839,
and by the two Houses of Upper Canada in the following month received the Royal
Assent 23rd July, 1840, but, by a suspending clause, itd.d not take effect untd loth
February, 1841, when it was declared in force by proclamation.

t Raised to the Peerage in 1840, by the t.tle of " Baron Sydenham of Kent and
of Toronto."

t As the principles of Responsible Government seem yet to be but indistinctly
understood in the Province of Quebec, a careful consideration of this despatch is
recommended and especial notice is drawn to the following sentences : " The
Sovereign using the prerogative of the Crown to the utmost extent, and the House
of Commons exerting its power of the purse, to carry all its resolutions into
immediate effect, would produce confusion in the country in less than a twelve-
month. So, in a colony : the Governor thwarting every legitimate proposition of
the Assembly ; and the Assembly continually recurring to its power of refusing
supplies, can but disturb all political relations, embarrass trade, and retard the
prosperity of the jjeople. Each must exercise a wise moderation. The Governor
must only oppose the wishes of the Assembly where the honor of the Crow or
the interests of the Empire are deeply concerned." An address was presented to
Lord Sydenham by the Assembly, in order to elicit a distinct expression of his
views on the question of Responsible Government. On 14th January, 1840, he sent
down a message in reply, in which he declared " that he had been commanded by
Her Majesty to administer the Government in accordance with the well-understood
wishes of the people ; and to pay to their feelings, as expressed through their repre-
sentatives, the deference that was justly due to them."

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

when secured, he was charged with the duty, as Governor General, of
carrying out the liberal and enlightened views of the Imperial Adminis-
tration, as set lorth in Lord John Russell's desi)atch. He fully concurred
in these views. He saw clearly that it was absolutely necessary to
make the members of the Government directly responsible to the
House of Assembly, as in England. He succeeded in both ol)jects,
and Lord Sydenham was the first Governor of any portion of the
]]riti£h Possessions in North America who attempted to rule his
province avowedly under the principles of Responsible Government.
He enjoyed the triumphant results of his great labors for but a brief
period. Incessant work for the preceding two years had undermined
a constitution naturally delicate. The fall of his horse, while out riding,
on 4th September, 1 841, fractured his leg, causing a severe wound above
the knee. His weak frame succumbed, and Canada, on the 19th of
that month, lost the ablest Governor and the most valuable ruler who
had hitherto guided her in her young life.*

But the principle of Constitutional Government was only initiated
under Lord Sydenham, — it was by no means fully developed under his
Administration, — in fact, it is doubtful if it ever would have been, for,
though an exceptionally able man, he possessed a dominating spirit, —
was tenacious of power, and had a firm reliance on his own personal
fitness to govern. But the principle had made a vast stride : it had
been specifically granted by the Imperial Government, — its full practice
had been solemnly urged upon the Governors sent to Canada in the
instructions and despatches of the Home Office, — and the system of
governing through the active personal interference of the Exective
had been formally abandoned.

Sir Charles Bagot, the successor of Lord Sydenham, arrived at King-
ston, then the seat of Government, on the loth January, 1842, and,
though his antecedents led many to suppose he would check the pro-
gress of Constitutional Government, as he was known to be a High
Churchman and a Tory of the old school, he was even more liberal
than Lord Sydenham, who had been unwilling to admit to his councils
any one who had been unfavorably connected with the late rebellion.
But Sir Charles Bagot, adopting the true reading of the principles of
Constitutional Government, stood firmly on the broad ground that the

* At his own desire Lord Sydenham was buried where he died, in Kingston,
then the seat of Government, and it reflects no credit on the Dominion of Canada
that no fitting monument to this really great Governor General has not yet been
erected to his memory.

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

J I

1 I

constitutional majority had the right to rule, and he therefore deter-
mined to use whatever party he found capable of supporting a minis-
try. The result was that a new Administration was formed, composed
of French Canadians from Lower Canada, under the leadership of Mr.
Lafontaine, and that section of the Reform party in Upper Canada
then led by Mr. Baldwin.

The failing health of Sir Charles compelled him to resign at the
close of the year, and he was succeeded by Sir Charles Metcalfe, who
arrived at Kingston on the 25th March, 1843. '^his very able and
very excellent man misconceived hi duties, and misunderstood his
position as ruler of a country possessed of the principle of Constitu-
tional Government. He attempted to resuscitate the old system, and
maintained that he had the right to select the executive officers of the
Crown. His short term was a scene of constant irritation among the
people ; — his policy was a disastrous failure ; and, when illness com-
pelled him to resign his charge, in the month of November, 1845, ^^
left the country, probably, with small regret. He had essayed to check
the expansion of the great principle of Constitutional Government, and
had met with determined resistance and inglorious defeat.

On Lord Metcalfe's resignation. Lieutenant General Earl Cathcart,
then commanding the Forces in Canada, was appointed Administrator
of the Government until the arrival of the new Governor General, the
Earl of Elgin, who reached, on the 30th January, 1847, Montreal, then
the seat of government. With the advent of Lord Elgin came the
full development of the system of Constitutional Government. He
was the first Governor who fully grasped the breadth and depth of its
principles, and who loyally worked them out. Lord Elgin was no
ordinary man. Of very high educational attainments, he had in turn
dealt with the various interests of the Empire, and had enjoyed unusually
good opportunities of studying many different forms of Colonial Gov-
ernment. His connection with the family of Lord Durham gave him
a special interest in that nobleman's views of Canada, as embodied in
his report, and he entered on his duty as Governor General strongly
impressed with their excellence, and with a firm determination to work
them out.*

* His biographer, Mr. Walrond, in his Life of Lord Elgin, page 34, says :
" The principles on which he undertook to conduct the affairs of the colony were,
that he should identify himself with no party, but make himself a mediator
and moderator between the influential of all parties ; that he should have no

U ;'

THE KARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

Lthcart,
strator
•al, the
,1, then
iC the
He
of its
'as no
In turn
isually
ll Gov-
e him
ied in
•ongly
work

says :

were,

bdiator

Lve no

The Reform Bill in England was doing its work. The extension of
the power of the i)eople was a contraction of the power of the Crown,
and one of its most direct effects was the total change of colonial
|)()]icy, which created in Lord Elgin the first true representative of
Constitutional Government the British Colonies of North America had
yet seen. His loyalty to his principles was put to a crucial test on 26th
April, 1849, when he assented to the celebrated Rebellion Losses Bill.
This bill had from the first been met with a fierceness of hostility
unusual even in the wildest excitement of Canadian politics. It had
been condemned at hundreds of public meetings held throughout the
length and breadth of the United Provinces — numerous deputations
of the leading men of the Conservative party had been sent to the seat
of Government to press on His Excellency the injustice and danger
of the measure — the press was filled with denunciation of the proposed
" outrage " — " No pay to rebels " became the watchword of thousands
— serious riots occurred in various parts of the Province, and a storm
so fierce was raised that many thoughtful men convinced themselves
that Lord Elgin would take refuge in the device of reserving the bill
for the assent of Her Majesty. But his construction of the principles
of Responsible Government did not permit him to seek safety by such
a flight. His Ministry, sustained by a majority in both houses, deter-
mined to face the tempest ; they demanded the assent of His Excel-
lency, and at the risk of his life he gave it on the morning of the 26th
April. On the next morning the smoking ruins of the Parliament
House furnished gloomy evidence of the intense hate which the
measure had inspired, and within the next twenty-four hours the mob
had attacked the Old Government House, where the Ministry were
assembled in Council ; had completely wrecked the dwelling of the
Premier, Mr. Lafontaine, and burned his stables ; had smashed the
windows of the temporary residences of Mr. Baldwin and Mr.
Cameron, two of the leading Upper Canada Ministers, and had
wrecked the dwellings of other prominent supporters of the obnoxious

Ministers who did not enjoy the confidence of the Assembly, or, in the last resort,
of the people ; and that he should not refuse his consent to any measure proposed
by his Ministry, unless it were of an extreme party character, such as the Assembly
or the people would be sure to disapprove."

Lord Elgin himself said: "I still adhere to my opinion that the real and
effectual vindication of Lord Durham's memory and proceedings will be the
success of a Governor General of Canada who works out his views of government
fairly." Walrond, p. 41.

HISTOUY OF THE ADMINISTIIATK.IX OF

bill. Svibscfiuently, on the 30th April, His Excellency was attacked in
his carriage by the mob, and narrowly escaped death. These disgrace-
ful proceedings led Lord Elgin to tender his resignation, but Her
Majesty and her Ministers promptly exi)ressed their entire approval
of his conduct, and recjuested him to retain his position. Their
course was subseijuently approved by both Houses of the Imperial
Parliament ; and thus the principles of Constitutional or Responsible
Government were triumphantly sustained in a case, where, if in any, a
governor would have been justified in reserving the bill for the
approval of the Imperial Executive or even in dismissing his Ministers.
This first course was pressed on Lord Elgin, but he nobly held to the
princii)Ies by which his rule was to be governed, and replied that had
he taken such a step he would have thrown on Her Majesty's Ministers
the responsibility which should properly rest on himself.

It was said that Lord Elgin carried his deference to the wishes
of the people, as expressed through their representatives in the
Assembly, to an undue extent, — an extent which made him virtually a
mere figure head, without actual power in the Government of the
country. To this remark he replied :

" I believe, on the contrary, that there is more room for the exercise
of influence on the part of the Governor under my system* than under
any that ever was before devised ; — an influence, however, wholly nioml,
an influence of suasion, sympathy, and moderation, which softens the temper,
while it elevates the views of local politics. As the Imperial Government
and Parliament gradually withdraw from legislative interference, and from tiie
exercise of patronage in Colonial affairs, the ofiice of Governor tends to become,
in the most emphatic sense of the term, the link which connects the Mother Coun-
try and the Colony, and his influence the means by which harmony of action
between the local and Imperial authorities is to be preserved. It is not, however,
in my humble judfjment, by evincing an anxious desire to stretch to the utmost,
constitutional principles in his favor, but, on the contrary, by the formal acceptance
of the conditions of the Parliamentary system, that this influence can be most surely
extended and confirmed. Placed by his position .ibove the strife of parties, — hold-
ing office by a tenure less precarious than the ministers who surround him, — hav-
ing no pol.tical interest to serve but that of the community whose affairs he is
appointed to administer, his opinion cannot fail, when all cause for suspicion and
jealousy is removed, to have great weight in the Colonial Councils, while he is set
at liberty to constitute himself in an especial manner the patron of those larger and
higher interests, — such interests, for example, as those of education, and of moral
and material progress in all its branches, which, unlike the contests of paity, unite,
instead of dividing the members of the body politic." ■ ^ '

" 'n

Iiaving (

nicnt, \v

istration

he left C

sible .sati

stitution^

dislike ar

the hot f

insults by

and hone!

t'ountry f(

tion, and

peo|)]e, wh

though so

so soon as

forgetfulne

He left

Montrej

following b

The system of Responsible Government.

* " This spe
Pbce where, a fe
ed."_Walrond,

THE EARL OF DUFFKRIN IN CANADA.

"The Canadian Tory Rebellion of 1849," ^^ '-ord Klgin called it,
having died out, the Province proceeded on its progress of improve-
ment, without any further strain on its institutions during his admin-
istration. His term of office having expired in the latter part of 1854
he left Canada, but before his departure he had the almost inexi)res-
sible satisfaction of knowing that his loyalty to the princij)les of Con-
stitutional Government had at last received its due reward, — for the
dislike and hostility of 1849 '^^^ changed into affection and support ;
the hot fires of religious and sectional feeling had burned low ; the
insults by which he had been overwhelmed had been deeply regretted
and honestly atoned for, — and now, when he was about to leave the
country forever, he was deluged with expressions of love and admira-
tion, and he departed, laden with the respect and good wishes of a
people, who, though sometimes hasty, are never long unjust, and who,
though sometimes carried away by the heat of party, are ever ready,
so soon as reason returns, frankly to acknowledge their error, and ask
forgetfulness of the past.

He left Canada in a blaze of popularity, and in his farewell speech
Montreal he feelingly and gracefully alluded to the past in the
following beautiful and touching words : *

" And again permit me to assure you that when I leave you, be it sooner or
later, I shall carry away no recollections of my sojourn among you except such as
are of a pleasing character. I shall remember, and remember with gratitude, the
cordial reception I met with at Montreal when I came, a stranger among you,
Iwaring with me for my sole recommendation the commission of our Sovereign.
1 shall remember those early months of my residence here, when I learned, in this
beautifu' neighborhood, to appreciate the charms of a bright Canadian winter day,
and to take delight in the cheerful music of your sleigh bells. I shall remember one
glorious afternoon, — an afternoon in April, when looking down from the hill .it
Monklands, on my return from transacting business in your city, I beheld that the
vast plain stretching out before me, which I had always seen clothed in the w hue
yarl) of winter, had assumed on a sutklen, and, as if by enchantment, the l.vt-ry uf
spring ; while your noble St. Lawrence, bursting through his icy fetters, had begun
to sparkle in the sunshine, and to murmur his vernal hymn of thanksgiving to tlie
bounteous Giver of light and heat. I shall remember my visits to your Meclmnio'
Institutes, and Mercantile Library Associations, and the kind attention with wliich
tiie advice which I tendered to your young men and citizens was received by them.
I shall remember the undaunted courage with wiiich the merchants of this city,
j while suffering under the pressure of a commercial crisis of almost unparalleled

* " This speech was listened to with tears by>a crowded audience in the very
phte where, a few years before, he had been so scandalously outraged and insult-
Id."— Walrond, 165.

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION Ob'

severity, urged forward that great work which was the first step towards placing
Canada in her proper position in this age of railway progress. I shall rememlier
the energy and patriotism which gathered together in this city specimens of Canadian
industry, from all parts of the Provl icf. for the World's Fair, and which has been
the means of rendering this magnificent conception of the illustrious Consort of our
beloved Queen more serviceable to Can'dathan it has, perhaps, proved to any other
of the countless communities which ha.-e been represented there. And 1 shall forget,
but, no ; what I might have h"u to forg°t is forgotten already, and, therefore, I
cannot tell you what I shall forgo*^.'"

Sir Edmund Walker Head, having been appointed to succeed
Lord Elgin as Governor General of Canada, arrived at Quebec in the
early part of the year, and opened Parliament on the 23rd February,

1855-

The Administration of Sir Edmund Head is notable chiefly from the

fact that it was under his rule the idea of Confederation of the Pro-
vinces gained much strength. This scheme had, in fact, been pro-
pounded by a member of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as
far back as 1806 • but it met with no response from Canada. In
May, 1838, some time previous to the date of Lord Durham's Rejiort,
a scheme for Colonial Union was promulgated by Mr. Ho\ve of
Halifax, and that well-known and very able man, ac that early period,
sketched fi plan of the Confederation of the Provinces of Newfound-
land, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the two Canadas,
very similar to the "Quebec scheme" of 1864, which formed the
basis of the British North America Act of 1867, — the Act of
Union. In the following year, 1839, ^'^^ report of Lord Durham
ai>peared, in which he strongly urged the Union of all the Colonies.
Fifteen years passed away v.-ithout any practical effort being made to
carry out the project. On loth February, 1854, resolutions in favor of a
union or confederation of the British North American Provinces were
carried in the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia, and the Lieutenant
Governor was requested " to make known to Her Majesty, and to the
Governments of the Sister Provinces of Canada, New Brunswick and
Prince Edward Island," the opinion of the Houses that such a union
o. confederation " on just principles, while calculated to perpetuate
their connection with the parent state, wil! promote their advancement
and prosperity, increase their strength and influence, and elevate their
position," and he was also desired " by correspondence with the
Imperial and Piovincial Governments, and by all means in His
Excellency's power, to urge and facilitate the consideration of the
measure." In 1857 another step was taken, and again by Nova

"Thatth
'inticipations
.111(1 iini\'ersal
.ulvantage to

The seci

"That the
or more local
diameter ; am
common to all

These w
«as ultimate
ties in carryi:

*Now, Liei

,»«.4»» ■ ' '

THE EAIIL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

Scotia. In the summer of that year, a delegatio-., consisting of the
Hon. Messrs. J. W. Johnston, and A. G. Archibald,* both of Nova
Scotia, proceeded to England, instructed by the Nova Scotia Ministry
to bring the subject of a union of the Colonies under the notice of the
Colonial Secretary, with a view to effective action being taken.

In the following year (1858) after many appeals, direct and
indirect, from Nova Scotia, Canada, for the first time, appears on the
scene as an active negotiator. She was approaching the dead-lock,
which eventually compelled her to look to Confederation as the only
escape from the difficulty. In that year a general election in Upper
Canada resulted in a large majority for the Reformers, while
in Lower Canada, tho returns were just the reverse, the Rouge party
being in a large minority. Whei the Legislature met, the Ministry of
Mr. (now Sir) John A, Macdonald w^as forced to abandon the "double
majority" principle. He was immediately charged with subjecting
I'l^per Canada to French domination ; and the Reform party at once
began the advocacy of " Representation by Population " without
regard to the boundaries of the Provinces, as the only means by which
UpDer Canada could exert her proper influence in legislation. This
was the germ of Confederation, for, as time passed on, the duty of
carrying on the Government became each day more difficult. The
])arties were so evenly balanced that neither could command a,
working majority in the House of Assembly, and, .after the formation
and breaking down of several Ministries, a serious attempt to secure
Confederation was resolved upon.

On 28th >"ebruary, i860, the Canadian Parliament met at Quebec,
Mr. George Brown moved two resolutions, the first was :

" That the existing Legislative Ui.ion of the Provinces had failed to realize the
anticipations of its promoters, — had resulted in heavy deLt, great political abuse,
and universal dissatisfaction, and that the Union could no longer be continued .ith
.u! vantage to the people."

The second proposed :

"That the true remedy for these evils will be found in the formavion of two
or more local Governments, to which shall be committed all matters of a sectional
ciiaracter ; and the erection of some "joint authority" to dispose oi the aflairs
common to all."

These were lost at the time, but the principle involved in tl.em
was ultimately adopted as the only solution of the increasing difficul-
ties in carrying on the government jf the country.

* Now, Lieut. < ■ >vernor of Nova Scotia.

,,*.*"

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

ri i

On 15th April, 1861, the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia
passed resolutions nem. con. urging the expediency of a union,
and requesting the Lieutenant Governor to communicate with the
Colonial Secretary, the Governor General of Canada, and the
Lieutenant Governors of the other Provinces in order to ascertain
the policy of Her Majesty's Government, and the opinions of
the other Colonies, with a view to the consideration of the question
of Confederation. A year passed away before action was taken on
this resolution ; but, ir i862, Mr. Howe, its mover, and head of the
Nova Scotia Ministry, proceeded, with two other members of his cabinet
as delegates 10 Quebec, where they met delegations from the Govern-
ments of Canada and New Brunswick assembled for the purpose of
settling on a scheme of union. The mission failed : — Canada was not
ripe for the movement. In October of 1861, Sir Edmund Head was
succeeded by Lord Monck. The difficulties between the Upper
Canada and the Lower Canada sections of the House of Assembly
had been steadily increasing during his Administration. Lord
Monck found the political parties much excited, and the con-
viction was daily increasing in strength that the administration of
affairs by a sectional majority could not long be tolerated. The
struggle continued with varying success until the defeat of the Mac-
Donald-Sicotte Ministry in the early part of 1864, when both parties
acknowledged that it was impossible to carry on the Government
under the existing system. A Coalition Ministry was formed for the
avowed object of carrying Confederation. As the year advanced the
attention of the Imperial authorities was closely devoted to the ques-
tion ; Lord Monck entered into active communication with the
Lieutenant Governors of the Provinces, and the question became the
great one of the day.

The Legislature of Canada in 1864 passed resolutions in tavo; of
a union of all the Norili .American Colonies, — failing which, the}'^ pro-
vided for a dissolution of the Union of the two Canadas, and their
re-union upon a federal basis. At the same time, Nova Scotia, dis-
heartened, it would seem, by the obstacles in the wr-y of a general
union of all the Provinces, passed a resolution in fa\ or of a union of |
the Maritime Provinces alone, and providing for a conference upon
the subject with delegates from New Brunswick and Prince Edward
Island. The Legislatures of these Provinces each passed a similar
resolution. On the 1st of September, 1864, the delegates from these
three Provinces met at Charlottetown, the seat of Government of|

. ,^ Jf\>. (!-«-.»"'

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

Prince Edward Island. It was soon discovered that some of them
really desired a union of the Maritime Provinces alone. T the mean-
time delegates from Canada arrived, who proposed to confer with their
fellow-colonists on the subject of a union of all the British North
American Provinces. This proposal was cordially and unanimously
accepted, and Newfoundland volunteered to join in the negotiations.
The conference was therefore adjourned to Quebec, where a conven-
tion met on the loth October, 1864. It was composed of thirty-
three representatives from the Provinces of United Canada, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island.
Seventy-two resolutions were adopted as the basis of Confederation,
which were to be submitted to the Legislatures of the different Pro-
vinces, and the final decision was to be made by the Imperial Parlia-
ment. This is known as the " Quebec Scheme," and on it was based
The British North America Act of 1867 — the Act of Union.

But now unexpected difficulties arose. Both Upper and Low^jr
Canada were anxious for union. Their governments had come to a dead-
lock, and so strong and universal was the popular opinion in its favor
that no one even seriously mooted the idea of submitting the " Scheme "
to a new Assembly elected for the purpose of ascertaining the views of
the country. It was considered, as the fact really was, that the action
of the existing House, though not elected with any special vit > legis-
lation on the question, would be satisfactory to the people. The : Jritisli
Government warmly appioved the scheme, and Mr. Cardwell, the
Colonial Minister, lost no time in urging on the Lieutenant Governors of
the Provinces the desirability of taking immediate and effective action
on it. New Brunswick was the first to move. Her Parliament was dis-
solved, that the sense of the people might be ascertained on the question.
But the electors, taken by surprise, and alarmed at the magnitude of
the change involved in a scheme which they had not had time or
opportunity to discuss, refused their assent. The Ministry resigned,
and an anti-confederate one took its place. The Confederates of Nova
Scotia took warning, and determined to wait further developments in
New Brunswick. The Colonial Office, while placing such pressure on
New Brunswick as the relations of parent state and colony permitted,
did not urge Nova Scotia for a reply. Early in 1866, another election
was brought on in New Brunswick, and a re-action having set in, the
vote of the previous year was reversed, — the assent of the people to
the union was constitutionally obtained, and its terms were cheerfully
and loyally accepted. Now, Nova Scotia moved, but she did not, like

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

;l| '■

New Brunswick, dissolve her Parliament, and seek approval of the pro-
])osed union from an Assembly elected for the purpose of deciding on
the scheme. She used the existing House, disregarding numerous peti-
tions for a dissolution, and the Confederates triumphed. But it was a
dearly bought victory. The conduct both of the Imperial and of the
Colonial Government was fiercely assailed, and a deep bitterness of feel-
ing was created which is hardly yet removed. In truth, the policy was,
to say the least, unwise. It was not just, — and it placed a strain on Con-
stitutional Government which it bore with difficulty. The facts seem
to be, that the Imperial Ministers were somewhat too willing to believe
the representations, doubtless made to them by the Confederates of the
Province ; and deeply impressed with the conviction that the policy
was one of good to all as a whole, and to each Province as a unit,
they consented to a little constitutional wrong in order to secure a
great material benefit. It led, however, to serious inconveniences, and
the exjjeriment will, doubtless, not soon be repeated of placing a Pro-
vince in a union upon which its peojjle had been gi-en no specific
opportunity of expressing their opinion at the polls, though this
opportunity had been demanded by addresses, deputations, and re-
presentations through the press. The enlightened ideas now enter-
tained of Constitutional Government would doubtless restrain the hand
of an Imperial Minister who should contemplate such an act*

From the 3rd to the 13th February, 1865, the debate on Confedera-
tion continued in the Canadian Assembly. Mr. John A. Macdonald
moved :

" That a committee consisting of himself. Messrs. Caitier, Gait, Brown,
Robitaille and Haultaln, he appointed to draft an Address to Her Majesty on the
subject of the Union of the Colonies of British Xt>rth America."

* It is only proper to notice that the course pmsued by the Imperial Govern-
ment has been ably and warmly defended on tin lollowing grounds : Firstl)\
constitutionally it was not bound to ask for any expression of feeling, or opinion,
on the part of the people of Nova Scotia by a plebiscite, or otherwise, before ]3ass- 1
ing the Act of Union. Secondly. Admitting for argument's sake that these feel-
ings and opinions should have been ascertained and consulted, the Imperial Author-
ities, in the summer or autumn of 1866, were put in possession of what they were I
constitutionally bound to consider the expression of Nova Scotia's feelings and
opinions, for they were placed in possession of the solemnly avowed sentiments of I
the Parliamentary Representatives of the Province. And, /////...//, the Imperial [
Government, without being under any sort of obligation to concern itself to know
whether the constitutional representatives of Nova Scotia rejjresented the real
sentiments of their constituents, or not, had the best of reasons for supposing tliat
they did represent them. " The Repeal Agitation," by P, S. Hamilton.

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

After four amendments had been lost, the resokition was carried by
a large majority. This vote established Confederation. Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick had adopted the scheme, but Newfoundland and
Prince Edward Island left the question in abeyance.

On the 8th June, 1866, Parliament commenced its first sittings in the
new buildings at Ottawa. The Ministry immediately took the neces-
sary steps to complete the work of Confederation, and the House
adjourned on the i8th August. Delegates from the two Canadas,
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick lost no time in proceeding to England
to effect a final arrangement of the terms for their Federal Union.
On the 7th of February, 1867, the Bill for Confederation was introduced
in the British House of Commons, by the Colonial Secretary, the
Earl of Carnarvon. It passed rapidly through all the necessary stages,
and received the Royal Assent on the 28th day of that month.

It came into force ist July, 1867.

By **The British North America Act, 1867," the four Provinces of
Jpper Canada, Lower Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
were federated under the name of "The Dominion of Canada."
Uppei Canada was changed into " Ontario," and Lower Canada
into " Quebec." The first day of July, 1867, was celebrated with great
rejoicing as " Dominion Day." At Ottawa, the seat of the New
Government, Chief Justice Draper administered the oath of Governor
Genern,! of the Dominion to Lord Monck, who, by command of Her
Majesty, conferred upon the Hon. John A. Macdonald the order of
Knighthood, and upon the Honorables Messrs. Howland, McDougall,
Cartier,* Gait, Tilley and Tupper, the Companionship of the Bath.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald became the first Premier of the
Dominion. The Hon. W. P. Howland, C.B., was appointtl lieuten-
ant Governor of Ontario ; Sir Narcisse Belleau, of Quebec ; tne Hon.
Mr. Wilmot, of New Brunswick ; and Lieut.-General Doyle, of Nova
Scotia.

Discontent soon began to shew itself in Nova Scotia. Her repug-
nance to the Union now took a distinct shape in the complaint that
she had given up much more than she had received, — and that her
share of the public revenues would not meet the current expenses of
her government ; this position was maintained by the Anti-Unionists,
and at the elections for the Commons and the Local Legislature a large
anti-confederate majority was returned. On the i8th September, 1867,

The Hon. Mr. Cartier was subsequently nominated a Knight.

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

the startling news was sent through the Dominion that in these elec-
tions the Confederate party had met with a terrible defeat. Out of
eighteen members of the Commons, but one Confederate, Dr. Tupper,
was returned, — and out of thirty-eight members of the Local House of
Assembly but two Confederates had survived the storm of public opinion.
This disastrous turn of affairs spread gloom among the friends of the
Union, for it was feared that New Brunswick would sympathize with
the victorious Anti- Confederates of Nova Scotia, and that the combined
opposition of these two Provinces would endanger the whole Union.
Here was the natural result of the ill-advised haste with which Union
had been imposed on Nova Scotia, for it soon became evident that a
large proportion of the people had supported the Anti-Union cause
in the recent elections, not so much from love of it as from dislike to
the mode by which they had been carried into Confederation. The
magnitude of their success surprised and embarrassed the conquerors
themselves, for the serious question now presented itself: "What
shall we do with our victory ? " They were compelled to adopt some
policy, and, after much halting, it was authoritatively announced by the
Attorney-General, Mr. Wilkins, the Premier, and one of the chiefs of
the Anti-Confederates, in a manifesto issued in December, 1867, that
the ultimate aim of the party was Repeal. Mr. Howe, the real leader
of the movement, now began to hesitate. He had loyally fought the
battle of the Anti-Unionists up to this point, but the more ardent
spirits had compromised themselves and him by openly tampering
with disloyalty, — dallying with treason, — advocating annexation,
and hinting at the material aid which they would receive from
American " Sympathizers " in the event of their throwing off
their allegiance to the British Crown. This was excessively
repugnant to Mr. Howe ; his feelings of loyalty were outraged, and
his sense of reason was shocked. " The old flag," he said, " must
float above us still, and be revered and respected until we receive
our answer from England." It soon came. A deputation, con-
sisting of Messrs. Howe, Annand, Troop and Smith, went to
England to lay their case at the foot of the Throne. They were
instructed to accept nothing but the Repeal of the Union, but
they soon found, what every one out of the House already felt, that
such a demand would not be yielded by the Imperial Government.
Their case was brought before the British House of Commons, where,
by a large majority, a Committee of Inquiry was refused, and in the
Lords the motion for one was withdrawn. The Duke of Buckingham,

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

then the Secretary for the Colonies, immediately conveyed to Lord
Monck the official reply of the British Cabinet to the Delegates. It
was in substance that the Act of Union could not be repealed, — but
the Dominion Government was invited to remove all just grievances,
and deal as generously as possible with the Province. In obedience
to this suggestion Sir John A. Macdonald, accompanied by some other
Ministers, visited Halifax in September, 1867, and attended the Repeal
Convention then sitting, with a view accurately to ascertain their wishes,
—but nothing was; done : the Ministers complained that the malcon-
tents declined to specify their demands ; the malcontents complained
that the Ministers made no offers ; and in a few days the Convention
formally reported its determination to continue the agitation for Repeal.
Their chief support, however, was slowly but surely failing them. Mr.
Howe was gradually widening the breach between them and himself.
He clearly saw that Repeal could not be obtained, and he scouted the
idea of force or annexation. He had fought the battle bravely and
well, but now, when he saw himself defeated, he was prepared grace-
fully to accept the position, and loyally to assist in the smooth working
of a union which had become an irrevocable fact. His mind was too
noble, — his vision too clear to persist in a bootless warfare which must
end in utter defeat, and the protraction of which must keep the Prov-
ince in a state of constant irritation, to the great injury of all its
material and industrial interests. The delegates were, on the opening
of the House, after their fruitless errand to England, to receive the
thanks of the Assembly for their services. Mr. Howe's seat was
vacant, — the breach between him and his former friends was now com-
plete. He justified his course by alleging that he found his party had
become unmanageable, — that he had to choose between treason if he re-
mained with them, and loyalty by leaving them, and he could not hesitate
a moment in the choice. It was soon seen that the Assembly could do
nothing ; the prestige of the Anti-Confederates quickly disappeared, —
their credit for honesty of purpose was lost, — their inactivity proved
their weakness, and the Unionists now felt that the victory was, at last,
their own, though they knew that it would take time, and that some
I trouble would be involved, in bringing the Province to a state of perfect
I quiet on this harassing subject. Soon after the close of the session Mr.
Howe published a letter, declaring his complete disapproval of the
I Anti-Confederate policy ; expressing his belief that Repeal was unattain-
able, and announcing that he was prepared to consider a proposition
1 for " better terms " of Union which had been made to him by the

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

Finance Minister of the Dominion. He was instantly assailed by a
storm of abuse from his late friends, and the most unworthy motives
for his change of opinion were freely imputed, but he answered his
opponents by the persistent maintenance of his opinion that the course
he advised was the only proper one ; he challenged the Anti-Unionists
to show even a remote probability of Repeal being obtained, and, as
for rebellion or annexation, he scouted the idea of either. His posi-
tion was really impregnable, and yet his old friends still kept aloof
from him. But allying himself with Mr. McLellan, a gentleman who
had acquired a fair local reputation as a financier, he entered into
negotiations with Sir John Rose, the Finance Minister of the Dominion,
and, after an arduous examination of the question, an agreement was
entered into by which Nova Scotia secured all the advantages which
the Anti-Unionists claimed as her due, but which, in the haste of the first
negotiations, had been overlooked. " Better terms " having now been
secured, the Dominion Ministry considered it essential that Mr. Howe
should enter the Cabinet for the purpose of assisting the Government
in carrying the agreement through the House, where it was sure to meet
with a strong opposition. Mr. Howe consented. Being obliged to
seek re-election on his acceptance of the position of Secretary of State,
he was bitterly opposed, — but right triumphed, and the Anti-Confeder-
ates met with a crushing defeat. During the next Session the Dominion
Parliament approved of the " better terms " agreement, and thus
Nova Scotia was quieted.

We can now look upon the fine Province of Nova Scotia with feel-
ings of the liveliest satisfaction. A high-minded, industrious and in-
telligent people who have been distinguished by the exceptional
ability of their public men, and the enterprise of their mercantile and
industrial classes, and who were at one time smarting under a real
injury, and heated to an undue degree by the appeals of rash, though
doubtless sincere men, have now, thanks to the counsels of moderate
men, nearly obliterated the old feelings of bitterness, and have
transformed Nova Scotia from an irritated member of the Dominion
into one of the warmest and most valuable supporters of its integrity.

During the year 1867, the Province of British Columbia began to
consider the question of joining the Confederacy. In November, 1868,
Sir John Young, afterwards Lord Lisgar, arrived from England as the 1
successor of Lord Monck, and in this year a bill was passed by the
Dominion Parliament praying the cession by the Crown of the North
West Territory, and granting ;^3oo,ooo sterling to be paid to the

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

Hudson's Bay Company in exchange for its rights, with some reserva-
tions. On the 4th May, 1870, a bill was introduced into Parliament
for the reception of the North West, and these territories were, in July,
formally ceded to Canada by the Imperial Government. The Pro-
vince of Manitoba was created, and the Hon. Mr. Archibald went out
as Lieutenant Governor. On 20th July, 187 1, British Columbia and
\'ancouver Island entered the (Confederation, under the name of
British Columbia.

As already stated, the Earl of Dufferin arrived at Quebec as the suc-
cessor of Lord Lisgar, on the 25th June, 1872. The retiring Governor
General, in a speech at a banquet given to him in Montreal on the 20th
June, 1872, so well summarized the conditions of the British North
American possessions at the moment of their rule passing from his
hands to those of the Earl of Dufferin, that his address on that occa-
sion is reproduced. He said :

"Gentlemen, — I am very sensible of the honor conveyed by your applause,
and I beg you to accept my warm and earnest thanks for all your kindness. I was
much gratified at receiving the invitation to this banquet, which, indeed, I did not
expert to find so numerously attended and so marked in all respects. I feel the
com nent all the more inasmuch as it is a repetition, after some length of time and
acquamtance, of a similar compliment paid to me on my first arrival. I retain in
distinct recollection the prompt hospitality and the lavish attention which were paid
to me by the Mayor and citizens of Montreal more than three years ago. Such
demonstrations, I rm aware, are made, not to the individual, but to the official, — not
to the person, but to the choice of the British Government and the representative of
England in this great and noble dependency ; and it is only right that they should be
so directed, seeing, as we see by the latest instance, the pains and care the British
Government bestows on the selection of a person to represent the Sovereign in her
British North American Possessions. They have selected Lord Dufierin, a noble-
man of high rank, favorably known in literary circles, and conversant with all the
accomplishments and intricacies of social and political life. When I had the pleasure
of addressing a large and intelligent audience iu this place three years ago, I was
just entering upon the duties which had been assigned to me by the choice and good
opinion of the Duke of Buckingham, acting on behalf of the Government of Eng-
land. I was, as it were, buckling on my armor ; now I am laying it ofiT. There
is a proverbial warning against boasting on the former occasion, which I cannot
consider inapplicable to the latter also, and I hope I shall not lay myself open
in any degree to the imputation of neglecting it at the close of my official
life, for I consider this my last public appearance at the close of a public career
which, whatever its general shortcomings, has certainly been passed in employ-
ments of high responsibility, and has been sometimes thrown upon circumstances
of great difficulty. But when I recall to mind the topics upon which I dwelt when
I last spoke in this place, I then felt that, basing myself upon the known energy of
the people, and the good faith which had theretofore attended the counsels of the

IIISTOUT OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

III: 5

Statesmen of Canada, I could argue well for the future. I anticipated large additions
to the territory ; I indulged the hope that the bitter feeling which then jirevailed in
the United States would sjieedily give place to amity and reconciliation, and I
looked forward to the early commencement of public works of great magnitude
and undoubted utility. Well, three years have barely passed : the things which
rose then in anticipation, — the visions of hojie, — some said, oftoo sanguine hojie, are
now a realized, accomplished success. It ia true that Newfoundland and Prince
Edward Island still stand without the pale of the Dominion, and deny themselves
the advantages which have flowed in so full a tide upon the Provinces wliich have
thrown in their lot with it. But the vast area held by the Hudson Bay Company,
has, after a protracted investigation, been ceded to the Crown, and by the Crown
forthwith transferred to Canada, — a mighty boon, greater in extent, and richer in
resources, than more than one first-class European Kingdom. British Columbia
came in on equal terms, a willing and valued partner and associate. The temper
and sagacity brought to bear on the arrangements with British Columbia reflect
credit on the negotiators on the one side and the other. If it be high praise for
machinery to say that it works evenly and efficiently without noise or friction,
to that praise the arrangements with British Columbia are entitled. They work
efficiently and work satisfactorily to all concerned, and seem to be as highly
approved of after trial as they were at their first commencement. The troubles
which ensued in Manitoba were due rather to misunderstanding and misapprehen-
sion, arising from ignorance, than to any rooted policy. They were overcome by
steadiness, patient explanation and the occasional display of an adequate armed
force to sustain civil authority. The form and frame of representative institutions
have now been organized, and set in motion with every prospect of satisfactory
working. Much praise is due to Lieutenant Governor Archibald for the legal
attainments, the unwearied industry, and the fine temper which he has brought to
bear on the difficulties he had to encounter. He literally encountered the wilder-
ness, but he has cleared the forest and taken out the stumps. Whoever succeeds
him, for I hear Mr. Archibald wishes to leave with views and objects of his own,
will have an easy task. He will enter on the results of another man's intelligent
labors, and will not probably have more obstacles in his way than were found in
the older settled Provinces. To carry on the agricultural simile, he will only have
to cultivate the cleared farm on ordinary known principles, and with a proper
rotation of crops. So much for the extensions of territory that have been made.
The Dominion now stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and opens its ports
on the one and the other ocean to receive and interchange the manufactures of
Europe and the varied products of Australian and Asiatic commerce. As to
Nova Scotia, I need not inform this audience that the work of reconciliation has
been effected. Whatever of ill-feeling remains is only the smouldering embers of
the former fire, and is fast dying out. The danger of conflagration is past, and if
we wanted proof to confirm the accounts received from many quarters of the good
dispositions which prevail throughout all the Acadian bodies, it may be found in
the concurrence of opinion with the other Provinces, and in the mode in which the
representatives of Nova Scotia joined with the representatives of the other
Provinces in affirming for the general interests the acceptance of the articles of
the Treaty of Washington which affect Canada.

THE EAHL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

" I must admit th.it when I alluded to public works of great magnitude, of which
I hojjed to see the commencement, I had not in view, — I had not formed the con-
cfjition of so vast an enterprise as a railway thousands of miles long to connect the
Canadian system of lines with some point on the coast of the Tacific. I had only
in my mind the water communication, — new canals to be dug, and old ones to lie en-
larged and deejiened. Vast as is the project of the railway, it need not be ai)pall-
iiig. It is only in the darkness of night or of ignorance that doubts and apprehen-
sions apjiear appalling,— that shapes and shadows loom portentous in the gloom.
They vanish away, or assume their proper dimensions, in the light of science, and
the clear day of reason and awakened energy. We may indeed draw courage from
the earliest lessons learned in our infancy. The memories of a champion, which
continue, I trust, to be as popular and as carefully studied as they were in my
youth, assure us that many a giant may be overcome by intelligence ; and this
giant of a railway, if there be any truth in the adage that well liegun is lialf done,
is already half overcome by the careful preliminary surveys which have been car-
ried over a wide expanse of country, and in the teeth of many obstacles, by that
excellent public servant, the Engineer-in-Chief, Mr. Sandford Fleming, and his
indefatigable assistants. The conquest will be completed in good time by the
united energy, capital and credit of the country. I see at hand and around me
those who possess all the requisites, and are equal to the task. The work will be
done, for it is indispensable, in order to fulfil the inter-provincial engagements
which have been entered into, to afford facilities for traffic, and travelling to dis-
tant parts of the Dominion, and not merely to bind all the parts together by a
strong bond, and fresh links, by links stronger than iron, but to rivet them together
by fresh associations, and weld them into one integral, indissoluble wholctby con-
stant, familiar, mutually beneficial intercourse. The last, but by no means the
least, advantage which will accrue from the work is the powerful stimulus which it
will give to emigration. It will afford employment and encouragement to multi-
tudes who are prepared, and longing to avail themselves of it, and who need such
help and encouragement during their first struggles for a few months, or it may be
for a year or two, in a strange country. This last remark applies in an equal de-
gree to the works upon the canals. They too will swell the tide of emigration by
hopes of employment. I do not believe that I ever read a paragraph in an opening
speech from the Throne with greater satisfaction than that which proclaimed that
the Government were about to take the canals in hand, and press their improve-
ment on a large scale. This satisfaction was enhanced when I saw it officially
announced in his budget speech by my honorable friend the Minister of Finance,*
that the country could well afford the outlay, and that now was the time. I hope I
may be allowed to say, even in Sir Francis Hincks' presence, that he appears to me
to unite, in an eminent degree, accurate knowledge of the subjects he has to handle
with a true appreciation of the requirements of the country, and the tendencies of
sound public opinion. In his lucid exposition of the financial state and prospects
of the country, he spoke of the marvelous increase of Canadian exports, that is, of
the marvelous increase of the products of Canadian industry, the proofs of a mar-

* Sir Francis Hincks.

HISTORY OF THK ADMINISTRATION OF

velous ndvancement in the country ; he mentioned the rising manufactures, a rapid-
ly growing carrying trade, and used the term, 'wonderfully prosperous' in refer-
ence to the present condition of the country, while he looked forwaril to a further
progress as well as a great increase in the public revenues in future years. I think
that the conclusion is properly and emphatically drawn that now is the time to
undertake the necessary — and what past experience of similar outlay, an<l even cal-
culation of future chances, pronounce to be safe — expenditure. I have heard appre-
hensions expressed i" some quarters that the combinations amongst working men,
and the hijih rates of wages insisted upon, may go far to check or delay the pro-
gress of jiublic works, or make the outlay a burthen too grievous to bear. These
apprehensions need not be indulged in. Combinations to keep up wages are
seldom successful, except in trades where the work people are a few in number,
and collected in a small number of local centres. In all other cases, wages
soon find their natural level, that is to say, the level of the rate which dis-
tributes the whole circulating capital of the country among the entire working
population. If workmen demand more, their demand can only be obtained V)y
keeping a portion of their number permanently out of employment. The intelli-
gence of the people will soon discover this point, and their entering into combina-
tions and unions will facilitate their doing so. No attempt should, therefore, be
made to prevent or put down the combinations by legislation or by force. The
atrocities sometimes committed by workmen in the way of personal outrage or
intimidation cannot be too rigidly repressed, and to that end the process of law
should be simplified and made summary. In all other respects, and so long as they
abstain from the molestation of parties who do not join them, the Trades' Unions
should be left free to combine for their own purposes and to further their own inter-
ests by all lawful and peaceable means. I served on a Committee of the House
of Commons many years ago, by which these principles were ascertained or con-
firmed, and upon its conclusions the law of England now rests. I was glad to see
that in the course of the Session just closed Sir John Macdonald introduced a bill
to assimilate the law of Canada to that of Great Britain in these respects. I
believe this course was wise in itself, and doubly so inasmuch as it is desirable
that the law in Canada should in all cases be as closely as possible assimilated to
that of England. No surer or more lasting bond of Union between the two coun-
tries can be devised than an identity of laws founded upon and fostering an identity
of feeling. I well know that Sir John Macdonald has this object much at heart,
and that he desires to strengthen the bond and perpetuate the connection, the good
Intelligence, the alliance between Canada and England. I wish him and all those
who work with him in this field. Godspeed, and the amplest success. But, after
all, the true remedy for the follies and violences of strikes and demands for too
high wages, as of all social evils, is popular intelligence, quickened by sound edu-
cation. You have established an excellent system in the Dominion, and education
is in a flourishing condition. I fear it may bo objected that the process is slow,
that the truths of Economic Science and the convictions of philosophy can scarcely
reach the popular mind ; that the knowledge of the people is, and must ever
remain, superficial. This, to a certain extent, cannot be denied. Still, the truths
which regulate the moral and political relations of man are of no great distance

THE E\UL OF DUFFRUIX IN CANADA.

from tlie surface. The {jroat works in which discoveries are recorded cannot In;
read by the people, but tlieir substance jiasses throujjh a nundwr of minute and
circuitous channels, through the lecture, the panipi.ki, the newspajier, to the shop
and the hamlet. To borrow a simile from an eminent writer : 'The conversion
of these works of unproductive splendor into select use and unobserved activity,
resembles the processes of nature in the eternal world. I'he expanse of a noble
lake, the course of a majestic river imposes on the ima^jination by every impres-
sion of dignity and sublimity, but it is the moisture that insensibly arises from
tiiLUi, which gradually mmgles with the soil, nourishes all the luxuriance of vege-
tation, and adorns the surface of the earth.' Hut now. Sir, 1 must bring my
n-marks to a close. There are, no doubt, many other topics to which I might
allude, the Treaty of Washington, for instance, but that is ground on which I will
not triad ; Sir John Macdonald's excellent and exhaustive speech must be fresh in
all yiHir recollections; — a speech which convinced or satisfied the Tarliament of
Cmada, and elicited the applause of the ministry and the press of England. I will
not weaken it by any attempt at repetition or 'risk darkemng councils by words
without knowledge.' I will not further trespass on your indulgence than to re-
il rate my thanks, and to say that, in leaving Canada, I leave no serious difficulties
for my successor. There are no clouds in the Canadian political sky, — no harassing
questions to engross his attention on his arrival. Should any arise hereafter, he
can rely, as I have relied with confidence, on an experienced and responsible Minis-
try, and acur, if need be, to the assistance of a loyal and well-instructed Parlia-
ment T happy to be able to say so much, and to think that my humble name
has been honorably associated with the youthful energies and the rising fortunes of
the Dominion ; I say rising fortunes, for many are the signs and assurances that its
fortunes are rising, and they are legibly written in evidence. The judgment .ind
fore^iL;ht displayed in reconciling the conflicting claims of the different Provinces
and cementing them into one powerful and harmonious union argue statesmanship
of no mean order. The entertainment of such vast projects as the I'acific Railway
and the improvements on the canals show how large and com]irehensive a view
rarlianient can take of what is needed to advance the general interests. In the
la^t session a question arose on the point of religious education and touching the
respective rights and powers of the Dominion and the Provincial Legislatures.
At first, it wore a threatening aspect, but it was set at rest by the united action of
parties usually opposed to each other, much to their credit, while the settlement
pioved that the wisdom and moderation of Parliament are etjual to dealing with
the most thorny and troublesome matters. Lastly, the adoption of the articles of
the Treaty of Washington, under the doubtful circumstances of the time, and when
every day brought a different surmise as to the chances or fate of the Treaty,
savoured of that magnanimity which Edward Burke said was not seldom the truest
policy of the state. These wise and happy arrangements show that the day of little
tilings and little minds is past. The Parliament and the people are conscious of
their position, and zealous to act up to it valiantly and becomingly, with the Divine
blessing. They will take for their motto the old watchword of the Church, Sursum
Cora'a ; — brace up their energies, and raise their hearts to the great responsibilities
and the lofty destiny to which, in the order of Providence, they are called, and pro-
ceed, as I most wish they will, from strength to strength rejoicing."

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

Such was the picture of the condition of the British North Amer-
ican Possessions as painted by the retiring Governor General, Lord
Lisgart — a luler who hadgivti the utmost sa'asfacHon to the Imperial
authorities, to the Dominion Government, and to the people of
Canada. His careful regard for the 'principles of Constitutional Govern-
ment had gained for him the resp ct of all shades of political opinion,
and the unobtrusive cordiality with which he encouraged and sup-
ported every judicious enterprise for the development of the great
industries and resources of the country had gained for him the
reputation of an excellent ruler.

CHAPTER III.

CONTENTS.

Reception of Lord Duflerin at Quebec — Arrival at Ottawa — Remarks of the Press
— Presentation of Addresses on arrival at Ottawa — Reply to the Address of
the Mayor and Council — Volunteer Camp — Inspection of Camp at Prescott —
At Kingston — Address of His Excellency to the Officers and Men in Camp at
Kingstoii — Return to I'rescott — His Excellency proceeds to Montreal — " Old
Baptiste," the Pilot of Lachine Rapids — Mr. Mackenzie's Dinner — Inspection of
Camp at Laprairie — Languages spoken,read and understood by His Excellency —
Address of the Mayor and Council of Montreal — Reply — Departure for Quebec
— Arrival there — General Elections for the Dominion then proceeding — Sketch
of the strength of the Ministry —His Excellency proceeds to the Lower St.
Lawrence — Defeat of Sir George Cartier for Montreal East — Return to Ouei)ec
—Life of their Excellencies at Quebec — Opinions of the Quebec Press — Liberal
views of His Excellency — S^^dacona Games — Reply of His Excellency to the
Address of the President — .'Jinners— Balls — Effect of their Excellencies' affabi-
lity — Action of the Press — Addrets of the Mayor and Council on the departure
of theii' Excellencies for Quebec — Reply — Great demonstration on taking final
leave .

The Earl of Diifterin was received at Quebec by the Premier, Sir
Joh'.i A. Macdonald; the Plon. Hector Langevin, C.B., Minister of
Public Works ; Hon. Mr. Cauchon,* President of the Senate ; the
Hon. Mr. Chapais, Receiver General; Sir Francis Hincks, K.C.B.,
Minister of Finance ; Hon. J. G. Blanciiet, Speaker of the Quebec
Legislati-. -^ Assembly ; Sir Hastings Doyle, Administrator of the
Government ; his Honor Sir Narcisse Belleau, Lieutenant Governor
of Quebec ; his Worship the Mayor of Quebec with many Aldermen
and Councillors and by a large assemblage of the most distinguished
citizens of the yncient capital.

His Excellency was sworn in during the day as Governor General
of Canada, the Hon. Chief Justice Meredith administering the Oath.
Addresses of welcome were presented to him by the Corporation and
citizens of Quebec, the Quebec Board of Trade, the St. Patrick's

* Now (1878), Lieutenant Govenioi of Manitoba.

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

Society, and on the next day by the Literary and Historical Society of
Quebec. Having visited the fortifications and camp then formed at
Point Levis, His Excellency, on the 26th June, accompanied by the
Countess of Dufferin, Sir John and Lady Macdonald, Sir George
Cartier, and others^ proceeded to Ottawa, the Seat of Government,
where he arrived on the evening of the 27 th June, and was met with
the utmost enthusiasm.

The press now began faithfully to interi)ret the universal feeling of
the people of Canada towards His Excellency. His peculiar fitness
for the position of Governor General in a social point of view was well
known ; his reputation as a man well versed in the constitutional
usages and laws t f the Empire had preceded him ; his unceasing
searching after iniormation augui"d well, for it supplied a guaranty
that he would become acquainted with the people and the country
and judge for himself, unprejudiced by the whisperings of plotting
politicians, or interested schemers after wealth or position. It was
doubtless pleasing to a disposition so frank and open and manly as that
of Lord Dufferin to find the people freely expressing their opinions of
his predecessors, and their expectations from him. Even the Countess
of Dufferin was invited at the same time to listen to suggestions
as to her own social policy. Their Excellencies were reminded in
courteous and kindly, but in firm words, that Canada had enjoyed the
rule of but few Governors who had cared to exhibit a generous hospital-
ity ; that their views had been exclusive ; that popular rulers, in the broad
sense of the term, had been not only rare, but actually non-existent ;
and that the ladies who had presided at Government House had not
always drawn the distinction between coldness and condescension.
They were told that some Governors had been accused of spending less
than half their salaries, and of kee])ing up the state of the vice-regal
mansion b> '"st so many entertainments as would free them from
the ':hargc of premeditated isolation. It was admitted that but
few had trenched on the liberties of the people, or had been
guilty of any intentional abuse of their power, but it was at the
same time advanced that also few had risen to the true dignity of the
ruler of a great country, full of immense resources, and fitted for an
empire. The ambition of the Earl of Dufferin might justly have been
fired by the remark that most of his predecessors had been content to
come, remain and go, mere figure-heads, caring little for the work of
developing the enormous latent power and wealth of the Dominion,—
not curious to visit the various Provinces, or explore the vast terri-

nianiKT far su
or hopes of C
'» I 'ukl relief;
niiers, and thr
an iiiiselfi.sh ai
His K.xcel
nimiher of ger
'"'ions, and be

1S72]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIX IN CANADA.

toiit-s, and see with their own eyes the beauty and capabilities of the
great country under their charge ; or learn from the h'ps of the inhabi-
tants themselves the story of their ho])es, or their needs, — their trials, or
their successes. The press, second to none in the British dependen-
cies, was not backward in reminding the new Governor General that
the justice and exceptional moderation and leniency of the Imperial
Government had conferred on Canada a constitution, and given to her
a freedom of legislation .vhich rendered his appointment almost the
only link which bound the child to its great parent, and that upon his
personal bearing and political judgment depended, to a great extent,
the satisfactory working of our institutions. He was reminded that
the cardinal principle of Constitutional or Responsible Government
was the polar star of our system, and that any, the slightest, interference
with it, by him, would be quickly resented. It was pointed out by
men who well knew of what they were speaking, that even in England
this principle had not yet been fully developed, but that the people of
Canada expected its recognition in its widest and fullest sense. He
was respectfully told that he had in his hands the power to mould,
modify, and improve the legislation of the country, and closely identify
himself with the people, without, in the slightest degree, invading their
freedom, or the just rights of his muusters. He was cordially invited
to mix with the people, and ascertain by personal conference with them
their true opinions, their complaints and their desires.

It was pressed on him to visit every part of the Dominion, and the
great significance of submitting to the tedium of attending the publ c
festive gatherings of the jwpulace, and countenancing even their
puhlic amusements, was delicately suggested. In brief, the noble
example of his great Mistress was placed before him as a model from
which to mould a new Empire, and bind to Her, with hooks of stee), a
people in every way worthy of the splendid race from which she and
he had both sprung. That the Earl of Dufferin was able to rise to
the importance of the position, and carry out all these suggestions in a
manner far surpassing in magnificence and brilliancy the expectations
or hopes of Canada, is to be attributed the fact that he now stands out
ill hold relief as the grandest figure in the long procession of Canadian
rulers, and that he has just left our shores laden with the blessings of
an unselfish and admiring nation.

His Excellency on his arrival at Ottawa was received by a large
number of gentlemen forming delegations from numerous public insti-
tutions, and before leaving the steamer was presented with addresses

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

L''72]

from the City Corporation, read by Mr. Mayor Martineau ; from the
Carleton County Council, read by Mr. Warden Morgan ; from the
Board of Trade, read by Mr. E. McGiUivray ; from St. George's
Society, read by Dr. Sweetland ; from the St. Jean Baptiste Society,
read by Dr. Dorion ; from the Canadian Institute, read by Dr. St. Jean ;
from St. Andrew's Society, read by Mr. E. McGiUivray ; from St.
Patrick's Literary Association, read by Mr. W. H. Waller; from the
Irish Catholic Temperance Association, read by Mr. J. Birmingham;
from the I. O. O. Good Templars, read by Mr. Johnson of the Customs
Department ; from the Irish Protestant Benevolent Society, read by Mr.
Sheriff Powell ; and from the Metropolitan Canadian Society, read by
Mr. P. A. Egleson. His Excellency's reply to the address of the
Mayor and Corporation of the city expressed in brief terms some of
the principles which he had laid down for himself on assuming the
Government of the Dominion. He said :

" Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, — The warm and hearty welcome which has
been accorded me on my arrival in Canada, and the magnificent reception with
which I have been greeted on reaching the Metropolis of the Dominion, emana-
ting, as it has done, from all sections, creeds and classes of Hor Majesty's subjects
on this side of the At'antic, only affords fresh proof of the attachment, loyalty and
devotion of the Canadian people to the Throne and person of our most gracious
Queen.

As long as I have the honor to be the representative of the Crown in this country
it will be my most anxious endeavor, on the one hand, to chcish and foster, by
e"ery means in my power, those loyal sentiments by which you are so profoundly
animated, and on the other, to exhibit, on behalf of Her Majesty, the atfeciion
and solicitude which she has never ceased to fee) for the inhabitants of this her
greatest dependency.

In thanking you for such expressions of kindness in your address as are personal
to myself, I can only say that, although I cannot hope to fulfd the flattering expec-
tations of me which you have been pleaser to form, I am actuated by the most
earnest and single-minded desire to serve you to the best of my ability, to spend
the best years of my life amongst you, and to place unreservedly at your disposal
such experience in the conduct of governnien< is my previous public career has
enabled me to acquire.

To be permitted to associate myself with you in developing the marvelous
resources of this glorious land, — to have a share in building up on this side of the
Atlantic a great, prosperous and loyal community, is a privilege amply sufficient
to satisfy the ambitiou of the most aspiring statesman.

In conclusion, I beg to thank you on Lady Dufferin's behalf for having inchuled I
her in your kindly welcome.

I can assure you that from the moment we set foot on Canadian soil, we hael
both forgotten that we ever had another home than yours, — and in discl^rging the

social du
establish
th(jse she

No(

warm an
under br
At th
tcers was
Quebec,
men com]
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Col. Macp
After the ]
His Excell
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Cockhurn,
the Hon. ;
other distin
his feelings :

"Col. Rc

District,— It

civilian, shoul

Secretary of S

experience in n

of place. I h

Volunteers. I

snrj)rised at the

tile i)leasure of

find that she ha

that, should the

your families an

\vhich I shall 1

beyond all prais

science, I could

acted. As the

jM^.

1872]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

social duties which attach to her position, Lr .ly Duflerin confidently expects to
establish ties amongst jou which will effectuilly compensate her for the loss of
those she has so lately been forced to sever."

No Governor, upon his arrival in C: nada, ever before received so
warm and flattering a reception, and none ever entered upon his duties
under brighter auspices.

At this time the system of forming camps for the drill of our volun-
teers was in full working order, and encampments were to be found at
Quebec, Laprairie, Prescott, Kingston, Niagara, and Windsor. The
men composing them were congregated from the various portions of
the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and numbered about 30,000.
His Excellency, unwilling to miss the opportunity of a personal
insi)ection of the volunteer force of Canada, which had been spoken of
in the highest terms by experienced officers of the regular service, left
Ottawa on ist July, for the camp at P-escott, accompanied by Col.
R. Ross, Adjutant-General ; Col. Fletcher, Military Secretary ; Lieut.-
Col. Macpherson, Hon. Col. Gray, M.P., andCapt. Coulson, A.D.C.
After the inspection of the force under the command of Col. Buell,
His Excellency proceeded to Kingston where the camp, containing
about 3,000 men, of whom about 400 were cavalry, was under the
charge of Lieut.-Col. Jarvis, A.A.G. He here met the Hon. Mr.
Cockburn, speaker of the House of Commons, the Dean of Ontario,
the Hon. Mr. Campbell, Post Master General, and a number of
other distinguished gentlemen. His Excellency gave expression to
his feelings in a brief address. He said :

" Col. Ross, Col. Jarvis, Oi-i' ici:rs and Men of the Third Military
District, — It can hardly be expected tliat on an occasion such as this, I, a
civilian, should attempt to address you, but ina: much as I have had, as Under
Secretary of State, and as a Minister of a Military Commission, considerable
experience in military matters, I hope that a few remarks from me will not be out
of ])lace. I had heard much, before coming to this country, of the Canadian
Volunteers. I had heard them highly spoken of, but I confess that I am agreeably
surprised at the magnificent physique and appearance of the men whom I have had
tile pleasure of reviewing to-day. As Her Majesty's representative, I rejoice to
find that she has such a sturdy and proficient army of defenders ; and I doubt not
that, should the occasion arise, you would all turn out manfully for the defence of
your families and homesteads. The spectacle which I have to-day witnes' _d is one
whicli I sliall long remember. The steadiness and proficiency of the men is
beyond all praise, and, though I am not conversant with the details of military
science, I could not but observe the admirable manner in which the different corps
acted. As the representative of the Queen in this country, I shall have much

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[187:;

pleasure in coiifjiatulating Her Majesty's Government and the Commander-in-
Chief on having so fine a body of men for the defence of this country as that which
is furnished by the Third Military District. I am aware that soldiers are not fond of
long speeches, and I therefore close my remarks to you by thanking you sincerely
for the gratifying and magnificent spectacle you have afforded me this day."

On the next day we find His Excellency back at Prescott, when
he made a more complete inspection of the camp, and on the follow-
ing morning, being joined by Her Excellency and Sir George Cartier,
he went to Montreal, where the party arrived in the evening.*

Apartments were secured at the St. Lawrence Hall hotel, and
it is not a little curious that, while the vice-regal i)arty were dining in
one part of the house, Her Majesty's Opposition in the House of
Commons were holding high festival in honor of their leaders in
another.!

On the day following His ICxcellency proceeded to Laprairie, where
about I coo volunteers were in camp. He was received by the Mayor
and Corporation, and had presented to him the Hon. Mr. Justice
Dunkin, Messrs. Foster and Baker, and several other gentlemen.
The Mayor read an address in French, to which His Excellency
replied in that language,]; to the great delight of the French
officers and men, who were much gratified to find this graceful
recognition of their language made by their new Governor, In the
afternoon he attended at the City Hall, where he was met by tiie
Mayor, the members of the Corporation, and a large number of the

* "Old Baptiste " is historical. The faithful old pilot of whom all travellers
down the St. Lawrence have heard, and most of them have seen, met, as usual, the
Steamer Magnet on this occasion, paddling from the shore in his well-known
canoe, and safely conducted another Governor General down those most
dangerous rapids of Lachine, by a channel which he himself discovered in 1842,
It is said he has never missed a day since that period.

t Tarty feeling was then running iiigh in Canada ; the general elections were
near at hand, and the Liberal party were making the most strenuous efforts 10
secure the power of Government. At this gathering great enthusiasm prevailed,
die whole company frequently rising and waving their table napkins, often
leaping on the table, and expressing their dehght in the most vociferous manner.

X His Excellency reads French, and speaks it with the pure Parisian accent.
He also reads Greek, Latin and Italian, and has made a considerable progress in
the study of Hieroglyphics. His speech delivered in Greek at McGill University,
wh.ch Will be referred to in its place, astonished and delighted the learned pro-
fessors of that eminent seat of learning.

IS72]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

most distinguished citizens of the commercial metropoHs of the
Dominion. His Worship the Mayor presented him with an address,
to which he replied, taking occasion to express his gratification at the

fact that,

"Thanks to the magnanimous and wise conchict of your Parliament, and the
saj^acious administration of my predecessois, I should have arrived in Canada at a
time when most of the anxious political questions, which occupied your attention,
iiave been settled, and all classes and sections of the community seem to be united
in an endeavor to promote and develop the material resources of the country."

He took care to point out the political course it was his purpose to
])ursue by the remark,

'• Bred, as I have been, in the atmosphere of Constitutional Government, I
tni>t that my administration of your affairs may prove worthy of a free and noble

[leoi^le."

He expressed the determination of himself and Her Excellency
to take up their residence in Montreal during some portion of the
year, and thus become, as he expressed it,

" Intimately acquainted with your beautiful neighborhood, and the agreeable
society of which it is the centre."

In the evening His Excellency and suite, accompanied by Her
Excellency and Lady Harriet Fletcher, left for Quebec, where they
arrived on the morning of the 5th July, and were met by Sir Narcisse
Belleau, the Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quebec, whose
guests their Excellencies were during their stay in the old capital.
In a few days they proceeded to the lower St. Lawrence, and spent
the hot season in the vicinity of Riviere du Loup. Preparations were,
during their absence, made to supply suitable accommodation for
their Excellencies' stay in Quebec.

The General Elections for the Dominion House of Commons onw
commenced. On the 24th July the first of these took place at Ottawa,
when Messrs. J. B. Currier and J. B. Lewis were returned by acclama-
tion in the interest of the Liberal Conservative party, led by Sir John
A. Macdonald.

At the opening of the first session of the then last Parliament there
were in the Commons 181 members. Of these 82 were from Ontario,
65 from Quebec, 19 from Nova Scotia, and 15 from New Brimswick-
The Liberal Conservative party then in power, though strongly sus-
tained in the House by Ontario and Quebec, found the Nova Scotia
rei)resentatives all arrayed against it, Avith the single exce])tion of Dr.
'I upper. Sir John Macdonald, the Premier, could only count on the

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

support of about half of the members from New Brunswick. As
time wore on some of the Nova Scotia members gradually gave in their
adhesion to Sir John. During the fourth session Manitoba's three
members, (one seat in the Province being unfilled) gave Sir John
their support, and in the last session British Columbia's six repre-
sentatives also joined him, which gave him a working majority of
between thirty and forty. He had a larger majority on the Treaty
of Washington Bill, when every one of the Nova Scotia members, and
most of those from New Brunswick laid aside party ties for the
moment, in order to carry this great measure, on which the peace,
conciliation, and material benefit of the Dominion so much depended.
There was no great question before the people during the elections of
1872, and the Liberal Conservative party went to the country with
the prestige of success in amalgamating the Provinces, and in the
general working of the machinery of Government. The country was
prosperous, and the people contented. The great work of the Inter-
colonial Railway was going forAvard, and the Pacific Railway was en-
gaging the active and serious attention of the Government and people
of the country.

The most memorable occurrence of the campaign was the defeat of
Sir George Cartier in Montreal East. This very valuable man owed
this disaster entirely to his nobility of character and breadth of views.
This may seem strange, but it is not the less true. A Frenchman, he
was a descendant of the Jacques Cartier of 1 534, who on the 20th April
of that year, by command of Francis the First, King of France, sailed
from St. Malo, on a voyage of discovery, and after coasting the Gulf,
entered the River St. Lawrence^ and took possession of the country in
the name of his Sovereign. He was an ardent admirer of British Con-
stitutional Government, and never hesitated to act on his convictions,
even though his action might jar on the feelings or prejudices of his
French supporters. He was, in effect, though of French descent, an
Englishman in his love of Constitutional Government, and though a
Roman Catholic, a Protestant in his love of religious freedom. He
was not French enough for many of his French supporters, — he was not
Roman Catholic enough for many of his Roman Catholic supporters.
But he outlived as well this defeat as the misapprehension of his truly
noble character, and died in England, where he had been an honored
guest of Queen Victoria herself, deeply regretted by all Canada, and
by none more deeply than the misguided people who in the campaign

and a new rej

* The Count<
fioni a convict io
as they are to hi
of" manner, and
lia\e created in
wliich they them
+ The follow
'872, so well ex
'liat, though som

1872]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIUN IN CANADA.

of 1872 were, for the moment, led astray by men more designing than
honest.

Their Excellencies were, from the first week in July until about the
niicldle of August, enjoying the coolness of the lower St. Lawrence,
wlit-n they returned to Quebec, and from about the 20th August to
tlie day of their departure from Quebec, on the 23rd Sejjtember, they
had availed themselves of every opportunity of studying the people
among whom they were thro^vn and the institutions of that part of the
Dominion. Lord Dufferin with all his hospitality and open handed-
ness was ever on the alert for information, and by mixing freely with
thei-eople from the highest to the lowest, he obtained a wonderful know-
ledt^e of the Canadian character. Their Excellencies had no sooner
settled themselves in Quebec, than a series of receptions, levees,
dinner parties, balls, and visits to public institutions, educational, reli-
gious, and charitable, were inaugurated, which revived in the glorious
old city the departed grandeur of the ancient regime. Foreigners can
scarcely estimate the great effect this social policy, — for the means
adopted to secure the great ends their Excellencies* had in view de-
serve this dignified epithet, — had not only on the citizens of Quebec, but
on the people at large. It will be remembered that the annexationist
feeling still slumbered in the minds of many. The frequent allusions of
leading P^nglish writers and speakers to the small value of Canada to
the empire, — the bitter taunt to a really noble and loyal peoi)le that
liritain would willingly free them from their allegiance at any moment
tlicy desired it, and the apparent coldness of some of the predecessors
of Lord Dufferin, had all produced a subdued feeling on the part
of the populace, but when the brilliancy and kindliness of the new
life burst forth, their hearts instantly went out in all their fullness to
their Excellencies, and the pent up feelings of love for the glorious
" Old Country " were showered upon these exponents of a new policy
and a new regime. f

* The Countess of Dufferin is associated with His Excellency, in these remarks,
fiom a conviction that the people of Canada are almost as deej>ly indebted to her
as tliey are to him for tliis phase of his rule. Her kindness, gentleness, affability
of manner, and thoughtful consideration for all within the sphere of her influence,
li;ive created in the iiearts of the Canadian people, a warmth of affection for her
which they themselves are utterly unable to express.

+ The following extracts from one of the Quebec journals of 14th September,
1872, so well expresses the general opinion then formed of their Excellencies,
that, though somewhat rude in structure, the article is re-produced. " There was

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[1872

Lord Dufferin here evinced his broad and h'beral reh'gious views.
He visited the school of the Roman Cathohc as willingly as that of
the Protestant. He saw loyalty in both. As the representative of
the Queen, who rules over millions of Hindoos and Mohammedans,
as well as of Roman Catholics and Protestants, respecting and pro-
tecting the rights of each creed with an even-handed justice, I-ord
Dufferin began his Canadian career by meeting with ecpial respect,
and treating vvith equal consideration and deference, both the Roman
Catholic minority and the Protestant majority of Ontario ; — also the
Roman Catholic majority and the Protestant minority of Quebec.

a time when a Military Martinet bred in the Camp, renowned for severity, and loyal
to excess by education, interest and professional training, was supposed to be tiie
man and in fact tlie only man for a Colonial (Jovernor. All the first tiovernors
of Canada answered to this description. A narrow minded, violent tempered,
choleric man of the sword, knowing nothing but "• His Majesty's Service," and
entertain, ng some Dutch Corporal's ideas of that, — in fact some superior "Von
Spitter " of the " Jungfrau " was the sort of person it was thought indispensal)le to
send to Cannda, during the days of the Georges, and the long period of English
hostile rivalry and frequent warfare. .Since that epoch the material of Ciovernors has
somewhat improved intellectually : — nevertheless too many gentlemen have, since
the passage of Sydenham's Union Act, been sent here merely to amend their
fortunes, improve their opportunities, and make a living out of the post they were
assigned to. Canadians had come to look upon the time of Durham as that of a
brilliant meteor, charged with a message of Imperial concern, and for Imperial
purposes. Lord Metcalfe was a man with a settled purpose, resolved to spend no
money in its accomplishment, and it was thought that Responsible Government
having given rule virtually to the Colonists in the Cabinet would end by our having
no more politicians, and no more soldiers for Governors, but would also cause us
to have no more men of large income for the office, and confine us to a class of
persons coming here for their salary, and it only. Under such a state of public
opinion, the advent of Lord Dufferin is hailed by our people with a lively but
perfectly natural pleasure. Li His Excellency they recognize a gentleman of large
means, kindly heart, and liberal disposition. An author of European celebrity, a
traveller of merit even in t'.ie days of Burton and Speke, although unlike them he
chose " High Latitudes " in preference to the tropics as the scene of his researches,
Lord Dufferin comes with the prestige of intellect, of benevolence, and of almost
royal revenue and munificence amongst the people of Quebec. This, however, is
not all. The Quebecers, naturally retiring and sensitive, seldom make up their
minds about any man until they have had an opportunity of .«eeing him, and
observing his manners and his temper. This opportunity Lord Dufferin has
graciously allowed, and the opinion they have formed of him and his amiable and
accomplished lady is most favorable. In this opinion of the wise and kindly

1S72]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

He, as Governor General, knew them but as devoted subjects of
Her Majesty, and he furnished proof of his great tact, good feeling
and adaptabihty of temper when w ■ see that from his first visit to
a Koman Cathohc schoi ' in Canada, the modest Convent at St.
Roche, until the day he left its shores he has never been charged
with a neglect of Protestantism and of undue attention to Roman
Catholicism, by the Protestant, nor of neglect of Roman Catholicism
and of undue attention to Protestantism, by the Roman Catholic. The
local papers of the day gave glowing ac'counts of the visits of their
Excellencies to " Le Monastere des Ursulines," "L'Academie de
Sillery," the " Seminaire de Quebec," " L'Universite I.aval,"
"L'Ecole Normale, Laval," the "Good Shepherd Institution" and
schools attached, and several other educational in-.tituiions.* Nor
were they inattentive to tlu amusements of the people. 'I'he Stada-
cona Athletic sports were attended bv them, and on the grounds, in
the i)resence of 5,000 spectators, the Mayor of the City, president of
the games, ])resented their Excellencies with an address, thanking
them for their countenance. The reply of His P^xcellency was char-
acteristic. He made use of the event to inculcate the idea, that one
of his duties as the representative of Her Majesty was to identify

caniaij;e of His Lordship, and the Countess, there is no exception of race, or creed,
or pdlitical party. The (juebecers are a unit as to the aihiiirahle manner in
vliich royalty is now represented in the Dominion. The Earl and Countos of
DuUerin have excited an absolute euthusiasni of regard among our citizens, and
have l)y their mere living and deportment, and their most generous, graceful and
jiulicious hospitality, done more to stamp out the last embers of annexat'on tlian could
liave l)een effected by a dozen repressive statutes. Quebec should feel grateful to
tile (^ueen and Government of England for the excellent selection of their repre-
sentative in the person of His Lordship, and we ouglit not to forget that the appoint-
ment was a graceful concession to Canadian feeling, — the Dominion Cai)inet, with
great judgment and sagacity having an earnest desire to secure for their country the
valuable services of Lord Dufferin."

* The Countess of Dufferin was quite as desirous as His Excellency to counte-
nance and assist in all worthy undertakings. To the application of the officers she,
when in Quebec, kindly and promptly sent to the Montreal Ladies' Educational
Association the following reply : " The Countess of Dufferin has great pleasure in
coni])lying with the request of the General Committee of the Montreal Ladies'
Kilucational Association, that she w-ould become a Lady Patroness of that Associa-
tion. Being already interested in the subject, and having been President of a similar
Association in Belfast, Lady Dufferin will watch with sincere interest the ]>rogress
and the success of the efforts made in Montreal to advance the education of women."

HISTORY OF TIIK ADMLNISTHATION OF

[1872

himself with the jjcople in every laudable way, and even in their
holiday amusements. He said :

" Mr. Mayiik, Laum-.s and ( IisNtii'mkn,— I can assure you that both myself and
Lady nuflfrln feel j^ratilicd by the expression of thanks which you iiave just made,
and by the warm recejjtion wiiich we have iiad here to-day. In l)einy iireseni
to-day I do no more than fulfil a duty as the representative of Her Majesty, for oui
beloved S(jvereij^n seldom allows an occasion to pass without siu-wintj her interest
in the sports and amusements of her people. I am sure we must all feel {^ratified at
the way in which the ^ames of the day have yone off: — it has seldom been my
good fortune to be present at so large a gathering to witness such extraordinary
good beliavior, mutual courtesy and good luimor. I cordially reiterate tiie
desire exjiressed by you, Mr. Mayor, that tiie jnesent celebration may be the
inauguration of the institution of annual games in this city, and, more, that )ou
may always be favored with such delightful weather and your assemblies graced ))y
the presence of so many beautiful ladies."

Among those present at the luncheon given by the Mayor were the

Hon. Hector Langevin, Madame Langevin, Col. and Lady Harriet

Fletcher, Col. and Madame Strange, Mons. Chevalier, Consul

General of France, Col. Gibbon, Halifax, Capt. and Mrs. Sericole,

Lieuts. Rowe and Courtenay, His Worship the Mayor, and Madame

Garneau.

In order to i)rove that he desired on all occasions to imitate as

closely as possible the affability of Her Majesty, whose political rei)re-

sentative he officially was, and whose social representative he desired

to become, His Excellency did not confine his hospitality to select

dinner parties or out-door fetes. During the last week of their stay

in Quebec, two splendid balls were given by their Excellencies, to

which were invited all the ladies and gentlemen who had called upon

them. 'I'he ball-room, in the Citadel, was tastefully fitted up, with the

adjacent terrace as a pleasant retreat, — and the unsurpassed enjoyment

of the company flowed more from the marked and charming affability

of the Earl and Countess, than from the ordinary pleasures of a ball.

The Vice-regal set was composed of the Governor General and

Lady Belleau, Sir N. F. Belleau and Lady Dufferin, Hon. Mr. Langevin,

C.B., and Madame Garneau, Col. Fletcher and Madame Langevin, the

Mayor and Lady Harriet Fletcher, Mr. Burstall and Mrs. R. H.

Smith, Lieut. Coulson and Mrs. Burstall, Major Montizambert and

Mrs. Boswell.

In referring to the general effect of this memorable visit of their

Excellencies to Quebec, a leading local journal well remarked :

" It is in no spirit of adulation that we point to it as a providential circumstance
that, at this turning point in the history of the magnificent appanages of the British

1S72]

THK HAUL OF DrFFKlUN IN CANADA.

(rosvn in No'tlicrn America, tiic first coniniissiuii of (lovernor Cioncral of a
iJniuinion, cxiendinij from the Atlantic to tlie racilic, lias l)een conferred upon a
nohlenian so ready and able to sympathize, and so well seconded by Her Kxceliency
in syni]ialiii/injr with all the relij^ious, social and industrial elements of the com-
iininities entrusted to his care." *

* The following notice of their Excellencies api)eared in a Quel)ec Journal of
24tli Sejitember, 1872, the day after their departure from Quebec for Toronto and
Hamilton : "The resolution of our citizens to mark their sense of the amiable
(|u;)lilies, the courtesy and hospitality of their Excellencies the Earl and Countess
of I lufferin by a grand ball in their honor is every way commendable. 'i"he demon-
stmtion of yestertlay, embracing a good-bye excursion up the river, and a parting
ciuer to those exalted personages, was conceived in the same sense, and wilii the s.nme
(ilijcct in view- Nothing could have been more appro]iriate, Indeeil, had the
(idvernor Cleneral and Lady Dufferin been permitted to depart, even for a time,
which we hope will be short, without some special and emphatic exhibition of
intfre-t, friendship and admiration, on the part of the citizens of Quebec, they
would liave had just reason for shame and self-condemnation. Our citizens are
not likely, however, to subject themselves to any suidi reproach. Hospitable
themselves, they know how to appreciate the attentions and hospitalities of others.
It alTords ourselves some pleasure to witness the full realization of the iinticipations
we were not slow to express in connection with our notice of Lord Dufl'erin's selec-
tion for the Canadian Vice-Royalty. The noble Earl has proved himself worthy
of the warmest words of welcome uttered through the press from (Quebec to Van-
couver Island. In him centered the powers and sterling qualities of an able and
warm-hearted Irishman, who has added to his natural gifts the valuable advantages
of good education and extensive travel. Lord DufTerin's affability, his condescen-
sion and desire to please all, stamp him the true gentleman. His example in this
respect might be followed with good results in (Quebec and other cities, where you
often meet persons not one whit aliove you in social jwsition, and far inferior to
you in the qualifications which render a man agreeable and entertaining, unwilling
even to be ordinarily polite on social and other occasions. This constant alTectation
of su]ieriority in a new, democratic, self-made community is the most ridiculous
outcome of egotism and stupici pride conceivable. The people who ape this
superiority, unconsciously betray both their ignorance of what good breeding is
nnil their inward knowledge of the fact that there is nothing really superior about them.
It is not the genuine metal that needs polish and gilding, but the worthless pinch-
beck. We have heard the remark more than once made of late, that the development
of habits of siUy display and snobbery in o.ir Canadian cities is something both sur-
prising and ridiculous ; and such " fashions " may be expected to live on as long
as sensible people who don't like, or can't afford them, don't snub their votaries on
all proper occasions, and as long as obliging tailors and milliners don't refuse to
give long credit. We want just such real leaders of society as Lord and Lady
I'ufferin in this country, at present, to rcbrm, by quiet, gentleman-like demeanor
and gracious conduct towards persons who really are inferior, that it is not necessary
to he rude, haughty, or foppishly dressed to play a gentleman's part in " good

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[M72

The social qualities of their P^xcellencies have been dwelt on,
because they form a very large constituent of the power which the
Governor General was able to use, and of the f!;reat influence he was
subsequently able to exert in very momentou.; political exigencies,
and under very pressing circumstances. The kindliness, hospitality
and affability both of the Governor General and of Her Excellency
were never assumed in public, and discarded in private : they were
part of their natures. On the eye of their departure for the
Province of Ontt;rio, their Excellencies were presented with an
address by his Wonxhip the Mayor, on behalf of the citizens of
Quebec, respectfully requesting that they would be pleased to honor
them by the.i presence at a ball to be given at such time as might suit
their convenience. The reply of Lr^d Dufferin gives full expression
to the ideas he entertained of the state uses of such gatherings, and of
his duty as the Governor of the Dominion in giving encouragement
to them. He said, in his usual felicitous and beautiful language :

" Mr. Mayor, Ladu'.s AisO GEN-n.KMKN, — I can assure you, I find it difficult
adequately to express, either on Lady Dufferin's behalf or on my own, our deep
sense cf the kindness of yourself, and our otiier friends in thus corning to bid us
good-liye. The delicacy of feeling wliich hr,s suggested so graceful a compliment
doubles its value in our estimation. When we first arrived here we were unknown
to you all, and strangers in the land. When we next come to (Quebec, we feel that
we shall be returning to a circle of warm friends,— to a most charming and agreeable
society, and to tlie sight of kind, familiar faces. Our only regret is that circum-
stances have not permitted us during our brief stay amongst you to make greater
exertions on your belialf, for I am well aware that the social duties of my station
are as imperative as my political functions. Kncampcd, however, as we have been
upon the rock above us, and confined within the narrow casemates of the Citadel,
it was impossible for us to open our doors as widely as we could have wished ; but
though in one sense the space at our disposal for your accommodation has been

society." Lord DulTei'inmust have laughed over Spurgeon's timely hit, which we
printed a sliort time i'go, twitting the sovereigns with their refusal to shake iiands
witli the lialf-sovereigns and the halves for turning their backs on the ciuarters,
and the crown pieces for looking down on the poor shillin,;.-- But " gooil
gv/acious" as Lord Dundreap' would say, only to think of Lord Dufferin not only
bringing the thousands, doluirs, we mean, face to face with the hundreds, of
dolhirs, — but of himself — .i great rich Earl — actually speaking to — worse than
that — shaking hands wit'.i persons — well — for whose bank books, Mr. Casey could
not get a bid of $ioo after their debts were paid ! His ilxcellency doesn't lonk
into a man's circumstances l)efore issuing his invitations, and we feel bound to say
that, among the best men lie has seen in (Quebec, or anywhere, are men light nt
pocket and modest in deportment."

1ST2]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIIIN IN CANADA.

loUicted, — in another way, at all events, we can make ample provision for you all.
/// ihc chambers of our hearts there is room and verge eiioiigii for manv friends.
Their avenues are guarded by no stttie, nor ceremonial : no introduction is needed to
"iiiii u'^inission there ; and those who once enter need never take their /eave.*
I^oth on my own behalf, and on Lady Dufferin's, Mr. Mayor, I accept with
"latitude your kind invitation to a 15all later in the year."

A few hours afterwards their Excellencies and suite were on board
tlie steamer which was to convey them to Ontario. At the Govern-
ment wharf lay the steamer Napoleon III., Capt. Gourdeaii, — which
liad l)een kindb' placed at the disposal of the Committee by
the Hon. Minister of Marine and Fisheries, — and the Grand 'i'runk
Ferry steamer ^7. George, Capt. Famontagne, — both gaily dressed
with bunting. These vessels were filled with citizens who had been
invited by the Committee to accomi)any the steamer Alontrcal to Cap
Rouge, but as they were not nearly cai)p.cious enough many had to
take ])assage on the James. The Maid of Orleans', the Levis, and
the National, on which were the pupils of the Seminary, and their
hand, proceeded on a similar expedition. AH along the walls, the
Fowt-r Park Garden, the Terrace, the Grand Battery, the Citadel, and
at every pc'nt commanding the scene, thousands of people were col-
lected, and row-boats, full of people, were also on the river.

.\s the Alo/itreal steamed from her moorings, the gims of the
Citadel began to thunder forth a salute, which was taken up and
repeated by the Abyssinian field pieces of Ji Battery, on the Gov-
ernment wharf The band of the Battery, on the Napoleon III. played
"God save the Queen," as so did the Seminary band on the Nation-
al, and a tremendous cheer uprose from the vast multitude. The
Montreal steamed up the river, the six steamers following closely be-
hind, — the St. Gcori:;e n.w(\ Nafoleon ///afterwards takinj up positions
on either side. His Excellency the Governor General and the
Countess came out on the promenade deck, and gracefully acknow-
ledged the cheering and salutes. As the tleet moved up the river,
sahiies were fired from the wharves of Messrs. Roche i^ Staveley,
R. R. Dobell & Co., and Mr. Chantillon at Sillery, and the residents
of the Cloves gave hearty farewell cheers. The children of the Sillery
school turned out nearly opposite the church with Hags ard banners,
ond cheered, and waved their handkeichiefs as the boats passed up.

.M)OUt Cap Rouge kive was taken of the Afoiitreal.—\\Q:\x\.y
farewell cheers being given their J-lxcellencies. The iVa^olcon III

* riie Italics are the author's.

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

[1872

fired a salute in turning, and then all steamed back to port, where
they arrived at about half-past six o'clock. Such was Quebec's leave-
taking of their Excellencies^ and such a demonstration the citizens
would not have made had it not been richly deserved, — and it was
as hearty as it was spontaneous.*

At Montreal the Vice-regal party took the Grand Trunk Railway,
and i)roceeded to Toronto, where they arrived in the evening of the
24th September.

Quebec Chronicle.

CHAPTER IV.

CONTENTS.

Arrival at Toronto, 24th Sept., 1S72 — Reception — Visit to the Provincial Exhibi-
tion, Hamilton — Return to Toronto — (Irand Reception — Arldresses and Replies
— \'isit to Ealls of Niagara — Return to Toronto — Drawing Room in Parliament
House — Visit to the Western Fair, London — Reception at Woodstock —
Addresses — Replies — Arrival at London— Grand Reception — Addresses — Re-
plies — Visit to Strathroy and Petrolia Oil Regions— Return to Toronto — Stay
of about three weeks — Visit to Wykehani Hall School — St. Nicholas Home —
Trinity College — Presbytery of Toronto — Visit to St. Michael's College — St.
Joseph's College — Convent — Address from Vacht Club — Inspection of Normal
School — University Athletic Sports — Loretto Abbey — House of Providence —
La Salle Institute — Visit to Miss Stubbs' School — (hand 15all — Visit to Os'^uode
Hall — Concert at Vorkville, in aid of Y. M. C. A. — Speech at Upper Canada
Colleg'. -■" ech at Toronto University — Address from the Sabbath School Asso-
ciation — 't'i< iestant Orphans' Home — Visit to Sunday School of St. James' Ca-
thedral — Return to Ottawa — Aadress from the Bishops of the Church of Icngland
and Reply — Visit to Montreal, November, 1872 — Presentation of Statue of
Her Majesty to the City — Speech on the occasion — French Speech — Return to
Ottawa — Visit to the Christian Brothers School — Ottawa Ladies College — Con-
vent de Notre Uame — Visit to (Quebec, January, 1873 — Visit to Poultry Show —
Grand Citizens' Ball — Visit to Falls of Montmorenci — Ball given by Stadacona
Skating Club — Visit to Ursuline Convent — Lord Dufferin on " Pet Nan es " —
Arrival at Montreal — Visit to St. Ann's School — Torch-light Snow-Shoe' '"ramp
— Inspection of Fire Brigade — Visit to Church of Notre Dame — Catholic .'om-
niercial Academy — Ladies Benevolent Institution — Deaf and Duml) Asylum —
House of Industry — Asylum for Deaf-Mutes — McGill College University —
McGill Normal School — St. Mary's Jesuit College — Christian Brothers Schools
— Montreal College — Convent of Villa Maria — Montreal Water Works — Pro-
testant Infants' Home — St. Mary's Convent, Hochelaga — St. Patrick's Orphan
Asylum — St. Bridget's Refuge — Court House — Supreme Court — Sergeants'
Mess Room — Races of Alexanilra Snow-Shoe Club — Victoria Skating Rink
Tournament — Address from Presbyterian Church — St. CJeorge's Society — Mont-
real Board of Trade— Grand Ball — Skating Carnival — Concert of l'liilliarnu)nic
Society — Speech at McGill College University, 22n<l January, 1S73 — Speech
at McGill Normal School — Hints as to " manners" of youth — Speech at St.
Patrick's Orphan Asylum — Summary of His Excellency's character, so far
e\hil>ited in Canada — Leaves Montreal for Ottawa, 5th February, 1873.

Toronto turned out cit viasse on the evening of the 24th Sei-Uember,
1872, to do fitting honor to their Excellencies. I'hey were met at

HISTORY OF THE ADMIN ISTRATIOX OF

[1872

the station by his Honor Lieutenant Governor Howland, Sir Hastings
Doyle, and a gn^at number of distinguished citizens of the cai)ital of
Ontario, and were escorted by an immense torch-h'ghf procession,
with miHtary and music, to Government House, which was brilHantiy
lighted and decorated for the occasion. IHuminated arches had been
prepared, and the reception was most enthusiastic. The Hon. R.
W. Scott, Secretary of State, had joined the party at Prescott, and on
the arrival at Government House of their Excellencies the Hon.
Alexander Mackenzie and the Hon. Archibald McKellar paid their
respects to them.

Great preparations had been made for a ball at Government House.
During the next day their Excellencies remained the guests of the
Lieutenant Governor, when the members of the Ontario Government
were presented. In the evening one of the most brilliant balls ever
given in Toronto welcomed the representative of Royalty,

On the next day, the 26th September, the Governor General pro-
ceeded to Hamilton, where the Provincial Exhibition was in j^rogres.s.
Hamilton, having earned the cognomen of " The AmbitioUxS City,"
was determined to preserve her rejjutation. She had sent a deputa-
tion to Toronto, to meet His Excellency in that city, and accompany
the party to Hamilton. This deputation consisted of the Hon. Isaac
Buchanan, Hon. S. Mills and Messrs. I). Mclnnes, A. T. Wood, .-K.
Irving, W. Is.. Muir, and S. E. Gregory. The Vice-regal party consisted
of their Excellencies the Earl and Countess of Dufferin ; Lieutenant
Governor Howland ; Sir Hastings Doyle, Lieutenant Governor of Nova
Scotia ; Sir Erederick Arrow, De]nity Master of Trinity House, Eng-
land ; Col. and Mrs. Harriet Fletcher; Col. Cumberland, A. D.C. ; Mr.
Coulson, A. D.C. ; Mr. Brassey, M.P., England ; Mrs. Iirassey ; Hon.
Messrs. A. Mackenzie, Adam Crooks, R. W. Scott, A. McKellar, and
Peter ( low.

On arriving at the station in Hamilton, where His Excellency was
received by the Mayor and Aldermen of the city, the members of the
Board of Trade, the members of tlie Exhibition Board, and a large
asseml)lage of citizens, a munl)er of addresses were presented. The
City Clerk, Mr. Beasley, read the address of the Mayor and Corpora-
tion, presented by the Mayor, Mr. D. B. Chisholm ; Mr. A. T. W'uDtl
read the address of the Board ol Trade; Mr. Vlex. H. Wingfield read
a poem of welcome, composed by himself. 0:i arriving at the Exhib-
ition groimds, His, Excellency was met at the gates by the president

1872]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

and officers of the Association, and an immense number of people.*
On ascending the judges' stand, Mr. S. White, the President of the
Association, read an address of the Council of the Agricultural and
Arts Association of Ontario to His F^xcellency, another to his Honor
Lieutenant Governor Howland, and one to Sir Hastings Doyle, to all
of which suitable replies were made.

The next day His Excellency and party returned to Toronto
where extensive preparations had been made for their reception.
The demonstrations in Quebec had stirred up the citizens of the
chief city of Ontario, who were determined to ihow their a])preciaticn
of Lord Dufferin by an unusual display. The city was gay with
triumphal arches, flags, decorations, devices, mottoes, and armorial
bearings at every turn, while thousands of enthusiastic people crowded
the streets. Their Excellencies, the Mayor and Aldermen, and the
gentlemen who accompanied them, were conducted to the City Hall,
where a number of gentlemen were presented to their Excellencies,
among whom were the Chancellor of Ontario, the Hon. Mr. vSpragge ;
Chief Justice Draper; the Hon. Mr. Hagarty, Chief Justice of the
Connnon Pleas ; the Hon. Mr. Gait, one of the Puisne judges ; the
Hon. Messrs. M. C. Cameron, Wm. Macdougal, W. L. Macpherson, J.
B. iMcMurrich, Wm. McMaster, G. W. Allan; the Biahop of Toronto,

•"Never was there such a multitude seen at an exhibition, the number being
estimated as high as fifty thousand." — Toronto Mail, l-jth September, 1872.

" The party then, upon the suggestion of His Excellency, left the stand, and
on foot made the whole circuit of the ring, in oroer that the people might see them
Iwtter than it was possible for them to do from the <iiatance at which tiiey stood.
The progress o'' His Excellency and Lady Duflerin wis a continued ovation, the"
people cheering enthusiastically as they passed, and exhibiting in every way the
feelings of loyalty and pleasure with which they were tilled. It was a very
pleasant and impressive s,|iectacle to see the representative of Her Majesty making
acquaintance in this manner with the peojile over whom he had been appointed
to govern ; and il was insinring to hear the acclamations of twenty thousand loyal
subjects resounding in honor of one who has already earned a title to their con-
sideration and respect. * ♦ • The palace and grounds were too cvo\x(lfd to
admit the party extending their visit to other parts of the exhibition, and after
examining the animals, they again took carriage, and soon afterwartls left the
gnuinds. the people cheering when they pasned, as liefore. The party were driven
tluoui^h the jnincipal streets of the city, — Lewd and Lady Dufferin to the residence
of Mr. D. Mclnnes, Lieut, (governor Howland to that of the Hon. Isaac Buchanan,
and Sir Hastings Doyle to Colonel McGiverin's." —Ibid.

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

Rev. Provost Whittaker, Dean Grasett, Rev. Dr. Davies, Archbishop
Lynch, Father Gemmell, Dr. McCaul, Prof. Wilson, Dr. Ryerson,
and Cols. Denison, Spicer and Stevenson. His Worship the Mayor,
Mr. Sheard, read an address from the corporation, and Mr. A. R.
McMaster, President of the Board of Trade, read another from
that body. To these, verbal replies were given by His Excellency,
and subsequently, written ones were furnished. As these replies were
among the first of Lord Dufferin's official utterances in the great Prov-
ince of Ontario, and, as they vividly express the views he then enter-
tained on the points referred to in them, they are now in part rei)ro-
duced. To the Mayor and Corporation he said :

'•Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, — During my progress through the various
sections of the Dominion I have been everywhere greeted with assurances of the
deep attachment of the Canadian people to the British Throne and Constitution, and
nowhere have those expressions been more marked than in the Province of Ontario.
I can assure you that I am deeply sensible of the honor I enjoy in being called
upon to administer the Government of so important a community, — a com-
munity destined, I believe, to develop the traditional institutions and the genius of
the Mother Country to the highest degree of perfection.

The confederation of the Provinces proves how great is the practical wisdom
and sagacity of your statesmen ; and the rapidity with which all sectional jealousies,
and the animosities of race and religion, have disappeared affords a striking proof
of the patriotism and magnanimity of the people. Most cordially do I reiterate
your hope that, ere long, the whole of the North American Provinces may be
welded into a perfect whole, and that before I leave your shores I may have
called together a Dominion Parliament, in which no portion of Her Majesty's
Transatlantic Territories shall be unrepresented." *

In his reply to the address of the Board of Trade he said : —

" I feel it to be a great honor to h.i\c liecn called upon to administer the Gov-
ernment of so progressive and so prosperous a Dominion. Hardly a week passes
but fresh proofs are brought to ni) notice of the illimital)le resources which it con-
tains, and which cannot fail to become rich fountains of wealth to its industrious
and energetic jieople.

*' I have been loc.kjnjj forward with imprntience to my visit to the capital of
Ontario, — and I propose to spend some weeks in Toronto for the express purpose
of becnming acquainted with its inhabitants and its institutions."

The city was brilliantly illuminated in the evening.

Saturday morning was devoted to the reception of addresses at the

* This hofK was fully realized with the exception that, when His Excellency
left t an Newfoundl.-ind alone, of the whole of British North America had

not yet eiuered into confederation.

1872]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

Queen's Hotel. An address was presented by the Wesleyan Methodist
Conference. The deputation consisted of the Rev. Morley Punshon,
Frt'sident of the Conference ; Rev. WiUiani Scott, Secretary ; and the
Rev. Messrs. C. Slater, John Gemly, E. H. Dewart, Alex. Sutherland,
and W. S. Griffin. An address from the Irish Protestant Benevolent
Society of Toronto was presented by the following gentlemen : Warring
Kenny, President; W. F. McMaster, Vice-President; Dr. Hodgins,
A. T. McCord, Alex. Hamilton, Robt. Wilkes, M.P., James Irwin,
Dr. Aikins, Thomas Kerr, and N. Dickey.

Later in the day a deputation from the Temperance Societies
attended His Excellency, and an address from members of the Total
Abstinence Organization of the city was presented by Edward
Beckett, P. H. Steward, Dennis O'Brien, M. Nasmith and James B.
Nixon. In the afternoon His Excellency held a levee in the Legisla-
tive Assembly Hall of the Parliament Buildings, which was very
numerously attended. On the following Monday the Vice-regal party
proceeded to Niagara Falls, in whose vicinity they remained during
the week, visiting the numerous places of interest.*

When at Hamilton during the Exhibition an address on behalf of
the Indians of the Six Nations was presented, signed by James Givins
and thirty-two other chiefs. His P'xcellency forwarded a reply from
Niagara, in which he referred to the loyalty of the Indian races to

* " Take a carriage," vociferated half a dozen greedy hackmen.

" No, I thank you," pohlely answered the Governor General. " We much
prefer walking — it is but a sliort distance."

" Three quarters of a mile — a long walk for your E.xcellency," persisted one of
tiie more unfortunate of these irrepressible Jehus.

"That's but a step, my man," said the Ciovernor Cieneral, and away they went.

"A shoddyite, with only five dollars in the worhl to bless himself with,"
otiserved a gentleman witnessing the scene, " would have taken a carriage, and
here's a man with a salary of $50,000 a year in gold — more than twice that of
(he I'resident of the United .States — who goes on foot." »»**♦**♦
'riie receptions given him, amounting to the dignity and importance of a triumph,
in Ills recent lour through Canada, attest the favorable impression he has already
made upon thr people. He has entered upon his new career under the hajjpiest
aus])ices, and everything betokens his most admirable fitness for the place. He is
mrxlest, unassuming, courteous to all, — and with nothing of that bruxjueness
of manner thiU in so many men clothed with only a little brief authority shews
itself with such odious jirominence. The Countess of Dufferin appears to be a lady
of the same moilest and retiring disposition, — a lady of the (^ueen Victoria school,
luirt, unpretending, winning smiles and love wherever she goes." — Corrcspoiuieiue
''j Xciit York Herald,

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

1872]

the British Crown, assured them that their devotion was esteemed
by Her Majesty, " to whom the welfare of her Indian children is a
constant care," and trusted that the Six Nations would endeavor to
emulate their white brethren " in the industry, the sobriety and the pro-
vidence which do so much to ensure happiness, and are evidences of a
noble, firm, and constant character."

On Saturday, 5th October, the Vice-regal party returned to Toronto.
On the following Tuesday night, their Excellencies gave their first Draw-
ing-room in Ontario, in the Assembly Chamber of the Parliament Build-
ings, which was attended by about fifteen hundred persons, —and on
loth October, their Excellencies and suite, attended by the Hon.
Alex. Mackenzie and the Hon. Arch. McKellar, proceeded to London
to attend the Western Eair. On their way, addresses were presented
to His Excellency, at Woodstock, by the Mayor and Corporation of
the town, read by Mr. William Grey, the Mayor ; and by the Warden
and members of the County Council of the county of Oxford, read
by Mr. H. Parker, the Warden. An immense number of people had
crowded into Woodstock to get a sight of the already popular Governor
General, and his brief stay was the occasion of great enthusiasm. The
Vice-regal pari_, reached London in the afternoon, and were received by
his Worship the Mayor, Mr. John Campbell, and the members of the City
Council ; Mr. Atkinson, the President, and the members of the Board of
Trade ; Col. Taylor, Col. Moffatt, Major Walker, the Hon. Mr. Leonard,
Senator ; Mr. T. M. Daly, M.P. ; Mr. Scatcherd, M.P. ; Mr. Oliver,
M.P. ; Mr. Glass, M.P. ; Mr. G. W. Ross, M.P. ; Mr. Waterworth,
M.P. ; Mr. J. B. Guest, M.P. ; Mr. Stephen Blackburn, and a number
other prominent gentlemen of the city and county. An address from
the Mayor and Corporation of the city was read by the Mayor, Mr.
Campbell ; another of the City of London Board of Trade was read by
Mr. Atkinson, to each of which His Excellency gave a suitable reply.
A procession was then formed, and, accompanied by many thousands
of enthusiastic people, the Governor General and his party were
escorted to the Exhibition grounds. On his arrival he was received by
Mr. Wni. Saunders, the President of the Western Fair Association, by
whom an address of that bod)' was read, to which His Excellency
replied. In the evening the city was illuminated. A number of
arches were erected for the occasion, lighted up by gas. Chinese
lanterns were lavishly used in the streets, — an immense torch-light
procession with fire works added brilliancy to the scene. A grand l)a!l
was given which passed off with great cdat.

The n(
oil regions
an address
liis arrival
Council of
A little
kindness of
to the addi
presented t
to the place
tliein in a f
that his abs
persons gatl
was glad to
to their stu
advantage o
rights,~whe
on^ alike, ar
advantages
i^iirope, and
appreciate ai
His Exce
trains having
Great Wester
party.*

I^ord Dufi
order to shoM
various institi;
tliei5thOctol
known as " \\
concert in aid

The genera
siinimed up by o
ytars ago, when
it was said of Ea
a jnihlic dinner gi
the Kingdom to
assrmblage in the
iHilferin's speech
departure for Cana

1H72]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIilN IN CANADA.

The next day was devoted to a visit to Petrolia, the centre of the
oil regions. On his way thither His Excellency was presented with
an address at Strathroy by the Mayor and Common Council, and on
his arrival at Petrolia, with another, by the Reeve and Municipal
Council of the village.

A little incident occurred here, illustrative of the thoughtful
kindness of His Excellency, even to young children. After his reply
to the address of the Municipality, and while the people were being
presented to Her Excellency, he, almost unobserved, walked back
to the place where the children were seated, and began addressing
them in a familiar and paternal way. It was not for some minutes
that his absence from the dais was noticed, and then a number of
persons gathered around him to listen to his remarks. He said he
was glad to learn that the children were good in behaviour, attentive
to their studies, and industrious in their habits. They had the
advantage of being natives of a country where all possessed equal
rights, — where the road, to prosperity and honors was open to every
one alike, and where no abject want prevailed. They were born to
advantages greater than those of the people of any country in
Europe, and he trusted that as they grew older they would learn to
appreciate and value them.

His Excellency returned to Toronto during the evening, special
trains having been placed at his disposal by Mr. Muir, manager of the
Great Western Railway Company, to ensure the speedy return of the
party.*

Lord Dufferin remained in Toronto until the 28th October. In
order to show how desirous he was to acquire a knowledge of the
various institutions of the capital of Ontario, their Excellencies, on
the 15th October, visited Bishop Strachan's Church of England school,
known as " Wykeham Hall School." On the i6th, they attended a
concert in aid of the St. Nicholas Home for boys, under the patronage

* The general result of Lord Dufferin's visit to Western Ontario is fairly
summed up by one of the leading Canadian journals of the day : "A coujiie of
years ago, when a company of French aiiistcs and litterateurs visited England,
it was said of Earl Granville, and the Earl of Dufferin, who did tiie honcjrs at
a public dinner given to them, that they were perhaps the only two public men in
the Kingdom to whom it was a not more difficult task to address a learned
asst-mblage in the French than in their own language. No one who has read Lord
Dufferin's speech delivered in Ireland, at the banquet given him just before his
(li'Harture for Canada, and has perused his briefer speeches since he has been among

HISTOllV OF THE ADMINLSTRATION OF

[1872

IH72]

of hif; Honor Lieutenant Ciovernor Howland and Mrs. Howland ; on
the 17th, Trinity College ; on the i8th, University College. On the
2 1 St, His Excellency received an address from the Presbytery of
Toronto ; on the same day their Excellencies visited the following
Roman Catholic institutions : St. Michael's College, St. Joseph's College,
and the Convent. His Excellency received an address from the Yacht
Club ; and in the evening, their Excellencies gave a dinner and
evening party. On the 22nd the following programme was carried
out : — visit of inspection to the Normal School ; University Athletic
Sports, the prizes were dist'ributed by Her Excellency; dinner party.
On the 23rd, visit to John and King Streets Schools ; also to Loretto
Abbey, House of Providence, and La Salle Institute, Roman Catholic
institutions ; dinner and evening jxirty. On the 24th, visit to the
Private Schools of Miss Stubbs and Miss Dupont ; ball at Parliament
Buildings. On the 25th, visit to Osgoode Hall, the Hall of the Law
Courts : — lunch there, and concert at Yorkville in aid of the Young
Men's Christian Association. On the 26th, Athletic Sports on the
Toronto Cricket ground. In the evening a ball, i)erhaps the finest ever
given in Toronto. The following ladies were honored by dancing with
His Excellency : Mrs. Howland, Miss Cumberland, Mrs. Mowat, Mrs.
T. C. Patteson, Miss Crawford, Mrs. J. B. Robinson, Miss Harman,
Miss Taylor (London), Mrs. George Brown, Miss Eraser (Port Hope),
Mrs. F. Barlow Cumberland, Mrs. Allan McDougall, Mrs. Kirkpatrick
(Kingston), Miss Heward and Mrs. Nicol Kingsmill. Her Excellency,
honored with her hand the Lieutenant Governor, Mr. Mowat, Mr.
George Brown, and Mr. McKellar.

Among the numerous speeches which Lord Dufferin made on
these occasions, three, which, from their importance and excellence,
are re-produced at length.

The first was delivered at Upper Canada College, on the occasion
of the visit of their Excellencies to that institution, on the 15th

October.

us but must feel satisfied that he has a most complete mastery of English. All
his sjieeches are models of correct diction." * * * " Lord Dufferin's observations
of Canatla and of Canadian society must have produced that agreeable surprise
which is common to every educated Englishman — we use the word in its widest
signification — who has visited the Dominion for either a shorter or a longer period.
His every word bears evidence of the delight he has experienced from contact
with our i)eople, as well as from the natural l)eauties of the country, — the substantial
wealth of our chief cities and towns, and the general prosperity of all classes of
the community."

said:

" Mr. I

very great p

within it su

interesting si

connected w

(iovernor an

matter of tli

through the

communicate

who superint

nothing hut w

Ilie instructio

the internal r

ciples of its 1

administratior

11 .Vie! f what

would lay asi

which may b

localities and

«liich is conir

witli the respo

themselves this

as mere childn

"hat is wrong

endeavor to cr

'iistnimentality

there is no mor

time the confide

•i"d good cond

Educated mysel

towards the boy

upon the minds

masters. Altho

occasionally dis

deserved punishi

''•id this feeling,

^ Iwse, a dishoii

'listinction betwe

though we gave

selves, yet not wit

^*!io. if discovere

lifsitated to avow

as a lie. 'ITiere

1H72]

THE EAUL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

October. In reply to the address of the officers of the College he
said :

" Mr. Principal, Ladiks and CIkntlkmen,— I can assure you that it is with
very great pleasure I find myself within these walls. Any institution which contains
witliin it such a specimen of tlie youth of a country must l)e one of the most
interostinjj sights wliich could be presented to the eyes of tliose wiio are in any way
connected with its administration, and I am sure that both to the Lieutenant-
(iovcrnor and to myself the aspect of so many bright and intelligent faces is a
iiuUter of tiie greatest satisfaction. I have liad the pleasure already of passing
througii the various class-rooms, of informing myself of the course of instruction
communicated at this college, and of making the accjuaintance of those gentlemen
who superintend the studies of the pupils ; and, from first to last, I have seen
nothing but what appears to me to be liased ujion the most admirable principles for
the instruction of youth. As I understand, it is the and)ition of those who direct
the internal affairs of this establishment, to assimilate, as far as possible, the prin-
ciples of its moral government to those which have proved so successful in the
administration of the great public schools in England. Well then, sir, I ask
myself what are the leading features of an iMiglish public school ; and here I
would lay aside for the moment any reference to the particular course of study
which may be pursued at those estaljlishments, because they vary in different
localities and are influenced by different considerations, but there is one feature
whicli is common to them all, and that is, that the authorities who are charged
witii the responsibilities of the education of those young lads have laid down for
themselves this golden rule, that they will not treat the boys placed under their care
as mere children, as incapable of themselves discerning between what is riglit and
what is wrong, between what is honorable and what is dishonorable ; but they
endeavor to create among their pupils a healthy public o])inion, and through its
instrumentality to maintain the proper discipline of the school. I am certain that
tliere is no more fruitful principle, no more certain mode of gaining at the same
time the confidence of the pupils and enlisting them on the side of order, regularity
and good conduct, than by thus making an appeal to their honorable feelings.
Educated myself at a public school where, j^erhaps, this principle of trustfulness
towards the boys has been carried out to the greatest extent, I know how it acts
upon the minds ot' the individuals who are thus honored by the confidence of their
masters. Although, of course, like other boys, we were very often idle, and
occasionally disobedient, although we committed many things for which we
deserved punishment, and for which, I must say, we received it, yet we each of us
had this feeling, that, placed upon our honors, as it were, we disdained to commit
a base, a dishonorable, or an unworthy action. (l,oud applause.) Perhaps the
distinction between what was strictly right and wrong was somewhat confused ;
though we gave rather a liberal ii u-ipretation to the code which we thus set our-
selves, yet notwithstanding any impei fections of this kind, there was not one of us
who, if discovered in a fault, or accused of any act of disobedience, would have
hesitated to avow this fault, or would have sought refuge in anything so dastardly
as a lie. There was also another principle to which an appeal was made with

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

success, and which worked with great benefit among the boys — the principle of
endeavoring to impose upon the elder lada a certain degree of responsibility, not
only in regard to the example they set, but in reference to the active influence they
exercised among their junior companions. This was a very healthy principle. I
do not think that the authority thus delegated was ever abused, or that the lx)ys
who were the most conscientious in its exercise were at all unpopular upon that
account with their younger colleagues ; and I am sure a kindly word of warning
from a boy whom we felt to lie superior to ourselves, not only in his moral character,
his age, or learning, but also in his skill in manly sports, exercised a most healthful
and pleasant influence upo\ our own conduct. (Applause.) We knew, of course,
we were school Iwys, and willingly and gladly submitted to the discipline we were
called upon to obey ; but our masters were always careful to inculcate upon our
minds that liecause we were school boys, we had not ceased to be English gentle-
men. I will not dwell further upon this point because I know that to a youthful
audience, brevity is the soul of eloquence ; but before concluding, I wish to say with
what satisfaction I have perceived the catholic character of this establishment, not
only in the technical acceptation of that term in respect of its freedom from any
religious restrictions or controversial im|x;diments to its utility, but in the sense that
its healthiul influence seems to extend throughout the whole Dominion of Canada,
and even into distant parts of America. I have already had the pleasure of speak-
ing to two or three boys who have come from the Southern States, one from Geor-
gia and another I think from New Orleans ; and it speaks well for the reputation of
this college that such distant students should have l^een attracted to its walls.
There is also another very favorable legulation which I have observed, and which
had not been thought c«" when I was a lx)y, and which, in a country like this,
cannot fail to be of the greatest convenience. I mean the principle of allowing the
streams of education, after they have flowed together for some time, to bifurcate in
different directions, so as to allow the 1x)ys to follow the course which their taste or
talents point out, or their parents in their discretion may select for them. By this
means you are able to furnish students to all those varieties of occupation which are
so multiform in a new country. It must l^e a source of pride to you that this col-
lege should have furnished to the annals of the State the names of so many dis-
tinguished persons. You already count among those who have gone liefore you the
Prime Minister of the Province, and perhaps some day you may also Iw able to
point out, as amongst the numliers of your predecessors, the Prime Minister of the
Dominion. (Applause.) We have present herefo-day one of the most distinguished
gentlemen of this Province, a person eminent in the legal profession, who was also
a pupil of this establishment, and it must be a mutual satisfaction to him, as well
as to the pupils assembled in his presence, that they should have this opportunity
of meeting. (Applause.) I thank you, Mr. Principal,, I thank you, ladies and gentle-
men, and I thank you, boys, for the kind and hearty welcome you have given to llie
representative of Her Majesty ; and I am quite certain that, wherever a Canadian boy
is to lie found, there, also. Her Majesty will find a loyal subject." (Loud cheers.)
His Excellency subsequently rose again, and requested the autho-
rities to grant the boys a whole holiday. The Principal consented,
and fixed upon Monday for the holiday. The boys of the Sixth, and

1872J

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

the Exhibitioners of the Fifth Forms were then presented to His
Excellency, and the Vice-regal party left the building.

The second was delivered at Toronto University on the i8th
October. His Excellency had been invited to attend the annual
convocation of University College, and consented to take a i)ro-
niinent part in the proceedings by presenting the prizes. The Senate
of the University, conjointly with the Council of University College,
presented an address of welcome to His Excellency. The address,
signed by the Hon. Adam Crooks, LL.D., Vice-Chancellor of the
University ; W. G. Falconbridge, Registrar ; John McCaul, LL.D.,
President of University College ; and VV. H. Vandersmissen, M.A.,
acting registrar, was read by Mr. John A. Boyd, M.A., His Excel-
lency replying in the following terms :

" Dr. McCaul, L/tDiE8 and Gkntlemen, — I cannot quit the presence of this
distinguished company without desiring in a few words to express to the Chancellor,
to the Vice-Chancellor, and the authorities of this institution, and to '.hose who, upon
this occasion, have associated themselves with them in the pleasing welcome which
they have been good enough to extend to Lady Dufferin and myself, my l)est thanks
for tlie kind and hearty reception which they have accorded us. I have been look-
inj' forward for a considerable time with the greatest pleasure to this occasion. I
had long since heard of the admirable system of education which had been estab-
lished in the Province of Ontario, and esjiecially in the University of I'oronto.
(Applause.) But I must say that any exjxrctations I may have formed, however
pleasing, have l)een infinitely surpassed by the pleasure I have exjierienced in my
visit. (Applause.) Until I reached Toronto itself, I confess 1 was not aware that
so magnificent a specimen of Gothic architecture existed upon the American conti-
nent. (Applause.) I can only say that the citizens of Toronto, as well as the
students of this University, have to be congratulated, in the first place, that, amongst
the inhabitants of their own Province, there should have been found a gentleman so
c()ni|)lete a master of his art as to have l)een enabled to decorate this town with
such a magnificent specimen of his skill ; and, in the next place, on the liberality
and i)ul)Hc spirit of the Government and the people, which placed at his disposal
the means of executing his design. (Applause.) But it is not only on account of
tlie material appliances for the distribution of instruction that I have to congratulate
you. I must also felicitate those whom I see present stiU more upon the fact that
tiiey have been able to collect within these walls, and to furnish this Hall and its
chairs with a President, and with a body of Professors, amply worthy of the building
which they occupy. (Applause.) Thanks to an intimacy I had the good fortune
of forming with some relatives of Dr. McCaul, before I reached Canada, I was in
some measure aware of the successful nature of his labors, and of the noble work
upon which he was engaged. (Applause.) Since my arrival here, I have also
Iteen able to asrure myself that, perhaps, in no other educational establishment is
there to Ix; found a more comjietent body of Professors, or a c Mection of gentlemen
who, in their several departments, are more qualified to do justice to the subjects

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

J872]

which ti.ey undertake to tench. (Applause.) It is a special matter of congratula-
tion to the inhabitants of Toronto that there should l)e residin^r in their midst a bodv
of gentlemen of this description, liecause it cannot fail to he an advantage to any
society that, mixing u|TOn familiar terms with them upon every occasion, there
should be found gentlemen of erudition in the several departments of human
kn )wledge, inasmuch as their presence and their conversation cannot fail to sti 'lu-
late the intellectual and the mental activity of all who have the happiness of l)ecomin},'
acquainted with them. But, of course, ladies and gentlemen, it is rather in their
professorial and professional character that we have now to consider them, and I
must say that nothmg has taken me more by surprise, while, at the same time,
nothing has given me greater pleasure, than to have perceived, in consequence of
the pleasing duty which I have l)een called upon to jierform, that, within the walls
of this University, a greater number of subjects is taught and a more practical direc-
tion is given to the education and to the studies of the students than within the walls
of any University with which I have lieen hitherto acquainted. (Applause.) Ail I
can say is, that I myself, who have l)een educated at Oxford, should have Ik-cii
extremely grateful if the same means, the same appliances, and the same advantaj^es
for pursuing the various branches of study, which were not then considered by any
means a necessary portion of our curriculum, had lieen placed within my reach.
(Applause.) But, while 1 hasten to pay this compliment to the practical character
of many of the departments over which these distinguished gentlemen preside, I trust
it will not be for a moment imagined that upon that account I am one of those who
are disjiosed to undervalue or to desire to see relegated to an inferior position that
which I consider to be the backlwne of a lil)eral education. I mean the study of
the Greek and Roman classics. (Applause.) lam happy to think that, amonjjst
the many students to whom it has l)een my good fortune to deliver prizes, tliere
have 1)cen several young gentlemen who have distinguished themselves both in
Latin and in Greek, and I think that, esjiecially in a new country like this, where
there is such an exulierant display of all the riches of nature — where every one
almost is primarily concerned in material pursuits — it is a point of the very
greatest importance that the lessons and the experiences of antiquity should not
be lost sight of, but that a knowledge of the learning, of the poetry, and of the ills-
tory of the past, should liberalize our modern ideas. (Api)lause.) In considering
the educational system of Toronto, so far as I have been able to make myself
acquainted with it, it seems to me as though its University were the key-stone of
that educational arch upon which the future prosperity of the Province must de-
pend. (Applause.) Owing to the very high standard which has l>een fixed for
matriculation, there is naturally required of every educational establishment of a
lower degree the maintenance of a correspondingly high standard, while that stand-
ard itself becomes the plaiiorm from which the students, when once they have suc-
ceeded in entering your walls, take a new departure, and endeavor to reach, before
they have finished their University career, even a stdl higher elevation. And n<nv,
in conclusion, I would ask i)ermission to say a very few words more, esixjcially
addressed to the students of the University themselves. I by no means venture to
read them a lecture, or to preach them a sermon ; but I would simply remind tliem
that jjerhaps in no country in the world, under no possible conditions which can be

imagined,
under mor«
assured cer
sol)riety of
would remi
prizes of an
them may 1
may not ho
ambition w
would furth*
H Inch exist
])ut)lic servii
nature withi
Mlietlier a d
an Irishman,
."^tate good ;
Alrcidy we I
have said. ^
time one of (
pleased to ex
to l)ecome a i
friends of my
Knj,dand havt
most (listingu
to make this :
lay it to hear
I'lem. Ladies
of these remar
among you th
make a forma
Had I known
hrsi time sin(
respect, both fi
should have n
"fwhieh I truf
< >n the 2
Voiing Ladit
His Kxcellei
ffain," a beai
address of th(
"Voi;n(; L
cover words wl:
i^iii.lness with w
si'ler all the pre
to which to rel

1872]

THE EAKL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

imaijinccl, do a Ixxly of young men, such as those I see around me, start in Hfe
uiuler more favorable auspices, or enter upon their several careers with a more
assured certainty that, by industry, by the due cultivating of their intelligence, by
sobriety of manners and of conduct, they may attain the greatest prizes of life. I
would remind them that they are citizens of a country in which the most cherished
prizes of ambition are o|x;n to all — that, however humble the origin of any one of
thf m may have Ijeen, there is no position in the service of the country which he
may not hope to attain, and such a position is one of the most honorable objects of
ambition which a young man could put liefore him as his aim in life. And I
would further remind them that tliey may hojje to attain to, not only the prizes
which exist in this country in the several professions they may adopt, or in the
public service of the Dominion, but that there are other prizes of an im}x;rial
nature within their reach, — for the Queen of England does not stop to enquire
wiictlier a deserving citizen is an Australian, or a Canadian, or a Scotchman, or
an Irishman, or an Englishman, it is enough that he should have rendered the
State good service, and this is his title to her favor and reward. (Ajjplause.)
Already we have in this country a distinguished example of the truth of what I
have said. Within a few weeks past, to a native born Canadian, and at the same
time one of the most distinguished servants of the Empire, the Queen has been
pleased to extend a signal mark of her favor, and has invited Sir John Macdonald
to l)ccome a memlierof the Imperial Privy Council. (Applause.) There are others,
friends of my own, who, in their early life having lieen Colonists, on returning to
Kn^'land have fought their way into Parliament, and are now counted among the
most distinguished and successful rulers of the Empire. It will lie enough for me
to make this slight allusion to this subject. I am sure those I am addressing will
lay it to heart, and the lesson I have ventured to inculcate will not be lost upoji
I'lem. Ladies and gentlemen, I have to apologise for the extremely imperfect nature
of these remarks. It was not until a very short time l)efore I made my appearance
among you that I was made aware that I should l)e called upon to do more than
make a formal reply to the very cordial address with which I have l)een honore<l.
Had I known that an opportunity would l)e afforded to me of addressing, for the
first time since I have been in Canada, an audience so distinguished in every
respect, both for its learning, and, I may say for its l)eauty (applause), I certainly
should have made that i)reparation which I feel to l)e necessary, and the want
of which I trust yon will kindly excuse." (Loud applause.)

On the 23rd October their Excellencie.s paid a visit to the Loretto
Young Ladies' school, Toronto. A delicate compliment was paid to
His Excellency in the singing by Miss Payne of the "Irish Emi-
grant," a beautiful song written by his mother. In replying to the
address of the pupils, Lord Dufferin said :

" Yoimr. Ladies, — I can assure you that I find it very difficult, indeed, to dis-
cover words which will express, with sufficient earnestness, my deep sense of the
kindness with which you have received me to-day. When I look around and con-
siiler all the preparations which have l)een made for my welcome, I scarcely know
to which to refer with the greatest admiration. 'ITie young ladies themselves,

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

ranged like a bed of flowers in the sunshine of spring-tide, — the beautiful music
which has been sung with such taste, delicacy, and feeling, more especially the
song which was written by my mother, to which, naturally, I can never listen with-
out deep emotion — all have combined to make an impression upon me which will
never fade away. I have Ixjen extremely interested in learning, from the observa-
tions which fell from His Grace the Archbishop, the origin of this community, and
I am proud to think it was from Irish shores it set forth to this country upon its
beneficent mission. I congratulate you heartily, young ladies, upon the fortunate
circumstance which has placed you within these walls, and I am sure, from all I
have heard and witnessed of the noble work in which the sisters are engaged, that
the benefits which will he spread abroad through the Dominion cannot be over-
estimated. In speaking of a certain lady, an English writer, famous in his time,
concluded a brilliant passage in her honor by observing that ' to knew her was
itself a liberal education.' I would venture to recommend you to lay this obser-
vation to heart, and to remember that the character and conduct of the women of
a country do more, perhaps, than anything else to elevate the tone of feeling
amongst its inhabitants, to inspire them with high thoughts and noble endeavors,
and with that spirit of chivalry which raises our nature far above its ordinary level.
When, however, these sentiments, are still further illuminated by a spirit of devo-
tion, and directed by the counsels of religion, we have just cause to hope that the
career of such a nation will receive the blessing of God, and will prove a lienefit
tc the world at large. I wish more especially to express to the sisters themselves
my deep and hearty sympathy with them in their lives of retirement and self-sacri-
fice, and I cannot imagine that there can be a greater consolation to their own
minds, or that a more jierfect tribute could be paid to the utility and high charac-
ter of their work than the fact that the pupils placed under their guardianship and
beneath the influence of their saintly lives should include the flower of the Catholic
maidenhood of Toronto. 1 can only say, in conclusion, that, on my own behalf,
as well as on liehalf of the Countess of Duflerin, I thank you again and again, and
that I wish to each one of you individually, and to the community collectively, all
the happiness that this world can give. I make no doubt but that, whatevei may
be the dangers, the anxieties, the trials, and temptations which, in your future lives
you will have to encounter — and there is none of us whose life is entirely exempt
from them — the instruction which you have had here will do as much as any earthly
thing can do to sustain a'.id comfort ycu, and will prove, to the end of your lives,
a delightful reminiscence." (Applause.)

On 26th October His Excellency received an address from tlie
officers of the Sabbath School Association of Canada, and in the evening,
accompanied by Her Excellency, his Honor the Lieutenant Governor
and Mrs. Howland, with their suites, attended the Lyceum Theatre, at
an entertainment given for the benefit of the Protestant Orphans'
Home, under the direction of Mrs. Morrison, the secretary of the
Institution. On the following day, Sunday, their Excellencies
visited the St. James' Cathedral Sunday school, where His Lordship
addressed the pupils. On the next day, the 28th October, the Vice-

1ST2]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

regal party left Toronto for Ottawa, where they arrived on the same
evening.

(Jn the 6th November His Excellency was presented with an ad-
dress from the Bishops of the Church of England in tlie Ecclesiastical
Province of Canada, then assembled in conference at Ottawa, expres-
sing the congratulations and good wishes of the church. The
dcjmtation consisted of His Lordship the Bishop of Ontario,* the
Archdeacon of Ottawa,f and the Rev. H. Pollard. The reply was
couched in the following terms :

"To THE Bishops of the Church of England in the Ecclesiastical
Province of Canada :

"My Lords, — As the representative of our most gracious Queen, who is the
Heail of the Church, of which you are the Bishops of the Ecclesiastical Province, I
accept with pleasure the address of welcome which you have presented to me, and,
in (loinj; so, 1 fulfil a function in especial accordance with my delegated office ; but
it is iiDt solely as representative of our Queen in her relationship to the Church of
i:n{,'lan(l but rather as the Chief Governor of this Great Dominion and her Civil
Minister that 1 desire to record my satisfaction at receiving so cordial an expression
of j;(kmI -will from the rulers of a religious community whose influences have been
so tjtnerally beneficial throughout the country. Conciliating and blameless to
those of your fellow-subjects who are not members of your communion, you faith-
fully maintain in this new land the faith, discipline and doctrines of the Mother
Clmicli, while, by your efforts to spread abroad true religion, and to inculcate the
truth of the Gospel, upon which alone national prosperity and the happiness of a
lieople is founded, you contribute to promote the present and ensure the future
greatness of Canatla. 1 can assure you that no etlorts shall be wanting on my
part to further your religious endeavors. In conclusion, I beg to thank you on
L^dy Duflerin's behalf and on my own for your prayerful aspirations and kind
\vi>,lies."

In November His Excellency proceeded to Montreal, and on
the 2 1 St of that month made a formal presentation to the city of a
statue of Her Majesty which had been procured by the citizens for the
ornamentation of Victoria Square. There were in attendance about
20,000 people, of all ranks, creeds and nationalities. Mr. W. Murray,
the chairman of the Committee, read an address to His Excellency,
requesting him to crown their work by presenting the statue to the
city of Montreal, which His Excellency diJ, in the following terms :

"Gkntlemen, — It is with a degree of pleasure, very difficult to express in words,
that I find myself engaged in the discharge of a duty so appropriate to my office.

* The Right Reverend J. Travers Lewis, D.D., LL.D., appointed in 1862.
rnieVen. J. S. Lauder, LL.D. .

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

and so congenial to my feelings, as that which you have imposed upon me to-day.
(Cheers.) Among the many circumstances which have made me feel at what a
lortunate eix)ch 1 have ai rived in Canada, by no means the least agreeable is the
fact that there should have been reserved to me this opportunity of taking part in
a ceremony which evinces, in so marked and general a manner, the unfailing
loyalty and affection entertained by the citizens of this large, prosiierous and
wealthy town to the person and throne of our Sovereign. (Cheers.) It is, there-
fore, with the most heartfelt satisfaction that I undertake the function now allotted
to me, and that I become the momentary depositary of this uni(|uc and precious
gift with which you, gentlemen, the subscriliers to the undertaking, are desirous to
grace your city, and which you now commission me to hand over as a jierjietual
ornament to the inhabitants of Montreal and to their children forever. 'Applause.)
And I must say it is to no mean heritage that tiiese future generations will fall
heirs, for, thanks to the magic power of the sculptor, long after we and those who
have loved and honored (^ueen Victoria shall have passed away, there will still
remain to them .ind to their descendants, untouched by time, this breathing repre-
sentation of that oyten and intelligent regard, that sweet womanly grace and
imperial majesty of aspect, which in her lifetime combined to render the
presence of the Queen of England more august than that of any contemporary
monarch. (Tremendous cheering.) It is to you, then, citizens of Montreal, that I
now turn ; it is in your hands that I now place this sacred deposit ; it is on you that
I lay the charge of guarding for yourselves and those who come after you this
fair image of your Queen, this gracious impersonation of the Majesty of Britain,
this stately type and pledge of our Imiierial unity, this crowned and sceptred
symbol of those glorious institutions which we have found to be so conducive to
the maintenance of individual lilierty, and of constitutional freedom (loud applause).
Gentlemen, it was my good fortune in early life to serve near the person of our
Sovereign. At that time no domestic calamity had thrown its ineffaceable siiadow
across the threshold of her home. I was then a spectator of her daily life, its pure
joys, its refined and noble occupations, its duties never neglected, but their
burdens shared by the tenderest of husbands and most sagacious of friends.
It was then that I learned the secret of that hold Her Majesty possesses over the
hearts of her subjects in every part of her extensive empire, (cheers) and when in
latter days death had forever shattered the bright visions of her early happiness,
and left her to discharge alone and unaided, during long years of widowhood
in the isolation of an empty palace, the weighty and oppressive functions of her
royal station, renewed opportunities were afforded me of observing with what
patience, patriotism and devotion to the public service her brave and noble
nature bore each burden and discharged each daily task. (Applause.) From
dissipation, gaieties, the distraction of society, the widowed Sovereign may have
shrunk, but from duty never. (Loud cheers.) When, therefore, you cast your
eyes up to this work of art, let the image of the woman, as well as of the Queen,
be enshrined in your recollections, and let each citizen remember that in Her whose
sculptured lineaments he now regards he has an example of prosperity borne with
meekness, of adversity with patience, of the path of duty unfalteringly followed,
and of a blamelessness of existence which has been a source of pride to every

1872]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

Kn^lisli heart, (cheers) and whose pure and radiant influence has shetl its holy

lii;hl on a thousand, thousand British homes. (Llreat applause.) Above all let

each Canadian jjatriot renienilx:r as he contemjilates with pride the ever brlKhl-

enin^; destinies of his native country, let your children and your children's children

rcnutnher, as, generation after generation, this great Dominion gatliers strength and

iiOwcr, that it was under the auspices and the government of Her whose statue I now

ccmtide unt<i your keeping, that these mighty Provinces were confederated into a still

mii'lilicr State, and that the foundations of that broad Dominion were laiil whicl\I

trust is destined to prove the brightest ornament, and I trust the most powerful adjunct

of the F.mpire of Britain. (Great enthusiasm.) Gentlemen, I thank you again for the

opiiortunity you have given me of taking part in these proceedings, and for tiiose kind

expressions which you have addressed to me personally. I feel I can make no better

return than by saying that, in the discharge of my office in this country, it is my

desire and hope to follow, at however humble a distance, the example of that beloved

Sovereign, who during a long reign has faithfully trod in the paths of the British

Constitution, and has never once failed in Her duty to Her Crown, Her Ministers,

Her I'arliament, or Her people." (Prolonged cheers.)

At the request of the Mayor His Excellency then addressed the
assembly in French. He said :

" Mkssieurs, — ^Je le ferai, sans doute, d'une mani^re bien imparfaite, mais je ne
saurais voir cette ceremonie solennelle se terminer, sans essayer dt vous exprimer
dans votre propre langue combien j'ai ete heureux v.'assisterk cette belle fete, etde
pouvoir appr^cier I'empressement que vous avez mis i y prendre part, de votre
cot^.

Je n'ignore pas, messieurs, que dans nulle partie de son vaste empire, notre
H' veraine saurait compter sur un devouement plus complet que celui des cana-
diens-fran^ais.

Brave et noble race qui, la premiere, fournit k I'Europe les moyens d*importer
la civilisation sur le continent d'Amerique. Race valeureuse et hardie dont les ex-
plorateurs, dans I'int^rieur de ce continent ont iiemiis h I'induslrie europeenne de
s'implanter non-seulement sur les bords du Saint-1-aurent, mais encore dans les
riches vallees de I'Ohio et du Mississippi ; les premiers forts qu'elle C^rigea et les
premiers etablissements qu'elle forma sont devenus aujourd'hui, grace an jugement
droit et a I'esp^ce d' instinct qui la caracterisent, le noyau de grandes villes et de
puissantes populations ; et c'est i leur cooperation actuelle et i leur intelligence
naturelle, que nous devons une bonne partie de la condition prospere de cette Pro-
vince.

Le spectacle de deux peuples composes de r.ationalites si diverses s'eflbrgant, k
I'envi I'un de I'autre, de prouver leur loyaute k leur Reine et au gouvernement, et
travaillant de concert et dans une harn-.onie parfaite au bien de kur commune patrie,
restera I'un des faits les plus remarquables et les plus heureux de I'histoire du
monde, en m€me temps qu'il t^moignera de la sagesse politique et des sentiments
magnanimes dont sont p^n^tr^s tons les membres de la grande ianiille Canadienne."
On his return to Ottawa His Excellency evinced great interest in
the educational institutions of that city, and graciously accepted all

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1872

invitations in connection with them. He took especial pains to mark
his high appreciation of the blessings of education, especially among
a people enjoying an untrammelled, civil and political liberty. Her
Excellency also took a great interest in them, and usually accompanied
him on these occasions. On the 3rd December they visited the
Christian Brothers school, a Roman Catholic institution ; on the i6th
the Ottawa Ladies' college, a Protestant school, and in reply to the
address presented to him His Excellency in conclusion said :

" I would beg to remind you that in course of time we shall expect a consider-
able proportion of thow whom I am now addressing to be pioneers of civili;!ati()n
in a westerly di» »ction, and to help to people those rich regions of Western Can-
ada — the North West Provinces — which are Wng opened up to civilization, and to
the industry and enterprise of this great Dominion."*

On 20th December, their Excellencies paid a more formal visit to
the school of the Christian Brothers, which was tastefully decorated for
the occasion with flags, evergreens, mottoes and devices. An address
was delivered, to which His Excellency happily replied. On
2ist December they visited the Convent de Notre Dame du Sa -re
Coeur. Their Excellencies were received by the Mayor, the ' .~'it
Reverend the Lord Bishop, and a great number of the elite of
the city. In his reply to the address, His Excellency congratulated
the good Sisters upon the manifest success which had attended their
labors, both in the nursing of the sick and in the education of the
young. Already, he and Lady Dufferin, had had occasion to profit by

* This College is undenominational, every section of the Protestant Church
being represented among the pupils. Their Excellencies were received by tlie
Rev. John Laing, B.A. ; Rev. Mr. Wells, Presbyterian Church, Montreal ;
Rev. Mr. Moore, Secretary ; Mr. John Rochester, M.P. ; Mr. J. D. Slater, Dr.
Sweetland, Rev. Mr. Gordon, Mr. Orme, Mr. Bronson, Mr. C. J. Robinson, Mr.
John Durie, Mr. Geo. Hay, Mr. J. C. Robinson, and others. In conversing w ith
the Secretary, Mr. Moore, His Excellency asked :

•• Do the clergy of the various religious bodies visit your school ? "

Mr. Moore—" Oh, yes ! "

His Excellency — " It is a mixed institution of French and English?"

Mr. Moore — '* No ; we have no French. We teach Latin, French and German."

His Excellency — •• Do you teach Latin ? "

Mr. Moore—" We do."
, His Excellency, after a pause — " Do you teach cooking?" (Laughter.)

Mr. Moore — " It is our intention to do so."

His Excellency's object being, under cover of a jest, to convey his preference
for practical education over a mere smattering of Latin or German.

187M] THE EAHL OF IjUFFKHIN IN f'ANADA.

their kind oftires, a number of the Sisters having been called in to

attend a member of their household during a dangerous illness. He

added :

" It would 1)f inii)ossib!e to equal the attention and devotion exhibited by these
ministering angels on tiie nielaneholy oceasion in <iueslion."

On 7th January, their Excellencies arrived at Quebec, to
attend the Citizens' IJall, which had been tendered them on their
leaving the old capital in the preceding September, and on the
fi)ll()\ving afternoon they visited the Poultry Association show, where
they were received by the Lieutenant (iovernor, the Mayor, and the
members of the Committee. A guard of honor was in atteu' lance,
and his Honor Sir Narcisse Kelleau, the Lieutenant Governor, wel-
comed the visitors in a neat address, in which he referred to the great
])!easure the citizens of Quebec felt in seeing their Excellencies again
among them.

In the evening the Citizens' ball took place. The ladies of honor
in waiting upon Her Excellency the Countess of Dufferin were :
Mesdames Ciarneau, Duval, Langevin, Taschereau, Reeve, Meredith,
H. Smith, Dobell, Tessier, Murphy, Casault, De Lery, Stuart, Caron,
Chaiiveau, Sewell, Chevalier, and Strange.

The Vice-regal set was arranged as follows : —

The Karl of Dufferin Madame (iarneau.

Lieutenant Governor Helleau The Countess of Dufferin.

Hon. Mr. Langevin Madame Duval.

" Judge Meredith " Taschereau.

" " Stuart " Meredith.

" *' Caron '* Smith.

«• Mr. Tessier " Doliell.

" " Ue Lery " Tessier.

Lieutenant Col. Casault " O. Murphy.

•' " Reeve " Casault.

Mr. R. Hamilton " De Lery.

" R. R. Dobell " Stuart.

Lieutenant Coulson, A.D.C " A. Chauveau.

«« Hamilton " Sewell.

Monsieur Chevalier " Dunscomb.

Lieutenant Col. Strange " Chevalier.

Mr. R. H. Smith " Strange.

The entertainment had exhausted the resources of Quebec in all

IIISTOKY OT THE ADMINISTUATION OF

[l«7:i

that was necessary to render it, as it was, the grandest ball given for
many years in the ancient city.*

A visit to the Falls of Montinorenci.accomijanied by the members
of the Stadacona Hunt and Driving Club ; a bail in the rink, given
by the Stadacona Skating Club ; a curling match in the rink of the
Quebec Curling Club, formed the amusements of their Kxcelleni its
until the loth of January, when they left for Montreal. His Excellency
declining a i)ul)lic demonstration which had been proposed on the
occasion of their departure. They arrived at Montreal on the next
morning. The avidity with which His Excellency seized on every
op|)ortunity, however minute, of gaining a full and accurate knowledge
of the various institutions of the country, and of the habits and sports
of the people, and of securing their good-will, may be estimated by
the fact that during a stay of twenty-five days in Montreal, he freiiuently
visited the Skating Rink, and mixed in unrestrained freedom with the
fre([uenters of that very pleasant place of exercise ; he, with Her Kx-
collency, who was always as desirous to please as I.e himself, took
part in a snow-shoe trarnp by torch-light, a novel entertainment in
which all the snow-shoe organizations of the city joined, and wliic h
was witnessed by thousands of spectators ; ins|)ected the Fire Hrigiule
of Montreal ; visited the Church of Notre Dame, the Catholic Commer-
cial Academy, the Ladies' Benevolent Institution, the Mackay Institu-
tion for Protestant I )eaf Mutes, the Protestant House of Industry, M( ( lill
College University, the McGill Normal School, the Jesuits' College.
the Schools of the Christian Brothers, the Montreal College, the
Convent of Villa Maria, the Montreal Water Works, the Protestant
Infants' Home, St. Mary's Convent, Hochelaga ; St. Patrick's Ori)han
Asylum, St. Bridget's Refuge, St. Ann's Public School, the Court
House, the Supreme Court in Session, the Sergeants' Mess Room of
the ist or Prince of Wales Rifles, the annual races of the Alexandra
Snow-Shoe Club, and the Victoria Skating Rink Tournament. In

* The Quebec Chronicle of 9th January, thus alludes to the visit of His
Excellency : "From the day when Lord Dufferin set his foot within the ])i>iiii(l-
aries of Canada, he has lx;en growing in the love and estimation of her j^'uple.
Mis progress has been a triumphal one, for everywhere he is a conqueror of hiaits.
In Quebec, a city for which he has evinced a warm affection, he displayed sucli
sterling qualities as won for him the esteem of all, and, therefore, when he tool; his
departure from us, there was little wonder that the hearts of the peojile sliouiil
break out in enthusiastic demonstrations. But it was thought proper that there
should be a fuller and more tangible expression to His Excellency of the appre-
ciation by the people of his generous anil unbounded hospitality, and thus it was
that the project of the ball which took place last night originated."

1873]

""' '■""■ '•" "'•"•"•..V ..V CA.AD..

.Kiilition to ihfse |a|,or. Hi, K„-,.PI^„, ■ " "' ""

'■-'^'<l^' ''a-,l,y,eri.„ C'hurcl, , ' sm''' '"'?""' *l""--"i"ns fm„, ,|,e

'hev,»,. ,o,l,e University ofM,,;^';'
c-.rvc, .special „o,i«. A.L„„ a " ^:"T "" ""■ ""'I .'••>"'»ry,
.Wc.<lc.(.„,„p. Cape. Hamil,„„, , ,. ^IZ n" ''■'"^'"'^'''-y ••"•<l Lis
"''^•" ""• «"<1«".S particularly „f T !f "•" >'""' °' *" t'""--'!,"'.

"'« '"^'' "-■>■ »""W >:.emselve., 7raw hi, , " . """ '''"^"•" 'I-'-
^'/™ ■'/-"-. After a momenf, parrey Hif ^^ 'I! "'^' "'""' °' '"">
-'■'■ rc-.„arking,ha, this „e,„ami aSed Iit"'r '•""'^ '•'"^^ '"» »"■
""•■^'"r,s „r his life, when, on his e nr„ f °^"" <"■"«•■ h'->l'piest
^' Mmilar ovation had l,Je„ u^^J ^^ !;::" '^""^ ^^'^ >nMnA .
;- « "n.:e set t„ work to -4 „ th^T ""'''™" ""^ f""'"
l-:";Kl>..ched thetnselves to ,„c vehicle t^T' """ *' ^"''''-■"■s
"l"'i |.a.;e, amid the -heer, -.nd Ih , ' "' "'' "'" '^A'ay at a
M d,e door the Vice-re J ..'t'vlf °' '"<= "^"""Wed e owd
;;'-^» "ewey „ay, th! ^ X ''!;'';^'''-'«"<'r, the H™.-
•^1- «.C. Baynes, the Registrar ;tl^Me;r^ '•■■"•™"' "><•■ Wncipal ;
e.-,s proceeded to the ivniiam Mo „I hT f' '"" ""'"»■ '''e
';■""■•'• '••■'"'I'y and f;rad„ates C ",!^ ' ''''"'' ""= Governors,
»'i'lr«s having been read by tl« Chtn.f ''„"'■•="*'' ">«"■ Ar
^-vtanporanecsly i„ the folCgtrtr ' "" '■'■^^■'■■"™<^^ --eplie

"'7'>- '™»i'""f"'te'wt!!;''irfl^l^^^^ =»" «".-e you ,,„, , ,

"el"m» not only conveyali,,?! T "^ "'''""'w » l"ch you h,v, 1 ™

»™,„n, which ,,™„,e,l „y .,„./"'"" •^""•l-'ife'l »n-l .•.«.„,„„,„', "J °/'
otcaMon, and H,nf fi, . '"""'*'^'on to your halls n. i - '"^

• tan onJy say that if the ' coaches ' of H , " "''°" "'"• '"arria.re

'" '^-'-(applause and Iaughter)-the.. ' '""'^«^' •'"■^" «« good as h

"cliial.le decrees I n,i; , ^t"«lents cannot faij to ml- ^'^'^

'fi,rees. lAdies and L'entlem#.n i i ''^'^'^ ^'t^ry hieh nnrl

100

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[187:5

it rifjht to mention that I feel I should .iot lie treating this great institution willi
respect if I did not promise to myself on some future occasion, wiien I shall have
had more leisure than has been possible to me during my present visit to Montreal,

to take advantage of the privilege which lielongs to me as visitor to address tlie

students. (App'ause.) And I am less inclined at the present moment to trespass
upon your time, Iwcouse witiiin the last few weeks the whole subject of University
Education has l)een most exhaustively considered and discussed by three of tlie
principal statesmen of England. If any of the professors, if any of ilie students
should have happened to have read tiie speech of Mr. CHadstone at Liverpool, of
the Duke of Somerset, at Plymouth, and of Mr. Hruce wiien addressing his
constituents, 1 am sure they will fee! it would l)e impossilde for any one to add
anything to the combined treatment by those gentlemen of this subject. Of course,
we are all aware that in Englaml and elsewhere, a very violent contest is raginj;
between those who regard the Art courses as amply sufficient for all liie renl
purposes for which educational establishments are founded, wiiile upon the other
hand, a school equally respectable, and supported by ecjual authority, is
inclined to denounce a system of classical education as a prejudice or superstition
of the past, and to set up the material anil applied sciences as their only
curriculum. Mr. Gladstone on the one hand, with a very natural afiec-
tion for his own Alma Mater, went so far as to say that he ci)n>i(lered even
the unimproved course which prevaileil at Oxford when he himself was a
student was quite sufticient to furnish as well educated a set of young men :is
the necessities of the age required, and that by the occasional training which \v;is
there given, the mind was more titly prepared than it coukl have l)een by any other
means, for the various difficulties, struggles and contests of life. On the other hand,
the Duke of Somerset took an opposite view, and referring with something ajiproatii-
ine disdain to the assertion made by Mr. (iladstone, that the construction of a violin
had exhibited as much ingenuity and intellectual power as the invention of the stenni
eniiine, called upon his audience to compare the respective achievements of material
and political science. Now, I confess, as far as I myself am individually concerned,
mv own training naturally leads me to regard perhaps with undue favor a classical
curriculum as the backbone of a liberal education, but, lie that as it may, and,
without venturing for a moment to pronounce a dogmatic opinion upon so de-
bateable a topic, I cannot help remembering that in this country, at all events, the
almost overwhelming reasons which, on the one hand, may be urged in favor of
paramount attention being given to the physical and practical sciences, are eon-
fronted with arguments of corresponding force in favor of the arts and classical
learning ; for while on the one hanil the prosperity of the Dominion almost entialy
depends upon every one of its inhabitants using every exertion and straining evc-ry
nerve to develop its material resources ; on the other, the fact of the whole popu-
lation being engaged in these necessary oecujiations, and in the accumulation of
wealth, ren;lers it all the more a matter of vital importance that the purely intellec-
tual life of the community shoidd l)e ennobled, endx;llished, disciplined, and retmed
by the wisdoi.., the poetry, the wit, the experience, and the philoso])hy of the classic
ages. Leaving, however, this part of the subject, I will conclude by addressint,' a
very few word-i to those young men who have shown in so gratifying a manner

1>^7.3]

THE EARL OF DUFFKRIX IN CANADA.

101

with what in(liil{,'ence they will probaV)!)' listen to anything which falls from their
uill-wislier and a friend. I would ask them, tiien. to reniemljer that tlie gener-
ation which has preceded them has succeeded in bringing to a successful issue one
of the most difficult and one of the most lieneficial aciiievements which statesmen
have ever undertaken. The generation which now lives and superintends the affairs
of this great country has lieen able, in spite of no ordinary difficulties and im]>cdi-
nit-nts, to weld into an united Dominion the whole of those magnificent pro\inces
of Canadian America which are contained Wtween the Atlantic and the F'acific. It
In to the guardianship and the imj^rovement of that inheritance which in due time
tluoe I now address will Ix- called, and a heavy burden and responsibility will lie
u])on them to take the V)est advantage of that glorious birth-right to which they are
ikstined to fall heirs, and in no degree to lie l)ehin(l those who have preceded
ilium in tlieir devotion to their native country. I would further remind them that
liaiijiily they live in a country whose inhabitants are as free as the air they breathe,
that there is not a single prize which the ambition of man can desire to which they
may not aspire, and which they may not l)e certain of making theirs, if only they
will ajiply those faculties with which Providence ha.s endowed them with industry,
intelligence, and perseverance. There is not one of you here who may not rise
t" the highest offices of the state, who may not render his name illustrious for all
time to come, who may not engrave for himself on the annals of his country
an imperishable record. Finally, ladies and gentlemen, I must congratulate this
university, this city, this province and the Dominion at large, upon the fact that
an establishment so well conducted, founded upon so wide a basis, endowed with
Mich a healthy vitality, should lie daily pouring forth into the world a band of young
mon, who each sets out upon his se])arate career, endowed with all the advantages
which a university education can give, and amongst those advantages you must
reckon not merely the learning, not merely the intellectual training which is the
eml (if all education, but that more subtle and even more important (juality which
will enable the most casual accjuaintance to distinguish between a university man
and one who is not. I cannot conclude these few and imperfect words, which I
regret not having had the ojiportunity to study liefore I ventured to adflress you,
without commenting upon the fact that it is to a citizen of Montreal that we are
iiKlelited for this great establishment, and that it is to the continued and rejieated
munificence of other .citizens of Montreal, who have imitated his liberality, that the
iisefiihiess of the L'niversity has lieen continuously expanded. In this country
here<iitary distinctions do not take such root, -r become so completely a ]iart of the
social system, as in Eurojie, but I will venture to say that the very fact of any man
having connected his name in so honorable a manner with an Institution of this
kiml will ever prove to his descendants as legitimate a source of ancestral pride as
any that ever originated in the I^etters Patent of a Sovereign. I thank you again,
Mr. Chancellor and gentlemen, for the sentiments of kindness contained in your
address to Lady Dufferin and myself. 1 trust that during our residence in this
country we may have many opportunities of improving our acquaintance with you,
and 1 consider it a matter of no smu ' advantage that, whenever we come to Mont-
re.il, it will be possible for us to recur to the intimacy of a body of men that repre-
sent so ably every branch and description of human learning."

102

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

His Excellency's remarks on the " manners " of some young
people, made in his reply to the teachers of the McGill Normal
School, are pertinent. He said :

Ladies and Gentlemen, — I can assure you it gives me the greatest pleasure
to have had an opportunity of paying you this visit, and of showing you by my
presence here to-day not only what an interest I take in the general subject of edu-
cation, but how much importance I attach to those particular functions which you
will be shortly called upon to perform. It would be almost impossible to exag-
gerate the responsibility which rests upon you, l)ecause it is upon you, upon tiie
teachers who are spread abroad in every village and district from one end of the
country to the other, that must depend the due education of the great mass of tiie
people. I am happy to think, from what I have seen in Toronto and here, that
every jirecaution has been taken and every means has been furnished which man's
ingenuity can contrive to fit you for the successful performance of yoiu important
task. It is a delightful thing to know that a numl)er of young i.ien and women,
whose intelligence is printed on every lineament of their countenances, should year
after year be sent forth from each of these parent establishments, spreading abroad
in all directions sound teaching and whatever is necessary to develop the intelkc-
tual vigor and activity of the country. I do not know that there is any practical
suggestion I have to make to you, and yet there is one thing of which I would
venture to remind you, namely, that in your future relations with your young pupils,
you should remember that your functions must not be confined merely to the develdj)-
nient of their intelligence and the imparting of information, but that there is also
another duty as important as either of these, and that is, that yoii should endeavor to
refine, discipline, and elevate their general behavior, rendering them polite, well-bred,
deferential, respectful to their parents, to their elders, and their superiors. Perhaps
in a new country where, on every side, we are surrounded by the evidences of pros-
perity, where a spirit of independence is an essential element of success, where, at n
very early age, young persons are called upon to fight their own battles and to un-
dertake their own responsibilities, it is very natural that there should be developed
an exuberant spirit of self-confidence. Now, what I would venture to ask you from
jime to time to impress upon your pupils is this, that, although upon the one hand,
there is no quality more creditable than self-respect, yet, on the other hand, the
very idea of self-respect excludes self-assertion, and I say this the more readily be-
cause I confess, if there is any criticism which I have to pass upon the youth of this
new country — I do not say of Canada especially, but of the Continent of America,—
it is that I have been struck by the absence of that deference ami respect for tliose
who are older than themselves to which we still cling in Europe. Now, to u>e a
casual illustration ; I have observed in travelling on board the steamboats on the
St. Lawrence, children running about from one end of the vessel to the other,whom
more than once I have l)een tempted to take up and give a good whipping. 1
have seen them thrust aside gentlemen in conversation ; trample on ladies'
dresses, shoulder their way about, without a thought of the inconvenience tliey
were occasioning, and, what was more remarkable, these thoughtless indiscretions
did not seem to attract the attention of their parents. \Vhen_ I ventured to

make an i

always to

line. \V,

strict !y ho

their very

behavior,

remember

particular

to render (

fill, and ric

of the Amt

His E

3otli [anil

".Mr. .'-
sacrilice on
iiniiii.\ed gra
such a scens
of receiving
address to th
1^47 has rec
hajipened th.-i
siliihties atta(
my duties as i
of tlint terrib
circuni stances
ciicunistances
seized upon tl
consf(juences.
aajiiaiiiiixl wit
informed, and
the unfortunat
0"n country,
many of them
many of the
"lenilicrs of tl
endeavors to a
'won! of the 11
'I'lvt referred, I
so, as an Irislm
sense of the del
to wlioin I have
existence of this
•irtiicte,! a mere
''^'"^■'its ; for, as
"'"^■1' then arost

1.S73J

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

103

make an observation on this to the people with whom I have been travelling, I was
always told that these little peccant individuals came from the other side of the
line. Well, I only hope that this may be so : at all events, without enquiring too
strictly how that may be, I trust that the teachers of the schools of Canada will do
their very best to inculcate into their pupils the duties of politeness, of refined
Ijcliavior, of respect for the old, and of reverence for their parents ; that they will
remember that a great deal may be done by kindly and wholesome advice in this
particular ; and that, if they only take a little 'rouble, they will contribute greatly
to render Canada not only one of the liest educated, most prosperous, most success-
ful, and richest, but one of the most polite, l^st bred, and well-mannered countries
of the American continent."

Kis Excellency paid a visit to St. Patrick's Orphan Asykini on the
30th January. In answer to the address, he replied as follows :

"Mr. Skcrktary, Ladies and Genti.emkn, — So far from it having been a
sacritice on my jjart to come here, I can assure you that it has Iwen to me an
unmixed gratification. No one can find himself under this roof, in the presence of
such a scene as this, without esteeming the invitation which he has had the pleasure
of receiving a very great privilege. The allusion which has been made in your
address to that devastating famine by which Ireland was <lepopulated in 1846 and
1847 has recalled to my recollection very bitter and affecting memories. It so
ha|iiiened that it was in that year I first was called upon to undertake the respon-
siliilities attaching to the ov.nership of land in Ireland, and my first initiation into
my duties as an Irish landlord consisted in an endeavor to confront the exigencies
of tliat terrible disaster. Although in my own neighborhood, owing to jieculiar
circumstances, the distress never reached a point which did not admit of alleviation,
circumstances led me to the southern portion of the Kingdom, wiiere famine had
seized upon the people, and with my own eyes I was forced to see all its terrible
coiisc(|uences. Since coming to this country I have had occasion to make myself
acijiuiiiitcd with a fact, of which I confess until then I was but very imperfectly
informed, and that is, the noble way in which the inhabitants of Canada assisted
the unfortunate emigrants who, forced to fly under the stroke of famine from their
own country, arrived upon the shores of North America not only destitute, but
many of them struck down and perishing by disease. I am now aware of how
many of the clergy of Canada, both Catholic and Protestant, as well of the
members of the medical i)rofession, fell victims to their noble and courageous
endeavors to assist those unfortunate persons ; and I confess that when I read the
record of the moria'.ity wh'Lii il.cn took place amongst those classes to whom I
liave referred, I was perfectly horror-struck with the facts that were revealed ; and
so, as an Irishman, if on no other account, I shall ever bear in my heart the deep
sense of the debt which we all owe to this country, and especially to those classes
to wiiom I have referred, for the assistance which they then rendered to us. 'Hie
existence of this asylum only shows that in the chastisements with which we are
atllicted a merciful Providence very frequently sows the seeds of innumerable
licnetits ; for, as has been stated by your Secretary, it is owing to the emergency
wliicli then arose, and which you endeavored to meet, that this admirable establish-

104

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

ment continues to dispense those benefits to the unfortunate orphans of the locality,
even although the immediate occasion to which it owes its existence has happily
ceased to emhirc. (Applause.) I am very glad to think that the eslal)lishmcnt is
being conducted under such satisfactory auspices, and I am sure it will not lie con-
sidered inappropriate if, on behalf of those who are interested in all such good and
noble works as these, I should venture to tender to those ladies who are present
and who, I understand, are good enough to devote their time and their energies to
the education and to the interests of these little fatherless children, my best thanks,
accompanied by an assurance that, in common with every one who is acquainted
with their good deeds, I am deeply sensible of all that society owes to them."
(Applause.)

The public opinion of the character of His Excellency was briefly
but fairly summed up by a leading journal of Montreal on his departure
for the seat of Government, where he arrived on the 5th February.

♦* Lord Duflerin has now passed several n:onths in Canada, and as the time has
been divided lietween the principal cities, the people of the Dominion have very
generally had an opportunity of assuring themselves that the praises l)cstowed upon
His Excellency in England were neither misplaced nor exaggerated. Of late,
many in the metropolitan city have enjoyed ample facilities for personal communi-
cation, but of this we shall not speak here. We ta' c simply the spoken words of
His Excellency on the several occasions when he has appeared in public. From
these, the recluse in his closet, or the wider circle of readers who live at a distance
from the city, can form an opinion equally well with those who were present and
heard the words uttered. The first reflection which these speeches excite is, that
few attain the gift of saying so much, and yet saying it so well, or of speaking so
frankly, and yet pleasing all. His Excellency, while never descending to the part
of a merely formal visitor, has avoided with infinite tact the slightest offence to llie
most susceptible among our mixed population. Nor has any one been able to
detect the smallest assumption in the role of Governor. The people of the Domi-
nion, with an exuberance of friendship to the Mother Country, and of loyalty to the
Crown, yet enjoy to so large an extent the privilege of self-government, that any
putting forward of the idea of control from abioad would doubtless Iw distasteful
to many. We avow with truth our allegiance, and glory in the connection, hut
with a spice of self-assertion, perhaps, we are inclined to resent the utterances of
that school in England which holds that the benefit is all on our side. Of such a
sentiment not a trace can be found in the Governor General's speeches. Then,
again, in the numerous engagements which have crowded upon His Excellency
during his stay in Montreal, the enlightened statesman and scholar has never for a
moment been lost in the simple representative of royalty. In the halls of our
universities and colleges Lord Dufferin has spoken like a scholar, and suggested
matter for reflection. In his reply to the literary and national societies he has exhil)-
ited an ease which shows how familiar he is with the guise and the language of the
polished man of letters. Often when it might have seemed to others well ni.L;li
impossible to keep clear of the most formal expressions, " // a scini dcs flciirs siir iiii
terrain aride " — some literary ornament has redeemed the reply from formality.

Among me:

qufstions of

ami other f

would Ix." ur

sion to the 1:

sj)orts,— a ki

ations. Hut

terfercd witl

columns dui

bestoucd by

kindly expre;

have not l)eei

ence of their

* A St. J
institution of;
inclination foi
a mcic round
licing a tissue
common sense
nishfd by cxtr;
especially his
cultivating nat

1st;]]

THE EAKL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

105

Among merchants he has shown himself conversant with the great commercial
qutstiiins of the day, and in the presence of the leading men of the bar, the clergy,
and utlier professions and callings. His Lordship has been eijually at home. It
would Ik; unfair to conclude these remarks, imperfect as they are, without some allu-
sion to the hearty sympathy which His Excellency has manifested for our national
s|)orts, — a kindness on his part which has given an impetus to these healthful recre-
ations. Hut the time devoted to the encouragement of athletic pursuits i is not in-
terfered with the fulfilment of a long list of more serious engagements. Our
cohimns during the past month afTord ample evidence of the liberal attention
bestowed by their Excellencies on the various institiftions of the city, and the
kindly expressions with which their work has lieen commended. Even the deaf
have not l)een strangers to their words, nor have the blind missed the genial influ-
ence of their presence."*

* A St. John, N.B., journal thus alludes to this visit to Montreal : "Every
instiliuion of a public character is attended to, His Excellency shewing a decided
inclination for such as are of a literary or educational character. His tour is not
a mere round of festivities, and his replies to congratulatory addresses, instead of
beini; a tissue of stereotyped platitudes, are bond fide speeches, abounding in sound
common sense and valuable suggestions. Very good illustrations of this are fur-
nished by extracts from some of his late speeches already published in our columns,
especially his remarks on the Educational Controversy, and the necessity for
cultivating national politeness."

CHAPTER V.
CONTENTS.

State of Parties after the Cleneral Elections in the Autumn of 1872 — Opening of
Parliament, 5th March, 1873 — His Excellency's Sjieech from the Throne— Social
Life at Kideau Hall — Ontario Mouse of Assembly — Orange Bills — His Excel-
lency declines to deal vith them — Sir John Macdonald's opinion on the Con^ti-
tiitiimal (Question — Mr. Huntington's Motion in the House of Commons for a
Committee to investigate charges made against the Ministry in respect to the
Pacific Kailway — History of the events leading up to the "Pacific Railway
Scandal " — 1 )efeat of Mr. I luntington's motion— Motion of Sir John Macdonrdd
for a Committee — Committee aiipoinled — The Oaths Hill, — it is passed, and
disallowed by Her Majesty — Proceedings of Conmiittee adjourned to 2nd July
— House adjourned to 13th August— His Excellency leaves Ottawa loth June
for the Maritime Provinces — Visit to Quelw^c — baptism of Lady Victoria
IJlackwood — Her Majesty's present as Godmother — Visits the Wimbledon
Team en route for England — Sir John Macdonald offers a Royal Com-
mission to the Parliamentary Committee — Declined by Messrs. Dorion and
Hlake — Publication of the " McMullen Correspondence," and Sir ilutjh
Allan's statement — Their Excellencies leave (Quebec for the Maritime Pro-
vinces^Progress to Prince Edward Island — Cape Breton — Halifax — Speech at
Halifax Club — His Excellency obliged to return to Ottawa to meet Parliament
on 13th August — Interview with the deputation from the " Ninety-three "—
Their Memorial — His Reply — Meeting of the Pacific Railway Committee-
Opening of Parliament, 13th August — Mr. Mackenzie's motion — Turbulent
conduct of the Opposition — House Prorogued — Meeting of Opposition Members
after Prorogation — Full text of His Excellency's celebrated despatch of 15th
August, No. 197 — Despatch of l8th August — Despatch of the Earl of
Kimberley, 9th Octoljer, — London Times — Return to Maritime Provinces-
Visit to St. John, N.B., 19th August — Visit to Fredericton — Nashwaak — Wood-
stock — (Irand Falls — Return to Quebec, 5th September — Meniloers returned to
the House of Commons for P.E.I. — Newfoundland — Charter of the Canadian
Pacific Railway surrendered — Meeting of Parliament, 23rd October — Speech
from the Throne — Report of the Royal Commission issued to enquire into Mr.
Huntington's charges — Debate on the Address — Mr. Mackenzie's Amendment
— Speakers on both sides — Resignation of the Ministry, 5th November — Mr.
Mackenzie sent for to form a new Ministry — ^.ames of Ministers — Remarks
on the Pacific Railway matter.

Lord Dufferin had now been in Canada about eight months. He

::t]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

107

liad fully developed the social system he had proposed for himself.
M(jrt' than usual prominence has been given to the festivities attend-
ing his movements, because under these lay a policy far more impor-
tant in a political point of view than would, at the first blush, appear.
It will have been observed that in all his replies to addresses he takes
care to emphasize the fact that he api)ears as the representative of
Her Majesty, and he had evidently determined to bind the people
toher. through himself, by exhibiting an honest and warm interest in
tlicir institutions, their welfare, and their hapi)iness, by a respectful
consideration for their manners, their habits, their creeds and their
language. A ball was to him not a mere gathering of beauty and
fashion, — it was a school where he could learn the tastes of the people
and test the degree of refinement to which they had attained. A
cricket, or a lacrosse match was not a mere passing amusement, — it
was an exhibition by which he could compare the physical strength and
tJK* manly qualities of the Canadian youths with those of their trans-
atlantic cousins. A visit to universities, or colleges, or schools, was
nut to him a vain show, but a means of increasing the dignity and
value of a liberal education. The unwonted affability both of Lord and
Lady Dufferin drew to them the hearts of all classes, and their geniality,
and kindness, brought them in these few months to a height of popu-
larit\- never before reached by any Canadian Governor. I'his geniality
and kindness were so abundant, and were exhibited so constantly,
and in so many varying ways that the people, taken by surprise, were
sometimes inclined to fear that the exhibition was spasmodic, and that
their Excellencies would soon sink into the accustomed seclusion and
indifference of former representatives of British powe^, — but after six
years' residence in Canada, they left the country, as will be seen, after
enjoying a constantly, and steadily increasing popularity, which had
known no check, and had never suffered the slightest diminution of
warmth. But now. Lord Dufferin was to enter upon another i)hase of
his life. Settled at the Seat of Government, just after a General Election
throughout the Dominion, his attention was about to be drawn to th e
more serious subjects of his rule.*

* The observations of a correspondent of the New York World, who, we may
suppose, was uninfluenced by any national or sectional views, are interesting.
He says: " It would he trite to say that, since Lord Dufferin came to Canada,
he has been winning * golden opinions' fiom all classes. He is the most
popular of royal representatives, and court journalists never tire of singing
his praises. He has placed upon record his mature conviction that he has

108

IIISTOUY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[W?,

The general elections had i)assed o(T in quiet. 'J'here was no great
issue before the country. The Government of Sir John Macdonald
had been sustained, notwithstanding the efforts of the ()])position to
destroy his majority by their attacks on the Nova Scotia " better
terms," — their denunciations of the agreements by which Manitoba and
British Columbia were induced to enter Confederation, — their protests
against the inaction of the Ministry in omitting to i)rovide legislation
for the sujjpression of corrupt practices at elections, — their sharp criti-
cisms on the Pacific Railway jjolicy, and their insinuations that tlie
Secret Service Fund had been used for illegitimate purposes. The
Government of Sir John was at this period firmly rooted in power. —
it possessed the confidence of the people, and had nothing to fear
from a weak and disunited Opposition. It had survived the attacks

social as well as political responsibilities, and he has accordingly entered ii]«in
a ceaseless round of festivities and entertainments. Not only does he give
splendid balls and magnificent dinners, but he holds levees, attends concerts, visits
public schools, patronizes lacrosse matches, lays corner-stones, attends University
convocations, receives addresses on all possible occasions, and delivers happy,
though impromptu, rejdies. He mingles very freely with the people, and is alto-
gether so unafifected, pleasant and popular that if the (Jreat American KaL:Ie
were to be his guest at Holland House, Toronto, or Rideau Hall, Ottawa, tiie
Geneva award might be cancelled, or perhaps hantled over to the Dominion to jiay
for the enlargement of its canals. Not only does His Excellency guide the affairs
of a growing nation but he buys dolls for pretty little girls on the street. Tiie
Earl of Dufferin is in fact the most wonderful and popular Governor that has been
for years bestowed on the loyal Canadians," ♦ » ♦ << jjg )^^s discharged liis
social duties with a ' graceful hospitality' worthy of the old days, though personal
Government would, no doubt, lie the last thing thought of by such a Liberal, and
such a stickler for the Constitution as His Excellency. Lord Dufierin manifested
great shrewdness, and a keen appreciation of the state of affairs, by spending some
weeks in Toronto before taking up his residence for the winter at Ottawa. He
rented Holland House, and gave a series of private and public entertainments
which rendered society in the Ontario Capital exceedingly gay for a time, and gave
the people x very favorable impression of His Excellency and his accomplished
wife. " * ♦ * ♦ «' The Governor's affability may afford some scope for
snobs and sycophants to ply their harmless avocations ; — but, by mixing freely
with the peojjle whom he has to govern, he has shown more practical statesmansliii',
and become better acquainted with them and their aspirations than if, like his pre-
decessors, he had gone quietly to Rideau Hall, and had seen nothing more of the
people than could be noticed in a state tour. He has now gone to the Dominion
capital, where he is displaying the same splendid hospitality which made his stay
ir Toronto very pleasant, and where he has promptly thrown off the shackles whicii
a band of would-be fashionables and aristocrats wc dd have fastened upon him."

1S73]

THE EAUL OF DUFFEHIN IN (JAXADA.

109

nuule on it, on account of the alleged improper concessions made
by Sir John in the Washington 'I'reaty, — for the people had exhibited
too much good sense, and too much respect for Imperial necessities,
to carp at a measure which, though in some slight matters it was
possible to be considered as inimical to their interests, was yet one of
nuich importance to the F^mpire at large, since it ouried forever
several dangerous disputes which might at any moment have involved
IJritain in serious complications. 'J"he crowning success of Sir John
was ill transforming Nova Scotia from a i)assionate opj)onent of Con-
federation into one of its most loyal supporters, and in inducing Jjritish
Columbia to join her fortunes with the Confederated Provinces.

The recent elections had developed to an alarming extent the
fatal disease of corrupt practices. The evil had been steadily growing.
There was no special legislation directed against it. It was univer-
sally admitted that corruption was making gigantic strides among all
grades of the people. 'I'he usual venality of large towns had crept
into even the farming districts, and bribes were now as unblushingly
received as they were unblushingly offered. Neither of the great
political parties could boast of their purity, — one was as bad as the
other, li.e only difference being in the extent of means. The Liberal
party laid hold of the obvious corruption as a charge against the Con-
servatives, and cried with all the semblance of honesty, " turn out the
coirui)tionists, — put us in their places, — then, and not until then, will
the reign of purity commence." 'i'his cry assumed an unusual im-
portance in the course of subsequent events.

In the meantime each party was preparing for the struggle in
Parliament, and Lord Dufferin was quietly studying the people, and
the present needs of the country.

( )n his return to Ottawa His Excellency devoted himself to a pre-
paration for the first session of the second Dominion Parliament. It
opened on 5th March, with more than usual sjjlendor. The Hon.
James Cockburn, member tor the \\'est Riding of the County of
Northumberland, Ont., was, on the nomination of Sir John A. Mac-
donald, elected Speaker without opposition.

In the speech from the Throne His Excellency expressed his deep
sense of his good fortune in being permitted to associate himself with
the Houses in their labors and aspirations for the welfare of the
Dominion. He rejoiced to think that his assumption of office took
place when the prospects of the country appeared so full of promise, —
when peace and amity prevailed amongst neighboring nations, and

110

HISTOUY OF THE AI>MIX1STKATI0N OF

[I87:t

when so many indications were afforded of the success with whi( h
Canada was consolidating her |)olitical unity and developing her
natural resources. He announced that to carry out the legis-
lation of the preceding session a charter had been granted to
a body of Canadian capitalists for the construction of the Pacific
Railway. He informed the Houses that the surveys for the im-
provement and extension of our system of canals had been in active
preparation, — that the plans for the enlargement of the Welland and
the construction of the IJaie \'erte Canal had been completed, and that
the surveys for the St. Lawrence Canals would, he was assured, he
finished in time to commence the works at the beginning of the next
year. He ex|)ressed his gratification that the efforts made to encour-
age immigration had met with a great measure of success. He alluded
to the census, and informed the House, that a measure for the purpose
of consolidating and amending the Acts of the several Provinces re-
lating to the representation of the jieople in Parliament, and one for
the trial of controverted elections would be submitted for their con-
sideration.

'I'heir Excellencies held a " Drawing Room" in the Senate Chamber,
on the evening of the 6th March, which was attended by an unusually
large number of ladies and gentlemen, gathered from all parts of tlic
JJominion, anxious to pay their respects to the representatives of
Her Majesty who had already won for themselves the affections of
the peoi)le. 'I'his reception was the formal inauguration of a system
of •' At Homes," " Theatricals," " Concerts," " Balls," " Curling
and Snow-shoeing parties, " and other amusements given at Rideau
Hall, the invitations to which were very general, thus giving, during
the Session, an oi)portunity to many to cultivate the personal ac-
quaintance of their Excellencies. These gatherings were not exclu-
sive. All ladies and gentlemen who chose to enter their names at
Government House were sure to receive cards of invitation, and thus
its doors were thrown as wide oi)en to every visitor as the hearts of
Lord and Lady Dufferin were to the people to whom they had been
sent as the representatives of the Queen. Fortunately for their Ex-
cellencies, and for their guests, they found in Ottawa a large fund of
histrionic and musical talent, from which they liberally drew for the
excellent rendering of these tecreations. The frequenters of Rideau
Hall, during this memorable Session, will recall with pleasure the efforts
made by Col. Stuart, Capt. Hamilton, A.D.C., Capt. Coulson, Miss

ih;.*}]

TllK EARIi OF ItrFFKKIN IN CANADA.

Ill

Himsworth, Mrs. Stuart, Mdlle. Pcrnuilt, Miss I,ow, Mrs. Waters,
Mrs. Beverley Robinson, Miss Ainiiond, Monsieur Kclward Kiml)er,
Monsieur St. D. I.emoine, Mr. Himsworth, Monsieur Kimher, Master
Henry Stuart and otiiers to assist their K.xcellencies in their festivities
at Rideau Hall.

The following extract from a leading Knglish journal of 21st
March, expresses the unbiassed opinions of an intelligent foreign
observer :

" Tlie increasing; importance of the I )(>minion of C'an.ida is alunuiantly mani-
ft'>lc(i l)y the unprecedented ceremony and display wliich accompanied liie opening
of Parliament at Ottawa ii]ion tlie 5th instant. Kn^land lias j^ood reason t ) be
|iiiiiul of ' I'ro-consui on Pro-consiil, a lii^jii and {glorious line,' to whose hands the
administration of our North American Provinces has l)een successively committed.
TIk- li>t of the CJovernors (leneral who within the present century have swayed the
(lotinics of Canada, contains the names of statesmen no less eminent than any of
till' illustrious viceroys who have served their country hy fjoverninf; Knjjland's
mijjlitiest dependency from Calcutta. Lord Durham, .Sir Charles Metcalfe, Lord
Sydenham, and Lord Elf^in will not suffer by comparison with Lord William IJen-
tinck. Lord Dalhousie, I.ord Canning and Lord ^L^yo ; nor were there wanting
many travelled Lnglishmen who, when Lord Northbrook was sent by Mr. (Mad-
stone to Calcutta, and Lord DufTerin to Ottawa, were of the opinion that an
Iini)erial statesman would find as many opportunities for gaining distinction among
tlie snows and forests of the Dominion as awaited him among the liurning terri-
tdiits of llindostan. Never has a Governor General of Canada had so fair a field
before him as was surveyed by Lord Dufferin in the able speech which he read,
tir>t in Knglish and then in French, from the throne at Ottawa some sixteen days
.it;o. Nor was the most distinguished living representative of the .Sheridan blood
unworthy of so suggestive an occasion. Young, elocjuent, winning in manner and
appearance, and gifted with no slight share of the genius of his race, Lord DulTerin
is well calculated to rivet the ties of loyal affection which bind the magnificent
Provinces of Hritish North America to the Mother Country with hooks of steel. If
\vc may l)e permitted to lift for a moment the curtain of private life, we shall be
Init echoing the universal sentiment of our Canadian fellow subjects when we say
that Lord and Lady DufHerin are already more popular at Montreal ami (Quebec
than any Vice-regal pair that ever England sent across the Atlantic. There is
nnicii in the physical features of the noble territory now submitted to his sway
whidi cannot fail to fire an imagination so poetic, and a mind so quick and sympa-
thetic as those with which the noble author of ' A Voyage to High Latitudes' is
endowed. On a continent where female comeliness and grace command universal
iiomai^f, Lady DulTerin is admitted, as was her husband's aunt, the Duchess of
Somerset, at the English rournament, to be ' an unrivalled Queen of Beauty.'
(ireat, indeed, are the advantages which ' this noble-hearted pair,' to use the words
of a private letter, may have it in their power to bestow upon the young and vigor-
ous offshoot of England, which covers more than half of the North American con-

112

IIISTOKY OV THK A1>MINI8TU\TIUN OF

[1H73

tinent. Wisely to jjuidc the destinies nnd utilize the almost unlimited resourivs
of the Dominion, is a task worthy of tlie hjflicst and most far reacliinij amhitiuri
\vlii>.li ever warmed an Knylisli heart."

As was generally anticipated, the Government of Sir John
Macdonald was sustained on the first trial of strength, but by a
smaller majority than he had commanded in the old House, riic
Hon. Alex. McKen/.ie, who had acted as leader of the Liberal party,
was now formally installed as its head.

'I'lie .Session of the Ontario Assembly which 0])ened on the <Stli
January, closed on the 2«th March following. Its proceediiij^'s
related chieHy to the local affairs of the J'rovince, having but liiilc
bearing on the policy or movements of the Federal (lovernnieiit.
'I'he reservation of the Orange Hills for the consideration of the
Cabinet at Ottawa may be here noticed, as it forms a piecedtnt
illustrative of the working of Confederation. 'I'wo bills had been
introduced: one to incorporate the " I,oyal Orange Association of
Western Ontario," the other the " I.oyal Orange Association of
Eastern Ontario." 'J'hey were opposed by the Roman Catholic
element in and out of the House. Mr. Fraser, a member of
the Covernment, of which Mr. Movvat was the head, bitterly
denoimced them. Mr. Mowat studiously avoided embroiling his
Clovernment in the dispute, though he voted for the measures. They
were passed, but the Lieutenant Covernor reserved them for the assent
of His Excellency the Governor (Jeneral. It was charged that Mr.
Mowat, the chief of a Liberal Government, thus advised his Honor,
in order to escape the responsibility of dealing with measures which had
excited the passions both of Orangemen and Roman Catholics, and
casting it on the Doininion Ministry. But Sir John was not compelled
to accept the burthen, and as his views on the question, elaborated in
Jiis re])ortas Ministerof Justice to His Kxcellency, were not subjected
to revision by the Imperial authorities, they may now be said to stand
as forming j^art of the constitutional law of the Dominion. Dates
may be anticipated. The report was as follows :

•' Department of Justice,

Ottawa, August 26, 1873.
The undersigned has had under consideration two Acts passed by the Ix;j;ih.la-
ture of the Province of Ontario, at its last Session, entitled, respectively, " An Act
to Incorporate the Loyal Orange Association of Western Ontario " and '* An Act to
Incorporate the Loyal Orange Association of Eastern Ontario," which were
reserved by the Lieutenant Governor for the assent of your Excellency, and now

Im),'s leave
tiuns.

riial tl

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.Acts .".re \

Such heinf^

dnl.irio oil

^iii'iild liav(

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to rtconuiu

assi'Mt.

\<r.\]

TIIK RAUL OF DrFFKUIM IN CANADA.

ii;i

U jjs leave to report that these Acts purport to incorporate two Provincial AsMocia-

ticiMS.

i'lml the only olyect of these Associations appearing on the face of the Acts is
till- liuitUnj,' of property, r -al and personal, and this In-inj,' a Provincial ohject, the
Alts are within the com])etence and juriMliction of tiie Provincial ix-'j^islature.
Siiili tifinj; the case, in the opinion of the un<lersijjned the Lieutenant Governor of
Oiit.irii) oujjht not to have reserved these Acts for your Kxcellency's assent, but
slimild have jjiven his assent to them as Lieutenant (iovernor.

Inder the system of (Government which olitains in Knyland, as will as in the
Dominion and its several Provinces, it is the duty of the advisers of the Kxecutive
to ncommend every measure that has passed the I>egislature for the Kxecutive
assi'ul.

The provision in the 'British North America Act, 1867,' ' that your Kxcel-
lency m.iy reserve a hill for the siynificance of Her ALajcsty's |)leasure,' was solely
nmdf with the view to the |)rotection of Imperial interests, and the maintenance of
Imiicrial jjolicy ; and iu case your Lxcellency should exercise the power of reserva-
tion conferred upon you, you would do so in your capacity as the Imperial officer,
and under the Royal instructions. So, in any Province, the Lieutenant Clovernor
should only reserve a hill in his capacity as an officer of the Dominion, and under
instructions from the Ciovernor Cleneral.

Tiio Ministers of the (Iovernor General and of the Lieutenant Governor are
alike hound to op])ose in the I^fjislalure measures of which they disapprove, and
if, notwithstandinjj, such a meas u is carried, the Ministry should either resij^n,
or accijit the decision of the lA-^islature, and advise the passage of the hill. It
then rests with the Governor General, or the Lieutenant Governor, as the case may
Ir, to ^'onsider whether the Act conflicts with his instructions or his duty as an
Inilierial, or a Dominion officer, and if it does so conflict he is hound to reserve it,
wlialevcr tiie advice tendered to him may l»e ; but if not, he will d<jubtless feel it
his duty to give his assent, in accordance with advice to that effect which it was the
<luty of his Ministers to give. With respect to the present measures, the under-
signed is of opinion that the Lieutenant Ciovernor ought not to have reserved them
for your Excellency's assent, as he had no instructions from the Ciovernor Cieneral
in any way affecting these h\\\s, Tiiey are entirely within the competence of the
Ontario 1/jgislature, and if he had sought .advice from his legal adviser, the Attor-
ney (ieneral of Ontario, on the question of competence, he would undoubtedly have
received his opinion that these Acts were within the jurisdiction of the Provincial
Legislature. This is evident from the fact that (as appears by the votes and
proceedings of the Legislature) the Attorney General voted for, and sujiported the
bills, as a meml)er of the Legislature. Under these circumstances, the under-
signed recommends that the Lieutenant Ciovernor lie informed that your Excel-
lency does not propose to signify your pleasure with respect to these reserved Acts,
or to take any action upon them. The legislature will, at its next Session, which
must meet before the expiration of the year within which, by the constitution, your
Excellency has the power to signify your pleasure, have the power, if it pleases,
of considering these measures anew, and re-enacting them, or rejecting them at its
discretion.

114

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

If these Acts should again be passed, the Lieutenant Governor should consider
himself bound to deal with them at once ; and not ask your Excellency to inter-
vene in matters of Provincial concern, and solely and entirely within the jurisdic-
tion and competence of the Legislature of the Province.

(Signed,) JOHN. A. MACDONALD."

The bills were subsequently passed by the Ontario Assembly, and
assented to by the Lieutenant Governor.

The Dominion Houses proceeded with but little excitement in the
prosecution of the ordinary business of the country. A working
majority of between thirty and forty placed Sir John Macdonald
beyond all apprehension, and the Conservative party seemed again
firmly seated in power, when suddenly they were roused from their
sense of safety, and the country was convulsed by an astounding
charge made in his place in the House of Commons by Mr. Huntiriq;-
ton, Member for Shefford.

To obtain a clear understanding of the events which gave rise to this
motion, commonly comprised under the term " The Pacific Railway
Scandal," it will be necessary to give a summary of the proceedings
connected with the inception of the huge undertaking of building the
Pacific Railway, — a road which was to connect the Atlantic with the
Pacific through Canadian territory, traversing a space of nearly 4000
miles.*

It will be remembered that this project formed an essential part of
the Confederation £ jheme, and British Columbia entered the Confede-
racy on the distinct agreement, — an agreement amounting to a solemn
treaty, that the work should be commenced in two years, and com-
pleted in ten, computing from die day of union, 20th July, 187 1. In
order to carry out the undertaking, " An Act respecting the Canadian
Pacific Railway" was passed on the 14th June, 1872,* the recital of
which is given in full since it succinctly states the conditions under
which the measure was enacted, and this Act was the first prac-
tical step taken by Parliament in building the road. It states
that: - ..

* The Pacific Railway, with its adjuncts, as now proposed will comprise the
following distances : Halifax to Riviere du Loup, 561 miles. — Riviere du Loii]) to
Quel)ec, 126 miles. — Quebec to Montreal, 172 miles. — Montreal to Burrard's Inlet,
B.C., via Ottawa, Pembroke, i" rench Rive;, — the Northern shore of Lake Sujierior
— Fort William — Selkirk — Northcote— Tete J.iune — Pass — Kamloops, and Vale,
2862 uiiles — making a total of 3721 miles from the Atlantic to the Pacific. —

1873]

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1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

115

" Whereas by the terms and conditions of the admission of British Columbia
into union with the Dominion of Canada, set forth a id embodied in an address to
Mer Majesty, adopted by the Legislative Council of that Colony in January, 1871,
under the provisions of the 146th Section rf * The British North America Act,
1867,' and laid before both the Houses of the Parliament of Canada by His Excel-
lency the Governor General during the now last Session thereof, and recited and
concurred in by the Senate and House of Commons of Canada during the said
Session, and embodied in addresses of the said Houses to Her Majesty under the
said Section of the British North America Act, and approved by Her Majesty,
and embodied in the Order in Council admitting British Columbia into the Union
under the said Act, as part of the Dominion of Canada, from the 20th day of July,
187 1, — it is among other things provided that the Government of the Dominion
undertake to secure the commencement simultaneously, within two years from the
(late of the Union, of the construction of a railway from the Pacific towards the
Rocky Mountains, and from such point as may be selected east of the Rocky
Mountains towards the Pacific, to connect the sea-board of British Columbia with
the Railway system of Canada : and further, to secure the completion of said Rail-
way within ten years from the date of the Union : — The Goverfiment of British
Columbia agreeing to convey to the Dominion Government in trust, to be appro-
priated in such manner as the Dominion Government may deem advisable in
furtherance of the construction of the said railway, a similar extent of public lands
along the line of railway throughout its entire length in British Columbia, not to
exceed, however, twenty miles on each side of the said line, as may be appropriated
for the same purpose by the Dominion Government from the public lands in the
North West Territories and the Province of Manitoba, subject to certain conditions
for making good to the Dominion Government from contiguous lands any lands
within the said limits which may be held under pre-emption right or Crown grant,
and for restraining the sale or alienation by the Government of British Columbia,
during the said ten years, of lands within the said ii.nits : And whereas, the House
of Commons of Canada resolved, during the said now last Session, that the said
railway should be constructed and worked by private enterprise, and not by the
Dominion Government ; and that the public aid to be given to secure that under-
taking should consist of such liberal grants of land, and such subsidy in money, or
other aid not increasing the present rate of taxation, as the Parliament of Canada
should thereafter determine : and it is expedient to make provision for carrying out
the :?.■■' "greement and resolution : therefore. Her Majesty, by and with the ad-
vice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as
tbllows," &-C.

This Act provided that the road should be constfucted and worked
by one company, having a subscribed capital of at least ten million
flollars ; that it should hebonujiut commenced within two years from
the 20th July, 1 87 1, and completed within ten years from that day ;
that the land grant to the company should not exceed fifty millions

* 35 Victoria, cap. 71, Canada. - ' '

fi.-^rn^MiF

116

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

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of acres, in blocks not exceeding twenty miles in depth on each side
of the railway alternating with other blocks of the like depth to be
reserved by the Dominion Government to be sold, and the proceeds
applied in reimbursing the sums expended by the Dominion under
the Act, The money subsidy was not to exceed thirty million dol-
lars. If more than one company should be formed, power was given
for their amalgamation. By another Act, passed on the same day,*
entitled " An Act to Incorporate the Inter-Oceanic Railway Company
of Canada," after reciting some of the facts just referred to, adding :
*' And whereas it is highly expedient that a great national Inter-
Oceanic Railway, aided and subsidized by Parliament, should be
managed, controlled, and worked in the interest of the Dominion, and,
as far as possible, d)> persotis who are residents of Canada and sub-
jects of Her Majesty" f a company was formed, at the head of which
stood the Hon. Mr. Macpherson. By another Act passed on the
same day, % entitled, *' An Act to incorporate the Canada Pacific
Railway Company," a second company was formed, at the head of
which was Sir Hugh Allan.

These companies became familiarly known as the " Macpherson
Company," and the " Hugh Allan Company."

But, before the formation of these companies, — indeed befor the
legislation of 1872, just referred to, an Englishman, Mr. Wad-
dington, attracted by the agreement made with British Columbia in
187 1, had moved in the matter, with a view to the formation of a com-
pany to build the road, and, after failing in Toronto to secure the co-
operation of capitalists for the purpose, had succeeded in securing
the assistance of a number of wealthy gentlemen of New York and
Chicago, most of whom were interested in the American line, — the
" Northern Pacific Railway." A deputation from these gentlemen
visited Ottawa in the latter part of 187 1, and had interviews with
some members of the Canadian Government, who intimated to
them that it was yet too early to enter into negotiations respecting
the building of the road. No move was made by any one for several
months after this, but, in the month of July preceding this visit of the
American projectors. Sir Francis Hincks, then a member of the Domi-
nion Government, had informed Sir Hugh Allan of their movements,

• 35 Victoria, cap. 72, — Canada.

t Tiie Italics are the author's.

+ 35 Victoria, cap. 73, — Canada. ' ,. . , ,.

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THE EA.RL OF Pl'FFERIN IN CANADA.

117

— had given him the names of some of the Americans who had made
advances to the Government in the matter, end had expressed his regret
that a work of so great importance should pass into foreign hands.
Sir Hugh acted on the hint, — carefully examined the subject, and
soon formed a company for the purpose of building the road, com-
posed of these Americans and some Quebec capitalists. But it soon
became apparent to Sir Hugh that a company, important ingredients
of which were Americans largely interested in the American Pacific,
which would run parallel with the Canadian road, though further
south, would not be countenanced by Parliament ; and Sir Hugh was
informed by the Government that no proposition from such a com-
pany would be entertained. He then proceeded to the formation of
a professedly purely Canadian company, and positively assured the
Government that his American friends had been completely eliminated
from the new organization. This was the " Canada Pacific " already
spoken of.

In the meantime, the Hon. Mr. Macpherson had organized another
company, — the " Inter-Oceanic." The three Acts already mentioned
completed the scheme for the building of the road ; provision was
made for the amalgamation of the rival companies, and now every-
thing seemed auspicious for the speedy commencement and comple-
tion of the great enterprise.

The session closed on the day these Acts were assented to — 14th
June, 1872. Parliament was dissolved on the 8th July. From ihe
15th July to the 1 2th October the General Dominion Elections
were being held. So soon as they were completed, Sir John Mac-
donald returned to the seat of Government, and immediately engaged
in the work of putting forward the Railway negotiations. The Minis-
try was not favorably disposed to either company. Mr. Macpher-
son's company contained a dominant Ontario element, Sir Hugh
Allan's a Quebec one. The undertaking was so vast that it was
deemed imperative to secure the assistance of capitalists from all
parts of the Dominion, and an amalgamation of the rival companies
became the chief object of the Ministry; A long and intricate nego-
tiation took place between the companies, but a union could not be
effected. On the one hand it was discovered, or strongly suspected,
that Sir Hugh had not really broken his connection with his Ameri-
can friends*,— and, on the other, Mr. Macpherson was not dis-

(*) This, if true, would have been a fatal objection, as, by the terms of the Act
35 Vic, C. 72, foreigners were excluded from the control of th*; road.

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posed to yield to Sir Hugh the Chairmanship of the proposed amalga-
mated company, a position insisted upon by Sir Hugh. The Minis-
try favored this claim of Sir Hugh, partly because he was first in the
field, and partly because he was known to be a gentleman of large
capital, and of very great influence in the moneyed community.

Sir John Macdonald, finding it impossible to effect a union of
the two companies, announced the intention of the Government to
promote the formation of a new one, seeking elements for it in the
various Provinces, and a short time before the meeting of the House,
in March, 1873, such an organization was completed, which included
not only some of the chief men of the now defunct rival companies,
but also a number of representative gentlemen from each Province.*

Of this company Sir Hugh Allan was elected chairman. In
order to prevent the introduction of American interests into the
management, it was prov'ded that no transfer of shares should take
place during the first six years without the consent of the Govern-
ment, nor after that period without the consent of the Board of Direc-
tors. Sir John Macdonald was very careful, and exhibited much soli-
citude in providing checks against the possibility of any one person,
or combination of persons, whether represented by Sir Hugh or not,
from obtaining any dominant influence in the direction.

On obtaining the charter. Sir Hugh proceeded to England for the
purpose of strengthening the company through the capitalists of
that country, — and he was there in April, when Mr. Huntington's
motion was made. Up to this time the railway policy of the Gov-
ernment had been supported by the House, and the constitution

* The charter to this company was granted 5th February, under 35th Vic,
cap. 73, and the following gentlemen were named in it as constituting the com-
pany, which was styled " Tlie Canadian Pacific Railway Company" : — Sir Hugh
Allan, of the city of Montreal, Knight ; the Hon. Adam George Archibald, of
Halifax, N.S., C.M.G., a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada; the
Hon. Joseph Octave Beaubien, of Montreal, Commissioner of Crown Lands in the
Province of Quebec ; Jean Baptiste Beaudry, of Montreal, Esquire ; Egerton
Ryerson Burpee, of St. John, N.B., Esquire; Frederick William Cumberland, of
Toronto, Esquire ; Sandford Fleming, of Toronto, Esquire ; Robert Newton Hall,
of the town of Sherbrooke, Esquire ; the Hon. John Sebastian Helmcken, of Victoria,
British Columbia ; Andrew McDermott, of the town of Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Esquire ; Donald Mclnnes, of the city of Hamilton, Ont., Merchant ; Walter
Shanly, then of the town of North Adams, U. S., Esquire ; and John Walker, of
the city of London, Ont., Esquire.

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

119

of the new company did not challenge special opposition from any
quarter, excepting from Mr. Macpherson, who was disappointed at
the success of his rival, Sir Hugh Allan.

At this stage, on the 2nd April, Mr. Huntington made this start-
ling motion :

" lion. Mr. Huntington moved, that Mr. Ht4ntington, a member of the House,
" having stated in his place that he is credibly informed and believes that he can
" establish by satisfactory evidence, —

" That, in anticipation of the legislation of last Session, as to the Pacific Rail-
" way, an agreement was made between Sir Hugh Allan, acting for himself, and
" certain other Canadian promoters, and G. IV. McMullen, acting for certain
" United States capitalists, whereby the latter agreed to furnish all the funds neces-
" sary <br the construction of the contemplated Railway, and to give the former a
" certain percentage of interest, in consideration of their interest and position, Lhe
" sclieme agreed on being ostensibly that of a Canadian company with Sir Hugh
" AlliiH at its head, —

" That the Government were aware that negotiations were pending between
" these parties, —

" That subsequently, an understanding was come to between the Government and
" Sir Hugh Allan and Mr. Abbott, M.P. — that Sir Hugh Allan and his friends
" should advance a large sum of money for the purpose of aiding the elections of
" Ministers and their supporters at the ensuing General Election, — and that he and
" his friends should receive the contract for the construction of the Railway, —

" That accordingly Sir Hugh Allan did advance a large sum of money for the
" purpose mentioned, and at the solicitation, and under the pressing instances of
" Ministers, —

" That part of the moneys expended by Sir Hugh Allan in connection with the
" obtaining of the Act of incorporation and Charter was paid to him by the said
" United States capitalists under the agreement with him, — it is

" Ordered, That a committee of seven Members be appointed to enquire into
" all the circumstances connected with the negotiations for the construction of the
" Pacific Railway — with the legislation of last Session on the subject, and with the
" granting of the Charter to Sir Hugh Allan and others ; with power to send for
" persons, papers and records ; and with instructions to report in full the evidence
" taken before, and all proceedings of said Committee."

In moving, Mr. Huntington contented himself with saying that
" he felt compelled by a deep sense of duty to place the motion he
was about to make before the House at the earliest possible moment,
in view of the very grave question raised. He had already stated in
his place that he was credibly informed that arrangements had been
made by Sir Hugh Allan and an American gentleman representing
certain American capitalists for the construction of the Pacific Rail-

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

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way, in anticipation of the legislation of last Session : that the Govern-
ment were aware of this ; and that subsequently arrangements were
made between the Government and Sir Hugh Allan, by which a large
sum of money was to be paid to the Government for the purpose of
influencing the recent elections, in return for which Sir Hugh Allan
and his friends were free to receive the contract for the construction
of the Railway, and that this was done."

Not a word more was said on either side of the House. The
Ministry treated the motion as one of non-confidence, and met it by
absolute silence. On the vote being taken, it was found that Sir John,
— in a House of one hundred and eighty-three, — had a majority of
thirty-one.

Although it would have been impossible to grant a Committee on
so loose a charge, unsupported by a single fact, and avowedly made,
not on the responsibility of the mover, but on hearsay evidence, yet
it was also impossible to permit the matter to rest. Sir John felt it due
to himself, as well as to the country, that the charge should be fully
met, though in a proper and constitutional manner. He therefore on
the next day, 3rd April, gave notice that he would on the following
Tuesday ask that the House should appoint a special Committee of
five to be selected by the House, for the purpose of considering ihe
subjects mentioned in the motion of Mr. Huntington. He added
that, if need were, special power would be given to the Committee to
sit in recess, and, if necessary, that a Royal Commission would be
issued for the purpose of giving them additional powers. This motion
was made on the 8th April, and carried. The members composing
the Committee were Hon. Mr. Blanchet, Mr. Blake, Mr. Dorion
(Napierville), McDonald (Pictou), and J. Hillyard Cameron (Card-
well).* Mr. Mackenzie, the leader of the Opposition, suggested that a
short Act be passed, giving power to the Committee to sit during recess,
and to take the evidence on oath. Mr. Dorion, Mr. Blake and Mr.
Joly, leading members of the Opposition, expressed the same desire.
Sir John assented to this, but intimated that he had doubts as to the
ower of the House to pass an Act allowing a Committee to take
vidence on oath, but he promised that either by an Act or a Com-
n ission this power would be conferred.

' Of these gentlemen, three, Messrs. Blanchet, McDonald and Cameron, were
supporters, the other two opponents, of the Mii-istry.

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

121

The Committee immediately proceeded with its duties. Mr. J.
Hillyard Cameron was appointed chairman, and on the 17th April
he presented its first report, which merely recommended that an Act
be passed to enable the Committee to examine witnesses on cath.
On the 1 8th April Mr. Cameron introduced such a bill. No objection
was raised to it, excepting that Sir John Macdonald feared that the
Act of Union did not confer that power on the Legislature.

It was hastened through both Houses, speeded on its way by the
Ministry, but as it involved a doubtful point, His Excellency reserved
it for the sanction of the Home authorities. It was passed on the 3rd
May, and was on the same day transmitted to England. The Colo-
nial Secretary, the Earl of Kimberley, referred it to the Law Officers
the Crown, who reported that it was u/tra vires; and on the 2yth
June, more than a month after the adjournment of the House, a tele-
gram was received by His Excellency the Governor General from the
Earl of Kimberley in these words : " Oath Act is disallowed."

In the meantime the Committee had met, and on the 5th May,
Mr. Cameron presented a report to the House containing the follow-
ing resolution :

" Resoh'ed, that in view of the absence of Sir George E. Cartier and the Hon.
J . J. C. Abbott, members of the House of Commons, and the impossibility of pro-
ceeding with the investigation with which the Committee is charged without their
being present, it is advisable the Committee should adjourn until the 2nd July, if
this Parliament should then be in session."

This was strongly opposed, but it was carried on a vote of 107 yeas
against 76 nays.

The ordinary business of the House was now nearly concluded.
As it was conceded that prorogation would dissolve the Committee, it
was agreed that, to prevent this, the House should adjourn to a day
beyond the 2nd July sufficiently distant to enable the Committee to
complete their examination and frame their report.

The 13th August was fixed upon as that day, and the House
was on the 23rd May accordingly adjourned to the 13th August, then
to meet pro forma, for the purpose solely of receiving the Report of
the Committee, and not foi its discussion or for any legislation. At
this meeting it was understood that neither the Governor General, nor
any members more than would be sufficient to form a quorum, need
attend. On this agreement the Session closed, and the members of
both Houses departed ; none, excepting enough to form a quorum,

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

residing near Ottawa, expecting to return until an Autumn Session
was called for the purpose of dealing with the Report of the Com-
mittee.*

That the non-professional reader may understand why the House
was adjourned until the 13th August, instead of being prorogued, it may
be explained that a prorogation dissolves all the Committees of the
House ; everything done by a Committee in the way of taking
evidence or otherwise, short of the actual presentation of the report
to the House, falls to the ground ; and, in order to proceed in the
matter with which it may have been charged, a new Committee
would require to be appointed at the next or some ensuing
Session. As the ordinary business of the House was com-
pleted on the 23rd May the usual course would have been to
prorogue, but, as this would have dissolved the Committee, and as it
was absolutely necessary that it should complete its inquiries, and
present its Report to the House before it became defunct, it was
determined to adjourn the House to such a day as would give it ample
time to meet, examine the witnesses, and settle its report for presenta-
tion. It being supposed that all this could be done by the 13th
August, that day was agreed upon, as already intimated, for the pur-
pose simply of receiving the report. This document having reached
the House in Session, even though it were di pro forma one, would
then become a record of Parliament, on which action could be taken
when the House met in full Session.

The country was moved to its very depths. The Liberals saw in
the conduct of Sir John, as charged, a fault so grave that nothing
short of resignation would be received by an indignant people. The
Conservatives hung their heads, and stood abashed before so serious
an accusation, but they hoped it could not be true — a hope which
found much support in the fact that Mr. Huntington had not pro-
duced a single tittle of evidence in aid of his indictment. But it is
creditable to the people of Canada that no party, or section of a party,
made the slightest attempt to thwart or delay the course of justice;
and it is also creditable to Sir John Macdonald and his Ministry that
not only did they place no stone on its track, but he and they carefully
and most honorably removed every one which the Constitution of the
country or the practice of Parliament had deposited in its way.

This Session was subsequently called for the 5th November.

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN I\ CANADA.

123

The most important matters which had engaged the attention of
Parliament during the Session, besides the Pacific Railway, were the
New Brunswick School question, the admission of Prince Edward
Island into the Union, and the Provincial Debt Assumption. It was dur-
ing the Session — 20th May — that Sir George Cartier died in England,
and that the Hon. Joseph Howe received the Lieutenant Governor-
ship of his native Province, Nova Scotia.*

On the loth June their Excellencies left Ottawa for a tour through
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. On their
way thither they re-visited Quebec, where they were received with all
the enthusiasm which had been exhibited towards them on former
occasions.f On the 17th June, the twentieth anniversary of the
discovery of the Mississippi was celebrated with great pomp at the
Laval University, and the proceedings were attended by their Excel-
lencies. They were also present at the Convent with his Honor the
Lieutenant Governor and Madame Caron, when His Excellency
distributed the prizes to the successful pupils. Their spare time
was occupied in visiting the educational, religious, and civil institu-
tions of the city. On the 21st June His Excellency visited the
Steamer Prussian, and addressed the Canadian Wimbledon Team,

* This distinguished man did not long enjoy the well-earned reward for his
nohle services to the Confederate cause in his Province. He died, rather suddenly,
at Halifax, on the 2nd June.

t Lady Dufferin had given birth to a daughter at Ottawa on the 17th May,
and it had been determined that the baptismal rites should be performed at
tlie Anglican Cathedral, Quebec. Her Majesty the Queen had been graciously
pleased to intimate a desire to act as godmother to the infant, and that the young
"citizen of Ottawa," as His Excellency subsequently spoke of her, should bear
Her Majesty's own name, Victoria. The ceremony took place on the i6th June, in
tlie presence of an immense assemblage. Those present at the font were His
Excellency, Her Excellency, as proxy for Her Majesty ; Sir John Macdonald,
K.C.15., godfather ; Lady Harriet Fletcher, godmother ; the Hon. Alex. Campbell,
Col. Fletcher and Mr. Hamilton, A.D.C. The Rev. G. V. Housman baptized the
child by the name of Victoria. The Rev. C. W. Rawson assisted in the ceremony.
The font was filled with water brought from the Jordan by Mr. Douglas, thoughtfully
oftered for the occasion. Her Majesty had sent, as a present to her godchild, a
beautiful locket of fine dull gold, with a raised medallion p rtrait of herself in the
centre, enclosed in a circle of brilliants, and surrounded by an outer border in
which pink coral bosses were relieved by diamond and pearl settings. From the
locket depend five drops of coral. On the reverse is the inscription, "To Lady
Victoria Blackwood, from her godmother, Victoria R., 1873."

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

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then on their way to England under the command of Col. Peters.
In the course of a short address he made to the 'i'eam, His Excellency
intimated that it was the intention of the Countess of Dufferin to pre-
sent the member of the 1 eam who should score the greatest number
of marks with a gold medal.

On the 27th June, while in the Maritime Provinces, His Excel-
lency received the telegram from the Earl of Kimberley, the Colonial
Secretary, informing him that the Oaths Act had been disallowed.
The Governor General immediately communicated with Sir John
Macdonald, who was inclined to issue a commission to the members
of the Committee appointed by the House, but as he feared to do this
lest he should expose the Crown to the indignity of a rejection of its
mandate, His Excellency relieved him from his embarrassment l)y
offering to sanction such a proceeding, adding that he thought Sir
John might " with perfect propriety act upon the presumption that
the members of the Committee will accept the charge confided to
them."

Upon this Sir John wrote to each Commissioner, informing him
of the disallowance of the Oaths Act, and renewing the offer made
by him on the floor of the House of a Royal Commission addressed
to the same gentlemen who had been nominated by the House,
which would confer upon them all the powers desired, and he con-
cluded his letter by saying : ,

"The acceptance of this Commission will enable the Committee to proceed
with the enquiry and the examination of witnesses on oath without any impor-
tant delay."

This proposal was rejected by Messrs. Dorion and Blake. The
members of the Committee had met at Montreal on the 2nd July
as pre-arranged, and on the next day these gentlemen proposed to
proceed dispensing with oaths to the witnesses. To this the other
members declined to accede, as they felt themselves bound by the
express directions of the House to take the evidence under oath, and
by their vote the meeting was adjourned until the 13th August,
the day fixed for ihQ pro forma assembling of the House to receive
their report, "^he Parliamentary Committee was thus virtually
dissolved. The promoters of Mr. Huntington's charges probably now
felt themselves at liberty to place their evidence before the country
by means of the press, and accordingly on the next day there appeared

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THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

125

in the Montreal Herald a number of letters and telegrams purporting
to have been written by Sir Hugh Allan to Mr. McMullen, to Mr.
Smith of Chicago, and to some unknown |)erson in the United
States on the subject of the Canadian Pacific Railway. On the next
day Sir Hugh published in another paper a statement under oath on
the same subject, and subsequently a series of letters was published,
now known as the " McMullen Correspondence," containing docu-
ments which, if true, were calculated to compromise Sir John
iMacdonald, and other Ministers.

During these proceedings His Excellency was on his tour through
the Maritime Provinces. The (Government Steamer Druid had been
placx'd at his disposal, and leaving Quebec on the 21st June he
arrived, with Her Excellency and suite, on the 8th July, at Gaspe,
where he was presented with an address from the County Council.
In their progress from Quebec the party visited Tadousac,
the Godbout river, where they were invited to the salmon fishing
grounds of Mr. Allan Gilmour of Ottawa, a warm and valued personal
friend of their Excellencies, where that gentleman took every pains to
show them good sport, and to make their visit an agreeable one, — a
kindness in every way successful and most highly appreciated by Mr.
Gilmour's distinguished guests. Mingan Harbor was also visited.*

On the 14th July the Druid sailed for Perce, which His
Excellency was desirous of visiting for the purpose of inspecting a
place looked upon as one of the principal fishing stations on the
coast, and of making himself acquainted with the mode of conduct-
ing the arrangements for that important branch of the industrial
pursuits of that part of the Dominion. At about 7 a.m. the Druid
stood off the town of Perce, and Mr. Orange and Mr. Boutilier
immediately boarded her to pay their respects to their Excellencies.
As she steamed around the Rock, the High Sheriff, Mr. Vibert, also
came on board, and soon after their Excellencies and suite were rowed
to the dock, where they were received by the Mayor, Mr. Harper, and

* The party had now spent about ten days in salmon fishing, — the result was
seventeen salmon weighing 295 lbs. Of these Her Excellency captured one of
13 lbs. weight, which she landed with great skill from one of the upper pools of
the St. John river. To Mr. Allan Gilmour, an ardent fisherman, belongs the
honor of first tutoring their Excellencies in the craft of salmon fishing, and he
found that they soon put his exceptionally great skill to a severe test in the friendly
contest.

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HISTOKY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

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others of the principal gentlemen of the place, whilst the shore was
thronged by the population who cheered heartily as their Excellencies
landed. An address was read by the Mayor, to which His Excel-
lency rei)lied. He then, accompanied by the (-ountess of Diifferin,
Colonel and Lady Fletcher, Mr. Hamilton and others^ made a careful
examination of the store houses, and inspected the method of curing
the fish and preparing them for export. Every information was
afforded him by those in charge, and His Excellency was much
interested not only in the commercial enterprise, but in the influence
it exercised on the character and habits of those engaged in it.

Leaving this interesting spot, the party reached Chatham, N.B.,
on the evening of the i6th July, where they were met by the lead-
ing men of the neighborhood, and an address was presented to His
Excellency.

As the party landed they were met by a committee consisting
of Messrs. W. Wilkinson, P. Colman, J. B. Snowball, J. Gough, J.
Sheriff, Hon. W. Kelley, Hon. VV. Muirhead, and Mr. McCulley. His
Lordship Bisliop Rogers was also present. After the address bidding
him welcome to Miramichi, to which His Excellency gave a suitable
reply, he and Lady Dufferin were escorted to the residence of the
Hon. Mr. Muirhead. After luncheon, they returned to the J)nad,
which proceeded on her voyage to Newcastle, where they arrived on
the 17th July, accompanied by the Hon Mr. Muirhead, Mrs. and
Miss Muirhead, the High Sheriff, the Hon. W. Kelley, Mr. Gough,
and others. The field battery, commanded by Captain Call, fired a
salute. The Governor General, followed by the greater portion of the
inhabitants of the town, proceeded to the Court House, where an
address was presented. After leaving the Cct'v!- House the party
drove in carriages, provided by Mr. Muirhead, Vix. Kelley and Mr.
Snowball, to the railway bridge, then in coujse of erection, — after
the inspection of which their Excellencies returned to the town, and
shortly after took their leave for Charlottetown, where they arrived on
the morning of the i8th July.

It will be remembered that this beautiful Island of Prince Edward had
come into the Confederacy on the ist of the then month of July, after
much hesitation, and in face of the strong opposition of a powerful party.
The visit of His Excellency was therefore most opportune, as his course
was always marked by a softening of the asperities of political con-
tests, and a willingness to forget past disputes, and unite in the work

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THE EAUL OF DUFFKUIX I\ CANADA.

127

of st'ciiring future prosperity. (Ire-xt preparations had accordingly
been made for his reception, and it is highly creditable to the gentle-
men who had led the Anti-Union party that they now cordially assisted
their late op/onents in giving His Kxcellency a most hearty reception.
Arches were erected, covered with inscriptions indicative of the popular
joy that the Island now formed part of the great Dominion of Canada,
and of the profound respect and deep love entertained both for
His pAcellency and the Countess of Dufferin. The i)arty were
received at the landing by his Honor the Lieutenant Governor,
Mr. Robinson, his worship the Mayor, Mr. Rankin, the members
of the Local Government, the members of the City Council, the
representatives of the Press, and a large number of the leading
gentlemen of Charlottetown and the Island. The reply to the address,
was as follows :

"Gentlemkn, — Although, from time to t\^->e, it has l)een the good fortune of
many of my predecessors to set foot upon your hospitable shores, none of them has
tvtr arrived amongst you under such hajipy auspices as myself; and it is with
unspeakable pleasure that I return you my warmest thanks for the cordial welcome
you have extended to me.

Until the present moment each successive Governor General of Canada, though
nominally invested with vice-regal authority over your Island, was necessarily
precluded by the separate system of Governments hitherto in existence, from
taking that immediate and personal interest in your affairs which your recen^
incoriioration with the Dominion will henceforth enable me to do. IJut it is upon
other [grounds than these that I desire to take this, the earliest opportunity afforded
me, of offering you my warmest congratulations on the great change in your
political condition which has so recently taken place. Hitherto, thanks to the
native ability of your public men, and the intelligence of your Local Legislature,
your affairs have been administered with so much success as to have secured the
utmost peace and prosperity to your citizens ; and these advantages, as far as all
matters of domestic interest are concerned, you will still retain, but to these
there will be super added the innumerable benefits which cannot fail to How from
your complete and perfect union with the Dominion, — a great and powerful com-
munity, whose political importance and whose material wealth and resources are
yearly on the increase. A larger and more important field will be aflorded to th
talents and abilities of your public men, all of whom have so patriotically united in
promoting the Confederation of the Island ; and who, I feel assured, will be per-
fectly competent to hold their own, and to make their mark, and worthily to
represent your sentiments and interests in the central legislature at Ottawa, while
all the other arrangements which have become necessary to consummate the
Union, whether of a commercial or financial character, will not fail, I trust, to
pour a fuller tide of vitality and wealth through all the arteries which minister to
your material welfare. -

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

On the other hand, your accession t J the Dominion will powerfully contribute
to its stre. t^th and completeness, while your well-known loyalty will still furtlier
reinforce the devotion of its citizens to the Throne and the Empire.

In conclusion, gintlemen, allow me to assure you that it will be my especial
care to watch over your interests with the most anxious solicitude, and, as far as in
me lies, to n.ake it a point of conscience that you shall not be losers by the bargain
you have made.

I rejoice to think that so beautiful a day should still further enhance the enjoy-
ment of our arrival at your beautiful Island ; and, in returning thanks for the kindly
words you have especially addressed to Her Excellency, I can assure you that we
both look forward with the greatest pleasure to a visit so happily commenced."

Their Excellencies spent nine days on the Island, and, with their
usual industry and desire to become acquainted with the people and
institutions of the Province in all their different phases and character-
istics, the time was spent in driving about the country ; in a levee and
reception at Government House ; in the reception by His Excellency
of addresses from the members of the Local Government, from the
Conference of the two Presbyteries, and the Irish Benevolent Society;
in an excursion into the mterior of the island by railway ; in attending
a ball at Government House, and one in the Colonial Building ; and in
witnessing a regatta. The members of the Local Government then
in Charlottetown, viz. : Messrs. the Hon. J C Hope, the Hon. T. H.
Haviland, the Hon. J. Brecken, the Hon. W. W. Sullivan, and the Hon.
L. C. Owen, presented the address from the Executive Council, which
was read by the Premier, Mr. Pope. A deputation from the two
Presbyteries, composed of Messrs. the Rev. Thos. Duncan, the Rev.
John McLecd, the Rev. D. McNeill, the Rev. John McKinnon of
Nova Scotia, and Dr. Mackieson and D. Laird, presented an address,
read by the Rev. Mr. Duncan. A committee of the Benevolent
Irish Society, of which Mr. James Reddin was president, accompanied
by Messrs J. McCarron, assistant vice-president, Martin Hogan,
Henry Hughes, John A. McKenna, Patrick Foley, Maurice Blake,
P.jter Doyle and John Walsh also presented an address. To each of
these His Excellency made a fitting reply. The party left Charlotte-
town in the evening of the 26th July, being escorted to the dock by
a torch-light procession ; their Excellencies having charmed the people
with their urbanity and kindly interest in their pursuits and institu-
tions.*

1H73]

matter
Domini
mines,
ations t
the Acc
of Jeadi)
their Ex

On t
Breton, 1

St. John Daily Ti>kgraph, 22nd August.

1H73]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

129

On their arrival at Pictoii, being anxious to inform himself of every
matter connected with the great coal interest of this portion of the
Dominion, His Excellency visited the Albion and Acadia coal
mines, carefully inspected all the works, and extended his explor-
ations to the bottoms of the mines themselves. Mr. Jesse Hoyt of
the Acadia Company, Mr. Hurson of the ^ibion, and a number
of leading gentlemen of Pictou and New Glasgow, accompanied
their Excellencies on their tour of inspection.

On the 26th July the party reached Louisburg, and Sydney, Cape
Breton, where they were enthusiastically received. Immediately on
the arrival of the Druid, His Excellency was waited on by the Hon.
Mr. Bourinot, the Hon. Mr. Justice Dodd, Mr. McKay, M.P., Rev.
Dr. Uniacke, Mr. Davenport Custos and others. His Excellency
expressed his great regret that as the original route of his tour did not
embrace this part of the country he had not at his command the time
which he would like to have devoted to an examination of the coal
mines, and the other industries of Cape Breton. He also said he
was much pleased with the beautiful aspect and scenery of the Island,
and greatly desired to have gone through the St. Peter's Canal, and
seen the Bras d'Or Lake, of which he had heard so much. He was
particularly desirous to examine the mines of North Sydney, the
more especially as such a visit would have afforded him an opportunity
of becoming acquainted with the people and their pursuits, and of
giving him a further insight into the mineral and other wealth with
which the Island had been by nature so lavishly endowed ; but being
expected in Halifax on the 29th July, he was compelled to forego the
pleasure and instruction (vhich such a visit would have given him.*

The party ])roceeded on their voyage, and on the afternoon of the
29th July, Halifax was reached. Shortly after the Druid had cast
anchor in the harbor, the distinguished party were visited by his
Honor Lieutenant Governor Archibald, Mrs. Archibald and a number
of prominent military and other officers. It was determined that the
official reception should take place the next day. The landing took

* 1 nc iJ,.ople so deeply regretted that no full opportunity had been given them of
shewing their respect for the representative of the: Sovereign, that His Excellency
sent a letter to the Hon. Mr, Bourinot, enclosing a fine steel engraving likeness of
liimself, which he hopf ' that gentleman would "keep as a memento of tho only
too short visit he paid to Sydney."

130

HISTORY OF THE APMlNISTir VTION OF

[1873

place accordingly at the dockyard. His Excellency wss received by
the Mayor and Corporation, Admiral Fanshawe in co.nmand of the
Fleet, then in harbor, I;ieutenant Governor Arch. bald and his
lady. Archbishop Conolly, Bishop Binney, and othtr dignitaries of
the Church and State. To the address read by the Mayor, His
Excellency rei)lied in a very happy extcjtipore speech, thanking the
Mayor and citizens for the cordiality of their welcome to himself and
Lady Dufferin, and expressing the great pleasur.; his visit to Nova
Scotia and the magnificent harbor of Halifax had afforded him. From
all he had seen of the Province since his arrival, in visiting the coal
mines of Pictou and Cape Bret<:)n, he said he was deeply impressed
with the importance of the mineral wealth of the country, and of the
industries which he was pleased to find in so forward a state of deve-
lopment.

Their Excellencies were greatly delighted with the magnificent
scenery of Cape Breton, the harbor of Louisburg and the eastern coast
of Nova Scotia.

Pursuing his settled plan of seeing and learning all he could of
the i)eople, institutions, industries, and capabilities of the various
Provinces under his rule. His Excellency, most effectively assisted
by the Countess of Dufferin, spent a most active life in Halifax and
the surrounding country. 'I'he bitterness of the anti-confederate feel-
ing had not yet wholly disappeared, and the dominant desire of the
Governor General seemed to be to apply balm to the wounded spirits
of many most excellent men, whose opposition to Confederation had
been inspired by their warmth of attachment to their beautiful Pro-
vince, and to pour oil on the waters which were still in some degree
i utiled by the recollections of past acrimonies. But while thus engaged.
His Excellency had been, ever since the rising of Parliament on the
23rd May, exposed to the insinuations of a press which, however,
he understood too well to respect or fear. His course on the Pacific
Railway matter was being assailed in the most uncourteous terms,
though, as yet, he had done or said little or nothing to warrant the
suspicions entertained, or professed to be entertained, by this press.
Advice had been tendered to him by public prints, in the iincrests
of a violent partisanship, and even threats were levelled at him if he
presumed to deviate from the course wiiicii these ill-informed and
heated disputants chose to mark out for him. His Excellency had
left Ottawa under the conviction that as the meeting of Parliament on

187.1 J

the 13 th
sole jnir
the Hoi
fore j)roj
disaljowa
Blake to
tion of tl
dcnce an(
these acc<
rendered
determine
Session in
But b(
exprc'isin,
powers 01
dine with
invitation,
lency bein^
Nova Scot
^Villiam Vc
pherson we
was given b

"InalVo
J^ominioii, stn
great fiitiiie, tl
"istitiitions, til,
•1" t'nlhii.siaslic
'"■•' ri,<,'lit hand
entering with <g
(lance.

■"^i'lL'e Cana
'"iglu add, an
"'"ch is now i
I-'-rd .Sydenhan
•^Jetcalf,, Kij^.j
gala.vy of .matrs
^Jeiitral of this
ni'iiationtotrovt
'lie great coloni;

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

131

the 13th August was agreed to be a mere pro fortna one, for the
sole purpose of receiving the Report of the Committee appointed by
the House, his presence would not be necessary, and he had there-
fore projected an extended visit to the Maritime Provinces. But the
disallowance of the Oaths Act, — the refusal of Messrs. Dorion and
Blake to act as Royal Commissioners, — the con.sequent virtual destruc-
tion of the Committee, — the publication of the McMullen correspon-
dence and the counter statements, and the confusion which would on
these accounts necessarily attend ti-.^^ adjourned meeting of the Ho ise,
rendered his presence on the occasion imperative. He, therefore,
determined to leave Halifax in time to reach Ottawa and open the
Session in Person.

Put be!.'"^ leaving, an opportunity was afforded him of giving
expressn :, , ne of his views on the duties, responsibilities and
powers ol n Governor Geneial of Canada. Having been invited to
dine with the Halifax Club on the 8ih August, he accepted the
invitation Dr. Almon, President of the Club, presided. His Excel-
lency being on his right, and his Honor the Lieutenant Governor of
Nova Scotia, Mr. Archibald, on his left. Admiral Fanshawe, Sir
William Young, the Chief Justice of Nova Scotia, and Senator Mac-
l)herson were among the invited guests. The toast of the evening
was giv^n by the Chief Justice.*

" In a Province like ours, now a component part of the expanding and vast
Dominion, stretching from i;j- to sea, containing in its bosom the promise of a
great future, tlie germs of a iiii^lity empire moulded upon and attached to British
institutions, the Representn ve of mi '>ieen, I trust, will always be greeted with
an enthusiastic and cor'" a. ■•. I'uiij, more tui^rially when as now he brings in
his rij^ht hand the fair pa.tni- ■ j las home, the impersonation of grace and beauty,
entering witli gen"iiie zest into v an usements and lending new fascinations to the
(lance.

Since Canadr. began to assume real importance, we have seen a long, and, I
might add, an illustrious line of able and distinguished men tilling the high post
whicii is now in the '"inds of our noble guest. Lord Durham, just before, and
koiU Sydenham, at ti.^ birth of, the Union of the Canadas, succeeded by Lords
Metcalfe, Kigin, Monck and Lisgar, and now by the Karl of Dufferin, form a
galaxy of statesmen, shewing the high estimation in which the office of Covcrnor
General of this splendir. '. jlony is lield by the Mother Country, — and her deter-
minaliiin to govern us thr^ .". "1 iV r>>t dium of her best and choicest spirits. Greece,
the great colonizer of the . . ent, as Britain is of the modern, world, used to send

* I departing frrjm his usual course, the author has, on account of the exceptional
ixcih'nce of this speech, reproduced it in full.

132

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

out with her colonists a portion of the sacred fire which burned upon her'altars, to
be ever preserved as a pure and living image of the institutions, the memories,
and the beliefc of the Fatherland, iiut in place of this grosser and more material
symbol, the Queen sends us as her representative a mature and experienced states-
man, to imitate her virtues, to engage the esteem and win the affections of her
subjects on this side of the Atlantic, as she rules the hearts of her own people at
home ; and lie here, also, the living exemplar of the independence of character, the
true nobility of thought, and the delicate and high sense of honor which are the
pride and glory of the public men who make England what she is.

The Earl of Dufferin has given to the world a striking picture, while cruising
in 'High Latitud';s,' finely conceived and wrought out, of the peak of San Mayar
piercing the sky, and making itself sublimely visible through the grey and murky
atmosphere of those northern region; He hailed it with delight ; and the adven-
turous mariner kept his eye steadily fi. .* ; and now, when His Excellency is
embarked on a sea of political currents ar issitudes, where the waters boil and
fret Ijelow, his parliamentary training and other antecedents assure us that, in
discharging the high functions of a Constitutional Governor, there will still he an
elevated point, a guiding star, to which his aims will be directed, and which will
preserve untarnished the dignity of the Crown and his own personal honor.

No one can retire from a conference with the Earl of Dufferin, when his heart is
open, and the true purposes of his administration revealed, without admiration of his
far-seeing sagacity, and a firm conviction that he means to do what is just and
right A British nobleman cannot afford to have the slightest smirch on his
escutcheon, and we may rest assured that the noble Earl will zealously and success-
fully guard the purity of -lis own. I beg to propose as a toast : ' The Earl of
Dufferin and his accomplished Countess, — health and happiness wj them Ijcth.'"

To this exceedingly happy address His Excellency replied, in

a speech which has ever since been extolled throughout the length

and breadth of the Dominion, and is justly considered one of his best

efforts. Its manliness and warmth tired the Canadian heart, exhibited

as they were at a time when many men situated as he was would have

hidden their true opinions under a cloud of platitudes, which might be

interpreted to suit any and all parties. The ardent love of Constitutional

Government, — the firm determination to keep this as his guiding

star, — the expression of his determination to extend an unswerving,

unhalting loyalty to the Ministers, whom the voice of the people had

designated, as his propi - and only advisers, at least until they had

been proven unworthy of his confidence, all combined to mark Lord

Dufferin as an able and most just ruler. After a few preliminary

remarks, he said :

"Gentlemen, — If anything were wanting to enhance the honor done me, it
would be found in the eloquent and most kind and considerate terms in \\ liich the

health of

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN (N CANADA.

133

health of the Countess of Dufferin and myself has been proposed by the Chief
Ju'^tice. When I first arrived amongst you I was of course a stranger to all but a
very few, and, although with her traditional loyalty, your city was prepared to pay
every jiroper mark of respect to the Representative of Her Majesty, you have made
us feel that, as our acquaintance improved, a sentiment of personal landness and
good will has begun to mingle in daily increasing proportions with the official hos-
pitalities with which we have been overwhelmed. (Great cheering.) Of course,
these indications of your friendliness and indulgence are very gratifying to my feel-
ings, noi can you be surprised that I should reciprocate your good-will in even a
still warmer manner. (Cheers.) lam sure I shall ever look back to my visit here
as a most pleasurable reminiscence. Independent of the advantages I have enjoyed
of becoming acquainted with the material aspects and characteristics of the chief
city of one of the most important Provinces of the Dominion, I have been able to
iv.?kc the personal acquaintance of almost all your eminent citizens, your politi-
cians, your clergy, your judges, and the heads of those various interests and profes-
sions which maintain the intellectual vitality and minister to the commercial pros-
perity of this the capital of Eastern North America. As a consequence, I feel that
henceforth I shall be able to examine with a warmer sympathy and a far more in-
telligent appreciation than heretofore, such problems affecting your welfare as may
from time to time be submitted to the consideration of my Government at Ottawa.
And here, gentlemen, I should be disposed to conclude this imperfect expression
of my thanks, were I not desirous of conveying to mv friend the Chief Justice the
great gratification I have derived from the remarks whuh have dropped from him
in regard to my official position as Governor General of this great Dominion.
Cientlemen, I am well aware that this is, as it were, a domestic festival, and that
nothing could be more inopportune than the slightest allusion to any political topic,
but I may be permitted to say this much in reference to what has fallen from the
Chief Justice, that, if there is one obligation whose importance! appreciate more
than another, as attaching to the functions of my office, it is the absolute and para-
mount fluty of maintaining not merely an outward attitude of perfect impartiality
towards the various parties into which the political world of Canada, as of the
Mother Country, is divided, but still more of preserving that subtle and inward V>al-
ance of sympathy, judgment and opinion that should elevate the Representative of
your Sovereign above the faintest suspicion of having any other desire, aim, or am-
bition than to follow the example of his Royal Mistress in the relations which she
has constantly maintained towards Her Ministers, Her Parliament and Her people —
(tremendous cheering), to remember every hour of the day that he has but one duty
and but one office — to administer his government in the interests of the whole Cana-
dian jieople, and of the Dominion at large. (Great cheering.) Of course, gentlemen,
having been but one brief year in the country, my charactei and my sentiments in
these respects can scarcely lie known, and there is always a danger during the fer-
vor of those political controversies — which seem to be conducted by the Press of
Canada with peculiar animation — (great laughter) — of unauthorized references being
made to the Governor General's supposed sentiments, opinions and intentions, which
would convey to the uninstructed reader a very erroneous impression of the conduct
and the attitude of the Chief of the State.

'.:'M!S^k

134

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

ill

Gentlemen, I do not maVa this remark by way of complaint. If there is any
person in Canada who has Ijeen kindly and considerately dealt with liy the Press, —
to whom the Press of every political complexion has shown indulgence and good-
will, it is myself; and it is a most natural, and by no means an uncomplimentary
circumstance, that the organs of different shades of opinion should persuade them-
selves that the Governor General must necessarily lie of their way of thinking and
see through their spectacles (laughter) ; but what I wish to say once for all, and I
do not care how widely this remark is disseminated, is this, that there is no human
being who is authorized to make any statement or suggestion as to what my opin-
ions or sentiments may be in respect of any political topic, or who has ever loeen
in a position, or is likely to be in a position, to make anything approaching to a
conjecture upon points of this description. It is true my object and my desire is to
inform my mind upon every subject affecting the interests of the country by conver-
sation and by discussion with any one who can afford me instruction or information,
and it would be very unfortunate foi me if this freedom of intercourse with ail
classes and parties in Canada, from which I derive so much benefit and pleasure,
should be trammelled by the dread lest this casual intercourse should become tiie
foundation for inference, comment or conjecture in the Press. No, gentlemen, I
understand my duty too well ever to allow my judgment or my sympathies to be
surprised into political partisanship. My one thought and desire is the welfare of
Canada as a whole ; to maintain her honor, to promote her prosperity, to do my
duty by her and her entire people, is the sole object of my ambition. When I con-
verse with your public men, it scarcely ever occurs to me to remember to what
political party they belong. I only see in them persons devoting themselves, each
according to his lights, to the service of his country. My only guiding star in the
conduct and maintenance of my official rel'Hons with your public men is the Parlia-
ment of Canada — (cheers) — in fact, I suppose I am the only person in the Dominion
whose faith in the wisdom and in the infallibility of Parliament is never shaken.
(Great laughter.) Each of you, gentlemen, only believe in Parliament so long as
Parliament votes according to your wishes (cheers) and convictions ; I, gentleman,
believe in Parliament, no matter which way it votes (laughter), and to thos.:
men alone whom the absolute will of the Confederated Parliament of the Dominion
may assign to nn. a:: ~.j responsible advisers can I give my confidence. (Cheers.)
Whether they are the heads of this party or that must be a matter of indifference to
the Governor General. So long as they are maintained by Parliament in tiieir
positions, so long is he bound to give them his unreserved confidence, to defer to
their advice, and loyally to assist them with his counsels. (Applause.) W hen-
ever in the vicissitudes of party warfare they are replaced by others (laughter) he
welcomes their successors with an ' mally open and loyal regard. Such private
friendships as he may have formed a ill have a right to retain. (Hear, hear ) As
a reasonable being he cannot help hiiving convictions upon the merits of dillerent
policies. (Hear.) But these considerations are abstract, speculative, devoid of
practical effect on his official relations. (Cheers.) As the head of a Constitutional
State, as engaged in the administration of Pai liamentary Government, he has no
political friends — still less need he have political enemies (great cheering) ; the
possession of either— nay even to be suspected of possessing either — destroys his use-

187:5]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

135

fulness. (Cheers.) Sometimes, of course, no matter how disconnected his personality
may be from what is taking place, his name will yet dragged into some controversy,
and he may suddenly find himself the subject of criticism by the I'ress of whatever
party may for the moment be outof humor (laughter), but under these circumstances
he must console himself with the reflection that these spasmodic castigations
(laughter) are as transitory and innocuous (great laughter) as the discijiline ajiplied
occnsionally to their idol by the unsophisticated worshippers of Mumbo Jumbo
(immense laughter), when their harvests are short, or a murrain visits their flock.
(Cheers.) For, gentlemen, of this I am certain, that, although he may sometimes
err in his judgment, or fail in serving you as eflectuaily as he might desire, a
Viceroy who honestly seeks to do his duty (cheers), to whom the interests of Canada
are as precious and her honor as dear as his own (immense cheering), who steers,
unmoved, an even course, indifferent to praise or blame, between the political con-
tentions of t!" ; day (cheers), can never appeal in vain to the confidence and gene-
rosity of the Canadian people. (Immense applause)."

The time of their Excellencies in Halifax had been spent in visit-
ing the various public institutions of the City, — in attending a yacht
race, — a dinner at the Yacht Club, — drawing room theatricals, —
a i)ii])lic pic-nic, — a review and field day, — a grand civic banquet and
ball. — a promenade concert, — a cricket match, — a ball on board the
Royal Alfred, the Flag Ship of Admiral Fanshawe, and in other
gatherings by means of which they had been afforded frequent
opportunities of mixing with all classes of the people.

Finding his presence at Ottawa at the opening of the adjourned
session, on the 13th August, indispensable, His Excellency, leaving
the Countess on board the Druid zX Halifax, left that city for the seat
of (iovernment on the evening of the 9th August by the Steamer
Kestorian^ bound to Montreal. He was attended to the dock by an
immense torch-light procession : the prominent places of business in
the route of the procession were decorated and illuminated. Dense
crowds of people filled the thoroughfares, and greeted the distin-
guished departing guest with enthusiastic cheers. A military guard
of honor received His Excellency on the dock. All the wharves in
the vicinity were lined with citizens, who made the welkin ring with
their cheers as the Nestor ian steamed out of the harbor.

His Excellency reached Ottawa on the morning of the eventful
i3tli (Jay of August. A number of members of the Commons had
already arrived. A few hours after the Governor General's arrival,
he was attended by the First Minister, Sir John Macdonald, who
formally submitted to him the unanimous advice of the Ministers that
Parliament should be prorogued. His Excellency considered it

136

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

1873]

the only proper course to adopt, but he required the assurance that
Parliament should again meet within a short time, — six or eight weeks.
To this Sir John Macdonald made no objection, — in fact he had
himself suggested the same course.

The House was to be convened at 3 p. m. At one o'clock. His
Excellency was informed that a deputation of members of Parliament
were desirous of waiting on him for the purpose of presenting a memorial
against prorogation. They were introduced by Mr. Cartwright, who
placed in the hands of His Excellency a memorial signed by ninety-
three members of the House, praying that Parliament be not pro-
rogued until the House of Commons " should have had an opportunity
of taking such steps as it may deem necessary and expedient with
reference to this important matter," — the investigation into Mr. Hun-
tington's charges. His Excellency declined to accede to this request,
first verbally, and afterwards his reply was given in writing.*

During the morning of the 13th August, four of the members of
the Pacific Committee, Messrs. Cameron, Blanchet, Blake and
Dorion, had met, and adjourned until the next day, — having done
nothing.

At half-past three o'clock, the Speaker took the chair. Mr. Mac-
kenzie immediately rose amid great interruption and confusion, and
though constantly interrupted by cries of " Order," " Order," " Privi-
lege," " Privilege," moved the following resolution, seconded by Mr.
Holton :

'• That the House, during the present Session, ordered an enquiry by a com-
mittee of its own into certain grave charges in connection with the granting of the
charter and the contract for the construction of the Pacific Railway, which, if true,
seriously affect the official honor and integrity of His Excellency's Constitutional
Advisers, and the privilege and independence of Parliament : that the investiga-
tion thus ordered has, so far, not been proceeded with, owing to circumstances not
anticipated when the enquiry was ordered ; and that it is the imperative duty oftliis
House, at the earliest moment, to take such steps as will secure a full Parliament-
ary enquiry : that constitutional usage requires that charges of corruption against
Ministers of the Crown should be investigated by Parliament, and that the assuniinion
of that duty by any tribunal created by the Executive would be a flagrant violation
of the privileges of this House, and that this House will regard as highly reprehen-
sible any person who may presume to advise His Excellency to prorogue Parlia-
ment before it shall have had an opportunity of taking action in the premises, inas-
much as such prorogation would render abortive all the steps taken up to the
present time, — would inflict an unprecedented indignity on Parliament, and produce
great dissatisfaction in the country."

* The full text of this memorial and of His Excellency's reply will be found
post in his despatch to the Earl of Kimberley of 15th August.

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

137

A scene of confusion, noise and unseemly conduct now took place,
which formed a melancholy commentary on the loud professions of a
;)arty which have ever been ready to demand constitutional practice
from their opjjonents, and as ever ready to trample it under foot when
it did not run with their momentary desires,

Mr, Speaker rose to quiet the tumult. The House resounded
with the repeated cries of " Privilege," " Privilege," " Order,"
" Order," and he was inaudible except to those near him. He was
in fact announcing that the Usher of the Black Rod was at the door
with a message from His Excellency, Every one knew that the
(iovernor General was at the moment waiting in the Senate Chamber
for the attendance of the Commons, in order to prorogue the House.
But Mr. Mackenzie, the leader of the Opposition, continued :

" No message shall interrupt me. I stand here representing a constituency in this
Province, and, I have reason to believe, the opinions of a very large numlier of
people throughout the country. I propose to call the attention of the House to
circumstances affecting the independence of Parliament. There is nothing in the
circumstances which justifies His Excellency in proroguing Parliament for the
purpose of preserving an accused Ministry, and I propose hereafter to proceed with
the discussion of this matter to which our attention has been called on previous
occasions. I have placed this motion in your hands liecause I have heard it is the
intention to prorogue this House."

At this juncture the Sergeant-at-Arms came forward and announced
the attendance of the Usher of the Black Rod at the door of the
Commons. Mr. Speaker rose amid loud cries of " Privilege,"
" Privilege," which continued despite his command to the House to
maintain order. The Usher was admitted, but, owing to the hissing
and cheering in the House, his message was heard by none except
those in his immediate vicinity. After his departure, Mr. Speaker
communicated His Excellency's message to the House, and imme-
diately leaving the chair, amidst such a babel of groans, hisses and
uproar as ,was never before witnessed in the Dominion House, he,
followed by the members of the Government, the few of their suppor-
ters who were present, and the officers of the House, took his way to
the Senate Chamber, where the House was prorogued by His Excel-
lency until Monday, the 23rd day of October then next.

Immeuiately after the prorogation, a meeting of the Opposition
members of the House was held in the Railway Committee Room,
which may be aptly termed an " Indignation Meeting." Were it not
that the principles of Constitutional Government are deeply involved
in the proceedings connected with the Pacific Railway charges, no

138

mSTOUY OF THE ADMINISTUATIOX OF

[187:5

allusion would here be made to this meeting, but the deliberate
utterances of the leaders of a party claiming to be par cxcellciue the
" Liberal " i)arty of the Dominion, expressed after an hour's {|uiet dis-
cussion with His Kxcellency, — after hearing from his own Hps the
unanswerable arguments in favor of prorogation which he subse(]uently
condensed in his written reply to their memorial, and after a discussion
of months in the jniblic press, must be taken as their settled ojjinions
on the duties of a Governor General. That these opinions are utterly
subversive of Constitutional Government, and if acted upon would
degrade the rule of the country to a " personal " one, and render the
Executive, to a dangerous extent, independent of his Ministry, and
therefore of the ])eople, will doubtless now be admitted by all students
of Constitutional history. But it is well the country should be reminded
that the very party through whose invaluable agitation Responsible
Government was secured by the noble reformers of the Baldwin School
are ever ready to cast its principles to the wind.i when their application
does not suit their present needs. The conduct of this i)arty on this
occasion, and in the Province of Quebec in 1878, (which will be
noticed in its proper place) stamps them as " Liberals " only in an
usurped name. Mr. Holton said :

" They knew that the most Uiiheard of indignity had been cast upon Parliament
by the Representative of the Crown, advised by his Ministers."

Mr. Mackenzie argued that as ninety-three members had signed
the memorial against prorogation, and as several supporters of the
Government had privately expressed their disapprobation of His
Excellency's course, there was in fact a majority of the House against
prorogation, and that the opinion of this majority thus expressed should
have been followed by His Excellency. This proposition bears its
own refutation with it. He is thus reported :

" He might say that in addition to the ninety-three members who had signed the
memorial, some of whom had been supporters of the Government, — he might say
that he had been spoken to by some Conservative gentlemen who had tokl him that
they thought it was an improper act on the part of the Government to prorogue
Parliament, and that if they did not join with the Opposition in signing the docu-
ment, it was because tliey had made a special remonstrance themselves. A number
of those gentlemen who had always supported the Government had thought that
the contemplated outrage was so great that it was impossilile that it could be com-
mitted, and it was one which could not possibly be submitted to. The Ministry
had therefore a majority against them, — a majority larger than they had ever had in
the House.* * * In this instance, to shield members against whom a priiiid facie
case had been made out, the privileges of Parliament had been infringed.* * * * It

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TIIF EAUL OF KUFFERIN IN CAXADA.

139

would now become them to do nothing which could detract from their position,
and at i» e same time to take such stejis to obtain the ojiinion of the country as
would convince His Excellency that he had been most grievously misinformed." *

Mr. Blake was more guarded. He denounced the act of proro-
gation, hut he made no charge against His K.xcellency, and thus far
he respected the jjrinciples of Constitutional (lovernnient, while Mr.
Mackenzie directly fastened the so-called outrage on His Excellency
himself. Mr. Blake said :

" They were met by the (juestion whether the right of I'arliament to try such
crimes was to be taken away. The Crown had prorogued the House on the advice
of Ministers. Them I charge, and them I call upon the country to condemn.* * * I
maintain that the course of justice ought not to have been interrupted by the proro-
gation, and should be resumed at the earliest moment, at which this tribunal re-
assembles."

Hon. Mr. Cauchonf said :

" It was known that the privileges of Parliament had been encroached on to-day ;
and I w ill go further and say that the Crown had no right to interfere with the pri-
vileges of Parliament. I move the following resolution :

' Resolved — That the prorogation of Parliament without giving the Mouse of
Commons the opportunity of prosecuting the enquiry it had already taken was a
gross violation of the privileges and independence of Parliament, and of the rights
of tiie people.' "

Mr. Mills X entirely concurred in the resolution :

" It seems to me that there had been a departure from the Constitutional system.
The Crown was seeking advice from the Ministry in a matter which affected them-
selves."

Hon. Mr. Cart\vright,|| Mr. Burpee,§ Mr. Laflamme,** Hon. Mr,
Smith, tf Mr. Huntington, %% Pr. Forbes, Mr. McDonnell (Inverness),
Mr. Cunningham (Marquette), Mr. Coffin, |||| the Hon. Mr. Letellier de
St. Just,§§ Hon. Mr. Christie,*** Mr. Goudge, Mr. Fiset, Mr. Rymal,
Hon. Mr. Young, Mr. Jette, and Mr. Anglinff f all sjjoke in the same
strain.

* Parliamentary Debates, 1873, page

21 1 — Library of Parliament,
t iS'ow Lieutenant Governor of Mani-
toba.
+ Now Minister of the Interior.
ii Now Finance Minister.
§ Now Minister of Customs.
** Now Minister of Justice.

ft Now Sir Albert James Smith,
Minister of Marine and Fisheries.
XX Now Post Master General.
nil Now Receiver General.
§§ Now Speaker of the Senate.
*** Now Lieut. Governor of Quebec,
ttt Now Speaker of the House of Com-
mons.

140

IIISTOUY OF THE ADMINI8TUATI0N OP

[1873

♦

The Hon. Mr. Smith said :

" It apiKjars to me thnt the present was just the case in which the Crown was
called upon to interjiose its prerojjative ayainst the advice of the Ministry. The
reason jjiven for the exercise of the prerogative to-ilay had no justification."

Mr. Christie said :

•* I have no doubt that the privileges of Tarliament have been trampled on to-
day. Mr. M.icken/ie lias Iwen used in the most arbitrary manner when he had this
day risen in his seat in Parliament. I believe in the sense of the resolution before
the meeting, and I hope it will not take any notice of the report of the Commission,
and I hope that Mr. Huntington will not attend before that Commission to give
evidence. 'J'he Ministers are incompetent to advise the Governor General, and I
think the Governor (ieneral was wrong in taking their .advice."

'I'hat these declarations are in direct antagonism to the true prin-
ciples of Constitutional Clovernment is shown so conclusively by His
E.Kceliency's own account of the Pacific Railway difficulty given by him
in his now historical and remarkably able despatch, No. 197, to the
Earl of Kimberley, dated the 15th August, two days after the pro-
rogation, that at the risk of .^ome repetition, it is reproduced in full.

No. 197.

Canada, Anf^ust 15, 1873.

Mv Lord, — I have the honor to state, for your Lordship's inform.ition, that
at half- past three of the afternoon of Wednesday, the 13th instant, I prorogued
I'arliament.

As this event is likely to l)e regarded with dissatisfaction by one of the great
political parties in this country, and has been already animadverted upon in no
measured terms by a portion of the Canadian press, I propose to give your Lordship
a full account of the circumstances under which it has taken place.

Although I have already acquainted your Lordship from time to time with
everything which has occurred in connection with the grant of the Pacific Railway
Charter, as well as with the proceedings in and out of Parliament to which it has
given rise, it may be well to preface my intended statement by a brief recapitula-
tion of its previous history.

The scheme of a Canadian line of railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific first
acquired a practical character in 187 1, when its construction within ten years from
that date became one of the conditions on which British Columbia covenanted to
enter into Confederation.

The firLl move towards the realization of the project seems to have been initiated
not by a Canadian, but by an Englishman of the name of Waddington, who, after
broaching his proposals in Toronto and elsewhere, apparently without success,
eventually succeeded in obtaining the co-operation of a number of capitalists in
Chicago and New York, most of whom, though not all, were interested in the
•• Northern Pacific Railway," a United States line connecting at Lyndon with the
continental system, which it is intended to carry across the Northernmost States of
the Union to a port on the Pacific^ and which will consequently run parallel —
though at a lower latitude and over a wider arc — with the proposed Canadian line.

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THE KARL OF DUFFEHIN IN CANADA.

141

No.

A deputation from these gentlemen seem to liave visited Ottawa in ttie aiitiinin
(if 187 1, and to have had an interview with some members of the Canadian (iovern-
nicnt, by whom they were informed that the time for entering into negotiations for
tlie construction of the railway had not arrived. For several months no other pro-
position was received by the (iovernment, but it is st.ited by Sir Francis
Hhicks, in a letter of which I append a copy, that, being in Montreal in
the month of July of the same year, he met Sir lluf^h Allan, and, giving him the
names of some of the Americans who had made these advances, expressed his regret
lliat a work of such importance should fall into the hands of foreigners. Acting
upon this suggestion, Sir I/ii^'h Allan turned his attention to the matter, and even-
tually, in conjunction with these American gentlemen and some (Juelx-'C friends of
his own, formed a company for the prosecution of the work. Hut as the Session of
1872 aiiproached, it liecame evident that the admission of parties connected with
tlie American Pacific to a share in the contract for the Canada I'acific was liecome
unpopular, and. Parliament appearing to share this feeling, it was announced by
the (Jovernment to Sir Iltigh Allan that no proposals emanating from an American
Company would he entertained.

On this intimation. Sir Hugh Allan appears to have addressed himself to the
organization of a purely Canadian Company, and gave to the Oovernment the most
positive assurances that he had entirely dissociated himself from his Anicrican

frie'"'s.

the meantime another Company had lieen formed in Toronto called the
" 'eanic Company," of which Mi*. Macphcrson, a gentleman of very high

standing and character, and a Dominion Senator, was chairman.

During the ensuing Session — that is, in the spring of 1872— both the Companies,
the " Interoceanic " and " Canada Pacific," as Sir Hugh's was now called, obtain-
ed Acts of Incorporation, and, at the same time, an Act of Parliament was passed
enabling the Government to enter into a contract with one or other of the above-
mentioned Companies, or with an amalgamation of the two, or, if they should see
lit, to grant a Koyal Charter to a new and altogether distinct company, in case an
agreement should be found impossible with those already in existence.

The terms which Government was authorized to grant to whatever Company
undertook the contract were settled in the last Parliament, and will already have
been communicated to your Lordship by my predecessor, Lord Lisi;ai; who, up to
this time, was still in office ; but it may be convenient to mention that the princi-
pal concessions consisted of a grant, under certain conditions, of 50,000,000 acres
of land, in alternate blocks along the line, and of a subsidy of $30,000,000 (say
;^6,ooo,ooo sterling). Of this sum, the interest of ;^2, 250,000, which, by the
transference of the fortification loan to the same account, became eventually
;^3,8oo,ooo, was guaranteed by the Imperial Government.

The session closed on the 14th June. Parliament was dissolved on the 8th July.
On the 25th Tu"e I arrived in this country, and liecame personally cognizant of
many of the events I now proceed to record.

From the 15th July to the 12th October the elections were being held.
As soon as they were concluded, Sir John Macdonald returned to Ottawa, and the

142

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[IH'.S

Canadian [I'acific Railway became a frequent topic of conversation lx;tween us.
My Ciovernment never seem to have favored the i('ea of giving the contract to
either of tiie rival companies, who were then cf-mpeting for the preference. In
Senator Mac/;''!'! son's company an Ontario interest •■as very strungly re]iresentecl.
In Sir I/iig/i Allan's a Quebec interest precIominJ.cJ. The conteiriplated under-
taking v.duld evidently tax the resources of the country to the utmost. It would
be undesirable, therefore. Sir yo/iii argued, that any Ciinadians desirous of putting
their shoulders to the wheel should be excluded, a'vi afusioii of the two Companies —
as provided for in their incorporation acts, and conicnplaled l,y the Act of Tarlianient
— was the object to !)e attained. Into the intricate and somowhat obscure negoti-
ations which then ensued between Mr. Macpliersoit and Sir IIu^J: Allan, at the
instance of my Government, I need not enter. They are sufficiently
^' displayed in the Blue Book which I subioin, and which I have marked for
reference. It suffices to say that, notwithstanding Sir John Macdonald's efforts to
bring the parties to an understanding, the negotiation altogether failed, princii^ally,
as it was alleged on the one side, because Sir Hugh Allan had not really broken
off his connection with the American interest, and, on the other, because Mr.
Macphcrscn was not willing to recognize the claims to the chairmanship of Sir //.
Allan, whose pretensions my Uovernment were disposed to favor, in consi loration,
as they stated, not only of his influential position in tiie I'rovince of Quebec, but
as having been tiie first Canadian in the field to associate himself with tiie enter-
prise.

In reference to this point, I may observe that, altiiough I linve no iv.cr.ns of
knowing either when or to what extent my Ministers may liave pledged themselves
to favor Sir Hugh .lllan's election to the chairmanship, the selection of such a
person, the originator of the Oceanic line of communication between CJreat liritain
and Canada, a gentleman who might fairly be regarded as the represenlative
capitalist oi the Dominion, and who would bo more likely than any other to make
an impression upon tlie English money market, was a choice which, at that time,
few seemed disp' ied to question.

Baffled in their efforts to effect the amalgamation they desired, .^ii Jihii
Macuonald and his colleagues announced their intention of promoting the forma-
tion of a new ai\d independent Company, out of whatever elements of strength
were to be found throughout the Dominion, and shortly before the meeting of tlie
new Parliament in March, a Board of Directors was constituted, wliicii included
not only some of the leading promoters of the two defunct companies, but repre-
sentative men from each of the Provinces of the Dominion, Of this Hoard, Sir
Hugh Allan si^enis to have been elected Chairman as a matter of course, and to
the company it .epresented the Charter was eventually issuetl.

In previous despatches I have already described to your Lordshiji the precau-
tions which were taken to prevent any American interest or foreign capital ever
pbtaining control over the concern. 1 am not sufficiently conversant w iiii railway
financing to assert, on my own authority, that the restri'-tions intruduced into the
Charter, with this view, are sufficient for their purpose. Money, like w ater, has a
very narrow shouKler, and will find its way wherever it is likely to fructify, — but

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

143

as far as I can judge, every reasonable precaution seems to have been *aken. All
the Directors must be British subjects. The I'resident and the majority of the
Directors must reside in Canada, and, though the shares are transferable, no transfer
cnn be made for the first six years without tiie consent of the Government, nor
after six years without the consent of the Directors, — the transfers in both cases
being registered in the books of the company.

Another sul)ject which seemed constantly to pre-occupy the mind of my Prime
Minister at this time wai tlie necessity of preventing any one in(hvidual, or any one
interest, or combination of interests, whether rejjresented by Sir Ilu^h Allan or
another, from acquiring a predominant influence on tiie -.''rectory. Here again I
an-, not sufficiently familiar witii the arcana of Board-rooms to know whether the
adjustments on which Sir John relied were as effectual for the purpose as they
a])])eared to me to be, but I may observe that, although the scrutiny of Parliament
^'■^< directed under the light of subsequent event'- o these especial points, nei'her
House has expressed dissatisfaction with the prov sions of the Railway Charter, or
tlie p.'rwitncl of the governing tjody. On tiie contrary, up to the last moment of
the session, on repeated occasions. Parliament continued to manifest its confidence
in those who framed the one and constituted the other. If, therefore, as is alleged,
a corrupt modification of the Pacific Railway Charter to the advantage of Sir
//«:,'■// Allan and his American friends, was the consideiition for which these
personages squandered the enormous sums asserted to liave been spent, it would
>eem that tht.y have scarcely ol)tained their money's wortli, — a result, I should
imagine, fore'gn to the experience of such shrewd men of business.

But though the Parliament of Canaila thus unmistakeal)ly ratified the Railway
policy of my Ministers its verdict on the subject was not des''ned to jiass unchal-
lenged. On the 2nd of April, Mr. Lucius Scth Huntington, a distinguished
member of the House of Commons, startled his immediate auditory, as well as
tJie wliole political world of Canada, by the unexpected introduction of the follow-
ing motion :

"Hon. Mr. Huntington moved, that Mr. Huntington, a member of the House,
"having stated in his place, that he is crediblv informed and behaves that he can
"establish by s.itisfactory evidence, —

" Tliat, in anticipation of tiie legislation of last Session, as to i!ie Pacific Rail
"way, an .agreement was made between .Sir Hugh Allan, acting for himself, and
"certain other Canadian promoters, and G, \V, Mc Mullen, acting for certain
"United States capitalists, wliereby the latter agreed to furnish all the funds
"necessary for the construction of the contemplated Railway, and to give '.he
" former a certain per centage of interest, in consideration of their interest and
"jjosition, the scheme agreed on being ostensibly that of a Canadian Company
"with Sir Hugh Allan at its head, —

"Thill the Government were aware that negotiations were pending l)etween
"these parties, —

"That subsetiuently, an understanding was come to between the (Government
"and Sir Hugh Allan and Mr. Abbott, M. P.,- -that Sir Hugh Allan and his
"friends should .advance a large sum of mon y for the purpose of aiding the
" elections of Ministers and their supporters at the ensuing General Election, — and

144

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

"that he and his friends should receive the contract for the construction of the
" Railway, —

" That accordingly Sir //r/^'/; Allan did advance a large sum of money for the
"purpose mentioned, and at the solicitation, and under the pressing instances of
" Ministers, —

"That part of the moneys expended by Sir Hugh Allan in connection with the
"obtaining of the Act of Incorporation and Charter were paid to him by the said
** United States capitalists under the agreement with him, — it is

" Ordered, That a Committee of seven Members be appointed to enquire into
" all the circumstances connected with the negotiations for the construction of the
" Pacific Railway, — with the legislation of last Session on the subject, and with tiie
"granting of the Charter to S'*- Hugh Allan and others ; with power to send for
" persons, papers and records ; and with instructions to report in full the evidence
"taken before, and all proceedings of said Committee" — which was negatived.

As I have already remarked in a previous despatch. No. Ii6, May 3rd, the
charge thus brought against my Government was very grave, viz. :— that they had
trafficked with foreigners in Canada's most precious interests in order to debauch
the constituencies of the Dominion with the gold obtained as the price of their
treachery. In making these allegations, however, Mr. Huntington did not enforce
them by any confirmatory statement or by the production q{ zxv^ prima facie ■^xooh
of their validity. He merely read his motion and sat down. Neither Sir yolin
Macdonald nor any of his colleagues having risen to address the Mouse, a division
was taken without debate, which resulted in a majority of 31 for Government in a
House of 183.

Notwithstanding this display of their Parliamentary strength, — which I imagine
was put forward by way of protest against Mr. Huntington'' s appeal to his own
mere ipse dixit— my Government felt that the matter could not thus be disposed of,
and accordingly the next day Sir John Macdonald gave notice of the following
motion which was carried on the ensuing Tuesday, April 8th : —

"On motion of the Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, that a select Com-
"mittee of five members (of which Committee the mover shall not be one) be
"appointed by this House to enquire into and report upon the several matters
"contained and stated in a Resolution moved on Wednesday, the 2nd April,
" instant, by the Hon. Mr. Huntington, Member for the County of Sheflord,
" relating to the Canadian Pacific Railway, with power to send for persons, papers
" and records : to report from tim>^ to time, and to report the evidence from time
"to time, and if need be to sit after the prorogation of Parliament."

The Members to compose the Committee were then named by the House "-
follows : Hon. Mr. Blanchet, Mr. Blake, and Hon. Messrs. Dorion (Naplervilk)
Macdonald {y'xciovi) and Cameron (Cardwell).

Of the five above mentioned gentlemen, three, viz. : — Mr. Cameron, Mr.
Macdonald, and Mr. Blanchet, may be regarded as regular supporteis of the
administration, and two, — Mr. Blake and Mr. Dorion, as leading members of the
Opposition.

On the debate which took place on this motion, I am informed by my Prime
Minister, — and here I must remind your Lordship that I have no other means of

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

145

acquainting myself with what takes place in the House, as I am precluded from
being present at its proceedings, i^nd the newspaper reports are quite untrust-
worthy, — that Mr. Mackcnzii:, the leader of the Opposition, as well as Mr. Blake,
Mr. Do Hon and Mr. jfoly, eminent members of the same party, expressed them-
selves of opinion that the evidence tendered should be on oath, and the former
gentleman further suggested, it bemg doubtful whether the Committee could sit
after the House was once prorogued, that a Bill should be introduced expressly
enabling it to do so. I shall have occasion subsequently to refer to this latter
circumstance. As the necessity for sworn testimony in respect of such grave
charges was generally obvious, an Oaths Bill was introduced into the House of
Commons on the i8th April, — was passed through the Senate on the 29th, and
received the Royal Assent on the 3rd May. The time occupied in getting this
measure through Parliament was pronounced unnecessarily long by many members
of the Opposition.

Into the motives which induced me to sanction the Oaths Bill, and into its
subsequent history, I need not enter, as the former are stated in my despatch of the
3rd May, (No. 116,) and the latter is recorded in your Lordship's communica-
tion of June 30th, (No. 198) — but I may observe in passing, that amongst other
respects in which my conduct has been criticized, the fact of my having communi-
cated to you by the first ojjportunity a certified copy of the Oaths Bill has been a
very general point of attack. I apprehend it will not be necessary to justify myself
to your Lordship in this particular. My law-adviser had called my attention to
the possibility of the Bill being illegal. Had perjured testimony been tendered
umler it, no proceedings could have been taken against the delinquent, and if, under
these circumstances, I had wilfully witheld from the Home Government ?'
cognizance of the Act, it would have been a gross dereliction A duty. To tho.^.
in this country who have questioned my 'Procedure it would be sufficient to reply,
that [ recognise no authority on this side of the Atlantic competent to instruct the
Governor General as to the nature of his correspondence with Her Majesty's
Secretary of State.

In the n.eantime the Committee had met, and on the 5th May had resolved,
amongst other things, " That in view of the absence of Sir George Cartier and the
" Hon. J. J. C. Abbott, and the impossibility of the investigation with which the
'• Committee is charged being carried on in a proper manner without an opportunity
" being afforded these gentlemen of being present and hearing the testimony
"adduced, it was advisable the Committee should adjourn until Wednesday, the
" 2nd day of July, if Parliament should be then in Session,"— a conclusion which
appears to have been arrived at in the Committee by a majority of three to two.
On the following day these recommendations were adopted by the House of
Commons, on a vote of 107 to 76.

The ordinary business of the Session being now nearly concluded, and it having
l)ecn admitted, I understand, by all parties, that the Committee could not sit after
prorogation, it was arranged that the House should adjourn to such a day beyond
the 2nd July as would enable the Committee to complete the investigation and to
frame their report. The date eventually determined on was the 13th August,
which was also settled as the day on which Parliament was to be prorogued.

146

IIISTOIIY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

As the nature of the understanding at the time in respect of this latter event
has 1)een warmly controverted, it is necessary that I should here acquaint your
Lordship with the facts of the case so far as I am cognizant of them. Early in

j^ay, I forget the exact date, — Sir John Miudoiiald \\^\\.^A upon me in my office,

and having communicated to me the arrangements contemplated for the conve-
nience of the Committee, informed me that he wished to take my pleasure as to the
date of prorogation, mentioning the 13th August as the one he desired to suggest.
Having received my assent to this proposal, he repaired to the House of Commons,
and announced from his place as leadei of tlie House and the person resi)onsi-
ble for the conduct of public business, that Parliament would be prorogued on the
I'Jth August, stating — as he affirms— in the most distinct terms, that the " re-assem-
«' bly of Parliament on that day would \^ pro foniui, — that no business would l)e
«' done beyond the reception of the rejiort of the Committee, which could then be
«' printed with the evidence, and go before the country, — that the Members would
" not be required to return, and that only the Speakers of the two Houses need be in
«' their places." — The only observation elicited by this announcement proceeded from
Mr. Holton, an Opposition Member, who remarked " that to do any business
" there must be a quorum, and that he and a quorum would be there," — to which
Sir John informs me he replied, that " if a ciuorum was necessary a sufficient
" number of Members would be found in tiie neighborhood of Ottawa," — a quo-
rum consisting of the Speaker and nineteen others. It was upon this understand-
intr Sir Jofin assures me, that the Mouse consented to adjourn, and in confirmation
of his assertion he has commi'nicated to me the subjoined letter from Mr. Palmer,
the member for St. John :

" St. John, August 11, 1873.

" Sir John Macdonald, Minister ofjiisiice, Ottmoa.

(( giR In consequence of statements that I understand have come from some

members of the Commons to the effect tliat there might be an actual Session of
Parliament at the adjournment on the 13th, to you, as the leader of the Government,
I beg to make the following statement by way of protest.

" I have to remind you thac the House of Commons only consented to adjourn
to that time on your pledge openly given in the House that no business should l)e
transacted nor would the attendance of members be icquired. as there would be
enough around Ottawa to make a quorum ; that Mr. Speaker would receive the
report of the Committee on the Huntington charges, so that it might be published,
and that then Parliament would be at once prorogued.

" If this promise had not been made, I do not believe the House would !rve
consented to any such adjournment. I certainly would not have given my consent
to any adjournment that would have put the country to an expense of a quarter of
a million dollars by bringing the Legislature together again.

" At all events, be thai as it may, I feel that it would be dishonoralile for
myself to attempt to do business at an .adjournment of the House, at whii my
colleagues had been told that no business would be done, and that they nenl not
attend, and therefore I must decline to do so ; and I protest at any attempt i" do
business, and I require the Government to fulfil the pledge made to me and to
every member of the House, that Parliament would be at once prorogued.

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

147

" While I do this, I do not wish to interfere in any way with the right of the
tiovernment to call Parliament together whenever they think the exigencies of the
country require it ; they must be the judges of that, and be responsible for it ; but
let that be done in the usual way, that all may understand that it is their duty to
attend ; and when I, together with all my colleagues, am so called upon, I trust
that I shall be found in my place, and I snail then feel that whether or not all my
colleagues attend, they will not have been kept away by a pledge that they would
not be required, and I could therefore honorably join in doing anything that the
House might consider for the interests of the country.

" I have the honor to be, &'c.,

" A. L. Palmer,
" Member for the City and County of St. John."

As far as my opinion is concerned, I am quite clear that it was the desire and ex-
pectation of Parliament that prorogation should take place at the time mentioned.
Every member must have known that Sir Jo/in's announcement on the subject was
an intimation of the pleasure of the Crown through its official organ in the House,
ami that the Prime Minister could only have made it after receiving my authority
to do so. Formerly, the intentions of the Sovereign on this subject were conveyed
to either Chamber by a written message, but though a verbal communication
through the First Alinister has been now substituted, it does not render this latter
mode of communication less formal or official. Had, therefore, the House of Com-
mons desired to prolong the Session beyond the 13th August, its proper course
would have laeen to have communicated its wishes to me by an Address. Though
the fact that no motion to this effect was even suggested is sufficiently conclusive,
tiiere are other circumstances which indicate, more or less distinctly, the feeling of
the House. The motion originally appointing the Committee, and carried on the
8lh April, ordered it to sit, " if need were, after prorogation," and more than
one memlier of the Opposition urged the propriety of a Bill being introduced to
enable it to do so. Clearly, therefore, when this motion was carried and these sug-
gestions made, the majority who passed the one and the individuals who proposed
the other must have contemplated the probability of the Report of the Committee
l)einij considered, not in the present, but in a subsequent Session of Parliament.
Indeed, the mere fact of prorogation being fixed or the 13th August implies ■ 's
much, for it is not to be prooumed that the House would have proceeded to con-
si'lev the Report, until both "it and the evidence upon which it was founded had been
printed and distrilmted to Members, — but to enable this to be done an interval of a
few days, after Parliament had re-assembled and had received the report, would mani-
fe>tly have been required before action could have been taken u]ion it. If, there-
fore. Parliament had contemplated considering the Report during the current Ses-
sion it would have desired a later day to V/e fixed for prorogation than th.at on which
the mere manuscr'pt copy of the Report was to be laid on its table.

Again, when ^.'r. Dorion moved in amendment of the motion for the Com-
mittee's adjournment to the 2nd July, that, " inasmuch as the Committee will have
" no [lower either to enforce the attendance of witnesses or to compel them to give
" testimony without the action of this House, it is essential to the proper conduct

148

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

:>%

'* of the investigation that it should be prosecuted under circumstances that will
•• admit of the prompt exercise of the authority of the House, it is therefore neces
*' sary that the House should sit on the day to which the Committee has leave to
" adjourn," the House decided against him by a majority of loi to 66, — one of
the representatives from British Columbia, as I am informed, protesting against
Members from the more distant Provinces in the Dominion being required to
return to Ottawa so late in the summer as the 2nd July.

But the intention of the House is still further exhibited by the following circum-
stance : During the Session a Bill was passed increasing the indemnity paid in
this country to Members of Parliament for their attendance. Into that Bill a
clause was introduced to the following effect : "The said amendments shall apply
•'to the present Session of Parliament, and if either House shall adjourn for more
'♦ than thirty days such adjournment shall, for the purposes of such act, be equiva-
«« lent to a prorogation." This provision was intended by its authors to enal)le
Members to receive their salaries and travelling expenses on the 23rd May, tbe
day on which Parliament adjourned, without having to wait for the 13th August,
the day named for prorogation. I may also mention that tie same day, i.f., on
the 23rd May, I came in State to the Senate Chamber to give my assent to the
Bills of the Session ; and in view of a Progress I intended to make through the
Maritime Provinces during the summer, I provided, before leaving Ottawa, for the
prorogation of Parliament by commission, in order to spare myself the labor and
fatigue of a journey of 2,400 miles for what I understood would be a mere formality.

From the foregoing narrative your Lordship will probably agree with me in tlie
conclusion that up to the time when the Houses adjourned, it was clearly the wish
and the expectation of Parliament that prorogation should take place on the 13th
August. And it is most natural that this should have been the case. The com-
mercial business and the agricultural operations of the year have to be crowded
into the five short months of summer. Almost every Member of both Houses in
this country is actively engaged in business pursuits requiring his personal atten-
dance. To be detained from home at this season implies nov only extreme incon-
venience but pecuniary loss. Already the lateness of the current Session had bred
considerable discontent, and it had been expressly determined by the House that
in future the Session should never begin later than the first week of February. The
distance from Halifax to Ottawa is something like 1,200 miles, from Victoria in
British Columbia it is 4,000 miles. The re-assembly of Parliament in August, for
the transaction of business, would have cut up the entire summer, as far as many
members were concerned, and would have been more or less inconvenient to all
but those who reside within a day or two's journey of Ottawa. The majority in
the House of Commons appear to have attached but little significance to Mr. J/i/ut-
in "ion's accusations, for they negatived his motion without even requiring my -Min-
isters to reply to it, and I do not imagine that any one of them contemplated a
renewal of the Session on the 13th August. But, though the conduct tif the
majority who confided in the Government is easily understood, the procedure of the
Members of the Opposition is more difficult to explain. Tliey had in their ])osses-
sion, it is to be presumed, what they considered convincing proofs of the corruption
of Ministers. The matter had been referred to the adjudication of a committee,

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IX CANADA.

149

anil, according to the theory of the prosecution, could have but one result. Strong
in these convictions, they should never have allowed the announcement of Proro-
gation to have passed unchallenged, but should have resorted to every means known
to the Constitution by which such a consummation could have been precluded.
Indeed, so obvious was their duty in this respect, that their opponents have attributed
to tliem a deliberate intention of allowing the dispersion of the majority to take
place sill) siUntio, with a view to the packing of a Mouse with their own adherents
on the day to which it had adjourned, an operation to them exceptionally easy, as
the parliamentary strength of the Ministers lies principally in the Maritime and out-
lying Provinces, while their own is close at home in the central region of Ontario
and <Juebec. The subsequent publication in the newspapers of the documents now
known as the Allan and Mc Mullen correspondence is pointed to as having been a
move in aid of the same unworthy policy, by supplying a sudden and unexpected
pretext for insisting on the immediate intervention of Parliament at a time when the
Ministerial supporters were dispersed.

1 do not, however, myself attach the slightest credit to this injurious insinua-
tion. Although, undoubtedly, party strife is conducted in this country with less
reticence end generosity than at home, and although the combatants *' strike below
tlie waistcoat " more frequently than could be wished, my personal knowledge of
the leatlers of the Opposition convinces me that such a design would be quite foreign
to their natures. My own opinion is, that, from first to last, they found themselves
imjjeded by the initial mistake in tactics, — as I ventured at the time to consider it,
—committed by Mr. Hitntiugton in not re-enforcing his motion by the production
of some of the documents on which it was founded. Had he done so, Parliament
would undoubtedly have listened to him with greater respect, and Mr. Dorion^s
motion might perhaps have been carried ; for, though Mr. Huntington' s case is far
from Ijeing proved, no one can now deny that, if he was in possession of the Allan
correspondence at the time he demanded his committee, he had a right to require an
investigation of the suspicious circumstances thus brought to his knowledge. The
premature disclosure of his hand could not have been the objection, for a sufficiency
of '' pihes Justijicath'es " for his purpose have since been produced. As -J »vas, he
could not convince the House of the urgency of the afTair, and, discourag' d by their
repeated defeats, the Opposition, I imagine, gave up all hopes of being able to per-
suade Parliament to dispute the arrangements of the triumphant minister. Be that
as it may, it is certain that the day after the adjournment, most of the members of
hotii I louses dispersed themselves in different directions, some to their homes,
some to the States, and some to Europe, without any more intention of returning
to Ottawa, on the 13th August than myself.

On the 2nd July Mr. Cameron's committee met in Montreal, but in the mean-
time I had received an intimation from your Lordship that the Oaths Bill had lieen
disallowed by the Queen in Council, and I had made the fact public by Proclamation.
Immediately on receipt of this intelligence, communications had passed between
Sir Ju/iii Macdonald and myself as to the course to be ]:)ursued. Sir John was
inclined to issue a Commission to the members of the Committee, but, as he hesit-
ated to do so from an unwillingness to expose the Crown to the rejection of its
mandate, I addressed him in the following terms :

150

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

"The Citadel, Quehec, June 28th, 1873.
" I l)e{j to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 19th. I am sure you are
" quite right not to allow the Committee to be postponed beyond the time origin-
" ally fixed for the opening of its proceedings.

*' On the part of the Crown, I should have no objection to the offer of the
"Commission as you propose, and I think you may with perfect propriety act upon
" the assumption that the members of the Committee will accept the charge con-
" fided to them."

"The Government has stretched its legal conscience and encouraged Parlia-
" ment, though not without warning, to exceed its legitimate powers in order to
" facilitate this enquiry. The obstacle now interposed is one with which you have
" no concern, and l)eyond your control. You propose to obviate the difficulty by
" the only means in your power, — but a means both legitimate and eiTectual. No
"one can doubt that for the purpose for which the Committee w.ns originally con-
" stituted, its conversion into a Commission can make no practical difference. As
"a Commission it will take evidence, and as a Committee it will report upon that
"evidence to the House. It would be unreasonable to allege that in discharging
" this double function, and in acquiring, in addition to the powers delegatefl to it l)y
" Parliament, a technical authority at the hands of the Crown to take evidence on
" oath, it a1)ates one tittle of its constitutional independence."

Thus authorized, Sir yohn communicated with Mr. Cameron in the following
letter :—

"Montreal, July 2nd, 1873.

" Sir, — As the Act which would have enabled the Committee, now sitting in

"Montreal, of which you are Chairman, to examine witnesses on oath, has been

"disallowed, as being beyond the competence of the Canadian Parliament, I desire

"to renew to you as Chairman of the Committee the offer made by me on the

" part of the Government on the floor of the House of Commons, to issue a Royal

"Commission addressed to the gentlemen forming the Committee which would

" confer upon them all the powers given to the Committee by the House of Com-

" mons, including the examination of witnesses under oath, and the power to send

"for persons, papers and records, and containing the same provisions as to the

" votes of the members of the Committee and yourself as Chairman, as was ordered

"by the House. The acceptance of this Commission will enable this Committee

"to proceed with the enquiry, and the examination of witnesses on oath without

" any important delay. 1 shall cause a copy of this letter to be sent to each mem-

" ber of your Committee.

" I have the honor to be,

" Your obdt. servant,

"J. A. Macdonald.
"To Hon. J. H. Cameron, tS^c, &'c.

" P.S. — The Commission will contain a clause enjoining the Commissioners to
"report to the Speaker of the House of Commons.

" (Signed,) J. A. Macdonald."
The majority of the Committee are understood to have been willing to return
a favorable reply to this proposal, had their colleagues assented, but neither Mr.

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFKUIN IN CANADA.

151

Dorion nor Mr. Blake considered themselves at liberty to accept the arrangement,

and stated their reasons in the follcnving terms : —
' To the A'ij,'/// Ifononihli' Sir John A . Macdonald.

" Sir, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2nd
'inst,, received this morning, enclosing a copy of a letter addressed by you to the
'lion. J. IT. Cameron, Chairman of the Special Committee of the House of Com-
' mons, now sitting in Montreal, in which you state that, as the Act which would
' have enabled the Committee to examine witnesses under oath had been disalhnved,
' as being beyond the competence of the Canadian Pcirliament, you desire to re •
'new to him, as Chairman of the Committee, the offer made by you on the part
' of the CJovernment to issue a Royal Commission, addressed to the gentlemen
'forming the Committee, which would confer upon them all the power given to
' the Committee by the House of Commons, including the examination of the wit-
' nesses by the Committee ; but, as I understand your proposal, it is that the
'(iovernment should give to the several members of the Committee nameil by the
' House of Commons to enquire into the charge made against it a Commission to
' enquire into the same charges, with power to examine witnesses under o ith, and
'tliis with a view to carry out the intention of the House, to have this enquiry
' made under oath. Now I would beg to call to your attention that the Committee
' was originally named on your own motion, as an ordinary Parliamentary Com-
' mittee, without reference to any authority to examine witnesses ui.der oath, and
' that it was onl >n the suggestion of the Committee subsequently made, that the
'House and Sei....e unanimously passed the Oaths Bill, although on more than
' one occasion you yourself made the suggestion, unheeded by the House, that a
' Commission might be issued instead of passing an Act to authorize the adminis-
' tering of oaths to the witnesses. This alone seems to me to be conclusive that
' the House of Commons, whose nominee I am on the Committee, did not intend
' that the enquiry should be carried on by a Commission appointed by the Execu-
' tive, and responsible as such only to that Executive. It seems to me, moreover,
' that the authority which is sought to be conferred on the Committee to examine
' witnesses under oath cannot be attained by the issue of a Royal Commission, for,
'although the Commissioners appointed might examine witnesses under oath, it
' would not be as members of the Committee appointed by the House that they
' would do so, but as Commissioners, whose decisions and proceedings would be
'subject to the supervision and control of the Executive, under whom they would
' hold their appointment, and not of the House. I have always lieen willing, as a
' member of the House of Commons, to oliey its commands in reference to any
' I'ailiamentary duties it might impose upon me ; in that view I did not shirk the
'ardurus and unenviable position of a member of this Committee of Enquiry, as
'being part of the labor and duty to which a member of Parliament is bound to
'.^ul)mit; but if, instead of moving for the appointment of a Committee by the
'House, the Government had proposed to name me on a Commission for the pur-
' pose of this enquiry, I would then certainly have declined the proposed Com-
' mission. I cannot see why I should now accept it, when it seems to me that
'the effect of issuing such a Commission would be to supersede the Committee,
'and more especially in view of the declaration you made immediately before

mm-

152

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

"the adjournment of the session in reference to Mr. lUake and myself, that we
«* should not have consented to serve on the Committee, that men in our positions
" in England would not have done so, and that you could not expect any fair play
"at our hands. This alone should Ix; a sufficient reason why I humbly believe I
" should not l)e called upon to accept a Commission from the Government of which
" you are the head, after your public declaration, made in my absence, of my un-
" fitness to perform what the Commission would impose on me.

" I have the honor, t&'c.,

(Signed,) " A. A. DoRiON."

" Montreal, July 3.
" Sir, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2nd
" inst., enclosing a copy of a letter addressed by you to the Hon. Mr. Cameron,
" as Chairman of the Pacific Railway Enquiry Committee. I cannot agree in your
" statement that the acceptance of a Royal Commission would enable the Com-
" niittee to proceed with the enquiry and the examination of witnesses on oath.
" The Committee is, I believe, unanimously of opinion that the acceptance of the
" Commission would not enable the Committee to make progress, and that the
" action of the Commissioners (whether or not they be the same persons as those who
" constitute the Committee) would be entirely disconnected from the action of the
" Committee. Shanng their opinion, I am called onto consider whether I should
" accept the offer made by the Government, of a Royal Commission addressed to
" the gentlemen who happen to be members of the Committee, calling on them to
" enquire into the matters of charge preferred in the statement of Mr. Huntington ,
" I believe that it would be of evil consequence to create the precedent of a Govern-
" meut issuing a Commission of enquiry into matters of a charge against itself,
" the Commissioners being, as they are, subject to the direction and control of the
" accused. I believe that the acceptance of such a Commission would be opposed
" to the sense of the House of Commons, as manifested by its action last session,
" and would, under present circumstances, be calculated to prejudice the enquiry
" ordered by the House, and to impair the full and efficient exercise of its most
" ancient and important powers. The House of Commons does not, I think, ex-
" pect that the Crown or any one else, least of all the members of its own Com-
" mittee, will interpose between itself and the great enquiry which it has under-
" taken. Apart from these and other difficulties, you have yourself interposed a
" barrier to my acceptance of your offer. During my absence from the House of
" Commons last session, you stated in your place that I had done wrong in not
" declining to fulfil the duty of Committeeman, which had been imposed on me by
" the House, that English statesmen in my position — which however, you mis-st.ited
" — would have scorned to do as I had done, and that my speeches during the
" session showed that your Government could not expect fair play from me on the
" enquiry. I shall not condescend to reply to these statements, but I have to say
" that although I reluctantly came to the conclusion, that I was not free to decline
" to serve the House of which I am a member, I do not think it consistent with
" my self-respect to accept the Commission here offered by a Minister who has

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

153

" cliosen to so characterize my conduct. I have sent a copy of this letter to Mr.
" Cameron for his information as Chairman of the Committee.

•• I have, ijr'c.,

" (Si}Tned,) Edward Blakk.
" The Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald."

No. 3. and No. 4.

I do not presume to question for a moment the propriety of the course adopted
by these gentlemen. As members of the House of Commons, they may have had
a more acute appreciation of llieir Parliamentary obligations than had occiured
to my apprehension, — but I trust that your Lordship will not consider that I
acted wrongly in thus endeavoring to forward the enquiry by what I considered an
opportune expetlient.

I'he Committee l^eing thus precluded from swearing in their witnesses, a motion
w.is made by Mr. Dor ion, supported by Mr. Blake, that they should content
tlieniselves with unsworn testimony, but the majority considering themselves
debarred from this course by the express instructions of tiie House upon the point,
tliey determined to adjourn until the 13th August.

This resolution was taken on the 3rd July. The day after there appeared in
the Montreal Herald a series of letters and telegrams written by Sir Hugh Allan
to a i\Ir. McMiillen, and to a Mr. Smith of Chicago, and to some unknown
person in the United States in reference to the Canadian Pacific Railway. Tiie day
following a long statement on the same subject in the form of an affidavit was
issued by Sir Hugh Allan in another newsjiaper. I have already
had the honor of forwarding to your Lordship both these docu-
ments, but I think it well to append them to this despatch for convenience of
reference. It is not necessary for my present purpose that I should either analyze
or contrast the conflicting assertions observable in these productions. It will be
suftkient to note that not only does Sir Hugh Allan admit upon oath thai the
language of his letters is " inaccurate," but he also denies in] the most positive
manner the correctness of the inferences sought to be deduced from them. On the
whole, as far as I could gather from the tone of the press, and from conversation,
these revelations rather improved than otherwise the position of the Ministry. On
the one hand. Sir Hugh Allan^s letters accounted for and justified Mr. Hunting-
ton's pertinacity, on the other, his affidavit, — or rather, Sir yohn A/aca'onald's tele-
gram, (juoted in the affidavit, — satisfactorily proved that, so far from yielding him-
self, or allowing his colleague. Sir George Cartier, to yield to the pressure put upon
him by Sir Hugh Allan in the height of the election contest, my Prime Minister
had required the immediate and complete cancelling of an arrangement favorable
to Sir Hugh to which Sir George had evinced a willingness to subscribe. In
illustration of this point, I subjoin Sir George earner's letter, as well as Sir Hugh
A/ltiii's reference to Sir ^ohn MacdonahV s telegram concerning it.

[Copy.]

"Montreal, 30th July, 1872.
"Dkar Sir Hugh,—

"I enclose you copies of telegrams received from ^\x John A. Macdonald;

" and with reference to their contents I would say that, in my opinion, the

11 ' '"'V^

154

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTUATFON OF

[1873

" Governor in Council will approve of the amalgnmation of your Company with
•' tlie Interoceanic Coni|)any, under the name of the Canadian Pacific Railway
•' Company, the Provincial Hoard of the amalgamated Company to be composed
" of seventeen members, of whom four shall be named from the Province of
" Quebec by the Canada Pacific Railway Company, four from the Province of
•' Ontario by the Interoceanic Railway Company, and the remainder by the
" Government ; the amalgamated Company to have the powers specified in the
" tenth section of the Act incorporating the Canada Pacific Railway Company,
*' (S^c, the agreement of amalgamation to be executed between the companies
•' within two months from thi. date.

*• The Canada Pacific Company might take the initiative in procuring the
*' amalgamation ; and if the Interoceanic Company should not execute an agree-
" ment of amalgamation upon such terms and within such limited time, I think the
" contemplated arrangements should be made with the Canada Pacific Company
" under its charter.

" Upon the subscription and payment on account of stock, being made, as
" required by the Act of last session, respecting the Canadian Pacific Railway
" Company, I have no doubt but that the Governor in Council will agree with the
" Company for the construction and working of the Canadian Pacific Railway
" with such branches as shall be agreed upon, and will grant to the Company all
" such subsidies and assistance as they are empowered to do by the GovernnKiit
'• Act. I believe all the advantages which the Government Act empowers the
•' Government to confer upon any Company will be required to enable the works
'• contemplated to be successfully carried through, and I am convinced that they
" will be accorded to the Company to be formed by amalgamation, or to the
" Canada Pacific Company, as the case may be.

" I would add that, as I approve of the measures to which I have referred in
" this letter, I shall use my best endeavors to have them carried into effect.

" Very truly yours,
(Signed,) "Geo. E. Cartier."

" To the I lor

Extract from Sir H. Allati's affidavit of jfuly ^th.

"On the same day that I received the above letter from Sir George Cartier I
informed Sir John A, Macdonald of the contents of it, and asked for his
sanction of the views which it contained. But he declined to concur in the
terms of Sir George's letter, telegraphing to him that he would not agree to them,
and that he would come down to Montreal and confer with him respecting
them. Thereupon, I immediately informed Sir George Cartier that I should
consider the letter addressed to me as being withdrawn ; and to my knowledge
Sir George telegraphed Sir John that he had seen me, and that as he (Sir John)
objected to Sir George's letter, it had been withdrawn. I also telegraphed to
Sir John on the same day (July 31st) to the effect that I had seen Sir George
Cartier, and that he (Sir John) miglit return my letter or regard it as waste

w:n

THK KAUL OF DUFFEIUN IN CANADA.

ins

" paper, and that I was satisfied with the telefjratn of the 26th as expressive of the
" views of the Clovernmcnt."

Hut any reaction in favor of the (iovernment which might have thus set in was
more than counterbalanced by the appearance of another serie ; f letters, which I
also re-ap|iend, and which are now generally known as the Mc Mullen cox-
^' respondence. Amid these productions there have been introduced docu-
ments of a very compromising character, the one a letter from Sir (/ "r^r Caitier
asking for twenty thousand more dollars ($20,000 = /4,ooo sterling), and the
other a telegram from Sir John Macdouald demanding an additional ten thousand
dollars ($10,000 = ^'2,000 sterling). These latter I subjoin : —

♦♦MONTRKAI., Aug. 24. 1872.
" Dkar Mr. Abbott,— In the absence of Sir Hugh Allan, I shall be obliged
" by your supplying the Central Committee with a further sum of twenty thousand
" dollars upon t'l • same conditions as the amount written by me at the foot of my
" letter to Sir Hugh Allan of the 30th ultimo.

"Georoe E. Cartier.

" r.S — Please also send Sir John A. Macdonald ten thousand dollars more
" on the same terms."

"Toronto, Aug. 26th, 1872.
" To the Hon. J. T C. Abbott, St. Anne's : —

" (Immediate, Private.)

" I must have another ten thousand ; will be the last time of calling ; do not
" fail me ; answer to-day.

"John A. Macdonai.d."

I5ut for the appearance of the foregoing documents, I doubt whether so great
an impression would have been produced on the public mind by the statement of
Mr. iMc Mullen. I myself have no knowledge of the gentleman, and have no right
to impeach his veracity, but it is manifest that many of his assertions are at va-
riance with Sir Hugh Allan^s sworn testimony, while others have been contradicted
by gentlemen whose credibility it would be difficult to impugn. Even with regard
to the documents themselves, it is to be observed that they were neither addressed
to Mr. McMullen nor to any one with whom he was associated, and that they could
scarcely have come into his possession by other than surreptitious means. They do
not therefore necessarily connect themselves with those nefarious transactions to
which Mr. McMullen asserts he was privy. It is further contended by the friends
of the Government that the sums mentioned or even referred to were not very large
—about ;^i 2,000 sterling in all — an amount which would go but a little way to
defray the legitimate expenses of the 150 Ontario and Quebec Elections, and that
there was nothing to show whether they had been proffered as a subscription or as
a temporary loan from a wealthy political partizan. Their sinister significance re-

156

HISTORY OF THE ADM^NISTllATION OF

[1873

suited in a great measure from their factitious juxtaposition with Mr. McMiille)i''<
narrative. Under these circumstances, though without attaching too much imp(,ri
ance to mere conjectural picas of this kind, I was unwilling to jump to a hasty
conclusion on a ni-atter involving both the i rivate and ihe public honor of my
Ministers, and above all things I felt bound not to allow my judgment to be swayed
by the current of popular suspicion which this concatenation of documents would
naturally produce.

I happened to be at Evince Edward Island when the McMuUen correspondence
reached my hands, whither two of my Ministers — Mr. Tilley, the Minister of
Finance, and Dr. Tupper, the Minister of Customs — had also come for the purpose
of settling certain details consequent on the recent confederation of the Island. I
imme<liately sent for these gentlemen, and the strenuous assurances I received from
each of them confirmed my hope that matters might be satisfactorily explained.
But, however that might be, I knew that our original programme for the indeihiitt
prorogation of Parliament could no longer be adhered to, and that my presence at
Ottawa on the 13th August was imperative. Understanding, however, that pre-
parations were in progress for our public reception at Halifax, I thought it better
to proceed thither, and to make no announcement of my subsequent intentions un-
til the last moment. At the same time I wrote to Sir John, and intimated to him
that the position of affairs had changed since we parted — that a recess for the usual
period was no longer possible, and that it was necessary I'arliame'it aliould be pro-
vided with as early an 'Opportunity as circumstances permitted of pionouncing upon
the po'nts at issue between himself and his assailants.

On reaching Halifax, on the 29th July, I found the populu: ex';itement all over
the Dominion was intense, and that my suppo.sed views, syiiipathies and inteunons,
were becoming not merely the subject of conjecture, but of assertion and conuiKiu
in the rival newspapers, — the Government press stating, as if ujion authority, lli.'
my course would be so and so, — announcements which were met by the Oppotiiion
prints with strong admonitory or rather minatory articles. As, at this time, I had
by no means made up my mind as to the proper course to be pursued, and felt tliat
no decision was possible until I had seen my Ministers, I determined to takt- an
early opportunity of deprecating the introduction of the Governor General'^ nnme
into such -■ controversy. An occasion soon presented itself, and I have the honor
to subjoin -.m extract from a newspaper report of a speech I made at a dinner given
to me by the Halifax Club : —

***** " And here, gentlemen, I snould be dis-
" posed to conclude this imperfect expression of my thanks, were I not desirous of
" conveying to my friend, the Chief Justice, the great gratification I have derived
" from the renarks which have dropped from him in regard to my official position
*' as Governor General of this great Dominion, Gentlemen, I am well aware that
•' this is, as it were, a domestic festival, and that nothing could be more inopjior-
" tune tl 11 the slightest allusion to any political topic, but I may be permitted to
" say this much in reference to what has fallen from the Chief Justice, that, if then'
«' is one obligation whose importance I apprecate more than another, as aitacliini; to
" the functions of my office, it is the absolute and paramount duty of maintaining
" not merely an outward attitude of perfect impartiality toward the various parties

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" into which the pohtical world of Canada as well as of the Mother Country is
" divided, but still more of preserving that more subtle and inward balance of
" symiiathy, judgment, and opinion which should elevate the representative of
" vour Sovereign above the faintest suspicion of having any other desire, aim, or
" ambition than to follow the example of his Royal Mistress in the relation she has
" constantly maintained towards her Ministe-s, her Parliament, and her people
" (tremendous applause) ; to remeiiber every hour of the day that he has but one
" duty and but one object — to administer his Government in the interests of the
" whole Canadian people, and of the Dominion at large. (Great cheering.) Of
" course, gentlemen, having been but one brief year in thecou'^try, my character and
'• my sentiments in these respects can scarcely be known, and there is alw.iys a
•' danger during the fervor of these political controversies, which seem to \>e con-
" ducted by the press of Canada with i^eculiar liveliness and animation — (great
" laughter) — of unauthorized references being made to the Governor Generrd's
" sup;-/osed sentiments, opinions, and intentions, which would convey to the unin-
" structed reader a very erroneous impression of the conduct and the attitude of
" the chief of the State, (jentlemen, I (h) not make this remark by way of com-
" plaint. If there is any person in Canada who has been kindly and considerately
" dealt with by the press, to whom the press of every political complexion has
" shown indulgence and good will, it is myself, and it is most natural and by no
*' means an uncomplimentary Circumstance, ihat the organs of ditTerent shades of
" opinion should persuade themselves that the Governor General must necessarily
" l)e of their way of thinking, and see through their spectacles. (Laugiiter.) But
" what I wish to say once for all, and ^ ''o not care how widely this remark is
" dissemmated, is this — that there is nj luiman being who is authorized to make
" any statement or suggestion as to what my opinion or sentiments may be in re-
" spect of any political topic, or who lias ever been in a position, or is likely to be
" in a position, to make anything approaching to a conjecture upon points of thiS
•' descr.[)tion. It is true, my object and my desire is to inform my mind upon
" every subject alfecting the interests of the country, by conversation and by dis-
" cussion with any one who can afford me instruction or information ; and it would
" be verv unfortunate for me if this freedom of intercourse with all classes and
" parties in Canada, from which 1 derive so much beneiit and pleasure, should be
" iranrnelled by the dread lest this casual intercourse should become the foun-
" (liition for mferc ce, comment or conjecture in the press. No, gentlemen, I un-
"(ler?tand my duty too well ever to allow my judgment or my sympathies to be
" surprised into political 'partizanshij). My one thought and desiie is the welfare
" of Cunada as a whole. To maintain her honor, to promote her prosperity, to do
" my di,ty by her and her entire people, is the sole object of rny ambition. When
" 1 converse with vuur public men, it scarcely ever occurs to me to remember to
" what political partv mey lx;long. I only see in them persons devoting them-
" selves, each according to his liglits, to thv* service of his country. My only guid-
" ing star in the conduct and maintenance of my official relations with your public
" men is the Parliament of Canada. (Cheers, j In fact, I suppose I am the only
"person in the Dominion whose faith in the wisdom and the infallibility "( I'arlia-
" nient is never shaken. (Great laughter.) Each of you, gentlemen, only believe

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

" in Parliament so long as Parliament acts according to your wishes — (cheers and
•' laughter)— and convictions. I, gentlemen, believe in Parliament iio matter which
** way it votes — (laughter) — and to those men alone whom the deliberate will of the
" confederated Parliament of the Dominion may assign to me as my responsible ad-
" viserscani give my confidence. (Cheers.) Whether they are the heads of this party
** or of that party must be a matter of indifference to the Governor General. (Cheers.)
" So long as they are maintained by Parliament in their position, so long is he bound
•' to give them his unreserved confidence, to defer to their advice, and loyally to
" assist them with his counsels. (Applause.) Whenever, in the vicissitudes of
" party warfare, they are replaced by others — (laughter) — he welcomes their
" successors with an equally open and loyal regard. (Cheers.) Such private
" friendships as he may have formed he may have a right to retain. (Hear, hear.)
" As a reasonable being he cannot help having convictions upon the merits of
'* dift'erent policies — (hear) — but these considerations are abstract, speculative and
" devoid of practical effect on his official relations. (Cheers.) As the head of a
" constitutional State, as engaged in the administratio.'' of Parliamentary Govein-
" nient, he has no political friends ; still less need he have political enemies.
'* (Great cheering.) The possession, or even to be suspected of possessing either,
*' destroys his usefulness. (Loud cheers.) Sometimes, of course, no matter how
" disconnected he personally may be with what is taking place, iiis name will get
*' dragged into some controversy, and he may suddenly find himsei/ the subject of
" hostile criticism by the press of whatever party may for the mon.ent be out of
*' power. (Laughter.) But^ under these circumstances, he must console himself
" with the reflection that these spasmodic castigations — (laughter) — are as transi-
" tory and innocuous — (great laughter) — as the discipline applied occasionally to
" their idols by the unsophisticated worshippers of Mumbo Jumbo — (immense
" laughter)— when their harvests are short or a murrain visits their flocks.
" (Cheers.) J'or, gentlemen, of this I am certain : although he may sometimes
" err in his judgment, or fail in serving you as effectually as he might desire, a
•' Viceroy who honestly seeks to do his duty — (cheers) — to whom the interests of
" Canada are as precious and her honor as dear as his own — (immense cheering) —
" who steers unmoved an even course indifferent to praisf" or blame, between the
*' political contentions of the day— (cheers) — can never appeal in vain to the con-
" fidence and generosity of the Canadian people. (Immense applause.)"

But though keeping ni_, nal decision in suspense, my mind was much occupied,
as your Lordship may ii.;agine, with the consideration of the various courses open
to me. On one pomt I was quite clear — namely, that it would not be right for me
to countenance the settlement of the serious issues raised between my Ministers and
their opponents — involving, as they did, the personal honor of the most eminent men
in Canada, the fate of my Ministry, and the public credit of the country — except at
the hands of a full Parliament, in which the distant provinces of the Dominion were
as well represented as those of Ontario and Quebec.

As I have already described to your Lordship in the earlier part of this de-
spatch, before Parliament ailjourned on the 23rd May, I had caused it to be an-
nounced to both Houses that Prorogation would take place on the 13th August.
This arrangement, I have no hesitation in saying, was agreeable to what were then

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the views of the majority both in the Senate and in the House of Commons. On
the faith of this pledge, many gentl ;men were gone to so great a distance that it
was physically impossible for them to be recalled, and it so happened, from causes
to which I have already referred, that by far the larger proportion of these absentees
were supporters of the Government. All the members from British Columbia, ex-
cept Sir /''. Hincks, were on the wrong side of the Rocky Mountains. Some
Ministerialists were in Europe, as I was informed, others in the States, and even to
tliose in I'.ie Maritime Provinces, a return to Ottawa, though not physically im-
possible, as it was to their colleagues, "ould prove a great inconvenience at such a
season. On the other hand, 1 learnt that the Opposition were mustering their full
force, an operation for which they possessed certain geographical facilities. Were,
therefore, the House of Commons to meet for the transaction of public business, it
was evident that important votes might be passed, and decisions taken, contrary to
the real sense of the country, and that my Ministers might justly complain that
tlit'v were being unfairly treated, and their fate determined by a packed Parliament.

But, apart from these practical considerations, a grave question of principle
seemed to me involved. The Imperial Officer representing the Crown in the
Dominion is the natural protector of the federal rights of its various Provinces, as
secured under an Imperial Act. The sanctity of the rights of any one of these
Provinces is not affected by the number of its rei)resentatives or the amount of its
]iopulation. In this view it is especially necessary that, in a country of such
enormous distances, ample notice should be given of the times and seasons when
lailiament is to sit. But if it be once admitted that the official "fixtures" which
ref,ndate the opening or closing of a Session and tlu conduct of public business, are
to be capriciously tampered with, and changed at so short a notice as to preclude
the distant representatives from being present, it is evident much wrong and
inconvenience would result, and the door be opened to a great deal of trickery at
tile hands of an unscrupulous Minister.

The foregoing considerations pointed pretty distinctly to prorogation as an
inevitable necessity of the situation. Only one other alternative indeed either
suggested itself then or has occurred to me since, and that was another adjournment
of the Hduse to such a date as would suit the convenience of the absentees. At
first I confess this course appeared to me fairly practicable, but further reflection
(lisclo'^ed difficulties I had not at once seen. In the first place, this was an
arrangement which I had not the power of enforcing, and I was confronted by
the obvious reflection, that if the Ciovernment made a motion to that effect, it
miglit lie defeated or meet with an amendment tantamount to a vote of want of
conlidence at the hands of the majority in presence, and I should then find myself
landed in the very position which I was quite satisfied ought to be avoided. Even
if tile o])]ionentsof the Government were to refrain from taking so unfair an advan-
tage i;f their numerical superiority, it was evident that in view of the adjournment
preliminary is.ues would crop up of vital importance relative to tiie fresh instruc-
tions to he given to the Committee ; for instance, whether the evidence was to be
swoin or unsworn, and, if tlie former, iiow tlie oath was to be administered,— all
of wliicii would necessarily be decided in a manner unduly adverse to the Govern-
nitnt, and in the absence of those who had an undoubted right to make their voices

IGO

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OF

[1873

heard on the occasion. I was so anxious, nevertheless, to find some way of avoid-
ing a course which I foresaw would be denounced, however unjustly, as an undue
exercise of the Queen's Prerogative, that I thought it desirable to make a sugges-
tion in this sense to Sir John Macdonald, olTering at the same time to become the
channel of communication by which an understanding between him and his oppo-
nents might be arrived at. Sir John's reply was very much in the sense I had
anticipated. He insisted upon the injustice of his Government being given over
bound hand and foot to the tender mercies of their opponents in the absence of his
supporters, whom he had dismissed to their homes with my sanction, and with the
acquiescence of Parliament. He called my attention to the fact, that the Opposi-
tion organs, far from hinting at any compromise, were insisting on the fact that a
quonim of Parliament could do anything that Parliament itself could do, and were
evincing by unmistakeable signs that they would show no quarter : — that both
Messrs. Blake and Donon had endeavored to persuade the Committee to content
themselves with unsworn evidence, and that if Parliament met for business they
would be in a position to pass an instruction to the Committee to that effect,—
that no man would be wilbng to risk his life, still less his honor, in the hands of
witnesses released from the consequences of perjury, — and finally, that he would
not feel himself safe in entering into any arrangements dependent upon the l>ond
fides of those with whom I had suggested he should treat.

Unfortunately, in this country party animosity is intense, and the organs of each
side denounce the public men opposed to them in terms of far greater vigor than
those to which we are accustomed in England, The quarrel at this moment is
exceptionally bitter. The one party openly accuse the other of personal dishonor,
while these regard their opponents as unscrupulous conspirators. As a consequence,
a mistrust of each other's fair dealing, — which I cannot believe to be justified on
either hand, — has been engendered, which would render the r^^t- of mediator under
any circun.stances extremely difficult. As it was, the former part of Sir John^s
representations, if not the latter, coincided too closely with what had occurref' to
my own mind to enable me to deny its cogency. There being, however, no further
time for correspondence, I left Halifax on Saturday night, the gth August, and
arrived in Ottawa on the morning of Wednesday the 13th. Had I been at liberty
to have done so, I should have preferred starting soo.^er, but the town of Halifax
had organized a series of popular demonstrations in 01, v honor for Saturday after-
noon, and it would have occasioned great dissatisfaction had I absented myself.

Before continuing my narrative, there is one incident connected with my stay
at Halifax which perhaps ought to find mention here. T .. Huntington sent me a
sealed packet covered by an official communication to my Secretary, which, ns 1
understood from the gentleman who brought it, as well as from Mr. Huntington's
letter, contained copies of the incriminatory documents in his possession. As the
matters to which the papers referred had become the subject of a public investiga-
tion before a House of Commoi.s Committee, and as I was still uncertain what
turn affairs might take, I did not consider it would be proper for me to take per-
sonal cognizance of these papers. I therefore returned the packet unopened to Mr.
Huntington.

The 13th August was not only the day appointed for prorogation, but it was

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

161

also the day to which the Committee of enquiry had adjojrned, but, as far as I can
gather from the subjoined report of what occurred, it camt, together to very little pur-
pose. Indeed its whole procedure on this occasion isdiffici It of comprehension, in con-
sequence, I suppose, of the meagrenessof the only report cfwhat passed, which I have
been able to obtain. In the first place only four out of the f ve Members were present,
and eventually another, Mr. Dorian, withdrew in the middle of a discussion, leav-
ing what are considered the Government Members in a majority. One of these,
Mr. Blanchct, then proposed that they should report their proceedings to the
House. Mr. Blake, in amendment of this sug<;estion, moved the adjournment of
the Committee, which was carried, — the result l)eing that when the Ho;ise met at
three o'clock, as had been arranged six weeks before, for the very purpose of receiv-
ing the Committee's report, no report of any sort or description was forthcoming.
The following is the account of the proceedings referred to : —

" Ottawa, Aug. 13.

"The Pacific Committee met at 11.30. Present : Messrs. Cameron, Blanchet,
"Blake, Dorian.

" At the request of Mr. Blake, the resolution passeu by the Committee at last
"meeting — that the Committee cannot proceed without further instructions from
"the House, was read.

" iVlr. Blake moved that the said resolution be rescinded.

" Yeas — Blake, Dor ion.

" Nays — Cameron, Blanchet.

" Resolution lost.

" ^vfler son.e conversation as to the Committee making a report to the House,

" The Chairman said if Mr. Dorion and Mr. Blake were not in favor of mak-
" ing a report, and withdrew because they thought no report should be made, the
"majority of the Committee would not make any report.

" Mr. Dorion said he wanted a report to be made, but did not concur with the
majority.

"The Chairman — All we propose to do is simply to report our proceedings
"to the House. If you don't like that report, we need mi make any at all.

" Mr. Dorion — If I move any amendment, I would si op the report from being
" made.

" The Chairman — It is impossible for me to tell the result of merely reporting
" our proceedings to the House. But if you don't think any report of our proceed-
" ings should be made, I have no objection that it be so resolved. My own im-
" pression is that as we reported all our former proceedings to the House, there
" is no objection to our also reporting those which have taken place since the last
" meeting of the House.

" Mr. Dorion said he would not interfere with such a step.

" Tiie Chairman — Then I suppose it is so resolved, and we have comple*.a
" our business ?

" Mr. Blake — No, there is a (porum present, and any amendment is in order.
" I move that the House be asked to give such instructions to the Committee as
" will enable them to proceed with the enquiry.

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

" Mr. jDorion here withdrew from the room, and the motion was carried unani-
" mously by Messrs. Cameron, Blanchet and Blake.

•' Mr. Blake inquired of the Chairman — Do you propose to give the House coni-
" munication of this resolution ?

'* The Chairman — Not unless you move it to be done.

" Mr. Blake — Do you propose to communicate any of the previous proceed-
" ings?

•' The Chairman — I do not.

" Mr. Blanchet — I think we should report our proceedings. I move that the
" proceedings of the Committee since 17th May last be reported to the House.

" Mr. Blake — I move an amendment that the Committee adjourn till eleven
" o'clock to-morrow.

" Carried.

*' Yeas — Blake, Cameron.

" Nay — Blanchet.

«' The Committee then adjourned."

A few hours after my arrival in Ottawa, Sir yohn Macdonald called upon me
by appointment, and formally submitted the unanimous advice of my Ministers,
that Parliament should be prorogued according to the announcement made by my
authority in both Houses previous to its adjournment. After some conversation,
in which we went over the whole ground, and again examined the suggestion con-
tained in my letter relative to an adjournment, I finally announced to him th.it, on
a due consideration of all the circumstances of the case, the prorogation of Parli.i-
ment seemed to me inevitable, — that I did not feel myself justified in withdraw ing
my confidence from Ministers, or in concluding that Parliament had done so, and
that, therefore, I was prepared to be guided by the counsels of himself and his
colleagues, — but that I must formally insist on one condition as the price of my
assent to prorogation, viz. : — that Parliament should be again convoked within as
short a period as was consistent with the reasonable convenience of Members, and
that I considered six or eight weeks was as long an interval as should intervene
before the House re-assembled. Sir John Macdonald did not offer any objection to
this proposition — indeed he had already volunteered a suggestion to a similar effect,
— and it was agreed that I should meet my Council at two o'clock, in order that it
might \)e ratified in the presence of all my Ministers.

At one o'clock, however, I was unexpectedly informed that a deputation of
Members of Parliament was desirous of waiting upon me with a memorial against
prorogation. I had not received the slightest intimation of the intention of these
gentlemen, yet, although I felt the propriety of such a step upon their part was
very questionable, I concluded to receive them.

In the meantime I had repaired to the Council Chamber, as agreed upon, where
my Ministers jointly re-submitted the advice they had commissioned Sir 'John
Macdonald to convey on their behalf in the morning. I made the same reply to
them as to my Prime Minister, and the re-assembly of Parliament within the time
specified was agreed upon. It was, however, suggested that if ten weeks were
named as the limit instead of eight, it would be possible to get the preparation of

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

163

the Estimates sufficiently advanced to roll two Sessions into one, and dispense with
the usual Spring Session. Although I was scarcely in a position to know how far
this proposal was practicable or would be acceptable to Parliament, it would evi-
dently prove such a saving of expense to the country and of fatigue and inconveni-
ence to Members, many of whom would otherwise scarcely have time to return to
their homes at all, between an autumn and the usual Session, that I consented to
the additional fortnight upon the specific understanding, however, that if in the
interval anything should occur which, in my opinion, required Parliament to meet
sooner, an expression of my wishes to that effect would be at once acted upon
without comment or discussion.

These matters being settled, I returned to where the deputation of remonstrant
Members was waiting for me. They were introduced by their Chairman, Mr.
Cart'd'right, a gentleman for whom I have a great esteem. In presenting the
Memorial, Mr. Cartii'vight stated that it had been signed by ninety-two meml>ers of
Parliament, and that another gentleman had intimated his willingness to have his
signature attached to it. I found, however, on examining the document that three
of the ninety-two signatures had been affixed by deputy, though, of course, with
tlie full authority of their owners. I note the circumstance, however, as I shall
have occasion to refer to it hereafter.

As my interview with my Council had occupied some little time, it had not
been ])ossible for me either to study or to write my reply to the Memorial. I was
therefore forced to make Mr. Carhvright and his friends an extempore answer,
which was afterwards reduced to writing as nearly as possible in the terms actually
used. This document, together with the Members' Remonstrance, I subjoin for
your Lordship's information.

Memorial,

" The undersigned. Members of the House of Commons of Canada, desire le-
" spectfully to approach your Excellency, and humbly to represent that more than
■' four months have already elapsed since the Honoral^le Mr. Huntington made,
" from his place in the House, grave charges of corruption against your Excel-
'• lency's constitutional advisers in reference to the Pacific Railway contract ; that
" although the House has appointed a Committee to enquire into the said charges,
" tlie proceedings of this Committee have, on various grounds, been postponed, and
" the enquiry has not yet taken place ; that the honor of the country imperatively
" requires that no further delay should take place in the investigation of charges of
" so grave a character, and which it is the duty and undoubted right and privilege
" of the Commons to prosecute.

" Tlie undersigned are deeply impressed with the conviction that any attempt
" to postpone this enquiry, or to remove it from the jurisdiction of the Commons,
" would create the most intense dissatisfaction ; and they, therefore, pray your Ex-
"ceilency not to prorogue Parliament until the House of Commons shall have an
" opportunity of taking such steps as it may deem necessary and expedient with
" reference to this important matter.

" The number of n.ames signed to this document is ninety, within ten of one-
" half the House. They are as follows : —

" I'OSITION. — Anglin, Archibald, Bain, Bechard, Bergin, Blain, Blake,

164

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[1873

t<
i(
((

u
((

((
«
((

((
l(

Bodwell, Bourassa, Bowman, Boyer, Brouse, Buell, Burpee (Sunbury), Cameron
Huron), Cartwright, Casey, Casgrain, Cauchon, Charlton,* Church, Cockburn
(Muskoka), Cook, Cutler, Delorme, St. George, Dorion, Dorion, Edgar, Ferris
Findlay, Fiset, Fleming, Fournier, Galbraith, Geoffrion, Gibson, Gillies, Goudge,
Hagar, Harvey, Higginbotham, Holton, Horton, Huntington, Jette, Laflamnie,
Landerkin, McDonald Glengarry), McKenzie, Mercier, Metcalf, Mills, Oliver,
Paquet, Paterson, Pearson, Pelletier, Pickard, Poser, Prdvost, Richard, Rich
ai Is,* Ross, Ross, Ross, Ross, Rymal, Smith (Peol), Snyder, Stirton, Tas-
chereau, Thompson, Thomson,* Tremblay, Trow, "White (Halton), Wilkes,
Wood, Young, Young.

" Ministerialists. — Burpee (St. John), Coffin, Cunningham, Forbes, Glass,
Macdonell (Inverness), Ray, Schultz, Scriver, Shibley, D. A. Smith (Selkirk),
A. J. Smith (Westmoreland). "t

Reply.

*« Gentlemen, — It is quite unnecessary for me to assure you that any reprcfen-
" tations emanating from persons possessing the right to speak on public affairs with
"such authority as yourselves will always be considered by me with the greatest
•' respect, even had not circumstances already compelled me to give my most
"anxious thought to the matters to which you are now desirous of calling my
•'attention.

•'You say, in your memorandum, that four months have elapsed since the
•• Hon. Mr. Huntington preferred grave charge^ of corruption against my present
•' advisers, in reference to the Pacific Railw.iy contract, and that although the
•' House has appointed a Committee to enquire into these charges, the proceedings
•• of this Committee have on various grounds been postponed, and the enquiry has
•• not yet taken place.

"Gentlemen, no person can regret more deeply than I do these unfortunate
'• delays, the more so as they seem to have given rise to the impression that they
•• have been unnecessarily interposed by the action of the Executive.

" It may be premature at this moment to enter into a history of the disallowance
'•by the Imperial Government of the Oaths Bill, but this much, at all events, it is
'• but fa.r to every one that I should state, viz. : that immediately after I had assented
•• to that Act, I transmitted a certified copy of it to the Secretary of State, in ac-
" cordance with the instructions by which I am bound on such occasions. That,
*' leaning myself to the op.nion (an opinion founded on the precedent atforded by
•• the Act of the Canadian Parliament, which empowers the Senate to examine
" witnesses on oath), that the Act was not ultra vires, I accompanied it by a full
'• expositon of the arguments which could be urged in its support ; but on tiie
'• point being referred by the Secretary of State for the professional opinion of tlie
" Law Officers of the Crown, it was pronounced inconsistent with the Act of Con-

* The names thus noted were s'gned by proxy.

+ The above classificat on is founded on the votes taken on Mr. Huntington's
motion. One or two gentlemen, however, cla.ssed w.th the Opposition migiit be
more properly set down as "Independent."

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

165

" federation. The postponement therefore of the enquiry, so far as it has arisen
"out of this circumstance, has resulted wholly by the operation of law, and has
" been beyond the control of any one concerned.

" You then proceed to urge me, on grounds which are very fairly and forcibly
" stated, to decline the advice which has been unanimously tendered to me by my
"responsible Ministers, and to refuse to prorogue Parliament ; In other words you
" require me to dismiss them from my counsels ; for, gentlemen, you must be
" aware that this would be the necessary result of my assenting to your recommen-
"dation.

" Upon what grounds would I be justified in taking so grave a step ?

" Wha,: guarantee can you afford me that the Parliament of the Dominion would
"endorse such an act of personal interference on my part ?

"You, yourselves, gentlemen, do not form an actual moiety of the House of
" Commons, and I have no means, therefore, of ascertaining that the majority of
" that body subscribe to the opinion you have enounced.

" Again, to what should I have to appeal in justification of my conduct ?

"It is true grave charges have been preferred against these gentlemen ; charges
" which I admit require the most searching investigation ; but as you, yourselves,
" remark in your memorandum, the truth of these accusations still remains untested.

" One of the authors of this correspondence, which has made so painiid an
"impression upon the public, has admitted that many of his statements were hasty
" and inaccurate ; and has denied on oath the correctness of the deductions drawn
"from them.

' ' Various assertions contained in the narrative of the other have been positively
"contradicted.

" Is the Governor General, upon the strength of such evidence as this, to drive
" from his presence gentlemen who for years have filled the highest offices of State,
"and in whom, during the recent Session, Parliament has repeatedly declared its
" continued confidence ? It is true, certain documents of grave significance have
"lately been published in the newspapers in connection with these matters in
' regard to which the fullest explanation must be given, but no proof has yet been
" adduced which necessarily connects them with the culpable transactions of which
" it is asserted they formed a part, however questionable they may appear, as
" placed in juxtaposition with the correspondence to which they have been appended
"by the person who has possessed himself of them.

" Under these circumstances, what right has the Governor General, on his per-
" sonal responsibility, to proclaim to Canada — nay, not only to Canada, but to
"America and Europe, as such a proceeding on his part must necessarily do, that
" he believes his Ministers guilty of the crimes alleged against them ? Were it
"possible at the present lime to make a call of the House, and place myself in
" direct communication with the Parliament of the Dominion, my present em-
•'barrassment would disappear, but this is a physical impossibility. I am assured
" by my Prime Minister, and the Report of the proceedings at the time bears out
" his statements, that when Parliament adjourned it was announced by him, as the
"Ixader of the House, that the meeting on the 13th August would be immediate-
"ly followed by prorogation; that no substantive objection was taken to this

166

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

" .innouncement ; and that, as a consequence, a consideralile portion of your fellow
*• Members are disi^rsed in various directions. I should therefore only deceive
" myself were I to regard the present Assembly as a full I'arliament.

" Since the adjournment, indeed, circumstances have occurred which render
" your proximate re-assembly highly desirable, but in this country there are physical
" circumstances which necessarily interpose a considerable lapse of time liefore the
"representatives of the various I'rovinces comprising the confederated Parliament
" of Canada can assemble, separated as some of them are by thousands of miles
"from the capital of the Dominion.

" In regulating the times and seasons when Parliament is to be called togetlier,
"the Executive is bound not only to consider the reasonable convenience of these
" gentlemen but also to protect the federal rights of the Provinces which they
*' represent, and under these circumstances I have concluded, on the advice of my
" Ministers (and even if I differed from them as to the policy of such a course,
*< which I do not, it is a point upon which I should not hesitate to accept their
" recommendation) to issue a Royal Commission of enquiry to tliree gentlemen of
"such legal standing, character and authority as will command the confidence of
"the public, by virtue of the powers conferred upon me by the Act 31 Vic, cap.
** 38. On the other hand, I have determined in proroguing Parliament to announce
•'to the Members of both Houses my intention of assembling them immediately
** after the Commission in question shall have concluded its labors. By these
•' means an opportunity will lie afforded for the preliminary expurgation of tliese
" unhappy matters before a tribunal competent to take evidence on oath ; ample
" opportunities will be given to the Members of the more distant Provinces to
*' make their preparations, in view of an Autumnal Session ; and within two months
"or ten weeks from this date a full Parliament of Canada will take supreme and
"final cognizance of the case now pending between my Ministers and their
" accusers.

•' Gentlemen, the situation we have been discussing is one of great anxiety and
" embarrassment, but I cannot but hope that on a calm retrospect of the various
"considerations to be kept in view, you will come to the conclusion that in deter-
" mining to be guided by the advice of my Ministers, on the present occasion— in
" other words, in declining to act as though the charges which have been iv.vanced
" against them were already proven, and in adhering to arrangements upon the
" faith of which many of your colleagues are absent from their places, I have
" adopted the course most in accordance with the maxims of Constitutional Govern-
"ment, and with what is due to those whom the Parliament of Canada has recom-
•' mended to my confidence."

After the Members had retired, it had become time for me to proceed to the
Senate Chamber, and about half-past three o'clock the Speaker appeared at the
Bar, and Parliament was prorogued. Considerable excitement, I am informed,
prevailed in the House of Commons, and cries of " Privilege" were uttered, when
Black Rod made his appearance ; but as far as I can learn, nothing was done or
said incompatible with the dignity and self-respect of that assembly. Only the
Ministerialists present, about thirty-five in number, accompanied the Speaker to
the Senate Chamber. The Opposition, amongst whom, on this occasion, I suppose

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFRIIIN IN CANADA.

167

must hv included tliirteen of the ordinary supporters of my (lovernmcnt who
had signed the Memorial, remained behind in their places. Upwarrls of seventy
Memliers in a House of two hundred must have been absent — all of whom, witli
tlie exception of three, were claimed by (lovernment as their adherents.

In the evening, what is popularly i<nown a- an "indignation" meeting was
lield, under the presidency f Mr. Afacu,'}nie. I have appended to this

No. 6.

despatch a report of its procei ings.

I have thus recounted, in as faithful language as I can command, the various
circumstances connected with the recent Prorogation. In doing so, your Lordship
will perceive that I have not attempted to discuss, still less to defend, the action of
my Ministers on any of the occasions referred to, except so far as the justification
of their conduct follows as a corollary to the vindication of the attitude 1 myself
have assumed. The propriety of their procedure is a matter which they will have
to settle with the Canadian r.arliament. My contestation would be, that the fact
of tlieir being hereafter proved innocent or guilty of the accusations alleged against
them, or of having acted judiciously or the reverse, is a result which can have no
relation to my share in these transactions, and that, given the circumstances in
which I found myself, I have acted iii the highest interests of the Parliament and
of the peo]ilc of Canada. In the same way, if from time to time I have argued
against any of the views maintained by the Opi'osition, it has only been as con-
tending against their implied condemnation of what 1 myself have done or said.

Were I to be put upon my defence, my best justification would be found in a
review of whatever other courses may be considered to have been p(>^■^ible, but this
emiuiry has been pretty well exhausted in the course of the preceding statement.
The alternatives I have seen suggested by those who are disposed to criticize my
conduct are indeed very few. The morning after the news of the prorogation had
reached Toronto, but before my pledge in regard to an Autumn vSession was known,
tile Glohf — a recognized organ of the Opposition, and one of the ablest conducted
])apers in Canada — in lamenting the prospects of a recess which was to last to
February of next year, observed that " a prorogation for two or three weeks "
would have been a proper course. As I had actually anticipated, iW pith of these
Higgestions (for the question of a few extra weeks, I apprehend, could not have be-
come any grave cause of complaint) I naturally might have expected to have been
complimented on my action : but although this paper and all the other 0]iposition
journals in Canada have, with a few exceptions, shown great forbearance to me
personally — considering the excitement which prevailed and the forcible language
in wiiich leading articles are written — I am afraid I must admit to your Lordship
that its subsequent allusions to my procedure have not been eulogistic.

Hut if a short prorogation was wrong, what were the alternatives ? An
adjournment. But an adjournment is an act of the House, and cannot be com-
pelled by the Executive. The leader of the House had already rejected the sugges-
tion, and not the slightest intimation had ever reached me that such an expedient
would be agreeable to the Opposition. On the contrary, their last word within
an hour of the time the House was to meet, as conveyed to me by the ninety-two
Members, amongst', hom were Mr. Mackenzie and Mr. Blake^ was — " Let us meet
and proceed to business as though we were a fully constituted assembly, repre-
senting the collective will of the people."

168

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

But "t has been suggested that I should, on the one hand, have comjielled the
acquiescence of Sir John Macdonald in an adjournment by refusing to inoroguc,
while on the other, Mr. Mackenzie ought to have been driven into the arrangement
under a threat of prorogation.

Now I am quite ready to admit, that one of the functions of a Governor Gen-
eral is to moderate the animosities of party warfare, to hold the balance even
between the contending parties, to see that the machinery of the Constitution is
not unfairly strained for party purposes, to intervene with his Counsels at oppor-
tune moments, and wlien desired by his Ministers to become the channel of com-
munication with their opponents, or even though uninvited, to offer himself as
negotiator in a difficulty. But the rdle marked out for me above is very different
from this. I certainly should not have considered it consistent with my personal
honor to have approached my Prime Minister with a threat I had no intention of
executing, even had I seen less clearly than I did the objections to the course pro-
posed, while, except at his instance, I should have been still less justified in open-
ing communications with the Opposition, But as I have already explained the
mere negotiation of an adjournment would not have advanced matters in any degree,
unless the issues relative to the future proceedings of the Committee could have
been settled at the same time ; but the divergencies of opinion upon these points
were irreconcileable, and could never have been satisfactorily dealt with except by
the House in full Session.

If, then, my choice lay — which seems to be admitted — between a short proro-
gation and a barren adjournment for a similar period, I do not think it can be
disputed that the former was the preferable of the two.

Of course it was always open to me to have dismissed my Ministers, and have
to take my chance of Parliament approving my conduct, but I did not feel my-
self warranted in hazarding such a step on the data before me. Indeed, the rash-
ness and injustice of the proceeding would probably have roused such a feeling of
dissatisfaction in the minds of what I have no reason to know may not prove the
majority of the constituencies that there would have been a great chance — if Sir
John and his friends came at all decently out of the affair — of their being borne
back into office on the shoulders of the people. If wholly exculpated, your Lord-
ship can imagine what my position would become in presence of the reaction tliat
would have ensued. At all events, as I told the remonstrant members in my reply,
I was not prepared, by publicly withdrawing my confidence from my Ministers, to
proclaim to Canada, to America, and to Europe that I believed untried men guilty
of such atrocious crimes as those imputed to them. It is, however, not necessary to
debate this line of conduct, as no responsible person in this country has ventured
to recommend it.

But though not directly suggesting the dismissal of my Ministers, it has been
very generally contended that I should have considered them under a ban, and
should have ceased to act on their advice, though still retaining them in office.
The establishment of a relationship of this kind between the Crown and its Minis-
ters would be a novel fact in Constitutional history, and might have proved difiicult
of execution. I was to go to my Council and say to them, " Gentlemen, you state
" that in your opinion the Crown has pledged itself to Parliament to prorogue on

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

169

" a certain day : you assert ns a matter of fact that, relying on this pledge, sixty or
" seventy men)l)ers are not in their places, and that to allow the House to jiroceed
" to business in i! "^ r absence would be a gross impropriety to which you would
'♦ not consent, and that in view of this circumstance as my constitutional advisers,
" i)laced al)out me by the will of Parliament, you unanimously advise me to pro-
" ro^ue. Well, gentlemen, when Parliament last voted, you jiossessed a command-
" ing majority : whether you have lost the confidence of Parliament or not I can-
" not tell. You say you have not. Others say you have. Your political oppo-
" nents have brought grave accusations against you. You are therefore under a
" ban. You have forfeited my confidence. I do not intend to take your advice,
" except on mere questions of administration, but — Pray retain your places." To
which, of course, these gentlemen would have replied : — " We are highly sensible
"of your Excellency's forbearance, perhaps you will favor us with alistofsub-
" jccts on which you will accept our recommendation, as well as an it/c/cx expur-
" giitoritis of those which are tabooed. The arrangement will lighten our respon-
*' sibilities, our salaries will remain the same, and our honor " — I cannot exactly
conjecture how the sentence would have concluded. But the suggestion that my
refusal to take their advice on prorogation would not have been tantamount to a
dismissal of them, is too untenable to need refutation.

Before, however, closing this head of the discussion it may be well to examine
the grounds on which it is alleged I ought to have withdrawn my confidence from
Sir Jcfin Macdonald and his colleagues.

In order to answer this question, we must inquire what I had to go upon ?
There were Mr. Huntington^ s statements as displayed in his motion, — but these
statements were not statements of facts, but of ccr^lusions drawn from facts within
Mr. Huntington^ s knowledge perhaps, but not within mine, and offered no safe
foothold. Next, there were Sir Hugh ^//rtw'j statements, — but upon which was I
to found myself, — upon those in Sir Hugh's letters, in which he admits there was
a good deal of '• inaccurate " language, or upon those in his affidavit ? If upon the
latter, could I have pronounced the Government guilty ? Then there were Mr.
Mc Mullen'' s statements, — but these have been much questioned, and many of them
have been contradicted. I do not think the people of Canada would be willing to
allow the reputation of any of their representative men to be staked upon evidence
of this nature. Lastly, there were Sir George Cartier's letter, and Sir John Mac-
donaUrs telegram. In respect to these documents, I would merely observe that
suspicious as they might appear, no man would have been justified in acting upon
any conclusion in regard to them, until it had been shown with what transactions
they were connected. There is as yet no evidence to prove that the sums referred
to were consideration moneys for the Pacific Railway charter ; and Sir Hugh Allan
states upon his oath that they were not, as will be seen from the subjoined extract
from his affidavit :—

" In these and similar ways I expended sums of money approaching in amount
" those mentioned in those letters, as I conceive I had a perfect right to do ; but
" I (lid not state in those letters, nor is it the fact, that any portion of those sums
" of money were paid to the members of the Government, or were received by
" them or on their behalf directly as a consideration in any form for any advan-
" tage to me in connection with the Pacific Railway contract."

170 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF [187,'^

On the other hand, what were the countervailing facts within my knowlcdj^o ?
The theory of the prosecution is " that the terms of the charter were corruptly
" modified to the advantage of Sir IIuj:;h A'lun and his American confederates."
Has the Ijargain been carried out ? Certainly not as far as the nmericaus are con-
cerned. Their complaint is that they have taken notiiinjr by their motion. I was
myself a witness of the pains taken to exclude them when the charter was being
framed. Have Sir lliigk Allan and his friends been gratified with that control
over the concern to attain which Mr. Me Mullen asserts he bribed my Ministers?
This is ci fact less easy to el.icidate, but I myself believe that he has not. At
moments when Sir Joint Macdonald cowMX not liave been playing a ]iart he gave
me rejieated indications of his desire to prevent Sir Hugh from obtaining any com-
manding influence on the direction. That direction was framed with a view to a
pro]ier representation upon it of e»'ery Province in Canada, regard l)eing hnd to the
wealth and population of each. It numbers amongst its niembers gentlemen who
had been on the direction of the late Interoceanic '"ompany, and it includes t!ie
names of men whom every one would acknowledge would never willingly asso-
ciate themselves with any dishonoral)le enterprise. It is difficult to believe that
these jiersonages are either the willing or unconscious tools of Sir //. Allan.
Hence, we must airive at the inference that, at all events, if the crime was im-
agined, it can scarcely have been consummated. T.iis would not in the least
excuse its auiliors, but if a thing has not been done, the fact affords /;•//;/<? facie
grounds for believing that it was not intended to be done. Lastly, I have received
the most solemn assurances from my Ministers, lioth individually and collectively,
on their word ;s men of honor, and on their f^-alty to the Crown as my swoin
Councillors, that they are absolutely innocent of the things laid to their charge.

On a bf lance of the foregoing considerations, can any one say that I should have
been justified in deliberately violating my first duty as a constitutional ruler on a
premature assumption of the guilt of these gentlemen ?

Hut a still more important question remains behind. Had I any means of
knowing that my Ministers had forfeited the confidence of the House of Commons,
— for, of course, if this were the case, any inward impressions of my own would
cease to be elements of the problem ?

What were the Taots upon which I could rely ? During the whole of the pre-
ceding Session the Governmen' had marched from victory to victory, as will ite
seen by the subjoined record of votes taken on test divisions : —

7th March, majcnity for (jO"ernment '^

i8th do do do 25

2nd April, do do - 3'*

17th (io do do 26

7th May, do do 3'

8th do do do 33

1 2th do do do 24

l6th do do do 35

They had left off with a majority of 35 at their command. The ordinary pre-

* Mr. Huntington's motion.

1873]

I87;ij

tup: earl of duffekin in Canada.

171

sumption would be that tlieii supporters still J'.il'nerecl to thein. Had anything
^. curred to invalidate this conclusion ? The publication of the documents I have
referred to ? Judging from the process of thought in my own mind, which com-
pelled me to suspend my verdict, [ could not bring myself to believe th-it Tarlia-
nient had jumped to any premature conclusion. But I had one other indication to
assist me. Ninety-two Members of Parliament declared themselves op.posed to
the views of Mmisters on prorogation. \Vhere were the other one hundred and
seven, and what were their opinions? Of the thirty-five or forty who were in their
jilacfs, not one took steps to make me aware that they had ceased to support the
(lovernment. Their name, were conspicuously absent from the Memorial, l"he
sixty or sixty-five members who were away canncjt complain if I have ; i rpreted
their absence as an indication that they endorsed the policy of Governnie\it, so far
at least as prorogation was concerned. That the Memorialists were so many and
11(1 more was in itself significant, for it gave the measure of the etTort made and the
mnximum result. The> were not even a moiety of the House. They were a
minority, and therefore not in a position to ac<juaint r-.e with the wishes of the
majority, or to speak in behalf of Parliament at all. So acutely was the force of
tlii> fact felt that witliin a very few days after prorogation, it was industriously Cir-
culated by all the Opposition newspapers, that in refusing to acquiesce in tf.e sug-
gestions of the signatories of this Memorial, I had flown in the face of a " majority"
of the House of Commons. It is said that hypocrisy is the homage paid by vice to
virtue. The pertinacity with which this mis-statemen*' has been propagated, I can-
not but regard as a homage to the strength of my position. But, not content with
this, some pa{)ers have even gone further, and stated positively that other gentlemen,
fiiciuls of the Government, waited upon me the same day and held language similar
to tile remonstrants — an assertion for which there is not the slightest foundation, for
on that day, up to three o'clock, with the exception of the Speaker, the remon-
strant members themselves, and my Mini.sters, I had neither spoken to nor heard
from a single Memlier of Parliament.

But it has been subsequently argued, that ina^iinuch as no division ever took
place in a perfectly full house, ninety-two signatures implied a practical majority,
— as though my appreciation of what should constitute a majority is to h t regulated
by mv estimate of the cogency of the respective whips. If, however, we are to
count noses with such particularity, let us see how the case stands. I admit that
the numerical strength of a house is always in excess of its voting power. There
^^ill alwajs be accidental vacancies. But the ranks of each side are equally
liable to be thinned by casualties. What was the voting power represented by this
Memorial ? It is true, on the w-ord of the Chairman, I took 93 as the number of
persons on whose behalf he spoke, but the actual signatures at the time I had to
decide on my course were only 92. '^f these, three were afiixed by proxy, reducing
tlic momentary voting strength of the body represented to 89; for it s to be
picsumed that, unless detained from Ottawa, the remainin;^ gentlemen would
li:ive signed with their own hands. Now, if we double 80 we get a house of 178,
and no later than last Session 183 names appeared on a division list, — so that the
89 remonstrants rep'-esented only a minority of the 1 louse even on this principle
of reckoning. But during the whole of last Session, Government had a large

172

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

1873]

majority, a condition of affairs which superinduces a laxity of attendance. Had
the two parties been more evenly balanced, had victory depended on only a feu-
votes, the muster of members would have been inevitably stronger, and the
maximum division list of l83 undoubtedly exceeded.

But I am not i)re))ared to admit that a Governor General would be justified in
taking so serious a st'-p as was then urged upon me, on the strength of a memorial
signed even by a majority of Members of Parliament. Except so far as bringing
a certain amount of pressure to bear upon him for a momentary purpose, a docu-
ment of this nature is quite inconsequent. It would prove so much waste paper in
the presence of a different mandate from the constituencies of many of these
gentlemen, and when the time for voting arrived the Governor who relied upon it
might very well find a considerable proportion of its signatories on the wrong side
of the division list, with a dozen plausible excuses for their having played him
false. Indeed within a couple of hours after the deputation had left my presence,
I was assured on trustworthy authority that some of these very persons had openly
stated that in signing the Memorial they by no means intended to signify that they
withdrew their support from Government.

It is further to be remembered that, although I was in Ottawa at six in the
morning, I heard nothing of this Memorial until i o'clock, that three was the hour
at which Parliament met, that the gentlemen bringing it must have known that its
presentation and jierusal must have occupied some time, and that I was bound to
communicate it to my Ministers, — yet it was upon the strength of a document of
this nature, presented in this fashion, when my Speech from the Throne was in the
hands of the printers and the guard of honor undei arms, that I was expected to
take a step which under such circumstances must have inevitably led to a change
of Government, and possibly a general election.

I have one further point to mention, and I have done. It is a favorite theory
at this moment with many persons, that when once grave charges of this nature
have been preferred against the Ministry they become ipso facto unfit to counsel the
Crown. The practical application of this principle would prove very inconvenient,
and would leave not only the Governor General, but every Lieutenant Governor in
the Dominion, very thinly provided with responsible advisers, for as far as I have
been able to seize the spirit of political controversy in Canada, there is scarcely an
eminent man in the country on either side whose character or integrity has not
been, at one time or another, the subject of reckless attack by his opponents in the
press. Even your Ix)rdship and Mr. Gladstone have not escaped, for it has been
more tiipn insinuated that the Imperial Government have been 'got at" by Sir
John Macdonald, and that the law officers of Her Majesty were instructed to con-
demn the Oaths Jiill contrary to their legal convictions,

In conclusion, I desired to call your Lordship's attention to the fact, that in this
despatch I have made no allusion to the Royal Commission, which I have just
issued under the advice of my Ministers.

My desire is to keep the transactions relating to the prorogation of Pailiament,
and to the issue of the Commission, entirely distinct. These two events are (juite
disconnected and independent. The reasons which induced me to a}i;ree to the
prorogation of Parliament had to be considered without reference to the effect of

prorogation
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1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IX CANADA.

173

prorogation on the Committee, or, at least, they appeared sufficiently cogent to over ■
piiwer any countervailing arguments founded on the necessity of keeping the Com-
niitlee alive. However much I might have desired to do so, I could not have
treated Parliament as a pregnant woman, and prolonged its existence for the sake
of the lesser life attached to it. If I have satisfied your Lordship that prorogation
under the circumstances was the proper course, the extinction of the Committee
WHS an ill effect with which I had no concern. It is necessary to keep this consi-
deration very clearly before our eyes, otherwise a confusion of ideas will ensue,
prejudicial to a correct judgment of the case. The extinction of the Committee is
being denounced as the worst feature in the transaction by persons who are ready
to admit that prorogation was perhaps a necessity, and they insensibly transfer their
dissatisfaction with the result to the circumstance which occasioned it. The same
class of minds probably conjecture that the destruction of the Committee was the
main inducement with my Government for insisting on prorogation, but with
speculations of this kind I have nothing to do. I prorogued Parliament for what I
considered not only full and sufficient, but imperative reason. The subordinate con-
5ec[uences incident to the transaction oo not, therefore, come under review.

Tliere is one further point it may be well to remember. 1 see it is asserted that
the ( lovernment purposely kept its sixty Members away. Of course I have no
means of knowing h^vv far this may have been the case. It is probable that having
concluded that th ■ s.r .i >a could not be prolonged, my Ministers may have notilied
their followers to that effect, but it is an indisputable fact, that the absence of a
considerable proportion was unavoidable.

In another despatch I propose to address your Lordship on the subject of the
Commission.

I have the honor to be, my Lord,

Your Lordship's most obedient servant,

(Signed,) DUFFERIN.

The Right lion, the Earl of Kimberley,

&=€., i^T'C, &'C.

I'his despatch shews that Lord Dufferin better understood the
Constitutional form of government which our early reformers, headed
by Robert Baldwin, so long and so untiringly strove to .secure than
tlio political descendants of that sterling man, who would have scorned
under any temptation, to violate its principles. It is a notable cir( um-
stance that the only two attacks sustained by Constitutional Govern-
ment in Canada, since the Confederation of the Provinces, have been
made by the Liberal party, — first, in the case now under consideration,
and second, in the person of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec. Mr.
I.etellicr de St. Just, in the early part of this year (1878). If any thing
were needed to show the absolute necessity of administering our
Colonial Government through a statesman from Britain it would be
furnished by the history of these two transactions.

174

HISTOKY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

The Governor General, as was to be expected, now became the
object of bitter animadversion. The Opposition press exhausted the
vocabularies of abuse, but its violence was so extreme as to shock all
just-minded people, and thus its attacks were deprived of most of
their force. Its statements were so grossly untrue, — its views of Con-
stitutional Government so cnide and incorrect, and its virulence so un-
justifiable, that its utterances, may be passed by as unworthy of note ;
and when we examine the arguments of the cooler men and the more
educated minds, which have been placed before the public, on this
much debated subject, we find even them so disfigured by mis-state-
ments, and so marred by illogical reasoning, that we rise from the
task, convinced that Lord Uufferin's ])osition, as taken by himself in
his answer to the ninety-two memorialists and in his despatch to the
Earl of Kimberley, was the correct one ; and that he, in his dealings
with the embroglio, has done the cause of Constitutional Government
good service, in the proper ap])lication of its principles, and the
enlightened working of its rules of practice.

The House was prorogued on the 13th August. On the 14th a
Royal Commission was issued under the Canadian Act, 31 Vic, Cap.
38, to the Hon. Charles Dewey Da}-, of Montreal, late one of the
Judges of the Superior Court ; the Hon. A. Polette, of Three Rivers,
one of the Judges of the Su])erior Court; and James Robert Gowan,
of Barrie, County Court Judge of the County of Simcoe, in the Pro-
vince of Ontario, authorizing them to enquire into the various mat-
ters connected with the issue of the Pacific Railway Charter.

It will be borne in mind that Mr. Mackenzie's motion of the 13th
August declared that :

"Constitutional usage requires tliat charges of corruption against Ministers of
the Crown sliould lie investigated by Parliament, and that the assuminion of that
duty by ary tribunal created by the Executive would be a flagrant violation of iho
privileges, of tliis House."

This was, of course, directed against the anticipated issue of
a Royal Commission, which the leader of the Opposition, supported
by all of his followers, with the exception, perhaps, of Mr. Blake — whose
adhesion to the doctrine of Mr. Mackenzie does not seem to have
been clo.se — took pains beforehand to denounce. liut the point of
Constitutional lav/ involved is by no means clear in Mr. Mackenzie's
favor; on tlie contrary, it seems to be pretty clear ago nst him.

In discussing Colonial Constitutional law, it must be kept constant-
ly in view that a Governor General, unlike Her Majesty, has two

lsr^]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

175

characters : he is the head of the Executive of the Dominion, and thus
far his i)Osition is similar to that of Her Majesty in Britain, — but he is,
besides, an Imperial officer, charged with the duty of guarding Im-
perial interests, as rontra-distinguished from Colonial ones. In this
particular case this duty was emphasized by the fact that the Home
Government had passed an Act to guarantee a large loan to be raised
for the purpose of assisting the Pacific Railway enterprise. Admit-
ting, for the sake of argument, that the issue of the Royal Commis-
sion was J>cf se an improper interference with the privileges of
Parliament, — for it is not denied that the moment the House had
become "seized" of the matter by the ai)pointmert of a Parliamen-
tary Committee, any interference with that proceeding would have
i)ccn irregular — yet it by no means follows that the Governor General,
ill his character of guardian of Imperial interests, was debarred from
eiKiuiry. It might — and there is nothing unreasonable in supposing
such a case — it might happen that a dishonest or factious Ministry,
supported by a dishonest or factious majority in the House, was
pursuing a dishonorable course affecting Imperial interests. To pro-
tect these interests is the duty of the representative here of the Crown,
but to ap])eal to his Ministry would, in the case sujjposed, be useless.
Would there be no escape from so anomalous a position? The duty
of the Governor General was to facilitate the Parliamentary encpiiry,
which he did to the utmost extent of his ability, by insisting on an
early and extra session of the House; his duty to the Im{)erial author-
ities was to institute an encjuiry at the earliest moment, — and this he
did by means of the Royal Commission. It is vain and unfair to argue
that he should not have prorogued. Had he permitted the House, as
constituted on the 13th August, to take the m;itter into its control,
he would have been playing into the hands of an unscrui)ulous minor-
ity of the whole House, who well knew that a great many of the sup-
porters of the Ministry, trusting to the understanding arrived at before
they left Ottawa on the 23rd May, were not in attendance. Ad-
journ the House he could not, for thai is the act of the House itself ;
and as the Session was at the moment composed of a majority of the
Opposition, who had evidently gathered in strength, hoping to take the
Ministry at a disadvantage, — to leave this majority to proceed accord-
ing to their pleasure would havr been to break faith, or rather permit
them, too willing as they were, to break Liith with the other members,
who were, many of them, thousands of miles distant. 'I he only
course, therefore, open tc the Governor Geiieral was to prorogue, with

176

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

the pledge of a speedy Session, and issue a Royal Commission. Ry
this strictly constitutional proceeding he obtained an enquiry into the
conduct of his Ministers, whom he could not on the simplest princi]jles
of justice dismiss on mere suspicion,— and he avoided all interference
with the privileges of Parliament, since an enquiry on the part of the
House could be ordered when it next met. The Commission was
declared to be issued under the authority of the Act of Canada, 31
Victoria, chapter 38 (1868) intituled, "An Act Respecting Inquiries
Concerning Public Matters," which provides that :

«' Whenever the Governor in Council deems it expedient to cause enquiry to he
made into and concerning nny matter connected with the good government of
Canada, or the conduct of any part of the pubhc business thereof, and such encjuiry
is not regulated by any special law, the Governor may, by the Commission in tlie
case, confer the power to examine witnesses on oath," &=€.

It was urged that this Act gave power to the " Governor in Coun-
cil " only to issue the Commission, but, be that as it may, Sir John
Macdonald urged the issue from the commencement, and the fact that
it was really issued as an act of the J3ominion Government in no way
detracted from its value as a means of obtaining information, untlor
oath, — from Sir John Macdonald's frankness in offering it, nor from
His Excellency's sincere desire to obtain the fullest information as to
the conduct of the members of his Government at the earliest moment,
find in the most thorough manner possible.

On the 1 8th August His Excellency sent to the Colonial Secre-
tary, the Earl of Kimberley, the following despatch :

No. 198.

Canada, .htg. 18, 1873.

Mv Lord, — In my previous despatch of liie 15th August, I had the honor
of informing your Lordship of the circumstances under which Parliameni w.i^ pro-
rogued on the ijlh.

As a con>^'(juence .>! that event, tlie Pacific Railway Conimiuec of Kiu[uiiy
became extinct, and, ah I have already mentioned, an interval of eight or ten wciks
was to ';hipse befor. the n assembly of Parliament. A questit>n consi iaciuly
arose as lo whether, ilunng this short recess, anything could be doiu' to Knw.ud
the hitlierto aoortive inciuiry touching the Pacific Railway Charter.

Whtii I was at Prince Edward Island, and in communication with my (wo
Ministers, .Messrs. '/'i/hy and Tuppcr, — shortly after the publication of the Mi Mid-
len correspoodence, — 1 had intimated to them that, should the Comniiuee of the
House of t ..minions fiivi itself unable lo prosecute the investigation, the trutli imist
be got at !~omehow. — and that perhaps an in([uiry conducted before three jii(lt,Tsof
the land might prove a satisfactory issue out of the difficulty. In niakini; this
suggestion 1 svas actuated by a double motive. In the first place, I was ikx| ly

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFKRIN IN CANADA.

177

distressed at the embarrassing relations whicli existed between my Ministers and
nivself. '1 hese gentlemen were being assailed by irresponsible newspaper corre-
spondfiits with accusations of the most injurious description. Documents which,
perhajis, in themselves proved nothing, had been brought into an allLj^ed connec-
tion with a narrative that invested them with a very sinister signification. Tiie
rnrliamentary Committee that had undertaken to discover the truth appeared to
be jiaralyzed, and the accused were thus shut out from all means of vindicating
lliLir cliaracters. Vet it was to these persons I was Viound to recur for advice in
all matters affecting the administration of public affairs. Again, as an Imperial
olricer, it was my duty to watch with especial care over Imperial interests. The
allegation current against my Ministers and others, was that tiiey had fraudulently
dealt w ith certain monetary trusts, voted indeed by the Parliament of Canada, but
guaranteed, to a considerable extent, by the Imperial Government. This being so,
I was evidentl) bound, apart from any action of the Canadian House of Commons,
wliiise powers of scrutiny seemed for the present of small avail, to obtain satisfac-
ticrn in regard to these matters by any constitutional methods within my reach.
Indeed from this point of view it was not the Ministry of the day, — who are but an
evanescent Committee of Parliament, — but the Parliament of Canada itself that
was responsible to (Jreat Britain in respect of any malversation which might have
occiureii — as having confided the disposal of these interests to improper agents.

Al the same time, as long as the Parliamentary Committee was in existence,
even though it had ceased to act, the resort to any other instrument of investiga-
tion was not desirable. Beyond, therefore, the casual suggestion to which I have
referred, nothing further was volunteered by me in this sense. Wlien, however,
the prorogation of Parliament being decided upon, and the Committee of the House
of Ldmnuins being about consequently to become extinct, my (iovernnient under-
took, on its own responsibility, to advise the issue of a Commission to three Judges
ofeharacter, standing, and acknowledged integrity, I had no difficulty in acquiesc-
iiii; in their recommendation.

I have now, therefore, to inform your Lordship that on the 14th August T signed
a ('onimission at the instance of my responsible advisers, and by \irtue of the
jKiwers vested in the Ciovernor General by the Canadian Act of the 31 Vic, Cap. 38,
to die Honorable Judge Day, the Honorable Judge Polette and Judge Cowan,
autliori/ing them to inquire into the various matters connected with tiie issue of the
racilie Railway Charter. A copy of this Commission I havethe lionor to ajipend.

On iiferring to it, your Lordship will observe that the purview of the Com-
mission is very wide and inquisitorial, and that there is nothing to restrict its recep-
tion of anything that may appear to deserve the name of evidence. The professional
antecedents of these gentlemen are set forth in the accomixvnying docunienl, which
hasl.ieii jjiepared for me by my Ministers. Only one of them is personally Icnown
to me, viz. : Judne Day, who, as Chancellor of the Mctiill University, received me
on niy visit io that Institution. Since that we have improved our acquuintance,
and 1 liave no hesitation in stating, both from what I know and have kariu, that
1 liave every contidence in Judge Day's high sense of honor, capacity, and tirmness.

1 W.iw also considered it my duty to satisfy myself as to the (jualifications of
the I wo uther gentlemen with whom he is associated, and I am in a position to

178

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

inform your Lordship that they are generally regarded as persons of unblemished
integrity, sound judgment, and professional aV)ility, while the length of time all
three have been removed from politics frees them from the suspicion of political
partizanship.

Notwithstanding the creditable antecedents of these personages, they have been
sharply assailed by the Opposition press, for which the praises of the Ministerial
organs is scarcely an adecjuate consolation. Perhaps, however, it may not be
amiss that I should append two or three articles from newspapers bitterly ojiposed
to the (jovernment, who, nevertheless, are compelled to bear a scant and niggard
testimony to the high qualities of these gentlemen.

Under ordinary circumstances, I should have thought it sufficient to have ter-
minated my despatch at this point, but as matters now stand, it is necessary that I
should describe to your Lordship the chief features of the controversy to which tht;
issue of this Commission has given rise.

The objections urged against it seem to be three in numl)er.

1st. That the present investigation is not of the kind contemplated by the Act.

This point is so entirely a question of legal interpretation that I can only be
guided in regard tc it by my law officer.

2nd. That the issue of the Commission is an invasion of the privilege of Parlia-
ment ; that Parliament being seized of the matter, no other authority has a rigiit to
concern itself in the investigation.

I apprehend that this view cannot be sustained. The powers with which the
Commission is vested being legal, and granted by Parliament without limitation,
it is difficult to believe tlx.ci their exercise can be held an interference with the pri-
vileges of Parliament. It is not a criminal suit, but a simple inquiry that has been
instituted by the House of Commons at the instance of my Ministers. Moreover,
Parliament has ceased to conduct this inquiry- The Crown possesses no atjsulute
guarantee that it will be renewed, or that, when renewed, it will be effectual. If
Ministers fall on a vote of want of confidence on the address, it might j)i()ve tlie
interest of so many persons to let the matter drop, that the Committee may not be
re-appointed. Unless conducted under oath, the investigation will certainly prove
ineffectual ; and I am advised that it is doubtful whether any device exists by wliich
a mere Committee of the House of Commons can be enabled to swear its witnesses.
If, therefore, an immediate investigation will promote the " good f lovernnient of
Canada," to quote the words of the Act, I do not apprehend that ParlianuMit can
denounce tlie Commission as a breach of privilege. The House of Commons may
declare the issue of the Commission to be inopportune and unadvisable, and may
visit with its displeasure the Ministers who counselled its appointment, but it can
have no locus standi as against the Crown itself.

Moreover, it mast be remembered that the Commission can in no way intLMcept
or supersede the jurisdiction of the House tif Commons. It will be quite com-
petent for Parliament to ignore the fact of its having existed. Its influence on the
present situation will entirely depend on the way in which it discharges its function^.
If the public is convinced that it has elucidated the truth — no matter with "bat
result — its position will be unassailable — if it fails to do so, it will not require the
action of Parliament to proclaim its dich^ance.

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIX IN CANADA.

179

There is yet another way of looking at the matter. Few people will deny that
individually I have the right to require an exjihmation from my Ministers in rej^ard
to these transactions. Hut it is evident that in respect of so complicated a busi-
ness I have neitiier the time, nor tiie knowledge, nor the professional acutcness
necessary to unravel the tangled web of incriminatory matter presented to me. If,
tlitii, I possess the legal power, and if, by undertaking to answer for the Act, my
Ministers endow me with the constitutional power, can Parliament comiilain if I
t.nke advantage of these circumstances to subject my Ministers, through the C'om-
niission that represents me, to such an interrogatory as I may deem .advisable, or if
1 order the collection of such other evidence as may be forthcoming, and is
calculated to throw light upon the business ?

Nor has Mr. IIuHtington himself any grounds to dispute my right to take
cognizance of this affair. While the Parliamentary Committee was still in exist-
ence, he approached me officially and directly with communications incriminating
sworn members of my Privy Council. It is true I returned him the documents he
forwarded, and declined to take personal cognizance of a matter then before a
Committee of the House of Commons, but I retain his covering letter, and it is
scarcely competent for him, — the Committee having ceased to exist, — to decline
the jurisdiction of the Commission so far as it is concerned with what he himself
liroiight to my notice. Hy his own act he has invited my intervention, and sub-
mitted the matter to the direct cognizance of the Crown.

Thirdly. Tlie *^ personnel" of the Commission is complained of as partial to
the Covernment, and as having been chosen by the accused. Into the personal
(luestion I need not enter further than I have done. That the Commissioners
shuidd have been named by the Covernment is an accident inevitable to the
anomalous situation of affairs ; but when we consider the character and antecedents
of tliese gentlemen, that they sit in open court, that their powers of inquiry are
luiiimited, that they will act under the eyes of unsparing critics, that any ajjjiear-
ance of flinching rn their part will only stimulate llie desire both in and out of
Parliament for further inquiry, and that in such an event a review of the case by
the House of Commons is extremely probable, I do not think that any practical
objection can be taken to them on this account.

1 should have much preferred that Sir yo/ui's previous offer to the House of
Commons' Committee should have been renewed, for although this Committee can-
not lie pronounced free from those characteristics which adhere to all Parliamen-
tary Committees on such occasions, it might possibly possess greater vigor of
evisceration than a Commission, though its ultimate verdict might not prove iMiani-
mous. It would, moreover, have been able to command the appearance of Mr.
lluntiiigton as a willing prosecutor. That gentleman, as I understantt, intends to
question the jurisdiction of Judge Day and his colleagues. Of course, the Minis-
terialists asseverate that he fears being brought to book, that having thoroughly
prejudiced the pui)lic mind through the agency of Mr. .l/c.l////(V«V letters he would
\villinL;ly let the Government lie as long as possible under the odium of a vague
vhaige which accurate inc^uiry would dispose of ; but this seems a groundless asper-
sion. Mr. Huntington may be, and indeed 1 trust, and so far believe, is mistaken,
lie may have "got hold of the wrong end of the stick," and have been too quick in

180

IIISTOKY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[IHI?,

draw iiif,' inferences ; it may l)e (ioubtful if he is well advised in declininfj to appear,
if that siiould he liis determination, hut tiiat after all he has said and done lie should
have misgivings as to his case is not credible, and such an injurious supposition is
unjiuliliahlc. Hut the difl'iculties in tlie way of niaUinij; a second offer to Messrs.
Bliikc and Doiion api)eared insuperable, for both these {gentlemen dediniiij^ Sir
jfo/iii's former proposal to make them Commissioners grounded themselves iidt
only on the necessity of obtaining the House's sanction to their change of status, an
objection which, though somewhat subtle, was iierhajis. sustainable, but furthermore
asserted that as Commissioners their independence would be destroyed. Mr. lUnkc,
moreover, had stated that on jiersonal grounds he could not consent to act on a
Commission appointed under the advice of Sir John MacdonalU. As there was no
reason to suppose that these gentlemen had changed their minds in these resjieds,
it ditl not appear advisable to re-approach them on the subject.

Under these circumstances it was evident, — if the interval that must elapse
before the re-assembly of Parliament svas to be utilized, — that any incpiiry which
might be possil)le must be contidetl to fresh hands.

That my Ministers should desire an opp'\tunity of making themselves heard
can lie well understood. The language used on their behalf is something of this
sort •• — "For months past we have been the objects of the vilest calumnies. (Jur
" most confidential documents have been purloined by an informer, and dishonestly
" connected with a narrative which is itself untrue. Hitherto we have had no
" opportunity of relnitling these accusations. The instrument appointed by the
" House of Commons to do justice between us and our traducers has proved
" powerless for that object. Considering with whom we have to deal, we re(|nire
'' the evidence against us to be substantiated by an oath. We are not willing to
*' place our honor at the mercy of our accusers unless protected against perjury.
" We ourselves are anxious to be heard ujion our oaths. We doubt whether a
"Committee of the House of Commons can accjuire the power of swearing in its
" witnesses without an Imperial Act. We think it but fair before Parliament
" re-assembles that we should have an opportunity of answering fully, point i)y
" point, the injurious allegations brought against us. This cannot be done by mere
" statements. We desire therefore to subject ourselves to as searching an inlerro-
"gatory as a skilled tribunal or our most bitter opponents can apply. Unless we
" have this opportunity we shall meet Parliament at a disadvantage. Our enemies
"have possessed themselves of the ear of the public for months. We have had
" no opportunities of counteracting these inlluences. l^t at least our story be
"heard before a premature decision is snatched fr(jm Parliament, saturated as it
"may have become with these calumnies. We do not wish to escape from the
" scrutiny of the House of Commons. We know we could not do so, — did we so
" desire, — but since its action is for a time suspended, do not condemn us to
" remain, during the interval, under the opprol)num of such accusations."

It is not my jirovince to examine the force of this pleading. I merely report
it for your Lorilship's information ; but no one can fad to see that my Ministers
are fairly entitled, so far as the law allows them, to do whatever in them lies to
diss.pate the impression occasioned by the enforced silence entailed upon them by
the inaction of the late Parliamentary Committee.

l.^T.'JJ

TllK KAIIL OF DUFFEHIN IN CANADA.

ISl

I have now concludtHl my narrative of the two ini]iortant occurrences in which I
li.ive found myself so unexpectedly en^'a};ed. My anxieties have l)een very {,'reat, and
my position most embarrassing;. If I iiave erred in the conihict of these aflairs, I
firl I can count upon your Lordship's indul^'ence to put a favorable construction
on my intentions. Trained in tiie iilx;ral school of politics under the auspices of a
j^reat cliamjiion of I'arliamentary rights, my political instincts would revolt against
any undue exercise of the Crown's Trerogative. Vet it is of this 1 find myself
accused. I trust, however, that reflection will dissipate such impressions, and that
the people of Canada will ultimately feel that it is for their permanent interest that
a Ciovernor (leneral should unflinchingly maintain the principle of Ministerial
rt^poiisibility, and that it is better he sliould l)e too tardy in reliiuiuishing this
palhidium of colonial liberty, tlian too rash in resorting to acts of jiersonal inter-
fcicnce.

(.'onsidering how eager has been the controversy, I cannot hope to escnjie
criticism, Imt any irritation thus engendered will jierhajw be softened by tlie reflec-
tion that, coming to this country full of faith in its people and its destinies, I was
naturally slow to believe that widespread public and jiersonal corruption should
e\i>t among its most eminent public men. If it should turn out that I have been
(kcL-ived in my estimate of Canadian purity, the error is one which Canada may
afford to pardon. If, as I trust will be the case, the integrity of her chief states-
men is vindicated, I shall be well content if the fact of " my not having despaired
of the Republic" is forgotten in the general satisfaction such a result will |)roduce.

He that as it may, there is one circumstance which we can regard with unmiti-
gated satisfaction. The alleged revelations which have taken place have profound-
ly moved the whole population. Ajiart from the section of society " within ])oli-
tics " whose feeling may be stimulated by other considerations, every citizen in the
country, no matter how indifferent to public affairs, has been dismayed and
humiliated by the thought that such things as are alleged to have taken place by
Mr. McMiiUoi and Mr IInntiii^toii should be possible. This is a re-assuring sign,
and even should it be found, which God forbid, that the Government has been un-
worthy of the trust confided to it, the indignation and the searchings of heart that
will ensue throughout the land will go far to cleanse the public life of Canada
fur many a year to come.

I must apologize ibr the length of this and my previous despatch, but in record-
ing; these transactions, I felt that I was contributing to a page of the History of
Canada.

I have, (S~'c.,

(Signed,) DL'FFERIN.

Hie Right Hon. the Earl of Kimberley,
e^c,, (^c, iSt^c.

Dates may be antici])ated hc^e, l>y introducing the expression of
the opinions of the Imperial Minisny on these despatches.

Downing Strekt, 9th Octolier, 1873.
My Lord, — I have received and laid before the Queen your Lordship's
despatches, No. 197 of the 15th August, and No. 198 of the i8th August, giving

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182

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

an account of the circumstances connected with the recent prorogation of the
Dominion Parliament, and the issue of a commission to enquire into the chnri^cs
brought forward by Mr. Huntington. Her Majesty's (lovernment have read these
clear and able statements with much interest. It is not their (luty to express any
opinion U|H)n the particular measures adopted on the advice of your responsilile
Ministers, but they fully approve your having acted in these matters in accordance
with constitutional usage.

I have, 6^.,

KIMBERLEY.
Governor Gkni-rai.,

The RionT HoNORABLK The Eari. of Dufferin, &*c.

The London Times, a journal which has so frequently expressed
opinions offensive to all intelligent and loyal Canadians, and views of
colonial policy antagonistic to the prosperity of Canada, is yet an
authority of respectable weight when it confines itself to questions of
purely constitutional law. That paper, speaking without full infor-
mation, at first condemned the proceedings of Lord Dufferin, hut
subsequently, when they could be interpreted by the light of the
accurate statement of facts which his despatches and the evidence
taken before the Commission contained, it veered round, and con-
cludes a very fair review of the case, in its issue of the 6th Novem-
ber, with these words :

•* But, whatever may lie the issue, the vindication of Lord Duflerin is complete.
Tlie page of the History of Canada which he mmlestly apologizes for writing may
record events discreditable to the public men of the Dominion, but it contains
nothing that does not reflect honor on the representative of the British Crown."

His Excellency left Ottawa immediately after prorogation, en
route for St. John, N.B., where he was to rejoin Lady Dufferin, and
proceed on his progress through the Provinces.

His Excellency arrived at St. John, on the 19th August, where
he met Lady Dufferin, who had just come from Halifax and Anna-
polis. They were both received with unusual demonstrations of
joy.*

* The following notice, cut from a local paper, is a tnithful picture of the recep-
tion of His Excellency in the chief city of New Brunswick : " Those in Ontario
who were curious to know how His Excellency would l)e received on his return
from Ottawa, those especially who predicted that the people would follow their
own disreputable example of abusing him, must Ix; interested in knowing that the
demonstration in St. John has surpassed any previous demonstration in honor of
a Governor General ever given in this city ; that it has lieen a popular demonstra-
tion in every sense, a demonstration without the aid of civic appropriation,
regular troops, or official pomp of any kind ; and that the meanness shown by the

1873]

THK EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

183

As usual the days of their stay were days of universal holiday-
making, and the recent occurrences at Ottawi had so elevated His
Kxcellency in the estimation of all well-balanced minds that the
citizens of St. John did their utmost to prove their respect and attach-
nunt. A drawing room reception, ball, regatta, torch-light procession,
public holiday and addresses were the order of the time. In his reply
ti) an address jiresented by the children of the Common Schools of St.
John, His Kxcellency truly said :

" Kdiicition is a subject to which I have devoted a great deal of my time, and
in wliich I am deeply interested. During my tour through the various parts of
tlif I )<)minion, I have felt it my duty to pay es]iecial attention to a subject so vital
to ilif interests of Canada, and wherever I have gone I have had the satisfaction
of observing that the education of the children is among the foremost subjects
which |)re-occupy the attention of my fellow citizens. ♦ • • j ^vju conclude
by saying thiit among the many glorious sights which it has lieen my gocxl fortune
to witness since I crossed the Atlantic, there is none wl.'ch has l)een so gratifying
to liie feelings of myself and of the Countess of Duflcrin as that which is here
exliibilfd. (Jentlcmen, I see before me, standing in the brightness of their youth
.-inil Uaiity, the smiling representatives of the seven Provinces which constitute
this 1 )()niinion ; — and, if I may lie jiermitted to close my observations with a prayer,
it is that as their prototypes now stand side by side in sisterly union, and in the
l)rii;htni"ss of their youthful loveliness, so may these glorious Provinces ever remain
uniti<i by the ties of domestic affection and the iKtnd of y common loyalty, and
boast to themselves to future ages as the mothers of a race as energetic, brave, and
loyal as that to which their fair representatives Ixifore us l)elong."

On .Saturday, 33rd August, the party left St. John for Fredericton,
the capital of New Brunswick. This visit had an excellent effect in
cooling the heat of anti-confederate feeling which had distinguished
New iJrun.swick, and the outburst of popular feeling which the
admirable qualities of both His Excellency and the Countess of
Diiffcrin evoked from the peojjle of St. John was a conclusive proof
that the embers of the anti-confederate fires were fast turning to ashes.
The visit to Fredericton was a constant ovation. On their way to
the city the party was met by two steamers, chartered by John

local echoes of the Ontario papeis that att.ick His Excellency has had the effect of
making demonstrative, respect and loyal feelings that would otherwise have Inren
inilul(;fd in dignified silence after the fashion of this commercial and unsentimental
mart." Another local journal says : *' Yesterday will long Ik; rememliered by the
IH-ople who live around the mouth of the St. John. It was cme of the greatest,
pleasintest, and most universal holidays which has ever been celebrated here.
.Scarcely any Royal — certainly no previous Vic«. "-oyal visit, evokeil so much
cntliusiasm."

•!■

p I l,fpl '

184

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

Pickard, Esq., M.P., containing the ladies and children of the capital.
On their arrival they were met by the Mayor and Aldermen and the
Reception Committee. In the evening a reception was held at the
Exhibition Building, where an address was presented, followed by a
promenade concert, the school children singing the National Anthem.
A torch-light procession closed the proceedings of the first day. On
Monday a picnic was given by the Local Government, and in the
evening Government House grounds were illuminated.

Monday was spent in visiting Mr. Gibson's village of Nashwaak,
and in an excursion over the Riviere du Loup Railway. Among the
excursionists were the President of the road, Alex. Gibson, Esq. ; Julius
Inches, Secretary ; Sheriff Temple, C. H. Fairweather, the Hon. T. R.
Jones, John Boyd, Esq., W. H. Harrison, Esq., several members of the
Senate, House of Commons, Local Government and Legislature,
and many others. On their return the party enjoyed a pic-nic at
Merrithew's farm, fifteen miles from Fredericton, and among the guests,
besides their Excellencies and suite, were the Lieutenant Governor,
Mr. Wilmot, Mrs. Wilmot, Mrs. King, Mrs. Adams, Miss Mary Dever,
and General Warner, the United States Consul.

On Tuesday., the 26th August, the party left St. John for Wood-
stock. They were escorted out of the city by a large number of ladies
and gentlemen, among whom were Lieutenant Governor Wilmot, Mrs.
Wilmot, Miss Black, Mr. and Mrs. Adams, Mrs. Shuttleworth, Cols.
Saunders and Otty, Hon. Messrs. Thomas R. Jones, Eraser, Young,
Kelly, Stevenson, Willis, and Crawford, Sheriff Temple, Julius Indies,
and W. W. Street.

Woodstock was reached in the evening, the party having been
met on the road about four miles from the town by the Hon. C. Perley,
Mr. Connell, Col. Inches and Col. Baird. Their reception was very
enthusiastic. In fact the tour of His Excellency through the Pro-
vinces was an unintermitting ovation, and it was quite evident tliat
the visit and soothing words of His Ej^cellency were working a cliarm
over the remnants of the anti-confederate party. An address by the
Mayor and Co'' Keillors, reception by Her Excellency, and a torch-light
procession consumed the period of the short visit to Woodstock,
whence their Excellencies departed for Grand Falls.

This ended the visit to the Maritime Provinces, and their Excel-
lencies reached Quebec on the 5 th September.

It will be remembered that the Province of Prince Edward Island
entered Confederation on the ist July of this year. The first elcc-

187:?]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

185

tions for the Dominion House were concluded on the 17th Sep-
tember. This island, with a population of about 95,000, sends six
members to the House of Commons. Of these six, five were gen-
erally supposed to be supporters of Sir John Macdonald's Ministry,
headed by Mr. Laird * ; they were Messrs. J. C. Pope and James Yeo
for Prince County ; Laird and Sinclair for Queen's County ; and
Davis and A. C. Macdonald for King's County.

Newfoundland still held out against Confederation, but it was
hoped by many that the general elections for her Assembly, to be
held in November of this year, would jierhaps return a House dis-
jjosed to enter into negotiations with the Dominion with a view to
union ; but the hope was delusive. The truth seems to be that there
is no Confederate party in that Island, — both of the political parties
seem opposed to it, and no especial effort has been made either by
the Imperial or the Dominion Government to induce her to join the
Confederacy. She has so far remained contentedly out of it. The
chief line of demarcation between the parties of the Province seems
to he a religious one. Unfortunately, the old feud between Protestant-
ism and Roman Catholicism forms the basis of their parliamentary
struggle, and in a population of 150,000, of which 60,000 are adher-
ents of the Roman Catholic faith, it is not surprising to find that the
most unhealthy of all disputes, religious ones, predomir.ite in the
Island.

In October, the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, of which Sir
Hugh Allan was the President, finding it impossible to make satisfac-
tory monetary arrangements in England, formally surrendered their
charter to the Dominion Government.

Their Excellencies having spent most of their time since their
return from the Maritime Provinces in Quebec, left that city for
Montreal en route for Ottawa on the 15th October. They had
delighted the people of Quebec by their hospitalities, and their depar-
ture was signalized by a great display. They arrived at Montreal on
the morning of the i6th, and after visiting the Villa Maria Convent
left for Ottawa on the following morning, where they arrived in
the afternoon of the same day.

Parliament was opened on the 23rd October. The Speech from
the Throne declared that His Excellency had caused Parliament to
be summoned at the earliest moment after the receipt of the report of

,i:fi'

Now Lieutenant Governor of the North West Territories.

I I .'nil

186

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

the Pacific Railway Commission. It promised a bill for the amend-
ment of the laws relating to the representation of the people in Par-
liament ; it informed the Houses that the charter given to the Cana-
dian Pacific Railway Company had been surrendered ; and exjiresscd
the hope that steps would be taken to secure the early commence-
ment and vigorous prosecution of the work, " and thus carry out in
good faith the arrangement made with the Province of British Colum-
bia " ; and it invited the attention of the Legislature to the estaLslish-
ment of a general Court of Appeals.

The attention of the House was called to the report of the Rail-
way Commission by Sir John Macdonald, who immediately after tiie
delivery of the Speech from the Throne brought down messages from
His Excellency, severally transmitting the following documents :
Papers relative to the disallowance of the Oaths Act ; papers relative
to the prorogation of Parliament on the 13th August ; and jjapers
relative to the issue of the Royal Commission. Of these the only
one necessary to re-produce is the Report of the Commissioners, which
was as follows : .

May it IM-EASE Your Excellency, — The undersigned Commissioners, ap-
pointed by Royal Commission addressed to them under the Great Seal of Canada,
bearing date the fourteenth day of August, A.D., 1873.

Have the honor to Rei'ort,—

1. That they met at Ottawa on the eighteenth day of August last, for the pur-
pose of making preparations for the discharge of the duties imposed upon them by
the Commission.

2. The course of proceedings was then settled, and the fourth day of September
last was appointed for entering upon the examination of witnesses.

3. The Commissioners, on undertaking the enquiry they were enjoined to make,
had ho}ie<l that the entire conduct of it would not have been left in their hands,
that the Hon. Mr. Huntington, or some one who believed that the charges specified
in the Commission could be established by evidence, would have conducted tlie
enquiry before them ; and they had resolved in such event, not only to accept such
aid in the investigation, but to allow to the promoter at least the same latitude in
the mode oi proceeding as the recognised officers in courts of justice are allowed in
ordinary judicial investigations, and also to give to the members of the Government
a like latitude for defence. This course appeared to the Commissioners to be just,
and in accordance with what they believed to be your Excellency's wishes and ex-
pectations.

4. In the prosecution of their work the Commissioners have called before them
such persons as they had reason to believe could give any information on the sul)-
ject of it, or otherwise facilitate the investigation, and especially the Hon. Mr.
Huntington, to whom a letter, annexed to this Report, was addressed on the 21st
August last past, requesting him to furnish to the Commission a list of such witnesses

1873]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

187

as he might wish to examine, and to proceed on the day named with evidence in
the premises.

5. A letter was also addressed to the Hon. the Secretary of .State, giving notice
of the day appointed for proceeding ; a copy of which is also annexed.

6. In the interval, lietween the first day of meeting and the day so a])pointed,
summonses were duly served upon Mr. Huntington and others, to appear and give
evidence.

7. On the 4th day of September the Commissioners met, and, .ifter the publica-
tion of the Commission, the witnesses cited for that day were called.

8. Mr. Huntington failed to appear.

9. The evidence of the Hon. Henry Stames was taken, and a sealed pjicket,
placed in his possession by .Sir Hugh Allan and Mr, George W. McMullen, was
piodiiced and deposited with the Commissioners.

ID. The sealed packet was ojxjned, with the consent of Mr. Stames and .Sir
Ilui^li Allan, and the several papers it contained were put in proof.

1 1 . The Commissioners then examined the other witnesses in attendance, and
afterwards, on successive days, pro:eeded to the examination of those whose names
are on the list styled '• List of Witnesses to be examined," hereto annexed.

12. Of the thirty-three gentlemen, whose names are on that list, twenty-nine
have lH;en examined.

13. Two of these, Mr George W. McMullen and the Hon. A. B. Foster, failed
to appear, although duly summoned ; the former through a special messenger sent
to Chicago for that purpose.

14. The other two, Mr. Henry Nathan and Mr. Donald A. Smith, are resi-
dent, the former in British Columbia, and the Latter in Manitoba. The distance and
consequent delay in securing their attendance, and the large outlay it would cause,
rendered it inexpedient, in the judgment of the Commissioners, to call them to give
evidence.

15. In .addition to those whose names are on the above-mentioned list, the
Commissioners have called and examined Mr. Daniel Y. McMullen, Sir Hugh
Allan, the Hon. J. J. C. Abbott, and the Hon Mr. Ouimet.

16. Most of these witnesses were cross-examined on behalf of the Government
by Sir John A. Macdonald, or other memliers of it.

17. Mr. Charles M. Smith, of Chicago, was summoned by the Commissioners,
but did not appear.

18. Evidence has also been given by Mr. Frederick C. Martin and Mr. Thomas
White, whose names were furnished by members of the Government, and Mr.
Georfje Norris, Jr., and Mr. J. A. Perkins, whose names were also so furnished,
were cited to appear, but made default.

19. The Ccmmissioners, on the 23rd day of September, while still in the
course of their examinations, requested, by public announcement, all persons
possessing any information on the subject of the encjuiry to appear and give evi-
dence before them.

20. No evidence has been offered in answer to this announcement.

21. ITie Commission closed its sittings for taking evidence on the first day of

I I

188

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H7H

Octolier, instant. These sitting's were public and o|)en ; and accommodaliun was
provided for reporters of the public press.

22. Tlje Commissioners have endeavored, in ol)edience to requirements of tlif
Commission, to obtain from the witnesses all the evidence jjertinent to the subject
matter of the enquiry which they were able to jjive

23. This evidence is contained in depositions, thirty-six in numl)er, and in
certain documents, all of which are annexed to this Report, and specified res|H;c-
lively in the accompanying List and Schedule.

24. If the evidence lie considered redundant, it has arisen from the nature and
circumstances of the enquiry, which rendered it inexiwdient to limit its range by the
technical rules of evidence observed in the ordinary tribunals.

25. With resjiect to that portion of the Commission which leaves to the discre-
tion of the Commissioners the expression of their opinions upon the evidence, they
have determined not to avail themselves of the lilxjrty so given.

26. They had arrived at that conclusion liefore they were informed of your
Excellency's views on the subject, and they feel confirmed and justified in it, by a
communication received before their laliors commenced, to which your Excellency
kindly ])ermits them to allude, relating to one or two points on which they th()U{,'lit
it their duty to consult your Excellency liefore entering upon the execution of their
task.

27. In that communication your Excellency was pleased to express the opinion
that the functions of the Commissioners were rather inquisitorial than judicial, and
that the execution of them should not lie such as in any way to prejudice whatever
proceedings Parliament might desire to take when it re-assembled in Octolx;r.

28. The Commissioners coinciding with your Excellency in the view that the
terms of the Commission do not require them to pronounce judicially on the
evidence, consider that their duty will have lieen fully discharged when they shall
have forwarded to the .Secretary of State the accompanying depositions and docu-
ments with this report, in triplicate, as required by their instructions — unless a
report of their opinion on the result of the evidence should Ix: especially required.

/.ll of which is respectfully submitted.

(Signed,) CHARLES DEWEY DAY, Chainiiatt.
A. POLETTE, Cominissiotier.

JAMES ROBERT COWAN, Commissiotur.
RoYAi. Commission Rooms,

Ottawa, October 17, 1873.

The debate on the Address was, of course, confined almost exclu-
sively to the Pacific Railway matter. The battle raged for several
days, and it was one of unparalleled severity. The contest arose
on the amendment moved by Mr. Mackenzie, seconded by Mr.
Cofllin, that the following be added to the second paragraph of the
Address :

•'And that we have to acquaint His Excellency that by their course in reference
to the investigation of the charges preferred by Mr. Huntington in his place in this
House, and under the facts disclosed in the evidence laid before us, His Excellency's
advisers have invited the severest censure of the House."

1S73]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

189

Mr. Witton, one of the members for the City of Hamilton, on the
27th October, moved the Address in reply to the Speech from the
Throne, seconded by Mr. Baby. Mr. Mackenzie moved the amend-
ment just cited, and the del)ate was continued with great warmth and
ability on both sides until the 5th November, when the Ministry
resigned. Mr. Mackenzie was followed by Dr. Tupper (i) ; and the
House was addressed during the debate in the following order : by
.Sir Francis Hincks(2); the Hon. James McDonald, of Pictou;
Mr. (;iass(3); Mr. J{aker(4); Mr. Young (5); E. B. Wood (6);
Mr. Palmer (7); Mr. Cartwright (8) ; Mr. Mackay (9) ; Mr. Kirk-
patrick (10); Mr. McDonnell (") ; I^r. Grant (12) ; Mr. Cunning-
ham («3); Mr. Thompson (H); Mr. Joly (15), Mr. Coffin (16);
Mr. Wallace ('7) ; Hon. Mr. Tilley (>8) ; Mr. Laflamme (19) ; Mr.
Carter (20) ; Mr. Burpee (21) ; Mr. Domville (22) ; Mr. Pickard(23) ;
Mr. Ouimet (24) ; Mr. Prevost (25) ; Mr. Mathieu (26) ; Mr.
Huntington (27) ; Mr. White (28) ; Mr. Bodwell(29) ; Mr. W. McK.
Wright (30) ; Mr. Mills (3«} ; Sir John Macdonald (32) ; Mr. Blake (33) ;
Mr. J. Hillyard Cameron (34) ; Mr. Laird (35) ; Mr. D. A.
Smith (36) ; Mr. Pope (37); Mr. Dodge (38) ; Mr. Davies (39).

(1) .Minister of Customs, and member
for Cumberland, N.S.

(2) Memlwr for Vancouver, B.C.

(3) Meml)er for the City of London
— Upjiosition.

(4) Member for Missisquoi — Opp.

(5) Mend)er for Waterloo.

{(>) Memlx;r for Ikant, N.R., now Chief

Justice of Manitoba — Opposition.
(7) Mtnit)er for St. John, N.U. — Minis-
terialist.
(S) .Member for Ixnnox, Ont., now Min-
ister of h inance — Opposition.
(9) Meml)er for Cape lireton — Opp.
(10; .Mcml)er for Krontenac — Ministerl't.
(11; Meml)er for Inverness, N.S. — Opp.

(12) Meml)erfor Russell, Ont — Minister.

(13) .Meml)erfor Marquette, Man. — Opp_

(14) Memlx'r for Cariboo, B.C. — Minst.

(15) .Memlwr for Lotbiniere — Opposition
(10) Memlx;rfor Siielburne, N.S., now

Keceiver-Ceneral — Opposition.
(17) .Member for Norfolk, Ont.— Opp.

(18) Minister of Finance, Memlwr for
St. John, N.B., late Lieut, (jovernor
of New Brunswick.

(19) MemlH;r for Jac(iues-Cartier, Que-
l)ec — Opposition — Now Minister of
Justice.

(20) Memlier for Brome — Ministerialist.

(21) Member for St. John, N.B. — Oppo-
sition — Now Minister of Customs.

(22) Memlx-'r for Kings, N.B. — Minstr't.

(23) Meml)er for York, N.B. — Opp.

(24) Memljcrfor Laval, Q. — Ministerl't.

(25) Memlier for Two Mountains — Opp.
(2()) Meml)er for Richelieu — .Ministerl't.

(27) Meml)er for ShetTord, Q. — Opposi-
tion — Now Post-Master (Jeneral.

(28) Meml)erforK. Hastings— Ministl't

(29) Member for Oxford, S.R. — Opp.
(30)Memlx.'r for Fontiac, Q.— Ministrl't.

(31) Meml)or for Bothwell, Ont. — Opp.
— Now Minister of the Interior.

(32) Member for Kingston — Premier of
Canada.

il.

I ipl'

190

HISTORY OF THE ADMIN IHTUATION OF

[1H73

The House adjourned at 1.30 a.m. of 5th November, and on its
opening at 3.30 p.m. of the .same day, Sir John Macdonald announced

that :

"The advisers of the Crown, until jestenKny, until last ni{;ht, l)elicvc<l tli.it
they had a support in this I louse with which they could not only meet any vote of
want of confidence, and would not only support any vote of confidence, but would
enable them to carry on satisfactorily and creditably the affairs of thetiovernnient.
They have from certain s]>eeches made in this House, and from certain communi-
cations more or less formal, outside of this House, reason to l)elievethat they have
not at th s moment a good working majority, and the consequence was that I felt
it my duty lo-day to go to His Kxcelleiicy the Governor General, and to res|H.'ct-
fuUy tender him the resignation of the present (iovernment ; and I have his autho-
rity, and 1 may rejieat now what I stated two days ago, that no statement could l>e
made by a Minister connected with any action of the Crown without the direct
assent and consent of the Crown. I have it, therefore, in charge from His Kxcul-
lency to state that he has accepted the resignation of the present Administration,
and I have his authority to state that ht- has sent for Mr. Mackenzie, the leader of
the Opposition, to form a tlovernment."

On Friday, the 7th November, Mr. Holton annou'. ^ed to the
House that Mr. Mackenzie had executed the commissic 'trusted to
him by His Excellency the (Governor Cieneral, and he submitted the
names of the members of the new Administration as follows: Mr.
Mackenzie, Minister of Public Works ; Mr. Dorion, Minister of Justice •
Mr. Blake, a member of the Privy Council without a Department •
Mr. A. J. Smith, Minister of Marine and Fisheries ; Mr. Letellier de St.
Just, Minister of Agriculture ; Mr. Cartwright, Minister of Finance ;
Mr. I^ird, Minister of the Interior ; Mr. Christie, Secretary of State ;
Mr. Burpee, Minister of Customs ; Mr. McDonell, Post Master
General ; Mr. Coffin, Receiver General ; Mr. Fournier, Minister of
Inland Revenue ; Mr. Ross, Minister of Militia and Defence ; and Mr.
R. W. Scott, a member of the Privy Council without a portfolio,—
leaving the Presidency of the Privy Council yet to be filled.

At 4 o'clock, His Excellency prorogued Parliament.

Thus ended the most exciting Session of Parliament since Confe-
deration. A leader, confessedly the most able statesman Canada had

(33) Memlier for South Bruce — Opp.

(34) Member for Cardwell, since de-
ceased — Ministerialist .

(35) Member for Belfast, P.E.I.— Opp.
— Now Lieut. Governor of N.W.
Territories.

(36) Member for Selkirk, Manitoba.

(37) Memlier for Queen's, P.E.I.— Min-
isterialist.

(38) Member for North York— Minisll't.

(39) Member for King's, P.E.I.— Opp.

187:{]

THE KARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

191

yet produced, supported by a powerful party of warm admirers, — one
who had been for a (juarter of a century a member of every Conserva-
tive (Jovernment in the old Province, and of the new Dominion of
Canada, — who had rendered the Imperial Covernment most signal
and valuable services in its negotiations with the United States, — who
had been the ruling spirit by which the noble work of Confederation
had been consummated, — a chief by whose astuteness and adaptability
to the reasonable wishes of the Provinces, Nova Scotia had been
(liiicted, and New Hrunswick satisfied ; and by whose skillful hand the
beautiful Province of Prince Kdward Island and the magnificent
territory of British Columbia had been added to the great Dominion, —
a gentleman whom Her Majesty had signally honored, — a Minister
who had dispensed the enormous patronage of the Crown for almost
half an ordinary lifetime without his most bitter political opponent
daring to charge him with personal dishonesty, — one who had by his
admirable social (lualities secured the tsteem of all classes, cieeds,
and races, — who counted his personal enemies on his fingers, his
personal friends as the sands of the seashore, — one who had entered
public life a comparatively rich man, but now laid down the seals of
office, a [joor one, — a Minister who had raised thousands to posts of
honor and wealth, and had taken no thought for his own old age :
this man was comi)elled to bend to the verdict of the people of
Canada, when they reluctantly declared him guilty of an act as to
which much may be said in extenuation, — in justification — nothing.

As the great debate proceeded it became more and more evident
that it would be impossible, successfully, to resist Mr. Mackenzie's
amendment. It is creditable to the people of Canada that they were
determined, at whatever sacrifice, to declare to the world that the
corruption of the country which had culminated in this transaction
would not be condoned by them ; and it was as creditable to the
Conservative members of the House that they refused to join in the
justification of the proceedings so justly arraigned before Parliament.
No vote was taken. The Conservative party were desirous of examin-
ing all the evidence, of listening to all that could be said by the pro-
moters of the charges, and of considering all the points made in
defence, or extenuation. When the debate had exhausted all these
means of forming an accurate opinion, the friends of Sir John, seeing
that it would be useless to go to a division, advised the lesignation of
the Ministry, which was accordingly placed in the hands of His
Excellency.

11 •

192

HIHTOUY OF THE ADMINrSTIlATION OF

[1H7.1

They said that though the precise charges made by Mr. Huntington
had not been established, yet enough of impropriety ha<l been brouj^lit
out by the evi(ience taken under the Commission to overwhelm the
Government. Mr. Huntington had charged that a corrupt agreeniLiu
had been made. No such agreement was proved. Hut it had birii
established that a very large sum of money had !)een advanced by
Sir Hugh Allan to some of the Ministers for the well imdersiood pur-
pose of inrtuencing the elections. I'his was enough. It was vain to
argue that Sir Hugh had received no promise that his interests or
wishes even should be in the slightest degree consulted by the Minis-
try in their dealings with the Tacirtc Railway ; vain to urge that Sir
Hugh had, in common with hundreds of others, advanced nu)neys to
forward Conservative interests in the elections, and that this in no
way compromised the Ministry, or gave him any right to look for favor
in the railway matter ; vain to point to the well-established fact that
Sir John Macdonald was personally inimical to Sir Hugh's pretensions,
and that he took especial care so to frame the charter as to make it very
difficult at least, if not impossible, that Sir Hugh should be able to obtain
a dominant influence in the nianageinent ; vain to insist on the undis-
puted point that |)ersonally Sir John Macdonald had derived, and
never desired to derive any benefit to himself; still the broad tact
remained that a man seeking most important personal advantages
from a Ministry who had the power to bestow or rehn^c them, did
advance sums of money to an extent unparalleled in the history of
the country for the purjjose of enabling that Ministry — the possessors
of this great power — to secure their continuance in office. 'I'his fai i in
every court of conscience or honor would be sufficient to stamp the
act as one which must soil the purity of any Administration. It was
said that Sir Hugh Allan had no right to look for reward :— tl,at
not justify the act, — for he, most unquestionably, advanced moneys
expecting his reward, and the Ministry must have been aware that
he made the advances under this expectation.

Ikit though there is no justification, there is much to be said by
way of extenuation. The vice of bribery is one inseparable from all
representative institutions. This vice was created in Canada nL-itiier
by the Conservative nor the Liberal jjarty. It came in with Rci)re-
sentative Covernment, and forms an evil, but an inseparable element
in its composition. It had grown with the growth of the country.
Both parties had fostered it ; both resorted to it ; both were guihy of
it ; and if the Conservative party indulged in it to a greater extent than
their opponents — which is very doubtful — the l..iberals were guilty t(j an

extent It

less, r;

purses.

Courts d

cry of '•

House fe

reaper, —

hriliery ai

professior

of the wel

of large to

not plead

up in eaci

other (luti

rannficatio

every ham

expe( ted t(

never |)nbl

the nu)ney>

purposes, a

venial. 'I'|

—Sir Hug

liundreds (j

who (ontri

ihird of a ir

an authori^

therefore, fr

•"'irjohn tlia

it (lid not lii

cries (,f abh

suing for y,

(It'i.ths of w

pi-'rhaps inoi

hounding to

st-TVed for Si

T''in- felt tli;

no oiif char^

o'''i system f

^^t^rt^' e(|uai|_\

^^^ '.iberals

[xr.\]

TIIK KAKL OK KIKKKHIX IX CANADA.

193

extent less than the Conservatives, simply because their means were
less. The depth of their sins was measured only by the depth of their
purses. 'I'he result of the contested election cases brought before the
Courts during the subsecpient years clearly j)roves that the Liberal
(TV of " purity " was a hypocrisy and a sham, — for their seats in the
House fell before the judgments of the Courts like grain before the
reaper, — and this too in face of the strongest legislation against
l)ril)cry and corrupt practices, and in face of their own loud-mouthed
professions of purity. The vice had penetrated even to the fireside
of iIk- well-to-do farmer, and after (ontaminatiug the needy pop';' nions
of large towns had invaded the precincts of a class of peoj)le who ild
not |)ka(l poverty in excuse for their crime. The practice had guwn
up ill each party, of organizing election associations, charf>L 1, am .ig
otiur duties, with that of raising a fund for election purposes. The
rainifii ations of the«^e Oigani/ations were enomious, they extend' d i/.to
every hamlet of the Dominion, and every supporter of his j)artv was
expo* ltd to n.ntribute to this fund according to his means. It was
never piil)licly announced, but every one knew that great jmrtions of
the moneys collected by these organizations were used for improper
purposes, and the impropriety had come to be looked upon as almost
venial. Thousands of partisans contributed their hundreds of dollars,
—Sir Hugh .Allan, being an e.xceptionally rich man, contributed his
hundreds of thousands. The difference between the humble laborer
who ( ontributed his dollar, and the millionaire who contributed his
third of a million was simply one of degree, and the practice seemed
an authorization for universal corruption. In receiving money,
tlierefore, from Sir Hugh it may fairly be urged in extenuation by
•Sir John that nothing unusual had been done, and that, at all events,
it (lid not lie in die mouth of the Liberals to condemn with such loud
cries of abhorrence a practice which they themselves had been pur-
suing,' for years with increasing vigilance and extent, and into the
depths of whose foulness they were themselves at the very moment
perliaps more deeply plunged than the men whom they were now
hounding to death. It was chiefly this consideration which has pre-
served for Sir John Macdonald the sympathy and support of his i)arty.
I'hey felt that he had fallen a victim — not to his own impurity — for
no one charged him with any personal dishonor, but to the impurity
of a system for the establishment and growth of which both parties
were e(|ually responsible, — and when they found the attacks of
the Liberals accompanied by the most hypocritical professions

194

HISTORY OT THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[187;t

of honesty and purity, which every one knew to be hollow, the great
Conservative party, while bowing to the judgment of the country, ytt
instantly declared their undiminished confidence in Sir John Mac-
don aid, and nobly determined to stand by him in this his great day of
trial. Meetings were held, declaring this determination, and the Con-
servatives quietly retired from the government of the country, content,
under the leadership of Sir John Macdonald, to wait until public opinion,
never cruel, should again call him, after a proper expiation, to the
helm of state.*

* 'llie text was written in July — this note on 2oth .September, 1878. At the
nomination for Kingston on the loth .Sejitemlier, Sir John made the followinj,'
explan.ition : —

" \Vith reference to the Pacific Scandal, if the thing had to lie done over ag.iiii
I wouhi not make the same mistake. In Ei. gland where they had a higher jxiliti-
cal morahty the elections were managed by the Carleton Club for the Conservniives,
and tiie Ueform Club for the Lilierals. In Can.ida there was nothing of the kind,
and when subscriptions came in to aid in elections they were sent to the leadci of
the party. I received money, and I am sorry I did, for we should avoid tho very
appearance of evil. I, however, distributed the money I received all over tiie
country, — and not one cent went to Kingston. So conscious am I of mistakes hcinj;
made in this respect, that when I went to Toronto the first thing done was to ^lart
the U. E. Club, which has received and distributed the subscriptions."

The readers of Canadian journals will remember with what severity Mr. Culd-
win Smith in 1873 arraigned Sir John Macdonald for his participation in the
" scandal." This writer is conspicuous for the vigor of his style and for liis imlc-
pendence of character, and his letter quoted lielow is referred to as ex|irissive
of the almost universal feeling whicii, forming a leading constituent in the -loim
of public dissatisfaction, which swept the Mackenzie Ministry out of exi>ionio
on the memorable 17th September, 1878, restored Sir John Macdonald to the hi[;h
position whicii had been wrested from him on the 5th November, 1873. * '" ''^^
l6th September, 1878, Mr. Smith tints u rites to a Toronto journal :

•'Sir, — I perceive that Mr. Brown has been imputing to me, thrnui^h his
organ, some sinister and dishonest motive for avowing my conviction that, in our
present circumstances, our 1)e<t chance of oittaining a Ciovernment on a broad basi:
and a respite from the dangerous excesses of party strife, is the restoration to power
of Sir John Macdonald.

" Imputations of sinister and dishonest motives I will leave to find their own
level, which will not be higher titan their source. Hut I will confess that, to my
mind, an additional reason for desiring the restoration of Sir John Macdonald is
that he alone, as matters now stand, can save the country and the public >ervice
from being dominated, for years to come, V)y the narrow and vindictive niim! of a
man who never, in the whole course of his long public life, has been generous or
even just to an opponent.

" Yours faithfully,

"(JOLDWIN SMITH."

187.1]

Mr. i
tl'.'ctions
Ho is ih
jiolitician
juvty. J-
eouiitry o
to any jiai
to .Mr. Mi
tint our cc
I'eojile, ai
ludu, and
That led
him — for '
power, {i
Mate. I le
\\or(l of d
the i)apers
dan^'ers \vl
divi-ions ai
I oth sides
de.sire eitht
Pacific Sea
people, not'
want to extt
money frouj
desperate st
opposition,
helieved for
he Won hi no
'lid. as he (\
"hat he did
"f t lie excess
was neeessa
""-•'■e as to ti
•1 lepuMic.
''ol"een then
tile i)eople,
'^•'ch (juestion
''on of the ar
to him that in
ii'oiit, the CIt
lition was sel
fi'^i-on why I
•^!;»C(lonal(l fi
to it broke it
see any great

IST3]

THE EAHL OF DUFFKHIX IN CANADA.

105

Mr. Smith in a siieech at Hrockton, West York, a few days liefore the general

il'.ctions of 17th Septenil)er, spoke of Sir John and the Pacific Railway matter.

\\c is thus reported : He (Mr. Smith) could fairly claim to Ix; an inde])en(lent

pulitician — an inde|>endent man — for he had never associated himself with either

p.iily. Hut as an indejiendent man he had only one object, and that was that this

cmuitry of ours shoidd l)e well governed. (Applause.) He owed no allegiance

to .my party ; he owed no allegiance to Sir John Macdonald, to Mr. CJeorge Hrown,

1(1 Mr. Mackenzie, or to any other party lender. He owed allegiance to no one

Imt our common country, and he had no object in view but the good of the whole

])t(>])Ie, and esjiecially that section of the jjcople who lived by the sweat of their

lnow, and who, in consetpience of misgovernment, are oppressed most cruelly.

Tiuit led him to liis reasons — and he did not say that every one agreed with

liini — for wishing, on the whole, that Sir John Macdonald might be restored to

]>o\ver. (Applause.) Politics here, unfortunately, were not in a very satisfactory

■•i.itu. He did not wish to paint them blacker than they were, or to say any

won! of discouragement ; but he must say that it was impossible to take up

lilt.' papers on either side without seeing that there were in existence evils and

ilani;crs which arose from the excessive ]iarty spirit and the bitterness of the

(livi-ions amongst us. He ascril)ed the party spirit and the corruption with which

1 (ith sides charged each other — and, unfortunately, with some truth — to the

dcsiiL' either to hold power, or to drive from power those who hold it. 'Ihe

racitic Scandal, for instance, which was continually dinned into the ears of the

people, notwithstanding that it w.is a thing of the past — what was it ? He did not

want to extenuate it. IJut what was it tiiat led Sir John Macdonald to call for

inoiuy from Sir Hugh Allan to be expended in the elections? It was the

(Icspcraic struggle for power that was going on, and the keen fight with the then

opposition. Sir John Macdonald took no money for himself. If he (Mr. Smith)

l)LliL've(l for one moment that one cent of illicit gain went to Sir John Macdonald,

lie would not think of saying one word in Hivor of one of his supporters. Sir John

dill, as he (Mr. Smith) stated at the time, and as he now frankly said, wrong ; but

what he did he did under the pressure of a great party struggle, and in consecjuence

uf the excessive party spirit which existed. There were countries in which party

was necessary. Look, for example, at France. There was a great question

there as to the form of government ; half tiie people wanted a monarchy and half

a republic. They must be divided into parties, and there must be a struggle

lielween them. So, in Knglond, when there was a struggle between the Crown and

the people, there were necess:uily parties ; and even now, while tiiere were

siich (juestions to be settled as the existence of the Kstablished Church, the (pies-

tiiiii of the aristocricy, etc., the people must l)e divided into parties. Hut it seemed

to him tliat in Canada party questions were settled. Canada ha<l Responsible ( iovern-

nieiil, tile Clergy Reserves were al)olished, the (juestion of Reiirescntation by I'opu-

luion was settled. In fact the great questions were out of the way, and he saw no

lea-on why party divisions should l3e maintained. At Confederation .Sir John

Nhicdonald formed a Ciovernment — a very pure (Jovernment — but the opposition

to it broke it up. And now that both sides had had a trial, it was impossible to

see any great difference between the morality of the two sides. It is not likely

f>— r

lOG

THE EAUL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA,

[1878

that there would l)e, so long as both parties had the same object, namely, to t^'tt
the opposite party out and to get in themselves. On either side evidences were to
be found of the same party spirit. He would not fix the blame of this upon any-
body, but he would say that the blame was attachable to party spirit and not to
persons, as was the case with the Pacific Scandal. He would not go into the stetl
rail question or the Anglin contrjict, because, really he did not like to touch am •
thing so doubtful. Hut alwut the Hig Push letter there was no doubt. Its authen-
ticity had Ixien admitted in a Court of Justice, and he would just remark in rcfti
ence to it that it showed the same si)irit as was shown in the telegram sent by Sir
John Macdonald to Sir Hugh Allan. There could Ix; no doubt that in both cases
money was called for the purpose of influencing the elections. He did not tliiiik
there was much difference between calling upon the president of a railway conijinnv
and the president of a bank for aid, but he would rather that the president of ilie
bank should not be called upon, l)ecause in the banks was the very sinew and vital-
ity of our banking system.

'i'he (Jeneral Elections of 17th Septem1)er, 1878, stp.iid unparalleled in the history
of British North America. They will l)e fully referred to in their proper place,
but it may here lie observed that one ingredient in the popular feeling which then
passed over Canada like a tidal wave was a kindly sympathy for Sir John Mac-
donald. The people felt that he had l)een sufficiently punished for oflences of wliich
he was guilty to an extent even less than his pharnsaical accusers, and they sei/ed
the first opportunity of declaring their restored confidence in his integrity, and their
never-shaken trust in his ability. He suffered with dignity, and in patience, tlie
penalty which his assailants should have shared with him ; and his nobility of
character, so strikingly exhibited while the cloud was passing over him, has
restored him to the supreme power of the State with the universal respect and the
undiminished love of his countrymen.

CHAPTER VI.
CONTKNTS.

— Imperial Authorities decline to accede to Mr. ^L^cken/ie's retiuest — Visit to
Montreal — Latin Address from the High School — Latin Reply — Life in Montreal
in February, 1874 — Opening of Parliament, 26th March, 1874 — Speech from the
Tiuone — Kiel takes the oath as Meml)er for Provencher — Grand Hall given to
their Excellencies by the Citizens of Ottawa— Close of Session, 26th May —
Negotiations for a new Reciprocity Treaty with the United States — Their failure

— New Hrunswick .School (^)uestion — Points of Constitutional Law established by
it -Ministerial Scheme for Building the Pacific Railway — Visit of their Excellen-
cies to the Lower St. Lawrence — Visit to Toronto in July, 1874 — Conimcnce-
nient of the great Tour of 1874 — Newmarket— Allandale—Harrie^ — Orillia —
Lake CvUichiching — Rama — Washago — Gravenhurst^ — Hracebridge — Muskoka
River — Port Carling— I-«ike Rosseau — Port Cockburn — Parry Sound — CoUing-
wood — Owen Sound — Presqu'ile — Killarney — Manitoulin Island — Little Cur-
rent—West Hay — Hruce Mines — Ciarden River — Sault St. NLirie — Hatchewau-
ning Hay — Agate Island — Nipigon Hay and River — .Silver Islet — Prince
Artinn's Landing — Fort William — The Dawson Road — Shebandowan Lake —
Mattewan — Kaministiquia Bridge —Kakabaka Falls — Point Huron — Indian
Mission — Chicago — Sjieech in Reply to the Corporati<in of Chicago — .Speech in
Ktpiy to Hoard of Trade — Detroit — Windsor — French Speech at Windsor —
Ciiatham — Return to Detroit — tlreat demonstrations there — Speech — Moore-
town — Sarnia — Indian Addresses — Point Edward — Goderich — Salt Works —
Mitchell — Sebringville — Berlin — Guelph — Presliui — Gait — Miss Macpherson's
iiiiy.s' 1 lome — Harrisburg — Brantford — .Six Nations Indians — Oswekca — Bow'
Park — Paris — Woodstock — Ingersoll — London — St, 'Hiomas — .Simcoe —
Walerford — Welland — Cayuga — St. Catharines — Merritton — Thorold — I'ort
Erie — Niagara — Toronto — Great .S]ieech at Toronto Club — Whitl)y — Address
iin Education of tiirls — Bowmanville — Port Hope — Cobourg — Rice Lake —
Ilarwood — Marmora Iron Mines — Belleville — Miss Rye's Children's Home —
Napanee — Kingston — Brockville — Smith's Falls — Carleton Place— Ottawa —
Remarks on Tour — Visit to New Vork, Octolier, 1874— Dinner at Delmonico's.

Till, retiring Ministry appointed on the 5th November, the day
of their re.signation, Mr. John Crawford, then a member for \N'est
ioronto, to the Lieutenant Governorship of Ontario, and the Hon.

198

HISTORY OF THE ADMIXISTUATION OF

[1874

S. L. Tilley, to that of New Brunswick. These appointments,
though open to remark, were not interfered with by Mr. Mackenzie's
Government.

Writs for the re-electicn of those of tlie new Ministry who
were to hold seats in the House of Commons were immediately
issued. It is noticeable that no new policy was indicated.
Mr. Mackenzie was extremely reticent in his nomination speech at
Sarnia, and the meagre information as to the proposed policy of the
Government was given by Mr. Dorion, the Minister of Justice,
who said in his speech to his constituents when seeking re-election,
" The Government will build the Pacific Railway, enlarge the canals,
leave the New Brunswick school question with the Imperial Privy
Council as agreed to by the Council of the Catholic Bishops, and
if it be proved that Riel and his party were promised an amnesty,
it would be a great point in favor of Riel," and he added : " In the
main the general policy of the new Government is the same as that
of the old."

Their Excellencies now began the inauguration of a system
of gatherings by which they \^ould be constantly brought into
immediate and personal acquaintance not only with the residents of
Ottawa and its vicinity, but with strangers whom business or i)lea-
sure might bring to the Capital. His Excellency had during the
summer built a curling rink, which was opened on the ist December
with due eclat by a party of gentlemen, among whom were the new-
Premier, Mr. Mackenzie, the President of the Ottawa St. Andrew's
Society, and the President and members of the Ottawa Curling Club.
Their Excellencies during the last month of the year actended a
dramatic performance in the Skating Rink in aid of the Protestant
Hospital,— an entertainment in Gowan's Hall, in aid of Christ Church,
and on the day before Christmas the examination of the public schools,
when they distributed the prizes, — His Excellency distributing the gold
medals to the boys, and the Countess of Dufferin performing the same
pleasing duty to the girls. Lord Dufferin addressed the large assem-
blage in one of those happy speeches on education for which he lias
become so well known. Rideau Hall was visited by hundreds on New
Year's day.

The members of the new Ministry were all re-elected, but early in
January, it began to be whispered that a general election was at
hand. The Government were probably encouraged by the result
of their own elections, and by the expression of the public sentiment

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

199

in their favor, to think that a general election would strengthen
them in the House. They were naturally disinclined to trust to a
House which on its assemblage was largely comjiosed of Conserva-
tives, and though the Pacific Railway matter had disintegrated the
])arty, so far at least as that question was concerned, it was not
probable that they would give allegiance to the new Ministry on
other questions. It was therefore determined to have a new House.
On the 7th January the writs were issued, returnable on the 22nd
of the month.

The reticence of Mr. Mackenzie as to his policy.was now, of course,
broken. He was obliged to speak out, and it was authoritatively
announced that the attention of the new Administration would be
devoted especially to the construction of the Pacific Railway, the
improvement of the Law of Insolvency, the establishment of a Court of
Appeal for the Dominion, the enlargement of the canals, the intro-
duction of vote by ballot, and the passage of Acts for the more
effectual prevention of bribery and corruption at elections. The
question of "free trade" and "protection" began at this period
to attract attention. " Incidental protection " had been advocated
since 1857, and as time progressed, it will be seen that the per-
l)lexing subject became each year more prominent in the discussion
of jjublic affairs.

The dee[) interest taken by His Excellency in the education of
tlie peoi)Ie was shewn by a plan matured by him in the early part of
1874. '{"his was to escablish a system of awarding medals as prizes to
he competed for in the chief colleges and schools. 'I'he idea was
extended to schools of physical strength and skill such as rifie associ-
ations, cricket clubs, skating tournaments, curling clubs, (juoit clubs,
yacht clubs, rowing clubs, artill*Ty practice, and swimming races, —
and s])eciai , 'zes were awarded for saving life from drowning, for
the best essay on artillery material, and for the encouragement of
farming among the Icelanders.

With this view he caused the following circulars to be sent :

Governor Gknkrai.'s Okkick,

Ottawa, January 24, 1S74.

Sir, — With the view of encouraging education, His Excellency the Governor
(icnerai is desirous of presenting annually, during the time he remains in Canada,
pri/L's to some of the principal universities and schools in the Dominion. He

-npn

200

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION' OF

[l.«7j

proposes to give gold and silver medals to lie competed for at the universities, and
silver and bronze medals at the more important schools.

I have, &^.,

(Signed,) 11. C. FLETCHER,

Go7'ernor Gctwral's Seciytdiy.

His Honor tmk Lieutenant Governok t)K Ontario.

Ql EBEC.

Nova Scotia.
New Brunswick.

Governor General's Office,

Ottawa, Jiunuiry 24, 1874.

Sir,— With the view of encouraging education, His Excellency the Governor
General is desirous of presenting annually, during the time he remains in Can.idn,
silver and bronze medals to be comjieted for at the principal educational establisli-

ments in the Province of

• •••»♦•♦•»•

I have, d-^c,

(Signed,) H. C. FLETCHER,

Governor GencraVs Secretary.
His Honor the Lieutenant Governor ok Manitoba.

British Columbia.
Prince Euwaru Island.

Governor General's Office,
Ottawa, January 30, 1874.

Sir, — I have the honor to forward to you a circular letter containing the con-
ditions of a proposed competition for medals to be given by His Excellency the
Governor General, and to request that you will inform me whether the club which
you rejiresent will take part in the competition.

As it is contemplated that all properly constituted clubs should have ♦he option
of comjieting, and as there are some which are not in connection with tiie Royal
Caledonian Club, and whose addresses it is difficult to obtain, I have taken the
lil)erty of forwarding you a dozen copies of the circular letter, in the hope tiiat you
will kindly transmit them to the Secretaries of any such clubs as may have been
formed in your neighborhood.

I have, &^c.,

(Signed,) II. C. FLETCHER,

Goi'ernor General's Secretary.

To the Secretaries of the Curling Clubs of the Dominion.

1ST4]

THK EARL OF DUFFEHIN IN CANADA.

201

GoVKRNOR ClKNERAl.'s OFFICE,

Ottawa, Miiich 31, 1874.

Sir, — I am directed by His Excellency the P'arl of Dufferin to inform you
tlmt, with the view of encouraging education, he is desirous of presenting annually,
(luring the time he remains in Canada, a gold and silver medal, to he conii)eted
f(ir under such conditions as may appear best suited to the requirements of the
case,

IVrhaps at your convenience you would l>e good enough to favor me with any

suggestions which may occur to you as to the conditions on which those annual

l)ii/:es should l)e given, and the branches of education to which they might most

properly l)e awarded.

I have, &^,,

(Signed,) H. C. FLETCHER,

Gcn'c'ruof Gf>icnr/'s Scavtaiy,

Till. Rkv, Dr. McCaul, LL.IX, Univkrsity ok Toronto.

TiiK Vkry Rkv. T. E. Hamki,, Laval Univkrsity.

\V. ( . Havnes, B.A., McOiM. University.

Till, I'RiNciPAi. OK Dai.hoisik Com.kck, Nova Scotia.

Till. Trksident ok University ok New Brunswick, Fredericton.

Governor General's Okkick,
Ottawa, March 31, 1874.
Sir, — I am directed by His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin to inform you
that, with the view of encouraging education, he is desirous of presenting annually,
(lining the time he remains in Canada, a silver medal to \ye competed for under
sucli conditions as may ajipear l)est suited to the recjuirements of the case.

I'erliaps at your convenience you would be good enough to favor me with any
suggestions which may occur to you as to the conditions on which this annual
prize should lie given, and the branches of education to which it might most pro-
perly be awarded,

I have, (S^c,

(Signed,) H. C. FLETCHER,

Gin'crnor General'' s Secretary.

To HIE Secretaries and Principals ok 37 EnucATioNAL Institutions in
THE Several Provinces ok the Dominion ok Canada.

[Circular.]

His Excellency the Governor General, Earl of Dufferin, taking a lively interest
in the game of Curling, has decided to give annually, during the time he remains
in Canada, a gold medal, to be played for by all the regularly organized Curling
Clubs of the Dominion who desire to enter into the competition.

The game to be played in competing for this medal to be that described in the
rules of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club as for local medal competitions, but
with the special provision that eight are to form the number of players in each

.H'f

202

HISTORY OF THE AUMINISTKATION OF

[lH7i

1S7.J]

Club, and the length of rink l)e that in general use in the Dominion, namely 42
yards from hack to tee. The Club which scores the greatest aggregate numl)er of
shots to l)e the winner of the medal.

The President or the Vice-President and Secretary will l)e charged with the
duty of having the ice iirojxjrly marked out, and seeing that the game is |)la\c(!
according to the said rules, and the scores correctly kejit. On the completion of
the game they will make up a statement showing the particulars, and sign and
transmit the same to the undersigned on or Ixjfore the loth day of March next, for
the information of His Excellency.

His Kxcellency will also give a silver medal to lie jilayed for by all the memlwrs
of the winning club who choose to compete for it in accordance with the ruKs
aliove referred to, or asj may In; agreed jjion by the members of the said clu' nnd
on completion of this match a statement thereof to be made up, and trans ud,
as required in the Club match, as soon as circumstances will permit.

H. C. FLETCHER,
Go7>enior Generals Secrdaiy.
Government House, Ottawa, Jan. 30, 1874.

The result of this generosity of His Excellency is shewn in Ai)])en-
dix A, which contains a list of the subjects for which medals ha\e
been awarded, and the names of the successful candidates.

One of the first steps taken by Mr. Mackenzie, as head of the
new Ministry, was to attempt to secure additional party strength in
the Senate. He was in a hopeless minority in that Chamber, and he,
therefore, i)roinptIy sought the intervention of the Imperial authori-
ties to fortify himself in the Upper House.

The power to ai)point to the Senate is, by the 26th Section of the
"British North America Act, 1867," conferred on Her Majesty on
the recommendation of the Governor General, and Mr. Mackenzie
evidently supposed that this recommendation would meet with instant
approval. The brevity of his request indicates this, for he gives no
specific reason why Her Majesty should thus interfere. The follow-
ing are the words of his application as embodied in his official report
to the Privy Council of the Dominion :

" The undersigned begs leave to report that under the 26th Section of the
British North America Act, 1867, Oi. the recommendation of the Governor General,
Her Majesty may direct that three or six Senators be added to the Senate.

That in his opinion it is desirable, in the public interests, that six additional
Senators should lie named under that provision.

The undersigned therefore recommends that Her Majesty be requested l)y His
Excellency the Governor General to direct that six nieniliers be added to the
Senate in accordance with the provisions of 'The British North America Act,
1867.'

(Signed,) A. MACKENZIE."

\^-i]

THE FAUL OF Dl FFERIX IN CANADA.

203

To this request the ICarl of Kimberley, in a despatch to the (lov-
ernor (leneral, dated i8th February, 1874, repHes in these words:

" I have to acknowlcdjje the receipt of your despatcli No. 34, of the 26th
January, enclosing cojiy of an approved report of a Coniinitlee of the Privy
(. Duncii, recomniendinji tliat six nienil)ers he added to the Senate, in accordance
wiiii a nienioranchnn by Mr. Mackenzie of tiie 22ni' December, 1873.

After careful examination of the cpiestion, which is one of consideral)le import-
ance, I am satisfied tliat tlie intention of the framers of the 26th Section of ' The
liritish North America Act, 1867,' was that this power should Ix: vested in Her
Majesty in order to provide a means of bringinj; the Senate into accord with the
lh)use of Commons in the event of an actual collision of opinion Ixitween the two
Houses.

Vou will readily understand that Her Majesty could not be advised to take the
responsibility of interferinjr with the constitution of the Senate, excep. upon an
occasion when it had l)een made apiiarent that a diflerence had arisen )et\veen the
two Houses of so^serious and permanent a character that the (Jovernment could
not be carried on without her intervention, and when it could l)e shown that the
limited creation of Senators allowed by the Act would apply an adecjuate remedy.

This view is, I may observe, stronjjly confirmed by the provisions of the 27th
Section, which show that the .addition to the Senate is to l)e reduced to its usual
number as soon as possilile after the necessity for the exercise of the special power
has passed away.

It follows from what I have said that I am not prepared to advise Her
Majesty to direct the proposed addition to the Senate."

Tlie wisdom of withdrawing from the Dominion Government the
])ower of increasing the members of the Senate is here strikingly exhi-
bited. Mr. Mackenzie obtained power in November, 1873 ; he had
not met the House, and no opposition had consequently been shown
by the Senate ; and yet, on mere suspicion that his measures would
be thwarted by an adverse majority in that Chamber, he instantly
asks for a new supply of Senators. I'he constitutional history of
England would have taught him that the power of increasing party
strength in the Lords is never exercised excepting under the most
urgent necessity, and in cases where without such an exercise revolu-
tion would probably ensue. Had Mr. Mackenzie's request been
granted, a precedent would have been formed for a practice which
would have degraded the Senate, and utterly destroyed its character
as a judicial portion of parliamentary machinery.

On the 2nd February their Excellencies visited Montreal, and on
the 5th His Excellency, accompanied by Colonel Fletcher, visited the
High School. The Preparatory School, under the direction of Profes-
sor Robins, was first inspected, and the system of teaching pursued
was examined.

204

HISTORY OF TIIK ADMIXIPTHATION OF

riH7j

Dr. Dawson, Rev. Dr. Jenkins, Professor Mac Vicar, Rev. Canon
Bancroft, Mr, Lunn, and other gentlemen, were in attendance, and
accomi)anied the Governor in his visit to the different class rooms
where the scholars were examined by their teachers, in Latin, mental
arithmetic, and other subjects. I'he i)assages and rooms had been
neatly decorated for the occasion.

The party next proceeded to the High School proper, undir
the management of Professor Howe, assisted by a numerous staff
of teachers. The cadets, under the command of Captain Barnjmn
and Lieut, Adams, were drawn up in the drill room on the ground
floor, which was first visited. 'J'hey presented an excellent appear-
ance. In one of the class rooms on this floor His Excellency
remained to hear an exercise in Paiclid, and having observed the
different arrangements of the school as regards accommodation, the
party ascended to the rooms of the Oovernors of the school.

Rev. Dr. Jenkins then briefly expressed the gratification which
the students felt at His Excellency's visit, after which Mr. Macpherson,
one of the students, stepped forward and read the following address
in the Latin language ; —

Viro Excelleiiti Cotiiitiijne iVobili Diiffeii)!, Victoria Rci^in<e in Regno Canadiiisi

VUario, ^c, Salutcin Dkimus.

Pace tua Excellentissimk :

Pergratum nobis fecisti, quod scholam nostram Regiam adventu tiio Iiodie
honorasti. La-titia auteni (jua fniiimir non ilia simplex est quani secum fcrie
solet cura optiniatimi benigna in eos qui huuiilioiis loci sunt et ordinis, sed ttinm
lactannir te pra'sentem videntes qui, in Scholis et Acadeniiis Hiitannicis, artes qiuv
ad humanitateni pertinent, ipse excoluisti, itaque ad bene a'stinianda studia nostra et
labores idoneus.

Iltvc Canada adolescentula, in commercii, negotiis et in opificiis multuni jam
profecit, sed periculum est ne in republica Literarum, et artium honestaruni gloria
deficiat ilia quani obtinet Britannia mater.

Quod ne fiat, sed ut prorsus sit Canada matre pulchra filia pulchrior, oinis fst
gratia et cura altrice proceruni Scholis et Academiis nostris. Quas te primo ab
adventu in has oras studiose fovere scinius, itaque tibi ex animo gratulamur, al(iue
Deum precamur ut tibi et conjugi tute amabili pulchnvque salutem det.

Cressa ne careat pulchra dies nota ;

Sis felix, nostrumque leves, vir clare, laborem.

CAROLUS RITCHIE,
DAVID B, MACPHERSON.

Pro discipulis Scholje Regiae, Monte Regali, Die 5 Feb., 1874.

l^TJ]

THK EAUL OF DrFFEFlIN IN CANADA.

205

i'o this His Kxcellenty made the following reply :

\ir (loctissinie, vos i)r.vcfpt<in's culehres, t-t vos luijiis pr.i'clar;v Scliolx- Cana-
(kiinis alumni, mc fortuna nescii) t\uh pt-rma^iiA coram v()l)is liac in aula lioc die
vci'.atuni invL-nio.

itatiue me (|uuni j^ratum, illuslrissimi, turn humilem sententiis vestris fecistis.
Iliimilfni, quipjie ([ui literarum in studiis alicjua t-x parte versatus dumtaxat perfec-
t.i' ouinulata'(iue scientiiv limina alliyis^e videar, cujus arcana expiora.Nse nuhi
luj^atuni est. (Iratum auteni, cpiippe (jui, in liac clara imjK-rii nostri provincia
iminere regali ac officio rej;io funj^cns, ilia voluntatis et lidci pignora accipio, non
tain in mei|isuni expre><sa ac provocala, ([uam in Rej^inam ; cujus regnuni, ut ita
(licam, in mea i)ersona est exliil)enilum at(iue sustinendum.

(Juiv quum ita sint, amici, omnia (.\ux bona, omnia (jua.' culta, omnia (|ua"
lnnif-ta, vos rejierite, corripite, liac adolescentiiv hora occupate. I line vera vir-
tiitr, vera sapientia, vera forludiiu; iini)Uti, non solum vol)ismet ipsis sed etiam
liatriiL- lam vestriv (juani me;e jir.esidium et decus lloreatis.

During their visit to Montreal their Excellencies were coiistantly
eiii;ai;cd in such piirsiiits'as enabled them to mix freely with the people,
and the Governor Cieneral took especial pleasure in visiting and
ciKouraging educational institutions. Ihroughout his whole rule in
Canada he imposed this care on himself as a special duty, and the
beneficial influence thus excited is incalculable. On the 5th of the
month, in addition to the visit to the High School, their Kxcellencies
attended a Flower Show. This novel entertainment in Montreal
durinn the cold winter month of February was given for the purpose
of raising funds to furnish a " Guests " room in a College for the
instruction of female teachers in Constantinoi)le, and the sum realized
was very large.

( )n the 9th February, Her Excellency held a reception at the St.
Lawrence Hall, Montreal, which was numerously attended. They
inspected the Fire Brigade on the following day ; and on the next
they were present at the races and games in the Victoria Rink.

On the 26th March, the first Session of the third Parliament of the
Dominion was opened by His Excellency the Governor (ieneral.
The Hon. Timotliy Warren Anglin was elected Speaker of the Com-
mons on the motion of the Hon. Mr. Mackenzie, seconded by the
Hon. Mr. Dorion. The Op])osition was not strong enough to warrant
any amendment. On the 27th His Excellency delivered tlie Speech
from the Throne. Measures were j^romised, having reference to the
representation of the ])eople in Parliament, embracing the system then
prevailing in Great Britain and in most other countries enjoying Con-
stitutional Government of taking votes by ballot, and to the estab-

r T

200

inSTOUY OF TIIK ADMINISTRATION' OF

[1871

lislimcnt of a (Icncral Court of Appeal. It was also promised tluit
measures woulil be suhuiitted for the amendment of the laws relating
to Controverted Klections, the Militia and Insolvency. It was
announced that the enactment of 1872 respecting the Canadian Paci-
fic Railway having failed to secure the prosecution of that enterprise,
Parliament would he called upon to consider what plan would hcsi
and most speedily provide the means of transcontinental communica
tion with Hiitish Columbia. His Excellency informed the Houses
that the cpiestion of compensation due to the Dominion for the fishery
privileges conceded to the United States by the Treaty of Washing
ton had given rise to a renewal of negotiations tentling to widen reci-
l^rocal trade relations with that country, and that at the instance of
the Dominion Ministry, the Imperial authorities had given direc lions
to the Hritish Minister to discuss the whole subject with the Adminis-
tration at Washington, and had associated with him for that purpose
a Canadian Commissioner.*

On the 30th of this month, the notorious Louis Riel stealthilv
presented himself to Mr. Patrick, the Clerk of the House, in his pri-
vate office, and took the oaths as member for Provencher, Province
of Manitoba. This act evoked such a strong feeling of indignation
against the slayer of Scott f that he was obliged to go into hiding,
and shortly after left the country, without offering to take his seat.
He was formally e.\i)elled from the House of Commons on the i(Jth
April.

The citizens of Ottawa had been for some time preparing a ball
for their Kxcellencies. Unusual exertions were made to render it
worthy of their distinguished guests, and the success .vas a marked
one, for none etpial to it had been given since the visit of the
Prince of Wales in i860. It was felt that this compliment to the
Earl and Countess of Dufferin was well deserved, for they had
both proved in a thousand ways their desire to please the jieople
among whom they were living. Advantage was taken of the .Ses-
sion, to secure the attendance of the leading men and representative
women of the Dominion — all eager to pay their respects to their
Excellencies. An Executive Committee of citizens had been formed,
consisting of His Worship the Mayor, Mr. Featherston, Chair-
man ; the Hon. Jas. Skead, W. G. Perley, Lieut. Col. Aumond, J.

* Hon. George Brown, called to the Senate on l6th December, 1873.
+ ijcott was shot 4th March, 1870.

I^<74]

THK KAHL OF DIKKKKIN IN CANADA.

207

Svvictland, M.I)., Aid. Rowc, 1). S. Isastwood, CharK's Mnj^eo, I.icut.
Col. Ma( plicrson, (.'apt. I'ilton, A. \'. Noel, MciM. Cul. Ross, T.
M((larity, ('apt. Howie, K. C. Harber, W. Chesterton, Major .Mac-
(loiiald, Capt. W. H. Lee, and of \V. Mackay Wright and K. K.
Kiinher, Secretaries.

I he 1)

he beautiful Senate Chamber was used for the occasion,
opening (|uadrille was composed of the following set :

The

His Kxcellency

lion. M. I-etellier de St. Just,
lion. i). \. Macdonald. . .

Hon. .Mr. .Mitchell

Hon. Mr. Huntington. . . .
Mr. Hamilton, A.D.C. . . .
Hon. Sir John .\. Macdonald.

Mrs. Keatherston.
Mrs. Mackenzie.
Mrs. .\nglin.
Mrs. (.'urrier.
Miss .Macdonald.
Miss Keatherston.
I.ady Harriet Fletcher.
Mdme. St. Jean.

Hon. Mr. Scott

Hun. Mr. .Anglin Miss Skead.

("apt. Ward, A.D.C Miss I.etellier de St. Just.

I.icul. Col. Fletcher Mrs. Perley.

Mr. Perley Lady .Macdonald.

His Worship i.ie .\Liyor. . . Her F^xcellency the Countess

of Duflerin.

The very large attendance was a fitting tribute to the success of
the social policy })ursued by their Excellencies. During all the time of
tlicir residence in Ottawa there was a constant succession of " At
homes, " private theatricals, concerts, skating and tobogganing parties,
curling matches, sleighing parties, intermixed with balls and state
dinners. This most unusual geniality drew forth the universal remark
that " the right royal hospitalities of Rideau Hall, under the present
>ri;if/i(\ are in marked contrast with years gone by, and lead to the
hope that Lord and Lady Dufferin will long remain amongst us."

The Session closed on th-* 26th May, after a sitting of two
months. It was in no way important. Put little was done. The
(iovernment ])assed an F'.lection measure providing for voting by bal-
lot. The Militia Act provided for the establishment of a Military
College on the system adopted at West Point.* The Insolvency Pill
was brought down, but was not proceeded with. Nothing was done
as to the Court of Appeal.

The College was opened at Kingston.

■ [

208

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

It will be remembered that in the Speech from the I'hrone on the
opening of Parliament it was stated that steps were beir g taken to
arrange a iiew Reciprocity Treaty with the Government of the United
States, and that a Canadian Commissioner had been appointed to act
with the British Minister at Washington in promoting such a Treaty.
Mr. (ieorge Brown was called to the Senate on the i6th December,
1873. On the 23rd February, 1874, the following Report of a
Committee of the Privy Council, approved by His Excellency the
Governor General in Council, was made :

" 'I'lie Committee of Council liase had under consideration a memorandum,
dated 23rd February, 1874, from tiie Hon. Mr. Mackenzie, reporting that he con-
siders the present a most favorable opportunity for a renewal of negotiations fur a
Recijirocity 'I'reaty between Canada and the United States of America, by which
the claim for compensation as regards the Fisheries might be settled without the
reference provided for by Article XXII of the Treaty of Washingto.i,* and therefore
recommending that the Imperial Ciovernment be rec[uested to authorize tlie Ikitish
Minister at \Vashington to enter into negotiations on that .subject with the Cluvern-
ment of the United States."

His Excellency the Governor General on the next day despatched
this Order of Council to the Colonial Secretary, the Earl of Carnarvon,
and added :

" My present advisers are very anxious to take advantage of the opportuiiitv
which seems about to present itself of re-establisliing a Reciprocity Treaty betwan
Canada and tiie United States of America. I imagine that the course the\ con-
template V ill be generally approved throughout the country, and they assure nie
that it will meet with the approbation of Parliament."

On the 5th March the Colonial Minister writes to Lord Dutfcriii that
the Earl of Derby had addressed a despatch to the Minister at Wash-
ington, instructing him to lake immediate steps for entering into nego-
tiations with the United States Ciovernment, with a view to the renewal
of the Reciprocity Treaty, and he adds :

" L'lxm learning the strong <lesire of your Ministers that a renewal of the
Reci])r()clty Treaty should be sought for. Her Majesty's tiovernment, tiiough thi-y
had been fully jirepared to abide by, and were in no way apprehensive of ilie
results of, tiie reference contemplated by the provisions of that Treaty, did not
hesitate to accede to that desire ; and it will be seen, from the tenor of the
instructions addressed to Sir K. Thornton, that full effect was at once given lo
what were understood to be the wishes of your Government."

* This is the reference to arbitration. It was held in Halifax in 1877, and einlid
in an award in favor of Canada of $5,500,000.

•1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

209

In acknowledging the receipt of this despatch, His Excellency, on
the 17th March, said :

" I have been requested by Mr. ?'iackenzie and his colleagues in the Adminis-
tration to convey to your Lordslnp their sense of the consideration which has been
shown to their represeniaiions by Her Majesty's Government in this matter. I
have further to inform your Lordship that it is perfectly understood by the Domin-
ion Government that Her Majesty's Government, in consenting to authorize the
substitution of a Reciprocity Treaty in lieu of the money payment secured to
Canada in respect of her fishery claims, under the article of the Treaty of Wash-
ington, have done so at the express instance and solicitation of the Canadian
Government."

On the 14th March, the Earl of Derby had informed Sir Edward
Thornton that the Canadian Government had recommended Senator
Cieorge Brown for the appointment of Commissioner to be associated
with him in negotiating the proposed Reciprocity Treaty, and that
Her Majesty's Government had concurred in the recommendation.

Having received his appointment from the Foreign Office, ap]joint-
ing him to be " Joint Plenipotentiary with Her Majesty's Minister at
\\'ashington, for the purpose of negotiating and concluding a Treaty
with the United States, relating to Fisheries, Commerce and Naviga-
tion," Mr. Brown, and Sir Edward Thornton, on the 28th April,
sent to Mr. Fish, the American Minister, an elaborate memorandum
on the commercial relations, past and present, of the British North
American Provinces with the United States. This document was in
effect a written arguuient in favor of another P eciprocity Treaty, and
it contained a list of articles which it was proposed should be admitted
free into the United States, ilie Dominion and Newfoundland.

On the 17th June, Sir Edward Thornton writes to the Earl of
Derby that afti^r a great many conferences which Mr. Bro.vn and he
had held with Mr. Fish, they had at length agreed upon a draft Treaty
which ^lr. Fish had promised to send to the Senate on the next day,
with a view to elicit an opinion from that l)ody whether it would be
expedient to sij^n a Treaty on the basis of the stipulations proposed in
the draft.

On the 23rd June, the British Ambassador writes to the Earl
of I-v-rby, that the draft Treaty was taken into consideration by
the Senate on the preceding day in secret session ; that neither he
nor Mr. Brown had been able to learn the precise decision which
had [)een come to ; but they understood the Senate, being of the

210

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

opinion that the time was too short to go into a thorough examination
of so important a question, had decided that its consideration should
be poctp'^ned till the session of Congress to be held in the following
December.

Mr. Fish, for some reason, saw fit to deviate from the usual course
of business by sending the draft to the Senate before it had been
approved of by the President. The American Secreta j oi otate
doubtless proved his want of sympathy with the movement by this
deviation.

On the 19th February, 1875, Lord Dufferin sent to the Ear" of
Carnarvon a copy of an approved order of the Privy Council of the
Dominion, which stated that, in consequence of the Senate of the
United States having decided that it was not expedient to ratify the
Treaty of Reciprocity agreed to by Her Majesty's plenipotentiaries,
it was now deemed desirable ** that no time should be lost in pro-
ceeding under the Treaty of Washington to ascertain the compensa-
tion due to Canada for the concession of the Fishery rights to citizens
of the United States."

The arbitration proceedings under the 22nd article of the Treaty
of Washington had been delayed pending the result of the negotia-
tions conducted by Sir Edward Thornton and Mr. Brown, but as
those had failed, the Dominion Government now press J for a speedy
continuation of the arbitration. The $5,500,000 award was the result
in 1877.

Mr. Brown obtained neither credit to himself nor benefit to the
country by his efforts. The arguments of the joint plenipotentiaries
fell flat on the American ear, for they were based on the fallacy that
because their statistics proved that the balance of trade was in flivor
of the United States, the balance of benefit also was ; in other words,
that trade is always a gain to the seller, and a loss to the buyer. They
shewed that during the sixteen years' duration of the Reciprocity
Treaty there was a " gross cash balance in favor of the Un'ted States
of $20,454,520. But the balance was in fact much larger than this.
During the first ten years of the Treaty, the transactions between the
countries shewed a clear balance in favor of the United States of
$62,013,545." The American Government could not understand
why Canada should desire the renewal of a Treaty which had been
so damaging to herself, and so advantageous to her rival. The truth
seems to be that the Americans never seriously intended to enter

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

211

into such a new Treaty as would have been considered desirable
by Canada, and whether the plenipotentiaries pleaded their cause
with judgment or not, the result was a foregone conclusion.

It was unwise to solicit from the United States a measure which
by our own shewing was one from which they would derive more
advantage than ourselves, and we emphasized our error by offering to
give up the valuable fishery claim, which haf; since been shown to be
worth five and a half millions for twelve years, for such a measure.
Our plenipotentiary went further; he proved, whether intentionally
or not is of little consequence, that Canada had thriven without a
Reciprocity Treaty. Why then press the Americans for a new mea-
sure. If our statements were correct, our neighbors knew, or would
soon ascertain, that their interests lay in a treaty with us, and Canada
would have held a much stronger position in the discussions on such
a treaty, when she shewed that she was quite able to assert her inde-
pendence. One cannot rise from an examination of the proceeding
without the conviction that it was a cnide and ill-advised attempt. It
will be seen that the Imperial Government had no hand in urging it.
The British Ministers were too astute to place themselves in a false
position, and the part they took was purely technical. They permitted
the names of the Imperial authorities to be used, but merely and solely
because the Canadian Government desired it. It is sufficiently obvious
that the movement was taken to gratify Mr. Brown's ambition to figure
as a treaty maker, without duly considering the inopportuneness of
the attempt, or the inefficiency of the chief plenipotentiary.

The New Brunswick school question had been causing bitterness
between the Protestants and Roman Catholics of that Province ever
since the passage of an Act on the 17th May, 187 1 ; and it had
been used by the Liberal party in the Dominion House as a means of
directing the opposition of the Roman Catholics against Sir John
Macdonald and his Ministry, because he held the opinion, as the
Minister of Justice and the legal adviser of the Governor General, that
the Local Legislature had power to pass the School Act of which the
Roman Catholics complained, and being of this opinion he declined
to interfere with the question either as head of the Government or as
Minister of Justice. The history of this question, relieved of all
extrinsic matter, is brief and plain.

New Brunswick was one of the four Provinces which formed the

>Trf

212

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

Iff

Dominion when Confederation was established on istjuly, 1867. Her
population then was about 285,000, of whom about 96,000 were
Roman Catholics.

Under the School Law of the Province in force at the time of Con-
federation, and up to the passage of a local Act of Parliament on the
17th May, 187 1, Roman Catholics were enabled, whenever their
numbers were sufficiently large, to establish schools, where they taught
what they pleased; and they were not compelled to contribute by
any system of taxation to the support of Protestant or any other
schools. In May, 187 1, a new School Act was passed by the Local
Parliament withdrawing these privileges, providing for the supi)ort
of public schools by a general taxation, and making no distinc-
tion of persons or creeds. While the Bill was before the Legisla-
ture the Roman Catholics did their utmost, by petitions and other
legitimate means, to induce the Legislature at least to grant them the
same liberty enjoyed by the Protestant minority in the Province of
Quebec and the Roman Catholic minority in Ontario, who were
permitted to establish separate schools. By this system the supporter
of a separate school is relieved from the burden of contributing to the
support of any school other than that of his own faith, and his
school tax is paid over to the separate school authorities. This
proposition was lost in the House on an equal division. The
new Act provided that there should be a compulsory rating and
assessment for the support of schools in every county in the Province
in a fiscal proportion to the number of the inhabitants, and that no
part of the money so raised, or of any money appropriated by the
Provincial Government for educational purposes, should be given to
any school in which the education was religious. It was urged, with
great force, in a petition to His Excellency the Governor General in
January, 1872, by the Roman Catholic hierarchy, clergy and laity of
this Province, that :

'♦ If this Act be allowed to go into operation, your petitioners will be compelled
to contribute to the support of a school system of which they conscientiously dis-
approve. And if they would not expose their children to what they regard as the
most serious and alarming dangers, they must maintain other schools at thtir own
expense, thus paying twice, while others pay but once ; or when their numbers or
means will not enable them to establish and maintain schools to which they can
with safety send their children, they will be compelled to allow them to grow up
in ignorance."

The petition prayed that the Governor General would disallow the

1874]

Act. '

declare(

of your

jjower 1

the Pro'

to inter

Act of

Parliamt

Ministry

Act, or

the Dor

possible.

His ;

adviser c

donald.

difficulty

Xumen
Catholics c
that the A(
disallowed.

The gro

I. That
Catholics e:
and subseqi

II. Tha

taken away,
as having a

Now, th
tion to educ
America Ac
or (lissentien
Provincial L
Province.

The Act
repealed by
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the undersig
exists, establ
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redress.

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

213

Act. This prayer, supported by the powerful and zealous body who
declared the Act to be, " a most serious infringement upon the rights
of your petitioners," brought up the question of jurisdiction. If the
power to legislate on the education of the people still remained in
the Provincial L'igislature the Governor General had no authority
to interfere, — but if "The British North America Act, 1867" — the
Act of Confederation — had transferred the power to the Dominion
Parliament, His Excellency was properly appealed to, and his
Ministry would be compelled to advise him either to disallow the
Act, or decline to act. The introduction of such a fire-brand into
the Dominion House was to be prevented by the Government, if
possible.

His Excellency in due course referred the petition to the legal
adviser of the Crown, the Minister of Justice — then Sir John Mac-
donald. His report of the 20th January, 1872, thus dealt with the
difficulty :

Numerous petitions to His Excellency the Governor General from the Roman
Catholics of New Brunswick, most respectably signed, have been received, praying
that the Act, Chapter 21, intituled "An Act relating to Common Schools," be
disallowed.

The grounds upon which the prayer is based are : —

I. That the Act will destroy or greatly diminish the educational privileges which
Catholics enjoyed at the time of the passing of the British North America Act,
and subsequently.

II. That the pecuniary grants hitherto made to the graded schools have been
taken away, although to those grants Catholics may, in most cases, be fairly regarded
as having a prescriptive right.

Now, the Provincial Legislatures have exclusive powers to make laws in rela-
tion to education, subject to the provisions of the 93rd clause of the British North
America Act. These provisions apply exclusively to the denominational, separate
or dissentient schools ; they do not in any way affect or lessen the power of such
Provincial Legislatures to pass laws respecting the general education system of the
Province.

The Act complained of is an Act relating to common schools, and the Acts
repealed by it apply to parish, grammar, superior and common schools. As
reference is made in them to separate, dissentient or denominational schools, and
tlie undersigned does not, on examination, find that any statute of the Province
exists, establishing such special schools,

It may be that the Act in question may operate unfavorably on the Catho-
lics, or on other religious denominations, and if so, it is for such religious
bodies to appeal to the Provincial Legislature, which has the sole povv-er to grant
redress.

■f';

214

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

As, therefore, the Act applies to the whole school system of New Bninswick,
and is not specially applicable to denominational schools, the Governor Geneial
has, in the opinion of the undersigned, no right to intervene.

As to the second objection respecting pecuniary grants, these must, of course,
be under the annual sup)ervision of the Legislature, which has the sole power to
deal with the public funds, unless, by special enactment, those grants have l)een
conferred for a specified period by an Act of the Legislature.

In such case the grant might be considered in the nature of a contract, and the
repeal might 1)e held to be a breach of that contract.

The undersigned does not find that any such statutory contract has been made.
Under the circumstances, he is therefore of opinion that no other course is open to
the Governor General than to allow the Act to go into operation.

Matters remained in this position until the meeting of Parliament
in April, 1872. On the 20th May Mr. Costigan moved in substance,
that His Excellency should disallow the School Act of 1871. The
Hon. Mr. Grey, the Hon. Mr. Chauveau, Mr. Colby, Mr. Dorion and
Mr. Mackenzie each moved an amendment, and after a sharp debate,
which extended over four days, it was resolved that the opinion of the
Law Officers of the Crown, and, if possible, the opinion of the Judicial
Committee of the Privy Council, should be obtained as to the right of
the New Brunswick Legislature to make such changes in the School
]jaw as deprived the Roman Catholics of the privileges they enjoyed
at the time of the Union, in respect of religious education in the com-
mon schools, with the view of ascertaining whether the case comes
within the terms of the 4th sub-section of the 93rd clause of the Bri-
tish North America Act, 1867. '

In accordance with this resolution the case was submitted to the
Law Officers of the Crown, — the Attorney General and Solicitor
General, and on the 29th November, 1872, these gentlemen — Sir J.
D. Coleridge and Sir G. Jessel — reported to the Earl of Kimberley,
the Colonial Secretary :

"Tliat we agree substantially with the opinion expressed by the Minister of
Justice of the Dominion : — so far as appears from the papers before us, whatever
may have been the practical working of annual education grants in the Province of
New Brunswick, the Roman Catholics of that Province had no such rights, privi-
leges or schools as are the subjects of enactment in the British North America Act,
1867, section 93, sub-section et seq.

*' It is, of course, quite possible that the new Statute of the Province may work,
in practice, unfavorably to this or that denomination therein, and therefore to the
Roman Catholics, but we do not think that such a state of things is enough to bring
into operation the restraining powers, or the powers of appeal to the Governor

1S74]

General i
Dominior
conchisioi

Subs
Executiv
Secretan
opinion,
General,
documen
February

"We i

submitted I

Thiss
but it wij
House of
the Judic
With this
of the Co
the reply

"ftapp
Provincial l
of Canada, a
this case wh
though it i<
future time 1
ofjustice.

"Thisbt
with propriel
tion which \
on which tht
the Dominior

It will
ment of 1
England, m
l^ominion.

But in H

lies. The
others, and
I^ruiiswick

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

213

(Jeneral in Council, and the powers of remedial legislation in the Parliament of the
Dominion contained in the 93rd Section. We agree, therefore, in the practical
conclusion arrived at by Sir John A. Macdonald."

Subsequent to this opinion, on the 23rd December, 1872, the
Executive Council of New Brunswick submitted to the Colonial
Secretary an elaborate argument against Sir John Macdonald's
opinion, which was also referred to the Attorney General and Solicitor
General, with instructions to report whether, on considering that
document, they saw any reason to change their opinion. On the 12th
February, they replied :

' ' We see no reason to alter or modify the opinion which has been already
submitted to your Lordship on this subject."

This settled the question so far as the Law Officers were concerned ;
but it will be remembered, that by the resolution of the Dominion
House of May, 1872, it was directed that, " if possible, the opinion of
the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council shall be obtained."
With this view the whole case was submitted to the Lord President
of the Council, and on the 13th December, 1872, that officer directed
the reply to be given, that :

" It appears to His Lordship that, as the power of confirming or disallowing
Provincial Acts is vested by the Statute in the Governor General of the Dominion
of Canada, acting under the advice of his Constitutional advisers, there is nothing in
this case which gives to Her Majesty in Council any jurisdiction over this question,
though it is conceivable that the effect and validity of the Act may at some
future time be brought before Her Majesty as an appeal from the Canadian Courts
of Justice.

"This being the fact, His Lordship is of the opinion that Her Majesty cannot,
with propriety, be advised to refer to a Committee of Council in England a ques-
tion which Her Majesty in Council has at present no authority to determine, and
on which the opinion of the Privy Council would not be binding on the parties ivk
the Dominion of Canada."

It will thus be seen that the only mode of obtaining the judg-
ment of the highest Court of the Empire, the Privy Coimcil in
England, was by way of appeal from that of some court in the
Dominion.

But in the meantirae this course had been adopted by the Catho-
lics. The question was raised in a suit of Auguste Renaud and
others, and in Hilary Term, 1873, the Supreme Court of New
Brunswick decided that the Provincial Act of 187 1 was within

■FT

216

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

the competence of the Local Legislature, and that it could not bo
interfered with either by the Dominion Parliament or the Dominion
Government.

The case was, therefore, again for the third time submitted to the
Law Officers in England, with the addition of this judgment, but with
tlie addition also of further opinions and arguments from the Roman
Catholic Bishop of St. John, — and on the 7th April, 1873, they thus
reported :

" We have re-considered this case with special reference to the further papers
now sent, and we see no reason to alter or modify the opinion which we have
already submitted to your Lordship on the subject."

No Steps were taken to bring the case before the Judicial Commit-
tee of the Privy Council, though the Ministry of Sir John Macdonald
were willing to furnish funds for the purpose, and on the i8th May,
1874, Mr. Costigan, who had managed the Catholic case in the Com-
mons, asked leave to withdraw his proposed motion for an address to
Her Majesty on the subject of the Common Schools Act of 187 1,
and praying for an amendment of the British North America Act,
1867. He said he believed it to be inexpedient at present to press
the matter further. It afforded him pleasure honorably to withdraw
his motion, and he believed he did so with the approval of his
constituents.

The New Brunswick Elections for the Local House came on
immediately afterward, and the school question was the chief subject
of debate between the rival parties. The result was a decisive nega-
tive of the demand of the Roman Catholics. Thus ended, for the
time, a perplexing matter, — one which materially assisted Sir John
Macdonald in strengthening his reputation as a sound constitutional
lawyer, since he from the first insisted that the interference either of
the Dominion Government or the Dominion Parliament would have
been tiltra vires ; and this opinion was ratified on three different
occasions by the Law Officers of the Crown in England. An attempt
was made in February, 1875, by Mr. Costigan, in the House of Com-
mons, to revive the question by petitioning the Imperial Government so
to amend the British North America Act, 1867, as to enable the Domi-
nion Parliament to deal with the question, but his motion was defeated
by a large majority. The constitutional question was important, and
has 1 ^en settled in a way to guarantee the rights of the Provinces

1874]

against
John M
dence o
to Prov
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lie sui)p(

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of the ther

obligations

beyond the

the signific

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work as rapi
of taxation."

It then
Railway,"

1874]

THE EAllL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

217

against undue interference from the Dominion Government. Had Sir
John Macdonald's opinion been reversed, a fatal blow to the indejien-
dence of the Provinces would have been struck ; but he was too loyal
to Provincial rights to countenance, for a moment, a course which,
though it ran side by side with his own interests as the head of a
party desirous to retain the strength given to it by the Roman Catho-
lic support, was yet, in his judgment, unconstitutional.

The case established another highly important point. It shews
that it has become the settled policy of the Imperial Government to
decline all interference in purely local questions. Even though a
strong case of grievance be made out, yet, if the matter be properly
cognizable by either the Provincial or the Dominion authorities, the
Home Government will studiously abstain from intervening its power ;
a (/i/asi exception occurs when the case may be brought in the usual
manner by way of appeal from the Supreme Court of the Dominion
to the highest Court of the Empire, the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council, — but then the Court, and not the Government, acts in
the matter.

During the Session the policy of the Administration as to the con-
struction of the Pacific Railway was announced and fully discussed.
The new system is developed in the Statute 37 Victoria, Cap. 14,
assented to on 26th May, 1874. It recites the terms, so far as they
relate to this road, under which British Columbia entered Confedera-
tion, — that the House at about the time this Act was passed resolved,
that the road should be constructed and worked by private enterprise,
and not by the Dominion Government ; and that the public aid to be
given to secure its accomplishment should consist of such liberal grants
of land, and such subsidy in money, or other aid, as would not increase
the then existing rate of taxation. It declares that by the legislation
of the then present Session, in order to provide means for meeting the
obligations of the Dominion, the rate of taxation had been raised much
beyond that existing at the date of the Resolution of 187 1, and it adds
the significant clause :

" And whereas it is proper to make provisions for the construction of the said
work as rapidly as the same can be accompli'^hed, without further raising the rate
of taxation."

It then provides that a railway, to be called the " Canadian Pacific
Railway," shall be made from some point near to and south of Lake

^rr

218

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

Nipissing to some point in British Columbia, on the Pacific Ocean,
with branches. The work is to be divided into sections and sub-sec-
tions, which are to be given out to contractors, who are to receive
$10,000 per mile in cash, as the work proceeds, with a guarantee
for interest at four per cent, for twenty-five years on a sum to be stated
in the contract ; that land not exceeding twenty thousand acres per
mile shall be appropriated in alternate sections of twenty square miles
each along the line, or at a convenient distance from it, — this land to
be sold by the Government, two-thirds of the proceeds to be paid
half-yearly to the contractors, the other third to be conveyed to them.
But, in case it should be found by the Governor in Council more
advantageous to construct the road, or any portion of it, as a public
work of the Dominion, then the construction may be let out by con-
tracts. Distinct provisions are made for two branch lines — one from
the eastern terminus to Georgian Bay, the other from the main line,
near Fort Garry, to some point near Pembina. The 2ist Section pro-
vides that out of the moneys to be raised by another Act passed during
the Session (chap. 2), the Governor in Council may apply ;^2, 500,000
Stg. out of the sum raised with the Imperial guaranty, and sums
not exceeding in the whole $15,000,000 out of the sum raised under
that Act without the Imperial guaranty, for the construction of the
road.

To understand this, it must be explained that the Statute just
referred to (37 Vict., cap. 2, 1874), after reciting that, as one of the
terms on which British Columbia was admitted into union with the
Dominion was that the Pacific Railway should be built, it is expe-
dient to raise by way of loan for the purpose of the construction of
the Pacific Railway, and also for the improvement and enlargement of
the Canadian canals, a sum of money, not exceeding ;^8,ooo,ooo
Stg., the Imperial Parliament had passed Acts enabling the British
Treasury to guarantee ;^2,5oo,ooo Stg. of this loan of ;^8,ooo,ooo,
and this is the sum referred to in the Railway Act.

Mr. Mackenzie, though strongly pressed, especially by the mem-
bers for British Columbia, to state when the building of the road at its
western extremity would commence, and where the terminus would
be plac.u, was unable to give a decided answer. He replied, and the
reply was, under the circumstances, a reasonable one, that it was
impossible to answer either of these questions until such surveys had
been made as would enable the Government to decide on the route ;

1K74]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

219

that these surveys were being made as rapidly as possible, and that
until their completion nothing decisive could be done. It will be
seen that in the Session of 1878 although he was able to give clearer
answers, they were nevertheless as unsatisfactory as those given in

1874.

On the 14th June, His Excellency the Governor General laid the
corner stone of the Ottawa Collegiate Institute, in the presence of the
scliool authorities, the Mayor and Corporation, and a large number of
citizens. On the 6th, their Excellencies arrived at Quebec, where,
after a stay of a few days, they proceeded to the Lower St. Lawrence.
'I'licy returned to Quebec on the 15th July, and immediately proceeded
on a tour in the western part of Ontario. They reached Toronto
on the 24th July, where they were most cordially received. An
address was presented to His Excellency by the Mayor and Alder-
men. The gentlemen who formed the deputation to wait upon His
Excellency, who had taken up his quarters at the Queen's Hotel,
were the Mayor, Aldermen Sheard, Ball, Boulton, Spence, Adamson,
Downey, Tinning, Clements, Gearing, Mutton, Blevins, Withrow,
Hayes, and Davies : they were joined by Col. Durie, Deputy Adjutant
General, and Mojor Algar, Paymaster; and subsequently their Ex-
cellencies were attended by his Honor Lieutenant Governor Crawford,
Hon. Mr. Mowat, Hon. Mr. McKellar, Mr. Johnson, City Engineer,
and Sheriff Davidson of Waterloo.

On the 25th July, the Vice-regal party left Toronto for Newmarket.
At every station, en route, enthusiastic crowds assembled to greet Her
Majesty's representative. At Newmarket great preparations had been
made for the visit. Mr. E. Jackson, Reeve of the town, read an address
from the Council. Mr. Kane, Warden, presented an address from the
County Council. After fitting replies had been made to these, a
number of gendemen were presented to their Excellencies, when they
proceeded to the new Christian Church, the corner stone of which His
Excellency had been requested to lay. An address was read by the
Rev. T. Garbutt. After laying the stone His Excellency said :

" Having spent the greater portion of my life in a country which, whatever its
other merits and blessings may be, has unfortunately been only too much distin-
guished by the vehemence of religious controversy, it has always afforded me the
most genuine pleasure to observe how in Canada the descendants of those who in
past generations often found themselves bitterly opposed, still retain allegiance to
the respective churches in which they were born. If in the progress and

220

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OK

[1874

enlightenment of learning they regard with very diflerent feelings from their ances-
tors those with whom they have the misfortune to differ in religious l)elief, I must
say wherever I have gone in Canada, I have almost invariably found, as I have found
this day, that ministers of the various religious persuasions, wiiether Catholic, Kpis-
copalian, Methodist, or to whatsoever denominations they may belong, regard each
other with sentiments of the most unaffected good will, recognizing, as a broader
and stronger tie than any other, that brotherhood which is engendered by tlicir
common faith in the principles of Christianity. I trust that this gootl feeling will
always distinguish the inhabitants of Canada ; and that as civilization progresses,
and as human intelligence becomes more extended, we shall lie more and more
disposed to overlook those slight differences of opinion which at present separate
us, and be more ready to unite in one common effort against those enmities wiiich
we are apt to create in striving against the scourge of human existence."

At each station between Newmarket and Allandale crowds were
collected on the platforms, who cheered heartily as the train passed
with slackened speed. At Allandale the party were met by the Hon.
G. VV. Allan, Mr. Little, M.P., Mr. Cook, M.P., and Mr. Ardagh,
M.P.P.

Arriving at Barrie their Excellencies were greeted with cheers
by an immense crowd. The station was decorated with evergreens
and Howers. The 35th . Battalion of the Volunteer Militia were
paraded as a guard of honor, and flags were seen in every direction.
There were on the platform Mayor Boyd, Judge Gowan, Mr. T. I).
McConkey, Mr. Thomas Atkins, Warden of the County, and other
County and Town officials. The following reverend gentlemen were
also present : Rev. Mr. Morgan, Church of England ; Rev. A.
O'Connor, Roman Catholic ; Rev. Mr. Boyle, Primitive Methodist ;
Rev. O. Crampton, Primitive Methodist ; Rev. Dr. McDonald and Mr.
Longford, Wesleyan Methodist ; Rev. Mr. Fraser, Canada Presbyter-
ian Church ; Rev. Mr. McKee, Free Church of Scotland. An address
from the Mayor and Corporation of t'le cown was read by Mayor
Boyce, and one from the Clergy was read by the Rev. Mr. Morgan ;
to each of which His Excellency gave impromptu replies. The party
then proceeded to Orillia in the steamer " Lady of the Lakes," and as
she approached Atherley, four steamers, crowded with passengers, and
with bunting flying, came out to meet her. When nearing I.ake
Couchiching, a number of canoes, brilliant with bunting, came along-
side the steamer ; they were paddled by Indians who cheered lustily.
Kempenfeldt Bay, Orillia, was reached, and here a procession was
formed to the place where the addresses were to be delivered. An

1S74]

THE KARL OF DUFFKUIN IN CANADA.

001

address from the Corporation of the Township of OriUia and Matcha-
dash was read l)y Mr. lirown ; and, after a suitable reply, the party
rc-cniharked and proceeded to the Couchiching Hotel. This beautiful
summer retreat was crowded with visitors. In the evening the grounds
wore beautifully illuminated, and a ball took place which was honored
by the presence of their P^xcellencies.*

On Monday, the 27th July, the party, after witnessing a yacht and
canoe race, proceeded to Rama, Washago, Parry Sound, and Colling-
woud. v\t Rama, the i)arty were received by the Rev. 'J'hos. U'oolsey,
Missionary to the Indian settlement. The wharf was gaily decorated,
and a large number of Indians and white ])eople congregated to
receive His Excellency. On leaving the boat their Kxcellencies were
conducted to a rising piece of ground, where Chief Benson of the
C)jii)l)eway Tribe, and two lesser Indian j)otentates, named Isaac
Vcllow-head and John Young, were presented to them. Mr. Woolsey
then read an address from the Indians of Rama. He said :

" We have long desired to see our Great Mother the Queen, and to-day our
hearts are made glad by the presence of her Cousin, whom she has sent in Her place
to govern and protect the country. We also lieg most respectfully to assure Lady
DutTerln that we rejoice greatly because of her presence amongst us, a favor long
to be remembered by us with profound gratitude. As the children and faithful
allies of our Great Mother the Queen, we wish to tell your Excellency, for we
desire Her to know it, that Her children are well satisfied with the way in which
the promises made to our fathers thirty-seven summers ago by Sir Francis Uond
Head, the Great Chief who then governed this country, have been kept. These
words have proved true to the present hour, and Her children are happy and con-
tented in the receipt of their annuities, and in the possession of their lands. The
Imiian iloes not easily follow in the ways of his white brother, but our young men,
liiie him, live in their houses and cultivate their lands. We have a school in which
our ciiilclren are taught ; and we have good missionaries who direct us how to walk
in right paths, and we are glad to say that through their influence many of our
young men have given up the use of fire-water. Our present Missionary, having
lived many years amongst the Pagan Indians of the Saskatchewan Valley, fully
comprehends the ditTerence between them and ourselves. We pray that the Great
Spirit may protect your Excellency, LadyDufferin, and party, in your journey, and
guide you safely back."

* Tlieir Excellencies were accompanied by their eldest son Viscount Clandeboye,
a lad of about ten, who enjoyed his trip very much, and took a boyish interest in
everything that came under his notice. He remarked here, that he would not care
to be a Governor General, alluding to the hard work his father was performing
with so much patience and good nature in making so many replies to addresses.

222

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

IS 74]

The address was signed " Joseph Benson Waneguishking, Chief."
His Excellency replied :

" I am especially glad to learn from your address that you are contented with
your present situation, that your circumstances are prosperous, and that Providence
has blessed your industrious endeavors. I can assure you that your Great Mother
across the sea, though from certain circumstances she is not able to be in your
midst, takes the deepest interest in your welfare, and it is my duty from time to
time to make Her acquainted with the condition of Her Indian subjects. If, at
any time, they have occasion to complain, or have any grievance to be redressed,
they will always find in me a ready and willing channel through which their repre-
sentations may be conveyed to the foot of the Throne. You have -said i.: your
address that the promises which your Great Mother, through the late Governors,
made to you have been faithfully fulfilled. I am glad to think you so thorouglily
comprehend that there is no obligation which Her Majesty considers so sacred as
the obligation to keep faith with her Indian subjects. Nothing would occasion us
greater sorrow th^n that we should have reason to think that our good faith nnd
our fair word were not trusted, and that the Government of the country had not the
confidence of the Indian nations. I do not know that any paragraph of your ad-
dress to which I have listened has caused me a livelier joy than to hear that, under
the auspices of your missionaries, and the example of your chief, tiie young men
of this nation have begun to understand how terrible are the evils which result irom
an undue indulgence in intoxicating drinks. Let me assure them that if they wish
to secure happiness for themselves, for t leir wives and for their children, there is
nothing that is so certain to bring -'.jout such a result than that they shall exeicise
self-restraint in this particular. Fi-.e-vvater, and intoxication, are the root and
source of every physical evil, almost every moral misfortune."

Her Excellency then desired to see some of the Indian babies, and
immediately a number of papooses were brought to her. The Rev.
Mr. Woolsey then presented a copy of the Psalms of David to
His F^xcellency in the Indian language. In return His Excellency
gave him a volume, " The Land and the Book," on the fly leaf
of which was the following inscription : " To Chief Joseph Benson
Waneguishking, July 27th, 1873, from His E."ccellency the Governor
General."

Upon the request of His Excellency, Mr. Woolsey took him to
the Indian Church, which he inspected with much interest. Upon
leaving the church Mrs. Woolsey and the teacher of the school of the
settlement were presented to His Excellency. He then paid a visit
to an Indian cottage belonging to an Indian named Philip Antoine,
an invalid. On his way to the vessel he spoke kindly to several
squaws, and upon arriving at the wharf the choir of the Indian church,
who were bedecked with the regalia ci" Good Templars, sang the

1S74]

THE EARL OF DUFFPJIIN IN CANADA.

223

Icncy
leaf

lini to
'pon

)f the
visit

loine,

National Anthem, which was followed by a Hymn. His Excellency
desired to have a war song, but as the young men were not prepared
with one, he asked for a love song in their native language — this, too,
they were then unable to supply. His Excellency then presented
Chief Benson with an elegant briar r^^ot pipe. The sub-chiefs and
the male members of the choir were a ;so presented with pipes, and all
the females upon the wharf receivjd a bead necklace each. Bowie
knives were also given to the chiefs.

The account of this visit has been given at large in order to show
by what justice and kindness the Indians of British North America
have been made and kept the faithful allies of the Crown. Though
distant many " moons," every minute incident of this interesting visit
of their Excellencies to the Ojibbeway Indians of Mara was speedily
known in the recesses of the Rocky Mountains, and thousands of the
warm hearts of Indian mothers traversing the illimitable North-West
kindled with love to Her Excellency, when they were told of her kind-
ness to the papooses of their red sisters of Ontario.

Arriving at Washago, an address from the Reeve and Councillors
of the United Townships of Orillia and Matchadash was presented
hy the Reeve, Mr. John Ryan, Wm. Tremble, Deputy Reeve, and
Arch. Thompson, Councillor, to which a reply was given.

The Vice-regal party then drove to the new Presbyterian church,
the cornerstone of which was laid by His Excellency. On arriving at
Severn Bridge, an address was presented by the Council of the Munici-
pality of Morrison, read by Mr. J. H. Jackson, Reeve. On the road to
Gravenhurst a salute was fired from Gibraltar, and on arriving at the
former place an address was presented by the inhabitants of the town-
ship of Muskoka, and by Mr. J. R. Cockburn, Reeve. At Brace-
bridge, a large concourse of people had assembled to greet their
Excellencies ; a procession was formed which conducted them to a
platform, beautifully decorated .v^ith flowers, where an address was
presented from the Reeve and Township of Macaulay, read by Mr.
Robert E. Perry, Reeve, and signed by J. W. Dill, William Kirk,
George Willson, and Joseph Cooper.

Oi the 28th July, the party proceeded down Muskoka river. The
charming scenery of this lovely country was much enjoyed, and His
Excellency said to Mr. Cockburn, M.P., who accompanied him, that he
had not been in so beautiful a portion of Canada before. The steamer

v 1

224

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

passed Port Carling, where Soine twenty or thirty people had as-
sembled upon the wharf, and an elderly gentleman named Birne,
in an earnest speech, warmly welcomed their Excellencies. Passing
through the locks, the steamer entered La):e Rosseau, and the village
of Rosseau was soon reached. Here an address was presented,
read by Mr. Samuel Greer. Port Coc'cburn was . reached after a
delightful voyage among the thickly wooded islands of Lakes
Rosseau and Joseph.

The next stage of the journey from ?ort Cockburn to Parry Sound
a distance of seventeen miles, was accomplished in vehicles. His
Excellency anxious to obtain a thorough knowledge of the condition
and prospects of the settlers, stopped at nearly every log hut on the
road side, inspecting the dwellings and outhouses, and interrogating
the owners. When about two miles from the village of Parry Soium,
the Vice-regal party met a deputation which had driven out to meet
them. Just after the bridge leading into the village had been passed,
a row of houses inhabited by Icelanders came in sight. When Lord
Dufferin wrote his " Yacht Voyage to High Latitudes," he little thought
that he should, as Governor General of the Dominion, meet a colony
of Icelanders in the backwoods of Canada. He was naturally delighted
to see theni, and conversed some time with them. They expressed
themselves well pleased with the country and their prospects. On
reaching a platform prepared for their reception, their Excellencies
found a large number of Sunday school children, who sang the National
Anthem as they approached. An address was then presented by the
Municipality of Macdougal Township, read by the Reev: Mr. John
D. Beatty. An address was also presented by the Ojibbeway tribe of
Indians of the Parry Soand District, inhabiting the Reserves known
as the Parry Sound Island and Shawanaga Reserves ; this was signed
and read by Chief James, on behalf of the tribe.

On the next day, the 29th July, the party embarked on the
steamer C/iicora, for Collingwood. When about eight miles from that
town, twelve steamers and a large number of yachts and small-boats
freighted with passengers came out to meet them. The Chicortu on
meeting these vessels, passed slowly between the lines, each saluting
in turn. The salute consisted of whistling three times, and dij^iiing
the ensign, the Chicora responding. The reception by the inhabit-
ants was enthusiastic. Mr. Mobeily, Mayor of Collingwood. read
an address of the inhabitants, to which His Excellency replied.
The party, in the afternoon, proceeded to Owen Sound, when; Mi

1874]

Patterso
tions ha
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been but
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and even
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; ft any one \\\

1ST4]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

225

Patterson, Mayor of the town, read an address. The introduc-
tions having been completed, about seven hundred Sunday school
children sang the National Anthem, and after a drive about the town
their Excellencies returned to the steamer which soon left for Thun-
der Bay.

His Excellency had now traversed one of the latest settlements in
Ontario. The country between Lake Simcoe and Parry Sound had
been but recently opened to emigrants, and everything was new and
rough. But he desired not only to see for himself the actual condi-
tion of the settlers, who had come from the British Isles, Germany,
and even from the snores of Iceland, to seek their fortunes in Canada,
hut he was anxious to give them words of encouragement. He knew
that whatever fell from his lips would be received with unhesitating
':oi:fidence by these industrious and thrifty people, and he, therefore,
■,..-riil!y exposed himself to the discomforts of travelling in a new
cu mtry for the sake of saying a few encouraging words to the weary
;.nd sometimes df'spondent immigrant. His Excellency generally
contrived to say something consolatory in reply to the addresses which
poured in on him. Selecting at random, we find these words in his
rejjly to the address presented at Bracebridge :

" It has been my good forturie to visit many neighborhoods that are beautiful
nnd picturesque, and to make any comparison would be perhaps invidious, Vuit this,
at all events, I may say, the approach to your town across the water of the
lakf, and of the sinp;ularly beautiful and winding river by which we have
ascended, has ^t"'.c!. me as much as an} thing I have seen in any part of Canada. I
am sure that \<n\ 'ire too well acquainted with the liabits of the English, and too
alive to those s\ i ipuhies which prevail in England, not to he aware that it is perhaps
a weakness a ouf,H '^ *o look back with pride and satisfaction to those ancestors
fivm w!i ■• w 1 r l^scendeu, -nd who may have been in any way connected in
an hoiiorah.. i> ,i:r' i \h\i the history of our native land. But, although we can
"jII understand i'. t !'■ representative of a great English family may regard with
pride tlie fact that he can boast among his ancestors some great lord who i_.;'ved
oiii for iiimselt' possessions with the sword, and founded a family, I confess tliat i
mysL'lf would far rather be able to point out, among those from whom I am
ilLsctiv' ' one who, like yourselves, in spite of many discouragements and great
iliHicidt.es, having successfully contended witli the rigors of Nature, and all t'.e
emharrassments which attend the early settlement of a colony, has succee led in
founding .•' rommunity so prosperous as that by which I am now surrounded.
Although it -.ri;.Tlit be presumptuous in a mere casual visitor, who can have fornud
but very h<\.-r >. oii'di '.ons from what may have caught his attention as he made his
tliis di. I ■ [ion, to pronounce an opinion on the future prospects of the countr\ ,

wav

;et any one who has pt all studied the economical phenomena which characterize

' [

226

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[1874

the advances of civilization, cannot help being struck by the immense natural
advantages which surround the locality in which you have pitched your tents. On
the one side stretches away to a great distance, a water communication, navigable
by steamers, which offers those necessary facilities for the distribution of the
natural wealth of the country without which it would be comparatively valueless ;
on the other there exists what may be called an ocean of timber land, ready to
supply the inhabitants of Canada for another fifty ^ears with the commodity which
I regret to say is rapidly failing in the more thickly populated districts. Around
nie, on all sides, I see the evident proof, not merely of industry, but of that
remarkable intelligence which will enable you td extract from your labors the most
profitable returns, lliat you are loyal in your attachment to the Throne and to
the institutions of thr i.mpire, is a characteristic you possess in common, I am
happy to say, with all your fellow subjects from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and it
affords me, as the represei ^.ive of Her Most Gracious Majesty, singular satisfattion
to find in this most rem'. ►: :t a numerous population who are prepared to

maintain unimpaired those r ,, and privileges of freedom under whose protec-
tion and influence the Dominion is year by year acquiring greater strength, and a
more extended empire."

The Chicora, with the Vice-regal party on board, was now en route
to Lake Superior and Thunder Bay. On their way they visited Pres-
qirile, and arrived at Killarney, Manitoulin Island. Upon His Excel-
lency landing he was met by some half dozen chiefs of the two tribes,
Ojibbewaysand Ottawas, and one of them welcomed him in a speech
in the native tongue, which was translated into French by a l^rench
Canadian, flis Excellency called forth an exclamation of pleasure from
them when le told them that their white fello\v subjects had every where
met him with written addresses, because they were unable to receive
him with so elegant an extempore speech. There were here presented
to their Excellencies the Jesuit Missionary, Mons. J. Jennesseaux,
and the School Master, Mons. P. Nadeaux, both of whom lived at
Beaver Bay, the capital of Manitoulin Island. Thos. Kinachameg
(the Pike), alias Kilohe ; Mokoman (Big Knife), Chief of the Ojibbe-
ways; and L. Wakegiyig (The Setting Sun), were also presented.
These chiefs wore medals given to their ancestors by George III.

Leaving Killarney they soon reached Little Current, where a large
number of people, whites and Indians, had assembled to welcome His
Excellency, '"'heir Excellencies were received on the landing by Mr.
J. C. Phipps, \ isiting Superintendent of Indian affairs on Manitoulin
Island; the Rev. Rowland Hill, Church of England Missionary; the
Rev. VVm. Sutton, Wesleyan Methodist ; and the Rev. Mr. Ross and
the Rev. Mr. Mackenzie, Presbyterian Ministers. An address was pre-

sented
Island,
address

Mv F

you will c

let us kno

told when

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is some m

don't see ;

it would ii

en crease w

over now (

now that it

I am tellin

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Father I dr

I got now i

not willing

me I (lid lei

done justice

more lo Do

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this time an(

All the C

One of I
was coming
arrived. T
but they wa
so had deci(

His Exc
voted to the

1874]

THE E\UL OF JUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

227

sented by the Municipality ot Howland and the inhabitants of the
Island, which was read by Mr. G. B. Abrey. The following unique
address was then presented by the Indian Chief:

" WivsT Bay, 2()th July, 1874.

My Father, — I am telling you this as your favered to the Indians. I hope
you will obey our words to you we are telling you Father we are expecting you to
lei us know how, so that we mist our payments, it's not increasing any, for I was
told when I was asked that it will not increase my payment, and I did let it go.
The North Shore and all the Reserve could bes found on North Shore and there
is some milles now on North Shore and plenty farmers on the island, and still we
don't see any different yet we only see that dollar * one person. We thought
it would increase that is what I was tolde and we are looking for more now to
encrease what I was tolde it will encrease my payment for I see a white m.an all
over now on North Shore and over the island, and I am Indian I am asking you
now that it does not grow any Beeger our payment. After we lit our land go and
I am telling you another thing about the reserves Indian reserves for I have told
you very often that we were gone to our reserve soon that is what I Here My
Father I don't obey that I am going to keep all the time for there is only that land
I got now and I hope no none will take it away from me a bout this island I was
not willing to let it go for I did Loved very much only when you came &' asked
me 1 did let it go to to satisfied y ou to obey y ou I done it for I was tolde to be
clone justice to me «5r» to be well paid by Mc Dogall and me do expect to be paid
more 10 Dollars for one person that is what me will look for every payment after
this cr^ I do Hope you will excepted our saying we Beeg to do Something for us this
this time and we are hung ray just now while we are waiting for you.

PENEGUAHNESHUM Indian Chief, West Bay.

CHIEF LABASEKA, West Bay.

CHIEF ABENSE, West Bay.

CHIEF MESHAHQUANGA.

CHIEF ETUTUN KESES,

CHIEF MESHEHESSENAHNAHQUOT.

All the Chiefs very glad to see you &= very happy &= all say good by to you."

One of the Chiefs, addressing His Excellency, said that, hearing he
was coming to visit them, they had decided to be present when he
arrived. They had come from a long distance, and were very hungry ;
but they wanted to shew their attachment to their Great Mother, and
so had decided to encounter all difficulties in order to do so.

His Excellency replied that he was very glad to see them so de-
voted to the Throne of England. He always thought Indians were very

The sum paid by the Government to each Indian.

228

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

wise men, and would not come a long way without supplying them-
selves with the necessaries of life ; but, in consideration of their loyal
sentiments having rendered them oblivious to the cravings of nature,
he would present them with a barrel of flour and one hundred pounds
of pork. With regard to the demands made in the address with which
he had been presented he could make no promise. He would, how-
ever, lay the matter before the Government when he arrived in Ottawa.
Mr. Sims acted as interpreter, and upon the announcement of the pre-
sentation of flour and pork being made they expressed their satis-
faction by the characteristic " Ugh, ugh ; " their faces beaming with
delight.

Leaving Little Current the party visited the Bruce Mines, Garden
River, and arrived at Sault St. Marie on the 31st July. As the
Chicora approached the American side of the river a salute was fired
from the United States P'ort, from which the Union Jack was flying.
The ensign of the Fort was also dipped. His Excellency was speedily
called on by the American officers of the Fort, Capt. Minor, Capt. Rush,
Lieut. Lopwood, Lieut. Camel, and Lieut. Davis. On their invitation
His Excellency visited the American Fort. The Chicora soon passed
into Lake Superior, and reached Batche wanning Bay early on the ist
August. Michipicoton Bay and Agate Island were visited, and Nepigon
Bay was reached on the 6th August. An expedition up the river
occupied five days, and ^he party on returning to the mouth of the
river proceeded on their voyage westward, and reached Silver Islet,
where an address was presented by Major Sibley on behalf of the
Siiver Mining Co., the Ontario Mineral Land Co., and the Enterprise
Mining Co., of Black Bay. After an inspection of the island the
party left for Prince Arthur's Landing, where His Excellency was
received v^th every demonstration of joy. An address was presented
by the Municipal Council of Ipswich, read by Mr. S. A. P. Somers, one
of the Managers of the Dawson Road. Before returning eastward the
Vice-regal party visited Fort William, the Dawson Road, Shebandowan
Lake, Mattawan, Kaministaquia Bridge, Kakabeka Falls, and Point
Huron, the Indian Mission near Fort William.

The head of th "licora was now turned eastward, and on the
morning of the i6th , .ugust she reached (Chicago. In visiting this city
for a day or two. His Excellency expected to do so informally, but
when the city was reached, he found that preparations had been made
to give him a formal reception and a hearty welcome.

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

229

According to the programme which had been prepared, the Recep-
tion Committee were to meet His P^xcellency at one o'clock. During
the intervening time the Vice-regal party remained on board the
steamer and a crowd of persons were continually standing on the
wharf gazing in at her after gangway, apparently anxious to get a look
at her distinguished passengers. The Chicora also attracted a great
deal of attention by her smart appearance, which was due in i)art to
the rakishness of her funnels and mast, and to the naval attire of
her crew. Capt. Orr and the other officers wore, during the trip,
their gilt buttoned coats, and their caps adorned with gold bullion
and lace, and the deck hands were all attired a la Royal Navy, in
white trowsers, very tight about the hips, and very loose about the
feet, in blue jackets with wide collars, trimmed with white cord, and
in straw hats having the name " Chicora " on the band of each.

At one o'clock the Reception Committee, consisting of the Mayor
and Corporation and several of the leading citizens — arrived at the
dock with carriages, and the Vice-regal party, after a number of
introductions, were driven through some of the principal streets to
the Grand Pacific Hotel. The visitors and the Reception Committee,
with a large number of others, having assembled in the drawing room
of the hotel. His Excellency was presented with and replied to a
number of addresses. The first was that of the Mayor speaking for
the Corporation and citizens of Chicago. To it His Excellency made
the following reply :

"Mr. Mayor, and Gkntikmkn, — When it wasoriginalls suggested to me that
I should put in at Chicago during tlie course of my cruise round those magnificent
lakes which are the joint property of Canada and of the United States, it never
occurred to me that I should land upon your wharves in any other capacity than that
of a private individual seeking information and pleasure from a visit to one of the
most flourishing cities in the United States. The kind consideration which has
prompted so magnificent a reception as that with which you have honored the
Countess of DulTerin and myself has, therefore, taken me by surprise. I can assure
you I am deeply touched by the expression of so much unalTected friendliness. Of
course it is needless for me to assure you that with us, in England, Chicago has
almost become a household word, not merely in consequence of the terril)le calam-
ity which a few years since overwhelmed it — a calamity in which the peojde of
England most heartily sympathized with you — but as an evidence of what human
intelligence and industry can accomplish in con%'erting the waste regions of the
eartli into emporiums of wealth, commerce anfl architectural beauty. I am told
that it v\as within the period of my own life-time that Chicago first received her
cliarter of incorporation, and in passing through your magnificent streets, unless

K— -jr

230

IILSTOUY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

that fact had been conveyed to me on the liest authority, I confess I could scarcely
have credited it. 1 have been very much interested, Mr. Mayor, in the account
with wiiich you have been pleased to favor me of the characteristics of those muni-
cipal institutions under which this marvel has been accomplished, and it is a matter
of satisfaction to me that the secret of municipal government, which is one of the
great safeguards of freedom, and which was originally the fountain of political free-
dom, should have received so successful a development in this country. In Canada
we are happily able to point to similar arrangements, and I confess that there is
nothing in tiie social and political institutions of that country which I regard with
greater admiration, or which I think is more likely to secure the good govern-
ment of the ]>eople at large than the principle of municipal government, applied to
the very great extent to which that luinciple has been applied throughout the
Dominion. It was, of course, with the greatest curiosity that I looked forward to
the pleasure of ]iassing through your magnificent streets, and of visiting those
various other points of interest to which you have alluded. I do not know whether
it may lie known to any gentleman jiresent that a great English statesman, a
friend of my own, and what is of more importance, a constant friend of
America, during every phase of her national history, Mr. John Bright (applause),
wished to test the capacity of the rising generation of English politicians, and the
character of their education, by ascertaining whether or no they possessed due and
accurate information in regard to the condition of Chicago. That was a crucial
test which he said he would seek to apply in the case of every candidate for office,
and he intimated that his opinion of their capacity would very much depend on
their ability to answer it. Probably no other city has ever had so great a compli-
ment paid to it by a foreign statesman. In conclusion, Mr. Mayor, and gentlemen,
I can only again thank you from the bottom of my heart, ])oth on behalf of Lady
DulTerin and myself, and on behalf of those who are my fellow travellers and
fellow-visitors, for the extreme kindness and thoughtful consideration with which
it has pleased you to welcome us to Chicago."

The Mayor, Mr. Colvin, then introduced Mr. George M. Howe,
President of the Board of Trade, who also addressed His Excellency.
After a rei)ly, a numl)er of presentations of prominent men were made.
Among those presented was General Philip Sheridan, with whom His
Excellency shook hands and addressed with a cordiality unusual even
in him. Governor Beveridge, of the State of Illinois, was then pre-
sented, and he also addressed His Excellency. Mr. George E. Gooch,
President of the St. George's Society, then read an address from that
Society, and Mr. Robert Hervey, read one frgm the Illinois St. An-
drew Society ; to each of these fitting replies were made. Mr. 1).
McKellar, President of the Caledonia Club, next came forward and
addressed His Excellency. To this His Excellency replied by saying,
" 1 thank you, sir," and this observation a Chicago paper speaks of
as the best speech of the occasion.

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

231

This brought the proceedings to a close, when a large number of
distinguished Americans were presented to their Excellencies. After
visiting the gigantic works by which Chicago is supplied by water from
Lake Michigan, the party returned to the steamer, where in the even-
ing His Excellency entertained at dinner Lieut. General Sheridan ; Mr.
Howe, President of the Board of Trade ; Alderman A. Dixon, President
of the Council ; Miss Reed ; H. B. M. Vice-Consul ; Col. James VV.
W'arrack, and Mrs. Lewis. After dinner the Mayor, Mr. Forrest, the
City Clerk, and several of the Aldermen waited on their Excellencies
and accompanied them to the Palmer House, — the Chicora having
been despatched on her regular route.

His Excellency having been invited to meet the Board of Trade at
their Hall, their Excellencies, on the 17th August, proceeded to the
Exchange Rooms. They were received by the President, Mr. Howe,
who introduced His Excellency to the immense assemblage. In reply
to Mr. Howe's address His Excellency said :

"Gkntlemen, — When I accepted the invitation which was so kindly addressed
to me by your President, I certainly was quite unprepared to find myself in the
presence of so large and so distinguished an audience, or under the obligation to
adilress you in a speech. At the same time I do not like to content myself merely
with a curt expression of my acknowledgments ; hut I will try to express, not only
on behalf of myself and of those who accompany me, but on behalf of the people
of Canada, our deep sense of the friendliness rind courtesy which is thus exhibited
towards the person who administers the Government of the Dominion. I cannot
help considering as a most striking proof of the friendly feelings which I know are
entertained towards British North America by the people of the United States, the
fwt that so large a concourse of citizens should have assembled on this occasion to
sii]>port your President in welcoming the Governor CJeneral of Canada. I feel,
however, that at this moment there is peculiar propriety in my finding myself in
such pleasant relations with the Board of Trade of Chicago. Chicago is the
prinii])al city of the United States, situated upon that great chain of lakes which
are tlie common property and joint pride of the people of America and of Canada.
At this moment, as you are aware, the Governments of our two countries are
enga;j;ed in considering a most important question — as to whether or no it might be
possible to unite the interests of the two )>eoples into a closer connection by the ties
of free commercial intercourse. That, of course, is a subject which must have had
special claims upon the attention of members of this Association. It would be out
of i)lace for me on the present occasion to refer in any particular manner to the
teinis which have been already communicated to the American Senate as those
upon which the people of Canada would be disposed to enter upon the re-construc-
tion of the existing commercial arrangements between themselves and the United
States. Of course I am well aware that in the States, as well as in Canada, there
are differences of opinion as to the policy of Free Trade versus Protection. I do

\msL

lir

232

HISTORY OP THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1871

not imagine that in any country will there be found a jierfectly unanimous coinci-
dence of opinion upon these much disputed topics, but at all events this I may sav,
the Government of Great Britain and the Government of Canada are generally
anxious to promote whatever policy and whatever arrangements are most likely to
increase and develop those commercial relations by which Canada and the United
States are already brought so close to each other, and which, in our opinion, at all
events, cannot be too much extended, and, if extended sufficiently, cannot fail to
stimulate a friendly intercourse Ixtween the iJeoples. (Applause.) In the policy
which the Government of Canada has shown itself willing to promote, I believe
there existed but one motive, and that is the desire to come to an understandini;
with the Government of the United States, which shall be mutually advantageous
both to the people of Canada, and to the people of the United States. I do not
think that for one moment we have imagined that in any agreement or treaty wliich
may be agreed ujion that it would l)e either possible or desirable to make a one-
sided bargain. What we desire, is fair and equal dealing, and I believe you,
gentlemen, are actuated by the same honorable sentiment. The Governor General
of Canada, who is the administrator of a Parliamentary Government, is not in a
position at any time to express his own private sentiments upon any political
question. His opinions, so far as he can officially announce them, are the opinions
which are suggested to him by his responsible advisers, and the policy which he at
any time is authorized to advocate is the policy which is inaugurated by his Minis-
ters. It would not be, therefore, proper for me to intrude on this occasion upon
this assemblage my own private opinion in resjiect to this most important topic. I
will simply content myself with saying that both in my private and my public
capacity it will always he my most earnest object, and one of the dearest motives of
my ambition, to do e\'erything in my power which will in any way promote and
extend good feeling between the people of the United States and the inhabitants of
Canada. (Applause.) In conclusion, gentlemen, allow me to express to you, as
well as I can under the very unfavorable conditions under which I am called upon
to address you, both on my own l^ehalf and on behalf of the Countess of Duflerin,
my deep sense of the great honor which you have done me in coming together this
morning in such large numbers, in receiving me with so much kindness and courtesy,
and in listening to my few and imperfect observations with so much patience and
indulgence." (Applause and cheers.)

Their Excellencies next visited the Union Stock Yards, accom-
panied by the Hon. Mr. Beveridge, Governor of Illinois ; his Honor
Mr. Colvin, Mayor of Chicago ; Mr. Howe, the Hon. Arthur Di.\on,
Aldermen Sidwell, Pickering, Moore, Clark, Shaffner, O'Brien, Jonas
Murphy, Foley, Mahar, and a number of other gentlemen.

In the evening a reception was given by their Excellencies at the
Palmer House.

On the 1 8th August the party, after a run of fifty miles into the
country west of Chicago, left the city in the evening for Detroit.

tsM

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

233

They were courteously attended to the station by the Mayor and other
civic functionaries, who, well supjjorted by the citizens in general, had
made the visit to the beautiful and wonderful City of Chicago one of
great delight. They arrived at Detroit early in the mornnig, and
at noon the party crossed to Windsor. They were received by
the Mayor, Mr. Donald Cameron; Mr. Theodore Wigle, Warden
of the County; the Hon. Alex. Mackenzie, first Minister of Canada ;
Mr. Wm. Macgregor, M.P., and others. (Ireat preparations had been
made at the Creat Western Railway Station for the reception. \
large and enthusiastic crowd had assembled about the platform, and
there were j)resent, in addition to the gentlemen already named and
the Committee, Mr. Theoduld Girardot, Mayor of Sandwich ; Mr. S. S.
McDonald, Clerk of the Peace, and .several members of the Town
Council. An address from the Mayor and Council of the town was
read by the Mayor, Mr. Cameron ; another from the Municipal
Council of the County of Esse.x, read by the Warden, Mr. ^Vigle, and
another from the St. Jean Pr.ptiste Society, read by Dr. Casgrain.
To the.se His Excellency replied, — his last one being in French, — was
as follows :

"J'ai ecoute avec une satisfaction toute particiilii;re I'advesse que voiis
m'ave/ fait I'honneur de me presenter. Je siiis bien convaincu que nulle part dans
la I'uissance Sa Majeste n'a de sujets plus loyaux, phis fideles et plus intelligents
que ses sujets de race frangaise, et je me rejouis de I'occasion qui m'est donnee
d'expriniur mon estime et mon respect pour les representants de ces heroupies
pionniers, a la hardiesse desquels nous devons, en si grande partie, 1' heritage dont
nous juuissons.

" C'est une chose des plus etonnantes que ce coup-d'ceil avec lequel les chefs
des premieres expeditions fran9aises discernerent comme par inspiration sur leur
route cliaque endroit avantageux, chaque position convenable, soit pour leur
defense soit pour leur commerce. lis choisirent avec une telle sagacite les sites
pour la construction de leurs forts, et pour la fondation de leurs etablissements, que
les generations suivantes ne purent faire de meilleurs choix. C'est pour cela que
presfjue chaque cite inqjortante, dans les vallees du Mississippi et du St. Laurent,
doit son origine a un fondateur frangais.

" Mais ce n'est pas k ce seul titre que nous sommes obliges envers la race
fran^aise. II ne faut pas oublier que c'est a son elevation d'esprit, a. son amour de
la liberie, et a son exacte appreciation des droits civils contenus en germe dans la
constitution primitivement accordee par I'Angleterre au Canada, que nous devons
le (teveloppement de cette autonomic parlementaire dont le pays est fier k si bon
droit ; et je puis vous assurer, qu'aux yeux d'un anglais, il y a peu de choses plus
agreables a observer que la dignite, la moderation, et I'habilete politique avec

234

HISTORY OF THE ADMINIHTllATION OF

[IH-.I

lesquelles les homnies pul)lics fran^ais, dii Canada, aident leiirs coll^jjues an^jlais ;\
ai)|)li(|uer et .'i faire fonctionner ces (jrands principes de droit et de pratitjue con-
stitutionnels, qui sont la base dii gouvernenicnt libre de ce pays.

*' Messieurs, j'ai toujours considerc coninic du meilleuraugure la collahoratimi
de la race frangaise dans le Canada ; cette race qui a dOjh contrilni(5 si jiuissaninuiit
h civiliser I'Kurope, ne peut niancjucr de supplcer et de corriger de la fa^on la plus
heureuse les qualiteset les ddfauts considdrt?s comnie inh^renfs au John Bull tradi-
tionnel ; d'un autre cote on me pardonnera, si, conime anjjlais, j'espfere que nous
pourrons lui rendre le nieme service. Avec la gendrositd, I'esprit d'inv^ntioii,
I'dlan, la grace, la delicatesse, la precision du jugement et la finesse artistique des
fran9ais, avec le flegme et le tempcramnient hritanniques, on peut dire que nous
r^unissons les elements qui gouvernent en grande partie le monde moral et le
monde physique."

After a drive through the town the jiarty went by the Great
Western Railway to Chatham, which was reached shortly after three
p.m. His Excellency was met by the Mayor and Council, the Hon.
A. McKellar, Mr. John McLeod, and a number of other gentleman.
An address was presented from the Mayor and Council, read by the
Mayor, and another from the County Council of the County of Kent,
read""by the Warden, to each of which His Excellency replied. At a
short time before five o'clock, the party left Chatham on their return
to Detroit.

As the reception given to His Excellency at Detroit was the
grandest of the series accorded to him during this tour, a full account
is given of it. The Mayor had exerted himself to the utinost to
induce the people to receive the Governor General in an appropriate
manner, and they did so, and in a style not equalled since the visit of
the Duke Alexis of Russia.*

On descending from the train His Excellency was met by City
Controller Gaifield, Aldermen Heames and Guest, and Mr. King, of
the Board of Public Works, who were appointed a Committee to meet
him at Windsor, and escort him across the river to Detroit. As the
ferry boat left the Windsor side, a salute of one hundred guns was
fired. As the steamer approachtd the Detroit dock, the Detroit
Light Guard, a fine soldier-like body of men, who were detached to
form a guard of honor, were drawn up in two ranks from the boat to
th e carriages. Mayor Moffatt caine on board to escort His Excellency
ashore. The carriages being filled, the procession moved fonvard

The account is taken from the Toronto Mat'/ of 20th August, 1874.

IH71]

TIIK KARL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

233

under the direction of Lieutenant J. Rogers, of the United States
Army, in the following order :

FIRST DIVISION.

Metropolitan rolice Hand, 22ml United States

Infantry Hattalion.

St. Mary's Independent Zouaves.

I'elonze Corps.

District Cadets.

SECOND DIVISION.

Light (juards Band.

Detroit Light Cluards, as Ciuard of Honor.

National CJuards, and 22nd United States Infantry.

Carriage containing the CJovernor General,

Her Excellency the Countess of Dufferin, and

suite.

Common Council, City Officers and Invited Guests,

THIRD DIVISION,

District Fire Department.

The following gentlemen acted as Assistant Marshals : Gen. F.
AV. Swift, Col, G. S, Warmer, Col. Jerome Croul, Col, Louis Villman,
Col. S. E. Pittman, Capt, S. K, Stanton, Capt, H, M. Duftield, Lieu-
tenant George Green,

The line of march was up Woodward Avenue to Monroe Avenue,
uj) Monroe Avenue to Miami, up Miami to William street, up William
street to Adams Avenue, along Adams Avenue to Woodward Avenue,
thence to the City Hall, where their Excellencies and suite left the
carriages and were conducted to the Council Chamber,

'i'he following proclamation had been issued by the Mayor :

" City of Detroit, August 18, 1874.
To TIIK CrnzKNs of the City of Detroit :

To-morrow, Wednesday, a distinguished representative of a foreign Govern-
ment, the Governor General of Canada, and his suite, will pay a visit to the city of
Detroit, and, as it is eminently desirable that they shall be received with proper
courtesy, it is recommended that all citizens display flags, and such devices as they
may deem appropriate, from their buildings and residences.

Tlie reception will take place at the foot of Woodward avenue, about 6 o'clock,
p.m., and it is hoped that as many citizens as possible will assemble in that locality
to assist in extending a hearty welcome to our visitors.

H. MOFFATT, Mayor.

iiii^

23G

HISTORY OF THE ADMIN ISTKA'l ION OF

[1874

This was sufficient proof that the authorities were desirous that His
Excellency should not leave the city with any idea that a coolness
existed between the two countries, and the result of the united efforts
of the city officials and the i)eople was such as to leave no doubt on
this ])()int, at least, so far as the 'jeautiful " City of the Straits" was
concerned. Around the dock w-.s assembled a thickly packed crowd,
and along the whole of the ron^e the sidewalks were densely i)ackf(l
with spectators. The se' eral bands in the procession gave, in admi'-
able style, choice selections of music, and frequently struck uj) the
National Anthem. His Excellency was heartily cheered by the
crowd, both on leaving the boat and on alighting from his carriage at
the City Hall.

Lady Dufferin met His Excellency at Windsor, and accompanitu
him through the celebration at Detroit. Hie distinguished visitors
were escorted to the Common Council Chamber by the Mayor, who
presided over the meeting. Lord Dufferin occupied a seat near His
Worshii*, and several Aldermen also occu])ied seats on the ])latform.
Lady Dufferin, Lady Harriet Fletcher, Col. Fletcher, Capt. Ward, and
Lieut. Hamilton were accommodated with seats on the floor of tlie
chamber, which was crowded to excess.

The Mayor called the meeting to order, and introduced Aid. W'm.
G. Thompson, who .said he would address His F^cellency in the name
of the City Council.

Aid. Thompson then rose, and said :

'•On behalf of the Municipality of the City of Detro't, I bid your Excellency
welcome to the City of the Straits. I beg to assure you your visit has affordcil to
our cit'zens the profoundest satisfaction and gratification. (.\|)plause.) I welcome
yuur Excellency to the city as the ("lovcrnor (ieneral of Canada, a country with whose
inhabitants we have maintained, and shall and must necessarily maintain, the
most intimate associations and commercial relations. (Applause). We welcome
you as the rejiresentative of the English power, and because you come to us not
unheralded. Your fame has jireceded you, and yoi?r assertion of tenant rights in
Ireland has earned for you the kindest regard of the Irish-American c.tizens of this
State."

The speaker proceeded to ])ay a compliment to Lady Dufferin's
poetic genius,* and then went on to give the history of the city since

* This error is noted here for the purpose only of correcting an idea which h;is
found expression in many printed notices of Her Excellency. Her Eadyship has
too many just claims to .admiration to stand in need of the honors lielong nt,' to
others. She never wrote a line for publication, and the lady entitled to the credit
of possessing the "poetic genius" referred to was Latly Duflerin, the mothcf of
His Excellency, referred to in the tirst chapter of this work.

1S74]

THE EAKL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

237

170 1, when it was founded, and traced its gradual progress to the
present period. In conchision he said :

" Your I^xcellcncy, I bid you ;i most hearty wtlcome, and olTer the most heaity
i^rotlini^ of our city, and it is with the ('eepest and most unfeigned ieL;it't tliat we
Ic.irii your stay with us will be so limited,"

Lord Dufferin, who was received with loud and continued cheer-
ing, said :

"Mr, Mayor, Ladiks an'd Gknti.kmkn, — I am sure it will surprise no one
jiresent if he should perceive that I am jierfectly incapable of rendering; an adecpiale
return to the citizens of Detroit for the li uor they have done me, and for the
rt'ct-iUion with which I have been honored. 1 confess that the kindness and hosjii-
t;\liiy I have received, conveyed in a manner so delicate ana so .igreeable to my
feelings, has completely taken me by surprise ; nor am I jircpared on the jiresent
occas.on to express to yoa in any w which will satisfy me how deeply i have been
touclied by the kindness I have received. At the same time 1 feel it would be
unt;racious on my part did 1 not endeavor, however humbly, to make you under-
ilcrstand that it is not from any want of appreciation that I fail to record the senli-
iiitiUs uf which I am conscious. (Applause.) And, gentlemen, the gratitude
which 1 feel is all the deeper, becauhc I perfectly understand that the demonstration
whicii lias taken jilace has been addressed, not so much to the humble .ndiv.dual
'vho >ian(ls before you, as to the representative of a truly friendly power, and to
the (lovernor (ieneral of that rising n.ition tiiat stretches along your banks, from
ocean t.) ocean, and whose hopes and interests, as well as whose commercial ties
are so closely amalgamated with your own, (I.oud apjjlause.) lientlemen, when
1 canu' to C.an.ada, and when it became my bu, iness to acciuaint myself with the
inniosl srnliments of th" people, tln.'re was nothing which struck me so forcilily as
the .,Hhuin(.' admiration anti res]iect, and I tliink 1 miglit say, afrection w itli which
the peojilc of Canada reg.u-ded tlie people of the United Stales. (Apjilause),
Gentlemen, 'jf course I came to Canada as an officer of the 15rit,sh Ciuvernment, as
a servant of the British tjueen, and was bound tlieretore to promise and maintain
the cciniieclion between Canada md tiie Mother Ci untry, wliich 1 b^'jievc the
iiiiialiilanls of both countries consider to be of e(iual advantage to each otlicr, and
iliLMv was noth ng which more satisfied me as to the absence of all diflicultics in
thai respect than the observation of how heartily was the esteem felt by C: 1 ada for
the Liiiled States, and how compatible it was with the most perfect co'.U'ntment.
lienllcnien, I believe that upon the part of tiie I'nited Slates isagenerc' s sympathy
with Canada in her endeavor to work out her own future, to cMend the foundations
uf iier prosperity, and to pursue that honorable career upon which sl;e has em-
barked. There is nothing upon which Canadians more surely count than the o„,„l
will, sympathy and encouragement of the people of the I'nited States on that sub-
ject. (Hear, hear and apjilause.) As you are aware, and as has l)een most ju^tly
uliserved by the gentleman who has spoken in your behalf, the commercial interests
of Canada and of the United States are inseparably united. At this moment it is
a niatler under the consideration of thj two governments whether they c."iinot even
be drawn into closer harmony, ami .f, as a couseciucnce of such result, the friend-

238

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

ship between Canada and the United States be thereby increased, all I can say is,
that out of these arraiigenients no result can come which would be more cordially
welcome, or would be more agreeable to the people of England. (Applause.)
The good understanding between Canada and America is considered in England
as a happy and a fortunate circumstance. (Applause.) As I said before, I
knew I s! ould fail to adequately express all I feel on this occasion, biit I am sure
there is not one will leave the room without understanding that the few words I
have thus spoken are a genuine expression of my most inmost sentiments, and tiiut,
so long as I live, the magnificent spectacle which has been exhibited to my eyes
to-day, as the procession which has been organized in my honor passed through
your beautiful streets, will L, one of the dearest and most agreeable recollections
of my entire life. I indeed congratulate you on being citizens of your beautiful
city — I congratulate you upon the fact tliat the foundations of your prosperity are
placed on so secure a basis as you observe they are — I congratulate you upon those
various natural advantages with which Providence has blessed you, and, above all,
I congratulate you upon that feeling of just pride which you entertain for the insti-
tutions of your country, and for the nation's soil of which you are such wortiiy
inhabitants. (Applause.) W.thin a few short years England and America have
given an example to tiie world of what nature can do to remove those difficulties
which from time to time necessarily intervene and draw a cloud between friendly
peoples. They have shown that, by mutual forbearance, by mutual respect, by a
determination to seek nothing but what is just and honorable from each other, that
difficulties of tlie gravest character — difficulties which in less wise ages might liave
produced lamentable results, can be obliterated — can be completely obliterated—
and leave those between whom they occurred more closely locked than ever in llie
bonds of mutual friendship." (Loud and prolonged applause.)

Mr. P. Parson, President of the Board of Trade, next delivered an
admirable speech, very complimentary to Canada and to England, to
which Lord Dufferin replied in the following terms :

" Mr. Pre.sident, — Having already trespassed almost unduly on the patience
of our kind friends, I will add no more in reply to those eloquen: words which you
have addressed to us than to say, tiiat the sentiments to wh'ch you have given
utterance are Jieartily reciprocated by myself and all Englishmen."

Col. Wilkins delivered a brief address, after which several ladies
and gentlemen were presented to their Excellencies.

The party then returned to the Russell House, wher^ the Band of
the 22nd Infantry played several airs in front of the hotel, concluding
with the British National Anthem. In the course of the evening
another band serenaded their Excellencies.

This demonstration, made, as it was, spontaneously by a foreign
people, was one of the most gratifying incidents of the Vice-regal tour,
not only to the Governor General himself, but to the peoi)le whom
he represented, — and the kindness of the citizens of Detroit on

the occ

the rece

their E:

excelled

The

Hon. A

Stcinhoi

and the

thus affo

of count

rivers we

the Cana

the stean

being see

it, and th

opportiin

boat and

at about ,

steamers 1

evergreen

either sid^

their Exc<

deck. \V

over to tJ

followed i

little fleet

battery of

anchored i

At this

Stcin/ioff, \

as tic in exp

seen anyth

pavilion, th

pink cloth,

liiing arour

red. white 2

having a ve

peted, and

to the edge

double man

1S74]

THE EAKL OF DUFFEllIX IN CANADA.

239

the occasion will never be forgotten by either. The preparations for
the reception were commenced only twelve hours before the arrival of
their Excellencies, and yet the demonstration could hardly have been
excelled had the occasion been the national holiday.

The next morning, 20th August, the party, accompanied by ti.e
Hon. A. Mackenzie, left Detroit for Sarnia, by the steamer J. W.
Stcinhoff. On this trip they passed up the beautiful Detroit River,
and the equally beautiful St. Clair Lake and St. Clair River, and were
thus afforded an opportunity of seeing a charming and very fertile stretch
of country. Several fine towns and villages on both sides of the two
rivers were passed. Amongst them was the village of Mooretown, on
the Canadian shore. Here a number of tlags were displayed, and as
the steamer approached, an anvil salute was fired, a crowd of people
being seen on and near the wharf. The Stcinhoff wd^s, steered close to
it, and though she passed without stopping, the villagers had a good
opportunity of seeing their Excellencies, who went to that side of the
boat and bowed to them. Eive miles from Sarnia, which was reached
at about half-past three, the Stcinhoff vfn?, met by a procession of six
steamers laden with peojjle, and elaborately decorated with boughs and
evergreens. These passed her in two lines of three each, one line on
either side. As they did so the passengers of each loudly t heered
their Excellencies, who were standing in a conspicuous position on the
deck. When all the steamers had passed the Stcinhojj uey crossed
over to the opposite sides, turning about as they did so, and then
followed each other in two lines as before, as an escort. As ''
little ileet approached the town, a salute was fired by the Sarnia
battery of Artillery from the gunboat Prince Alfred, which was
anchored in the river.

At this time the scene on shore, as viewed from the deck of the
Steiiihoff, was exceptionally fine, and their Excellencies were enthusi-
astic in expressing their admiration of it, remarking that they had never
seen anything more charming. On the wharf was erected a beautiful
pavilion, the roof of which consisted of alternate strips of white and
pink cloth, and was surmounted by a large evergreen crown, while,
hung around the structure at the top of the uprights, were pieces of
red, white and blue bunting, formed into a sort of loose plaid, and
having a very pretty appearance. The floor of this was richly car-
peted, and stripes of carpet ran from the steps by which it was entered
to the edge of the wharf To the right of the pavilion was a large
double marquee adorned with flags and carpeted like the former. To

i 4%

It m

iBgw^:

240

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

the left was a grand stand, containing several hundred people. Be-
hind it, on Front street, a magnificent arch of evergreens reared itself to
a great height, and displayed on one side a piece of canvas having on
it a portrait "^f the Queen, with the words " She reigns in our hearts,"
while on the other side was a similar piece of canvas, with a portrait
of Lord Dufferin on it, and the words " Our best wishes follow thee,"
as also His Excellency's motto, " Per vias rectas.'^ In addition to
the people on the grand stand, thousands of others filled Front street
in the vicinity, and all the adjacent space, except what was kept clear
for the passage of the Vice-regal party from the boat to the pavilion,
and from the latter to the marquees. This was done in a most
efficient manner by the police, and by members of the 27th Battalion
of volunteers formed into cordons. On the wharf was stationed, as a
guard of honor, a detachment of the corps just named, whose lively
colored uniforms tended greatly to heighten the beauty of the scene.
As the Governor General stepped ashore the crowd cheered loudly,
the guard of honor presented arms, and the band accDmpanying it
played " God save the Queen." Their Excellencies were met upon
landing by Mr. George Stevenson, Mayor, the members of the Town
Council, and the Reception Committee, which consisted of Col. Davis,
Hon. A. Vidal, Hon. T. B. Pardee, Charles Mackenzie, brother of
the Premier, R. S. Gurd, J. J. Lister, and Daniel Mackenzie. The
party were at once conducted to the platform, and the Mayor j^ro-
ceeded to read an address on behalf of the citizens, to which His Ex-
cellency replied. Hearty cheers v/erethen given for their Excellencies,
after which Mr. J. D. Eccles, \V' arden of fhe County of Lambton, read
an address from the Warden and Councillors of the County, to which
also a reply was given. These were followed by addresses from the
Munsees, the Indians of the Thames, presented by Isaac Dolson, and
Thos. Snake, Chief, and from the officers, < hicfs and delegates of the
Grand General Council recently held in Sarnia, numbering one hun-
dred and thirty delegates, and representing twenty reservations and
ten different tribes, viz. : the Chippewas, Mohawks, Tuscaroras.
Cayugas, Senecas, Oneidas, Onondagas, Munsees, Delawares, and
Pottawatamies, signed on behalf of the Council, by Henry P. Chase,
President, and John Jacobs, General Secretary ; a third from the Indians
of the Ojibbeway nation residing at Sarnia Indian Rest vation, signed
on behalf of the Sarnia band by Wawanosh, Head Chief", John Sumner,
Wilson Jacobs and Nicholas Plain ; a fourth from the Chief and Indians
of the Oneida tribe on the Thames river, signed by tlic Rev. Abraham

18T4]

Sickles,
Antoul ;
Johnson
7'hames,
Missions
nient to
treatmen
ings of n
a compla

" Fati

present be

covenant t

Third, and

this great t

substance c

well ;— anci

grounds ai

because the

pleni/ of" 1;

not been fu

'••t Ceneral

ing east war

close of the

retreating, (

the Americ:

lecumseth,

strong allies

our country,

the battles

and during i

have been lit

-Munsees onl

too often me

ston, says tht

outside of thi

scattered ove

I's, but says I

Munsees earr

your obedien

His Ex

" Among
few of them v
face to face vv
Indian Comn

18T4]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

241

Sickles, John S. Sickles, Moses Brown, Augustus Cornelius, and Henry
Antoul ; a fifth from the Indians of Walpole Island, signed by Alex.
Johnson, and a sixth from the Councillors of the Chippewas of the
Thames, signed by Jos. Fraser, Councillor, and Alexander Salt, Native
Missionary, and others. All these expressed feelings of strong attach-
ment to the rule and person of Her Majesty, contentment with their
treatment by the Dominion Government, and gratitude for the bless-
ings of religion and education. One only, from the Munsees, contained
a complaint, and this from its novelty is re-produced :

" Faiher, Lord Dufferin, — Your children, the Munsees of the ITiames,
present before your Excellency our entreaty. First, we will describe the great
covenant treaty which was made by the British Government, King George the
Tliird, under the superintendence of Sir Wm. Johnston. Our forefathers accepted
this great treaty, for it sounded good to them, — to their children's children. The
substance of this great treaty was that as long as the world last you will be used
well ;— and for this reason our forefathers spilt their blood, and left their hunting
grounds and possessions in the United States for the sake of the British Cro'vn,
because the promises were made for them that the King George was rich, and had
pleni; of land similar to what you left, and freely granted ; but this it appears has
not been fulfilled on our part. Father, Lord Dufferin, another Treaty was made
■'V General Proctor similar to the one mentioned in the war of l8l2, while retreat-
ing eastwards from Amherstburgh. The substance of this Treaty was, that at the
close of the war land will be freely granted to us in the river Thames ; and while
retreating, our brave warrior Tecumseth and General Proctor were overtaken by
the Americans at Moraviantown, and a battle ensued, and here our brave warrior
lecumseth, and many other warriors lost their lives. We Munsees have been
strong allies of the British Crown, and have spilt our blood in defending the flag of
our country, and our warriors have laid and bled side by side with the British in all
the battles of i8i2 in Canada. Your children Munsees were numerous at that time,
and (luring the war of i8l2 many of them were killed. Father, Lord Dufferin, we
have been little uneasy concerning our rights on the river Thames. It seems to us
Munsees only have a claim of one nile square and no more. Th e expressions are
too often mentioned by our neighbor tribe ; even our agent. Mi. William Living-
ston, says the same thing to us ; he tells us, Munsees have no rights to occupy lands
outside of that one mile square. Such expression don't suit our minds, for we are
scattered over beyond our rights. All his predecessors never say such a thing to
us, but says to us that we had equal right to the land. Father, Lord Dufferin, we
Munsees earnestly beg this right to be considered by your Excellency. \Ve remain
your obedient Munsees."

His Excellency in replying to these addresses said that :

" Among the many pleasures which he had enjoyed during his present tour,
few of them were to be compared with that which he experienced in finding himself
face to face with the intelligent, well educated, well dressed representatives of the
Indian Community in this neighborhood. Coming as he did from the distant West,

242

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

and from interviews with their Indian fellow subjects, who unfortunately, from their
remote position, had not yet been able to share those advantages which the Indians
of this locality enjoyed, he was sensibly struck by the wonderfully, improved condi-
tion of the latter. He was proud to think that, thanks to the wisdom of the British
Government, such marks of advancement and improvement should be seen among
them. He declared himself fully sensible of the obligation which rested upon tlie
white people to use their utmost endeavors to promote the welfare and guard tiie
rights of the Indian tribes, and expressed his pleasure at the fact of all the Indians
present Ijeing able to converse with him in the English language. He was glad to
think they were sensible of the benefits which had been conferred upon them by
those good and Christian men who had sown amongst them the truths of religioi,,
both by means of tiie Bible and by their own noble examples. He spoke of having,
during his tour, made the acquaintance of a tribe of Indians to whom, unfortunately,
the glad words of the Gospel could scarcely have been preached yet. He remarked
that, in contrasting the condition of those people with the condition of the Indians
before him, he could not fail to be struck with the immensely beneficial results
which flowed from religion going hand in hand with civilization. With reference
to the allusion which had been made in some of tho addresses to questions affecting
certain rights depending on ancient treaties, he said that, of course, it was not desirable
for him to enter upon the present occasion into a consideration of these, but he
assured them, and this, he said, must be his answer to all representations of that
nature, that no petition was ever addressed to him as the representative of the Crown,
by any of Her Majesty's Indian subjects, without his feeling it his duty to instiuite
enquiries in regard to tlie statements it contained, and under the advice of his
responsible ministers to do whatever might be thought desirable under the circum-
stances of each particular case. He wished them all happiness and prosperity, and
trusted that they would continue to be satisfied with tae Government under which
they lived ; that year after year they would learn better and better, by industry, by
attention to their duties, and by those labors from which no one, rich or poor, was
ever exempt in this world, they would join with tlieir white fellow subjects in help-
ing to build up the Dominion of Canada."

The members of the Town and County Councils, and a number
of others, were then presented, and their Excellencies were next con-
ducted to a marquee, where they held a reception. Those who
wished the honor of an introduction to their Excellencies passed
through two lines of volunteers facing inwards, and extending from
the pavilion to the marquee, handed their cards to Lieutenant Hamil-
ton, A. B.C., who announced their names, and after shaking hands
with their Excellencies, passed out at the opposite end of the marquee
from that at which they entered. Among those presented were .\lr.
Stevenson, the Mayor ; Mr. Oliver, M.P.P. ; S. D. Pace, United States
Consul ; Robert Mackenzie, Rev. T. S. Ellerby,Rev. J. Thompson, Rev.
Mr. Ross, Rev. A. Jamieson, Walpole Island; Rev. Allan Salt, Indian
Missionary; Rev. VV. H. Claris and Mrs. Claris, Rev. Father Murphy,

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

243

Rtv. Father Walker, Rev. Father Bonbat, Major Series, Capt. Adams,
Mrs. and Miss Vidal, Miss Lizzie Vidal, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Mac-
kenzie, Mr. and Mrs. John Mackenzie, Mr. and Mrs. James Mackenzie,
Dr. and Mrs. Shoebotham, Port Huron ; T. A. Mara and Miss Sarah
Mara, Toronto ; Miss Minnie Long, St. Marys ; Miss Mitchell, Port
Huron, and others.

The reception over, the Vice-regal party were taken for a drive
about the town, in the course of which they passed through several
triumphal arches, one of them was made of evergreens and sun-
flowers, having arranged on its top, barrels of salt and coal-oil, a
sheep, sheaves of ripe grain, various agricultural implements ; and on
front of it the following : " The County of Lambton welcomes the
Governor General and Lady Dufferin with hearty good will." On the
other side: "Fear God and honor the King "—" Commerce " —
"Agriculture." During the drive the carriage containing their K\-
cellencies was escorted by a detachment of Mooretown Cavalry. At
its conclusion the Vice-regal party were taken in a steamer to Point
Edward, where they remained for the night.

The reception given to His Excellency by Sarnia was most en-
thusiastic, and everything connected with it was most creditable to
the town. The completeness of all the arrangements, and the very
orderly manner in which everything passed off, were deserving of the
highest praise.

The Steinhoff, with the Vice-regal party on board, left Point
Edward for Goderich, on the morning of the 21st August. When the
party embarked, a body of riflemen were drawn up on the deck as
a guard of honor. The Hon. Mr. Mackenzie here left the party.

When the steamer left the wharf, the weathv.^r .vas fine, though
the sky was cloudy, and for a time she progressed very pleasantly.
Shortly after noon, however, rain began to fall heavily, and with it the
wind rose almost to a gale from the north-west. A great sea was soon
rolling, and during the rest of the voyage the boat pitched about in a
most lively manner, upsetting chairs and benches, and rendering it
very uncomfortable for every one on board. The party were not,
therefore, in the best possible spirits when they entered the harbor of
Goderich.

According to the programme of the tour, the steamer should have
reo^hed this town at two o'clock, but owing to the adverse wind it was
not until half-past three that they did so. About a mile from the
town, rough though the lake still was, the Steinhoff was met by half a

1I«I(

244

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

^IV

dozen steamers laden with people, and decked with flags. As the
Steinhoff passed through these, all whistled, and their passengers
cheered loudly. When these steamers met the Steinhoff they turned
about, and escorted her into the wharf, as was done at Collingwood and
Sarnia. Meanwhile the guns of the Goderich garrison, placed at wide
intervals along the high cliff in front of the town, thundered out from
that commanding position a Vice-regal salute. The eminence was at
the time covered with people, and another large crowd was down at
the wharf. When the Governor General stepped ashore, a guard of
honor, consisting of a detachment of the 33rd Battalion V. M. pre-
sented arms, and the Goderich band played the National Anthem.

Mr. Horace Horton, M.P., Mayor of the town, and Mr. M. C.
Cameron, M.P.P., presented His Excellency with an address, to which
he made a suitable reply. The party were then taken into carriages, and
driven through the town. On their way they passed under a number
of arches, bearing words of welcome, and other appropriate inscrip-
tions, — one arch consisting of barrels of the great natural production
of the town, salt, piled up on each other in a fanciful manner. Dur-
ing the course of their drive the procession halted at the Central
Public School, the children of which sang a song of welcome, to the
air of " God save the Queen," specially composed for the occasion
by Mr. J. Miller, Public School Inspector. His Excellency was
presented with an address on behalf of the pupils, to which a
reply was given. Another address from the trustees and teachers of
the Public Schools of the town was presented by Mr. Christo Crabb,
chairman of the Board of 'I'rustees. Their Excellencies then pro-
ceeded to the Court House where they held a levee, when a great
number of ladies and gentlemen were presented.

After the reception the party were driven to the International Salt
Works, owned by a joint stock company, of which Mr. M. P. Hayes
was President. When in full operation these wells furnished sixty
barrels of salt per day. Enough brine, however, could have been
pumped from the single well which supplies the works for the manu-
facture of a thousand barrels per day. There were dien fourteen or
fifteen salt wells in the town and neighborhood, but the works of
none of these were as extensive as the International. In all thes>-
works the evaporation is obtained by the use of pans, in place of
kettles. In the International works there were four pans, each one
hundred and twenty-two feet long, and twenty-six feet broad. They
are formed of boiler iron, about an eighth of an inch thick, riveted

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

245

together. In these works, as in the majority of those in the town,
the pans are heated by furnaces placed under them, but in the works
connected with one of the wells in the town, the brine is heated by
steam, the pans having two bottoms, between which the steam is
passed. By this arrangement the heat is more universally diffused
over the bottom of the pan than when it comes from furnaces, which
do not, of course, extend the whole length of the pans, The depth
of the International well is one thousand one hundred and seventy-
eight feet. So sure were the projectors of obtaining brine, that the
International works were built before the well was sunk. After the
inspection there was a luncheon at which the President ventured to
express the desire of the Company to have a free exchange of products
with our American neighbors on a fair and equitable footing. He
said :

" The interest with which I am connected was perhapj one of those most
directly affected by treaties with the United States. At present, the salt manufac-
turers are laboring under numerous disadvantages, but notwithstanding these we are
doing pretty well, and hope by encouragement from the Government to do Inciter

sti" ••

This mild attempt to obtain an expression of the opinion of His
Excellency on the vexed question of " Reciprocity " was unsuccessful,
for he humorously replied :

" I have derived the greatest pleasure and instruction from my visit to these
works. It is the first occasion in my life that I have had an opportunity of
acquainting myself by actual inspection with the manner in which salt is prepared
for the market, and I am glad to think that, thanks to the bounty of Providence,
underneath our feet there should be what appears to be an inexhaustible supply of that
article, — and that, too, of the finest quality, and so situated as to be readily and
easily obtained. I am still better pleased to think that this Company, notwithstand-
ing these invidious restrictions which are imposed, should still find themselves in
a position to trade with the United States. With respect to any possible future
alterations in the tariff which might render the trade in salt between thi?
country and the United States freer than at present, I can only say that I shall
only he too glad if the wishes of the gentlemen connected with this interest should
be gratified in that respect. (Applause.) If every individual interest in Canada
could be accommodated, it would be a matter of gratification to the Government. I
am afraid, however, that as I pursue my progress through other portions of the
country I may meet with interests which would not be disposed to entertain
exactly the same opinion as that which I heard fall from the lips of your President
to-tlay. If I do meet gentlemen expressing opinions different from these, my reply
will be that I should, of course, be very glad if their views could also be furthered.
(Laughter.)

24C)

IIISTOUY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

im-i

As far as the political aspects of the question are concerned, I am afraid I
must refer you to my responsible advisers." (Laughter.)

The party then re-entered their carriages, and were driven to the
beautiful residence of Mr. M. C. Cameron, M.P., whose guests they
were during their stay in the town. After dark there was a grand ilhi-
mination, nearly all the windows facing the large square in which tlie
Court House is situated being ablaze with light. Chinese lanicins
were suspended at short intervals all around the fence enclosing the
Court House square and in the front of several of the buildings.
During the evening a band played through a programme of excellent
music on the square. A torch-light procession took place, and there
was a fine display of fire-works, and a public ball was given in honor of
their Excellencies.

The party left Goderich by train on the morning of the 22nd
August for Mitchell, where an address was presented from the Mayor
and Council of the town, read by Mr. T. Matheson, Mayor. The
Municipal Council of the County of Perth also presented an address,
read by the Warden, Mr. Robert Jones. After a few jjresentations the
journey was resumed, and at about a quarter to ten o'clock Stratford
was reached. A large crowd of persons were present, including a guard
of honor, consisting of a detachment of the 28th Battalion V. M. under
the command of Major Larmour. The fine band of the town, which
carried off the second prize for amateur bands at the then recent
Forresters' Festival in Toronto, was also present, and when the Gover-
nor General stepped off the train played " God save the Queen."
Their Excellencies were conducted to a very prettily decorated tent
close to the station, and there His Excellency was presented with an
address from the Mayor and Council, read by Mr. Thomas Stoney,
Mayor. At the conclusion of the reply the party were taken for a
drive about the town, the principal streets of which were spanned by a
number of arches, and further decorated with evergreens and bunting.
The carriages halted at most of the churches (of which Stratford can
boast some very fine ones), in order that the visitors might have
an opportunity of inspecting them. When the party entered the
Wesleyan Church, the organist struck up the National Anthem, and
continued playinjg it until they left the building. After luncheon, an
address was presented on behalf of the German inhabitants of Sebring-
ville, when the party proceeded on their journey to Berlin, where they
arrived at about half-past one o'clock, and at no place since the tour

1874]

THE EAUL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

247

commenced was a heartier or more thoroughly well arranged reception
given to their Excellencies. Escorted by a long procession of vehicles,
headed by the Berlin band and a British ensign, the Governor's carriage
was driven through the streets, when a halt was made for the presen-
tation of an address from the Town Council and inhabitants, read
by Mr. Hugo Kranz, Mayor.

Berlin is in the midst of a large German population, who
occupy one of the most beautiful and productive portions of the
magnificent Province of Ontario. As the German people of Canada
form one of the valuable elements of her industrial strength, the opinions
of such a class are important, and as this was the first opportunity
His Excellency had of meeting this intelligent yeomanry, their admir
able address and his reply are reproduced in full. The address was
as follows :

" The Council and inhabitants of the town of Berlin desire to convey to your
Excellency an assurance of the great pleasure and satisfaction with which every
one of us feels animated on the occasion of meeting the representative of our
beloved Sovereign the Queen.

These sentiments are not artificially instigated, but arise from a sincere love of
our country, and from the heartfelt esteem we entertain for the Government which
your Excellency so worthily represents.

It is the prominent feature of the British Government in the Mother Country
as well as in her numerous colonies to preserve peace, and wisely to adapt the laws
to the requirements of changeful periods and varying localities ; to grant the
greatest possible measure of liberty consistent with the maintenance of order ; to
establish equality in the administration of the laws between men of diflerent races
and creeds without destroying those social distinctions naturally arising out of her
historical development, and sustained by the sound judgment of nations. ]{ritish
Colonies are not regarded as mere sources of revenue, but are treated as integral
jioitions of the Empire, in which the influence of the present state manifests itself
in the grand principle of self-government, in (lie active race for public improve-
ment, the development of internal resources, and in the solution of the great i)rob-
lem of the greatest good to the greatest number. The Sovereign is represented
in these colonies by statesmen inspired with true British principles, who, like your
Excellency in our Dominion, endeavor to create for the settler a happy home, and
a remunerative field of enterprise. The large measure of freedom, the undoubted
comforts which surround our Colonial life, are the rational motives of our attach-
ment to the institutions of Great Britain, and of our love for the august Sovereign
whose personal virtues excite our deepest reverence and affection. We most
respectfully welcome your Excellency and your esteemed lady the Countess of
DulTeriii to our town, inhabited principally by Germans, who loyally contribute
tlieir siiare to building up our Canadian nationality, and who glory to live, labor
and prosper under the British laws and Constitution."

•4

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H74

His Excellency in reply said:

" Mr. Mayor and (Ienti.kmkn, — Among the many pleasurable visits which it
has been my jjockI fortune to make during the course of my present tour, I can
conscientiously say that there has l)een none which has given me greater i)leasure
than that which I am now paying. It is a matter of pride to me, as an Englishman,
that in my capacity as representative of the British (^u*-'*^" ^ should have the honor
of addressing a German audience. (Applause.) It is needless for me to assure
you that I, in common with all your other Hritish fellow subjects, am prepared to
recognize you as kllow-citizens with the utmost cordiality and affection. I Kditve
that in saying this I am accurately expressing the general feeling of the Hritish
section and of every other section of the Canadian people, who all recognize in the
German element a contribution of strength to our national Constitution, and .1
population, who, by their thrifty habits, by their hereditary intelligence, by tlieii
industry, sobriety, and general good conduct, are likely to aid most powerfully in
furthering the prosperity of our common country. (Cheers,) Gentlemen, it has
])een my privilege to reside for a considerable period in your Fatherland, and I
have had the honor of receiving many marks of kindness and good-will at the
hands of that august Emperor under whose beneficent sway Germany has become
united. (Applause.) And it may be a satisfaction to you to know that I shall
consider it my duty, in communicating from time to time, through the projier
channels, my impressions as to the condition of the Dominion, to take care that the
Government of Germany understand that her children in this country are contented
with the land of their adoption, and that, although they regard with undiminisiied
affection the traditions of their forefathers, they are perfectly contented to find
themselves under British rule, and in the enjoyment ol the liberties secured to them
by the British Constitution. (Applause.) Gentlemen, I believe that under no
government, and in no country, are popular rights and those principles of true
lilierty better combined with the administration of order than under the Constitu-
tion under which you live. (Hear, hear.) I am sure there is not a person in this
vast assembly who does not feel that under Parliamentary Government his voice is
duly heard, — that his rights as a freeman are respected, and that his material
interests are adequately subserved." (Cheers.)

Mr. C. A. Durand then presented an address on behalf of the in-
habitants of the County of Waterloo, signed by Mr. Abraham Tyson,
Warden. After replying, cheers for His Excellency and for the
Countess of Dufiferin were called for, and the multitude responded
with much enthusiasm. The German is generally described as
phlegmatic, but judging from the manner in which the people of Berlin
cheered on this occasion, they can be as demonstrative in expressing
their joy as any Englishman or Frenchman could be under similar
circumstances.

A choir of young men sang " Die Wacht am Rheim," when
several presentations were made. After the presentations the Vice-

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIIIN IN CANADA.

249

regal party were driven buck to the station, accompanied by a large
crowd, who, as the train moved away, began cheering loudly, and con-
tinued doing so until distance and the ra*Me of the carriages on the
train i)revented their voices being any longer heard. The reception
at Berlin must be set down as one of the very heartiest His Excellency
had received.

Guelph was reached at half-past three, and as the train approached
the place at which the party landed, a Vice-regal salute was fired by
the Wellington Field Battery, under the command of Capt. Mac-
donald.

From the track to an ornate pavilion, erected beside the Town Hall,
e> '..aded a detachment of the 30th Rifles, who constituted a guard of
honor, the rank facing inwards, so as to keep a clear passage between
these two points through the large crowd. Accompanying the guard
of honor was the band of the 30th, which played the National Anthem
when their Excellencies made their appearance. Mr. John Harris,
Mayer, having been presented to the Governor General, conducted the
party to the pavilion, and then, on behalf of the town, read an address.
Aftrr a reply by His Excellency, another address was presented from
the Central Fair Association, read by Mr. J. B. Armstrong, its President.
Their Excellencies were then conducted to the Town Hall, where a
number of ladies and gentlemen were presented. After luncheon, at
which short speeches were made by the Mayor, and Mr. George
Howard, the Reeve, to which His Excellency responded, the party
were taken for a drive through the town to the residence of Mr.
Andrew Lemon, whose guests they were during their stay in
Guelph.

In the evening their Excellencies held a reception in the Town Hall,
which, with most of the buildings on the market square, and those on
Windham street, were brilliantly illuminated.

The day's journey had afforded His Excellency an opportunity of
seeing one of the most fertile districts in the Province of Ontario,
so that though great as was his admiration of Canada before, and he
had a higher opinion of both the country and the people than he could
express by even his glowing speeches, he was now prouder than ever
of Canada and of his high position in it. The entire stretch from
Goderich to Guelph, and as much further as the eye can reach, com-
prises some of the finest land to be found on the continent, and every-
thing indicated the greatest happiness and contentment among the
people.

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

On Sunday, the 23rd August, the party attended divine service
in St. George- s Episcopal Church.

On Monday, the 24th August, the party visited the various sewing
machine and musical instrument factories in Guelph, and also Mr.
McCrea's woollen mills.

Shortly before eleven o'clock they were driven to the Cireat
Western Station, where a spei ial train was in waiting for them. A
large cowd of citizens were as.sembled here, and the Wellington
Field Battery was drawn up near at hand. After His Excellency
had inspected the Battery, the party entered the train, and started
on their journey amidst ringing cheers from the crowd, and the explo-
sion of a large number of fog signals which had been placed on
the crack

The first stoppage was at Preston stati m, where a considerable
number of the townspeople were assembled, on whose behalf an address
was presented, read by Mr. Otto Klotz, the accomplished president of
the German Societies of Preston and its vicinity. After a suitable
reply to the address, a number of children who were on the platform
sang the National Anthem, accompanied bv a band. The train then
left, and a little before noon arrived at Cialt.

It was not on the programme of the tour to stop at this town, and
it was not until the evening before that it was known theie that His
Excellency would honor its citizens with a visit. There was con-
sequently but little time to prepare a reception. The people of Gait
were, however, equal to the occasion, and spontaneously prepared a
hearty welcome for His Excellency. The streets were decorated with
bunting, and a number of flags were displayed. On the station
platform the firemen of the town were drawn up in two lines, as a guard
of honor, and the band of the 29th Battalion played "God Save the
Queen," when the party stepped from the train. His Excellency was
presented with an addre.^s on l)ehalf of the inhabitants of Gait, read by
Mr. Thomas Cowan. After a short reply, the party entered carriages
for a drive through the town to Miss Macpherson's Boys' Home, the
firemen accompanying them a portion of the way as an escort. \\'hcn
they entered the grounds of the Home, which is pleasantly situated a
short distance to the north of the town, the boys greeted His Excel-
lency with a hearty cheer. 'I'hey subsequently favored their Excel-
lencies with some good singing. After spending a shon time in
inspecting the Home, and in conversing with the children, they

1ST4J

left ami
to the r
view of
the Stat
loyalty
large nu
train stc
decorate
few of t

1S74J

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

251

left amidst loud and oft-repeated cheers from the boys, and proceeded
to the residence of William Dickson, Esq., whence they obtained a fine
view of the town. Having spent a short time here they returned to
the station, and took their departure amidst renewed demonstrations of
loyalty and friendliness. As the train moved away it exploded a
larue number of fog signals which had been i)laced on the track. The
train stopped fcr a short time at Harrisburg Station, which was
decorated, and where a large number of persons were assembled. A
few of them were ])resented to His Excellency. The party were joined
liere by the Hon. David Christie, Speaker of the Senate ; Sheriff Smith,
of Brant ; Mr. Plumb, of Niagara, M.P., and a number of other gentle-
men from Brantford, who had come down to meet them.

Brantford was reached at about half-past one, and here His f^xcel-
lency met with such a reception as was to be expected of so loyal and
enterprising a town. The Grand Trunk Rifles were stationed on the
platform as a guard of honor, and with them was their excellent band,
which ]jlayed "God Save the Queen " as their Excellencies left the
train. The party were (conducted to carriages, and a procession was
formed in the following order : Guard of honor. Grand Trunk Band,
the \'ice-regal party, the members of the Corporation and County
officials in carriages, the Fire Brigade in ftiU uniform, drawing their
hook and ladder wagons, and their hose reel, beautifully decorated
with flowers and flags, and private carriages, of which there were a
great number. The procession, with the band jjlaying, then moved by
way of Colborne and Market streets, which were thronged with
enthusiastic crowds of people, belonging both to the town and the
neighboring country, into the beautiful Victoria Stjuare. Here was a
platform, around which the guard of honor formed so as to keep the
crowd from getting too close to it. Upon this the Vice-regal jjarty
Were conducted, and then the Governor General was presented
wii.. an address from the Mayor and Members of the Municipal
Council, to which His Excellency replied. The party were then
driven to the Central School, where a large number of children, from
I2C0 to i.ioo, occupying two large platforms erected in front of the
btiilding, and facing each other, greeted him by singing, to the
aeconii'animent of an organ, the National Anthem. These included
not only the pupils of the Central School, but also those of the
Roman Catholic Separate Schools, who joined with the former on the
occasion. The pupils of the Public School then presented His

252

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

Excellency with an address signed by Lizzie King on behalf of the
Scholars of the Public Schools, and by Emily Barr, on behalf of
those of the Separate Schools. To this a fitting reply was given.
The procession then proceeded to a spot just south of the town,
called Cockshutt's Flats, where His Excellency was to tu.n the first
sod of the piujected Brantford, Norfolk and Port Burwell Railway. A
platform was erected at the place, and was neatly decorated. Here
His Excellency was presented with an address from the Company, read
by Mr. Wilkes, the President, to which His Excellency replied. He tlien
proceeded to turn the first sod,- he placed it in a wheel- barrow, wheeled
it a short distance, and then dumped it on the ground. On this was
a block of white marble, with the following words carved on it, to be
placed on the siation building : " First sod B. N. and Pt. B. Ry. turned
August 24th, 1874, by His Excellency the Governor General, Earl
Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B."

At the conclusion of the ceremony hearty cheers were given for the
Queen, for His Excellency, and for the Countess of Dufferin. The
party then proceeded by way of Brant avenue to the new Presbyterian
Young Ladies' College, formerly the fine residence of the present
Chief Justice Wood of Manitoba. Proceeding up that fine thorough-
fare, the party passed a number of elegant private residences and
charming grounds. When they arrived at the College, the President,
Mr. A. Robertson, presented Her Excellency with an address fronuhe
President and Directors of the Brantford Young Ladies' College in
connection with the Canada Presbyter'an Church, to which His Excel-
lency, commissioned by the Countess, made an excellent reply.

As the sound views of His Excellency on the education and train-
ing of girls are of great importance in a country so much exposed as
is Canada to the influence of the American system, by which young
people become men and women before they are boys and girls. His
reply is reproduced in full. After a few preliminary remarks, he
said :

" There are few subjects which present greater interest to Lady Dufferin and my-
self than tiiat of education, especially the education of the female portion of the lead-
ing classes of Canada, as it is so intimately connected with the future fortunes ana
status of this country, because it is on the proper education of our girls that we
must depend for that high tone of moral feeling, for that delicacy of sentiment,
and for that freedom from whatever is meretricious, frivolous and base, whicli more
than anything else are the essentials of a nation's glory, (Applause.) lam the
more inclined to insist the more strongly upon this point because we must all be

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

253

aware that female education is a subject with respect to which we are liable to fall
into error, ami over which it is tlierefore incumljent for the people of Canada to
watch with the f;;reatest jealousy and attention. In Canada, as in every new coun-
try, there are, of course, circumstances and considerationM which in some degree
militate against that which ought to be the leading and principal feature of all
education, namely, its domesticity. In a newly settled country, where the scattered
halntations militate against education, and where even in towns a very considerable
numt)er of the inhabitants are driven to live less in private than is the custom in
Eiuope, it is of course more difficult to maintain unimpaired those home influences
wliich are so essential, especially in the training of young girls. Now, I confers
that I am strongly of opinion that we cannot keep our girls too long from coming
out into the world, and becoming young ladies. (Applause.) In other countries
we sometimes see the contrary occur more frequently than is to be wished, but I
am hopeful that in Canada we are so convinced of the desirability of maintaining
amongst us simplicity of manners, simplicity of dress, (hear, hear,) simplicity
of thought and feeling (applause), that we are determined to prevent the youthful
members of our families from becoming prematurely sophisticated. (Applause
ami laughter.) Even if we middle-aged men can carry into the occupations of our
mature years the freshness, the liveliness, and the innocence of boyhood, we feel it
tol)esomuch gained. (Applause.) And this trith, of course, is infinitely more
applicable to those who are to be the ornaments of our houses, and the mothers of
our children. (Applause.) However, it would be presumptuous in me to do more
than simply glance at these topics. I am sure that every experienced person pre-
sent will be able to gather from what I have said the full meaning I desire to con-
vey, and that that freshness and that simplicity which I am proud to think are
anion;^ the noble characteristics which distinguish the Canadian people at large
will aljro long be maintained, the prominent attribute of the manners and of the
tone of thought and feeling of our woman-kind." (Great and continued applause.)

Lady Diifferin was then presented with an elegant silv r trowel
and a little ebony mallet, and with these tools proceeded with the
formality of laying the inscription stone.

lT,e party next proceeded to the Asylum lor the Blind, and were
conducted through it by the Principal, Mr. J. Howard Hunter, M.A.
While there His Excellency was i:)resented with a sheet of embossed
music, written by a blind pupil of the Institute. This .system of writing
music is said to have been the invention of Mr. B. F. Cheeseboro, one of
the teachers of the Brantford Institute, and the sheet of it given to the
Governor General was the first ever written in Canada. The lad who
presented it, Roger Roberts, played very well during the visit the
"(lloria" in Mozart's 12th Mas';, on a cabinet organ.

The party returned to the Kerby House, which was their head-
([uariers while in town. At about six o'clock in the evening His

254

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

Excellency gave a dinner party to which were honored with invitations
the Mayor ; Mr. Sheriff Smith ; his Honor Judge Jones ; the Rev. J (;.
Salter; Colonel Villiers, of Hamilton, Brigade Major; Mr. Daly; Hon.
D. Christie ; Mr. Patter^ion, M.P. ; Mr. Hardy, M. P.P. ; Captain Kerr,
and Captain Marshall. In honor of the Governor General's visit tlie
town was beautifully decorated, and Colborne street viewed from the
station looked particularly gay. Near the Kerby House was erected
a very high arch of evergreens, bearing appropriate mottoe?,, and at
the corner of Colborne and Dumfries streets the St. George's Society
had a pretty and unique one. The latter consisted of evergreens, and
was supported on two imitation granite pillars, while waving from the
top of it was the beautiful banner of the Society, displaying in con-
spicuous characters the sentiment, " England our Country, Canada our
Home." All along Colborne street the display of flags and banners
was profuse ; and strips of different colored bunting were stretclicd
across at every few yards, and festooned in front of the stores. Jhe
station at which the party left the train was also nicely decorated, hut
what struck one most was the extent of the decoration of ]jrivate
dwellings. Large numbei-j of these residences were ornamented in
a manner which showed the exercise of much taste and the expendi-
ture of a great deal of time.

On the morning of the 25th August, carriages were at the Kcrhy
House, Brantford, and His Excellency Lord Dufferin, the Countess of
Dufferin (accompanied by Lieut-Colonel Gilkison, Visiting Superinicn-
dent Indian Affairs), Colonel and Lady Fletcher, and Staff, were
driven to the village of the Six Nations Indians in the Grand River,
about nine miles from Brantford, called Ohswekea. They first went to
the Mohawk Church (built in 1784), where they were received by the
Rev. Canon Nelles, and other Missionaries.

The Reverend Gentleman read th^ following address : —

To His Excellency the Right Honorable Earl of Duflerin, K.P., K.C.B., Gowr-
nor-General of the Dominion of Canada, dr^c, 6^c.

May it please. Your Excellency, —

We, the missionaries of the Church of England, to the Indians of the Six Na-
tions, under ihe auspices of the New England Company, one of the eai liist
missionary organizatrjns in Creat Britain, whose Ijeneticence has been extendcnl lo
the Indians here for many years, most cordially welcome your Excellency ;nnl
Lady Uuffcrin to the Mohawk Church, which is the oldest Protestant place of kin-
ship in the Province of Ontario. As an ecclesiastical edifice of such priority, i'

1874]

TIIK EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

255

will no doubt be an object of interest to you'" Excellency, but its interests are
greatly enhanced by the fact, that at the in stance of the late celebrated Chief Joseph
Brant, " Thayendanegea," it was erected ly the British tjovernment, for the bene-
fit of the Indians, whose spiritual as well is temporal interests have always been
the objects of the paternal care of the suciessive occupants of the British throne.
Tlic instructions issued by the Colonial Ofili -e in 1670, respecting the Indians, were
as follows : — " You are to consider how the Indians may be best instructed in the
Christian religion, it being both for the honor of the Crown, and of the Protestant
religion, itself, that all persons within any of our territories, though ever so remote,
shinilil be taught the knowledge of God, and be made acquainted with the mysteries
of salvation." And the laudable spirit which prompted these ever memorable in-
structions has been possessed by every British sovereign down to the present tiuie,
and perhaps by none more than our Most Gracious Queen. We beg to call your
Excellency's attention to a copy of the Holy Bible, and a serviio of plate for the
administration of the holy communion, gifts of Her Majesty Queen Anne to her
Indian Chapel of the Mohawks. In this sacred eilifice, the Indians have been
religiously instructed, and doubtless they have been much benefited by their attend-
ance ujion the ministrations of the Churc, and though the Indians have removed
from this neighborhood, and now seldom worship here, many of their children who
are educated at the New England Company's institution regularly attend divine
service in this place. Many of the Six Nations are truly pious, antl strongly
ailached to the English Church, and as a body, have always been distinguished for
their unswerving loyalty to the British Crown. We beg to express our gr.nitude
for the deep interest which your Excellency shows in the welfare of the Indians,
and our high appreciation of the kindness of Lady DutVerin and yourself, in visiting
the settlement of the Six Nations. 'We beg. In conclusion, to assure you of our
arileni aspirations for the welflire of your Excellency and Lady Dulferin, both here

and hereafter.

(Signed,) ABRAHAM NELLES,

ADAM ELLIOTT,

JAMES CHANCE,

R. J. ROBERTS,

ALBERT ANIHONY.

Mohawk Parsonage, August 25, 1874.

His Exxellency replied briefly, and in doing so, desired to express,
on behalf of the Government which he administered, and, he might add,
on behalf of alltheir fellow-subjects, their deep sense of the obligation
under which they were to the reverend gentleman and his fellow-
lahorers, for the devoted manner in which they had addressed them-
selves to the noble task which they had undertaken. It would be
diiticult to overrate the benefits which had been conferred by them.
It was exceedingly interesting to Lady Dufferin and to himself to find
tlieiiiselves in a locality surrounded by so many historical associations,
and he confessed, that it was with the very greatest pleasure that he

256

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

looked forward to making himself thoroughly acquainted with the pro-
gress which had been made, and the success which had attended the
efforts put forth, in the direction of civilizing their Indian fellow-sub-
jects.

Their Excellencies looked at the Communion plate, and the Holy
Bible, presented to the Mohawks, by Queen Anne, 17 12.

On the fly-leaf of the Bible, are the signatures of their Royal High-
nesses the Prince of Wales and Prince Arthur : His Excellency was
pleased to add his signature.

Leaving the church, the Tomb of Brant was visited.

The drive was continued, via Newport and the Grand River, to
the Indian Reserve of Tucarora.

At the entrance of the Reserve, an arch was erc^led, with the

greeting :

THE SIX NATIONS

WELCOME

THE GOVERNOR GENERAL

TO THEIR RESERVE.

At the turn of the road from the River, another arch had the

words :

THE SIX NATIONS

PLEASED!

Two miles further, a third arch was reached, declaring :

THE SIX NATIONS
REJOICE ! !

On the arch opposite the Council House :

THE SIX NATIONS
TRIUMPH ! ! !

At the third arch, their Excellencies were met by Interpreter
Johnson, in the costume of a chief. Marshal John A. Beaver, and a
body of Six Nations and Ojibbeways, with the excellent band of the
latter playing " God Save the Queen," a Royal salute being fired ;
further on, they passed the Mohawk band^ which sakUed with "' Rule
Britannia," and on reaching the Council House, a large crowd
(estimated at 5000) were assembled, half of whom were Indians,
who received their Excellencies with whoops and cheers, the Tuscarora
and other bands uniting in the National Anthem.

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

257

The Council House was prettily decorated with wreaths of hem-
lock, and on the inner walls were hung portraits of the Queen, the late
Prince Consort, Prince Arthur, Sir William Johnson, the Brants (father
and son), and other celebrities, interspersed with a variety of Indian
weapons and curiosities.

The pathway to the Council House was lined with Indian chiefs
and warriors, and in its rear was a rustic hall decorated with Hags,
in which was erected a carpeted dais, having in its rear the British
ensigns, a royal crown and an illuminated ribbon or scroll with this
motto : —

" WELCOME LORD AND LADY DUFFERIN."

As their Excellencies were conducted to the dais, their path was
strewed with flowers by Indian maidens, and a number of children
sang the National Anthem.

On the dais to the right and left of His Excellency were seated the
Countess of Dufferin, Lady Fletcher, MissGilkison, Hon. Mr. Mowat,
Prime Minister of Ontario, Col. Fletcher, Hon. D. Christie, Speaker of
the Senate, Mrs. and the Misses Christie, Col. Cumberland, A.D.C.,
Col. Villiers, Judge Jones, Captain Ward, A.D.C, Lieut. Hamilton,
A.D.C., Mr. Patterson, M.P., Mr. M. Whiting, Mr. Hardy, M.P.P.,
Mr. Matthews, Mayor of Brantford, Mr. Cleghorn, Col. Patton, and
about eighty chiefs of the Mohawks, Onondagas, Senecas, Oneidas,
Cayugas, Tuscaroras, Delawares, the Six Nations, and the Ojibbe-
ways ; among whom were Chief J. Smoke Johnson, Speaker of
the Council, J. Givens, Jacob and John Carpenter, J. Fraser, D.
Thomas, jr., T. Burning; J. Snow, Geo. Buck, G. Key, J. Buck, Fire-
keepers ; I). Hill, John Mill, Johnson Williams ; Jacob General, H.
Clench, John Cieneral, Thos. Isaac, Jacob Williams, Josiah Mill, Wm.
Jacob, Geo. Monture, Jacob Silversmith, M. Anthony, Dr. Jones, "Wm.
Elliott, L. Herchmer. In the body of the hall were many ladies
and gentlemen, among whom were the Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Nelles,
Rev. Mr. Cochrane, Prof Bell, G. Fleming, M.P., Mnyor Whitlaw,
Paris; Rev. J. Chance, Mr. Muirhead, Dr. Henwood, Dr. Dee,
Captain McLean, Dr. McCargow, Dr. Bown, Rev. Mr. Hurlburt,
Mr. Jose])h Robinson, Rev. Mr. Stewart, Rev. Mr. and Mrs.
Elliott, Mr. H. Andrews, Mr. Shenston, Mr. Robertson, .Sheiifif
and Mrs. Smith, Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Salter, Mr. Plrmatinger of
Simcoe, Mr. and Miss Stuart of Philadelphia, Mr. Thos. McLean,

-T

258

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

4ii

Mrs. Scott, Mr. Garland, Mr. Thomas Messenger, of Caledonia ; Mr.
J. I). Clement, Mr. Pollock, Dr. Griffin, Mr. Hale, of Clinton ; H.
Finlayson, M.P.P., Rev. Mr. Roberts, Rev. Mr. Tenant, Rev. Mr.
Starr, Mr. Weymes, Mr. Ashton, Dr. Pyne, Mr. Wilkes, and Mr.
Van Norman.

The Superintendent announced that His Excellency would be ad-
dressed, in behalf of the chiefs and people, by Chief Jacob General,
of the Oneidas, who spoke to the following effect :

'•Though young compared with some of the aged Chiefs present, he had been
chosen Speaker on this occasion, and would endeavor to discharge the duty.

He reminded His Excellency, that when British supremacy on this continent
was in peril, their Indian forefathers shed brooks of blood on behalf of tlie
English nation, and, if the services of the Six Nations were ever required again, in
defence of the British flag, they would be willing to risk their lives as their fore-
fathers had done. The Six Nations had confidence in the treaties they had with
the English Government, none of which had ever been violated. They welcomed
Lord Duflerin, as the only nobleman who had ever visited their reserve, and they
also welcomed the Countess of Dufferin. They hoped His Excellency would con-
tinue for many years to represent Her Majesty in their native country, Canada, and
that the Almighty would bless their Excellencies and their family. The speaker
informed the Governor General, that there was a great change for the better in the
condition of the Six Nations, that they lived like their white fellow-subjects, by
tilling the ground and by other industry, and not by hunting and fishing, as some,
he regretted to say, had asserted of them. In education, great progress had been
made. The Government had been pleased to appoint a gentleman to the chait^e
of the Six Nation Indians, who is ever ready to promote their interests, protect and
defend them. Tliey were quite contented with the Government under whicli tliey
lived. Their timber and other property had lately been much better protected than
formerly."

Chief George Buck, of the Onondagas, also delivered a short ad-
dress of welcome.

The Governor General replied as follows :

"Chiefs, Councilmen, and young men of the Six Nations — I desire to express to
you the pleasure which I derive from my visit to your settlement and from the elo-
quent addresses with which I have been honored. I have long looked forward to
this expedition with the greatest impatience, for you must understand that it is no
idle curiosity which brings me hither, but that when the Governor General and the
representative of your Great Mother comes among you it is a genuine sign of the
interest which the Imperial Government and the Government of Canada take in
your welfare, and of their desire to show that your interests and your happiness
are as much a matter of solicitude to them as are those of the rest of your fellow
citizens. Neither must you suppose that I am ignorant of those claims upon the

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

259

t;iatitiule and affection of the English nation which you possess. I am well aware
that in ancient times, when there was war between the early French coloni/.ers of
Canada and the early English colonists of the lower States, you were always a
friendly people to the English Crown, and that in later days, when differences
arose between our ancestors and the ancestors of the present inhabitants of the
United States — differences which I am glad to say have long since been buried in
ol)livion by both parties — it was on the bravery in arms and on the fidelity of
your grandfathers that the Crown of England then relied. The memory of these
transactions I can assure you shall never be allowed to pass away, and although
you have ceased to be the warlike allies of Great Britain, we are still proud to
hail you as its pacific and contented svdijects. You could not have a greater proof
that the memories of the ancient ties which bound the Six Nations and the English
peojile together have not been forgotten than the fact that one of the principal towns
in Ontario has been called after that glorious Chieftain Tyendinaga, of whom you are
so justly proud, and in the next place than by the manner in which those treaties and
reservations which, in consideration of their services, were made in your favor,
have been observed and maintained. There is no part of your address which has
given nie greater pleasure than that in which you acknowledge that the British
Crown has kept faith with its Indian subjects, and that you and all the members
of the Six Nations have confidence in the word of the British Government.
Although the days are happily past in which we needed your assistance on the
battle field, you must not suppose that we do not count with equal anxiety upon
your assistance in those peaceful efforts to which the people of Canada are now
devoted, or that we fail to value you as faithful and industrious coadjutors in the
task we have undertaken of building up the Dominion of Canada into a prosperous,
rich, and contented nation. During my recent visit to the westward I came into
contact with other tribes of Indians who were, unfortunately, less happily circum-
stanced than yourselves, inasmuch as, inhaV)iting a more distant region than you
they have not had an opportunity of acquiring those habits of civilization which you
have so readily adopted, and of which the lieneficent efforts are apparent in the
comparison of the scene before me and the appearance presented by those Indian
tribus to whom I refer. For although, like yourselves, they are animated with
loyal feelings towards your Great Mother and firmly attached to the Government
of the British Crown, they were in every way inferior to you in physical appear-
ance, in their habits of life, and in their material comforts. It is to be hoped that
in the course of time a more settled mode of existence will gradually be extended
amongst all the Indian subjects of the Canadian Government, but at the same
time I wish it to be understood that it is by no means the desire of the Government
unduly to press upon its Indian subjects a premature or violent change in their
estal)lished habits. To have done this would have been, in my opinion, a great
mistake. I believe that one chief reason why the Government of Canada has been
so pre-eminently successful in maintaining the happiest and most affectionate rela-
tions with the various Indian nations with whom it has had to deal, has been that
it lias recognized the rights of those people to live according to their own notions
of what is fittest for their happiness, and most suitable for the peculiar circum-

iHi

260

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

stances in which they are placed. I am glad to think tliat in doing so they have
already l)egun to reap the fruits of their forbearance and good sense, and that from
ocean to ocean, amidst every tribe of Indians, the name of Canada is synonymous
with humanity, with good faith, and with benevolent treatment. I am very
pleased to see amongst those who have assembled to welcome me many members
of your families arrayed in the ancient dress of the Indian nationality, for I cer-
tainly am of opinion that it is wise of you to take a just and patriotic pride in those
characteristics of your past history which, being innocent in themselves, will serve
to remind you of your forefathers, and of the antecedents of your various tribes,
and will add color and interest to your existence as a distinct nationality, so
happily incorporated with the Hritish Empire. We see that those of French, Eng-
lish, Irish, and Scotch origin who have settled in Canada, however closely united
they may be in their present interests, and in a common patriotism to the land of
their adoption, still rejoice in those innocent celebrations which recall the memo-
ries of the various sources from which their parentage is derived, and I trust that
the Indian subjects of Her Majesty will always take a similar jiride in preserving
intact, from generation to generation, the distinctive attributes of their national
circumstances. And now I trust, you will forgive me if, standing in the relation
to you of the representative of your Great Mother, I venture to utter a few words
of advice. In the first place, let me entreat you with all the earnestness I can, to
devote all the energies which you possess to the improvement of your agriculture.
Of course I am well aware that a nation of hunters cannot be expected even in one
or two generations so completely to change those habits which are engraven into
their very nature as to rise to a level with other communities who have followed
the occupation of agriculture for thousands of years. Still you must remember
that, making every allowance which can justly be demanded in your behalf, on
that score, there is room for still further improvements, and in the course of the
next generation the Government of the country and your fellow-subjects will exjiect
that you will compete with them on more equal terms than you are able to do ;U
present in all those arts of peace, whether of agriculture or of mechanics, whicli it
is necessary to cultivate for the purposes of your own support, and in the interests
of your common country. In the next place — and now I am addressing myself
to the young men of the nation, because I feel that it is scarcely necessary tiiat
I should give any recommendation to their fathers — let me recommend you to
avoid all excess in intoxicating liquors as if they were so much poison, as if it were
the destruction of the happiness of your homes, of your health, of your energy, of
everything which you ought to hold dear, as honorable and right-minded men. It
only remains for me to thank you from the very bottom of my heart for the kindly
welcome which you have given me, for the pains you have taken to make my visit
agreeable, for the evidences which you have exhibited of your loyalty to your Great
Mother, and for your friendly feelings towardsmyself and the Countess of DulTerin.
On entering the Indian Reserve we passed through an arch which was beautifully
constructed and decorated with appropriate emblems. On our passage through
your domain we encountered Indian bands of music, all of them playing the hymn
in honor of the Queen. At arriving at your Council House our path to the d.iis

1874]

THE EARL OK DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

2G1

was strewn with flowers, and we found ourselves accommodated in that traditional
arbor in which from time immemorial the Indian tribes have been accustomed to
(^rt'L't tlieir guests. In return, let me assure you that so long as I achuinister the
government of this country every Indian sul)ject, no matter what his irilx;, wiial
his nation, or what his religion, wiU find in me a faithful friend and sure protector,
(applause) — and that n undertaki.j; tliis office I am but representing the wishes
of tlie Local Canadian > .overnment and following the instructions nf tlie Imi)erial
autliorities. The people of Canada and the people of Uritain will not cease to
recognize those obligations which have l)een imposed upon them by tiie hand of
Providence towards their Indian fellow-subjects, and never shall the word of Bri-
tain once i)ledged be broken, but from one end of the Dominion to tin' iher every
Indian subject shall be made to feel that he enjoys the rights of a iVeemnn, and
that he can with confidence appeal to the British Crown for protection."

The Superintendent submitted an address from the Chiefs to
Prince Arthur, with the respectful request, tliat His Excellency
would transmit it to His Royal Highness, together with an edition
of "Stone's Life ot Captain Joseph Brant/' and a portrait of that
celebrated Chief.

His Excellency was pleased to give his assent.

An address was presented by Chief Dr. Peter E. Jones, in behalf
of the Mississaguas (Ojibbeways), neighbors of the Six Nation

The following address from the Agricultural Society, was presented
by Mr. Isaac Barefoot, the Secretary :

To llis Excellency, the Right Honorable the Earl of DutTerin, K.P., K.C.B.,
Governor General of the Dominion of Canada, &'c., iSr'c.

May it tleask Your Exckllency, — We, the officers on behalf of the Six
Nations' Agricultural Society, desire to approach your Excellency with the most
profound respect, and as the Representative of our Most Gracious Majesty the
(^)ueen, to express to you our attachment and loyalty to the British Throne.
Aware of the deep interest your Excellency takes in the welfare and prosperity of
the Indian race of the Dominion, it is our privilege to call your attention to the
prosperity and success of this Society, established and conducted entirely by
Indians. At the seventh annual exhibition to be held in October next, the amount
to l)e offered as prizes will be ten times that awarded at our first meeting, in 1868.
Tlie success which has attended our elTorts to encourage a lietter mode of agricul-
ture, the rearing of improved stock, and, generally, to assist our people in acquir-
ing industrious and economical habits, has been chiefly due to the timely and gen-
erous aid extended to us by the New England Company — a company who have
not only afforded our people facilities for acquiring educational and religious know-
ledge in the most liberal manner, but are ever foremost in heart and hand to assist
any measure that lias foi- its object the advancement of the Six Nations. As a

262

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

community, we rejoice in the conviction, that under the blessings of Him who
alone can give the increase, our Society has done much towards accomplishing its
purpose, and we confidently hope it will prosjier even more than it has done.
Had your Excellency's visit occurred during our annual exhibition, a still greater
proof of the advancing civilization of our people would have been afforded to you
than has lieen presented to your notice to-day. We trust that this visit of your
Excellency and the Countess of Dufferin to the Reserve of the Six Nations, may
find a place among your pleasing recollections, and that you will bear away the
conviction that we have at least made some progress in the arts and practices of
civilized life, and that at no distant day, we shall take an equal place among thohc
of Her Majesty's subjects who people this beautiful Canada of ours.

[Signed on behalf of the Society,]

J. A. Beaver, President.
Wm. Martin, Vice-President.
Isaac Barei-oot, Secretary.
James Styers, Treasurer.

Committee,

Peter Garlow,
Peter Hill,
William Smith,

Henry Hill,
Jacob Davis.

His Excellency briefly acknowledged the address.

The Superintendent presented to His Excellency many chiefs and
warriors, nine of whom were in the war of 1812 and 1813, namely:
John Smoke Johnson, James Givens, Joseph Eraser, Old Silversneth,
Jacob Winnie, Geo. Monture, John Tutle, Joseph Snow, Wm. Johnson,
Several of the Indian women pressed forward and craved Her Excel-
lency to accept some specimens of their handiwork, which she did
very graciously.

Their P^xcellencies returned to the Council House, from which
they witnessed a war-dance in Indian costume, and a sham-fight be-
tween contending parties of Indians, one led by chief D. Jacket Hill
and the other by Chief George Johnson.

Their Excellencies were then conducted to Styers' Hall, where
four tables, ornamented with bouquets and devices, were spread with
an excellent luncheon, which over, they rose and retired, — and about
3 o'clock departed amidst hearty whoops and cheers ; on returning
through the arches, additional mottoes, on the reverse side, were
presented to their view : —

1874]

THE E\RL OP DUPFERTN IN CANADA.

THE SIX NATIONS
PROUD I 1 !

THE SIX NATIONS
HAVE HEEN GRATIFIED.

PLEASE REMEMBER
THE SIX NATIONS.

FAREWELL!
LORD AND LADY DUFFERIN,

20.3

COME AGAIN I

On the return drive, a pleasing incident occurred, in His Excel-
lency's desire to see the interior of one of the log dwellings. He
sprang out of the carriage — followed by the Superintendent and
Meutenant Hamilton — and ran a short distance off the road to an old
log house, surprising a good woman and her two children, whom he
kindly noticed.*

* Mr. J. T. Gilkison, the popular and efficient Superintendent of Indian affairs
at lirantford, informs the author that "Ohswekea" is the Mohawk name for
" Running Water." The " Grand River," he says, was known by the Indians as
"Ohswekea," and " Oswega." The American River on the south side of Lake
Ontario as well as the Port were called by the Mohawks, who once owned that
part of the state of New York, "Ohswekea." Mr. Gilkison further writes:
"'ihe Reserve of the Six Nations is now 52,000 acres, situated on both sides
of tlie Grand River, a few miles from Brantford. The tract is the remains of an
orii,'inal grant of 700,000 acres from the source to the mouth of the River, six miles
on cither side, given to the Six Nations in consideration of their being gallant and
faithful allies of King George during the American Revolution, when they also
saciiticed their great possessions and homes in the valley of the Mohawk. All but
thf 52,000 acres have been from time to time surrendered to the Crown, and sold
for the benefit of the Six Nations, the proceeds being invested, the interest of which
is paid half-yearly to the Indians. The Reserve is divided into 100 acre lots ;
settled upon by Indians as farmers, their numliers being now about 3400.

riie Rev. Canon Nelles, the worthy clergyman who has for many years been in
chaif^e of the Church of England Mission on the Reserve, has obliged the author
witli a copy of the Book of Common Prayer, printed in English on one page, and
in tlie Mohawk language on the other, and published by the 'New England Com-
pany.' This Company was originally constituted a corporation under the name

■"•(^■ypr

264

HIiSTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

The Vice-regal parly proceeded to Bov Park, where they were
entertained at dinner by the proprietor, the Hon. George Brown, wh"-

of 'The President and Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England,'
by an ordinance issued in 1649. Under the authority of this oidinance, a general
collection was made in all the countries, cities, towns and parishes in England and
Wales, and lands were purchased with the money so collected.

On the Restoration, a Royal Charter, dated 7th February, 14 Charles II., was
issued, erecting the corporation anew by the title it still bears : ' The Company
for the Propagation of the Gospr! in New England, and the parts adjacent in
America.'

Amongst the pi rposes of this Society the Charter states it to be for the further
propagpt'on of the CJospel of Jesus Christ amongst the heailien natives in or near
New England, and the piirts adjacent in America, ."nd for the better civilizing,
educating, and instructing of tlie said heathen natives in learning, and in the
knowledge of the true and only God, and in the Protestant religion, already ow.icd
and publicly professed by divers of them, and for the better encouragement of such
others as shall embrace the same, and of their posterities after them, to abid.^ and
continue in, and hold frist the s;iid profession. » ♦ » j(- ^yj^j; j]^g Company,
composed as it always has been, partly ot memlx?rs of the Church of England nnd
partly of Protestant dissenters, which sujiported various missionary undertakini^'s
in New England during the se\enteenlh century . Their endeavors were continued
for the same purpose through, th.e grenter part of the eighteenth, until interruptal
aiul for some time suspended by tiie war between Great Britain and most of her
American Continental Colonies, which ended in the acknowledgment of the inde-
pendence of those colonies as the United States.

The operations of '.he Company have since been carried to the neighboring
Provinces of New Bruriswick and Canada, latterly principally directed to that jwit
of Canada formerly called Upper Canada, where, in addition to schools and other
establishments for the instruction of Indians in useful learning, this Company lias
contributed largely to the repairing of the church at the Mohawk village on the
Grand River (the Church now in charge of the Rev. Canon Nelles), and lias
caused aiiother chu"ch to be built lower down on the same river at the Tuscaiora
village. In both, service is now regularly performed by Ministers c*" the Anglic in
Church duly ordained, whose income is supplied from the funds of this Com-
pany.'' * * *

The Preface further states ♦' that the particular superintendence of the work
of preparing the translation of the Prayer Book has been undertaken by the Ktv.
A. Ne'les, the Company s Chief Mis.sionary at their Moh.iwk station, a gentlenuin
extremely well qualified for the duty by his long residence among the Tuscaroias
and Mohawks, and his contact and friendly communications with them."

It may ]ierhaps reconcile some of our young jieople to the difficulties of (lie
English language if a sample of the Mohawk be given them. Mere is the Lord s
Prayer in (hat interesting tor.gue : " Shoegwaniha Karouhyakuough teghsiderougli,

1P74]

THE EARL OF PUFFERIN IN CANADA.

265

had specially invited some ladies and gentlemen from Toronto and
Brantford to meet their Excellencies. After dinner the party returned
to Brantford where their Excellencies held a reception in the Town
Hall.

On the morning of the 26th August, their Excellencies proceeded
from Brantford to Paris, accompanied by the Hon. David Christie,
Mv. Patterson, M.P., Mr. Sheriff Smith, and Col. Villiers. Upon
reaching Paris the party were driven through the i)rincipal streets of
the town which v.'ere effectively decorated with flags and triumphal
arches. The station of the Great Western Railv.cV. was decorated in
beautiful style ; and a platform had been erected at the eastern end
of it, carpeted, and covered by an awning composed of a British ensign
and ■m American flag. There His Excellency was presented with an
address from the Mayor and Corporation, read by the Mayor, Mr.
Charles Whitlaw. After a reply, loud and repeated cheers for His
Excellency and the Countess of Dufferin were given. A number of
presentations were then made, and among those who had the honor
of being presented, besides the members of the Council, were the
Rev. I). Henderson, Rev. Father Darling, Dr. Clarke, Dr. Butt, Col.
Stanton, \V. J. Powell, J. P. Patton, Mrs. Ferguson, the Misses Curtis,
Miss Whitlaw, and others. Three cheers were then given for the
Queen, and immediately afterwards the party took their departure
by a s|)ecial train which had come uj) from Brantford. As they
left, a band played the National Anthem, and the people cheered
loudly.

W oodstock was reached about noon. At the Railway station was
a guard of honor from the 22nd Battalion V. M., accompanied by the
band of the corps. The fire brigade of the town, about two hundred
in number, were also present in uniform, with the town band. The
slope in the vicinity of the station, together with the intervening space,
was covered with people, who cheered the Governor General heartily

\\ai;'.v;i(rlis eanadokeaghdiste ; Sayant'rtslierah aoedaweglite ; Tsineaglisereh egh
iita^awcane iie ouglnveatsyake tsioni iiityout^lit ne Karouhyakough. Takyouh ne
Ktagh weghniserate ne niy..;le\veghniserake oegwanadarok : Neoni toedaghwaiigh-
wivdstea ne tsiniyoegvvatswatouh, tsiniyouht ne oekyoiihha tsit; , akhirighwiyosteanis
ne waonkhiyatswalea. \euni toglisa tagwaghsliarinet tewadadeanakeiaglitneke :
I^iik t(R-dni;\vay adakoi tsinoewe niyodaxheah : Ikea ie.se saweank ne kayanesls-
errih, mani ne kashatsteaghsera, neoni ne owes^aghtshcra, tsiniyeaheawe neoni
tseiii yoaheawe.— ^/ WiV/ ."

266

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[]87i

as he stepped from the train. He was conducted to a platform in rear
of tlie station, where an address from the Mayor and Corporation of
the town was read by Mr. G. C. Field, the Mayor.

His Excellency in reply said : —

Mr. Mayor and Gkntlemkn,— I .-im glad to find myself for the second time
in 111)' life in Woodstock, and Lam still more glad to think that my visit will be
sufiiciently prolonged to enable me to make a better acquaintance with the town
and its inhabitants than on the first occasion. I thank you very heartily for the
patriotic and loyal address which you have presented to me, and I assure you that
there is no feeling by which the Canadian people are animated with which I sym-
pathise more than in their desire to build up their country into a distinct, prosperous,
and respected nationality. As the representative of Her Majesty the Queen, and
an officer of the Imperial Government, n is of course one of my principal duties to
strengthen by every means in my power those ties of affection by which the inhabi-
tants of the Dominion are bound to the connection with the mother country. Wm
must not, however, imagine that upon that account I regard with any other feeling
than that of the utmost sympathy the spirit of local patriotism which I am proud to
think is day by day being more strongly developed from one end of the Dominion
to the other. I do not think the Canadian people would be loyal to the i;ni])ire
unless they were also able to be equally loyal to their own country, to be jiroud of
the fact that they are Canadians, to believe in the destinies which are in store for
them, and to be able to look forward with confidence to the task which has been
imposed upon them by Providence, and entrusted to them by the mother country,
of becoming a glorious adjunct of the British Empire, affording an example to the
Continent of America of what can be done under British in.stitutions when they are
supplemented by a spirit of noble and patriotic independence. In conclusion allow
me to thank you for those expressions in your address of kindness and good will to
myself I only desire to be a faithful servant of the Queen and a genuine friend of
the Canadian people (cheers), and I neither wish for nor do I look forward lo any
other rewaixi than that of carrying home with me the conviction that as long as I
live I may be able to boa.st of having always maintained friendly and affectionate
relations with that noble community in whose midst for a few years my lot has been
cast. (Cheers.)

Three cheers were then given for His Excellency, after which the
members of tlie Town Council were presented. The Vice-regal party
were next placed in carriages, and a procession was formed con-
sisting of the bands, the guard of honor, and the firemen. It passed
through the principal streets, which were decorated with a profusioii
of flags and bimting, stopping at the fine grove of the Hon. Ceo. Alex
ander, which was thronged with people. Here His Excellency was
presented with an address from the Warden and members of the
County Council of the County of Oxford, read by Mr. Benjamin Mop

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

267

are
low
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any
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:li

the

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con-

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kins, the Mayor. After a reply, the members of the Council were
])rfscnted to their Excellencies; and after them a number of gentle-
men and ladies, among whom were the Rev. Mr. McTavish, Rev. Mr.
McMillan, Col. Cowan, and the officers of the guard of honor, Mrs. and
the Misses Bird, Mrs. PatuUo, Miss Blackie, Mr. James Martin, Mrs.
Martin, Mr. John Douglas and others.

The party then sat down to a luncheon at which the Mayor pre-
sided. Among those present were the Honorable Mr. Mowat, Mrs.
Mowat, the Honorable Mr. Alexander, Mr. Thos. Oliver, M.P., and
Col. Skinner, M.P. After luncheon the party were escorted to the
Rail"'ay station, and took their departure from the town amidst
the renewed acclamations of the people. Near Beachville the
train passed over a number of fog signals, and IngersoU was
reached aijout four c'clock, where His Excellency met with one of
the finest demonstrations of the tour. The town was literally alive
with people, a great number having come in from the country to
swell the throng of citizens who had turned out to greet Her Majesty's
re] '■ • lative. When His Excellency stepped from the train upon
the plaitorm he was loudly cheered by the great crowd of })ersons
assembled at the station, while a guard of honor from the 22nd Battalion
V. M. presented arms, and a band played "God Save the Queen,"
Among those present to do His Excellency ho-;.or were die numerous
members of the fire brigade. The party were driven through the town.
Thames street was exceedingly gay with beautiful decorations. Almost
ever)- one of the fine brick stores along that thoroughfare had mottoes
in evergreens, devices of different kinds, drai)ed with flags and
huniing. Ropes of evergreens, ornamented with strings vi flags, or
str!])es of bunting, were stretched across the streets, in w:iich were
erected a number of arches, some curiously ornamented : — one con-
sisting chietly of cheese boxes, cut cheeses, cut hams, and flowers, and
displaying the motto " Cheese, the Making of Ingersoll." Another
street, with various articles of furniture; and a third, had high u[j on
each side of it, a reaping machine of Ingersoll manufacture.

The i)arty were driven to the Central School grounds, where a large
number of children were assembled, who received their Excellencies
hy singing the National Anthem. His E.'xellency was tlien presented
with an address from the Mayor and Council of the town, read by Mr.
¥.. H. .Sorley, Mayor. After a suitable reply, a number of presentations
were made, among them were the members of the Town Council, Col.

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTIIATION OF

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Worham, David White, Rev. Mr, Hindis, James Battersby, Thomas
Broson, Adam OHver, M.P.P., Dr. Williams, J. S. Gurnett, his
Honor Judge McQueen, M. Bixal, Jas. McCaughey, C. E. Chadwick,
and others.

The party were then driven to the Ingersoll Cheese Factory, wlicre
they were welcomed by the President and Manager, Mr. Thos. Hislop.
In opening the cneeses for the inspection of their Excellencies, one
was found with the inside scooped out, and filled with bottles of
champagne; this one, after tasting, was admitted to be "just the
cheese."

Leaving the factory, the party were driven about the town, and
halted whi^e His P^xcellency laid the corner stone of a new school
house. The party then embarked on the train, and left the station
amid repeated rounds of cheers.

London was reached shortly before seven o'clock. The party found
thousands of j^eoijle gathered at the Railway station, and a guard
of honor from the 7th Battalion V. M. drawn up on die platform,
accompanied by the splendid band of the 13th Battalion of Hamilton,
After the loud cheering which the Governor General's apjiearance liad
elicited, and the playing of the National Anthem, an address was i)re-
sented from the Mayor and Corporation, read by Mr. Benjairin
Cronyn, Mayor. After replying, His Excellency was presented nith
-xnother from the Warden and Council of the County of Middlesex,
read by Mr. L. E. Shii)ley, Warden.

The Vice-regal party were next conducted to carriages and driven
to the residence of Major Walker, M.P., whose guests their Excellen-
cies were during their stay in the city. From the station thither they
were escorted by a troop of cavalry, and by the Reception Committee
in carriages, i)receded by the bands, playing alternately. In the even-
ing a promenade concert in honor of their Excellencies was given
in the New Park, and a fine torch-light procession took place, in which
were all the firemen with their steamers and hose carts j^rettil)- dccoi
ated, and accompanied by the band of the 7th Battalion and a file
and drum band.

On the morning of the 27th August, the Vice-regal party !ett
Major Walker's residence n about ten o'clock, and were driven about
the eastern portion of the city escorted by a body of cavalry. At
about eleven o'clock they went to the New^ Park in which some thou-
sands of people were assembled. The London Field Battery, which

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

269

was posted in the Park, received their Excellencies with a salute of
seventeen guns. As on the previous evening, a guard of honor was
fuinishtd by the 7th Battalion, and the band of that corps, together
with the ])and of the 13th of Hamilton, was present. Upon arriving
at the Park, the party ascended a i)latform erected near its entrance,
and His Excellency was then presented with an address, requesting
him to name the Park. His Excellency, in acknowledging the ad-
dress, congratulated the citizens of London on the great advance the
city had made since he last visited it, by the many new buildings and
the niiinber of new and fine broad streets. In the course of his remarks
he said that he had that morning received a private letter from Earl
Russell, who said he trusted that the Im])erial Government would do
everything to maintain and strengthen the ties by which Canada was
bound to England, and that it would show how deeply it appreciated the
loyalty and the affection of the Canadian people. Piis Excellency con-
cluded by naming the Park " The Victoria." Three cheers were given
forihe(^ueen. The party were then driven to the City Hall building,
where their Excellencies held a reception, which was ver}' largely
attended. They were then entertained at luncheon in the City Hall,
to which upwards of five hundred ladies and gentlemen sat down.
His Worship Mayor Cronyn being in the chair, he proposed tiae
health of Her Most Gracious Majesty, the (,)ueen, and afterwards tiiat
of the Governor General. After acknowledging the compliment, His
Excellency and party left the hall, and, at about two o'clock, the city,
amid the cheers of thousands who were at the station to see their Ex-
cellencies off.

St. Thomas was reached at about half-past two, and their Excel-
lencies were met at the Railway station by a guard of honor from the
25th battalion, together with the band of that corps, a detachment of
< a\ airy for a body guard, the silver cornet band of the town, and the fire
brigade with its hook and ladder waggon gaily decorated. 'l"he \'ice-
regal party were conducted to a platform adjacent to the station, and
HiN Kxcellency was there presented with an address from tht- Mayor,
i-oimcil and i iiizeiis of St. Thomas, read by Mr. I). Drake, the Mayor.
Another address was presented from the Warden and Council of the
Cuiiiitv of Elgin, read by Mr. John McCausland. Warden ; to each of
them His Excellency replied. A procession was then fijrmed as fol-
lows : iiandof the 25th Battalion \'. M., escort of Cavalry, N'ice-regal
party, X'olunteers, Reception Committee, Town Council and officers.

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTllATIOX OF

[1S74

County Council and officers, Clergy, Marshal, Silver Cornet Band, Fire
Brigade, Citizens In this order the procession moved through the
town to the Central School, where it halted while the cliildren sang the
National Anthem. The procession, in the course of its progress,
passed under the great wooden bridge of the Canada Southern Rail-
way, (ninety feet high, and half a mile long), and stopped at the
magnificent station of that railway. A reception was held in this
building, and afterwards their Excellencies were conducted into its
refreshment rooms, where luncheon awaited them. Owing to the time
which had been allowed for the stay of the party at St. Thomas having
nearly elapsed, they remained at the table just long enough for His
Excellency's health to be proposed and responded to. They then,
much to the regret of the members of the Corporation and the citizens,
and much to their own regret also, left for the train.

St. Thomas is a town of whose fine, tasteful public buildings and
stores, as well as of whose astonishingly rapid increase in pojnilation
and prosperity, its inhabitants may well feel proud. Seven years ago
its inhabitants numbered only about eighteen hundred — now its poj)u-
lation is about six diousand. All this is owing to the Railway
system. The reception which the town gave to His Excellency was
such a one as was to be expected of a town of such remarkable
vitality.

Simcoe was reached shordy after five o'clock, and the Vice-regal
party were received at the Railway station by a guard of honor from
the 39th Battalion V. M., accompanied by the band of that regiment,
the fire brigade, and a large number of citizens. Mr. R. S. Living-
stone, the Reeve of the lt)\\n, read an address from the Municipal
Council and the inhabitants ; after the reply a procession was formed
and it proceeded through the town to the Court House where an
addix'ss from the Warden and Council of the County of Norfolk was
read by Mr. Jacob Soverin. To this His Excellency replied, Three
hearty cheers were given for His Excellency and three for the
Countess in the true Norfolk style. The ]s,irty were then driven to
the residence of Mr. Duncan Campbell, whose guests their l.xdi
lencies were during their stay.

In its reception of the Governor General, Simcoe proved itselt
worthy of being the county town of so fine a county as "Glorious
Old Norfolk." The spirit with which its inhabitants received the
representative of Royalty was as apparent in the extent, as their

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THE EARL OF DUFFKRIN IN CANADA.

271

good taste was manifest in the character, of the decorations. The
principal streets and thoroughfares were sjjanned with arches and
were beautifully decorated with a profusion of tlags, bunting, ever-
greens, flowers, devices and mottoes. In the evening their Excel-
lencies held a reception in the Court House. At the same time a
grand illumination took place throughout the town.

On the morning of the 28th August, the Vice-regal party visited
tlie Union School, where they were received by the children singing
'• ( ;od Save the Queen." Six young girls then advanced, and jjresented
the Countess with a bouquet, one of them read a prettily worded address
to His Excellency which he gracefully acknowledged. After the girls
had retired the princi[)al teachers and trustees of the school were
presented to their Excellencies. Three hearty cheers were then given
by the boys for the Governor General, and the visitors took their de-
parture, — the children singing " The Red, ^^'hite, and Blue."

■Waterford was soon reached, being distant fromSimcoe only eight
miles. The drive took them through a most charming country.
The village was reached shortly before noon, and in going tlTrough it
the party passed under two arches. The Main street was decorated
with tlags and bunting. The party were driven to the station of the
Canada Southern Railway, where a large crowd were assembled. A
band of musicians was in attendance. Mr. John Challen, Reeve
of the township of Townsend, then read an address from the Municipal
Council of the Township, to which Elis Excellency briefly replied.
At this point the party embarked on a special train of the Canada
Somhern Railway. The car set apart for their Excellencies was very
splendidly fitted up. Here the party were joined by Mr. W. A.
Thompson, M.P., W. Snider, General Superintendent of the road,
Mr. N. Kingsmill, of Toronto, solicitor for the Company, and at
A\'elland Junction, by Mr. W. K. Muir, the General Superintendent
of the Great Western Railway.

Cayuga was reached shortly before noon, the Vice-regal ])arty
passing under a triumphful arch just before they reached the station
at which a guard of honor, a band, and a large crowd were assembled.
Upon the platform an address was i)resented from the Council of the
(\mnty of Haldimand, read by Mr. John Caldwell, the Warden. The
party then proceeded to Welland, which was reached at about three
o'( lock, where they were met at the Railway station by an immense
crowd, the town band playing " God Save the Queen." His Excel-

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

i.'^i-tj

lency was conducted to a platform, and presented with an address
from the Council of the village of Welland, read by Mr. J. H. Price,
the Reeve.

After the reply, the party were driven through the village, and on
their taking leave were loudly cheered.

The Vice-regal party arrived at St. Catharines about half-i)ast four.
In front of the Station was drawn up a guard of honor from the 19th
Battalion, with their band. There was also in attendance a detachmciu
of the St. Catharines troop of Cavalry as a body guard. As soon as
the party left the train they were conducted to carriages, and a pro-
cession was then formed which at once moved up to the town, — the
St. Catharines Garrison Battery, meanwhile, firing a Vice-regal
salute, and the bands in the cortege, of which there were three,
playing at intervals.

In cro.;sing the Canal bridge, the procession passed under a struc-
ture built in imitation of the mast of a ship with its rigging, except that
the ropes were covered with evergreens. The yards crossing it were
manned by sailors, and the structure was [jrofusely decorated w iih
tlags ; attached to it was the motto " Commerce, the Life of the
Country." Another arch was formed of flour barrels. On reaching
the large space at the intersection of St. Paul and Ontario streets the
procession halted, and the i)arty ascended a spacious platform erected
at that point, with a flag pole rising from its centre, from which
ropes of evergreens extended in every direction to the buildings
adjoining, and from which numerous flags were floating. The streets
were crowded by a mass of five or six thousand people. Hundreds
of others looked down on the scene from the windows of the fine high
buildings in the vicinity. The public square was beautifully decorated.
On one side of it is the Odd Fellows Hall, in a handsome lofty build-
ing. Stretclied across the front of this were pieces of canvas bearing
mottoes of the Order. Near this building is the Masonic Hall, an
imposing edifice with a massive iron front, which was elaborately
decorated. As soon as the Vice-regal [jarty took uj) their positions
on the platform, a large band of vocalists, consisting of singers from
the various churches of llu" town, placed on an adjacent platform, sang
"God Save the Queen." The Governor General was then pieseiued
with an address from the Council of the County of Lincoln, read In' the
Warden, Mr. Calvin Brown. After the reply, another one was jjresented
from theCoimcil of the Town of St. Catharines, read by Mr. James

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THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

'J, I o

Norris, the Mayor. On the reply to this being finished, the choir
sang " God Bless the Prince of Wales," when the usual presentations
were made. Among those presented were Mr. C. J. Rykert, M.P.P.,
iMr. Douglas McCarthy, Mr. Larkin, Mr. Oill, Mr. Cuff, Mr. Corbin, Mr.
Fowler, Mr. Dougan and Mr. Brown, llie party then re-entered their
carriages, and the drive through the town was continued. On its way
the procession passed under several more fine arches. Among them
was one formed of chairs ; another, bearing the words " The Fire-
men's Welcome," was beautifully decorated with flags, bunting and
paintings, and had several men in uniform standing in different parts
of it on one side, while on the other was a beautiful steamer. A
number of the arches were composed of evergreens, and boards
covered with red cloth, on which were displayed numerous mottoes.
One of the arches had a motto, " Free I'rade and Equal Rights."
Another displayed the words, " A Home Market." The party reached
their hotel at about six o'clock, and at eight o'clock they i)roceeded
to the Montebello Gardens, where Professor Hand of Hamilton gave an
exhibition of pyrotechnics, probably finer than was ever before seen
in Canada, both in brilliancy and variety. During the exhibition two
fire balloons of about ten feet in diameter each, red, white and blue
in color, were sent up with appendages, which, as the balloons i)assed
through the air, kept emitting hundreds of balls of variously colored
fire. While this display was being made, there was a crowd in the
gardens, estimated at ten thousand, —large numbers of people having
come in from the country to witness the rejoicings. During the
evening the town was brilliantly illuminated. Along the fronts of the
stores on St. Paul and Ontario streets were hung hundreds of Chinese
lanterns and glass lanterns, of various colors, interspersed with large
transparencies. Some of the arches were illuminated. 'I'he illumina-
tion was by no means confined to the business streets. Most of the
beautiful private dwellings, for which St. Catharines is so favorably
known, were profusely illuminated, and in many, the large handsome
bow windows were filled with vases of flowers and Chinese lanterns.
Along both sides of Ann street, on which are many of the finest
residences, ran strings of Chinese lanterns, giving the thoroughfare,
with its avenue of trees, a most beautiful appearance.

The party returned from the gardens at about ten o'clock, when
a levee was held at the hotel.

Un the morning of the 29th August, His Excellency and suite

. St .

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTUATION OF

[IftTl

(Lady Dufferin had at last been compelled to seek rest, and did not
accompany his F^xcellency), escorted by the St. Catharines troop of
Cavalry, and followed by the members of the Town Council and
others, proceeded through Merritton and Thorold to the new Welhind
Canal works. At Merritton the procession stopped, and an address
was presented to His Excellency from the manufacturers and o])cra-
tives of the village, read by Mr. John Riordon, and signed by him,
Messrs. Gordon, Mackay & Co., Richard Talboy and W. W. \\ ;iit.
His P^xcellency having rejjlied, the usual presentations took place,
after which three hearty cheers were given for the Queen, for the
Governor General and for Lady Dufferin. Here, as in other })]a( es,
the streets were decorated, and His Excellency continued to be greeted
with great enthusiasm.

Arrived at Thorold, he found another large crowd assembled in
front of a platform erected for the presentation of an address. There
was a guard of honor from the 44th Battalion, together with a hand,
and the firemen of the town in neat uniform. The streets were prettily
decorated. I'he address from the Council of Thorold was read hy
Mr. John McDonagh, the Reeve. Li his reply. His Excellency
remarked that :

" During his present tour he had visited thedistant waters of Lake Superior, nnd
had arrived at the conchision that no reasonable man could doubt but that within a
very few years the industry and energy of the Canadian people would iiave
conducted the water-ways of the Atlantic to the head of Lake Superior. (Applause.)
Neither was it possible to over-rate the consequences which would flow from ilicse
great works. No one could look upon the navigation of the northern ])art.s of
North America without perceiving that the River St. Lawrence and the cJuim of
lakes which empty their waters into it are destined to be the high road along which
all the productions, not only of the Canadian North-West, but also of the
northern valleys of the Mississippi and its tributaries, would pass." (Cheers.)

After the usual ]jresentations, the party drove to the cutting for
the new canal ; having examined it, they returned to Merritton,
and there took the train on which Her Excellency and the rest
of the Vice-regal party were awaiting the return of the Governor
General.

They then proceeded to Fort Erie, crossed the International
Bridge, and, returning to the Canadian shore, pursued their journey
to the Falls of Niagara, where they secured an incognito interval ot a
couple of hours. They then re-entered the train and arrived at the
town of Niagara about six o'clock. Here a large number of the

l.-^T-t]

TIIK EARL OF DUFFKRIX IX CANADA.

275

citizens of the old town, and of others temporarily resident in it, were
assembled to welcome the visitors. A guard of honor was in atten-
dance under the command of Major Thomson, together with the band
of the Orange Young Britons. The party proceeded to the I'own
Hall where an address from the Council of the town was read by Mr.
Harry Pafford, the Mayor. After the reply and recej)tion held
1)V their Excellencies the ])arty |)roceeded to the residence of Mr.
Plumb, M.P., whose guests they were during their stay in Niagara.
In the evening a grand display of fire works was made on the Common,
south of the town, and a fine illumination took place. A ball, or
rather what is commonly known as a " hop," was given by the i)ro-
piietors of the Royal Hotel, which was largely attended by visitors
from Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catharines, and Queenston. His
Kxcellency was present during a portion of the evening, and danced
with Mrs. Col. Burnett, New York ; Mrs. Nicol Kingsmill, Toronto ;
and Miss Thompson, Lewiston, — but Her Excellency, owing to the
fluigue she had undergone during the week, did not attend.

On the 31st August, the Vice-regal party left Niagara by steamer.
On leaving Niagara, a large crowd of persons were assembled on
the dock, including the guard of honor and band which were present
on their return. On the arrival of the steamer at Toronto, at
about half past ten p.m., a strong detachment of the loth Royals
was there drawn uj) as a guard of honor, accompanied by the
band of the regiment, and by a detachment of the Governor
General's body guard for an escort to His Excellency. A large
crowd of citizens were assembled on the dock, and many others
thronged Yonge and Front streets in the vicinity. A\'hen the
ordinary passengers by the steamer had disembarked, the Vice-regal
])arty were met on board by his Honor the Lieutenant Governor,
Mr. Crawford ; Hon. Mr. Mowat, Premier of Ontario ; Hon,
Geo. Brown ; Lieutenant Colonel Durie, Duputy Adjutant General ;
Lieutenant Colonel R. B. Denison, Brigade ]\Lajor ; Sheriff Jarvis and a
number of other prominent citizens. On tlie i)arty disembarking they
"ere saluted by the guard of honor, the band playing the National
Anthem. The distinguished visitors were conducted to the carriages
of the Lieutenant Governor, and, escorted by the Governor General's
body guard, were driven to the Queen's Hotel. All the public
buildings and many of the stores displayed the Union Jack or the
Dominion Flag.

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276

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

On the I St September His Excellency attended the annual com-
petition of the Ontario Rifle Association, and after opening the match
by firing the first shot, he sat down to luncheon with a large number
of gentlemen. After replying to the toast, " His Excellency the Gover-
nor General," and listening to the brief speeches of the Chairman, Mr.
John Gordon, his Honor the Lieutentant Governor and Chief Justice
Draper, His Excellency left.

On t!.- 2nd September His Excellency visited the Royal Canadian
Yacht Club, and distributed the prizes won at their last year's regatta,
in addition to those won at their regatta a few days before his visit.

In the evening a dinner was given by the Toronto Club to His
Excellency, to which a party of sixty sat down, in the dining room of
the Club House. The Hon. J. Hillyard Cameron, President of the
Club, acted as Chairman, Mr. Todd and Mr. T. D'Arcy Boulton
occupying seats at the heads of the side tables. Among the company
present were his Honor the Lieutenant Governor, Hon. VV. P. How-
land, C.B., Chief Justice Draper, C.B., Mr. Justice Strong, Mr. Speaker
Wells, Vice Chancellor Blake, Hon. Frank Smith, Hop W. Cayley,
Hon. O. Mowat, Attorney General of Ontario and Premier; Hon.
E. Blake, Hon. A. Crooks, J. B. Plumb, M.P., Messrs. M. Michael,
Torraii-e, Manning, Crombie, Risley, Bickford, Cumberland, Moffatt,
St. George, J. O. Heward, J. Michie, H. Moody, A. Furniss, Kerr,
J. D. Edgar, W. Thomson, Alister Clarke, Hector Cameron, Thos.
Moss, M.P., Colonel McGiverin of Hamilton, J. Ap. Jones, H.
O'Brien, Major Draper, etc., etc.

After full justice had been done to the repast, the Chairman pro-
posed the healths of the Queen and Royal Family, which were
received with the usual demonstrations.

The Chairman in proposing the health of His Excellency the
Governor General said that :

During the short time Lord Duflerin had been amongst us he had won ^oVkn
opinions from all classes. (Applause.) lie (the Chairman) felt certain that Mis
Excellency desired in every way to show the extent, which, as represenlnti\t' of
Her Majesty, he would naturally feel in everything that concerned the welfart- and
happiness of the people of the Dominion. They would easily perceive that the
path that the Governor General had to tread in this country was not one iUvwn
with flowers. If, however, there were roughnesses in the way — obstacles tliat
might embarrass him. His Excellency might be assured that the Canadian peojle
would appreciate the difficulties of his position. Many jiersons thought that the
Governor General was irresponsible, and that upon his advisers must fall al! the
blame of the acts of the administration. He (Mr. Cameron) considered that Ih^

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

277

Kxcellency had two responsibilities : he was directly responsible to the Queen,
and indirectly responsible to public o|)inion. It was possible that times might
arrive when the Governor General might himself steer the ship, and then he would
Ik; doubly responsible in the manner mentioned for the way in which he dischargetl
his duties. It would dejiend altogether upon the judgment he exercised whether
he satisfied lioth the Canadian people and the Imjierial Government. They all
knew how jieculiarly His Excellency was placed. As he had himself said, he had
no organ to vindicate his course, or express his views, whenever they might l)e
n)iMtpresente<l or misunderstood. In conclusion, he asked them to drink the
health of the Governor General — not merely in his representative capacity, but in
hi> personal character of the kind and genial nobleman, of whose lienevolent acts
accounts had been wafted to us across the ocean.
Hi.s Excellency in reply said: —

" Mr. Camkron andGkntucmkn, — I cannot but con.sider it a very happy cir-
cumstance that one of the most gratifying jirogresses ever made by a representative
of the Queen through any portion of the British Emjiire should find its approjjriate
dose in this cordial and splendid reception, at the hands of a Society of gentlemen
which, though non-political in its corporate character, is so thoroughly represent-
ative of all that is most distinguished in the various schools of political thought in
Canada. It is but a few short weeks since I left Toronto, and yet I <|uestion
whether many born Canadians have ever seen or learnt more of the western half of
the Dominion than I have during that brief period. (Hear, hear.) Memory itself
scarcely suffices to reflect the shiftinj vision of mountain, wood and water, inland
seas and silver rolling rivers, golden corn-lands and busy prosjK-rous towns,
through which we have held our way ; but though the mind's-eye fail ever again to
re adjust the dazzling panorama, as long as life endures not a single echo of the
universal greeting with which we have 1)een welcomed will be hushed within our
h'.'arts. (Great applause.) Yet deeply as I am sensible of the jjcrsonal kindnesses
of which I have been the recipient, proud as I feel of the honor done to my office,
moved as I have been by the devoted aflection shown for our Queen and for our
common country, no one is more aware than myself of the imperfect return I have
made to tlie generous enthusiasm which has l)een evoked. If, then, gentlemen, I
now fail to respond in suitable terms to the toast you have drunk, if in my hurried
replies to the innumerable addresses with which I have been honored, an occasional
indiscreet or ill-considered phrase should have escaj>ed my lips, 1 know that your
kin(hiess will supply my shortcomings — that naught will Ik; set down in malice —
and that an indulgent construction will l)e put iii)on my liasty sentences. (Cheers.)
But, i;entlemen, though the language of gratitude m.iy fail, the theme itself supplies
.'le w ith that of congratulation, for never has the head of any Government passed
through a land so replete wifh contentment in the present, so pregnant with pr.'mise
in the future. (Cheers.) From the northern forest borderlands, whose primeval
recesses are being pierced and indented by the rough ami ready cultivation
of the free-grant settler, to the trim enclosures and wheat-laden townships that
smile along the lakes, — from the orchards of Niagara to the hunting grounds of
Nepigon,— in the wigwam of the Indian, n the homestead of the farmer, in the

278

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

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workshop of the artisan, in the office of his employer, every where have I learnt that
the jieople are satisfied (applause)— satisfied with their own individual prosiJects,
and with the prosjiects of their country (applause)— satisfied with their Govern
ment, and with the institutions under which they prosjjer (applause) — satisfied to
lie the subjects of the Queen (tremendous applause) — satisfied to l)e members of
the British Empire. (Renewed applause.) Indeed I cannot help thinking that,
quite apart from the advantages to myself, my yearly journeys through the Pro-
vinces will have lieen of public Ijenefit, as exemplifying with what spontaneous, un-
conccrted unanimity of language the entire Dominion has declared its faith in
itself, in its destiny, in its connection with the Mother Country, and in the well-
ordered freedom of a constitutional Monarchy. (Applause.) And, gentlemen, it
is this very combination of sentiments which apjiears to me so wholesome and
satisfactory. Words cannot express what pride I feel as an Englishman in the
loyalty of Canada to England. (Hear, hear.) Nevertheless, I should be the first
to deplore this feeling if it rendered Canada disloyal to herself, if it either dwarfed
or smothered Canadian patriotism, or generated a sickly spirit of dependence.
Such, however, is far from being the case. 'Hie legislation of your Parliament,
the attitude of your statesmen, the language of your press, sufficiently show how
firmly and intelligently you are prepared to accept and apply the almost unlimited
legislative faculties with which you have been endowed (liear, hear) — while the
<laily growing disposition to extinguish sectional jealousies and to ignore an obso-
lete provincialism, proves how strongly the young heart of your confederated com-
monwealth has begun to throb with the consciousness of its nationalized existence.
(Clreat cheering.) At this moment not a shilling of British money finds its way to
Canada, the interference of the Home Government with the domestic affairs of the
Dominion has ceased, while the Imperial relations lietween the two countries are
regulated by a spirit of such mutual deference, forbearance, and moderation as .eflects
the greatest credit upon the statesmen of both. (Hear, hear.) Yet so far from this
gift of autonomy having brought about any divergence of aim oraspir-^tion on either
side, every reader of our annals must be aware that the sentiments of Canada towards
Great Britain are infinitely mere friendly now than in those earlier days when the
political intercourse of the two countries was disturbed and complicated by an exces-
sive and untoward tutelage (cheers) ; that never was Canada more united than at
present in sympathy of purpose and unity of interest with the Mother Country, more
at one with her in social habits and tone of thought, more proud of her claim to share
in the heritage of England's past, more ready to accept whatever obligations may be
imposed upon her by her partnership in the future fortunes of the Empire. (Tre-
mendous applause.) Again nothing in my recent journey has been more striking,
nothing indeed has been more affecting, th.in the passionate loyalty everywhere
evinced towards the person and the throne of Queen Victoria. (Great cheerinij.)
Wherever I have gone, in the crowded cities, in the remote hamlet, the
affection of the people for their Sovereign has been blazoned forth against the
summer sky by every device which art could fashion or ingenuity invent. (Cheers.)
Even in the wilds and deserts of the land, the most secluded and untutored settler
would hoist some cloth or rag above his shanty, and startle the solitudes of the
forest with a shot from his rusty firelock and a lusty cheer from himself and

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his children in glad allegiance to his country's Queen. (Applause.) Even the
Indian in his forest, or on his reserve, would marshal forth his picturesque symbols
of fulclity in grateful recognition of a Government that never broke a treaty or
falsified its plighted word to the red man (great applause) or failed to evince for
the ancient children of the soil a wise and conscientious solicitude. (Renewed
applause and cheers.) Y»t touching as were the exhibitions of so much generous
feeling, I could scarcely have found pleasure in them had they merely been the
expressions of a traditional habit or of a conventional sentimentality. No, gentle-
men, they sprang from a far more genuine and vital source. (Cheers.) The
Canadians are loyal to Queen Victoria, in the first place because they honor and
love her for her personal qualities (cheers), — for her life-long devotion to her
duties (cheers), — for her faithful observance of all the obligations of a constitu-
tional monarch (cheers) ; and, in the next place, they revere her as the symbol
representative of as glorious a national life, of as satisfactory a form of (iovcrn-
ment as any country in the world can point to — a national life illustrious through
a thousand years with the achievements of patriots, statesmen, warriors, and
scholars (great cheers) — a form of Government which more perfectly than any
other combines the element of stability with a complete recognition of popular
T\^hti>, and insures by its social accessories, so far as is compatible with the imper-
fections of human nature, a lofty standard of obligation and simplicity of manners
in the classes that regulate the general tone of our civil intercourse. (Cheers.)
On my way across the lakes I called in at the city of Chicago — a city which has
again risen more splendid than ever from her ashes — and at Detroit, the home
of one of the most prosperous and intelligent communities on this continent.
At both these places I was received with the utmost kindness and courtesy
by the civil authorities and by the citizens themselves, v ho vied with each
other in making me feel with how friendly an interest that great and
generous people who have advanced the United States to so splendid a position
in the family of nations, regard their Canadian neighbors ; but, though dis-
posed to watch with genuine admiration and sympathy the development of
our Dominion into a great power, our friends acrosi, the line are wont, as you
know, to amuse their lighter moments with the ' large utterances of the early
gods.' (Laughter.) More than once I was addressed with the playful suggestion
that Canada shouhl unite her fortunes with those of the Great Republic. ( Laugh -
ter.) To these invitations I invariably replied bv acquainting them that in Canada
we were essentially a democratic people (great laughter) ; that nothing would con-
tent us unless the popular will could exercise an immediate and complete control
over the Executive of the country (renewed laughter) ; that the Ministers who con-
ducted the Government were but a Committee of Parliament, which was itself an
emanation from the constituencies (loud applause), and that no Canadian would
Ix' aiile to breathe freely if he thought that the jiersons administering the affairs of
his country were removed lieyond the supervision and contact of our legislative
asseinhlies. (Hear, hear, cheers and laughter.) And, gentlemen, in this extem-
pori/L'd repartee of mine (laughter) — there will be found, I think, a germ of sound
philosophy. In fact, it appears to me that even from the point of view of the most
enthusiastic advocate of popular rights, the Government of Canada is nearly per-

w^w

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

feet, for while you are free from those historical complications which sometimes clog
the free running of our Parliamentary machinery at home, while you possess every
popular guarantee and privilege that reason can demand (hear, hear) — you have
an additional element of elasticity introduced into your system in the |>erson of the
Governor General ; for, as I have had occasion to remark elsewhere, — in most
forms of Government, should a misunderstanding occur between the head of the
State anil the representatives of the people a dead-lock might ensue of a very grave
character, inasmuch as there would be no power of uppeal to a third party — and
deadlocks are the dangers of al 1 constitutional systems — whereas in Canada, should
the (Jovernor General and his Legislature unhappily disagree, the misunderstanding
is referred to England as •• amicus curiie" whose only object, of course, is to give
free play to your Parliamentary institutions, whose intervention can be relied upon as
impartial and benevolent, and who would immediately replace an erring or imprac-
ticfxble Viceroy — for such things can he (laughter) — by another officer more com-
petent to his duties, without the slightest hitch or disturbance having l)een
occasioned in the orderly march of your affairs. (Applause.) If then the Cana-
dian people are loyal to the Crown, it is with a reasoning loyalty. (Applause.)
It is because they are able to appreciate the advantage of having inherited a con-
stitutional system so workable, so well balanced, and so peculiarly adapted to their
own especial wants. (Applause. ) If to these constitutional advantages we add
the blessing of a judiciary not chosen by a capricious method of popular election,
but selected for their ability and professional standing by responsible Ministers, and
alike independent of popular favor and political influences (hear, hear) ; — a civil
service whose rights of permanency both the great political parties of the country
have agreed to recognize (applause) — and consequently a civil service free
from partizanship, and disposed to make the service of the State rather than tiiat
of party, their chief object (hear, hear) ; an electoral system purged of corrui)-
tion by the joint action of iiie ballot and the newly-constituted courts for tlie
trial of briljery (applause) ; a population hardy, thrifty and industrious, sini])Ie
in their manners, sol)er in mind, God-fearing in their lives (cheers) ; and lastly an
almost unlimited breadth of territory, replete with agricultural and mineral resources,
it may be fairly said that Canada sets forth upon her enviable career under as
safe, sound, and solid auspices as any State whose bark has been committed to the
stream of Time. (Great cheering.) The only thing still wanted is to man the ship
with a nore numerous crew. From the extraordinary numlwr of babies I have
seeri at every window and at every cottage door (laughter and applause) — nativf
f.nergy and talent appears to be rapidly supplying this defect (laughter) ; still it is
a branch of industry in which the home manufacturer has no occasion to dread
foreign competition (great laughter) — and Canadians can well afford to share their
fair inheritance with the straightened sons of toil at home. When crossing the
Atlantic to take up the Government of this country, I found myself the fellow-
passenger of several hundred emigrants. As soon as they had recovered from the
effect of sea sickness the captain of the ship assembled these persons in the hold,
and invited the Canadian gentlemen on board to give them any information in
regard to their adopted country which might seem useful. Some of the emigrants
began asking questions, and one man prefaced his remarks by saying that ' he had

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the misfortune of having too many children.' Being called upon in my turn to
a<l<lress the company, I alluded to this phrase, which had grated harshly on my
ears, and remarked that jierhaps no better idea could be given of the differences
between the old country and their new home than by the fact that whereas in
Kn{jland a struggling man might be overweighted in the battle of life by a numer-
ous family, in the, land to which they were going a man could scarcely have too
many children. (Cheers and laughter.) Upon which I was greeted with an
ap])roving thump on the back by a stalwart young emigrant, who cried out,
' Kijjht you are, .Sir, that's what I've been telling Kmily.' (Great laughter.)

Indeed, for many years past, I have lieen a strong advocate of emigration in the
interests of the British population. I believe that emigration is a benefit both to
those that go and to those that remain, at the same time that it is the most eflectual
and legitimate weapon with which labor can contend with capital. I have written
a book upon the subject, and have been very much scolded for wishing to depopu-
late my native country ; but however strong an advocate of emigration from the
English standpoint, I am of course a thousandfold more interested in the subject
as tile head of the Canadian Government. (Applause.) Of course I am not in a
positiim nor is it desirable that I should take the responsibility of saying anything
on tiiis occasion which should expose me hereafter to the reproach of having drawn
a false picture or given delusive information in regard to the prospects and oppor-
tunities afforded by Canada to the intending settler. (Applause.) The subject
is so serious a one, so much dejiends upon the individual training, capacity,
heaitli, conduct, and antecedents of each several emigrant, that no one without an
intimate and special knowledge of the subject would lie justified in pronouncing
autiioritatively on its details (hear, hear) ; — but this at all events I may say,
wherever I have gone I have found numlierless persons who came to Canada
without anythmg, and have since risen to competence and wealth (applause) —
that I have met no one who did not gladly acknowledge himself better off than on
his lirst arrival (cheers), — and that amongst thousands of persons with whom I
have l)een brought into contact, no matter what their race or nationality, none
seemed ever to regret that they had come here. (Great and continued applause.)
Tliis fact particularly struck me on entering the log huts of the settlers in the more
distant regions of the country. Undoubtedly their hardships had lieen very great,
the difficulties of climate and locality frequently discouraging, their personal priva-
tions most severe ; but the language of all was identical, evincing without excep-
tion pride in the past, content with the present, hope in the future (cheers) ; while,
combined with the satisfaction each man felt in his own success and the improved
pros])ects of his family, there shone another and even a nobler feeling — namely, the
(lelij,'ht inspired by the consciousness of being a co-efficient unit in a visibly
prosperous community, to whose prosperity he was himself contributing. (Hear,
hear, and cheers.) Of course these people could never have attained the position
in which I found them without tremendous exertions. Probably the agricultural
laborer who comes to this country from Norfolk or Dorsetshire will have to work
a great deal harder than ever he worked in his life before, but if his work is harder
he will find a sweetener to his toil of which he could never have dreamt in the old
country, namely, the prospect of independence, of a roof over his head for which he

282

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OF

[1874

shall pay no rent, and of ri|x;ning comneUIs round his homestead which own no
master hut himself. (Tremendous applause.) Let a man be sober, healthy, and
industrious ; let him come out at a pro|ier time of the year, let him be content witii
small l)e^innings and not afraid of hard work, and I can scarcely conceive how he
should fail in his career. (Long continued applause.) Gentlemen, I have been
tempted by the interest of the subject to trespass far too long, I fear, upon your
indulgence (no, no), but I felt that perhaps I could not make a more ajjpropriate
return for the honor you have done me than by frankly mentioning to you the
impression left upon my mind during my recent journeys. (Hear, hear.) It now
only remains for me to thank you again most heartily for your kindness, and to
assure you that every fresh mark of confidence which I receive from any section of
the Canadian people only makes me more determined tj strain every nerve in their
service (cheering), and to do my best to contribute towards the great work upon
which you are now engaged, namely, that of building up on this side of the
Atlantic a prosperous, loyal, and powerful associate of the British Empire."
(Tremendous applause).

At the conclusion of His Excellency's speech the whole company
stood up and cheered for several minutes.*

* This speech is considered among the best ever delivered by His Excellency,
and ranks among those, generally recognized as his "Great" speeches. It
attracted great attention in Canada, the United States and in Britain. It fell
like a revelation on the ear of the British people, who were astonished to find
themselves in possession of so magnificent a domain, inhabited by so loyal and
prosjierous a people. Never before had the grand resources of Canada lieen so
graphically or so truthfully described ; never liefore had the love of its people for the
" Old Flag " been so warmly vindicated. The leading journals of England, headed
by the London Times, made it a text for able discourses on the value of the Domi-
nion to the Empire, and this single speech doubtless did more to elevate Canada
in the European mind than any utterance or act of all the rulers she had ever
welcomed to her shores. The following extract from the London Spectator of the
26th Septemlier, 1874, is a fair specimen of the universal admiration which is
evoked : " Lord Dufferin delivered at Toronto, on the 2nd September, after
his return from an excursion into Western Canada, a speech on the state of
the Dominion and its attachment to the British Empire which recalls the best days
of Irish eloquence and statesmanship. The perfect rhythm of the sentences, the
happy vivacity of the humor, the picturesque review of Canadian scenery,
the glow of Imperial pride which runs through the whole address, the strong
constitutional sense, the cordially good-humored satire at the expense of our
sober-minded, but not very sober- voiced neighbor on the great continent, the
depth of sympathy with the humblest forms of Canadian life, and the elastic
hope in relation to the future both of the Dominion and the Empire wliich
breathes in every sentence, give to the speech a character as inspiriting as,
in modern times at least, such a character is rare. For, from whatever reason,
English statesmanship of late years has lost its buoyancy, and we have l)cen
far too much accustomed to hear the accents of a dispirited depreciation of

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

283

The Vice-regal party left Toronto en the morning of the 3rd
September, in continuation of the tour. At the station there was a
guard of honor from the Queen's Own, under the command of Capt.
Buchan, together with the band of that corps. Among those present
were the Lieutenant Governor, Hon. W. P. Howland, Lieut. Col.
Diirie, and Lieut. Col. R. B. Denison, Brigade Major.

En^jlish power, which, because it is unwelcome to us, passes the more readily for
good sense. I>ord Dufferin himself, while at home, breathed forth no such notes
ol triumphant confidence in our future as this. The heavy atmosphere of the
Conservative party's surprise and displeasure at our diminished importance in
Europe, and of the progressive party's cynical prognostic of the growth of the
United States at our expense, has now for many years blighted the old spirit of our
exultation in British power and destiny. We have been accustometl to hear that, on
the one side, we could not hope to count for much lieside military states which could
put their million of men into the field ; and on the other, that our great possessions
on tlie Western Continent were simply untenable against a power which has eight
tinu's the population of the Dominion, and which is divided from us by a long
and straggling boundary offering no exceptional facilities for defence. But Lord
l>ulTtrin has been living in a bracing atmosphere in which these misgivings cannot
live. As (jovernor General of the Dominion, he has had now, for upwards of two
years, the opportunity of watching the hardy political as well as physical life of
the British settlements, and their rapid growth in resources, unity, loyalty and hope.
He hos seized the occasion of his recent journey westward to connect together his
experience and his impressions into a picture glowing with life, beauty and promise,
thou^'h evidently based on a sagacious review of solid facts. There is the fibre of
a strong root of prosperity, and the hope of a teeming and vivid life, in the story
on which Lord Dufferin dwells ; and the knowledge of this sends a spirit through his
review and his anticipations which seems to freshen the whole face of the political
future for us, and even to ' shed,' as Matthew Arnold says — • on spirits that had
long lieen dead, — spirits dried up and closely furled, — the freshness of the early
world.' How eloquent, and at the same time how touching, is Lord Duflerin's
picture of the earnest loyalty of the widely-scattered jieople amongst whom he had
travLlled ! " ♦ • ♦ •< And how happy in its playful banter is Lord Dufferin's
account of his reply to the American impatience to see Canada fall into the arms
of the United States."* * * *' We have fallen upon a structure of dry political
conscientiousness, where there is a real break of continuity Ijetween the aims of the
statesmen and the understanding of the people. Politics have lost their glow and
spring, while they have gained in purity and disinterestedness. It is to powers such
as Lord Dufferin has shewn in his brilliant Toronto speech that we look for the
restoration of that glow. It is to that mixture of Irish genius and English sagacity,
of Irish playfulness and English humor, of Irish buoyancy and English phlegm, of
Irish pathos and English pride, and to that confidence in the life of British institu-
tions, and the steadfastness of the British race to which these qualities help to give
so l)rilliant an expression, that we hope to owe a restoration of what we may call
the imaginative school of politics, without any loss of that practical conscientiousness

..t

284

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

Whitby was the first stopping place, where they were met at the
station by the Mayor of the town, Mr. Malcolm Cameron, M.P., and
others. There was a large gathering of citizens, and a guard of
honor of the 34th Battalion with their colors, and the band of the
regiment. His Excellency was presented with an address from the
Town Council, read by Mr. J. H. Greenway, the Mayor. After the
reply and the usual presentations made, the party were taken in
carriages for a drive through the town, in the course of which they
passed under a pretty and unique arch. It was so constructed that
on the top of it were seen a number of men engaged in the various
operations of cradling, raking, binding and pitching real grain, the
whole forming a very pretty tableau. The town was otherwise
decorated. During the drive the carriages stopped at the High
School, on the front of which were the mottoes, — " Per Vias Rectus"
and " Our National Schools." Before the building were assembled
the children of that institution, and those of th > public schools,
together with the teachers of both, who, upor. ' e arrival of the
Governor General, sang " God Save the Queen." On another plat-

IJilf g| ■• ^ ',

and painstaking industry, in the absence of which even the most imaginative states-
men can give us nothing but brilliant and dazzling displays of rhetorical fire."

The Chicago Tribune, one of the most influential papers of the Union west of New
York, thus speaks of this speech : "' Lord Dufferin after his return from Chicago de-
livered a sjieech on the state of the Dominion, and its attachment to the British Kin-
pire. He had but a short time before taken a trip into Western Canada, and of course
felt that he was prepared to speak on the subject. The speech itself is a very ad-
mirable production, both rhetorically and otherwise. It is eloquent, able, niul
abounds in genuine vivacity, wit and humor. Nor is it by any means devoid
of statesmanship. Judging from the picture he has drawn of the loyalty and
devotion of the people of the Dom.inion, and even of the Canadian Indians, to
Queen Victoria, we need not entertain any very sanguine hopes of annexation in ttie
immediate future. Lord Dufferin says that wherever he went in Canada, whetlier
into the crowded city or to the remote hamlet, the people blazoned forth their
affection for their Queen by every device which art could fashion, or ingenuity in-
vent. Occasionally, he says, an American would suggest to him in a playful man-
ner that Canada should unite her fortunes to those of the Republic, to which he
replied that Canadians were essentially a democratic people, and that they would
never be satisfied unless the popular will could exercise an immediate and complete
control over the executive of the country, referring to the custom which requires a
Ministry to resign when in opposition to a majority of the voting population, and
to the fact that a Canadian viceroy might be instantly removed by the Imperial
Government if it turned out that he was not in harmony with the popular feeling of
the country."

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

285

form, His Excellency was presented with an address from the Board
of Education, to which he replied. The hoys then heartily cheered
tlu'ir Excellencies. The drive was resumed, and soon a magnificent
building, the Ontario Ladies' College, was reached. As the carriages
were entering the grounds they passed under a fine arch, on the
centre span of which was a number of little girls, each of whom waved
a small Union Jack. In the College a large and fashionable crowd of
citizens were assembled. In one of the larger apartments the Governor
Cicneral was presented with an address.* In his reply His Excel-
lency again took the opportunity of warning the parents and teachers
of our young girls against a serious danger. His words can not be
too much pondered, nor his advice too carefully followed. After a
few preliminary remarks, he said : .

" I do not know whether it would be out of place to remark that there are
(liiifjcrs against which it is advisable for all those who are interestei' in the healthy,
Intel Itctual training of the youth of this continent, and particularly of its female
youth, to guard. Of late there has sprung up a class of literature which, in my
opinion, contributes but very little to the advancement of those higher aspirations
wliich it ought to lie the aim and object of all literature to promote. There has
arisen of late a school of writers whose chief trick seems to l)e to extract amuse-
nieni and awake laughter by turning everything that is noble, elevated, and
reverenced by the rest of the world into ridicule, to substitute parody for invention,
and coarse vulgarity for the tender humor of a better day. Or, if this error is
avuidcd, a sickly, morbid sentimentalism is substituted, more corrupting than
absolute vice, or an historical sensationalism which is as bad as either. I cannot
but think it is a great matter that in our schools we should take the greatest pains
to nmintain a standard of healthy, robust, and refined taste."

After a great number of presentations, and about an hour and a
half spent in the town, the party were driven back to the station and
took their departure.

iJowmanville was reached about ten o'clock. It was raining
heavily, but nevertheless a large concourse of people were gathered.
The station was handsomely decorated, and a fine platform, for the
presentation of the addresses, was erected at the rear end of it. Upon
landing, an address from the Town Council was presented, read by
Mr. F. Cubitt, the Mayor, which His Excellency acknowledged in

* This splendid building, known as "Trafalgar Castle," was ererted as a
private residence by Mr. Sheriff Reynolds in 1859, and is said to Ije the largest
detached private dwelling on the continent. The college grounds contain ten
acres, beautifully laid out in gardens, and supplied with fruit and ornamental
trees. The College is undsr the special supervision and patronage of the Wesleyan
Methodist Conference.

280

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H74

IMlnl

■,:;

■ i

p,;

.»«*

appropriate terms. He was then presented with addresses from the
Uowmanville Division No. 39 Sons of Temperance, and the Bowman-
ville Temple No. 259 of the Independent Order of Good Templars,
signed by VV. R. Climie, J. T. Mason, Worthy Patriarchs, and W'm.
Jeens, Worthy Chief Templar. His Excellency replied, assuring those
from whom the addresses came, of his hearty symj)athy with all
who, both by their own example and otherwise, were doing so much
to discourage intoxication.

A deputation of young ladies next came forward, and one of them
read, in a charming manner, a beautifully worded address, to which
His Excellency made a complimentary reply. A number of i)re-
sentations were then made. As it was raining hard, the i)arty did
not drive to the town, but shortly afterwards resumed their journey.

Port Hope was reached at about three o'clock, and His Excellency
was received with a salute from the two guns of the Durham Field
Battery. The train was run up near the Town Hall on the Midland
Railway track. Here was a fine arch bearing the words, " I'he
Midland Railway welcome Earl Dufferin," the Governor General's
Coat of Arms, and j<everal prettily painted shields. ICrected near
this was a spacious platform raised in the centre, carpeted and
ornamented with garden vases filled with flowers and plants. A
guard of honor was in attendance, consisting of a strong detachment
of the 40th Battalion under the command of Lieut. Col. Williams,
M.P.P., and several members of the Grand Trunk RiHes. Along
with these was the band of the first mentioned corps. A large crowd
of citizens were also assembled at the place, and the rain having
fortunately ceased for the day, they were able to witness the i)ro-
ceedings with comparative comfort. Having taken his place on the
platform, the Governor General was presented with an address from
the Council of the town, read by Mr. John Wright, the Mayor. After
the reply, he was presented with another from the Council of the town
of Lindsay, read by Mr. S. Maguire, the Mayor. On the conclusion
of the reply to this, the Vice-regal party were taken for a drive through
the town, escorted by the Durham troop of Cavalry, and the Fire
Brigade. As in other places, the streets were tastefully decorated.
During the drive the procession halted at the Central School while the
children sang the National Anthem. A visit was then paid to the
Trinity College School.

Cobourg was reached about five o'clock. From the station the
party were driven directly to the Town Hall — the bells of the churches

1S7I]

THE KARL OF DUFFEHIN IN CAXAUA

287

and other |)iil)lic buildings pealing meanwhile. On their way they
were escorted by the Cobourg troop of Cavalry. The streets of the
town were tastefully decorated with flags, arches, and bunting, in
front of the Town Hall was erected a decorated platform, and near
it was a guard of honor of the 40th liattalion with their band. In
the streets there was a very large concourse of people. On reaching
the platform His Excellency was presented with an address from the
Town Council, read by Mr. Wm. Halgraft, the Mayor. ( )n the con-
clusion of the reply, he was presented with another from the President
and Professors of the University of Victoria College;. .Afier re|)lying,
the party entered the Town Hall, where their Exctii^ -ies held a
ret option which was very largely attended. In the eveninjj they were
serenaded by the band of the 40th Battalion.

On the morning of the 4th September, the . rty left Cobourg
for a trip to RM;e Lake and the Marmora Iron Mines. iJesides the
Viceregal puny, a number of ladies and gentlemen ..eiit upon the
exct '^on.

The train reached the lake at the village of Harwood a little
before nine o'clock, and in going out upon the wharf passed under a
pretty arch which had been erected for the occasion. Here the
l)arty embarked on board a small steamer, and proceeded down Rice
1-akc, a sheet of water whose beautiful scenery, together with abun-
dant game and excellent fishing, have rendered it a favorite resort for
tourists. At the foot of the Lake, the steamer entered a lock which
took her into the River Trent. At this point is the village of Hastings,
a place of some little importance and pojjulation. As the steamer
was entering the lock a feu de joie was fired by a company of the
57th Battalion drawn up on the shore. A large number of people
were assembled at the place, and a great many flags were hoisted
throughout the village. There were also three arches erected on the
swing bridge. While the steamer was in the lock, the Vice-regal party
went ashore, and the Governor General was presented with an address
from the Village Council, read by Mr. Timothy Coughlan, Reeve.
After His Excellency replied, the party left amid the cheers of
the jjeople, and the firing of another feu de joie. After proceeding
down the river a short distance, the party landed at 1 point whence
a railway runs to the Marmora Iron Mines, about eight miles distant.
On arriving at the Mines, His Excellency made a thorough examina-
tion of them, and carefully inspected the various operations connected
with bringing the ore to the surface of the earth. When the party

288

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

reached Hanvood on their return a large bonfire was blazing at the
place, and another large crowd of people were assembled, who took
leave of their Excellencies as the train moved away with three cheers
for each of their Excellencies.

The party returned to Cobourg at half-past seven, and when they
left the train they met with a surprise. The members of the Fire
Brigade were standing in the street near the station, dressed in their
uniforms and bearing torches. The Vice-regal party having entered
a carriage, a number of the torch bearers drew it to the hotel — tlieir
comrades following them in procession, and the band of the 40th
Battalion accompanying them. The procession, while moving, sent up
a number of rockets. The whole of this part of the entertainment
was given by Col. Chambliss, and the kindness which prompted
it was the more striking, as the gentleman was an American, who
had only resided for a short time in the Province.

On the morning of the 5th September the Vice-regal party loft
Cobourg shortly after nine o'clock ; but before doing so a deputation
of young ladies from the public schools visited Her Excellency in the
large drawing-room of the Arlington Hotel, and presented her with a
very complimentary address, accompanied by a magnificent bouciuet
for herself, and another for His Excellency. The Governor General
warmly acknowledged this graceful compliment.

Belleville was reached at about eleven o'clock. At the station was
a guard of honor furnished by the 15th Battalion, together with the
band of the regiment, the firemen of the town, and a large number of
carriages filled with people. A procession was formed, and proceeded
to the town, which was gaily decorated with flags and bunting. At
the Court House a halt was made, and on a platform erected in front
of the building His Excellency was presented with an address from
the Town Council. One clause read thus :

"We trust that your Excellency may long continue to administer the Govern-
ment of this Dominion in the light of the constitution as hitherto, — and we
venture to hope that when you shall retire from the cares and labors of ollicial
life you will resume your eloquent pen, and do that justice to Canada wiiicli she
has not received ; and which, coming from so eminent a source, will place licr in
her true position Ijefore the empire and the world."

His Excellency laid hold of this pointed allusion to the general
ignorance of Canada, which pervades even the well read classes of
Britain, to give an explanation of the fact, and gracefully to apologize
for the seeming neglect. After a few opening remarks, he said :

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

289

was

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•' In a concluding paragraph you have alluded to a feeling which I have some-
times heard mentioned in private to which hitherto my attention has never lieen so
pointedly directed, t'/z. ; — That Canadian affairs scarcely obtain that share of
popular attention in England which their importance merits. (Hear, hear.) Well,
Mr. Mayor and gentlemen, I would ask you to call to mind the old adage which
says 'Happy are the people without annals.' (Hear, hear, and Itiughter.) An
adage which implies that only too often the history of a country consists of an
.iccount of its follies and misfortunes. (I.,aughter.) It is sometimes as well to l)e
without a history as with one. (Laughter.) In the same way you must rememl)er
that as long as the domestic affairs of Canada are conducted with that wisdom
whicli commands the confidence of England, as long as the material condition
of Canada is such as to occasion neither apprehension nor anxiety to England, as
long as the sentiments of Canada are so affectionate and loyal to the Mother
Country as to leave her nothing to desire, so long will her intercourse with Can.ada
lie confined to those placid humdrum amenities which characterize every happy
household. (Hear, hear, and laughter.) Again, you must rememlxr that in
England every man who is connected with public affairs, every public writer, every
jierson through whom the national sentiments find expression, is so overwhelmed
011(1 over-weighted by his daily occupations that you must not Ije surprised if they
have not time to he very loquacious on Canadian suijects; and, after all, gentle-
men, I may observe, as a sensitive Englishman, that I do not find, in Canadian
pulilic prints, quite that ample share given to the discussion of purely Hritish
matters which I, of course, might desire. (Laughter.) No, gentlemen, yon must
not judge of the affection of the Mother Country for her greatest colony, you must
not judge of the interest she takes in your affairs, her pride in your loyalty to her-
self, by what may happen to be said or rather not said in the newsjjajiers.
(Applause.) The heart of England is large, but the English nation is unde-
monstrative (applause) ; and I am sure that you will find, whenever the necessities
of the case really require it, that the sympathies of Englanrl and the attention of
Enf,dish ])ublic opinion will l)e concentr.ated upon Canada with a solicitude and an
energy that will leave you no occasion of complaint." (tlreat applause.)

Another address was then presented to His Excellency from tlie
Council of the County of Hastings, read by Mr. A. F. Wood,
Warden, and another from the Senate of Albert University. After
replying to them a number of presentations were made, and the
drive was resumed. Having sto])ped for a few minutes at the High
School to hear the children — about fifteen hundred — sing " (lod
Save the Queen," the party proceeded to the Deaf and Dinnb Ins-
titution, where they were cordially received by the Superintendent,
Dr. Palmer, and the teacners. Flags were flying from the top of
the building, and over the entrance gate was an arch with tlie motto
"Caed mille falthe " displayed on it, in the deaf and dumb alphabet.
The visitors were conducted into the chapel of the institution, which
the teachers had decorated in a very tasteful manner. On one of the

-r-

290

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

walls was the appropriate motto, *' Accept our Silent Welcome." Ihe
pupils of the institution were all assembled in the room, as were also
several ladies and gentlemen from the town. The visitors were
formally received with an address, read by Dr. Palmer. He then
proceeded to give illustrations of the mode of teaching deaf and dumb
persons. His Excellency then addressed the Superintendent and
teachers, and at the conclusion of his remarks the party drove to
Marchmonde, Miss Rye's " Children's Home," where they remained a
short time. They then proceeded to the train, and took their depar-
ture from Belleville for Napanee, which place they reached at about
half-past three o'clock.

The party were here met by an immense throng of people, includ-
ing the Fire Brigade, a guard of honor from the 4th Battalion, the
Napanee Garrison Artillery, and a band of music. His Excellency
was presented with an address from the Town Council, read by the
Mayor, Mr. A. L. Morden. After his reply he was presented with
another from the Chief of the Mohawk Indians residing at Tyendinaga,
by another from the Chief and warriors of the Mohawks of the Bay of
Quinte, to each of which he replied.

A number of presentations were then made, and after His Excel-
lency had si)ent some time in conversation with different persons in
the assemblage, the party left.

Kingston was reached at about five o'clock. It was soon evident
that the inhabitants of the loyal city were determined to maintain their
reputation by giving the representative of Her Majesty one of their
most enthusiastic welcomes. The streets in the vicinity of the place at
which the train stopped were filled with people, and others occupied
places in each of the windows that afforded a view of the visitors as
they landed. Princess street was beautifully decorated with tlags,
banners and bunting, and looked very pretty from the train. Mags
were floating in various parts of the city. As the train moved along
Ontario street, it exploded a great number of fog signals whicli had
been placed ou the track, and at the same time a salute was thun-
dered forth by the Dominion Artillery from the guns of Fort Henry.
Stepping off the train to a platform gaily decorated, the Vice-regal
party were met by the Mayor and Corporation, and by them presented
with an address, re;',d by Dr. Sullivan, Mayor. After his reply His
Excellency was i)resented with an address from the Council of the
County of Frontenac, read by Mr. Peter Graham, Warden, to which
also he replied.

1874]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

291

Hearty cheers were then given for the Queen, and for the Earl and
Countess of Dufferin, after which the party entered carriages, and
were taken for a drive through some of the best streets, and past
many of the best of the fine private dweUings of the city. They then
went on board the steamer Maude, and were taken around Point Henry
to the residence of the Hon. Mr. Cartwright, whose guests their Excel-
lencies and Lady Harriet Fletcher were during their stay in Kingston.
The guard of honor was furnished by the 14th Battalion, and the
escort by the Frontenac troop of Cavalry. At ten o'clock in the
evening their Excellencies held a reception in the City Hall, where a
great number of ladies and gentlemen were presented. During the
evening there was an illumination, and many of the principal buildings
of the city were very brilliant. The fine dome of the City Hall, with
its illuminated clock, was a blaze of light.

On the morning of the 7th September, at eight o'clock, the Vice-
regal party left Kingston by steamer for Brockville, and proceeded
down the St. Lawrence, followed by the steamer Rochester with a
large party of excursionists from Kingston, including the Reception
Committee. As they passed Fort Henry a salute was fired. At Gana-
nocjue a large number of people were standing on the bank, the field
battery of the town fired a salute, and the people cheered very
heartily.

Brockville was reached at about one o'clock. As the steamer
neared the town she met several yachts, and a fleet of about one
hundred and fifty small boats, all decked out with flags, and filled with
ladies, gentlemen and children waving little flags. On the dock was
a guard of honor, consisting of one hundred men of the 41st Battalion,
accomj)anied by the band of the regiment. A large number of peoi^le
were present who received the party with cheers. They were driven
to the Court House Square, in the centre of which was erected a ])lat-
form. Around this was a very large concourse of ])eople, among
them the children of the public schools, who. when their Excellencies
had ascended the platform, sang " God Save the Queen." Hearty
cheers were given for their Excellencies. Mr. \\'ylie then came for-
ward, and on behalf of the Public School Trustees presented the
Covernor General with an address, and another was presented from
the Town Council, read by Mr. J. D. Buell, M.P., Mayor. In reply
to this His Excellency said :

" Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, — I thank you for the address with which you
have honored me.

292

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

This is the last address I am destined to receive before my final return to
Ottawa, where much serious business awaits my attention. It is with reg.et I find
my iioliiiays drawing to a close, and that a termination is about to be put to tlie
pleasant and instructive personal intercourse I have had with such large nunil)ers
of the Canadian peo[)le. At all events I shall carry the pleasantest memories with
me into retirement. During the six weeks my tour has occupied, 1 believe that I
have received something like one hundred and twenty addresses, everyone of which
breathed a spirit of contentment, loyalty and kindness. In fact from first to last
no harsh, despomling, or discordant note has marred the jubiL.nt congratulations
of the nation. But the demonstrations with which we have been honored have
not been confined to mere vocal greetings. It would be imjjossible to descrihe
either the l)eauty or the variety of the triumphal emblems which have glittered on
either hand along our way. In addition to the graceful and picturesque decor-
ations of evergreens, flags, tapestry and prismatic canopies of color from window
to window, with which the towns were gay, we have passed under a numljer of the
most ingenious and suggestive arches. There was an arch of cheeses (laughter),
an arch of salt, an arch of wheels, an arch of hardware, stoves, and pots and pans
(great laughter), an arcii of sofas, chairs and household furniture (laughter), an
arch of ladders, laden with firemen in their picturescjue costumes, an arch of car-
riages (laughter), an arch of boats, a free trade arch, a Protectionists' arcii (great
laughter), an arch of children, and last of all an arch — no not an arch — but ratlier
a celestial rainbow of lovely yon ^^ ladies! (Great laughter and applause.) In-
deed the heavens themselves dropped fatness, for not unfrequently a magic cheese
or other comestible would descend into our carriage. As for the Countess of
Dufierin, she has been nearly smothered beneath the nosegays which rained down
upon her, for our path has been strewed with flowers. One town not content with
fulfilling its splendid programme of procession, fireworks and illuminations, con-
cluded its reception by the impromptu conflagration of half a street (laugiiter and
applause), and when the next morning I thought it my duty to con<lole with the
authorities on their misfortune, both the owner of the property and the Mayor
assured me with the very heroism of politeness that the accident would inodiice
a great improvement in liie appearance of the place. (Great laughter.) Gentle-
men I must now bid you good-bye, and through you I desire to say good-bye to
all my other entertainers throughout the Province. I have been most dee|)Iy
affected by their kindness, for although of course 1 am well aware that the honors
of whicii 1 have been the recipient have been addressed, not to me, the individual,
but to my oflice, it would be affectation were I to ignore the fact that a strain of
personal good will has lx;en allowed to mingle with the welcome accorded by the
people of Ontario to the Representative of their Queen. (Cheers.) I only wish I
could have made a more lit return to the demonstrations with which I have heen
honored. Happily the circumstances of the country have justified me in usinj; the
language of honest and hearty congratulation, and if I have done wrong in some-
times venturing on a puiely festive occasion a gentle note of warning, or hint of
advice, I trust that my desire to render practical service to the country will be my
excuse for any inopportune digressions of this nature. (Cheers)."

His Excellency concluded by thanking the Mayor and Corpor-

1874]

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1S74]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

293

ation for the kind reception accorded to himself and the Countess of
Dufferin.

The party then re-entered their carriages, and were driven through
the town, the streets of which were profusely decorated with flags and
hunting. Upon arriving at Victoria Hall they alighted and held a
reception, at which a great number of ladies and gentlemen were ])re-
sented. The i)arty were then driven to the station of the Brockville
and Ottawa Railway, and left for Smith's Falls, where the train halted
under a very pretty arch inscribed with the words, "Welcome, Lord
Dufferin," and with the names of the diflferent |)rovinces of the Dom-
inion. A large crowd was assembled at the station attended by a
])and of music. The party landed amidst great cheering, and being
conducted to a platform His Excellency was presented with an
address from the Council of the village, read by Mr. Jos. H. Gould,
Reeve. Having replied, a number of presentations were made. The
party was now joined by the Hon. Messrs. Letellier de St. Just and
Fournier.

Carleton Place was reached at six o'clock. On the platform was
a guard of honor from the 41st Battalion, with the band of that corps.
A large number of people had met to greet their Excellencies. Here
an address was presented from the inhabitants of the village, read by
Mr. R. Bell. After replying. His Excellency received another from
the pu])ils of the High and Public Schools of Carleton Place, read by
one of a deputation of lads from the schools. His Excellency in
rei)lying to this pleasing address, with reference to the allusion in the
address to his popularity, said :

"Of course, popularity is always a pleasing thing, it is a thing which a person
in my position is bound to cultivate, but occasions will from time to time arise
when criticisms will very likely he passed upon those occupying that position, and
criticisms ■ as wholesome for Governor (ienerals, as for any body. Jiut, at all
events, there is one thing I may aspire to, and that is to remain popular with the
Iwys and girls of the Dominion, a popularity which I value as much as any other."
(Ap])lause,)

Several presentations were then made, and after their Excellencies
Iwd, as at Smith's Falls, spent a little time in conversation with their
entertainers, they resumed their journey amid warm cheering.

Ottawa was reached at about seven o'clock. The Foot Guards
were on the platform of the station in strong force, accompanied by
their splendid band. A large number of civilians were also present,
imxious to welcome their Excellencies home after their arduous jour-
neyings. The party now immediately drove to Rideaii Hall.

E fP

294

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTUATION OF

[1874

Thus ended the most important tour ever before undertaken by a
British Colonial Governor. Confederation had introduced a number of
problems the solution of which could be determined only by time, and its
success depended much on the temper of the various Provinces. The
Maritime Provinces had charged Ontario with selfishness in forward-
ing union only when her distress pointed at Confederation as the only
relief from the dead-lock into which she had fallen. Nova Scotia had
been sullen. New Brunswick unfriendly. Prince Edward Island
cold. Upper and Lower Canada alone were urgent for union. In
order to change the selfishness of the one into good humor, the
unfriendliness of the second into the opposite feeling, and to substitute
warmth for the coldness of the beautiful little island of the Gulf, it
became necessary to offer advantages to them, which in one case
received the opprobrious name of " Bitter Terms." This policy,
though absolutely necessary, was not popular in Ontario, and the
opposition to Sir John Macdonald's Government fanned the flame of
dissatisfaction for purely party purposes, without regard to the justice
of the claims put forward by the recalcitrant Provinces, or the
absolute necessity of yielding to them, even though they might at first
sight seem a little unreasonable. Besides this, there was a feeling of
dissatisfaction floating through the Liberal party, which had been
intensified by the violent and unjust attacks of its press directed
against the Governor General himself for liis strictly constitutional
course in the Pacific Railway difficulty. There were in addicion
slumbering elements of Fenianism smouldering in the lower strata
of the people, and not a few admirers of republican institutions were
to be found willing to further the view of Annexationists. But above
and beyond all this, there existed a party in Britain who already
spoke of Canada as a drag on the industry, means and policy of the
British people, and who had no hesitation in declaring that England
would gladly give the Canadians their independence the moment it
was asked for, — an invitation to sever the connection. In fact the Earl
of Dufferin received his appointment from a Government many of
whose leading supporters did not hesitate to calumniate Canada by
declaring her loyalty a lip service, and a loud-mouthed profession of a
feeling which would not bear the test of any strain on her resources,
— any restriction on her trade, or any reduction of the material assist-
ance of which England had been so generously lavish.

His Excellency's visit to the Maritime Provinces, in 1873, had
wrought a wonderful change in those important portions of the Dom-

1S74]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

295

inion. He had by his personal attraction soothed the wounded feel-
ings of a noble people, and by his strong good sense and words of
truth and symi)athy had placed their own position, as it regarded the
other Provinces, in its true light before them. He had never been
found unreliable in his statements, and his words fell like pearls,
])ure and beautiful. He found the Provinces uneasy and suspicious,
— he left them at peace with themselves and their position ; the
furtive look with which they had regarded Confederation now disap-
peared, and the frank expression of the confidence of a warm-hearted
people took its place.

In Ontario the tour of 1874 will always be remarkable in the annals
of the great province, and of the Dominion No ruler in British North
America ever before devoted himself with so untiring a zeal, or with so
l)ersevering an industry to the task of making himself acquainted with
the resources, industries, and latent powers of the country, or with the
character, opinions, and aspirations of its inhabitants. No industry
escaped his personal examination, — no manufacture was unknown to
him, — no commercial enterprise was hidden to him. By a laborious
])ersonal study he made himself acquainted with the intricacies of
every business, and formed an accurate and independent estimate of
its difficulties and its prospects. He took a warm and active interest
in the educational institutions of the Dominion, and was listened to
with the deepest attention as well by the professors of McGill Uni-
virsity as by the boys and girls of Carleton Place. He charmed
the teachers and pupils of our female colleges and schools by a
graceful politeness, in which he wrapped up, as in a bon-bon,
words of invaluable advice. He v'sited the struggling settler, hew-
ing liis way to competence in the back woods of Canada, and
cheered him in his manly toil by words of sweet encouragement. He
drew the sensitive but noble hearts of the French population to his
great Mistress by a frank acknowledgment of their loyalty, and a
delicate sympathy with their natural love for their language, their
institutions and their religion. He fired the usually phlegmatic hearts
of the Germans by his unaffected and well deserved admiration of
their industry, their loyalty, and their value as citizens, as exemplified
in the beautiful homesteads and thriving villages of the German
settlements of Ontario. Even the small colony of Icelanders at
Parry Sound was cheered by the pleasant words of one who had
already spoken so kindly of their northern European home. The
Indians greeted him with a loyalty which has never been shaken by

296

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

harshness, or cooled by injustice. The great Irish ])opulation laid at
his feet the enthusiastic homage due to the representative of a Queen
whose whole life has been a protest against indifference to the well-
grounded complaints of their brethren at home, and if among these
generous peoi)le a few misled hearts were found, the demon of
Fenianism instantly fled at the sound of Lord Dufferin's soothing
words and kindly advice ; — the thoughtful Scotchman saw in the
Governor General one who recognized the inestimable value of sturdy
independence and untiring industry; — the Englishman found in His
Excellency a man of a highly cultivated mind, deeply versed in the
glorious history of their glorious land, and emulous to writ*' his name
on the roll of her wisest legislators and ablest state .mi. The
politician saw in the Governor General a man of excep.. .nal grace
of manner and suavity of temper, bowing with deference to every
constitutional right, — supporting with unhesitating loyalty the ministry
chosen by the people, but ever ready to rebuke with stern justice the
slightest attack on the rights of the governed, guaranteed to them by
the system of Constitutional Rule. Those who when in opposition
had not hesitated to heap upon him the most opprobious epithets, were
received by him when they reached power, with a frank smile and a
warm grasp of the hand, — the natural outcome of a lofty mind and .'.
generous heart. This tour had developed the man to a degree hitherto
unknown, and the Imperial Government must have been surprised at
the expression of the " passionate loyalty " of the people of Canada
to British rule. For this expression the Vice-regal progress is to lie
thanked. Every feeling of discontent departed. Every hamlet,
village, town and city poured forth its tens, its hundreds and its
thousands of enthusiastic admirers, each striving with his neighbor
to be foremost in laying his respectful homage at the feet of the
distinguished exponent of the thoughtful kindness and warm attach-
ment of their illustrious Sovereign towards her people, whether they
sat in her gates at Windsor, or gazed at her well -loved likeness occu-
pying the place of honor on the walls of their humble huts in
the back woods of Ontario. The tour proved, if proof were
necessary, to the statesmen and people of England, that the soil of
Canada, though rich for all other purposes, is utterly barren for the
growth of republicanism, — and His Excellency's brilliant and truthful
account of the immense resources of the country,— the thrift and hapi)i-
ness of its people, — the salubrity of its climate, — its productiveness. —
the unsurpassed excellencelof its educational institutions, — its unrivalled

1874]

THE EAllL >F DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

297

system of government, combining as it does all the strength which
tiif unbounded power of the British Empire can impart to it, with all
or very nearly all the freedom of an independent state, has been of
infinite value in correcting foreign misapprehension and encouraging
foreign immigration. His replies to the addresses form an excellent
repertoire for every emigrant agent, — and they possess this invaluable
characteristic, that, coming from him, every word is believed, as it may
well be, for no sj)eaker ever spoke more guardedly or more correctly.
To Canada, the tour therefore, especially when taken in connection
with that through the Maritime Provinces, has been of very great
value, since it raised her high in the estimation of foreigners who will
listen to and believe the Earl of Dufferin when they would neither
listen to nor believe any other authority.

JJut, while much is due to the Governor General, naich is also due
to Her Excellency the Countess of Dufferin. She divided with him,
as she was fairly entitled to do, the honors of the tour. His kindly
smile was always supplemented by her graceful gentleness, and while
hundreds of thousands of stalwart yeomen and horny-handed
artisans received him with an admiring respect, they greeted her with
enthusiastic homage. Canadians have a respect for women unsurpass-
ed by the inhabitants of any country, and their thoughtful kindness
to the sex is one of the brightest ornaments of their character.
Tliis ])rofound feeling found free expression in this tour, for wherever
Her Excellency appeared, she was universally met with demonstrations
of tl e warmest love by all classes, all creeds, all nationalities. The
social policy of His Excellency found in her an invaluable assistant,
and it in no way detracts from the lustre of his reputation to say that
the i)eople of Canada will always insist on her sitting with him under
the same canopy of Canadian admiration and affection, and dividing
with him all the honors of the highest seat in the hearts of a noble
population.

On the 1 2th October His Excellency left Ottawa on a visit to
New York. Major General O'Grady Haly, Commander of the Forces,
was sworn in as Administrator during his absence. Though the
visit was in no sense a public one. His Excellency met with a
very warm and hospitable reception from the citizens of all classes
with whom he came in contact. He visited the chief public ins-
titutions, and left behind him, to use the words of a New York
journal, " a reputation for geniality, good sense, and manliness
which is altogether in opposition to what Americans think a British

298

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

[1874

nobleman ever deserves." Having declined a public banquet, he was
invited to a dinner at Delmonico's for the 19th Octolier, and among
the Committee were such distinguished gentlemen as Wm. M. Evarts,
John Jacob Astor, Alex. T, Stewart, Wm. Butler Duncan, James Grant
Wilson, Rutherford Stuyvesant, Edward F. De Lancey, Robert
Lenox Kennedy, Henry E. Pierrepont, Frederick De Peyster,
William H. Appleton, John T. Johnstone, Clarkson N. Potter, Joseph
H. Choate, J. Carson Brevoort, David Dudley Field, Hamilton Fish,
John A. Dix, *George Bancroft, August Belmont, Thurlow Weed,
Edwin D. Morgan, Cyrus W. Field, Henry E. Davies, John Shenvood,
E. W. Stoughton, L. P. Morton, Benj. H. Field, John D. Jones, Albert
Bierstadt, Royal Phelps, and Wm. Allen Butler.

As the dinner was a private one, no reports of the speeches were
made, but His Excellency never visited the Americans without remov-
ing some portion of the misconception of that people as to the Cana-
dian character, institutions and progress ; nor without rubbing off
some of the sharp comers of suspicion and dislike which are so apt to
exhibit themselves among people who in many important matters are
strong rivals. Wherever Lord Dufferin went, he appeared as the bold,
warm advocate of Canadian rights ; as an accomplished eulogist of
the Dominion and its people ; and c. the reliable exponent of her
industries and resources. But he had the good taste, while raising
Canada in the estimation of Americans, not to lower their own country
either in the estimation of foreigners or of themselves. If he could
not speak without hurting the national pride, he was silent ; but
when he could speak with approbation, he was eloquent. Hence his
great popularity among the American people, which was hardly
excelled by his popularity in Canada.

After a short visit to Washington and Boston His Excellency
returned to Ottawa on the 4th November.

lit

CHAPTER VII.
CONTENTS.

The North- West troubles of 1869-1870 — Kiel ancJ lupine — T\\e " Amnesty " ques-
tion — Lord Dufferin's despatch of loth Decemlier, 1874. He exerts the prero-
{jative of mercy without the advice of his Ministers — Discussion on the Consti-
tional question involved in the House of Lords — Opinions of the Earl of Bel-
more — The Earl of Carnarvon — l^rd Lisgar — Earl tiranville and the Earl of
Kinilierley — The difficulties with British Columbia — First official complaint
made 26th July, 1873 — Statement of the case — Address of the House of Assembly
of Hritish Columbia — Mr. Edgar's mission — Account of his dealings with the
British Columbian Government — Failure of the mission — The *' Carnarvon
Terms " — Opening of the House in February, 1875 — Amnesty to all the partici-
pators in the North-West troubles except Riel, Lepine and O' Donoghue — Expul-
sion of Kiel from the House — Esquimault and Nanaimo Railway Bill carried in
the Commons, but defeated in the Senate — Mr. Blake's resolutions on the
power of the Governor General to disallow Provincial Acts without consult-
ing his Ministry — The Constitutional importance of the question — The Su-
preme Court Bill passed — Mr. Irving's amendment destroying right of appeal
to England — Bill for the establishment of a new Government for the North-
West — Session closed 8th April, 1875 — Life at Rideau Hall — Children of their
Excellencies — Visit of their Excellencies to England and Ireland in May, 1875
— Dinner at the Canada Club — One of His Excellency's Great Speeches — Re-
marks on it — Visit to Clandeboye — Reception there — Reply to the ad<' , , of
His Excellency's tenants — Return to Canada — Arrival at Ottawa, 23rd Octo-
l)er, 1875 — Appointment of Supreme Court Judges — State dinner to them —
His Excellency's speech — Reply of the Chief Justice — Opening of Parliament,
loth February, 1876 — Speech from the Throne — Extradition Treaty — Mr.
Blake's memorandum respecting Correspondence with the Foreign Office —
Continuation of the account of the British Columbian difficulties — Motion of
Mr. De Cosmos, 28th March, 1876 — Case brought down to the Earl of Carnar-
von's despatch of 23rd May, 1876 — Remarks on the Session of 1876 — Grand
Fancy Dress Ball, 23rd February, 1876 — Visit of their Excellencies to Quebec,
June, 1876 — Dinner to His Excellency by the Citizens of Quebec — His Speech
on the occasion — His plans for the emliellishment of Quebec — Proposed
"Chateau St. Louis"— Visit to Laval Normal School— The " Pet Names"
sjieech — Remarks on it by New York World — Return to Ottawa.

It will be remembered that on the 4th March, 1870, Thomas Scott
was shot at Winnipeg by the order of a few men, caHing them-
selves a " Provisional " Government, headed by Louis Riel and

19 1*

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

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Ambroise Lepine. Riel having evaded the officers of the law was
never brought to trial. On his return as the member in the Com-
mons for Provencher, he proceeded to Ottawa, at the opening of thi-
Session, in May, 1874, and took the oaths; but the i)ublic excite-
ment was so great that, his life being in danger, he left the city and
the Dominion secretly, and has not dared to return to it since. He
has since been outlawed. Lepine, however, was arrested, tried at
Winnipeg, and found guilty of the murder, and sentenced to be hung
on the 29th January, 1875. ^" ^^^ meantime, it had been strongly
uiged that both Riel and Le])ine were entitled to a ]jardon, under
promises of a general amnesty to all implicated in the Manitoba trou-
bles of 1870, alleged to have been made by the Macdonald-Carticr
Government. Much correspondence took place between the Domi-
nion and the Imperial Governments, on the question, and angry dis-
cussions arose in our Parliament. The question was a perplexing
one. The Executive was flooded with petitions for Lei)ine's pardon,
under the alleged promise of a general amnesty, or for a modification
of the death penalty. Party and religious feeling ran high over the
question. Mr. Mackenzie's Ministry was unwilling to assume the
responsibility of dealing with the difficulty, and sought the interven-
tion of the Imperial authorities. To reprieve Lepine would be to
disgust a large and influential Protestant and English-speaking i)oi)u-
lation, — to allow the law to take its course would be to offend a large
and influential Roman Catholic and French-speaking one. The Home
Office, on the other hand, was not disposed to accept a responsibility
devolving properly on the Dominion authorities, — as it would be
inconvenient and improper to establish a precedent under cover of
which questions, embarrassing here, might at any time be thrown for
solution upon the Imperial Ministry. The question was a porcujjine
which neither was willing to touch. In this emergency Lord Dufferin
courageously and generously offered to assume the personal responsi-
bility of settling the question, and of awarding a fitting punishment to
Lepine without consultation with his ministers, — thus relieving both
the Dominion and the Imperial authorities from all difficulty.

In a despatch of loth December, 1874, His Excellency, in a most
lucid and impartial despatch, exhausting the whole subject, forwarded
to the Earl of Carnarvon, the Colonial Secretary, an Order in
Council, the object of which was to induce the Imperial Govern-
ment to undertake the setdement of the difficulty, and the Dominion
Ministers based the propriety of the request upon the fact, that the

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THE KAUL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

301

circumstances out of which the '* Amnesty question " arose occurred
at a time anterior to the assumption, by Canada, of the government
of the North-West. He said :

" Ihey were further impelled to adopt this course by the obvious embarrass-
ments attending the settlement of a controversy whose as|)ecls are alleged to have
Wen already nKnlifie*! by the intervention of Imperial authority, and which are so
seriously complicated by the vehement international antagonism which they have
cxcitc<l in this country. Under these circumstances my advisers are of opinion that
a dispassionate review of the whole (juestion, emanating from so impartial a source
as ller Majesty's Clovernment, would tend more to tran(|uili/.e the public min<l, and
secure a loyal acquiescence in whatever decision may be arrived at, than woulil lie
the case were they themselves to undertake the settlement of the dispute."

His Excellency then proceeds :

Your I/jrdship is so well accjuainted with the history of the troubles which
were occasioned by the somewhat precipitate attempt made in the year 1869 to
incorporate the present Province of Manitoba with the Dominion, l)efore the con-
ditions of the proposed union had been explained to its inhabitants, that I need not
do more than recapitulate the special incidents which directly l)ear upon the sub-
ject under consideration. It will be sufficient to remind your Lords'iip that on the
news of these disturbances reaching Ottawa, emissaries were despatched to Fort
(iarry in the | rsons of the Vicar General Thibault, Colonel de Salaljerry, and
Mr. Donald Smith, with the view of calming the agitation which had arisen, and
of (,'iving ample assurances to those whom it might concern, that both the Imperial
and the Canadian Governments were anxious to secure to the people of the North-
West every right, privilege, and immunity to which they might Ix; entitleil. Each
of these personages was furnished with copies of a Proclamation, drawn up under
the instructions of the Inijierial Government by Lord Lisgar, couched in the most
conciliatory language, and concluding with the following paragraph :

"And I do lastly inform you that in case of your immediate and jieaceable
"ol)e(lience and dispersion, I shall order that no legal proceedings Ix; taken
"against any parties implicated in these unfortunate breaches of the law.

•'John Young."

5- At the time this instrument was placed in the hands of these gentlemen no
blood iiad been shed, nor any very heinous crime committed ; but on arriving at
their destination, their papers were seized by the insurgents, and they were jjre-
cluded either on this or on some other account from issuing the Proclamation in
question. There can be little doubt, however, that its purport must have l)een
known to Kiel and his partizans l^efore the murder of Scott was perpetrated — an
event which took place some time after these three gentlemen had arrived at Fort
Garry.

6. Subsequently, by an invitation of the Canadian Government conveyed to him
when at Rome through Monsieur Langevin, Minister of Public Works, Archbishop
Tache returned to Canada, with the view of placing his services at the disposal of
the Dominion Government. On his arrival at Ottawa he was provided with

302

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

another copy of the Governor (Jeneral's Proclamation, as well as with an official
letter of instruction from the Secretary of State, Mr. Howe, of which I subjoin a
copy : —

Dei'ARtment of Secretary ok State fop thk Provinces,

Ottawa, i6th February, 1870.
7'Ae Very Reverend The Bishop of St. Boniface.

My Lord, — I am commanded by His Excellency, the Governor General, to
acknowledge and thank you for the promptitude with which you placed your ser-
vices at the disposal of this Government, and undertook a winter voyage and jour-
ney, that you might, by your presence and influence, aid in the repression of the
unlooked for disturbances which have broken out in the North-West.

I have the honor to enclose for your information : —

1. A copy of the instructions given to the Honorable Wm. McDougall on the
28th September last ;

2. A copy of a further letter of instructions addressed to Mr. McDougall on the
7th November ;

3. Copy of a letter of instructions to the Very Reverend Vicar General Thi-
bault on the 4th December ;

4. Copy of a Proclamation issued by His Excellency the Governor General,
addressed to the inhabitants of the North-West Territories by the express desire of
the Queen ;

5. Copy of a letter addressed to the Secretary of State, by Donald A. Smith,
Esq., of Montreal, or. the 24th November ;

6. Copy of a letter of instructions addressed by me to Mr. Smith, on loth
December last ;

7. A semi-official letter, addressed by the Minister of Justice, nn the 3r(l
January, 1870, to Mr. Smith ; also,

8. Copy of the Commission issued to Mr. Smith, on the 17th January, 1870.
Copies of the Proclamation, issued by Mr. McDougall, at or near Pembina,

and of the Commission, issued to Colonel Dennis, having been printed in the
Canadian papers, and widely circulated at the Red River, are, it is assumed, (iiiite
within your reach, and are not furnished ; but it is important that you should know
that the proceedings by which the lives and properties of the people of Kui-ert's
Land were jeopardized for a time, were at once disavowed, and condemned by the
Government of this Dominion, as you will readily discover in the despatch adchvssed
by me to Mr. McDougall, on the 24th December, a copy of which i« f^nclosed.
Your Lordship will perceive, in these papers, the policy which it was, and is,
the desire of the Canadian Government to establish in the North-West. The
people of Canada have no interest in the erection of institutions in Rupert's Land
which public opinion condemns ; nor would they wish to see a fine race of jioople
trained to discontent and insubordination, by the pressure of an unwise system of
government, to which British subjects arc unaccustomed or averse. They looked
hopefully forward to the period when institutions, moulded upon those which the
other Provinces enjoy, may be established, and, in the meantime, would deeply
regret if the civil and religious liberties of the whole population were not

:"*;V.-

:^-} ';

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

303

adequately protected by such temporary arrangements as it may be prudent at
present to make.

A convention has been called, and is now sitting at Fort Garry, to collect the
views of the people, as to the j- owers which they may consider it wise for Parlia-
ment to confer, and the l,0(.al Legislature to assume. When the proceedings of
that conference h?vp been received by the Privy Council, you may exjiect to hear
from me again ; and, in the meantime, should they lie communicated to you on the
way, His Excellency will be glad to be favored with any observations that you
may have leisure to make.

You are aware that The Ver)' Reverend the Vicar General Thibault, and
Messrs. Donald A. Smith and Charles de Salaberry, are already in Rupert's Land,
charged with a commission from Government. Enclosed are letters to those gen-
tlemen, of which you will oblige me by taking charge ; and I a-.-n commanded to
exjiress the desire of His Excellency that you w"" ooperate with them in their
well-directed efTorts to secure a peaceful solution of the difficulties in the North-
AVest Territories, which have caused His Excellency much anxiety, but which, by
your joint endeavors, it is hoped may be speedily removed.

I have, &c.,

(Signed,) JOSEPH HOWE.

7. At the same time his Lordship also received a letter from Lord Lis<jar to the
following effeci ;

Governor Gown / Sir John Young to Bishop TachL

Ottawa, Feb. 16, 1870,
Mv DEAR Lord Bishop, — I am anxious to express to you before you set out
the deep sense of obligation which I feel is due to you for giving up your residence
at Rome, leaving the great and interesting afTairs in which you were engaged there,
and undertaking at this inclement season the long voyage across the Atlantic and a
long journey across this cor.tinent, for the purpcsc of rendering service to Her
Majesty's Government, and engaging in a mission in the cause of peace and civili-
zation. Lord Granville was anxious to avail himself of your valuable assistance
from the outset, and I am heartily glad that you have proved willing to afford it so
promptly and generously. You are fully in possession of the vie s of my Govern-
menl ; and the Imperial Government, as I informed you, is earnest in the desire to
see the North- West Territory united to the Dominion on equitable conditions. I
need not a\ tempt to furnish you with any instructions for your guidance, beyond
those contaiied in the telegrapliic message sent me by Lord Granville on the ]iart
of the British Cabinet, in the Proclamation which I drew u]) in accordance with
that message, and in the letters which I addressed to Governor McTavish, your
Vicar Geneial, and Mr. Smith. In this last letter I wrote : " All who have com-
plaints to make or wishes to express, to address themselves to me as Her
Majesty's Representative, and you may state, witii the utmost confidence, that
the Imperial Government has no intention of acting otherwise or permitting
others to act otherwise than in perfect good faith towards the inhabitants of the
Red River District and of the North- West.

The people may rely that respect and attention will be extended to the

r ^

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

different religious persuasions, that title to every description of property will l)e
carefully guarded, and that all the franchises which have subsisted, or which
the people may prove themselves qualified to exercise, shall be duly continued
or lilierally conferred.

In declaring the desire and determination of Her Majesty's Cabinet, you may
safely use the terms of the ancient formula, that right shall be done in all cases.

I wish you, my dear Lord Bishop, a safe journey, and success in your benevo-
lent mission.

Believe me, with all respect.

Faithfully yours,

(Signed,) JOHN YOUNG.

Right Rev. Bishop Tach^.

To this was added a private letter from Sir John Macdonald, which will lie
found at page 19 of the Canadian Blue Book, and which, towards its conclusion,
contained the following paragraph :

•' Should the question arise as to the consumption of any stores or goods belong-
ing to the Hudson Bay Company by the insurgents, you are authorized to inform
the leaders that if the Company's Clovernment is restored, not only will there he a
general amnesty granted, but in case the Company should claim the payment for
such stores, that the Canadian Government will stand between the insurgents and
all harm."

8. At the time these communications were made to Archbishop Tachc no
news had arrived of Kiel's proceedings in regard to Scott. In the meantime .1
convention of forty of the representative inhabitants of the North-West had been
organized for the purpose of hearing what Messrs. Donal ' Smith, Thibault and
De Salaberry had been commissioned to say on behalf of ihe Canadian Govern-
mentj and in consequence of the representations made by Mr. Smith, the conven-
tion determined to select and send to Ottawa three delegates, for the purpose of
communicating the demands of the people in the North-West to the Dominion
authorities, and of effecting a settlement of the terms upon which they were to
enter Confederation. After this business was concluded, the Convention ])ro-
ceeded to the erection of the so-called Provisional Government, of which Kiel
was named the President. These occurrences took place on the loth February.

9. On the 4th March, Scott was shut.

10. On the 9th March, Archbishop Tache arrived at Red River, and in a letter
of June 9th, 1870, he informed the Secretary of State, Mr. Howe, that he had
promised, in the name of the Imperial and Provincial Governments, both to the
insurgents generally, and to Kiel and Lepine in particular, a full amnesty for
every breach of the law of which they had been guilty, including the munler of
Scott. On receipt of this communication Mr. Howe replied to Archbishop Taclie
in the following terms : —

Honorable Joseph Ilmiie to Archbishop TachL

"Ottawa, 4th July, 1870.
•«My Lord, — Your letter of the 9th June, which reached me yesterday, h.is
been laid before the Privy Council, and has received their consideration.

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THE EAEL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

305

Your Lordship states that personally you felt no hesitation in giving; in the
name of the Canadian Government, an assurance of a complete amnesty.

Your Lordship has no doubt read the debate and explanations which took
place in Parliament during th? discussion of the Manitoba Bill, The question
of amnesty was brought forward, and the answers and explanations given by
the Ministers in the House of Commons were that the Canadian Government
had no power to grant such an amnesty, and that the exercise of the prerogative
of mercy rested solely with Her Majesty the Quevv-n.

Tlie Rev. Father Ritchot and Mr. Scott must, on their arrival, have informed
year Lordship that, in the repeated interviews which they had with Sir John A.
Macdonald and Sir George E, Cartier, they were distinctly informed that the
Government of the Dominion had no power as a Government to grant an
amnesty ; and I would add that this Government is not in a position to interfere
with the free action of Her Majesty in the exercise of the Royal clemency.

Her Majesty's Imperial Ministers can alone advise the Queen on such an
important matter when called upon to do so. No doubt can be entertained that
Her Majesty, advised by her Ministers, will on a calm review of all the circum-
stances discharge the duty of this high responsibility in a temperate and judicial
spirit,

Tlie foregoing explanations are given to your Lordship in order that it may
be well understood that the responsibility of the assurance given by your Lord-
ship of a complete amnesty cannot in any way attach itself to the Canadian
Government.

Tile conversations to which your Lordship alludes as having taken place
between your Lordship and some Members of the Canadian Cabinet, when
your Lordship was in Ottawa about the middle of the month of February last,
must necessarily have taken place with reference to the proclamation issued by
His Excellency the Governor General, on the 6th December last, by command
of Her Majesty, in which His Excellency announced that in case of their imme-
diate and peaceable dispersion, he would order that no legal proceedings be taken
against any parties implicated in these unfortunate breaches of the law at Red
River,

Though I have felt it my duty to be thus explicit in dealing with the princi-
pal subject of your letter, I trust I need not assure you that your zealous and
valual)le exertions to calm the public mind in the North-West are duly appre-
ciated here, and I am confident that when you regard the obstructions which
have been interposed to the adoption of a liberal and enlightened policy for
Manit()l)a, you will not be disposed to relax your exertions until that policy is
formally established,

I have, &'c.,

(Signed,) JOSEPH HOWE,

Riglit Reverend The Bishop of St, Boniface,
Red River."

11. Such are the circumstances out of which has arisen the "Amnesty ques-
tion," — a controversy which for these last three years has agitated the Dominion

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

and embarrassed its successive Governments ; Archbishop Tach6 contending that
both the Imperial and Colonial Governments were bound by the promises of
immunity he gave to Riel and his associates ; while the late Governor General,
Her Majesty's Government, and the present and late Canadian Administratiois,
have doclined to recognize the force of any such obligation.

12. Last session, at the instance of those who may be supposed to coincide
with the Bishop's view of the case, a select committee of the House of Commons
was appointed to enquire into "the causes which retarded the granting of the
•* amnesty announced in the proclamation of the Governor General of Canada, and
•• also whether and to what extent other promises of amnesty have ever been made."
A copy of the evidence taken by the committee, together with their report, I
transmit by this mail. Although these documents supply the best materials for
the elucidation of the two points above referred to, it may be convenient tliat I
should subjoin a short summary of the merits of the case as it presents itself to my
understanding, though without pretending to exhaust the argument on either side,

13. A full and complete amnesty to Riel and the authors of Scott's death
appears to be claimed on five several grounds.

First. — Archbishop Tach^ claims an amnesty on the plea that he went to Red
River as a plenipotentiary, empowered both by the Imperial and the Dominion
Governments to secure the tranquillity of the country by the issue of such assurances
of immunity to those engaged in the recent disturbances as he should deem fit. In
support of this view he founds himself, as he himself states, on pages 33-4 of the
Canada Blue Book, First, as regards the Imperial Government, on Lord Lisjrar's
letter and proclamation, and secondly, as regards the Local Government, on the
paragraph I have already quoted in Sir John Macdonald's communication of the
l6th February, 1870. I confess I do not think that his Lordship's argument can be
sustained. In the first place, the Archbishop's claim to such extensive powers is
certainly invalid. The nature of his position is clearly defined in Mr. Howe's
official despatch of the l6th February, 1870. The instructions already conveyed to
Messrs. Thibault, de Salaberry, and Smith, are communicated to him as additional
guides for his conduct, and he is further invited to associate himself, and to act
conjointly with these persons. There are, therefore, no grounds for regardiny; the
mission or powers of the Bishop as differing f ither in character or extent from
those entrusted to the gentlemen who had preceded him ; and there is certainly no
intimation in his instructions that he was authorized to promulgate a pardon in the
Queen's name for a capital felony, — still less can it be contended that lie was
empowered to expunge, on his own mere motion, a principal term from a Royal
Proclamation. Mr. Smith and his colleagues had been already furnished with
Lord Lisgar's Proclamation, but so far from considering that document as convey-
ing a warrant of immunity to Riel, Mr. Smith expressly states that after the
murder of Scott he refused to speak with him. On a reference, moreover, to the
wording of the only sentence in Lord Lisgar's Proclamation which proffers grace
to the insurgents, it becomes self-evident that it had in contemplation those minor
political offences of which news had reached the ears of the Government when the
document was framed.

14. That this was its intention becomes even more apparent when we read the

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THE FARL OF DUFFKRIN IN CANADA.

307

sentence in Sir John Macdonald's letter, to which the Bishop next appeals. In that
communication Sir John Macdonald says : — " Should the question arise as to the
"consumption of any stores or goods belonging to the Hudson Bay Company by
"the insurgents, you are authorized to inform the leaders that if the Company's
"Ciovernment is restored, not only will there be a general amnesty granted, but in
" case the Company should claim the payment for such stores, that the Canadian
" Government will stand between the insurgents and all harm." It would seem
impossible to expand the permission thus conveyed to the Bishop by Sir John, to
promise the rebels protection from the monetary demands of the Hudson Bay Com-
pany, into an authority to condone such a savage murder as that of Scott's. But
even were this point to be conceded, there would still remain an insurmountable
difficulty in the way of proving Monseigneur Tache's case. The terms of pardon,
t)oth in Lord Lisgar's Proclamation and Sir John's letter, were made conditional,
in the one, " on the immediate and peaceable oliedience and dispersion of the
'Mnsurgents," and in the other, "on the restoration of the Company's Govern-
"ment."

15. But none of these requirements were complied with. Scott was put to
death some weeks after the arrival of Messrs. de Salaberry, Thibault, and Smith,
to wlioni the proclamation had been originally confided, and by whom its contents.
At all events, must have been communicated to Riel before the accomplishment
of that tragedy ; and though immediately after the Bishop's advent, and at his
instance, one half of the English prisoners were released, the rest were kept in prison
for more than a week longer ; Riel and his associates still remained in arms, con-
tinued to prey upon the goods within their reach, and j^ersisted in the exercise of
their illegal authority. It is true many considerations may be adduced to mitigate
the culpability of the latter portion of these proceedings ; but be that as it may,
they manifestly barred the effect of the conditional promises of forgiveness which the
Bishop, even from his own point of view, was alone authorized to announce.

16. I understand His Lordship further to plead that the ultimate negotiations,
which secured to the North- West the constitutional rights they enjoy under the
Manitoba Act, directly flowed from the assurances of complete amnesty which he
promulgated ; but although it would be difficult to exaggerate either the purity of
the motives by which this Prelate was actuated in all that he did and said, or to
over-estimate the self-sacrificing patriotism which induced him to tear himself
from the attractions of Rome, in order to encountt ■ the hardships of a winter
journey, for the sake of his fellow countrymen in Red River, or to deny that his
exhortations and remonstrances had an immediate and beneficial effect in
restraining; Riel and his companions, and in superinducing a feeling of security in
\Munii)eg, it must still be remembered that the people of the North West had
chosen their delegates, and had consented to treat with the Canadian Government
some weeks before the Bishop had appeared upon the scene. In conclusion, it is to
lie noted that immediately Mr. Howe, the Secretary of State, received the informa-
tion of the promise made by His Lordship to Riel and lupine, he at once warned
him that he had done so on his own responsibility, and without the authority of
the Canadian Government.

'7- The Archbishop refers to a private lettc of Sir George Cartier's as having

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neutralized the language of Mr. Howe's official communication ; but to doctrine of
this description I cannot subscribe. In the first place, I do not think the letter in
question bears the interpretation put upon it by the Archbishop ; and even if it did,
it must be held that no private communication made by a single member of an
Administration without the cognizance of his colleagues, can override an official de-
spatch written in their name and on their behalf by the head of the Department
specially reponsible for the conduct of the business in hand. Were such a view
to prevail, every Government, and the Crown itself, would be at the mercy of any
inconsiderate, rash or treacherous member of a ministry.

18. The view taken by Sir John Macdonald, who was Premier at the time that
the Archbishop left for the North-West, of his Lordship's powers and of the
nature of his mission, is set forth, in the honorable gentleman's evidence at page
loo of the Canadian Blue Book, and I need not say is entirely confirmatory of the
conceptions I have derived from the written instructions the Archbishop received
and the correspondence which took place with him.

19. Under these circumstances, I am of opinion that the Crown is not committed
to the pardon of the murderers of Scott, upon the ground that the Archbishop was
in any sense authorized to make a promise to that effect.

20. The next plea urged by those who demand a full and complete amnesty, is
based upon the occurrences which took place during the visit of Judge Black and
Messrs. Ritchot and Scott to Ottawa, in April, 1870, as delegates from the people
of the North-West, and on the alleged purport of the conversations which took
place between Archbishop Tache, Lord Lisgar, and Sir George Cartier, at Niagara.
With respect to the transactions of this date, we have unfortunately no public
correspondence or other official intercommunications in which they have been
recorded, and so far as regards the individual statements of th personages con-
cerned, there is unhappily a direct conflict of assertion.

21. On the one hand. Abbe Ritchot and the Archbishop state positively that an
amnesty to Riel was explicitly promised both by Lord Lisgar, Sir Chnton Mur-
doch, Sir John Macdonald, and Sir George Cartier. On the other hand, this state-
ment is denied in the most emphatic manner by each and all of these gentlemen.
The Abbe Ritchot's affidavit, in which a history of his interviews svith the (iover-
nor General and other members of the Administration is set forth with considerable
particularity, will be found at page seventy-two of the Canadian Blue Book. The
denial of the correctness of the Abbe Ritchot's asseverations is conveyed, first, in a
despatch to Lord Kimberley from Lord Lisgar, dated 25th April, 1872, and in a
letter from the same nobleman to Sir George Cartier, dated the 2 1st February,
1873, page 104 of the Blue Book ; in a letter from Sir Clinton Murdoch to Mr,
Herbert, dated 5th March, 1873, °" P''^g^ ^04> ^"^^ again in another letter of the
6th March of the same year ; in a letter from Sir George Cartier to Sir John Mac-
donald, dated 8th February, 1873 ; and in Sir John Macdonald's evidciue, page
107. But a still more significant light is thrown upon what occurred, by a
despatch from Sir Clinton Murdoch to Sir Frederick Rogers, dated 28th April,
1870, page 193 of the Blue Book. This communication was contemporary
with the event recorded. The statement made was not a reply to any leading
question, nor evoked by any special reference. It was simply a narrative drawn

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

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up for the information of the Under Secretary of State for the Colonies, as
to tlie purport of Sir Cilinton Murdoch's conversation with his interlocutor, the
Abbe Ritchot, immediately after the interview had occurred. In the fifth para-
graph of that document, page 193 of the Blue Book, Sir Clinton Murdoch says : —
" Tlie 19th condition would secure an indemnity to Riel and his al^ttors for the
execution of Scott, and to all otliers for the plunder of the Hudson Bay Com-
pany's stores, and for other damages committed during the disturbances ; con-
cessions which this Government could not venture even if it had the power to
grant, while the condition which, though not contained in the terms, was con-
veyed to Judge Black and the other delegates in writing, that whatever was
agreed to here must be subject to confirmation by the Provisional Government,
would have involved a recognition of the authority of Riel and his associates.

Under these circumstances there was no choice but to reject these terms."

22. Of course, it is a very invidious office to pronounce an opinion as to the
respective accuracy of statements so conflicting, emanating from such eminent
personages, and adduced, I have no doubt, by every individual concerned in the
most perfect ji;ood faith ; but when it is remembered that Lord Lisgar had not even
the power to make the promise which he is alleged to have given, and that he and
Sir Clinton Murdoch and Sir John Macdonald are so perfectly in accord as to what
passe<i, one can only conclude that the Abbe Ritchot, through the unfortunate
circumstance of these conversations having been conducted in a language with
which he was not familiar, must have derived a totally wrong impression of what
had l)een said.

23. This view of the case is in a great measure confirmed by the evidence of
Mr. Suite, page i8i of the Blue Book, in which he states that one day Father
Ritchot said to him in reference to his recent interview with Lord Lisgar, — "as I
"do not understand English very well, I am not satisfied with what His Excellency
"said to me at our interview." From this it may be gathered that the reverend
gentleman has shown some precipitancy in consigning to an affidavit so elaborate
a record of a conversation of which he himself admits he carried away an inaperfect
apprehension.

24. Cognate to this branch of the enquiry are the allegations advanced by
Archbishop Tach^ as to his interview with Lord Lisgar at Niagara, 23rd July,
1870. Ihe Archbishop does not appear to maintain that upon this occasion Lord
Lisgar made him any sjiecific promise, but he says that His Excellency, being
unwilling to enter into any discussion upon Red River afiairs, referred him to Sir
Oeorge Cartier, and that Sir George Cartier then repeated those assurances, as on
Lord Lisgar's behalf, to which the Archbishop attaches so much importance. As
the facts connected with this incident are fully set forth in the Archbishop's state-
ment on page |0 of the Blue Book, I need not further refer to them.

25. With regard, however, to Sir George Cartier's general attitude, language,
ami correspondence, in reference to the whole of this subject, I am ready to admit
that there appears to have been a certain amount of ambiguity and want of explicit-
ness in his utterances, which undoubtedly encouraged the Archbishop, Father
Kitchot and others, to entertain larger expectations in respect to the extent of the
suggested amnesty than he was justified in exciting.

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

26, I do not for a moment imagine that Sir George Cartier intended to mislead
these gentlemen, but he evidently himself leant to the opinion that the clemency of
the Crown might be extended with advantage to Riel and his associates ; and his
naturally sanguine temperament led him to anticipate that as the public excitement
calmed down, and years went by, he would have sufficient influence to obtain
immunity for those in whose behalf the Archbishop and Abbe Ritchot were interest-
ing themselves. As a consequence, the tenor of his language imjilied that if only
matters were peaceably settled in Red River, and the population quietly submitted
to the new order of things, a settlement would ultimately be arrived at satisfactory
to all parties. But though this forecast of events was in his mind, and colored
his thoughts and language, it does not apjjear from the evidence, that he ever made
any specific promise in respect of the murderers of Scott. On the contrary, he was
always very careful to state that the power of granting a pardon to them did not
reside with the Canadian Government, but with the Queen and her Imperial
advisers. As Sir John Macdoiiald observes, he and the Abbe Ritchot and the
Archbishop appear to have l)een moving " in different planes." Both make use
of the word "amnesty," but Sir George always referred to an " amnesty " as
applicable to the general body of insurgents, and to political offences, whereas the
Archbishop and the Abbe were solely preoccupied with the thought of securinj;; an
"amnesty " for Riel and his fellows. Be this, however, as it may, to my apprehen-
sion it cannot be for a moment contended that Sir George Cartier' s casual conver-
sations and private letters can bind the Imperial Government.

27. The third plea on account of which a full and plenary amnesty is demanded
is that the authorities who ordered Scott's execution were a tie facto Government,
duly constituted by the will of the community, and that it was consequently a
legitimate proceeding, and only reprehensible as an error of judgment. I tliink it
but fair, in reference to those who hold this opinion, to call your Lordship's
attention to the fact that the Convention which erected the so-called Provisional
Government and placed Riel at its head, was composed of a number of French and
English delegates, fairly elected from the population at large ; that persons of
very great respectability were members of it, and took part in its proceedings ;
that Mr. Donald Smith, the Canadian Commissioner, and the person who was
instructed to take up the Government of the North-West on behalf of the Hudson
Bay Company in the event of Governor McTavish being precluded by ill health
from exercising his functions, appeared before it as the exponent of the views of
the Canadian Government ; and that the delegates it chose were subse(|uently
recognized as duly authorized to treat with the Dominion Executive on behalf of
the North-West community. An attempt has been made to show that these
delegates really held their appointment from Riel, and were to be considered as
commissioned by his Government. I'his, however, was not so ; they were
selected, and the terms they were instructed to demand were settled, before the
election of Riel to the so-called Presidency. On the other hand, it is to be noted
that when the proposal to constitute a Provisional Government was mooted in the
Convention, a certain portion of the English Deputies declined to take part in tiie
proceedings, until they had ascertained whether or no Governor McTavish, the
legal ruler of the territory, still considered himself vested with authority.

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THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

311

(It'initation accordingly was appointed to wait upon him in his sick chamlxir, for
tills ^'entleman had unfortunately during many previous weeks been suffering from
tlie mortal disease of which he soon after died. In reply to their inquiries,
Governor McTavish told them that he considered his jurisdiction had lieen
abolished by the Proclamation of Mr, McDougall, that he was "a dead man," and
that they had, therefore, better construct a Government of th< r own to maintain
the iwace of the country. Returning to their colleagues, the deputation announced
to the Convention what Governor McTavish had said, and, as a result, Riel and
his colleagues were nominated to their respective offices. But though these pro-
ceedings thus received a certain sanction at the hands of the representatives of the
poi)ulation of the North-West, it does not appear to me to affect Kiel's culpability
with resjiect to Scott. In the first place, as has been very clearly laid down by
the Chief Justice of Manitoba, i»i his charge to the jury on the Lepine trial, it is
not possible for any lawful executive authority to spring into existence within Her
Majesty's Dominions, unless it emanate from Herself. Without, however, laying
too nuich stress upon the purely legal aspect of this part of the question, it is
very evident that the killing of Scott was not an exercise of jurisdiction known to
anv form of law, but an inhuman slaughter of an innocent man, aggravated by
circumstances of extraordinary brutality. In company with a certain number of
other Englishmen, Scott had started from a place called Portage la Prairie, with
the view apparently of endeavoring to rescue a number of persons who up to this
time Riel had been holding prisoners in Fort Garry, but at the entreaty of those
who were anxious to prevent the outburst of Civil War, the party were induced to
give up their project and to return home. Scott and his companions were
captured as they were passing back to their own part of the country. The utmost
alleged against Scott is that he used violent language in prison, and tliat he had
alluded to an intention of capturing Riel and retaining him as a hostage for the
release of the prisoners already referred to ; but even these allegations were not
proved, nor, had they been proved ten times over, could they have rendered him
liable to serious punishment. Even the decencies of an ordinary drum head
court martial were disregarded. The trial, if it can be so termed, was conducted
in the absence of the accused, who was confronted with no witnesses, nor furnished
with any indictment, nor allowed to plead for his life. The further details of the
tragedy are so horrible, if the statements in the evidence can be relied on, that I
will not shock your Lordship by repeating them ; suffice it to say, that all
the special pleading in the world will not prove the killing of Scott to l)e any-
thing else than a cruel, wicked, and unnecessary crime, nor, had the origin of
Ritl's authority been even less questionable, would it have invested him with the
right of taking away the life of a fellow-citizen in so reckless and arbitrary a
manner. I have, therefore, no hesitation in concluding that any claim for the
extension of an amnesty to Riel founded on the assumption that the murder of
Scutt was a judicial execution by a legitimately constituted authority, must be dis-
allowed.

28. A fourth consideration occasionally urged, though not with any very great
iwrsistence, by the apologists of Riel, is that when Sir Garnet Wolseley's forces
had taken possession of the Territory of Red River, a man of the name of Goulet,

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1874

one of those who had been concerned in the murder of Scott, was pursued by
certain persons, of whom two belonged to a Canadian regiment, until he was
friglitened into the river and drowne<l in his attempt to swim across it. How far
the foregoing is an accurate account of this transaction I know not. If a
murderous assault of this description can be brought home in a court of justice to
any individuals, they ought, of course, to be dealt with in due course of law ; Imt
it is idle to allege such a circumstance as exonerating the authors of another deal
of blood.

29. There is a further plea which has been sometimes urged, not indeed as of
itself sufficient to command an amnesty, but as communicating a cumulative force
to those already mentioned, namely, the transmission of money to Kiel from the
Government of the day on condition of his leaving the country, and his subsequent
resignation of his seat for Provencher in order to make room for Sir George
Cartier ; but with transactions of this nature the Imperial Government cannot Ix;
expected to concern itself.

30. I therefore pass on to the fifth consideration, w'ich is adduced as a reason
why the Imperial Government should concede an amnesty to the murderers of
Scott ; and to the plea which I am about to exhibit, I must ask your Lordship to
give your earnest attention, as it appears to me to involve the consideration of a
semi-legal question of very great moment, the ultimate decision of which will not
only affect the case of Kiel, but also that of the prisoner Lepine, now left for execu-
tion in Winnipeg gaol.

31. In the year 1871, a rumor prevailed in the Province of Manitoba — at that
time incorporated with the Dominion, and under the jurisdiction of Her Majesty's
Lieutenant Governor, the Honorable Mr. Archibald — that a considerable body of
Fenians were gathered along its southern frontier, and were prepared to make a
very formidable irruption over the border. In order to understand the gravity of
the situation, it must be remembered that the leader of this movement was a man
of the name of O'Donoghue, who had been associated with Kiel in his insurrection-
ary movement. A very consideraV)le probability consequently existed that
O'Donoghue and his people might be acting in concert with the French leaders of
the previous revolt. Mr. Archibald was alone, cut off by distance from the advice
and countenance of the central authorities, and thrown entirely upon his own re-
sources. He had no military forces worth speaking of with which to confront tlie
invaders, and he was administering a Province inhabited by distinct nationalities
and distracted by differences of religious faith. Only a few months before, a con-
siderable proportion of its population had been arrayed in arms against the Queen's
authority and their fellow-subjects. Under these circumstances it can l)e readily
understood that a person in Mr. Archibald's situation would feel it his primary
duty to sacrifice every other interest to the defence of the Province over which he
presided, and to the safety of the population for whose welfare he was responsil)Ie.
Ac ..g upon these considerations Governor Archibald determined to appeal to the
loyalty of the French Metis and their leaders ; but these last were no others than
Riel. Lepine, etc., the very men for whose apprehension writs had been issued on
a capital charge. Notwithstanding the anomaly of such a procedure, Mr. Archi-
bald concluded to enter into relations with these persons. The account of what he

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

313

(lid and the reasons which guided his conduct ore set forth in a very perspicuous
manner in a narrative which will be found at page 139 of the Hlue Hook.

32. From the statements therein contained it will l)e observed that the Lieuten-
ant Governor reviewed the troops which had been collected under the command of
Kiel, I-epine and their companions, that he accepted their services, that he pro-
mised them at least a temporary immunity from molestation on account of the
crinif of which they were accused, that he shook hands with them, that he received
a IttttT signed by them, and that through his Secretary he addressed to them an
official reply, complimenting them on the loyalty they had shown and the assist-
ance they had rendered. He further states that he has convinced himself — though
Sir John Macdonald appears to have had misgivings on this point — that this exhibi-
tion of fidel ty was genuine and bond fide, and that it largely contributed to the
preservation of Her Majesty's Dominions from insult and invasion. In short, he
is satisfied, to use his own language, that " if the Dominion has at this moment a
Province to defend and not one to conquer, they owe it to the policy of forbear-
ance. If I had driven the French half-breeds into the hands of the enemy,
O'Doiiogluie would have been joined by all the population between the Assini-
boine and the frontier. Fort Garry would have passed into the hands of an armed
mob, and the English settlers to the north of the Assiniboine would have suffered
horrors it makes me shudder to contemplate."

33. Of course I am not prepared to say whether or no the Lieutenant Gover-
nor's appreciation of the nfjcessities of his situation, and of the consequences of a
different line of action, are correct or not ; but if such be the deliberate opinion of
an undoubtedly able, prudent and conscientious man, — of a person whose success-
ful administration of Manitoba has been rewarded by promotion to a more import-
ant post, I do not think it is competent for us to go behind it, or to act upon a
different assumption.

34. The legal, or rather constitutional, question then arises, to what extent is
the Crown of England committed by the acts and declarations of its Lieutenant ?
—those acts and declarations never having been disavowed or repudiated by the
central authority of the Dominion, or by the representative of the Home Govern-
ment. Although my experience in such matters does not enable me to speak with
any great author. ty, I confess I should have difficulty in convincing myself that
after the (iovemor of a Province has put arms into the hands of a subject, and has
invited him to risk his life — for that, of course, is the implied contingency, in de-
fence of Her Majesty's crown and dignity, and for the protection of her territory,
— wiiii a full knowledge at the time that the individual in question was amenable
to the law for crimes previously committed, — the Executive is any longer in a posi-
tion to pursue the person thus dealt with as a felon. The acceptance of the service
might be held, I imagine, to bar the prosecution of the offender ; for, undesirable
as it may be that a great criminal should go unpunished, it would be still more
pernicious that the Government of the country should show a want of fidelity to its
engaj^'ements, or exhibit a narrow spirit in its interpretation of them. It is in this
apprehension that I have ventured to call especial attention to this last of the pleas
for "amnesty."

35. I must ask your Lordship to remember that in the foregoing brief observ-

314

HISTORY OF THE ADMIMSTRATION OF

tl«7t

ations, I have attempted to deal with hut a few of the facts and incidents (Hsplaytd
in the evidence ; neither do I pretend to have repro(hiced with anything approacli-
iny completeness the various arfjuments which either have l)een or may he adduicil
in sui)port of the conflicting views of the contending |)arties. Hut my shortconiinj^s
in this res|)ect will Ix: more than supjilied by the materials collected in the accom-
panying Blue Hook, where each individual in 'iny way implicated in these trans-
actions has had an opportunity of explaining his conduct and enforcing his oi)ini(ms.
My only object has been to save your Lordship trouble by a preliminary co onliii-
ation of the elements of the controversy. In order, however, that the defence may
not lack all the assistance to which it may In; legitimately entitled, I have thoii^jht
it right to enclose two very able jiapers marked A and H, which have l)een framcil
for the purpose of embodying within a short compass the views of those who liiuc
convinced themselves that the various circumstances referred to require the issue of
an amnesty.

36. I have further the honor to append a jietition addressed to me by tin-
Catholic Archbishop and Bishops of the Province of Quebec, drawn up in the
same sense.

37. Perh.aps my duty as regards the matter in hand will not be altogether com-
pleted unless I transmit to your Lordship some idea of the general view taken of
this question by the population at large. With regard to the French section of
iier Majesty's subjects, I may say that although there are probably few of them
who do not regard the death of Scott as a regrettable event, they are united to a
man in the opinion that the part played by Kiel in the North-West was tiiat of a
brave and spirited patriot ; that it is principally to him and to those who acted
with him that Manitoba owes her present privileges of self-government and licr
parity of rank and standing with her sister Provinces. They are equally convincud
that the Government of Canada and of Her Majesty are bound by the promises of
the Archbishop, and that the government Riel established at Red River was
authoritative and legitimate ; nor do I think will they ever be persuaded that the
language held by Sir George Cartier did not imply a direct and explicit assurance
of immunity to the murderers of Scott, on their submission to the new order of
things established under the auspices of the Manitoba Act, and by the advent of
Lieutenant Governor Archibald at Fort Girry.

38. On the other hand, a considerable portion of the people of Ontario resent
the notion that a Catholic Archbishoi) si.'/ald have usurped a plenary power of
pardon in respect of men who had so cruelly put to death an innocent fellow
countryman of their own. They regard Riel as a disloyal rebel, as well as a
murderer, and they would look upon the escape either of him or of Ix.'pine from
punishment as an almost intolerable miscarriage of justice. At the same time the
larger proportion of them feel that various circumstances have occurred to compli-
cate the situation, and to render the Capital Sentence impossible of execution, and
even amongst the more extreme section of those who are animated by sentiment;;
of intense sympathy for Scott, there is to be observed, as far as I can judge from
the newspapers, a moderation and reasonableness which does them considerable
credit.

39. It only remains for me to add that even should it be decided that the

1875]

THE KARL OF DUFFKKIN IN CANADA.

31l

ohlinatinns imposed upon us by the proiTdure of I.it'Utennnt dovernor Archibald
art' less compromising tlian I am inclined to consider tliem, and that the C rown
is quite untrammelled in its action, I still think that the various circumstances I
have referred to in this despatch recjuire the cajMtal sentence of l^'pine to Iw com-
nuited by the clemency of Her Majesty into a much milder punishment. This
commutation, when the proper time arrives, I propose to order on my own
responsibility, under the powers accorded to me by my instructions.

40. On the other hand, I feel very strongly that it would shock the |)ublic
sense of justice were Kiel to Ix; visited with a lesser penalty than his associate.
In the estimation of all those who consider the killing of Scott a crime, Kiel is
held to l)e the principal culprit, and, as a matter of fact, whatever jiromises were
made by Lieutenant (iovernor Archibald to Kiel were also extended to I.epine.
If, therefore, the latter is required to undergo a term of imprisonment, it appears
to me that the Executive will l)e precluded from exercising any clemency towards
Kiel, until he shall have surrenderetl himself to justice, and, on conviction, have
submitted to a similar jienalty.

I have, (Sr»c.,

(Signed,) DUFFERIN.

The Right Honorable

Tlie Earl of Carnarvon,
iSr'C., &'c., 6^c.

To this despatch the Colonial Minister replied as follows : —

Downing Street, jth January, 1875.
Mv Lord, — I received, on the 29th ultimo, your despatch No. 305 of the loth
December, transmitting a copy of an Order in Council, in which your Ministers
request that Her Majesty's Government will deal, in such a way as existing circum-
stances may seem to justify, with the whole question of the offences committed by
Riel, Ixpine and others in the North-West Territories of the Dominion, in 1869
and 1870.

2. This question has now passed into a stage requiring that it should be
disposed of without delay, inasmuch as Lepine, one of the principal parties to the
brutal and atrocious murder which formed the most notorious feature of the rel)ellion
in Manitoba, now lies under sentence of death for that crime, and it has become
necessary to decide not only whether the extreme penalty of the iaw should be
inflicted in his case, but also what course should l)e taken in the corresponding case
of Riel, in the event of his submitting himself, or being brought to justice.

3. I fully recognize the force of the considerations which lead the Dominion
Government to think that this is a case with which it is difficult, for several reasons
into which I need not now enter in detail, for the Local Administration to deal ;
and I should have been prepared to instruct you formally on the subject, if, after
considering the question in the altered aspect in which it is now presented to me, I
were of opinion that such a course would be the most convenient.

4. There are, however, obvious objections, notwithstanding the full confidence
which Her Majesty's Government are able to place in the completeness and impar-

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HISTOKY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

tiality of your very able exposition of the circumstances connected with this case,
to their undertaking the necision of a question which can be thoroughly understood
in all its bearings by those only who, residing on the spot, are familit^r with every
detail of it.

It is on account of the almost insuperable difficulty of ensuring a just and
prudent decision on the part of persons who live at a distance, and are of necessity
imperfectly acquainted with facts and opinions, that the Queen delegates to the
Governors of Her Colonies the administration of the prerogative of mercy in regard
to cases arising within them ; and I am clearly of opinion that in the thirty-ninth
paragraph of your despatch you rightly indicate, as I have already intimated to you
by telegraph, the course which it would be most correct to follow, '-....r.-ly, that,
acting under the powers vested in you by the Royal Instructions, you siiculd
yourself determine whether the sentence passed on I-^pine should be carried out or
modified. You observe that you propose to act in this matter on your own
responsibility ; and I believe that by proceeding in that manner in the present
instance, that is to say, by relieving your Ministers, under the very peculiar circum-
stances in which they are placed, from the obligation under which they would lie,
if the question were an ordinary one, of tendering advice to you respecting it, and
by deciding according to your own individual judgment, you will best meet the
requirements of the case.

5. But although, for the reasons which I have stated, I think it preferabl: that
such action as may be taken should be frimally and technically your own and not
that of Her Majesty's Government, Ian quite willing to give you that assistance
and support, which, as I gather fr^ii tbj third paragraphof your despatch, you and
your Ministers consider that a disp.-'-.ssionate review of the whole question, accom-
panied by some expression of rpinion on the part of this Government, would
render ; and I do this the more readily because it is pre-eminently a question as to
which an impartial expression of carefully considered opinion from an authority
which, although not directly connected with the many personal, political, religious,
and national feelings that have been aroused, is not the 'ess deeply interested in the
maintenance of a harmonious- relationship betv.een the memljers of the Dominion,
may be useful.

6. I will, therefore, at once proceed to state briefly the conclusion at whicli I
have arrived on the whole subject, and which I have laid before Her Majesty as, in
my humble opinion, combining justice and mercy in the highest degree compatible
with those conditions of public policy which cannot be wholly overlooked ; and it
is with much satisfaction that I find myself able to agree with the course which
you have yourself determined to be proper in the event of the considerations which
have appeared to justify an amnesty not lieing found on examinations such as to
warrant the entire condonation of the crimes which have been committed.

7. Following then the order in which you have treated the subject, I Tiay
observe, in the first place, that it is obvious that neither the Proclamation intended
to l)e issued, but from 'Certain causes not published, at Fort Garry in 1869, nor the
correspondence cited in p^nagraphs 4 to 7 of your despatch, are in any way appli-
cable to the condition of affairs which arey^ v.hen, some time subsequently, the
atrocious niurder of Scott was committed. Nor can anything promised to the

1875]

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317

murrlerers (although in good faith) by Archbishop Tache, nor any impression nr
understanding that he or others may have formed of the purport of conversations or
communications with individual Ministers, be deemed to have in any way pledged
the Crown to extend an amnesty to acts which had not even been heard of by the
Dominion Government, when he received the letters instructing him as to his pro-
ceedings at Fort Garry, and which on full examination could not fail to appear to
l)e such as the Queen (if the Imperial r/overnment should be required to act) could
not be advised to leave unpunished. As Archbishop Tache's connection with this
affair constitutes the first of the five reasons alleged for amnesty, I will now dis-
pose of it by observing that with all respect for his honesty and good intentions, it
is impossible to admit that he had any sufficient ground for believing that the
Crown, or the Colonial Government acting for the Crown, did or could delegate to
him, or to any other unofficial person, or indeed to any one, as to a Plenipoten-
tiary, an unlimited power of pardoning crimes, of whatever atrocity, not even
known to have been committed. And your opinion that the Crown is in no way
committed by any promises given by Archbishop Tach6 is the only one v/hich I
ran consider tenable.

8. As to the second plea, based upon alleged conversations held in 1870 by
Abbe Ritchot, Archbishop Tach^, and others, with the Governor General and
Members of the Dominion Government, I had occasion some time ago to examine
the statements made on both sides, and I formed then, and still hold the distinct
opinion that the misapprehension oh the part of Abbe Ritchot (from whatever
cause it proceeded) of the statements made to him, was so complete as to have led
him entirely to misrepresent not only the views but the language of the Governor
General and of other ofi._ers of the Government. If I in any degree qualify this
statement in so far as it may be applicable to certain inaccurate or too encouraging
observations which may have fallen from the late Sir George Cartier, and which
may possibly (although of this there is no adequate evidence) h.ave been such as
reasonably to lead Abbe Ritchot to entertain too sanguine a hope as to the result
of his advocacy, I must at the same time place on record my belief that Sir G.
Cartier is sufficiently shown to have recollecied the extent of his powers and of his
duty to .lis Government, and to have on one occasion at least clearly explained
that he cculd not promise or guarantee any pardon.

9. The third plea, that the murderers of Scott represented a de facto Govern-
ment, and are consequently excusable on political grounds, is one which I cannot
for a moment entertain. There could be within the (Jueen's possessions in North
America no power or pretence of establishing a dc J\nto Government, independent
of. or defying Her Majesty and Her officers, which could aspire to any such immu-
nity as that claimed ; and any argument based on the view of such a slate of
thini^'s being possible, is, in my opinion, not even worthy of discussion.

10. Nci am I able to take into consideration tlie grounds alleged, in the fourth
place, in the 28th and 29th paragraphs (n your despatch. They seem to me to
have no bearing on the quest'on r.l issue, I proceed therefore at once to the fifth
place, which is based upon the dealings of Lieutenant Governor Archibald with the
murderers of Scott, when (in 1871), with very inadequate means at his disposal,
■I" felt himself constrained to avail himself of everything within his reach to rei>el
the Fenian invasion, then seriously threatening his Province.

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTilATION OF

[1875

II. Admitting that Mr. Archibald dealt with hese persons as with any other
members of the community, received valuable as- istance from them, and not only
formally thanked them, but promised them a tenporary immunity from the con-
sequences of their crime, I feel no hesitation in concluding that neither these
transactions, nor even any further promise (if h( had made one) of endeavoring to
procure for them an amnesty, can be held to have placed the Crown under any
obligation absolutely to condone so disgracefil a crime as that which they had
committed.

12. Mr, Archibald cannot, in my opinion, be held to have represented the
Crown m such a way as to have had any power of pledging its future action in
regard to such transactions as those now under review. The Lieutenant Governors
of the Provinces of the Dc.ninion, however important locally their functions may
be, are a part of the Colonial Administrative Staff, and are more immediately
responsible to the Governor General in Council. They do not hold commissions
from the Crown, and neither in power nor privilege resemble those Governors, or
even Lieutenant Governors of Colonies to whom, after special consideration cf
their personal fitness, the Queen, under the Great Seal and Her own hand and
signet, delegates portions of Her prerogatives and issues Her own instructions.
But I do not desire to lay stress upon this n^int, because in dealing with ignorant
and half educated people, it is o'>viously desirable that due recognition should, as
far as possible, be given to any acts or promises which may reasonably be thought
to bind or pledge either the Colonial or Imperial Government.

But, thinking, as I do, that the services rendered by these offenders in 1871
deserve to carry considerable weight, and should be liberally takcii into considera-
tion when justice has to be executed with respect to their previous offences ; and
admitting, indeed, that it is as impossible to permit the extreme sentence of deatii
to be inflicted upon persons who have been recognized and dealt with as they have,
as it is to allow them to go unpunished, I feel that the question which I have to
consider is, not whether they should be amnestied (for that is not to be heard of),
but what kind of punishment will be just and reasonable in all tti, peculiar and
conflicting circumstances of their case.

13. One of them has now bei3n found guilty of murder by a jury, the composi-
tion of which was such as to secure an impartial consideration of everything that
could be fairly urged on his behalf. And whilst I entirely concur in the justice of
the verdict in Lepine's case, I cannot entertain the opinion that Riel, whose guilt
was certainly not less, could be subjected to any less punishment than that wiiich
may be inflicted on Lepine.

14. On the whole, after a most anxious consideration of the whole question, I
have come to the conclusion that you will act with both clemency and justice if
you carry out the view exjiressed in the concluding portion of your despatcii, tliat
the capital sentence of Lepine should l)e commuted. You do not state what
amount of imprisonment you would consider a proper commutation, but I assume
that you contemplate a term sufhcitMit to mark distinctly the sense which botii tiie
Crown and all right-minded men must entertain that his offence has been sucii as
cannot be allowed to pass without substantial punishment. Whenever Kiel sub-
mits himself, or is brought to ju-:Uce, it would seem right that he should tiller
similar punishment to that of Lepii.f.

1875]

THE EAllL OF DUFFERIX IX CAXADA.

319

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15. I have now explained to you the view taken by Her Majesty's Clovernnient
of the difficult question with which you are called upon to deal. You will remem-
ber that my predecessor intimated to you that Her Majesty's advisers were of
opinion that the murder of Scott must be excepted from the list of offences con-
nected with the Red River disturbances for which an amnesty could be granted.
And I feel confident that, as in the commencement of your despatch you encourage
me to hope, a loyal acquiescence will be secured among the large majority of the
Queen's Canadian subjects, in the opinion that although a murder such as that of
Scott cannot be allowed to go unpunished, on the ground that it was connected
with political disturbances, yet, in so far as it did result from political circum-
stances, those who were guilty of it may be deemed to hav ? earned a merciful con-
sideration thrc"^'' '' ir subsequent good service to the S.ate, and that for those
services their lives should be spared. You will readily mderstand that in thus
expressing to you a distinct opinion on the part of Her Majesty's Government, I
am conveying the assurance of that support from without, which you have desired,
r.nd on which you may rely in the difficult circumstances in which you aie placed.
There yet remains a further question, whether it should not be a condition of
r.ny commutation of sentence, that those actually concerned in the murder of Scott
should be deprived of the power of taking part in political affairs within the Domi-
nion. It has been a source of much pain to many who, like myself, take pride in
the public institutions of Canada, to hear of the Legislature being disgraced by
the election to the House of Cnr.imons and the presence within its walls of a cri-
minal like Riel ; and I wholly fail to understand how any section of the Crnadian
people, of whatever race cr creed, can so far mistake the true character ^f these
unhappy proceedings a^ io throw over them the color of patriotism. I should not
therefore think it u.ireasonable, while it would undoubtedly conduce to a higher
tone of constitutional morality, that the liberation of the criminals after the expira-
tion of their commuted sentence, should be accompanied by some stringent condi-
tions as *'.■ tlicir good conduct, if they remrin in any part of Canada, and by their
total e.\' iiM from any participation in political or parliamentary life.

Ar '.ipat-ve fhat your Ministers will share this opinion, I request you to con-
sult li -.^ ? V > the mai;nfr in which such political disability as I have referred to
ma) He J. '•.iPrced,

I have, <Sr°c.,

(Signed,) CARNARVON.

Governor General, The Right Honorable

The Earl of Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B.,

iSr'C., sSt'C,, <5:^C.

The following telegrams and despatclvjs closed the correspondence :

TELEGRAMS.

"^ lie Earl of Carnarvon to the Earl of Dufferin, Jan. 14, 1875.

My despatch on Lcpme sent last week approves your dispensing with Minis-
ters' advice in accordance with your powers under instructions, intimates that

320

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

neither amnesty nor entire pardon possible, but commutation approved. Riel
should have similar punishment. Political disability desirable. Telegraph if you
desire further information,

CARNARVON.

The Earl of Dufferin to the Earl of Carnarvon, January 20, 1875.

Guided by the considerations set forth in my despatch to your Lordship of the

loth December, I directed my Minister of Justice, on the fifteenth of January, to

take steps for the commutation of the capital sentence on Lepine into two years'

imprisonment and the forfeiture of his political rights.

DUFFERIN.

The Earl of Carnanwn to the Earl of Dufferin, Governor General, Canada,

fanuary 26.
I fully approve co ken by you in Lepine's case.

CARNARVON.

Government House, January 15, 1875.

Sir, — I am commanded by the Governor General to inform you that His
Excellency has had under his full and anxious consideration the evidence and other
documents connected with the trial of Ambroise Lepine, who has been capitally
convicted before the Court of Assize held at Winnipeg, on the loth day of Octoijer,
1874, of the murder of Thomas Scott, on the 4th March, 1870, at Fort Garry.

Although His Excellency entirely agrees with the finding of the Jury, and con-
siders th.^t the crime, of which the prisoner Lepine has been convicted, was nothing
less tha'i a cruel and unjustifiable murder, he i . of opinion that subsequent circum-
stances, and, notably, the relations into which the Provincial authorities of Manitoba
entered with the prisoner and his associates, are such as, in a great degree, to fetter
the hands of justice.

It further appears to His Excellency that the case has passed beyond the
province of Departmental administration, and that it will be best dealt with under
the Royal Instructions, which authorize the Governor General, in certain capital
cases, to dispense with the advice of his Ministers, and to exercise the prerogative
of the Crown according to his independent judgment, and on his own personal
responsibility.

I have it, therefore, in command to inform you that it is His Excellency's
pleasure that the capital sentence passed upon the prisoner Lepine be commuted
into two years of imprisonment in gaol from the date of conviction, and the per-
manent forfeiture of his political rights.

His Ex( Uency desires that the necessary instrument for giving effect to this
commutation be forthwith prepared.

I have the honor to be, Sir,

Your most obedient humble servant,

H. C. FLETCHER,
Governor General's Secretary,
To the Honorable the Minister of Justice,

Ottawa.

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

321

GovernmcNT House, Ottawa, January i8, 1875.
My Lord, — In further reference to previous correspondence, I have the honor
to enclose, for your Lordship's information, a copy of a communication I have
addressed to the Honorable Telesphore Foumier, my Minister of Justice, instruct-
ing him to commute the capital sentence recently f^sed on Ambroise Lepine into
imprisonment for two years in gaol, and the permanent forfeiture of his political

rights.

2. In thus dispensing with the advice of my responsible Ministers, and exer-
cising the Queen's prerogative according to my own judgment, I am aware I have
undertaken a very grave responsibility, more especially as the facts and consider-
ations by which the issue has to be determined are of a very complex and embarrass-
ing chaiacter. Upon these, however, I will not enlarge as they have already been
fiilly set forth in former despatches.

3. I am quite convinced that the matter is one which, in the general interests of
his country, will have been best dealt with by my direct action.

4. Although the commuted sentence may appear very inadequate to the enormity
of the crime, of which it is the punishment, I believe it to be such as will best
satisfy the conflicting exigencies of the case.

I have the honor to be, my Lord,

Your Lordship's most obedient humble Servant,

(Signed,) DUFFERIN.

To the Right Honorable

The Secretary of State 10 • the Colonies.

Montreal, January 29, 1875.
Mv Lord, — I have the honor to enclose, for your Lordship's information, a
number of extracts and leading articles from the various newspapers in ,.he Domi-
nion, both French and English, on the commutation of the capital sentence passed
on Ambroise Lepine.

2. It cannot but give satisfaction to your Lordship to perceive with what
general acquiescence the terms of the commutation have been accepted. Although
the circumstances of the case deeply touched tlie feelings of both the English and
French sections of the population, and afforded ample room for controversy and
differences of opinion, there has been scarcely anything approaching to angry or
violent comment either ipon the one side or the other. It has been universally
felt that tiie subject was one of very great difficulty, and the moderation exhibited
in all quarters is of the happiest augury for the future.

3. Personally I cannot help feeling deeply sensible of the confidence exhibited
by the population, with whom I have the happiness of being connected, in the
impartiality and soundness of the decision it has become my duty to arrive at in
connection with this grave and momentous matter.

I have, (Sr»c,,

(Signed,) DUFFERIN.

The Right Honorable The Earl of Carnarvon,
Colonial Office.

Wh'

322

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

Government House, Ottawa, Jcbruary 3, 1875,
My Lord, — In continuation of my correspondence in reference to the case of
Lepine, I have the honor to inform your Lordship that I have received numerous
petitions praying for a commutation of his sentence. These petitions, with very
few exceptions, have been drawn up in the several towns and villages of the Pro-
vince of Quebec, and the signatures show that the petitioners were in almost all
cases of French origin. The number of petitions received amount to two hundred
and fifty-two (252), bearing fifty-eight thousand five hundred and sixty-eight signa-
tures (58,568)

I observe that several of the signatures are in the same handwriting, but I have
reason to believe that they have been in most, if not in all cases, appended by the
priest or other person engaged in preparing the petition, at the desire of those
whose names they bear.

Ihave, &'c.,

(Signed,) DUFFERIN.

The Right Honorable The Earl of Carnarvon,
(S^c, 6^c., <Sr»c.

The course pursued by Lord Dufferin in thus acting without the
advice of his Ministers, and thereby reHeving them from all responsi-
bility, did not pass unchallenged. Sir John Macdonald expressed the
difficulty in a line when he said : "If this be proper, a man may
be hung in Canada without any one being responsible for it ; " but Sir
John never pressed any objection to His Excellency's action. In
England the mattt;* was brought up in the House of Lords, as a grave
constitutional question, and it was discussed in connection with the
practice in New South Wales as then lately adopted in the case of one
Gardiner. The Earl of Belmore, on the i6th April* i.i his place in the
Lords, drew the attention of the Colonial Secretary, the Earl of Carnar-
von, to the conditions under which the power of granting pardons was
in future to be exercised by the Governors of those colonies which have
Responsible Government. The subject, he said, was one of, perhaps,
not very great interest to their Lordships, but it was one, not only of
interest, but of very great importance to the Colonies.

•• He would have to refer to both Canada and New South Wales, but he did
not mean to e-" '•"ss any opinion on the merits of the case of Lepine, and still less
was it his int in to criticize the conduct of the Governor General of Canada.
He was merel> going to show what had been done by the Governor of New South
Wales in respect of the remission of sentences, and he was about to do this because
he thought there was a constitutional question of considerable importance involved
in the contrast between th ; mode of procedure in the two cases. The Canadian

* 223 Hansard, 1065.

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIIIN IN CANADA.

323

case was shortly this ; — Lepine was convicted about November last of having been
accessory to the murder of Thos. Scott, during the insurrection at Fort Garry some
time before, and was sentenced to be hanged. Circumstances caused a good deal
of excitement of a party nature, and there was great difference of opinion as to
whether that sentence should be carried out. Finally, his noble friend Lord
Dufferin solved the difficulty by commuting the sentence to two years' imprisonment.
It appeared that the noble Lord had taken that course on his own responsibility.
Now, if Lord Dufferin had remitted the sentence after consulting his Council, he
was no doubt doing what every Governor had a right to do in capital cases, even
where Responsible Government existed ; but if, as implied by the Times' corres-
pondent, in a letter published on the 5th November, he had acted as he had done
in order to relieve his Ministry of the responsibility of offering advice, either the
noble Earl's commission must give him greater powers than his (the Earl of Bel-
more's) had given him as Governor of New South Wales, or else he (Lord Dufferin)
must take a much more extended view of his powers than he (the Earl of Belmore)
had done. Their Lordships would observe that there was a marked distinction
between a Governor acting without the advice of his Council, and a Governor,
after having received such advice, exercising his own judgment upon it, though thet
judgment might be contrary to it. The latter was all that, when Governor of New
South Wales, he supposed it to be in his power, or that of any other Governor in
similar circumstances, to do. But it would appear that Lord Dufferin claimed the
power of acting on his own judgment in cases of supreme importance. He (the
Earl of Belmore) was not aware whether that power was disputed, and he thought
it was much better that the prerogative should ht exercised in that way than that
the contrary practice should prevail of the Governor deferring in all cases to the
judgment of the Colonial Ministry, which he understood it was proposed should be
the rule in future in New South Wales."

Lord Lisgar, after discussing the New South Wales case, said : —

" As to the case of Lepine, he differed from the noble Earl opposite, and
thought that Lord Dufferin was deserving of high praise. He had come forward
at the right time, and in the right spirit, and by his mode of action put an end to
what had threatened at one time to be an acrimonious and interminable quarrel
between the French-speaking and the English-speaking population of the Dominion."

The Earl of Carnarvon said : —

" I shall say as little as possible on the question of Lepine, because I agree
with those who think that it touches on most delicate ground, and that any
imprudence with respect to it here might conjure up a good deal of the bad feeling
which existed in Canada, and which the discretion and prudence and wisdom of
my noble friend Lord Dufferin had succeeded in allaying. My noble friend found
himself in a most difficult position, and he has conducted himself with a tact,
abihty and judgment which entitled him to, and have procured for him, general
approval." • » • <« The question," his Lordship continued, "divested of local
details, is one of considerable importance, if — as I understand it — that question is,
how the prerogative of mercy is to be exercised in the larger colonies. The
question may be thus presented — first, whether the prerogative is to be exercised

^ rr-i» ) r

324

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

by the Governor himself; or, next, whether it is to be exercised by the Colonial
Minister ; or, lastly, whether it is to be exercised by the Governor with the con-
currence of the Minister." * • ♦ «* I think if you study the official papers care-
fully, you will find that, in reality, there is very little difference among those who
have held the seats of the Colonial Office with respect to the responsibility in tlie
exercise of the prerogative of mercy. In a despatch written by my noble friend
opposite (Earl Granville) on the 4th Octoljer, 1869, when he filled the office of
Colonial Secretary, writing to the Governor of New South Wales, he says : ' The
responsibility of deciding upon -such applications rests with the Governor, and he
has undoubtedly a right to act upon his own independent judgment. But, unless
any Imperial interest or feeling is involved, as might be the case in a matter of
treason, or slave-trading, or in matters in which foreigners might be concerned,
the Governor would be bound to allow great weight to the recommendation of his
Ministry.' On the 1st November, 187 1, my noble friend (the Earl of Kimberley)
who succeeded my noble friend (Earl Granville) wrote thus : ' The Governor, as
invested with a portion of the Queen's prerogative, is bound to examine personally
each case in which he is called upon to exercise the power entrusted to him,
although, in a Colony under Responsible Government, he will, of course, pay due
regard to the advice of his Ministers, who are responsible to the Colony for the
proper administration of justice and the prevention of crime, and will not grant
any pardon without receiving their advice thereupon.' " * • » «« The noble Lord
(Lord Lisgar) has quoted a passage from my despatch of the 7th October, 1874,
which is quite in accordance with what is laid down by my two noble friends in
the extracts I have just quoted ; and as a further proof of the concurrence on the
part of myself and my noble friends, perhaps I may be allowed to read a passage
in another despatch of mine to Sir Hercules Robinson, written on the same day :
'You will, I apprehend, have no difficulty in conforming to the clear rule laid
down in your instructions, which is based on this principle — namely, that, on the
one hand, the Governor, to whom personally the Queen delegates a very high
prerogative, cannot in any way be relieved from the duty of judging for
himself in every case in which that prerogative is proposed to be exercised, while,
on the other hand, he is bound, before deciding, to pay the most careful attention
to the advice of his Ministers, or that one of them who, in the matter under con-
sideration, may be selected to represent his colleagues.' I quite admit tliat, at
times, the exercise of the prerogative of mercy may be one of great difficulty.
Difficulties will arise in its exercise on the responsibility of the Governor, but, on
the other hand, one very great advantage of making him the depositary of the
Crown in this respect is that he stands apart and is not subject to those influences
which have been referred to by my noble friend who last addressed your Lordships.
In the larger colonies where there is the fullest freedom of Political Government,
nice distinctions will have to be drawn ; but I believe that the men who are
appointed Governors of these Colonies will be competent to draw these distinctions.
No doubt, it may be objected to the system of the Governor consulting the
Minister, and still acting on his own judgment, that it sets up a double responsi-
biUty. In reply, I submit that in this case a concurrent responsibility is better.
On the one hand, the Governor will not be relieved of his responsibility to the

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

325

Crown, and on the other hand, the Local Government will not be relieved of its
responsibility to its own Parliament ; so that, while this Colonial Parliament may
punish the Minister for improper advice, the Crown may punish the Governor for
an improper decision. The fact is, that in these matters we can be too logical.
In the way I have just indicated you may reconcile differences and overcome diffi-
culties which cannot be counteracted by logical means." ♦ * » " As to the Cana-
dian case, I am not at present prepared to lay the papers referring to it on the table
of your Lordships' House . I may remind your Lordships that lupine was concerned
as principal in the murder of a man named Scott — was brought to trial , convicted , and
had sentence of death passed on him. It was a political murder, and Lord Dufferin
very wisely commuted the sentence into two years' imprisonment. My noble friend
(the Earl of Belmore) had observed that Lord Dufferin in this case acted without
the advice of his Ministers. But, having to deal with that sentence. Lord Dufferin
found himself on an entirely different footing from that occupied by Sir Hercules
Robinson in the case of Gardiner. The case of Lepine rested on wholly exceptional
grounds. Those of your Lordships who are acquainted with the facts will remem-
ber that the circumstances arose in a particular part of the North-West which was
not a portion of the Canadian Territory. That of itself would have been a dis-
tinction. But there was more than that. Every one is aware of the passionate
feelings which the case excited. The case of Gardiner is one which has happened
over and over again, and which, in all probability, will happen over and over again ;
but the case of Lepine if one which has not happened before, and is not likely to
happen again in the lifetime of any one of us. But I may go one step further, and say
that though, on the other hand, there may not be any formal record in the shape
uf a minute of the Colonial Government of any circumstances between Lord Duf-
ferin and the Colonial Government in refeience to the remission of the sentence,
on the other hand, full and ample communication did pass between them on the
subject. He was perfectly aware of all the information the Colunial Government
could give him, and of the opinion which they entertained, just as much as if all this
had been embodied in a formal shape. In conclusion, I have only to say that I
think my noble friend Lord Dufferin was fully justified in the course he look, and
that I am fully prepared to give him all the support in my power."

Earl Kimberley said : —

" I have heard with pleasure the testimony of my noble friend opposite (the Earl
of Carnarvon) as to the way in which my noble friend Lord Dufferin dealt with this
extremely difficult matter. I think that no more difficult question has ever risen in
Canada, or none more trying to the firmness, patience and discretion of the Gover-
nor General. It is gratifying to find that, so far as we can learn from the public
sources of information, his action appears to have given satisfaction in Canada,
and if that be so, he deserves the credit of having relieved Canada from a serious
difficulty. I concur with everything said by my noble friend as to the exceptional
nature of this Lepine case. It is so exceptional in its character that no one can
suppose any general principle will be affected by the action of the Governor
General. As regards the general question of the exercise of the prerogative of
mercy by Colonial Governors, that certainly does involve the exercise of one of the
most delicate functions of the machinery of Colonial Government, and the noble

■^m

326

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[187;

Earl opposite was quite right in saying that, in matters of this kind, we ought not
to be too logical. Constitutional Government in this country has not grown up by
means of a rigorous application of the principles of logic, but rather by a happy
application of good sense on the part of men who proved themselves equal to ileal
with emergencies. I think my noble friend, the Secretary for the Colonies, has laid
down the rule quite correctly in his final despatch."

The Earl of Belmore, in reply, said : —

" His noble friend opposite (Lord Lisgar) was mistaken in supposing that he
differed from Lord Dufferin in respect to the Lepine case. From his limited
knowledge of the case, he was led to believe that Lord Dufferin had acted quite
rightly, and had only done what the noble Lord (Lord Lisgar) would have done
had he still been Governor General, and what he himself might probably have
done had it been his lot to fill that position."

The serious Lepine difficulty was thus settled, — but the larger and
very delicate question — that of a general amnesty to all those implicated
in the North-West troubles of 1870 — was still in abeyance, and formed
the fruitful source of bitterness throughout the Dominion. It will be
seen that this too was dealt with at the Session of February, 1875.

Active steps were taken during this year (1874) to settle the diffi-
culties with British Columbia. It will be recollected that she had
come into the Confederacy in 187 1, under certain conditions, the chief
of which was that the Canadian Pacific Railway should be commenced
within two years, and completed in ten. Pour years had passed away,
and not a sod had been turned in that Province in connection with
the great road. The Province was disappointed and indignant. The
Dominion Government had been frequently urged to carry out the
compact ; the matter had been periodically and perseveringly pressed
upon the notice of Parliament ; the Columbian press was incessant
in its utterances of dissatisfaction, and the Province was doubtless
steadily falling into a dangerous condition. Mr. Mackenzie saw that
something must be done to allay the ill-feeling, and satisfy the
demands of the complaining country.

The first official complaint was made on the 26th July, 1873, when
his Honor the Lieutenant Governor of the Province, Mr. Trutch,
addressed a note to the Hon. Mr. Aikins, Secretary of State for
Canada, enclosing for submission to His Excellency the Governor
General a minute of his Executive Council, representing the non-
fulfilment by the Dominion Government of the nth Section* of the
terms of Union, expressing regret that the railway had not been

• This is the clause binding the Dominion to commence the Pacific Railway
within two years from the date of entering the Confederacy, 20th July, 187 1.

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

827

commenced, and strongly protesting against the breach of a condition
of the terms so highly important to the Province. No notice was
taken of this by the Dominion Ministry.* On the 24th November,
1873, the Lieutenant Governor again draws their attention to the
matter, and prays a reply. The minute of Council accompanying
this despatch states that :

" Beyond the acknowledgment of receipt, no reply has been made by the
Dominion Government to the complaint of the 26th July."

And adds :

" That the Government of British Columbia, looking at the actual position of
affairs, felt compelled to await the action of the Parliament of Canada expected
shortly to meet, and which did meet on the 23rd October last past. But the Parlia-
ment of Canada has been prorogued, not to meet until February next, without
making provision for the construction of the Pacific Railway. That the Legislative
Assembly of the Province stands called to meet at Victoria on the i8th Decem-
ber next, and that the non-fulfilment by the Dominion Government of the terms
of Union has caused a strong feeling of anxiety and discouragement to exist through-
out the Province."

This produced a reply in the form of a minute of the Dominion
Council of the 23rd December, 1873, the pith of which is contained
in the following words :

" The Committee of Council respectfully recommend that the Lieutenant
Governor of British Columbia be informed that this Governiuent is giving its most
earnest consideration to the project for the construction of the Pacific Railway, an
outline of which was given in the speech delivered by Mr. Mackenzie at Sarnia, on
the 25th November, a scheme which they believe will be acceptable to the whole
Dominion, including British Columbia, and that they hope to be able within a
short time to communicate more definitely with that Province on the subject."

On the 23rd February, 1874, a minute of the Council of British
Columbia was approved by the Lieutenant Governor, which, after
referring to an address of the Legislative Assembly respecting the
breach of the railway clause conti.ined in the terms of Union, pro-
ceeded as follows :

" On the 25th July last, and again on the 24th November last, strong protests
and representations on the subject of the address were forwarded to the Dominion
Government, but no reply of an assuring character has yet been received by the
Province. The result of this silence has been one of painful and growing dissatis-
faction. The Committee feel that a strong but respectful protest against the course
pursued by the Dominion Government should be once more forwarded to His
Excellency the Governor General."

* The agitation of the Pacific Railway charges will .sufficiently account for this
apparent neglect.

frt nt

li^

1 i

^ \

328

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[1875

The following is the address of the House of Assembly referred to
in this minute of Council :

To I lis Honor the Honorable yosefh William Trutch, Lieutenant Governor of the
Province of British Columbia,

May rr please your Honor, — We, Her Majesty's dutiful and loyal subjects,
the Legislative Assembly of the Province of British Columbia, in Parliament as-
sembled, beg leave to approach your Honor with our respectful request that your
Honor will be pleased to take into consideration the following resolution of the
House.

Whereas, on the 2oth July, 1871, the Colony of British Columbia was united
to and became part of the Dominion of Canada, in accordance with certain terms,
and whereas by Section 1 1 of the said terms, the Government of the Dominion
undertook to secure the commencement, simultaneously within two years from tlie
date of Union of the construction of a railway from the Pacific towards the Rocky
Mountains, and from such point as may be selected east of the Rocky Mountains
towards the Pacific, — and whereas the two years therein referred to expired on the
20th July last, and the construction of the said railway was not then, and has not
since been commenced, causing thereby serious loss and injury to the people of tliis
Province, be it therefore Resolved, That an humble Address be presented to His
Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, resjiectfully requesting him to protest op
behalf of the I^egislature and people of this Province against the infraction of tlv
most important clause of the Terms of Union, and to impress upon the present
Administration the absolute necessity of commencing the actual construction of tiie
railway from the seaboard of British Columbia early in the present year.

(Signed,) J. ROLAND HE'lT,

9th February, 1874. Clerk of the Assembly. '

1875]

The Dominion Ministry were compelled to move, and finding it
impossible to carry out the terms of Union, they determined to send
an agent to negotiate for new ones. Mr. James D. Edgar was selected
for this purpose. He was furnished with letters of introduction, one
to Mr. Trutch, the Lieutenant Governor,* and the other to Mr.
Walkem, the Attorney General, and leader of the Provincial Govern-
ment. His functions are set out in the letter of instructions given
him by Mr. Mackenzie, a copy of which will be found in his report.
The result of Mr. Edgar's mission is described in this document,
which is re-produced in full.

* This letter, as appears from the statement of Mr. Mackenzie in the House,
made on the 31st March, 1875, was, for some unexplained reason, never delivered.

1876]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

329

To the Honorable the Secretary of State for Canada :

Toronto, yntie 17, 1874.

Sir, — I have the honor to report that, in the month of February last, I was
requested by the Canadian Government to proceed to the Province of British Col-
umbia on their behalf. My mission was for the purpose of ascertaining the true
state of feeling in the Province upon the subject of certain changes which were
deemed necessary in the mo<le and in the limit of time for the construction of the
C'aiwdian Pacific Railway, as well as to attend to any other business required, and
to act as Canadian agent in bringing about some such feasible arrangement as
might meet the general approval of the Local Government and the people of
British Columbia, in place of the original conditions respecting the commencement
and completion of the railway that are contained in the Eleventh Article of the
terms of Union. In that clause the language referring to railway construction is
as follows ; —

"The Government of the Dominion undertake to secure the commencement
"simultaneously, within two years from the date of Union, of the construction of
" a railway from the Pacific towards the Rocky Mountains, and from such point
"as may be selected east of the Rocky Mountains towards the I'acific, to connect
"the seaboard of British Columbia with the railway system of ( anada ; and further
"to secure the completion of such railway within ten years from the date of the
" Union."

The views and policy of his Government upon the question of the Canadian
Pacific Railway were communicated to me in several interviews by the Hon. Mr.
Mackenzie, and I also had the benefit of conversations upon the same subject with
many members of the Administration before I left Ottawa. On the eve of my
departure, I received from the Hon. Mr. Mackenzie certain further instructions
and directions for my guidance which were contained in the following letter : —

Ottawa, Feb. 19, 1874.

My dear Sir, — In your conversations with leading men in and out of the
Government in Columbia, it will be well to let them understand that in proposing
to take longer time than is provided for constructing the railway we are actuated
solely l3y an urgent necessity ; that we are as anxious as possible to reach the
object sought by all, viz. : the construction of the road.

We are, however, advised by our Engineers that it is a physical impossibility
to construct the road in that time — that is, within the time provided by the terms
of Union, and that any attempt to do so can only result in very great useless
expense and financial disorder. You can point out that the surveys for the Inter-
colonial Railway were begun in 1864, and the work carried on uninterruptedly
ever since, and although the utmost expedition was used, it will still require
eighteen months to complete it.

If it required so much time in a settled country to build 500 miles of railway,
with facilities every where for procuring all supplies, one may conceive the time
and labor required to construct a line five times that length through a country all
but totally unsettled.

330

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

You will point out that it is because we desire to act in good faith towards
Columbia that we at once avow our inability to carry out the exact conditions of
the terms of Union ; that it would have Ijeen an easy matter for us to say nothing
about, or carelessly to have assumed the tasiv of finishing the road before the month
of July, i88i.

Acting, however, from a desire (o deal frankly and honestly with British Col-
umbia, we considered what we coulJ do to afford at the earliest possible date some
rnenns of travel across the continent preliminary to, and in advance of a complete
line of railway.

You will point out that, as part of the Dominion, it is as much in their interests
as in ours to pursue a careful judicious policy, also that in assuming a disposition,
in spite of all reason, to insist on impossibilities, they are only setting at defiance
all the rest of the Dominion and the laws of nature. That by insisting on '■'■ the
pound of flesh" they will i-nly stimulate a feeling on the part of people generally
to avoid in future giving anything but ^U/w pound of flesh."

You will remember that the Dominion is bound to reach the " seaboard of the
Pacific " only, not Victoria or Esquimault, and you will convey an intimation to
them that any further extension beyond the waters of Bute Inlet, or whatever other
portion of the sea waters may be reached, may depend entirely on the spirit shown
by themselves in assenting to a reasonable extension of time, or a modification of
the terms originally agreed to.

You will also put them in remembrance of the terms they themselves proposed,
which terms were assented to by their Local Legislature, and point out that it was
only the insane act of the Administration here, which gave such conditions of Union
to Col-nnbia ; that it could only have been because that Administration sought
additional means of procuiiig extension of patronage immediately before the gen-
eral election, and saw in coming contracts the means of carrying the elections,
that the Province obtained on paper, terms, which at the time were known to \>e
impossible of fulfilment.

If you find any favorable disposition among the leading men of the I'lo^'nce
towards affording a generous consideration to the obvious necessity of givinj; ^
sufficient time for the pushing the road through Columbia, you will endeavor to
ascertain what value they attach to such consideration. You will point out that
the action of this Government in the matter of the graving dock, and the agree-
ment to advance in cash the balance of the amount of debt, with which Columbia
w^s allowed to ent r the Confederation, shewed that it was not considering itself
bound to the exact terms of Union, but was wUling to go beyond them when the
necessities of the Province seemed to demand sucn action, and that we not unnatur-
ally expect similar action on the part of the Province.

In the event of your finding that there is a willingness to accept a proposition
to extend the time for the building of the rjad, you will endeavor to obtain some
proposition from them, directly or indirectly, and communicate this to us by cypher
telegraph at once.

If on the other hand they make or indicate no proposition, you will telegraph
to us what you think would be acceptable, but wait a reply before making any
proposition.

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

331

In the event of the leading men evincing a disposition to negotiate, you willl
endeavor to secure something like a combination of jrortiiiS to sanction any propo-
sition lil<ely to be generally acceptable.

It will be well that you should take some means of ascertaining the popular
view of the railway question. This may be done by mingling among the people,
and allowing them to speak freely while you listen ; remen>.'..2ring in taking impres-
sions that your audience may be impressed by special local consideraticus rather
than general questions.

It will be well not to confine yourself to the vicinity of the Government offices,
or Victoria, but to cross to the mainland, and visit the people at Westminster,
ami otiier towns and villages on the low( • reaches of the Frazer. It may be that
you will find there a disposition manifested to negotiate at Ottawa, in which case
you will advise us of the existence of such a desire. Ynu will take special care
not to admit in any way that we are bound to build the railway to Esquimault, or
to any other place on the Islanc".. and while you do not at all threaten not to build
there, to let them understand th^t this is wholly and purely a concession, and that
its construction must lie contingent on a reasonable course being jiursued regarding
other parts of the scheme.

It may be that the Local Government may desire to constitute the members for
the Commons a deputation to discuss matters h^re ; if this be the case, you will
still remain until we shall communicate wiih you.

Vou will take every opportunity of noting the various matters connected with
the Dominion business in accordance with instructions that will be sent.

I am, my dear Sir,

Yours faithfully,

(Signed,) A. MACKENZIE.

J. '3. Edgar, Esq., Toronto.

\\ hen I received the above letter I lost no time, and starting upon my journey,
and ieavii.g Toronto, February 23rd, I arrived upon March 9th at Victoria, the
capital oi Ikitish Columbia. On the day that I landed in Victoria, the Hon. Mr.
Walkem, leader of the Local Government, called upon me, and I made him aware
of the <ibject of my mission. Upon the same day I handed him Hon. Mr. Mac-
kenzie's letter of i6th February (Appendix A), also informing him that I had
letters from His Excellency the Governor General to his Honor the Lieutenant
Governor, which were next day delivered. Very soon afterwards Mr. Walkem
introduced me to his colleagues as the representative of the Canadi' '\ Government.

Upon my arrival in the Province, I found that an intense intere ;. was manifested
by all the population in whatever related to the question of railway construction.
It is difficult at a distance to conceive the importance that is attached to the rail-
way by the Hritish Columbians. On account of the vast constructive expenditure,
and the sparseness of the population who would participate in the immediate
benefits derivable from it, an interest of a direct and personal character is felt upon
this subject. The entire whi.e population of the Province, according to the census
uf 1870, was 8576 souls. Of this number there were upon the mainland 3401,
and upon Vancouver island, 5' 75. The white population to-da> has probably
increased to lo.cxx). With the exception, perhaps, of the gold miners, who are

332

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

confined to the mainland, there is no class in the Province that would not derive
immediate personal advantages from the railway construction expenditure. Those
in business, in trade, and in agriculture would feel the stimulus instantly ; while
those of means and leisure would be enriched by the increase in the value of their
property. The circumstances of the early settlement of the Province gave it a
population of peculiar intelligence ; and the fact that most of the rougher kind of
labor is performed by Chinamen and Indians, has afforded in an especial way to
the people of Victoria, the Provincial Metropolis, leisure and opportunity for the
fullest discussion of their grea*^ juestion of the day. Their keen intelligence and
zeal in public affairs suggests a parallel in the history of some of the minor States
of ancient Greece or It-^ly. Although a strong feeling of jealousy of the greatness
of Victoria undoubtedly exists in parts of the mainland, yet that town is the chief
centre of , iblic opinion. Its population is almost equal to the whole of the rest
of the Province, and in its midst are the head-quarters of Government, of the
courts, of the churches, and of trade. Within three miles there is the fine harbor
of Esquimault, with its arsenal and British ships of war.

To Victoria the question of the location of the railway terminus is all important,
because there is nothing in the terms of Union which settles that there shall be any
portion of the line upon Vancouver Island. A revocable Order in Council, and the
intrinsic merits claimed for the Island location, are the grounds upon which they
hope to secure the terminus at Esquimault. When it became well understood
that the surveys were not yet so far advanced as to warrant the Canadian Govern-
ment in fixing the permanent route and Western terminus of the railway, it was
strongly urged upon me by many persons in Victoria that the constniction of the
line of railway should be at once undertaken by the Dominion from the harbor of
Esquimault to the port of Nanaimo, on the east coast of Vancouver Island, a dis-
tance of about seventy miles. It was argued that at whatever point upon the main-
land the Pacific Railway might be brought to the coast, a steam ferry thence to
Nanaimo might be established, and would render their portion of railway a means
of connection with Esquimault, which is said to be the finest harbor upon the shores
of the Northern Pacific. It was also insisted that from its opening there would he
a considerable and profitable traffic over this line in the ci.rriage of coal to Esqui-
mault for the mines at Nanaimo and Departure Bay.

Moreover, it was contended that in view of the admitted impossibility to com-
plete the construction of the trans-continental railway within the time oris;inally
limited, some substan^i"' concessions should be made to the people of the Island, as
compensation f^r their disappointment and prospective losses.

A contention similar to the last mentioned one was also pressed upon me vormiy
by leading men of the mainland, who considered that they were now entitled to
have some definite understanding arrived at, not so much in regard to the ultimate
completion, as to the early, -'igorous, and continuous construction of the railway
upon the mainland. It was represented that those engaged in agriculture and stock
raising in the interior parts of the country were almost wi' hout a market for their
produce, partly because the gold miners were leaving in considerable numbers, and
partly for the reason that in anticipation of railway construction they had raised
more crops than usual. The great distance to the coast, and the stupendous moun-

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

333

tain ranges to be traversed, prevented them from getting the bulky products of
tiieir land to the Island markets of Victoria or Nanaimo. Being familiar with the
(lifficulties to be met with by engineers m seeking for a railway route through their
country, the mainland people were not disposed to blame the Dominion for insist-
ing upon further time and surveys before fixing the location. Their immediate
necessities also induced them to attach more importance to the securing of a' early
and steady expenditure amongst themselves than to the maintaining of any arbi-
trary time limit for completijn, while they also expressed their perfect appreciation
of tlie agreement that a vigorous expenditure of itself involves an accomplishment
of the work within a reasonable period.

In the Provincial Constitution of British Columbia the working of represen-
tative institutions and Responsible Parliamentary Government may be studied in a
simple form. The system is elaborated out of, perhaps, slender materials, but has
Ijeen courageously fashioned after the model of the British Constitution. The peo-
ple are represented by a House ">f twenty-five members, of whom *hirteen are
elected from the mainland, and twe.'ve from the Island. In this House sit the Min-
isters of the Crown, four in numbei, two being Island members and two from the
mainland. The deliberations are presided over by a Speaker, and due respect for
the dignity of the Assembly is maintained by a Sergeant-at-Arms.

Although I had not the fortune to be in the country when the House was in
session, I was able to discover among the gentlemen who hold seats a considerable
number of much experience, and somewhat above the average intelligence of Pro-
vincial legislators. To those accustomed to older Canadian constituencies, each
with populations varying usually from fifteen to thirty thousand souls, it is some-
what novel to see the smallness of electoral districts in British Columbia. Yet it
would be quite unfair to fix the number of electors as the staiidard of the intelli-
gence of the representative, for one of the ablest of the Provinci Ministers, after an
exciting contest at the last election, succeeded in polling but .si. ten votes in U;s
constituency, whilst his opponent suffered a decisive defeat, having polled l acily
half that number.

The Session of the Provincial Legislature had terminated on the 2nd March, a
week before my arrival, and the House had unanimously agreed to a resolution upon
the sul)ject of the eleventh, or railway clause, in the terms of Union with the Do-
minion, which was calculated to have an important bearing upon all negotiations
with the Local Government for a change in that clause. The language of the re-
solution is as follows : — "That in view of the importance of the Railway Clause of
"die terms of Union between Canada and British Columbia being faithfully carried
" out by Canada, this House is of opinion that no alteration in the said clause
" should be permitted by the Government of this Province until the sdiiw has been
^' siitiniitted to the people for endorsatioH.^^ When I ascertained that this resolution
had been passed, that the Provincial Parliament had yet more than a year to run,
and tliat the Ministry had in it a sufficient working majority, it at once became
apparent that any proposals to alter the railway clause could possess few attrac-
tions in tiu; eyes of the party in power. While prepared to admit that the Province
would be most reasonable, and would not be disposed to insist at all upon the
original time limit for completion, yet members of the Administration, looking at

334

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

it from their own point of view, very naturally urged that this was a peculiarly un-
fortunate time to seek any alterations. I also discovered that the first Act of the
Provincial Statute Book of 1873-4 contained elements of danger to the continued
harmony between the General and Local Governments. This Act became neces-
sary to authorize the Provincial to receive from the Dominion Government the lar^e
sums of money, both for the Esquimault graving dock, and for other public works,
which the Local Government petitioned the Dominion Government to advance,
and which requests the latter complied with as concessions to the Province in excess
of what could be claimed ui.der Articles two and twelve of the terms of Union. A
saving clause or proviso was inserted in this Act containing very strong language
concerning the rights and wrongs of British Columbia as regards the railway, and
adding : — *' This Act shall not have any force or effect unless the above proviso
** be inserted, in the same words, in any Act of Parhamem of Canada which may
" be passed for the purposes of this Act."

A profound anxiety was at once manifested by Mr. Walkem and his colleagues to
ascertain through me if the Canadian Ministry would propose to Parliament to
adopt the words of this proviso. When I sought to get from them some propos?.!;
or suggestions as to their terms of the concessions that should be made to British
Columbia, in consideration of a change in the railway terms, I was continually met
by an urgent inquiry as to what was to be done about '.aat clause. As early a^
the l6th March, I was informed by telegram that the Dominion Government would
not adopt the language of the proviso in their bill, but would make the concessions
as originally agreed, and without conditions affecting the railway terms. The
announcement of this was received by the Local Ministers with alarm and dis-
appointment, and it afterwards became still more difficult to get a satisfactory dis-
cussion of an alteration of railway terms with any of them . Orders in Council
were passed by the Local Government upon the subject, and I was continually
urged to press upon the Dominion Government the anxiety of the Provincia!
Ministry for the adoption of the saving clause, and I took many opportunities of
doing so. This pressure continued without intermission until the 25th April,
when, at the request of Mr. Walkem, 1 sent a despatch to Mr. Mackenzie on be-
half of the former, and in his own language urging the adoption of the saving
clause.

When, according to instructions, I endeavored to ascertain from Local .Minis-
ters if their unwillingness to submit proposals as to railway to the people arose
entirely from our refusal to adopt the saving clause, I found that even such a con-
cession would not induce them to bring about an appeal to the people.

According to instructions received, it was my aim fiom the very first to take
every means of ascertaining the popular view of the railway question. Indeed
when it was understood that the Canaciian Government had delegated me upon this
and general matters, the politeness and hospitable attentions of all classes soon
rendered it an easy matter to form some estimate of pu'ilic opinion. All were as
willing to communicate as I was anxious to receive their various views and inform-
ation. I paid two brief visits to the mainland, meetiiu, with people of New West-
minster, Kope, Yale, and some few other places, and 1 was so fortunate as to meet,

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

335

at one time or another, nearly ".11 the members of the Local legislature, and many
other persons of local prominence from the mainland.

The Lieutenant Governor and the Hon. Captain Hare, Senior Naval Officer at
Esquimault, kindiy a forded me an opportunity of visiting the east coast of the
island, in company with them, on board H, M. S. Myrmidon.

In discussing the question of the time for the completion of the railway, I
elicited a very geneiai «.xpression of opinion that there was no great importance
attached to any particular period for completion, but that serious disappointment
had been felt at the failure to commence the work of actual construction by July of
last year. Much anxiety was felt for an announcement of the policy of Canada
upon the subject of the railway, and an extreme desire prevailed to have a definite
understanding arrived at as to what the Province could expect in place of the
original railway terms, which were all but universally admitted to be incapable of
literal fulfilment.

The public agitation in Victoria, of February last, might have been mistaken
for a movement to insist upon ♦' The terms, the whole terms, and nothing but the
terms," or to seek some disloyal alternative. Indeed a portion of the community,
who did not sympathize with the excitement, so interpreted it. Yet I was assured
by the leaders of that agitation that no such motives or intentions influenced them.
The people had been aroused, by what were deemed suspicious circumstances, to
fear that efforts would be made, or were being made, to secure from the Local
Government an agreement to change the railway terms without a submission to the
people who had directly sanctioned the original terms. The local contradictions
had scarcely Ijeen accepted as satisfactory upon this point, but my denial of it on
the part of the Ottawa Government, coupled with the announcement that the latter
would not seek to secure any alteration without the sanction of the people of the
Province, set that difficulty very much at rest.

Notwithstanding the attitude that was assumed by the Provincial Government
against the submission of a proposal, or the opening of negotiations to alter the
railway terms, it was quite apparent that popular feeling, all over the Province, was
strongly in favor of some definite settlement being arrived at upon the question.
The notorious and admitted failure of the original scheme of railway construction
had unsettled the business of the country, and the whole community, including even
those who would have been the most exacting in bargain^ ■ i with Canada for new
ternis, were anxious to have a proposal made and to havc a full opportunity for
discussing and accepting or rejecting it.

I felt, therefore, that I should take an early opportunity of arriving at the
views of the Local Government upon the subject. I was given an appointment by
Mr. V/alkem in the first week of April, and then confidentially discussed with his
Ministry the whole question of alteration in the railway terms. I may mention
that upon this occasion no difficulty was raised as to my authority to represent the
General Government.

At this time there was considerable irritation displayed by Ministers upon the
subject at the saving clause before alluded to ; they would not admit any necessity
for a present settlement of the railway question, but still persisted that next year, or
some future time, should be awaited for the making of any such propositions ; and

336

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

Mi:

they were particularly careful to avoid saying what concessions in their opinioa
would be acceptable to the Province in lieu of the original terms. The attitude of
the Local Ministry rendered it more important than ever that the popular feeling
should be accurately asceiiained, and it was my aim to discover it by unreserved
discussion with as many men as possible of the different parties and localities.

It was now quite apparent that the Local Ministers were determined to be
obstructive, and it became all the more necessary to satisfy the people in so far
as their views were found to be reasonable. After receiving from me the best
information I could supply, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie directed me to make the Provincial
Government certain proposals which were so arranged as to give large and certain
advantages to the mainland equally with the Island ; and on the 6th Ma/, I was
instructed to put them formally in writing and give them to the Local Premier and
a copy to the Lieutenant Governor. Upon the 8th May I had prepared, and I read
over to Mr. Walkem, the letter of that date containing the proposals (Appendix
B), and upon the following day I handed it to him, and furnished a copy to his
Honor the Lieutenant Governor as directed, accompanied with a short note. I had
made arrangements for another visit to the mainland to ascertain something nioie
of the feeling there, while the Provincial Government were having the proposals
under consideration. Before sailing for New Westminster, however, I received a
letter from Mr. Walkem in which he raised objections to recognizing me as tlie
agent of the General Government. It struck me as so peculiar a communication
on Mr. Walkem's part, after he and his colleagues had recognized me as such
agent almost every day for two months, that I felt it would be better not to Ik
too hasty in accepting that as a serious and final reply to the proposals, but to
await the lapse of a few days to be occupied by me in visiting New Westminster,
Burrard's Inlet, Yale, and some other places on the mainland. Upon returning to
Victoria on Saturday, 1 6th May, I was waited upon by a deputation of leading gen-
tlemen, connected with both sides of local politics, who informed me that it had been
announced in the House of Commons at Ottawa, by Hon. Mr. Mackenzie, that pro-
posals had been made on behalf of his Ministry, through myself, to the Provincial
Government as to the alteration of the railway terms ; and yet that it was denieil by
members of the Local Ministry, and by their newspaper organ, that any proposals
whatever had been made. They represented that the popular feeling was very
much excited upon the subject, and that the people were anxious to have the earliest
opportunity of considering and deciding upon the question, and I was asked to in-
form them whether such proposals had been made. Upon receiving an affirmative
reply they took their leave, and shortly afterwards, as the intelligence spread, con-
siderable excitement was manifested at the treatment the proposals were receiving
at the hands of Local Ministers.

In order to afford Mr. Walkem another opportunity to reply to the proposals, or
to consider them, if he were at all desirous of doing so, I again addressed him, and
in a letter of l8th May, endeavored to point out that he could not ignore the
communication of 8th May, and reiterated the request on behalf of the Govern-
ment of Canada, that the proposals should receive the consideration to which they
were entitled. In reply to this I received the letter (Appendix F), and upon the
19th May, under directions from Hon. Mr. Mackenzie, I left Victoria upon my
return journey without any further official communication with the Local Ministry.

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

337

I may be permitted to mention that his Honor the Lieutenant Governor,
throughout the whole of my visit, was always most obliging in giving me upon all
pul)iic questions very full information, which his large experience in the Province
rendered of the highest value. He also manifested an earnest wish to see a definite
and amicable settlement of the railway question speedily arrived at l^etween the
General and Provincial Governments.

In accordance with the direction contained in the last paragraph of Hon. Mr.
Mackenzie's letter to me of the 19th February, I took every opportunity, during my
stay in British Columbia, of noting various matters connected with Dominion busi-
ness and interests. In several despatches to Heads of Departments, as well as in
verbal communications with Ministers, I have already called attention to some
important subjects of that kind, and I propose to have the honor of communicating
in separate reports or despatches upon several other points of interest and impor-
tance connected with Dominion affairs in the Pacific Province.

I have the honor to be. Sir,

Your obedient servant,

(Signed,) J. D. EDGAR.

The following are the Appendices A, B, and F, referred to in the
report :

APPENDIX A.

Ottawa, Feb. 19, 1874.

Dear Sir, — Allow me to introduce Mr. James D. Edgar, of Toronto, who
visits your Province on public business for the Government. Mr. Edgar will
confer with yourself and other members of the Government of Columbia on the
question lately agitating the public mind in Columbia, and will be glad to receive
your views regarding the policy of the Government on the construction of the 1 ail-
way.

But for the meeting of Parliament in four weeks, sonie .uembers of the Govern-
ment would have visited your Province, but Mr. Edgrr, as a public man, is well
known here, and fully understands the questions he will discuss with you.

I need not, I am sure, assure you of my own sincere desire to do all I can,
not only to act justly but generously to Columbia.

It is in your interest, and in the interest of the Dominion, that we should both
act with a reasonable appreciation of difficulties which are unavoidable, and
devise means to remove them, or overcome them.

We have induced Mr. Edgar to go to Columbia, as we thought you would
prefer a full conference with an agent to a tedious and possibly unsatisfactory
correspondence.

I am, 6^0.,

Hon, Geo. A. Walkem,

Attorney General, Victoria.

(Signed,)

A. MACKENZIE.

338

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

APPENDIX B.

[1876

Victoria, B.C., May 8, 1874.
Sir, — I have the honor to inform you that I have been instructed by the
Premier of Canada to make you aware of the views of his Administration upon the
subject of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, in order that Biiiish
Columbia may have full opportunity of considering and deciding upon a question
so closely affecting her material interests. The scheme originally adopted for the
carrying out of this work has, for a variety of reasons, proved unsuccessful, and
to devise a plan for a more certain accomplishment has been the aim of the
Dominion Cabinet. TTie chief difficulty to be encountered in attempting to carry
out the existing system of construction is to be found in the stipulation as to
completion of the railway by the month of July, 1881. In proposing to take a
longer time for constructing the railway, the Canadian Government are actuated
solely by an urgent necessity. They are advised by their engineers that the pliysical
difficulties are so much greater than was expected that it is an impossibility to con-
struct the railway within the time limited by the terms of Union, and that any
attempt to do so can only result in wasteful expenditure and financial embarrass-
ment. It is because they desire to act in good faith towards British Colunil)iathat
the Canadian Ministry at once avow the difficulty of carrying out the exact terms
of Union, whilst they have no desire to avoid the full responsibility of Canada to
complete the railway by all means in her power and at the earliest practicable
date.

The eleventh Article of the terms of Union embodies the bold proposition that
the railway should be commenced in two and completed in ten years from the date
of Union, to connect the seaboard of British Columbia with the railway system of
Canada. P'eeling the impossibility of complying with this time limit for comple-
tion, the Government is prepared to make new stipulations and to enter into
additional obligations of a definite character, for the benefit of the Province. They
propose to commence construction from Esquimault to Nanaimo immediately,
and to push that portion of railway on to completion with the utmost vigor and in
the shortest practicable time.

The engineering difficulties on the mainland have unfortunately turned out to
be so serious that further surveys must necessarily be made before the best route
can be determined upon. The Government have already asked Parliament for a
large sum for the purpose of carrying on these surveys, and no expenditure will be
spared to achieve the most speedy and reliable selection of a permanent location
of the line upon the mainland. It is useless to propose an actual construction
being undertaken before the location has been determined upon ; but in order to
afford as much benefit from the works of construction from the very firs' as can
possibly be derived by the people of the interior, the Government would
immediately open up a road, and build a telegraph line along the whole length of
the railway in the Province, and carry telegraph wire across the continent. It i>
believed that the mere commencement to build a railway at the seaboard, as
stipulated for in the existing terms, would give but little satisfaction to the pro-
ducers living upon the east side of the Cascade Mountains, who would be unable

187')]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

339

without a road being first constructed, to find a market all along the whole extent
of the railway, wherever construction was progressing. It would then be the aim of
tiie (lovernment to strain every nerve to push forward the construction of the rail-
way ; and they would endeavor at the same time so to arrange the expenditure that
the ici;itiniate advantages derivable from it would, as much as possible, 'V.ll into the
hands of our own producers. In addition to constructing the road to facilitate
tinns]iort along the located line, they are anxious to avail themselves of the large
supplies of all kinds of provisions now existing, or capable of being produced, in
the interior, and would proceed from the very first with all the works of construc-
tion in that portion of the country that their energy could sanction.

It is to be observed that while the terms of Union contemplated the completion
of the whole railway within a certain number of years, they made no provisions of
any certainty of expenditure in any particular time, or in any particular portion of
the line. To predicate the highest expenditure, which in any one year might be war-
ranted in a particular portion of a great work like this, is certainly difficult ; and it
is still more difficult to arrive at the lowest fixed annual sum, which in every year
and under all circumstances might be judiciously expended as a minimum in local
construction. To a country like British Columbia, it is conceded, however, to l)e an
important point that not only the prompt and vigorous commencement, but also
the continuous prosecution of the work of construction within the limits of the Pro-
vince should be guaranteed. In order therefore to secure an absolute certainty in this
direction, and although the length of line within the Province is estimated at only
about one-fifth of the whole length, the Dominion Government are disposed to con-
cede to British Columbia that the moment the surveys and road on the mainland can
be completed, there shall be in each and every year, and even under the most
unfavorable circumstances, during the construction of the railway, a minimum ex-
penditure upon works of construction within the Province of at least one million and
five hundred thousand dollars. That this will secure the continuous progress of the
works in the Province without any intermission is quite apparent, and it must also
be perfectly clear that so large an annual sum could not be expended by any Dominion
Administration in a remote district without holding out to the country some early
prospect of a return for it, and at the same time showing that they were proceeding
with the works with sufficient rapidity to bring the investment into an early condi-
tion to earn something. In reference to this point, I may be permitted to refer to the
fact that the delegates from British Columbia who negotiated the terms of Union
were instructed by the Provincial Legislature to accept an undertaking from C-.nada
to build the railway with a guaranteed annual expenditure in the Province upon con-
struction of one million of dollars, to begin at the end of three years after Union.
We must assume that this guarantee of continuous construction was only abandoned
by the delegates upon a conviction of both the sincerity and the feasibility of the
ofir>.'r of early completion that was made to them. I trust that the proposals of the
Dominion Cabinet, which I have sketched above, will be considered and accepted by
British Columbia, as an earnest effort on the part of the former to carry out the
spirit of the obligations to the Province.

The leader of the Canadian Government has instructed me to place these matters
before you, as leader of the Provincial Administration, and at the same time to furnish

340

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

a copy to his Honor the Lieutenant Clovernor. The substance of tliese proposals
has been sent to me by telegraphic cypher, and based upon that, I have the honor of
communicating them to you. The Dominion Government would be glad to have the
consideration this proposal entertained by your Administration, and to learn the con-
clusion of the Government of British Columbia upon the subject.

I have the honor to be, Sir,
Your obedient servant,

(Signed,) J. D. EDGAR.
Hon, George A. Walkem, M.P.P.,

Attorney General.

APPENDIX F.

Victoria, May i8, 1874.

Sir, — In reply to your letter of this date, I must express my surprise and ret;ret
that you should have taken umbrage at the contents of my letter of the nth Inst.
Mr. Mackenzie in an official, and his only letter to me respecting your visit lias
expressly narrowed and confined the object of your mission to the holding of a per-
sonal interview with my colleagues and myself in order that our " views regarding
" the policy of the Government on the construction of the railway should be asccr-
" tained without tedious and possibly unsatisfactory correspondence " — I quote his
words. These things having been done, the special aim desired, I may be per-
mitted to think, has been attained by Mr. Mackenzie.

When, however, you proceed further, and propose changes to this Government

of the gravest importance to the Province, I must be pardoned for considering it my

duty in my public capacity to ask for your official authority for appearing in the

role of an agent contracting for the Dominion of Canada. This information 1 have

not yet received,

I have the honor to be,

Your obedient servant,

(Signed,) GEO. A. WALKEM.
J. D. Edgar, Esq.

Mr. Edgar's mission had failed. It is useless minutely to enquire
into the reasons of the failure ; but it is clear from the correspondence
that the British Columbia Government had not the confidence either
in that of the Dominion or in its agent necessary in negotiations so
delicate and important.

The Earl of Carnarvon having been informed of the result of the
mission, and of the appointment of two of the Columbia Ministry to
England for the purpose of laying the grievances of the Province
before the Imperial authorities, thus writes to His Excellency the
Governor General :

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

341

DowNiNo Street, yi4ne i8, 1874.

My Lord, — The intimation which I have received by telegraph of the depar-
ture from British Columbia of the President of the Council and Attorney General
of that Province, sent to this country for the purpose of ajijiealing against the
course proposed by your Government, and sanctioned by the Dominion I'ariia'
ment, in regard to the Pacific Railway, together with the reports of the pro-
ceedings in that Parliament and other informal communications, have led me to
apprehend that the difference of opinion which has unfortunately occurred may not
only prove difficult to adjust, but may not impossibly, if it remains long unsettled,
(jive rise to feelings of dissatisfaction and to disagreements, the existence of which
within the Dominion would l^ a matter for serious regret.

2. It is not my wish, nor is it a part of my ordinary duty, to interfere in tliese
questions. They appear to me to be such as it should be within the province and
competency of the Dominion Government and Legislature to bring to a satisfactory
solulion, and you will readily understand that Her Majesty's Government would
l)e very reluctant to take any action which might be construed as expressing a
doubt of the anxiety of the Dominion Government and Parliament to give the
fullest consideration to such representation as may lie made on the part of British
Columbia, and to deal in the fairest and most liberal spirit with what may be
established as being the just claims of that Province.

3. At the same time, I am strongly impressed with the importance of neglect-
ing no means that can properly be adopted for effecting the speedy and amicable
settlement of a question which cannot without risk and obvious disadvantage to all
parties remain the subject of prolonged and it may be, acrimonious discussion, and
it has occurred to me that as in the original terms and conditions of the admission
of liritish Columbia into the Union, certain points (as for example the amount of
land to be appropriated for the Indians, and the pensions to be assigned to public
officers deprived of employment) were reserved for the decision of the Secretary
of .State, so in the present case it may possibly be acceptable to both parties that
I would tender my good offices in determining the new points which have presented
themselves for settlement. I accordingly addressed a telegram to you yesterday to
the effect that I greatly regretted that a difference should exist between the Domi-
nion and the Province in regard to the railway, and that if both Governments
should unite in desiring to refer to any arbitration all matters in controversy, bind-
ing themselves to accept such decision as I may think fair and just, I would not
decline to undertake this service.

4. The duty which, under a sense of the importance of the interests concerned,
Ihave thus offered to discharge is, of course, a responsible and difficult one, which
I could not assume unless by the desire of both parties, nor unless it would be fully
agreed that my decision, whatever it may be, shall be accepted without any ques-
tion or demur. If it is desired that I shall act in this matter, it will lie convenient
for each party to prepare a statement to be communicated to the other party, and
after a reasonable interval a counter statement, and that on these written documents
1 shall, reserving, of course, to myself, the power of calling for any other informa-
tion to guide me in arriving at my conclusion, give my final decision.

5. 1 request you to transmit a copy of this despatch with the utmost possible
speed to the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia.

342

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[1875

In order to meet the statements of the British Columbian delegates
to England the Dominion Ministry transmitted to the Colonial Secre-
tary the following minute of Council, dated 8th July, 1874 :

" The Committee of Council, after due (!eIil)eration, consider that the proposed
mission of Mr. Walkem, Attorney Cleneral of British Columbia, to England on
behalf of the Clovernment of that Province, to complain to the Imjierial (Jovern-
ment of the non-fulfilment by the Dominion Government of the terms of Union,
and the telegraphic message* of the Right Honorable the Secretary of State for the
Colonies Wi ii reference to the said mission, in which he offers his good offices in
arriving at some understanding between British Columbia and the Dominion, render
it desirable that a brief statement should be submitted showing the position of liie
question, and the action taken by the present Government of Canada in relation
thereto.

The Order in Council under which British Columbia was admitted into the
Union provided in the I Ith Section that :

• The Government of the Dominion undertake to secure the commencement
simultaneously, within two years from the date of the Union, of the construction of
a railway from the Pacific towards the Rocky Mountains, and from such point as
may be selected east of the Rocky Mountains towards the Pacific, to connect the
seaboard of British Columbia with the railway system of Canada ; and further to
secure the completion of such railway within ten years from the date of the
Union.'

The passage of such a provision was very strongly opposed in Parliament, the
Government of the day securing only a majority of ten in support of the measure.
In order to induce even this majority to sustain them, the following resohition was
proposed and carried by the Government :

• That the railway referred to in the address to Her Majesty concerning the
Union of British Columbia with Canada, adopted by this House on Saturday, the
1st April instant, should be constructed and worked by private enterprise, and not
by the Dominion Government, and that the public aid to be given to secure that
undertaking should consist of such liberal grants of land, and such subsidy in money
or other aid not increasing the present rate of taxation, as the Parliament of Canada
shall hereafter determine.'

The late Government were compelled by their followers in the House to adopt
this resolution regarding the taxation consequent on the obligation to build the
railway as the condition of obtaining their support. Even with this qualifying
resolution promised, the section respecting the railway was carried but by a majority
of ten, the usual majority being from fifty to seventy. ' •

It is impossible to conceive how such terms could even have been proposed,
as it was quite clear to every person that they were incapable of fulfilment, espe-
cially as the British Columbia Legislature never asked such extravagant terms,
The clause of the terms adopted by that body having reference to the railway was
as follows : —

* This message is a brief outline of the offer above set out in full in the Earl
of Carnarvon's despatch of i8th June, 1874.

;:■' ,;t

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

343

' Inasmuch as no real union can subsist l)etween this colony and Canada with-
out the siK'edy establishment of communication across the Rocky Mountains by
CDacli road and railway, the Dominion shall within three years from the date of
Union construct and open for traffic such coacii road from some point on the line
of tiie Main Trunk Road of this colony to Fort Garry, of similar character to the
said Main 'I'runk Road ; and shall further engajjc to use all means in her power to
comiilcte such railway communication at the earliut practicable date, and tiiat
surveys to determine the proper line for such railway shall Ix: at once commenced ;
anil that a sum not less than one million dollars shall l)e exi)ended in every year
from and after three years from the date of Union in actually constructing the
initial sections of such railway from the seaboard of British Columbia to connect
with the railway system of Canada.'

Mr. Trutch, the delegate of the British Columbia Government, present in
Ottawa during the discussions on the terms of Union, expressed himself as follows
at a imblic meeting, in order to reassure those who were apprehensive of the con-
sequences of so rash an assumption of such serious obligations : —

' When he came to Ottawa with his co-delegates last year, they entered into a
computation with the Privy Council as to the cost and time it would take to build
the line, and they came to the conclusion that it could be built on the terms pro-
po t'd in ten years. If they had said twelve or eighteen years, that time would
have been accepted with equal readiness, as all that was understood was that the
line should ])e built as soon as possible. British Columbia had entered into a part-
nei ship with Canada, and they were united to construct certain public works, but
i eiy one would protest against anything by which it should be understood that
the ( iovernment were to borrow one hundred millions of dollars, or to tax the
people of Canada and British Columbia to carry out those works within a certain
time. (Loud cheers.) He had been accused of having made a very Jewish bargain ;
but not even Shylock would have demanded his " pound of flesh " if it had to lie cut
from iiis own body.' (Laughter and cheers.)

These expressions show very clearly that the terms agreed to were directory
rather than mandatory, and were to be interpreted by circumstances, the essence of
the engagement being such diligence as was consistent with moderate expenditure,
and no increase in the then rate of taxation.

When the present Government assumed office in November, 1873, the condi-
tion of affairs regarding the railway was as follows : — A sum of over a million of
dollars had been expended in prosecuting the surveys, over one-half of which was
spent in British Columbia, but the engineers had not been able to locate any por-
tion of the line.

A Company, under the Presidency of Sir Hugh Allan, had been formed by the
late Government to construct the line. That Company had undertaken to com-
plete the railway for a grant of thirty millions of money and a grant of twenty
thousand acres of land per mile, retaining possession of the railway when built as
their own property. The President and a delegation of the Directors of this Com-
pany visited England to make financial arrangements to enable them to commence
the work of construction. Their mission proved a total failure. Their failure was
so complete that soon after the return of Sir Hugh Allan and his co-delegates from

344

lU.STORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

England, they relinquished their charter, and the Government paid them the sum
of one niiiliop dollars, which had been deposited with the Receiver General under
the terms pf the agreement.

'llie British Columbia Government had also complained that the commence-
ment of the works of co i truction luul noc been made within the time provirlc.i.
Sir John A. Macdonald, however, gave an informal opinion that the terms as t )
commencement were sufficiently and substantially kept by the active prosecution
of the surveys.

This Government had therefore to provide some other method for *he prosecu-
tion of the work, to endeavor to keep substantially {jood faith with British Colum-
bia, to avoid further taxation, and, if possible, secure the consent and co-operation
of the Government and people of British Columbia.

The new bill, which has since become law, was prepared, which enfcbles tlie
Government (with the approval of Parliament) to get the work executed in one or
several contracts, by a company or companies, which may or u.uy not become pro-
prietors of the line after it is constructed.

Mr. James D. Edgar was despatched on a special mission to tb^ Province of
British Columbia, charged to confer with the Government, and also to visit all
classes or parties, and ascertain their views, and to submit any jiroposal he inif,'ht
be directed to make to the local authorities or to receive any proposition from them
and forward the same to Ottawa for consideration. A copy of the instructions sent
to Mr. Edgar, and copies of certain telegrams alieady forwarded, and Mr. Edgar' ■^
repirt accompanying this minute, explain sufficiently the nature and result of Mr.
Edgar's mission. It was at first expected that a good understanding would be
arrived at, and judging from circumstances, \ocal political c implications alone
prevented some arrangement being con.o to.

The reason alleged for refusing to consider the proposition Mr. Edgar was
finally directed to make, that Mr. Edgar was not accredited b>' this Govermiient,
was evidently a mere technical pretence. All that Mr. Edgar had to do was
simply to present the proposals and ascertain on the spot whether they wouKl l)e
entertained by the Government.

If satisfactory to them, the Dominion Government would, as a matter of course,
have them sanctioned in due form ; or if any counter proposition had been made,
instructions would be given to Mr. Edgar concerning them.

The propositions nade by Mr. Edgar involved an immediate heavy expenditure
in British Columbia not contemplated by the terms o. Union, namely, the coti-
struction of a railway on Vancouver's Island, from the Port of Esquimauli 'o
Nanaimo, us compensation to the most po] ulous part of the Province for the r.;-
quirement of a longer time for completing the line on the mainland. The pro-
posals also embraced an obligation to construct a road or trail and telcgrapli line
across the continent at once, and an expenditure of not less than a million ami a
half within the Province annually on the railway works on the mainlami, irres|)ec-
tive of the amounts which might be spent east of the Rocky Mountains, l)t'ing a
half more than the entire sum British Columbia demanded in ^he first instance as
the annual ;xpenditure on t'le whole road.

In order to enable the Government to carry out the proposals, which it was

1875

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

345

hoped the British Columbia Government would have i^ccepted, the average rate of
taxation was raised at the late Session about fifteen per cent. The customs duties
being raised from fifteen per cent, to seventeen and a half per cent., and the excise
duties on spirits and tobacco a corresponding rate, both involving additional
taxation exceeding three millions of dollars on the transactions of the year.

Tlie public feeling of the whole Dominion has been expressed so strongly
against the fatal extravagance involved in tlie terms agreed to by the late Govern-
ment, that no Government could live that would attempt or ratlier pretend to
attem])t their H.eral fulfilment. Public opinion would not go beyond the proposal
matle through Mr. Edgar to the Government.

There is also reason to believe that local political exigencies alone induce the
Government of British Columbia not to entertain these proposals.

Since these propositions have been before the people, meetings have been
had on Vancouver's Island and on the mainland, when the action of tiie Local
Government was condemned, and a call made to accept the proposals offered. A
very influential portion of the local press has r.lso declared in favor of the course
pursued by the Dominion Government.

It may not be out of place to mention that the action of the Dominion Govern-
ment regarding the graving dock shows a desire to do everything that can fairly
be asked, whether there be an obligation or not under the terms of the Union. The
Doiriiiion was only bound to guarantee the interest on one hundred thousand
piHimis at five per cent, for ten years after the dock should be constructed. Tlie
Local (iovernment found it impossible to obtain any contractor to undertake the
work on the tern.s they were able to offer, based on the Dominion guarantee, and
they solicited this G^^vernment to assist otherwise. This was agreed to, and
Parliamentary authc.ity was obtained at the late Session to enable the Governor
General in Council to advance $250,000 as the work progressed.

The report of Mr. Edgar will fully explain the object and effect of his mission
as the agent of the Government. The Committee advise, therefore, that a copy
of the said report and appendices le transmitted to the Right Honorable Lord
Carnarvon, Secretary of State for the Colonies, with this minute."

In addition to this statement the Dominion Ministry forwarded to
the Home Office this further statement of their case :

" The Committee of Council have had under consideration the despatch from the
Hight Honoralile the Secretary of State for the Colonies, No. no, relative to the
proposed mission of a member of the British Columbia Government to England,
for the purpose of complaining of the alleged non-fulfilment of the terms of Union
lietween that Province and the Dominion as tf the construction of the I'acilic Rail-
way, an(i containing an offer on the part of Lord Carnarvon in the following terms :
' If Ixr.h (Governments should unite in desiring to refer to my arbitration all
mattf'.s in controversy, binding themselves to accept such decision as I may think
lair and just, I would not decline to undertake this service ; ' and further stating
that lie could not assume such duty * unless liy the desire of botli parlies, and
uuiess it should be fully agreed that my decision, whatever it may be, shall lie
•ucepted without any question or demur;' concluding v.iUi a request that in the

:\wt

346

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

event of this offer being accepted, a statement of the case should be prepared by
each Government to be submitted for consideration.

The Committee advise that Lord Carnarvon be informed that the papers already
transmitted to the Colonial Office, with the minute of Council of July 8, having
special reference to Mr. Walkem's communication in Ottawa of the 15th July, con-
vey substantially all that this Government have to say upon the subject ; and that
the Government would gladly accept his Lordship's offer, if it were possible to
define, with any degree of exactitude, the matter in dispute.

When the present Government assumed office, they found that the British
Columbia Government had protested against the non-commencement of worl<s of
construction on the railway on or before the 20th day of July, 1873, ^^ agreed to
in the eleventh section of the Order in Council relating to the Union. They also
found that the means taken by the late Dominion Government for proceeding with
the works of construction had totally failed, although the works preliminary to an
actual comm-mcement had been prosecuted with all possible despatch.

There can be no fjuestion of Lhe extreme difficulty involved in the survey of a
line of railway across an uninhabited continent, a distance of twenty-five hundred
miles. To properly complete this survey and ascertain the best route for the rail-
way would require not two years simply, but at least five or six years, as all
experience of works of this magnitude and character both in the Dominion and
elsewhere has sufficiently demonstrated.

'The expenditure which had taken place up to that time was very large, exceed-
ing one million of dollars, and yet the engineers had been quite unable to locate
any portion of the line in the more difficult parts of the country to be traversed.

Under these circumstances the Government conceive that there was no reason-
able or just cause of complaint on the part of the British Columbia Government.

No other steps could have been taken further than prosecuting the surveys
until the assembling of Parliament towards the close of the month of March of
this year.

The Government were then prepared with a new bill, taking ample powers for
proceeding with the works as expeditiously as the circumstances of the country
would permit. No complaint, official or otherwise, has been made as to iho
sufficiency of this measure to accomplish the object in view. It was distinctly
understood by the British Columbia delegation at the time the terms of Union were
agre ' upon that the taxation of the country was not to be increased on account of
this wor' beyond the rate then existing.

So anxious, however, were the present Government to remove any possible
cause of complaint, that they did take means to increase the taxation very ma-
terially in order to place themselves in a position to make arrangements for the
posecution of the initial and difficult portions of the line as soon as it was pos-
sible to do so, — and at the same time, a special confidential agent was deputed to
British Columbia for the express purpose of conferring with the Government of
that Province, and to endeavor to arrive at some understanding as to a course
to be pursued which could be satisfactory to British Columbia and meet the
circumstances of the Dominion.

It should be mentioned that before the late Government left office, it had been

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA..

347

distinctly understood, as one of the results of the visit to England by the Directors
of the Allan Company, that an extension of time of at least four years would be
absolutely necessary.

Mr. Walkem, of British Columbia, quite understood this, and there is reason
to believe that it would have l)een assented to by all parties.

The proposal made through Mr. Edgar to the British Columbia Government
is one which the Dominion Government think should have been accepted as rea-
sonable and just, and as one quite in accordance with the moral obligations imposed
on this Government, if not with the actual letter of the agreement.

It must be remembered that British Columbia earnestly petitioned the Dominion
Government to modify the terms of Union in its own favor in relation to the con-
struction of the graving dock. The Dominion Government cordially assented to
provide the money for the construction of the work, instead of abiding by the
agreement to guarantee merely the Provincial bonds for ten years, as provided by
the terms of Union. This at once shows the liberality of the Dominion Govern-
ment, and their willingness to consider and meet exceptional circumstances where-
ever they existed. And this manifestation of liberality on the part of this Govern-
ment they conceive should have been reciprocated in other matters by the Pro-
vincial Government.

The Dominion Government were also willing the exceed the terms of Union by
constructing a railway on the Island of Vancouver, although they were bound only
to reach th«! scaioarti of the Pacific.

.\t the present time the only violation of the terms of the compact which can
be alleged, is that the works of construction were not actually commenced on the
2cch July, 1873. I^"*^ '' '^ doubtful if even that allegation can be upheld.

It was all but impossible to proceed more rapidly with the work of survey,
and a very extravagant expenditure was the result of the haste already shown in
endeavoring to locate the line.

This may be understood from the fact that the surveys of the Intercolonial Rail-
way, 500 miles long, occupied not less than four years, though the route was through
a settled country, and they were then very incomplete, causing subsequent serious
embairassments to the contractors, and the presentation by them of endless claims
for compensation.

Mr. Walkem in his conversations admits frankly that the literal fulfilment of
the terms for the completion of the line on a certain day in 1881 cannot be expected.
The only questions, therefore, that can now arise are, (i) whether due diligence
and expedition have been exerted by the Dominion Government in the prosecution
of the works, and (2) whether the offers of compensation for the alleged non-fulfil-
ment of the terms were just and fair.

While expressing a very strong conviction that everything has been done that
could possibly be done under the circumstances, and that the Dominion Govern-
ment have shown a disposition to go far beyond the spirit of the engagement entered
into with IJritish Columbia, considering the expressions of opinion by Mr. Tiutch
as the delegate of British Columbia at the time of the Union, and the facts set forth
in the several documents already forwarded to the Colonial Office, the committee
advise that Lord Carnarvon be informed they would gladly submit the question to

348

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

1875]

him for his decision as to whether the exertions of the Government, the diligence
shown, and the offers made, have or have not been fair and just and in accordance
with the spirit of the agreement.

The Committee advise that a copy of this minute be forwarded to the Rigbt
Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies."

The Colonial Secretary having heard buLli parties now proceeds to
give his opinion on the statements up to this period laid before him :

Downing Street, i6/^ August, 1874.

Mv Lord, — With reference to my despatch. No. no, of the i8tli June, I
have now to acquaint you that I have seen Mr. Walkem, the Premier of British
Columbia, deputed by his Government to represent to me the claims of the Pro-
vince relative to the delays which have occurred in the construction of the Pacific
Railway ; the completion of which works within a certain understood time was
one of the principal considerations that influenced the Union of British Columbia
with the Dominion of Canada in 187 1 ; I will only add on this head that Mr.
Walkem laid his case before me in temperate and reasonable terms.

2. I have also received a telegram from the Lieut. Governor of British Colum-
bia, stating that upon the advice of his responsible Ministers he accepts, on beJialf
of British Columbia, the arbitration which I thought it my duty to offer, and tiie
conditions of which I explained to your Lordship in my despatch of the i8th June,

3. I have further received your despatch of the 31st July, enclosing copy of the
Report of the Canadian Privy Council of the 23rd July, in which your Ministers
express their readiness to submit for my decision the question whether the exertions
of the Dominion Government in the prosecution of the work, the diligence shown
and the offers made by them to British Columbia, have or have not been fair and
just and in accordance with the spirit of the agreement entered into between Canada
and British Columbia at the date of the Union.

4. I appreciate the confidence which has been thus placed in me by both parties
to this controvei-sy, and, so far as lies in my power, I am most desirous of contrilnit-
ing to the settlement of a difference, which although hitherto conducted with great
moderation, and in a conciliatory spirit on both sides, might easily assume more
serious dimensions.

5. I feel sure that the Dominion G ">vernment will agree with me that the sooner
this controversy can be closed the be, ter, and that to arrange matters amicably,
and with as little resort as possible to lormal procedure, will best promote that
object, and will be most congenial to the feelings of all parties.

6. With this view, I will proceed to state the case as I understand it, and the
impressions which I have formed as to the course that ought to be taken.

The proposals made by Mr. Edgar, on behalf of the Canadian Government, to
the Provincial (Jovernment of British Columbia, may be stated as follows : —

(I.) To commence at once, and finish as soon as possible, a railway from
Esquimnult to Ninaimo.

(2.) To spare no expense in settling as speedily as possible the line to betaken
by the railway on the mainland.

(3.) To make at once a waggon road and line of telegraph along the whole

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

349

length of the railway in British Columb a, and to continue the telegraph across the
continent.

(4. ) The moment the surveys and road on the mainland are completed, to spend
a minimum amount of $1,500,000 anually upon the construction of the Railway
within the Province.

7. I am under the impression, afttr conversing with Mr. Walkem, that he is
not fuliv empowered on the part of British Columl>ia to make specific proposals to
the Ciovernment of Canada, or to me, as to what tern.s British Columbia would be
wiil'ng to accept, but he has stated very clearly, in conversation at this office, the
objections entertained by his (iovernment and in the Province to the proposals of
your Government ; and they, or a considerable part of them, are fully set forth in
the petition to the Queen, of which, as it has been published in the Colonial press,
you no doubt have a copy.

8. Taking each point seriatim, as numbered in the last preceding paragraph but
one, I understand it to be urged : —

(I.) That nothing is being done by the Dominion Government towards com-
mencing and pushing on a railway from Esquimault to Nanaimo.

(2.) Tiiat the surveying parties tn the mainland are numerically very weak ;
and tliat there is no expectation in British Columbia, or guarantee given on the
])arl of the Dominion, that the surveys will be proceeded with as speedily as pos-
sil)le.

(3.) That the people of British Columbia do not desire the waggon road offered
by the Dominion Government, as it would be useless to them ; and that even the
tele^'raph proposed to be made along the line of the railway cannot, oi course, be
made until the route to be taken by the railway is settled.

(4.) That "the moment the surveys are completed," is not only an altogether
uncertain, Init, at the present rate of proceeding, a very remote period of time, and
tiiat an expenditure of $1,500,000 a year on the railway within the Province will
not carry the line to the boundary of British Columbia before a very distant date.

9. Mr. Walkem further urges that by section 1 1 of the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way Act of 1874, it is competent to the Dominion House of Commons to reject at
any time the contract for a section of the railway, and thus to prevent the continu-
ous construction of the work.

10. Referring first to this latter point, I do not understand that it is alleged by
Mr. Walkem, nor do I for a moment apprehend that the proviso was introduced
with any belief that it would delay the construction of the railway. I conceive
that all that was intended by it was to retain tlie power of exercising an adequate
supervision over the financial details of the sclieme ; nevertheless, the objection
stated by Mr. Walkem appears to me one which the Dominion Government should
seriously consider, as their policy in so important a matter ought not to be left
open to criticism, and British Columbia may fairly ask, according to the letter
and the spirit of past engagements, for every reasonable secur'ty that the railway
will be completed as speedily as possible.

11. Strong as are, doubtless, the oiijections urged by Mr. Walkem to the
proposals which I understand Mr. Edgar to have made onbehalf of your Ministers,
and important as is the subject-matter of controversy, I, as at present advised, can

■iirf

350

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

see no reason why the views of both parties should not be reconciled to their satis-
faction and with justice to all interests concerned.

12. On the one hand, I cannot entertain the least doubt of the sincere intention
of the Canadian Government and Parliament to adhere as closely as possible to
the pledges given to British Columbia at the time of the Union ; to do that which
is just and liberal towards the Province, and in fact to maintain the good faith of
the Dominion in the spirit if not in the letter of the original agreement under cir-
cumstances which I admit to be of no ordinary difficulty.

13. On the other hand, however, it would be unfair to deny that the objections
stated by Mr. Walkem have a certain foundation and force, and I have every con-
fidence, in order to obtain the settlement of a question of such vital importance to
the interests of the whole Dominion, the Canadian Government will be willing to
make some reasonable concessions such as may satisfy the local requirements of
British Columbia, and )et in no way detract from the high position which the
Dominion Parliament and Government ought in my judgment to occupy.

14. 1 am of opinion, therefore, on a general review of all the considerations
of the case, and as an impartial but most friendly adviser, who, if I may be allowed
to say so, has the interests of both parties and the prosperity of the whole Domi-
nion deeply at heart, that the following proposals would not be other than a fair
basis of adjustment.

(i.) That the section of the railway from Esquimault to Nanaimo should
be begun at once.

(2.) That the Dominion Government should greatly increase the strength of
the surveying parties on the mainland, and that they should undertake to expend
on the surveys if necessary for the speedy completion of the work, if not an
equal share to that which they would expend on the railway itself if it were in
actual course of construction, at all events some considerable definite minimum
amount.

(3.) Inasmuch as the proposed waggon road does not seem to be desired by
British Columbia, the Canadian Government and Parliament may be fairly relieved
of the expense and labor involved in their offer ; and desirable as in my opinion
the construction of the telegraph across the continent will be, it perhaps is a ques-
tion whether it may not be postponed till the line to be taken by the railway is
definitely settled.

(4.) The offer made by the Dominion Government to spend a minimum amount
of $l,50o,ocx> annually on the railway within British Columbia, as soon as the
surveys and waggon road are completed, appears to me to be hardly as delinite
as the large interests involved on both sides seem to require. I think tiiat some
short and fixed time should be assigned within which the surveys should be com-
pleted ; failing which, some compensation should become due to British Columbia
for the delay.

15. Looking, further, to all the delays which have taken place, and which may
yet perhaps occur ; looking also to the public expectations that have been lield out
of the completion of the rail'vay, if not within the original period of ten years,
fixed by the terms of Union, at all events within fourteen years from 1871,!
cannot but think that the annual minimum expenditure of $1,500,000 olTeied by

18T5]

THE EARL OF DUFFEltIN IN CANADA.

351

the Dominion Government for the construction of the railway in the Province, is
hardly atlequate. In order to make the proposal not only fair but, as I know is
the wish of your Ministers, liberal, I would suggest for their consideration whether
the amount should not be fixed at a higher rate, say, for instance, at $2,000,000

a year.

16. The really important point, however, not only in the interests of the Pro-
vince but for the credit of the Dominion and the advantage of the Elmpire at large,
is to assume the completion of the railway at some definite period, which, from
causes over which your Ministers have had no control, must now, I admit, be
much more distant than had been originally contemplated, and I am disposed to
sujTjrest as a reasonable arrangement, and one neither unfair to the Dominion nor
to British Columbia, that the year 1890 should lie agreed upon for this purpose.
In making this suggestion, I, of course, conclude that the Dominion (lovernment
will readily use all reasonable efforts to complete the line before any extreme
limit of time that may be fixed, A postponement to the very distant jieriod which
I have mentioned could not fail to be a serious disappointment to the people of
the Province, and to all interested in its welfare, and I should not have suggested
it were it not for the full confidence which I felt in the determination of your
Ministers to do not merely the least that they may be obliged, but the utmost
that they may be able, in redemption of the obligations which they have inherited.
17. I have now only to repeat the strong desire which I feel to be of service
in a matter, the settlement of which may be either simple or difficult according to
the spirit in which it is approached, a question directly bearing upon the terms of
Union, may, if both parties to it will waive some portion of their own views and
opinions, be well entrusted to the Imperial authority which presided over that
Union, and not improperly, perhaps, to the individual Minister whose fortune it
was to consider and in-some degree to shape the details of the original settlement
under which the Provinces of British North America were confederated, and Bri-
tish Columbia ultimately brought into connection with th.^m. If indeed the
expression of a personal feeling may, in such a case as this, be indulged, I may
perhaps be allowed to say how sincerely I prize the recollection of the share which
I was then permitted to have in that great work, how deeply I should grieve to
see any disagreement or difference impair the harmony which has been so con-
s]Mcuously maintained by the wisdom and good feeling of all parties, and how
entirely your Lordship 'and your Ministers may count upon my best efforts in
furtherance of every measure that can contribute to the strength and honor of the
Dominion of Canada.

18. It will be very convenient if your Government should feel alile to reply l)y
telegraph, stating generally whether the modifications which I have proposed, and
which seem to me consistent with the present conditions of the question and with
tile true construction of the policy adopted by them, are in the main acceptable to
them, in order that no unnecessary delay may take place in bringing this matter

to a conclusion.

I have, 6^c.,

(Signed,) CARNARVON.

Governor General The Right Honorable

The Earl of Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B.

352

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

This decision of the Earl of Carnarvon vas thus accepted by the
Dominion Government in the minute of Council dated 17th Septemher,
1874:

•' The Committee of Council have had under consideration the despatch of the
Right Honorable Lord Carnarvon relating to the complaints of the British Colunilija
Government with respect to the Pacific Railway, and suggesting certain moditlca-
tions of the projrasals made by the Dominion Government, through Mr. Edyar,
on the 8th May last.

These proposals were prompted by a desire to provide against further difficuUy,
in view of the then well ascertained fact that the terms of Union had become im-
possible of literal fulfilment, on the one hand, and on the other hand giving due
weight to the very strong feeling entertained against the fatal extravagance wliich
these terms involved to the country. The proposals may thus be summarized :—

1. To build a railway from Esquimault to Nanaimo, on Vancouver Island, in
excess of the terms of Union, and to begin the work immediately.

2. To commence the construction of the railway on the mainland as soon as
the surveys could be completed, and to expend on the work not less than one and
a half millions annually.

3. To take the necessary steps, meanwhile, to secure the construction of a tele-
graph lino across the continent on the located line for the railway, at the same time
cutting out the railway track and building thereon a trail or road, which would be-
come available as part of the permanent works.

The arrangement proposed by Lord Carnarvon embodies some amendments.
His Lordship suggests : —

1st. The immediate construction, as proposed, of the short line on Vancouver
Island.

2nd. After the location of the line the expenditure of two millions on the main-
land, instead of one and a half millions.

3rd. The increase of the engineering force to double the number now employed ;
the expenditure on the survey, if not of an amount equal to the proposed annual
expenditure on construction, of some other specific sum ; the prescribing of a limited
time for the completion of the survey ; and the payment of a sum of money as com-
pensation in the event of its not being so completed.

4th. The guarantee of the completion of the entire railway in 1890.

It is also suggested that the construction of the telegraph line and road need not
be proceeded with, as Mr. Walkem does not consider either as of any use to tiie
Province.

The Committee recommend that the first consideration, which is precisely wiiat
was previously offered, be again concurred in.

In regard to the second proposal, the Committee recommend that Lord Carnar-
von be informed (if it be found impossible to obtain a settlement of the question by
the acceptance of the former offer) that the Government will consent that after tiie
completion of the survey, the average annual minimum expenditure on the main-
land shall be two millions. There is every reason to believe now that a majority
of the people of Columbia would accept the propositions previously made. Jiulg-

1.^7')1

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

353

ing from a petition sent from the mainland, signed by 644 names (a copy of wliich
petition is enclosed), there is almost an entire unanimity tliere in favor of these pro-
posals, and assurances were given very lately by gentlemen of the highest position
on tlie Island that the course of the Local Government would not meet general
approval there. An application was made by one prominent gentleman, an ex-
nifnil)er of Parliament, to the Government here, to know if tiie proposals made
would still be adiiered to, he pledging himself to secure their accejjtance by the
bulk of the people.

It is therefore earnestly hoped that no change will be considered necessary, as
it will be difficult to induce the country to accept any further concessions.

The third condition requires an increase of the engineer force employed on the
surveying service ; the completion of the survey within a specific time ; and in case
tiiat time should be exceeded, the jiayment to the Province of a money comjiensation.
'liie Committee respectfully submit that the result arrived at by the foregoing
suggestion is already l)oing accomplished with the utmost despatch admitted by the
circumstances of the case.

Tiie Chief Engineer was instructed to provide all the assistance he required in
order to comjjlete the surveys within the shortest possible period, and he engaged
a large force ; a force larger indeed than can with profit be employed until the
route is definitely determined.

Whatever may Ije the route finally chosen, the line will of necessity traverse a
country with exceedingly rough topographical features for a distance of five or six
lumched miles from the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains to the extreme limit
of the Province on the Pacific.

The country is an immense plateau, which maintains its general elevation to
within a few miles of the sea, but often rises into unshajiely mountain ranges ; some
of tliose ranges tower to a height of over 9000 feet.

The boundary of the plateau on the west is the Cascade Range ; this forms a
huge sea wall along the coast, and has interposed a much more formidable obstacle
to the surveyors than the Rocky Mountains. Attempts have been made at five or
six points to pierce the barrier, but, except at the Kraser River and at Bute Inlet,
without success.

From the results of last year's explorations the Bute Inlet route seemed on the
whole to be the best, but it is not unassociated witii serious difficulties. For a dis-
tance of twenty miles the ascent or grade is about 150 feet to the mile.

The straits which form the approach to the harbor from seaward are encumbered
by islands, and when reached the harbor is found to be destitute of anchorage. The
dangers of navigation are increased not alone by the precipitations and rocky shores,
but by the rapidity of the tide which rushes through the narrow channels with a
velocity of from seven to nine miles an hour.

It was supposed when work was resumed last spring that a practicable route
would be found from the point where Fleming's line touches the n(jrtli brancli of
the Thompson River westward towards what is known as Big Bend, on the Fraser
River, from which no serious impediment exists until the commencement of the
rapid descent to the sea at Bute Inlet is reached. Had this supposition proved
rorrect, it is probable the Government might have been prepared at the end of

354

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

riH7.^

this year to proceed with the exact location of the line. Hut the explorations
carried on to the close of July last resulted in the discovery of a hijjh ranjje of
mountains whicli till the country from near the junction of the Clearwater with the
Tlu)nipson northward to tlie f^reat tiend of the Fraser ; and, ^vithout a very Idnf'
detour south or north, they bar tiie way to the west. The Chief Knyineer therefore
advised are-examination of the Fraser Valley, or, more correctly speaking, ravine,
inasmuch as no broad valley anywhere exists, the rivers in their courses iiaving
cleft ways for themselves through the rocks, which in some cases they li.ive
pierced to a depth of 1500 feet by a width of not more than a single mile, tluis
giving as the normal condition exceedingly precipitous banks. This new examina-
tion of the Fraser River Route will occupy at least the whole season,

A memorandum from the Chief Engineer will give the strength of the forehand
show its distribution. Nearly two seasons were passed in examining the Rockv
Mountain Range and the Valley of the Columbia in the endeavor to ()l)taiii n
favorable pass. The result was that the explorers were driven north to what is
known as Jasper House I'ass.

These facts are mentioned to give some idea of the enormous labor invuKcd,
and the impossibility of placing a large force in the field to do engineeriuL; work,
when it is not yet known where the engineering work is to be done. 'l'hee.\|)iorn
tory survey must he tolerably complete l)efore the exact location of any j)onion of
the line can be contemplated or possible, and before plans can be made of hriil^'us
and other works of construction required, and nothing but the urgency of the con-
tract so imprudently entered into with British Columbia would otherwise have
induced the Government to employ more than half the force now engaged.

As pointed out in previous memorandum, the expenditure to the end of last
year in British Columbia alone wasconsideralily over half a million of money more
than the whole expenditure upon the 2000 miles eastward of that Province.

The Chief Engineer was informed last winter that it was the desire of the
Government to have the utmost expedition used in prosecuting and completing tiie
surveys ; and in the engagements which he has entered into these directions have
been fully considered.

The fourth condition involves another precise engagement to have tlie whole
of the railway communication finished in 1890. TTiere are the strongest possible
objections to again adopting a precise time for the completion of the lines. The
eastern portion of the line, except so far as the mere letter of the conditions is con-
cerned, affects only the provinces east of Manitoba, and the Government have not
been persuaded either of the wisdom or the necessity of immediately constructing
that portion of the railway which traverses the country from the west end of Like
Superior to the proposed eastern terminus on Lake Nipissing near Georgian Day,
nor is it conceived that the people of British Columbia could, with any show of
reason whatever, insist that this portion of the work should be comjileted within
any definite time, inasmuch as, if the people who are chiefly if not wholly affected
by this branch of the undertaking are satisfied, it is maintained that the peojjje of
British Columbia would practically have no right of speech in the matter.

It is intended by the Government that the utmost diligence shall be manifested
in obtaining a speedy line of communication by rail and water from Lake i^uperiur

isrr.]

THE EAUL OF DUFFERTN IN CANADA.

355

westward, completing the various links of railway as fast as possible, consistent
with tiiat prudent course which a comparatively poor and sparsely settled country
should adopt.

There can be no doubt that it would be an extremely difficult task to obtain the
sanction of the Canadi.in Parli iment to any specific bar(,Min as to time, consider-
in;; tiie conseciuoii "s which h.,»c already resulted from tlie unwise adnjition of a
liiuitcd period in il. terms of Union for the completion of so \ast an undertaking,
tiie extent of which must necessarily be very imperfectly understood by people at
a distance. The Committee advise that Lord Carnarvon l)e info med that, while
in no ease could the Government undertake the completion of the whde line in the
time mentioned, an extreme unwillingness exists to another linm iiion of time ;
but if it be found absolutely necessary to secure a present settlement of the
controversy by further concessions, a pledge may be given that the portion west of
Lake Sujjerior will be comi)leted sd as to afford connection by rail with existing
lines of railway througli a portion of the United States and by Canadian wateis
(luring the season of navigation by the year 1890 as suggested.

With regard to the ameliorating proposal to dispense with the formation of a
road or trail across the country, and the construction of a telegraph line, on the
representation of the Uritish ('olumbia delegate that neither is considered
necessary, it is proper to reinark that it is impossible to <lispense with the
clearing out of a track and the formation of a roa<l of some sort in order to get in
the su|)i)lies for the railway, and the proposal was, that as soon as the general
route of the railway could be determined and the location ascertained, width of
two chains should be cleared out in the wooded districts, a telegraph line erected,
and that a sort of road jiassable for horses and rough vehicles should be furmed
and brought into existence, not as a road independent of the railway, but as an
auxiliary to and a necessary preliminary to railway construction, the cost incurred
forming part indeed of the construction of the railway itself.

In so vast a country where there are no postal facilities, an- ! where there can
be no rapid postal communications for many years hence, it is absolutely essential
that a telegraph line should be erected along the proposed route, as the only
means by which the Government and contractors could maintain any comimmica-
tion. The offer therefore to dispense with a telegraph line is one which cannot be
considered as in any way whatever afl'ording relief to the Dominion, the undertak-
ing; to construct the telegraph line must rather be looked upon as an earnest of the
desire of the Government to do every thing in reason, in order to keep within the
spirit of its engagements.

The intention of the Government will be seen from the following quotations
from the Act of last Session : —

'A line of electric telegraph shall be constructed in advance of the said rail-
way and branches along their whole extent respectively as soon as practicable
after the location of the line shall have been detern.ined upon.'

Having dealt with the modifications suggested by Lord Carnarvon, it is jiroper
to notice.9t7-/(///VA' the several grounds of complaint as stated in the despatch.

1st. 'That nothing is being done by the Dominion Government towards com-
mencing and pushing on a railway from Esquimault to Nanaimo.'

366

UIHTOIIY OF THK ADMINISTKATION OF

[1H75

The Dominion lias no engagement to l)iiil(l such a railway, and therefore tlica-
can lie no just complaint that it is not commenced. The construction of sudi a
railway was olTered only as compensation for delay in fulfilling the engageniLiit to
luiild a railway to the ' i'acific seaboard.'

2n(i. ' I'hat the surveying parties on the mainland are numerically weak, iiml
that there is no expectation in British Columbia, or guarantee given, that the
surveys will be proceeded with as speedily .as possible.'

On this point it is sufficient to state that, as remarked elsewhere, tlu' utmost
expedition possible has been used, and that the allegations in the pelitiuii are
incorrect.

3rd. ' That the peo])le of British Columbia do not desire the waggon road
offered by the Dominion (.lovernment, as it would be useless to them ; and that
even the telegraph proposed to be made along the line of the railway cannot of
course be made until the route to be taken by the railway is settled.'

It m.iy be noticed in connection with this extraordinary statement that tiie
construction of such a road was one of the conditions imposed by the Local l.t'i^is-
lature in their resolutions adopted as the basis whereon to negotiate the terms of
Union. It would therefore seem that such a declaration now is intended 11101 f to
lessen the value of the proposals made to British Columliia than to indicate piiliiic
sentiment in the Province. As pointed out elsewhere, tin- work is practically a part
of railway construction, and it is also confidently believed will be of very great
advantage to the people generally.

4th. Mr. Walkem further urges 'That by Sec. II of the Canadian I'acitic Rail-
way Act of 1874, it is competent to the Dominion House of Commons to lejiLt at
any time the contract for a section of the railway, and thus to i)rcvciit the
continuous construction of the work.'

This is simply a complaint that the jiresent Government provided for Parlia-
mentary supervision over the letting of such vast contracts. It was coiiteiidLcl by
the opposition in 1872 that in the matter of a contract for so large a work, (o: uliich
the Dominion was to pay thirty millions of dollars, and allot nearly sixty million
acres of land, the formal sanction of rarliainent should be obtained. Acconlmgly,
when it became their duty under altered political circumstances to submit a new
measure to Parliament, in lieu of the one which had failed of success, they were bound
to secure by statutory enactments full control to Parliament over the letliiij^ of the
contract or contracts.

In all extraordinary contracts entered into by the Government of England or
Canada, this course has been followed : as, for instance, in contracts for the convey-
ance of mails by ocean steamers.

It will also be apparent that no Government decision could prevent future
Parliamentary action.

The insertion of this section therefore is in pursuance of a well settled public
policy, not to permit the executive too extensive powers without specific I'arlia-
mentary sanction ; and even the present Opposition demanded that the restriction
should apply to minor works on the branches provided for in the Act.

Neither the Canadian Government nor Parliament can be suspected of having
inserti;d such a clause for the improper purpose of using it to retard progress other-
wise possible. Nothing has occurred which could justify such a suspicion.

imi

THE E.VRL OF DUFFEUIN IX CANADA.

357

Since the passage of the Act, the (lovernment have placed the grading of the
IViiihina Branch under contract and hope soon to place the Nipissing Itranch under
c ntrnct. The contracts for the teiegraiih lines fioni i-'ort William to the existing
tii(j,'rapliic stations in Hritisii Columbia will l)e closed in a few days.

It only remains to say that the (lovernment, in making the new proposals to
Hriti>h C'olundiia, were actuated by an anxious desire to |iut an end to all contro-
viTsv. and to do what is fair and just under very extraordinary circumstances, and
that these proposals embraced the most liberal terms that public opinion would
justify them in offering.

It is proper, further, to remark that there has been no just cause of coini)laint
at nil, inasmuch as the report of the Chief Kngineer shows that nothing more could
liavu been done to forward the work.

Tiie Act passed last Session is a very complete one, and amply provides for the
cim-liuction of the railway subject to the Parliamentary su])ervision referred to.

Tiu- lot of British Columbia is cast in with the other North American Provinces,
ami it becomes the duty of all the confederated Provinces to consider to some extent
the general welfare. It is especially the duty of the smaller Provinces to defer
soniew hat to the opinions of the old and populous Provinces from which the revenue
fur tiie building of all such works is derived."

Co/>y of Petition.

"Tliat in view of the action taken by an association calling itself " The Terms
of Union Preservation League," meeting in the City of Victoria, on Vancouver
Island, in petitioning Iler Most Gracious Majesty, the Queen, relative to the non-
fultiliiient of one of the conditions of the terms of Union, and affirming in said
petition tliat Esquimault, on Vancouver Island, had lx;en decided to be the terminus
of tiie Canadian Pacific Railway, and that a portion of the line had been located
k'tween the harbor of Esquimault and Seymour Narrows, and praying tliat Iler
Majesty act as Arbitrator, and see that justice be done to British Columbia, we, the
undersigned, respectfully submit as follows :

" Tiint in our opinion, the order of the Privy Council of Canada, of 7th June,
1873, '^ '" "^* ^^'^y hinding upon your Excellency's present Government, and that
a line of railway along the seaboard of Vancouver Island to Esquimault is no jiart
of tiie terms of Union.

" Tliat in any arrangement which may be entered into for an extension of time
for liie commencement or completion of the railway, any consideration granted by
tile Dominion of Canada to the Province of British Columbia should be such as
would be generally advantageous to the whole Province, and not of a merely local
nature, benefiting only a section thereof.

"Tliat the league referred to, acting under the impression that further surveys
may detract from the favorable opinion now entertained by the Engineers of the
hute Inlet route, are desirous of forcing your Excellency's Government into an
imnieiiiate selection.

"That we consider it would be unwise, impolitic, and unjust to select any line
for tlie railway until time be given for a thorough survey of the different routes on

358

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1375

the mainland, believing, as we do, that such survey must result in the selection fjf
Fraser Valley route, which is the only one tliat connects the fertile districts of the
interior with the seaboard.

" That as it isevident 'hat the surveys are rot )et sufficiently advanced to allow
of an intelligent decision on the cjuestion of mute being arrived at, we consider
that a vigorous and immediate prosecution of the surveys by your Excellency's
Covfrnment, to be followed in 1875 ^'Y ^'^^ commencement of construction on the
mainland, will be a faithful carrying out of the spirit of the terms of Union.

"Your petitioners therefore hund)ly jiray that your Excellency take the views
expressed in this our petition into your most favoral)le consideration."

Mr. Walkem supplemented his case by the following letter to llie

Earl of Carnarvon :

" London, October 31, 1874.

IsiY LoRP, — I now beg leave ruspectOdly to offer for your Lordship's consid-
eration a recapitulation and re 'ew jf the main points of the question at issue
between Canada and British Columl)ia, respecting the breach l)y the former of ihe
railway ag, cement in the terms of Union.

Although I have been favored by your Lordship with many and li.ngtIiLiied
interviews on the subject, I hope that the grave nature of the interests connnittcd
to my care, as well as the important influence which your Lordship's actional die
present time is sure to exercise upon the political and industrial growth of llie
Province, will Se a sufficient excuse for again troubling you.

A written communication of the kind proposed may also usefully serve lo
define more clearly some of the views which I have advocated on behalf of liie
Province.

Before proceeding further, I trust that I may be permitted to tender tlie exjues
sion of my grateful sense of the attention with which your Lordship has been pleased
to receive, not only the statement of the case of British Columbia, as set fortli in the
petition of its Gr vernment, but also the comments upon it which I have from time
to time made.

The Provincial Government will be glad to learn — what your Lordship has beon
good einiugh to state — that you have been gratified with the temperate spirit in
which their case has been presented for the consideration of Her Majesty's (iovein-
ment.

It was, as I had the honor to mention at my first intervie"-, with a strong feel-
ing of regret, that the Government of the Province felt them.-:clves under the
necessity ot .eeking the advice and intervention of Her Majesty's Government in
this mntter. Tiie Provincial Government desired to vork in harmony with the
rXmiinion Govern nent, and I may safely say that such intervention wouiii not
have been sought had a sufficient effort been made by the Dominion to comply
with the spirit of the railway agreement.

The key t', the general policy of Her Majesty's Government, in relation to
British North America, is, so far as I understand, to be found in the preainl)le of
the Act of Confederation, which briefly declares that ' Union would cor.hae to
the welfiire of the Provinces * "' * federally united * * * and promote the inter-
ests of the British Empire.' The Imperial policy thus declared has also Ixen the

1875]

THE EAUL OF DUFFEItlN IN CANADA.

359

policy of Canada. British Columbia, likewise, has endeavored on her part loyally
to follow it. It is from a due re<^'p.;d for the principles laid down in the Confedera-
tion Act, and from a natural and, I hope, proper desire to protect her own special
inlcvesLS as a Province, that British Columbia has protested against the non-fuUil-
iiiont l)y Canada of the railway agreement of the terms '>{ Union.

Tiiis railway agreement, while purjjosely and in part framed, as 1 shall hereafter
ihvAV, to promote tiie interests of British Columbia, is not an agreement for tiie
cdiistniction of a railway within merely provincial limits for simply provincial j)ur-
poses. It is an agreement of a much more comprehensive character, designed, in
fact, mainly to advance, and indeed to effect, p real union and consolidation of
tilt British Possessions on the Cont'nent of North America, In tiie attainment of
this great end, British Columbia is, owing to her pi ■icnt isolation, especially
interested.

A sliort reference to a few facts, which led to the Union of the Province with
Canada, will best explain her true position.

In pursuance of the general Confederation policy declared in 1867, Her Majesty's
Government, in 1869, addressed a despo'.ch to the Covernor of British Columbia,
expressing a desire that British Columliia should be incorporated with Canada.
Tliis (!esi)atch not only re-states tiie principles set forth in the Confederation Act
hut also shows in what respect they are peculiarly applicabh; to British Columbia.
Tiic following is a (quotation from the despatch : —

'Her Majesty's Government,' writes the Secretary of .State, 'anticipate tiiat
;'...• interests of every Province of British North America will be more advanced,
enabling the wealth, credit, and intelligence of tlie whole to lie brouglit to liear on
every part, than by encouraging each in the contracted policy of taking care of
itself, possibly at the expense of its neighbor.

' Most especially is this true in the case of internal transit. It is evident that
tlie eslatilishment of a British line of communication between the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans is far more feasible by the operations of a single Ciovernment re-
sponsible for the progress of both shores of the continent, than by a bargain nego-
tii'id between separate, perhaps in some respects rival, (.iovernments and Legisla-
tures. Tiie San Francisco of British North America would, under these circum-
stances, liold a greater commercial and political positio'i than would 'i)e atlainal)le
liy tlie capital of the isolated colony of British ColunibiL^.

' Her Majesty's Government are aware that the distance between Ottawa and
Victoria presents a real difficulty in the way of immediate Union. Hut that very
(iifficiilty will not be without its advantages, if it renders easy coninumication
indispensable, and forces onwards the operations which are to complete it. In :iiiy
case it is an understood inconvenience, and a diminishing one, and it appears far
littler to accept it as a temporary drawback on the advantages of Union, than to
wait for those obstacles, often more intractable, which aro sure to si)riiig uj) after
a neglected oppouunity.'

Here four propositions are laid down : —

1st. That the Cinadian Federal system is based upon a union of the ' \\ '"lih,
credit and intelligence ' of the several Provinces, which will, when properly ap|)lied,
promote the welfare of each.

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

211(1, That to secure this result, ' easy • * * internal * * » com-
munication ' thro'igh British territory 'is indispensable.'

3r(l. That the abser.ce of this ' easy * * * internal » * * communi.
cation,' and 'the distance between Ottawa and Victoria' constitute 'a real
difficulty in the way of immediate union.'

4th. That this ' real difficulty' will operate as a mere ' temporary drawhack
on the advantages of Union,' as it will be sure to 'force onwards' those 'opera-
tions ' necessary to remove it.

It is to hasten the removal of this 'temporary drawback,' and to 'force
oriwards,' in the sense of the above despatch, these necessary operations which have
beei, long deferred, that the (Jovernment of British Cohnnbia have sought the inter-
vention of Her .Majesty's (jovermnent.

The *trength of the above propositions, viewed in connection with the genera!
Confederation policy, was fully recognized by the then Government of the Domi-
nion. They agreed with Her Majesty's (iovernment, that without 'easy commu-
nication ' and ' internal transit ' '."tween Ottawa and Victoria, the union of
British Columbia and Canada could not be effective. Afterwards, when the wliole
matter was practically studied by the Government of the L)ominion, it seems to
have been their decided opinion that ' easy comnnmication ' across the Conti-
nent could mean nothing less than a railway ; and that, with respect to Hritisii
Columbia, the ' temporary drawl)ack on the advantages' of Confederation, men-
tioned by Her Majesty's Government, should not be allowed to last for more than
ten years from the date of Union.

Hence the Dominion undertook ' to secure the commencement simultaneously '
on tiie 2olh July, 1873, ' "^ ^'^"^ construction of a railway from the Tacific towards
the Rocky .Mountains, and from such point as may be selected east of the Rocky
Mountains towards the I'acific, to connect the seaboard of British Columbia with
the railway system of Canada ; and further, to secure the completion of such rail-
way within ten years from' July, 1871. And British Columbia, on her part,
entered into certain obligations in favor of the Dominion, with regard to the ]nililic
lands of the Province. The word ' simultaneously,' which appears in this agree-
ment, was designedly inserted with two objects :—

1st. That Canad;; should commence construction works at the two most avail-
able points, and thus ensure the early and rajiid jirogress of the railway ; and

2nd. That tiie admitted disadvantages under which British Colunil)ia uouid
labor until the conijjletion of the main line should to some extent l)e coimter-
balanced by the benefits of early expenditure upon railway works in the Province.

The agreement thus entered into was inserted in, and formed tlie most osciuiai
l)art of tin- terms of I'nion nuttually accepted, in 187 1, by Britisli Columbia ami
Canada. 'Hiese terms were placed before the people of the Province at a general
election. They were shortly afterwards considered and formerly approved liy the
Provincial IvCgislature. They were subsequeiUly fully debated, antl accepted by
both Hou.ses of the Parliament of Canada ; and they were finally sanctioned and
ratified by Her Majesty in Council. No question, therefore, could have been moni
thoroughly ventilated ; no conclusion more deliberately arrived at. As a strong'
practical [uoof of the continu'.'d interest felt by [h-v Majesty's Government in the

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361

success of the Confetleration thus established, the Imperial Parliament in July, 1873,
^ni;i inn teed a loan of _;^3, 600,000, to be raised by Canada mainly for the construc-
tion, among other public works, of the Canada Pacific Railway.

It may now be useful to present to your Lordship a brief statement of the
manner in which the conditions of the Railway Agreement have been observed.

Tlie petition of the Ciovernment of British Columbia shows the following
facts :—

That the Province has fultilled her part of the agreement ; and has endeavored
to aid the Dominion Government to carry cut their part ;

That the Dominion Government h.ave not, during the three years succeeding
Union, made due effort to complete the railway survejs in British Columbia ;

'I'lmt the Dominion Government did not, on the 20th July, 1S73, commence
the ' sinndtaneous ' railway construction provided for in the agreement ;

That they also have hitherto failed to commence any railway construction
whatsoever in the Province, though they might have commenced such construc-
tion, as they admitted in May last that they were then in a position to begin tiie
railway.

Some further circumstances connected with these matters are detailed in the
petition. It is therein shown that in June, 1873, ^^'^^ Dominion Government
selected the Harbor of Escjuimault, on the Pacific, as the western terminus of the

... Tan Pacific Railway ; that they at the same time decided that a ]>ortion of the
.i:.v ! ne should Ite ' located' between the terminus antl Seymou'. Narrows ; that
some weeks prior to the 'ay named in the agreement for the commencement of the
construction of the main line, they secured from the Provincial Government ' in
i'uitheriince of such construction' a reserve of a valuable tract of land lying rlong
this iMDJected line and some 3000 scpiare miles in ar';.a ; that, as already stated, no
construction whatsoever was or has been commenced within the Province ; that the
lane! so reserved has been thus rendered comparatively valueless to the Province,
.15 it lias ever since lieen closed to settlement and to the investment of capital.

Against the continuance of the above state of tilings, the Province, through its
Ugislature and its Government, from time to time entered prote, t after protest,
hut wiiiiout effect, and without even eliciting any reply from Uie Dominion
Govtrniuent beyond a formal acknowledgment of the receipt of the despatch
enclosing each protest. The last protest was forwardetl in February of the ]iresent
year. Subsequently the correspondence took })lace which is appended to the i^eti-
lion. From the questions raised by this corres])ondence, all th.ise which are unim-
pui'tant may be usefully eliminated. I |nopose, therefore (subject, perhaps, to a
^h^'ht digression, where necessary), to confine my observations to the principal
I'Oints in a letter from Mr. Kdgar to myself, whieii 'luitains certain proposuls as
regards railway matters.

Ihc Provincial Government did not at th'' time understand tiiat these pro]>nsals
"ere niiicially maile. They were subsequently withdrawn l>y the Dominion
''ovcrninent, and only at the moment of such withdrawal declared by them to
liave been made with their authority and on their behalf. The above letter,
"hieli thus became invested tlnjugh but for a brief time with an authoritative
diaracter, is valuable as the only oflkial intimation to the Provincial Govennnent

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[IR75

of the Molicy of the present Dominion Government on the subject of the Pacific
Railwr.y. In addition to certain propospJs or offers to Britisii Columbia, the
letter contains important statements, and some specific admissions, which favor the
Provincial case.

I sliali discuss these offers sa-iatini, and endeavor to ascertain their value taken
in connection with the conditions attached to them, which conditions, as I shall
afterwards show, virtually amount to a surrender by British Columbia of her
existing railway ag,reement. I shall then offer some comments upon the above
statements ar.d admissions, using generally, as far as may be, the language in w liich
they are expreised in the letter, in oriler to lessen the danger on my part of aiiv
inadvertent misconstruction of tiieir meaning.

The offers made are as follows; —

No. I. The Dominion will 'commence construction from Esquinialt to
Nanaimo immediately, and push that portion of railway on to completion within
the sho'test practicable time.'

The offer to commence work immediately at Esquimault (which, as already
stated, was selected as the western terminus of the main line by an order of the
Privy Council of Canada as far back as June, 1873,) is simply an offer to do what
the Dominion was bound to have done in July, 1873, ^""^^ ^^'''^^ they might have
done at any time since, and which they admit in this letter was quite inactieable
in May last. The offei, your Lordships will notice, is a very limited one. Xo
definite provision is made for the extension of the main line beyond Nanaimo (about
60 miles from Esquimault) ; nor, indeed, is any definite period fixed for the com-
pletion of even this short portion of the railway, which would take neither much
time nor money to construct. The promise to complete it ' in the shortest prac-
ticable time,' — a promise in effect attached to all the offers in the letter, —is one
which, slightly qualified, is implied in the present, and in every other agreement of
a similar character, in which no stipulation is inserted for the performance of work
within a given time. The phrase is much too elastic in its meaning to admit of
any definite interpretation. It may, for the present, therefore, be fairly omitted
from special consideration, except as some evidence of a general intention on t'.ie
part of the Dominion Government. I must assume, what the language conveys,
that the words ' the portion of railway,' means the Escpiimault and Nanaimo
portion or part of the main railway which is the only railway referred to in the
letter. This would tend to show that the position of the terminus is not questioned.
No other allusion to the terminus is made in the letter.

No. 2. The Dominion will prosecute and complete the surveys, and then deter-
mine ' the location of the line upon the mainland.'

This promise is reasonable on the face of it, but it is very vague. In May la>t
the Government of the Dominion informed the Provincial Government that ' there
was no reason to believe that it would be jiossible to comjilete the surveys before
the close of the year, 1074.' The reasonal)]e inference deducihle from this state-
ment is, obviously, that the surveys would be finished at the end of 1874. If ^
a longer period had been deemed necessiv y for the purpose, that the fact would
have been stated. Considering the intimation thus given, and looking to the
long interval of time that has elapsed without any decision as to the route having

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

563

been anived at, it might have been expected that the letter would have positively
guaranteed the completion, in 1874, of these and all other indispensable surveys
witiiiii the Province at least, and have further placed beyond conjecture the com-
mencement of construction works early in 1875. ^ have been informed by a rail-
way engineer here that, as a matter of practice, tlie exploratory surveys settle the
genera! bearing or course of a line of railway, and that the subsecjuent location
surveys may be proceeded with at several points along such line simultaneously,
and tiie work of construction be commenced at those points without waiting for
the aetiir.l location of the whole line. Such being the case, there is no valid reason,
in view of all the facts above stated, wliy this practice should not be followed with
respect to the Pacific Railway. The general course of the railway, within the Pro-
vince at least, should be determined this year, and location surveys, immediately
followed by actual construction, should bu commenced early in 1875, ^^ various
])oints on the mainland and on the island. This is what British Columbia above
all things desires, and any definite arrangement which will secure her wants in this
respect will give the Province much satisfaction.

Xo. 3. The Dominion will 'open up a road and build a telegraph line along
the wliole length of the railway in the Province, and carry the telegraph wire
across the continent.'

Tile jierformance of this offer, both as to the road and the telegraph line, would
depend, in point of time, upon the jierformance of the preceding offer (No. 2), as
the aliuve works would, according to the letter, only be commenced after the com-
pletion of the surveys and the location (within the Province) of the whole line
aloni; which they are proposed to be constructed. The fact is known to your
I.ordsliip that the road here meant is a waggon road intended, for a time at least,
to supply the place of the railway. A personal knowledge of the country justifies
me in stating that a very large portion of the ;r5o.ooo or ^6o,oco required for its
construction would be money simply thrown away. I can also unliesitatingly
state that the oad would, oven as a temporary substitute for the railway, be wholly
unaceeptal)le to the Province at large, including the farmers and producers of the
'interior,' in whose interests, and iwr whose benefit, it is alleged that the offer is
es])eeialiy made. For the transport of supplies and to meet engineering necessities
along the line as railway works progres.s, a merely passable road is necessary and
must be constructed ; this, in fact, is all that is required. The telegraph line,
when finished, would be useful, but its construction is a question which should be
treated indej-vendently of the railway agreement. The railway is what is required,
and tiu_ peo])lc of the Province would prefci' seeing the time and money which are
priposod to he expended on the above works appropriated to the large and
infiniii h more lieneficial enterjirise.

Nil. 4. When the ' surveys and road on the mainland can be completed, 'here

shall lie ill envh and every year

during the construction of the

railway, a niinimiun expenditure upon the works of construction w ithin the
IVnince of at least $1,500,000.' and the Dominion 'will proceed from the very
first with all the works of construction,' on the mainland, ' that their engineers
could sanction.'

Hie expenditure above proposed may he considered, first, in relation to its

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

amount ; and next, with reference to the date of its commencement. The anioimt
falls far short of what British Columbia has been led to expect. The cost of t!io
line in Ikitish Columbia has been roughly estimated at $35,000,000 (;^7, 000,000).
Assuming tins estimate to be correct, and that ten years would see the completion
of the railway, the Province, in accepting the terms of Union, had a fair expectation
of an average yearly expenditure within her limits of, say, $3,500,000 (^700,000).
After a delay of over three years, with its consequent loss to the Province, it is now-
proposed by the letter that tliis amount shall be reduced to the sum of $1,500,000,
(;^30o,ooo). Again, dividing the whole cost $35,000,000 (;^7, 000,000), by this
sum, a period of twenty-three and a half years would be obtained as the tinu- re-
quired for the completion of the Provincial section of the line alone, and this
period would be only computed from the date when expenditure would be com-
menced, and not from the date of the letter. It is true that the expenditure pro-
posed is to represent a minimum outlay, wliicli, after several years, might for
obvious reasons increase with the progress of the work, but I submit that in esti-
mating the value of this or of any similar proposal, the actual figures given — nnd
not contingent amounts which might never be spent — must be the bases of calcu-
lation.

Moreover, not only is the proposed expenditure inadequate, but the jxriod
when it is to be begun is left largely open to doubt. The letter states that tiie
expenditure will follow the conqiletion 'along the whole length of the railway in
the Province,' of the waggon road mentioned in offer No. 3. The comjiletiDn of
this road, in turn, has to de])end upon the completion of all the surveys, and ii]ion
tlie location of the whole line on the mainland (see offer No. 2) ; and tlic com-
pletion of these surveys and the location of this line are, in point of time, wliolly
left open to uncertainty. It is stated that from the ' very first ' construction work
on the mainland will be done at such places as the sanction of the engineers will
warrant, but tiiis sanction will naturally be deferred until the expenditure, which
has been proposed to cover construction work generally, should be conimcuceil.
Taken throughout, no offer could well be more indefinite than the above.

Adding all the uncertainties mentioned to the fixed period of 21,}^ years (or
even to a reduced period;, it would appear that the above offer may be described
as one for the postponement of llie completion of tlie line within the Province for
a lengthened period, possibly until some time in the next century.

\ our Lordship will observe, what I must consider an important matter, tiiatall
the preceding offers refer, and are strictly confined to the British Columbian portion
of the v.ulway. The letter is wholly silent a^ to the extension of the line l)iyond
the eastern frontier of the Province. British Columbia is tluis by implication
virtually requested to surrender one of the elements most imjiortant to her in ihe
contract, namely, the right to insist upon all rail communication with the Eastern
Provinces.

I shall now, as proposed, make a few comments upon certain statements anu
ailmissions contanied \\\ the letter. ProViably the most important of the former is
«ke statement that the Dominion Government 'are advised by their engineers that
the physical difhculties are so much greater than was expected, that it is an uii-
possibility to construct a railway within the time limited by the terms of I mon,

1875]

THE EAUL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

805

aivl tliat any attempt to do so can only result in wasteful expenditure and finan-
cial Linbarrassnient.' Ujion tliis point tlie Provincial Ooverninent are witliout
any information save what is afforded by tlie last report as published of tlie Ciiief
EnL,'iiietr of the Dominion Government. A reference to this report would lead the
aaikr to a ratlier contrary conclusion to that above expressed. (Jn pa<,'e 34, sec-
tion 5, tlie Chief Engineer makes the following statements: — ' It may indeed be
now accepted as a certainty, that a routj has been found generally [Jos^cssing favor-
able engineering features, with the exception of a short section approaching the
I'acitic coast ; which route, taking its entire length, including the exceptional section
alluded to, will, on the average, show lighter work, and will recjuire less costly
stiULluits than have been necessary on many of the railways now in operation in
thu 1 luuiiuion.' It is worthy of notice that this report, so favorable to the enterprise,
is dated only some four months prior to the date of the letter now under discussion.
Dining the interval between these dates, all surveys in the Province had been sus-
]ien(lL<l. I may further remind your Lordship that the charter for the construction
.111(1 completion of the railway in ten years from 1871, acccmling to the terms of
Union, was keenly competed for by two separate combinations, including men of
grai railway experience, large capital, and high position in the Dominion. These
companies, apparently, did not consider the undertaking to make the railway with-
in the >tipulated time impracticable. On the contrary, u]) to February, 1873,
socager was the competition, and so jiowerful were the org;uii/,ation> in pcjint of
wealth, influence and ability, that the Dominion Ciovernment deci<lc-,l to give the
charter to neither; and upon the two companies failing to amalgamat?-, as suggested
by the (Jovernment, the Government, under certain powers conferred by Parliament,
fornic'ii a new company, based upon the principle that each Province should lie
represented in the undertaking. To this new comnany a charter was grantetl on
the 5tli February, 1S73. With the political or other causes which subsequently
led to the surrender of the charter, it is not my duty to deal. The strong fact
remains that two responsible and rival companies were willing, and a thin I under-
took, to construct a through line of railway to connect the east aiul west )f the
Dominion in eight years from February, 1873. ^-either in the prospectus of the
successful company nor in the voluminous correspondence which took place pre-
viously between the two unsuccessful companies on the subject of their respective
claims to the charter, andof their proposed amalgamation, was any doubt expressed
as to the jiossibility of fulfilling this time obligation. Had such a iloubt existed,
is is fair to infer that the Dominion Government would have requested the assist-
ance of the Province to remove it. No such recpiest was, however, made.

\\ illi respect to the statement before your Lordship that the chartered comjjany
Lonsidered an extension of^S.'iur years necessary to place the financial suco -s of the
enterjirise beyond doulA, the Provincial Government are without any iiilormation
save what is contained in, or may he inferretl from, the last paragraj)li of section 8
of the charter granted to the Company, which reads as follows : — ' The Comjiany
^hall Complete the whole railway within ten years from the said 2oth July, 1871,
unless the last mentioned period shall be enlarged by Act of Parliament, in which
case the company shall complete the whole railway within such extended period.'
Aduiiliing, for the sake of argument, however, that such extension of four years

366

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

was deemed necessary, the completion of the line would not have l)een defened
beyond 1885. Tiie extract already quoted from the Engineer's Report, dated, as
it is, about twelve months after the date of the charter, and made after a further
kno\vledij;e of the country had been acquired, tends strongly to confirm the vitws
of tiie respective companies that the completion of the railway was practical)lc in
1881, or at the furthest in 18S5.

Tiie value of tiie above facts and correspondence is material, as showing, in the
first place, that it was considered all important. that a defmite period should lie as-
signed for the execution of a work upon which Confederation hinges ; and in the
next place, that 1881, or at most 1885, was a reasonable definition of that period,

'I'lie Province, after all her disappointments, above all things desires that the
•prompt commencement, continuous prosecution,' and early completion of the
railway shall be definitely assured or, in the language of the letter, ' be guaran-
teed.' The Provincial (Government, therefore, strongly but respectfully resist the
contention of the Dominion (Jovernment that the commencement, ])rosecuii(in and
completion of tlie line shall be left open to a doubtful and indefinite period.

The further opening statement in the letter, that the Dominion Government are
willing 'to enter into additional obligations of a definite character for the benefit
of the Province,' may be said to have been disposed of as the nature and character
of tiiese "obligations' have, in the analysis made of the offers, been already ex-
amined. I shall therefore pass c to what I have termed the admissions in the
letter. The most important of these is an admission which may be infeneil fnim
the olfer matie by the Dominion Ciovernment to 'commence railway constriietion
imniediattdy from Es(iuimault to Nanaimo.' Here it is admitted that tlie Ho-
minion Government were in a position, at least in May last (the date of the letter),
if not before, to have begun the railway in the Province. There is, and has been,
therefore no excuse for delay in pushing forward the work.

Of scarcely less importance is a second admission, which reads as fnllnws:
'To a country like British Columbia it is conceded, however, to lie an iiii)iiirtant
point that not only the prompt and vigorous commencement, but also liu' con-
tinuous prosecution of the work of construction within the limits of the Province,
should be guaranteed.'

To these two admissions may he added a third, and last : the Dominion Govern-
ment, while conceding that railway construction should be commenced at tlie sea-
board of the Province, consider it iiKJSt important that every effort siiould he made
by them to push forward the construction of tiie railway on the mainland, in order
that the legitimate advantages of exjienditure should, as far as possible, fall into the
hands of the farmers and producers of the interior.

This is an object which the i'rovincial Government have much at heart, and
strongly desire to see realised.

With the clear and Jusl sense which the Dominion Government thus apjnar to
have of what is due to the Province ; with their full appreciation, on the one hand,
of the wants of the interior, and on the other, of the requirements of the Ki.ind, it
might have been espected that they would, as 'a Government responsil)le for the
progress of both shores of the continent,' at least have given some uiore deliiute as
well as some practical meaning to their expressions of solicitude for the weii'are of
the people of the Province.

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THE EAItL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

367

I have thus dwelt upon the letter at a consideralile leii[;tli, as your Lordship's
attintion has been specially directed to it in connection with the jiresent case. I
coiuxivu the following to he a synopsis of its offers and conditions : Canada will
commence, on the Island, immediate construction of the railway at Ksquimault,
and finish about sixty miles of it (time of completion indefinite). On tiie mainland
she will prosecute the surveys for the remainder of the line, and fmisli these surveys
(time also indefmite). She will thereafter 'locate' the line falling within the
I'lovince (time also indefmite). NVhen this can be achieved, she will make along
this ' located ' line, a waggon road (which the Province does not want^, and a
telegraph line (which the Province has not asked for), and will carry tiie latter
across the continent (time of completion of liotii road and telegraph line indefinite).
Ullimately, after the completion of the surveys and of the road, but not before,
taniula will begin, and will continue railway works in the Province, and spend
thereon, )ear by year, not less than ^^300,000 (whether this sum will include the
EsiiuiniauU line or not is doubtful. It is the only expendituri; offered. As I
have shown your Lordship, Canada thus jiroposes to ensure to the Province the
lompletion of the line witliin her limits in twenty-three and a half years, or less,
(iatiiii; from the unknown period at whicJT the oifered expenditure can be com-
menced). Canada will do all this work 'in the siiortest time practicable,' a
phrase a shade stronger than the words 'with due diligence,' tiuee w^ords, the
construction of which has given rise to much doubt, and to nnicli painful litigation.
In consideration of these offers (if accepted), British Columbia shall, (ist) abandon
all ihiiin to the completion of the Canadian I'acitic Railway within a definite lime ;
and (2nd) shall (virtually though not quite so expressed) surrender her right to,
and interest in, tlie completion of about 2,000 miles of the line necessary to con-
nect tiie eastern frontier with Eastern Canada. Apart from the very objectionable
features of the last two conditions, the indefinite character of tlie above proposals
made to the Province is in marked contrast to the statement of the Dominion
(joveinment that, 'to a country like liritisli Columbia,' it hi important that the
earlv completion of the railway w ithin her limits should be ensured ; and, there-
fore, that a guarantee should be given by the Dominion Government for ' its
proni|it commencement' (which depends on the prompt completion of the surveys)
ami also ibr ' its continuous construction ' (which ilepends on yearly specific e,\pen-
(liturej. This concludes my remarks upon the letter.

1 liave endeavored to place before your Lordship a full history of the ])osition
of liiitisli Ccdumbia with respect to Confederation. A very unsatisfactory state of
affairs lias l)een disclosed, if tlie c[uestion l)e regarded simply as a ([Uestinn between
the l>oiiiiiiii>ii and one of her I'rovinces. On the jiart of tiie Dominion there have
lieen delays, default, and avowal of default, fidiowed by offers and conditions such
as I have described.

I'he peculiar situation of British Columbia, her remoteness, her weak poii-
tie.d position, her dependence on the good i'aitli of the Doiiiiiiioii, the hopes
that have been held out and deferred, the grievous loss that has ensued, the con-
seipient utter prostration of her interesis, all these give her claims upon Canada
which the present Dominion Government have, as already shown, to a certain
extent acknowledged in words. Tiiese claims the Pro\incial CJovernment hope

3G8

IIISTOHY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OF

ri>

will nf)t be overlooked by your Lordship in considerin^j the reasonable measuiv of
justice to which tlie Province is entitled under the terms of Union. The I'roviiict-
has not expected anything' tliat is unreasonal)le, and does not do so now. It is
her urgent desire that matters should lie forthwith placed on a fair businesslike
footing, and above all, on a footing of certainty, with proper safeyuartls to eiiMirc
that certainty, so that a good and cordial understanding may be restored and not
again be ilisturbed."

The Earl of Carnarvon having now fully heard l)oth iiartics,
proceeds in the following despatch to His Excellency the Earl of
Diifferin to give his final decision, subsequently well known as the
"Carnarvon 'I'erms."

Downing Street, AWc»i/>cr 17, 1874.

My Lord, — I duly received your despatch of the i8th Septenilier, inclosing an
Order in Council setting forth the views of your Ministers as to the proposals con-
tained in my despatch of the i6th August, for the settlement of the controversy
between Canada and British Columbia respecting the Pacific Railway. 1 siibse-
quentl)' again saw Mr. Walkem, and at his re(piest I have delayed the anniuince-
nient of the terms which, in my opinion, may properly be laid down as fair and
reasonable, until the receipt of a further written communication from him, which
has now reached me, and a copy of which 1 enclose.

The statements thus jdaced before me are so clear and complete as to assist me
materially in ajjpreciating the position in which the question now stands, and in
judging without hesitation what modification of the original terms should be adopted.
And I would here express my satisfaction at the temperate and forbearing man-
ner in which points involving most important consequences have been argued on
both sides, and the pleasure which 1 feel in being able to tliink that asperity 1 if feel-
ing or language may have been, in some degree, avoided through the op])onunitycf
submitting the whole case to the independeiit judgment of one who may at least
claim to have the interests of both parties equally at heart.

I explained very fully in my despatch of the l6th August, the opinion wliieli I
etitertained on each of the principal questions at issue, and 1 need now add Imi little
to the simple statement of my decision. That decision is necessarily, as both jjaities
are aware, in the nature of a compromise, and as such it may perhaps fall short of
giving conq)lete satisfaction to either. If, on the one hand, your Ministers, as you
inform me, consent with reluctance to the further concessions which at an earlier
stage 1 suggested, they will not, on the other hand, fail to bear in mind that even
after those concessions are made British Columbia will receive consideraldy less than
was promised to her as the condition of entering the Dominion. I prefer rather to
reflect that >mder the amended terms now to be established, British Columbia will,
after all, receive very great and substantial advantages from its union with (/aiiada,
while the Dominion will be relieved of a considerable jjart of those obligations
which were assumed in the first instance without a sufficient knowledge of tlie local
conditions under which so enormous and difficult an undertaking was to lie carried
into effect, and to fulfil which would seriously embarrass the resources of even so
prosperous a country as Canada.

lS7a]

TFIE KARL 01-' UUFFKKIN IN CANADA.

3G<J

Adliering then to the same order in which, on the l6tli August, I stated the
prim i|i;il points on which it appeared to me that a l)etter understanding Nhould he
dtliiud, 1 now proceed to announce tiie conchisionsal wiiicii I iuive arrived. 'Ihey

are : —

1. Tlmt the railway from Ksquinialt to Nanaimo shall be commenced as soon
as po^siMe, and completed with all i)ractical)le despatch,

2. 'I'liat the surveys on the mainland shall l)e pushed on with the utmost vigor.
On this point, after considering the representations of your Ministers, I feel that I
have no alternative but to rely, as I do most fully and readily, upon their assurances
lliat no legitimate effort or expense will be spared, first to determine the best
route fi»r the line, and secondly to proceed with the details of the engineering work.
It wdulil he distasteful tome, if, indeed, it were not impossible, to prescrilie strictly
any minimum of time or expenditure with regard to work of so uncertain a nature ;
1ml liajipily, it is eciually impossible for me to dind)t that your Government will
loyally do its b^st in every way to accelerate the completion of a duty left freely
to its sense of honor and justice.

3. That the waggon road and telegraph line shall be immediately constructed.
There seems here to be some difference of oi)inion as to the special value to the
Province of the undertaking to complete these two works ; but after considering
what has been said, I am of opinion that they should both be proceeded with at
once, as indeed is suggested by your Ministers.

4. That $2,000,000 ayear, anil not $1,500,000, shallbethe minimum expendi-
ture iin railway works within the I'rovince from the date at which tiie surveys are
sulTicienliy completed to enable that amount to be expended on construction. In
naming this amount I understand that, it being alike the interest and the wish of the
Dominion ( lovernment to urge on With all speed the completion of the works now to
be undertaken, the annual expenditure will be as much in excess of the minimum
of $2,000,000 as in any year may be found practicable.

5. Lastly, that on or before the 31st December, 1890, the railway shall be
comiikted and open for traffic from the Pacific seaboard to a point at the western
em! of Lake Superior, at which it will fall into connection with existing lines of
railway through a portion of the United States, and also with the navigation on
Canadian waters. To proceed at present with the remainder of the railway extend-
ing l)y the country northward of Lake Superior, to the existing Canadian lines,
ought not, in my opinion, to be required, and the time for undertaking that work
nubt he duterniined by the development of settlement and the changing circum-
stances of tlie country. The day is, however, I hope, not very dist.ant wiien a con-
tinuous line of railway through Canadian territory will be practicable, and I there-
fore look upon this portion of the scheme as postponed rather than abaivlcined.

In order to inform Mr. Walkem of the conclusions at which I have arrived, I
have thouglit it convenient to gi\ehim a copy of this despatch, although I have not
communicated to him any other part of the correspondence which has passed between
your Lordship and me.

It will, of course, be obvi his that the conclusions which I have now conveyed
to you upiiokls, in the main, and subject only to some modifications of detail, the
policy adopted by your Government with respect to this most embarrassing ques-

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370

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[l«75

tion. On acccling to office your Ministers found it in a condition which |)re-
eluded a compliance with the stipulations of Union. It became, therefore, their
duty to consider what other arrangements might equitably, and in the intert-sts of
all concerned, be substituted for those which had failed. And in determining' to
supplement the construction of some part of the new railway by that vast chain of
water communications which nature might seem to have designed for the trafTic of
a great country, I cannot say that they acted otherwise than wisely. I sinctrely
trust that the more detailed terms which I have now laid down, as those on which
»his policy should be carried out, will be found substantially in accordance with the
reasonable requirements of the Province, and with that spirit of generous anti hon-
orable adherence to past engagements which ought in an especial degree to (govern
the dealings of a strong and populous community with a feebler neighbor, and
which I well know to be characteristic of all parties and statesmen alike within

the Dominion of Canada.

I have, 6^:.,

(Signed,) CARNARVON.

The " Carnarvon Terms " were accepted by the Dominion Gov-
ernment by the following minute of Council, dated i8th Decemhtr.
1874, and it will be seen by the reply of the Colonial Secretary thai
he was indulging the fallacious hope that the British Columbia diffi-
culty had been finally settled.

*• Tlie Committee of Council have had under consideration the despatch of the
Right Honorable Lord Carnarvon, Secretary of State for the Colonies, of Novtin
l)er 17th, conveying a statement of the new terms with British Columbia, which,
in his Lordship's opinion, may projierly be laid down as fair and reasonable, con-
cerning the construction of the Pacific Railway.

In the minute of July 23rd, the Government of the Dominion advised that hi^
Lordship should be informed of their willingness to leave it to him to say wiiclher
the exertions of the Government, the diligence shown, and the offers made were 01
were not fair and just, and in accordance with the spirit of the origmal agreement,
seeing it was impossible to comply with the letter of the terms of Union in this
particular.

The conclusion at which his Lordship has arrived 'upholds,' as he remarks,
in the main, and subject only to some modifications of detail, the policy adopteii
by this Government on this most embarrassing question.

The minute of Council of Septeml)er 17th contained a statement of reasons
showing why some of these modifications should not be pressed, but the (ioMrn-
ment, actuated by an anxious desire to remove all difficulties, expressed a willing'
ness to make these further concessions rather than forego an immediate sett lenient
of so irritating a question, as the concessions suggested might be made without
involving a violation of the spirit of any Parliamentary resolution, or tlie letter of
any enactment.

The Committee of Council respectfully request that your Excellency will 1*
pleased to convey to Lord Carnarvon their warm appreciation of the kindness which
led his Lordship to tender his good offices to effect a settlement of the matter in

[1»75

ich pre-
re, their
en-sls of
linirm to
chain of
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sincerely
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; with the
, anil hon-
to govern
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It of reasiini

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W:y]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

371

dispute ; and also to assure his I>onlship that every effort will l)t made to secure
the realization of what is expectetl."

To this the Earl of Carnarvon replied as follows :

DoWNiNO Strkkt, January 4, 1875.
My Lord, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch of
the l8th December, forwarding to me a copy of an Order of the Dominion Privy
Council expressing the acknowledgments of the (lovernment of Canada for the
services which I have been fortunate enough to render in promoting the settlement
of the differences which had arisen Iwtween Hritish Columbia and the Government
of the Dominion with respect to the construction of the Pacific Railway.

It has been with great pleasure that I have received this expression of their
opinion. I sincerely '•ejoice to have been the means of bringing to a satisfactory
conclusion a (juestion of so much difficulty, of removing, as I trust, all ground of
future misunderstanding between the Province of British Columbia and the Domi-
nion, and of thus contributing towards the ultimate completion of a public work
in which they, and indeed the whole Empir», are interested.
I have tiie honor to lie, my Lord,

Your Lordship's most olietlient humble servant,

(Signed,) CARNARVON.

Governor General The Plight Honorable
The Earl of Duffcrin, K.P., K.C.B.

<Sr»C., &^., &K,

The matter stood thus at the opening of the Dominion Parliament
in February, 1875. The " Carnarvon Terms " had been accepted by
l)oth Governments, and it remained only to provide the necessary
legislation to carry them out. It will be seen that this failed in the
Dominion Senate ; and that the dissatisfaction which the Earl of
Carnarvon had, to a limited extent only, been able to reduce, again
rose to its former height. It would be worse than useless, except for
historical purposes, to resuscitate the charge that British ('olumbia
pressed with undue severity and ill-timed jjertinacity the onerous and
unreasonable conditions of Union, or the coimter-charge that the
Dominion Government was less than half-hearted in their desire to
do justice to the Province, and was dishonorably attempting to evade
the performance of the clear and undenied agreement on the faith of
which the Province had yielded up her independence to the Domi-
nion. J'he negotiations between Mr. Edgar and Mr. Walkem are not
very creditable to the frankness of the Dominion Ministry, or to the
temper of the Columbian Attorney General, — for on the one hand the
Dominion Agent had really no i)ower to bind his employers, and his
mission partook therefore of a kind of " fishing " adventure offensive

'^\

'■;'■ --il

! ''•I

372

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

iti

to the Provincial Government, — while on the other, the abrupt
conduct of Mr. Walkcm was hardly compatible with the dignit) of
the representative of such an authority. There can be but little
doubt that British Columbia, on the pressing invitation of Sir John
Macdonald's Ministry, entered Confederation ; that her entrance was
desired both by the Imjierial and the Dominion Authorities, and that
the terms of Union were such as could not be carried out to the
letter ; but it is also tolerably clear that Mr. Mackenzie's Government
did not shew a proper regard either for the pledged honor of the
Dominion,- for the feelings of the Province, or for its interests.
British Columbia did not at any period of the negotiations press for
the fulfilment of the literal terms of Union. She was never unrea-
sonable. Admitting that probably it was impossible to begin the
actual work of the construction of the Pacific Railway within two
years from the date of Union, she was content to extend the time to
any reasonable period ; — admitting that it was practically impossible
to complete the road within ten years, she was content that a longer
time should be consumed, but she was naturally and properly indig-
nant that but little effort was put forth by the Dominion Authorities
to do anything whatever. The surveys were conducted with a languor
quite incompatible with an honest desire speedily to carry out the well
understood terms of Union, and the utterances of Mr. Mackenzie in
Parliament were distinguished by a coldness too much in harmony
with his inaction. To the Province the road was of supreme import-
ance. Thousands had invested their capital, nnd planned their lives
on the agreement to build it, made with a powerful Dominion, whose
first duty should have been to keep faith. These had been grievously
disappointed, and when they pressed their grievances they were met
with a cold repulse, and were told that the bargain was improvident
on the part of the I )ominion, and could not therefore be carried out
without serious inconvenience. This was really no answer, for an
honest man will always keep his word, even to his detriment ; but the
Province was too generous to insist on the "bond." All she asked
for was some evidence of a hearty desire to keep faith with her ; ot
the existence of this desire she found little proof in the words of Mr.
Mackenzie, and less in his actions. Hence her well-grounded indig
nation. The Earl of Carnarvon did his utmost to shield the nonunion
Government, and pacify the Provincial one. His award was received
with respect by both parties, and had Mr. Mackenzie's Ministry carried

wmtmiiF^

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

373

it out, the Province would probably have been completely pacified.
In the interval between its promulgation and the unfortunate failure of
Mr. Mackenzie's bill in the Senate, British Columbia preserved silence,
hoping for justice during the ensuing session. It will soon be seen
how her hope was blasted.

The Second Session of the third Parliament of the Dominion was
opened on the 4th February, 1875.

The Speech from the Throne congratulated the House on the
organization of the North-West Police Force, and the success of its
oi^erations. It announced the negotiation of a friendly treaty with
the Crees and Sauteux of the North-West. It alluded to the tour of
His Excellency, and informed the House that it had enabled him to
form a better idea of the great extent of the comparatively well settled
country, and of that which was still almost wholly undeveloped. He
said he was everywhere received with the kindest welcome, and was
much gratified in witnessing the enterprise, contentment, and loyalty
manifested in every quarter. It intimated that a bill for the estab-
lishment of a Supreme Court would be laid before Parliament ; that
the attention of the House would be invited to the Insolvency laws ;
that measures would be submitted providing for the re-organization
of the Government of the North-West, for a general Insurance Law,
and on the subject of copyright. It declared that gratifying progress
had been made in the surveys of the Pacific Railway route. It
intimated that papers would be submitted on the North-West troubles,
and also in reference to the regulations between the Dominion Govern-
ment and that of British Columbia on the subject of the Pacific Rail-
way, and the House was informed that steps had been taken during
the recess for a combination of effort on the part of the several
Provinces to promote immigration from Europe under the general
direction of Dominion officials.

One of the first matters brought before the House was the
Amnesty question. On the nth February, Mr. Mackenzie, in a very
temperate and judicious speech, after giving a complete history of the
unfortunate North-West troubles, moved a long resolution which,
after reciting the salient points of the difficulty, concluded by declar-
ing :

" Th.it in the opinion of this House it is not for the honor or interest of Canada
that the question of amnesty should remain longer in its present shape.

That in the opinion of this House the facts developed in the said evidence*

* Evidence taken before a Committee of the House,

374

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1873

cannot be ignored by the people or the Parliament of Canada, and must be con-
sidered in the expression of their views as t(> the disposition of the question.

ITiat in the opinion of this House it would be proper, considering the said facts,
that a full amnesty should be granted to all persons concerned in the North-Wc^t
troubles for all acts committed by them during the said troubles, saving only I..
Kiel, A. D. lupine and W. B. O'Donoghue.

That in the opinion of this House it would be proper, considering the said fads,
that a like amnesty should be granted to L. Kiel and A. D. Lepine, conditional un
five years banishment from Her Majesty's Dominion."

These resolutions were after a warm debate carried on a vote of
126 to 50. This vexatious question was thus settled for the present.
It will be seen that in 1877 O'Donoghue too was brought within the
terms of the general amnesty. The settlement was satisfactory to
the great masses of the people of the Dominion. Evil had been done
by the malcontents of the North-West, but the peojjje were willing
to look at their conduct with a broad charity, — and it was impossible
to deny that the course of the Dominion Government in taking
possession of the country was hasty and inconsiderate, — the conduct
of Mr. Macdougall intemperate and arbitrary, and that the natural
feelings of a sensitive population had been unjustly hurt. The
amnesty was demanded by every consideration of justice — omitting
all consideration of feeling, and Mr. Mackenzie was but the interi)reter
of the enlightened opinion of the country when he introduced and
carried through the House the Amnesty resolutions.

On the 15th February, Mr. Mackenzie intimated to the House the
course he proposed to take with reference to the expulsion of Louis
Riel, who was, at the moment, member for Provencher. He said that
on Wednesday, the loth February then instant, the final sentence of
outlawry was pronounced in the Court of Queen's Bench in Manitoba.
and upon the same day the formal record of the sentence was forwarded
to the Secretary of State. He thought that the most convenient
method would be to lay the sentence upon the table of tho House.
and to base upon it the motion for expulsion, as was done in the
Imperial Parliament in the case of O'Donovan Rossa. In that case.
he said, Mr. Gladstone first laid the judgment of the Court on the
table, and then made his motion, in accordance with the fact that was
established by the judgment, namely, that he had ceased to be qualified
to be a member of the House. In this Sir John Macdonald concurred.
adding that he had no doubt the course suggested would meet with
the views of all those who thought Riel ought to be expelled. The

■i

1875]

THE EAUL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

375

sentence of outlawry was accordingly laid on the table, on the 22nd
February. On the 24th, Mr Mackenzie moved :

' ' That it appears by the said record that Louis Riel, a memlier of this I louse, has
tecii adjudged an outlaw for felony."

Mr. J. Hillyard Cameron, Sir John Macdonald and others, con-
tended, as a legal point, that by the laws of Canada, and the law pre-
vailing in Manitoba, outlawry could not be declared. These gentle-
men were quite willing to vote for the expulsion of Riel, but they
objected to his being dealt with by a process which they argued was
not recognized by the laws of the country ; and an amendment framed
on this view was moved by Mr. Plumb, which was negatived on a vote
of 146 to 24. Mr. Mackenzie's resolution was then carried on a vote
of 138 to 31, and he then moved that a new writ for Provencher be
issued, which was carried. Thus ended the Riel matter.

On the 19th March, Mr. Mackenzie introduced a bill entitled,
" An Act to provide for the construction of a line of railway from
Es(iuinialt to Nanaimo, in British Columbia," and he said that the
necessity of the bill arose from the fact that the Dominion Govern-
ment had agreed with the Government of British Columbia to build
this road at the earliest possible date. This was the first step taken
to carry out the " Carnarvon Terms." The bill was opposed by a
minority of sixty-four, in which Mr. Blake was found. He repudiated
the obligation to carry out the " Carnarvon Terms," and said :

" In assenting to this bill, the House was practically endorsing those terms, and
Ijecause he was not prepared to endorse those terms he was not prepared to assent
to this hill." •

The bill passed on a division of ninety-one to sixty four.

So far Mr. Mackenzie had acted in good faith, and had taken the
earliest op])ortunity of taking an active step in carrying out the " Car-
narvon Terms." But he was soon charged with duplicity. The bill
Went up to the Senate, and on the 6th April was defeated by a- major-
ity of two, and this majority contained Senators who had very recently
been appointed by Mr. Mackenzie. He was instantly charged with
having pre-arranged the defeat. This charge was too monstrous to
be credited, and His Excellency took occasion, in his great speech
at \ictoria, in British Columbia, in September, 1876, to give it an
emphatic and unqualified denial. But the broad facts remained, that
the I ights of the Province had been disregarded ; her wrongs remained

* Hansard, 1875, page 957-

•; i'

376

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1M75

unadjusted ; the solemn treaty of 187 1 had now for four years been a
dead letter ; the second arrangement made under the auspices of
the Earl of Carnarvon had fallen to the ground through the inahility
of Mr. Mackenzie to control the legislation of the Senate, and siie
found herself bound to the Union with not one of the conditions
which induced her to join it, carried out. To say that she was indig-
nant is a mild mode of expressing the deep sense of injury which
rankled in the heart of every British Columbian ; but here the thread
of her story must be dropped until it is taken up in the tour of His
Excellency in the following year.

On the 31st March, Mr. Blake brought before the House a very
important matter, affecting the principles of Constitutional or Respon-
sible Government. He moved that the House go into Committee of
the Whole to consider the following resolutions : —

"That by the 56th clause of the British North America Act, 1867, it is in clTect
enacted that when the Governor General assents to a bill, in the Queen's name, the
Queen in Council may within two years after its receipt disallow such Act.

That by the 90th clause of the said statute it is enacted that the above provi-
sions shall extend and apply to the Legislatures of the several Provinces, as if
re-enacted with the substitution of the Lieutenant Governor for the (Jovernor
General, of the Governor General for the Queen, of one year for two years, and of
the Province for Canada.

That in the opinion of this House the power of disallowanfp of Acts of a Lucal
IvCgislature conferred by the said statute is thereunder vested in the tioviimr
General in Council, and that His Excellency's Ministers are responsible ><< i'ar-
liament for the action of the Governor General in exercising or abstaining f-oni tiie
exercise of the said power.

That by a letter dated the 13th December, 1872, the Registrar of the Privy
Council of the United Kingdom conveyed to the Colonial Office the opinion of the
Lord President of the Council, that the power of confirming or disallowint; local
Acts is under the said statute vested in the Governor General acting under the
advice of his constitutional advisers.

That notwithstanding the premises, by a despatch dated 30th June, 1873, the
Secretary for the Colonies, in response to an application from the Governor General
for instructions on the subject, informed His Excellency that he was advised by the
Law Officers of the Crown that the question of disallowance or allowance of local
Acts is a matter in which His Excellency must act on his own individual discre-
tion, and in which he cannot be guided by the advice of his responsible Ministers.

That this House feels bound, in assertion of the constitutional rights of the
Canadian people, to record its protest against and dissent from the said instruction,
and to declare its determination to hold His Excellency's Ministers responsii)le for
hjs actions in the exercise of the pov/er so conferred by the said statute."

ih::.]

TIIK EARL OF DUFFEIUN IN CANADA.

377

In moving these resolutions Mr. Blake traced tJie histor)' of the
power of disallowance, and added :

"lliis instruction is tlial tlic ([uestion of disallowance is n matter in which I lis
KxiTlli-ncy must act on his own individual discretion, anil on which he could not
tie ^^uided by the advice of his responsible Mini>ters. It appears to me that it is
impossible such a doctrine can 1)e maintained consistent with the spirit and letter
of the C'(mstitution. I am not here to deny for a moment that there is that |v>rtion
of tlie executive i)ower and authority in the (lovernor (General that he may at any
moment, in reference to any of those matters on which he is called u])on tt» concur
or ilisa(,'ree with his Ministers, take the res])onsibiIity of disajjreeinjj, but what this
Iloiisu is called upon to say is that in this matter es]iecially a fjrave mistake has
Ix'cii made. Hie (lovernor (ieneral has no such power. Under the Urilish North
America Act that power is vested in the (lovernor (Ieneral in Conncil, and the
governor (Ieneral cannot act on his own individual discretion. He cannot disallow
exa pi on the advice of his Ministers. • • • • The point here is that there is
an assertion that the power lies with the (lovernor (ieneral of disnllowinj; local
Acts to l)e exercise<l by him individually, at his individual discretion, and in res])ect
of wliich he cannot l)e (juided by the voice of his responsible Ministers. I maintain
that there is no such power. I maintain that the language which is conlaine<l in this
instnittion is of such a character that if it were acceded to by this Parliament it
would be destructive of the principle of Kesjionsible Clovemment."

Tliis vigorous language was fully approved by Sir John Macdon-
ald, who said :

" Since 1841 the principle of Responsible (lovernment has prevailed in Canada,
.111(1 although .It first it was not always carried out, yet it was and is as firmly fixed
in Canada as it is in the Mother Country, so far as is consistent with our relation
to till' paramount authority. That Responsible Government ought not to Ik in-
frinj^'i'd upon for a moment. It is the birth-right of many ol us, as well as the right
of iliose of us who lived l)efore the doctrine was acceded to and established. 'Iliere
can lie no doubt about that. The i)rinciple is affirmed in the jireamble to the Con-
fcdcration Act, where it is said that the Provinces have expressed a desire to be
federally united with a constitution similar in principle to that of the United King-
dom. Therefore the doctrine as laid down in the resolutions, and clearly enforced
by the Hon. Member for South Uruce,* cannot and ought not to lie ccmtravened,
and any serious infraction of it would be strenuously resisted. The right of tlis-
..llowance of any Act of a Colonial Ix;gislature by the «^)ueen herself, in her per-
sonal cajiacity and by virtue of her Royal Prerogative, separate from the advice of
her advisers, has long since passed away. The American Revolution had pretty well
settled Miat question. ♦ ♦ ♦ • I must say that when the despatch which has
lietn commented upon by the hon. gentleman arrived here it rather surprised me,
it went infinitely further than I had any idea it would go, and I say at once that —
the Minister who sent that despatch made a great error in constitutional law."

* Mr. Blake, the mover of the resolutions.

378

HISTORY OP THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[IHl

ilB^

After the expression of similar opinions by Mr. Mackenzie, Mr.
Cauchon, and Mr. Holton, the matter was allowed to drop. IJut Mr.
Blake had obtained his object in placing the re.solutions on the jour-
nals, and securing an expression of the unanimous opinion of the
House in favor of the view he had taken of the question ; and as no
exjjression of dissatisfaction at the course taken by Mr. Blake li;is
issued from the Home office, it is presumed that the correctness of
his views stands conceded by the Imperial authorities.

On the 23rd February, Mr. Fournier, the Minister of Justice,
introduced the long promised Supreme Court Bill. Such a bill had
been announced in the Speech from the Throne, on four different
occasions, and Sir John Macdonald had framed one before his Minis-
try resigned, from which Mr. Fournier had drawn valuable asgistunce
in the preparation of his measure.

The bill was read the second time on the i6th March, and was
brought up for the third reading on the 30th March. It met with no
serious o|)position. One clause gave -■?, however, to a strong re-
monstrance from Sir John Macdonald. i^ was moved by Mr. Irving,
one of the members for the City of Hamilton, and seconded by Mr.
Laflamme, subsequently Minister of Justice :

*' That the bill \k referred back to the Committee of the Whole, with instruc-
tions to insert the following section : • The judgment of the Supreme Court sliall
in all cases lie final and conclusive, and no error or appeal shall be brought from
any judgment or order of the Supreme Court to any Court of Apjieal esta1)lislie(l
by the Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, to which appeals or petitions to
Her Mujesty in Council may be ordered to be heard, saving any right which Her
Majesty may be graciously pleased to exercise as her Royal Prerogative."

Mr. Fournier accepted the amendment, but Sir John Macdonald
said :

" It was the first step towards the severance of the Dominion from the Mother
Country. He might add that it almost, if not quite insured the disallowance of
the bill in England. The Minister of Justice, by assenting to this amendment,
defeated his measure. He would find that within six months it would be thrown
aside in disgrace."*

This result, however, did not follow. The Bill was not disallowed,
and the amendment is now the 47th clause of the Act establishing
the Supreme Court, — 38 Vic, cap. 11.

On the nth March, Mr. Mackenzie introduced a bill providing
for the establishment of a new Government for the North-West

•Hansard, 1875, P^e 976.

1S7')J

THK EARL OF DUFFEHIN IN CANADA.

379

Territories, extending from the Western boundary of Manitoba to the
Rocky Mountains. The seat of Government was fixed at Fort Pelly.
The Executive was to consist of a Lieutenant Governor and five
Councillors, of whom three were to be stipendiary magistrates to be
appointed by the Governor in Council.

The session closed on the 8th April. With the exception of the
matters to which especial reference has been made, its work was not
very important. There was little to divide the parties. 'I'he Ministry
was very strong, and the machinery of Government went smoothly
on. When we reflect on the indecent modes by which the warfare on
the late Government had been carried on, and the crooked ways by
which its ruin had been compassfd, a meed of praise cannot be
withheld from Sir John Macdonald for the forbearance exhibited by
him towards men who had then forgotten that they claimed for them-
selves the title of "gentlemen," and for his courteous bearing in
supporting, and rendering valuable assistance in perfecting, many
measures of the Ministry. Although leading a minority, it was
])o\verful in ability and more than respectable in numbers, — and yet
he did not attempt to use its power for mere party purposes, or to
imitate his opponents in their obstructive tactics when in opposition.
He rendered the Government important assistance in shaping the
Supreme Court Bill — a most difficult piece of work ; in the discus-
sions on the North-West Bill and the Insolvency Bill, and gave them
no trouble on the delicate Riel, Lepine, and Amnesty questions.

From the period of the return of their Excellencies from their
Ontario tour to the end of the Session their hospitality in Ottawa
was unbounded. Balls, concerts, skating parties, curling parties,
tobogganing, and other kindred recreations were the order of the
season. His Excellency made it a rule to receive at Rideau Hall the
high officials of the Government, the legal and ecclesiastical dignitaries,
senators and members of Parliament, and others, whose oflicial or
social position rendered them fitting objects of this kind of recogni-
tion. Besides these entertainments, a system of '* At Homes " was
organized, by which those invited might enjoy the refining society
always to be met at Government House.

In carrying out these plans for rendering Rideau Hall a fountain
whence flowed the refining influences of its polished manners through-
out the Dominion, their Excellencies '.vere warmly and with excep-
tional ability supported by the ladies and gentlemen whose residence
in Ottawa had been determined by their connection with the depart-

380

HISTORY OF THE ADMINrsTHATION OP

[IH75

mental and other services of the (lovernment, as well as by the old
residents of the city. It may he allowed to glance at the names of
those who so gracefully placed themselves under the guidance of the
Karl and Countess of Dufferin in working out these entertainments.
How can the brilliant K. A. Dixon be sufficiently thanked for the
original plays which formed so marked a feature in the recreations
of Kideau Hall? In rendering the beautiful librettos and operattos,
composed by this accomplished gentlemen, hundreds of the readt.*rs
of these lines will recall with pleasure the excellent performances of
Mr. E. Kimber, the Usher of the Black Rod ; of Mr. F. Hamilton,
A.D.C. ; of Capt. Featherstonhaugh, R.E. ; of Mr. C. li. Brodie ; of
Mrs. Stuart ; of Miss V. Fellowes : of Capt. Ward, A.D.C. ; of Col.
Stuart ; of Miss A. Himsworth ; of Miss Hamilton ; of Mrs. Anglin ; of
Miss A. Kimber ; of Mr. J. H. Plummer ; of Mr. K. Gingras ; of .Mr.
P. B. Douglas; of Mrs. P. B. Shepherd; of Mrs. Forrest; of Mrs.
More ; of Mrs. Corbett ; of ^'iss Powell ; of Miss Thompson ; of Mrs.
Poetter; of Mr. VV. A. Blackmore ; of Mr. F. Dore; of Mr. H. ().
Dunlevie ; of Mr. G. Cochrane ; of Mr. W. R. Major ; of Mr. Sidney
Smith ; of Miss K. Hamilton. The Tableaux Vivants will not speed-
ily be forgotten, in which were conspicuous Capt. Ward, Capt. Ham-
ilton, the Hon. Terence Blackwood, Viscount Clandeboye, Mr.
Fletcher, Lady Helen Blackwood, Lady Hermione Blackwood ; Hon.
Basil Blackwood, Mdlle. Florestine Halon, Miss Fletcher, Miss Kdith
Fletcher, Mr. Herbert Fletcher, Miss Muriel Fletcher, and Lady
Victoria Blackwood.*

On the nth May, 1875, their Excellencies left Ottawa on a visit
to England and Ireland. A guard of honor from the Foot Guards was
in attendance, and their Excellencies were heartily cheered by a large
concourse of people as the train moved away.

As their visit was essentially a private one, the only events to which
allusion can be made are the dinner given to His Excellency by the
Canada Club in London, and the reception of their Excellencies at
the family estate of Clandeboye, County Down.

The Canada Club having invited Lord Dufferin to dine with them,
he was entertained at the Albion on the 8th July, 1875. Mr. G.
Brookney was Chairman, and Mr. Charles Churchill, V'ce-President ;

* The children of their Excellencies now living are, in the order of their .ijjcs,
as follows : Archibald, Viscount Clandeboye, Lady Helen Blackwood, Tert nee
John Temple Blackwood, Hermione Blackwood, Basil Temple Blackwood,
Victoria Blackwood, and Frederick Temple Blackwood.

187.^1

THE EAKL OF iH'FFKUIN IN CANADA.

381

and the company included the Duke of Xfanchester, the Karl of Kim-
hirlfv, Lord Lisgar, Mr. (lose hen, M.P., Mr. Childers, M.I*., SirChnton
Murdorh, K.CM ()., Lieutenant (leneralSir Hastings Doyle, .\dmiral
l-atishawe, Chief Justice lk'gl)ie (Hritish Columbia), Mr. Wm. .Smith,
Dtimty Minister of Marine and Kisheries, Ottawa ; Sir Francis Hinck.s,
C.H., K.C.M.Ci., Sir John Kose, K.C.M.G., Viscount Ihiry, Mr. VV. H.
Smith, M.P., Mr. Law, M.P., .Sir K. Watkin, M.l'.. Mr. K Jenkins,
M.r., Mr. Kirkman Hodgson, M.I'., .Mr. M. Hiddulph, M.I*., with
many others. The Chancellor of the K.xcheciuer, Mr. J. Lowther,
.M.l'., I'nder .Secretary for the Colonies, and Mr. A. Mackenzie, the
Premier of Canada, who had accepted invitations, were unable to be
present.

.\fter dinner the loyal and patriotic toasts wore cordially drunk.

Sir Hastings Doyle spoke on behalf ^'" me Army, .Admiral Fan-
shawe for the Navy, and Lieut. Col. Ox! j for the A'lxiliary Forces.

'! e next toast, that of the Houses of Parliament, was briefly
acknowledged by the Duke of Manche.;ter ai.d Mr. W. H. Smith.

In proposing the toast of the evening. " Tiie Health of the (Jover-
nor (leneral of Canada, and Prosperity to the Dominion," the Chair-
man expressed the opinion that a more successful administration than
His Kxcellency's had seldom been witnessed in that part of the Kmpire.

.After the company had responded enthusinstically to the toast,
the Earl of Duflerin said :

"In rising to return thanks for the honor which has l)een done me by this splendid
entertainment, and for the kind and cordial manner in which my health has l)een
received, I hope it will l)e understood that, however deeply I may feel the compli-
ment thus paid to me — and words woukl fad to express all that I experience on this
score — my personal gratitude and satisfaction is absorlied and lost in the prouder
consciousness that this brilliant assembly and the distinguished men I see around
nic are met, not so much for the purpose of extending a welcome to a mere indi-
vidual lii<e myself, but that they have been brought together by the desire to jjay
a tribute of respect to the great Dominion over which 1 have the honor to preside,
and to testify their sympathy in the most marked and generous manner with that
noble community, their kinsmen .md fellow citizens, who on the other side of the
Atlantic arc engaged in building up a nationality cognate to their own, instinct
with the same high spirit of constitutional freedom, and determined to prove itself
a powerful and worthy memlier of the Hritish Kmpire. (Cheers.) My lords and
gentlemen, it is this consideration alone which can I'ive importance and significance
to the demonstration of to-night, and to proceedii ,'ts which will Ije scapincd and
discussed with unspeakable pride and pleasure by thousands of your fellow subjects
in iheir distant Canadian home (hear, hear,) — for if there is one predilection more
marked than another in the Canadian people, if there is one passion — if I may so

382

HISTOKY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

call it — which predominates over every other feeling in their breasts, if there is one
especial message which a person in my situation is bound to transmit from them to
you, it is this — that they desiie to maintain intact and unimpaired their connfctioii
with this country, that they cherish an ineradicable conviction of the pre-emiiiLi-.t
value of the political system under which they live, and that they are determined
to preserve pure and uncontaminated all the traditional characteristics of Enijland's
prosperous polity. (Cheers.) It would be impossible to overstate the univer-
sality, the force, the depth of this sentiment, and proud am I to think tliat an
assemblage so representative of the public opinion of this country as that
which I see around me, should have met together to reciprocate it and to
do it justice. (Hear, hear.) liut, my lords and gentlemen, I should he
conveying to you a very wrong impression if I gave you to understand that
the enthusiastic loyalty of the Canadian people to the Crown and person of our
gracious Sovereign, their tender and almost yearning love for the Mother Country,
the desire to claim their part in the future fortunes of the British Empire, and
to sustain all the obligations such a position may imply, was born of any weak
or unworthy spirit of dependence. So far from that being the case, no
characteristic of the national feeling is more strongly marked than their exuber-
ant confidence in their ability to shape their own destinies to their appointed
issues, their jealous pride of the legislative autonomy with which they have been
endowed, and their patriotic and personal devotion to the land within whose nnipie
bosom they have been nurtured, and which they justly regard as more largely
dowered with all that can endear a country to its sons than any other in the
world. (Cheers.) And I assure you this intense affection for ' this Canada of
ours,' as we lovingly call her, can surprise no one who has traversed her ])ic-
turesque and fertile territories, where mountain, plain, valley, river, lake and
forest, prairie and table-land, alternately invite, by their extraordinary magnificence
and extent, the wonder and the admiration of the traveller. (Cheers.) And
yet, however captivating may be the siglits of l>eauty thus prepared by the hands
of Nature, they are infinitely enhanced by the contemplation of all that man
is doing to turn to their best advantage the gifts thus placed within his reach. In
every direction you see human industry and human energy digging dee]) the
foundations, spreading out the lines, and marking the inviolable boundaries upon
and within which one of the most intelligent and happiest of offsets of the
English race is destined to develop into a proud and great nation. Tiie very
atmosphere seems impregnated with the exhilarating spirit of enterprise, content-
ment and hope, llie sights and sounds w hich caressed the sense.-, of the Trojan
wanderer in Dido's Carthage are repeated and multiplied in a thousand different
localities in Canada, where flourishing cities, towns and villages are rising in every
direction with the rapidity of a fairy tale. And better still, pari passu \\ ith the
development of these material evidences of wealth and happiness, is to l)e
observed the growth of political wisdom, experience, and ability, perfectly capnl)le
of coping with the various difficult problems which from time to time are jire-
sented in a country where new conditions foreign to European experience and
complications arising out of ethnological and geographical circumstances are
constantly requiring the application and intervention of a statesmanship of the

is;-)]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

383

hij^liest order. And here, perhaps, I may lie permitted to remark on tlie extra-
ordinary ability and intellitjence with which the French portion of Her Majesty's
subjects in Canada join with their British fellow-countrymen in working and
developing the constitutional privileges with which, thanks to the initiative they
were the first to take, their country has lieen endowed. Our French fellow-
coiintryuien are, in fact, more parliamentary than the English themselves, and in
the various fortunes of the colony there have never lieen wanting French statesmen
of tininence to claim an equal share with their British colleagues in shaping the his-
tory of the Dominion. Whatever may Ix; the case elsewhere, in Cana<la, at all events,
the French race has learnt the golden rule of moderation, and the necessity of arriv-
iiij; at practical results by the occasional sacrifice of logical symmetry, ami the
setllenient of disputes in the spirit of a generous compromise. (Cheers.) 'I'he fruit
of this happy state of things is observable in the fact that nowhere do those differences
of opinion, which divide the religious world of every country, separate the Canailian
nation either into religious or ethnological factions. Religion and race are, of course,
ohstrvable forces within our body politic ; but as far as I have remarked the divi-
sions of party are jierpendicular rather than horizontal, and in a country or liorough
election, as often as not, Catholic will be found voting against Catholic, Orange-
man against Orangeman, F'renchman against Fr-;nchman, and, what will perhaps
cause less surprise. Irishman against Irishman. In fact, it is made a matter of com-
plaint by many persons that the considerations which regulate and iletermine the
allegiance of the people to their several political leaders have become efiete and mean-
in^'iess traditions, unrepresentative of any living or vital policy which distinguishes
the administrative programme of the one party from that of the other. If this is so,
it is perhaps to be accounted for by the fact that our political system is so free from
those complications which attach themselves to an older civilization ; we are so
little harassed by embarrassments contracted in the past ; each individual enjoys
sucii ample space and verge within which to exercise his energies and develop his
idiosyncrasies ; there is so little friction Ijetween either the units or the clas:«s
whicli compose our community ; and the machinery of Government works in so free
an atmosphere, that the development of our policy is more akin to natural growth
than artificial training, and aflords, consequently, fewer opportunities for the exhi-
l)ition of conflicting political theories than is the case elsewhere. Still, I must con-
fess, as the constitutional head of the State, and dependent, consequently, ft)r my
guidance upon the advice of Parliamentary chiefs, I should feel extremely uneasy
unltss I knew their conduct was carefully watched by a well-organized, well dis-
cijilined, and, i<" I may so call it, professional opposition. (Hear, hear.) Nor am
I ever more lively to be able to give my entire confidence to my Ministers than
wlu'u I find their conduct and measures have l)een able to stand the test of an in-
cisive criticism applied by their political competitors for office. A Clovernor Ciene-
lal is bound, of course, to regard his Ministers as true metal, but he is never lietter
able to do so than .nen they come well refined out of the Parliamentary fire ; and,
my lords and gentlemen, this is douV)ly the case when one is able to feel — and I
am happy to say I have always l)een able to feel — the most unlimited confidence
in the integrity and wisdom of the Parliament of the country whose affairs I ad-
mii, ,ter. As long as one can feel certain that not only the material interests, but.

384

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

what is of more importance, the honor and reputation of the country can be safely
trusted to its Parliament, then there is no situation in the world happier than that
of a constitutional ruler. No Eastern despot or European autocrat can feel any-
thing approaching to the satisfaction with which he watches the march of those
events upon the happy and fortunate issue of which so much of his own peace and
reputation must dejiend. And I am certain there have never been any individuals
who have had greater cause and opjwrtunities for appreciating these character.stics
of a popular assembly than those persons who, like my predecessors and myself,
have had the good fortune to preside over the free Dominion of Canada. (Cheers.)
And, my lords and gentlemen, these circumstances to which I have briefly alluded
are, I am hapjiy to say, continually receiving a more ma/ked recognition at the
hands, not merely of the people in this country, but, what is even of greater im-
portance, at those of the inhabitants of the United States. Nothing, in fact, can
be more friendly than the relations and feelings which prevail between the Canadian
people and their neighbors across the frontier. Whatever may hr\ve been the case
in former times, every thoughtful citizen of the United States is now convinced
that tlie fate of Canada has l)een unaltciably fixed and determined, and that she
is destined to move within her own separate and individual orbit. So far from
regarding this with jealousy, the public of the United States contemplates with a
generous enthusiasm the daily progress of Canada's prosperous career. Ir fact,
they are wise enough to understand that it is infinitely to the advantage of the
human race that the depressing monotony of political thought on the American
continent should lie varied and enlivened by the development of a political system
akin to, yet diverse from their own, productive of a friendly emulation, and offer-
ing many points of contrast and comparison, which they already begin to feel they
can study with advantage. (Cheers.) My lords and gentlemen, I have to apol-
ogize for having detained you at so great a length, but befoie I sit down I cannot
help expressing my deep obligation to the gentleman who proposed my health, for
the kindly aiid friendly terms in which he has been good enough to allude to nie
as an imiividual. In reply I can only assure him that the recognition thus accorded
to my humble etlorts to do my duty will only prove a fresi; incitement to me to
continue in that course which has merited his approval. I have no higher aml)i-
tion m the world tlian that of being able faithfully to serve my Sovereign in the
high station in which She has placed me, worthily to maintain in Her Ixautiful
Dominion the honor and the dignity of the Crown, to imitate as closely as may
be Her noble example in the discharge of my Vice-regal duties, and to obtain the
confidence of the Canadian jjcople by my devotion to their service, antl by the
imiiartial exeicise of those constitutional functions which attach to my high ollice.
(Cheers.) If to love a country with one's whole heart, to feel that in each one of
its inhabitants one possesses a personal friend, to believe in its future as imi)licilly
as any one of its most sanguine sons, to take a pride in everything which belongs
to it — its scenery, climate, its physical and moral characteristics, the idiosyntra-
cies of its people, nay their very sports and pastimes — be any test of loyalty to its
interests, then I feel my devotion to Canada can never be called in question.
(Cheers.) My only regret is that my ability and talents should not be commen-
surate with the desire by which I am possessed of rendering it effectual service.

■■)', ,

1875]

THE EAEL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

385

Happily, however, its present condition, the fortunate consummation of all those
aspirations which under the auspices of one of my predecessors have been crowned
by Confederation, and the satisfactory impulse given to its young life by the wise
administration of another, have superinduced so halcyon an epoch as to have
rendered it a comparatively easy task for a successor of less eminence and experi-
ence than theirs to carry on the task which they so happily inaugurated. If,
therefore, at the end of the next three years, I shall be able to complete my term
under the same happy circumstances which have hitherto characterized its dura-
tion ; if I can carry with me home to England the consciousness that the people
of Canada regard me as having been a faithful, loving, and a devoted servant to
the Dominion ; if, at the same time, I am fortunate enough to have merited the
approval of my Sovereign and countrymen at home, I shall consider few public
servants will have ever reaped so honorable and so dearly prized a reward." (Loud
cheers.)

His Excellency's speech at the Toronto Club excited great interest
in Great Britain, and called forth an expression of feeling as valuable
as it was complimentary to Canada. Canadians had been mortified
to find that their ardent love of the Mother Country had been but
coldly reciprocated by many of the leading minds of England, but the
British Press were so unanimous in the expression of a kindly interest
in the noble North American possessions, evoked by Lord Dufferin's
speech in Toronto, that this feeling of mortification was now greatly
modified. In Great Britain, new ideas, new hopes, and an extended
information of Canada had been created by His Excellency's utterances,
but the Canada Club address took her people by storm. The sound
of his voice from Toronto fell with a mellowed cadence on the
distant shores of Britain, but his manly, firm and dignified exultation
in being the ruler of so magnificent a domain as Canada, expressed in
this speech, passed like an electric shock through the British heart. His
words were uttered in the very centre of British power, in the presence
of the leading men of the Empire. He stood face to face with the
rulers of the greatest country in existence, and in words of burning elo-
quence thundered into their ears that in the Dominion of Canada they
possessed a child, splendid in beauty, and marvellous in physical and
intellectual strength, whom they might be proud to exhibit to the
nations of the world. He made no uncertain sound. Distance
did not soften the inflection of his voice, or deaden the effect
of the almost passionate words in which he set forth the claims
of Canada to the highest position in the hearts of the British
peo[)le. He painted in colors as beautiful to the eye as they were
true to nature the strong attachment of the Colony to the parent

386

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

State. His tours through the Provinces had enabled him to speak
with an authority which no one could question, and his warm
admiration of what he had seen with his own eyes, and heard
with his own ears, burst forth in a strain of commendation of a
people who had imposed on him the duty of bearing across the
ocean, their declaration of unswerving loyalty to the British Crown,
of their ardent desire to remain a sharer of its glories, and of their
firm resolve to prove to the world that they fully understood the bless-
ings of Constitutional Government, and the benefit of a close connection
with the great country which hundreds of thousands delighted to speak
of as " Home," though many knew it only by tradition. But, while
Lord Dufierin stood before the British people, and was showing by
every word he uttered, and by every intonation of his voice, thai he
was exulting in being the representative of so noble a country, and
that he knew he held their deepest affections, he also felt that he was
representing a loyalty which was absolutely free from the contamination
of selfishness or subserviency. He well unfolded the Canadian heart
when he proclaimed that it gloried in an unhesitating confidence in
itself ; that it was bounding forward to a splendid future and that its
progress to renown, among the nations of the world, would be the
result of its integrity, its industry, and its of indomitable perseverance.
He forced on the English mind the great dominant idea which every
Canadian commissioned him to proclaim, that while Canada was per-
meated to her heart's core by admiration and love of England, no
people on the face of the earth had a more unhesitating reliance on their
own resources, a more thorough independence of all foreign inter-
ference, or a more unshaken confidence in the greatness of their future.
He scattered to the winds the insinuations of a school in Great Britain,
that the loyalty of Canada was one merely of interest, and prouuiy
declared that while she was jealous of her position as an honored
dependent, and ardently desired to participate in the glories of Eng-
land's career, she would be ever ready to bear her share of England's
burdens and dangers. It is no matter of surprise that Canadians
have an affection for Lord Dufferin, which no former ruler ever inspired,
when he gave utterance to these feeling words, " And I assure }ou,
this intense affection for ' this Canada of ours,' as we lovingly call her.
can surprise no one who has traversed her picturesque and fertile
territories, where mountain, plain and valley, river, lake, and forest,
prairie and table-land alternately invite, by their extraordinary magnili-

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

387

cence and extent, the wonder and admiration of the traveller." But
Lord Diifferin, though an enthusiastic lover of the beauties of nature,
was too close an observer, and too astute a statesman, to base his
estimate of Canada on her scenery. He had visited, and personally
inspected almost every centre of industry ; he had explored her mines
of gold, silver, copper, and coal ; he had inspected her inexhaustible
supplies of salt and oil ; he had seen a country from whose very sur-
face was bursting forth invaluable phosphates in quantities practically
illimitable ; he had been astonished by the wonders of the timber
supply of the Ottawa Valley ; he had seen rich lands teeming with
the treasures of abundant harvests ; he had been carried swiftly and
safely over thousands of miles of railways ; his sight had been almost
dazed by the vast shipping of the young Dominion, he had seen
restless activity, untiring industry,prosperous contentment, and peaceful
life in every city and town, in every homestead and hamlet of the
country. To use his own expressive phrase, " The very atmosphere
seems impregnated with the exhilarating spirit of enterprise, content-
ment and hope." But he was called on to listen to other sounds
than the noise of machinery, and the buzz of an industrious population.
He was led to the noble schools of Canada, and was delighted to
inspect the working of a system of national education which Cana-
dians are proud to exhibit as unsurpassed in any portion of the globe.
He had mixed with the public men of the country, and had ascer-
tained, from a personal canvass, the tone and depth of the political
feelings of the people, and he was able to announce to his wondering
audience that in Canada would be found a population deeply imbued
with i)olitical wisdom, and able to frame and perfect a system of
internal economy and political life, unassisted by foreign exjierience.
There is one phase of His Excellency's character which Canadians will
always look upon as oi exceptional value. He was ever ready and
:..i.\.ous to render more pleasant and cordial the relations between
the two great races and the two great religions of the Dominion. His
v.ords were always words of gentleness, his policy one of mutual
concession, and a kindly consideration for the opinions of others.
His allusions, in this great speech, to the French race and the Roman
Catholic religion, were words of gold, which have endeared him to
every French heart and every Roman Catholic mind, while they have
won for him the sincere respect and admiration of the Protestant
population.

388

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

There runs through the speech the golden thread by which Lord
Dufferin has guided his pubHc life in Canada. His thorough appre-
ciation of the beauties of Constitutional Government and his great
admiration of the personal qualities of Her Majesty have been his
guiding stars. To nurse the growth of a constitution similar to that
of Great Britain, and to rule by the principles of that constitution,
and by the affections of the people formed the basis of his political
and social policy. No Governor General ever rose so nearly to the
height attained by Her Majesty in working out the principle of a
pure, constitutional system of Government, and none ever before
attempted to win the hearts of the ruled by those affectionate kind-
nesses and personal grace which are so captivating in his great
Mistress. The people of England were emphatically told that His
Excellency in Canada was but Her counterpart in the unwavering
loyalty of the Executive to the Ministry of the day ; and Lord
Dufferin glowed with an honest pride when, after announcing his
unlimited confidence in the integrity and wisdom of the Canadian
Parliament, he declared that no eastern despot or European autocrat
could feel anything approaching to the satisfaction with which he
watched the march of events, upon the happy and fortunate issue
of which so much of his own peace and reputation depended. His
Excellency was too modest to say, what must be said for him, thpt
in the great work of securing, to a degree second only to that secured
by Her Majesty herself, the affections of the Canadian people, he had
received an assistance from the Countess of Dufferin so valuable and
so important that it may safely, and without any disparagement to
him, be said, that without it his success would have been but partial.
If he personated Her Majesty in her political character, Lady Dufferin
was also Her personator in the graceful amenities of social life, and in
that noble spirit of kindness which alleviated the sufferings and
extended sympathies to the poverty stricken in their cheerless
homes and to the struggling emigrant in the dreary back woods,

His Excellency did Canada a kindness by paying to her neighbors
the fitting compliment that, as the Dominion had taken a new position
among the political organizations of the world, all intelligent Ameri-
cans were now willing to recognize that position, and to hold out the
hand of friendship to their young and robust companion. And yet
with a quiet confidence in the excellence of the Canadian system
of Government, and an almost humorous hint to American self-satisfac-

1875J

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

389

tion, he intimates that Canada offers many points of contrast and
comparison which our American cousins ah'eady begin to feel they
may study v/ith advantage.*

On the 28th July, 1875, their Excellencies arrived at Belfast on
their way to Clandeboye. They were met and escorted to the station
by W. R. Ancketill, Esq., J.P., Chairman of the Railway Company,
and r. C, Haines, Esq., the Manager. The train soon reached
Clandeboye, where its arrival was awaited by a large concourse of
persons, anxious to give a hearty welcome to the noble and gifted
lord of the soil. The handsome railway station was profusely decked
with flags, prominent among which was one bearing the arms of the
Dufferin family, and another on which were displayed the words
" Welcome to Clandeboye." The turrets surmounting the walls of
the courtyard adjoining were gaily adorned with banners, and some
of the adjacent farm houses were also " dressed " for the occa-
sion. A representative deputation of the tenantry was in attendance
to present an address to the Earl on his arrival back for a brief period
amongst them. It consisted of the following gentlemen : — Rev. John
Quartz, Ballygilbert ; Messrs. James R ankin, William Crickard, William
Shaw, Drumkirk ; Andrew Finlay, Hugh Nelson, Wm. McKee, Robert
Gibson, Wm. McWha, Ballymullan ; Robert J. Bell, Ballywooley;
Andrew Patton, Patrick Moffat, Hugh McKee, Andrew Wightman,
Ballygrott ; John Stewart, Wm. Trotter, John Moorhead, John Mus-

* The following quotation from a leading English journal of the day will be a fitting
conclusion to this notice of one of Lord Dufferin's " Great " Speeches : " Fortu-
nate is the nation which can fiml officers of this noble type. How different is the
conception of a Governor here pain d from that suggested by Sir George Grey, on
which we lately commented. Such a man as Lord Duflerin, animated with the
loftiest idea of statesmanship, and familar with the teachings of experience, makes
England known to Canada and Canada known to England with a depth and
thorou[,diness that no mere deputy from a colony can possibly attain to. There is a
reality in the relation procurable by no other means. No one can doubt that Canada,
when she reads the report of what passed at this gathering, will heartily recognize
Lord 1 Hifferin to be her own representative. No native-born Canadian could be more
entirely Canadian ; and if this is so, nothing can bring home the conviction more
vividly to the minds of the whole world that England and Canada are one nation.
A (Governor, thoroughly penetrated with the Constitutional spirit, with sincere re-
si^ect for the self-government of his Province — proud of his position, and account-
ing its glory to be in the possession of the Colony's confidence, is the best of gifts
which the centre of an Empire can bestow on any Colony."

ir SB ' " "

390

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1S75

■

^i*

grove, Ballygilbert ; Robert Finlay, John Kennedy, John Gelston,
James Wright, Samuel Wright, R. Crawford, H. Moore, John Millar,
T. Jameson, J. Jameson, J. Cloakey, Ballysallagh. There were also
present Sir Thomas McCIure, Bart., V.L. ; John Sharman Crawford,
Esq., D.L. ; Dr. Thompson, Bangor; J. L. Pattison, Private Secre
tary, and Mortimer Thompson, Esq., J. P., agent to His Excellency.
A large number of ladies were in attendance, and a pleasant feature in
the proceedings were the children of the Ballymullan National School,
who, in neat attire, were drawn up in procession on the platfomi.
The exchange of courtesies and congratulations over, the Rev. Mr.
Quartz read an address from the tenants on th Clandeboye estate.
In reply. His Excellency after a few preliminar emarks, said :

"I am very grateful to you for the kind expressions which you have used in
regard to my endeavors to do my duty by my Queen and Country in that {jreat
Dominion over which I have the honor to preside. And perhaps it would not In:
inappropriate to the present occasion that I should tell you that amongst the many
pleasures I have had in administering the affairs of its government, and in visiting
its various districts, few have been greater than that which I have experienced from
meeting in almost every part of the country Irishmen from diflferent parts of Ire-
land, all of them united by common sympathy of loyalty to the Queen,— all of
them animated by a spirit of happiness and contentment, — and all of chem engaged
in a prosperous and fortunate career. But amongst those Irishmen, 1 um hajij))' to
say, the most prosperous, the most contented, and the most fortunate have ken
persons who have been connected with this locality, and who do equal honor to
the country which they have adopted, and the district from which they have
taken their origin. When I visited Fredericton, the Capital of New Brunswick, the
Lieutenant Governor proposed to me to visit what he said was one of the most
remarkable instances of how intelligence and industry can create a paradise in a
desert. We drove a few miles out, and presently we came to a beautiful little
village in the centre of which stood a magnificent church. Beside the church was
a schoolhouse, — beyond the schoolhouse was a mansion almost as large ami .as
splendid as Clandeboye itself: in the neighborhood were villas, and, further on
again beyond them were comfortable cottages for the superintendents, skilled
workmen, and artisans belonging to this great establishment. The owner had taken
a lease from the Government of 2 or 3oo,ocx> acres of forest ; he had cut down
the trees, mad*^ dams, constructed weirs ; he had cleared the country, and had
created, I might say, a large extent of arable land, and pari passu with his increas-
ing prosjjerity, he had devoted his wealth and intelligence to promote the happi-
ness of those to whose labor and industry he was so much indebted for his iwn
advancement. He was very glad to receive me, and introduced me to his mother,
and I then found that this good old lady had originally come from Clandeboye ;
that this gentleman himself had, I believe, been a tenant of my neighbor, Mr.
Sharman Crawford, and I spent an hour with them, giving an account of their

1H75]

THE EAKL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

391

grand nieces, and grand nephews, and their various other relations. Again, when
1 went up to I^ike Superior, I was taken to see a very remarkaV)le undertaking,
a silver mine, the shaft of which has been sunk in a small islam), not much bigger,
orit,'inal!y, than a dining room table ; but, in order to prosecute their enterprise,
the company had been compelled to create, as it were, a Venice in the waters of
Lake Sii|)erior. They have built a small city upon piles, and they are now in the
course of conducting one of the most successful enterprises upon the American
continent. At the head of that enterprise, I was extremely pleased to find a
well known Killyleagh man. These are but a few instances of many others which
I could enumerate, but I thought I could not make a more opportune communica-
tion than by giving you those instances of the manner in which County Down men,
wherever they find themselves in any part of the world, seem invariably to fall
upon their legs, and go to the top of the tree."

.\fter spending a short time at Clandeboye, their Excellencies
returned to Canada, and arrived at Ottaw? on the 23rd October,
accompanied by Sir G. Bowen, of Australia, General O'Grady Haly
and Capt. Haly. They were met at the station by the Foot Guards
and several thousand citizens, who gave them an enthusiastic recep-
tion. Mayor Featherstone, on behalf of the citizens of Ottawa, pre-
sented His Excellency with an address, congratulating him on the
return of himself and the Countess of Dufferin, and warmly thanking
him for his noble utterances in England, by which Canada had been
so prominently and favorably brought before the notice of the British
people. His Excellency, in alluding to these, modestly said that,
however unimportant and casual his observations may have been in
themselves, the unexpected attention they received in the Mother
Country was an additional proof, if proof were needed, of the growing
interest our fellow citizens across the Atlantic took in all we were
doing in Canada, and he added the important statement :

" In this respect a very remarkable change is to be observed during the past
few years ; in fact, the admirable success which has attended the consolidation of the
North American Provinces into a great Dominion ; the rapidity with which you are
developing your resources, extending your trades, and multiplying your fleets ; the
energetic manner in which Canada is asserting her title as a self-governing commu-
nity to the respect and observance of her friends and neighbors, has evoked in a
most satisfactory manner the pride and stimulated the sympathies of those who have
the right to regard you as one of themselves, as identified with their future desti-
nies, and as associated with them in the glorious task of enlarging the confines,
maintaining the dignity and enhancing the prestige of the British Empire."

On the 8th October, 1875, the Supreme Court Judges were ap-
pointed. The Hon. William Buell Richards,* Ontario, Chief Justice,

* Knighted in 1877.

392

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

and the Hon. William Johnston Ritchie, New Brunswick ; the Hon.
Samuel Henry Strong, Ontario ; the Hon. Jean Thomas Taschereau,
Quebec ; the Hon. Telesphore Fournier, Quebec, and the Hon. William
Alexander Henry, Nova Scotia, Puisne Judges. The Chief Justice
was sworn in on the day of his appointment. On the 8th November,
the Puisne Judges were sworn in before the Chief Justice.

His Excellency, impressed with the importance of the new Court,
determined to pay to it all the honor in his power, and he therefore
issued cards for a state dinner at Government House, on the i8th
November. The seats at the head of the table were occupied by His
Excellency and the Countess of Dufierin, the Hon. Mrs. Littleton, the
Chief Justice, and the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Bishop of
Ontario, and the Ministers present. The guests invited were : The
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, Mr. Justice Ritchie, Mr.
Justice Strong, Mr. Justice Taschereau, Mr. Justice Fournier, and Mr.
Justice Henry ; the Lieutenant Governors of Ontario, Quebec, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island ; the Bishops of
Ontario and Ottawa ; the Hon. A. Mackenzie, the Hon. E. Blake,
the Hon. A. J. Smith, the Hon. R. J. Cartwright, the Hon. Mr.
Letellier de St. Just, the Hon. D. Laird, the Hon. L. S. Huntington,
the Hon J. Burpee, the "on. T. Coffin, the Hon. R. W. Scott, the
Hon. F. Geoffrion, the Hon. W. B. Vail ; the Speaker of the Senate ;
the President of the Court of Error and Appeal of Ontario ; the
Chanceller of Ontario ; the Chief Justice of the Court of Common
Pleas of Ontario ; the Chief Justices of the Superior Courts of Quebec,
New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island ; the Judge of the Court
of Vice-Admiralty of Quebec; the Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald,
K.C.B., P.C. ; Hon. Sir Alexander T. Gait, K.C.M.G., P.C. ; Hon.
Wm. Macdougall, C.B., P.C. ; Hon. Wm. P. Howland, C.B., P.C;
Hon. Peter Mitchell, P.C. ; Hon. A. Campbell, P.C. ; Hon. L. H.
Langevin, P.C. ; Hon. J. C. Chapais, P.C. ; Hon. Sir Edward Kenny,
Knt., P.C. ; Hon. Sir Francis Hincks, K.C.M.G., C.B., P.C. ; Hon.
C. Dunkin, P.C. ; Hon. J. C. Aikins, P.C. ; Hon. Charles Tu])per,
C.B., P.C; Hon. J. H. Pope, P.C; Hon. John O'Connor, P.C;
Hon. T. Robitaille, P.C; Hon. T. N. Gibbs, P.C; Hon. Hugh
McDonald, P.C; Hon. W. Ross, P.C; Major General Selby
Smyth ; the Hon. Senator Skead ; the Hon. Senator Penny ; the
Speaker of the House of Commons ; Mr. J. M. Currier, M.P. ; Mr. P.
St. Jean, M.P. ; Mr. Alonzo Wright, M.P. ; Mr. W. F. Brouse,

1875]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

393

M.P. ; Mr. R. Blackburn, M.P. ; Mr. J. Rochester, M.P. ; Mr. F.
Ferguson, M.P.; the Hon. Boucher de Boucherville, Premier, Quebec;
Hon. G. E. King, Premier, New Brunswick ; Hon. P. C. Hill,
Premier, Nova Scotia ; Hon. H. Annand, Ex-Premier of Nova Scotia ;
Hon. (). Mowat, Premier, Ontario ; Hon. L. C. Owen, Premier,
Prince Edward Island; Lieut. Colonel Chamberlin, C,M.(i. ; the
Judge of the County Court of the County of Carleton ; the Junior
Judge ; the Sheriff of the same County ; the Clerk of the Privy
Council ; the Deputy Post Master General ; the Deputy Minister of
the Interior ; the Auditor General ; the Dei)uty Minister of Public
Works ; the Adjutant General of Militia ; the Clerk of the Senate ; Mr.
Alfred Patrick, the Clerk of the House of Commons ; the Gentleman
Usher of the Black Rod : the Very Rev. the \'icar General of Ottawa ;
the Venerable Dr. Lauder, Archdeacon of Ottawa ; the Rev. T. D.
Foley ; the Rev. D, M. Gordon ; the Rev. A. A. Cameron ; the Rev.
J. E. Sanderson ; the Rev. J, Young ; the Rev. J. Hunter ; Mr. Ci. VV.
Wicksteed, Q.C ; the Hon. J. Cockburn, Q.C. ; Mr. G. B. Eellowes,
Q.C. ; His Worship the Mayor of Ottawa ; the Secretaries of the
Lieutenant Governors of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick and Prince Edward Island ; the A.D.C. of Major General
Smyth; Lieut. Colonel Ross; Colonel the Hon. E. P. and Mrs.
Littleton; Lieut. Colonel Barnard, C.M.G. ; Mr. Kidd ; Mr. F. A.
Dixon; Mr. Campbell; Mr. F. Rowan Hamilton, A.D.C.

After the cloth had been removed, His Excellency rose and spoke
as follows : —

" My Lord, Ladies and Gentlemen, — Although it is no y usual cusiom
to call upon the guests at Government House to drink any other toast than that
of the health of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, the present occasion is one
of such an important and exceptional character that I am sure it will not be con-
sidered unnatural I should desire to mark it in a peculiar manner. For the first
time since its constitution by a recent Act of Parliament, I have had the pleasure
of receiving at my table the learned and distinguished Judges who compose the
Supreme Court of Canada. The establishment of that Court marks another epoch
in the progressive history of the Dominion ; it exhibits another proof and pledge of
the stability of our Confederation, and of the solidifying process which has knit
into a homogeneous and patriotic community the inhabitants of what a few years
ago were the scattered districts of Great Britain's North American possessions. But
the constitution of such a Court is not merely an evidence of so complete a unifi-
cation of the Dominion as to permit the rays of justice being thus focussed to a
point ; it is also an exemplification of the confidence reposed by the people of
Canada in the learning and attainments of the legal profession in this country.

394

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1875

siii

■1

i I

■1

Had not the Parliament of Cnnada Jwen convinced that the Har of the Dominion
was now, and would continue to be, ca|)al)le of producing; |)ersons of sucli rom-
manding authority and reputation as that their jud(;ments would ))e univtr^nlly
ac(|uiesced in, it would not have ventured upon so l)oldan ex|)erinient asthecnaiion
of a Court superior in its jurisdiction to all the other Provincial Courts in the
Dominion. (Applause.) I have myself no misgivin|^s that Parliament will (h;
disappointed in these exjiectations. I have nodouV)t hut that those eminent iKison-
ages present amonjjst us to-night will succeed in estahlishinjj for their Ciuirt a
reputation and an authority equal to the anticipations of their countrymen. The
authority of a court of justice is founded on the soundness of its decisions. Clhar,
hear.) Under the free Constitution of the British Knipire, no earthly power cm
check the growth or diminish the weight of an authority established on such a Imsis.
A great court thus becomes the author of its own su])remacy — nay, it can extend
its ascendancy beyond the limits of its natural jurisdiction, and impress foni^m
codes of jurisprudence with its own interjiretations of equity and justice. Wiiness
the resjx-'ct and deference with which the Chief Court of the United States is (|U()te(l
by Hritish and European jurists. Such a court is the parent of jwace, order .iml
good government ; it is the guardian of civil, political, and religious lil)erty.
(Hear, hear.) It is like the sun at noon-day; it shines with its own light; ami
happily, human passion and prejudice, executive tyranny, and popular phrenzy,
are as impotent to intercept the lieneficent influence of the one as to shear the t)eanis
from the other. (Hear, hear.) I now propose to you the health of tiie Chief
Justice of Canada, ami of his brethren the other Judges, members of the Supreme
Court of Canada, and to this toast I will venture to add but one word more. ' /n/ir
pocula^ the strict rules of Responsible Government may for a moment be suspend-
ed, and as during the Saturnalia the Roman slaves were allowed to buHel tlieir
masters with impunity, so a Governor General may be permitted for once, on a
festive occasion like the present, to give his Prime Minister advice instead of receiv-
ing it ; and the advice I would tender to Mr. Mackenzie, and through him to the
Parliament and people of Canada, is this : that inasmuch as pure, efficient, and
authoritative courts of justice are the most precious possession a people can enjoy,
the very founts and sources of a healthy national existence, there is no duty more
incumbent on a great and generous community than to take care that all and every
one of those who administer justice in the land are accorded a social, moral, and I
will venture to add, a material recognition proportionate to their arduous labors,
weighty responsibilities and august position." (Applause.)

In response to the toast, which was received with the utmost
enthusiasm, the Chief Justice said :

"Your Excellency, my Lord, Ladies and Gentlemen, — On fx;half of
my brethren judges and myself, I beg to return thanks for the very great honor
you have done us in drinking our healths. I am further to thank your Excellency for
the kind and flattering allusion to us as judges, and for the grand exposition of the
functions of the judicial office contained in the magnificent speech to which we
have all had the pleasure of listening. The observations made with respect to the
bar in this country are peculiarly acceptable to my learned brothers and m)'self.

[18T5

1876]

THE EARL OF DUFFKHIN IN CANADA.

395

t tlieir
nee, 1)11 a

IfCl'iv-

1 to the
lit. ami
an enjoy,
uty more
md every
1, and I
labors,

Utmost

)ehalf of
:at honor
lency for
m of the
ihicli we
ct to the
myself.

Tlioii^'i we Imve been elevated to tlie high position of lieing the * (,)ueen's Jtidp^es,
ue do not forfjft that we attained the ' lUnch' throu^li tlic juirtals of the ' Mar,"
ami we still claim affinity with our brethren of the profession. The large nunilier
of dii,tiMt,'uishe<l men of the country who have lieen hidden by your I xcellency to
asseiiilile under the Vice-rej;al roof to meet the jud(,'es of the Supreme i 'uirt nfTunis
unmistakable evidence of your Kxcellency's desire to mark the inaujjuration of the
Court as an event of {jreat imjiortance in the history of Canada, and also indicates
the hijjh consideration in which the re|)resentative of Her Most (Iracious M.ijesty
wishes the ' (Jueen's Judijes ' to lie held by all classes of the community. The
iuili^es all know the deep personal interest which your F.xcellency takes in having
th-; Court to which they lielong enter upon the discharge of its important duties
under the most favorable auspices, and in their honor I thank your Kxcellency for
the efforts you have made to bring about that result. I think it right to ,idd that,
from the intercourse which the judges have had with the Premier and meni])ers of
the (lovernment of Canaila, there can be no doubt that they are actuated by the
same feelings which have influenced your Excellency in t'lis matter. We enter
upon the discharge of our duties as Judges of the Supreme Court with the dee])est
conviction of their very great imi)ortance, and with an earnest desire to perform
those duties in such a manner as to give, so far as in us lies, all proinir assistance
in establishing a government on the Northern portion of the continent of America
which will have the power to maintain liberty and orvler, and which will preserve
life and projierty, whilst it possesses sufficient elasticity to give its peojjle the free-
om and self-reliance necessary to create an energetic and prosperous community.
(Alijilause.) I conclude by again expressing, on l)ehalf of my learned brethren
and myself, our grateful thanks for the very great honor done us in drinking our
healths." (Applause.)

The Third Session of the Third Parliament of Canada was opened
on the loth Febrtiary, 1876, with the usual ceremonies, but with more
than the usual ec/af.

The Judges of the Supreme Court attended in their new robes,
similar to those worn by the Superior Judges of England — scarlet
trimmed with ermine.* Among the strangers who accompanied the
Countess of Dufferin to the Senate Chamber were the Marquis and
Marchioness de Bassano, the Count de Turenne, and Mdlle. Gerrault.

The Spec h from the Throne alluded to the great depression of
trade; it congratulated the Houses on the fact that the Intercolonial
Railway was approaching completion, and on the opening of the
Prince Edward Island Railway. It expressed regret that no progress
had been made with the Fishery Commission, consequent on the
delay of the United States Government in appointing a Commissioner.

* This costume had been selected at the particular recommendation of His
Excellency.

396

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[im

'IS'

•H

His Excellency, it said, had given effect to the Supreme and Ex-
chequer Court Act by issuing the necessary proclamations, and
aj pointing the judges and officers of the Courts. Legislation was
promised as to common carriers, life assurance companies, criminal
statistics, the consolidation of the statutes, the management of Indian
affairs, and the administration of the estates of insolvent banks.
Regret was expressed that the depression of trade had seriously
affected the revenue, and that, consequently, a curtailment of exi)en-
diture would be necessary. Correspondence, reports and other
matters connected with the Pacific Railway would be laid, it was
promised, before the Houses. I'he inability of the Province of Mani-
toba to meet its expenditure was stated, and it was indicated that
certain projjositions in relation to the matter would be submitted.

On the 8th March, His Excellency sent down the correspondence
having reference to the inadequacy of the gristing Extradition Treaty
between Great Britain and the United States. Mr. Blake, the Minis-
ter of Justice, had devoted his attention to the very unsatisfoctory
state of the law as it existed, and made a special effort to obtain a
new and better Treaty. His memorandum is an excellent i-esitmc of
the acts and treaties affecting the subject, and the despatches between
the Home Office and His Excellency will show why Mr. Blake's efforts
were unsuccessful.

His memorandum is as follows :

Department of Justice,

Ottawa, December i, 1875.

The undersigned begs to renort that his attention has been called to the in-
adequacy of the existing Extradition Treaty between the United Kingdom and the
United States.

IJy what is commonly called the Jay Treaty, made in 1794 between (Ireat
Britain and the United States, there were but two extradition offences, viz . : — Murder
and forgery. By the Ashburton Treaty, made in 1842, there were seven extradition
offences, viz. : — Murder, assault with intent to commit murder, jv'racv, arson, rob-
bery, forgery and the utterance of forged paper.

In 1870 was passed the Imperial Statutes 33 and 34 Vic, cap. 52, intituled,
•' An Act to amend the law relating to the Extradition of criminals ;" by the fnst
schedule to which the following were specified as extradition offences : —

Murder, and attempt and conspiracy to murder, manslaughter, counterfcitinr
and altering money, and uttering counterfeited or altered money, forgery, counter-
feiting and altering and uttering what is forgeci or counterfeited or altered, embezzle-
ment and larceny, obtaining money or goods by false pretences, crimes by bankrupts

187(1]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

397

gainst bankruptcy law, fraud by a bailee, binker, agent, factor, trustee, or di rector
(ir member, or public officer of any company made criminal by any Act for the time
belli" in force ; rape, alnluction, child-stealing, burglary and house-breaking, arson,
robbery with violence, 'hreats by letter or otherwise with intent to extort, piracy by
law of nations, si'ikmg or destroying a vessel at sea, or attempting or conspiring to
do so, assiiulis on board a ship on the high seas with intent to destroy life or to do
grievous bodily harm, revolt or conspiracy to revolt by two or more persons on
board a ship on the high seas against the authority of the master.

In 187 5 was passed the Imperial Statute 36 and 37 Vic, cap. 60, by the schedule
to which the following were specified as extradition offences : — Kidnapping and false
imprisonment ; perjury and subordination of perjury, whether under Common or
Statute Law ; any indictal)le offence under the I,arceny Act, 1 861, or any Act
amending or substituted for the same which is not included in the first schedule to
tile Lxtradition Act of 1870 ; any indictr^' offence under the Act of the Session of
tile twenty-fourth and twenty- fifth year« of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter
97, "To consolidate and amend the Statute Law of England anil Ireland relating to
Malicious Injuries to Property," or any Act amending or substituted for the same
wliicli is not included in tlie first Schedule to the Extradition Act of 1S70 ; any
iiuiictable offence under the Act of the Session of the twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth
years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter 98, " Tc consolidate anil amend
the Stptute Law of England and Ireland relating to Indictable Oficnces by Forgery,"
or anv Act amending or substituted for the same which is not included in the first
schedule to the Extradition Act of 1870 ; any indictable offence under the Act 24
and 25 Vict., cap. 99, "To consolidate and amend the Statute Law of the United
Kingdom against ofl'ences relating to the Coin," or any Act amending or substituted
for llic same which is not included in the first Schedule of the Extradition Act of
1S70; any indictable offence under the Act 24 and 25 Vict., cap. loo, "To con-
solidate and amend the Statute Law of England and Ireland relating to offences
pgainst tl.e Person," or any Act amendi".g or. substituting the same which is not
included in the first schedule to the Extradition Act of 1870 ; any indictable offence
under tile laws, for the time being, in force in relation to Bankruptcy, which is not
included in the first schedule to the Extradition Act of 1870.

In the year 1872 an Extradition Trer.ty was made between the United Kingdom
and ( iermnny, embracing eighteen extradition crimes. In the same year an Extradi-
tion Treaty was made between the United Kingdom and Belgium, embracing nine-
ti'.n extradition crimes. In the same year a 'I'leaty was made between the United
K ngdom Mid Italy, embracing nineteen extradition crimes. In the same year an
E.vtradition Treaty was made between the United Kingdom and 1 )eiimark, embracing
nineteen extradition crimes. In the year 1873 an Extradition Treaty was made
Ixitween the United Kingdom and Brazil, embracing eighteen extradition crimes. In
tii( same year an Extradition Treaty was made between the United Kingdom and
Sweden and Norway, embracing eighteen extradition crimes. In the year 1874 an
Extraduion Treaty was made between the United Kingdom and Austria, embracing
twenty extradition oiTences. In the same year an Extradition T'reaty was m.ade
between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, embracing ten extradition

398

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

offences. And in the year 1875 ^" Extradition Treaty was made between the United
Kingdom and the Swiss Confederation, embracing eighteen extradition offences.

The existence of the Imperial Statutes and Treaties to which the undersigned
has referred renders it unnecessary for him to argue for the propriety, and in fact,
the necessity of enlarging the range of extradition offences in general. The relations
in particular of the United States and Canada render applicable with added force to
these countries in general considerations upon which these Statutes and Treaties
have been based ; the common frontier of about three thi^u.,...i(i miles ; the facilities
for passing from the one country into the other ; the condition of things in the
sparsely settled but vast tracts of country in the West ; the extensive commerce,
both by land, by sea and by the great lakes, and the increased intercourse between
two peoples of a common tongue, all point to the conclusio'i that between them,
perhaps, more than between any other two countries an extensive Extradition
Treaty is requisite. One great possible source of difficulty which probably pre-
vented any effort to extend the existing treaty has been of late years removed by the
abolition of slavery. All the experience of later years point towards the necessity
of extension — cases are of very frequent occurrence in which persons guilty of serious
crimes pass from one country into the other ; and almost within sight of their
victims and of the country whose laws they have offended, find a secure refuge for
themselves and their ill-gotten gains. The facilities so offered for crimes of a
particular character tend largely to increase their number, and so at once foster
crime and render property less secure.

The undersigned suggests to Council that it is expedient to take such steps as
may be lx;st calculated to result in the making of a comprehensive Exiradiiiun
Treaty between the United Kingdom and the Uni d States, framed with due regard
to the exceptional circumstances, as between the United States and Canada, to
which the undersigned has alluded.

The undersigned has thought it best not to encumber this memorandum by a
discussion of the precise crimes to be embraced in such a treaty, or by suggestions
as to the phraseology to be used in defining them. These matters would t)e tlie
suV)ject of negotiation, and in settling them it might Ix; necessary to refer to the
Canadian Consoliilation of the Criminal Law.

Nor does the undersigned emljrace in this report any observations as to tlie
mode of extraditing offenders.

Upon this important subject he proposes, in case steps be taken for the nego-
tiation of a treaty, to lay before Council a separate memorandum.

(Signed,)

EDWARD BLAKE.

On this being commimicated to the Colonial Secretary, he rei)licd
by the following to the Governor General :

Downing Street, February 2, 1876.
My Lord,— I have been in communication with the Secretary of Stale for
Foreign Affairs in regard to the Minute of the Privy Council of Canada, enclosed
in your despatch, No. 176, of the nth of December, submitting for the consilera-

187G]

THE EAKL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

39C

tionof llcr Majesty's Government the inadequacy of the existing Extradition Treaty
between this country and the United States, and suggesting tiie expediency of
taking '•leps for the negotiation of a more compreiiensive Treaty, due regard being
had to the exceptional circumstances of Canada and the United States.

1 now enclose for your information and for that of your Government a copy of
a letter from the Foreign Office, stating the result of recent negotiations witli the
United States Government on the subject, and that in the Earl of Derby's opinion
there is at present little hope of concluding a new Treaty with the United States.

It will be seen, however, that His Lordship will not fail, should a favorable
opportunity occur, to press upon the United States Government the expediency of
concluding a more comprehensive Treaty than the existing one, an arrangement
whicli, in the opinion of Her Majesty's Government, would be as much to the
advantage of the United States as to this country and the Dominion.

I have, &'c,,

(Signed,) CARNARVON

Governor General The R;.";ht Honorable

The Earl of Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B.

The following is the letter from the Foreign Office :

Foreign Okfick, yanuary 29, 1876.

Sir, — I have laid before the Earl of Derby your letter of the 19th instant, in
which you inclose copy of a despatch from the Governor General of Canada,
togetlier with a Minute of the Privy Council of the Dommion, submitting for the
consideration of Her Majesty's Government the inadequacy of the existing Extra-
dition 1'reaty between Great Britain and the United States, and suggesting tiie
expediency of taking steps for the negotiation of a more comprehensive treaty,
and in re])ly I am directed by His Lordship to state to you, for the information of
the Karl of Carnarvon, that negotiations for the conclusion of a new tieaty with
the United States were opened after the passing of the Extradition Act of 1870,
and were carried on until May, 1874, when they were suspended in consequence of
the Government of the United States objecting to an article in the English Draft
which provided, in accordance with section 3 of the Act of 1870, that "no accused
0'- convicted person shall be surrendered, if the otfence in respect of wliich his
siirrcmler is demanded shall be deemed by the party upon whom the demand is
made to be of a political character, or if he prove to the satisfaction of the Magis-
trate, Justice, Judge or Court before which he is brought, or of the Secretary of
State, tliat the requisition for his surrender Ins in fact been made with a view to
try or to jiunish him for an offence of a political cliaracter,"

Tile tiovernment of the United States maintained that the Secretary of State
alone sliould decide whether an offence with which a fugitive criminal is chargetl
is of a political character,

I'll the other hand, the Secretary of State for Home Affairs, to whom this
question was referred, reported that it was not possible to agree to the projjosal of
the United States Government, as any stipulation in accordance with their views
would lx> at variance with section 3 of the Act above recited,

| |M |

400

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1S7C

Under these circumstances Lord Derby considered that it would be useless to
continue the negotiations, which were accordingly suspended until quite recently,
when the question was revived in a discussion which took place between Her
Majesty's Minister at Washington and the Secretary of State of the United States,
relative to the trial of a fugitive criminal named Lawrence who was surrendered
to the United States in April last on a charge of forgery.

As, however, Mr. Fish continues to hold the same views on the point at issue
as he held in 1874, and to maintain that the British Government must take the
whole responsiliility in deciding whether the offence with which a fugitive criminal
is charged is of a political character. Lord Derby apprehends that there is at pre-
sent little hope of concluding a new Extradition Treaty with the United States.

Shou'd, however, a favorable opportunity occur, His Lordship will not fail to
press upon the (iovernment of the United States the expediency of concluding a
more comprehensive treaty than the existing one, an arrangement which would Iw
as much to the advantage of the United States as to Great Britain and the Domi-
nion of Canada.

I have, &=€.,

Tlic Under Secretary of State,

Colonial Office.

(Signed,)

T. V. LISTER.

The matter now remains in this unsatisfactory condition.

The ditficulty with British Cokmibia was much increased by the
defeat in the Senate of Mr. Mackenzie's bill providing for the build-
ing of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway.

The progress of the negotiations will be understood from the
following papers. On the i6th April, 1875, Lord Dufferin informed
the Earl of Carnarvon that the bill had been defeated in the Senate on
a vote of twenty-three to twenty-one. The matter seems to have rested
until the 29th September, when the following report of the Privy Council
was approved by His Excellency :

" The Committee of Council have had under consideration the difficulties aris-
ing out of the agreement made in 187 1 for the construction of the Canadian Pacific
Railway. Mr. Edgar's mission to British Columbia last year was based uiinn the
view that the conditions of that agreement were quite impracticable of fullilnient.
The proposals submitted by him to the British Columbia Government were briefly
that, the limitation of time being given up, Canada should undertake that one mil-
lion and a half of dollars should be expended upon construction within that Pro-
vince in each year after location, and that the building of a wnggon road along the
line of the proposed railway construction should precede actual railway construction.

It was further proposed to build a Railway on Vancouver Island, from Esqui-
malt to Nanaimo.

Tlie propositions were either not considered by the Government of Pritish
Columbia, or, if considered, they were rejected by them, and they subsequently
appealed to the Imperial Government, invoking their intervention. The result of

1S-4J]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

401

this appeal was an offer from the Right Honorable Lord Carnarvon, S^^cretary of
State for the Colonies, of his good offices to promote a settlement.

The Privy Council in their Minute of the 23rd July, 1874, advised • that Lord
Carnarvon be informed they would gladly submit the question to him for his deci-
sion as to whether the exertions of the Government, the diligence shown, and the
offers made, have or "have not been fair and just, and in accordance witii the spirit
ol the agreement.' Lord Carnarvon in his despatch of August l6th, acting upon
this Minute, and upon agreement on the part of British Columbia to abide by his
decision, made certain suggestions, of which the most important were — that the
amount of yearly expenditure within the Province, after location, should be not less
than two millions of dollars ; that the period of completion should be the year 1890,
and that the Railway from Esquimalt to Nanaimo should be at once commenced.
The Canadian Government, in their Minute of Council of Septemlier 17th, stated
' that while in no case could the Government undertake the completion of the whole
line in the time mentioned, and extreme unwillingness exists to another limitation
of lime, yet, if it be found absolutely necessary to secure a present settlement of
the controversy by further concessions, a pledge may be given that the portion west
of Lake Superior will be completed so as to afford connection by rail with existing
lines of railway through a portion of the United States, and by Canadian waters
dnring the season of navigation, by the year 1890, as suggested.'

It was further agreed that after location, two millions should be expended
yearly upon construction in British Columbia, and that a Railway from Esquimalt
to Nanaimo should be built.

It must be borne in mind that every step in the negotiations was necessarily
predicated upon and subject to the conditions of the Resolution of the House of
Commons, passed in 187 1, contemporaneously with the adoption of the terms of
Union with British Columbia, subsequently enacted in the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way Act of 1872, and subsequently re-enacted (after a large addition had been
made to the rate of taxation) in the Canadian Pacific Railway Act of 1874 ; that
the public aid to be given to secure the accomplishment of the undertaking ' should
consist of such liberal grants of land and such subsidy in money or other aid, not
iinmsing the then existing rate of taxation, as the Parliament of Canada should
thereafter determine.'

This determination not to involve the country in a hopeless burden of debt is
sustained by public opinion everywhere throughout the Dominion, and must of
necessity control the action of the Government, and it cannot l)e too clearly under-
stood tliat any agreements as to yearly expenditure, and as to completion by a fixed
time, must be subject to the condition thrice recorded in the Journals of Parliament,
that no further increase of the rate of taxation shall be required in order to their
fulfilment.

The sanction of Parliament to the construction of the prop> ^ed Railway from
Esquimalt to Nanaimo was necessarily a condition precedent to the commencement
of the work.

The other important features of the arrangement, namely, the limitation of time
for tlie completion of a certain portion, and the specification of a yearly expendi-
ture, were deemed to be within the meaning of the Pacific Railway Act, 1874, sub-

Ff ITlf ^' *

402

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1^76

ject, of course, to the condition already mentioned, and which was referred to in
the Minute o*' Council of December l8th, 1874, when the Government 'expressed
a willingness to make those further concessions rather than forego an immediate \
settlement of so irritating a question, as the concessions suggested might be made
without involving the violation of the spirit of any parliamentary resolution or the
letter of any enactment.'

The proposed Railway from Esquimalt to Xanaimo does not form a portion of
the Canadian I'acific Railway as defined by the Act ; it was intenrled to benefit local
interests, and was proposed as compensation for the disappointment experienced by
the unavoidable delay in constructing the railway across the Continent. The work
is essentially a local one, and there are obvious reasons against the Canadian
Government, under ordinary circumstances, undertaking the construction of sucli
works, and in favor of their being built, if at all, by virtue of Provincial action.

The Bill which the Government introduced into the House of Commons to pro-
vide for building this railway evoked a considerable degree of opposition in that
House and in the country, and although passed by the House of Commons, it was
afterwards rejected in the Senate, and thus there is imposed upon the Government
the duty of considering some other method of meeting all just expectations of the
people of British Columbia, whose Government has not suggested to this Govern-
ment any solution of the difficulty.

It would seem reasonable that the people of British Columbia should construct
this work themselves, or (if they think other local public works more advantageous)
should, in lieu of this, themselves undertake such other local public works, and
that the compensation to be given them by Canada for any delays which may lake
place in the construction of the Pacific Railv, ay, should be in the form of a cash
bonus to be applied towards the local railway, or such other local works as the
Legislature of British Columbia may undertake, Canada also surrendering any
claim to lands which may have been reserved in Vancouver Island for railway
purposes.

The sum of $750,000 would appear to the Committee to be a liberal compensa-
tion, and the Committee advise that the Government of British Columbia be informed
that this Government is prepared to propose to Parliament at its next Session the
legislation necessary to carry out the views contained in this Minute as to tlio con-
struction of the Pacific Railway, and the compensation to be given to British Colum-
bia for delays in such construction.

The Committee further advise that a copy of this Minute be transmitted to the
Right Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies."

The propositions contained in thii document, after being considered
by the Government of British Columbia, were rejected on the following
report of the Executive Council of the Province :

" The Committee of Council have carefully considered a Minute of the Honor-
able the Privy Council of Canada, dated September 20, 1875, proposing to this
Government, for their assent, certain alterations in the existing Railway Agreement
between the Dominion and this Province.

The Comnittee dissen* from many of the views expressed in the above Minute,

1876J

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

403

anil see no reason for consenting to any variation of or departure from the terms
of tlie Railway Agreement therein referred to. They, therefore, advise that the
proposals contained in the Minute lie unhesitatingly but respectfully declined by
your Excellency, and that the Dominion Government be so informed ; and further,
that tliat Government l>e strongly impressed with the absolute necessity of the
Railway Agreement being carried out according to the terms thereof.

The Committee further advise that a copy of this Minute (if approved) be trans-
mitted to the Right Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies."

Subsequently, on the 4th January, 1876, the Council added the
following :

" The Committee of Council have had before them the Minute of the Honor-
able the Privy Council of Canada, of the aoth Septeml^er, 1875, with its covering
despatch of the loth November last, relative to the construction of the Canadian
Pacific Railway.

The general features of the above Minute are such that this Government found
no difficulty in coming to a decision upon it. To avoid possibly prejudicial delays
a reply was promptly sent ' unhesitatingly but respectfully declining ' the propo-
sals, and dissenting generally from the views contained in the Minute, it being con-
sidered preferable, in a matter of such importance, to leave for a further communi-
cation such comments as the details of the Minute might seem to fairly challenge.

The Committee have now to remark that the Minute, at the outset, refers to
Mr. Edgar's letter, and gives a brief but inaccurate statement of its proposals. It
omits to mention the offer of the Dominion Government to immediately construct
the telegraph line in and beyond the Province ; and in the next place it incorrectly
states that that Government proposed to build ' a Railway ' from Esquinialt to
Nanaimo.

Mr. Edgar's letter, it will be found, expresses the inability of the Dominion to
constmct the Pacific Railway within the period stipulated. It, therefore, proposes
that if this time limit for the completion 0/ the whole line be surrendered, the Do-
minion will immediately commeiice * that portion' which lies between Esquinialt
and Xanaimo. The language of the letter is that ' they ' (the Dominion Govern-
ment) ' propose to commence construction from Esquimalt to Nanaimo immediate-
ly, and to push that portion of railway on to completion with the utmost vigor,
and in the shortest practicable time.'

This extract conveys but one meaning, viz. :— that the line between Esquimalt
and Nanaimo was regarded by the present, as it was by the past Canadian Ministry,
as a 'portion of the main line.

It now appears from the published correspondence forwarded by the Dominion
Government to England, that in their Minute of the i8th August, 1874, they dis-
avowed Mr. Edgar's offer, inasmuch as they alleged (what is repeated in their
present Minute) that the Esquimalt line ' does not form a portion of the ' main
line ; that ' it was intended to benefit local interests, and 7vas proposed as compen-
sation for the disappointment experienced by the unavoidable delay in constructing
the railway across the continent.'

Of these changed views, and certainly unexpected statements, this Government

■ , ■: S

404

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTItATION OF

[1876

h.id no intimation until some time after the publication of the correspondence by the
Canadian Parliament. During the negotiations this correspondence was not com-
municated to this Government, otherwise exception would have been taken at the
time to several portions of it, which are very objectionable.

The statement that the work in question was proposed as • compensation ' is a
manifest error, for no such proposal was ever made or hinted at, as will appear liy
reference to Mr. Edgar's letter. It is also, to a certain extent, inconsistent with the
subsequent request made by the Dominion Government to this Province on the 25th
March, 1875, for a conveyance, which was granted, of a heh of land along thi line
between Esquimalt and Nanaimo, similar in extent to that prescribed by tlie terms
of Union for the Pacific Railway, ' and subject otherwise to all the conditions con-
tained in the ilth Section of the said terms.'

The Dominion Government were not entitled to the land, except under the
'Terms of Union.' Their agreement with Lord Carnarvon gave them no new
claim to it, if the line was not to form part of the Pacific Railway.

It is further alleged in the Minute under consideration that ' the sanction of
Parliament to the construction of the proposed railway between Esquimalt and
Nanaimo Tfaj ' (that is, when Lord Carnarvon's Settlement of 1874 was made)
'necessarily a condition precedent to its commencement;' while, on the other
hand, the Premier, in his place in the Commons, said, on the 5th March, 1875,
after reading this Settlement to the House : —

' The terms recommended by Lord Carnarvon, afni "ivhich rvc have accepted, are
simply these : That, instead of one and a half millions, vje propose to expend two
millions a year 7i<ithin the Province of British Columbia, and we propose to finish
///_' railway connection through the Province and downward to the point indicated
by the year 1890, being an extension of time of nine years. With respect to the
question raised by my Honorable friend from South Bruce, / may say that I have
nothing to ash from Parliament, We have no authority to obtain, but merely to
communicate to Parliament this decision, and rely upon the House supporting us
in accepting the terms.' — (Hansard, page 511.)

The next point in the Minute is that the agreement for an annual railway expen-
diture of $2,000,000 in the Province, and for the completion of the line from the
Pacific to Lake Superior by 1890, 'must' be contingent upon and subject to the
conditions of the Resolution passed by the Commons in 1871, contemporaneously
with the terms of Union, and subsequently enacted and re-enacted in the I'acitic
Railway Acts of 1872-1874 respectively. This Resolution, as quoted in the Minute,
reads : ' The aid to be given to secure the accomplishment of the undertaking
should consist of such libeial grants of land, and such subsidy in money, or other
aid, not increasing the then existing rate of taxation, as the Parliament of Canada
should thereafter determine.' It is to be remarked that the following important
part of the Resolution has not been given in this quotation, viz. : — ' That the Kail-
way should be constructed and toorhed by private enterprise and not by the Voiiiiiim
Government,'' That Government seem to have overlooked the fact that the above
conditions were so materially changed in 1874 that they were practically abandoned.
The rate of taxation was then increased, and, by the Railway Act of 1874, the con-
struction of the railway was placed in the hands of the Government instead of being

187C1

THE EAllL OF DUFFEHIN IN CANADA.

405

entrusted to private enterprise. Even had tlie original Resolution been bindinjj on
this I'rovince, no such modifications of it as those above indicated could have been
of any effect as regards this I'rovince, until the consent of its legislature had been
olnained thereto- But British Columbia, in fact, was never even consulted as to
either the original Resolution or its modification ; nor was any intimation given to
this or, as far as known, to the Imjierial Government that such a Resolution
had been jjassed by the Canadian Commons, as nn intended qualification of the
terms of Union, It could not possibly have any such effect, as the address con-
taining; the ' Terms ' was passed by the House of Commons, on the 1st April, 187 1,
anil tlie Resolution was not submitted to the House until some days a/U-ncnrds,
and \\ as not carried until the I \th April.

Tlierefore, the Dominion Government cannot be sustained in their contention
that llie ' Terms of Union ' should be controlled by and lie subject to the Resolu-
tion and the Act above mentioned.

Looking at the question practically, the Resolution and Statute were severally
submittal to the House as indications of the schemes at different periods matured
by tliu Government for the purpose of proi'iding means for fulfilling the Railway
agreement with British Columbia ; and should the Act, like the Resolution, fail in
its oliject, some other measure must necessarily be devised for the above purpose.

With respect to the cash bonus of $750,000 to be offered (provided the sanc-
tion of Parliament be obtained) 'as compensation for the delays iv hie h may take
place in the construction of the Pacific Railway,' it is evident ihai future delays
ofn Tcry graz'e character are seriously contemplated, otherwise such an ofier never
would have been made, before even construction in the Province has been attempted,
and l)efore the expiration of the first year of the fifteen given for the completion of
the railway hence to Lake Superior. Under these circumstances this offer can only
be regarded as a proposed indemnity for a contemplated indefinite postponement
of the constniction of the work. The agreements for annual railway expenditure
and for completion of the line within a fixed time are the only guarantees given
that the railway will be constructed this century. An acceptance of this proposed
bonus would be equivalent to a surrender of these guarantees, and an abandonment
by liritish Columbia, for all time to come, of her right to protest against future
delays, however protracted. The amount offered represents the average cost of
only about 20 miles of railway, and is little more than one-third of one year's pro-
mised expenditure in the Province.

The other portions of Lord Carnarvon's Settlement, which declared that the
waggon load and telegraph line should be constructed immediately, ' as suggested
by ' the Dominion Government, have not been touched upon in the Minute. The
waggon road has not been commenced, though twelve months have elapsed since
it was promised, and though its immediate construction as a fore-runner of railway
work was strenuously insisted upon by the Dominion Government. The immediate
erection of the telegraph liiK was, for the same reason, also declared to be indis-
pensable ; but work on this line, though begun last spring, has been abandoned
indefinitely. The proposal to construct it formed a very material element in the
consideration of British Columbia's appeal to England, as the heavy cost of the
undertaking was weighed against the claims advanced by the Province.

I T

40G

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[lfi76

The facts and incidents which forced the Provincial Government to appeal to
the Imperial Government in 1874 need not be repeated. After nearly six mdiiths
spent in negotiations, proposals were submitted by Lord Carnarvon to tlie Dominion
Government for their approval. To these proposals they gave their delilx-'ratu and
unreserved assent on the l8th Decemlier, 1874. In their Minute of that tlate, tliey
stated that the proposals could be accepted, ' without itwolving a violation of the
spirit of any Parliainentaiy resolution or the letter of any enactment ;^ and tliat
• the conclusion at which his Lordship has arrived upholds, as he remarks, /// the
main, and subject only to some modification of detail, the policy adopted by this
Government on this most embarrassing question.' They therefore ' respectfully
request that your Excellency will be pleased ♦ ♦ ♦ • to assure his Lordship
that C7<ery effort will he made to secure the realization ofivhat is expected.'

Thus apparently ended a most unjileasant as well as unprofitable and irritating
dispute, which had lasted for about eighteen months, and which resulted in a most
carefully considered Settlement — a Settlement that, in the opinion of the Dominion
Government, upheld their own railwny policy and violated neither the spirit nor the
letter of any Parliamentary provision. Notwithstanding these facts, and the strong
assurance given that ' every effort ' would be made to redeem their pledges, the
Dominion Government, only nine months afterwards (as appears by their Minute of
the 20th September last), virtually decided to ignore these engagements. The con-
struction of the Island section of the railway is to lie abandoned. The agreements
to immediately conatruct the waggon road and telegraph line have already lieen vio-
lated, and no assurance whatever remains that they will ever be constructed. The
stipulations — most important of all — for an annual railway expenditure in the Pio-
vince, and for completion of the railway within a fixed time, are now held by the
Dominion Government to be contingent upon conditions which, though incidentally
referred to in their first and last despatches to Lord Carnarvon, were never offered
for his Lordship's consideration ; nor was it contended that they should control any
settlement that might be made. In justice to all parties, the Dominion Government
should have placed their whole case before Lord Carnarvon, and not have reserved
this point for contention and for sudden announcement nearly twelve months after
the date of what was supposed and intended to be a final settlement of all dilTerences
upon railway matters. If the contention referred to were conceded, the settlement
would virtually be reduced to a nullity, as the Ministry of the day would be free to
use the bulk, and indeed all, of their available revenue for general public purposes,
and thus leave little or nothing for the railway project.

The delay in the transmission of the Minute of Council now under consideration
deserves notice. It was passed on the 20th September last, and was detained at
Ottawa until the loth of November— bome seven weeks — ' owing,' as alleged hy
the Under Secretary of State, ' to the fact of the officer whose duty it was to furnish
a copy of the Order in Council to this Department for transmission » * * *
having inadvertently omitted to do so.' To the Dominion Government this deten-
tion proved most opportune. By a signal coincidence they were during tliis ]ieriod
engaged in negotiating a heavy loan in England, $7,250,000, of which, it is publicly
reported, they succeeded last October in boirowing on the Imperial guarantee, in
which the Province is specially interested, as it was mainly given to aid in the con-

187(1]

THE EARL OF DUFFEHIN IN CANADA.

407

idciitally
■r otTcrcil

onlrol any

overiiment
reserved

:)nllis after
litTereiices

scUlcnient
be free to
purposes,

isideration

etaineil at

Mc^ti\ by

to furnish

» » ♦

his (ieten-
his period
s publicly
irantee, in
"In the con-

struction of the Pacific Railway. Owing to the detention alluded to, the Provincial
Ciovernnient were not afTordcd an ojiportunity of protestinf; in the proper quarter
a{,'ainst the guarantee l)eing used under existing circumstances. With respect to
that tjuarantee, the importance and value of a good understanding with Hritish
Columbia upon railway matters has l)een .ind is well understood by the Dominion
Government. On the l6th February, 1875, the Can.idian Minister of Finance
stated in his speech up<m the Budget : — * I think it would have placed us at a cer-
tain (iisadvant.nge with the Imperial Government ami Hritish Columbia if we
asked for the Imperial guarantee while there was any dispute iK-tween oui selves
and tiiat Province as to the construction of the Pacific KMway .'—(//a )is(tr</,
1875, page 163.) This statement, it will be observed, was m.ide about two months
after tiie Settlement of 1874 had l)een efTected. Before using the guarantee, it might
have i)een expected that the Dominion (Jovernment would have taken every jire-
caution to have informed this Government of their determination to re-oi)en the
Settlement and not fulfil its terms.

It is also worthy of observation that, during the same period and about the
20th of September last, the survey parties on the Island were materially
strengthened ; and the line of railway lietween Esquimalt and Nanaimo has, since
then, been practically located for its whole length. Steel rails were also landed at these
two j)laces, so that the people of the Province had every confidence in the early
commencement of the work, and had no reason for suspecting that, at this very
time, the Dominion Government had resolved to abandon and ignore the terms of
their Settlement with Lord Carnarvon.

Tiie history of the railway agreement would be a recital of unnecessary delays
by the Dominion, and of consequent disappointments to Hritish Columbia of a most
discouraging and damaging character. Direct pecuniary loss to a large proportion
of her ])eople and an utter prostration of most important interests have been the
result of the non-fulfilment of promises, made with every semblance of deliberation
and good faith. Distrust has unfortunately been created where trust and confi-
dence should have been inspired. It would be mischievous to conceal this state of
affairs,

It has fallen to the lot of British Columbia, though politically weak, to defend
and preserve the agreement for the construction of the Pacific Railway upon which
Confederation depends.

The Committee of Council urge that the terms of Lord Carnarvon's Settlement
be strictly carried out, and they strongly protest against their violation by the
Dominion Government.

The Committee respectfully request that your Excellency will be pleased, if
this Minute be approved, to cause copies thereof to be severally forwarded to the
Dominion Government and to the Right Honorable the Secretary of State for the
Colonies."

These vigorous protests were transrnitted to the Colonial Secre-
tary on the 2nd February, 1876, accompanied by the following peti-
tion to Her Majesty :

"Most Gracious Sovereign, — We Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal
subjects, the Members of the Legislative Assembly of tiie Province of British

408

IIISTOUY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[i«7e

Coluinhia, in Session assembled, humbly approach Your Majesty for the purpose
of representing : —

1. That on the 31st day of July, 1874, the (lovernment of this Trovince humblv
presented a Petition to Your Majesty, alleging (amongst other matters) that the
main inducement which led British Columbia to enter the Dominion of Canada on
the 2oth day of July, 187 1, was the Agreement by the latter to commence in two
and com|)lete in ten years from that date the construction of the Canada Pacific
Railway ; and that this Agreement had lieen violated by Canada. The Petition-
ers, therefore, prayed that Your Majesty would, under the circumstances set forth
in the Petition, 1k' graciously pleased to cause justice to Iw done to British Colum-
bia. To this Petition your present Petitioners (the legislative Assembly) l)e}j
leave to refer Your Majesty.

2. That after protracted negotiations on the subject between Your Majesty's
Right Honorable Secretary of State for the Colonies (the Karl of Carnarvon) and
the Dominion Government, his Lordship was pleased to signify his conclusions
upon the question in dispute, in the following language :

' (l.) That the railway from Esquimalt to Nanaimo shall lie commenced as
soon as possible, and completed with all practicable despatch.

•(2.) That the surveys on the mainland shall be pushed on with the utmost
vigor. * * # « » *

It would be distasteful to me, if, indeed it were not impossible, to prescrik
strictly any minimum of time or expenditure with regard to work of so uncertain a
nature, but happily it is equally impossible for me to doubt that your Goveriiiuent
will loyally do its best in every way to accelerate the completion of a duty left
freely to its sense of honor and justice.

'(3.) That the waggon road and telegraph line shall be immediately con-
structed. There seems here to be some difference of opinion as to the special value
to the Province of the undertaking to complete these two works ; but after consi-
dering what has been said, I am of opinion that they should both be proceeded
with at once, as indeed is suggested by your Ministers.

•(4.) That 2,000,000 dollars a year, and not 1,500,000 dollars, shall lie the
minimum exjienditure on railway works within the Province from the date at which
the surveys are sufficient''/ 'i-ompleted to enable that amount to be expended on
construction. In naming t lii . amount, I understand that, it being alike the inter-
est and the wish of the Dominion Government to urge on with all speed the com-
pletion of the works new to be undertaken, the annual expenditure will be as much
in excess of the minimum of 2,000,000 dollars as in any year may be found practi-
cable.

'(5.) Lastly, that on or before the 31st December, 1890, the railway shall be
completed and open for traffic from the Pacific seaboard to a point at the western
end of Lake Superior, at which it will fall into connection with the existing lines
of railway through a portion of the United States, and also with the navigation on
Canadian waters. To proceed, at present, with the remainder of the railway
extending by the country northward of Lake Superior, to the existing Canadian
lines, ought not, in my opinion, to be required, and the time for undertaking that
work must be determined by the development of settlement and the changing cir-
cumstances of the country. The day is, however, I hope, not very distant when a

continuous line of
thertfore look upor
(/■/</• despatch, Ln
}. That the Dc
sions or pr()|)osals j
they u|)hel(l in the
letter nor the spiri
was intended and
Duffcrin to Lord C
4. Your Petitior
to state that the Dt
of the above Settle
struction, either on
inj,' trail intended t^
ment, in the Settlen
the 'I rans-Continent
5 . That with rt
Petitioners have no
based.

6. That the Don
the 20th September
Settlement, and hav
•Minute, to Parliamei
with respect to their

7. That the Dom
that the section of ra
liiit that it was offere
delays in the constrai
that such an offer of
vince.

S. That the Dom

ber last, that ' it can

or observe the agreen

$2,000,000 in the Pre

to Lake Superior by t

interfere with the coni

'S71, after our terms

this Resolution were,

by private enterprise a

land and money, to ai

taxation, should be giv

9- That your Petiti

'" 1874, the rate of t;

railway having been u

private enterprise.

10. Your Petitionei

. ^■ ^ m mxt l UtS S l i^ '- V riU'j'i Ws m

iHTf]

TlIK EARL OF DUFFKUIN IX CANADA.

409

cdiitiniious line of railway tlinmyh (nnadian territory will Ik.- practicable, and I
tluivfore look upon this i)()rtinn of the scheme as jiostj^ned rather than abandoned.'
({'/</• despatch, Lord Carnarvon to Lord DulTerin, 17th November, 1874.)

3, That the Dominion (iovernment, one month later, assented to these conclu-
sions or pro])osals ; and stated, in eflect, that the proposals would Ik; carried out as
they upheld in the main their own j)olicy on the question, and violated neither the
letter nor the spirit of any parliamentary provision. The settlement thus effected
was intended and supposed to lie final and conclusive. (/ "iV/t- despatch, Lord
Dufierin to Lord Carnarvon, i8th l)eceml)er, 1874.)

4. Vour Petitioners, the Legislative Assembly, with great regret, feel comiK'lled
to state that the Dominion Government have almost wholly disregarded the terms
of tlie above Settlement, as they have not commenced the promised railway con-
struction, either on the Island or on the mainland, or the waggon road or engineer-
iiifj trail intended to facilitate railway work on the mainland ; nor has the agree-
ment, in the Settlement, for the immediate construction of the Provincial section of
the Trans-Continental Telegraph Line been carried out.

5 . That with respect to the promised active prosecution of the surveys, your
Petitioners have no authoritative information upon which a correct opinion can be
based.

6. That the Dominion Government have, by Minute of their Privy C'ouncil of
tile 20th September, 1875, intimated their intention to virtually ignore the above
Settlement, and have stated that they will submit their views, as expressed in the
Miiuite, to i'arliament at its ensuing Session, as the policy which should Ix; adopted
witli respect to their railway engagements with the Province.

7. That the Dominion Government have affirmed, in their Minute of September,
that the section of railway on Vancouver Island is not part of the Pacific Railway,
but tliat it was offered to this Province as compensation for local losses caused by
delays in the constmction of the Pacific Railway ; but your Petitioners do not find
that such an offer of compensation was ever made or even suggested to the Pro-
vince.

8. That the Dominion Government state in their Minute of the 20th Septem-
ber last, that ' it cannot be too clearly understood ' that they will not abide by,
or ol)serve the agreement in the Settlement for an annual railway expenditure of
$2,000,000 in the Province, and for the completion of the railway from the Pacific
to Lake Superior by the year 1890, if the performance of such agreements should
interfere with the conditions of a Resolution pas.sed by the House of Commons in
187 1, after our terms of LTnion had been assented to by that body. The terms of
this Resolution were, in effect, that the railway should be constructed and worked
by private enterprise and not by the Dominion CJovernment ; and that subsidies in
land and money, to an extent that would not increase the then rate of Dominion
taxation, should be given in aid of the work by the Ciovernment.

9. That your Petitioners find that the terms of the Resolution were abandoned
in 1874, the rate of taxation having been increased, and the construction of the
railway having been undertaken by the Government, instead of being confided to
private enterprise.

10. Vour Petitioners respectfully submit that the Resolution was at best merely

410

HISTORY OF THE A.DMINISTRATION OF

[1876

an indication of the scheme matured by the Government to provide means to fulfil
their railway engagements with the Province ; that it never was submitted to the
people cr Government of British Columbia ; nor was 't, so far as known, submitted
in 187 1 to Your Majesty's Government for consideration, when the terms of Union
were passed ; or in 1874, to Lord Carnarvon, during the negotiations which pre-
ceded the Settlement. The Resolution therefore cannot, for plain constitutional, as
well as legal reasons, control either the terms of Union or the Settlement made to
carry them out.

11. That no compensation has been offered by the Dominion Government for
the proposed abandonment of the section of railway on Vancouver Island, or for
the broken engagements to build the waggon road and telegraph line, or for any
of the past disastrous and ruinous delays in the con«-lructioii of the Pacific Railway
on the mainland or Island.

12. That an indemnity, however, to the amount of $750,000 — the cost of about
twenty miles of railway — has been offered to British Columbia, for any future
delays which may occur in the construction of the railway, and that this sum will,
subject to the assent of Parliament, be paid as a cash bonus to the Province, if the
agreements for yearly railway expenditure, and for completion of the railway to
Lake Superior by 1890, be surrendered by the Province.

13. That the Provincial Government have declined to accept the offer of
$750,000, and have recorded their dissent from the views expressed by the Dominion
Government in their Minute in Council of September last.

14. That your Petitioners are of opinion that the Provincial Government have,
by declining such offer, icted in the interests of this Province.

15. Thnt the ^Vovince entered Confederation upon a distinct and specific agree-
ment that, as ' no real union could exist ' without ' speedy communication' between
British Columbia and Eastern Canada through British territory, the Canadian Pacific
Railway should be constructed by the Dominion as a Federal work of political and
commercial necessity.

16. Tha^ the aim of the Province is to secure practical Confederation, and its
anticipated a:lvantages, as indicated in the terms of Union, in lieu of theoretical
union with its losses, deprivations, and many disappointments.

17. That your Petitioners humbly solicit Your Majesty's attention to the
Minutes of the Executive Council for this Province lately forwarded to the Right
Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and dated respectively tht 6th
day of December, 1875, ^"^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ °^ January, 1876, as your Petitioners
wholly agree with the views and statements therein set forth.

18. That British Columbia has fulfilled all the conditions of her agreement
with Canada.

19. That by reason of the repeated violations by Canada of its railway engage-
ments with this Province, all classes of our population have suffered lo=': ; '/vovi-
dent anticipations based upon these engagements have resulteo i^ unexpected am!
undeserved lailure, and in disappointment of a grave and damaging character ; dis-
trust has been created where trust and confidence should have been inspired ; trade
and commerce have been mischievously unsettled and undisturbed ; the progress of
the Province has been seriou;;'} checked ; and ' a feeling of depression has taken

1876

the p
be <le
the
Norti

ha\e
Hono
V(
Majes

1876]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA;

411

the place of the confident anticipations of commercial and political idvantages to
be derived from the speedy construction of a railway which should practicr.lly unite
the Atlantic and Pacific shores with Your Majesty's Dominion on the Continent of
North America.'

20. Your Petitioners, therefore, humbly submit that they are at least entitled to
ha\e the conditions of the Settlement effected through the intervention of the Right
Honorable the Secretary of ^itate carried out in letter and in spirit.

Your Petitioners, theref /re, humbly approach Your Majesty, and pray that Your
Majesty may be graciousiy pleased to cause the Dominion Government to be
immediately moved to carry out the terms of the said Settlement.

And your Petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray, &'c.

(Signed,) JAMES TRIMBLE, Speaker:'

It may here be stated that the delay in transmitting to British
Columbia the minute in Council of the 20th September was purely
accidental.

On these papers bei ig laid before the Dominion Government they
expressed their views in the following report, dated 13th March, 1876 :

"The Committee of Council have had under consideration the despatch from
the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, dated 2nd February, 1876, on the
subject of the Pacific Railway, enclosing amongst other papers a copy of an address
to Her Majesty from the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia.

In that address the I.egislative Assembly states, 'that the Dominion Govern-
ment must have almost wholly disregarded the terms of the settlement, as tliey
have not commenced the promised railway construction, either on the Island or on
the mainland, or the wajjgon road or engineering trail intended to fncilitate rail-
way work on the mainland, nor has the agreement in the settlement for the imme-
diate construction of the Provincial section of the Trans-Continental Telegraph
Line been carried out.'

Upon this allegation the Committee would observe, that although the Govern-
ment took every step in their power to secure the construction of tlie proposed
Es(|uinialt and Nanaimo P.-'ilway, the Bill for that purpose, which they carried
through the House of Commons, was defeated in the Senate.

With reference to railway construction on the mainland, the present Govern-
ment always insisted, and it was purl of the arrangement that they should not l)e
callid on to locate tl : line before the surveys were sufficiently complete for that
pur|)i se. The Government is not even yet in a position to determine the location,
and this must, of course, precede the commencement of construction.

As to the proposed waggon road or engineering trail, this road was alleged by
British Columbia to be valueless, but it was explained by the Government of Can-
ada (as indeed is stated in the address) that it was intended to facilitate the con-
struction of the railway (of whi .h it would in fact be a part), and that it would lie
built upon the loca'lon hne of the railway.

The railway not being yet located it is of course impossible to construct the
waggon road.

412

HISTORY OF TliE ADMINISTRATION OF

[18«

The same observrHons apply to the telegraph line which was to be constructed
along the located line of the railwr ,y for the purposes thereof. It is to be observed,
however, that contracts have l^eeu entered into by the Government for the entire
telegraph line from Lake Superior to the Pacific, of which five hundred miles have
been built ; and that the contractor for the part in Columbia, having the bulk of
his material on hand, is ready to commence construction as soon as the line is
located.

The address proceeds to state that with reference to the promised active
prosecution of the surveys, thi Assembly have no authoritative information upon
which a correct opinion can 'je based.'

Upon this statement the Committee have only to observe that the utmost dili-
gence has been used in prosecuting the surveys, and in fact the extreme haste
induced by an earnest desire to fulfil, as far as practicable, the terms of Union, has
in several instances prevented so thorough an examination of the country as sliould
he made in order to secure the best location. The Committee must add that tiie
members of the Columbia Legislature can hardly be ignorant of the tnorraous
expenditure made in that Province in conr action with the surveys.

The address states 'that the Dominion Government have, by :i JT'
Privy Council, of 2oth September, 1875, intimated their intention to vj- ,ially
ignore the settlement ; ' * * * * * and further that they ' have

affirmed that the section of the railway on Vancouver Island is not part of tlie
Pacific Railway, but was offered to the Province as compensation for local losses
caused by delays in the construction of the Pacific Railway, but your petitioners
do not find that such an offer of compensation was ever made or even suggested
to the Province.'

On these statements the Committee would observe that the Government of
Canada, so far from ignoring, have used their best endeavors to carry out the terms
of the arrangement.

There is no pretence for saying that the EsquimaH and Nanaimo Railway was,
under the terms of Union, a work, the constructio of which was obligatoiy on
Canada, as part of the Pacific Railway.

liy thes:^ tern-,s the western terminus of the railway is prescribed to be a point
on the Pacific scr.board to be fixed by the Governor in Council ; and thus the ([ues-
tion became not a matter of bargain between Canada and Columbia, but i;'^ I ol
the executive policy of Canada.

The first action connecting in the remotest degree the Government of Canada
with the construction of any railway on Vancouver Island took place on tlie
seventh June, 1873, ^^^ years after the Union, when an Order in Council v"-
passed which (most improvidently in the view of the Committee) declared thiv:
Esquimau should be the terminus of the railway.

By this policy, had it remained unreversta, the Government would have Ikoh
obliged to provide for the construction of over 160 miles of railway on Vancouver
Island, at a probable cost of over seven millions five hundred thousand dollars;
besides the building of a railway t'rom the head of Bute Inlet and the briilgir ,' of
the Narrows, a work supposed to be the most gigantic of its kind ever suggested,

187<]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

413

the nues-

C'aiKvl^

on tlie

Imcil V""

lart'il til''-

lave been
lancouve-
dollars i
lidgir-; of

steil,

and estimated to cost more than twenty millions, making a total estimated cost of
over twenty-seven millions and a half dollars.

The present Ciovemnient from the beginning declined to adopt or maintain this
part of the policy of its predecessors, either by bridging the Narrows, or by con-
structing any works on Vancouver Island as part of the Pacific Railway ; but even
had they done otherwise, such a course, however unwise, would not have altered
the facts already detailed, which show conclusively that the Island Railway was
net stipulated for by the terms of Union.

The attitude which the present Government have always assuned upon this
subject appears from the instructions to Mr. Edgar, of 19th September, 1874,
which contains the following paragraphs : —

' Ynn vill remember that the Dominion is bound to reach the seaboard of the
Pacific only, not Victoria or Esquimalt, and you will convey an intimation to
them that any further extension beyond the Afaters of Bute Inlet, or whatever
other portion of the sea-waters may be reached, may depend entirely on the spirit
shown by themselves in assenting to a reasonable extension of time, or a modifica-
tion of the terms originally agreed to. * **«»♦•
' You will take special care not to admit in any way that we are bound to
huild the railway to Esquimalt, or to any other place on the Island, and while
you do not at aii threaten not to build there, to let them understand that this is
wholly and purely a concession, and that its construction must be contingent on a
reasonable course being pursued regarding the other parts of the scheme.'

The whole tenor of the subsequent correspondence and actir n of this Govern-
ment has been .n strict accordance with this view. The Minut' of Council of 8th
July, 1874, transmitted to Lord Carnarvon, contains the following paragraph : —
' Th-j proposition made by Mr. Edgar involved an immediate heavy expendi
tare ir. liritish Columbia not contemplated by the terms of Union, namely : the
crir,struction of a railway on Vancouver Island, from the port of Esquimalt to
>'anaimo, as compensation to the most populous part of the Province for the
rL'f|uirement of a longer time for completing the line on the mainland.'

The Minute of the 23rd July, 1874, also transmitted to Lord Carnarvon, con-
' n- tlii. fnllowing paragraph : —

•Tiie Domiuio;; '■"■ernment were also willing to exceed the terms of Union
,y coiistructing a railway on the Island of Vancouver, although they were bound
jii' .0 reach the seaboard of the Pacific'

iiie Minute of the 17th September, 1874, also transmitted ♦^o Lord Carnarvon,
contains the following paragraphs : —

'The proposal may thus \ye summarized : — I. To build a railway from Esqui-
malt to Nanainio, on Vancouver Island, in excess of the terms of Union, and to
kgin the work immediately.' «»»»»»»•«
' It is proper to notice seriatim, the several grounds of complaints as slated in
the despatch. 1st. That nothing is being done by the Dominion Government
tow irds commencing and pushing on a railway from Esquimalt to Nanaimo.

• The Dominion has no engagement to build such a railway, and therefore
there can be »"o just complaint that it is not commenced. The construction of such

414

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

a railway was offered only as compensation for delay in fulfilling the engagement
to build a railway to the Pacific seaboard.'

The same view was recognised and acted upon last Session 1-y the introduction
of a bill to authorize the construction of a railway from Esquinialt to Nanainio,
a course which would have been unnecessary had that line formed part of the Pacific
Railway; and also by the Minute of Council of 22nd March, 1875, which pointed
out to the British Columbia Government that it was essential that legislation should
take place in British Columbia for the appropriation of certain lands in respect of that
railway, a step which would have been unnecessary had it formed part of the Pacific
Railway, but the necessity for which was recognized by the British Columbia
Government and Legislature, which passed an Act for the purpose.

It is impossible to doubt that the British Columbia Government and Legislature
were, when that Act was passed, well a,vare of the views of the Canadian Govern-
men' , 1. 1 Parliament, which, however, they never repudiated, the first expression of
dissai 1 therewith being contained in the Minute of Council of Britisii

Columbi . d 4th January, 1876.

The Coii.aiittee have only to repeat that Canada being under no obligation [o
construct a railway upon Vancouver Island as part of the Pacific Railway, the
proposal to construct that line was obviously and necessarily intended as a compen-
sation or concession to the Province of British Columbia for delays in the construction
of the Pacific Railway.

The address proceeds to refer to the statement in the Minute of Council of this
Government of 20th September last, upon the subject of the Parliamentary provisions
that no further increase of the rate of taxation should be required in order to the
construction of the railway.

The address affirms that the terms of the resolution referred to ' were abandoned
in 1874, the rate of taxation ha i.ig been increased, and the construction of the
railway having been undertaken by the Government, instead of being confided to
private enterprise,' and proceeds to submit that ' the resolution was at best merely
the indication of a scheme matured by the Government to provide the means to
fulfil their railway engagements with the Province ; that it was never submitted
to the people or Government of British Columbia ; nor was it, so far as known,
submitted in 187 1 to Her Majesty's Government for consideration, when the terms
of Union were passed ; or in 1874 to Lord Carnarvon, during the negotiation
which preceded the settlement. The resolution, therefore, cannot, for plain
constitutional as well as legal reasons, control either the terms of Union or the
settlement made to carry them out.'

'i'he Committee would observe that the resolution in question was passed within
a few days of the time at which the terms of Union were assented to by the House
of Commons ; that it was well known that in order to secure the consent of a majority
of the House to these ruinous terms, the Government of that day were obliged to
promise to their supporters the introduction of such a resolution ; and that the tiien
delegate, now the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, was present and aware
of, and doubtless an assenting party to the arrangement.

The present Government, however, have never contended that the resolution

1876]

TxiE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

415

was ot the same fo"ce as if it had been embodied in the terms of Union. On the
contrary, they share the opinion expressed at 'he time by a large minority of the
Ilouse^f Commons, that it was of the last importance, in order to secure Canada
from embarrassing complications and exorbitant and possibly ruinous demands, that
the terms of the resolution should be so embodied. In that effort the Opposition ■
were unsuccessful, and the consequences of their failure cannot be ignored. Had the
Opposition succeeded, and so enabled the Government to argue that the terms of
Union were absolutely and technically controlled by the terms of the resolution,
they would not have considered themselves called on to offer new terms to British
Columbia. It was because they felt that they could not fairly take this ground that
new terms were proposed. But the Government have always contended that in con-
sidering this question in a moral and equitable point of view — trying it as it should
be tried, as a question of honor — it is impossible for British Columbia, under the
circumstances shortly stated, to hold herself entirely absolved from considering that
resolution, which should be treated as an ingredient in estimating the extent of the
moral obligation of Canada towards the Province.

The Committee cannot assent to the suggestion that the increase of taxation
involved an abandonment of the resolution.

It is true that, animated by a desire honorably to fulfil to the utmost of their
ability the improvident engagements to which the country had been committed, the
Parliament of Canada did, at the instance of the Government in the Session of 1874,
largely increase the rate of taxation ; but no such increase could under any circum-
stances deprive the Government or Parliament of its right to advert to the resolution
in question as still conti iuing to be an element to be considered — much less could it
have thrt effect when, contemporaneously with the increase of taxation, an Act was
passed reiterating that resolution as forming part of the policy of f arliaioent on the
subject.

The like observation applies to the suggestion that the resolution was abandoned
by the provisions in the Act of 1874, permitting the Government to construct the
whole or part of the work.

The plan proposed by the late Government had failed. The company which it
chartered had been unsuccessful in raising the necessary funds ; had acknowledged
its failure, and had asked for the concession of more favorable terms. That concession
not having been granted, it had asked for a cancellation of its charter and the repay-
ment of the million of dollars deposited as security for the execution of the work.
These requests had been granted, and the company had been dissolved.

In pre viding under such circumstances for the execution of the work, it was
prudent, if not necessary, to take power for the construction of the railway, in
whole or part, as a public enterprise, first because it was impossible to assert after
the failure of the former scheme that it possessed the elements of success, and also
because, pending the completion of the surveys, the power so taken might enable
some progress to be made. But the power of constructing the work by means of a
private company, should that be found possible, remains, and can at the proper time
be exercised.

Again, in the very Act which authorized the construction by the Government,
the resolution in question was recited and re-enacted, thus rendering it utterly im-

416

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

possible to contend su*. ( essfully that Parliament was, by that Act, abandoning the
resolution.

The resolution having been so re-enacted in the Statute under whose provisions
alone the Administration had power to deal with the question, was referred to in more
than one of the Minutes transmitted to Lord Carnarvon during the negotiation for
settlement.

The address inaccurately states the position taken in the Minute of 20th Sep-
tember upon this subject, which is as follows : —

* It must be borne in mind that every step in the negotiation was necessarily
predicted upon, and subject to the conditions of the resolution of the House of
Commons passed in 1871, contemporaneously with the adoption of the terms of
Union with British Columbia, subsequently enacted in the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way Act of 1872, and subsequently re-enacted, after a large addition had been made
to the rate of taxation, in the Canadian Pacific Railway Act of 1874 — that the
public aid to be given to secure the accomplishment of the undertaki ,g should
consist of such liberal grants of land and such subsidy in money or other aid, not
increasing the then existing rate of taxation, as the Parliament of Canada sliould
thereafter determine. This determination, not to involve the country in a hopeless
burden of debt, is sustained by public opinion everywhere throughout the Dominion,
and must of necessity control the action of the Government, and it cannot hn too
clearly understood that any agreements as to yearly expenditure, and as to comple-
tion by a fixed time, must be subject to the condition thrice recorded in the Journals
of Parliament, that no further increase of the rate of taxation shall be required in
order to their fulfilment. The sanction of Parliament to the construction of the
proposed railway from Esquimalt to Nanaimo was necessarily a condition prece-
dent to the commencement of the work.

' The Jther important features of the arrangement — namely, the limitation of
time for the completion of a certain portion and the specification of a yearly expen-
diture, were deemed to be within the meaning of the Pacific Railway Act, 1874,
subject of course to the condition already mentioned, and which was referred to in
the Minute of Council of December l8th, 18/4, when the Government expressed
a willingness to make these further concessions rather than forego an immediate
settlement of so irritating a question, as the concessions suggested might be made
without involving a violation of the spirit of any Parliamentary resolutions or the
letter of any enactment.'

The British Columbia Government and Legislature were, of course, aware of
the passing of the resolution, and of its enactment in the Statutes of 1872 and 1874 ;
but they never made any objections to these provisions.

The Committee, for the reason assigned, wholly dissent from the view that the
rr ' I tion has been abandoned.

Die address proceeds to state that ' no compensation h as been offered by the
Dominion Government for the proposed abandonment of the section of railway on
Vancouver Island, or for the broken engagements to build the waggon road and
telegraph line, or for any of the past disastrous and ruinous delays in the constrac-
tion of the Pa :ific Railway on the mainland or island.

• That an indemnity, however, to the amount of $750,000 — the cost of about

187(i]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

417

twenty miles of railway — has been offered to British Columbia for any future
delavs which may occur in the construction of the railway, and that this sum will,
suliif ct to the assent of Parliament, be paid as a rash bonus to the Province, if the
agreements for yearly railway expenditure and for completion of the railway to
Lake Superior by 1890, be surrendered by the Province.'

Tlie Committee having already dealt with several of these statements, it is
unnecessary to repeat their argument. The proposal of the Government was" to
construct the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway as compensation for delays, upon
receiving a grant of a large area of land on Vancouver Island.

Parliament declining to authorize the construction of that railway, the Govern-
ment proposed to invite Parliament to pay in cash (towards the construction of
local public works, to be determined on and built by British Columbia herself)
seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars as a substituted comj^ensation.

This sum seems to be but little regarded by the legislature of British Colum-
bia ; but it appears to the Committee to be a very liberal offer. The population
of the Province is estimated at ten thousand ; that of the Dominion may be called
four millions. A like expenditure at the same rate on public works over the whole
Dominion would reach three hundred millions of dollars. An allotment at this
rate to British Columbia is far from insignificant.

Nor was this sum offered on the condition stated in the address. It was not
proposed that the Province should surrender the agreement for a yearly expendi-
ture and the completion of the railway to Lake Superior. It was simply stated
that the agreement was — as it was by the Government intended to be, — as by the
law it necessarily must have been — as, unites Parliament should alter the law, it
must have remained — subject to the condition so often repeated, with reference to
'he increase of taxation. Were it found possible to carry out fully those terms of
the agreement without such increase, the Government proposed to do it. Were
that found impossible, the Government proposed to carry out those terms so far as
practical)le consistently with the condition whii li was itself a fundamental part of
any arrangement the Government could lawfully make ; but the Committee must
repeat their conviction that the people of Canada would not consent to enter
unconditionally into arrangements which, though less onerous than the terms of
Union, would yet involve such a burden as might, but for the condition, plunge
the country into ruin.

The address states that ' the aim of the Province is to secure practical Con-
federation and its anticipated advantages as indicated in the terms of Union, in
lieu of tlieoretical Union, with its losses, deprivation and many disappointments ; '
and 'that by reason of the repeated violations by Canada of her railway engage-
ments, all classes of the British Columbia population have suffered loss. Provi-
dent anticipations based upon these engagements have resulted in unex])ected and
undeserved failure and in disappointment of a grave and damaging character ; dis-
trust Ims been created where trust and confidence should have been inspired ; trade
and commerce have been mischievously unsettled and disturbed ; the progress of
the Province has been seriously checked, and a feeling of depression has taken the
place of the confident anticipations of commercial and political advantages to be
derived from the speedy construction of a railway which should practically unite

iMlP

418

HISTOKY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

the Atlantic and Pacific shores with Your Majesty's Dominions on the continent of
North America.'

The Committee would observe that they cannot assent to the view that the
Union with British Columbia has occasioned loss and deprivation to that rrovince.
On the contrary, the results, financially, to the Dominion and to British CoUinihia
respectively, even ignoring all railway expenditure in the Province, show that
enormous pecuniary advantages have been derived by Columbia from Canada.

Appended hereto is a statement of the financial results of the Union from July
187 1, up to December, 1875, which shows that, after crediting British Columbia
with all revenue received from it, and apart from all railway expenditure, Canada
has expended for British Columbia one million two hundred and three thousand
dollars over her receipts from that Province.

The Committee must further observe that the tenor of the representations now
under consideration would seem to indicate that the object of the Legislature of
British Columbia is less to secure the completion of the work as a national under-
taking in such a way and on such terms as may best conduce to the welfare of the
whole community, than to enforce the immediate and continued exi^enditure within
their own Province, at whatever cost to Canada, of many millions of money, for
which they cannot pretend to have given an equivalent; and that their chief [griev-
ance is that their people have not as yet derived, in addition to the other financial
benefits of Union, the gains and profits to be expected from the expenditure of
these millions in their midst. To these views must be mainly referred the allega-
tions, unfounded as they appear to the Committee, of disastrous and ruinous delays,
and as to all classes o*" the population having suffered loss and deprivations.

The Committee cannot but observe that the spirit which (ignoring the general
welfare, and the importance to the whole of Canada of avoiding disaster from a
premature commencement and a reckless prosecution of the Pacific Railway)
presses so urgently for an enormous expenditure with a view to reap vast protits
for the small population amongst which it is to be made, is hardly calculated to
induce the people of Canada to second the efforts of the Administration to redeem,
as far as they can, the appalling obHgations to which, by the terms of Union, the
country was committed.

The Committee remark with regret that the Assembly of British Columbia
should have expressed their entire agreement with the views and statements set
forth in the Minute of the Executive Council of that Province, dated 4tli January,
1876, which, besides some allegations and arguments substantially repeatetl in the
address, contains, with reference to the transmission of the Minute of Council of
20th September last, imputations upon the honor and good faith of the Canadian
Government so gross that they must decline to discuss it.

The policy of the Government of Canada was to do everything in their power to
fulfil in other respects the terms of the arrangement recei.iiy entered into in the
manner set forth in their Minute of 20th September and referred to in this Minute ;
nor did the Government hesitate to intimate their readiness to propose a liberal
compensation for delays in substitution of that provided by the arrangement, but
to which Parliament declined to assent.

The Committee regret that the Legislature of British Columbia should have
refused their proposal.

1876]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

419

It remains only to endeavor to construct the Pacific Railway as rapidly as the
resources of the country will permit.

The Committee recommend that copies of this Minute should bo transmitted to
the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and to the Lieutenant Governor of British
Cohimbia."

The matter stood thus, when Mr. De Cosmos, member for Victoria,
British Columbia, on the 28th March, moved a resolution, which,
after briefly stating the agreement with the Province in 1871, and its
continuous breach ever since 1873, declared :

" That therefore this House is of the opinion that the Government should forth-
with promptly commence and vigorously and continuously prosecute the work of
the actual construction of the said railway within British Columbia, in accordance
with its solemn pledges to that Province."

This produced an animated discussion, and the whole case was
again gone over, but the resolution was negatived by a large majority.

In the meantime the petition to Her Majesty with the accompany-
ing statements of the Provincial Executive had reached England, and
were brought under the notice of the Dominion Ministry by the
Secretary for the Colonies. On the 22nd April, they briefly replied by
the following report : —

" The Committee of the Privy Council have had under consideration the de-
spatch from the Right Hon. the Secretary of State for the Colonies, to your Excel-
lency, of the 9th March, 1876, transmitting a copy of a letter addressed to the
Secretary of State by the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, enclosing, with
otiier papers, a petition to the Crown from the I>egislative Assembly of the Pro"
vince, praying Her Majesty to cause the Canadian Government to be immediately
moved to carry out the terms of settlement effected through Lord Carnarvon's
intervention in 1874, and also copies of previous letters from the Lieutenant
Governor, enclosing other papers on the same subject, .vhich despatch intimates
tlwi Lord Carnarvon would be glad to receive the observations of your Excellency's
Ministers on the whole question.

The Minute of Council of the 13th March last, of which a copy has already been
transmitted to Lord Carnarvon, fully expresses the views of this Government on the
subject of the petition in question, and the other papers.

It is right to observe that, so far as the Committee are able to judge, tlie con-
clusions of that Minute faithfully represent the opinions of the people of Canada on
the question, and further, that the Appropriation Act, to which your Excellency
has just assented, contains a clause attached to the grant of money for the Pacific
Railway, expressing the view of Parliament, that the arrangements for the construc-
tion of the work should be such as the resources of the country would permit without
increasing the existing rates of taxation.

The Committee continue to be of opinion that the arrangements proposed in
1874 having been found impossible of execution, and British Columbia having
declined to entertain the subsequent proposals made to her, and insisting still upon

420

IIISTOIIY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[187(5

the performance of what has been found impossible, it only remains for the Govern-
ment to make such arrangements for the construction of the Pacific Railway as
the resources of the country will permit without increasing the existuig rates of
taxation.

The Committee recommend that a copy of this Minute should be transmitted to
Lord Carnarvon."

To the arguments of the Dominion Government set out in the
report of the 13th March, the British Cohnnbian Government replied,
on the 3rd June, by a report of the Executive Council in the
following terms : —

" The Committee of Council having had before them the Minute of the Privj
Council of Canada, of March 13th last, commenting upon the address and petitiun
to Her Majesty by the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, desire to submit
the following remarks in relation thereto : —

That that Minute in no way disproves or even disputes the material facts stated
in the said address, but rather seeks to account for them ; nor does it in their
opinion weaken the force of the representations based on those facts ; and that
they would be well satisfied that the argument in this case should be submitted to
any impartial tribunal, just as it is left by the reply in the Minute of the Govern-
ment of Canada upon that address.

That they desire, however, to deny distinctly that British Columbia has at any
time, through any delegate or agent, either directly or indirectly, consented or
agreed that the railway obligations of Canada towards British Columbia, under
the terms of Union, should be subject to the limitation specified in the resolution
adopted by the House of Commons of Canada, on the nth day of April, 1871.

That such a limitation virtually nullifies those obligations altogether, as, indeed,
is now in fact claimed by the Government of the Dominion.

That they protest against the unwarranted assumption in that Minute that British
Columbia has in any way assented or become bound, either legally or in honor, to
such an abrogation of the Railway Article of the terms of Union.

That they equally repel the charge that this Province, from sordid and selfish
craving ' for the gains and profits to be expected from the expenditure of millions in
their midst, on the construction of the Pacific Railway,' has ever sought to
exact the literal fulfilment of the railway agreement, regardless of the general
welfare of Canada, even to the involvement of the Dominion, of which she is a
Province, in financial ruin, as is asserted in that Minute. That, on the contrary,
British Columbia has always been ready to adopt a reasonable view of that agree-
ment, as is fully shown by the cordial concurrence of her Government and people
in the modification of that agreement, effected in 1874, through the Right Honor-
able the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

That the Government of Canada, however, now evade compliance with the
requirements of that modified agreement, or seek to qualify and virtually nullify
it by a condition certainly not clearly or openly stated (if stated at all) when that
modification was decided upon by the Secretary of State for the Colonies and
accepted unreservedly by that Government.

1876]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

421

selfish
lions in
Dught to
general
she is a
ontrary,
It agree -
people
Uonor-

vith the

nullify

hen that

liies and

That British Columbia never urged, nor desired, nor would she have concurred
in any such expenditure of the public funds of Canada, in tiie construction of the
Tacilic Railway, as could be shown to l)e beyond the financial ability of the
Dominion, but that she has claimed and does claim a riyht to form and express an
independent opinion as to the extent to which that financial ability shouhl l)e
exerted on this great national enterprise ; and she holds that, though in other
respects an integral part of Canada as a Province of the Dominion, she is entitled,
in respect of this question of the non-fulfilment of the terms upon which she
entered the Dominion, to a position as indejiendent as she occupied in negotiating
those terms, a position of entire equality with that which attached to the Dominion
itself, the other party to those negotiations.

That as regards the suggestion by the Government of Canada in the Minute of
Privy Council, of 20th September last, that British Columbia should receive a
l)oniis of $750,000 ' as compensation for any delays which may take place in the
construction of the Pacific Railway,' it seems to be intimated in the subsequent
Minute of March 13th, although it is yet far from being distinctly stated, that
such bonus was offered in lieu of the proposed section of railroad between
Esquimau and Nanaimo only, and that it was never intended that the acceptance
of tliat bonus by British Columbia should relieve Canada from any of the condi-
tions of the settlement of the railway agreement effected in 1874, other than that
providing for the construction of that particular section of railroad. If such was
the intention of that offer, it is much to be regretted that it was expressed in the
Minute of 2oth September in language which certainly conveys a very different
meaning, and fully warrants tlie conclusion, and none other, which the Govern-
ment and people of British Columbia derived from it, viz. : that the acceptance of
the proffered bonus would be held to preclude British Columbia from any further
assertion of her rights under the Railway Article of the terms of Union. It is
yet more to be regretted that the Government of Canada, on learning that the
tnie intent of their suggestion had been, as they allege, misapprehended, have
not, in plain language, renewed that suggestion in the spirit of the desire ex-
pressed in their last Minute, to propose 'a liberal compensation for delays, in
substitution of that provided by the arrangement recently entered into, in 1874, but
to which Parliament declined to assent.'

That as to the contention in the Minute of the Privy Council of Canada, of 20th
of September last, that the ' proposed railway from Esquimalt to Nanaimo does
not form a portion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, as defined I , I'le Act ; it was
proposed as compensation for the disappointment experienced • ■. ,ne unavoidable
delay in constructing the railway across the continent,' which contention is
renewed in their subsequent Minute, the Committee observe that the Order in
Council, of 7th June, 1873, ^X which it is decided that ' Esquimalt be fixed as the
terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railroad,' has never been repealed or reversed,
as far as the Committee are aware, by any subsequent Order of Council or other
instrument, of equal validity. Certainly no such subsequent Order of Council has
heen communicated to the Government of British Columbia.

That, whatever may have been the intention of the Government of Canada in
offering to construct immediately the portion of road between Esquimalt and
Nanaimo, that offer was never accepted by the Government of British Columbia.

422

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[IHTG

That the Government of Hritish Cohinibia did, however, accept the settlenKiit
effected in 1874 tlirough the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and that the
Government and people of Hritish Cohinibia are loyally ready to abide in all
respects by that settlement, and to be bound by all its conditions as they may )«
defined by the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

That the Government and I^j,nslalure of Hritish Columbia, desirous then, as tiicy
still are, to do all in their power to give effect to that settlement, without hesitation
complied last year with the recjuest to the Government of Canada for the convey-
ance to that (iovernment, by Act of this Ixrgislature, of certain lands along the line
of the proposed railroad between Esquimalt ard Nanaimo, in aid of the con-
struction of that jKirtion of road, of the extent and on the conditions stipulated in
the I ith Article of the terms of Union.

That the (iovernment of Canada, in their application for the conveyance of
those lands by Act of this Legislature, gave no intimation that such conveyance liy
legislation was specially requisite on account of the proposed road from Es(|uimalt
to Nanaimo not being part c;f the Canadian Pacific Railroad ; nor was such a con-
sideration presented in any way to the Government or I^>gislature of Hritish
Columbia.

That the Committee hold, on the contrary, that such legislation would liave
been equally required for the full legal conveyance of the lands applied for, wiietlier
the portion of road towards the construction of which they were appropriated were
part of the Canadian Pacific Railroad or not, and that similar 'slation would \k
recjuisite for the conveyance to the Dominion of any lands -lecl of the con-

struction of any portion of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, v.... iiie I Ith Article
of the terms of Union, by wliich the Government of Hritish Columbia ' agree to
convey ' certain lands on the conditions therein stated, this Government Wmg in-
competent to duly carry that agreement into effect without being further specially
empowered so to do by the legislature of the Province.

That the contention that the portion of road between Esquimalt and Nanaimo
is not part of the Pacific Railway is wholly immaterial if — as seems to be indicated
in the last Minute of Privy Council — that portion of road was undertaken in 1874
as compensation for delay which had then already occurred in the commencement
of the Pacific Railroad, and for such further delay only in its construction and com-
pletion as is stipulated in the settlement effected by the Secretary of State for the
Colonies.

That, with reg;ard to the comparative statement of the revenue and expendi-
ture of the Dominion in British Columbia since Union, which is appended to and
commented upon in the Minute of Privy Council, of 13th March, it would not be
difficult to sh )vv that that statement is not altogether a fair exhibit of the account.
That a large part of the expenditure charged against Hritish Columbia is incidental
to the extension of the system of Confederation over a new Province. That the
revenue derived by the Dominion from Hritish Columbia is shown by that state-
ment to have steadily and largely increased, viz. : as $363,298.08 for the year
1871-2 is to $275,333.01 for the first half of the year 1875-6, the expenditure in-
creasing also in about the same proportion ; that whilst it may confidently 1«
anticipated that at least that ratio of increase of revenue will be maintained, the

iXTti]

THE E.VRl OF DUFFKUIN IN CANADA.

423

inraase of expenditures, on the other hand, may be expected to Ix; proportionately
ri'iiiiced after the completion of those public buildinjjs and other public works, the
construction of which was provided for in the terms of Union, and to wiiich a con-
jiilcrahle part of the exjienditure of the past three years is charj^'cable.

That even if it could be shown, from a conii)arison of the exjtenditure and receipts
of the Dominion in liritish Columbia since Union, that enormous pecuniary advan-
taijis have, as is asserted in that Minute, resulted to this Province, such a financial
balance against British Columbia would be but insignificant in comparison with the
infinitely more important and lasting l)ei.efits which she justly anticipates from the
construction of the Pacific Railroad in accordance with the terms of Union, not
imkcd so much from the expenditure of money in its construction as from the
rtsiilts to the Province and to the Dominion of its completion, and the establishment
thiTiby of a great highway for trade and travel within Uritish territory from the
Athinlic to the Pacific, and the immigration consequent therefrom into this Pro-
vince.

I hat the introduction, by the Government of the Dominion, of such a discussion
as to the financial results to Canada and British Columbia respectively, from the
intrniUiction of that Province into the Dominion, appears to the Committee most
unfortunate, and is certainly not pertinent to the question at issue. British Columbia
has never complained of having lieen unfaii ly dealt with in the apportionment of
the general expenditure by the Dominion, nor would the Committee desire to
assume that such expenditure, either in British Columbia or elsewhere, has been
directed by any other motive than that of promoting the general welfare of the
Dominion as a whole, without seeking to purchase, by undue apportionment of the
public funds, the consent of this or any other Province to un abandonment of just
claims under the terms of Union.

That the manifestation by the Government of Canada of their sentiments towards
Ihitisli Columbia, expressed in the concluding paragrajihs of their last Minute,
followed as it has been by the adoption by a large majority of the House of Commons
in the recent Session — all the members of the Government in that House being of
that majority — of a resolution to the effect that the Pacific Railroad shall not be
built if its construction entail on Canada any increase of taxation, has painfully im-
pressed us, and the community we represent, with the conviction that the Govern-
ment of Canada do not intend to press the constniction of that railroad beyond
the convenience of that Government after providing for all other public works of
apparently more direct and local interest to the majority in Eastern Canada, nor
to have any regard to the contract for its completion entered into by Canada in the
terms of Union, and renew-ed in modified terms in the settlement effected, in 1874,
by the Right Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies, except subject to
that convenience.

That the Committee, again, humbly submit that British Columbia is, at least,
entitled to have the conditions of that settlement carried out in letter and in spirit,
and they humbly and earnestly renew the prayer of the petition to Her Majesty,
from the legislative Assembly of the Province, that the Dominion Government l)e
immediately moved to carry out the terms of that settlement.

They have the fullest confidence that Her Majesty will not require her loyal

424

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

187

subjects in this Province, however namericilly weak, to submit to injustice and
injury from the majority, however great, to whom they united themselves at Her
Majesty's instance, on distinct and carefully considered terms, in claiming the per-
formance of which, even in a modified form, they are met with reproaches and
charged with ignominious motives.

That, unless nicti ; be speedil' taken to remove this sense of slight and injustitx,
now felt by the peoplt of British Columbia, and to satisfy them that the substantial
rights of the Provincj will be maintained, this growing alienation of sentiment
must result preiudicin.lly to the interests of the Empire.

The Committee respectfully request that your Excellency wi'l be pleased, if this
Report l)e approved, to cause copies thereof to be severally forwarded to the Kit,'lit
Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies, anil to the Honorable the
Secretary of State for Canada."

Though the Earl of Carnarvon must by this time have been not a
little tired of the interminable controversy, he court^^^us^y expresses
his hope that the parties will yet agree, and he looks forward to the
contemplated visit of His Excellency to the complaining Province as
a means of allaying its discontent. He writes as follows to the
Governor General :

" Downing Street, May 23, 1876.

Mv Lord, — I have received your despatch. No. 75, of the 17th March, ir which
you enclose a Report of a Committee of your Privy Council drawn up in reference
to a petition to the Oueen, from the Legislative Assemiily of British Colunibip,
having reference to the course proposed to be taken by the Canadian Government
with reference io tiie construction of the Pacific Railway.

2. The j)etition of the Legislative Council of British Columbia was forwarded
to me, as you are aware, by the Lieutenant Governor of the Province, wlui had
also p'-eviously communicated to me the Minutes of his Executive Council, ilated
the 6th Decei.iber, 1875, ^"^1 4*^1* January, 1876, relating to the same subject.

3. I have learnt with sincere pleasure that with the concurrence of your Minis-
ters you contemplate a progress through the western portion of the Dominion, as,
apart from the advantages likely to arise from your becoming personally acquainted
with British Columbia and its inhabitants, your intercourse with the princi]ial per-
sons of the Province, and the information you will be able to gather, will lie very
valuab'i in enabling me to appreciate the situation.

4. I should have been anxious to take the papers to which I have refened at
onc#^ into consideration, and to offer my assistance, so far as it might haw lieen
effective, in the settlement of the question which has unfortunately been at issue
between the two Governments, but it appears to me that the benefits likely tn be
derived from your visit will be so great that I prefer to postpone my consideration
of the papers till after that event.

5. It seems to me quite unnecessary for Her M.ijesty's Government to review
the arguments advanced by the British Columbia Government in their Minute of
Council of the 4th January : as to whether or no the Nanaimo Railway had ever

187(1]

THE EA.RL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

425

been spoken of or regarde;' as an integral ]iortion of the main line, or tlie results
sin;ij;estecl as flowing from the proposition, inasmuch as tlie Dominion Ciovernnient
during the course of the recent negotiativjas volunteered to build it as an independent
undertaking, and on circumstances .endering tlie execution of the project impossi-
ble, projjosed, as I understand, to ask Parliament to vote in substitution a money
payment, a modification, tiie principle of which would appear to be reasonable.

6. I am glad to perceive that your Minioccrs recognize the fact that the Reso-
lution of the House of Commons, passed a few days after die terms of the Union
had been ratified by the Dominion legislature, could not be regarded as having
the same force or significance as if it had formed an integral part of a Treaty
agreed to by both parties, though even apart from the weight claimed for the
resolution itself the conditi n asseited in it, namely, that the lid to be granted to
the eo'istruction of the Pacific Railway should not be such as to increase the exist-
ing rate of taxation, involves of course a principle of which neither British Columbia
nor any other part of the Dominion should lose sight.

7. I cannot b^.t suppose that tlie complaints that have reached me from the
(jovernment of Br.tish Columbia have been founded on a misajiprehension, both
with reference to the expression used in the Canadian Minute of Council of the 20th
Sejitember, in regard to the cash bonus of $750,000, which it was proposed to
award to the Province, as well as to the intentions of the Dominion Minister.
From the Report of the Engineer:., which you have forwarded to me, I am ietl to
believe that no exertions have been spared in the prosecution of the extremely dif-
ficult surveys which must necessarily precede the location of the line, and I cannot
help entertaining every confidence that the Dominion authorities will continue to
exercise effective diligence in the prosecution of the work.

8. Whilst I fully sympathize with the anxieties which must be felt by ily^se
charged witli the responsibilit) of bringing this very great enterprise to a successful
termiualion, and readily acknowledge the difficulties which attend it, I confidently
trust that the inhabitants of British Columbia will not fail to remember that they
are not merely inhabitants of a Province, but of a great Dominion, and that they
will not be less anxious than any of their fellow-subjects in any other part of the
country to s^e the work conducted under such circumstances as will be most con-
ducive to the '•■ Ifare of the community at large.

9. I heartily approve of your journey to British Columbia, and doubt not that
the fact of your Ministers concurring so entirely in the visit will be recognized by
the inhabitants of the Province as a proof of their go>-^ will and solicitude, and I
wish it to be understood that no course could have been suggested which would
have been more in accordance with my own views. It is indeed because I attach
so much importance to the project, and entertain so confident a hope of the results
likely u, arise from it, that I propose to postpone my reply to the Minutes of
Council which have been communicated to me from British Columbia, and from
Canada respectively, and to defer laying before Her Majesty the petition from the
Provineial Assembly until after I shall have heard from you from Victoria.

10. It only .emrins for me to notice the complaint of the British Columbia
Government that the Minute of Council of September 20th, 1875, of your Govern-
ment was not forv arded to them till after a long de'ay. After the explanations

■WT"^

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[18TC

J - 1

which have been given of this occurrence, I am certain that the Government of
British Cohimbia will feel as convinced as I myself am that it was merely owing
to an unfortunate oversight ; and I regret that it should have been thought to war-
rant an imputation wliich ought never to have been made.

You will be so good as to communicate this despatch to the Lieutenant
Governor of British Columbia."

The case stood in this unsettled and highly unsatisfactory state
when attention was again drawn to it by the visit of His Excellency
to British Columbia. This will be described in its proper place.

Th:" Session was unusually uninteresting. With the excejjtion of
the discussions on the Pacific Railway policy and the British Columbia
difficulty, the debates were dull, and the amount of important legisla-
tion small. The general stagnation of trade called forth the usual
platitudes, but no one seemed to have any idea of the mode of securing
relief, and the Opposition contented themselves with mild criticisms
on the action or inaction of the Government, according as it moved
or stood still. The Ministry had no striking policy, its o[)ponents
had therefore little to denounce. The Government seemed content to
drift on, without any objective point of arrival, and the Opposition
seemed content to drift with them. The Tariff excited a few trite
remarks, but the Finance Minister had little difficulty in defending his
policy, for it was a simple continuation of that of the late Government.
and was therefore protected from their assaults. The Provinces w ere
now all content except British Columbia, though a little muttering
was heard from Manitoba which will be referred to in a chapter to be
set apart for that Province. Ontario was moving quietly and con-
tentedly on. Mr. Mowat's Ministry was so strong that the feeble efforts
of the Opposition attracted little attention even in the Province itself,
and much less outside of it. The disturbing element in New Briinsw ick,
the school ijuestion, had at last been settled ; Nova Scotia bad
almost forgotten the old bitterness, and Prince Edward Island was
happy over her new Land Tenure, and the possession of the greatest
mileage of railway ever enjoyed by any country, in proportion to its
extent. Newfoundland, though not in the Union, was so prosi)erous,
that she evinced no desire to join the fortunes of the Confederacy.

In Ottawa the dullness of the Session was relieved l)y a series of
entertainments at Rideau Hall. Their Excellencies gave a grand
Fancy Ball at Government House, on the 23rd February; to which
fifteen himdred invitations were issued. The skill of Paris, London,
New York and Boston were invoked for the occasion, and the result

lj^7f)] THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA. 427

was an entertainment which far surpassed anything of the kind ever
vfct seen in British North America.

The Ball was opened by a procession which entered the ball room
and passed through to the foot of the throne. It was composed as
follows : —

Mr. Campbell.

Mr. Hamilton, A.D.C. . . Capt. Ward, A.D.C.

Mr. Kimber, (Black Rod).

Lady Helen Blackwood. . . Viscount Clandeboye.
His Excellency Her Excellency.

Hon. Terence Blackwood, Page.
Master A. Littleton, Page.

Miss Macdonald Mrs. Hingston.

Miss Morris Mrs. Bierstadt.

Major General Selby-Smyth.

Capt. Selby-Smyth, A.D.C. . Major Hamilton.

Col. the Hon. E. G. P. Littleton Hon. Mrs. Littleton.

Mr. Russell Stephenson. . . Mrs. Russell Stejjhenson.

Mr. W. R. Baker Mr. J. Kidd.

Mr. F. Dixon Mr. St. L. Herbert.

A lew moments sufficed to grouj) the members composing it around
tlie dais ; the band played the opening 1 i li" •• God Save the Queen "
and '• H ball began.

The state quadrille was formed as follows : —

His Excellency Her Excellex 'Y.

j\lajor General Selby-Smyth . Hon. Mrs. Littleton.

Major Hamilton Mrs. Hingston.

Mr. R. Stephenson .... Mrs. Bierstadt.

Col. the Hon. E. G. P. Littleton Mrs. R. Stephenson.

Miss Morris Capt. Ward, A.D.C.

Miss Macdonald Mr. F. Hamilton, A.D.C.

Viscount Clandeboye. . . . Lady Helen Blackwood.

Not the least interesting feature of the night was the dancing of
" Singing quadrilles," and a valse, the music of which was supplied by
the dancers themselves, supported by the accompaniment of a piano.
This novelty was in the form of nursery rhymes. 'I'he ladies who took
part in these dances were Miss Bethune, Miss H. Bethune, Mrs. Cor-
hctt, Mrs. Forrest, Mrs. Kingsford, Mrs. Mills, Miss Powell; Miss

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[18TC

Skead, Miss Cockburn, the Misses Drummond, Miss F. Fellowes
Mrs. Moore, Mrs. Poetter, Mrs. Patterson., Miss Willis. The gentle-
men were Mr. J. A. Clayton, Mr. A. J. Duffy, Mr. M. K. Dunlcvie,
Mr. F. Gourdeau, Mr. E. Gingras, Mr. E. Hallamore, Mr. W. Hims-
worth, jun., Mr. E. Kimber, Dr. Lynn, Col. the Hon. E. G. P. I^ittle-
ton, Mr. N. McLean, Mr. G. R. Major, Mr. J. Plummer, Mr. Russell
Stephenson, Mr. L. Waters, and Mr. G. White.

The following ladies danced with His Excellency during the
evening: Her PLxcellency, Mrs. Hingston, Miss Bethune, Miss
Morris, Mrs. Mackenzie, Mrs. Bierstadt, Mrs. Elliott, Mrs. Blake.
Miss Macpherson, Mrs. Scott, Mrs. Stephenson, Miss Bennett, Mrs.
Littleton, Miss Macdonald, Mrs. Vail, and Mrs. Burpee.

The following was the order of the few first couples in the proces-
sion to supper :

His Excellency and Mrs. Mackenzie ;

Hon. Mr. Mackenzie and Her Excellency;

Chief Justice Richards and Mis. Bierstadt;

Hon. R. W. Scott and Mrs. Hingston ;

Hon. L. S. Huntington and Mrs. Russell Stephenson ;

Hon. J. Burpee and Miss Macdonald ;

Hon. David Laird and Miss Morris ;

Hon. E. Blake and Mrs. Littleton;

Hon. Mr. Vail and Mrs. Blake ;

Hon. Mr. Mills and Mrs. Scott;

Hon. Mr. Coffin and Miss Richards ;

Col. Macpherson and Mrs. Burpee ;

Hon. R. J. Cartwright and Mrs. Vail;

The Chaplain of His Excellency and Miss Bramley.*

* A very pleasing incidem (iccurred not long afterwards, creditable as well to
the self-denial and the noble adherence to principle exhibited by this youni; lady
as to the kindness of His Excellency and his unfeigned respect for a conscientious dis-
charge of duty. At one of Her Excellency's " At Homes " during Lent His
Excellency was attracted to the young lady, and did her the honor of a reijuest for
a dance. She is well known in Ottawa as a devoted adherent of the Church of
England, and she had made a vow not to dance in the Lenten season. The
temptation to brei.k it on the flattering reque ' of His Excellency was very g''eat, but
she, with admirable fortitude, gracefully dii lined the honor. Unfortunately, His
Excellency retired before she could explai:; the reason for what, without explana-
tion, would, in Rideau circle, be considered a rudeness. She, however, promply
wrote a note to HisExcellency, which drew forth one of those delightful replies for

187G]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

429

It is, of coiTse, beyond the scope of this work to attempt any
detailed account of this very magnificent entertainment, and it would
have l)een passed over with a very slight mention were it not for the
fact that it formed an important constituent in the social policy of His
Excellency, who embraced the occasion of the meeting of Parliament,
when the ucst families of the Dominion were represented in Ottawa,
to bring together the social elements of the country.*

which he is so distinguished, and which was more than an ample recompense to
Miss Bramley for the loss of a dance with her distinguished suitor.

* The London Standard had the following remarks on this event : — " The
Fancy Ball at Rideau has been a prominent topic of conversation throughout Can-
ada, The Governor General and Lady Dufferin have reason to be satisfied with
the marked success which has attended their efforts to amuse and entertain their
subjects, who, it must be admitted, both appreciate and second such efforts to the
full of their ability. Lord Dufferin enjoys more popularity than has ever fallen to the
share of any previous Governor General. He passed with credit and safety through
a political typhoon of unexampled intensity, and when work has to be done, he
never spares himself. But if he knows how to work, he also knows how to play —
and in liis leisure hours he ' goes in ' for amusements, and thoroughly identifies
himself with all the games, sports, and pursuits for which Canada affords opportu-
nity. The ' Dufferin ' medal, lavishly bestowed, is the chief prize for the curlers,
skaters, yachtsmen, cricketers, lacrosse players ' from the Atlantic to the Pacific'
Xor are higher and worthier objects forgotten, as from the best universities to
every school of any importance, gold, silver or bronze medals are annually
allotted, a thoughtful generosity on the part of His Excellency which is producing
most excellent results."

Another journal says : — " The Fancy Ball given by Lord Dufferin reminds
one of the ball at which an ancestor of his figured, and was made immortal by
Thackeray. The third verse commences:

"And Julien's band, it tuk its stand

So swately in the middle ere.
And soft bassoons played hivinly chunes,

And violins did riddle there.
And when the coort was tired uv spoort,

I'd lave you, boys, to think there was
A nate buffet before them set.

Where lashins of good dhrink there was.
At tin, before the ball-room doore

His moighty Excellency was ;
He smoiled and bowed to all the crowd,

So gorgeous and imminse he was, —
His dhusky shuit, shublime and mute.

Into the door-way followed him I

•If-

430

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

On the 3rd April the House was prorogued.

On the 24th May Her Majesty, in making the customary distribu-
tion of honors on the anniversary of her birthday, recognized the great
worth of Lord Dufferin as a pubhc servant by creating him a Knight
Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

On the 15th June, their Excellencies and suite left Ottawa en
route for Quebec, where they proposed remaining for about a month,
when after returning to Ottawa the important trans -continental trip
was to be taken. They reached Quebec on the i6th June, where they
were received with the usual honors. They occupied their time ni visit-
ing the public institutions, accompanied by Lieutenant Governor Caron,
the Hon. Mr. Mackenzie, the Mayor, and others. Among thcni the
Drill Shed, the Artillery and Jesuits' Bai racks, and the Queen's Store,
were visited for the purpose of ascertaining the condition of the people
there sheltered, who had been rendered homeless by the recent great

This Giniral great thin tiik his sate

AVid all the other ginirals—
(Bedad his troat, his belt, his coat

All blazed wid precious minerals ;)
And as he there, wid princely air,

Recloinin on his cushion was,
All round about his royal chair

The squeezin and the pushin was.
O ! Pat, sich girls, sich jukes and earls,

Sich fashion and nobilitee !
Jist think of Tim, and fancy him

Amidst the hoigh gentilitee !

There was Lord Fingall, and his ladies all,

And Lord Killeen and Dufkkrin,
And Paddy Fife, and his fat wife,

Wondher how he could stuff her in.
Yis ! jukes and earls, and dimonds and pearls,

And purty girls was sportin there ;
And some beside (the rogues ! ) I spied

Beside the windies coortin there, —
O ! there's one I know bedad would show

As beautiful as any there.
An' I'd loike to hear the piper blow,

An' shake a fut wid Fanny there."

I87r.]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

431

fire. His Excellency sent a subscription of $200 to the Fire Relief
Committee.

J^On the 2ist June, the citizens of Quebec gave His Excellency a
complimentary dinner in the Music Hall, which was fitted ui) in an
unusually splendid manner. No pains had been spared to make the
tk-monstri^tion worthy of the old capital, and of its distinguished
guests. His Worship the Mayor, Mr. Murphy, had for a long time
devoted his careful attention to the preparations.

The Countess of Dufferin occupied a position on a raised dais.
Covers were laid for t wo hundred a njl_ fifty gue sts, and all the seats
were filled. At the head of the table were His Excellency, having on his
right tlie Lord Bishop of Quebec, Mr. Cauchon, Mr. Justice Fournier,
Senator Fabre, Mr. Justice Stuart, Mr. C. A. P. Pelletier. M.P., Mr.
P. 15. Casgrain, M.P., Mr. H. T. Taschereau, M.P., Dr. St. Cleorge,
M.P., and Col. Duchesnay. On the left of His Excellency were the
Mayor of Quebec, His Honor Lieutenant Governor Caron, Hon. Alex.
Mackenzie, Premier of Canada, Mr. Justice Taschereau, Mr. Baillar-
geon, Mr. Justice Caron, Mr. Justice V. P. W. Dorion, Judge Doucet,
Mr. Thibeaudeau, and Col. Strange.

Among the other gentlemen present were Mr. Lefaivre, Consul
General of France ; Mr. Howells, United States Consul ; Hon. G.
Ouimet, Mr. John Hearn, M.P., and the Hon. Alex. Chauveau.

After the usual toasts, Mayor Murphy offered the toast of the
evening, " His Excellency the Governor Cieneral," and in concluding
his remarks he said that, in assuring his Lordship that he stood high
in the affections and esteem of the citizens of Quebec, he wished also
to assure Her Excellency the Countess of Dufferin that she occupied
no second place.

His Excellency rose to reply, amid long continued applause, and
said :

" Mr. Mayor, Your Honor, and Gentlemen, — I can assure you it is with
feelinj^s of no ordinary emotion tliat for the first time since coming to this country
I tind myself called upon to address a public audience in the ancient capital of
Canada, for I cannot help remembering under what various conditions, in how
many vital emergencies, at what supreme epochs in its history, during the last
300 years, my illustrious predecessors must have had occasion to harangue the
citizens of (Quebec. (Cheers.) In a thousand vicissitudes of furtune, in perpetual
alternations of triumph and despondency, when hordes of savages were lurking
round your palisades, when famine had prostrated your strength, and the unac-
cublonied rigors of an Arctic winter had benumbed your faculties, when novel
fuiins uf pestilence devastated your homes, crowning yourclergy and your sisterhoods

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[18T(i

with the aureole of martyrdom, when foreign leaguers assaulted your independence,
and liostiie cannon tiireatened your battlements, Viceroy after Viceroy has appealed
to your patience, your fortitude, your charity, your patriotism, and never oiite,
whether in good fortune or ill fortune, as your history tells us, has the ajipeal
been made in vain. (Great applause.) Happily, however, those days of dramatic
oratory are over. From the rock on which your city stands, once isolated by an
interminable ocean of primeval forest, and a waste of barbarism, there now
stretches out on every side to the horizon a perfectly ideal prospect of agricidtuial
wealth and beauty, while your political dominion, at one time reaching no further
than the range of your primitive artillery, now requires two oceans to confine it.
(Cheers.) As a consequence of this extraordinary growth the personal and auto-
cratic administration of the Regal Representatives in this country has been su|)er-
seded by the infinitely safer, more effective, and less obnoxious regimen of Parlia-
mentary Government. (Applause.) But though relieved of the wider responsibi-
lities which once weighed so heavily upon the earlier occupants of the office, and
brought them into such close though not always harmonious intimacy with the
community they ruled, the Governor Generals of to-day find themselves all the
better able to cultivate those friendly social relations with the inhabitants of the
country which it is one of their chief duties to maintain, and of which this splendid
banquet is a most gratifying exhibition. (Applause.) And proud am I to think,
Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, that the admiration I have always felt for the beauty
of your town, which in my opinion is rivalled Ijy that of only two other capitals in
the world (applause), and the deep sense I entertain of the singular kin .'ss and
affection evinced towards me by your citizens, should have evoked so f .'ring a
recognition as that which is being extended to me at this moment. I only wish I
could make an adequate return for so much good will, but there is one thing at all
events which I can do — I can seize this opportunity of expressing my heartiest and
warmest sympathies with the efforts which you, Mr. Mayor, and your eiilt^ita)<-d
townsmen are making to do justice to the glorious inheritance you have received
from those who have gone before you, by devoting your energies to the
moral improvement, the commercial development and the external embellish-
ment of this renowned and ancient city. (Continued applause.) It is with
especial pleasure I have learnt that there is now every prospect of our being
able to accomplish the scheme whicli has been set on foot for the preservation
and beautifying of your fortifications, combining, as it does, a due regard
for the requirements of our increasing traffic, by the enlargement and mul-
tiplication of your thoroughfares, with the careful protection from the hands
of the Vandal of those glorious bastions which girdle the town, and which ar.^
dignified by such interesting historical associations, and in doing this, gentlemen,
you are only following the example of every m'.nicipality in Kurope that has the
good luck to be placed in similar circumstances. There was a time, indeed, when,
through ignorance and a gross indil'lerence to the past, the precious relics of anti-
quity were lightly regarded, and irreparable injury has consequently been inllicted
on many an invaluable monument, but the resentment, the contempt, and the
objurgations with which the authors of such devastations have been since visited by
their indignant descendants evinces how "ompletely the world has awaked to the

is7(i]

THE r:\TlL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

433

oliligation of preserving with a pious solicitude such precious records of a bye-gone
a^c. Hut if this obligation is imperative on the other side of the Atlantic, where
tlie vestiges not only of medictval art, but even of classic times, are to l)e found in
considerable profusion, how much more is it incumljent upon us to maintain intact
the one city on this continent which preserves the romantic characteristics of its
early origin (applause) — a city the picturesqueness of whose architecture and war-
scathed environments presents a spectacle unlike any ether which is to be found
between Cape Horn and the North Pole. (Tremendous applause.) (ientlemen of
the Town Council, you must remember that you hold (Quebec not merely as the
delegates of its citizens, not merely even in the interest of the people of Canada,
Init as truilees on behalf of civilization and the inhabitants of the whole American
continent (applause) — by whom the ruin and degradation of its antique battle-
ments would l)e regarded as an irreparable outrage and a common loss. (Renewed
apiilaitse.) Hut, gentlemen, happily there is no danger of the perpetration of any
such suicidal destruction. Far from lending a traitorous hand to assist the ravages
of time, you are making preparations to still further exalt and adorn your cnnvn of
towers, and sure am I that in after ages, when a maturer civilization shall have
still further changed the face of Canada into that which it may at present l)e beyond
our imagination to conceive, your descendants of that day will regard with feelings
of everlasting gratitude those wise and instructed axliles who handed down to them
intact so precious a memorial of their country's past, a memorial which each lapsing
century will invest with an ever deepening glow of interest. (Great cheering.)
And, gentlemen, you must not suppose that the laudable efiTorts you are making
have escaped the observation of our fellow countrymen at home. No sooner was
it i<nown in England that a scheme had been inaugurated for the embellishment of
the i'ortitications of Quebec, than the Secretary of State for War, as the official
representative and spokesman of the military sympathies of the Empire, announced
to me his intention of testifying his own admiration, and the admiration of the
soldier world of Great Britain at what we were about to do, by asking the Im- i
perial House of Commons— who responded with acclamation to the proposal —
to vote a sum of money to be expended in the decoration of some point along your
wails in such a manner as might serve to connect it with the joint memory of those
two illustrious heroes, Wolfe and Montcalm (great applause), whose deeds of
valor and whose noble deaths in the service of their respective countries, would
have been alone sufficient to immortalize the fair fortress for whose sake they con-
tended, and whose outworks they watered with their blood. But, gentlemen, the
news of your praiseworthy exertions has moved the heart and sympathies of even
a greater personage than the Secretary of State for War — the Queen of England
herself, who takes as much pride and interest in all that is d^ing in her distant colonies
as she does in what happens within a stone's throw of her palace, has lieen gracious-
ly pleased to command me to take an early, — and what better opportunity could I
take than the present, ^of conveying to you, Mr. Mayor, and to those who are
associated with you in this creditable enterprise, and to the citizens of Quebec,
whose patriotism has authorized you to engage in it, her warm approval of the
project which has been set on foot, and her hearty sympathy with the enlightened
sentiment^ which have inspired it, and she has furthermore expressed a desire to

434

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H7G

be associated personally with the work by presenting her good city of Qiu-ijcc
with one of the new gateways with which your enceinte is to be pierced, for tlie
erection of which Her Majesty has been good enough to forward to me a liandMime
subscription (tremendous applause, the whole company rising and cheering for
several minutes) — and which she desires may be named after her fatiitr, the
late Duke of Kent, who for so many years lived amongst you, and who to
his dying day retained so lively a recollection of the kindness and courtesy with
which he was treated. Mr. Mayor and gentlemen, this would not be the jilace to
enter into any discussion of the details or of the mode by which the projected
improvements are to be carried out. But there is one leading principle whicli I
trust may be kept in view, viz. : to arrange that there should be one continuous
uninterrupted pathway for pedestrians along the entire circuit of the ramparts
starting westward from Durham Terrace, round the base of the Citadel, and so bv
the Esplanade, the Artillery Barracks, Palace (Jate, the Clrand Battery, past tlie
present Parliament Buildings, across Mountain street, back to Durham Terrace
again. If this is accomplished, you will possess a walk which for its convenience,
freedom from noise, danger, and interruption, — for the variety and beauty of its
points of view, and for its historical and civic interest, will be absolutely uneciualled
(applause and cheers), and I am happy to think that the inexhaustible store (jf cut
stone, of which the obsolete and superfluous outworks beyond the walls are com-
posed will supply cheaj), handy, and ample materials for the repair of the (lilai)i-
dated portions of the bastions, and for the construction of the contemplated gate-
ways. But in resorting to these materials I hope you will avoid the error com-
mitted by the zealous but not very enlightened agent of a friend of mine in IreiaiHl.
Upon the estate of this nobleman there stood an ancient tower, the relic of a castle
which in ruder ages his ancestors had inhabited. Finding that mischievous child-
ren, cattle, tourists, donkeys (laughter), and other trespassers of that sort were
forestalling the depredations of time, he instructed his man of business to protect
the ruin with a wall, and left for England. On returning he took an early oppor-
tunity of visiting the spot, to see whether, as his agent had already assured liim,
his orders had been properly executed. Judge of his dismay when he found indeed
a beautiful new wall, six feet high, running, round the site of the old castle, but
the castle itself levelled to the ground. (Great laughter.) The economical agent
had pulled down the tower in order to build the wall with the stones of which it
was composed. (Renewed laughter.) But, gentlemen, I must detain you no
longer, and yet before I sit down there is one observaaon I cannot help (iesiring
to make. I cannot help wishing to express the extreme satisfaction which I expe-
rience in observing with what alacrity and self-abnegation the chief citizens of
Quebec, gentlemen whose private occupations and engagements must be extremely
absorbing, are content to sacrifice their domestic leisure, and the interests of their
private business in order to give their time and attention to the public service, and
the direction and management of your municipal affairs. (Cheers.) And in pitying
this well-deserved compliment to those whom I am immediately addressini,', 1 am
happy to think that I can extend it with equal justice to the municipalities of Canada
at large. (Applause.) Gentlemen, I take it that there is no more healthy sign of
national life than this, or rather that there would be no more fatal indication of an un-

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TlIK EARL OF DUFFKRIN IN CANADA.

435

mil iotic, selfish, and despicable spirit, than were we to see what are called the Inisi-
rie^> Mien of the country, that is to say, those persons who, by their education, charac-
ter, habits, and intelligence, are V>est fitted to serve her, being tenijjted by an over-
absorption in their private business to abstain from all contact with public affairs, and
ailiK" participation inthe onerous and honorable strife of municipal or parliamentary
politics, (Cheering.) Were such a defection on the part of the most intelligent,
enir>,'ttic, and high-principled men of the country to prevail, the consecpience
woidd be that the direction of its affairs would fall into the hands of corrupt adven-
turers and trading politicians, and that the moral tone of the nation as a nation
would deteriorate throughout every ramification, phase, and stratum of society ;
and what, I ask, is the worth of the largest fortune in the world, of the most luxu-
rious mansion, of all the refinements and amenities of civilization, if we cannot be
proud of the country in which we enjoy thetu (loud applause), if we are coni|)elled
to blush for the infamy of our rulers, if we cannot claim art and part in the pro-
gress and history of our country (cheers), if our hearts do not throb in unison with
tht vital pulse of the national existence, if we merely cling to it as parasites cling
to a growth of rotten vegetation. (Ajjplause.) Of course I do not mean to imply
that we should all insist on being Prime Ministers, Secretaries of State, or Mayors,
or Members of Parliament, or Town Councillors. (Laughter.) Such aspirations
in p.ll would be neither useful nor desirable. A large proportion of the energies of
the connnunity must be always employed in building up its mercantile, manufac-
turing and agricultural status, and in its learned professions, but I venture to think
that no one, especially in a young country, no mattt-r what his occupation, siiould
consider himself justified in dissociating himself altogether from all contact with
political affairs. The busiest of us can examine, analyze and judge ; we can all
canvass, vote, protest, and contend for our opinion ; we can all feel that we are
active members of a young commonwealth, whose future prospects and prosperity
will depend upon the degree of patriotism, self-sacrifice, and devotion with which
we apply our energies in our several stations to her material, moral and political
development. (Great cheering.) The principle, I arn happy to think, has been
duly appreciated by my fellow-subjects on this side of the Atlantic, and it gives
me the yieatest pleasure to think that here, as at home, due honor and recognition
is accorded to those who like you, Mr. Mayor, like you, gentlemen, that surround
me, like the two Prime Ministers, and the members of the two Governments with
which I have been associated, since I came into the country, have sacrificed many
an ojiport unity of increasing their private fortunes, and of enhancing the worldly
position of their families in order that they may render more faithful and undivided
service to their beloved Canada, and the Empire of which she is the fairest otTshoot."
(Tremendous cheering and applause.)

His Excellency concluded by proposing in appropriate terms the
health of the Mayor, coupling with it the sentiment " Prosperity to
the City of Quebec."

His Excellency in this speech refers to the embellishment of
Quebec. In 1875 the attention of Lord Dufferin was drawn to the
subject, and he obtained from Mr. Lynn, an eminent civil engineer
of Belfast, plans for the purpose.

I ^

43G

HISTOUY OF THE ADMLVISTUATION OF

[IHTf)

The following is an authorized account of the embellishments pro-
posed by His Excellency. It appeared in the issue of the Quel)cc
Morning Chronicle of the 22nd November, 1875:

" If the scheme of city improvement and emlHillishment siil)mittt(l !)>■ His
Excellency the Governor tleneral for the consideration of the City Council, and
briefly outlined in our is>ue of Saturday, may l)e said to have taken the ciii/tns
somewhat by surprise, we l)elieve we are correct in interjjrcting the poj)ular ftulini;
on the subject, when we state that the inhabitants of the ancient capital are, and
will ever be, deeply grateful to Lord Dufferin for the deep and continuous inturLst
which he takes in (^uel)ec, the flaltering_,preference he shows for it on all occasions,
and the present signal manifestation of his good will and desire to pronuitc its
importance by the enhancement of its historic and scenic attractions, without very
materially addnig to the burthens of its tax-paying i)opuIation. It surely 11111^1 be
a subject of general pritle and congratulation to find such distinguishei' nnd inllu-
ential patronage extended to our good old city, and to look forward to tiii. pros]iect
of future advantage which support in such a quarter is certain to open up for ii.
There is no denying that if the scheme proposed by His Excellency be cairiid mit
in its entirety, in connection with other improvements actually in cemtcniplatiun,
Quebec will not only have its modern requirements more than satisfied, hut will
become the show city of this continent, to which thousands of strangers will
annually flock to view a grandeur of scenery unsurpassed on this side of the Atlan-
tic, conjointly with the relics of an eventful andjieroic past for which ilie (Hii>i(le
world has a special veneration. Familiarity, it has been truly said. bn\.ds ton-
tempt, and this self-same familiarity with our crumbling fortification. !),; , Migen-
dered among ourselves an under-esthnate of the value attached by strani,'crs to
them, and to the other mementoes of by-gone days, which abound in our nii(l>t.
Not altogether improperly, outsiders regard Quebec as common property, a bit of
the old world transferred to the new, tucked away carefully in this remote corner
of the continent, and to be religiously preserved from all iconoclastic desecration,
especially from that phase of the latter which goes by the name of modern iini)rove-
nient with some, but passes for wanton vandalism with others. They wish to have
to say still of Quebec at the present day, as Longfellow sang of Nuremberg, that

it is a

' Quaint old town of toil and traffic,

Quaint old town of art and song.

Memories haunt thy pointed gables,

Like the rooks that round them throng.'

In addition to being the oldest city in North America, Quebec, historically
speaking, is also the most interesting. The traditions and associations, which
cling to its beetling crags and hoary battlements, and cluster around its baltletieMj,
monuments and institutions, are numerous and important in the eyes of the world.
History speaks from every stone of its ruined walls, and from every standpoint uf
its surrovmdings ; antiquity is stamped upon its face and quaintness is its chief cha-
racteristic. In the conqiutation of our yearly income, the revenue we derive from
these attractions, coupled with those supplied by the magnificent panorama of Nature

iHTfi]

THK EAUL OF DIFFKRIN IN CANADA.

4:{7

with wliich the city is encircled, forms nci inconsiderable item. We imajjine it
will not be denied by any rational person that the stream of travel whiih ten'ls this
way with the return of each fine season, as surely as that season itself, is an immense
adviiitaj^e to the totality > f the inhabitants, for it is a well reco^rni/ed truth that
wliLrcanys|)ecial class, trade or calling; in a community is benefitted, the whole are
lieiiditted by the increase of the circulatinjj medium. It is therefore a self-evi-
dent iluty on our part to do all ve reasonably can to preserve to (^)uebec its char-
acter of interest and anti(]uity, which is much prized by the rest of the world and
is so valuable in a materia! point of view to ourselves. We should also, if possi-
ble, exert ourselves in the same direction to so enhance, by artificial means, the
splendid scenic adv.antafjes we offer to admiring sight-seers, that like the Neapo-
litans, when they speak of Naples to the European traveller, we may tell the Amer-
ican to see (Quebec and die. At the same time such modern improvements as can
be effected witliout serious detriment to our historical monuments, such as our
gMcs and ramparts, should not be neglected, to advance the growth and embellish-
iiieiit of the city and to facilitate communication between itsoKler and newer parts.
This is just what Lord Dufferin's plans and views with regard to Quebec propose
til lio, We have been favored with a sight of the admirably executed plans and
designs, prepared by Mr. Lynn, the eminent civil engineer commissioned by Lonl
DulTerin to carry out his intentions, and who, it will be remembered, accompanied
his Lordship and the Minister of Militia last summer on their examination of the
militaiy works and grounds. It will also be recalled that it was with considerable
reluctance that His Excellency consented at all to the removal of the old gates and
the cutting through of the walls on the western side of the fortress, and that it was
only his well-known consideration for the wishes and requirements of the people of
(Quebec that induced him to concur in the demand for increased facility of commu-
nication between the city and its suburbs. According to Mr. Lynn's plans, it is
easy to see that His Excellency still adheres to his original ideas in the matter, to
some extent, while desiring at the same time to meet the popular wish and necessi-
ty. It is proposed that all the gates with the exception of Hope Gate, or rather
the present apertures, are to be bridged or arched over, in viaduct fashion, with
handsome bridges either in iron or stone, so as to preserve the continuity of the
fortifications. In this way, the openings in the ramparts, including that for the
extension of Nouvelle street, will remain as free to traffic as they are at present.
St. John's (iate is, of course, included with the others in this category. All the
bridges or arches over the gtites will be flanked with picturescjue Norman
turrets, of different size and design, such as are frequently seen in old French
and (Jernian castles. Hope Gate, it is contemplated simply to flank with such
turrets, some twelve more of which will also at different other points adorn
relieve the monotonous effect of the long dead line of wall from

and

Palace Gate to the Parliament Buildings. His Excellency next proposes a
boulevard or continuous drive around the entire fortifications, commencing at the
IHirhani Terrace, which he wishes to have prolonged westwards to the King's
"•istion, and thus make it one of the most magnificent promenades in the world,
wuh an unequalled view of river, mountain, crag and island scenery, and taking
in both the upper and lower portions of the harbor. Thence the boulevard will

438

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[l'<76

continue, rising by an easy incline to the foot of the Citadel, and thence will run
along the crest of the cliff at the foot of the walls round to the rough ground or
Cove field, through which it will be carried, following the line of the fortifications
crossing S . Louis street and entering the (Uacis on the north side of that thorough-
fare; the square of which comprised between St. Louis street, St. Eustache street.
the extension of Nouvelle street and the walls, His Excellency wishes to have
formed into a pniK or ornamental pleasure ground, communicating with the Espla-
nade by means of a sally-port through the rampart. Through this park, the boule-
vard will be continued down across St. John street and around through the gardens
and grounds of the Artillery Barracks, to Palace Gate, crossing in its passage three
other openings in the fortification wall to give direct communication with the citvto
D'Aiguillon, Richelieu and St. Olivier streets, such openings being bridged over in
the same fash.ion as the others. From Palace Gate the boulevard will follow the
present line of Rampart street round to the Pa'li .ment Buildings, in rear of which
it will pass, and then traverse Mountain Hil) over a handsome iron biidre flanked
■.vith turrets, on the site of olu Prescott (Jate, to Fortification lane in rear of the
Post Office, which will be enlarged and graded up, back again to the Durham
Terrace or original point of depnrture, thus making a continuous, unbroken circuit
of the entire fortifications, and providing a public jM-omenade that will undoubtedly
be unsurpassed by anything of the sort in the world, and cannot not fail to attract
thousands of profitable visitors to Queliec, The cost of the undertaking would not
be so enormous as might a])p ar at first sight. It is estimated that His K.xcel-
lency's capital idea in this respect could be carried out at an outlay of ninety
thousand dollars, cf whirh the city would c.ily be asked to contribute thirty
thousand, the Federal -authorities makii.;.' up the difference. But His Excellency
does not seem satisfied to stop short even U this work of embellishment in his
desire to promote the interests of our good old city. He wishes that it sliouM
become also the abode of the representative of royalty in Canada, at least duriiij,'
the summer season, and, in order that it should enjoy to the fullest all ti.e im-
portance and material benefit likely to flow from this circumstance, he funlior
proposes to have a regular and fitting vite-regal residence erected for himself on
the Citadel, to be styled the Castle o" St. Louis or Chateau Sf. J.ouis, and to
revive the ancient splendors of that historic residence of the early governors
of New France. We have also seen the plans and sketches jf this building,
and must admit that, if constructed, it will of itself mateiially enhance the
appearance of Quebec, and, whei taken in conjunction with the proposed row
Parliamentary and Departmental buildings and new Court House, will contri-
bute larjfely to the scheme of city embellishment. A.; Quebec is approachcrt by
vater, or from any point whence the Citadel is visible, it will l)e a striking object,
as it will stand forth in bold relief to the east of the present ofiiceis' (juaiters, with
a frontage of 200 feet and a depth partly of 60 and partly of 100 feet, with a base-
ment, two main stories and attics, and two towers of different heights, but of equally
charming design. The style of architecture is an agreeable 'melange' of the
picturesque Norman and Elizabethan. The intention is, we believe, to have the
quoins and angle stones of cut stone and the filling in of rough ashlar — the old
stone from the fortifications being utilized for that purpose. The estimatetl ccstof

1S7G]

THE E.VRL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

439

the structure is $loo,cxx) ; but we have not heard whether the city will be asked to
contribute to it. We are inclined, however, to think not, as it would be solely a
Dominion work, for Dominion purposes, and erected upon Dominion property.
Such, as far as we understand it, from the plans, is Lord DufTerin's very excellent
and praiseworthy project for the improvement and embellishment of 0".abec, and
we are satisfied that as his Lordship appears to have made up his mind in its favor,
it will not fail to be carried out in due time. As to when it will be commenced, of
course, we are not in a position to speak ; but when it does, the expenditure of
money it will entail, and the employment it will give to the laboring classes and
tradesmen generally, apart from any other of the favorable considerations we have
pointed out, will be very opportune and acceptable to the people of the ancient
capital. In bringing the matter forward so prominently. Lord Dufiferin has done a
great thing for Quebec, for which its inhabitants cannot thank him too warmly. It
only remains for the city to meet his generous proposition in a like spirit of lilieral-
ity, and it will go hard with old Stndacona if, between the North Shore Railway,
the jrraving dock, the tidal dvicks, the harbor improvements of all kinds, and the
proposed new buildings foi the Legislature, public departments and the law courts,
the condition of its people be not before long materially bettered and the appear-
ance of things considerably improved. We should, perhaps, add that in the general
scheme of Corporation improvements, in addition to those mentioned in our report
of the City Council in Saturday's issue, are included the projects of a stairs, leading
directly from St. George street on the ramparts to Sault-au-Matelot street, in the
vicinity of the Quebec Bank, which would obviate Ihe present tedious detour for
foot jiassengers by Mountain Hill of a street parallel to St. Paul street, and of an
eleva* r tor vehicles and foot passengers from the Champlain Market up the Cliff
and underneath Durham Terrace to the north end of the Laval Normal School."

I'he City Counci' of Quebec has not only responded nobly to His
Excellency's suggestions, but the Local Government has gone a step
further and made provision, to co-operate in the carrying out of Lord
Dufferin's admirable designs, and the Dominion Government is slowly
moving in the same direction. Under its auspices, plans of the S'..
Louis and Kent Gates have been prepared, and in August, 1878, the
work of constructing these portions of Lord Dufferin's projected embel-
lishments was commenced.

The annual distribution of prizes to the scholars of the female
branch of the Laval Normal School took place during His Excellency's
visit to Quebec, and on the 27th June, their F.xcellencies attended in
the Hall of the Ursuline Convent, where the ceremon es took place.
On their entrance, the proceedings commenced by the performance
of a si)'iitcd }:;a/op by the fair students. Besides their Excellencies
there were present several members of the Lieutenant Governor's
family ; Hon. Mr. Ouimet, Superintendent of Education ; Rev. Mr.
Lagace, Principal of the Normal School j and several of the professors.

440

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[187G

The French and Spanish Consuls entered after the performance of
the overture. The distribution of the ordinary prizes to the various
divisions having been gone through by His Excellency, he next pro-
ceeded to confer the diplomas on the graduates, followed by the pre-
sentation of the " Dufiferin " medals, silver and bronze, and the Prince
of Wales prize. Previous to separating, addresses of thanks for the
high honor done them were read in the name of their fellow students
by Dlles. Lavoie and Caron in English and French respectively to
their Excellencies. His Excellenc) in reply said :

" Ladies and Gentlkmen, — I assure you I have difficulty in finding word? to
convey all that I have felt during the very touching spectacle we have just wit-
nessed, but the performances of this afternoon would be incomplete were I not to
express, on behaif of those present, the admiration we have experienced at every-
thing thai has taken place. I cannot say how glad I am to have had an (impor-
tunity of giving away with my own hands the medals I have been allowed to place
at the disposition of this institution, and I can only say that if all the others 1 have
the pleasure of annually distributing are as well deserved elsewhere as tiiis one
has been here to-day by Mademriselle Lavoie I have every reason to be jiroud of
the results they will have produced. (Cheers.) I have had so many oppurtuni-
ties on previous occasions of expressing my deep sympathy and interest in the
educational work of which to-day's ceremonial has been so interesting an exponent
that I fear I can hardly find anything new to say upon the general subject, unless
it be to remind those ladies at whose triumphs we have had the pleasure of assist-
ing, that the honors they have now gained ought to prove a fresh incentive to tiieni
to continue their exertions in the honorable profession to which they propose to
devote themselves. I say the honorable profession advisedly, because however
wearisome, laborious, and trying it may occasionally prove, the privilege of teach-
ing is after all one of the most beneficent, useful, and effective occupations in which
those who love their country, and their fellow creatures, can engage. Vou are as
was once said of your prototypes in a higher sphere ' the salt of the earth,' each
one of you is now qualified to prove in the separate theatre of your respective
labors a centre of light, and a fountain of intellectual and moral instruction, des-
tined to illuminate and render gay with fruit and flowers, the region within the
scope of your influence ; and what limit are we to pi ice to the influence for good
of a virtuous, high-minded, sensible and well-educated woman over those with
whom she is brought into contact ; and we who are anxious about the future of our
country, must have great satisfaction in considering that there should exist in the
various provinces of Canada such an admirable machinery as is provided l)y these
Normal Schools for the diffusion of an atmosphere of cheerfulness, elegance, purity
and intellectual activity in the homes of the nation. This is espec'ally true as
applied to the women teachers of our schools, for it is on them we must depend
for the maintenance of a proper standard of good manners, of refinement, and of
that high moral tone of which these qualities are the outcome, and I trust you will
always rememlier that the execution of this portion of your functions is not less

I87r.]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

441

imiKWtive upon you than are the other brandies of your profession ; and in relation
to tills particuhir part of your duties there is one pecuHarity I have observed in
this country, indeed not indigenous, but imported, — which I think you might use
your influence to correct : I observe that it is an ahnost universal practice upon
this continent, — even on public occasions — in prize lists, — roll calls, — and in the
Intercourse of general society, for young ladies to be alluded to by their casual
aci|imlniances, nay even in the newspapers, by what, in the old country we would
call their "pet" names — that is to say, those caressing, soft appellations of endear-
ment vith which their fathers and brothers and those who are nearest to them,
strive to give expression to the yearning affection felt for them in the home circle.
Now it seems to me to be a monstrous sacrilege, and quite incompatible with the
dignity and self respect due to the daughters of our land, and with the chivalrous
reveierice with which they should be approached even in thought, that the tender
love-invented nomenclature of the fireside, should be bandied about at random in
the mouths of every empty-headed Tom, Dick, and Harry in the street, whose
idle tongue may chance to babble of them. (Cheers and laughter.) For instance,
in the United States before her marriage I observed that Miss Grant, the daughter
of the occupant of one of the most august positions in the world, was generally
referred to in the newspapers as " Nellie " as though the paragraphist w ho wrote
the item had been her play felluw from infancy. Of course this is a small matter
to which I have alluded, but it is not without significance when regarded as a
national characteristic. After all the women of this continent are ladies, as refined,
liigh-minded, and noble-hearted as are to be found in any country in the world,
and the sooner w- get rid of this vulgar solecism the better ; — and the first place
where the correction should be made is in our school lists, — which are official
documents where young ladies ought to be entered in their full Christian names,
and not in their nick names as I have often seen done. In conclusion, ladies and
gendemen, allow me to congratulate you upon the very sritisfactory character of
this morning's ceremonial, and to express on your behalf to the authorities under
wluiH' intelligent administration such excellent results have been produced our
warm appreciation of their elTorts to promote the cause of education through the
powerful instrumentality of the Female Normal vSchool of Quebec." *

* I'he following extract from the Atw Vori' World is the more willingly re-
produced, as it contains a well merited rebuke from an American journal of a
practice whose vulgarity has become too noticeable among the English-speaking
population of North America : " Whatever Lord Dufferin says is i)retty certain
to be worth saying, and well said ; and his little speech before the scholars of a
Quel)ec Female School offers no exception to this general rule. The main
direction and purpose of his address was a criticism of the custom of making
public property of the names of women, ami through the agency of the
newspaper placing the whole country on as familiar terms with them as would be
their neighbors in a little country town who knew them as Polly Smith or Kitty
Jones. It will be considered, of course, by the average reader that the Farl is a
trifle toi) particular, and that, as a rule, the young ladies of the present age, and of
this continent at least, are only too anxious to have their names in print. In such

442 THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

On the 24th July their Excellencies returned to Ottawa.

[1876

matters — possibly because as a people we have been losing of late years some-
thing of the exclusiveness characteristic of the old English home circle, public
sentiment on the two sides of the water is not exactly the same ; and our
enterprising local papers, with their 'society columns' and 'personal gossip,'
are educational agencies only beginning to be employed in England. It must,
nevertheless, be conceded that from his standpoint— that of a sensitive man who
objects to having his wife, sister, or daughter familiarly canvassed by every reader
of a penny paper, the Canadian Viceroy's comment is just. We could have
wished indeed that the speaker had gone a little further, and ridiculed or repre-
hended with due severity the abominable practice into which young women have
fallen now-a-days of tagging the diminutive "ie" to their names. Under this
treatment such honest, melodious, or stately names as Adelaide, Charlotte,
B^lizabeth, Ellen, Sarah, and Louisa become Addie, Lottie, Lizzie, Nellie, Sadie
and Louie, and give the hearer the impression — sometimes, no doubt, a just one—
that their owners are contributors to some ' independent ' newspaper. The spirit
of Ambrose Phillips, to whose vagaries and vapors we owe the expressive
phrase ' namby-pamby,' is as much at war with true womanly dignity as with
masculine vigor. Fancy ' Lottie ' Cushman holding an audience rapt as Meg
Merrilies. or 'Bessie' Browning writing ' Casa Guidi Windows,' or 'Aurora
Leigh,' or 'Flo' Nightingale doing her work at Scutari! Miss Anthony as
' Susie ' would be robbed of much that now inspires the awe of mankind.
Shakspeare writing for all time, and knowing that in due course this evil state of
things would come to pass, invested his female characters, whether arch nm!
sprightly, lovirjg and tender, or stately and gifted with strength above tiie
common kind of women, with names that are not susceptible of adulteration, and
called them Beatrice, or Rosalind, Jessica, or Miranda, Portia, or Imogen. So
general is this absurd practice becoming, that we have fears of seeing it involve
even the realm of sacred literature. Under the auspices of some such able editor
as Talmage, or Murray, we may yet be presented to ' Mollie,' or 'Mamie,' who
chose the better part, while her sister ' Mattie' occupied herself with matters of
the house, or read nan improved Bible how 'Ruthie' gleaned in the tields of
Boaz, or by faith ' S.nlie ' bore Isaac at the age of ninety."

CHAPTER VIII.

CONTENTS.

Visit to British Columbia, 31st July, 1876 — San Francisco— Arrival at Esquinialt
and Victoria — His Excellency declines to receive an address threatening seces-
sion from the Confederation — State of public feeling in British Columbia on
the Pacific Railwa • matter — Notice of Mr. De Cosmos — Life at Victoria —
Visit to Nanaimo — Proceeding northward the party visit Bute's Inlet, Skeena
River, Metlahkatlah, Fort Simpson and Queen Charlotte Islands — Returning,
they visit Burrard's Inlet, New Westminster, Yale, Port Hope, Lytton and
Kamloops — Return to Victoria — The " Great " British Columbia speech —
Return to Ottawa, 23rd October, 1S76 — Reply to address of City Council —
Remarks on British Columbia and on His Excellency's speech at Victoria —
His course approved by the Secretary for the Colonies — Visit to Toronto,
January, 1877 — Speech at the National Club — Speech at the Toronto Club —
Remarks on these speeches — The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia —
Canada's high position there — Benefits to Canada by it.

On the 31st July, the great trans-ccntinental journey was com-
menced. Their Excellencies and suite left Ottawa for British
Columbia via Chicago and San Francisco. A large crowd assembled
at the station to see .hem off — among others the Hon. A. Mackenzie,
Mrs. Mackenzie, Chief Justice Richards, Hon. R. W. Scott, Mr. Vail
and Mr. Burpee. A detachment of the Governor Gf^neral's Foot
Guards with their band was in attendance. The party left in a
Pullman Car which was to convey them without change to Ogden,
Utah, the terminus of the Union Pacific Railway.

It consisted, besides their Excellencies, of Col. the Hon. E. G. P.
Littleton, the Governor General's Secretary ; Capt. Hamilton, A.D.C. ;
Capt. Ward, A.D.C. ; and Mr. Campbe", Private Secretary.

On reaching San Francisco, the jjarty found H. M. Corvette
Amethyst (Commodore Chatfield) in the harbor, in which they sailed
for British Cokimbia. On arriving at Esquimalt, 760 miles from San

444

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

Francisco, the Lieut. Governor of British Columbia, Mr. Richards, paid
their Excellencies a visit on board the Amethyst. In the afternoon
the Vice-regal party landed. As they did so the yards of three men-
of-war, then at anchorage in the harbor, were manned, and a salute
was fired from the Amethyst. At the landing was a guard of honor,
consisting of mariners from the men-of-war. The place was beauti-
fully decorated. His Excellency was formally welcomed to the
Province by Sir James Douglass acting on behalf of the Esquimalt
Reception Committee, by whom he was attended. The Governor
General replied briefly, and in doing so expressed the gratification he
felt at meeting a gentleman who had done so much for British
Columbia, and who was so well known outside of the Province as Sir
James Douglass. All then entered carriages to proceed to Victoria,
the Capital of the Province, three miles distant. On their way they
were met by a band of Ancient Eoresters who escorted them into
Victoria. At a bridge on the way a large number of Indians made
their appearance in canoes on an arm of the strait, who sang a song of
welcome in the Indian dialect. Victoria was elaborately decorated.
Flags, streamers and bunting were flying in profusion from all the
public buildings, and from the best private dwellings. Several fine
arches were erected ; three of them by the Chinese residents, one
being situated in what is called the " Chinese quarters." 'I'hey were
all in Pagoda style, and had the mottoes " Glad to see you here,"
" English law is the most liberal," and " Come again." Other arches
bore the words " Hearty welcome to the Governor General," " J^ritish
Columbia welcomes Lady Dufferin," " God save Victoria, the Empress
of India," " Hyas Tyhee," " Hyas Kloosh," " Mika Shakoo," " Loyal
to the Crown," " Repeat your visit," " In Union there is strength,"
" The Pacific greets the Atlantic." The absorbing railway question
was the subject of many mottoes. " United without Union," " Con-
federated without Confederation," " Railroad the bond of Union,"
" Psalm XV, Verses 5-7 Prayer Book," * " British Columbia, the Key
to the Pacific," and " Our railway iron rusts," were ominous expres-
sions. A more emphatic declaration of feeling with regard to the
Railway policy of the Dominion Government was seen in a motto
displayed on one of the arches, and also on the front of a store on
Government street, " Carnarvon or Separation." The mottoes were

* The appropriateness of this novel device will be seen o" consulting the Book of
Common Prayer.

187G]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

445

submitted to His Excellency and when he read this last one, he
remarked that it was one which he, as Governor General, could not
ap;jrove of, and requested that it might not be displayed. The arch
bearing this was accordingly left out of the route of the procession.

When the procession reached the first large arch on Government
street, it halted, with the Governor ^.Tcneral's carriage beneath it, and
Mr. J. S. Drummond, Mayor of Victoria, on behalf of the Reception
Committee, read an address from the Mayor and Council, in which a
very delicate allusion to the Pacific Railway was made. It was
generally understood that His Excellency's visit had a special refer-
ence to this, the most important of all public questions to every
inhabitant of the Province, and His Excellency's words were therefore
well weighed. In reply he said : —

"Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, — lean assure you that I feel very grateful for
the kind welcome with which you and those whom you represent have been pleased
to greet Lady DulTerin and myself on our arrival in this important and lieautiful
Province.

I never doubted but that in British Columbia, as in every other portion of the
great Dominion of which you forma part, the representative of Her Most Gracious
Majesty tlie Queen would be sure to find himself in the midst of a population in-
spired by the most enthusiastic devotion to the Person, Throne and Government of
their Sovereign, nor that would such sentiments be more likely anywhere to find
appropriate expression than in the flourishing city which has tiie honor of bearing
her name.

Almost from the first moment that I landed in Canada I felt that my functions
as Viceroy would not be adequately fulfilled unless I could accomplish a visit to
British Columbia ; and the personal intercourse J have had with your Parliamentary
representatives at the Capiital of the Dominion still further confirmed my desire to
visit a population who, in the persons of their members, contributed so materially
to enhance the dignity, the eloquence, and the intellectual reputation of the I'ederal
ParlianiL-nl. I have now arrived, after a tedious and circuitous journey of many
thoLisaiul miles through a foreign country, and a sea voyage of several days dur-
ation, in this splendid port, which for its commodiousness and security is not to be
rivalled by any harbor in the world.

it will be my pleasing duty to become personally acquainted with all the lead-
ing inhabitants of your community, and to acquire by personal observation an
accurate knowledge of the views, wishes, needs, and aspirations of every class and
section that compose it, and to carry back with me to the seat of Government at
Ottawa, and to transmit to the Imperial Authorities at home, the valuable infor-
mation which I thus hope to acquire.

Un the other hand, I trust that the presence amongst you of the head of the
Executive Government of the Dominion, and of the officer entrusted by Her
Majesty with the duty of representing her in British North America, will be

446

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[187G

accepted by you as a pledge of the interest and sympathy with which you are re-
garded both by the Queen of England and her advisers, as well as by the Govern-
ment at Ottawa and the entire body of your Canadian fellow subjects, who, I can
safely assure you, desire nothing more sincerely than to be united with you in the
strictest bonds of fellowship, patriotism, interest, and affection. I need not add
that I have no greater ambition than to contribute within the sphere of my con-
stitutional functions as energetically as possible towards this end, and I sincerely
trust that ere my term of office is concluded I may see the national as well as the
political connection already existing between British Columbia and the Eastern
portion of the Dominion in a fair way of being rendered still more close and
intimate."

Hearty cheers for their Excellencies were then given, and the pro-
cession, immensely swelled in numbers as it was after entering Victoria,
moved on. It was a long and highly creditable one, embracing the
Ancient Order of Freemasons, the Oddfellows, the French Benevolent
Society, the Firemen, with their two steam fire engines, two com-
panies of Volunteers, with a band of music, the members of the
Corporation, and other citizens in carriages, and two companies of
boys specially drilled for the occasion, and honored with the name of
*' Lady Dufferin's Guards." The procession moved to Government
House, beautifully situated a short distance from the city, and their
Excellencies were there received by a large number of young ladies.
Here, His Excellency caused to be presented to him a number of
Chinese merchants, representatives in Victoria of two great tirnis in
China, who were riding in one of the carriages, and through one of
them, as interpreter, he expressed the great pleasure it gave him to
meet with the Chinese population of Victoria. He had been very
much gratified to see with what pains they had decorated their (juarter
of the city. He said he would have the pleasure of making Her Ma-
jesty acquainted with the fact that her Chinese residents in \'ictona
were as loyal, well conducted, and orderly as any other portion of her
subjects.

In the evening there was much illumination, especially in the
Chinese part of the city, and music and mirth were heard on all sides.
On Saturday, the 19th August, deputations from the Presbyterian,
Methodist and Reformed Episcopal Churches waited on His Excel-
lency and presented addresses. In the evening their Excellencies held
a levee in the Chamber of the Legislative Assembly, which was very
largely attended. It was noticed that many of the most important
residents of Victoria, and some of the handsomest ladies who attended
the levee., were people in whose veins flowed Indian blood.

1876]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA..

447

On Monday, 21st August, a deputation appointed at a public
meeting of citizens, held before the Governor General's arrival, waited
on His Excellency for the purpose of presenting him with the following
address. He declined to receive it, but he received the deputation
for the purpose of explaining to them why he could not hear it : —

" May it please your Excellency, — We, Her Majesty's loyal subjects,
inhabitants of Victoria and its vicinity, in public meeting assembled, welcome with
pleasure the visit of your Excellency to this Province, and Ijeg respectfully to address
your Excellency, Her Majesty's representative in British North America, upon the
present unsatisfactory relations of British Columbia with the Dominion of Canada.
Your Excellency is thoroughly aware of the many and urgent representations
made from time to time by the Provincial Government to the Covernment of the
Dominion and Her Majesty on the subject of the unfulfilled terms of Confederation.
Your Excellency is also aware that these representations resulted in certain
recommendations by the Earl of Carnarvon favoraljle to the Dominion, and which
relieved the Dominion of those conditions of the terms of Union which they con-
sidered impossible of fulfilment. These recommendations were accepted by the
Dominion as a solution of the difi'iculty that existed.

The action of the Dominion Government in ignoring the Carnarvon settlement
has produced a widespread feeling of disaffection towards Confederation ; which
has been intensified by the utterances of prominent public men of the Dominion,
who apparently look upon the Province as a source of expense and trouble to the
Dominion, and as a Province whose withdrawal would not be regretted.

\Ve trust that your Excellency has it in charge to convey to this Province the
gratifying intelligence that the Dominion Government will fulfil its obligations
under the Carnarvon settlement, and that this is the last occasion when the people of
British Columbia will have the painful duty of making complaint to Her Majesty,
through her representative, of any breach of the terms of Union by the Dominion
Government. If, however, that Government fail to take practical steps to carry
into effect the terms solemnly accepted by it, we most respectfully inform your
Lxcellency that, in the opinion of a large number of the people of this Province,
///[• utithdmwal of this Province from the Confederation luill be the inevitable result,
and in such case compensation from the Dominion would be demanded for the
unfulfilled obligations which it undertook.

This growing desire for separation is simply the expression of a feeling which
is gaining strength every day. The knowledge that Canada relies upon the
pauc.ty of our numbers and her own power to fulfil or repudiate the terms of
Union as she pleases, creates a feeling of irritation which is being continuously
augmented. •

In thus openly addressing your Excellency, we feel assured that whatever may
he the final result of the unhappy differences, your Excellency will seek to promote
the must enduring interest of the Province, the Dominion and the Empire.

Hounded, as this Province is, on the north and south by United States Terri-
tories, and without railway connection with the Dominion of Canada, British
Columbia will ever be an isolated Province. The railway and other facilities of

448

HISTORY OF TIIK ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

the American people are sap])inj; our trade amldiverting commerce and population
to their shores. Your Excellency in recently travelling through tln' Wt-stiTn
States of America must have hail ample opportunity of observing the wondeifiil
progress there, in a great measure resulting from a bold railway policy.

In conclusion, we beg you to convey to Her Majesty, whatever may be our
future, whether as a Province of the Dominion or a separate Colony, we sliall
always entertain for Her Majesty feelings of the deepest loyalty.

J. S. DkUMMOND, Chairman.
S. DUCK, .Secretary:'

The gentlemen appointed by the meeting to form the deptitation
to His Excellency were A. J, Langley, A. C. Elliott, M. W. '1". Drake,
Jas. Trimble, James Fell, R. Beaven, J. P. Davies, J. Douglas, A.
Bunster, M.P., T. B. Hiunphreys, Mayor Drummond, J. Spratt, CMiarlcs
Gowan, S. Duck, Wm. Wilson, A. McLean, T. L. Stahischniidt, Alex.
Wilson, W. K. Bull, Eli Harrison, J. McB. Smith, and J. Williams.

It was, of course, impossible for the Governor General to receive an
address which threatened secession, but he was discreet in exi>kiiiiing
his reasons in a private conference with the deputation.* That these
were satisfactory, may be drawn from the fact that the gentlemen com-
posing the deputation, indeed the whole population of the Province,
exhibited to him during his stay amongst them the utmost respect and
cordiality. But that such an address could be passed at a public meeting
held in the capital of the Province, largely attended, and including men
of the highest standing, was a significant fact, and must have intensified
the anxiety of His Excellency. It was generally understood that he had
visited British Columbia chiefly for the purpose of quieting the minds
of her people on the railway matters, and it has been seen from the
despatches of the Earl of Carnarvon that the Colonial Secretary hoped

* The following was the official reply to the deputation :

"Government House,

Victoria, August 21, 1876.

Sir, — The Governor General regrets that it is not in accordance with the

usual practice for him to deal with the addresses other than those of a personal or

complimentary nature, except under advice from his Responsible Ministers, and

ventures to point out that the more correct course in the present instance would be

for the signatories of the present address to proceed by memorial or petition to the

Crown, in the usual manner.

I have, &'c.,

E. G. P. LITTLETON,

Governor General's Strrdnr)'.

S. Duck, Esq.,

Victoria."

187(1]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

449

niurh frum the visit. This address must have convinced His Excel-
Iciu > tliat he had undertaken a very difficult role; but, buoyed up by a
sense of the uprightness of his intentions, strengthened by the approval
of the Imijerial authorities, and ardently desirous of success in the nobie
character o'" i)eacemaker, he confidently went forward, and, as will
' seen, triumphed over every difficulty, and left the colonists charmed
with his character, softened in their feelings towards the Dominion,
more loyal, if possible, than ever to the British Crown. If not fully
convinced of the integrity of the Dominion Ministry, yet they were
willing again to trust them, and to patient! wait for the fulfilment of
their oft-made, and as oft-broken pronuses. It may safely be said
that there was no real intention to secede held by any portion of the
people. This threat may be looked upon as but a very strong mode
of expressing bitter disappointment, and may be likened to the threats
of Nova Scotia that she would apjical to the United States. In neither
ui>e was the threat serious , in neither case were the utterers guilty of
anything more than an injudicious and heated style of expression,
which under all the circumstances may easily be looked over, especially
in a people whose unswerving loyalty has never been questioned. Ikit
yet the j)ublic feeling was such as to cause grave dis(piietude. That
the Province had good cause of complaint was undeniable ; it is a serious
blot on the administration of Mr. Mackenzie that his policy was so
sha])e(l as to afford an excuse even for the unsatisfactory slate of the
country; and it is in no way complimentary to his Ministry that they
were willing to avail themselves of the support of His Excellency's
popularity to extenuate a course which they themselves were imable
to defend. It is difficult 'for those who live on the eastern side of
the continent to appreciate the intense feelings of animosity to the
Dominion Government which at this period distinguished the people
of British Columbia. To them the railway was everything. Its
possession would l)e prosperity and affluence, its absence ruin and
poverty. For the promise of it they had given up their independence,
They saw millions spent on the eastern and central sections of the
line, and only a i^w surveying parties were seen in their territory,
while the solemn treaty was that the work should commence at each
end simultaneously. They chafed like a chained tiger. Entrapped,
as they believed themselves to be, by Mr. Mackenzie's policy,
ihey now fancied they saw their captors laughing at their cries for
justice, and jeering at their efforts to escape. The Province was in a
ferment. The Dominion Session had closed, and nothing had been

450

HISTORY OF TlIK ADMINISTRATION OF

tlW)

done. The efforts of their representatives in Parliament had I)ct'n
defeated by the all-powerful majority which upheld Mr. Mackenzie,
and he treated them, as they thought, with a coldness auJ super-
ciliousness which added fire to the tlame. Had the First Minister been
blessed with the really kindly, considerate heart of the (iovernor
General, or been governed by a i)roper appreciation of his obligations
as the custodian of the honor of the Dominion, it may safely 1)0
averred that British Columbia would not have been placed in the false
position in which she now found herself, and His Excellency would
have been spared the ungracious task of supplying excuses for the
shortcomings of his Ministers.*

His Excellency took every means of gaining the acquaintance of the
peo|)le. Mr. Richards, the Lieutenant Governor, had not yet moved

* The Hon. Mr. I)e Cosmos, the member for Victoria in the Dominion House
of Commons, was among the foremost in asserting the rights of British Colunibia.
The opinions of this gentleman are entitled to great weight, and though the lan-
guage used during Lord Duflerin's visit, in his paper, the Daily Slaiia'arti, stems
at this distance of time and place to have been somewhat pronounced, yet he in the
main, perhaps, fairly interpreted the real feelings of the people, excepting tlic i)er-
sonal allusion to His Excellency. Mr. I)e Cosmos is a Nova Scotian, eduiatcd in
Windsor and Halifax. He went to California in 1852, and to British Coluinliiain
1858. He founded the British Colonist in 1858, and the Daily Stamlani \n icSyo,
of which he was editor and proprietor until 1872. He has always been an active
politician, and has risen entirely by his ability and industry. He was ricinicn)f
British Ciolumbia from 23rd December, 1872, until February, 1874, when, owint;
to the Act against dual representation, he was obliged to resign in order to retain
his seat in the Dominion House of Commons. He was appointed the siiccial atjent
and delegate to Ottawa and London respecting the British Columbia graving duck
and loan in 1873-4. I^le was the first British Columbian to advocate the intro-
duction of Responsible (lovernment into that colony, the first to reconinieml a
union of the Pacific Provinces of British Columbia and Vancouver Island into one
—that of British Columbia, which he accomplished in 1867, — and the first to advo-
cate the Confederation of British Columbia with the Dominion, and he was subse-
quently instrumental in obtaining the unanimous acceptance of the terms of Union
with Canada. He represented Victoria in the Vancouver Island Assembly after
the union of that Province with British Columbia ; sat in the Legislative Council
almost uninterruptedly from 1867 to 1871, — at the union with Canada in 1S71 he
was returned to both the Assembly and the House of Commons, — was re-elected
to the Commons in 1872, and has sat in that House ever since, where he each Ses-
sion makes, with Mr. Bunster and others, the vain attempts to obtain for his I'ro-
vince the rights claimed for her. That a man with so distinguished a record should
be indignant at the treatment received from the Dominion Government by a Pro-
vince he has so well and loyally served need be no matter of surprise.

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It^Tli]

THK EAHL OF DUFFKHIN IN CANADA.

451

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into (lovernment House, and it was tendered to His Kxcellency, where
he at once inaugurated the splentUd hospitality which had already
maile Rideau Hall st) distinguished. Receptions and "At Homes,"
dinner parties and regattas, and garden parties and halls, afforded
ample opportunities of meeting all grades of society, and proffering to
each its appropriate meed of recognition. Hy these means their K.xccl-
lencies inspired the j)eoi)le with an unbounded confidence in their
genuine desire and unaffected wish to soften all asperities and draw
more closely together the social and die political ties which bound
their beautiful and noble Province to the Dominion.

On Wednesday, 25th August, a regatta was gotten up in honor of
their Excellencies, the chief attraction of which were the [)erformances
of a large number of Indians who had gathered from far and near to
see the representative of their " (ireat Mother." Some had come from
;is far north as Queen Charlotte's Island, and the regatta comprised
Indians from the various tribes of the Soughee, Cowitchan, 15ella
Bella, Bella Coola, Hydah, Nimkish, Mabimalullaculla, Clowitzes,
Qiuukawith, and Quicksoteenough.

On the same day an address was presented by the Chamber of
Commerce, read by the President, Mr. Henry Rhodes, which, of
course, alluded to the ever prominent railway difficulty, and as to that
part of it His Excellency, in his reply, said : —

" As you are aware, in spite of its indisputably countervailing advantages, the
niareli of Parliamentary Government is occasionally disturbeil by unexpected
checks and miscarriages, which it is altogether beyond the power of the Executive
Administration either to control or avert. Nor is it within the competence of the
iiead uf that Executive, whether as represented by Her Majesty to her advisers at
home, or by the (iovernor General here, to do more than superintend and give free
play to tile working of the Constitutional machine. But, gentlemen, be assured
tliat within the limits marked out for me by the sphere of my official position, no
eflurt .siiall be wanting on my part to promote the cause of justice, good faith, and
good feeling in the regulation of the relations into which your community has
been drawn with the other constitutional portions of Her Majesty's great Canadian
Uominion."

On the night of \\'ednesday, 25th August, the Vice-regal party
again went on board the Amethyst, j^eparatory to starting on their
trip up the coast. The event was marked on board that ship by a dis-
play of fireworks and an illumination, and blue lights were hung along
the yards and placed in the port holes, and on the morning of the 26th
August she steamed out of Esquimalt harbor, and reached Nanaimo,
seventy-five miles distant, after a run of about eight hours. As the

452

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[ISTfi

Amethyst dropped anchor, Hie was greeted with a sakite of nineteen
guns. Nanaimo is the " Newcastle" of the Pacific coast, for it is the
outlet of the products of the immense coal mine'' jf the island. In
honor of the Governor General's visit several arches wer^ erected
through the town, and the streets and houses were decorated.

On the morning of the 27 th August, their Excellencies landed, and
were received by another salute. A company of volunteers with their
band formed a guard of honor. They were conducted to a spacious
pavilion, decorated with flags, in which were seated a large number of
children w ho received them singing " God Save the Queen." All
work in the town and mines was suspended for the day, and a great
assemblage of persons were present in holiday attire. After the sing-
ing, the Mayor came forward, and read an address from the inhabitants
of the city of Nanaimo. In reply to that part of the address referring
to the Pacific Railway, His Excellency said : —

"I can assure you, I fully sympathize with the anxieties to which you j;ive
utterance in respect of the accomplishment by the Dominion of those engagements
to which you refer as the " Carnarvon Terms," more especially as tiie iierfonuiuice
of one of them, in which, I understand, you consider yourselves so deeply interesieil,
viz. : the construction of the Nanaimo and Esquimall Railway, has, througli the
action of one branch of the Canadian Legislature, become extremely problematic.'

This sentence settled the question in the minds of the people as to
the road from Esquimalt ; they gave up all hopes of seeing it built 1)\-
the Dominion, and they have not been disapi)ointed.

After several presentations, and a visit to a coal mine, the party re-
embarked and proceeded on their voyage northward. They ran to the
head of Bute's Inlet, and returning passed through Queen Charluttt
Sound, at the head of \'ancouver Island. Still going north the party
visited Skeena River, 514 miles from Victoria, and arrived at Metlali-
katlah. On the 4th September the party reached Fort Simpson, the
most northerly point to which the tour extended. They then proceed-
ed to Queen Charlotte Island, and cast anchor in Skidegate ("liannel.
whence they ran south and arrived at New A\'estminstef on the 5th
September, where they were icceived with every demonstration of
enthusiasm. Lady DulTerir. having been presented with an address by
Miss Macaulay, and a bouquet of flowers by Miss A\'ebster, the Mayor,
Mr. T. R. Mclnnes, presented His Excellency with an address, and.
after a suitable reply, one was presented by the Warden of the Town-
shij), and one by the inhabitants of the township of Langley, to each 'A
which His Excellency rei)lied.

187()]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

453

Burrard's Inlet, at the head of wliich New Westminster stands
being one of the claimants for the Pacific terminus of the railway, put
forth her demands in the following paper, which was here placed in
His Kxcellency's hands :

" Afemoanda.

Conveyed to Lord Dufferin by a dejKitation of the citizens of New
Westminster and district during his Lordship's visit to this city :

1. \Ve beg to assure your Excellency of your hearty velcome to New West"
miii-'ter and the mainland, and trust that your visit may be iiroductive of pleasure
to your Excellency and Lady Dufferin.

2. 'I'liat we regard your Lordship's ^;-,• to the mainland as likely to effect the
only sure solution of the difierences between the Province and tlie Dominion.

■"y Tiie people of this district are unanimous in the feeling of pleasure with
which tiiey regard the setting aside of the proposition known as the ' Carnarvon
Tenns,' confidently hoping that a new proposition will be more iieneficial to the
interests of this Province und the Dominion generally.

4. While patiently awaiting the final settlement of the subjects at issue between
the I'rovince and the Federal Government, particularly in regard to the adoption
of a route for the railway, we would request that a thorougli survey of the Eraser
Valley be made before the question is finally :.ettled.

5. We wish also to impress on your Excellency that a very strong feeling exists
at the injustice that ha^ been done this section of the Province by the continued
delay in making a location survey of the Eraser River route, which has been promised
on more than one occasion, and we would consider a great wrong would be done
10 the settled portion of the mainland by the selection of any other route until the
Fraser River route has been thorougiily surveyed.

6. We consider that the best and only way to adjust our differences is com-
mencement of railway construction on the mainland, and compensation for delays.

7. Tlial in estimating the amount of compensation to be given to the Province,
your Excel I'jncy's Government will take into consideration the great loss caused to
the mainland, no less than to the island, '>y the delays in railway construction.

S. That we desire to express to your iixcellency our disapproval of any threat
heing iield out of separation from the Dominion, as we feel that such a course is
unwortliy of an intelligent and loyal community."

This was signed by <-he Hon. P2. Brown, President of the Execu-
tive Council ; J. Cunningham, M.P. ; VV. J. Armstrong, M.P.P. ; R.
Dickinson, M.P.P. ; T. R. Mclnnis, Mayor; H. Holi)rook, J.P.,
Xorih Arm,; J. Kirkland, South Arm; W. j. Harris, Maple Ridge;
D. >f''iillivray, Sumas ; and J. S. Knevett.

Un the 6th September, the Vice-iegal party left New Westminster
and commenced their progress up the Fraser River. 'I'he distance
trom New Westminster lu Vale, one hundred miles, was performed by
steamer. About eighty miles up the river is Fort Hope, a Hudson

454

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

Bay Company's post, and the residence of Mr. Dewdney, M.P. for
Vale district, whose charming wife is so well known in Ottawa circles.
The little i)lace was very prettily decorated to welcome their Excel-
lencies. Lady Dufferin was welcomed on behalf of other resident
ladies by Mrs. Dewdney, to whose house she went while Lord
Dufferin was in the place. From Fort Hope to Yale the voyage was
uninterrupted, and the town was reached in the afternoon, when their
Excellencies were received with the usual demonstrations. An
address was presented to which a fitting re])ly was given ; and a
special one was read from the Chinese residents which elicited a
pleasant ansxi^er. An address was also received here from tlie
Warden and ('ouncil of Chilliwack, to which His Excellency briefly
replied.

From Yale the party proceeded to Eytton, and thence to Kam-
loojis, two hundred and fifty-eight miles from New Westminster,
where the ])arty arrived on Saturday, the 9th September. Here
they were received with a salute of nineteen guns. A large gathering
of the inhabitants and a number of Indians met them at the lo^r'-nc;.
Mr. Dewdney, on behalf of the district, presented His Excilc;i>\
with an address ; and another from the farmers of the Nicola district
was presented, to each of which a brief reply was made. It was a
•pleasing incident in the proceedings that a bouquet was presented to
Her Excellency by a lady resident in the neighborhood, who was one
of the scliool girls who welcomed her to Clandeboye on the occasion
of her marriage. After spending a day in excursions into the
surrounding country, and conferring with the people and the numerous
bands of Indians here collected, the party returned to New West-
minster and Victoria, at which latter place they arrived on the 13111
Septeml)er, after an absence of three weeks.

On the 1 6th September their Excellencies paid a visit to the ritlo
ranges, and in the evening attended a concert given in aid of the
Mechanics Institute. The daughters of several of the leading citizens,
includin<j those of Sir James Douglass, the late Lieutenant Governor,
Dr. Helmcker and others were among the singers.

On the i8th September, their Excellencies visited the High and
Public Schools, and were presented with an address by the Super-
intendent. Before leaving them the (lovernor Oeneral annouiued
tJiai rie had brcnight with him three medals, one of silver and two of
bronze, which he desired to otter as prizes to be competed for during
the ensuing year. In doing this, he said : —

,! k "

1870]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

455

" I shall look forward with very great irterest to learning, when the proper
tinu' comes, the names of those pupils who may have been successful in the contest
1 iKiw propose to you. Those names will be recorded in a book kept for that
)niipi>se ; and if ever, in after life, I may have the ojiportunity of being of the
siij^lUest assistance to the successful competitors, the fact of their having one of
these prizes will be, in itself, a title to my interest."

In the evening, their Excellencies gave a ball at Government
House, which was attended by about five hundred guests, and proved
to be the greatest social event in the history of the Province. Ladies
from all parts of British Columbia were present, and from this gathering
the opinion was formed, which a rij)er exj^eri'^nce has strengthened, that
the cxcei)tional personal beauty of the women of the country is to be
attributed much to the salubrity of the climate.

( )n the next day, His Excellency performed the ceremony of
driving the first pile of the Esquimalt Graving Dock in the presence
of a large concourse of people. The ships of war in the harbor of
Esciuimalt, Esquimalt itself, and Thetis Cove, were brilliant with flags,
and tlie water of the locality alive with boats. Mr. Eisher, M.P.,
read an address to His Excellency on bekiif of the Province, to which
a lirief reply was made. The i)arty then visited the Dockyard, in
chari.^" of Mr. J. H. James.

Mis Excellency had intimated, before proceeding on his voyage
to the North from Victoria, that on his return he would n^eet the various
committees who had attended him with addresses, and convey the
im|)ressions formed in his mind by his tour through the Province. As
it was generally expected he would s|)eak fully on the Railway matter,
and woidd i)erhaps announce some spe':ific policy of the Dominion
f'lovernnient, the leading men of the courtry made it a point to attend
at (lovernment House on the morning o" the 20th September. He
then delivered before them what is kncwn as his " Great British
Columbia Speech." It occupied two hours and a quarter in its
delivery. He said : —

"(iKNii.F.MKN, — 1 am indeed very glad to have an opportunity before qutttirj;
Bii'.isli L'ohnnbia of thanking you, and, through you, the ciii/eus of Victoria, noi
only for the general kindness anil courtesy I have met with lUuing my residence
.inning' you, but especially for the invitation to tKf bantpiet with which you pro-
piiMicl to have honored me. I regret that my engagements did not permit me to
ai.cc]il tiiis additional proof of your hosi)itality ; but my desire to see as much a^
I'l'^-ilile of the country and my other engagements forced me most reluctantly to
<ii.'cliiu' it. I shall, however, have alinal opportunity of mingling with yf)ur cili/ens
at ti:e entertainment arranged for me at 15eacon Hill this afternoon, to wliu h I aui

456

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

looking forward with the greatest pleasure. Perhaps, gentlemen, I may be also
permitted to take advantage of this occasion to express to you the satisfaction and
enjoyment I have derived from my recent progress through sucli portions of the
p'ovince as I have been able to reach within the short period left at my disposal.
I am well a\vare I have visited but a small proportion of your domains, and iliai
there are important centres of population from which I have been kept aloof,
More esjiecially have I to regret my inability to reach Cariboo, the chief theatre of
you. mining industry, and the home of a community with whose feelings, wishes, and
sentiments it would have been very advantageous for me to have become personally
acquainted. Still, by dint of considerable exertion, I have traversed the entire
coast of British Columbia from its southern extremity to Alaska. I have ])ene-
trated to the head of Bute Inlet. I have examined ihe Seymour Narrows, and the
other channels which intervene between the head of Bute Inlet and Vancouver
Island. 1 have looked into the mouth of Dean's (Janal and passed across
the entrance to Gardiner's Channel. I have visited Mr. Duncan's womlcrfiil
settlement at Metlahkatlah and the interesting Methodist mission at I'ort
Simpson, and have thus been enabled to realize what scenes of jirimitive
peace and innocence, of idylic beauty and material comfort, can be presented by
the stalwart men and comely maidens of an Indian community under the wise
administration of a judicious and devoted Christian missionary. I have ]iassed
across the intervening Sound to Queen Charlotte Island and to Skidegate, and
studied with wonder the strange characteristics of a Hydah village with its forest
of heraldic pillars. I have been presented with the sinister opportunity of descend-
ing upon a tribe of our Pagan savages in the very midst of their drunken ortjies
and barbarous rites, and after various other explorations I have had the
privilege of visiting under very gratifying circumstances the Royal city of New
Westminster. Taking from that spot a new departure, we proceeded up the valley
of the Fraser, where the river has cloven its way through the granite ridges and
bulwarks of the Cascade Range, and along a road of such admirable construction,
considering the engineering difficulties of the line and the modest resounes of
the colony when it was built, as does the greatest credit to the able administrator
who directed its execution. Passing thence into the open valleys and rounded
eminences beyond, we had an opportunity of appreciating the pastoral resources
and agricultural capabilities of what is known as the bunch grass country. It is
needless to say that wherever we went we found the same kindness, the same
loyalty, the same honest pride in their country and institutions, which characterize
the English race throughout the world, while Her Majesty's Indian subjeets on
their spirited horses, which the ladies of their families seemed to bestridi with
as much ease and grace as their husbands or brothers, notwithsian<iin^' the
embarrassment of one baby on the pommel and another on the crupper, met us
everywhere in large numbers, and testified in their untutored fashion iheir geimine
devotion to their white mother. Having journeyetl into the interior as lar as
Kamloop^, and admired from a lofty eminence in its neighl)orhood what seemed
an almost interminable [.respect of grazing lands and valleys susceptible of
cultivation, we were forced witli nuich reluctance to turn our faces homewards to
Victoria. And now that I am back it may perhaps interest you to learn what are

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THE EAllL OF DUFFEUIX IN CANADA.

457

the impressions I have derived duriiif; my journey. Weil, I may franlcly tell you
that 1 tliink British Columbia a {glorious province — a province which Canada should
l)e proud to possess, and whose association with the Dominion she ouglit to regard
as the crowning triumph of federation. Such a spectacle as its coast line presents
is not to be paralleled by any country in tiie world. Day after day, for a whole
week, in a vessel of nearly 2000 tons, we threaded an interminable labyrinth of
watery lanes and reaches that wound endlessly in and out of a network of islands,
promontories, and peninsulas for thousands of miles, unruffled by the slightest
swell from the adjoining ocean, and presenting at every turn an ever-shifting com-
bination of rock, verdure, forest, glacier, and snow-capped mountains of
unrivalled grandeur and beauty. Wlien it is remembered that this wonderful
svstem of navigation — equally well adapted to the largest line of battle shi]) and
the frailest canoe, fringes t'le entire sea])oar(l of your province, and communicates
at points sometimes more than a hundred miles from the coast with a multitude
of valleys stretching eastward into the interior, at the same time that it is furnished
with innumerable harbors on either hand, one is lost in admiration at the facilities
for inter-communication which are thus provided for the future inhabitants of this
wonderful region. It is true at the present moment they lie unused except by the
Indian fisherman and villager, but the day will surely come when the rapidly
diminishing stores of pine ujion this continent will be still further exhausted,
and wlien the nations of Europe, as well as of America, will be obliged to recur
to British Columbia for a material of which you w^ill by that time be the jirincipal
depository. Already from an adjoining port on the mainland a large trade is
beinj; done in lumber with Clreat Britain, Europe, and South America, and
I venture to think that c^e long the ports of the United States will per-
force he thrown o|ien to your traftic. I had the pleasure of witnessing the over-
throw l)y the axes of your wiio<lmen of one of your forest giants, that towered to
the lieii^ht of 250 feet above our heads, and whose rings bore witness that it dated
it> l)ii th from the reign of tiie Fourth Edward ; and where he grew, and for tliou-
sands of miles along the coast beyond him, millions of his contemporaries are
awaiting the same fae. With such facilities of access as I have described to the
heart and centre of yuur various forest lands, where almost every tree can be rolled
from the spot upon winch it grows to the ship whicii is to transfer it to its destina-
tion, it would be difficult to over estimate the opportunities of industrial develop-
ment thus indicated — and to ]irove that I am not over sanguine in my conjectures
I will re.id you a letter recently received from the Britisii Admiralty, by Mr. Innes,
the superintendent of the dockyard at Es(juimalt : — ' From \ arious causes, spars
Imm Canada, the former niain source of supply, have not of late years been obtain-
able, ami the trade in New Zealand spars from topmasts has also completely d,' I
.way. {){ late years the sole source of supply has been the casual cargoe> of
Oregon spars, imported from time to time, and from these itif wants of the sr-rvice
ve been met. Hut my lords fee! that this i> not -i source to be dei)endt<l ui)on,
'e especially for the largt»r-si/,ed spars.' Their li>rdships then proceed to oriler
Innes to make arrangements for the transhijiment for the dockyards of (ireat
Hrit.iin of the -pecified number of Douglas pine which will be re(|uired by the .ser-
vice luring the ensuing year ; and what England does in this direction other nations

458

HISTORY OF THE ADMIXISTR.VTION OF

[is:n

will feel themselves compelled to do as well. Hut I have learnt a further lesson.
I have had op)iortunities of inspecting some of the spots where your mineral wealth
is stored, and here again the ocean stands your friend, the mouths of the coal ])iis I
have visited almost opening into tlie hulls of the vessels that are to convey their
contents across the ocean. Wiien it is further remembered that inexhaustible sup-
plies of iron ore are found in jux!,aposition with your coal, no one can blame you
for regarding the beautiful island on which you live as having been especially
favored by Providence in thedistributionof these natural gifts. But still more ])ie-
cious minerals than either coal or iron enhance the value of your possessions. As
we skirted tlie banks of the Fraser we were met at every turn by evidences of its
extraordinary supplies of fish, but scarcely less frequent were the signs aFforded us
of the golden treasures it rolls down, nor need any traveller think it strange to see
the Indian fislierman hauling out a salmon on to the sands from whence the miner
beside him is sifting the sparkling ore. Hut tlie signs of mineral wealth which
may happen to have attracted my personal attention are as notliing, I under^land,
to what is exhibited in Cariboo, (,'assiar, and along the valley of the Stickeen, and
most grieved am I to think that I have not had time to testify by my presence
amongst them to the sympathy I feel with the adventurous prospecter and the
miner in their arduous enterprises. I had also the satisfaction of having puinted
out t(i me where various lodes of silver only await greater facilities of access to he
worked with profit and advantage. But perhaps tlie greatest surprise in store for
us was the discovery, on our exit from the i)ass through the Cascade Range, of the
noble expanse of pastoral lands and the long vistas of fertile valleys which opened
upon every side as we advanced through the counlr}-, and which, as I could see with
my own eyes, from various heights we traversed, extended in rounded uphmd
slopes or in gentle depressions for hundreds of miles to the foot of the Rocky
Mountains, proving after all that the mountain ranges which frown along your coast
no more accurately indicate the nature of the territory they guard, tlian does the
wall of l)reaking surf that roars along a tropic beach presage the softly unduhuing
sea that glitters in the sun beyond. But you will very likely say to me, of what
.service to us are these resources which you describe, if they and we are to
remain locked up in a distant and at present inaccessible corner of the Domi-
nion, cut olT by a trackless waste of intervening territory from all intercourse,
wl.viiier of a social or of a commercial character, with those with whom we are
politically united? Well, gentlemen, I can only answer: Of comparatively little
use, or, at all events, of far less profit than they would immediately become were
the railway, upon whose construction you naturally counted when you entered into
Confederation, once completed. But here I feel I am touching ujion danijeroiis
grouml. You are well aware from the first moment I set foot in the I'roviiice I
was careful to inform every one who approached me that I came here as tlie (iov-
ernor Oeneral of Canada, and the representative of Her Majesty, exactly in the
same way as I had passed through other Provinces of the Dominion, in order to
make acquaintance with the people, their wants, wishes, and aspii vtn>ns, and to
learn as much as I could in regard to the physical features, capabilities, and
resources of the Province ; that 1 had not come on a diplomatic mission, or as a
messenger, or charged with any announcement either from the Imperial or from

]s7r,]

THE EAin. OF DUFFKKIX IX CANADA,

459

the l)omin"on Governiiu'nt. This statement I lieg now most distinctly to repent.
X(ii- '^lioultl it be imat^ined that I liave come either to jjersuade or coax you into
anv line of action wliich you may not consider C()n(hicive to your o'vn interests, or
to nial<e any new promises on behalf of my Ciovernment, or renew ; iiy old ones;
Ica-t of all have I a design to force upon you any further modification of those
airaii[,'ements which were arrived at in 1874 betsveen the Frovincia! and the l>omi-
nion Governments under the auspices of Lord Carnarvon, .should any business
of this kind have to be perfected, it will be done in the usual constitutional man-
ner llirough the Secretary of .State. But thougli I liave thought it well thus unmis-
takably and effectually to tjuard against my journey to tlie Province being misin-
interi)reted, there is, I admit, one mission with which 1 am charged — a mission
that is strictly within my functions to fulfil, namely, the mission of testifying by
mv presence amongst you, and by my patient and respectful attention to every-
thing; which may be said to me, that the Ciovernment an<l the entire jieople of
Canada, without distinction of party, are most sincerely desirous of cultivating
with you those friendly and affectionate relations, upon the existence of wliich must
depend the future harmony and solidity of our common Dominion, ('icntlemen,
this mission I think you will admit I have done my best to fullil. J think you
will hear me witness that I have been inaccessible to no one, that I have shown
neiliier impatience nor indifference during the conversations I have had with you,
and that it would have been im]50ssible for any one to have exhibited more
anxiitv thoroughly to understand your views. I think it will be further admitted
tliat 1 have done this, without in the slightest de-jrtre seeking to disturb or embar-
rass the march of your domestic politics. I have treated the existing min-
isters as it became me to treat the responsible advisers of the Crown in this
locality, and I have shown that deference to their opponents which is always
due to her Majesty's loyal opposition. Nay, further, I think it must have been
observed that I have betrayed no disposition eitiier to create or to foment in what
niii;ht be termed, though most incorrectly, the interest of Canada, any discord or
contrariety of interest between the mainland and the islami. .Such a mode of pro-
cedure would have been most unworthy, for no true friend of the Dominion would
be cajwble of any other object or desire than to give universal satisfaction to the
province as a whole. A settlement of the pending controversy would indeed be
most lamely concluded if it left either of the sections into which your coniMmunity
is geograjihically divided, unsatisfied. Let me then assure you, on the part
of the Canadian Covernment and on the part of the Canadian pcojile at
large, that there is nothing they desire more earnestly or more fervently
than to know and feel that you are one with them in heart, thought, and
feeling. Canada would indeed be dead to the most self-evident considerations of
self-interest, and to the first instincts of national pride, if she did not regard with
satisfaction her connection with a province so richly endowed by nature, inhabited
by a community so replete with British loyalty and pluck, wliile it afforded her
the means of extending her confines and the outlets of her commerce to the wide
P.icihc, and to the countries beyond. It is true, circumstances liave arisen to create
an unfriendly and hostile feeling in your minds against Canada. You consider
yourselves injured, and you certainly have been disappointed. Far be it from me

460

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[I Sir,

to belittle your grievances, or to speak slightinij;ly of your complaints. Hap|iilv
my independent jiosition relieves me from the necessity of engaging with ymi in
any irritating discussion ujion the various points which are in controversy bet\\een
this colony and the Dominion Government. On the contrary, I am ready to make
several admissions. I do notsuiipose that in any part of Canada will it In; deiiii.'(l,
that you have been subjected both to anxiety and uncertainty on points which were
of vital importance to you. From first to last, since the idea of a Pacific Railway
was originated, thin^is, to use a homely phrase, have gone " contrairy " witiiit,
and with everybody connected with it, and you, in common with many other jwr-
sons, have suffered in many ways. Hut though happily it is no part of my ihity
to jironounce judgment in these matters, or to approve, or blame, or criticise llic
conduct of any one concerned, I think that I can render botb Canada and British
Columbia some service by sjieaking to certain matters of fact which have taken place
within my own immediate cognizance, and by thus removing from your minds
certain wrong impressions in regard to those matters of fact wlu"ch have uridoiilit
edly taken deep root there. Now, gentlemen, in discharging this task, I may
almost call it this duty, I am sure my observations will be received by those I see
around me in a candid and loyal spirit, and mat the heats and passions whicli have
been engendered by these unhapjiy differences will not prove an impediment to a
calm consideration of what I am about to say, more especially as it will he my
endeavor to avoid wounding any susceptibilities, or forcing upon your attention
views or opinions which may be ungrateful to you. Of course, I well under-
stand that the gravamen of the charge against the Canadian (iovernment is that
it has failed to fulfil its treaty engagements. Those engagements were eml)o<lied
in a solemn agreement which was ratified by the respective legislatures of tlic con-
tracting parties, who were at the time perfectly independent of each other, and I
admit they thus acquired all the characteristics of an international treaty. The
terms of that treaty were (to omit the minor items) that Canada undertook to
secure, within two years from the date of Union, the simultaneous commence-
ment at either end of a railway which was to connect tlie seaboard of liiitish
Columbia with the railway system oi" the Dominion, and that such railway siioiild
be completed within ten years from the date of Union in 187 1. \Ve are now
in 1876, five years have elapsed, and the work of construction even at one end
can V)e said to have only just begun. Undouljtedly, under these circumstances,
every one must allow th:it Canada has failed to fulfil her treaty obligations towards
this province, but unfortunately Canada has been accused not only of failing to ac-
complish her undertakings, but of what is a very different thing — a wilful breach of
faith in having neglected to do so. \Vell, let us consider for a moment whether
this very serious assertion is true. What was the state of things when the liartjain
was made? At that time everything in Canada was prosperous, her finances were
flourinhlng, the discovery of the great North West, so to speak, had inflamed iicr
imagination, above all things, railway enterprise in the iJnited States, and generally
on this Continent, was being developed to an astounding extent. One trans-con-
tinental railway had been successfully executed, and several others on the s.ime
gigantic scale were being projected : it had come to be considered that a railway could
be flung across the Rocky Mountains as readily as across a hay field, and the oh-

is7f.]

THE EAUL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

4G1

servations of those wlio passed from New York to San Francisco did not su^^est
any ixtiaordinary obstacles to undertakings of this desciiinion. Unfortiinatcly, one
elcimnl in the calculation was left entirely out of account, and that was tlie coni-
paialive ignorance which prevailed in rej^ard to the mountain ranj^es an<l the moun-
tain jiasses which intervened between the Hudson l!ay Comi>any's possessions and
our western coast. In the United States, for years and years, troops of eniij^rants
hail passeil westward to Salt Lake City, to Sacramento, and to the tlolden (iate ;
every track and trail tliroujjh the mountains was wayworn and well known ; the
Ideation of a line in that neighborhood was i)redetermined i>y tiie experience of per-
sons already well acquainted with the locality. Hut in our case the transcontinental
passes were sparse and unfreciuented, and from an engineering point of view may
l)e sail! to have been absolutely unknown. It was under these circumstances that
Canada undertook to commence lier Pacific Railway in two years, and to finish
it in ten. In doing this .-.he undoubtedly pledgetl herself to that w hich was a
physical impossibility, for the moment the engineers peered over tlie Rocky Moun-
tains into your province they saw at once that before any one ]iassage througli the
(it'vi<uis range before them coukl be jironounced the best, an aliiount of prelimmary
surveying w(3uld have to be undertaken which it \V(Juld require several yars tocom-
jilete. Now, there is a legal niotto which says, ' Xemo tenatur ad impos-.ii)ile,'
and 1 would submit to you that under the circumstances I have mentioned, however
great the default of Canada, she need not necessarily have beei guilty of any
wilful breach of faith. I myself am ([uite convinced that when Canada ratified this
bargain with you she acted in perfect good faith, and fully l)elieved that she
would accomiilish her {n-omise, if not within ten years, at all events within such a
sutliciently reasonable period as would satisfy your raquirements. The mistake
she made was in being too sanguine in her calculations, but remember, a portion of
the blame for concluding a bargain impossible of accomidishment cannot be con-
tined to one only of the )iarti-'s to it. The mountains which have proved our
^tumbling block, were your own mountains and in your own territory, and however
deeply an impartial observer might sympathi/,e with you in the miscarriage of the
two lime terms of the compact, one of which — namely, as the commencement of
the line in two years frcjm 1871 — has failed, and the other, of which— namely, its
conii)letion in ten — must fail, it is impossible to forget that yourselves are liy no
means without responsibility for such a result. It is quite true, in what I must
admit to be a most generous spirit, yini intimateil in various ways that you did not
desire to ludd Canatla too strictly to the letter of her engagements as to time.
Your expectations in this respect were stated b\' your late Lieutenant (imernor,
Mr. Trutch, very fairly and explicitly, tiiough a very unfair use has been made of
his words, and I have no doubt that if unforeseen circumstances had not intervened
you wciuld have exhibited as much patience as could have been exjiected of you.
hut a serious crisis supervened in the political career of Canada. Sir John Mac-
donaid redgnetl office, and Mr. Mackenzie acceileil to power, and to all the
responsibilities incurred by Canada in respect to you and your province. Now it
is asserted, and I imagine with truth, that Mr. Mackenzie and his political friends
had always been opposed to many jiortions of Canada's bargain with Jir.lish
Columbia. It therefore came to be considered in this province that the new gov-

402

inSTOUY <)K rilH ADMINISTUATION OF

[IsTO

ernmeiit was an enemy to the I'acilic Railway. liut 1 liclieve this to iiave Ikch,
and to be, a coniiilete misaiiprehension. I l)elieve the Pacific Railway has ini
better friend in Canada than Mr. Mackenzie, and that he was only opposed tn ilie
time terms in the barj^ain, because he l)elieve(l them impossible of aeeomplislmniit,
and that a conscientious endeavor to fulfil them wouhl unnecessarily and ruiuuiiNlv
increase tiie hnaneial expenditure of tiie country, and in both these opinions Mr,
Mackenzie was undoul)lediy ri^lit. With the experience we now possess, and of
course it is easy to l)e wise after tiie event, no one would dream of sayin^j thai tlie
railway could have been surveyed, located, and built within tlie period named, or
that any comjiany wiio mi<^l\l undertake to build the line within that period wmilil
not have rei|uired double and treble the bonus tliat would have been sufrioiein iiail
construction been arranged fur at a more leisurely rate ; but surely it would be ]»>[]]
ungenerous and unreasonal)le for iSritish Columbia to entertain any hostile feeliii^'>
towards Mr. Mackenzie on tiiis account, nor is he to be blamed, in my opiuimi, if
on entering office in so unexpected a manner he took time to consider the eoiirse
which he would pursue in regard to his mode of dealing with a (juestion of such
enormous importance. His position was undoubtedly a very embarrassing one.
His government had inherited responsibilities which he knew, and wiiitli the
country liad come to know, could not lie discharged. Already British (.'olunilii.i
had commenced to cry out for the fullilment of the bargain, and that at llie very
time that Canada had come to the conclusion that the relaxation of some of its
conditions was necessary. Out of such a condition of alTairs it was almost iiii])(is-
sible but that there should arise in the first place del.iy — for all changis of
government necessarily check tlie progress of puldic business — and in tiie next,
friction, controversy, collision between the Province and the Dominion. Happily
it is not necessary that I should follow the course of that quarrel or discuss tiie
various points tliat were then contested. You cannot expect nie to make any
admissions in respect to the course my ministers may have thought it right to pursue,
nor would it be gracious upon my part to criticize the action of your Province
during this painful period. Out of the altercation which then ensued there issued,
under the auspices of Lord Carnarvon, a settlement, and when an agreement has
been arrived at, the sooner the incidents connected with the conflict whicii preceiied
it arc forgotten the lietler. Here then, we have arrived at a new era ; the fminer
Inches of Canada, if any such there had been, are condoned, and the two time terms
of the treaty are relaxed on the one part, wdiile on the other certain specitic obliga-
tions were superadded to the main article in the original bargain ; tiiat is to say-
again omitting minor items — the province agreed to the Pacific Railway iieing
completed in sixteen years from 1874, and to its being begun ' as soon as the sur-
veys shall have been completed,' instead of at a fixed date, while tlie Dominion
Government undertook to construct at once a railway from Esc[uimalt to Xanainio,
to hurry forward the surveys with the utmost possible despatch, and as soon as
construction should have begun, to spend two millions a year in the jiroseeiition of
the work. I find tiiat in this part of the world these arrangements have emne to
be known as the ' Carnarvon Terms.' It is a very convenient designation, ami 1 am
ciuite content to adopt it on one condition, namely, that Lord Carnarvon is not to
be saddled with any original responsibility in regard to any of these terms but one.

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403

Tlu' main boily of tlie teinis are Mr. MnckLii/ic's, that is t'> say Mr. Mackenzie
iiroHliud the Nanaiino ami Ksf|iiiniah Railway, the teii'},Ma]ih line, the \va^,'^()ii
road, and the annual expenditure. All that l.nrd Carnarvon did was to -ii!;j;est
that the proposed e.\))en(liture should lie (wo million^ in>Uad of oni' and a half
niillitin, and that a time limit should he added. l!ut as you are well aware, this
last condition was necessarily irnjilied in the precedinj,' one relatini; to the annual
expenditure — for, once committed to that expenditure, Canada in self-defence
wmdd he obli^'ed to ha-leii the completion of the line m order to lemler repro-
iluclive the capital she sank. It is, therefoie, hut just to i.ord Carnarvon
that he should he absolved from the responsihility of having been in any «ay
thf inventor of what are known as the Carnarvon Terms. Lord Carnarvon
nidclv did what every arbitrator would do under the circumstances ; he
f( unit! the jiarties already agreed in respect to the piincipal items of the bargain,
and was c<jnse([uently relieved from pronouncinj^ on their intrin-ic merits, and pro-
ceeiled at once to sugj^est the further concession which would be neces--ary to
ImIh:; lite Province into (Inal accord with her opponent, In juirsuance of this
aL;ri.inn.nt the Canadian (iovernment organized a series of surveying' part es upon
a nm^t extensive and costly scale. In fact during the last two years two milHons
of money alone h.ave been expended upon these operations. The chief ent^ineer
himself has told me that Mr. Mackenzie had given him fijii,' hlaiiclic in the matter,
so anxious was he to have the route determined without delay, and that the
mountains were already as lull of as many theodolites and surveyors as they couUl
lioM. 1 am aware it is asserted — indeed, as much has been said to me since I
came here — that these surveys were merely multi]died in order to furnish an
excuse for further delays. Well, that is rather a hard saying. Hut upon this
point I can speak from my own personal knowledge, and I am sure that what I
say on this head will be accepted as the absolute truth. During the whole of the
period under review I was in constant jiersonal communication with Mr. Flenung,
and was kept acquainted by that gentleman with everything that was beinu' dune.
I knew the position of every surveying party in the area under examination. Now
Mr. I'kniing is a gentleman in whose integrity and in whose professional aliility
every one I address has the most perfect confidence. Mr. Fleming of course was
the responsible engineer who planned those surveys and determined the lines
along which they were to be carried, and over and over again Mr. I'leming has
explained to me how unexpected were the difficulties he had to encounter, how
repeatedly after following hopefully a particular route his engineers found
themsehes stojiped by an impassable wall of mountain which blocked tlie way,
and how trail after trail had to be examined and abandoned before he had hit on
anything like a practicable route. Kven now, after all that has lieeii done, a
5;lance at the map will show you how de\ious and erratic is the line which
appears to afford the only tolerable exit from the labyrinthine ranges of the
Cascades. Notwithstanding, therefore, what has been bruited abroad in the
sen.-.' ',1 ,\hich I have alluded, I am sure it will be admitted, na)-, I know it is
adniilteii, that as far as the prosecution of the surveys is concerned Canada
has used due diligence — yes, more than due diligence — in her desire to comply
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464

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

remember that 't is a matter of the greatest moment, involving the success of the
entire scheme, and calculated permanently to affect the future destiny of the
people of Canada, that a right decision should be arrivett at in regard to the
location of the Western portion of the line, and a minister would be a traitor
to a most sacred trust if he allowed himself to be teased, intimidated, or cajoled
into any precipitate decision on such a momentous point until every possible
route had been duly examined. When I left Ottawa the engineers seemed
disposed to report that our ultimate choice would lie between one of two
routes, both starting from Fort George, namely— that which leads to the head
of Deal. > Canal and that which terminates in Bute Inlet. Of these two,
the line to Dean's Canal was the shortest by some 40 miles, and was consider-
ably the cheaper by reason of its easier grades ; the ultimate exit of this
channel to the sea was also more direct than the tortuous navigation out of liute
Inlet ; but Mr. Mackenzie added — though you must not take what I am now
going to say as a definite conclusion on his part, or an authoritative communication
upon mine — that provided the difference in expense was not so great as to forbid it,
he would desire to adopt what might be the less advantageous route from the
Dominion point of view, in order to follow that line which would most aptly meet
the requirtjments of the province. Without pronouncing an opinion on the merits
of either of the routes, which it is no part of my business to do, I may venture to
say that in this principle I think Mr. Mackenzie is right, and that "t would be wise
and generous of Canada to consult the local interests of iJritisn Colunil)ia by
bringing the line and its terminus within reach of existing settlements if it can lie
done without any undue sacrifice of public jnoney. From a recent article in the
GMf \l would seem as though the Bute Inlet line had finally found favor with the
Government, though I myself have no information on the point — and I am hajjpy
to see from the statistics furnished by that journal that not only has the entire hne
to the Pacific Ijeen at last surveyed, located, graded, and its profile taken but, but
that the calculated expenses of construction, though very great, and to Ix; incurred
only after careful consideration, are far less than were anticipated. Well, jjentle-
men, should the indications we have received of the intentions of the Government
prove correct, you are very much to be congratulated, for I am .well aware tiiat the
line to Bute Inlet is the one which you have always favored, and I should hope
that now at least you will lie satisfied that the Canadian Government has strained
every nerve, as it undertook to do, to fulfil to the letter its first and principal obhga-
lion under the Carnarvon Terms, by prosecuting with the utmost despatch the
surveys of the line to the Pacific coast. I only wish that Waddington Harbor, at
the head of the Inlet was a better port, I confess to having but a very poor Dpinion
of it, and certainly the acquaintance I have made with Seymour Narrows and the
intervening channels which will have to be bridged or ferried did not seem to me to
be very fiivorable to either oi)eration. Well, then, we now come to the Fsquimalt
and Nanaimo Railway. I am well aware of the extraordinary importance you
attach to this work, and of course I am perfectly ready to admit that its immediate
execution was promised to you in the most definite and absolute manner under
Lord Carnarvon's arbitration. I am not, therefore, surprised at the irritation and
excitement occasioned in this city by the non-fulfilment of this item in the agree-

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

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mcnt— nay, I wish to go further ; I think it extremely natural that the mi; carriage
of this jiart of the bargain should have been provocative of very strenuous language,
anil deeply embittered feelings ; nor am I surpris .i\ that, as is almost certain to
follow on such occasions, you should, in your vexation, put a very injurious con-
struction on the conduct of those who had undertaken to realize your hopes ; but
ittill I know that I am addressing high-minded and reasonable men, and more-
over that you are perfectly convinced that 1 would sooner cut my right hand
off than utter a single word that I do not know to be an absolute truth.
Two years have passed since the Canadian Government undertook to commence
the construction of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Kailway, and the Nanaimo
and Ksquimalt Railway is not even commenced, and what is more> there does not
at present seem the remotest prosjiect of its Ijeing commenced. What then is the
hi>-tory of the case, and who is answerable for your disappointment ? I know you
consider Mr. Mackenzie. I um not here to defend Mr. Mackenzie, his policy, his
proceedings, or his utterances. I hojie this will l)e clearly understood. In any-
thing I have hitherto said I have done nothing of this sort, nor do I intend to do
so. I liave merely stated to you certain matters with which I thought it well for
you to lie acquainted, because they have been misapprehended, and what I now tell
you are also mutters of fact within my own cognisance, and which have no relation
to Mr. Mackenzie as the head of a political party, and I tell them to you not only
in your own interest, but in the interest of public morality and English honor. In
accordance with his engagements to you in relation to the Nanaimo and Esquimalt
Railway, Mr. Mackenzie introduced so soon as it was possible a bill into the Canadian
House of Commons, the clauses of which were admitted by your representatives in
Parliament fully to discharge his obligations to yourselves and to Lord Carnarvon in
resjK'ct of that undertaking, and carried it through the Lower House by a large ma-
jority. I have reason to think that many of his supporters voted for the bill with
very j^reat misgivings both as to the policy of the measure and the intrinsic merits of
the railway ; but their leader had pledged himself to exercise his i)arliamentary in-
fluence to pass it, and they very properly carried it through for him. It went up to
tiie Senate and was thrown out by that body by a majority of two. Well, I have
learnt with regret that there is a very widespread conviction in this community that
Mr. Mackenzie had surreptitiously procured the defeat of his own measure in the
lp]x;r House. Had Mr. Mackenzie dealt so treacherously by Ix)rd Carnarvon, by
the representative of his sovereign in this country, or by you, he would have lieen
!;uilty of a most atrocious act, of which I trust no publir man in Canada or in any
other Dritish colony could be capable. I tell you in the most emphatic terms, and
1 pled(,'e my own honor on the point, that Mr. i\Lickenzie was not guilty of any such
hase and deceitful conduct — had I thought him guilty of it either he would have
cea>eil to l>e Prime Minister, or I should have left the country. But the very contrp'-y
wastlie fact. While these events were passing I was in constant personal communica-
tion with Mr. Mackenzie. I naturally watch<.(l the jirogress of the bill with the
greatest an.xicty, liecause I was aware of the eagerness with which the Act was desired
in Victoria, and because I had long felt the deepest sympathy with you in the succes-
sion of disappointments to which by the force of circumstances you had been exposed.
When the bill had passed the House of Commons by a large majority with the assent

466

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

\f"i

of the leader of theOpjx»sition, in common with every one else, I concluded itwas safe,
and the adverse vote of the r>enate took me as much by surprise as it did you and the
rest of the world. I saw Mr. Mackenzie the next day, and I have sehlom seen a man
more annoyed or disconcerted than he was ; indeed, he was driven at that inter-
view to protest with more warmth ihan he has ever useij against the decision of
the English Government which had refused on the opinion of the law officers of
the Crown to allow him to add to the members of the Senate, after Prince Edward
Island had entereil Confederation. ' Had I been permitted,' he said to me. ' to
have exercised my rights in that respect this would not have happened, hut how
can these mischances lie prevented in a body, the majority of which, having,' l)een
nominated by my jwlitical opponent, is naturally hostile to me?' Now, fjentie-
men, your acquaintance with Parliamentary Government must tell you that this
last observation of Mr. Mackenzie's was a perfectly just one. But my attention
has been drawn to the fact that two of Mr. Mackenzie's party supported his Con-
servative opponents in the rejection of the bill, but surely you do not imagine tliat
a Prime Minister can deal with his supporters in the .Senate as if they were a rejji-
ment of soldiers. In the Mouse of Commons he has a Ixitter chance of maintain-
ing party discipline, for the constituencies are very apt to resent any insulioidina-
tion on the part of their menil)ers towards the leader of their choice. iJut a senator
is equally independent of the Crown, the minister, or the people, and as in the
House of Lords at home, so in the Second Chamber in Canada, gentlemen will
run from time to time on the wrong side of the post. But it has been observed-
granting that the two memlx:rs in question did not vote as they did at Mr. Mac-
kenzie's instigation — he has exhibited his perfidy in not sending in his resijjnation
as soon as the Senate had pronounced against the bill. Now, gentlemen, you
cannot expect me to discuss Mr. Msickenzie's conduct in that respeci It woild
be very improper for me to do so ; but though I cannot discuss Mr. i\;ackenzie's
conduct, I am perfectly at liberty to tell you what I myself shouKI have done had
Mr. Mackenzie tendered to me his resignation. I should have to'd him that in
my opinion such a course was quite unjustifiable, that as the House of Commons
was then constituted I saw no prospect of the Queen's Government \K'mg advan
taguously carried on except under his leadership, and that were he to resign at that
time the greatest inconvenience and detriment would ensue to the public service.
That is what I should have said to Mr. Mackenzie in the event contemplated, and
I have no doubt that the Parliament and the people of Canada would have con-
firmed my decision. But it has been furthermore urged that Mr, Mackenzie ought
to have reintroduced the bill. Well that is again a point I cannot discuss, i)ut 1
may tell you this, that if Mr. Mackenzie h.id done so, I very much doul)t tiiat he
would have succeeded in carrying it a second time even in the House of Commons.
The iact is that Canada at large, whether rightly or wrongly I do not say, has
unmistakably shown its approval of the vote in the Senate. An opinion has come
to prevail from one end of the Dominion to the other — an opinion which I find is
acquiesced in by a considerable proportion of the inhabitants of British C olunibia
-that the Nanaimo and Esquimalt Railway cannot stand upon its own merits,
and that its construction as a Government enterprise would be, at all events at
present, a useless expenditure of the public money. Now, again, let me

1876]

THE E\RL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

467

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own on this much contested point. Even did I entertain any misgivings
on the subject, it would be very ungracious for me to parade them in your
presence, and on such an occasion. I im merely communicating to you my
conjecture why it is that Mr. Mackenzie has shown no signs of his intention to
reintroduce the Nanaimo and Esquimalt Railway Hill into Parliament — viz. :
because he knew he had no chance of getting it passed. Well then, gentlemen, of
whom and what have you to complain ? Well, you have every right from your
point of view to complain of the Canadian Senate. You have a right to say that
after the Government of the day had promised that a measure upon which a majority
of the inhabitants of an important province had set their hearts, should be |)assed,
it was ill-advised and unhandsome of that body not to confirm the natural
expectation which had been thus engendered in your breasts, esjiecially when that
work was itself offered as a solatium to you for a previous injury. I fully admit
that it is a very grave step for either Mouse of the Legislature, and particularly
for that which is not the poplar branch, to disavow any agreement into which the
Executive may have entered, except under a very absolute sense of public duty.
Mind, I am not saying that this is not such a case ; but I say that you have got a
perfect right, from your own point of view, not so to regard it. But, gentlemen,
that is all. You have got no right to go beyond that. You have got no right to
descrilx; yourselves as a second time the victims of a broken agreement. As I
have shown you, the persons who had entered into an engagement in regard to this
railway with you and \jotA Carnarvon had done their very best to discharge their
obligation. Hut the Senate who counteracted their intention, had given no preli-
minary promises whatever, either to you or to the Secretary of State. They
rejected the bill in the legitimate exercise of their constitutional functions; and
there is nothing more to be said on this head, so far as that body is concerned,
either by you or Lord Carnarvon, for I need not assure you that there is not the
slightest chance that any Secretary of State in Downing street would attempt any-
thing so unconstitutional — so likely to kindle a flame throughout the whole Domi-
nion, as to coerce the free legislative action of her I,«gislature. But there is one
thing I admit the Senate has done, it has revived in their integrity those original
treaty obligations on the strength of which you were induced to enter Confederation,
and it has reimposed upon Mr. Mackenzie and his Government the obligation of
offering you an equivalent for that stipulation in the Carnarvon Terms which he has
not been able to make good. Now, from the very strong language which has been
used in regard to the conduct of Mr. Mackenzie, a bystander would be led to ima-
gine that as soon as his railway bill had miscarried, he cynically refused to take any
further action in the matter. Had my Government done so they would have exposed
themselves to the severest reprehension, and such conduct would have been both
faithless to you and disrespectful to Lord Carnarvon ; but so far from having acted in
this manner Mr. Mackenzie has offered you a very considerable grant of money in
consideration of your disappointment. Now, here again, I will not touch upon the
irritating controversies which have circled round this particular step in these trans-
actions. I am well aware that you consider this offer to have been made under
conditions of which you have reason to complain. If this has been the case it is

T I

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468

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[1876

most unfortunate, but, still, whatever may have been the sinister incidents con-
nected with the past, the one solid fact remains that the Canadian GovernnKMit has
offered you $750,000 in lieu of the railway. This sum has been represented tome
as totally inadequate, and as very far short of an equivalent. It may 1% so, or it
may not l»e so. Neither upon that point will I offer an opinion, but still I may
mention to you the principle upon which that sum has been arrived at. Under the
Nanaimo und Esquimalt Railway Bill, whose rejection by the Senate we have
been considering, Canada was to contribute a bonus of $10,000 a mile. The total
distance of the line is about 70 miles, consequently the $750,000 i nothing more
nor less than this very bonus converted into a lump sum. Now, since I have
come here it has been represented to me by the friends of the railway that it is a
line which is capable of standing on its own merits, and that a company had l)een
almost induced to take it up some time ago as an unsubsidized enterprise. Nay,
only yesterday the local paper, which is the most strenuous champion for the line,
asserted that it could be built for $2,000,000; that the lands— which, with the
$750,000 were to be replaced by Mr. Mackenzie at your disposal — were worth
several millions more, and that the railway itself would prove a most paying
concern. If this is so, and what better authority can I refer to, is it not obvious
that the bonus proposal of the Dominion Government assumes at least the sem-
blance of a fair offer, and even if you did not consider it absolutely up to the
mark, it should not have been denounced in the very strong language wliich has
been used. However, I do not wish to discuss the point whether the $750,000
was a sufficient offer or not. I certainly am not empowered to hold out to you
any hope of an advance. All that I would venture to submit is that Mr. .Macken-
zie, having been thwarted in his />on<f /itie enilea\or to (ulhl this special item inthe
Carnarvon Terms, has adopted the only course left to him in proposing to discharge
his obligations by a money payment. I confess I should have thought tliis would
lie the most natural solutioii of the problem, and that the payment of a sum of
money equivalent to the measure of Mr. Mackenzie's original obligation, to lie
exjwnded under whatever conditions would be most immediately advantageous to
the Province, and ultimately beneficial to the Dominion, would not have been an
unnatural remedy for the misadventure which has stultifie<l this special stipulation
in regard to the Nanaimo and Esquimalt Railway ; but, of course, of these mat-
ters you yourselves are the best judges, and I certainly have not the slightest desire
to suggest to you any course which you may think contrary to your interests.
\iy only object in touching upon them at all is to disabuse your minds of the idea
that there has been any intention upon the part of Mr. Mackenzie, his Ciovernment,
or of Canada, to bre.ik their faith with you. Every single item of the Carnarvon
Terms is at this moment in the course of fulfilment. At enormous expense the
surveys have lieen pressed forward to completion, the fifty millions of land and the
thirty millions of money to be provided for by Canada under the bill are ready,
the profiles of the main line have been taken out, and the most elaborate inforniation
has been sent over to Europe in regard to every section of country througii which
it passes ; several thousand miles of the stipukited telegraph have been l.iid down;
and now that the western terminus seems to have been determined, though ujion this
point I have myself no information, tenders I imagine will be called for almost

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1876]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

469

immediately. Whatever further steps may be necessary to float the undertaking
as a commercial enterprise will l)e adopted, and the promised waggon road will
necessarily follow pari passu with construction. Well, then, gentlemen, how will
you stand under these circumstances ? You will have got your line to Bute Inlet.
Now I will communicate to you a conclusion I have arrived at from my visit to
that locality. If the Pacific Railway once comes to Bute Inlet it cannot stop there.
It may pause there for a considerable time, until Canadian trans-Pacific traffic with
Austialia, China, and Japan shall have begun to expand, but such a traffic once
set jjoing Waddington Harlx>r will no longer serve as a terminal port — in fact it is
no harbor at all, and scarcely an anchorage — the railway must be prolonged, under
these circumstances, to Esquimalt, that is to say, if the deliberate opinion of the
enj,'iiieers should pronounce the operation feasible, and Canada shall in the mean-
time have acquired the additional financial stability which would justify her under-
taking what under any circumstances must prove one of the most gigantic sichieve-
ments the world has ever witnessed. In that case, of course, the Nanaimo Railway
sprinj;s into existence of its own accord, and you will then be in possession both
of voiir money compensation and of the thing for which it was paid, and with this
result I do not think you should be ill satisfietl. But should the contrary lie the
case, the prospect is indeed a gloomy one ; should hasty counsels and the exhibition
of an impracticable spirit throw these arrangements into confusion, interrupt or
change our present railway programme, and necessitate any re -arrangement of your
political relations, I fear Victoria would be the chief sufferer, I scarcely like to
allude to such a contingency, nor, gentlemen, are my observations directed imme-
diately to you, for I know very well that neither do those whom I am addressing, nor
do the great majority of the inhabitants of Vancouver Island or of Victoria, parti-
cipate in the views to which I am about to refer — but still a certain numljer of your
fellow-citizens — gentlemen with whom I have had a great deal of pleasant and
interesting conversation, and who have shown to me personally the greatest kind.
ness and courtesy, have sought to impress me with the telief that if the legislature
of Canada is not compelled by some means or other, which, however, they do not
sjiecify, to make forthwith these 70 miles of railway, they will be strong enough,
in the face of Mr. Mackenzie's offer of a money equivalent, to take British Columbia
out of the Confederation. Well, they certainly will not l)e able to do that. I am
now in a jiosition to judge for myself as to what are the real sentiments of the
conununity. I will even presume to say that I know immeasurably more about it
than these gentlemen themselves. When once the main line of the Pacific Railway
is under weigh, the whole population of the mainland would be perfectly contented
with the present situation of affairs, and will never dream of detaching their fortunes
from those of Her Majesty's great Dominion. Nay, I do not believe that these,
gentlemen would be able to pt.suade their fellow citizens even of the Island of
Vancouver to so violent a course. But granting for the moment that their influence
should i)revail, what would ht the result? British Columbia would still lie part
and i)arcel of Canada. The great work of Confederation would not lie per-
ceptilily affected. But the proposed line of the Pacific Railway might possibly be
deflected south. New Westminster would certainly become the capital of the
province, the Dominion would naturally use its best endeavors to build it up into

tk'

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470

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[187(5

a flourishing and prosperous city. It would lie the seat of Government and the home
of justice, as well as the chief social centfe on the Pacific coast. Burrani Inlet
would l)ecome a great commercial jwrt, and the miners of Cariboo, with their
stores of gold dust, would spend their festive and o|)en handed w'nters there.
Cireat Britain would of course retain Esquimalt as a naval station on this const ns
she has retained Halifax as a naval station on the other, and inasmuch as a con-
stituency of some 1500 persons would not be able to supply the material for a Par-
liamentary Government, Vancouver and its inhabitants, who are now influentini by
reason of their intelligence rather than their numbers, would be ruled as Jamaica,
Malta, Ciibraltar, Heligoland, and Ascencionare ruled, through the instrumentality
of some naval or other officer. Nanaimo would become the principal town of the
island, and Victoria would lapse for many a long year into the condition of a vil-
age, until the development of your coal fields and the growth of a healthier senti-
ment had prepared the way for its re- incorporation with the rest of the province ;
at least, that is the horoscope I should draw for it in the contingency contemplated
by these gentlemen. But God forbid that any such prophecy should lie realized. I
believe the gentlemen I have referred to are the very last who would desire to see
the fulfilment of their menaces, and I hope they w.Il forgive me if I am not
intimidated by their formidable representations. When some pertinacious philoso-
pher insisted on assailing the late King of the Belgians with a rhapsody on the
beauties of a Republican Government, His Majesty replied : ' You forget, sir, I am
a Royalist by profession.' Well, a Governor General is a Federalist by jirofes-
sion, and you might as well expect the Sultan of Turkey to throw up his cap for
the Commune, as the Viceroy of Canada to entertain a suggestion for the disinte-
gration of the Dominion. I hope, therefore, they will not bear me any ill will for
having decline<l to bow my head beneath their • Separation ' arch. It was a very
good-humored, and certainly not a disloyal, bit of 'bounce,' which they had pre-
pared for me. I suppose they wished me to know they were the 'arch' enemies
of Canada. Well, I have made them an arch reply. But, gentlemen, of course I
am not serious in discussing such a contingency as that to which I have referred.
Your numerical weakness as a community is your real strength, for it is a conside-
ration which appeals to every generous heart. Far be the day when on any acre
of soil above which floats the flag of England mere material power, brute political
preponderance, should be permitted to decide such a controversy as that which we
are discussing. It is to men like yourselves, who, with unquailing fortitude ami
heroic energy, have planted the laws and liberties, and the blessed influence of Eng-
lish homes amidst the wilds and rocks and desert plains of savage bands, that
England owes the enhancement of her prestige, the diffusion of her tongue, the
increase of her commerce and her ever-widening renown, and woe betide the
Government or the statesmen who, because its inhabitants are few in number
and politically of small account, should disregard the wishes or carelessly dismiss
the representations, however bluff, boisterous, or downright, of the fe-^blest of our
distant colonies. No, gentlemen, neither England nor Canada would lie content
or happy in any settlement that was not arrived at with your own hearty approval
and consent, and equally satisfactory to every section of your Province ; hut «e
appeal to moderation and practical good sense to assist us in resolving the present

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

471

difficulty. The genius of the English race has evi;r been too robust and sensible to
admit the existence of an irreconcileable element in its midst. It is only among
WL-nk and hysterical populations that such a growth can flourish. However hard
the blows given and taken during the contest, Britishers always find a means of
making up the quarrel, and such I trust will be the case on the present occasion.
My functions as a constitutional ruler are simply to su|)erintend the working of the
political machine, but not to intermeddle with its action. I trust that I have ob-
served that rule on the present occasion, and that although I have addressed you at
considerable length I have not said a word which it has not lieen strictly within
my province to say, or have intruded on those domains which are reserved for the
action of my responsible advisers. As I warned you would be the case, I have
made no announcement, I have made no promise, I have hazarded no opinion upon
any of the administrative questions now occupying the joint attention of yourselves
and the Dominion. I have only endeavored to correct some misapprehensions by
which you have been possessed in regard to matters of historical fact, and I have
testified to the kind feeling entertained for you by your fellow-subjects in Canada,
and to the desire of my Government for the re-establishment of the friendliest and
kindliest relations between you and themselves, and I trust that I may carry away
with me the conviction that from henceforth a less angry and irritated feeling
towards Canada will have been inaugurated than has hitherto subsisted. Of my
own earnest desire to do everything I can, and to forward your views so far as they
may l)e founded in justice and reason, I need not sjieak. My presence here, and
the way in which I have spe •' my time, will have convinced you of what has
been the object nearest my heart. I cannot say how glad I am to have come, or
how much I have profited by my visit, and I assure you none of the representations
with which I have been favored will escape my memory or fail to be duly sub-
mitted in the proper quarter. And now, gentlemen, I must bid you good-bye,
but l^efore doing so there is one other topic upon which I am desirous of touching.
From my first arrival in Canada I have been very much pre-occupied with the
condition of the Indian population in this Province. You must remember that
the Indian population are not represented in Parliament, and, consequently, that
the (jovemor (ieneral is bound to watoh over their welfare with especial solicitude.
Now we must all admit that the condition of the Indian question in Hritish Col-
umbia is not satisfactory. Most unfortunately, as I think, there ha-^ been an initial
error ever since Sir James Douglass quitted office, in the Government of Hritish
Columbia neglecting to recognize what is known as the Indian title. In Canada
this has always been done : no Government, whether Provincial or central, has
failed to acknowledge that the original title to the land existed in the Indian
tribes and communities that hunted or wandered over them. before we touch an
acre we make a treaty with the chiefs representing the bands we are dealing with,
and having agreed upon and paid the stipulated price, oftentimes arrived at after
a great deal of haggling and difficulty, we enter into possession, but not until
then do we consider that we are entitled to deal with an acre. The result has been
that in Canada our Indians are contented, well affected to the white man, and amen-
able to the laws and Government. At this very moment the Lieut. Governor of
Manitoba has gone on a distant expedition in order to make a treaty with the tribes

472

HISTOKY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OF

[1876

\ ^^ 111

*<-,'

to the northward of the Saskatchewan. Last year he made two treaties with the
Crees and Chi|)peway8, next year it has been arranged that he should make a
treaty with the HIackfeet, and when this is done the liritish Crown will have nc
quired a title to every acre that lies l)etween Lake Sufierior and the top of the
Rocky Mountains. But in Hritish Columbia — except in a few places wliere,
untler the jurisdiction of the Hudson Bay Company or under the auspices of Sir
James Douglass, a similar practice has been adopted — the Provincial Governinent
has always assumed that the fee simple, in as well as the sovereignty over the land,
resided in the Queen. Acting upon this principle they have granted extensive ^;raz-
ing leases, and otherwise so dealt with various sections of the country as greatly to
restrict or interfere with the prescriptive rights of the Queen's Indian subjects. .\s
a consequence, there has come to exist an unsatisfactory feeling amongst the Indian
population. Intimations of this reached me at Ottawa two or three years ago,
and since I have come into the Province my misgivings on the subject have lx;en
confirmed. Now, I consider that our Indian fellow-subjects are entitled to
exactly the same civil rights under the law as are possessetl by the white popula-
tion, and that if an Indian can prove a prescriptive right of way to a fishing station,
or a right of any other kind, that that right should no more be ignored than if it
was the case of a white man. I am well aware that ■ jng the coast Indians the
land question does not present the same characteristics in other parts of Can.ida,
or as it does in the grass countries of the interior of this Province ; but I have also
been able to understand that in these latter districts it may be even more necessary
to deal justly and liberally with the Indian in regard to his land rights than on the
prairies of the North-West. I am very happy that the British Columbian Ciovern-
ment should have recognized the necessity of assisting the Dominion Government
in ameliorating the present condition of affairs in this respect, and that it has
agreed to the creation of a joint commission for the purpose of putting the interests
of the Indian population on a more satisfactory footing. Of course, in what I have
said I do not mean that in our desire to be humane and to act justly, we should do
anything unreasonable or Quixotic, or that rights already acquired by white men
should lie inconsiderately invaded or recalled, but I would venture to put the
Government of British Columbia on its guard against the fatal eventualities which
might arise should a sense of injustice provoke the Indian population to violence or
into a collision with our scattered settlers. Probably there has gone forth amongst
them very incorrect and exaggerated information of the warlike achievements of
their brethren in Dakotah, and their uneducated minds are incapable of calcula-
ting chances. Of course, there is no danger of any serious or permanent revolt,
but it must be remembered that even an accidental collision in which blood was
shed, might have a most disastrous effect upon our present satisfactory relations with
the warlike tribes in the North-West, whose amity and adhesion to our system of
government is so essential to the progress of the Pacific Railway, and I make this
api)eal as I may call it, with all the more earnestness since I have convinced
myself of the degree to which, if properly dealt with, the Indian population might
be made to contribute to the development of the wealth and resources of the Trov-
ince. I have now seen them in all phases of their existence, from the half-naked
avage, perched like a bird of prey in a red blanket upon a rock, trying to catch his

1876]

THK EARL OF DUFFEUIX IN CANADA.

473

miserable dinner of fish, to the neat Indian innidens in Mr. Duncan's school at
Mailalikatlah, as modest and as well dressed as any clerj^yman's dau(,'hter in an
Knj;iish parish, or to the shrewd horse-riding Siwash of the Thompson Valley, with
his racers in training for the Ashcroft Stakes, an<l as proud of his stackyard and
turnip field as a British squire. In his first condition it is evident he is scarcely a
producer or a consumer ; in his second, he is eminently both, and in pro|Mirtion as
he can be raised to the higher level of civilization will Ih.- the degree to which he
will contribute to the vital energies of the Province. What you want are not
resdurces, but human lieings to develop them and consume them. Kaise your
30,000 Indians to the level Mr. Duncan has taught us they can l)e brought, and
consider wh.itan enormous amount of vital power you will have added to your pre-
sent ^trcngth. Hut I must not keep you longer. I thank you most heartily for
your patience and attention. Most earnestly do I desire the accomplishment of all
your aspirations, and if ever I have the good fortui--^ to come to liritish Columbia
again. I hope it may be by — rail."

His Excellency was listened to throughout with breathless interest,
and with the greatest attention.

In the afternoon their Excellencies attended an oi.:*n air demon-
stration given in their honor at Beacon Hill Park. One of the largest
concourses ever seen in Victoria, including a great many people from
the neighboring country, were present. In the city nearly all the
stores were closed, and business was for the tiiTie suspended.

On the night of the 20th September, the Vice-regal party bade
farewell to British Columbia, and on the following day they sailed,
in the Amethyst, for San Francisco, which city they reached on the
24tli. On the next evening they attended a ball given by Senator
Sharon, at his residence about thirty-five miles from the city, in honor
of Oeneral Sherman and Mr. Secretary Cameron, who had come to
San Francisco in the course of a tour they were making in the West.
They left the city on the 27th September on their return to Canada,
and on their way visited the Centennial at Philadelphia.

His Excellency reached Ottawa on the 23rd October. He was
received with the usual demonstrations, and an address of congratula-
tion from the City Council was read by Mr. Alderman Lesieur. In
reply, His Excellency said : —

"(iKNTi.EMEN, — It is with feelings of no ordinary emotion that I accept this
fresh and unexpected mark of your confidence and good will.

Olail as I may be to find myself at home again, after so many months of
travel, the warm welcome which has been jirepared for me by yourselves, and the
citizens of Ottawa, sheds an additional brightness over my return.

My visit to British Columbia has been both gratifying and instnictive. Nothing
could have been more kind or cordial than the welcome extended to me personally
by its inhabitants,^ or more universal or genuine than the loyalty of all classes

i« .- '. ^a

474

IlISTOHY OF THK ADMIMBTRATION OF

[IH76

in the Province towards the Throne and Person of Her Majesty. Of course you
are aware that there are certain matters in controversy Injtween the lA>cal
(fovernment of the Province and my own resjxjnsihle advisers, but on no occasuin,
from the time that I landed till the time that I took my de|>arture, did the Hntish
Columbia jieople allow this circumstance to affect the friendliness of their ln-arinj;
towards the Representative of their Sovereign. I do not presume to hojH! that my
visit to the West will have lieen productive of much practical result, so far a>. the
disputes to which I have alluded are concerned. Their settlement will (le|>i'ml
upon other considerations, and will l)e provided for under the advice "f the
responsible Ministers of the Crown at Victoria and Ottawa, but I have no htsita-
tion in saying that my presence amongst your fellow countrymen on the other
fiide of the Rocky Mountains has been universally regardetl as a proof and pUdjje
of the friendliness and good will fell for them by the people of Canada at largf, and
I am quite certain that any reasonable effort upon the part of the Dominion,
and the exhibition ot that generosity of feeling which is due from a gre.it com-
munity to a feebler neigh))or, will not fail to restore that perfect harmony and
intimate union in thought and feeling lietween British Columbia and her sister
Provinces, which is so essential to the strength and j)ermanence of our Confalera-
tion. (Cheers.) In conclusion, gentlemen, I cannot help adding one won! of
congratulation on the admirable apjiearance made by Canada at the Centt-nniai
Exhibition, from whence I have just come. Whether we take into account the
variety of our products, their intrinsic value, the degree to which they are destineil
to promote the expansion of our wealth, trade and commerce, or whether we con-
sider the admirable method and completeness with which they have been displayed
under the supervision of our Commissioners, we must Ije equally struck witli the
effective share which Canada has taken in enhancing the attractions of the Centennial
show. There can be no doubt but that these proofs of our resources and pros-
pects have made the most favorable impression upon our neighbors in the United
States. In many respects they acknowledge, with a generosity which well be-
comes them, that we are their masters, and the many prizes we have taken away,
especially in the agricultural competitions, have completely borne out their apjire-
ciation of our eminence. (Cheers.) Indeed I may say I am never allowed to
enter the United States without being made to feel with what kindly feelintjs we
are regarded by that great people whose own extraordinary development is one
of the marvels of the age. Wherever I go I never fail to meet with the greatest
courtesy and consideration, which I gladly recognize as a tribute not to myself
but to the Canadian nationality I represent, whom the people of the States are
always anxious to honor in my person. (Cheers.) At no period in the history of
the world have those bonds of sympathy and affection, by which the meniliers of
the great Anglo-Saxon race are indestructibly united, been drawn closer or ren-
dered more sensibly apparent than at the present moment. The many proofs
given by England of her friendly feeling towards the people of the United States
have found their crowning expression in the noble way she has associated lierself
with them in celebrating the Centennial year of their existence as an indeix'ndent
community, and nowhere has her Imperial dignity been more fitly or appropriately
displayed than beneath the lucent roof of the Philadelphia Exhibition, where she

IHTrtl

THE KARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

475

sits enthroned n mid her native treasures, ami surrounded by the crowd of loyal
colonics through whose intervention she not only extends her sceptre to tlie four
quarters of the world, hut has everywhere established Parliamentary Clovernment
institutions, and laid deep the foundations of an ini|)erishable freedom. (Cheers.)
Facing; her in generous emulation stands the United States, backed by the wealth
of tar virgin territories and the inventions of her ingenious artificers, and as you
traverse the building from end to end, you almost forget to rememlx>r whether you
be F.nglish, Canadian, Australasian, American, from Africa, or from India, in tht
proud consciousness that you are a menilwr of that great Anglo-Saxon race, whose
eiUer|)rize has invaded every region, whose children have colonized two continents,
whose language is spoken by one-third of civilized mankind, whose industry throngs
the markets of the gloln;, and whose political genius has develo|K'd the only suc-
cessful form of Constitutional Government as yet known to the n ■ ' is of the earth."
(Great ap|>lause).

His Excellency had now completed a tour exceeding in importance
that of the Ontario tour of the previous year. le huJ travelled
over ten thousand miles, and had inspected one of the n, )st valuable
Provinces o: tiie Doir.inion. This j';reat section of tl^e l>oniinion is
ner'!v double the size of the Province of Ontario, for it contains
233,000 square miles, while Ontario has only 121,260, Quebec has
210,000, Nova Scotia, 18,670, New Brunswick, 27,038, and Manitoba
16,000. Of the Provinces, therefore, forming the Dominion, containing
an area of 625,967 square miles, British Columbia has nearly one-
third of the whole. It has a coast line on the Pacific Ocean of
about 700 miles, exclusive of the Island of Vancouver, whose coast
line is about 600 miles.

ihis island is covered with forests of pine and cedar, and though a
considerable portion of it is fit for agricultural purposes, its great riches
consist in its mines of iron and coal which are practically inexhaustible.
This small portion of the Province i)ossesses iron sufficient to supply
the world for centuries, and coal enough to work it, and yet supply the
rest of the globe. The mainland, or what was formerly known as the
Province of British Columbia,* is intersected north and south by the

* liritish Columbia sprang into existence, as a colony, in 1858, on the gold
discoveries, the rumours of which in that year suddenly attracted thousands to its
shores. It had previously been traversed and partially occupied by the fur
traders, first of the North West, and afterwards of the Hudson's liay Company, by
whom its various divisions were distinguished by different names, most of which
are still retained for local designation. The adjacent Island of Vancouver, separated
from the mainland by a narrow channel in its narrowest part, scarcely exceeding a
few thousand yards, had been partially colonized some years before ; and it might
reasonably have been expected that these two adjacent lands, with interests so closely

476

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

Cascade Mountaiiia, a continuation of the Sierra Nevada of California,
which run about one hundred miles from the coast. Contiguous
to these is a lofty range of mountains, extending into Alaska. 'Jhe
easterly boundary of the Province is the great range of the Rocky
Mountains. As a rule this country is mountainous, but there are
immense tracts of level, or rather rolling arable land, and very large
sections of admirable pasturage. Between Fraser and Thompson
rivers is a large tract of level forest. There is an immense tract
lying between the Cascades and the Rocky Mountain Range, a])out
700 miles in length, with an average breadth of one hundred miles,
containing many millions of acres, which is thus described in the great
map, prei)ared by Col. Stoughton Dennis, the Surveyor General
of Canada, for the 1878 Exhibition at Paris.

" High undulating plateau between the Rocky and Cascade Mountains. The
south-eastern portion has little rain-fall, but produces luxuriant bunch grass and
the bottom lands and benches (when they can be irrigated) excellent wheat and other
cereals, as well as vegetables. In the north-western portion'the rain-fall is greater,
and the bunch grass gives way to the blue joint, timothy and kindred grasses. The
soil in the valleys is rich, and produces, without irrigation, all kinds of the harder
cereals and vegetables."

The Province is well watered. The rivers are numerous and large,
though the navigation is much broken by falls and rapids. The Fraser
river drains the East slope of the Cascades and the west slope of the
Rocky Mountains, and has a course of 800 miles. It has several
affluents, the chief of which arc the Thompson, the Harrison and the
Lillooet Rivers. The Stickeen and the Simpson are considerable streams
in the northern part of the Province. The Columbia River is a large
stream which, after rising in the Province, flows south into the American
possessions and reaches the Pacific in Washington Territory. The
climate is one of the most delightful and healthy in the world. British
Columbia may properly be called " the Land of Health." The nights
are always cool. Malaria and ague are almost unknown. The
climate over the greater part of the Province is similar to that of
England without the cold moist east winds. In the other portions

united, would have been incorporated under one Government. They were, how-
ever, established as separate Colonies, under the Imperial auspices and ceased to
be Crown Colonies in 1866, when they were united, under the name of " British
Columbia," in which state they remained until the 20th July, 187 1, when the
Province entered Confederation.

1870]

THE EARL OF UUFFERIN IN CANADA.

477

the climate resembles that of France. The large lakes never freeze,
and the larger rivers are never completely closed by ice. What
are known as " severe " winters in Eastern Canada and the Northern
United States are unknown in British Columbia. Near the ocean,
in that portion lying west of the Cascades, and in Vancouver Island,
the thermometer hardly ever indicates more than 80" Fahrenheit in
the shade on the hottest summer day, and it rarely falls to 20" in
the winter. The air is genial, though a little humid, and the humidity
increases as we go north. The summer is exceptionally beautiful ;
the autumn bright and fine ; the winter frosty and rainy by turns ; the
spring rather wet. Snow rarely falls to the depth of a foot, and it melts
quickly. When the atmosphere is clear, there are heavy dews at night,
and fogs are common in October and November. The summer mists
arc rare, partial and transitory ; tornadoes, such as sweep over Illinois
and other States of the Union, are unknown. In winter the weather is
brilliant and clear, east of the Cascade Range, and between the Rocky
Mountains and this range the heat and cold are greater — warm in
summer, but not so warm as to injure vegetation. The winter is
changeable. November is frosty, r3ecember, January and February are
cold and wintry, but generally clear and sunny ; there is little ice, and
the snow is never found more than a foot in depth on the level. In
March and April, spring opens. As the Rocky Range is approached
the atmosphere is sensibly affected by the heat of the Great American
Desert which stretches south to Mexico. About the head waters of
the Columbia, the climate is simply delightful, extremes are rare,
snow melts as it falls. The scenery is grand beyond description^
Travellers tell us that the beauty of the Sierra Nevada sinks into
insignificance when compared with the magnificence of British Col-
umbia scenery, and the grandeur of the Alps bears no comparison
with the incom]jarable views in British Columbia.

Ibt' forests can supply for centuries the most valuable timber of
the most serviceable kind. The Douglas pine grows to a gigantic size.
Besides the ordinary uses to which this most valuable pine is put,
it is highly prized for masts and spars, on account of its size, length,
straightness and tenacity. The oak, the cedar, the several varieties of
pine, the yew, the maple, the balsam poplar, the birch, and other
descriptions of trees cover the country, and provide a supply of wood
and timber practically illimitable.

The gold mines of British Columbia are well known. These are

■iPipij

478

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[1876

in the Cassiar, the Cariboo, the Omineca, the Kootenay and the
Fraser River districts. During the period between the years, 1858
and 1876, both inclusive, there have been taken from these mines
nearly $40,000,000 worth of gold, the average number of miners being
yearly 31 71 and the average earnings of each per year $663.

The coal mines thus far worked are all at or in the immediate
neighborhood of Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. There were raised
from these mines in 1874, 81,397 tons; in 1875, ii3>ooo tons, and
in 1876, 140,087 tons.

Iron ore has been found from time to time in different parts of
the Province, and deposits of inexhaustible quantity and of the great-
est excellence have been recently discovered on Taxada Island, in fhe
Gulf of Georgia.

Silver and copper are widely distributed throughout the Province.

The fisheries of the Province are highly valuable. Salmon, stur-
geon, oolachan, cod, herring, halibut, sardine, anchovy, oysters,
haddock, and dog-fish, abound in the waters of the country, and
very extensive fishing stations for canning are in operation both on
the Skeena and Fraser rivers.

This is tlie noble country which Mr. Blake disparagingly spoke of
as a " Sea of Mountains," but a riper experience will, no doubt, teach
him that the mountains are filled with a wealth compared with which
the discoveries of Aladdin's lamp are dross. It is now known that
the splendid country which desired to throw her riches into the hip of
the Dominion, a desire which has been met with coldness, and re.
pulsed with injustice, is a country filled with all the materials necessary
to build up a community as rich and prosperous as any in the world.
Nature, as if unsatisfied with piling up mountains of gold, and silver,
and copper, and iron, and coal, in this magnificent country, has, in a
spirit of lavishness, clothed them in a leafy mantle which for a
moment hides from our view the sjjjendid timber, in itself snftic ient
to enrich an empire. Not content with raising mountains of gold,
to her unbounded generosity she surmounts them all with the splendid
forests which from the lofty mountain tops proclaim to the world her
wonderful gifts to this wonderful land. In the varied gradations of
elevation she has with a skill all her own, framed for man's use and
delight plateaus of fertility which supply, with a startling profusion
the most valuable productions of the tropic, the temperate, and the

1876]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

479

frigid zones. She has provided the most nutritious food for untold

millions of cattle, who may wander through the immense grazing

tracts, and without labor to the owner pour into his hands untold

wealth. She has filled the country with streams of pure and ever cool

water, and these she has filled with food which grows without

man's care, and in superabundant quantities asks him merely to put

forth his hands and gather. She has dug out for him noble harbors,

and roadsteads, where all the navies of the world may ride in safety.

She has spread over these invaluable gifts, a pure health-inspiring

atmosphere to drink which is to live. She, by the great Rocky Range,

has barred the advance of the American deserts where no animal life is

known, and where vegetable life is barely visible, as if jealous that

htr beautiful British Columbia should, like a precious jewel, lie in

its casket, unsullied by the touch of less favored regions. She has

guarded her precious treasure from the burning winds of the West

by the lofty pinnacles of the Rocky Mountains, and these she has

conducted, cooled into health-inspiring draughts, to the verdant

valleys which lie at their feet. She has guarded her favorite from

the surf of the Pacific by a fringe of islands of unsurpassed beauty,

and has filled them with riches of illimitable count. And she

has placed this marvel of her handiwork on the bosom of the gentle

Pacific whose soft breezes and sweet air bring bloom to the cheek,

elasticity to the step, and strength to the arm of the fair women and

stalwart men whom she has invited to dig, and delve, and flourish,

and be happy in this her beautiful Province.

And this is the country which now for five years has been waiting
with unexampled patience for the first small instalment of the heavy
debt owing to her by the great and wealthy Dominion of Canada.

The speech of His Excellency was an important utterance, and
had a powerful effect. It was disappointing to the ardent British
Columbians, since they could see only their wrongs, and for these it
provided no remedy. They had expected an announcement of some
policy of the Dominion Ministry more favoral^le to them than it had
hitherto been. But a moment's consideration must have taught them
that His Excellency could not possibly undertake the role of a
negotiator. His duty was simple. It was merely to clear away mis-
understandings, and place before British Columbia a statement of
facts from which she might work out with accuracy the precise posi-
tion she occupied in the ocean of doubt by which she was surrounded.

480

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1S76

M-

He warned his hearers that he came among them to make the
acquaintance of the people, their wants, wishes and aspirations, and
to learn as much as he could in regard to the physical features, capabi-
lities and resources of the Province ; and that he had not come on a
diplomatic mission, or as a messenger, or charged with any announce-
ment either from the Imperial or from the Dominion Government.
He expressed in fervent words the ardent desire of his Ministry to
cement the union with their magnificent Province and he frankly
admitted that the Pacific Railway matters from first to last had not
gone smoothly on, and that many, they among the number, had
suffered in consequence. He then entered into a defence, or rather an
extenuation of the acts charged against his Ministers. He exonerated
them from all blame of delay in the surveys, and in language of
unusual force declared Mr. Mackenzie guiltless of any treachery in
his dealings with the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Bill in the
Senate. He thus threw the whole blame, if there were any, of the
defeat of the bill in the Senate, on the Senate itself, over which
Mr. Mackenzie had no control, and said that the people of British
Columbia could not properly accuse any one of a second breach
of contract, for Mr. Mackenzie's promise to build the road was,
of course, conditional on obtaining the assent of both Houses,
and as to the Senate, they had never made any promise.

Lord Dufferin was taken sharply to task for that part of his
address which so completely and emphatically exonerated Mr-
Mackenzie from the charge of duplicity as to the Esquimalt and
Nanaimo Railway. Here was raised the constitutional question,—
" Is a Governor General justified in putting himself forward as the
public defender of the acts of his Ministers ? " The question is
important, as it involves a further development of the principle of
Constitutional Government. His Excellency was at once charged with
being the agent of Mr. Mackenzie, and with improperly throwing the
great weight of his private and public character into the scales in his
favor. It must be remembered that Lord Dufferin did not allude to
the policy of the Ministry, he merely exonerated his First Minister
from a charge of personal dishonor, which, had he been guilty, would
have deprived him of his position. The theory of Constitutional
Government, while 't demands that the ruler shall be guided by the
advice of his Responsible Ministers in all public acts and public utter-
ances, also demands that he shall have implicit confidence in their

187G]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

481

ake the
ms, and
, capabi-
me on a
inounce-
ernment.
inistry to
i frankly
had not
ber, had
rather an
tonerated
iguage of
achery in
lill in the
ny, of the
ver which
of British
id breach
road was,
1 Houses,

integrity while dealing with public affairs. If he should find a Minister
proi)erly charged with deceit or misrepresentation in a public matter,
he would be guilty not only of condoning such an offence against
public morals, but as an accomplice he would be as reprehensible as
the principal, by continuing to act with him. For the policy of his
Ministers, the Ruler is not responsible — for their personal honor, when
it becomes involved with his own, he is, and Lord Dufferin was there-
fore not only justified, but compelled, in justice to his Minister and
himself, to tell the truth. This from Mr. Mackenzie's lips would
have been laughed to scorn by his opponents ; the truth from Lord
Dufferin would be received with respect and unhesitating confidence
by all parties. It must be remembered, too, that the Governor
General was as an Imperial Officer bound to keep his honor un-
tarnished. The dispute between British Columbia and the Dominion
had been referred to the Secretary for the Colonies, therefore the
Earl of Carnarvon, representing the Crown in England, and His
Excellency representing it in Canada, were both deeply interested in
the amicable settlement of the difiiculty. If His Excellency had stood
by an assenting party while his Ministry were deliberately plotting and
carrying out a dishonorable scheme, he would have failed in his duty
to the Imperial authority had he permitted such conduct, or had he
kept silence when it was untruthfully charged against them. And
besides all this, the Governor General owed a solemn duty to the
Dominion. It wa:i of the utmost consequence that Canada should
stand before the world as an honest and honorable country, and that
her Ministers should regard with detestation a trick so repulsive to all
honest minds as that imputed to Mr. Mackenzie. Lord Dufferin was,
therefore, the custodian not only of his own honor but of that of his
Ministry and the Dominion, and he was compelled to place his
Government and himself right before British Columbia and the people
of Great ju.itain and the Dominion by the explanations he made in
this speech.

The following despatch from the Earl of Carnarvon to His Excel-
lency contains the views of the Colonial Secretary on the difficulty :

"Downing Strket, \%(h December, 1876.

Mv Lord, — I duly received your Lordship's despatch No. 190 of the 30th
June last, enclosing a Report of a Committee of the Executive Council of British
Columbia respecting the course taken by the Dominion Government in reference
to the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. This report, together with

482

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[im

the previous one of the 4th January and the Petition to the Queen from the U'^is-
lative Assembly of the Province, have receive<l my very careful consideration.

2. In my despatch No. 113 of the 23rd May I informed you that I proposed
to postpone my reply to the Minutes of Council which had previously reached me
from British Columbia and Canada respectively upon this subject, and that I sliould
also defer laying before the Queen the Petition from the Provincial Assembly, until
after your contemplated visit to British Columbia.

3. It has not yet been possible for you to complete and transmit to me your
official report of this visit, but as I understand that the meeting of the British
Columbia Legislature is now near at hand, I think I ought not any longer to with
hold from the Governments of the Dominion and of the Province an expression of
my opinion, so far as it has yet been possible for me to form one, on the principal
questions now at issue.

4. Although in visiting British Columbia you were not charged to offer any
evjjianations or to make any proposals, either on liehalf of Her Majesty's tiovern-
ment or of your Ministers to the Government and people of the Province, I
naturally anticipated that the result of your communications with them would he
to enlighten them as to the views and policy of the Dominion Government, and
the difficulties with which that Government has had to contend in fuifillinj; tlie
terms of the settlement which I proposed in 1H74 ; and consecjuently would tend to
allay the irritation which had lieen felt in the Province on account of the failure of
the Bill providing for the Nanaimo and P2squinialt Railway, as well as on otiier
points in regard to which the people of British Columbia have been dissatisfied.

5. I have already learnt enough of your proceedings to feel assured that I do
not misinterpret the result of your visit in lielieving that my anticipations, as above
expressed, have been to a great extent fulfilled, and that public opinion in British
Columbia will at all events be prepared to concur with me in the opinion, that the
circumstances of the case are such as to render it not unreasonable that tlie Do-
minion Government should ask for time, and an indulgent consideration of their
own difficulties, in order that they may fulfil to the liest of their ability the obliga-
tion under which they find themselves placed.

6. If I do not at this moment comply with the representations o{ the Assembly
and Council of the Province, that I should urge upon the Government of Canada
the strict and immediate fulfilment of the obligation to which I have referred in
the preceding paragraph, it is because I appreciate, more distinctly perhaps than
it is possible for the people of the Province to do, the position in which the Do-
minion Government has been pl-^.ced by the failure of the Island Railway Bill. I
recognize, moreover, the fact that there ..e many considerations which rctp'm
that the whole of the most important portion of the Pacific Railway should be
treated with the utmost deliberation, consistent with the pressing requirements of
the Province, and that no hasty action should be pressed upon the Canadian
Government, whom I need hardly say I believe to be thoroughly sincere in their
desire to construct the main line of railway with all the expedition of which the
resources of the country, and the engineering problems remaining yet unsolved,
will admit.

1876]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

483

7. After much and anxious consideration, and with every sympathy for the
sense of disappointment under which I see that the people of British Columbia are
laboring, I cannot avoid the conclusion that the objections which have been made
ajjainst the course taken by the Dominion Government have been couched in more
severe and exaggerated language than a fair estimate of the peculiar embarrass-
ments and the difficulties of the case would seem to justify.

8. The British Columbian Government must, I feel sure, be convinced (as I
am) tliat the surveys of the line have been prosecuted with the greatest vigor and
despatch possible, that these surveys are now approaching completion, and that
every effort has been made by the Government of Canada to hurry forward the
antecedent preparations necessary to the construction of the railway.

9. It must of course be expected that even after the completion of the surveys
upon tlie spot a great amount of work will remain to be done in the Engineer's
Office, and the Dominion Government will require time to consider fully, after
sufficiently accurate data have been collected, not only the exact proportions and
details of the undertaking but also the calls which it will entail upon the resources
of the country. Those, again, who maybe disposed to contract for sections of the
line, and some of whom may not improbably be resident in England, would pre-
sumably require to send their agents to the localities in order to make such cal-
culations as would enable them to tender for the work.

ID. There is a further question of the gravest importance, which has weighed
much with me. Not only is it evident that the route inland must be laid down
with sufficient precision for the purpose, but the question of the terminus is one in
which the most serious consequences are obviously involved, and with regard to
which, after having recourse to the information now in the possession of the Lords
Commissioners of the Admiralty, I see clearly that we have not at present the
materials for any definite conclusion.

11. The future success of the railway is, indeed, in so great a degree dependent
upon a proper approach to the sea being selected, that it would be obviously
improper for the Canadian Government to be hurried into a premature decision on
this point by any untimely pressure. For example, grave objections, I understand,
may be argued against the Bute Inlet Ro^ '", which has been looked upon with
much favor, on account of the inadequacy of its head waters as a safe anchorage •
and unless the railway could hereafter be practically prolonged to some point in
Vancouver Island, such as Barclay Sound or Esquimalt, by means of Steam
Kerry Navigation across the intervening Channels, it appears difficult to see how
this route could be adopted.

12. The question of the terminus on the Pacific is in fact one which could only
be decided after fuller and more conclusive reports have l^een procured from
marine engineers, or naval officers, than have yet been obtained, and these con-
siderations, coupled with other circumstances, make it now evident that with the
best intentions and exertions, and under the most favorable circumstances, no
serious commencement of the railway, within the Province, can be at once made.

13. Between the coming spring, however, and the spring of 1878, it may be
fairly expected that many points now surrounded with doubt will have become
more clearly defined ; and 1 fully hope and believe that, after the very limited

484

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1876

delay of a single summer, the Province of British Columbia will find that there is
no longer any obstacle to the active prosecution of the undertaking, and I trust
that the Province will not fail to perceive with me that its case will \x by tm
means strengthened, if impatience (however natural under other circumstanctsj is
displayed at the non-commencement of a line of railway, the proper course and
terminus of which are as yet altogether uncertain ; while at the same tiine an
independent observer must admit that the Canadian Government are using evtiv
exertion to carry out the work as rapidly as possible.

14. I will not now further notice the offer made to British Columbia by (. an-
ada of a money payment in lieu of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, niid in
compensation for delay, than by observing that I could not with advantage ai ilie
present moment enter into the question of the sufficiency or otherwise of tlie
amount offered. The present condition of the whole question ders it in my
opinion premature to discuss this particular point, inasmuch as duration nf tlie
delay in commencing the main line of railway may l)ecome, equitably at all
events, a material consideration in estimating the amount which should be jiaid to
the Province. It would, however, be a source of much satisfaction to me to learn
that the Province were willing to accept the principle of a money equivalent fur
the line in question, the construction of which I am bound to say does not ai)|}ear
to me likely to be the most judicious expenditure of capital .

15. To sum up, then, the considerations to which I have referred I wish you
to inform your advisers and the Provincial Government that while I do not feel
myselt in a position to decline to entertain the representations pressed uinni me
by the Province, I am nevertheless at this moment unable to pronounce an o\ loion
as to the course which should be taken, either with regard to the Esquimalt and
Nanaimo Railway, or with regard to the delays which have occurred, or wliich
may yet occur, in the construction of the main line. Until it is known what is to
be the route and terminus of that line, and what offers may be made by contractors
for its construction, I feel that it would be improper to come to any conclusion
on the subject.

16. I sincerely regret the immense engineering difficulties which have pre-
sented themselves, ana which have necessarily rendered impracticable in some
respects the settlement which I recommended in 1874, but I am satisfied that the
Dominion Government has contended with them to the best of its ability ; and
while I trust that the Province will now wait patiently until the terminus can lie
settled, and tenders for the work can be received, I shall be ready when in jios-
session of this information to assist so far as I can, if both parties should desire it,
in the settlement of the minor, though, of course, very important, question wliicli
has arisen as to the compensation offered in substitution for the railway on the

Island.

I have, &'c.,

(Signed,) CARNARVON."

At about the same time His Excellency received from the Earl of
Carnarvon the following complimentary despatch : —

»* My Lord, — I have received your despatch of the 25th September, enclosing

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

485

a printed copy of the speech which you delivered on the 2 1st September last to
tlie (ielejjation, consisting of some of the leading citizens of Victoria, upon the sub-
ject of the construction of the Pacific Railway. I cannot convey to you in ade-
quate terms my appreciation of the ability with which you have dealt with this
very dilTicult question, and of the admirable language in which you have brought
your views before the delegation. Your speech, I cannot doubt, will have the
best elTect upon the public opinion of Kritish Columbia, and indeed in every part
of tlie Dominion, and will, I hope, contribute greatly to that calm and dispassion-
ate view which is called for in a case surrounded by so many and great difficulties
as in tlie present controversy."

The speech was unquestionably of great benefit to British Colum-
bia and the Dominion. Incidentally it was of great benefit to the
Ministry, but that is a small factor in the computation. It crushed
out the appearance of a desire to secede, and dispo.ed the peojjle
of the Province to hope on, and patiently wait for the period when the
Government would feel able — for they constantly alleged their
willingness — to proceed actively with the construction of the Railway.
It (juieted the injurious agitation in the Province, and created a new
confidence in the speedy realization of the ardent desire of its
peo])le.

On the loth January, their Excellencies visited Toronto, and
on that day held a reception at the City Hall, where an address was
presented by the City Council, and briefly replied to by His Excel-
lency. A state dinner was given them, by Mr. Macdonald, the
Lieutenant Governor, at Government House.

On the nth January, they paid a visit to the Mechanics' Institute,
where an address was presented, read by Mr. Thomas Davison, the
President, to which a reply was given. In the evening a ball was
given at Government House.

During the evening His Excellency danced with Miss Ida Mac-
donald, Miss Mary Macdonald, daughters of the Lieutenant Gov-
ernor ; Mrs. McPherson, Mrs. Gwynne, Miss Spragge, daughter of the
Chancellor of Ontario ; Miss Burton, daughter of the Hon. Mr. Jus-
tice Burton ; Miss Morrison, daughter of Mr. Angus Morrison, Mayor
of Toronto ; Mrs. Mowat, Mrs. Harrison, and Miss Howland, daugh-
ter of the Ex-Lieutenant Governor.

On the 1 2th January, their Excellencies formally opened the rink
of the Toronto Skating and Curling Club, when an address was pre-
sented from the Club, read by the Rev. Dr. Barclay, Chaplain. After
a humorous reply, Senator Macpherson presented His Excellency with
a handsome pair of Ailsa Craig granite stones, the handles of which

486

HI8T0UY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

L1H77

were silver plated, and bore the arms of the Earl of Dufferin, and thf
motto, "y*?/- yias Rectas\ " also a plate bearing the following inscrip-
tion : —

" Presented by the Toronto Curling Club, on the I2th January, 1877, to His
Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, Governor General of Canada."

His Worship, Mayor Morrison, then presented a handsome besom,
iil)on the handle of which was a silver band bearing the name of the
Earl of Dufferin, above which was a silver beaver and a maple leaf,
Mr. David Walker, Secretary of the Club, presented Her Excellency
with a pair of beautiful silver and gold plated skates. After tender-
ing their thanks. His Excellency declared, amid loud cheers, the rink
open.

During the day their Excellencies, by the special invitation of the
President, Mr. W. H. Howland, visited the gallery of the Society of
Artists, and inspected a number of pictures and sketches by members
of the Society, noticeable among which were works by Vemer,
O'Brien, Hannaford, Mrs. Schrieber, Bell Smith, Martin and others.
His Excellency intimated his intention to confer annually a silver and
bronze medal for competition among the students of the School of
Art.

In the evening. His l<lxcel'*^ncy was entertained at dinner by
the National Club. Among those present were the Hon. Attorney
General Mowat, Hon. S. C. Wood, and Hon. C. F. Eraser. The
Vice-President, Mr. John Gillespie, occupied the chair, and proposed
the health of their distinguished guest, to which His Excellency made
the following reply : —

" Gentlemen, — I assure you it is with feelings of the deepest gratitude tliat I
rise to acknowledge the kind and cordial manner in which you have been (jooii
enough to drink my health. Such tokens as those which you have just exhibiteti
of your confidence and kind feelings are a most welcome encouragement to any
one in my situation, for it gives me the assurance that I have not failed in that
which is one of the dearest and most anxious desires of my heart, namely, to secure
the good-will and attachment of those I have been commissioned by my Sovereign
to serve. (Cheers.) Precluded, as the representative of the Crown necessarily is
by the very essence of his duty, from the slightest appearance of a desire or design
to place himself in sympathy with any phase of political enthusiasm, or with the
special predilections of any section of the community, however numerous or well-
inspired ; reduced as his functions are to those rather of a negative than of a posi-
tive character, and, unsensational as is the routine of his ordinary duties, there
necessarily remain but very few points at which he can come into anything lil^e
intimate or harmonious contact with those to the promotion of whose interests,

lit

L.fl

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THE EAUL OF UUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

487

liaiii)iiH'ss and welfare the enerfjies of his life are nevertheless (lirecte<l. (Hear,
hear.) Under these circumstances his pleasure and his pride is all the greater
wlun he finds that his s.lent, obscure, and unostentatious efforts to do his duty and
t(i luiRlit the coi:ntry with which he is connected have attracted the notice or
coiumeiidation of those whose esteem it is his ambition to win and preserve. His
principal achievements probably consist rather in preventing mischief than in
accomplishing any substantial good ; and, even in regard to his public speeches,
wliith more than anything else communicate some little substance to his shadowy
iiidividuaKty, as I observed the other day to the Town Council, the l)est part of
tlaiii, to adopt the privilege of my country, are those which have lieen left out.
(Great laughter.) In fact, the head of the State in a constitutional r-^nnie is the
depositary of what, though undoubtedly a very great, is altogether a latent, power,
a power which, under the auspices of wise parliamentary statesmanship, is never suf-
ftmi to become active, and his ordinary duties are very similar to those of the humble
functionary we see superintending the working of some complicated mass of steam-
driven machinery. (Laughter.) This personage merely walks about with a little
tin vessel of oil in his hand (renewed laughter) — and he pours in a drop here and
a drop there, as occasion or the creaking of a joint may require, while his utmost
vi},'ilance is directed to no higher aim than the jireservation of his wheels and cogs
from the intrusion of dust, grits, or other foreign bodies. (Roars of laughter, which
were renewed again and again.) There, gentlemen, what was I saying? See
iiow easily an unguarded tongue can slip into an ambiguous expression (up-
roarious laughter) — an exi>ression which I need not assure you on this occasion is
entirely innocent of all political significance. (Laughter.) But I must say that,
far from having had cause to complain of my humble efforts, such as they were,
not having been duly appreciated, I am only too sensible that your kindness, and
tile ^'enerous instincts of the people of Canada to take the will for the deed, has
created for me an amount of good-will and approval far lieyond my deserts, of
wliicii such entertainments as tlie present, and the pleasant things said at them, is
the agreeable exhibition. (Cheers.) Anybody would indeed be dead to every
sentiment of gratitude in whose heart such tokens of confidence did not ^.juse a
still more earnest desire to do his duty, and to strain every nerve in the service of
those who are so ready to condone his shortcomings and to reward his exertions.
(Loud applause.) And, gentlemen, here I must be permitted to say that I consi-
der it as no small part of my good fortune that my connection wiih Canada should
have occurred at a moment when probably she is in the act of making one of the
greatest strides towards the establishment of her prestige, stability, and import-
ance which has hitherto been recorded in her history. (Cheers.) Even a casual
observer cannot have failed to mark the decisive manner in which she is gradually
asserting her position as one of the most important communities in the civilized
world. (Great applause.) This circumstance has had a very visible effect both upon
the public opinion of England and of the United States. In spite of that pre-occu-
pation with their own affairs natural to all countries, Canada on several occasions has
not merely attracted the sympathies but has compelled the admiration and atttntion
of the thinking men of both countries. Her school systems, her federal arrangements.

488

IIISTOUY OF THE ADMIXIftTIlATION OF

rift77

her inunicipnl institutions her maritime refjiilntions, have rt'iienledly l)een cittd in
recent years by Kn^lish statesmen of authority and distinction as worthy of imita-
tion. (Cheers.) As for the United States, althf)Uijh they may 'k' too proudto own
it, there is not a citizen of the nei^hhorinij republic who does not envy the smooth
and harmonious working of our well-balanced and happily-adjusted institutions.
(Applause.) Of one thing I am quite sure, that there is not an American politi-
cian lx.'tween the Atlantic and the Pacific who would not at the present moimnt
1)C content to give half his fortune, and perhaps a great deal more, to possess that
most serviceable and useful thing, a (Jovernor (leneral. ((Ireat laughter.) Indted
the acquisition by the United States of so valuable a personage has of late coim- to
apjK-ar of such prime necessity, would prove such an obvious mode of solving tlitir
personal difficulties, and of remedying the defects of their (lovernmental machine,
that 1 have lieen extremely nervous (laughter) about passing so near the bonier
as I had to rlo on my way hither. There is no knowing what might happen in
the case of people under such a stress of temptation. (Renewed laughter.) K.nids
have lieen prompted sometimes by love as well as hate. (Laughter.) In fact the
tame ceremonies of modern marriage are but the emasculated reproduction of the
far more spirited principle of capture (great laughter) by which brides in less
sophisticated ages were obtaine<l. Who knows to what lengths Mr. Tilden ami
Mr. Hayes and tlie millions of their respective adherents now drawn up in hostile
array against each other might not l)e driven in the agony of their present suspense.
(Laughter.) A British (lovernor General ! What a cutting of the Clordian knot !
(Great laughter.) And so near, too : just across the water. A gunboat and a ser-
geant's guard, and the thing is done. (Continued laughter.) And then think what
they get in him? A jierson dissociated from all sectional interests, prejudices, and
passions (hear, hear) — who can never become stronger than the people's Parlia-
ments or divide the national vote. (Applause.) A representative of all tiial is
august, stable, and sedate, in the Government, the history, and the trnditions of
the country, incapable of partizanship, and lifted far tebove the atmosphere of
faction, without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office, docile to
the suggestions of his ministers, and yet securing to the people the certainty of
being able to get rid of an Administration, or Parliament, the moment either liad
forfeited their confidence. (Applause.) Really, gentlemen, I think I had better
remove nearer to the North Pole (great laughter), for I am sure you will lielieve
me, when I say that after having been made to feel for so many years how ^'ood
and kind are the people of Canada (great cheering), having had an opportunity of
appreciating how high an honor it is to be connected with a Dominion so full of
hope, with such a glorious prospect before her (great cheering), I shall never
be induced, even under the stress of violence (laughter) and a threat of lieing
' bull dozed ' (loud laughter) to sit for one moment longer than I can help in
the Presidential chair of the United States. (laughter and cheers.) Should I i,'o,
you may expect me back by the underground railway. (Renewed laughter.) Nay,
more, so deeply attJiched am I to our Canada that the Pashalik of Bulgaria shall
not tempt me away (laughter) — even though a full domestic establishment, such
as are customary in that country, should be provided for me out of the taxes of

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THE KARL OF DrFFKUIN IN CANADA.

489

ik people (IniiKhter) and T,mly Dufferin gnve her consent, which is douhtfiil."
((inat laughter ami applause.)

In conclusion, His Kxtcilency asked have to propos • the health
of the National Club, coupled with that of the Vice-President. In
doing so he said :

" Me was well aware that the National Club sought to identify itself with all
that was most patriotic in the country ; that he himself was in |)erfect sympathy
with their endeavors to cultivate a just jiride in the glorious Dominion of which
they were citizens, and that his presence there to-night evinced his profound
conviction th.it those sentiments of ptitriotism were not only compatible with
the most genu'Tie loyalty to the Crown, hut were the liest pledges which could
tie given of the devotion of those he saw around him to the honor, welfare
ami interests of the British Empire at large." ((lre.it applause.)

On the 13th January, a deputation of the Royal Humapc Society
waited on their Excellencies at (iovernment House. It consisted of
Mr. H. Bailey, Dr. Oldright, Capt. Dick, Mr. Chas. Riley, and Mr.
Awde. An address was read by Mr. Bailey, and His Excellency made
a brief reply. In the afternoon Her Excellency held a i)ra\ving Room,
when a great number of ladies and gentlemen were presented.

On thi 15th January, His Excellency was entertained at dinner
by the Toronto Club. The chair was occupied by the Hon. Wm.
Cayley. After the usual patriotic toasts, the chairman gave the toast
of the evening : ** The Ciovernor General," which was received with
the most enthusiastic cheering. His Excellency, on rising, spoke as
follows : —

" CJkntlemen, — I have been so frequently called upon during the course of
my official career in the Dominion to express my appreciation of the fervent loyalty
of the Canadian people to the Throne and Person of Her Majesty, as evidenced by
their reception of her representative on such occasions as the present, that I some-
times dread lest my acknowledgments should acquire a stereotyped and common-
place character. But I assure you, however bald and conventional may l)e the
expressions 1 am forced to use, the feelings which inspire them well from my heart
with ever fresh intensity. ^Applause.) Love and devotion to the Queen, as the
type and living representative of constitutional freedom, of well-ordered Govern-
ment, of a renowned historical past and a hopeful future, is the ruling passion of
Englishmen all over the world. (Cheers.) But with this national, normal, Jind
abiding principle, rooted as it is for all time in the hearts of our countrymen (hear,
hear), there is undoubtedly intertwined a tenderer sentiment — a sentiment of
chivalrous personal devotion towards that sovereign lady who, in her early girl-
hood, was called upon to preside over the destinies of so vast an Empire, whose
cliequered life, as maiden, wife, and widow, has been so intimately associated

490

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

with every phase of the private, as well as the public, existence of each one of us
(hear, hear), and whose unostentatious, patient career of faithfully fulfilled duty
and never-failing well-doing immeasurably enhances the splendor of the crown she
wears (cheers), and has advanced to a degree it might be difticiiU to estimate tiie
general welfare of her subjects. (Loud applause.) Such, then, being the justly
inspired devotion of the British people to the Throne, it can lie well understood that
its representative should be sometimes even morbidly anxious that nothing in his
conduct or character, or in the way in which he discharges his delegated functions,
should be out of harmony with the relations Queen Victoria has established
between herself and her people, not only within the limits of Great Britain, but
wherever the English ensign waves (applause) — I might even say wherever the
Eiglish language is spoken. (Renewed applause.) His pride and pleasure is
therefore proportlonably all the greater the oftener he receives at the hands of such
a community as that in the midst of which I have the hapjniu'ss to dwell those
reassuring evidences of their willingness to extend to him their countenance,
encouragement, and support, for he knows that the cheers which greet his ears and
the passion of loyalty which surges around him as he j, asses from Province to
Province and city to city of the land are both intended and uestined to re-echo in
the ears and to ripple round the throne of her, the essence of whose happiness is
her people's love. (Cheers.)

And, gentlemen, if there is anything which could enhance the satisfaction
which Her Majesty experiences in the conviction of the place she holds in your
affections, it would be in the knowledge of the prosperous and satisfactory
circumstances under which you are strengthening the foundations of her Throne
and enlarging the borders of her Empire. (Applause.) Of course I am well
aware that during the past two or three years the commercial community of Canada
have passed through hard and trying times. But when I observe, as I iiavc had
an opportunity of doing, the extraordinary development which has taken place in
th . architectural splendor of Toronto during the interval which has intervened
since my last visit (hear, hear), I cannot be expected to entertain any misgivinjjs
either in regard to y^ur present or to your future. Within this brief perioil new
banks, churches, commercial buildings, mansions, whole streets have sprung into
existence with the ••^nidity of magic, while everything connected with them
and with the city assures me that the progress thus developed is as solid and
substantial as it is resplendent. (Applause.) In fact, one of the hajipinesses
of living in a new and teeming country like Canada is the feeling that "tlie
stars in their courses" are fighting for us, and that every season is destined
to bring with it the discovery of new resources, and fresh issues to our iii."is-
tries. It has been only during the currency of the present year we have been
made aware of the possioility of our establishing a branch of trade whose
development is destined to do as much as anything that has for a long time
happened to increase our wealth, to invigoi-ate our exertions, and, what is Iwst of
all, to draw still more tightly together the bonds which unite us to the Mother
Country. (Hear, hear, and applause.) I am told upon good authority that the
success uUending the experiment of importing Canadian beef iato the Knglish
market has already brought down the price of butchers' meat in Great Britain

1877]

THE EARL OF LUFFERIN IN CANADA.

491

several cents. (Hear, hear.) Well, gentlemen, what does this imply? Why,
thnt ere long the millions of England will be dependent upon the pastures and
farmers of Canada for the chief and most important item of their daily subsistence.
For what are the diminutive scrap? of grass land in Ireland, or along the foggy
coasts of Belgium, in comparison with the illimitable breadths of cattle-producing
territory which spread froui hence to the Kocky Mountains, whose inexhaustible
produce the very inclemency of our climate will assist us in trans]>orting fresh and
sweet to Liverpool and Smithfield. But, gentlemen, it is not merely upon the
material progress of the country or of your neighborhood that I desire to congra-
tulate you. Every time that I come to your Capital I am more and more agreealily
impressed with the intellectual vigor and activity of which it is the centre and
focus. (Applause.) After all, it is in the towns of a country that ideas are engen-
dered and progress initiated, and Toronto, with her University, with her Law
Courts, with her various religious communities, her '•>- .led professions, possesses
in an exceptional degree those conditions which are most favorable to the raising
up amongst us of great and able men, as well as robust and fruitful systems of
relit;ious, political, and scientific thought. (Cheers.) And here I may exjiress
my satisfaction at observing that, amid the sterner, severer, or more practical pur-
suits of life, its lighter graces have not been forgotten. (Hear, hear.) I l)elieve
Toronto is the only city in Canada, perhaps upon this continent, which boasts a
School of Art and an annual Exhibition. I have had the privilege of admiring some
of the contributions which are in preparation for the ensuing year, and I must say
I have been delighted to find how many works of genuine merit it is likely to offer
to your inspection. (Applause.) I believe the cultivation of art to be a most
essential element in our national life. I have no doubt that a fair proportion of
the wealth of the higher classes will be applied to its encouragement, and I trust
that ere long the Government of the country may see its way to the establishment
of a national gallery. I am also very glad to hear of the steps you are taking to
facilitate your comn.unications with the great North-West. (Hear, hear.) No
town can have much of a future before it unless it has a rich and extensive terri-
tory nt its back, and, thanks to her geographical position, there is no doubt but
that, l)y wise and judicious arrangements, this city will be able to appropriate to
herself for commercial purposes a very considerable proportion of the entire region
of country lying betv-een the lakes and the Rocky Mountains. Every day the
accounts of t le fertility of that region are more satisfactory, and I have been
assured by th? Count de Turenne, a distinguished friend of mine, who travelled
over a considerable j ropoition of the Province of Manitoba last autumn, that
the newly-arr ved emigrants, with w !iom he was constantly brought into con-
tact, especial, y those of foreign origin, universally expressed themselves as
perfectly content with their condition and prospects, (Great applause.) This
is all tlie more satisfactory because it is probable that those great streams of emi-
r-"*ion from Ireland, which have hitherto contributed so much to the develop-
ment of this continent, will have ceased to flow, and that we shall have to look
elsewhere for those we retjuire as partners in the rich heritage placed at our
■sposal. But there is 3till one fountain of emigration which has been compara-
tively untapped, but which, I am convinced, might be turned into Canada with the

• I. ! .M

492

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

greatest advantage, and that is an emigration from Iceland. Iceland is a country
but very little fitted for human habitation ; in fact, nothing but the indomitable
hardihood, industry, and courage of its inhabitants could have enabled its poi)ula-
tion to bear up against the rigors of its climate and the successive cosmic catas-
trophes by which it has been perpetually overwhelmed. Already several bands of
Icelanders have found their way hither, and I have no doubt that in due time
thousands of others might be induced to follow. But it is not only from abroad
that an emigration westwards might, I think, be advantageously prosecuted.
Frequenting, as I am in the habit of doing every year, the shores of the Lower St.
Lawrence, I have often thought to how much better profit the industry and energies
of its hardy and industrious population might be applied if, instead of breaking
their hearts from generation to generation in their endeavors to ga"n a scanty
subsistence from the rugged rocks and sand-choked hollows which they cultivate
beneath a sky of desperate severity, they could be persuaded to remove to the
alluvial soils and more propitious climate of our prairie lands. (Ajiplause.)
Were they to do so there is no doubt that for every dollar they succeed in extract-
ing from their Laurentian rocks they would be rewarded, under the more favorable
auspices I have indicated, by a five-fold return. (Great applause.) However,
gentlemen, if I once open the chapter of my speculative ideas for the improvement
of Canada T should never stop (renewed applause) — for the problems botli of
political and social science which present themselves for solution on this continent
are inconceiv.ibly interesting and attractive ; all the more so because there seems
to exist from one end of the continent to the other — and I am not now merely
referring to Canada — the happiest capacity for their solution. (Cheers.) If we
look across the border, what do we see ? A nation pla^ d in one of the most
trying and difificult situations which can be imagined. (Hear, hear.) Two hostile
and thoroughly organized camps arrayed against each other in the fiercest crisis of
a political contest. (Hear, hear.) Yet, in spite of the enormous persorial and
public interests at stake, in spite of the natural irritation such a struggle must
engender, in spite of the thousand aggravations created by this unparalleled situa-
tion of suspense, there is exhibited by both sides a patriotic self-restraint, a
moderation of language, and a dignified and wise attitude of reserve wliicli is
worthy not only of our admiration, but of the imitation of the civilized world.
(Continued applause.) Of course we know that in a written constitution every
possible contingency cannot be foreseen and provided against, and undoubtedly
a blot has been hit in the Constitution of the United States ; but there is
no doubt that a proper remedy will be quickly discovered and interested
as Canada is and always must be in the welfare and prosperity of her yreat
neighbor (hear, hear) ; and friendly and arl'ectionate as are the sentiments of the
Canadian people towards the inhabitants of the United States, I am sure, gentle-
men, I am only expressing the sentiments of all who hear me (hear, hear) ulien
I say that, combined with the respect which has been excited in our minds by the
patience and fortitude exhibited by the American people under the must trying
circumstances, we experience the most fervent desire, and we entertain the must
implicit confidence, that they will quickly discover a satisfactory solution for llieir
present difficulties. (Cheers and continued applause.) In conclusion, gentlemen,

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THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

493

allow me to express lo you my regret that circumstances should preclude me from
finding myself more frequently in so pleasant a neighborhood and under such
agreeable auspices (applause), for, gentle -nen, quite apart from the gratification
I experience in the kind welcom,^ accorded to Lady Dufferin and myself by the
citizens of Toronto, it gives me the greatest pleasure to observe how sound and
satisfactory are the relations which exist between the inhabitants of the Province
and the gentleman who is associated with me and with his colleagues in the other
Provinces in exercising within the borders of Ontario the representative functions
of the Crown. (Cheers.) Perhaps no more convincing proof could be given of
the .■;()undness of our polity than the way in which the seven Provinces of the
Dominion are presided over by their respective Lieutenant CJovernors. That Canada
should be able to furnish forth an unfailing supply of gentlemen of such high char-
acter, of such large political experience, of such undoubted honor as to command
the implicit confidence of their fellow-citizens in their constitutional im])artiality
and their capacity for government, exhibits in a remarkable degree how large is
the fund of able public men upon whose services the country can always count.
(Loud applause.) During my residence in Canada I have naturally been thrown
into very intimate and confidential relations with every one of these gentlemen in
turn, as well as with their predecessors, and I must say that I have never repaired
to them for information or advice without being forcibly impressed by their ahiiity,
patriotism, and knowledge of affairs. (Cheers.) And depend upon it, it is a matter
of the greatest advantage to the community that a class of statesmen should exist
amongst us, removed by their office from the dominion of party prejudices and
passions, and yet as deeply interested and concerned in everything that affects the
public welfare as the able men who are occupied in the arena of Parliamentary
warfare. (Hear, hear.) When to these political advantages we have added the
further satisfaction of seeing the social life of our capital presided over, as it is in
this city, with a feminine dignity, grace and refinement which cannot be surpassed
(long continued applause), by the ladies who share with the Provincial repre-
stmtatives of the Queen the cares and anxieties of their office, we need never fear
that monarchical institutions should fall into disfavor with the Canadian people.
((ireat clieering.)

On the i6th January, their Excellencies visited Wellesley and
Dufferin schools, where addresses were read and replies given, and
on the ne.Kt morning they left for Ottawa."''

* The following remarks from one of the leading journals of Toronto fairly
represent the popular opinion : " When Lord Dufferin made his tour tlir(Jiigh
Canada, wonder was expressed on all hands at his extraordinary gift of speaking
freqncT.tiy, and yet with variety and point. It is evident from what has passed in
this city for the last week that there is no sign of the fountain running dry. Vet we
need not be surprised that he should himself entertain what is, however, a wiiolly
groundless fear, lest his public utterances should accfuire a stereotyped character.
In his admirable speech at the Toronto Club he reveals the secret of his capacity
for fresh expressions. His speeches are the outflow of genuine feeling, — a generous

494

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

His Excellency visited the Centennial, or, as it is officially
termed, the International Exhibition, Philadelphia, on his way to
Ottawa.

As Canada took a very high position among the nations of the
world on this occasion, a brief account of her share in it, taken for
the most part from the official report of the Commissioner appointed
for the purpose, will not be out of place. The report is dated 20th
January, 1877.

" When the Government of the United States determined, by way of celebrat-
ing the hundredth anniversary of their independence, to hold a great International
Exhibition at Philadelphia, in the January of 1876, it invited all the nations of the
world to take part in the festival. Very soon after this invitation had been issued,

sentiment of devotion to the Queen, and to the Constitution, an attachment to the
Empire, which kindles at its past glories, and, contemplating its future, takes
something of the glow of inspiration. Lord Dufferin was, up to his acceptance of
the Governor Generalship of Canada, a keen politician and a statesman who had
dealt with grave questions. His present position gives scope for statesmanship,
but, as he has so felicitously explained, for a statesmanship which does not admit
active co-operation with either of the great parties into which Canada, like
the Mother Country, is divided. Yet it is impossible for a mind so active as
Lord Dufferin's not to form opinions on whatever comes before it. That he should
speak frequently, and apparently without embarrassment, and yet ruffle no
susceptibilities, implies in addition to more solid gifts nothing short of a genius
for the position of a constitutional ruler. Were that Constitutior other than it is,
one would be tempted to regret that an imagination so richly stored — a fancy so
fertile, and a literary faculty so happily cultivated, should be lavished on
acknowledgments of addresses, and after-dinner speeches. But the machine would
soon go out of order — the engine would soon be ablaze, were there no one to
pour in the oil — to use the happy and humorous appellation of one of his speeches.
The practical remarks of the speech at the Toronto Club show how thoroughly he
is alive to all that is passing in the country over which he presides. * *****
It seems like commonplace now to note Lord Duflerin's untiring willingness to
flirther every laudable object, from the cultivation of political character and
artistic feeling to the manly game or light social grace, but it would be unjust
on all sides not to do so, because the feeling of recognizance is as strong to-day as
it was the first hour all Canada evinced, with a strange thrill of delight, an
appreciation of Lord Dufferin's rare qualities. The men are very few anywhere
who could walk such a rhetorical tight rope as the Governor General treads with
so much firmness, but we know not wliere we could find one who could do this
and who could also be equally successful in the drawing-room, equally at home in
the skating rink, and with the curling stones. The visit to Toronto, which closes
to-day, has not been less happy in its incidents than the former visit, and will, we
believe, be equally fruitful in its results, sweetening and elevating our social life.

1877]

THE EARL OF Dl'FFEKIN IN CANADA.

495

many gentlemen engaged in the industries of Canada were impressed with the idea
that this country should join in the proposed Exhibition. Representations having
been made to this effect to the Government of the Dominion, it was determined
that Canada should appear in the great assembly of nationalities. In pursuance of
this determination, the subject was placed in the hands of the Hon. L. l^itellier de
St. Just, Minister of Agriculture, and a Commission was appointed, of which that
gentleman became the ex officio president. This Commission consisted, in the first
instance, of the Honorable Senator Penny, of Montreal ; Francis \V. Cilen, Esq.,
President of the Joseph Hall Manufacturing Company, of Oshawa ; and the Hon-
orable Senator Wilmot, of New Brunswick — these three gentlemen being intended
to represent the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec and the group of Maritime
Provinces. Joseph Perrault, Esq., was named Secretary to the Commission.

Mr. Glen resigned very shortly after his appointment. He was succeeded by
David McDougall, Esq., of Berlin; but the Commission afterwards lost the im-
portant services of the Honorable Senator Wilmot, a practical agriculturist, by his
declining to proceed to Philadelphia.

Very soon after the organization of the Commission, it t)ecame a subject of
great anxiety to its members to determine the method in which the work before
them should be carried out, by the collection of an adequate number of specimens
of the various products of the Dominion. Canada and some of the other Provinces
had already made their appearance at several international exhibitions, but it was
felt that the manner in which she should show herself at Philadelphia must be on
a much more extended scale than at London, Paris, or Vienna. This was made
necessary by the circumstance of the exhibition taking place on the Continent of
which Canada forms a part ; where, therefore, if she was seen at all, it must be to
take rank as an important American power. Moreover, her proximity to the place
of exhibition made it obviously necessary that the plan adopted should be a widely
comprehensive one, embracing not a few exhibits selected by the Commission itself,
but affording fair scope to the ambition of the whole body of the Canadian people.
It seemed to be impossible, for pecuniary reasons, to imitate the example of pre-
ceding Exhibition Co nmissions, by purchasing any considerable part of the objects
to be shown. It would be, on many accounts, unsatisfactory to accept only a
small number of chosen articles ; and it would be a task too gigantic and invidious
for the Commissioners themselves to make selections of objects deemed meritorious
enough for national display. Within certain limits it was desirable that every
person anxious to exhibit at Philadelphia should find his appropriate place there ;
but as it was also found necessary that the Commission should provide for the
larger part of the expenditures, this condition manifestly demanded an authority
by which some scrutiny should be exercised to prevent a large expenditure on
comparatively insignificant and unworthy articles. The Commission, after mature
deliberation, and having first discovered great difficulties in the way of inducing
exhibitors to take part in the enterprize, unless guarantee! against unknown expense,
determined that it would be necessary to assume the whole cost of the conveyance
to Philadelphia, the arrangement of, and the care there, and the reconveyance to
Canada of all goods destined for the Exhibition. In order to reconcile this very
liberal undertaking with the conditions already described the Commission invited

•;

•

496

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

the assistance of the several Provincial Governments, which at once heartily
accorded them, and eoch of the Provincial Governments obtained from their
respective legislatures some pecuniary appropriation for the purpose of aiding in
the general design. An Advisory Board, composed of competent gentlemen, was
named in each Province, under the direction of one of the members of the Provin-
cial Ministry, who also appointed a Secretary.

To all these Advisory Boards the Commission committed the task of deciding
what articles should be accepted, it being understood that in extraordinary cases
only, reference should be made to the Commission itself. By this elastic and
comprehensive plan, it was hoped to obtain extended sympathy throughout the
country, and that hope was justified. The method adopted enlisted in the pujjlic
service official and unofficial gentlemen of great zeal, experience, and local and
technical knowledge in all parts of the country and connected with all departments
of industry ; and this early opportunity is taken of acknowledging how mucli the
success that may be thought to have been attained is due to the liberal support and
confidence of the Provincial Governments, and the active and intelligent co-opera-
tion of the Advisory Boards. In spite of the offers to exhibitors, believed to be very
liberal, already described, considerable difficulty was still experienced in procuring
an adequate representation of our products and industries, but this was overcome
by the earnest and judicious efforts of these gentlemen.

It may, perhaps, be fitly stated that two things appeared at first to be great
obstacles to obtaining the co-operation of the industrial interests of the country,
and, no doubt, did at last prevent many interesting articles from being sent to
Philadelphia. One of these was the illiberal tariff of the United States, winch
made it impossible to hope that any transactions with the citizens of that cuuiury
could arise from the comparison of goods and prices ; the other was the great
financial depression so universally felt.

With a view to create emulation and induce exhibitors to offer their goods, it
was also resolved by the Commission to give a certain number of gold, silver, and
bronze medals to Canadian exhibitors only, and in order to secure impartiality in
the awards it was promised that they should be made by foreign judges.

When the subject was brought before Parliament, great interest was manifested
by members of both Houses, and a strong wish was expressed that the appearance
of Canada, as one of the nations of the civilized world, at Philadelphia, should be
worthy of the country and its enterprising people. An item was placed in the
estimates and unanimously carried (^$100,000) to appropriate a sum of money,
which proved amply sufficient to carry out the intentions of Parliament m a
manner in accord with this patriotic feeling.

In previous exhibitions Canada had gained high reputation for the scientilic
and complete collection of minerals which she there displayed. The extension of
her territory by the addition of other Provinces, some of them rich in minera! de-
posits, made it extremely desirable that she should maintain this reputation in the
United States. For this purpose the Commission early invited the assistance of
A. R. C. Selwyn, Esq., of the Geological Survey of the Dominion. x\ sum of
money was also at once set apart for the special expenditure he was expected to
incur in procuring new specimens of this kind of public wealth. As many of these

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

497

were expected to come from the Western Provinces, the intelligent services of this
gentleman were also obtained for collecting at the same time other natural and
economical products of these extensive territories. Mr. Selwyn and his staff ex-
erted themselves with much spirit in carrying out the wishes of the Commission
in both particulars.

The exhibition of lumber was, from the first, a ma;ter of much anxiety to the
Commission. Gentlemen connected with that highly important interest were
generally anxious to exhibit a large quantity, amounting, according to estimate,
to three hundred thousand feet. It was thought by them that the lumlier interests
of the United States would be very largely represented, and that in order to impress
the spectator with the extent of our forest resources it would be necessary that we
should cover a great area with this description of goods. The charges, however,
of transporting such bulky material were so considerable as to induce the Com-
mission to object to this, as they thought, exaggerated proposal. They finally
consented to take ten thousand feet of each description of lumber, on condition
that they should be allowed to sell it, and to pay freight out of the proceeds.
Several firms engaged in the trade furnished considerable quantities of the choicest
description of sawn lumloer, and the Quebec and New Brunswick Governments
expended money liberally in procuring round and square logs, some of very
large size. Much interest was excited among visitors by specimens of the
Douglas Pine from British Columbia ; four of these had their places in the so-called
Log House. The two largest were a section and a plank, both from trees eight
feet in diameter. On the arrival of this timber, however, at Phil.adelphia, the
Commissioners ascertained that, as they had warned the gentlemen connected with
the lumber interest, no place had been appropriated for the exhibition of sawn
lumber in large quantities. Indeed there was no other exhibit of that kind. After
mucli coni^ideration, therefore, they arrived at the conclusion that it would be
impossible to show the deals and planks in their hands, except it were in the inter-
ior of the building designed for the plot of ground already mentioned, as having
been conceded to them by the American Commission. This building was at first
intended only for the purpose of showing square and round timber, the interior to
be vacant and to serve, like the various houses erected by the different States, as
a place of meeting for visitors from Canada. They felt that it might be considered
a breach of the understanding upon which the ground was granted if they used it
as the mere site for a pile of luml)er, and for some time there appeared to be a
strong objection on the part of the Director General to allow them to do so, partly
on account of the combustible nature of the material thus to l)e disposed. The
oi)jection was, however, at last overcome, and both s(}uare, round and sawn lum1)er
—the latter, according to invoices, about eighty thousand feet in quantity — were
all built up into an edifice, which eventually attracted a great deal of attention,
and of wh-^h drawings have been published in most of the illustrated papers of
the world.

The Commissioners are glad to believe that this exhibit was not fruitless in the
way of promoting the trade of the country. It is within their knowledge that
gentlemen of Toronto and Ottawa have received orders as a consequence of the
display in cjuestion. . ....

498 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF [1S77

It may be mentioned that at the corner of the Log House, the Canadian flag
was hoisted upon the tallest flag-staff in the grounds — a spar from New Brunswick
— about ninety feet from the ground to the truck.

One of the most important and rising branches of Canadian Manufacture is
that of cheese, of which not less than 35,000,000 lbs. was exported in the last
fiscal year. The Commission felt that it was of the greatest importance that a
growing interest of this kind should be fairly represented to the world, and that
the object of Canada in appearing at the Exhibition could not be better subserved
than in promoting the best display of this part of the national products. Accord-
ingly, when it was found impossible to expose dairy products in the Agricultural
Hall, it was determined to come to the assistance of the dairymen of the Domi-
nion, who were invited by the dairymen of the United States, to join them in the
construction of a suitable building. For this purpose the Canadian Commission
acquired two thousand dollars worth of stock of the Centennial Company ; the
money being expended as the share of Canada in the cost of the Dairy House.
In this building, monthly exhibits of butter and cheese took place, from July to
October inclusive. The collection of Canadian dairy products, however was
entirely managed by the Ontario Association, through Mr. Caswell, of Ingersoll.
The Commission merely provided the necessary funds, and they were relieved from
all trouble by this gentleman carrying out their arrangements. ITiere were four
car-loads of dairy produce brought to the grounds from the Dominion.

Another and most important branch of Canadian products consisted of various
kinds of horses, horned cattle and other live stock. With respect to these the
Commission, after much deliberation, felt it necessary to adopt a rule difiering
from that which they applied to other exhibits, and to throw all risk of loss or
damage upon the owners, who were also obliged to provide the necessary assist-
ants. This regulation no doubt, to some extent, contracted the number of this
class of exhibitors.

The number of animals exhibited at different times between the months of
August and November inclusive, were as follows : —

Horses , 68

Horned Cattle 72

Sheep 56

Swine 50

PouLry and Pigeons 300

The number of car-loads of these animals was 45.

The fruit growers of the Dominion were well represented by fruit sent to the
Exhibition by Associations in Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia. The fruit was
sent at different times, as it ripened, and on that which came from Ontario, the
Commission paid freight in a lump sum. There was, probably, in all, freight for
about 3 cars.

There are, of course, a number of branches of human art in which a country so
young as ours cannot hope to compete with the older nations of the world. This
is especially the case with painting, sculpture and ornamental industries of various
descriptions, embracing jewellery, decorative works in metal, and the finer de-

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA,

499

scriptions of china, glass ware, and pottery. Comparatively few of these adorned
the Canadian department. It may, however, be said that in photography the spe-
cimens exhibited by our artists were not inferior to any that graced the building.
In painting, our display was creditable, and in sculpture, for purposes of house
decoration, our department contained what was universally acknowledged as the
finest piece of workmanship in the building — a much admir' d marble mantle
from the manufactory of Mr. Reid, of Montreal. .So again, we believe, we may
say that the specimen of panelling, consisting of imitations of various woods and
marbles, with medallions, birds, dr»c,, by Mr. A. N. Greig, of Montreal, were not
surpassed by the work of any competitor. The prizes taken in the Departments
reprerenting the Fine Arts were six in number. Here, too, it may be proper to
mention the very valuable collection of insects sent from London — a collection
which, for comprehensiveness and scientific arrangement, cannot be surpassed,
and which was without a rival on the ground.

It was in manufactures of articles of prime necessity that Canada was likely
chiefly to excel, and in these she took high rank among the other manufacturing
nationalities. In leather of all descriptions, including the finer classes ; in boots and
shoes, in tweeds and knitted goods, and domestic cottons, in stoves, tools of all
kinds, printed books, and similar articles, she compared favorably with any other
nationality. In woollens of all kinds shown by her, it was acknowledged
frankly by competitors from various parts of the world that she took the first
place, though, of course, she did not show broadcloths, nor other goods of very
finest make. She made no great display of cottons ; but the few goods in this
class were very excellent. In the same way it may be affirmed, without unduly
boasting, that her edge tools, amongst which a large case of saws from the works
of Mr. Smith, of St. Catharines, was conspicuous, were second to none in the
buiklings. They were especially noticed and commented upon by gentlemen of
high experience from Great Britain, acting as Centennial judges ; as were also the
assortment of nails and tacks by Messrs. Pillow, Hersey i2r» Co., and of iron
goods from Messrs. H. R. Ives &= Co., ^both of Montreal. In this connection the
Commission also may remark particularly upon the skates shewn by the Starr
Company of Halifax. Large orders from different parts of the United States
were the consequences of this particular exhibit. Several lots of woollen goods,
and an exceedingly well made case of boots and shoes, by Mr. Sutherland, of
Kingston, as well as a large quantity from a New Brunswick manufacturer (the
Sussex Company), were disposed of in Philadelphia ; but owing to the high
duties it is to be feared that little profit accrued upon these transactions to the
manufacturers. The sewing machines from different parts of the Dominion also
obtained high praise, and a large number of musical instruments of various kinds
proved the successful efforts that are being made by our manufacturers in this
important branch of the arts.

It is difficult in any comment of this kind to avoid some appearance of
invidious selection, but it is intended to point out not such exhibits as were
absolutely the best, but those which from special circumstances attracted most
attention. We must not pass by the noble display made by the Ontario Depart-
ment of Education, which excited marked interest among all classes of visitors. It

500

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1.ST7

is known to the Commissioners that the representatives of Japan and of cnlicr
nations eagerly procured some of the instruments used in the instruction of the
children of Canada. Very much of the importance which the school books and
implements assumed in the Canadian Exhibition was undoubtedly due to the
intellifjent explanations afforded by the gentlemen of the department who were at
Philadelphia, Dr. May and Mr. Ilodgins, to whom the Commission are under
many obligations for their courteous co-operation.

In manufactures and machinery of all kinds, including books andeducatinnal
api)liances, models of vessels, musical instruments, railway plants, d^c, the
Canadian exhibitors took 170 prizes.

The Geological Department in the main building was also highly approved,
but it, of course, mainly commended itself to persons of s^cientific tastes and know-
ledge. The experts who visited it declared it to be one of the most complete and
Ijest arranged collections of the kind which the Exhibition could boast of. Anioni;
the specimens of minerals having economic value may l>e noticed especially the
wonderful mass of plumbago, and the preparations illustrating its varied applica-
tion to the arts, shewn by the Dominion I'lunibngo Company. There was a single
block of this mineral which weighed more than 2800 lbs.

A case of petroleum oil and its products, from the manufactory of the Messrs.
Waterman, of London, was also among the more interesting and beautiful attrac-
tions of this part of the Canadian Department, nor must we forget to notice the
many specimens of coal, as well from Nova Scotia as from British Colunil)ia and
the Saskatchewan. The gold column, indicating the quantity of that metal mined
in British Columbia, was a source of curiosity and some astonishment to many
visitors. This column represented a mass of gold of the value of $37,000,000,
obtained within the last thirteen years.

In the larger kinds ol machinery, and in the various ingenious contrivances for
turning it to account in the saving of labor, the American display was evidently
superior to that of any other nationality. The proximity of American manufac-
turers to Philadelphia would be sufficient to account for this superiority, but it is
probable, so far as the Commissioners were able to judge, that in versatility and
power of adaptation, their machinists would tf:ke the first place in the world. In
our own machinery department the display was comparatively small, notwith-
standing which some of the machine tools exhibited were spoken of by experienced
and practical men as being of high value, not only on account of the excellence of
their finish and the solidity of the parts, but for the novelty of their construction
and the ingenuity of the contrivances brought t' bear in adapting them to their
several purposes. To show that oar inventors are not deficient in this capacity,
it may be noted that Mr. Ramsay, of Cobourg, was enabled to place throughout
'^e great Pennsylvania Railway, as well as in many foreign countries, his valuable
invention for facilitating the removal of railway carriages from their trucks,
whether for the purpose of changing the gauge of the wheels or for repairs.
Messrs. Mackechnie and Bertram also exhibited a radial drill which attracted great
attention from machinists, and would, no doubt, have Ijeen sold in the United

1877]

THE EAKL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

501

Stalls but for the high duties. As it was, they placed a very fine machine tool in
%tw York. It must, however, 1« acknowledged, that in this department the
Canadian display was an inadequate representation of the enormous capital, skill,
and energy employed in the construction of machinery among us.

In the Agricultural Hall, on the contrary, the show of implements attracted
close attention and cordial praise from all who examined them. Tiiey had to com-
|ieti' with a very numerous and varied collection of implements of tlie same class
from otiier manufacturers. But, though the implements sent by the United States
wore in some cases of an excessively high finish, intended merely for show, the
Canadian machines, most of them made for actual work, were admitted to be at
least e(iual to any in the building.

The practical proof of their excellence, combined with their cheapness, is to be
found in the desire which gentlemen from Australia manifested to purchase them,
and to jirocure for the inhabitants of their Colonies the opportunity of seeing im-
plements of so much simplicity and utility, and capable of being produced at so
reasonable a cost. It is not for the Commission to speculate upon the success of
the attempts made to inaugurate a trade between Canada and the Antipodean
parts of the Empire, but this much may be said, that but for the opportunity of
showing their productions, afforded to our manufacturers at the Exhibition at
Philadelphia, there is no reason to believe that any prospect of such a trade would
have been opened up. It is, at all events, a matter of good augury that gentle-
men acquainted with agricultural life in the Australian Colonies are confident that
several of our Canadian agricultural implements will be found suitable and sale-
able in those distant markets. It is worthy of particular mention that Mr. Mackay,
the Commissioner from Queensland, a large agriculturist and a man of great ex-
perience, was induced to buy several Canadian implements for the use of his
Government, chiefly from Mr. Watson, of Ayr. The Commissioners feel also that
this is the place to point out the important services of Mr. R. W. Cameron, of
New York, a native Canadian now established in that city as a merchant. This
gentleman largely, we believe, from patriotic motives, by purchase or advances of
money ujion goods, has enabled a number of our manufacturers of agricultural
implements to test the Australian market.

The exhibit of grains was exceedingly satisfactory, and the qualities of many
of them were pronounced by good judges to be of the very highest order. Amongst
new and very successful attempts at manufactures there were shown, in the Agricul-
tural Hall, si>ecimens of maccaroni and vermicelli, sent by the firms of Spinelli
and Catelli, of Montreal, and various preparations of meat and other edibles by
the Sherbrooke Meat Company. The Commission received numerous api)lica-
tions from persons desirous of ascertaining where they could procure these goods.
The Commissioners were glad, in connection with this part of their work, to be able
to render some assistance to the agent of the (}overnment of Ontario, the Hon. D.
Christie, in procuring several specimens of grain which are thought by good author-
ities likely to become of particular value to the farming interests of the Dominion.
Ail the Foreign Commissions who exhibited grains were kind and liberal in aiTord-
ing specimens of this class of their products, but we ought especially to mention

502

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

the name of Count Bielsky, the Russian Commissioner, who, at the request of the
Canadian Commissioners, presented Mr. Christie with a large quantity of wheat,
supposed to be of remarkable merit for our climate. He deserves the greater
thanks on this account, because the quantity given was very much greater than can
Ix; regarded merely as a specimen.

In fruit, the Dominion of Canada occi'pied a place in the Pomological Hall
very much larger than would be her fair share, judging by her geographical pro-
portions and her population, compared with that of the United States. So far as
the Commissioners were able to form a judgment, they Iielieve that, excepting in
grapes, in the growth of which California far exceeds any other part of the North
American Continent whose pro<Uicts were displayed in the Pomological Hall, she
could find nothing to excite her envy. It may be remarked that the Californian
grapes are all from European sources, while it is understood that most of those
grown on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains are derived from indigenous
vines. The Californian fruits were very much larger than those from the Domi-
nion, or indeed from any other places, but they lost in flavor the advantage which
they might be supposed to have in size. A remark something similar applies with
truth to one or two Western States, but in general the apples, pears and plums of
Canada were equal in appearance and size to those of the United States, and
sometimes superior in flavor.

In dairy products, notwithstanding the high reputation of the American cheese
manufacturers, those from Canada established conclusively that they are not one
whit behind the best of their Southern competitors in the quality of their products,
This is demonstrated by the large number of prizes awarded to them by the Cen-
tennial Judges, who were, except one, American citizens, but who honorably
discharged their duty without partiality. The Canadian dairymen certainly show
superior energy, it being a remarkable fact that there was more Canadian than
American cheese appeared in the Dairy House — 2,086 packages were exhibited,
weighing 55^ tons ; there were from the United States 1,012 packages, weighing
over 26 tons; from Canada, 1,003 packages, weighing over 29 tons ; from other
countries, 65 packages, estimated at 500 lbs. 100 awards were recommended for
exhibits of cheese. Of these 45 were <br the United States, 49 for Canada, and the
remainder for other countries. In butl;e % our exhibit was small, reaching only to
some 1,700 lbs. out of 9,150 lbs. fiom all countries; but in proportion to their
number, the prizes taken by Carn;.i;.'j butter-makers were very numerous. There
were one hundred and twenty-three exhibits from the United States, to which
twenty-three prizes were awarded, and sixteen from Canada, which obtained five
prizes.

Wine was an article which, of all those shown at Philadelphia, was perhaps
the most largely exhibited, as to number of specimens and variety of description,
and as to number of nationalities which sent this kind of merchandize. In this
article Canada alone had ten or twelve varieties, and some of them were pronounced
by competent judges to be very respectable as t'ins ordinaires. The brandy of the
Wine Growers' Association of Ontario was especially commended.

Of all departments, however, Canada most excelled in the exhibition of live

1877]

THE KARL OF UUFFERIN IN CANADA.

503

stock. Alwut one-third of all the horses cxhi))itc<l came from the Dominion, and
out of 68 exhibited by her, 52 carried off prizes, A considerable numlwr of these
animals were also sold. In horned cattle the Canadian animals did not l)ear so
larjjc a proportion to those of the United .States as in horses, nevertheless a large
minilier of prizes were taken relatively to the numt)er of animals. The numl)er of
exiiil)ils was 72, and the numl)er of prizes 33.

In swine, the Dominion was well represented ; the number of grown animals
shown was twenty-seven, some of them accompanied by litters, 'i'wenty-nine
pri/t's were awarded ; some of the animals taking more than one prize ; the Cana-
dian swine, as already remarked, being also successful in the competition against
the world.

No sweepstake prize was given for poultry ; but while some breeds of birds
from the United States were generally supposed to be superior to those from Can-
ada, in several others it was as generally admitted that Canadian fowls held the
first rank. The Commissioners gathered from the judges that the American fan-
ciers excelled chiefly in the larger, and the Canadians in the smaller breeds. But,
owini,' no doubt greatly to the careful choice made for the Canadian exhibits, a
very disproportionately lii'i^e share of the honors fell to their lot. The medal was
the same for all awards ; but the Judges distinguished three classes of merit in
making up their note books, and we are thus able to arrive at the relative excel-
lence of the two displays. Out of one hundred and thirty-three Canadian exhibits,
not including pigeons, one hundred and twenty-nine received the highest mark of
merit, while the United States exhibitors only had two hundred and twenty-two
highest marks out of four hundred and thirty-four. Fifty-one prizes were obtained
for Canadian poultry ; but each one was for an exhibit comprising more than one bird.
Taken throughout, there can be no doubt that the Exhibition at Philadelphia
had the effect of enhancing the feeling of self-respect and patriotism of many
thousands of Canadians who visited it, and who saw that, except in some special
classes of production, sometimes depending wholly upon the climate or other acci-
dental circumstances, Canadian industries were in no respect behind those so much
vaunted in the United States. They had reason, indeed, to believe that while they
produced articles of as great excellence, they produced them at lower prices than their
rivals, and that nothing prevented a valuable trade in many articles between the
two countries except the excessively high tariff of the United States. At the same
time, the Exhibition has afforded proof that the demand for useful articles is not
limited to a single nation, and has given cause to hope that if our products are
debarred from a particular market, they may, nevertheless, find a ready sale in
other parts of the world.

Nothing can be more encouraging than the manner in which many of our ma-
nufactures have been sought by the Australian colonists, and it is to be hoped that
other nations will be found hereafter to be not insensible to the possibilities of
profitable Canadian trade. In many visitors to the Exhibition, not belonging to
the British Empire, the display made by Canada excited not only lively interest,
but great astonishment. The Commissioners were repeatedly told, as well by the
citizens of the United States as by highly intelligent gentlemen from other countries,

m^m

504

HISTORY OF THE ADML\ISTRATION OF

[187T

Jt^T.

♦ ■ ■

European and American, that, until they saw the variety and perfection of the goods
in the Canadian (le,)artment, they had formed no just idea of the country from
which those articles came. They were, of course, aware that the Dominion had a
place on the maps of the world, and of North America, but they had no concep-
tion that what they had regarded only as a strip of land, remarkable chiefly tor ice
and snow, could be capable of furnishing domestic animals of the greatest perfection ;
all the grains used for food in equal plenty and excellence ; wine of a cjuality by
no means despicable, and a variety of manufactures which extend throughout all
the articles necessary for the use, if not for the ornament and luxury of life. In
this respect, even if no direct pecuniary advantage should arise from the Exhibition,
there can belittle doubt that its value must be incalculable. ll''.lici;;>. when Can-
ada has appeared at an international exhibition, it has been as the exhibitor of a
few articles, which, excepting lumber and cereals, were looked upon as curiosities.
For the first time she has met the nations of the world as a nation, and has lieid
her own with all but those of the very first class, giving indications, at tiie same
time, of an ambition, in due course, of taking place among the latter. The intel-
ligent interest excited in Canada by the Exhibition was manifested by the large
number of our fellow-countrymen from all parts of the Dominion who Hocked
thither. Registers were kept at the office of the Commission, in which Canadiar.
visitors were invited to enter their names. These entries amount in number to
15,000 ; but, as a very large number of persons neglected this formality, it is
believed safe to put the Canadian visitors at not less than 30,000.

Among the visitors from the Dominion were meml)ers of the Senate and
House of Commons, and of t\c P-.ovincial Legislatures ; several members of tlie
Dominion and Provincial Ministries, and the Premiers of the Dominion, Oniaiic,
Quebec, and Nova Scotia. His Excellency the Governor CJeneral also spent
some days in inspecting the most interesting features of the collection, paying
especial attention to the various branches of the Canadian Department, lie was
received with marked respect by the American authorities of the Exhibition, and
by Colonel Sandford, the British Commissioner. He did the Canadian Conmiis-
sioners the honor of residing at their honse during his stay in Philadeli)hia, and
after his departure was pleased to address a letter to them through the senior
member, in which he thus expressed his satisfaction with the Canadian <lis])lay :—

' I.,ord Dufferin furthermore desires to express to you the very great satisfaition
with which iie has witnessed the admirable arrangements under which the Canadian
exhibits have been displayed. The whole organisation of the department is most
creditable to you and to your colleagues, evincing, as it does, good taste, good
judgment, and a thorough appreciation of the manner in which the products and
the industries of Canada should be set out to the best advantage. ExcelkiU as
were the materials with which you had to deal, their eflect has been undoubtedly
very much enhanced by the admirable way in which they have been arrar^ed, and
I am sure it must have been a great satisfaction to you to have perceived i.."'
very much every one has Ijeen struck by the Canadian contributions, and the im-
portant part taken by the Dominion in the general display.'

Highly flattering notices of the Canadian portion of the Exhibition apjieared

1877]

THE EARL OF DUPFERIN IN CANADA.

505

in most of the languages of the civilized world, through articles in the press. It
would occupy too much space in this report to quote these complimentary state-
ments, but the following remark by General Hawley may perhaps not be con-
sidered out of place here. It was made on the occasion of a public reception of
Canadian Schoolmasters by the General, as President of the Centennial Commis-
sion. He said that : — 'Canada had done more for the success of the Centennial
' Exhibition, than any eight of the States of the American Union, with the excep-
' tion of New Jersey and Pennsylvania."

The number of Centennial medals taken by Canadian exhibitors was 564 in
all, wliich shows a large percentage upon Canadian exhibits as compared with the
percentage of pr'^es on the aggregate of the World's exhibits at Philadelphia.

Tlie whole number of judges were 250 ; 140 were American, and x 10 for-
eigners. Those named by the Canadian Commission were as follows : —

Animal and Vegetable prodticts.—H. ]o\A', M.P.P., Quebec.

Pmiiietioi's of the Jorest.— Won. Senator Skkad, Ottawa.

Keady-made Clothing and Furs. — E. EmI'EY, Hamilton.

Cdi-riages. — Wm. Duffus, Halifax.

I/i'i-fe;. — Ira Morgan, Ottawa.

Honied Cattle. — Alex. Barry, Dumfries.

S,,'iiic. — Col. Rhodes, Quebec.

.S//cv/.— John D. Moore, Dumfries.

CluYse, Butter and Poultry.— Y. \V. Fearman, Hamilton.

This P^xhibition did very great service to Canada. Coterminous
with a coimtry containing a population of forty millions, — remarkable
for their ingenuity and practical skill, and sui)plied by nature, in pro-
fusion, with most of the minerals which go to the creation of groat
wealth, Canada had hitherto been working under a cloud. Though
overshadowed by the great people at her side, whose name was known
in all the markets of the world, s^v:.' nevertheless, had been unostenta-
tiously advancing in all the industries fitted to her climate and her
l)roductions. Her admirable system of Township, County, Central
and Provincial exhibitions, had been for years (piietly and effectually
l)reparing her for the great contest at Philadelphia, where she was
placed face to face with the experience, skill and wealth of the globe,
ii was found that in all the productions of the farm she was equal,
and, in some instances, superior to most of the contesting countries.
-". land stigmatized as one of ice and snow, sent grain and fruit which
proved the great productiveness of her soil. Her horses and farming
stock, the extent and excellence of her butter and cheese industries,
ex'-'tcd the admiration of her neighbors. Her wonderful display of agri-

506

HISTORY OF THE ADMI .>{ ISTRATION OF

[1877

cultural implements and the products of her machine shops called forth
exclamations of surprise even from her competitors. Her exhibition of
school books and the appliances of p jpular education gave support to
her boast that she possessed the best educational system known. Her
gold from the Maritime and Pacific Provinces ; her silver and platinum
and copper from the Lake Superior regions ; her iron and coal from
the Maritime Provinces, Vancouver Island, the mainland of British
Columbia, and the valley of the Saskatchewan ; her splendid marble
and building stone from all pares of the Dominion ; her gypsum and
alabaster ; her invaluable plumbago and phosphates ; her lithographic,
burr, and other stones, for mechanical and scientific purposes ; her
unrivalled salt, from the inexhaustible reservoirs of Goderich and its
vicinity ; her manufactured iron and steel ; her oil, from the unfailing
wells of Petrolia, with its numerous progeny of soaps, candles, paratfi):".
benzine, axle oil, and tar; her pigments for paints ; her earthen an
stoneware ; her decorative glass ware ; her furniture, mirrors and picture
frames ; her cotton and woollen fabrics ; her wonderful timber and lum-
ber from British Columbia, the Ottawa Valley, and the Maritime Pro-
vinces ; her cereals, grasses and forage plants ; her fish, gathered from
thf tianks of Newfoundland to the waters of the Pacific ; her collection
of iurs ; and her works of art ; all these, gathered with care and
selected with judgment, raised Canada to a proud position in the eyes
of the world.

The Exhibition rendered Canada a double service. It disclosed to
her the immensity of her strength, hitherto unsuspe'-ted even by her-
self, and it placed her in the front ranks of the nations of the world.
She at once sprung into enviable distinction. Her products were in-
stantly purchased for the most distant markets, and "Canada" may
now be seen on thousands of parcels of goods in the shops of Europe,
and the bazaars of Africa and Asia.* The Exhibition was an emi-
grant agent of most effective power, for it proved by actual sight and

* The sewing machines of Messrs. Wanzer dr' Co., of the city of Hamilton,
Ontario, may now be found throughout all Europe, and are at this moment
lessening the fatigue of the women of Persia, Hindoscan. China and Japan. It may
be consoling to those who purpose to devote themselves to Missionary work
in Australia and the Pacific Islands to know that the aborigines of those
countries who are so fond of ''loasted missionary" can now cook them in a
civilized manner, for the stoves and ranges of Messrs. Gurney tSr* Co., of Hamil-
ton, may be found in mo?t of the chief towns of those regions.

[18T7

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

507

;alled forth
:hibition of
support to
)wn. Her
d platinum
I coal from

of British
lid marble
ypsum and
thographic,
poses ; her
•ich and its
le unfailing
s, paruffii:".
earthen a:v
and picture
)er and lum-
aritime Pro-
thered from
;r colleciion
h care and

in the eyes

disclosed to
ven by her-
f the world,
cts were in-
inada " may
of Europe,
k^as an emi-
il sight and

personal inspection the excellence of her productions, and as an
advertizing medium it was worth a thousand agents.

The great success of Canada on this occasion, and the immense
benefit derived by her from the competition, encouraged the Govern-
ment to make a special effort to have her properly represented at the
Exhibition at Sydney, New South Wales, during the year.

of Hamilton,
this moment
pan. It may
isionary work
nes of those
5k tliem in .i
o., of llamil-

CHAPTER IX,

Opening of Parliament, 8th February, 1877 — Speech from the Throne — Mv. De
Cosmos moves for a Committee to enquire into the progress of the I'acific
Railway — P-otection and Free Trade — Motion of Sir John Macdonald, and
March — An>i ( -".'--, of Mr. Wood and Mr. Orton — Motion negatived — Mr.
Costigan's mof pecting O'Donoghue— Discussion on the Pacific Rail-

way — House prou jd, 28th April — Visit of His Excellency to Manitoba pro-
posed — Sketch of the Province — Hudson's Bay Charter — Rupert's Land — Earl
of Selkirk's Settlement in l8ri — Re-purchase of his lands by the Hudson Hay
Company — System of Government — Sir George Simpson, Mr. Dallas anil Mr.
McTavish, Governors — Came under Canadian rule, 1st December, 1869 — Gov-
ernor and Council of Assiniboia — Population in 1869 — State of the country —
Canada sends in surveyors before entitled to possession — Dissatisfaction of
the inhabitants — Mr. McDougall appointed Governor — Reaches Red River,
October, 1869 — Refused admission to the Territory by Riel and his associates
— Troubles consequent thereon — Manitoba set oflf as a Province — Mr. Archi-
bald appointed Lieutenant Governor, A'.iy, 1870 — Military expedition under
Col. Wolsley — State of the Province when Mr. Archibald arrived — Policy of
Mr. Archibald — The Amnesty question — Addresses to Mr. Archibald— His
measures to organize a Government — Titles of Honor (note) — Improved state
of the country in 187 1 — Troops disbanded — Agricultural Exhibition in
October, 187 1 — The Fenian Raid, October, 187 1— Delicate position of tiie
French Half-breeds — Capture and escape of O'Donoghue — Steadfast loyalty of
the French Half-breeds — Review of affairs 1st January, 1872 — Opening of the
House of Assembly in 1872 — Lieutenant Governor resigns — Departure in
June, 1873 — Reply to Farewell Address — Appointment of Mr. Morris as Chief
Justice in July, 1872 — His appointment as Lieutenant Governor in December,
1873 — Estimate of Mr. Archibald as an administrator — Importance of the assist-
ance of Mrs. and Miss Archibald — Levee at Government House — Popular
gratification at appointment of Mr. Morris — Social policy of Mrs, and Miss
Morri —Their great influence — Manitoba Parliament opened 5th February,
1873 — Purchase of Indian Rights — Treaty of the North West Angle, No. 3,
October, 1873-^Its terms — Account of the proceedings — Execution of Treaty-
Its importance — Festivities at Government House — Mr. Becher (note) — Treaty
of Qu'Appelle— No. 4, in September, 1874—" Who Calls "—Indian Tradition
— Account of the proceedings at Fort Qu'Appelle — Importance of this Treaty—
Beren's River Treaty, No. 5, September, 1875 — ^^'"' Laird appointed Lieu-

1877]

THE EABxi OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

509

tenant Governor of the No.tii VVest Territories, in October, 1876 — Treaty No.
6— Treaty No. 7 — Arrival of the Governor General at \\'innipeg, August, 1877
— Reception and proceedings — Visit to places of interest in the neighborhood —
Admirable address of the people of St. Boniface — IJall at Government House

Lord Dufferin and the "native ladies" — Tour through the Province — Visit

to the Mennonite Settlement — Account of these people — Speech of His Excel-
lency — Visit to Gimli, the Icelandic Settlement — Speech of His Excellency —
Farewell dejeuner — The great Manitoba Speech of His Excellency — Speech of
his Hon. Lieutenant Governor Morris — Departure of the Vice-Regal Party —
Arrival at Ottawa, October, 1877 — Effects of the Manitoba Speech.

The Fourth Session of the Third Parliament of the Dominion
opened on the 8th February.

His Excellency briefly alluded to his visit to British Columbia,
and stated that the surveys of the Pacific Railway, though they had
been prosecuted with the utmost vigor, and at a larger cost during the
past than in any previous year, would not yet permit the complete
location of the line. He continued : —

"A further correspondence on the subjects at issue between my Government
and British Columbia will be laid before you.

During the recent suspension of the Extradition arrangements with the United
States I took care that the inipuiiince to Canada of a speedy resumption of these
arrangements should be represented ^o Her Majesty's Government, whose attention
has been further invited to the expediency of largely extending the provisions of
the existing Treaty.

I am glad to be able to state that while the operation of the Treaty has been
resumetl, negotiations are in progress for a convention, more liberal, and better
suited tu tiie circumstances of the two countries.

The attention of my Government having been directed to some anomalies in
the Royal Commission, and Royal Instructions to the Governor General, parti-
cularly with regard to the exercise of the Prerogative of Pardon, steps have been
tai<en towards the amendment of these instruments.

Papers on this subject, as well as on that of the Extradition question, will be
laid before you.

Tlie great public works connected with the St. Lawrence navigation, and the
canals required to Complete the system, have been prosecuted with success during
tile past year.

Nearly all the works on the Welland and Lachine Canals have been placed
under contract on terms favorable to the country.

The active prosecution of these works during the last three years has necessarily
increased the public debt, and, though expectations are entertained that the outlay
may ultimately be repaid to the country, it may be considered .i.dvisable not to
press all the works contemplated in the earlier years of Confederation to com-
pletion at present.

510

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

ac i^i»

I am happy to state that the Intercolonial Railway was opened for traffic,
throu[;nout its entire length, early in the summer, with as favorable results as
could have been expected.

One of the immediate advantages of the completion of the railway was the
delivery and reception of the British Mails at Halifax after the closing of the St.
I^wrence ; and I am happy to say that up to the present time mails and passengers
have been successfully carried over the line without any interruption .

The exhibition of Canadian products, manufactures, and works of art at the
United States National Exposition at Philadelphia was eminently successful, and
proclaimed to the world that Canada has already taken a high place as a farming,
manufacturing, and mining country.

It is gratifying to be able to state that the expenditure was kept well within
the estimate.

It is but just that I should acknowledge that the success achieved by the enter-
prise of our people was largely aided by the energy and wisdom of the Commis-
sioners who had charge of the arrangements .

I have considered it advisable in the interest of the country to make arrange-
ments for exhibiting Canadian products at the Exhibition to be held at Sydney,
New South Wales, for which you will be asked to make provision.

Notwithstanding the loss of revenue, consequent chiefly on the diminution of
our importations, the reductions effected during the current year have gone far to
restore the equilibrium between income and expenditure, though great economy
will be still needful to attain this object.

I regret that I am still unable to announce any progress in obtaining a settle-
ment of the Fishery claims under the Washington Treaty, though my Government
has made every effor' to secure that re?ult.

My Commissioners have made further treaty arrangements with certain of the
Indian tribes of the North West Territories, by which their title is extinguished to
a very large portion of the territories west of Treaty No. 4 ; and although some
of the provisions of this treaty are of a somewhat onerous s^A exceptional character,
I have thought it nevertheless advisable on the whole to ratiiy it. This treaty will
be placed before you. I have made an engagement to negotiate a treaty with the
rcujaining tribes east of the Rocky Mountains.

The expenditure incurred by the Indian Treaties is undoubtedly large, but the
Canadian policy is nevertheless the cheapest, ultimately, if we compare the results
with those of other countries ; and it is above all a humane, just, and Christian
policy.

Notwithstanding the deplorable war waged between the Indian tribes in the
United Stater ritories, and the Government of that country, during the last year,
no difficulty ' . isen with the Canadian tribes living in the immediate vicinity of
the scene of hostilities.

You will be asked to consider the expendiency of making such changes in the
Joint Stock Companies A ct as may obviate for the future the passage of special
Acts of Parliament for thi incorporation of various classes of companies, including

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA,

511

t well within

such corporations as seek to engage in the borrowing and lending of money, by
providing for their organization by Letters Patent.

The desirability of affording additional security to policy-holders of life
assurance companies has engaged the attention of my Government, and I trust
that the measure which will be submitted will accomplish the desired object.

A measure will be submitted to you for the purpose of extending to the naviga-
tion of the great inland waters, rights and remedies at present confined to waters
within the jurisdiction of the Courts of Vice-Admiralty.

You will be asked to amend and consolidate the laws relating to Customs.

I have considered it advisable to provide for the permanent prosecution of the
Geological Survey, which has heretofore been carried on under temporary enact-
ments, and to make this a distinct branch of the Civil Service ; your attention will
be invited to a Bill for that purpose.

Measures will be submitted also for the amendment of the Weights and Mea-
sures Act, the Excise laws, and other Acts, and also a Bill relating to Shipping."

On the 14th March, Mr. De Cosmos moved for a Committee to
enquire into the progress made with the surveys of the line of the Paci-
fic Railway, and the complaints of British Columbia were reiterated.
Mr. Mackenzie refused the commission, and declared he did not
intend to be drawn into a general discussion of the railway question
on Mr. De Cosmos's motion. Mr. Bunster repeated the oft-made
charge of culpable indifference to the claims of British Columbia on
the part of the Government ; but the motion produced nothing more
than a repetition of the old charges and the old excuses. It was
evident that no haste was being shown by Mr. Mackenzie, and that
he was resolved to take his leisure in doing justice to the Province,
and that he was regardless of her complaints.

The question of " Protection " and " Free Trade " had during the
recess been fully discussed in the country. The continued depres-
sion had forced upon the people a consideration of the intricate
questions of trade, .ind a large and increasing interest was taken in
these discussions. Whether correctly or v^rroneously, a large portion
oft.he inhabitants of the Dominion had arrived at the conclusion that
thoagh the financial and industrial depression was not to be cliarged
to the Ministry, yet that they were highly blameable in doing
nothing for its alleviation. This it was averred could be done
by so altering the tariff as to afford an adequate protection to
many important, but suffering industries. The policy of the Gov-
ernment, however, was opposed to this, and as lime moved on the
contention against the policy of the Ministry becanje daily more and
more bitter. The Opposition made the question an important one,

512

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[187-

and it culminated during the Session of 1877 into the great dividing
question between the two parties. Mr. Cartwright, the Finance
Minister, had been compelled at each Session, after the Liberal party
had obtained power, in 1873, to admit a decreasing revenue, and yd
he submitted no plan of relief. The attack on the Ministry began
on the 2nd March, by Sir John Macdonald, who moved :

'• That tliis House regrets that the financial policy submitted by the Govern-
ment increases the burthen of taxation on the people, without any compensating
advantage to the Canadian industries ; and, further, that this House is of the
opinion that the deficiency in the revenue should be met by a diminution of expen-
diture, aided by such a re-adjustnient of the Tariff as will benefit and foster the
agricultural, mining, and manufacturing interests of the Dominion."

Sir John, on moving the resolution, alluded to the deep dissatis-
faction so prevalent throughout the Dominion at its financial and indus-
trial condition. He averred that throughout the whole country a feeling
of general despondency prevailed; that the measures of the Ministry
held out no hope to the struggling industries of Canada. He charged
that the want of confidence in the trade policy of the Government was
expanding and widening, and that no word of encourageinent were
uttered, nor any steps taken in the way of protecting, developing, or
sustaining our traders and manufacturers. He aflirmed that had
the Government taken one step in assisting one single industry, it
would have had a salutary effect; it would have redounded to their
credit, and have greatly raised them in the estimation of the country,
while it would, at the same time, perhaps, in some degree have
reconciled the people and the various industries to a suspension of
their hopes for protection for another Session. He charged that the
proposed alterations in the tariff, instead of assisting any industry,
instead of holding out a hope to any class whatever, actually attacked
valuable industries already languishing. He forcibly pointed out that
the Finance Minister had lost a good opportunity of accomplishing
two objects at the same time, viz. : — meeting a deficiency if necessary,
by increased taxation, and so adjusting the taxation that it might
incidentally be of some service to some interest, to some class, indus-
try, or manufacture. Instead of that, he continued, the Government
have told the House that they had adopted what might be called
*' the fly on the wheel " policy ; that they had iio interest in it. as it
•were, further than to raise the necessary amount of revenues in the
easiest way, the way most comfortable to themselves, without regard-
ing the general welfare and prospersty of the country.

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

513

'lb this amendment, Mr. Wood, one of the members of the rity of
Hamilton, Ontario, made an amendment which was negatived by a
majori.y of thirty-one. Mr. Orton moved another, which was nega-
tived by a majority of thirty-nine, and Sir John's original amendment
was negatived by a majority of forty-nine.

AVhat is popularly known as the " Free Trade " policy of the
Government was thus solemnly approved by the Commons, and the
Opposition now devoted its chief energies among the constituencies to
the advocacy of what is just as erroneously called the " Protection "
policy of Sir John Macdonald. Both parties admit that unrestricted
free trade is an impossibility, and that unrestricted protection is also
one. Mr. Mackenzie was not disposed to any modification of the
tariff. Sir John holds that very extensive modification of it is abso-
lutely essential to the alleviation of the national distress ; but what
those precise modifications are he declares himself not able to indi-
cate until a full examination of the requirements of each important
industry had been made, and to obtain this a new Ministry would
be required. In this state the question was left by the Session of
1877.

On the 1 2th April, the North West troubles were again brought
before the House by the motion of Mr. Costigan : —

"That in pursuance of an address passed by this House on the 13th February,
1875, full amnesty was granted to all persons concerned m the North West troubles,
for all acts committed by them during the said troubles, save only Louis Riel, A.
D. lupine, W. D. O'Donoghue, and a partial amnesty was granted to Louis Riel
ami A. 1). Lepine, conditional on five years' banishment from Her Majesty's Domi-
nion, thereby leaving the said W. D. O'Donoghue as the only person lial^le to the
extreme penalty of the laws, for all acts committed by him during the said troubles.
That tills solitary exception has created dissatisfaction among a large class of Her
Majesty's loyal subjects of the same nationality as the said W. D. O'Donoghue,
and that, in the opinion of this House, as all disquiet and fear of disturbances have
long since ceased in the North West Territories, it is just and proper that the said
W. 1). O'Donoghue be placed in the same position, with regard to the said troubles,
as Louis Riel and A. D. Lepine."

Had O'Donoghue's offence been simply his connection with
political difficulties, he would doubtless have been included in the
amnesty of 1876, but it was clear that he had aided and abetted the
Fenian invasion of Manitoba in September, 187 1, and the Ministry
were firm in withholding from him the indulgence shown to Riel,
Lepine and others. The motion was negatived by a majority of

514

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H77

forty-five. The persistent demand, however, of O'Donoghue's friends
caused the Ministry to change their views, for in the autumn of 187^
the amnesty was extended to him.

On the 20th April, the Pacific Railway matter came before the
House on *' Supply," and the treaty with British Columbia was again
discussed ; but no policy satisfactory to that Province was announced,
and the determination of Mr. Mackenzie to take his own time was
again made clear. The Session closed leaving British Columbia
more dissatisfied than ever.

On the 28th April, His Excellency prorogued the House with the
usual ceremonies.

A visit to Manitoba and the North West Territories, by His Excel-
lency, was now determined on, and on the 30th July, the Vice-regal
party departed on the tour. Before giving an account of this visit,
it may be convenient to give a sketch of that Province, particularly
with reference to the Administrations of Mr. Archibald, the first Lieu-
tenant Governor, and his successor, Mr. Morris, who was ruling
Manitoba when His Excellency arrived in August, 1877.

The Hudson's Bay Company was incorporated in the year 1670
under a charter by Charles II. The territory conferred was called
Rupert's Land, and consisted in general terms of the whole region
whose waters flow into Hudson's Bay. The operations of the Com-
pany as a trading community extended over vast regions other than
those embraced in the charter, but its proprietary rights and its
responsibilities as a governing body were confined to the limits
prescribed by this document.

Until about 1774, the country was used purely as a fur-bearing
region, and its sole value then consisted in the pelts it supplied tor the
European market. Its only inhabitants were the native Indians and
the employees of the Company. The first project for colonizing any
portion of the country was instituted by Thomas Douglass, Karl of
Selkirk, in about the year 181 1. The country had belonged to I'rance
and became English in 1763, when it was ceded under the Treaty of
Paris. As early as 1640 many French colonists had been led to
pursue the calling of the trapper, and had gradually spread themselves
over the whole country far to the west of Lake Superior. These
were called *' Coureurs des Bois." In 1731, a Lower Canadian
Seigneur, M. Varennes de la Verandrye, acting under a license to
trade, granted by the Canadian Government, was the first white man

«*![»(%;»■---*, H

1877J

THE EAUL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

illo

to reach Winnipeg River. Descending this stream to the borders of

Like Winnipeg, he penetrated up the Red River and the Assinihoine

to the prairie lands of the Far West, recently known as the Districts

of .Swan River and the Sa.skatche\van. In 1811, the Earl of .Selkirk

])urchased from the Hudson's Bay Company a large tract of land, a

small part of which was the region long known as the Red River

Settlement, and forming part of the present Province of Manitoba. At

about this time a compulsory exodus of the inhabitants of the moun-

t.iinous regions in the county of Sutherland in Scotland was in progress,

and many of them found their way to Red River under the protection of

the Karl of Selkirk. They formed a settlement at the confluence of the

Red and Assiniboine Rivers, where now stands the City of Winnipeg,

the Ca])ital of the Province of Manitoba. The new comers soon became

involved in the quarrels of the Hudson's Bay and North West Comj)a-

nies, and the immigrants were reduced to great wretchedness. They

persevered, however, and gradually secured comfortable dwellings and

productive farms. Lord Selkirk died in 1821, and from that date the

late Mr. Ellice became the principal figure in the affairs of the colony,

and under his auspices an agreement was arrived at between the rival

trading companies, the Hudson's Bay and the North West, and from

this period the settlement flourished. General contentment prevailed.

In 1836, the Hudson's Bay Company purchased from Lord Selkirk's

heirs all the country ceded to him in i8ii, and the Red River

Settlement again fell under the rule of these traders.

The supreme control of the affairs of the Company was vested,
under the charter, in a Governor, Deputy Ciovernor, and Committee
of five Directors, all annually chosen by the stockholders, at a general
meeting, held in London, each November. These functionaries, resid-
ing in Britain, appointed an oflicial resident in their North American
possessions, called the Governor of Rupert's Land. Sir George Simp-
son was the first who held this office. He died in i860, and was mc
ceeded by Mr. Alexander Grant Dallas, who, resigning in 1864, was
succeeded by Mr. William MacTavish, who held the office when the
country came under Canadian rule, on the ist December, 1869. The
territories of the Company were divided into four vast sections,
known as the Northern, Southern, Montreal and Western Depart-
ments. Red River Settlement was comprised in the Southern. This
section was, however, set off into a distinct corporation, ruled by the
"Governor and Council of Assiniboia." Municipal institutions of
a very rude character existed here, for it was the only spot where there

I ^ ' , ^

516

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

■III I

was a resident population to be governed. Previous to 1848 the
office of Clovernor of Assiniboia was almost invariably held by the
officer in charge of the Comi)any's trading interests in the Colony
His duties were of a very simple nature, the condition of the young
municipality not being such as to demand much attention. In that
year Lieutenant Colonel Caldwell was appointed Governor of Assi-
niboia. He retained his office until 1855, when he was succeeded
by Mr. Frank Godshall Johnson, a barrister from Montreal, who was
also appointed Recorder of Rupert's Land. He resigned in 1858,
when Mr. MacTavish succeeded him, who, in 1869, filled the ottke
conjointly with that of Governor of Rupert's Land. Assiniboia
was governed by a Council consisting of the Governor, and settlers
appointed by the Company on the recommendation of the Governor.
The result was that the community was governed by the leading men
of the Colony in position, influence, wealth and intelligence. In 1869
the Council included the Protestant Episcopal liishop of Rui^ert's
Land and the Roman Catholic Bishoj) of St. Boniface. The French
Canadian, the original Scotch, the mercantile, and the generni com-
munities were fairly represented in the Council. At this pe*' the
population of the settlement numbered about 12,000; of the it

6000 were French Half-breeds, about 4000 were English or Scotch
Half-breeds — the Scotch predominating, — about 1500 were pure
whites of various nationalities, and the remainder were Indians. The
majority of the people were Roman Catholics, the minority was
composed of Episcopalians, Presbyterians and Wesleyan Methodists.
There were about thirty common schools, — fifteen Protestant and
fifteen Roman Catholic, several conventual academies and schools
controlled by the Roman Catholics, and three colleges, — St. John's
(Episcopal), St. Boniface (Roman Catholic), and Kildonan (Presby-
terian). There were besides about twelve Episcopal, two Methodist,
three Presbyterian, and twelve Roman Catholic churches. The {)opii-
lation comprised many highly educated men, and very many well
qualified to undertakv^ all the duties appertaining to a Constitutional
Government. The people were loyal to the British Crown, and there
was no section of the Dominion where the republican element was
weaker than in the Red River Settlement. The population was in the
enjoyment of a degree of liberty and happiness unsurpassed by any
civilized country, and the practical working of their Government was
easy and satisfactory. But public attention had been drawn to the
North West, and its great advantages as a home for the immigrant

1877]

THE EAUL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

517

soon attracted many new comers. It became desirable to open up
these vast tracts ; but, in order to achieve this, the rights of the Hud-
son Hay Company would first require to be purchased. Negotiations
were opened, and after a long negotiation Sir George Caitier and Mr.
MrDougall were sent to England by the Dominion (lovernment to
secure an agreement with the Company. It was ultimately settled
that the Dominion should pay the Company ;^3oo,ooo for its claim
to the whole North West, retaining only their forts and a small tract
of land around each one ; and the ist December, 1869, was fixed upon
as the day on which Canada was to receive the Territories into the
Confederacy. This was to be done under the authority of the Impe-
rial Statute, " The British North America Act, 1867." Messrs. Car-
tier and McDougall placed their report before the Dominion Parlia-
ment in May, 1869, and during the Session an Act was passed pro-
viding for the temporary government of the Territories so soon as they
became i)art of the Confederacy.

In July, 1869, several months before the country could become
the ])roperty of the Dominion, for the ist December, 1869, had already
been settled upon as the day of transfer, the Dominion Minister of
Public Works despatched Col. Dennis with a party of surveyors to
Red River with instructions to make surveys of the country for the
purposes of settlement.

On the 29th September, 1869, a Commission passed under the
great seal of Canada appointing the Hon. Wm. McDougall, C.B., to
be Lieutenant Governor of the North West Territories, the appoint-
ment to take effect on the transfer. In October, he set out for Red
River, having with him several gendemen ready to receive some of
the highest offices under the new Government.

While on his way, the indignation of the people of Red River
burst forth. It is an almost incredible fact that all these proceed-
ings had been taken to transfer twelve thousand intelligent and com-
paratively wealthy people from one Government to another without
the slightest communication with them. None of them had been con-
sulted. They had been treated with contempt. The author of the
transfer looked upon them as so many sheep who had neither feelings to
be hurt, nor interests to be respected. A Government had been framed
for them by the Dominion Act of May, of which they knew nothing
until they saw it noticed in the public prints. A Governor had been
appointed for them without the slightest intimation to them ; he was
on his way to assume their rule, surrounded by officers whose seats in

^ I

518

HISTORY OF THE ADMIN.^STRATION OF

[187?

and about the Provincial Cabinet and Courts had already, as they
believed, been settled upon. A system of Government had been
established for them, in the formation of which they had been denied
all voice, and surveyors had invaded their comitry sent by a power
really as alien to them in this respect as the Ameiican Government
would have been.

Mr. McDougall arrived on the frontier on the 30th October, but
nine days before, ". Darrier had been raised across the road leading
to Winnipeg by a paity of armed men headed by Riel. This man was
then and for some time after cordially supported by the great mass
of the people. The English and Scotch Half-breeds joined with the
French " Meiis " in their determination not to permit Mr. McDougall
to enter the country until their rights were secured. All cre-eds nnd
all classes, excepting a few of the pure white poi)ulation, were loud in
their denunciation of what they declared to be the tyrannical con-
duct of the Dominion Government, of which Mr. McDougall was the
exponent. Had this gentleman even now, when the country was full
of armed men, determined to defend their rights by force, undet stood
the real state of the public mind, the difficulty might have been ovei-
come, for even Riel did not then desire to oppose the authority ui
the Crown. His opposition was confined lo the arbitiary proceedings
of the Dominion Government, but as Mr. McDougall attempted to
raise an armed forc^; among the people by which to crush the ojjposition,
he really added strength to his enemies. Riel and his associates up
to this point were unquestionably in the right, and had Mr. Mcl)oiii,'all
candidly admitted his cTor, it is more than probable that the wretched
North West troubles of 1870 would never have arisen. iUit Mr.
McDougall's measures only increased the popular indignation, and
then, as Riel found himself growing daily more powerful, his vanity
and ignorance and greed led him to his destruction. Had he held
the Provisional Government, which he had established, in .trust for the
Dominion, aiid honestly carried it on for the simple pur])0se of giving
the Dominion authorities an opportunity of retracing the false steps
into which it had been hurried he would have done the country excel-
lent service and established an enviable reputation for himself,— but
success turned his head. He cruelly imprisoned a number of harmless
l)eople ; he treated them harshly while under a confinement which
none but a savage could have continued ; he laid violent hands on
the property of the Hudson's Bay Company ; he pillaged the i)rivate

187T]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

;i9

property of individuals for hi« own use ; he imprisoned Governor
Mac Tavish, and forced him, even then dyinr;, by bayonet wounds, to
give up the keys of the safe, whence he abstracted several thousands
of dollars, the property of the Company ; he committed a barbarous
murder on poor Thomas Scott, and ended by defying the power of
Her Majesty.

On the 1 8th December, Mr. McDougall left Pembina, where he
had nade his head-quarters since his arrival in October, and returned
to Ottawa. In the meantime negotiations had been going on with
the Dominion authorities to setil^ the unfortunate difficulties; and, as
a result of these an Act of the Dominion was passed on the 12th
May. 1870, to pre vide for the Government of the Province of Manitoba,
and to continue the Act of 1869 as regarded such of the North AN'est
Territories as were not included within the new Province. The
terms of this Act were settled by arrangements between members of
the Government of Canada, and delegates sent to Ottawa from Red
River by the authority of Riel, who was acting as President of the
insurrectionary Government, — and $1,300,000 were appropriated by
the House of Commons on the 21st April, 1872, for the purpose of
o])ening commimications, establishing a Government, and providing
for the settlement of the North West Territories.

It had been determined to send an armed force to re-establish
order in the West. On the 22nd April, while the resolution for the
appropriation of the $1,300,000 was before the House, Mr. AFasson,
ofSoulanges, (Que), moved the amendment: —

" Troviiled that no portion of the funds should be expended in employing
troops or militia in acquiring possession of the territory by force of arms."

This led to a long 'ebate, by which it appeared that a great part
of the French-speaking meml)ers of the House were in opposition to
the armed expedition contemplated ; a circumstance which was subse-
quently found to create much difficulty in the Province.

By the Act the limits of the new Province were on the east the
9C", and on the west the 99" of longitude. The United States boun-
dary or 49th parallel of latitude was the southern limit, and 50^ the
northern. The Province therefore comprised land from east to west
over 3 degrees of longitude, and from north to south over li degrees
of latitude.

The Act appropriated 1,400,000 acres for the benefit of the
families of the Half-bre>:ds, and confiniied all grant', made by the

^r^

r>.^ ''

KiS:

520

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

Hudson Bay Company in freehold, and gave the option to the
holders of estates less than freeholds under such grant to have the
same enlarged into freehold.

The Act authorized an Elective Assembly, to consist of twenty four
members, and a Legislative Council of seven.

The Province was to have the right to send four members to the
House of Commons and to have two Senators.

Provision was made giving the Lieutenant Governor power to
make rules in resnect of the Provincial Elections.

On the 20th May, 1870, Mr. Archibald was appointed Lieutenant
Goverujr, and received instructions as to the mode of carrying on the
Government of the country.

In June, 1870, an expedition consisting of two regiments of
militia and a battalion of the 60th Rifles proceeded by Thunder Bay
to Red River by the Canoe Route, under command of Colonel
Wolseley. That oflicer, with the Regulars, reached Fort Garry on the
24th August. Riel and his party fled from Fort Garry a few minutes
before the troops entered.

Mr. Archibald proceeded to Red River by canoe, by the route
pursued by Colonel Wolseley.

It was understood, on the passage of the Compromise Act, that all
parties were satisfied to receive a Canadian Government, and it was
arranged that, if a deputation of the English and French parties
would meet the Lieutenant Governor at the N. W. angle of the Lake
of the Woods, which is within one hundred miles of Red River, he
would proceed to the Province within two days journey of Fort Garry,
and yet nothing was known at the Fort of the arrival of the Military
at Fort Garry, which had taken place ten days before.

The insurrectionary party were also without intelligence of the
arrival of Colonel Wolseley in the Red River until he was within two
miles of the Fort.

The Province on the arrival of the Lieutenant Governor was in a
state of great excitement.

For many months during the ascendancy of the insurgents, the
French Half-breeds, under Riel, Lepine and O'Donoghue had treated
the English portion of the population with gr8at cruelty : they had
made prisoners of a large number of the people — had confined them
in close, ill-ventilated houses within the precincts of Fort Garry, and
had treated them with great harshness. Dr. Shultz, who was one of
the prisoners, made his escape and found his way to Ontario in the
dead of winter, through the Lake district, after incredible hardships.

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

521

r was in a

Thomas Scott, an emigrant from Ontario, who was confined at Fort
Garry, was brutally shot, after a pretended trial by Kiel's party, and
buried, it was supposed, within the precincts of the Fort.

The stores of the Hudson's Bay Company were sacked by Kiel
and his people at their pleasure, and the goods applied to support the
insurrection.

The loyal part of the population had suffered great wrongs, and,
now that their friends were in the ascendant, were determined on
vengeance. They had suffered when the French had power, and
insisted, now that the tables were turned, on compensation for the
injuries sustained and on punishment of the offenders. The French
were sullen and discontented ; they knew too well the feelings of the
rest of the population to expect much consideration.

In this condition of affairs the Lieutenant Governor thought best to
take no active steps to organize a Government for a few days, and, in
the meantime, to take the opportunity of seeing and conferring with
the leaders of the population on both sides.

On the 6th September, he held a levee at which Colonel Wolseley
and the officers of the Regulars and Militia attended, together with
the members of the old Council of Assiniboia and leading men of
both sections of the population.

On this occasion the commissions to the Lieutenant Governor were
read with as much ceremony as possible, so as to inc' ile the inaugu-
ration of the new ^^gime.

The Council ot Assiniboia presented an address to the Lieutenant
Governor in presence of the gentlemen assembled at the levee.

The Lieutenant Governor's instructions required him to be guided
by the constitutional principles and precedents which obtained in the
older provinces, in other words, he was to conduct the administration
on the principles of Constitutional or Responsible Government.

There is comparatively little difficulty in doing this in a settled
country, but where the majority of the people have taken part in an
organized insurrection and have constituted a de facto Government
and carried it on for nearly a year, where half the population has been
in fact technically guilty of treason, it is a difficult task to carry on a
Government according to the well-understood wishes of the people,
while undertaking to punish offences to which the majority of the
people had been party.

One would scarcely expect a verdict for the Crown from a jury
the majority of whom had been accomplices of the culprit, and yet

622

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

that was practically what was asked by the extreme men on the
English side, who insisted that, under a Government conducted on the
principles of responsibility to the people, punishment should be
inflicted on the men who had in their favor the xeelings and sympa-
thies of the majority of the electors.

An additional element of difficulty arose from the uncertainty that
existed as the terms in which the compromise at Ottawa had been
effected.

The delegates of the insurgents who had been invited to attend at
Ottawa to treat about the Provincial difficulties, reported on their
return that they had been promised an amnesty fo'* offences committed
during the insurrection, and, whether this was true or not, the effect
was the same : it was generally believed among the French section of
the population, who naturally became excited on seeing that the Eng-
lish parishes were clamouring for investigation and punishment.

The Government of Canada denied that any actual promise had
been made, and insisted that the question vvas one for the Imperial
Government, the offences in question having been committed before
the Province was transferred to Canada.

The addresses to the Lieutenant Governor from the loyal parishes
always contained a clause such as this, extracted from the St. James'
address of the 15th September : —

' ' We have no wish to dictate to your Excellency any policy which you may
deem it wise to adopt in the administration of affairs, but we most earnestly trust
that the English-speaking portion of this Province (the larger and more influential
portion) will be fully and fairly represented in the new Government. Nor can we
conceal from your Excellency our earnest wish that a full and impartial investiga-
tion be mucle as soon as possible into the proceedings of the past few months,
during which, among other things, many of Her Majesty's loyal subjects were
seized and imprisoned, the life of one cruelly taken, and a large amount of pro-
perty stolen and made away with."

The reply of the Lieutenant Governor, of which the following is an
extract, indicates the line taken by him in answering these addresses :—

" I am quite aware of the difficulties connected with my position, but if the
people of this Province, irrespective of past differences, will give me their confi-
dence — I have reason to hope and believe that they will — I feel no doulit that we
shall be able to re-establish the affairs of this country on a solid basis, and that we
may look forward in the future to a period of peace and prosperity. It shall be my
aim to do justice to every part of the population, irrespective of origin or creed.

As to the composition of any Government which may be formed hereafter, the
arrangements must be largely moulded by the wishes of the population, as expressed
through the men of their choice.

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

523

Our first duty must be with regard to the future. Let us place the affairs of the
country upon a settled footing. Let us re-establish security. Let us give to the
people of the country the assurance that, henceforth at least, the law shall be tri-
umphant, and we shall take the best steps to make practicable and safe any inves-
tigations that may be thought desirable into the events of the past year."

In addition tc t^e written and formal replies to addresses the
Lieutenant Governor took occasion to address the members of each
deputation orally, urging upon them the necessity of unitiag with him
to put down any attempt at violation of the law, and the members of
the several Committees were pledged to do so.

While this excitement prevailed on both sides, and the Lieutenant
Governor was attending a meeting of Indians at the Lower Settlement,
with the view of inducing them to disperse to the hunting grounds, an
event occurred which inflamed the excitement still more. A man of
the name of Goulet, who had been concerned as a principal actor in
the insurrection, had made his appearance in the town of Winnipeg.
Being recognised, he was chased, when he made for the river. Entering
it and attempting to swim to the other side, he sank and was drowned.

It was said that, among the persons who were engaged in the chase,
were some of the soldiers of the militia, which exasperated the
French, and led to a belief on their part that their Hves were unsafe,
and that the fate of Goulet might be that of any Frenchman who
should venture into the ^" n of Winnipeg.

It was never ascertained with certainty whether the charge against
the soldiers was well founded, but from their first arrival in Winnipeg,
they invariably tock sides against the French, and were a source of
constant trouble. With a company of fifty regular soldiers, who would
obey commands, the peace of the Province could have been preserved,
but, for any purpose of support to the civil authorities, the militia were
of little or no value. M ^ny of them were said t* be Ontario Orange-
men, who enlisted to avenge the death of their countryman, Scott.
They were supposed by the French to have taken an oath to punish
his murderers. If the policy had been to trample down the French
and inflict punishment upon every man who had been in the insurrec-
tion, men of this stamp, if they had not been restrained, would have
been proper agents to effect that purpose. But they would have ren-
dered it impossible to govern the country on the principles on which
the Lieutenant Governor was instructed to proceed. They would have
driven the majority of the population into the arms of any marauders
who could be induced by hope of plunder to cross the border.

HH^'

"ij

111

.1^

524

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

The anxieties of the French part of the population are depicted
in an address from the parish of St. Norbert, the parish of Father
Ritchot, the priest who had been one of the delegates at Ottawa.

This address was printed on the 31st October, and, after the usual
compliments and apologies for the delay in its delivery, it proceeds
thus : —

••Your Excellency will nevertheless permit us not to conceal from you that
one thing is wanting — a very essential thing, indeed. We expect it with certainty,
because we have been promised it by men whose word cannot bt broken. You
yourself have told us that we may be sure that any stipulations which have been
solemnly made with us, of whatever nature, will be honorably fulfilled."

Mr. Archibald's reply describes the situation :

* • I need hardly say to you that your kind address gives me the most lively
satisfaction. You speak of the delay in presenting it, but I have reason to be glad
of the delay which assures me I have ccnquered your good-will. The address
delivered on my arrival would have been but a compliment ; it is now a certificate.
I am pleased, indeed, that my conduct under circumstances of much difficulty has
been such as to command your appreciation ; and, gentlemen, I am happy to be
able to say to you that assurances of similar approval are daily reaching me from
quarters where I least expected it, — approval of a policy which I propounded the
first day of my entrance into the Province, a policy from which I have not swerved
for an instant from that day to this — a policy of good will, of fair play, of justice to
all. It has been my study in the past, it will be my study in the future, as far as
I can, to put down the spirit of faction, — to heal the wounds of the past, to treat
all as one people, estranged, it is true, by the unhappy events of the past years,
but yearning to resume the affectionate relations which become you as men having
in your veins the same blood and kindred by the ties of nature, relations which
have hitherto been of the most close and intimate character, and which differences
in language and creed have been powerless to sunder.

With this policy enrolled on my banner, and with the assurance you give me
of support from all who wish the good of the Province, I have not a doubt that,
ere long, with the blessing of Providence, we shall be willing to exchange the
painful recollections of the past for the happier feelings which grow out of peace,
progress and prosperity.

When that time comes, and I feel that it is not far off, it will be the desire of
every body, from the Queen on the throne to the humblest of her subjects, to bury
in oblivion much that is painful in the history of the past years. What shape this
desire may assume it is not for me to say. That belongs to Her Majesty's
Imperial Government, not to this Province or to Canada, but I cannot doubt that
Her Majesty's policy will be one in accord with the honor of her crown and the
good of the people ."

By Steadily pursuing the course marked out in this answer, the
policy of conciliation gradually became less unpopular on the English
side, and, in the meantime, the Lieutenant Governor had endeavored

[1877

depicted
)f Father
iwa.

the usual
proceeds

n you that
1 certainty,
ken. You
L have been

most lively
I to be glad
[he address
I certificate,
ifficulty has
lappy to be
ig nie from
pounded the
not swerved
of justice to
re, as far as
last, to treat
past years,
men having
itions which
1 differerces

yrou give me
doubt that,
:hange the
lit of peace,

he desire of
;cts, to bury
It shape this
Majesty's
doubt that
iwn and the

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

525

iswer, the

English

ideavored

to turn the thoughts of the people into other channels by engaging in
the varied work that was necessary in laying the foundation of civil
Government in the country.

On the 17 th September, he appointed two gentlemen to the
office of Executive Councillors. Mr. Boyd, an Englishman and
loyalist, represented one section of the population ; Mr. Girard (now
senator) represented the other. A body of Justices of the Peace,
comprising representatives of every section of the population, were
sworn into office ; the Courts of Law were opened ; proclamations of
various kinds were issued, all intending to indicate that the reign of
lawlessness was over, and that the inhabitants of the country could
return to their various pursuits.

A census of the inhabitants was taken, on a principle which gave
assurance of its fairness. The Province was divided into five sections,
for each of which two enumerators were appointed, one of English the
other of French origin. Each made a separate enumeration in a
separate book and sent in a sworn return. It turned out that the
returns made by the separate enumerators were almost identical. In
the number of the total population there was a difference of only two.
The people on both sides were satisfied that the census was correct.

The next work of the Lieutenant Governor was to organise the
Legislature. Under the Act the Lieutenant Governor was to divide
the Province into twenty-four electoral districts, each of which was
to return a member.

The census having shewn the distribution of the population and
that the numbers of each section were about equal, the French
having a slight majority, the Province was divided into twenty-four
sections each containing about the same population, but bounded as
far as possible by old Parish lines, and so arranged as to give twelve
divisions in which the French were in the majority and twelve with an
English majority.

Under the authority conferred by the Act, the Lieutenant Governor
prepared a Code of Rules for the Election, and appointed returning
officers and clerks for the different sections.

No returning officer or clerk had ever seen an election or knew
anything of the form by which an election was to be conducted, and
yet they did their work with a correctness that would have been
creditable to experienced hands. Great pains had been taken in
making them comprehend their instructions before the work was
begun.

-, I

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526

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

A Legislative Council was appointed in due course, and after the
election of the Assembly, the members of the Executive Council were
increased to the number pointed out by the Act. The members of
the two bodies of the Legislature were soon brought into working
order. No member of either body having ever been member of a Legis-
lature, and the great bulk of them having no knowledge of the working
of such bodies, a large amount of extra labor necessarily devolved on
the Lieutenant Governor in setting the machinery in motion.

There was great need for the action of a Legislative body.

The only Code of Laws existing at the time was made under the
charter of 1670 granted to the Hudson Bay Company. It was
comprised in a pamphlet of eight pages, and consisted of ordinances
made by the Council of Assiniboia, a district comprising all the
country included within a circle with a radius of^ sixty miles of which
Fort Garry was the centre.

The Council consisted of the two Bishops, one Catholic and one
Protestant, some eight or ten of the leading Half-breeds of French and
English origin, residing in the district, and was presided over by the
Governor of the Hudson Bay Company stationed at Fort Garry.

Of the eight pages of which the Code was composed one half was
devoted to matters which indicate the peculiar condition of the country.

The first head of Legislation was Fires, a matter all important in a
prairie country ; the second was Animals ; the third. Horse-taking ;
the fourth. Hay ; the Intoxicating of Indians and the Liquor Laws
form two additional heads of Legislation, followed by an article
offering a premium for wolf heads.

The Code is wanting in the general provisions which are considered
to form the very foundations of civilized society.

There was no provision for the descent or transfer of real or
personal property ; no provision regulating the execution or registra-
tion of deeds or wills. In fact, landed property passed from hand to
hand, like an ox or a load of hay, and was devised by word of mouth
on a dying bed. While such a state of things existed nothing but the
general honesty and probity of the people, and probably to some
extent the small value of the property, real and personal, could have
prevented endless disputes.

It was the first duty of the new Legislature to provide the laws
required for the state of society which had commenced.

A Code was accordingly prepared, drawn by the Lieutenant
Governor, by which a Supreme Court was created, with jurisdiction

1877]

THE EAKL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

527

over all matters of law and equity, wills* and intestacy. Provision
was made fo"- the prevention of frauds and perjuries, for prescribing
the reciuisites for the execution of wills, for the descent of real and
personal estate, its transfer by deed or execution, for the registration of
deeds, the appointment of magistrates and coroners, for the v^stablish-
ment of a system of police and a system of education in the
Province.

In his opening address to the Legislature the Lieutenant Gover-
nor said : —

" Vou are about to furnish a test, I trust I may say you will furnish a
vindication, of the policy which has given you elective and representative institu-
tions. These are seldom conferred on so small a population. Your case is almost, if
not quite, exceptional. It will be your duty to show that the legislature of the
Dominion has not over-estimated your fitness for the discharge of the very grave
duties imposed upon you by your new Constitution, The work before you is
sufficient to task your utmost judgment and discreti jn. You have to construct
your institutions from the foundation. The arrangements which have sufficed for
tiie Government of this country in the past will no longer serve their purpose.
Your isolation from the rest of the world, which deprived you of some advan-
tages, protected you from many evils."

Then, after referring to the lines of communication about to be
opened up, the establishment of the telegraph and the influx of im-
migration, the Lieutenant Governor went on to say : —

"In the new state of things which is at hand you will find scope for the
exercise of the best abilities and the purest patriotism. Your first duty will be to
organize the Province, to make arrangements for the preservation of law and
order, to establish Courts of Justice and to provide the auxiliary machinery
required in the' decision of controverted rights. You will have to define more
accurately than they are now defined what are the rights of property, how it shall
be transmitted by conveyance, to whom it shall descend by inheritance, how
it may be disposed of by will, what safeguards may best be provided against
fraudulent conveyances, in short, to lay the foundations of property upon a basis
of law. You will also have to provide the arrangements which every self-
governing country requires for the management of its local and municipal "ffairs.
^0L cannot be expected, it would I think be unwise for you to attempt, to
frame a complicated code. The laws to be first enacted should be plain and
simple. They should provide for the essential and the immediate, leaving it to
future lefjislation to deal with matters of less importance and to adopt the amend-
ments and clianges suggested by the wants arising from the progress of the country.

In conclusion, allow me to congratulate you upon the prospects now dawning
on your country. I have been able for several months that I have been in
the Province to maintain peace and order, with scarcely any of the institutions of
an organized society.

I 1
If* Jl'-i

628

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

ri877

In my efforts to cairn clown the exasperations arising from the painful events of
last winter I have been seconded by the co-operation of the great body of the
intelligent and respectable people of this country, irrespective of race or creed,
and I owe it to you to say that the manner in which the people generally have
conducted themselves at the polls, on their first essay under the new Constitution,
is such as would reflect no discredit upon people longer exercised in elective
institutions."

The hopes held out in this address were fully realized, and the
legislation of the Session placed on a sound foundation such as was
required for the preservation of law and order in the Province.

In his closing speech to the Legislature on the 3rd May, 187 1,
the Lieutenant Governor alluded to the work of the Session in the
following terms : —

'• You have applied yourselves with energy and ability to the task to which I
invited your attention at the opening of the session, and you have done much
towards organizing and establishing upon a solid basis the institutions of the
country.

The laws you have passed may not be framed on the model of those of older
countries, but they are at all events suited to the circumstances of your own
country, and they will remove much of the doubt and uncertainty which until this
hour have hung over the rights and obligations of the inhabitants of this Province.
* * * Great changes are impending in the material circumstances of this
country. The arrival in your midst within a few days of a new and well built
steamship, constructed in view of these changes and to meet the wants whicii they
create, laden on its first voyage to its utmost capacity with passengers and freight,
pressing close on the receding ice of the river, heralds the events which .ire at
hand and closes the history of your isolation."

One of the Acts of this session gives incidental proof of the fertility
of a soil which required no manure. The accumulations of the barn
yards instead of being used for the land were carted into the river to
be carried away by the current. To prevent a practice which was
deleterious to the health of the inhabitants, who obtained water for
domestic use from the river, a fine of $25 or an imprisonment for two
months was imposed on every person who got rid in this way of what
in Manitoba was a nuisance, but in any other country would have been
thought of priceless value.

An attempt was made during the Session, by a resolution moved
by Mr. Hayes, to raise the questions connected with the insurrection,
calling upon the Government to punish the offenders in the insiirrec
tion of 1869, but a resolution moved in amendment, and passed by a
majority of nineteen to five, showed unmistakably the views of the
House, and constitutionally of the people, on the inexpediency at that
moment of raising questions of so exciting and dangerous a character.

^877]

THE EABL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

529

During the summer of 187 1, a large number of immigrants poured
into the Province, who found employment for their industry. Peace
and prosperity returned to the country.

In September the Lieutenant Governor visited the different
parishes on the Assiniboine, all inhabited by English Half-breeds, and
at first violently opposed to the policy of conciliation.

The new turn which had been given to the thoughts of the people,
—the interest which they had taken in the proceedings of the Legis-
lature, — the increase of farming and other industries, — the pros-
pects of a good crop, and the general prosperity of the country, soon
generated a feeling of confidence and satisfaction.

At Portage la Prairie, sixty miles west of Winnipeg, where the
English feeling had been the strongest, the following address to the
Lieutenant Governor was presented : —

* " May it please your Excellency :— We, the inhabitants of Portage la
Prairie, extend to you a most hearty welcome, and extremely regret that we are
unable on this occasion to furnish you with a stronger proof of our loyalty and
attachment to your position as Her Majesty's Representative.

Your Excellency's short stay prevents us from giving expression to all our
sentiments and feelings in reference to the great future of this Province.

We are aware of the difficulties attending your high and honorable position
amidst the surges of political strife and animosity which have prevailed to a great
extent in this colony during the last two years ; and we cannot but avail ourselves
of this opportunity of assuring your Excellency that, although we have been stigma-
tized as ' Rebels,' you will find us in the hour of call as ready to support you
again as we were before, to come forward and risk our lives and our liberties in
support of Constitutional Government and the authority of Her Majesty the Queen,
of whom you are the Representative."

* Before Confederation the Lieutenant Governors of the Provinces were properly
addressed as "Excellency," because they represented Her Majesty, receiving their
commissions directly from her, in which this title was expressly given. But on
Confederation the system was changed. These officers now received their appoint-
ments from the Dominion Government, and communicated with the Imperial
authorities, not directly, but through the Governor General, who is the only repre-
sentative of Her Majesty in the Dominion. His title is "His Excellency," but
custom retained the same title for the Lieutenant Governors. This was wrong, as
well as inconvenient, and the error was corrected by an order of the Imperial
Privy Council of the 24th July, 1868, which declared that, in consonuence of the
Confederation of the British Provinces, some revision of the former usage there
about titles, had become necessary, and Her Majesty then approved of the adoption
of the following regulations, which, it will be seen, correct several other errors
which even yet are freely indulged in :

I. The Governor General of Canada to be styled "His Excellency."

U .

: 5

li*'^'^

530

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

To this address the following reply was given : —

"TO THE INHABITANTS OF PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE.

Gf.nti.emen, — Allow me, in the name of Her Majesty, to thank you for the
expressions of loyalty contained in your address, and for the cordial welcome you
have extended tome as Her Majesty's representative on the occasion of my first visit
to this interesting part of the Province.

I have long desired to see for myself the Parishes of the Upper Assiniboine ;
bi . until now, the pressure of engagements that could not be postponed has pre-
vented the indulgence of my wishes. I had heard much of the beauty and fertility
of this district ; much of the industry and prosperity of its people ; and now gentle-
men, that I have seen for myself, I am happy to say to you that the expectations
formed from what I had heard are more than fulfilled by what I have seen.

You have a country of which any people may well be proud ; and if I may jiidp'
from the evidences of energy and progress that I have marked as I passed up, it is
inhabited by a people not unworthy of such a heritage.

You allude to the great future of this new Province. I have never felt so as
sured of that future as I do at this moment. For two days I have been movint; as
rapidly as horses could take me over the virgin districts that lie west of this Parish,
and during that period I have seen some of the most beautiful spots upon which
my eyes have ever rested. My whole journey has been through a country more
uniformly rich and fertile than any equal space I have ever seen. Taking the tract
I have passed over as a fair sample of the West (and I believe it to be so), I ma;
say that any one who has seen it may be pardoned for indulging in bright hopes
of the future, not only of this Province, but of the whole of the vast domain which
extends westwardly to the Rocky Mountains.

Now that Indian treaties — liberal to the natives and honorable to the Govern
ment, — treaties which, let me say in passing, wil! be observed with the fidelity that
always distinguishes the dealings of the Crown with the native tribes,— I say,
now tiiat these treaties have opened to immigration a tract of land equal to four
such Provinces as this, we may fairly begin to look in the face the future that
awaits us.

II. The Lieutenant Governor of the Provinces to be styled "His Honor."

III. The Privy Councillors of Canada to be styled " Honorable " and for life.

IV. Senators of Canada to be "Honorable," but only during office, and the
title not to be continued afterwards.

V. Executive Councillors of the Provinces to be styled " Honorable," but
only while in office, and the title not to be continued afterwards.

VI. Legislative Councillors in the Provinces not in future to have that title,
but gentlemen who were Legislative Councillors at the time of the Union, to
retain their title of " Honorable " for life.

VII. The President of the Legislative Council in the Provinces to be styled
" Honorable " during office.

VIII. The Speakers of the House of Assembly in the Provinces to be styled
" Honorable " during office.

i
m

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

531

lonorable," but

Tliis country, in soil and climate, is at least equal to the adjoining State of
Minnesota. It has many advantages wliich that State has not, and the time lias
now come when the British North-West is to enter on an era of progress and
development such as has made that Stati '.hat it is. Twenty years ago Minnesota
had a population less than half of what Manitoba now has. Twenty years ago,
Minnesota numbered only five thousand inhabitants. It has now five hundred thou-
sand,

Twenty years ago, nay, only ten years ago, Minnesota had not a mile of rail-
way ; now it has a thousand miles in actual operation and two thousand more either
in progress or under charter.

Twenty years ago, a straggling population on the Upper Mississippi contended,
as yours has hitherto contended, against the difficulties of distance and isolation
from the centres of industry and progress. Now the State is studded with cities
and towns and villages. The hum of industry is heard on all sides, and with every
considerable town united by rail and telegraph with the rest of the continent, the
whole country has become part and parcel of the living and moving world, and is
stirred by the impulses and animated by the spii it which moves the great hearts of
intellif,'ence and industry. .

All this mighty change has taken place within a period which some of you have
lived who were children when it began, and who are not yet of age. As Minnesota
was twenty years ago, this country is now. The iron road was stretching out its
arms towards it from the East. Vast tracts of soil of good quality, but not so good
as yours, were holding out invitations to the immigrant — invitations less seductive
and less tempting than those which are extended by your fertile plains.

The same causes which have made Minnesota develop with a rapidity unexam-
pled in the history of the world will act upon this country in the same way, and
before those of you who are now entering upon manhood shall have reached the
vigor of your age the same transformation which has passed over the surface of
that country will pass over the surface of yours.

The iron horse is now at your doors. A stream of immigration is about to
pour into your country, keeping pace with the progress of railways. In a short
period, much shorter than most of you think, vast tracts of land winch now yield
only grass for prairie fires to devour, will teem with agricultural productions, and
the surplus over what is required for your own uses will be whirled with railway
speed past your doors to the shores of the great waters that form the highway of
the world. The grain of the West will go to countries whose niggard soil refuses
to produce the food its inhabitants need, and will bring you back in return the
products of the more advanced civilization of the countries of the East.

With my eyes steadily fixed upon this great future, you will not wonder, gen-
tlemen, that I have considered my other duties to some extent subordinate to the
great duty of preserving the peace and order of the Province which forms the key
to this vast domain.

You will make some allowance for me if my eyes, dazzled by the bright vision
ahead, refuse to turn or turn with reluctance to look behind amid the obscurity of
times of commotion and disorder that occurred before the responsibility of Canada
commenced, to strain for the discovery of dark spots that may be found in the
events of the past.

532

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

You '•"fer to the feelinijs which are incident to the condition of a Province
situate like this.

I may say, gentlemen, I have no objection to vigorous criticisms on the jiart ot
the l^ress. A certain portion of the political strife and animosity to which you
refer is an insepaiabL incide'u of free institutions. It is the condition annexed
by the Almighty Himself to the development, the progress, and the improve inent
of C'ivil Government. I ?ccept, as I always have accepted such criticism, with
the determination of givir? it no other answer than that of living it down.

Let me ask you to treat in the same manner the imputation,, which you say
have been cast upon you. I^^t us, in our respective spheres, strive to do our duty
as God gives us light to see it. We shall then, at all events, be sustained 1)\ the
sweetest consolation which we can enjoy, the consciousness of having done what
we Ijelieved to be right."

A sketch of the Journey, prepared at the time and published
in the Manitoban of the 30th September, 1871, gives an accurate
description of the then state of t'le coimtry, which is not -.vithout
interest : —

THE WEST.

" We publish in another column an address presented to His Excellency the
Lieutenant Governor, by the inhabitants o" the Portage, on Friday last, ami Mis
Excellency's reply thereto.

The estimates formed by His Excellency of the charac'.e- and capabilities of
the Western section of the Province are quite in accnrdanc, with the opinions we
have heard exjiressed by every person who has visited it.

We have gathered from one of the gentlemen acconiiianyir.y His ExcelleiKv on
his visit to the West, some details which are not without interest either to the
people of this country, or to persons intending to come here.

His Excellency, attended by the Honorable Provincial Secretary, anti Mr,
Bouthillier, his A.D.C., left Silver Heights on Monday, returning home on Sntu:-
day evening. The party travelled first tj the Portage. There taking tlie IV, i
EUice road running ner.rest the Assiniboine, they proceeded by it in a wes'erly
course some 15 miles beyond Rat Creek. Then crossing northwardly ovi r the
open prairie, tluy struck the other road leading to Fort Ellice, near tiie A'.ission
on White Mud River. They traced the road westwardly to what is called the
Third Crossing, which is at a distance from the Portage of about 40 miles, tiie
Mission at White Mud River being about half-way to that point.

They found the principal body of the settlers who have come to the Province
during the present year stationed on the White Mud River, Rat Creek and Pine
Creek, and the affluents of these streams. The Third Crossing is near the wes ern
limit of settlement.

A few of the irnn^igrants have taken their location on the rear of the old settlers'
lots at Poplar Point, High IJlutif and the Portage, on the Iract intervening between
the front lots and the x^ake. Rows of houses on the open prairie in two or three
ranges, Indicate the spots on which half mile squares have been rougnly l;iid otl

1677]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

533

by the settlers, and where in a year or two there will be valuable and fertile farms.
In some places the settlement extends near to the lake shore.

The main body of the new immigrants have gone further west — between the
I'oitage and Rat Creek, on the banks of Rat Creek, between the Portage and
Wliite Mud, and on the banks of White Mud, from its mouth for many miles up.
At the Third Crossing, as it is called (which is not, as generally supposed, the
White jMud River, but is really Pine Creek, or, as the Indians call it, Manito-me-
na-qua), the g- eat bulk of the new population is clustered. In all, judging from
the liouses in course of erection, and from the best evidence that could be procured
by the party, there are about six hundred persons added to the population of the
\Yestern district by the immigration of tne present year.

All along the banks of White Mud River and Pine Creek, houses are being built
.nnd preparations made for the coming winter. The place is alive with the sounds
of iiuhistry . Everything indicates vigor and activity — the settlers are gathering
hay, preparing wood for building, breaking land, and next year the whole face of
the cmintry will be changed. The land on the route first travelled by the party is
of excellent quality. It is well providetl v/ith wood, and the soil, as judged from
the places wiiere it was exposed, is excellent. On this road, at the crossing of Rat
Creek, is Mr. Kenneth McKenzie's excellent farm, distant some seven miles from
the I'ortage. Already a laige quantity of land has been brought under cultivation
and wherever the eye wa:''dered, plough and team were at work under the charge
of one or other of the seven strapping boys of which Mr. McKenzie's family con-
sists. The party were surprised and delighted to see at this remote part, on the
extreme confines of civilization, some of the finest thorough-bred stock that could
be fouml on the conti ,. ..i. We trust that Mr. McKenzie will send to our Exhibi-
tion his yearling Durham heifer. We are sure that such an animal would take one
of the first prizes in the agricultural shows of Western Canada, so celebrated for
the fineness of the stock they exhibit.

In this neighborhood, claims are marked off for several miles, and in some
places houses are being erected and fields being ploughed.

But, unquestionably, the favorite spot is on the Upper or North Fort Ellice
Road, leading to White Mud River and Pine Creek. Two years since the only
settlement at White Mud was at the First Crossing. There, some years ago,
Archdeacon Cochrane established an Indian Mission, and called it Westbourne.
Till last summer, all the settlement at this place consisted of a few English Half-
breeds, some half-dozen in numlier, who succeeded to the religious jirivileges
which the dispersion of the Indians diverted from the original object. The little
(.hurch, erected in the middle of a beautiful grove of young oaks on the margin
of the 'Iream, has become by the events ot' a single year the centre of a large
pnimlr'.t.on, and Archdeacon Mcl>ean, ^^ith the energy which always distinguishes
hisePorts in the cause of his Church, had, just before the arrival of the (iovernor
iinu party, visited the spot and made arrangements for stationing a clergyman per-
manently there to break the Bread of Life to men who could hardly have expected
so soon to enjoy such a privilege in their western home.

The scenery of the White Mud River is beautiful. Along the margin of the
stream the wood is very fine. Forests of oak and maple and poplar stretch away

':^A

534

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

from the banks on either side to a considerable distance from the river. The
prairie is studded with groves and ckimps of every variety of shape and form that
the most vivid fancy could suggest. Glades of park-like prairie open as the rnad
winds among the trees, and it is impossible to resist the delusion that the visitor
is gazing on an English park artistically laid out and beautifullv kept. All ihi;;,
in the lovely light of an autumnal day, with the leaves reflecting every variety of
tint, formed a scene that was delightful to gaze upon. Now and then a limise
built on the edge of a grove, embayed as if to receive and enfold it, suggests 1 tiie
idea of a plantation artificially made for the purpose of c-helter. Some of the sites
of the dwellings were beautiful in the extreme. Thr party were much struck with
the position of a cottage built by a Mr. Doggett, a Nova Scotian, who has taken
up his residence near the Third Crossing. The house is built on the north l.uik
of the river— a beautiful stream flows in front — the house itself nestles at llie foot
of a maple wood which towers majestically behind it, and sweeping with the cur-
vature of the river, partly encii^ses it, forming a beautiful backgrouiid to the silver
stream whicli meanders in the from.

Many of the dwelling houses were built on sites which excited the admiration of
the party, who returned from the river with the conviction that, for excellence of
soil, beauty of scenery, for abundant supplies of wood and water, the country near
the Crossing exceeds anything they had ever ssen.

Stretching away to the west from this place, the land is described as increasing,
if possible, in beauty and fertility all the way to the Riding Mountains.

The settlers met with on the journey seemed delighted with their selections. In
a very short time this tract will, in all probability, be traversed by the I'acitic
Railway. The settlers who have had the good sense to make their selections in
this direction will soon reap, in the enhanced value of their farms, a fit reward for
their enterprise in pushing westward.

Two years hence, the White Mud and its affluents will be a continuous farm.
In this country there is none of the tedious toil which a settler in the old Province-
has to undergo. Here the farmer may purchase his labor-saving implements and
proceed at once to his work. The grass lies spread on the level prairies ; he may
enter with his mowing machine and cut in any direction any quantity whicii h'.>
needs may suggest ; he may gather it with his horse-rake and cart it over roads
m 'i«' without the aid of the hands of man ; the plough may be put into the soil the
first (' ly of his arrival ; no need here to wait months of toil to prostrate the
monarchs of the forest ; no need to wait till logs are rolled and burned ; no need
to grub for soil amid the burly roots ; no need to wait for years till sun and rain
shall rot the charred stumps ; no need for the slow and tire? jme progress of rooting
these from the soil aufl filling the ungainly wounds the.r removal makes in the
earth's surface. All this is done to hand. Where the Canadian farmer ends, after
years of ceaseless toil, there the farmer of this Province begins. Two years only
are retiuired to make a farm of any size, and put it into the best conditinn ; th>'
extent is not a question of time but of expenditure. A farm of five acres, or of fifty.
or of 500, can be made within the same period — all that is wanted is the capital
and the energy. To the men who, in the toil of woodland farming, become prema
turely old in the labor of chopping, and rolling, and burning, and grubbing, and

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA,

535

stumping, and levelling — all work which the hand alone can do — what must be the
relief to farm where men are not required to do the work of cattle — where their task
is to drive, to guide, to plan ; in short, to make their cattle, and not themselves,
beasts of burden.

Tiie crops of the old settlements on the Assiniboine have been very good this
year. All the way up through Poplar Point, High Bluff and the Portage, where
the houses are built on the roadside, and not, as is usual in the other parts of the
Province, on the river bank, stacks of wheat and barley and oats stand in every
homestead. An average of from six to ten of these stacks shews the cereal produc-
tions of the farms, and the pure clean straw, glittering in the sunshine, testifies to
the quality of the grain.

Some of the farming operations witnessed by the party would astonish an
Ontario farmer.

At Poplar Point a settler was threshing his wheat. A ponderous machine
drawn l)y horses was at work ; at one end men were pitching the unthreshed grain
into the machine ; as the straw emerged at the other end other parties were remov-
ing it a few feet and burning it as fast as delivered from the machine. In theeven-
int; ail tliat remained of the stacks was the grain in one heap and ashes in another.
In the Kast this would be considered a wanton waste ; here it is looked upon as
labor saved. The limitless prairie yields all th^ food the cattle require, while the
richness and fertility of the soil are such, that the people consider the making or
saving of manire as labor lost.

At High Bluff an energetic and enterprising gentleman, who has set an exam-
])1l' in farming that the people f the neighborhood would do well to imitate,
pointed out the richness and the depth of his soil. He had dug a lime kiln, and
ilie section showed a solid bed of over two feet of the richest mould. He asked
triumpliantly whether any soil such as that could be shown, even in the rich Pro-
vince of Ontario, from which he had come. There is no wonder that with ground
liice tliis, attempts to make or save manure are at present looked upon with deri-
sion. In this quarter the main difficulty seems to be how to get rid of the manure.
The ])arty saw what had been the site of a barn. It had assumed the shape of an
ohl cellar — in point of fact the barn had been used till heaps of manure collected
all around it had rendered it inaccessible ; it was then removed to some distance,
again to be surrounded, and barricaded, and smothered ; and then, if the timber is
sound enough, to be again removed. The time will come when the value of
these iieaps, even with land such as ours, will be appreciated. Meanwhile,
the Legislature have passed a law to prevent their being thrown into the river. It
is possible the time may come when it may be thought worth while to dispose
of them on the fields. The manure heaps of this settlement, if in Ontario,
would sell for more than the cost here of the ' fee simple ' of the farms on which
they lie and rot.

Tire Oovernor, on his return from White Mud to the Portage, was waited ujion
by a number of the inhabitants, who expressed their desire to iiresent him an
aihlress. 'I'hey suggested that it should be received the next ilay at the Parish
school house. At the time appointed the house was filled by the princii)al part of
tlie old residents of the Parish, and a numlier of the recent immigrants. Mr. Set-

1^—

536

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

ter read the address. His Excellency's reply was listened to with marked atten-
tion and respect, and after the reading, a number of the principal inhabitants were
presented to the Lieutenant Governor, who expressed his gratification in making
their acquaintance, and conversed freely with them for some time. The meeting
was closed with three hearty cheers for the Queen, and three more for the Lieu-
tenant Governor.

The party returned to the Scat of Government much delighted with all they
had seen and heard, and fully satisfied that there is no finer country in the world
than the one lying towards the Western boundary of this Province."

During the summer the affairs of the Province presented so pacific
an aspect that the Dominion Government yielding to the pressure of
opponents who were clamoring against the expense of maintaining an
armed body of troops at Manitoba, moved their disbandment, with the
exception of eighty men intended to guard the stores at Fort Garry.
Some of the men returned to Ontario, others took up lands in the
Province, while the worst of them remained about Winnipeg and
were an element of danger to the country.

During the summer an agricultural society was formed which
determined upon having an Exhibition on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of
October. Extensive preparations were made to carry out the arrange-
ments, and the Exhibition, which took place on the days named,
brought together a collection of horses and stock which would have
been creditable to a country much more advanced, and of roots and
cereals that no country could surpass.

The peace and quiet of the country were rudely shocked by
alarming rumours which had gradually become current of an armed
invasion. The first loose report of the kind reached the ears of the
Lieutenant Governor on the eve of his return journey from the West
during the last week in September. These rumours gradually grew
more and more circumstantial, till they assumed a shape which seemed
to require vigorous action.

On the 3rd October, 1871, the first day of the Exhibition, the
Lieutenant Governor issued the following Proclamation ; —

•' To our lolling subjects of the Province of Manitoba, Greetino : —

Whereas, intelligence has just been received from trustworthy sources tiiat a
band of lawless men, calling themselves Fenians, have assembled on the Frontier
Line of the United States, at or neai Pembina, and that they intend to make a
raid into this Province from a country \'ith which We are at peace, and to commit
acts of depredation, pillage and robbery and other outrages upon the persons and
property of Our loving subjects, the inhabitants of this Province. While nut un-
prepared to m^^et the emergency with Our regular forces, Wc do hereby wain all

iSti

■.lb* ■

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

537

Our said loving subjects to put themsel /es in readiness at once to assist in repel-
ling this outrage upon their hearths and homes. We enjoin them immediately to
assemble in their respective parishes a id enroll themselves for this purpose. We
call upon all Our said loving subjects irrespective of race, of religion, or of past
local differences, to rally round the flag of Our common country. We enjoin them
to select the best men of each locality to be officers, whom We shall duly authorize
and commission, and We enjoin the officers so selected, to put themselves in im-
mediate communication with the Lieutenant Governor of Our said Province. We
shall take care that persons possessed of military skill and experience shall be de-
tailed to teach the necessary drill and discipline. All officers and men when called
into service shall receive the pay and allowances given to the Regular Militia. The
country need feel no alarm. W^e are quite able to repel these outlaws, however
numerous. Tlie handful of them who threaten Us can give no serious difficulty to
brave men, who have their homes and families to defend. Rally, then, at once I
We rely upon the prompt response of all Our people of every origin, to this, Our
call."

Of this, the Manitoban of the 7th October, 187 1, observes : —

" No proclamation ever met with a more hearty response. Two hours after the
proclamation was issued the men of Winnipeg turned out almost to a man, and a
monster meeting was held at the Court House. It was found the Court room
would not contain a third of those who had assembled, and accordingly the meeting
was held in the open air. Mr. Garratt was called on to preside, and stirring
speeches were made.

Archdeacon McLean thrilled the audience in an address replete with force and
power, the Rev. Messrs. Young and Black and Mr. D. A. Smith followed in a
similar strain, and from the enthusiasm manifested it was evident that the men of
Winnipeg were not only alive to the importance of the crisis, but were prepared
to go shoulder to shoulder to face the foe that menaced the Province. A list was
opened, and before the evening was ended every man in Winnipeg with the exception
often or twelve (of whom more again) had enrolled himself a volunteer.

But this manifestation of spirit anl loyalty was not confined to Winnipeg,
Although the Proclamation was not i isued till Tuesday afternoon, on Wednes-
day the people of Winnipeg were somewhat surprised to see marching along the
street some forty men from Mapleton, hearty and spirited after a walk of some
thirty miles. On Thursday morning the Parish of Kildonan turned out to a man,
and it did one's heart good to see some of the old veterans, ' leaning on their staves
for very age, ' hobbling along prepared, to fight for their hearths and homes, mani-
festing even in these modern days the spirit which Burns ascribes to Scotchmen
of old, u true appreciation of

• Now's the day and now's the hour.'

lu fact all over the Province, among English and French, amongst young and
old, there was such a spirit manifested that it was evident that O'Neil and
O'Donnghue had a day's work before them ere they could take Manitoba."

538

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

A body of some two hundred troops, under command of Major
Irvine, crossed the Assiniboine at Fort Garry to meet the invaders at
the frontier. It was very uncertain what were the numbers of the
Fenians at the border. They were variously estimated at from two
hundred to one thousand, and, having the symi)athies of the border
population, it was impossible to conjecture how many of these people
would be found to swell their ranks.

Meanwhile the Lieutenant Governor was exceedingly anxious
about the part which should be taken by the French Half-breeds on
this occasion. He, therefore, when the rumours of invasion assumed
definite shape, put himself in communication with the French Meml^ers
of the Legislature, Archbishop Tache and the clergy, who were the
natural leaders of these people, to bring about a co-operation of the
entire population to resist the invasion.

He had succeeded in persuading them to come into line, and
while the English were the first to respond to the call, the French
Parishes held meetings at which they determined to unite in resisting
the invaders. When the troops had reached a point some ten miles
south of Fort Garry on the march to the front, intelligence reached
Colonel Irvine that the Fenians had crossed the border, and robbed
the Hudson Bay P'ort, near the boundary line, but had been followed
by Captain Wheaton, of the United States Army, in command at
Pembina, who with a company of his regulars had dispersed the
marauders and made prisoners of their leaders.

Major Irvine forwarded the report to Fort Garry, with a statement
that he had information there was to be a renewal of the raid the neAt
day, and asked for fifty additional troops to be sent to the front.
With his message he sent letters from Hudson's Bay and Dominion
officials near the frontier, confirming the report of a renewed raid,
stating it as his belief, and that of the French Half-breeds in the
neighborhood, that the rumour was well grounded.

Letters containing this information reached the Lieut. Governor
on Sunday morning. It became, therefore, of the first importance
immediately to secure the adhesion of the French to the defence ot
the country. A body of mounted French Half-Breeds had assembled
to the number of two hundred or thereabouts, on the east side of
Red River, at St. Boniface, who had sent word through Mr. Ciirard,
the Provincial Treasurer, that they wished to have an interview with
the Lieutenant Governor to assure him of their loyalty and willingness
to be enlisted in the defence of their country.

1877]

THE E\KL OF DL'FFERIN IN CxVNADA.

139

The T.ieutenant Governor accordingly crossed the river with Capt.
McDonald, of the Militia, and was received with great enthusiasm.
The people had, under the terms of the Proclamation, chosen their
captains and lieutenants, who were ranged in order with their com-
panies, and were formally introduced, by Mr. Gitard, as the officers
whom the people had chosen.

Tiu' interview was concluded by three cheers for the Queen and
three tor the Lieutenant Governor. The adherence of the whole
peoiile was thus secured, and the country was safe from any chance
of the marauders being joined by a section of the population.

O'Donoghue, the leader of the band, having escaped from Cap.
Whcaton's Company, was subsequently arrested in British Territory,
sonic miles from the border, by some French Half-breeds, and brought
to the border. Mr. Bradley, the British Custom House officer at
that quarter, not being aware of the demonstration made by the
French Parishes, and fearing to send the prisoner through the settle-
ments intervening between the frontier and Fort Garry, decided to
hand him over to Captain Wheaton, who took charge of him, but
the civil authorities intervening, discharged him and the other pris-
oners.

On the 3rd October, the Lieutenant Governor issued the following
Proclamation :

"TO THE PEOPLE OF THE PROVINXE OF MANITOBA.

In the nanie of the Queen I thank you, one and all, for ;he promptitude and
spirit with which you have rushed to the defence of the countrj , when called upon
by Her Majesty's Proclamation.

From the moment when the rumours of a Fenian raid assumed a character to be
lelieil upon, my great anxiety was, that our people, irrespectively of past differences,
should present a united front to the band of miscreants — the scum of the cities of
the United States — who were collecting on our border for purposes of plunder,
robbery and murder.

I had the best reason to know that the plans of the marauders were based on
the belief that there were divisions in your ranks which would drive a part of the
population into their arms.

O'Donoghue, one of the leaders of the gang, assured his companions that, on
their arrival at the frontier, they wouUl be joined by a party of our people dis-
affected to the Crown, and ready to aid any invasion.

Tile events of the last few days have repelled this slander. At this moment
our wliole population has assumed an attitude which affords no encouragement to
these dastardly marauders.

On Tuesday, the 3rd iust., information reached me, that left no doubt of a raid
toeing at hand.

540

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1^77

On Wednesday, I issued a proclamation, calling upon you to assemble and
enroll in your various parishes. Copies were distributed all over the Province,
and, by the evening of Thursday, the people of every English parish had met, had
made up, and sent to me, lists shewing l,ooo men, ready at a moment's warning
to shoulder their muskets and march to the front.

In the French parishes, meetings were also held, and by the same evening I
was assured, upon unquestionable authority, that my proclamation would meet
with a loyal response. I suggested that it should be such as to admit of no niis-
nterpretation, and received the assurance that it would assume a shape entirely
satisfactory.

The reports from the front on Thursday left no doubt that the raid was to
commence at once, and next day, orders were given to advance a body of troops
towards the frontier.

Major Irvine detailed, with that view, the bulk of the Service Companies in the
Fort, two of those organized at Winnipeg, under Captains Mulvey and Kennedy,
and a Company of Canadians and Half-breed French under Captain de Plainval.

In two hours from the issue of the order, two hundred men, with their accoutre-
ments, camp equipages and munitions of war, were across the Assiniboine en
route for the frontier. The movement was executed in a manner that reflects the
highest credit on Major Irvine, the officers of the different corps, and the men.

The march was continued till events occurred to render further advance un-
necessary. ■

On Thursday, about noon. Colonel Wheaton, of the U. S. forces stationed at
Pembina, with a loyal discharge of international duties, honorable alike to himself
and to his country, attacked and dispersed the raiders as they were crossing the
frontier, making prisoners of their self-styled Generals, and a number of the
privates.

O'Donoghue escaped to this side of the line, but was arrested in the course
of the evening by some French Half-breeds. During the night, under a mistaken
view of what was best to be done, he was taken to the frontier and placed in the
same custody as the other prisoners, by parties who acted very naturally under
the circumstances, but still in a way to be regretted.

Meanwhile, the French parishes were completing the arrangements which I
had been assured were in contemplation. On the afternoon of the 8th inst.,
about 4 o'clock, Mr. Royal, the Speaker of the Assem bly ; Mr. Girard, the
Provinci.il Treasurer, and several other of the Representatives of the French
parishes, waited on me to say that a body of French Half-breeds were assembled
on the east bank of the Red River, and wished to be permitted to assure me
personally of their loyalty, and to proffer their services as soldiers. I went over
immediately, in company with Captain McDonald, the commander at Fort Garry
in Major Irvine's absence. I found assembled on the bank 200 able-bodied
French M^tis ; of these, fifty were mounted, and a considerable part of the wliole
body had fire-arms.

They received me with z.feu de joie.

Mr. Girard then, in the name of the men assembled — in the name of tlie
French M^tis of all the Parishes — exj.-es'scd, amid loud cheers and much

•♦■•■«»*.,

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

541

enthusiasm, the loyalty and devotion of the Metis of every origin ; and assured
me tliey had rallied to the support of the Crown, and were prepared to do
their duty as loyal subjects in repelling any raid that might now, or hereafter, be
made on the country.

I thanked the people very cordially for the assurances given in their name,
and told them I should take care to make this demonstration of their feelings
known to His Excellency the Governor General.

If among these people there were — and 1 believe there were — some persons
whose exceptional position might have led O'Donoghue to look for their support,
it only adds to the value of the demonstration, and removes the last hope of the
miscreants who have invaded your soil that they would receive sympathy or aid
from any class of the population.

On Monday, the troops returned to the Fort, and the volunteers from Winnipeg
were allowed to go to their homes and resume their occupations.

I regret to have to inform you that, on the same day, the United States civil
authorities at Pembina, to whom Colonel Wheaton was obliged to hand over his
prisoners, discharged these marauders, for reasons which I am unable to com-
prehend, and that one of them, O'Donoghue, still remains in the neighborhood of
I'embina, awaiting an opportunity of renewing the attack. Nevertheless, the raid
for tlie moment is over. If renewed, it will not be immediately. If the
1 enians were men actuated by ordinary reason, it would never be renewed. But
they are not. They will trade, while they can, upon the simplicity of tiieir dupes,
and hope by excitement to replenish their exhausted exchequer. There is nothing
in the wickedness or folly of any scheme to prevent their attempting it.

Rest assured I shall watch over your safety. Should danger come, you will
be a[)i)ealed to again, and you will respond like men of courage — of loyalty — of
patriotism.

Tile (^ueen relies upon the fidelity of her people of this Province, of every
origin.

ADAMS G. ARCHIBALD, Lieut. Governor.
Winnipeg, Oct. 13, 1871.

The importance of getting the adhesion of al! sections of the ])opu-
lation was, at the time, loyally admitted on all hands ; but, without
some explanation, the circumstances would not be so well understood
beyond the Province.

A glance at the map of Manitoba will shew that the Assiniboine,
running in a course from west to east, meets the Red River, which
runs from north to south. Fort Garry is situated at the north of the
Assiniboine and the west of Red River at the point of their junction.

Between the Assiniboine and the frontier, a space of about sixty
miles along both margins of the Red River, the population was en-
tirely French.

542

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1x77

ill

Below the mouth of the Assiniboine the settlements on Red Kivcr
were entirely f^nglish, so were they for some ten miles up the Assini-
boine. Then came a large parish of French, and then again the
P^nglish settlements — Poplar Point and Portage la Prairie.

Thus the English population were divided into two sections by the
French i)arishes on the Assiniboine, whose people had free coninuini-
cation with the French settlements on the north and a direct road
across the prairie to the American settlement of St. Josejjh, containing
a French Half-breed population in active sympathy with the insurgents :
consequently the English population were all on the north side of
the Assiniboine, with no outlet east, west, or north. The lakes and
swamps of the east interposed an impenetrable barrier, particularly in
winter, between the Province and Canada ; westward the prairies, in-
habited only by savages, extended for eight hundred miles, ( )n the
north there was no outlet. While therefore on the approach of the early
winter of the North West the English were shut up in a cf// (k sac.
south of the Assiniboine the whole world was open to the French Half-
breeds, The question of life and death for the infant colony depended
on the action of the French settlements between Fort Garry and the
American boundary. The moment these men joined the invaders, the
American frontier would be advanced to the Assiniboine, The coimtry
between it and the frontier becoming the reward of the marauders.
with the probability of a large influx of the men who constitute the
class of filibusters in the United States. The inroad would have
lost the character of a Fenian attack, the adhesion of half the popu-
lation would have given it the proportions and character of a civil
war, and the people of the United States, whatever might have been
the wishes of their Government, would have been dragged into the
quarrel. There were other circumstances to aggravate the position
at the moment.

Mention has been already made of the feelings of the class of men
who enlisted as soldiers. The same feeling was prevalent among the
emigrants from Ontario. So that when the disbanded soldiers and
the emigrants were in search of land, they did not take much pains to
spare the feelings of the French Half-breeds.

A body of these emigrants had during the summer made selection
of a tract of land on the river " Aux Isles de Bois." It was true that the
same tract had previously been in the possession of the Half-breeds, and
that the rights of possession were assured by the Manitoban Act, but the
tract of land being admirably situated for farming purposes, was

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIUX IN CANAKA.

543

enough for the new comers. They took possession of it in spite
of the French, and by way of insult to the religion of the Half-breeds,
christened their new home by the name of "The Bu)iic." This, of
course, inflamed the French ; they met in several of their settlements
and arranged d arm and proceed in a body to drive off the invaders.
The Lieutenant Governor heard of the meetings, and immediately
sent for the leading French members of the Legislature and other
influential men on that side, and after great efforts and much per-
suasion induced them to give up their determination and iwait redress
to be obtained by due course of law.

In this condition of affairs, with so much of intlaniniable material
accumulated ; with the feeling on the part of the Hall breeds that they
had been robbed of their rights ; with the dread that this was only a
foretaste of what was to come, it may readily be imagined what was
the danger of tlic position. A single spark might cause a conflagra-
tion. It required great delicacy and some tact to induce these [)eople,
who liad already been in armed insurrection, and who were now
treated as enemies by many of the English population, not to be
what they were supposed to be ; they argued with some force that if
they were to be dealt with as public enemies, they coul hardly be
called on to incur the dangers or assume the responsibilities of
friends.

Happily the danger was averted ; several companies of Half-breeds
were organized, and did good service in scouring the plains and
preventing the second inroad which was generally believed to be
intended,

W hile the danger existed there was on the spot a general feeling
that the F'rench Half-breeds had done their duty. But it was not very
long before the old antagonisms were revived, and, now that all fear
of danger had subsided^ the worst construction was put uj^on the
action of the French. It was asserted that so long as the danger
continued they were hesitating and uncertain, and that their loyalty
came only after the danger had jjassed away. This was unjust to the
French; their movements though less rapid than those of the English,
were not too late to be useful, and their action put an end to the idea
that a Fenian invasion would enlist on its side any part of the
French population. This was a sore discouragement to O'Donoghue
and the other men who had traded on a different belief.

The French felt the injustice of the charges made against them all

544

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

the more thnt they well understood the importance of the assistance
they had given in a critical emergency. Still, as the autumn went on
and the people returned to their usual vocations with a sense of
security from future inroads, the differences between two sections
living almost entirely apart, produced little or no effect on the prog-
ress and prosperity of the country.

In an editorial of the Manitoban newspaper, published on the
I St January, 1872, the changes that the country had undergone
are thus graphically and truthfully described : —

" Be ouis the task — an humble, but not necessarily useless task— to review the
year, so far as our little Province is concerned. To the bulk of the outside world,
our affairs may be of little moment. To us who have made Manitoba our iioim-—
to those who purpose to make it their home, — it cannot but be interesting td know
what progress a year has made in laying the foundations of Civil (joverninciit in
the country, and paving the way for the prosperous future that awaits us.

We shall begin with the time when the Lieutenant Governor landed at Koit
Garry. This will comprise rather more than a year, but so little more, that, up
to the present moment, we may assume to be dealing with the first year of Mani-
toba.

Let us recall for a moment the excitement which existed at the period when
our review commences. It was a time of universal uneasiness. We slwll not
refer to the events of 1869 and 1870, further than to say that they had left behind
them memories of the most painful and irritating character, and that a large por-
tion of the people felt that the time had come to exact a return in kind for the
sufferings of which their memories supplied such vivid recollections.

The excitement was still further increased by the presence of bands of roving
Indians scattered up and down through the settlements. These savages drawn to
the front by the prospects of war, had been appealed to for support, and, from fear
or recklessness, had received promises it was impossible to fulfil. Tiiey were
hovering round the settlements in a state of starvation, living on pillage and mak-
ing niglit hideous with their frightful orgies. The antagonism iDetweentlie I".ni,dish
and French races divided the country into two hostile camps — not only arrayed
against each other, but subject to the danger of collision with the hungry and dis-
appointed savages who were prowling about the settlements. This was not a
state of things to be rashly dealt with. It required great tact, great courtesy, and
great firmness to dispel the elements of danger and bring about a better state of
affairs. To this task the Lieutenant Governor devoted himself. He sought to
soothe the irritated passions of the two white races ; he persuaded the Indians to
return to their hunting grounds ; gave them food to carry them there, and powder
and shot to enable them to support themselves by hunting when there. Gradually,
the seething excitement began to subside, and in the course of a few months a
feeling of safety and security dawned upon all classes, and our people, in the usual
employments of peace, began to forget the troubles and turmoils, througli which
they had passed.

The establishment of a Police force was one of the first requirements for the

1877]

TIIK KARL OF DUFFKUIN IX CANADA.

545

on-ani/alion of stable (lovcinmcnt. This was dune as rapidly as the eircumstances
(if the Lountiy permitted, and we may say of the Police, which has now l)een
.irjjanized for a year, that, first year though it be, and with all its shortcominjjs,
it iiiav fairly challeiif^e comparison with that of older countries. For the last nine
months, life and proi)erty in this I'rovince, have been as secure as in any other
I'rovince of the Dominion.

The next thin^ to be done tosvards or^ani/.inf; Civil Government was to obtain
an accurate knowledge of the numl)er and distribution of the peo]ile. Arran^'e-
ments were made for that ])ur|)()se. The census had to be taken under circum-
stances when it was all important not only that it should be done fairly l)Ut tliat
the returns should Ik; above doubt or suspicion. The arrangements made were
witlioiit precedent, as the result is beyond experience. Kach return for every Dis-
trict is certified and attested by men enjuyinj^ the confidence of the most opposite
sections of the population. An Englishman and a Frenchman, a I'rotestant and a
Catlwlic, men of the most op])osite jjolitical and religious sentiments, have united
in sii^'uing each return, and swearing to its correctness ; and at this moment no
man dciubts that the C'ensus has been impartially and honestly taken.

After this came the necessary preparations for the introduction of representative
iiistitiitions. There was no I'^lection l.aw in the country. A law had to be frameil
liytiic Lieutenant Governor under the provisions of the Act of Manitoba. The
country was divided into twenty-four Electoral Divisions. The proceedings at the
hustings were conducted by men, scarcely one of whom had ever seen an election,
yet llicir duties were discharged in a manner that would have reflected credit on
any country.

When Parliament met, a code of laws was submitted and passed, laying broad
the foundations of civil government — a code which, we may venture to say, will
ciiallcnge comparison with the first year's work of any Legislature in the world.

Already, we have had the experience of a twelve-month under these laws, and
it will l)e found, when the Legislature meets again, that amendments, if any are
rei|niic(l, will be in the way of extension and development. The simjjlicity of the
oiiijinal laws was intentional. They were framed to admit additions or enlarge-
ments without violence to the original fabric, and to receive such additions and
enlargements as the circumstances of the country demanded them. Till this code
was passed, crime could not be punished in the Province. Not that the court was
without jurisdiction, but there was no power to convene a grand jury, and without
a grand jury, there could be no indictment. There was no authority to summon
a [letit jury, and without a petit jury there could be no trial. From the time,
therefore, when the Governor arrived, till the third day of April, when this law
passed, our tribunals had no power to jjunish. Offenders, to be sure, might be
arrested ; hut they must have remained in prison or l)e let loose again on the com-
munity without conviction or punishment.

Under the new law, the machinery of the court has been called into operation.
The grand inquest has been convoked ; juries summoned and impanelled ; offen-
ders indicted, tried, convicted, and condemned. The astute lawyers who were
engaged in the defence failed to find a single flaw in the machinery constructed to
carry out the laws of the land.

)46

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[i8i:

The only gaol existing in the country at th' lime of the Lieutenant Governor's
arrival, he found occupied by the military as an hospital. Besides this, the old gaol
had an inauspicious history — its doors had so often yielded to pressure frop^ wiiliin,
that it could hardly \\: looked upon as a jilace of safe custody. It was therefore
necessary to provide other jirisons.

A Police Station was built at Winnipeg, and a suitable stone building at the
Lower Fort, hired from the Hudson ]5ay Company, was repaired and reniodflk.',
to atiapt it to the purposes of a Gaol and Tenitentiary.

At the last meeting of the General Court the grand jury visited this prison and
pronounced the highest eulogium on its condition and management.

Next came the quesli ii of the Indians. We have seen tiie state of their fetliiig-
when they left the settlement. They had been promised that they sliouid lie
sent for iviien the spring came round, and dealt with for their lands. They \vere
ummonec'i to meet at the Lower Fort. After a fortnight's tedious discus^iull,
after the patience of every body was exhausted, a solution was at length rea.-lkil,
and a treaty made which, wluk- doing full justice to tlie Indians, at the same time
provides for the cession of their rights upon terms which contrast very favor.-.'.ilv
with those contained in the treaties the Americans have made with the tril)es a(io>j
the frontier. It is something to have conducted an operation of this kind with two
thousand savages encamped for a fortnight in the midst of our population, ami
all this without disturbance or 'aisorder of any kind, without a blow being struck,
or even a glass of intoxicating liquor being consumed, by a people whose craving;
for drink amounts to insanity.

It may be possible that the police arrangements which established a cordon uii
every road, and permittt J no intoxicating liquors to pass, were a little beyond the
strict letter of tlie law, but it was worth while to strain a point to be able 'o place
before the world the spectacle of a vast horde of savages demeaning theniselvi..
for a fortnight with a decency and propriety which might well put our civiliza-
tion to the blush.

The Indians returned to their homes without committing the smallest denreila-
tion, even to the extent of taking a pole from' a farmer's fence or a potato from his
field.

A similar treaty was negotiated shortly afterwards at Lake Mai.icoba, Uiuler
the arrangements so m.-.de, a tract of land equal to four such Provinces as this ha.-
been thrown open for occupation and cultivation.

Vv'hen the Lieutenant Governor came here, there wab no postal i.ystLtn in oper-
atioii. Once a week our mails were carried to Pembina. We had to pay a fe'
on ever/ letter sent there. We haa, also, to frank our letters with Americai.
stamps, and to transmit them, subject to inspeciion at the American border, by
the people who throng the office at Pembint., many of whom had been connected
•with our troubles here in a way to make this inspection most undesirable. In a
ye'xv all t'.iis has changed. Our mails are transmitted and received three timcia
week histead of once. They are carried in closed bags, sealed before they leave
the territory of the Dominion and kept sealed till tiiey reach it again. They are
carried, not as formerly, in a Red River cart, but in carriages drawn by four lior*
and driven at the rate of seven miles an hour. All over the country, post oltlcc>

ISTTi

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX iX CAXADA.

54^

liavf licen established on a simple system, and tlieie is not a cluster of houses in
•inv part of the Province sufficiently compact to be called a settlement where the
mail i> not, once a week at least, in many places twice a v/eek, received with its
welcoiiit budget of letters and intelligence.

'I'lie vast interior lying to our west, has hitherto betn open only to the dog-
traiii 111' the Red River cart. At this moment, within a few miles of where we
write, may be seen the hulls of two steamers — one of which, in the early part of
next season, v,-i!l startle with its slirill \vhistle the wandering savages of Lake
Manitoba ; while the echoes of the otiiers will reveberate from the winding banks
of the Saskatchewan .

The interior will hereafter be accessible without exposure and without toil, and
the shrieks of the steamstiip along the great river of th- ''Vest will herald a popu-
latiim tliat will spread itself along its banks, and carry iLe arts of civilization and
refiiifincnt to our western wilds.

A year ago we were riven by intestine dissensions and angry feelings — some of
our people, few in number but noisy in demonstration — with little to lose and every-
thing' to gain from civil convulsions, did their best to inflinie these dangerous
passions. A band of lawless men speculated upon this state of things and invaded
our territory, hoping that in the excitement of passion one half jur people would
Hock to tlieir standard. The indignant uprising of a thousan;! l'".nglisiimen, ready
toikftiu! tlieir country and their flag — the united phalanx of the French Metis of
all tlu' parishes, avowing a determination to rally to the Crown, was the response
ui'.sc marauders received. We gave proof to the invaders and to the world tliat,
differ as we might among ourselves on matters of minor moment, our liearts were
riyht and our iiands ready when duty called us to the defence of our common
country.

A year ago it took thirty days to receive from Ottawa a reply to a telegraphic
message ; now as many hours suffice.

A year ago the nearest communication with the outside world was by way of
St. (.'loud, A dreary journey of 400 miles separated Fort Garry from the terminus
(if the raihvay.

In (ine year the iron road has abridged tliat distance by half, and we are now
within 200 miles of the North Pacific Crossing at More lead, in the neighborhood
of Ciori^etown.

A litilu over a year ago the military expedition, sent from Collingwood by the
Likes, after prodigies of toil and endurance, succeeded in reaching I'ort Ciarry by
the cireiiitous route of the \Vinni]ieg River, after a niarcii of tliiee iiimuhs. 'ihis
year, so much is the line ini]')roved, that 200 men, at a season wiien snow and frost
had increased enormously the hardships of the route, reached Fort Carry in perfect
lealth, and w ithout an accident, in twenty days from the d.'iy they left Thunder
Bay.

A year ago, tlie question of a railway to the Pacific wis a thing of theory. Its
practicaliility was based upon ct)njeeture. The whole country between this and
the western frontier of Ontario was unknown. During the past season the iiiter-
vennig s])ace has been divided into sections. An efficient surveying party has lieen
despatched into each, while between l'"ort G^rry and tlie West a party has been

548

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1817

organized to reconnoitre the ground and pursue their explorations till they .shall
meet, in the gorges of the Rocky Mountains, other parties sent out from the Pacific
Coast, By the time Parliament shall have met, the Government of the Dominion
•will be in a position to judge of the whole line of country intervening betwetn the
Ottawa and the borders of the Pacific Ocean.

A year ago there was neither custom house nor customs' officers to be found
in the Province. The Act of Manitoba had continued the powers of the officials
of the Hudson Bay Company, but the men were either ignorant of, or faileil to
discharge, their duty — no entries were made — no duties collected. WIkii it
Itecame desirable to ascertain, approximately, the extent of our imp(jrtation.s, the
Lieutenant Covernor was obliged to resort to the offices of a foreign country, and
form his estimate from the entries for exportation made in the United States cus-
tom tiuuse at Pembina. Mr. Spencer was sent here to organize the depaitiiicin,
and, under his able and efficier.t management, the customs have been put in ptrfat
order.

When he arrived, the authority of the Dominion officials to collect diuies was
denied. A leading trader from Montreal, gravely alleging that he had ilic lie4
advice the bar of that city could furnish, deliberately refused to pay duties ami
threatened resistance if any attempt were made to collect them. Mr. Spencer
acted with vigor. Supported by the police authorities, he seized the goods of the
offender, and proceeded to deal with them according to law. One example wa^
sufficient. From that hour to this no man has ventured to refuse, and Mr. Spen-
cer's arrangements leave no chance to evade the j)ayment of duties.

Under a tariff of 4 per cent., $40,000 have poured, during the present year,
into the treasury of the Dominion. With the tariff what it will be after 12th May,
1873, '''^' duties of this year would have more than doubled the sum allotted by
the Act of Manitoba to the uses of this Province.

A year ago there was not a line run or a Crown Land Surveyor to be found in
the Province. The maps of the country were made from the crudest information.
Its ])hysical features were distorted — the lakes and rivers misplaced. Now tk
whole Province has been mapped off into blocks containnig four townships cacli ;
the site of the rivers and lakes ascertained, the errors in the topography adjusteil,
and arrangements for the final subdivision into sections so far complete a> to make
the country ready for any amount of immigration in the coming year.

The local management of the Crown iloniain has l)ee*i placed in charge of .Mr
M'Micken, and that gentleman has entered upon the business of his office witiiaii
energy and sjiirit which guarantee his fitness for the difficult and laborious duties
incident to the position.

May we not fairly say, then, that this Province has made great strides durini;
the year that is just closing?

Out (jf the chaos in wiiicli the arrival of the Lieut<?nant flovernor found us, order
and peace have been evoked. The excitements ot times of trouble have passei
away. A police lias lieen organized ; an enumeration of the inhabitants made ;
the country ham ijeen parcelled off into electora'. U^iMOns ; elections have been
held ; an Ar%->einl)ly returned and ton-ened ; a responsible Ministry .■onstitutcd; -i
code of laws enacted ; courts of justice organized, and put in operation ; justice

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

549

ami Mf. Spell-

urn alliitlcd by

administered ; criminals tried, convicted, and sentenced ; the Indian title to lialf a
continent released ; the public domain of the Province surveyed, laid off in blocks,
and made ready for immigration ; lines of communication with Thunder Ray by
the lakes, and with Duluth and St. Paul by the United States, im])roved ; steam-
ships for communicating with the interior in course of construction, and railway
explorations across the Continent almost complete ; mail routes and jjost offices
established all over the Province ; custom houses instituted and duties collected ;
and last of all, a telegraph line built, making us part and parcel of the living
world. We may well ask whether the crowding of all these events into the com-
pass of a single year is not a theme ujion which we may congratulate <3urselves
and the Dominion to which we belong. We challenge the world to i)ro(lucc an
instance where such an amount of work in any country, or about any country, has
crowded the annals of a single year. Some of tliis work has been done outside of
the authorities of the Dominion, but it is fair to say even of what has been so done,
that iiiiich of it is due to the energy with which the Dominion and the local authori-
ties ha' e apjilied themselves to the task of opening and developing the vast
resources of the country committed to their charge.

Uftlie rest of the work we are not concerned to apportion to each of the parties
engaged in it the exact measure of praise which may be due.

Where all have worked well it would be invidious to distingu.sh, but this we
!! .y, that the Government of ihe Dominion, and the ofiicial.s they have sent
here, tilt Lieutenant Governor of the Province and the gentlemen with whom he
has been surrounded as nis constitutional advisers, have acted with but one aim —
that i)f faithfully discharging the responsible functions which the possession of this
iiolilo heritage imposes upon those who have in their hand the administration of
public affairs."

On the opening of the Session of 1872, the Lieutenant Governor
was able to congratulate tlie Houses on the progress of the Province
during the year past. In aUuding to the Fenian invai ion he said : —

" I have reason to congratulate you on the attitude assuinec by all classes of
the people on the occasion of the recent Fenian raid.

Your loyal response, irrespectively of race and creed, to the call made upon
yfut to rally round the flag of the Empire, is a convmcing jiroof of tiie soundness
iif the policy which, notwithstanding the troubles of the jxast, has aimed to treat
you all as one people, interested in a common country and sharers of a common
destiny. That policy, uniting the whole people in support of the Throne, enables
me to deal vigorously with offences committed since the otticial responsibilities of
Canada commenced. The Government accepts it as a paramount duty to preserve
peace and maintain order in the Province."

He called attention to the necessity of some additional legislation
in these words : —

" A year's experience of the laws passed at the last Session has proved the
w'.sdiiin of the principle on which you acted in adapting your legislation to the
existing condition of the country. There is little in these enactments which « ill

5o0

HISTORY OF THE ADAIINISTRATION OF

[187?

require amendment, but the development of the institutions of the Province, and
the i;ecessity of keeping pace with its progress, will require some additional legis-
lation."

In reference to emigration he said : —

"This i-.ubject demands, and, I am convinced, will receive, your attentive con-
sideration. No part of the Biitish Dominions presents such a field for immigra-
tion as the "ountry intervening between the Lake of the Woods and the Kocky
Mountains. Of the questions which concern the country so situate, none can com-
pare in importance with the one to which your attention is now invited. The
future of this country will be largely shaped by the mode in which the question of
immigration shall be dealt with, under the joint authority of the Dominion and
the Province."

The results of the Session were exceedingly satisfoctory. The
laws suggested were carried through with Httle delay. Attempts were
made by the extreme English party in the House to revive the old
antagonisms, but the sense of the House being opposed to such action,
all the motions on the subject were voted down by a majority of
eighteen to five.

On the close of the Session, the Lieutenant Governor was able to
congratulate the Houses on the important addition made to the
Legislation of the Province.

In reference to the state of the country, he said : —

•' Eighteen months of tranquillity are already producing good fruit.

This is seen in the development and activity of every industrial pursuit, in tiie
enhanced value of landed property, in the new branches of enterprise springing up
among you on all sides, in the hopt<"ulness for the future which pervades the entire
population. Let the wise councils which have brought about so happy a condition
of affairs continue to prevail. If we cultivate among ourselves a spirit of'iiarniony
and good will ; if we discharge the duties devolving on us, under responsible
institutions, in such a way as to invite .and encourage to come among us a class of
immigrants that will improve and develop our country, we shall affoid the l)t^t
proof it is possible to give that we are animated by a spirit of true patriotism and
loyalty."

This is the policy which the Lieutenant Governor made it a point
at all times to avow and encourage.

To those of the English extreme party who were constantly clamor-
ing for proceedings wliich would revive the feelings of 1869 he repre-
sented how much bet-er it would be to await the victory which coukl he
won constitutionally by the exercise of a little patience ; that the main
influx of immigration would, from the sittiation of the country, neces-
sarily be from Ontario ; that everything was being made read)' tor
any immigration that should come ; that peace and good order in the

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

551

country were all the encouragement which immigration would need ;
that if they kept open their doors, and did not by intestine broils
frigiiten away the peojjle that were ready to enter, a year or two would
make a thorough change in the elements and proportions of the popu-
lation, and that, when the next election came round, a victory at the
hustings would in a legitimate way bring about a peaceful revolution
thai: would necessarily give the power into the hands of the English.
The only fear he had was that the revolution would come before the
exaspt'rations of 1869 had been sufficiently soothed, and before the
extreme English party were prepared to extend to the section of the
population which had been misled in 1869 that forgiveness which
was necessary to secure the peace and progress of the Province.

The Lieutenant Governor when accepting the ai)i)ointment had
stipulated that he was to return to the East after a year, and having
now filled the position for double that time, claimed to be relieved,
or at all events to be allowed, after a period of great toil, to visit the
Eastern Provinces.

Mr. Archibald left Manitoba in June, 1873, on a visit to the
Eastern Provinces. His great services called for a more than passing
recognition, and on the 25th June, he was waited upon by a deputation
who presented him with an address on the occasion of his departure
from the Province. Amongst those jjresent were the Ven. Archdeacon
Cowley, Andrew McDermott. Esq.. Hon. Attorney Cieneral Clarke,
Hon. I'rovincial Treasurer Howard, Hon. Provincial Secretary Royal,
-Mr. Jiannatyne, Wm. Drever. jun., Dr. Bird, ]\I.P.P., J. W. Taylor,
American Consul; Mr. McMirrray, Mr. McTavish, M.P.P., Mr. Mac-
tlonald, Mr. Beauchemin, M.P.P.. Mr. R. Cunningham, Mr. Schmidt,
M.P.P., Mr. Lemay, M.P.P.. Dr. ( monnell, Hon. Pascal Breland, Mr.
C. Nolin, Hon. A. Boyd, Mr, A. M. Brown, Mr. G. B. Spencer, Mr.
Thus. Spcnce, Mr. Blanchard, Mr. BouthilHer, &c., (Ivrc.

Mr. McDermott presented to His Excellency the address, which
was also read in French by Mr. Lemay : —

"To His ExrELLENCY the Hon. Adams tiK()R(;i: ARciiiiiAi.i),
I.iKi TENANT Governor ok Manitoha, d'^c, d-^c.

May II PLEASE YOUR Excellency : — We, the subjects uf Her Majesty, resi-
Icnt in Manitoha, beg leave most sincerely to otiler you, on the occasion of your
itinirtiiie from the Province, our niost sincere congratulations on tlie fair, able and
impartial manner in which you have administered the very arduous and onerous duties
ile\()lvmg upon you as the (jovemor of this Province. We beg leave to assure you

552

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[18m

that oil leaving us you carry with you the esteem and gratitude of all good and
loyal men. Your policy, as we view it, has been in the highest degree successful
in securing peace and prosperity in the Province, and your statesmanlike actidii
has resulted in bringing about a state of matters which could hardly have been
anticipated.

Whilst many of your acts and motives have been misrepresented and condemneil
for party purposes by a certain section of the press and people of the other Provinces
in the Dominion, we, wiio have had the opportunity of realizing from day to flay
the result of your policy, anil who from experience can compare the present com-
jiaiatively happy and prosperous state of the country with the state of confusion it
was in when you arrived in our midst, can only assure your Excellency that the
Dominion of Canada owes you a deep debt of gratitude for the unceasing labor and
untiring care with which you have crowned your policy with success.

Trusting that your Excellency, with Mrs. Archibald, when you return lionie,
will meet your family in good health, and that you will be long spared to be use-
ful in any sphere to which you may Ije appointed is the earnest wish of the under-
signed."

This address was signed by nearly one thousand ])eople irrespective
of class, races and religion. His Honor replied as follows : —

" (jicN ri.KMf:N, — The address you have just presented me is signed by so large
a proportion of the substantial inhabitants of the Province, that I may fairly
accept it as expressing the voice of the mass of the people. The generous esti-
mate you have formed of my public conduct is most gratifying to me. I liave
always aimed to deserve your good opinion. I have always believed that,
eventually, my motives and conduct woidd be understood and appreciated ; l)ut 1
did not dare to entertain the hope that the time had already come when the
spontaneous voice of the people would award the very flattering testimonial I have
this day received from you.

Arriving among you, as I did, at a time of great excitement, when the passions
of the people of all classes were imich inflamed, I should not have been doing my
duty by you or by my Sovereign if I had not counselled and practised the greatest
forbearance.

It rec[uired no sagacity tu foresee that this course would be distasteful to a con-
siderable body of the people of the counlrv. Lea>l of all could I hope it to be
acceptable to those of you wiii>, smarting under the recollection ot recent suller-
ings, were not in a frame of mind to form a cidm judgment of what was really for
the best, in the interests of all. I was, therefore, not surjirised at, indeed 1 lull}
anticipated, the disappointments and misapprehensions which many of you enter-
tained, llowing, as they naturally did, from this policy of forbearance, but I "as
content to await, and I am now rewarded for awaiting, the vertlict of the s"t>er
second thought of the people.

Your address, signed, as it is, by numbers of the persons to whom I reler,
shows that I have succeeded in conquering the confidence of many who at first
were suspicious or adverse, and I may now fairly cherish the hope that, in |)artiiig
with you, 1 leave in the minds of the mass of the people the conviction that, in my

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFKIUX IN CANADA.

553

coiiiluct as Governor, I liad — as in tiiitli I liave had — but one aim, that of
pi'oniotini^ tlie true and lastinjj interests of the whole people.

Sent here to inaugurate representative and responsible institutions, I had to
frame an Administration which would command the confidence of the people. It
is most {^ratifying to me to be able to say that the Administration, so framed, has
been sustained through two sessions of the Legislature by an overwhelming
majority of the people's representatives — by a majority, not only of the whole of
tlvjse representatives taken together, but by a majority of each of the races
and creeds to which the representatives belong. By a majority, as well of Knglish
as of French ; 1)y a majority of Protestants, as well as of Catholics ; by a majority
alike of Ilalf-breeds and men of unmixed blood ; a majority, too, which has not
only been maintained, but has been actually increased up to the close of the last
Session.

\'iiu speak in your address of the happy and prosperous condition the country
is now in, as compared with the state of confusion which prevailed at the time of
my arrival. On this subject, many of you, as old residents of the countiy, are
peculiarly qualified to judge, and the assurance you are able to give is the best
justification of the policy which has aimed to administer the public affairs in a
spirit of forbearance and fair play.

I have every reason to hope and believe that this happy state of affairs will be
maintained. The most diiBcult and embarrassing questions are citlacr disposed of,
or are on the eve of solution.

The laws enacted by your Legislature base your institutions on a solid founda-
tion. With these laws administered by an upright and indejiendent judiciary, you
have guaranteed to you the protection of life, lil)erty and property, and you may
look forward, with reason, to an era of increased prosperity. You may fairly hope
to see your country and the West assume the position in the Dominion to which
they are entitled by their great natural resources and their geographical position.

The inexorable logic of physical facts assigns to the passage scooped by nature
through the Rocky Mountains, in the heart of British Territory, a governing
influunce, in fixing the future course of much of the traffic of three continent:-. The
time is at hand when the Yellow Head Pass, lately established by the (.lovtinment
of the Dominion, as the gateway to the Pacific, will be as well known tf) com-
merce as the Straits of Gibraltar or the Isthmus of Suez. The trade with China
and the Last is one for which nation after nation has contended in Europe, and
which has in turn enriched every people that has secured a large share of it. A
main current of this trade will flow through your country, and will give a powerful
inijiulse to a prosperity, which, even without it, would be assured by the vast
extent, a.id boundless fertility of the region which lies between tlie Rocky
Mountains and the Lake of the Woods.

It is lor the people of this country, and the ]X'o]->le who are pouring into it, to
prove themselves worthy of the portion which is thus falling to their lot. Go on as
you have begun. Buikl on the foundations you have laid ; and, without being a
prophet, or the son of a prophet, I may safely predict that you will at no distant
'hilc, in the enjoyment of the fruits of a prosperous industry, forget, or will look
hack with the desire to forget, the clouds and darkness which overshadowed the
infancy of the Province, till dispersed by the outburst of this glorious sunshine.

554

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H77

I shall liear with me to my distant home a kindly recollection of you all. I
liave formed many friendshifjs here ; I have received much kindness from you, and
when I leave you, I shall retain a lively interest in your welfare and prosperity.

Mrs. Archibald, whom you associate with me in your good wishes, makes me
the channel to convey to you her ajipreciation of the kindness which we have
all received at your hands, and unites with me in wishing you, one and all, a happy
and prosperous future.

In July, 1872, the Hon. Alexander Morris, then M nisterof Inland
Revenue in Sir John Macdonald's Government, had accepted the office
of Chief Justice of Manitoba, and on Mr. Archibald's departure for the
East he was sworn in as Administrator. Mr. Archibald did not return,
and on 2nd December, 1872, Mr. Morris received the appointment of
Lieutenant Governor.

Great space has been given to Mr. Archibald's administration, for
the reaso 1 that his admirable management has gained for him the
reputation of an excellent administrator, and because his policy shaped
that of his successor. He was peculiarly fitted for the very difficult jjo.si-
tion. He is by nature of a mild and conciliating disposition, and his
knowledge of public men and public affairs enabled him to repose
confidence where it was not abused. The errors of the Dominion
Ministry, intensified by the injudicious and arbitrary conduct of Mr.
McDougall, had produced a state of feeling in the Territories which
but for his gentle treatment and admiralile tact would have sunk
them into absolute anarchy. He was seated on a powder magazine
which a single spark might ignite. He was surrounded by the ex-
asperated and excited French population, by the dissatisfied English
and Scotch Half-breeds and the discontented whites, all having real
and many serious grievances of which to comjilain. Peace was life
to the colony, disturbance would be death, for the tide ot immigra-
tion was now running to the rich lands of the new Province, and had
it then been diverted into other channels, decades might have passed
before its return. Mr. Archibald was compelled to choose, and
that instantly, between a policy of conciliation and one of severity.
The first involved the opposition of the small but powerful party who
sought vengeance fur their wrongs, and that they had suffered most
grievous wrongs no one could deny. The second involved a contest
with the French Half-breeds and the Roman Catholics. He appealed
to the never-failing good sense of the pure white population, and
implored ihem to exercise a forbearance which their less favored
fellow citizens were perhaps not so well qualified to exhibit. This

1S77]

THE EMiL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

555

was a hard request to make on his part, and one still harder to grant
on theirs. The brutalities of the Riel regime required a spirit almost
divine for its condonation, and while Mr. Archibald most deeply
sympathized with the sufferers, he saw with a statesman's eye that to
let loose the ministers of vengeance would be to set fire to the country.
He was much blamed for availing himself of the assistance of Riel
and his associates in meeting the Fenian raid, Init he would have been
unwise in neglecting any legitimate means of ojjposition to the wild
schemes of these marauders, who were nothing better than bandits, and
were entitled to no more consideration than midnight robbers. This
use of the man was a proof of Mr. Archibald's skill as a negotiator and
as a deviser of expedients in a moment of supreme importance ; he
made Riel a friend, and thereby ])ievented him from becoming an
enemy. 'I'his surely was wiser than a sullen frowning on the traitor
which would possibly have driven him into an active participation
with O'Donoghue and his Fenian rabble, carrying with him, [jerhaps,
no inconsiderable portion of his old friends. Mr. Archibald's i)osi-
tion was one of exceptional difficulty, and the unprincipled portion
of the Ontario press, which has ever been ready to sacrifice the
interests of the country to the interests of party, greatly added to the
weight of his troubles. But he triumphed. By a happy admixture of
justice and mildness, firmness and gentleness, tact and judgment, he
hrouglit the Province from a state of chaos to one of order, from
turbulence to quiet, from threatened ruin to assured prosjjerity. It
would be wrong to omit notice of the invaluable aid received by him
from Mrs. and Miss Archibald. The French are a gallant and chival-
rous people, and no race more sincerely respects female gentleness and
kindness than the Anglo-Saxon. These ladies did the honors of
Government House with an especial view to the arduous duties which
their commanding social position laid upon them. The influence of
women at the seats of Government is one of great conse()uen<:e, and
when duly exercised is a most important factor in governmental
machinery. The great governing qualities of Mr. Archibald were quite
equalled by the admirable social ones of his wife and daughter, and the
fiery but chivalrous Metis was always ready to lower his sword with a
graceful bow to the fair rulers of Government House. Amid the rude
iHijuilation of the North-West the gentle smile of women of high posi-
tion, who had left homes of luxury and ease to exhibit among them the
graces of society, th ,'ir example and influence were of immense value,

556

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[IS

1 1

and tlieir departure from Manitoba was a source of grief to the whole
pojnilation.

As already intimated, Mr. Morris received the appointment of
Lieutenant Governor on the 2nd December, 1872. The ai)]K)intiiiciit
was received with universal apj)rol)ation. Mr. Morris had, in tlicpcr-
formance of his duties as Chief Justice, and as Administrator, rxhi-
bited ([ualities most essential in a ruler at all times, and j^'culiarly
necessary in the successor of Mr. Archibald. Most fortunately for
the Province, he was well qualified to continue the policy so happilv
inaugurated by the late Lieutenant Governor, and by steadily adher-
ing to it, he proved, by its success, that it was the true one.

On the 2ist December, 1872, Mr. Morris took the oath of office
at Fort Garry. On taking possession of Government House his daugh-
ter, Miss Morris, in the absence of Mrs. Morris, who did not join him
until July, 1873, was found very well able to preside ove rthe social
domain in which she was now installed as mistress; and, having the
exami)le of the Countess of Dufferin and of Mrs. and Miss Archibald
before her, she determined to assist her father by the practice of
those graces which had so elevated those ladies in the public esti-
mation.

A levee was held at Government House on New Year's Day, which,
as it had a semi-poHtical character, must have been very gratifying to
the new Governor. It was by far the largest reception ever held in
the country. Lhe Bishop of Rupert's Land and the leading clergy-
men of all denominations were present, and all classes of the commu-
nity were well represented. More than one hundred and fifty French
Half-breeds crossed the river to pay their respects, and they evinced the
most cordial good feeling towards the English and Scotch portions of
the population. The Roman Catholic Archbishop was prevented by ill-
ness from attending, but, as a token of his respect, sent his photograph
to his Honor, with a congratulatory message. But he was imme-
diately beset by the clamorers for vengeance. These men, delighted
at the resignation of Mr. Archibald, hoped to be able to secure from
the new Governor what they had tried in vain to wring from the old
one, — a policy which they dignified by the term "justice," but which
should more properly be known by the term " vengeance." But neither
his natural temperament, nor his clear view of the necessities of the
time, permitted him to encourage the feeling. He contented himself
with declaring that the laws would be carried out, and urged upon all

1877J

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IX CANADA.

557

tvas inime-

who approached him to exercise a patient lurbearance. He avoided
the amnesty difficulty l)y explaining that it was a matter to he dealt
with solely by the Imperial and Dominion (iovernments. lie tem-
pered all his words by a spirit of forgiveness and charity, which went
far in allaying the fierceness of the "vengeance" party on the one
hand, while it went (juite as far in allaying the apprehensions of the
French Half-breeds on the odier. He trusted, and rightfully trusted,
much to his personal inlluence. l}y moving freely and unostenta-
tiously among the people ; listening with an attentive respect to the
expression of their opinions; dropping kind words of advice in one
place, of encouragement in another, of sympathy here, and eulogy
there ; shunning severity in act and language ; avoiding expressions of
suspicion and depreciation; treating all classes as earnestly loyal to
the Crown, to the Dominion, and to his (iovernment, he gradually
(lissii)ated the hopes of the extremes of both sides, and brought them
down to the quiet level of his own pacific temper. In this he was
powerfully assisted by his daughter, Miss Morris, and by Mrs. Morris
after her arrival at Winnipeg, in July, 1873. These ladies made
Government House a delightful neutral ground where all resjjcctable
l)eo[)le were welcome, and where, in the soothing atmosj)here of
fretjuent social gatherings, the harshness and bitterness of political
and religious differences were sensibly assuaged.

Mr. Morris opened the Third Session of the First I'arliament
of Manitoba on the 5th February, 1873. Up to this period the
labors of the House and the Government had been chietly those of
organization, and the measures were largely experimental. Mr.
Archibald had chiselled out with skill and boldness the outlines of
the young athlete of the West, and now Mr. Morris was called upon
to give expression to the features, and finish to the figure. The
vury favorable impression which his position of Chief Justice and
Administrator had given him opportunities of forming on the public
mind, was now of great value. Fie was received with universal
kindness, and, as he was well fitted by his previous life for all the duties
of administration, the state machinery moved smoothly.

One of the most important and delicate duties imposed on the
Lieutenant Governor was the purchase of the Indian rights. 'I'he
Indians saw that these must be obtained by the Government, and they
knew that strict jusdce only would be employed in dealing with ihem.
They therefore became unreasonable in their demands, and sometimes

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658

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

offensive in their beh?viour. On the 24th September, 1873, Mr.
Morris and the Commissioners appointed for the purpose met about
eight hundred of the Lake Indians at the North West Angle, for the
purpose of negotiating a treaty with them. Great state was observed,
for to the four thousand owners of fifty-five thousand square miles of
some of the finest land in the world, which this treaty involved, the
meeting was of the gravest consequence. But it was not until the
ist Octobw< that the proud savages could be induced to commence the
proceedings ; they put them off from day to day on various pretexts,
and it was not until his Honor informed them that, if they did not
proceed on the 1st October, he would stop their Hour and pork and
return to Fort Garry, that they moved. This firmness startled them.
and the pow-wow began. The offer of the Governor was couched in
these words :

" I will give you lands for farms, and reserves for your own use — these not to
exceed a square mile for every family of five persons. You will be permilted to
fish and hunt over them. I will also establish schools whenever any band asks for
them, so that your children may have the cunning* of the while n n. I will
also give you a sum of money for yourselves. I will give you $10 for every head
of the population this year, and for every other year $5 a head. To the ciiiuf men,
not exceeding two to each band, I will give $20 a year forever. I will t;ive
to each of ; ou this year a present of goods and provisions to take you home, ami
I am sure you will be satisfied."

This offer the sharp negotiators took time to consider, and the
next day Ma-ni-to-ba-sis, the Fort Francis Chief, harangued the Council,
and defined their demands thus :

" We ask $15 for all that you see, and for the children that are to be born in
future. This year only we ask for $15, years after $10. Our Chiefs $50 per
year for every year."

Another Chief said :

** I take my standing-point from here. Our Councillors have in Council
come to this conclusion, that they should have $20 each, our Warriors, $15 each;
our population, $15 each.t We have now laid down the conclusion of our Loun-
cils by our decisions. We tell you our wishes are not divided. We are all of
one mind. (Here he placed in the Governor's hands a paper.) I now let you
know tlie opinions of us here. We would not wish that any one shall smile at
GUI' affairs, as we think our country is a large matter to us. If you grant us what
is written on that paper, then we will talk about the reserves. A'e have decided

• To the Indian, this means " skill "or " knowledge."
tThis modest demand amounted to $125,000 per year.

m
M

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX IX CANADA.

559

in Council for the benefit of those that will be bom hereafter. If you do this the
treaty will be finished, I believe."

To this exorbitant demand, Mr. Morris replied :

" I quite agree that this is no matter to smile at. I think tliat the decision of
to-day is one that affects yourselves and your children after, but you must recol-
lect that this is the third time of my coming here. If we do not shake hands and
make our treaty to-day I do not know when it will be done, as the Queen's Gov-
ernment will think you do not wish to treat with Her. Vou told me that you
understood that I represented the Queen's Government to you, and that I opened
my heart to you, — but you must recollect that if you are a Council, there is another
great Council that governs a great Empire, and they hold their Councils the
same as you hold yours. I wish to tell you that I am a servant of the Queen, I
cannot do my own will, I must do Her's, I can only give you what she tells me to
give you. I am sorry to see that your hands were very wide ojJen when you gave
me this paper. I thought what I promised you was just, kind and fair lietween
the (^)ueen and you. It is now three years we have lx;en trying to settle this
matter.* If we do not succeed to-day I shall go away feeling sorry for you and
for your children that you could not see what was goo<l for you and for them. I
am ready to do what I promised you yesterday. My hand is open, and you ought
to take me by the hand and say, ' Yes, we accept your offer.' I have not the
power to do what you ask of me. I ask you once more to think what you are
doing, and of those you have left at home, and also of those that may be born
yet, — and I ask you not to turn your barks on what is offerei' to you, and you
ought to see by what the Queen is offering you that she loves her red subjects as
much as her white ones. I think you are forgetting one thing, that whjit I offer
you is to be while the water flows and the sun rises. You know that in any
other country they only pay the Indian for twenty years, and you come here to-
day and ask forever what they get for twenty years. Is that just ? I think you
ought to accept my offer, and make a treaty with me as I ask you to do. 1 only
ask you to think for yourselves and for your families, and for your children, and
children's children, and I know if you do that you will shake hands with me to-
day."

To this the Chief repHed : —

"I lay before you our opinions. Our hands are poor, but our heads are rich,
and it is riches that we ask so that we may be able to support our families as long
as the sun rises, and the water runs."

Mr. Morris here again expressed regret, but plainly told them he
wouk' go away. The Chief now urges the great value of their country,
and with true Indian poetry of expression made a statement which, if

* Governor Simpson and his agents had had much trouble from these Indians,
and active hostilities might at any time for several years past have been at any
moment expected from them.

560

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

true, indicated their knowledge of the existence of precious metals in
their territory. He replied : —

♦* My terms I am going to lay down before you, the decision of our Chiefs.
Ever since you came to a decision you push it back. The soun ' of the rustling of
the gold is under my feet where /stand. We have a rich country. It is the (iood
Spirit who gave us this. Where we stand upon is the Indians' property, and
belongs to them. If you grant us our requests you will not go back witliout
makiag the treaty."

Another Chief now intimated that Mr. Morris was not the impor-
tant or the rich man he professed to be. He said : —

" We understood yesterday that the Queen had given you the power to act
upon ; that you could do what you pleased, and that the riches of the Queen she
had filled your head and body with, and you had only to throw them round about ;
but it seems it is not so, but that you have only half the power she has, and that
she has only half filled your head."

Several other Chiefs now joined in the discussion, but the diver-
gencies became greater as it proceeded. The last speaker said : —

*' Our Chiefs have the same opinion. They will not change their decision."
Mr. Morris — '• Then the Council is at an end."

This promptitude had the desired effect. The Chief of Lac Seule
then addressed the Council : —

" I understand the matter that he asks. If he puts a question to me as v.ell as
to others, and I say so as well as the rest : We are the first that were plai.ted
here, — we would ask you to assist us with every kind of implement to use for our
benefit, to enable us to perform our work, — a little of every thing, and money.
We would borrow your cattle — we ask you this for our support — I will find
whereon to feed them. The waters out of which you sometimes take food for
yourselves we will lend you in return. If I shall try to stop you, it is not in my
power to do so. Even the Hudson Bay Company, that is a small power, I cannot
gain my point with it. If you give what I ask, the time may come when I will ask
you to lend me one of your daughters and one of your sons to live with us, and in
return I will lend you one of my daughters and one of my sons for you to teach
wh.at is good, and, after they have learned, to teach us. If you grant us what 1
ask, although I do not know you, I will shake hands with you. This is all I have
to say."

It was uow clear that the Indians were divided, and a ray of hope
appeared. After some further discussion the council closed for the day.
It was extremely doubtful whet her an agreement could be arrived at.
The Rainy River Indians were careless about the treaty, because they
could get plenty of money fcr cutting wood for the boats, but the
Northern and Eastern bands were anxious for one. The Indians held
a council among themselves in the evening, to which they invited the

1H77J

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

601

Hon. James McKay, Mr. Pierre Leveillee and Mr. Nolin, when after
a very lengthy and exhaustive discussion, they decided to accept tiie
Governor's terms with some slight modifications, and the final meeting
was announced for the next day.

The Fort Francis Chief opened the negotiations. The Lieutenant
Governor replied : —

" I am glad to meet the Chiefs. I hope we are going to understand one another
to-day, and that I can go back and report that I left my Indian friends contented,
and that I have put into their hands the means cf providing for themselves and
their families at home ; and now I will give you my last words. When I held
out my hands to you at first I intended to do what was just and right, and what I
had the power to do at once, — not to go backwards and forwards, but at once to do
what I l)elieve is just and right to you. I was very much pleased yesterday with
the words of the Chief of Lac Seule. I was glad to hear that he had commenced
to farm, and to raise things for himself and family, and I was glad to hear him
ask me to hold out my hand. I think we should do everything to help you, by
giving you the means to grow food, so that if it is a bad year for fishing and hunt-
ing you may have something foi your children at home. If you had not asked it,
the Government would have done it all the same, although I had not said so l)efore.
I can say this, that when a band settles down, and actually commences to farm on
their lands, the Government will agree to give two hoes, one spade, one scythe, and
one axe for every family actually settled ; one plough for every ten families, five har-
rows for every twenty families, and a yoke of oxen, a bull and four cows for every
band, and enough barley, wheat and oats to plant the land they hn.ve actually
broi<en up. This is to enable them to cultivate their land, and it is to he given
tiiem on their commencing to do so, once for all. There is one thing that I have
thought over, and I think it is a wise thing to do, — that is, give you ammunition,
and twine for making nets, to the extent of $1500 per year for the whole nation,
so that you can have the means of procuring food. Now, I will mention the last
thing I can do. I think that the sum I have offered you to be paid after this year
for every man, woman and child now and for years to come is right, and is the
pro])er sum. I cannot make any change in that, but we are anxious to show you
we have a great desire to understand you ; that we wish to do the utmost in our
power to make you contented, so that the white man and the red man will always
lie friends. This year, instead of $10, we will give you $ 12, to be paid you at once,
as soon as we sign the treaty. This is the best I can do for you. I wisii you to
understaud that we do not come here as traders, but as representing the Crown,
and to do what we believe is just and right. We have acteil in that spirit, and I
hope you will meet me in that spirit, and shake hands with me to-day, ami make a
treaty forever. I have no more to say."

But the Indians were not satisfied. While they determined to
accept the offer made, they also sought a number of other benefits,
which if yielded, would be followed by the demand for more.

ril i

562

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

i/l

Chief— '■^ One thing I did not say, that is most necessary, — we want a crosscut
saw, a whip saw, grindstone and fdes."

GoT'etnor — "We will do that ; and I think we ought to give a box of conimun
tools to each Chief of a band."

CV//<y— "Depending upon the words that you have told us, and stretched out
your hands in a friendly way, I depend upon that. One thing more we demand,—
n suit of clothes to all of us."

(7i>7cruor — "With regard to clothing, coats will be given to the C' icfs and
he.id men, and as to the other Indians, there is a (juantity of goods and provi>i()ns
here that will Ik; given them at the close of the treaty. The coats of the I. liicfs
will be given every three years."

(V//t/— " Once more, — powder and shot will not go off without guns, wo uani
guns."

Gfftiernor — " I have shown every disposition to meet your views, but what I
have promised is as far as I can go."

The chief now wanted what he called the " poor Indians who may
hapi)en to fall in our road " to be assisted, and he included in these
the Half-breeds of their tribe, but this was refused.

Chief. — " You must rememlier that our hearts and our brains are like ]iaper,
they never forget. There is one thing that we want to know. If you should jjet
into trouble with the nations, I do not wish to walk out and expose my youn^' men
to aid you in any of your wars."

GfniTiior. — "The Knglish never call the Indians out of their country tu liylit
their V)attles ."

Another Chief. — "I ask you a question. I see your roads passing here, pa-viny
through the country, and some of vour boats, useful articles that you use for vmir-
self. 15y-and-by we shall see things that run swiftly, that go by fiie, carrini,'e>,
and we ask you that us Indians may not have to pay their passage on tliese things,
but can go free."

6(T'tv«(i/-. — "I think the best thing I can do is to become an Indian. 1 cannot
promise you to pass on the railway free, for it may be a long time before wc jjet
one ; and I cannot promise you any more than other people."

The Chief then wanted liberty to travel over the country when it

was vacant. That was granted. He ne.xt demanded that in case

they discovered any valuable mineral, they should be allowed to put

their own price on it ; that they should be i)ermitted to select tlieir

own reserves ; that they should have the appointment of the liulian

agent ; that no one shoiild be permitted to sell fire-water, "though,"

he added, " perhaps, at times, if 1 shall be unwell, I might take a

drop just for medicine," and that if the Government agents should

neglect the Indians he "should have the right to put them in prison,"

and added :

" One thing I find that deranges a little my kettle. In this river where food

"^S^f,!"

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

503

i ti

lere, paNsinj;

iisi'il to Ix; plentiful for our subsistence, I jwrceive it is fjetting scarce. We wish
that the river slioulil \x left as it was fouml from the l)eyinning, tliat nothing Iw
hroki'ii."

G(>7t!rnor. — " 'Hiis is a subject that I cannot go into."

C/iii/. — " We wish tlie (lovcrnment would assist us in i^'lting a few boards for
some of us, who are intending to put up houses tiiis dxW, from the mil! at I'ort
Francis."

Goreruor. — "The mill is a private enterprise, and we have no power to give
you boards from it."

C/iii'f. — "I will now show you a medal that was given to those who made a
treaty at Red River by the Commissioner. //<• said it was silver, but / do not
tliiiik it is. I should \yv. ashamed to carry it on my breast, over my heart. I think
it woiilil disgrace the (^ueen, my Mother, to wear her imat^c on so base a metal
as tills. (Mere the chief held up the medal, and struck it with the back of his
knife. The result was anything but the 'true ring' and made every spectator
.isliaiued <jt'the petty meanness that had been practiced.) Let the medals you give
lis lie of silver, medals that shall In; worthy of the high position our Great Mother
the I Jueen occupies."

Inncnior. — " I will tell them at Ottawa 'ohal you have said, and /u>-u> you
iiavL- said it."

Chief. — " I wish you to understand that you owe this treaty much to the llalf-
bree.ls."

Gi>7'crnor. — " I know it. I sent some of them to talk with you, and I know
that all the Half-l)reeds from Manitoba who arc here gave their Ciovernor their
cordial support."

The business of the treaty having now been completed, the Cliief,
-Maiiitobasis, who, with Powhassan, had with great tact carried on the
negotiations, stepped tip to the Governor, and said :

" Now you see me stand liefore you all. What has l^een done here to-day has
been done openly 1)efore the Great Spirit, and lx;fore the nation, and I hojje 1 may
never hear any one say that this treaty has been done secretly. And now, in clos-
ing this Council, I take off my glove, and, in giving you my hand, I deliver over my
birtii-right and lands ; and, in taking your hand, I hold fast all the promises you
have made, and I hope they will last as long as the sun goes round, and the water
llows, as you have said."

Mr. Morris then took his hand and said : —

"I accept your hand, and with it the lands, and will keep all my promises, in
the firm belief that the treaty now to be signed will bind the red man and the
white together as friends forever." * .

* The treaty commences thus : " Articles of a Treaty made and concluded
ihis tliird day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
seventy three, between Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen of Great liritain and
Ireland, by Iler Commissioners, the Hon. Alexander Morris, Lieutenant Ciovernor
of Manitoba and of the North West Territories ; Joseph Albert Norbert Proven-

564

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

A copy of the treaty was then prepared and duly signed, after
which a large quantity of presents, consisting of |)ork, flour, clothing,
blankets, twine, powder and shot, was distributed to the several banJs
present On the next day Mr. Peither, Local Superintendent of
Indian affairs at Fort Francis, and Mr. Graham of the Government
Works began to pay the treaty money — an employment that kept
them busy far into the night. Some of the chiefs received as much as
$170 for themselves and families.

As soon as the money was distributed the shops of the Hudson
Bay Company and other resident traders were visited, and, while all
these did a great trade, — the Hudson Bay Company alone taking in
$4000 in thirty hours, — it was a noticeable fact that many took home
with them nearly all their money. When urged to buy goods there, a
frequent reply was : " If we spend all our money here, and go home
and want debt,* we will be told to get our debt where we spent our
money."

The Lieutenant Governor was warmly congratulated by all jiarties
upon the ability and tact displayed by him throughout the whole of
these negotiations. Had it not been for his manly firmness, com-
bined with his patience and kindness of manner, there may have
been in that part of the North West, instead of 4000 loyal subjects of
their " Good Mother the Queen," 4000 disaffected people as a chronic
sore in the heart of the Province, a hindrance to immigration and
settlement, and a constant source of annoyance and expense to the
Dominion. Now, all is peace ; and we are friends with the red man,
who, after all, is docile, and, if justly treated, ever ready to fall in with
the civilization of the white man.

On the i8th January, 1874, the Lieutenant Governor and Mrs.
Morris gave a grand ball at Government House, which was spoken of

cher, and Simon J. Dawson, of the one part, and the Salteaux tribe of the Ojib-
beway Indians, inhabitants of tlie country witiiin the limits hereinafter delinctl ami
described, by their chiefs, chosen as hereafter mentioned, of the second part." It is
executed by Alex. Morris, Lieutenant (jovernor ; J. A. N. Provencher, 1. Com.;
S.J. Dawson, and twenty-four chiefs and head men, and is witnessed by James
McKay, Robert Pitton, Christine V. K. Morris, Captain E. Macdonalcl, Com-
manding escort to the Lieutenant Governor, Joseph Nolin, Cieo. JMacphti.-<tjn,
sen., W. Fred Buchanan, Alfred Codd, M.D., Nicholas Chastelain, Molyiieux
St. John, Charles Nolin, James F. Graham, H. McLeod, Sedley Blnnchard,
Frank G. Becher, and Pierre Leveill^.

* This word is used by the Indians for '• credit."

l.'^TT]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

565

as the most brilliant affair of the kind ever yet ^^itnes.secl in the North
West.* While his Honor was pacifying the discontented inhabitants of
the country, and while he was at the same time winning the esteem
and confidence of the Indians who yet held the right to hundreds of
thousands of scjuare miles of most valuable lands, which the (iovern-
mcnt wanted to have secured to them by treaty, Mrs. Morris and her
daughters, by a system of " At Homes " and other festive gatherings
at (lovernment House were bringing the various grades of society
into a state of social harmony.

On the 8th September, 1874, Mr. Morris, attended by the Hon.
David Laird, Minister of the Interior, and Mr. J. VV. Christie, the Com-
missioner appointed by Order in Council to treat with the Indians, ])ro-
ceeded to Qu'Appelle, three hundred and fifty miles west of Winnipeg.
The most important functions of the Lieutenant Governor were now
the extinction of the Indian rights. Immigrants were pouring into the
country, and it was of the gravest consequence that the Indians should
not have a single complaint to make respecting the invasion of their
territory. Each year added to the value of their lands, and they were
astute enough to see and to take advantage of this fact. Former agents
had endeavored to make fair treaties with them, but they had all
failed, except to a very limited extent. The North West Angle
treaty was a splendid success, and Mr. Morris had obtained such a
reputation among the red men for justice, courtesy and kindness, that
his i)resence at the Indian Councils had become indispensable when
treaties were to be negotiated.

'Hie Council at Fort Qu'Appelle,! a Hudson Bay trading post, at

• His Honor the Lieutenant Governor and Mrs. Morris, with her daughters, who
a<l(ied much to the hrilUancy of the entertainments at Government Mmise, were
materially assisted in all these matters by the skill, taste and politeness of Mr.
Heclier, the private secretary and A, D. C. to his Honor. He was as valuable at
Manitoba as Captain ILimilton was at Rideau FLill, Ottawa ; and for the popu-
larity and success of the social ijatlierings of Mr. and Mrs. Morris they were in no
slight degree indebted to that young gentleman's admirable bearing and unfailing
courtesy.

tThere is a tradition among the Indians concerning the Qu'Appelle River.
A solitary Indian was coming down the river many summers ago, when he heaid
a loud voice calling to him — he stopjied and listened, and again heard the same
voice. He shouted in reply, but there was no answer. He searched carefully,
but could find no tracks. From that time the stream was known as " Qu' Appelle "
or " Who calls " River.

J. I

5GG

1II8T0UY OF THE ADMINISTUATION OF

[1877

I
•1

1'^

I •

the junction of the Qu'Appelle and Assinilwine, was composed of
representatives of the Plain Crees and Salteaux nations.

At 4 o'clock the Commissioners entered the marcjuee erected for
the accommodation of themselves and the Indians, who in a short
time arrived, shook hands with the Commissioners, the oftkers of the
guard, and other gentlemen who were in the tent, and took their
seats.

It having been noticed that Cote, " the Pigeon," a leading ( hicf
of the Salteaux tribe had not arrived, but that several of his band were
present, and claimed that they had been sent to represent him. His
Honor the Lieutenant (Jovernor instructed the (acting) interpreter.
William Daniel, to enquire why their chief had not come to moLt
the Commissioners, the white chiefs?

'I'o this question they answered that he had given no reason.

His Honor, through the interpreter, told them that the Queen had
sent him and the other Commissioners to see the' vthief and their
nation, and that the least a loyal subject could do wuuld be to meet
the messengers of the Queen.

His Honor then addressed the Crees as follows :

" The Commissioners have iigreedthat .is Lieutenant Governor I should speaic
for tlieni, as we are sent here by the ()ueen, by the Great Mother — the (^)ueci) lias
chosen me to be one of her Councillors, and has sent me here to represent her and
has made me Governor of all her Territories in the North West. She has sent
me another of her Councillors who has come all the way from Ottawa. She lias
also sent with us Mr. Christie, whom you all know, who has lived for a Umg time
in this country, but who had gone away from it to live in another part of the
Dominion of Canada. The Queen loves her red children ; she has always l)t'en
friends with them ; she knows that it is hard for them to live, and she has always
trieil to help them, in the other parts of the Dominion. Last year she sent me to
see her children at the Lake of the Woods. I took her children there by the hand,
and the white man and the red man made friends forever. We have come here
with a message from the (^ueen and want to tell you all her mind. We want to
speak to you a1)Out the land and what the (^ueen is willing to do for you, hut
before we tell you we want you to tell us who your chiefs and headmen are wiio
will s]-)eak for you while we speak for the <^ueen, and we want to know wliat
bands of Crees are here and who will speak for them. We wish to know if llie
Crees are ready to speak with us now ? "

Ra-ku-shi-way, the *' Loud Voice," said in reply :

I do not wish to tell a lie. I cannot say who will speak for us ; it will only
1)e known after consultation."

//is //otior the Lieutenant GmYntor" — By to-morrow you will probably have
chosen whom you will have to speak for you, and the Commissioners will Ik; gl nl

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CAXADA.

no?

to iiufl yoii after you have cliosen your s|)okesman, and will meet you at ten
ii'clnck. We want you to tell us oi)enly what you want, and we will s|H-ak to you
fur the (^ueen in the same way. 'ihe Colonel will send a man rouml to sound
a, Im^le at lo o'clock to let you know."

lo the Salteaux His Honor said :

" We have here with a message from the CJreat Mother, and want you to open
my mouth so that I can tell you what I have to say. If you and your chiefs will
meet toi^ether in council and talk it over I will Ik? {,'la(l to meet you, if you bring
ymir chief to-morrow. You must also choose your sjieakers who will come with
your chief and sjieak for you."

lend Void' — "I will tell the message that is given me to tell. I have one
tllill^,' to say, the first word that came to them was for the Salteaux trilie to choose
.1 i)l;ue to i)itch their tents.

///f Honor — *' This place was chosen l»ecause it is a good place for my men —
for the soldiers — there is plenty of water and grass, and I will meet you here to-
morrow. That is all at present."

After the departure of the main l)ody, three Indians, Saltei;:ix from
the Cypress hills, entered the tent, saying that they had no chief, and
(lid not want to go with the main body of the nation, that they had
l)lenty of friends on the plains. His Honor said they would hear the
Queen's message with the rest of the Indians.

'( !

SECOND CONFERENCE.

September 9, 1874.

The Indians having arrived, his Honor Lieutenant Governor
Morris said : —

" I am glad to see so many of the Queen's red children here this morning. I told
those I saw yesterday that I was one of the (Queen's Councillors, and had another
Coiiiuillor with me from Ottawa, and that the (^ueen had sent Mr. Christie who
iistil to live among you to help us. Yesterday the Cree nation with their chief
Were licrc, the Halteaux did not come to meet the (Queen's servants, their chief was
not Iktc. I thought that the Salteaux could not have understood that the (^ueen
had sont her servants to see them, or they would have come to meet them. If
1.011(1 \ oice or any other chief came down to Fort (iarry to see me, and I sent one
tif my servants to meet them instead of shaking hands with them would they l)e
plcnsed ? I wanted you to meet me here to-day liecause I wanted to speak to yon
ht'fore ilie (ireat Spirit and before the whole world. I want both Crees and
Salteaux to know what I say. I told those who were here yesterday that we had
a message from the Queen to them. Last year I made a treaty with tlie Indians,
4000 ill luimher, at the Lake of the Woods. To-day the (^ueen sends us here. I
tohl you yesterday that she loves her red children, and they have always
respected her and obeyed her laws. 1 asked you yesterday, and ask you now, to
tell me who would speak for you, and how many bands of each nation are

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represented here. I have heard that you are not ready to speak to me yet, but do
not know it, and I want you to say anythinif you have to say Iwfore all, and f will
K|ieak in the same way. What I have to talk about concerns you, your chililitn
and their children, who are yet unborn, and you must think well over it ns the
(^ueen has thought well over it. What I want is for you to take the (Queen's hand,
through nic, and shake hands with her forever, and now I want Iwfore I say any
more to hear from the chiefs if they are ready with their men to si)eak for them, and
if they are not ready if they will l)e ready to-morrow."

Can-a-hah-cha-pCiC, the Man of the Bcnv — "We are not ready yet, we have not
gathered together yet. That is all I have to say.

Peichi'tii's Son — O-ta-ha-o-maii, the Gambler — "My dear friends, do you want
me to s|H:ak for you to these great men ? (The Indians signified their consent.) I
heard you were to come here, that was the reason that all the camps were collected
together. I heard l)eforehand, too, where the camp was to be placed, but I till
you that I am not ready yet. Every day there are other Indians coming, and we
are not all together. Where I was told to pitch my tent, that is where I expfcted
to see the great men in the camp. That is all."

His Honor — "With regard to the :amp the Queen sent one of her chief nun
with us, our soldiers, and he selected the best pKice for the men, the place where
we are now, and I think it is a good place. At first he thought to have cncaniiHjd
across the river, but he thought this was better ground, and chose it. I think it
just as well th.il our bases should Iw at a little distance from your braves and your
camp. I want to say to the Indian children of the Queen th.it, if their jwoijle are
coming in, that our men have walked a long way here, and must go back again to
Fort (larry, and I have other things to do. Mr. Laird has to go bark again to
look after other things for the Queen in Ottawa. I want to ask the chiefs when
they will Ik; ready to meet us to-morrow."

Pei-che-to^s Son — " I have said l)efore we are not ready."

I lis Honor— «• Let them send me word, through their chiefs, when they are
ready."

THIRD day's conference.

September ii, 1874.

The Crees and their chiefs met the Commissioners. The Salteaux
chief was not present, though most of the tribe were present.

An Indian, " the Crow," advised the assembled Crees, the Salteaux
not having arrived, to listen attentively to what words he said.

His Honor the Lieutenant Governor then arose and said : —

" I am glad to meet you here to-day. We have waited long, and began to
wonder whether the Queen's red children were not coming to meet her messengers.
All the ground here is the Queen's, and you are free to s])eak your mind fully.
We want you to speak to me face to face. I am ready now with my friends here
to give you the Queen's message. Are your ears open to hear ? Have you chosen
your speakers ? "

The '* Loud Voice " — " There is no one to answer."

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

509

///f Uomyr — •• Vou have had time enouph to select your men to answer, and I
will ^;ive you the (Queen's messajje. The (^)ueen knows that you are iM)or ; the
(JiiiTii knows that it is hanl to find food for yourselves and children ; she
kimws that the winters are cold, an«l your children are often hungry ; she has
always cared for her red children as much as for her white. Out of her generous
heart and lilwral hand she wants to ilo something; for you, so that, when the butTalo
({it scarcer, and they are scarce enoujjh now, you may Iw able to do something
for yourselves."

///(• Loud Voice (to the Indians) — " I wonder very much at your conduct.
Yim understand what is said and you understand what is riijht and |»ock1. You
ought to listen to that and answer it, every one of you. What is bad you cannot
answer."

His Honor — ••What the Queen and her Councillors would like is in she
would like you to learn something of the cunning of the white man. Wh< u fish
are scarce and the buffalo are not plentiful she would like to help you to jiut some-
thiii},' ir the land ; she would like that you shouKl have some mone^ ery year to
iiu) things that you need. If any of you would settle down on the land she would
(jive you cattle to help )uti ; she would like you to have some seed to plant. She
would like tof.vve you every year, for twenty years, some powder, shot, and twine
lo make nets of. I see you here l^efore me to-day. I will pass iway and you
will pass away. I will go where my fathers have gone and you also, but after
me and after you will come our children. The Queen cares for you and for your
children, and she cares for the children that are yet to l)e born. She would like
to lake you by the hand and do as I did for her .it the I^ke of the Woods last
year. We promised them, and we are ready to promise now, to give $5 to every
man, woman and chikl, as long as the sun shines and water flows. We are ready
to promise to give $1000 every year, for twenty years, to buy powder and shot,
and twine, by the end of which time I hope you will have your little farms. If
you will settle down we would lay off land for you, a square mile for every family
(if live. Whenever you go to a Reserve the Queen will be ready to give you a
school and schoolmaster, and the Government will try to prevent fire-water from
Ijcini,' sent among you. If you shake hands with us and make a treaty we are
ready to make a present at the end of the treaty of $8 for every man, woman and
child in your nation. We are ready also to give calico, clothing and other jire-
scnts. We are ready to give every recognized chief a present of $25, a medal,
and a suit of clothing. We are also ready to give the chief's soldiers, not exceeding
four in each band, a present of ten dollars, and next year and every year after, each
chief will l)e paid $25, and his chief soldiers, not exceeding four in each band,
will receive $10. Now I think that you see that the Queen loves her red children,
that she wants to do you good, and you ought to show that you think so. I cannot
lielieve that you will be the first Indians, the (Queen's subjects, who will not take her
liy the hand. We have not made to any as large an offer as has beeri 1. ^ide to this
nation. The Queen sent one of her Councillors from Ottawa, and me, her Oov-
emor, to tell you her mind. I have opened my hands and heart to you. It is for
you to think of the future of those who are with you now, of those who are coming
after you, and may the Great Spirit guide you to do what is right. I have only a

570

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[I87r

word more to say. The last time I saw you I was not allowed to say all I wanted
to say until you went away. Wiiat I wanted to say is this, I have put before )ou
our message, I want you to go back to your tents and think over what I iiave said,
and come and meet me to-morrow. Recollect that we cannot stay very lung litre.
I have said all."

FOURTH day's CONFERENCE.

September 12, 1874.

In the morning four Indians, two Creesand two Saulteaux, waited
on tlie Commissioners, and asked that they would meet the Indians
half way, and off the Company's reserve, and that the soldiers should
remove their camps beside the Indian encampment ; that they would
meet the Commissioners then and confer with them ; that tlicrc was
something in the WMy of their speaking o])enly where the maniuee had
been pitched. Their request was comi)lied with as regarded tlie place
of meeting only, and the s])ot for the conference selected by Col.
Smith and the Indians.

The meeting was opened by the Lieutenant Governor, who said :—

" Crees and Salteaux, I have asked you to meet us here to-day. Wo have
been asking you for many days to meet us, and this is the first time you have all
met us. If it was not my duty, and if the Queen did not wish it, 1 would not have
taken so much trouble to sjieak to you. AVe are sent a long way to give you her
message. Yesterday I told the Crees her message, and I know that the Saltoaux
know what it was, but that there may be no mistake, I will tell it to you aLjain,
and I will tell you more. When I have given my message understand that you
will have to answer it as I and my friends will have to leave you. You arc the
subjects of the (^ueen, you are her children, and you are only a little ban 1 to all
her other children. She has children all over the world, and she does lii^ht with
them all. She cares as much for you as she cares for her white children, and the
proof t)f it is that wherever her name is spoken her people, whether they be red or
white, love her name, and are ready to die for it because she is ahv.ays just and true.
What she promises never changes. She knows the condition of her people here.
You are not her only red children. Where I come from, Ontario, and in <^Hieliec,
she has many red children, and away beyond the mountains she has t)tlier red
children, and she wants to care for them all. Last year I was among tlie
Salteaux, we have the Salteaux where I came from. They were my friends. I
was the son of a white chief who hail a high place among them, they told liiin they
would do his work, they called him Siiekisik. I learned from him to love the red
man, and it was a pleasant duty and good to my heart when the (^)ueen lohl me to
come among her Salteaux children, and I expect the Crees and the Salteaux to
take my hand as they did last year. In our hands they feel the Queen's, and if
they take them the hands of the white and red man will never unclas]). In clher
lands the white and red men are not such friends as we have always been, and
why? Because the Queen always keeps her word, always protects her red men.

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THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

571

She lunnl last winter tliat bad men from the United States had come into her
countiy and had killed some of her red children. What did she say ? This must
not be. 1 will send my men and will not suftev these b.ad men to hurt my red child-
ren, their lives are very dear to me. And now I will tell you our message. 'ITie
Oiieen knows that her red children often find it hard to live. She knows that her
red eliililrcn, their wives and children are often hunj^ry, and that the Ijul'falo wil!
not last forever, and she desires to do somethinij for thtjm. More than a hundred
vear:; n^o the (Queen's father said to the red men livinj^ in Quclx;c and Ontario, I
will "JVC you land and cattle, and set ajiart Reserves for you, and will teach you.
What has been the result? There the red men are happy ; instead of tjeltinj; fewer
in number by sickness, they are growing in numlx;r, their children have plenty.
The (^iieen wishes you to enjoy the same blessings, and so I am here to tell you
all the (Jueen's mind; but recollect this, the (Jiueen's High Councillor here from
Ottawa, and I, her Governor, are not traders ; we do not come here in the sjiirit
of traders; we come here to tell you oix.'nly, without hiding anything, just what
the (^)ueen will do for you, just what she thinks is good for you, and I want you to
look me in the face, eye to eye, and open yf)ur hearts to me as children would to
a father, as children ought to do to a father, and as y<ju ought to the servants of
the great mother of us all. I told my friends yesterday that things changed here,
that we are here to-day, and that in a few years it may l)e we will not l>e here, but
after us will come our children. The Queen thinks of the children yet unborn. I
know that there are some red men as well as white men who think only of to-day
and never think of to-morrow. The (^)ueen has to think of what will come loner
after to-day. Therefore, the promises we have to make to you are not for to-day
only but for to-morrow, not only for you but for your children born and unborn,
and the promises we make will be carried out as long as the sun shines above and
the water tlows in the ocean. When you are ready to plant seed the (Queen's
men will lay olT Reserves so as to give a square mile to every family of five
I>ersons, and on commencing to farm, the (^ueen will give to every family culti-
vatin;,' the soil, two hoes, one spade, one scythe for cutting the grain, one
axe and plough, enough of seeil wheat, barley, oats and potatoes to plant the
land they get ready. The Queen wishes her red children to learn the cunning
"f the white man, and when they are reaily for it she will send schoolmas-
kr> on every Reserve and pay them. We have come through the country for
many days, and wt have seen hills and but little wood and in many jdaces little
water, ;uiil it may be a long time l)efore there are many white men settled upon
this land, ami you will have the right of hunting and fishing just as you have now
until the land is actually taken up." (His Honor repeated the offers which had
lieen i^dwn to the .Saheaux on the previous day.) " I think I have told you all
that the fjueen is willing to do for jou. It ought to show you that she has thought
more about you than you have about her. I will be glad now to have those whom
you have selected speak for you, and I again ask you to keep nothing back. 'I"his
>the lir>t time you have had white chiefs, officers of the (^)ueen, so high in her
'-ouncils, so trusted by her among you. We have no object but your good at
Wart, and, therefore, we ask you to speak out to us, to open your minds to us, and
■■elievc that we are your true and best friends, who will never advise you liadly,

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

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who will never whisper bad words in your ears, who only care for your good and
that of your children. I have told you the truth, the whole truth, and now we ex-
pect to hear from the two nations and any other tribe who may be represented here.
My friend, Mr. Laird, reminds me that he has come from an Island in the far oT
sea, that he has to go back to Ottawa, and then go to his own home, that he was
asked to come specially to help me in sjMiaking to you and advising me. He is
obliged to go away, as I am, and, therefore, we want you to answer us."

Cote, or Mec-may {Saultcaux Chief) — " I cannot say anything to you. It is
that man (pointing to Loud Voice) will speak."

Loud Voice (Cree Chief) — " If I could speak, if I could manage to utter niv
feelings there is reason why I should answer you back ; but there is something n
my way, and that is all I can tell you. This man (the Gambler) will tell you."

0-la-ka-o-tian, or the Gambler — "This morning I saw the chief of the soldiers,
who asked me what is in your way that you cannot come and meet the Queen's mes-
sengers ; then I told him what was in the way. And now chat I am come in what dul
see. You were rather slow in giving your hand. You said that the Queen spoke
through you, and spoke very plainly, but I cannot speak about what you said at
present ; the thing that is in the way that is what I am working at."

Lieutenant Go7<ernor Morris — "^Ve have come here for the purpose of knowing
what is in your mind. I held out my hand, but you did not do as your nation diil
at the Angle. \Vhen I arrived there the chief and his men came and gave me the
pipe of peace and paid me every honor. Why ? Because I was the servant of the
Queen. I was not slow in offering my hand, I gave it freely and from my heart,
and whenever we found I could please you by coming here, we sent the chief of the
soldiers to select a suitable place to meet you. You tell me there is soniethiiij^ in
your mind. If there is anything standing between us, how can we take it away or
answer you unless we know what it is ? "

The Gambler — " I told the soldier master you did not set your camji in order,
you came and stayed beyond over there, that is the reason I did not run in over
there. Now when you have come here you see sitting out there a mixture of Half-
breeds, Crees, Saulteaux and Stonies, all are one, and you were slow in taking the
hand of a Half-breed. All these things are many things that are in my w ay. I
cannot speak about them."

Lieutenant Go'i'ernor Morris — " \Vhy are you here to-day? because we asked
you to come, because it was a good place to speak with them the reason we wisiied
to see them. I am now quite willing to tell you all about Fort Pelly. The (Jueen
heard that Americans had come into the country and were treating her Indian
children badly. I myself sent her word that twenty-five of her Indian cliildren.
men, women and children, had been shot down by the American traders, tlien she
resolved to protect lier red children, for that reason she has determined to have a
body of men on horses as policemen to keep all bad people, white or red, in order.
She will not allow her red children to l)e made drunk and shot down again as some
of them were a few months ago. Now you ought to lie glad that you have a (Jueen
who takes such an interest in you. What are they doing now up there at 1- ort
Pelly ? The men must have some place to live in this winter, they cannot live oul
of doors, and some men liave gone to Fort Pelly to build houses for them, and the

■

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

573

Queen expects that you will do all you can to help them because they are your
friends. There was a treaty before and Indians are paid ur. U;r it, but we were
told as we passed Fort Eilice that there were a few Inilians there who were not
included in that treaty, and had never been paid, and they agreed to meet us when
we go back. I do not quite understand another point. We have here Crees,
S.iultcaux, Assiniboine and other Indians, they are all one, and we have another
people here, the Ilalf-breeds, they are of your blood and my blood. The t^ueeii
cares for them, one of them is here an officer with a Queen's coat on his back. At
the Like of the Woods last winter e.ery llalf-breed wlio was there with me was
helping me, and I was proud of it, and glad to take the word back to the (^ueen
and her servants and you may rest easy, you may leave the Half-breeds in the
hands of the Queen, who will deal generously ind justly with them. There was a
Half-breed came forward to the table. He w?s only one of many here, I simply
wanted to know whether he was authorized by you to take any part in the Council
as it is the Indians alone we are here to meet. He told me you wanted him here
as a witness. We have plenty of witnesses here, but when I heard that I welcomed
him as I had done you, and shook hands with him, and he ought to have told you
that. I have given our answer, and I have always found this that it is good for
men to try to understand each other and to speak openly, if they do that, and both
are earnest, if their hearts are pure, they will and can understand each other."

The Gambler — " I have understood plainly before what he (the Hudson Bay
Co.) told me about the Queen. This country that he (II. B. Co.) bought from
the Indians let him complete that. It is that which is in the way. I cannot man-
age to speak upon anything else, when the land was staked oil" it was all the Com-
pany's work. That is the reason 1 cannot speak of other things."

iMutcnant Governor Morris — '• We don't understand what you mean. Will you
explain ? "

The Gambler — " I know what I have to tell you. Who surveyed this land?
Was it done by the Company ? This is the reason I speak of the Company, why
were you staying in the Company's house ? "

Lieutenant Governor Morris — " The Company have right to have certain lands,
granted them by the Queen, who will do what is fair and just for the Company, f<jr
the Indians, for the Half-breeds and for the whites. She will make no distinction.
Whatever she promises she will carry out. The Company are nothing to her,
except that they are carrying on trade in this country, and that they are subjects to
her just as you are. You ask then why I went to tlie Cumpany's house ? 1 came
here not at my own pleasure. I am not so strong as you are, I never slept in a
teiU in my life before, and was only too glad to find a home to go to."

The Gambler — " I understand now. And now this Company man. This is the
Company man, (pointing to Mr. McDonald). This is the thing I cannot spe.ik of.
The Cree does not know, the Saulteaux does nut know. It was never known
when this was surveyed, neither by the Cree nor the .Saulteaux."

Lieutenant Governor Morris — "The Company are trading in this country, and
ihey require to have places to carry out their trade. If the Queen gives them land
to hold under she has a perfect right to ilo it, just as she will have a perfect right to
lay olf lands for you if you agree to settle on them. I am sorry for you ; I am

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HISTOUY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[187

afraid you have l)een listening to ])a(l voices who hr.ve not the interests of tlie lulians
at heart. If localise of these things you will not speak to us we will go away with
hearts sorry for you and for your children who thus throw back in our fiuts tlic
hand of the Queen that she has held out to you."

7//t' (,'ci//i/)/i:r — " it is very jilain who sjieaks ; the Crees are not speakiiii;, an<\
the Saulteaux is speaking if the (^)ueen's men came here to survey the land. 1 am
telling you plainly. I cannot speak any other thing till this is cleared up. I.ouk
atthe.se children that are sitting around here and also at the tents who aru jii>t the
image of my kindness. There are different kinds of grass growing here tluit is Jim
like those sitting around here. There is no difference. Even from the Amciicaii
land they are liere, but we love them all the same, and when the white skin comes
here from far away I love him all the same. I am telling you what our lovt- and
kindness is. This is what I did when the white man came, but when he came back
he paid no regard to me how he carried on."

Lieutenant Gcn'crnor Morris—"' I did not know till I came here that nny sur-
vey had been made, because I had nothing to do with it ; but my friend, one uf
the Queen's Councillors, tells me it was done by the authority of the Queen."

7 he Gambler — "I want to tell you the right story. I waited very much for
the Queen's messenger when I saw what the Company did. Perhaps lie may
know why he did so. Perhaps if I were to ask him now he would say. Tliat is
what I would think. This is the ason. I am so pleased at what I see here I
cannot manage to speak because o( the Company."

Lieutenant Gorernor Morris—'^ We cannot see why you cannot speal< to the
Queen's messenger because of the Company. The Company is no greater in licr siyht
than one of those little children is in yours, and whatever she promises, either the
Company or the little child, she will do. The Company ought not to be a wall
between you and us ; you will make a mistake if you send us away with a wall
between us, when there should be none."

7//1- Gamble'- — " I do not send you away ; for all this I am glad. I know this
is not the Queen's work. He (II. H. Co.) is tlie head ; he does whatever lie thinks
all around here, that is the reason I cannot say anything."

Lieutenant Gozvrnor Morris — " I am very sorry that you cannot answer."

The Gambler — •'The Company have stolen our land. I heard that at tirst. I
hear it is true. The Queen's messengers never came here, and now I set- the
soldiers and the settlers and the policemen. 1 know it is not the (Queen's work,
only the Company has come and they are the head, they are foremost ; I do net
hold it back. Let this be put to rights ; when this is righted I will answer the

other."

lAeuteuant Governor ^Lorris — ** The Company have not brought their soldiers
here. This man is not an officer of the Company. I am not an officer of the (.'om-
pany. We did not come at the recpiest of the Company, but at that of the <Jueen,
I told you that the Queen iiad sent her policemen here. You see the tlai; there,
then know that we are the (Queen's servants and not the Company's, ami it is for
you to decide on the message I have delivered to you."

The Gambler— *^ When one Indian takes anything from another we call it
stealin", and when we see the present we say pay us. It is the Company I mean. '

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IX CANADA,

575

; that any sur-
friend, <nic uf
; Queen."
very much for
rhaps lif may
I say. That is
at 1 sec here 1

nnot answer.

that at tirst. I

now 1 see the

(Queen's \vorl<,

most ; I do not

,vill answer the

I.'h'uteiiant Governor Morris — "What did the Company steal from you?"

The Gainhkr — " The earth, trees, tjrass, stones, all that which I see with my

eyes."

I.mtcnant Gc^'ernor Morris — " Who made the earth, the grass, the stone, and
the wood ? The (Jreat Spirit. He made them for all 1 lis children to use, and it is not
stealing to use the gift of the Cireat Spirit. Tiie lands are the (Queen's under the tJreat
Spirit. The Chippewas are not always here. T'hey come fr> m the East. There
were otiier Indians here, and the Chippewas came here, and they used the wood
and the land, the gifts of the Great Sjiirit to all, and we want to try and induce
you to believe that we are asking for the good of all. We do not know how the
division between us is to be taken away. We do not know of any lands that were
stolen from you, and if you do not open your mouths we cannot get the wall taken
away. Vou can open your mouths if you will ; we are patient, but we cannot
remain here always."

The GambUr — " I cannot manage to speak of anything else. It is this I am
speakiiiL,'. All the Indians know how the Company set their land in order long
ayo. Tlie Company is making it more, and that is the reason I am speaking."

l.iciiLinvit Governor Morris— '■'■ Many, many years ago, before we were born,
one of the Kings gave the Company certain rights to trade in this country. The
Oucen thought that tiiis was not just neither to the white nor the red man. She con-
biilereil tliat all should lie equal ; but when the (Queen's father's father's hand had been
i,'iven slie could not take it back without the Company's consent ; therefore she told
the C ompany that the time had come when they should no longer be the great
power in this country, that she would plant her own (lag, that she would send her
own Governor and soldiers, and that they must cease to have the only right to
'.lade here (and I am glad to know that some of you are good traders) ; the (^ueen
then told tile Company that she vould govern the country herself, and she told them
she \\(jul(i give them some land. They had their forts, their places of trade where
they raised cattle and grain, and she told them they could keep them, and she will
no more break with them than she will with you. There is no reason why you
>houlii not talk to us. The Company have no more power, no more authority to
^'ovein this country than you have, it rests with the (,)ueen."

'The Gambler — " This is the reason I wiited for the Queen's messengers to come
here hecause I k the Company was strong and powerful, and I knew they would
set everything in order. Truly, since the Com])any came here they have brought
me many things which are ,^ood, but the Company's work is in my way and I can-
not utter my words."

I i lite limit Go'L'ernor Morris — "What do you complain of ? I cannot tell."

The Gambler — "The survey. This one (pointing to an Indian) did not say
so, ami this Saulteau and he was never told about it. lie should have been told
Ijeforehand that this was to have been done anil it would not have been so, and I
want to know why the Company have done so. This is the reason 1 am talking
so muih al)out it."

l-iaiteiiaiit Governor Morris — " I have told you l^eforehand that the Queen had
promi.sed to give the Company certain lands around the forts, and she gave them land
around this fort. I have told you that what she promised she will do. She has

57G

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION Oi-

[187:

taken all the lands in this country to manage ; they were hers ; they were her father's ;
if she gives you reserves they will he yours, and she will let no one take them from
you unless you want to sell them yourselves. It will l)e a sorry thing if this naiiim
and tiiat nation scattered ail over the country are to suffer because of tliis liitlc
piece of land I see around me. What good is it going to do to raise up a question
of this kind and block the way to our understanding eacii other when the (Queen's
hand full of love and generosity is held out to you? The blame rests with yuii;
it is time for you to talk, to open your mouth, Ijecause I cannot take away what
shuts it, you must do it yourselves."

7'/u' Giuiibler — "This is my Chief, the Queen never told this man ; if this liad
been told him, I would not have said what I just said now. The Company's store
was only there at first. I do not push back the Queen's hand. Let this lie cleared
up."

Lu'iit'- ..Jiit Goi'crnor Morris — "Once for all we tell you whatever nunilxrof
acres tlie (^ueen has promised to you, the Company at this part they will receive
no more and no less. We will ascertain what was promised, and will take care
to see that what was promised and that only will be performed with regard to the
land around this Fort. We can give you no other answer."

'J'hc Gambler — " I am telling you and reporting what I had to tell. Tiie Com-
pany have no right to this earth, but wlien they are spoken to they do not desist,
but do it in spite of you. He is the head and foremost. These Indians yuu .>ee
sitting around report that they only allowed the store to be put up. That is the
reason 1 was very glad wlien I heard you were commg. The Indians were nut
told of tlie Reserves at all. I hear now, it was the Queen gave the land. The
Indians thought it was they who gave it to the Company, who are now all over
the country. The Indians did not know when the land was given."

Lieutenant GoT'crnor Morris — " I am weary hearing about the country. Vou
might understand me now. Vou are stronger than that little boy over there, and
the Company is stronger than a single trader, but the Company has its master,
the ()ucen, and will have to obey the laws as well as all others. We have nothing
to do with the Company. We are here to talk with you about the land. I tell you
what we wisii to do for your good, but if you will talk about the Company I can-
not liinder you. I think it is time now you should talk about what concerns you
all."

yyie Gambler — "That is the reason I waited so long. I cannot speak of any-
thing else, my mind is resting on nothin^j else. I know that you have power and
good rules, and this is why I am glad to tell you what is troubling me."

Lieutenant Gm^ernor Morris — "I have told you before and tell you again that
the (jueen cannot and will not undo what she has done. I have told you tiiat we
will see that the Company sliall obey what she has ordered, and get no more and
no less than she has promised. We might talk here all the year and I coukl not
give you any other answer, and I put it to you now face to face — speak to me
about our message, don't put it aside, if you do, the responsibility will rest upon
your nation, and during the winter that is coming, many a poor woman ami ciuid
will be saying, how was it that our councillors and our braves shut their ears to liie
mouth of the Queen's messengers and refused to tell them their words. The

mm.

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA,

577

Coniiiany, I have told you, is nothing to us, it is nothing to the Queen, but their
rights have to be resjiected just ac much as those of the meanest child in tiie country.
Tlie (Jucen will do right between you and them. I can say no more than what I
have said, and if the Indians will not speak to us we carnot hel|) it, and if the
Iniiians won't answer our message, we must go back and tell the ()ueen that we
came liere and did everything we could to show the Indians we were in earnest in
proving her love for them, and that when there was a little difficulty, I came at
once to meet them half way. What i)revents you from coming out and speaking
oiitnlv ? I cannot take away the difficulty you speak of, and if you will nut answer
us, there is no use in talking."

Tlh' Gambler — '• I told the chief of the soldiers what was in our way, what was
troubling us, and now we are telling you. It is that I am working at."

L'hutcnant Gcn-crnor Morris — " What is troubling you?"

Pis-qua (the Plain), pointing to Mr. McDonald — "You told me you had sold
vour land for so much money, ;^300,oc)0. We want that money."

l.kutenaut Gm'ernor Morris — " I wish our Indian brother had spoken l)efore
what was in his mind. He has been going here and there, and we never knew what
he meant. I told you that many years ago the Queen's father's father gave the
Company the right to trade in the country from the frozen ocean to the United
States lioundary Line, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. The Com-
pany grew strong, and wanted no one to trade in the country but themselves.
Tiie (Jueen's people said, ' no, the land is not yours, the Queen's father's father
gave you rights to trade, it is time those rights should stop.' You may go on
and trade like any other merchant, but as it was worth money to you to say to
this trader you shall not buy furs at any post, the Queen would not act unjustly
to the Co'npany. She would not take rights away from them any more than
from you, and to settle the question, she took all the lands into her own hands and
gave the Company a sum of money in place of the rights which she had taken from
them. .She is ready to deal with you justly. We are here to-day to make to you
her ^ood olTers. We have nothing to hide, nothing lO conceal, the Queen acts in
ilayliyht. I think it is time you are going to talk with us about the oflers we have
made."

The Giiiiibler—^^ I have made up my mind about no other article. I suppose,
indeed, I would make the thing very little and very small. When I go back I
will think over it."

l.ii'titcitant Gcrvernor Morris — " I have a word to say to you. In our land we
worsliip the Great Spirit, and do not work on Sunday. I am glad to see that you
are 1,'oin^ back into council, and I will only ask you to think of these things with
single hearts, desiring only to do what is right and trusting my word;. On
Monday morning we will be glad to meet you here, and hope we will tind then that
your heart has come to ours, that you will see that it is for your children's good,
to take our hands and promise we have given. As I told you before, we would te
glad to stay longer with you, but we are ojjliged to go away. We ask you then to
meet us on Monday morning, and Mr. Pratt will tell you so that there may be no

578

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H77

mistake as to what we have promised. He has it written clown so that it may not
be rubbed out."

The conference then ended,

SIXTH day's conference.

The Crees having come and shaken hands, his Honor Lieutenant
Governor Morris rose and said :

" Mv Friends — I have talked much ; I would like to hear your voice, I would
like to hear what you say,"

Ka-kii-ish-may (a principal chief of the Crees) Loud Voice — '• I am much

pleased with that, to listen to my friends, for certainly it is good to rei . to tacli
other what is for the benefit of each other. We see the good you wish to show us.
If you like what we have to lay before you we will like it, too. Let us juin
together and make the Treaty ; when both join together it is very good."

The Saulteaux arrived at this juncture, when the Lieutenant
Governor said :

"I will say to the two tribes what I said to the Crees before the Saulteaux
came. Vou have heard my voice for many days, you know its sound. Vou
have looked ii. my face, you have seen my mind through my face, and yuu know
my words are true and that they do not change. But I am not here to talk to-(k'iy,
I am here to listen. You have had our message, you have had the (Queen's words.
It is time now that you spoke. I am here to listen, my ears are open. It is for
you to speak."

Kainooses — " Brothers, I have one word and a small one, that is the re.ison I
cannot finish anything that is large. You do not see the whole nund)ei of my
tribe which is away at my back, that is the reason I am so slow in making ready."

Lieutenant Governor Morris — " I want to hear the voice of those who arc liere,
they can speak for themselves and for those who are away."

Che-e-kuk (the Worthy One) — " My ears are open to what you say. Just now
the Great Spirit is watching over us; it is good He who has strength and j'ower
is overlooking our doings. I want very much to be good in what we are going
to talk about, and our chief will take you by the hand just now."

The Chiefs now rose and again shook hands with the Connnis-
sioners.

Ka-ha-oo-ktis-ka-too (He who walks on four claws) — "It is very good to meet
together on a fine day, father. When my father used to bring me anything 1 used
to go and meet him, and when my father has given it to me I gave it to my
mother to cook it. When we come to join together one half at least will ii>me."

Chee-kuk (the Worthy) — •' Now, I am going to tell you, and you say your ears
are open. You see the Qu'Appelle Lake Indians that you wished to see, you hear
me speak, but there are many away, aiid that is the reason I cannot speak for

1><7

[1877

l^'TTl

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

579

It mav not

,ieu tenant

ice, I woulil

1 much

:j , to t-ach
I to sliow us.
Let u^ juin
id."

Lieutenant

lie Saulteaux
sound. Vou
nd yuu know
a talk to-day,
ueeii's words.
k'li. It is for

tlie rt'ason I
u 111 her of my
ikiiij; ready."
,vli() arc lierc,

ly. Just now
|li and power
^ve are goinj;

Coniniis-

lirood to meet
ythini; 1 used
ive it to my
|\vill come."
bay your ears
see, yon l>ear
lot speak fur

these my children who are away trying to get something to eat ; the Cree my
child is not here, the Saulteaux my child is not here, the young doj^s are not here,
the Slonies my children are not here ; this is not the numlier that you see ; I am
only telling you this. I think I have ojiened my mind."

I.ieiilcnaut Gcnwntor Morris — " I know you are not all here. We never could
jTft you all together, but you know what is good for you and for your children. When
1 met the Saulteaux last year we had not 4000 there, but there were men like you
who knew what was good for themselves, for their wives, for their children, and
those not born. 1 gave to those who were there, and they took my hand and
took what was in it, and I sent to those who were away, and I did for them just
as I did for those who were present. It is the same to-day. What we are ready
to f-ive you will Ije given to those who are not here. What is go(jil (or you,
what you think will lie good for you, will be good for them. It is for you to say,
not for us. We have done all that men who love their red brothers can do. it is for
you now to act ; on you rests the duty of saying whether you l)elieve our message or
not, wlicther you want the (^ueen to help you or not, whether or not you will go
away and let the days and the years go on and let the food grow scarcer, and let
vour children grow up and do nothing to keep off the hunger and the cold that is
iHjfore them. It is for you to say that, not for us, if we had not your good at heart
we would not have been here, and we would no. have labored these many days if our
hearts were not warm towards you, and if we did not l)elieve what we are doing
would he for your gooil as children of our Queen. I have said all."

h'lVii -00-ses — "Is it true you are bringing the Queen's messenger's kimlness ?
is it true you are going to give my child wdiat he may use ? Is it true you are
ijoint; to give the different bands the Queen's kindness ? Is it true that you bring
the Queen's hand ? Is it true you are bringing the Queen's power."

Lieutenant Gin'crnor Morris— ^^ Yes, to those who are here and those who are
absent, such as she has given us."

''A'd/iioosa — " Is it true that my child will not be troubled for what you are
bringing him."

I.iciilciiant Gm'crnor Morris — "The Queen's power will be around him."
h'timooscs — " Now, I am going to ask you that tlie debt that has been lying in
the Company's store, I want that to be wiped out. I ask it from the great men of
the Queen."

l.ii'iilcnaitt Gci'eruor Morris — " I told you before we have nothing to do with
the C'(jm[)any, we have nothing to do with its debts. I have told you what we will
do for you, what the Queen will do for you for ever, liut the money that tlie Indian
owes the Company is just like the money that the Indians owe to each other or to
.my trader, and is not due to the Queen. We have no power to put money in your
hands a-ul your children's to pay your debts, but it would not lie right for the
Queen to come in atid take away either what is between you anil the Company,
or what is between you and the traders, or what is between you and each other.
If one (f you owes the chief is it right that the Queen should wipe it out ? I
would be very glad if we had it in our power to wipe out your debts, but it is
not in our power. All we can do is to put money in your hands and promise to

580

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1S77

put money in the hands of those who are away, and give you money every year
afterwards, and help you to make a living when the food is scarce. I have told vou
from the tirst that whether my words please you or not I will tell you oiilv tin-
truth, and I will only speak as far as the (^)ueen has jjiven us power."

Kafidoo-kus-kit-too (He who walks on four claws) — " Whenever you give tn
these my chihiren what they desire, then you will get what you want."

Lieutenant Gorcrnor Morris — " We will give them what we have power id
give. We are ready to hear."

A'anicoses — "Yes, I understand and my heart also, but it is not large, it i>
small, and my understanding is small ; that is the word I tell you."

Lieutenant Governor ALorris — "I have told you what we are ready to do for
you. Your understanding is large enough to know what is good for you. \Vc
have talked these many days, and I ask you now to talk straight, to tell me your
mind, to tell me whether you wish to take our olTers or not, it is for you to say."

Che-e-kuk — "Twenty dollars we want to he put in our hand every vtai, thi>
we have heard from the others. Twenty-five dollars to each chief."

Lieutenant Governor Morris — " If I understand you aright you are mistaken.
The Saulteaux did not get get $25.00 per head. They get $5 every yerir. We
promised them $5 every year, and a messenger was sent this year to pay tiiem
that sum. I may tell you that my children at tiie Lake cf the Woods had lug
hearts to ask. You say you have small. I told them that if the Queen gave
them all they asked I would have to ask her to allow me to Ijccome an Indian,
but I told them I could not give them what tin " "sked, and when they unilciotood
thai, and understood the full breadth and width of the Queen's goodness, they
took what I offered, and I think if you are wise you will do the same."

A proposition was made here by an Indian that they should
receive $5 per head every second year for fifty years, but he must
have done so without authority as it was not acceded to by the other
Indians, who expressed their dissent strongly as soon as the offer was
made.

Kamooses — " I am going to speak for Loud Voice and for the other chiefs.
Some chiefs are not here, they are absent, hereafter you will see them. I my-
self will tell them, and my child that is at my back will tell them also. Will
you receive that which I am asking ? I want to clear up what the Indians and I
want to try and put it right, what my child will say. \Vell, can you give me that.
We want the same treaty you have given to the North West Angle. This 1 am
asking for."

Lieutenant Governor Morris — "Whom are you speaking for ? Is it for the whole
of the Indians? (Tliey expressed their assent.) Are you ready to carry it out?
(They again assented.) Are your chiefs ready to sign this afternoon if we grant
you these terms? (The Indians assented unanimously.) It is now after twelve,
we will speak to you this afternoon."

The Conference here ended to allow the Commissioners time to
consult.

IW]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

i81

AFTKRNOON CONFKKKNCK.

)Ut he must

The Indian having assembled, presented to the Commissioners the
Cliiefs whose names appear on the I'reaty.

h'aniocses — " To-day we are met tofjether here, and our minds are open. We
want Id know tlic terms of the Nortli West Anj^le Treaty ?"

lieutenant GoTrrnor Morris — " 1 )o we unilerstand that you want tlic sar'ie terms
whid) were given at the Lake of the Woo<ls? (The Indians assented.) I liave the
treaty here in a book. You must know that the steamboats had been running
tliroii^;h their waters, ami our soldiers liad lx.'en marching through their country, and
for tlmt reason we offered tiie Ojibbeways a larger sum than we offered you. Last
year it was a present covering five years, with you it was a present for this year
only. I paid the Indians there a present in money down of $12.00 per head. I
have told you why we offered you less, and you will see there were reasons for it.
That is the greatest difference between what we offered you and what was paid
them, but on the other hand there were son.e things promised you that were not
pven at the Lake of the NN'oods. (His Honor then explained the terms granted
in that treaty.) We promised there that the (Jueen would spend $1550 per year
to buy shot and jiowder, ball and twine. There were 4000 of them, I offered
you 1000 although you are only one-half the number, as I do not think you nundier
more than 2000. Your proportionate share would Ix; $750 which you shall receive.
Then at tiie Lake of the Woods each chief had their headmen. We have said you
would have four, who shall have $15.00 each per year, and as at the Lake of the
Womls each chief and headman will receive a suit of clothing once in three years,
and eacii chief on signing the treaty will receive a medal and the jiromise of a
flat;. We cannot give you the flag now as there were none to be Viought at Red
River, but we have the medals here. Now I have told you the terms we gave at
the North West Angle of the Lake of the Woods, and you will see that the only
difference of any consequence between them and what we offered you is in the
money payment that we give as a present, and I have told you why we made the
ilitlerencc, and you will see that it was just. We had to speak with them for four
years that had gone away. We speak to you only for four days. It was not that
we came in the spirit of traders, but because we were trying to do what was just
lietwecn you and the Queen, and the other Indians who would say that we had
treated you better than we had treated them because we put the children of this
year's on the same footing as these children through whose land we had been i)ass-
ing and running our steamboats for four years. You see when you ask us to tell
you everything, we show you all that has been done, and I have to tell you again
that the Ojibbeways at Lake Seule who number 400, when I sent a messenger this
sprinjj with a copy of those terms made at the North West Angle with their nation
'ook the Queen's hand by my messenger and made the same treaty. I think I
have told you all you want to know, and our ears are open again."

Kamooses — " I want to put it a little light for all my children around me,
something more on the top. For my chief $30, for my four chief headmen $20,
and each of my young children $15 a year."

i82

HISTORY OK THK ADMINISTRATION OF

[187:

l.icuti'uant Giivnior A/orris — '* I am afraid you are not talkinj; to us stiai^jht.
When \\v went away you asked us to j,'ivc you the terms j;iven at the Lake of tK-
Woods, you asked to know what they were, and the moment I told you, you n>L
three times as much for your children as I gave them. That would not Iterif^ln,
and it is well that you should know that we have not power to <lo so, we can jjive
you no more than we (jave them. We ho|H; you are satisfied. I have one wdnl
more to say, we are in the last hours of the day, you asked us for and we niu>t
leave you. The utmost we can do, the furtiiest we can fjo or that we oujjhl logu,
is, to do what you asked, to give you the terms granted last year at the Lake of the
Woods. We can do no more, and you have our last words. It is for you to siy
whether you are satisfied or not."

A'lUiioosfs — " We ask that we may have cattle."

Lieutenant dn'ernor Morris — "We offered you cattle on the first tiny, w.
offered your chief cattle for the use of his band— not for himself, but for the use of
his band. We gave the same at the Lake of the Woods. We can give no more
here."

A'amooses — "We want some food to take us home."

I.iciitenuHt Gmcruor Morris— " When you sign the treaty, provisions will Ix"
given to take you home. Now I ask you, are you ready to accept the offer, tJK- l.M
offer we can make? You will see we have put you on the same footing a^ the
Indians at the Lake of the Woods, and we think it is more than we ought to {jive
But rather than not close the matter we have given it, we have talked long enoiijjh
about this. It is time we did something. Now I would ask, are the trees aini
the Saulteaux and the other Indians ready to make the treaty with us? Since we
went away we have had the treaty written out, and we are ready to have siijncd.
and we will leave a copy with any chief you may select, and after we leave we will
have a copy written out on skin that cannot be rubl)ed out and put up in a tin box,
so that it cannot be wet, so that you can keep it among yourselves, so that when
you are dead your children will know what was written."

Kawooscs — "Yes, we want each chief to have a copy of the treaty, we ask
that the Half-breeds may have the right of hunting,"

Lieutenant Gcn'ernor Morris — " We will send a copy to each chief, as to the
Half-breeds, You need not be afraid, the Queen will deal justly, fairly and gener-
ously with all her children."

The Chiefs then signed the treaty, after having been assured that
they wotild never be made ashamed of what they then did.

One of the chiefs on being asked to do so, signed ; the second called
on said he was promised the money when he signed, and returned
to his seat M-ithout doing so. The Lieutenant Governor called him
forward, held out his hand to him and said, " Take my hand, it holds
the money. If you can trust us forever, you can do so for half an
hour the treaty." The chief took the Governor's hand and touched
the pen and the others followed. As soon as the treaty was signed

I«77]

THE EARL OK DUFFKUIN IN CANADA.

583

the ( Governor expressed the satisfaction o' the Commissioners with
the Indians, and Mr. Christie and Mr. D'ckenson, the Private .iecte-
tary of the Minister of the Interior, were ready to advance sij^ners the
nKincy presents, but the Indians re(|uested that the payment should
1)1' |)(istponed till the next morning, which was acceded to. The
Chiefs then formally a|)proached the Commissioners and shook hands
with them, after which the conference adjourned, the Commissioners
leaving the place of meeting under escort of the command of Lieu-
tenant Colonel Smith, who had been in daily attendance.

Tins important treaty, known as No. 4,* secured 50,000 scpiare
miles of territory, and quieted a very troublesome people. It com-
prised a country of unsurpassed fertility, and full of mineral wealth. It
will lie observed that the policy forming the basis of all'our Indian
treaties differed materially from that adopted by the United States
Government. The Americans were continually removing their Indians
to the West, while we resi)ected, what may be termed theii " home-
steads." The natural affection of all men, savage as well as civilized, for
the land of their birth was not assailed ; they were provided iigainst
want, in the same grounds over which their forefathers had huvited,
and every appliance was furnished for their transition, first to a pas-
toral, then to an agricultural life. The remarkable ability of Mr.
Morris in dealing with the simple-minded and yet acute children of
the forest was as conspicuous at Fort Qu'Appelle as at North West
Anj^le, — one secret of his success undoubtedly was, that they had im-
plicit confidence in his integrity and honor ; and his patience and
kindness in dealing with them was doubtless in strong contrast with
the manner of some former negotiators.

A year aftenvards, on the 20th September, 1875, Mr. Morris, in
company with his associate, the Hon. James McKay, effected another
very important treaty, No. 5, with the "Salteaux and Swampy Cree
Indians " at Beren's River, and at Norway House on the 24th of the
same month. Supplementary treaties were concluded with the band
at the mouth of the Saskatchewan river on the 27th, and with the
Island band at Wapaw on the 28th. The area covered by these treaties
is about 100,000 square miles, and may be described as lying north

* Treaty No. I, secured Manitoba; No. 2, a territory west and north of it.
These were negotiated by Mr. Archibald. No. 3 is the Nort West Angle Treaty,
negotiated by Mr. Morris. No. 4 is the Qu'Appelle one. No. 5 is the one made
at iieren's River in September, 1875.

584

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1S77

of the territory covered by treaties No. 2 and No. 3, extending west
to Cumberland House, and including the country east and west of
Lake Winnipeg and of Nelson river, as far north as Split Lake. The
terms secured were nearly the same as those of No. 4.

During August and September, 1876, Mr. Morris, with his asso-
ciates, the Hon. James McKay and Mr. W. J. Christie, negotiated a
treaty with the Assiniboines and Crees of the unceded territory between
the Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains. The territory included
in this treaty contains 120,000 square miles, and is inhabited by about
five thousand Indians. The Dominion acquired by this last exer-
tion of Mr. Morris nearly the whole of the wonderful " fertile belt "
now becoming famous, and all the lands for some distance north of it ;
in fact, all the lands east of the Rocky Mountains, v/ith the exce[)tion
of a small district of about 50,000 square miles inhabited Dy the Black-
feet, Blood, and Sancee or Piegan Indians.

By these four treaties, for which the country is mainly indebted to
Mr. Morris, no less than 325,000 square miles of territory, unsurpassed
by any in the world for fertility and mineral wealth, were relieved
from the Indian rights, and rendered free for settlement.

During the Session of 1877 an Act was passed amending the
" North West Territories Act 1875," the principle objects of the
amendments being to define the scope of the legislative functions of
the Council of the North West Territories, and to make better provi-
sion for the Admini-stration of Justice in the Territories.

Immediately after the establishment of the Territories in October,
1876, as a separate Government, the Honorable Mr. Laird, ex-Minister
of the Interior, was appointed Lieutenant Governor, and j)roceedod to
Winnipeg en route for Livingstone, or Swan River Barracks, the Pro-
visional Seat of Government. His Honor reached Livingstone on the
irth November, took the oaths of office, and entered upon his duties
as Lieutenant Governor on the 27th of that month. By virtue of H"^
Excellency the Governor General's proclamation, bearing date tlie yth
October, 1876, the 39 Vic , cap. 21, intituled " An Act respecting the
North West Territories and to create a separate territory out of part
thereof" came into force. By this Act a large portion (approximately
about 395,000 square miles) of the North West Territories became
detached therefrom, and was set apart as a separate District with its
own autonomy, under the name of the *' District of Keewatin."
This District may be roughly described as comprising that part of

V.k ik

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

585

the North West Territories included between the meridians, 91° 8' and
100" 8' west of Greenwich, stretching north to the northerly limits of
Canada, and bounded on the suuth by the Province of Manitoba and
the United States,

I'he supervision of the affairs of this vast District was, in the first
instance, assumed by the Department of the Secretary of State, but
was after\vards transferred to the Department of the Interior, to which
it was thought more properly to belong.

His Honor, Mr. Morris, Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, became
" ex officio " Lieutenant Governor of the new district of Keewatin.

At his earnest solicitation immediate steps were jcen for the orga-
nization of the Government of Keewatin. Accordingly, on the 25th
November, 1876, an Order of Council was passed appointing, tempor-
arily, under the provisions of the Act already cited, a Council of six
persons to aid the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of the
affairs of the District ; and on the same day and date His Excellency
in Council approved another order authorising the Lieutenant Gover-
nor of the District, with the advice and consent of his Council, to make
provision for the administration of justice in the District, and gene-
rally to make and establish such laws and ordinances as might be
necessary for the peace, order and good government of the country.

The conclusion in 1876 of the treaty with the Crees, Assiniboine,
and Saulteaux Indians (being the sixth of the series of treaties up to
that time negotiated wiih the Indians of the Noith West) left but a
small portion of the Territory lying between the boundary line and
the 54th parallel of latitude unsurrendered.

This portion of the Territory, including about 50,000 square miles,
lies at the south-west angle of the territories, north of the boundary line,
east of the Rocky Mountains, south of Red River (Treaty No. 6) and
west of the Cypress Hills, or Treaty No. 4. It is occupied by the
Black toot, Blood, and Suncees or Piegan Indians, some of the most
warlike and intelligent but intractable bands of the North West, who
had for years pas'; expected to be treated with, and were much disap-
pointed at the delay.

Mr. ^Torris very strongly recommended that no further time should
he lost in entering mto negotiations with these Indians. His Honor
reported, in effect, " that the general opinion amongst the missionaries
settled in that territory and others acquainted with these Indians, was
that a treaty should be made at the earliest possible date, with a view

586

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

to preserving ♦^^he present friendly disposition of these tribes, who may,
possibly, becoK" unfriendly or hostile should the treaty negotiations
be much longer uelayed."

In view of these facts, and in order to satisfy these important
tribes, and to prevent the difficulties which might hereafter arise
through the settlement of whites, who were already flocking into Fort
McLeod and other portions of this Territory, it was decided that these
Indians should be treated with during 1877, and they were not'fied
accordingly.

His Honor Mr. Laird, the Lieutenant Governor of the North
West Territories, and Lieutenant Colonel James F. MacLeod, CM G.,
were selected to negotiate the treaty. The former of these gentle-
men had assisted in 1874 in negotiating Treaty No. 4 with the Cree
and Salteaux Indians, and the latter, during his residence at Fort
McLeod, as Commandant of the Mounted Police Force, had acquired
the entire confidence and goodwill of the Indian tribes proposed to be
dealt with.

The Indians were, in the first instance, notified to assemble at
Fort McLeod, on the 13th September, for the purpose of meeting
the Commissioners, but, at the request of the chiefs 'if the bands
interested, the place and time of meeting were subsequ^.ntly changed.
Blackfoot Crossing, on the Bow River, on the direct line between Fort
McLeod and Battleford, being selected as the place, and the 17th
September as the day for the meeting. The Commissioners accord-
ingly on that day met the Indians, and, after five days of tedious pow-
wows, taxing not a little their patience, the treaty was, on the 22nd
September, satisfactorily concluded and signed by the Commissioners,
Indian Chiefs and headmen present.

The total number of Indians represented at the negotiations who
accepted the terms of the treaty and received the gratuity, was

4392.

The terms or conditions of the treaty were substantially the same
as those of Treaty No. 4, with the exception that, as some of the l)ands
are not disposed to engage in agricultural pursuits, it was arranged
that, instead of giving them agricultural implements, they should re-
ceive cattle.

The conclusion of the Treaty with these warlike tribes, at a time
when the Indians immediately across the border were engaged in open
hostilities with the United States troops, was a conclusive proof of the

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

587

wise and just policy of the Government of Canada toward the abori-
ginal population.

Many persons in the North West entertained grave doubts about
the results of the negotiations, and on the other side of the Inter-
national boundary the newspapers did not hesitate to predict their
utter failure.

Besides these valuable services Mr. Morris, through the influence
he had acquired, induced the Principals of the Episcopa.ian, Pres-
byterian, and Roman Catholic Colleges, to unite in forming a
University to which each became affiliated, at the head of which the
Episcopal Bishop of Rupert's Land was, by universal consent, made
Principal. The Province has therefore a University which can confer
degrees on her students, and wherein no religious differences are
permitted to interfere with its beneficial operations. This noble
triumph of broad-minded and generous patriotism, over the narrow and
suicidal prejudices of sectarianism, was chiefly achieved by Mr. Morris.

Steady progress had been made in Manitoba. The policy inaug-
urated by Mr. Archibald, and continued by Mr. Morris, had produced its
natural effect. I'he public mind settled down to order ; immigration
was encouraged, and, though the Province suffered with every other
portion of the Dominion from the general trade depression, it yet
steadily and safely progressed.

On the loth October, 1874, Lepine was convicted of the murder of
Scott, but, as has already been seen, the sentence of death was com-
muted by His Excellency the Governor General on the 15th January,
i(S75, to two years' imprisonment and the permanent forfeiture of his
poHtical rights.

On the 30th July, 1877, a Vice-regal party, consisting of His
Excellency the Governor General, the Countess of Dufferin, Colonel
and Mrs. Littleton, Captain and Miss Hamilton, and Major Smith,
left Ottawa en route for Manitoba and the North West lerritories.

On the 1st August, by way of Sarnia, Detroit, and Chicago, they
reached St. Paul, Minnesota, where they were received with much
enthusiasm, and an address was presented to His Excellency by
Governor Davis on the part of the citizens. It contained expressions
of cordial good-will to Canada, and spoke warmly and kindly of the
future of the great Canadian North West. His Excellency, with his
usual geniality, reciprocated their well-chosen expressions, and left the

588

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

people of St. Paul pleased that they had met the Governor General of
Canada.

Leaving St. Paul, on the morning of the 3rd August, the party
proceeded by Thompson Junction to Glyndon, and thence to Fisher's
Landing, on Red Lake River. They arrived, on the 4th August, at the
American Fort of Pembina from which a Vice-regal salute was fired,
which was duly acknowledged from the Minnesota, the steamer con-
veying the party, who, upon landing, were very courteously received
by the American officers, and escorted by them through the Fort.
Leaving Pembina, they soon reached Emerson, in Canadian territory.
A large concourse of people, to the number of several hundred, dressed
in holiday attire, including about forty or fifty Rosseau Indians clad
in their best finery of paint and feathers, assembled on the river bank
to receive their Excellencies. The arrival was signalled by the firing
of cannon, and by hearty cheers of welcome. His Excellency having
proceeded to a platform, erected for the occasion, an address was
presented to him by Messrs. F. T. Bradley, W. H. Nash and W. \.
Fairbanks, the Committee on behalf of the inhabitants of Emerson,
and of the Pembina Mountain country, of the Rosseau River Settle-
ment, of the French reserve, of the Mennonite reserve, and of the
whole southern portion of the Province of Manitoba. Another address
was presented on behalf of the Indians of the Rosseau tribe, by their
Chief Kethegyash. His Excellency replied to both, and in his reply
to the Indian Chief desired the interpreter to explain to him that he
had come a long way to see him and his tribe ; that he was glad to
find them contented with their situation, and satisfied with the manner
in which Her Majesty's Government had dealt with them. He added,
that not only the Government of Canada, at Ottawa, not only he Inin-
self, but their Great Mother the Queen, was especially interested in
their welfare, and had directed him to come and see them, in order
that he might be able to write to her and tell her whether or not he
found them pros])erous and happy. These pleasant words were re-
ceived with great satisfaction by the Indians, and the praise of the
Great Mother's Chief travelled over the North West much in advance
of His Excellency himself. The Bishop of the Mennonites with several
members of that body were then presented. A pleasing feature of
the reception was the National Anthem, sung by a choir of little
children.

Winnipeg was reached on Monday, 6th August. Upon their arri-

18T7]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

589

le party
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val the Vice- Regal party was received by the City Council, the Mayor,
Mr. Thomas Scott, at their head ; and after passing through the town
in a i)rocession composed of the Winnipeg Field Battery and band,
the local infiintry, the students of the College of St. Boniface with
their band, and the citizens, they, with his Honor the Lieutenant
Governor, ascended a platform in front of the City Hall, where the
City Clerk, Mr. A. M. Brown, read an address, to which His Excel-
lency replied. A number of presentations were then made, when the
Vice-regal party were driven to Silver Heights, the residence of the
Hon. D. A. Smith, M. P. for Selkirk, about six miles distant, where
their Excellencies took up their quarters.

As their Excellencies had intimated their intention to remain at
least a week in the vicinity, every thing was done by the people to
render their visit agreeable.

On Tuesday, the 7th August, the party drove into town, and called
at Government House, a quaint rambling pile of buildings owned by
the Hudson Bay Company, and immediately adjoining the Fort. A
visit was also paid to the Fort itself, and His Excellency, accompanied
by the Lieutenant Governor and Mrs. Morris, inspected the various
buildings and arrangements within the walls. They remained in town
during the evening, and attended an entertainment at the City Hall,
during which the chief buildings in the town were illuminated, and on
leaving the Hall were saluted by a brilliant display of. fire-works,
accompanied by enthusiastic and prolonged cheering.

Wednesday, tlie 8th August, was observed as a public holiday.
All places of business were closed, and the day was given uiJ to
amusement and rejoicing. Their Excellencies drove into town early
in the afternoon, and after a short visit to Government House, pro-
ceeded to witness a game of Lacrosse.

On Thursday morning, the party drove into Winnipeg, and crossing
the river proceeded to St. Boniface, the See of His Grace the
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manitoba. Great preparations were
made for this visit, and the street running along the river bank
was gorgeous with decorations. Before the entrance to the grounds
of the Archiepiscopal Palace, a huge triumphal arch of evergreens
bore the device, " Bienvenue a Notre Gouverneur," and over the door
of the Palace itself, conspicuous in large letters, was suspended the
device, "God Save the Queen." The bells of the neighboring
Cathedral rang out a chime of welcome, and the band of the students

590

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

of St. Boniface College played the National Anthem. The party were
received by a deputation consisting of a number of leading Roman
Catholic citizens, headed by Archbishop Tache. Upon their enter-
ing the Palace the following address was read by Mr. Rcyal, the
Attorney General of the Province.

This address is so admirable 'A itself, and the feelings expressed
in it form so excellent a commentary on the prudent and conciliatory
policy of Mr. Archibald, the late Lieutenant Governor, and of his
successor, Mr. Morris, the then Lieutenant Governor — that it is re-
produced in full. It may safely be said that but for the efforts of
these rulers, and the powerful social influence of their wives and
daughters, no address breathing so strongly of loyalty to the Crown,
and love of Canada and her institutions, would have been presented
by the Roman Catholic French population.

"Your Excellency,— Permit the citizens of St. Boniface and myself, on
behalf of the French speaking population of Manitoba, as President of the National
Society of St. Jean Baptiste, to tell you with what pleasure we welcome you as
the direct representative of the highest British authority, and the illusiriou.s
Lieutenant of our Most Illustrious Sovereign.

We share to the same degree as the citizens of the Old Provinces the attach-
ment to the noble and dear institutions which govern us with such forcf, such
liberty and security — an attachment which has been expressed to you, my Lord,
from one end of the Canadian Confederation to the other, in your Vice-regal visits.

We feel that we are Tree and protected, although neighbors to a country which
prides itself as being the freest people of the universe.

It is with this idea of security and strength, — it is in the wise enjoyment of all
the franchises of our Constitution, — it is in the respect of the rights of others, —it
is in the cordial submission to the laws of tiie country, that we are strivini,' to
establish just now this young Province of Manitoba, the first of the group of Pro-
vinces in the Canadian Far West for which tlie future appears to have in store
progress, wealth, and influence, perhaps equal to those of the rich and admirable
Provinces of theSt. Lawrence.

You are now witnessing, my Lord, the birth of a new people, and, as your
Excellency has already said, you have to this day watched with the eye of the
Statesman all the interesting phases, the sorrowful crises, as well as the hapjiy and
progressive development, of the short but eventful history of this rising country.

Belonging by our origin to the national group who first discovered and settled
this part of America, we feel with a legitimate pride that we are truly Canadians.
This land of Canada is the land of our birth for over two centuries, and it is douhtless
to the force of our attachment to the soil, and to the excellent institutions that are
granted to us by the metropolis, t^at we owe *he fact of forming one of the most

1877]

THE EARL OF DUfFERIN IN CANADA.

591

mcxlcralive (French, niodeiateurs) of the populations of the whole Dominion of
Canada.

To us, loyalty is not only a fact of tradition, but it is one of tlie happy results
of our political condition. It is not only the outburst of a sentiment, — it is, and
much more, a remembrance of the past, strength of the present, and hoi)e in the
future.

Nothing that makes the heart of Canada throb is foreign to us, and it was with
a deep feeling of satisfaction that we felt tiiat we were Canadians when the press was
brin^'ing to this distant Province the echo of the admirable words in which, during
the last four years, and in the course of your visits, or tours, or travels in this
part of the continent, you were making world-known your views, so just, so libe-
ral, and so conipr.'hensive of the social as well as economical condition of Canada.
\Ve are happy, my Lord, that on the eve of your Excellency being perhaps
called to a more vast theatre to occupy higher functions, you have resolved to visit
tliis Province, the first outcrop of the Canadian Confederation of British North
America.

Vour Excellency will not meet here the marvels ot industry, the sum of wealth,
or tlie great public undertakings, which have excited your wonder in other parts of
the Dominion ; but we feel satisfied, my Lord, that you will find here the same
unalterable and deep affection towards the person of Her Most Gracious Majesty,
the sound attachment to the institutions of the land, and the same respect for
the authority and the laws, which you have observed in the older Provinces.

Permit us, my Lord, to connect the name of your noble and charming lady,
the Countess of Dufferin, with your own name, in the respectful and iiearty wishes
of welcome we entertain, and to earnestly hope that her sojo-irn in the Province
may form, as well as for your Excellency, one of the happiest soirjcnirs you
both will carry with you as the results of your visits to the various parts of
Canada."

The address was signed by the Hon. Jcseph Royal, President of
the Association St. Jean Baptiste ; the Hon. M. A. Girard, Chairman
of the Committee of Reception, and Messieurs the Hon. Joseph
Diibuc, B.C.L., and George Roy, Secretaries. To this His Excellency
replied in French. The party were then escorted over the Palace,
and upon rettiming to the reception room the Archbishop presented an
addrcs'^, also in French, the reply to which was made in the same lan-
guage. The Cathedral and Orphanage were next visited. In the
latter, where forty children, representing eleven different nationalities,
are maintained 'inder the care of the resident sisterhood, a further
address was presented to His Excellency by a litde Indian girl, in
behalf of herself and her fellow orphans. Both it and the reply
Were in French.

lu the evening, 9th August, an "At Home " was given by Mrs.
Morris at Government House. A special ball-room of large dimensions

592

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

had been constructed for the occasion, and it was filled. It is worthy
of note that in this remote and new Province, the richness and good
taste displayed in the dresses of the ladies were as conspicuous as
their physical beauty. The native ladies were exceptionally well
dressed, and their natural vivacity and elegance attracted general
notice.* The ladies and gentlemen forming the Vice-regal set were ;
Her Excellency and his Honor the Lieutenant Governor ; His Excel-
lency and Mrs. Morris; Mrs. Davis, wife of the Premier, and the
Hon. Col. Littleton ; Mrs. Littleton and the Hon. Mr. Royal ; Mrs.
McTavish and the Hon. Mr. Justice Betournay; Mrs. McKeaguey
and C Smith.

During the evening His Excellency danced with Miss Morris and
Miss Elizabeth Morris, daughters of his Honor the Lieuteuant Gov-
ernor, Miss McKeaguey and Miss Smith.

On the next afternoon their Excellencies held a levee in the City
Hall, when a great number of ladies and gentlemen were presented.
In the evening a concert was given in their honor by the choir of the
College of St. Boniface. The next day was devoted to races and the
lasso performances of Charles Allard, reputed to be one of the most
expert and daring rough riders in the whole western country.

Monday, the 13th August, was devoted to the reception of ad-
dresses. His Excellency attended at the City Hall in the morning,
and received addresses from the Presbytery of Manitoba, the Mani-
toba College, the Diocesan Synod of Rupert's Land, the County
Council of the County of Lisgar, the Corporations of Kildonan and
St. Johns, to each of which His Excellency briefly replied. The Vice
regal party then crossed the river and attended the annual ritle
matches of the Manitoba Rifle Association. Here an address was pre-
sented on behalf of the Association and, after the reply. Her Excellency
inaugurated the proceedings by firing the first shot, making a " hull's
eye."

In the evening, fifteen native Sioux Indians, dressed in full rei^alia
and accompanied by ten squaws, were escorted by the Hon. James
McKay to Silver Heights where they exhibited the war dances ot
their nation.

* Lord DulTeriu's innate refinement rendered him imable to speak of these biiies
by tht epitiiet they universally adopted themselves. _ He alluded to them as the
"native" ladies, while they spoke of each other as " Half-breeds." A " Metis
is a Half-breed. The children of Indian mothers by husbands of other nations are
known as "Metis" or " Half-breeds."

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THE EARL OF DUFFKRIN IX CANADA.

i93

On the 14th August, the pirty repaired to the site of the ladies
school of St. John's College, where His Excellency laid the corner-
stone in the preserice of his Lordship the Bishop of Rupt t's Land
and a large audience and after the ceremony, were driven to the college
where an address was presented on behalf of the College Council.
His Excellency having replied, presented to Masters Bannatyne and
McKay, the successful competitors among the scholars of the current
year, the Dufferin medals, which they had won. In the evening a
citizens' ball was given in the City Hall, in honor of their Excellencies.
The Vice-regal set was composed of the following ladies and gentle-
men : His Excellency and Mrs. Logan ; Her Excellency and the Mayor
of Winnipeg, Captain Scott ; The Hon. Mrs. Morris and Mr. Logan ;
The Hon. Mrs. Wood and Mr. Blanchard ; Mrs. Bannatyne and Mr.
Mc Tavish ; Mrs. Blanchard and Mr. Bannatyne. During the evening
His Excellency danced with Miss Morris, Miss Elizabeth Morris,
Mrs. Colin Inkster, Mrs. Bannatyne, Mrs. Blanchard, and Mrs.
Brown.

On the 15th August the Vice-regal party, under the escort of the
Hon. James McKay, set out from Winnipeg on their tour of inspection
through the Province. They firsit visited the Provincial Penitentiary
on Stony Mountain, about sixteen miles north-west from Winnipeg.
On their way they were met by a Reception Committee on behalf of
the Electoral Division of Rockwood, headed by Mr. W. J. Luxton, the
member for the county. A Red River cart, drawn by a train of thirty
oxen, harnessed in single file, was provided, and His Excellency was
invited to a seat in this novel vehicle. He assented, and had for
his companions some of the ladies of the party who expressed their
desire to travel in the uncouth barouche. A few minutes brought
them in sight of an immense triumphal arch, tastefully ornamented
with alternate sheaves of wheat and oats, the staple agricultural pro-
ducts of the country, and surmounted by a rustic spinning wheel,
witii a plough on each side. At Rockwood, where they were met by
a large concourse of people, an address was jjresented on behalf of
the residents of the place, read by Mr. Luxton, to which His Excel-
lency briefly replied. At the Penitentiary the party were met by Mr.
Bedson, the warden, who escorted Her Excellency along the gravel
walk to the walls of the enclosure, produced a little gilt wheelbarrow,
filled with gravel, and politely requested Her Excellency to "• begin
wort: ■" on the road to Winnipeg. It was explained to her that the

if:

694

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

walk upon which they stood was the beginning of a gravel highway
which would, when finished, extend across the prairie to the capital.

From Rockwood the jmrty proceeded to St. Andrews. On their
way they were met by the Hon, John Norquay, member for the Kiec-
toral Division of South St. Andrews, and Minister of Public Works,
who escorted them to St. Andrews, where, upon their arrival, an address
was presented on behalf of the Reception Committee, and was read
by Mr. Norquay. From St. Andrews they proceeded to Lower Fort
Garry, or, as it is commonly called. Stone Fort. Selkirk was visited
during the next day, where an address from the people of Selkirk and
the Electoral District of St. Clements was read by Mr. Sifton, to which
a brief reply was given, On their way to St. Peter's, they were met by
a band of Indians from Fort Alexander, when an address from the
Chippewa and Cree tribes, commonly known as the "St. Peter's,"
" Broken-head River," and " Fort Alexander " bands, was presented,
and read by the Rev. Mr. Settee, the missionary, and duly replied to.

His Excellency, on the 21st August, visited the Mennonite Settle-
ment on Rat River. In order to escape military duty a number of
Mennonites had left the southern parts of Russia, and settled in
Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Dakotah, While this exodus was
going on Mr. William Hespeler, a well-known former resident of the
County of Waterloo, Ontario, was acting as Emigrant Agent of the
Dominion in Alsace-Lorraine, in Germany. He soon learned the fact
of the emigration of these people to the Western States, His long
residence among the Mennonite .settlers in Waterloo had made him
familiar with the character of these people, and he suggested to the
Canadian Government the importance of securing a share of the
emigration from Southern Russia, He was at once authorized to
proceed to Russia, and lay before the disciples of Senior Menno the
capabilities of the Prairie Province of Manitoba and the North West.
The Government offered them free grants of land, and guaranteed thera
exemption from military duty and full liberty to conduct their churches
and schools as they might see fit. Besides this, the Government lent
them $100,000 at six per cent, for eight years, to enable them to build
houses and settle themselves with comfort in their new homes. The
result of these wise measures has been astonishing. There are now
two large Mennonite settlements in Manitoba, I'he chief one is the
Rat River Reservation, which comprises a tract of eight to\vnship.s,
of 174,000 acres. Within its bounds there are already thirty-two vil-

1877]

THK EARL OF Dl'FFEKIN IN CANADA.

595

lagos. with a population of about 4000, The other Reservation is
west of Red River, and is known as the Dufferin Reserve. It consists
of seventeen townships, containing over 370,000 acres, twenty villages,
and about 3000 people. The Mennonites brought into the Province
half a million of dollars in cash, and are not only a thrifty and indus-
trious people but are excellent agriculturists. On arriving at the
Settlement an address was presented, to which His P^xcellency replied
as follows : —

" Fi'.i.i.ow-CiTizENs OF THE Dominion and Feli.ovv-suhjkcts of Her
MAjt.si V,— I have come here to-day in the name of the (^ueen of England to bid
you welcome to Canadian soil. With this welcome it is needless that I should
couple the best wishes of the Imperial Government in England or of the Dominion
(lovernment at Ottawa, for you are well aware that both have regarded your
coining here with unmitigated satisfaction. Vou have left your own land in ol^e-
tlience to a conscientious scruple, nor will you have been the first to cross the
Atlantic under the pressure of a similar exigency. In doing so you must have
made great s.icrifices, broken with many tender associations, and overthrown the
settled ])urposes of your former peacefully ordered lives ; but the very fact of your
having manfully faced the uncertainties and risks of so distant an emigration rather
than surrender your religious convictions in regard to the unlawfulness of warfare,
proves you to \ie well worthy of our respect, confidence, and esteem. Vou have
come to a land where you will find the people with whom you are to associate
eng.ige(l indeed in a great struggle, and contending with foes whom it recjuires their
kst energies to encounter. But those foes are not your fellowmen, nor will you
be called upon in the struggle to stain your hands with human blood — a task
which is so abhorrent to your religious feelings. The war to which we invite you
as recruits and comrades is a war waged against the brute forces of nature ; but
those forces will welcome our domination, and reward our attack by placing their
treasures at our disposal. It is a war of ambition, — for we intend to annex terri-
tory,— but neither blazing villages nor devastated fields will mark our ruthless
track ; our battalions will march across the illimitable plains which stretch before
us as sunshine steals athwart the ocean ; the rolling prairie will blossom in our wake,
and corn and peace and plenty will spring where we have trod. Hut not only are
we ourselves engaged in these beneficent occupations — you will find that the only
other nationality with whom we can ever come into contact are occupied with
similar peaceable pursuits. They, like us, are engaged in advancing the standards
of civilization westwards, not as rivals, but as allies ; and a community of interests,
objects, and aspirations has already begun to cement between the people of the
United States and ourselves what is destined I trust to prove an indissoluble atTec-
tion. If, then, you have come hither to seek for peace — peace at least we can pro-
mise you. But it is not merely to the material blessings of our land that I bid you
welcome. We desire to share with you on equal terms our constitutional liberties,
our municipal privileges, and our domestic freedom ; we invite you to assist us in

mwT^

596

HISTORY OF THE ADMINIHTKATION OF

[1877

■fi

choosing the memlwrs of our Parliament, in shaping our laws, and in mouldiiu'
our future destinies. There is no right or function which we exercise as free citi-
zens in which we do not desire you to j)artici|)atc, and with this civil frtt-dom we
equally gladly offer you absolute religious lil)erty. The forms of worship you iiave
brought with you, you will be able to practise in the most unrestricted manner,
and we confidently trust that those blessings vhich have waited upon your
virtuous exertions in your Russian homes will continue to attend you here ; for
we hear that you are a sober-minded and (lodfearing community, and as
such you are doubly welcome amongst us. It is with the greatest pleasure I
have passed through your villages, and witnessed your comfortable homcsttads,
barns and byres, which have arisen like magic upon this fertile plain, for they
prove indisputably that you are expert in agriculture, and already possess a hiyh
standard of ilomestic comfort. In the name, then, of Canada and her people, in the
name of Queen Victoria and her empire, I again stretch out to you the hand of
brotherhood and good fellowship, for you are as welcome to our affection as you are
to our lands, our lilierties, and freedom. In the eye of our law the least among you
is the equal of the highest magnate in our land, and the proudest of our citizens may
well be content to hail you as his fellow-countryman. Vou will find Canada a Itiie-
ficent and loving mother, and under her fostering care I trust your coninninity is
destined to flourish and extend in wealth and numbers through countless geneiatiuns.
Ii. one word, beneath the flag whose folds now wave above us, you will find jirotec-
tion, peace, civil and religious liberty, constitutional freedom and equal laws."

The settlers listened attentively to this address, vainly endeavor-
ing to conceal their eagerness and emotion under a mask of (Jcrman
stolidity. They frequently doffed their caps in token of their approval,
and many of them were moved to tears by the kind, tender and feeling
terms in which His Excellency referred to the associations connected
with their far-away homes. One stolid-looking, rubicund-visaged.
middle-aged man vainly tried to suppress his feelings — they were
beyond his control. First, the muscles about his mouth were seen
to quiver, then there was a percejitible trembling of the eyelids, and
at last, long before His Excellency him. concluded, he fairly broke
down, and the tears coursed down his weather-worn cheeks. j\lany
women, too, were affected to tears.

Returning to Silver Heights, the Vice-regal party, on the 28th
August, departed, and proceeded eastward through Winnipeg, and
across the Red river to St. Boniface, thence to Pointe de Chcne. a
French Half-breed settlement, distant about thirty miles from Winni-
peg, thence to the North West Angle. From this point the\- pro-
ceeded by the steamer, Zady of the Lake, across the Lake of the
Woods to Rat Portage, where they embar];ed in canoes, and i)assed
down the entire length of the Winnipeg river to Fort Alexander,

1877]

THK RAUL OF DIFFKUIN IN CANADA.

597

where the stream enters Lake Winnipeg. From here they were taken
by the Hudson Bay Company's steamer, Colville, up the Lake to
the mouth of the Saskatchewan. Thenre they proceeded to Cedar
Lake, and thence down the Saskatchewan to Lake Winnipeg, running
the (Irand Rapids. At the outlet ol" the river they re-emharked on
board the Colville, and coasted down the Lake to (limli,* in the Ice-
landic Reservation, which was reached on the 15th Septeml)er.

In the summer of 1875, ^ small Icelandic settlement had been
formed on Burnt River, in the County of Victoria, Ontario. The
settlement included about two hundred and fifty souls. The land
was un])roductive, the settlement did not thrive, and, on their case
being brought before the Government, it was determined to remove
them to the West. A large reserve was set apart in Keewatin. to
which they were transferred, and agents being sent to Iceland, a
number of their countrymen, .'iLout 1200, were induced to join them in
1876, took up their quarters on the Reserve. This embraces an area
of four hundred and twenty-seven miles, or about 273,000 acres.

His Excellency was received with great warmth by the people who,
it may be mentioned, had very recently suffered terribly from small-
l)ox. From the moment he set foot on the shore his energy and
vigilance were unremitting. He visited the abodes of the poorest of
the settlers, not as an official discharging an unpleasant duty, but as
a great-hearted gentleman, who could sympathize with the joys and
griefs of the humble and confer kindness upon the poor and needy.
There was not a vestige of patronage either in his voice, his counten-
ance or his demeanor, but there was a tenderness of manner and an
earnest solicitude which brought balm to many a sore heart that day.
His bearing towards the women was especially note-worthy. He en-
quired into their history, prospects, and domestic affairs with unweary-
ing interest and patience, and had a kind and appropriate word for
each. An address was presented, to which His Excellency made
the following admirable reply : —

" Mkn and Women of Iceland, now Citizens of Canada, and Subjects
OF Hkr Majesty the Queen, — When it was my good fortune twenty years ago
to visit your island I never thought that the day would come when I shoiikl be
called upon as the representative of the British Crown to receive you in this coun-

I I

In English " Elysium."

598

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

*•■■

ilii*

try ; but the opportunities I have thus had of becoming acquainted with your dia-
ma'tic history, with your picturesque litc-ature, and the kindness I have experienced
.it the hands of your countiymen now enable me with the greater cordiality to bid
you welcome. I have learnt with extreme sorrow of the terrible trials to which
you ha"e been exposed so soon after your arrival by the unexpected ravages of a
terrible epidemic. Such a visitation was well calculated to damp your spirits and
to benumb your energies, aggravating as it did those inevitable hardships which
attend the first efforts of all colonists to establish themselves in a new land. The
precautions which the Local Government was reluctantly compelled to talve to
prevent the spreading of the contagion through the Province must also have l)een
both galling and disadvantageous, but I trust that the discouragen^^nts .'hich
attended your advent amongst us have now forever passed away, p.A that you are
fairly embarked on a career of happiness and prosperity. Indeed I understand
that there is not one amongst you who is not perfectly content with his new \ui,
and fully satisfied that the change which has taken place in his destiny is for the
better. During a hasty visit like the present I cannot pretend to acquire more
than a superficial insight into your condition, but so far as I have observed, things
appear to be going sufficiently well with you. The homesteads I have visited
seem well built and commodious, and are certainly far superior to any of the farm-
houses I remember in Iceland, while the gardens and little clearings whicli have
begun to surround them show that you have already tapped an inexhaustible sto.e
of wealth in the rich alluvial soil on which we stand. The three arts most neces-
sary to a Canadian colonist are the felling of timber, the plowing of land, and tiie
construction of highways, but as in v'-tr own country none of you had ever seen
a tree, a cornfield, or a road, it is not to be expected that you should immediately
exhibit any expertness in these accomplishments ; but practice and experience
will soon make you t'le masters of ill three, for you possess in a far greater degree
than is probably imagined, that which is the essence and foundation of all superi-
ority — intelligence, education, and intellectual activity. In fact I have not entered
a single hut or cottage in the si'ttlement, which did not contain, no matter how
bare its walls, or scanty its furTiiture, a library of twenty or thirty volumes ; and
I am informed that there is scarcely a child amongst you who cannot read
and write. Secluded as you have been for hundreds of years from all con-
tact with the civilization of Europe, you may in many respects be a little
rusty and behind thv- rest of the world ; nor perhaps have the conditions under
which you used to live at home — where months have to be spent in the
enforced idleness of a sunless winter — accustomed you to those habits of continued
and unflagging industry which you will find necessary to your new existence ;
but in our brighter, drier, and more exhilarating climate you will become animated
with fresh vitality, and your continually expanding prosperity will encouraije
you year by year to still greater exertions. Beneath the genial influenci s of
the fresh young world to which you have come, the dormant capacities of your
race, which adverse climatic and geographical conditions may have somewiiat
stunted and benumbed, will bud and burgeon forth in all their prif^tine exu!)er:incc,
as the germs which have been for centuries buried beneath the pyramids anil cata

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

599

le exuhernnce,
liids and cata-

combs of Egypt are snid to excel in the exuberani;e and succulence of their growth
the corn-seeds of last year's harvest. But as sun and air and light are necessary
to produce this miracle, so it will be necessary for you to profit as much as possi-
ble by the example and by the intercourse of your more knowledgeable neighbors.
I have learnt with great ?itisfaction that numbers of your young women have enter-
ed the households of various Canadian families, v here they will not only acquire
the English language, which it is most desirable you shodld all know, and which
they will be able to teach their brothers and s iters, and — I trust I may add, in
course of time, their children — but will also learn those lessons of domestic econo-
my and housewifely neat-handedness which are so necessary to the welll)eing,
health, and cheerfulness of our homes. I am also happy to be able to add that I
have received the best accounts from a great number of people of the good conduct,
handiness, and docility of these young Ingebors, Raghnhildas, Thoras, and Gudruns,
who I trust will do credit to the epical ancestresses from whom they have inherited
their names. Many of the houses I have visited to-day bore evident signs in their
airiness, neatness, and well-ordered appearance of possessing a housewife who had
already profited from her contact with the outer world. And while I am upon
this subject there is one practical hint which I shall venture to make to you.
Every single house I visited to-day, many of them being mere temporary huts, with
at the most two small chambers, was furnished with a large close iron cooking-
stove, evidently used not merely for cooking purposes, but also for heating the
habitation. I believe that this arrangement is anything but desirable, and that at
all events in those houses where a separate kitchen cannot be obtained, an open
fireplace should be introduced. I am quite certain tha' if I were to come amongst
you in winter I should find these stoves in full operation, and every crevice in your
shanties sealed up from the outer air. Now you are <;urrounded by an inexhaustible
supply of the best possible fuel, which can be obtained with comparatively little
labor, and consequently economy of coal, which is their chief recommendation,
need not drive you to an excessive use of these unwholesome appliances. Our
winter air, though sufficiently keen, is healthy and bracing, and a most potent in-
centive to physical exertion, whereas the mephitic vapors '.>f an overheated, closely
packed chamber paralyze our physical as well as our mental activities. A consti-
tution nursed upon the oxygen of our nright winter atmosphere makes its owner
feel as though he could toss about the pine trees in his glee, whereas to the sluggard
simnierinf^ over his stove pipe, it is a horror and a nameless hardship to put his nose
outside the door. I need not tell you that in '. country like this the one virtue pre-
eminently necessary to every man is self-reliai.ce, energy, and a determination to con-
quer an independent living for himself, his wife and children by the unassisted
streni,nh of h'.s own right arm. Unless each member of the settlement is possessed and
ilominated by this feeling, there can be no salvation for any one. But why need I
speak to Icelanders — to you men and women of the grand old Norse race, of the
..::;ssity of patience under hardship, courage in the frxe of danger, doj^gcd deter-
mination in the presence of difficulties. The t^nnals of your country are bright
with liie records of your forefathers' noble endurance. The sons and daughters of
the niun and w-^men who crossed the Arctic Ocean in oj)en boats, and preferred
to make theit homes amid the snows and cinders of a volcano rather than enjoy

lilK

600

HISTORY OF THE ADMINIS7 RATION OF

[1S77

peace and plenty under the iron sway of a despoc may afford to smile at anyone
who talks to them of hardship or rough living be leath the pleasant shade of these
murmuring branches and beside the laughing rip')les of yonder shining lake. The
change now taking place in your fortunes is the very converse and opposite of that
which befell your forefathers. They fled from their pleasant homes and golden
cornfields into a howling wilderness of storm end darkness, ice and lava, but you
I am welcoming to the healthiest climate on the continent, and to a soil of
unexampled fertility, which a little honest irdustry on your part will soon turn
into a garden of plenty. Nor do we forget tl at no race has a better right to come
amongst us than yourselves, for it is probaV ly to the hardihood of the Icelandic
navigators that the world is indebted for the discovery of this continent. Had
not Coll mbus visited your 'sland and discovered in your records a practical and
absolute confirmation of his own brilliant speculations in regard to the existence
of a western land, it is possible he might never have had the enterprise to tempt
the unknown Atlantic. Again, then, I welcome you to this country — a country
in which you will find yourselves freemen serving no overlord, and being no man's
men but your own ; each, master of his own farm, like the Udalmen, and ' Boen-
ders ' of old days ; and remember that in coming amongst us, you will find your-
selves associated with a race both kindly hearted and cognate to your own, nor in
becoming Englishmen and subjeC i of Queen Victoria need you forget your own
time-honored customs of the picturesque annals of your forefathers. On the con-
trary, I trust you will continue to cherish for all time the heart-stirring literature
of your nation, and that from generation to generation your little ones will con-
tinue to ler.rn in your ancient Sagas that industry, energy, fortitude, perseverance,
and stubborn endurance have ever been the characteristics of the noble Icelandic
race. I have pledged my personal credit to my Canadian friends on the success-
ful development of your settlement. My warmest and most affectionate sympa-
thies attend you, and I have not the slightest misgiving but that in spite of your
enterprise being conducted under what of necessity are somewhat disadvantageous
conditions, not only will your future prove bright and prosperous, bi, that it will
be universally acknowledged that a more valuable accession to the inLellif^ence,
patriotism, loyalty, industry, and strength of the country has never been intro-
duced into the Dominion." ■

After the delivery of this address His Excellency went through
the crowd, shaking hands with each of the women, and congratulating
them, as he was justly entitled to do, upon the fact that they were
industriously fulfilling woman's mission here on earth.

Leaving Gimli the party returned on board the Coivi/le, and set
sail for Red River, and arrived safely at Silver Heights on the i6th
September. The i)arty spent the time up to the 29th in short journeys
to points near Winnipeg, and as it had been determined to leave for
Ottawa on that day, it had been arranged that their Erxellencies should
each drive two spikes in the track, as the beginning of the con-
struction of the railway to Peri-ibina. This was done with irai)osi;v,

[1877

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

6C1

mile at anyone
shade of these
ng lake. The
ipposite of that
lies and golden
I lava, but you
d to a soil of
will soon turn
r right to come
f the Icelandic
(ntinent. Had

I practical and
o the existence
rprise to tempt
try — a country
being no man's
n, and ' Boen-
will find your-
ur own, nor in
orget your own
■>. On the con-
rring literature
ones will con-
;, perseverance,
noble Icelandic
)n the success-
tionate synipa-

II spite of your
isadvantageous
bi. that it will
e inlelligence,

r been intro-

^ent through
[ngratulating
It they were

\i//e, and set
Ion the 1 6th
)rt journeys
to leave for
icies should
)f the con-
Ih im;)osir.!>

ceremonies, and the party then proceeded to the College of St. Boni-
face, where they took leave of the ecclesiastical dignitaries, and pre-
sented the " Dufferin " medals to the following successful students : —
Masters W. J. Kittson, O. Monchamp, P. Haverty, and N. Betournay.
After visiting the young ladies boarding school, their Excellencies re-
crossed the river and proceeded to the City Hall to take part in the
farewell dejeuner.

This entertainment was the most sumptuous which had been pro-
vided during the whole tour, and was a most generous conclusion
of this most impo'-„.x., visit to the North West.

The guests entered the room and took their seats pr ecisely at one
p.m. Half way down the long table sat the Mayor, Mr. Scott, with
Hi' Excellency on his riyht hand and the Countess of Dufferin on
., -' 't"t. To the right of His Excellency were Mrs. Morris, wife
.J '..:. Lieutenant Governor; His Grace Archbishop Tache, Chief
I'astice Wood, Attorney General Royal, Dr. Schultz, Mr. Taylor,
American Consul at Winnipeg, and Colonel Osborne Smith. To the
left of Her Excellency were his Honor Lieutenant Governor Morris,
the Hon. Mr. Davis, the Hon. Col. Littleton, the Hon. D. A. Smith,
M.P. for Selkirk, Mrs. Schultz, and Archdeacon Cowley, Three
other tables were occupied by over a hundred guests, including the
remaining members of the Vice-regal party and the leading citizens of
the Province. On the health of His Excellency being proposed by
the Mayor, he r.-^turned thanks in an address which will always be
regarded as odv. of his " great " speeches. He said : —

" Mr. Ma 'A, ' • cr Honor, Ladies and Gentlemb:n, — In rising to express
my acknow! u, rr- u'.. to the citizens of Winnipeg for thus crowning the friendly
reception I t,, rfu'ivfd throughout the length and breadth of Manitoba by so
noble nr. entertaii.' 'Jit, J am painfully oppressed by the consideration of the many
respects in which ru/ i lanks are due to you, and to so many other persons ir the
Province. (Applause.) From our fu>t landing on your quays until the present
moment my progress through the country has Ixren one continual delight (loud
applause^, nor has the slightest hitch or incongnious incident marred the satisfac-
tion of u.v visit, I have to thank you for the hospitalities I have enjoyed at the
hands of your individual citizens, as well as of a multitude of independent cor-mu-
nities, — for the tasteful and ingenious decorations which idorned my route, — for the
quarter of : . 'le of evenly-yoked oxen that drew our triumphal car, — for the uni-
versal proof' v'f vf.jr loyalty to the Throne and the Mother Country, and for your
personal gouJ ■ ll towurds her Majesty's Representative. Above all I have to
thank you for the evidences pioduced on either hand along our march of your
prosperous condition, of your perfect contentment, of your confidence in your

602

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

future fortunes, — for I need not tell you that to any one in my situation, smiling'
cornfields, cozy homesteads, the joyful faces of prosperous men and women, ani
the laughter of healthy children, are the best of all triumphal adornments.
(Applause.) But there are other things for which I ought to be obliged to you,
and first for the beautiful weather you have taken the precaution to provide us with
during some six weeks of perpetual camping out (laughter), for which attention I
have received Lady DuflTerin's especial orders to render you her personal thanks—
an attention which the unusual phenomenon of a casual waterspout enabled us only
the better to appreciate ; and lastly, though certainly not least, for not having
generated amongst you that fearful entity, " A Pacific Railway question " — at all
events not in those dire and tragic proportions in which I have encountered it else-
where. (Great laughter.) Of course I know a certain phase of the railway
question is agitating even this community, but it has assumed the mild ch.Tacter
of ?. domestic, rather t y rf an inter-Provincial controversy. Two distinguishc;!
members moreover of ui> 't Government have been lately amongst you, and

have doubtless acquainted t.u. ;.;lves with your views and wishes. It is not neces-
sary, therefore, that I should mar the hilarious character of the present festival by
any untimely allusions to so grave a matter. Well, then, ladies and gentlemen,
what am I to say and do to you in return for all the pleasure and satisfaction I
have received at your hands ? I fear there is very little that I can say and scarcely
anything that I can do commensurate with my obligations. Stay — there is one
thing at all events I think I have already done, for which I am entitled to claim
your thanks. You are doubtless aware that a great political controversy has for
some time raged between the two great parties of the State as to which of them is
responsible for the visitation of that terror of two continents — the Colorado bug.
(Great laughter.) The one side is disposed to ass'-vt that if their opponents had
never acceded to power the Colorado bug would never have come to Canada,
(Renewed laughter.) I have reason to believe, however, though I know not
whether any substantial evidence has been adduced in support of their assertion
(laughter), "^that my Government deny and repudiate having had any sort of concert
or understanding with that irrepressible invader. (Roars of laughter.) It would
be highly unconstitutional for me, who am bound to hold a perfectly impartial
balance between the contending parties of the State, to pronounce an opinion
upon this momentous question. (Renewed laughter.) But however disputable
a point may be the prime and original authorship of the Colorado bug, there
is one fact no one will question, namely, that to the presence of the Governor
General in Manitoba is to be attributed the sudden, total, otherwise unaccountable,
and I trust, permanent disappearance, not only from this Province, but from
the whole North West, of the infamous and unmentionable ''Hopper"
(loud laughter) 'hose annual visitations for the last seventeen years have proved
so distressing to the agricultural interests of the entire region. But apart
from being the fortunate instrument of conferring this benefit upon you (laugli-
tei), I fear the only further return in my power is to assure you of my great sympa-
thy with you in your endeavors to do justice to the material advantages with which
your Province has been so richly endowed by the hands of Providence. From its
geographical position, and its peculiar characteristics, Manitoba may be regarded

1877]

THE EARL OF IJUFFERIN IN CANADA.

as the keystone of that mighty arch of sister Provinces which spans the continent
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. (Great applause.) It was here that Canada,
emerging from her woods and forests, first gazed upon her rolling prairies and
unexplored North West, and learnt, as by an unexpected revelation, that her his-
torical territories of the Canadas, her eastern seaboards of New Brunswick, Labra-
dor and Nova Scotia, her Laurentian lakes and valleys, corn lands and pastures,
though themselves more extensive than half a dozen European kingdoms (ap-
plause), were but the vestibules and antechambers to that till then undreamt of
Dominion, whose illimitable dimensions alike confound the aritiimetic of the
surveyor and the verification of the explorer. (Tremendous applause.) It was
hence that counting her past achievements as but the preface and prelude to her
future exertions and expanding destinies, she took a fresh departure, received the
afflatus of a more Imperial inspiration, and felt herself no longer a mere settler
along the banks of a single river, but the owner of half a continent, and in the
ami)litude of her possession, in the wealth of her resources, in the sinews of her
material might, the peer of any power on the earth. (Loud applause.) In a
recent remarkably witty speech the Marquis of Salisbury alluded to the geographi-
cal misconceptions often engendered by the smallness of the maps upon which the
ligure of the world is depicted. To this cause is probably to be attributed the inade-
quate idea, entertained by the best educated persons, of the extent of Her Majes-
ty's North American possessions. Perhaps the best way of correcting such a uni-
versal misapprehensior would be by a summary of the rivers which flow through
them, for we know that as a poor man cannot aflbrd to live in a big house, so a
small country cannot suppo.t a big river. Now to an Englishman or a French-
man the Severn or the Thames, the Seine or the Rhone would appear considerable
streams, but in the Ottawa, a mere affluent of the St. Lawrence, an affluent more-
over which reaches the parent stream six hundred miles from its mouth, we have
a river nearly five hundred and fifty miles long, and three or four times as big as
any of them. (Applause.) But even after having ascended the St. Lawrence
itself to Lake Ontario, and pursued it across Lake Huron, St. Clair, and Lake
Superior to Thunder Bay, a distance of one thousand five hundred miles, where are
we? In the estimation of the person who has made the journey, at the end of all
things (great laughter); but to us, who know better, scarcely at the commence-
ment of the great fluvial systems of the Dominion ; for, from that spot, that is to
say, from Thunder Bay, we are able at once to ship our astonished traveller on to
the Kaministiquia, a river of some hundred miles long. Thence, almost in a
straight line, we launch him on to Lake Shebandowan and Rainy Lake and River —
a magnificent stream three hundred yards broad and a couple of hundred miles
long, down whose tranquil bosom he floats into the Lake of the Woods, where he
finds himself on a sheet of water which, though diminutive as compared with the
inland seas he has left behind him, will probably be found sufficiently extensive to
render him fearfully sea sick during his passage across it. (Laughter.) For the
last eighty miles of his voyage, however, he will be consoled by sailing through a
succession of land-locked channels, the beauty of whose scenery, while it resembles,
certainly excels the far-famed Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence. (Loud cheer-
ing.) From this lacustrine paradise of sylvan beauty we are able at once to transfer

' i

"fWf

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HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

our friend to the Winnipeg, a river whose existence in the very heart and centre of the
continent is in Itself one of Nature's most delightful miracles, so beautiful and varied
are its rocky banks, its tufted islands, so broad, so deep, so fervid is the volume of its
waters, the extent of their lake-like expansions, and the tremendous power of their
rapids. (Tremendous applause. ) At last let us suppose we have landed our traveller
at the town of Winnipeg, the half-way house of the continent, the capita! of
the Prairie province, and I trust the future ' umbilicus ' of the Dominion. ((Ireat
cheering.) Having had so much of water, having now reached the home of the
buffalo, like the extenuated Falstaff, he naturally 'babbles of green fields'
(laughter and applause), and careers in imagination over the primeval grasses of
the prairie. Not at all. Escorted by Mr. Mayor and the Town Council we take
him down to your quay and ask him which he will ascend first — the Red River or
the Assiniboine, two streams, the one five hundred miles long, the other four hun-
dred and eighty, which so happily mingle their waters within your city limits.
(Applause,) After having given him a preliminary canter up these respective
rivers we take him off to Lake Winnipeg, an inland sea three hundred miles long
and upwards of sixty broad, during the navigation of which for many a weary hour
he will find himself out of sight of land, and probably a good deal more indis-
posed than ever he was on the Lake of the Woods, or even the Atlantic.
(Laughter.) At the north-west angle of Lake Winnipeg he hits upon the mouth
of the Saskatchewan, the gateway to the North West, and the starting point to
another one thousand five hundred miles of navigable water, flowing nearly due
east and west between its alluvial banks. Having now reached the foot of the
Rocky Mountains our * ancient mariner ' (laughter), for by this time he will be
quite entitled to such an appellation, knowing that water cannot run up hill, feels
certain his aquatic experiences are concluded. (Laughter and applause.) He
was never more mistaken. (L,aughter.) We immediately launch him upon the
Arthabaska and Mackenzie rivers, and start him on a longer trip than any he has
yet undertaken (laughter) — the navigation of the Mackenzie river alone exceeding
two thousand five hundred miles. If he survives this last experience w.' wind up
his peregrinations by a concluding voyage of one thousand four hindred miles
down the Fraser river, or, if he prefers it, the Thompson river to Victoria, in Van-
couver, whence, liaving previously provided him with a first-class return ticket for
that purpose, he will probably prefer getting home 7'ia the Canadian Pacific.
(Roars of laughter.) Now, in this enumeration, those who are acquainted with
the country are aware that, for the sake of brevity, I have omitted thousands of
miles of other lakes and rivers, which water various regions of the North West
the Qu'Appelle river, the Belly river. Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnepegosis, Shoal
lake, <?T=c., along whose interminable banks and shores I might have dragged
and finally exterminated our way-worn guest (laughter), but the sketch I have
given is more than sufficient for my purpose, and when it is further renieniliered
that the most of these streams flow for their entire length through alluvial plains of
the richest description (applause), where year after year wheat can be raised with-
out manure, or any sensible diminuti Jn in its yield (hear, hear), and where the soil
everywhere presents the appearance c." a highly cultivated suburban kitchen ;,'arden
in England, enough has been said to display the agricultural riches of the territories I

18771

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

605

have referred to (great applause) and the capabilities they possess of affording happy
ami prosperous homes to millions of the human race. (Long continued applause.)
But in contemplating the vistas thus opened to our imagination, we must not forget
that there ensues a corresponding expansion of our oblijfjitions. For instance,
unless great care is taken, we shall find, as we move westwards, that the exigen-
cies of civilization may clash injuriously with the prejudices and traditional habits
of our Indian fellow-subjects. As long as Canada was in the woods the Indian
problem was comparatively easy, the progress of settlement was slow enough to
give ample time and opportunity for arriving at an amicable and mutually conve-
nient arrangement with each tribe with whom we successively came into contact ;
but once out upon the plains, colonization will advance with far more rapid and
ungovernable strides, and it cannot fail eventually to interfere with the by no means,
inexhaustible supply of buffalo upon which so many of the Indian tribes are now
deuendent. Against this contingency it will be our most urgent and imperative
duty to take timely precautions by enabling the red man, not by any undue pres-
sure, or hasty, or ill-considered interference, but by precept, example, and suasion,
by gifts of cattle and other encouragements, to exchange the precarious life of a hunter
for that of a pastoral and eventually that of an agricultural j^eople. (Applause.)
Happily in no part of her Majesty's Dominions are the relations existing between
the white settler and the original natives and masters of the land so well under-
stood or so generously and humanely interpreted as in Canada, and, as a conse-
quence, instead of being a cause of anxiety and disturbance, the Indian tribes of
the Dominion are regarded as a valuable adjunct to our strength and industry.
(Hear, hear, and applause.) Wherever I have gone in the Province, and since I
have been here, I have travelled nearly a thousand miles within your borders, I
have found the Indians upon their several reserves, pretermitting a few petty griev-
ances of a local character they thought themselves justified in preferring, content-
ed and satisfied, upon the most friendly terms with their white neighbors, and
iraplictly confiding in the good faith and paternal solicitude of the Government.
(Applause.) In some districts I have learnt with pleasure that the Sioux, who a
few years since entered our territory under such sinister circumstances — 1 do not
of course refer to the recent visit of Sitting Hull and his people, who however, I
believe, are remaining perfectly quiet — are not only peaceable and well-lx'haved,
but have turnfcd into useful and hardworking laborers and harvestmen, while in
the more distant settlements, the less domesticated bands of natives, whether as
hunters, voyageurs, guides, or purveyors of our furs and game, prove an apprecia-
bly advantageous element in the economical structure of the colony. (Aj>p!ause.)
There is no doubt that a great deal of the good feeling thus subsisting between the
red men and ourselves is due to the influence and interposition of that invaluable
class of men the Half-breed settlers and pioneers of Manitoba (loud applause),
who, combining as they do the hardihood, the endurance, and love of enterprise gen-
rated by the strain of Indian blood within their veins, with the civilization, the instruc-
tion, and the intellectual power derived from their fathers, have preached the gospel
of peace and good will and mutual respect, with equally beneficent results, to the
Indian chieftain in his l^dge, and the British settler in his shanty. (Great applause.)
They have been the ambassadors between the East and the West, the interpreters

606

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[IH77

of civilization and its exigencies to the dwellers on the prairie, as well as the
exponents to the white man of the consideration justly due to the susceptibilities,
the sensitive self-respect, the prejudices, the innate craving for justice of the Indian
race. (Applause.) In fact, they have done for the colony what otherwise would
have been left unaccomplished, and have introduced between the white population
and the red man a traditional feeling of amity and friendship, which, but for them,
it might have been impossible to establish. (Cheers.) Nor can I pass by the
humane, kindly, and considerate attention which has ever distinguished the
Hudson Bay Company in its dealings with the native population. (Applause.)
But, though giving due credit to these influences amongst the causes which are con-
ducing to produce and preserve this fortunate result, the place of honor must k
adjudged to that honorable and generous policy which has been pursued by
successive Governments of Canada towards the Indian, and which at this moment
is being superintended and carried out with so much tact, discretion, and ability by
your present Lieutenant Governor (applause), under which the extinction of the
Indian title upon liberal terms has invariably been recognized as a necessary
preliminary to the occupation of a single square yard of native territory. (Cheer-
ing.) But our Indian friends and neighbors are by no means the only alien com-
munities in Manitoba which demand the solicitude of the Government and excite
our sympathies and curiosity. In close proximity to Winnipeg, two other com-
munities, the Menonnites and Icelanders, starting from opposite ends of Europe,
without either concert or communication, have sought fresh homes within our
territory, the one of Russian extraction, though of German race, moved by a desire
to escape from the obligations of a law which was repulsive to their conscience,
the other bred amid the snows and ashes of an Arctic volcano, by the hope of
bettering their material condition. (Applause.) Although I have witnessed
many sights to cause me pleasure during my various progresses through the Domi-
nion, seldom have I beheld any spectacle more pregnant with prophecy, more
fraught with promise of a successful future than the Mennonite Settlement.
(Applause.) When I visited these interesting people they had only Ijeen two
years in the Province, and yet in a long ride I took across many miles of prftirie,
which but yesterday was absolutely bare, desolate, and untenanted, the home of
the wolf, the badger, and the eagle, I passed village after village, homestead after
homestead, furnished forth with all the conveniences and incidents of European
comfort, and a scientific agriculture, while on either side the road, corn fields
already ripe for harvest, and pastures populous with herds of cattle stretched away
to the horizon. (Great applause.) Even on this continent — the peculiar tlieatre
of rapid change and progress — there has nowhere, I imagine, taken place so
marvellous a transformation (cheers), and yet when in your name, and in
the name of the Queen of England, I bade these people welcome to their
new homes, it was not the improvement in their material fortunes that pre-
occupied my thoughts. Glad as I was to have the power of applotting
them so ample a portion of our teeming soil — a soil which seems to blossom
at a touch (cheering), and which they were cultivating to such manfest
advantage, I felt infinitely prouder in being able to throw over them the
aegis of the British Constitution (loud cheering), and in bidding them freely

,3 HI

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

607

share with us our unrivalled political institutions, our untrammelled personal
libtrty. (Great cheering.) We ourselves are so accustomed to breathe the atmo-
sphere of freedom that it scarcely occurs to us to consider and appreciate our ad-
vantages in this respect. It is only when we are reminded by such incidents as
that to which I refer, of the small extent of the world's surface over which the
principles of Parliamentary Government can be said to work smoothly and har-
moniously, that we are led to consider the exceptional happiness of our position.
(Applause.) Nor was my visit to the Icelandic community less satisfactory than
that to our Mennonite fellow subjects. From accidental circumstances I have been
long since led to take an interest in the history and literature of the Scandinavian
race, and the kindness I once received at the hands of the Icelandic people in their
own island naturally induced me to take a deep interest in the welfare of this new
emigration. (Applause.) When we take into account the secluded position of
the Icelandic nation for the last thousand years, the unfavorable conditions of their
climatic and geographical situation, it would be unreasonable to expect that a
colony from thence should exhibit the same aptitudes for agricultural enterprise
and settlement as would be possessed by a people fresh from intimate contact with
the higlier civilization of Europe. In Iceland there are neither trees, nor corn-
fiekls, nor highways. You cannot, therefore, expect an Icelander to exhibit an in-
spired proficiency in felling timber, ploughing land, or making roads, yet unfortun-
ately these are the three accomplishments most necessary to a colonist in Canada.
But though starting at a disadvantage in these respects, you must not underrate the
capacity of your new fellow countrymen. They are endowed with a great deal of
intellectual ability and a quick intelligence. They are well educated. I scarcely
entered a hovel at Gimli which did not possess a library. They are well con-
ducted, religious, and peaceable. Above all they are docile and anxious to learn.
(Applause.) Nor considering the difficulty which prevails in this country in pro-
curing women servants, will the accession of some hundreds of bright, good-hu-
mored, though perhaps inexperienced, yet willing Icelandic girls, anxious for em-
ployment, be found a disadvantage by the resident ladies of the country. Should
the dispersion of these young people lead in course of time to the formation of more
intimate and tenderer ties than those of mere neighborhood lietween the Canadian
population and the Icelandic colony, I am safe in predicting that it will not prove
a matter of regret on the one side or the other. (Applause.) And, gentlemen, in
reference to this point I cannot help remarking with satisfaction on the extent to
which a community of interests, the sense of being engaged in a common under-
taking, the obvious degree in which the prosperity of any one man is a gain to his
neighbors, has amalgamated the various sections of the population of this Province
orij,'iiially so diverse in race, origin, and religion, into a patriotic, closely welded,
and united whole. (Applause.) In no part of Canada have 1 found a better feel-
ing prevailing between all classes and sections of the community. (Cheers.) It
is in a great measure owing to this widespread sentiment of brotherhood, that on a
recent occasion great troubles have been averted, while at the present moment it
is finding its crowning and most triumphant expression in the establishment of a
University under conditions which ha^ c been declared impossible of application in
any other Province of Canada — I may say in any other country in the world

608

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[IH77

(great cheering) ; for nowhere else either in Europe or on this Continent, as far as
I am aware, have the Hishops and heads of the various religious communities into
which the Christian world is unhappily divided combined to erect an Alma Materto
which all the denominational colleges of the Province are to be affiliated, and whose
statutes and degrees are to be regulated and dispensed under the joint auspices ofa
governing body in which all the Churches of the land will lie represented. ((Jreat ap-
plause.) An achievement of this kind speaks volumes in favor of the wisdom, \'\\m-
ality, and the Christian charity of those devoted men by whom in this distant land the
consciences of the population are led and enlightened, and long may they l^e spared
to see the effects of their exertions and magnanimous sacrifices in the good con-
duct and grateful devotion of their respective flocks. (Cheers.) Nor, I am happy
to think, is this good fellowship upon which I have so much cause to congratulate
you confined either within the limits of the Province, or even within those of the
Dominion. Nothing struck me more on my way through St. Paul, in the United
States, than the sympathetic manner in which the inhabitants of that flourishing
city alluded to the progress and prospects of Canada and the North West (loud
applause), and on arriving here I was equally struck by finding even a more
exuberant counterpart of those friendly sentiments. (Great applause.) The rea-
son is not far to seek. Quite independently of the genial intercourse promoted by
neighborhood and the nitergrowth of commercial relations, a bond of syni])athy
between the two populations is created by the consciousness that they are both
engaged in an enterprise of world-wide importance ; that they are both organized
corps in the ranks of humanity, and the wings of a great army marching in line on
a level front ; that they are both engaged in advancing the standards of civilization
westwards, and that for many a year to come they will be associated in tiie task
of converting the breadths of prairie that stretch between them and the setting sun
into one vast paradise of international peace, of domestic happiness, and material
plenty. (Great cheering.) Between two communities thus occupied it is impos-
sible but that amity and loving kindness should be begotten. (Applause.) But,
perhaps, it will he asked, how can I, who am the natural and official guardian of
Canada's virtue, mark with satisfaction such dangerously sentimental proclivities
towards her seductive neighbor. I will reply by appealing to those experienced
matrons and chaperones I see around me. They will tell you that when a young
lady expresses her frank admiration for a man, when she welcomes his approach
with unconstrained pleasure, crosses the room to sit beside him, presses him to
join her picnic, praises him to her friends, there is not the slightest fear of her
affections having been surreptitiously entrapped by the gay deceiver. (Loud
laughter.) On the contrary it is when she can be scarcely brought to mention
his name (great laughter), when she avoids his society, when she alludes to him
with malice and disparagement, that real danger is to be apprehended. (Renewed
laughter.) No, no 1 Canada both loves and admires the United States, but it is
with the friendly, frank affection which a heart-whole stately maiden feels for some
big, boisterous, hobbledehoy of a cousin, fresh from school, and elate with animal
spirits and good nature. She knows he is stronger and more muscular than her-
self, has lots of pocket money (laughter), can smoke cigars, and ' loaf around
in public places in an ostentatious manner forbidden to the decorum of her own

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIIIN IN CANADA.

009

' even a more

situation. (Uproarious laughter.) She admires him for his bigness, strength, and
]iros|HTity. She likes to hear of his punching the heads of other boys. (Laughter.)
She anticipates and will be proud of his future success in life, and both likes him
and laughs at him for his affectionate, loyal, though somewhat patronizing friend-
ship for herself. (Great laughter.) Hut of no nearer connection does she dream,
nor does his bulky image for a moment disturb her virginal meditations. (Laugh-
ter.) In a world apart, secluded from all extraneous influences, nestling at the
feet of her majestic Mother, Canada dreams her dream, and forebodes her destiny
—a dream of ever-broadening harvests, multiplying towns and villages, and
expanding pastures, of constitutional self-government, and a confederated Knipire;
of page after page of honorable history, added as her contribution to the annals of
the Mother Country and to the glories of the Hritish race ; of a i^erpetuation for
.ill time upon this continent of that temperate and well-balanced system of Gov-
ernment, which combines in one mighty whole, as the eternal possession of all
Englishmen, the brilliant history and traditions of the past, with the freest and
most untrammelled liberty of action in the future. (Tremendous cheering.) Ladies
and gentlemen, I have now done. I have to thank you for the patience with which
you have listened to me, and once again for the many kindnesses you have done
Lidy Dufferin and myself during our stay amongst you. Most heartily do I con-
gratulate you upon all that you are doing, and upon the glorious prospect of
prosperity which is opening out on every side of you. (Applause.) Though
elsewhere in the Dominion stagnation of trade and commerce has checked for a
year or two the general advance of Canada, here at least you have escaped the
effects of such sinister incidents, for your welfare being based upon the most solid
of all foundations, the cultivation of the soil, you are in a position to pursue the
even tenor of your way untroubled by those alternations of fortune which disturb
the world of trade and manufacture. You have been blessed with an abundant
harvest, and soon I trust will a railway come to carry to those who need it the
surplus of your produce, now — as my own eyes have witnessed — imprisoned in
your storehouses for want of the means of transport. (Cheers. ) May the expand-
ing finances of the country soon place the Government in a position to gratify
your just and natural expectations." (Great cheering.)

His Excellency concluded by proposing the health of the Mayor
and Corporation of Winnipeg and the prosperity of the capital of the
Prairie Province.

The Mayor made a brief reply in acknowledgment, and then pro-
posed the health of his Honor Lieutenant Governor Morris, who
replied in the following terms : —

"Mr. Mayor, Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentle.men, — For the first
time since my experience of the community of Winnipeg I have to find fault with
them. I find myself in a position of embarrassment and difficulty. I came here
as the guest of the Mayor and Corporation of the City, which I have seen grow from
a hamlet to its present goodly proportions, the harbinger of the future that I
believe lies before it as the city of the British North West (applause) ; but I do

1^^

610

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H77

feel that it was not fair to me that I should find myself called upon in the presence
of the chief representative of the Crown, of which 1 am one of the suhorchnuc
representatives, to respond without warning to the toast that has just l)een drunk.
Until my health was proposed, I had no knowledge that you were to do me the
honor that you have so kindly done me. I make this explanation, liecause I fctl
it is due that I should thank you, not only for the courtesy and kindness extendnl
on this occasion, but for more, — for that respect, support and kindness whicii has
strengthened me for the difficulties I have had to encounter during the past five
years. (Applause.) I ask those around me to cast back their glances, to conliast
the past with the present, and to rejoice that our difficulties are past, that
peace, order and harmony dwell among, and exist lietween, the different nationali
ties that compose this our mixed community; ami that they are all animated
by an affection and loyalty deep in the hearts of our people towards liei
Gracious Majesty, and her illustrious and noble representative, whom we have iiad
the pleasure of meeting to day. (Loud applause.)

Gentlemen, it would be unbecoming in me to trespass at any length on your
time and attention, and it would be the more unbecoming that I should indulge in
desultory remarks after the elal)orate and eloquent eulogium of the Governor
General of this great Dominion, that has been passed upon your position as aii
outlying Province ; but, as I stand here, on it may be the list occasion that I shall
have the opportunity of meeting such a large number of those who have been my
fellow-citizens for five years, I cannot help saying that my residence, my position,
in this Province has been a pride and satisfaction to me. Twenty-five years ago,
when comparatively a young man, I directed my studies to the future of the North
West of this Dominion. I gleaned every source of information I could obtain,
and came to the conclusion that there was here the backbone of the future Domi-
nion. In my visions I saw the Pacific Railway stretching across the continent,
and I saw the Indian population in the Far West feeling the throb of the white
man's heart, and learning the arts of civilization ; and I saw the vast population
of ihe old world jieopling this land and making it the granary of the globe. I
believed all this, and, therefore, it was with peculiar pride that, when ill-health
drove me here as Chief Justice, renewed health enabled me to accept the position
of Lieutenant Governor of this Province and the North West Territories, in which
it had been my lot as a minister of the Crown, and as a private citizen, to take
some interest.

tientlemen, in all communities there are difficulties, in all communities dis-
agreements ; but I can say this, that I earnestly trust I leave this Province, carry-
ing with me the good-will of its people. (Great applause.) If I do not it is not
because I have not honestly and justly striven to do my duty as a servant of the
Crown. There may be, there doubtless will be, little ripples on the surface of the
water, but all that I can say is this, that, although I leave you I shall not carry
with me a remembrance of any of the difficulties that have crossed my path in the
past five years. I leave this Province as one who feels that five years of liis life
have been worked into its history, and that it is his good fortune to carry away
with him the friendship of the community ; and, whatever my lot may be in future,

[1H77

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1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

Oil

I trust it will be fouml that the occasions will Ix; suggested to me in which I may
Ix: of service to you. Hut Ik: that as it may, when I mingle with the pet)ple of
Ontario and Quebec, as I will do when occasions arise in which I can give advice,
and direct the steps of those who may wish to seek a home in this Province of the
nonunion, at all events, I am indulging in no vain boast when I say that you
have a friend who will endeavor to do what he can to advance your interests.
(Loud applause.) And now, ere I take my seat, asking your pardon for the man-
ner in which I have addressed you, and offering an apology for the desultory man-
ner in which I have spoken, I cannot help expressing the deep satisfaction* with
which I lind lx;side me to-night His Excellency and Her Kxcellency. It is an era
in the history of the Province. I know they have endeavored to master our posi-
tion, and right glad I was when I stood at St. Peter's to hear His Excellency tell
those red children of the Queen that Her Majesty had charged him to intpiire spe-
cially into their condition and into the condition of the people of the country
(ai)i)Iause) ; and glad I am that so intelligent, so faithful a servant of the Crown
has been here amongst us, who will be able to carry home to the fountain and
source of honor the knowledge of the fact that here in this Province there dwells a
community of the most mixed character that can be found in any country under
the sun, and that here, thanks to Providence, thanks to the good sc c of the com-
munity, to the spirit of conciliation and adaptation to each other which has been
developed amongst us, there is peace, harmony and concord. (Loud cheers.)

Gentlemen, I recollect that some twenty years ago, while residing in the city
of Montreal, at a dejciinfr given to a celebrated English author, a clergyman who
now holds a very prominent position in the city of London was called on to speak.
I recollect his declining. He was a Canadian like myself, though he is now in
London, and I recollect that, after I had spoken, he rose to his feet, and said :
'I had not intended to speak till I heard my friend's .nddress, and 1 find he has
Canada on the brain. Well, gentlemen, I have had Manitoba on the brain for the
last five years, and I have only to say that my thoughts and intellect have been
given, in duty to my Sovereign and to ray superior officer the Governor General, to
the interests of this Province, and I can only say that, next to my duty to my
<^»iieen, let my hereafter be short or long, will be found devotion to the interests of
Manitoba and the North West." (Applause.)

It may here be mentioned that Mr. Morris' term of office, having
expired on the 2nd December, 1877, he retired from the rule of
Manitoba, carrying with him the respect and love of all classes, all
nationalities and all creeds. He was succeeded by the Hon. Joseph
Cauchon, who is now Lieutenant Governor of the Province.

When, on the 2nd of December, 1873, Chief Justice Morris
accepted the responsible position of Lieutenant Governor, he found
it surrounded by difficulties. The Indians were uneasy. They saw
their lands were being encroached upon ; they feared that, possibly,
the ruinous policy of the United States Government might be adopted

612

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

by the Dominion, and, though they had great confidence in their
Great Mother across the ocean, they were not certain that her white
children of Canada were as good as herself. The troublfs of 1869-
70 had been settled, it is true, but the Province was yet in a transi-
tion state. The principles of Uoistitutionnl Government were with
difficulty applied to a population so mixed as was that of Manitoba,
and the sudden change from the patriarchal rule of the Assiniboine
Council to the elaborate an<^. dignified system involved by the installa-
tion of a Governor, with his responsible Ministers, and representatives
of the people assembled in Parliament, was a strain upon the intelli-
gence and self-restraint of the almost semi-civilized people who were
called upon, without previous training, 10 exercise the rights and
privileges of independent voters. The population, though quite willing
tc learn, were still as ignorant of the duties and rights of the Governor,
as they were of their own. Mr. Morris was therefore called upon
continually to correct the errors occasioned by this want of knowledge ;
and that in performing this ungracious task he avoided giving offence
to the pride of the people, and secured their love as well as their
respect, speaks highly of his tact, unfailing good temper, and adminis-
trative ability. His invaluable services in treating with the Indians
have been seen, but his great services in establishing a Constitutiunal
Government will be more felt than seen.

His social policy was similar to that adopted with so marked suc-
cess by His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, and in the young country
of the North West it was doubtless of comparatively greater inii)or-
tance. Mr. Morris was exceptionally fortunate in having a brilliant
wife and most attractive daughters. To the admirable social qualities
of these ladies, and particularly to the fascinating bearing of Mrs. .Mor-
ris, he is indebted for much of his well-deserved popularity. These
ladies were as conspicuous for their grace in the drawing-room and the
abodes of wealth, as they were for their gentleness and kindness in the
hut, and in the dwellings of the poor. Like Her Excellency the Count-
ess of Dufferin, they cultivated with an unselfish solicitude the good
wishes, and secured the gooa-will of all classes. The poor Indian was
always received with a smile, and the 'uffering Half-breed with kind-
ness. They listened with patience to the tales of distress, which were
not few, and relieved with assiduity all within their power. The\', hy
a delicate tact and genuine warmth of heart, brought together the some-
what discordant elements of their little social kingdom, and taught each

kfltMl

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

613

race and every religion that there existed at least me place — Govern-
ment House — in Manitoba where they were ali welcome, at all times,
and under all circumstances. The possession by Mrs. Morris of an
exceptionally fine person and presence went far to enhance the value
of these beautiful traits of her character in the eyes ot the chivalrous
Metis, and the poetic red man. The first saw in her handsome face and
winning smile the idol — beauty — which every man, and particularly
every man of Gaulic blood, loves to worship, and the Indian saw in the
noble bearing of the Governor's wife the counterpart of the Great Lady,
whom, in the beautiful imagery of their poetic tongue, they loved to
speak of as their " Cireat Mother " across the sea. I'he English and
Scotch Half-breeds and the foreign British whites saw in her a
descendant of parents whose firs' breath had been drawn in the healthy
air of their beautiful islands, while the Canadians delighted to boast that
she was one of themselves. When Mrs. Morris and her daughters left
the North West, all felt that a light had gone out of their lives.

His Honor Lieutenant Governor Cauchon had a partner who would,
have well filled the position which Mrs. Morris had vacated, but the
beating of the wings of the Angel of Death was heard in the air, even
at the moment of her entry into the seat of honor prepared for her at
Government House, and the brilliant lady was never permitted to
exhibit in her Western home the graces foi which she had been distin-
guished in her Eastern one. It may possibly be some consolation to
•he Lieutenant Governor to I:now that he has, in his sorrow, the warm
sympathy of all those who knew Mrs. Cauchon, either personally or by
repute.

One cannot rise from the study of the labors of those most valuable
public servants, the Lieutenani Governors of the Provinces, without a
feeling of deep regret that, after their terms of oHke have expired, they
arc relegated to private life. Just at the moment when their ripe expe-
rience has fitted them, above all other men, for the public service, —
when they have reached the highest honors in the scliool of Govern-
mental teaching, — just when their powers have received the last touch
of the skilful training of experience, — just when they are most fitted to
ad\ ise, and mould, and carry on with success the administration of the
country, just at that moment are they deprived of their positions, and,
if they desire still to give to th . Crown the benefit of their experience,
they are compelled to seek an entrance into the House of Commons,
after they have broken the ties vhich had bound the Constituents to

lii

614

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OF

[1877

them by their acceptance of office ; or they are made to depend on the
accident of a death, and the whim of a Premier, if they desire a seat in
the Senate. It is to be regretted that such men as Mr. Morris, of Mani-
toba ; Mr. Archibald, of Manitoba and Nova Scotia ; Mr. Tilley, of
New Brunswick ; Mr. Howland, of Ontario ; Mr. Trutch, of British
Columbia, should not be made ex-officio members of the Senate, until a
change in our Imperial relations may possibly find a more extenK've
field for the exceptional usefulne.ss of this class of public servants.
The highest type of a Senator is he who possesses a judicial mind.
The theory of an Upper House requires a body of highly educated,
well-informeu and independent men, free from partisanship, who will
go to the discussion of public measures unbiassed by party predilec-
tions. The general character of a Senator should be judicial, and the
nearer such a body reaches to this character the higher does it rise to
the perfect realization of the theory of the British Constitution. The
introduction of the Lieutenant Governors would greatly assist in the
development of this valuable feature of our system. A gentleman
who has for five years held the balances between striving parties must
have trained his mind to run in that judicial groove which is so much
needed in our Senate. The dignity of his position as Governor of a
Province, — the great respect shown to him personally, as well as
officially, — the great power wielded by him even under our constitu-
tional system, — the absence of temptations to show undue favor or be
party to unworthy schemes, — the well-understood weight of his utter-
ances, all combine to form the lofty, independent, and judicial temper,
which is the essence and life-blood of a properly constituted Senate.
A system which would secure for the public service men of this
elevated character, would be a boon of inestimable value to the
country.

The Vice-regal party embarked on board the steamer Minnesota
shortly after the deliver) or" His Excellency's speech on their return to
Ottawa, where they arrived on the 7th October.

This speech of His Excellency was a surprise to the people of
Canada, a wonder to the people of Britain. One characteristic of
Lord Dufferin is that his viewr are never local ; he is t,ble to see with
a statesman's vision not only the actual but the probable, and the pos-
sible ; he stretches forth his arms and they embrace a continent ; liis
eloquent tongue describes, not a small Province, but a collection of
immense territories, cheered with ail the prospects of wealtii and

*■"■»!■

1S77]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

615

happiness. He sees with his eyes the budding of the young Dom-
inion, but he paints with almost the warmth and beauty of inspiration
the i)robable future of a countiy destined to be one of the most
powerful in the world. Until he took Canada by the hand, and led
her to the top of the mountains of British Columbia, and bade her
open her eyes upon one of the richest portions of the globe, she had no
conception of the extent or the resources of that splendid Province.
The view astonished her, and his description made the world listen
with surprise at the most wonderful tale. After he had led her
over a highway of water fit to float great ships from the Atlantic
to the head of Lake Superior, a distance of nearly two thousand
miles, and bade her view the setting sun sinking behind the crests
of the Rocky Moimtains, a thousand miles away, or descending
into the valleys of British Columbia, she required his vivid im-
agination to convey to her mind the illimitable vastness of her
domains, for figures were too feeble, and measurements too weak to
grasp the immensity of their extent. Providence had for a good pur-
pose hidden from the world the treasures of the West, until the com-
paratively sterile regions of the East were filled with a fixed popula-
tion — for the emigrant from Europe would have passed the East with
contempt had he known of the splendid home awaiting him on the
western side of the continent. The brilliant languai' of Lord
Dufferin will seem overstrained until a careful examination pixv cs that
the rich poetry of his in. gination falls short of the reality. Even he
could not have painted an exaggerated picture of a country whicli,
after relieving 325,000 square miles of land, unsurpassed for i)roduc-
tiveness, from Indian control, has many hundred thousands of square
miles yet to be brought into the fold of civilization. A people little
known, and less cared for in their own country are welcomed to Canada,
are guaranteed freedom from military duty, and are given 600,000 acres
of choice land, and their reserves which are but specks on the great
map of the Dominion. Another people, driven from their icy homes
by want of food, to whom a tree or a plough, or a road was a curio-
sity, find an " elysium " in the 273,000 acres of land teeming with
productiveness, which a wise and liberal Government carves out of
its great possessions, and the excision is hardly perceptible. Lord
Dufforin's map of the great water stretches of the North W^'st was as
instructive to the Canadian, accustomed to float on the bosom of the
mighty St. Lawrence as it was perplexing to the Englishman whose

616

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1877

idea of a great river is formed by the contemplation of the Thames
which washes the walls of his Houses of Parliament, or the European
whose imagination can picture nothing grander than the placid waters
of the gentle Rhine. One of the most valuable effects of this addition
to Lord Dufferin's descriptive speeches, was the elevation of Canada
in the eyes of Canadians. They had been so long accustomed to hear
the United States eulogized, and their own country depreciated by the
writers, orators and politicians across the line, that constant repetition
had at last brought them almost to believe the statements. But
Lord Dufferin knew more of Canada than the Canadians. His
tour through the Eastern and Maritime Provinces in 1873, through
Western Ontario in 1874, through British Columbia in 1876, and
through Manitoba and the North West in 1877, had given him
a knowledge of the Dominion unequalled by that of any one of
its citizens. This knowledge he, with an unswerving loyalty to
the noble country he was so wisely governing, disseminated on all
proper occasions. He never missed an opportuni*/ of bringing
Canada to the front, of lifting her up to the gaze of the nations, for he
sincerely felt that she was comely in person, and worthy of all admira-
tion. His words fell forcibly on the ear of the world, and where they
fell they made a deep impression. He spoke with knov/ledge and
truth, and Canada listened with astonishment and rapt attention,
but yet with unfailing confidence. She was first surprised, then
delighted ; surprised to find herself in possession of so glorious a
country, delighted in the possession of such a master-hand to paint
its beauties. A noble pride took the place of the humble content-
ment which had distinguished Canadians, and they quickly dis-
covered that, placed by the side of the great people south of them,
self-assertion was not only a necessity but a virtue. In the eyes of
foreigners Lord Dufferin's utterances at Winnipeg were of infinite im-
portance. His kindly recognition of and his words of warm welcome
to the Mennonites to a land where British freedom would be found in its
utmost purity, were wafted through thousands of German and Russian
cottages, his tender kindness to the suffering Icelanders, and his cheer-
ful embrace, drawing them to a country where life could be enjoyed
without drudgery, where plenty and peace were the rule, and want
and strife the exception, were soon sounded throughout me length and
breadth of Europe. His frank and thoughtful recognition of the loyalty
and services of the French Half-breeds went deep into the hearts of

1877]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

617

thoLisands of Frenchmen who, though they find much happiness in the
contemplation of the glories of the Empire, are still, as they have always
proved to be, steadfastly loyal to the British Crown. The Anglo-Saxon
and the Celt though separated from him by thousands of miles of ocean,
yet heard his thrilling worc:> ^ven in the distant islands of Great Britain
and gloried in the knowledge that another of Britain's great sons was
building up a Dominion in the west, worthy of the greatest empire the
world had yet been permitted to see. To the thoughtful public men
of England this speech contained lessons of great value. If there
remained in the Mother Country any leaven of the feeling which largely
existed there when Lord Dufiferin took up the rule of Canada in 1872,
these utterances must have destroyed it. An Imperial policy which
could look with coldness on the affection of the people of Canada, or
with indifference upon the richness of its productions, the vastness of its
capabilities, the extent of its resources, or on the greatness of its power
to contribute to the splendor of the Empire, can scarcely be imagined,
and yet that such a policy found not a few supporters in 1872 cannot
be denied; That any now exist it is hard to conceive, and if this
great change in English public opinion has been effected, the change
may greatly be ascribed to Lord Dufferin.

'1 the American people the speech was full of instruction. If the
hope of annexation still found place in their hearts, the independence
of ^!ie Canadians, as interpreted by the lofty language of Lord
Dufferin, crushed it out forever. A people possessing an area of country
equal, or very nearly so, to the whole United States ; a country whose
mineral wealth is unlimited and inexhaustible, whose rich lands,
numbered not by thousands of acres but by hundreds of thousands of
square miles, are inviting the millions of Europe to come and occupy,
and live and thrive ; whose constitution is the best yet kn -n ; whose
laws are admirauie, — a country which luxuriates in the freedom of Great
Britain, and lies safe under the protection of her Imperial strength ; the
administration of whose Government is more democratic than that of
the United States itself, and as well shielded from the evils of demo-
cratic institutions as monarchical Britain herself, — a country whose
revenues are large, whose debt is small, whose taxes are small, where
indigent poverty and absolute want are scarcely known, — a country
which, when pitted against the nations in the friendly contest of inter-
national exhibition, finds itself unsurpassed by any in its productions :
such a country, whose love of its Gracious Queen is a passion and

618

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

[i8n

whose loyalty a proverb, sees no charms in the American wooer, and
desires no closer relationship than that of a friendly cousinshjp,
Canada is beginning to see her strength and understand her influence,
and feels confident that the Imperial policy will protect her youth until
she desires, if she ever does, which is very questionable, to leave the
paternal roof and seek her own fortunes. At present she has no desire
to sink herself to the level of one of the United States of the American
Union. Lord Dufferin has taken frequent occasion to impress this fact
on the American people, and when he spoke of them in the jocular
strain he did at Winnipeg, he, under cover of a graceful jJeasantry, gave
expression to a grand and most important truth, — an expression for
which every Canadian thanks him, and over which every American
will do well to ponder.

CHAPTER X.

Fishery question — Commission and award — Hon. Mr. Richards and Hon. Mr.
Dorion knighted — Canada at the Exhibition at Sydney, New South Wales — •
Dinner to Hon. John Young, the Canadian Commissioner — His report — Com-
parison between the Canadian and American routes from England to the Pacific
—Visit of His Excellency to Washington and New York — Dinner given by the
American Geographical Society in New York — Speech of His Excellency —
Political movements during recess — Opening of Parliament, 7th February, 1878
— Speech from the Throne — Visit of their Excellencies to Montreal, i Ith Febru-
ary — Mackay Institute — Ball at Windsor hotel — Visit to McGill University —
Degree conferred on His Excellency — His Greek speech — Speech of Dr.
Dawson — Speech of Chief Justice Moss — Dinner at Windsor hotel — His Ex-
cellency's speech on proposing the health of the President of the United States
— Mis speech in reply to the toast, " The Gc vernoi- General of Canada " —
Return to Ottawa — Proceedings in Parliament — Sir John Macdonald's resolu-
tion on the necessity of adopting a National Policy — Other resolutions on
tile subject of Free Trade and Protection — All defeated — The " Quebec
Crisis" — Dismissal of the De Boucherville ministry by the Lieutenant Gover-
nor, Mons. Letellier de St. Just — Resolution of Sir John Macdonald respect-
ing Mr.*! Todd's views on Constitutional Government — Mr. Mackenzie's
exjilanations respecting the Pacific Railway — Mr. Fleming's report — Mr.
Marcus Smith's report — Defeat of the British Columbia ministry — Pointed
language of the Lieutenant Governor on the Pacific Railway difficulty — Fare-
well ball at Ottawa, 27th February, 1878 — ^Joint farewell address of the Senate
and Commons to His Excellency — His reply — Its illumination — Children's
bazaar — Her Excellency's charity — Miss Patrick and Miss Macpherson — Visit
of His Excellency to the Exhibition in Toronto of the Ontario Society of Arts —
Address of Mr. Howland — His Excellency's reply — Visit to Montreal on the
Queen's Birthday — His Excellency's address to the American Volunteers —
Dinner given by the officers of the Montreal Brigade at the Windsor hotel —
His Excellency's speech — Farewell address by the citizens of Ottawa to their
Excellencies— His Excellency's reply — Final departure from Ottawa.

The relations existing between Great Britain and the United States
had, up to 187 1, for a number of years, on some few points, been
unsatisfactory. The right of American subjects to fish on the coasts of
Xewfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the other British
possessions of that region, had long been a subject of controversy.

Jm '^

620

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OF

[1878

The depredations of the Alabama during the American rebellion,
the claims of Canada on the United States Government incident to
the Fenian raids, with other matters, had kept up an unjjleasant
feeling which had found its culminating expression in the strong lan-
guage used by President Grant in his message of 1870. Referring to
the fishery dispute he said : —

" The course pursued by the Canadian authorities towards the fishermen of the
United States during the past season, has not been marked by a friendly feel-
ing." Me also stated : " It has been the custom for many years to give intending
fishermen of the United States a reasonable warning of their violation of the
technical rights of Great Britain," and he added : " The Imperial Government is
understood to have delegated the whole, or a share of its jurisdiction or control of
its inshore fisheries to the Colonial authority, known as the Dominion of Canada,
and that this semi-independent, but irresponsible agent has exercised its delegated
powers in an unfriendly way ; vessels have been seized without notice or warning,
in violation of the custom previously prevailing, and have been taken into tiie
Colonial ports — their voyages broken up, and the vessels condemned." He
proceeds to say that "there is reason to believe, that this unfriendly and vexatious
treatment was designed to bear harshly upon the hardy fishermen of the United
States, with a view to political effect upon this Government."

And he intimates that should the authorities of Canada attempt to
enforce a certain Act of the Dominion, passed to prevent the
Americans from hovering within three miles of the coast, it would
become his duty to take such steps as might be necessary to protect
the rights of the citizens of the United States.

It would be out of place here to shew the inaccuracy of these
statements, and they are inserted merely for the purpose of exhibiting
the tone of feeling which pervaded the American mind, so far as the
declaration of its highest official interpreter may be considered as
faithful exponents.

The British Government wisely determined to settle, if possible,
forever, all the matters in dispute between the two countries, and it
was after much negotiation agreed to refer them to a body of arbitra-
tion subsequently known as the Joint High Commission. The Com-
missioners appointed by Great Britain were Earl de Grey and Ripon ;
Sir Stafford Henry Northcote ; Sir Edward Thornton ; Sir John A. Mac-
donald; and Montague Bernard, Chichele Professor of International
Law in the University of Oxford. The American Commissioners were
the Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State ; the Hon. Robert C.
Schenck, Minister to London ; the Hon. Samuel Nelson, one of the

[1878

rebellion,
icident to
unpleasant
strong lan-
.eferriiig to

ermen of the
"riendly feel-
ive intending
Itition of tiie
rovernnient is
or control of
n of Canada,
its delegated
e or warning,
iken into the
;mned." He
and vexatious
of the United

a attempt to
prevent the
St, it would
to protect

[cy of these
if exhibiting
lo far as the
Insidered as

I if possible,
[tries, and it
of arbitra-
The Com-

thn A. Mac-
Iternational
loners were
1 Robert C
lone of the

187H]

THE EA.RL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

021

Judges of the Stipreme Court; the Hon. Kbcnezer R. Hoar of
Massachusetts; and the Hon. George H. Williams of Oregon.

Un the Qth February, 187 1, full instructions were given by Earl
Granville, then Secretary of State, to the British Commissioners. The
subjects to be discussed were settled upon by the two Governments,
as : ■

" The questions which have lately arisen relative to the Canadian Fisheries, and
any others which affect the relations of the United States towards Her Majesty's
possessions in North America, the so-called "Alabama" claims, and any other
claims of British subjects or citizens of the United States arising out of acts com-
mitted during the late civil war in this country."

bi the instructions from Earl Granville it was intended that the
principal subjects of discussion and settlement would probably be :

"I. The Fisheries. 2. The free navigation of the River St. Lawrence; and
privilege of passage through the Canadian Canals. 3. Th' transit of goods
through Maine, and lumber trade down the River St. John. 4, The Manitoba
boundary. 5 The claims on account of the " Alabama," " Shenandoah " and cer-
tain other cruisers of the so-styled Confederate States. 6. The San Juan water
boundary. 7. The claims of British subjects arising out of the Civil War. 8.
Th aims of the people of Canada on account of the Fenian raids. 9. The revision
of t. .ules of Marine Neutrality."

The Commissioners met in Washington on the 27th February, 1871.
The result of their labors is known as "The Treaty of Washington,"
and was signed on the 8th May, 187 1. Article XVI H gave the
Americans the liberty to fish for twelve years in the British grounds,
and by Article XIX the British were permitted to fish in American
waters north of 39" of north latitude ; but, as the Canadian were alleged
to be far more valuable than the American rights — an allegation not
admitted by the United States Government — it was agreed by Article
XXII that the difference, if any, should be ascertained by a commis-
sion, to be appointed in a manner pointed out.

From various causes this commission was not organized until the
early part of 1877, when it met in Halifax. The Commissioners were
Sir Alexander Gait, representing the Imperial Government ; the Hon.
Judge Kellogg, representing the Government of the United States ;
and Monsieur Maurice Delfosse, Belgian Minister to Washington,
appointed by the two Governments conjointly.

On the 23rd November, an award was made in favor of Great
Britain for $5,500,000. It was signed by Mr. Gait and Mr. Delfosse,
but the American representative, Mr. Kellogg, declined to be a party
to it, and protested against it.

622

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Canada sought a much larger sum, but she had based her claims
on the value to the Americans of the right to buy bait and ice, and to
tranship their catches in the Dominion ports. The Commissioners
decided that these matters were not included in the submission, and
they were accordingly thrown out of consideration. The award
represents the value of the fisheries to the Americans for twelve years,
six of which have elapsed, beyond the value to the Canadians of the
American fisheries. It gave great dissatisfaction to the American
people. It was vehemently attacked both in and out of the Senate
and House of Representatives, and not a few influential men of the
Republic so far forgot what was due to a great state and to their own
characters as plainly to advocate repudiation. England paid the
Geneva award of $15,500,000 without a murmur, though its extrava-
gance has been fully proven by the fact that, at this moment, aljoiit
$8,000,000 of it lie unappropriated for want of proper claimants. It
was, however, finally resolved that the money should be offered to
England, accompanied with a statement of the American objections,
and with a declaration that if, after considering these objections, she
felt at liberty to take the amount, it would be paid her. This ungra-
cious proposition is one which no high-minded man would for a
moment think of making to a creditor, whose claims had been ascer-
tained by a tribunal mutually agreed upon, and upon whose honesty
or ability no suspicion had been cast. Judging from this stand-
point it seems almost impossible for the American Government to rise
to the dignity of noble ideas, or to the practice of high-minded men.

In 1877, Her Majesty was pleased to confer the title and dignity
of Knighthood on Chief Justice Richards of the Supreme Court, and
on Chief Justice Dorion of the Court of Queen's Bench, Quebec,
These appointments received the warm approbation of the Bar and
people of the Dominion. Sir William Richards is known better as
a Judge than as a Statesman, for his early elevation to the bench
deprived him of the opportunity of making himself very conspicuous
in the political world. For his great reputation as a judge he is
indebted chiefly to a massive understanding, unswerving integrity , and
placidity of temper. Unlike several distinguished men who have
ornamented the Judicial Bench of Canada, his mind is pre-eminently
broad ; contemning niceties, he adjudicates upon the broadest prin-
ciples, and is therefore the beau ideal of what a judge of the highest
Court of Appeal should be. He always led the Court in which he

IS".-*]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IX CANADA.

G23

sat, and now that he occupies the highest judicial position in the
Dominion, the pecuHar and great qualities which secured for him the
respect and admiration of the public in the Court below, shine with
increased splendor upon him when dealing with the great and impor-
tant (luestions which occupy the attention of the Supreme Court.
The elevation of Mr. Dorion was also popular, and though his early
connection with Politics exposed him to criticism, yet his amiability of
temper, and his moderation caused the expression of Her Majesty's
favor to be received with satisfaction.

At the close of the American Centennial Exhibition at Philadel-
phia, in November, 1876, a desire was expressed by the Commissioners
from Australia, that a part of the Canadian exhibits should be sent to
the K.vhibition to be held at Sydney on the loth April, 1877. 'J'his
desire of the Australian Commissioners was concurred in by the
manufacturers and owners of the Canadian exhibits, who, having
brought the subject under the consideration of the Dominion Govern-
ment, an offer was made by the Government to pay freight to Sydney
on all or any articles which the manufacturers or others might choose
to send to the Sydney Exhibition.

The Government of Canada embraced the opportunity thus
presented of ascertaining whether commercial relations between the
Australian Colonies and Canada could not be extended; and the
Hon. John Young of Montreal was chosen for this duty, by an order
of a Committee of the Privy Council of the 19th December, 1876.

In accordance with representations made to the Government dur-
ing the Philadelphia Exhibition, an advertisement and circular were
issued by the Department of Agriculture on nth October, 1876, in
which circular an offer was made to pay the freight from Montreal
and New York respectively of such samples of Canadian products
and manufactures as might be considered suitable for the Australian
markets. Under this order, 1343^ cubic tons of freight, chiclly from
the Province of Ontario and District of Montreal, left by the Ocean
Gem from Montreal, on 5th November ; and 341 cubic tons from
the Province of Ontario and the Exhibition at Philadeli)hia, left
New York by the Escort, on 23rd December, for Australia. Two or
three cases of exhibits, which it was found impossible to put on
the Escort, were sent forward by the ship Boynton, but arrived
too late for the Exhibition. T'he exhibits shipped at New \'ork
and Montreal consisted of lumber, doors, window-sashes, carriages,

I" jW%Wj>

624

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

buggies, waggons, t-dge tools of all kinds, musical instrumints,
agricultural implements, slates, and various other goods.

A principal object of the Canadian participation in the Kxhihition
was to ascertain, by the practical fact of the sale of the exhibits sent,
the possibility of finding a profitable market in the Australian Pro-
vinces for their products and manufactures. Mr. Young was, there-
fore, charged with the duty of ascertaining this fact. He was also
desired to furnish a careful report of the prices and charges, and all
other such practical information with respect to the class of articles
sold as might be necessary for carrymg on trade with Australia. He
was further directed to obtain trade statistics of all the Australian
Colonies, and report on their bearings on possible trade with Canada.

Mr. Young discharged his duties with exceptional ability, and his
rejoort should be in the hands of every manufacturer of the Dominion.
He made a tour among the Islands, met and addressed a number of
boards of trade, supplied valuable information to the public journals,
held public meetings, where he gave full and accurate accounts of the
industries of Canada, and, by his high personal reputation and great
knowledge of the subject, produced an important effect in favor of
the Dominion. He visited New Zealand, and he secured the appoint-
ment of commissioners from that Colony, as well as from Tasmania.
Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia, to
attend the Exhibition at Sydney, and examine and report on the
Canadian exhibits to their different Government.>. By this mode he
secured for Canada a great benefit by the full examination of her pro-
ducts by official representatives from the whole group of the Southern
Colonies.

The success of Canada in the Exhibition at Sydney was very great,
and the result fully justified the enterprise of the exhibitors and the
Government of the Dominion in having her fairly represented. On
the 29th May, 1877, ^ complimentary dinner was given at the Sydney
Exchange to Mr. Young. There was a very large attendance, about
one hundred gentlemen having sat down to the banquet.

Sir James Martin, C.J., occupied the chair ; the Hon. Alexander
Campbell, M.L.C., and Mr. T. S. Mort occupied the vice-chairs.
Among the guests were the Hon. John Young, who sat on the right
hand of the chairman ; Sir Alfred Stephen, C.B., K.C.M.G., Lieutenant
Governor; Hon. John Hay, President of the Legislative Council;
Hon. Saul Samuel, (Postmaster General) ; J. Docker, M.L.C. ; ]■ Ro-

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

625

J Exhibition
ixhibits sent,
stralian I'ro-
g was, there-
He was also
irges, and all
Lss of articles
vistralia. He
he Australian
with (.:anada.
biUty, ami his
the Dominion.
i a number of
tublic journals.
iccounts of the
ition and great
ect in favor of
ed the ain'oin^'
"rom Tasmania,
1 Australia, to
rei)ort on the
Jy this mode he
ion of her pro-
of the Southern

was very great.
ibitors and the
iresented. On
a at the Sydney
tendance, about

let.

Ion. Alexander

the vice-chairs.

sat on the right

..G., Lieutenant

ilative Council;

M.L.C. ; J- Ro-

bertson. M.L.A ; T. Holt, M.L.C. ; S. D. Gordon, M.L.C. ; W. C.
Wintleyer, Attorney General; G. A. T,l iyd, Minister for Mines;
K. 15. Suttor, Minister for Justice ; — Chisholm, M.I..C. ; Messrs. A.
Stuart, M.L.A. ; H. C. Dangar, M.L.A. ; W. H. Suttor, M.L.A.;
H. I'rice, A. Morris, W. Wallis, P. M. Trcl/Lck, S. A. Joseph, T.
Roi)ertson, W. A. Broadribb, Captain Eldred, Captain Smith, Messrs.
j. Joiibert, I). Dixon, J. Fleming, W. Bradley, J. Alger, and other
gentlemen.

Excuses for non-attendance from unavoidable causes were re-
ceived from Mr. J. H. Williams, American Consul ; Mr. E. W. Lamb,
Commissioner for Queensland; Hon. J. White, M.L.C; Hon. J.
HiASkins, Minister for Lands; Mr. G. R. Dibbs, M.L.A.; Mr. J. J.
Calvart, Mr. E. L. Montefiore, Dr. M'Laurin, and Dr. Cox.

Tiie Chairman, who, in proposing the toast of " The Hon. John
Vuiing and the Dominion of Canada," was received with prolonged
cheering, said :

" There was no event, however important, that did not recjuire a nund)er of
circumstances to bring it about, and generally speaking it was exceedingly flifti-
ciilt tu ji'ck out the exact cause most important in creating an event. They had
all 1. .1 jf a general who lost a country because his iio -se lost a nail from its shoe ;
the iKiil was lost, the shoe came off, the horse became lame and threw the general,
and thus all was lost. The logic, perhaps, was not very good, because the coun-
try init^lu have been lost from a variety of causes. But, on the present jiarticular
occasion, whatever might have lieen the causes leading to their gathering, there
wasime prominent, and it was that from the 4th of July, 1776, a number of persons,
year by year, declare their independence ; to that declaration, perhaps as much as
anytiiing else, they owed their jiresent gathering. Year by year that people had
celebrated their great occasion, and for more than half a century at their gatherings
it was the custom of orators to indulge in expressions in no wise favorable to the
Mother Country ; while strong language was used towards Cleorge the III. and his
Ministers and to the British people. It was somewhat singular, however, that the
Inindredlh anniversary of the independence of the American people should be cele-
brated by a gathering at which the most numerous, most important, and most
enthusiastic strangers were Ministers and people of the British Empire. (Cheers.)
The people of the Mother Country and the people of the Colonies attended at the
invitation of no less a person than a Minister of the Crown, while the official at
tiie head of the British section on that occasion was no less a person than Her
Majesty's .Minister at Washington. Under these auspices and circumstances did
the jjMeat gathering take place, and, but for the great Declaration, they should not be
now entertaining the Hon. John Young, the Commissioner of Canada. It was on the
occasion of that great gathering that they heard of Canada, and became personally
acquainted with her for the first time. The acquaintance was made under very
favorable circumstances, and he might say that, on that occasion, almost all the

G26

HISTORV OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

animosity which originated more than a century ago between the old thirteen
Colonies and the Mother Country had disappeared. Those Colonies of three
millions of people had become forty millions ; in every work of art they showed
they were wortliy descend ' ts of the pcop'.e from which they sprung, and their
inventions were at least equal to those of the Old Country. Tiieir enterprise, their
wealth, their industry, and abdity to develop resources of all kinds, he would
not say had not been ecjualled but he would say had seldom been surpassed,
They now had an opportunity ot witnessing the marvellous advances the American
people had made in the course of a century. They were, however, on the
present occasion not called upon to laud the people of the United States, for
they did not require it, but to do as much honor as they could to the greater
of the British Colonies in the person of its representative, who had iionored
them with his presence that evening. Tiiey were called upon to recognize the favor
extended to them by that great Lolony in sendim; a representatl'. j such a long dis-
tance to their small Exhibition. It was little mi i e then a century since the ce sion
of (jueliec to the British arms. From that time it had been a British Colony. .\o
doubt there was a time when the Canadians — he meani the Lower (_anadian»
— were not so strong as they ought to be, or as diey were at present ; but, taken
on the whole as a British Colony, there had been no more loyal portion of the
empire, and there had been none more energetic. No doubt, the Canadians had
colonized under very favorable cncumstances. 'I'Ikj had a system of water-carriage
unequalled beyond anything in the world ; in i o place in the world but Canada
could ocean vessels go for two thousand miles into its interior. They had lakes
like seas, but, not content with those very ^^eot advantages, the>' had made them
still greater by works of the most gigantic magnitude, and I'li year-, they have had
the Canals to take vessels throughout the rivers. \ essels of th ee thousand or four
thousand tons would before long be able to go from the sea into tlie centre of (. anada
without landing any portion of their cargo. They had also constructed the greatest
railway bridge in the world, and he believed he was justified in sa\ing that that great
work — he meant the Victoria bridge — was devised by the Hon. gentleman who sat on
his right. (Cheers.) He was not perhaps the engineer, but he projected the work,
and in works of that kind the projector was as important as the man who carried
them out. Canadians, however, were not celc-brated alone for their great jjubiic
works ; they were celebrated otherwise ; they had shown that in courage and pluck
they had been worthy .-^cions uf the old stock. (Hear, hear.) Althougii their
population did not yet number ibur million peojde, some eight or ten years ago
they organized, although perhaps iniperfectl;', a volunteer force of 650,000 per-
sons, and m a more compact form a militia force of 50,000 or 60,000 men ; so tiint
when there was danger to the British Empire being brought into collision witii the
neighbors of Canada, they were prepared to take their chance with the icjI of the
Empire, and throw in their lot with it. (Cheers.) There was a good deal of talk
at the time that it would be a wise thing to sei3arate, and so not be drawn into the
wars of the Mother Country ; biit in the most manly manner they declined t" tnke
that course, and, although confronted with a nation ten times their nuinlier, they
were prepared to stand by the old banner and take the conse(iuenccs. (Lo'id
cheers.) Aluch of the indomitable spirit they displayed was due to the race from

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

627

which they sprung— the hardy northern people who had colonized that part of the
world— the hardy Scottish race. (Hear, hear.) They had showed their ability to
endure the roughness of climate there, and, with their jDerseverance and pluck, and
he might say doggedness, which made them remarkable, made Canada what it
was. Ihey had a grand physique, and endured the winter that lasted five months,
and surpassed in coldness anything an Australian could conceive, and they had the
Indians in the early days ; but they had a good soil, and in the summer season a
fertile one, and with all these advantages and disadvantages made the Canadian
Colony one of the most prosperous places in the world. It was surely a pleasure
nnd an advantage to be brought in contact with a representative of a Colony like
that. Life in Australia had been too easy ; it had no difficulties of climate to con-
tend with nor any hostile nations ; everything was quite easy, and opportunities
had not arisen to evoke that spirit which, perhaps, they possessed, to bring them
to the front. Canada was a dominion ; that was another firm for a confederation,
he was not going to address them as to whether confederation was good or not.
The confederation of Canada, however, was to gUiin' against external enemies, and
from the very earliest history such confederations were allowed to exist. The value
of the confederation of the Dominion arose from it being locked side by side with
the United States of America, and having three thousand miles of border line along
which there were interests at conflict — interests arising from tariffs, jealousies, and
heart burnings. One danger that threatened the union of the different portions of
the empire into one body was the injury some of its parts might sustain from trea-
ties made at home without due regard to its interests. The Canadians had seen that
another loyalty had been triet u/ the unwise action of statesmen in the Mother
Country. Tlie same thing had occurred with regard to the influx of Chinese in
yiieensland. Because a treaty was made by which a few curious Englishmen
might travel through China, the Chinese thougnt themselves justified in pouring
j into an English Colony in thousands, and going where they liked. The question
«as of national importance, and he might, he thought, be pardoned for bringing it
fur.vard, for Queensland had tried to stQp the influx of Chinese, but was told that
i n' do so would be contrary to treaty. Those were the things that would test the
loyalty of the Colonies, and would unite the Colonies, if not bring about estrange-
ment with the Mother Country Every community had a right to protect itself
against invasion of any kind, Chinese or any other, and they also had a
tight tu |)i,iiect themselves from people who came to them without arms. The
Canadians were fortunate in having a Covernor who was one of the leading stntes-
men of the Kmpire, of great political power, and large experience, and he was the
pjrt of man to be ^ent where there was responsible ^'overnment, and not a man
hhohad i)L'en a f-ltrk and shifted from one small independence to another, until he
I kail attaint I the high position of a governor. New South Wales was a nioml)er
jo[i federation that comprised in the British Empire a quarter of the whole habit-
hUe globe ; go where a person mighc he could not get out of it ; the thin red line so
hell known in the Crimea was nearly everywhere to be seen, except perhaps in
jSouth America. The old Roman Empire was nothing to it, and wiiat federation
has equal to it. I'hey should do nothing to disunite themselves from the British
1 Empire. If there was a confederation he hoped it would include the American and

628

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1818

all Anglo-Saxon people. A gentlemen once told him that at a dinner given
by President Grant, at Washington, when there was a good deal of talk about
inviting Queen Victoria to America, it was said that if Her Majesty went she would
be regarded as the head of the Anglo-Saxon race, and the President as nobodv.
The day would come when the Anglo-Saxon race would be very closely united ;
already the great names of England and America in literature and art belonged
to both, the great men of both countries were in measure looked upon as the pro-
perty of each, and he hoped the feeling would increase, and that a gathering,' like
the present one would foster it. He hoped they would appreciate the glories of
the great Empire, and, if need be, shed their last drop ot blood to maintain its old
renown." (Cheers.)

The Hon. John Young said, in reply : —

" I thank >ou, Mr. Chairman, for all the kind words you have said regarding
myself; but I thank you still n.ore for your eloquent remarks in reference
to Canada, and to all of the gentlemen present who gave your toast so warm
a reception. As most of you are aware, my mission to Australia from ik
Government of Canada, was not only to be its representative at your Exhibition of
your industry, but to ascertain and report whether, in my opinion, trade relations
between the two countries could be increased aid promoted. Canada has now a
population of fou. and a-half millions. Their industries are various, but tlitir
nearest neighbor is the United States, who, by a miserable policy of protection,
shut out the products and manufactures of Canada from their markets. Umier
these circumstances Canada has to find a market for her surplus manufactiires. .At
the Exhibition in Philadelphia lasc year Canada was an exhibitor. New South
Wales and other Australian Colonies were also exhibitors, and from the good show
Canada made your commissioners there, and principally through my friend anl
your energetic citizen, Mr, Morris (cheers), Canada was asked tliruiigh litr
Government to send part of her exhibits here. This the Government of Can.ida
assented to, and I was chosen to be Canada's representative, not only at the Kx-
hibition, but to visit all the Australian Colonies, and to report whether, in my
opinion, as an old merchant, trade can be increased between Canada and Australia,
After visiting New Zealand, Tasmania, (Queensland, Victoria, and Now Soutli
Wale:. ^ have come to the conclusion that our trade relations can he increa.«l.
(Ap'"'laus' .) lam well aware that in this and all other markets, Canada has a
jjowerful competitor in her brother colonist Jonathan, — I mean the United .State^.
Jonathan, as you are aware, is England's eldest boy. She settled him in j
America, and I think the mother ought to be proud of such a son. (Chetrs.)
I believe, from my knowledge of the Americans, they are equally proud of their
mother, and if the old Mother Country was ever getting into trouble, it would be j
found that blood wiis thicker than water. (Cheers.) It is true that Jonathan j
quarreled with his mother, but I believe that there are few who will not now.adiiutl
that in the c^uarrel Jonathan was right, and that the world has been benetitcdbyl
his defence of the principle that there must not be taxation without rejiroeniation.
(Applause.) In Canada Jean Baptiste and the Blue Noses of the Maritime rwl
vinces hold on to mother England, and the great problem has yet lu be solved,!

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

629

the Maritime 1

which government is best calculated to advance the interests of the people. I hold
that uivlor our and your system we have a more democratic form of government
under responsible government, and one more subject to the will of the people.
(Applause.) Time will decide this. But Jonathan in trade with Canada and the
outer world has pursued, and is now acting, on the principle of protection to home
imlustiy. Canada had a reciprocity treaty with Jonathan in all natural products.
This treaty expired by limitation, but, while Canada continued and now admits the
products of the United States duty free, Jonathan charges twenty per cent, duty on
Canadian products, and in some instances much more. We in Can.ida are, there-
fore, compelled to find other markets for our industry — hence my appearance
amoni,' you. (Applause.) We ask for no special protection — we believe we can
furnish as good and as cheap an article as Jonathan can give you ; and of this you
must he the judge. In numbers Canada is far inferior to the United .States ; but,
as we have no duty on raw materials entering into our manufactures, and as we
think ourselves in Canada equal in every respect to the Americans, I have no
doubt tliat ihe northern people of that Continent will ultimately prove superior to
their southern brethren. (Applause.) I am glad, Mr. Chairman, of this public
opportunity to thank the members of the Agricultural Association of New South
Wales for their kindness to myself and to my assistants during the Exhibition.
From experience in such matters, I know what a difficult task it is to carry out
such an enterprise ; £*nd I feel it a pleasure here to-night to bear testimony, from
almost a residence in the Exhibition building for some days, to the admirable
exertions of the .Secretary of the AssociaMon, Mr. Joubert, and of Mr. Wallis, their
Chairman. \lr. Joubert may have been found fault with by some, but, from what
1 saw, the wonder to me is how he did so much. (Cheers.) I am glad also of
this public opportunity of thanking the citizens of Sydney for their open-hearted,
kind hosjiitality — and, indeed, wherever I have been in New South Wales and the
other Colonies. I shall not fail to make this known to the people of Canada
lhrouj,'ii th.e (lovernment ; and when Canada has an exhibition of her industry, I
know you, and all the Australasian Colonies will be asked to join ; and when you
come you may rely that all your kindness to me, as their representative, will be
returned with compound interest. (Applause.) The late lamented Prince Albert
ilid a <,'Rai work when he inaugurated the Industrial Exhiljition of 185 1 ; and I
think Xfw South Wales, in asking Canada to be present here at your Exhibition,
has done a work which will prove advantageous to both countries. (Applause.)
1 again beg to thank you, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, for your attention and
kindness." (Continued applause.)

Mr. \'oung refers in his excellent and exhaustive report to our Paci-
fic Railway. He took with liim a number of Mr. Fleming's report
of his survey and map of the railway, passing for its whole length
tliioiigh Canadian territory as the siiortest and best route, from Eng-
land and Europe, to Japan, China, and the Australian Colonies, which
excited great interest, and much surprise was expressed at the facts
disclo.ed by these papers. As there are thousands of people in
Canada as ignorant of the superior claims of the route through their

630 HISTORY OF THE ADME-ISTRATION OF [ig;^

own country as the people of Australia were, a comparison between
Canadian and American routes from England to the Pacific is
appended.*

Miles.

Steam. Railu<,n\

* In Summer Mouths. — From Moville to Rimouski 2,300

" Rimouski to Montreal 300

•' Montreal to Ottawa no

'• Ottawa to Bute Inlet 2,774

" Bute Inlet to Sydney 6,800

9,100 3,184

In Winter Months. — From Moville to Halifax 2,240

" Halifax to Montreal 840

* ' Montreal to Ottawa no

" Ottawa to Bute Inlet 2,774

** Bute Inlet to Sydney 6,800

8,040 3,724

Via New York, — From Queenstown to New York 2, 773

•• New York to Chicago 910

*' Chicago to San F'rancisco 2,410

" San Francisco to Sydney 6,650

9,423 3,320

Canadian route in Summei: — 9, 100 miles by Steamer, at Hours.

13 miles per hour 700

3, 184 miles by rail, at 25

miles per hour 128

828

Canadian route in Winter. — 9,040 miles b}' steam, 13 miles per hour. 696

3,724 miles by rail, 25 miles per hour ... 149

845

Via Ne%v York. — 9,423 miles by steam at 13 miles per hour 725

3,320 miles by rail, at 25 miles per hour 133

85S

Or a difference in favor of Canadian Summer Route of. ... , 30 hours.

And by Canadian Winter Route of 13 "

Highest altitude over Rocky Mountains — From Chicago to San Fran-
cisco 8,241 feet.

Through Canadian Route to

the Pacific 3,700

Difference 4,54'

This difference in time by the Canadian Route, and the difference in altitmle,
becomes more apparent when we compare the routes from Englanu and Kurope to
Japan and China, and the surrounding islands.

[18:8

irison between
;he Pacific is

Miles.
Steam, Railway.

2,300 ....

300

.... 2,774

6,800 ....

9,100

3. 184

2,240

....

840

....

1 10

....

2.774

6,800

....

8,040

3,724

2,773

910

....

2,410

6,650

....

9,423 3.320

828

lOur. 696
149

845

133

858

3urs.

'ran-

8,241 feet.

ke to

3,700
4.54'

Itituile,
and Kurope to

Ince in a

1878] THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CAN.\DA. 631

Mr. Young conckides his admirable report with the following
observations :

"These differences in favor of the roiue through Canada from England and
Europe to Australia, Japan and China, botli for mails and passengers, as well as
for such express freight of valuable commotLities as can bear the cost of transport,
are, I think, important, as showing the natural position of Canada, geographically
—both by land and water — and as being the best link between Europe, the Pacific
and Asia. This difference, too, in favor of Canada will also be found to apply to
Bombay and other Ports in our East India Possessions.

Tiie United States have, with great forethought, seen the advantage of thus
connecting the Pacific and Atlantic by railway, and deserve the higliest credit for
the aid given to carry it through. The effect has been to make California what it
is, and to produce along that line of the railway all those magnificent agricultural
settlements and cities which have added so much to the national wealth of the
Republic. England, with the Government of Canada, has the means of rivalling
this great highway through the United States by a route more direct over British
Territory — passing through the great valley of the Saskatchewan, and i)ringing
into settlement that vast agricultural country, developing its mineral wealtli, and

Hail. Il'ah-r.

From Queenstown to New York 2, 773

" New York to San Francisco 3,310 • • • •

" San Francisco to Yokahama (Japan) 4,470

" San Francisco to Shanghai (China) 5,505

CauaJian route. — From Moville to Ottawa 410 2,306

'• Ottawa to Bute Inlet (Pacific) 2,774

" Bute Inlet to Yokahama (Japan) 4,45o

" Bute Inlet to Shanghai (China) 5,425

Result. — Queenstown to Yokahama (Japan) via New York 3,3'o 7,243

Moville to Yokahama, via Canada 3,184 6,750

3,310 miles by railway, via New York, at 2( miles per hour. 132 hours.

7,243 miles by steam at 13 miles per hour 557 "

689 hours.

3,184 miles by railway, through Canada, at 25 miles per hour. 127 "

6,750 by steamer, at 13 miles per hour 519 "

646 "

For Yokahama, in favor of Canada, 43 hours.

Kail. Hater.

To Shanghai. — Via New York, from Enjiland 3,310 8,278

Via Canada from Ireland 3, 184 7,725

3,310 miles at 25 miles per hour 132 iunirs.

8,278 miles at 13 miles per hour 637

769 hours.

3,184 miles at 25 miles per hour 127 "

7,725 miles at 13 miles per hour 584 "

711 "

Difference in favor of Canadian route to Shanghai, 58 "

632

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

giving a value to millions of acres of land, the property of the Dominion, which
at present have no value whatever. ♦♦♦»»«»

I must now close this report ; and, in doing so, I have to express the opinion
that an immediate and continually growing trade can be carried on between Can-
ada and Australia. It has been my duty to enquire who the agents in Australia
for the establishment of this trade should be, and I have no hesitation in repeat-
ing that Messrs, Gemmell, Targett &" Co., of Melbourne; Bradley, Newton d^
Lamb, of Sydney ; Dalgetty, Moore dr' Co., of Launceton, Ta. ; Daltjetty,
Nicholls &= Co., Dunedin, and J. E. Risby, of Hobart Town, Tasmania ; Hnnvn,
Campbell &> Co., of Auckland, New Zealand ; Elder, Smith d^ Co., of Adelaide ;
and Messrs. Fenwick &> Scott, Brisbane, Queensland, should be such Canadian
agents.

Any of those firms wil' give every information as regards trade ; and parties
in Canada can rely with confidence on whatever report they may make.

All of the places above named are loading ports for London ; and ships, no
doubt, can be easily obtained on charter to come here with cargo, then to load for
Australia and again from Australia to London. Direct cargoes to Canada, in
wool and other productions, will increase in proportion to our use of wool, which
is the principal article of export.

I have been prevented by the state of my health from treating this important
subject as thoroughly as I would otherwise have attempted ; but I trust that I hav.'
said enough to show that commercial intercourse between the Dominion of Can-
ada and the Australian colonies is possible and desirable, both as regards thu
present and the future. The progress already made by these Pacific provinces is
among the wonders of the age, and it is difficult to set limits to the greatness they
must attain at no very distant day. Everything is in their favor : position, cli-
mate, soil, vast mineral wealth and an enterprising and energetic population.
The people themselves are convinced that they are destined to become the ruling
power of the Pacific and the countries that border on it ; and there is little reason
to suppose that their aspirations are not well founded. As civilization advances
in India, China, Japan and the other Asiatic countries, the natives will cast aside
their old habits and prejudices and will feel the wants which invariably accompany
civilization. One result of this must be a vast demand for the food-stulls ami
various products of Australia, and which she can supply in boundless profusion.
As I have before explained, the wealthier Australia becomes, the better customer
will she be for the products of Canada. Each country produces articles tiiat can
be profitably and increasingly exchanged ; and I trust that every effort will i'e
made by the people of Canada to establish commercial relations with Austraha,
and I am confident in asserting that every facility will be given to carry out that
object." *

On the 17th January, 1878, His Excellency left Ottawa c/i route
for Washington, and returning, he took New York on his way. He

* Report of the Canadian Commissioner . the Exhibition of Industry, held
at Sydney, New South Wales, 1877. Ottawa : published by authority of the
Department of Agriculture.

18-H]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

633

was there given a reception by the American Geographical Society, at
Chickering Hall, on the 31st January, — the occasion being the discus-
sion of Captain Howgate's plan for the exploration of the Arctic
Ocean.* Among the persons of distinction presevit, besides His
Excellency, were, the President of the Society, Chief Justice Daly,
Professor T, Sterry Hunt, Messrs. Bayard Taylor and W. CuUen
Bryant, Colonel Long (Bey), Chief Justice Curtis, Lieutenant Colonel
Ludlow, U.S.A., Lieutenant Greeley, U.S.A., Professor Paul du
Chaillu, and Albert Bierstadt.

The President, in announcing the purpose for which the meeting
had been convened, said it was most appropriate that they had invited
with them, on that " polar " evening, the presence of His E.xcellency
the Earl of Dufferin, the Governor General of Canada, himself an arctic
traveller, and the author of one of the most sprightly and pleasant
books that has ever been written upon travelling in high latitudes.
In the unavoidable absence of Captain Howgate, an abstract of his
]jlan was read by Lieutenant Greeley. After short addresses by Mr.
Bryant and Mr. Bayard Taylor, in which His Excellency was proposed
for election as honorary member of the American Geographical Society,
President Daly put the question to a vote, and the Governor General
was unanimously elected. The President then said he would take
the liberty of asking their guest to address the Societj'', when Lord
Dufferin responded as follows :

" Mr. Prksident, Ladies and Gentlemen, — In rising to respond to the
kind ul)servations which have been made in my regard by your President and the
other gentlemen who have addressed you, I am disturbed by contending considera-
tions. On the one hand, I feel that I have no right whatever to intervene in the
present discussion ; on the other, I am naturally desirous to express my deep sense
of the honor conferred upon me by so friendly a reception. (Apj)lause.) It is
true I once sailed towards the north, and got as near the pole as Washington is to
Ottawa ; but the voyage was as fruitless as that of the Peri to the gate of Paradise,

* Hiis plan was the establishment of a small colony of hardy and enterprising
men in the far North. This would be a base of supplies whence explorers could
push on their discoveries from time to time, as the weather or the seasons would
permit. The scheme was founded on suggestions made by Dr. Hayes, and was
fav()r;il)Iy received by such men as the Earl of Dufferin, Chief Justice Daly, Mr.
liryaiu, and Mr. Bayard Taylor. Tiie presentation of the project afforded the
authorities of the Geographical Society an opportunity, of which they gladly availed
themselves, of extending to the accomplished Viceroy of Canada the cordial wel-
come which he had earned from all Americans by the spirit of good neighborhood
and courtesy in which he had administered the British rule in North America.

634

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

and possessed but one feature in common with the expeditions of more serious
explorers, namely, that I had to turn back again. (Laughter.) With tl'c excep-
tion of establishing the temperature through an unfrequented section of the Arctic
Ocean, it was barren both of scientific results and personal adventure. I am tliere-
fore really no more qualified to pronounce an opinion upon any of the interestin;;
topics which have been discussed to-night than a life-long inhabitant of the tropics,
and consequently I shall abstain from doing so. There is, indeed, one character in
which I can claim admission to your halls, namely, that of a Fellow of the Ruyal
Geographical Society of England, and we well know that geographers are brothers
all the world over. For the geographer, the political and the ethnological lines
of demarcation by which nationalities are divided do not exist. All countries are
to him what Italy in former days was once pronounced to be : ' geogra])liical
expressions,' The only heroes or potentates on his roll of fame, the only sacred
names admitted to his calendar, are those gallant mariners and noble explorers
who generation after generation have faced danger, privation and death in the cause
of science, and in the hope of bringing to the knowledge of mankind those secret
regions of the earth which God has prepared from everlasting for the habitation or
advantage of the human race. (Loud applause.) And in no part of the world ou(,'ht
maritime adventure to be held in higher honor than on that continent which is in-
debted for its original birth and present glorious existence to the heroic daring of
the greatest navigator that ever trimmed a sail or took a bearing. As a fellow
geographer, therefore, I beg to express to you my warmest sympathies and most
respectful admiration. And proud am I to think that the two great Anglo-Saxon
powers of the world should have been so intimately associated in these Arctic expe-
ditions, which by common consent are justly regarded as the most heroic, if not the
most successful, of any which have been undertaken. (Applause.) I can assure
you that in Great Britain the names of Kane and Hayes and Hall are as familiar and
honored household words as are those of Franklin and Belcher and McClure in this
country (applause), and never will either the navy or the people, or the Queen of
England, forget how the United States recovered, refitted, and returned across the
ocean the poor old battered Resolute to the port from whence she sailed. Many and
strong as are the bonds of sympathy which unite Great Britain to America, none,
perhaps, have engendered more affectionate sentiments between the two countries
than those derived from our united efforts to penetrate the Arctic regions, and, as I
may now add, the recesses of Central Africa. (Applause.) But after all I feel I
am really here in quite another capacity. You are aware that when the great sea
captain, Christopher Columbus, to whom I have made allusion, returned to the
Court of Ferdinand, he brought with him in chains several captive Indian chiefs as
proofs of the reality of his achievements and as specimens of the strange nationali-
ties he had discovered. To-night your discussion has been concerned witii those
icy regions which lie beneath Arcturus, and reflect the rosy radiance of the Aurora,
and if Chief Justice Daly has now led me captive to your presence, it is only he-
cause he wished to parade before your eyes a potentate whose sceptre touches the
pole, and who rules over a larger area of snow than any monarch. (Loud laughter.)
In one respect alone does my condition differ from that of the prisoners of C'olum-
bus. When presented to the Court of Spain the gentle Isabella commanded their

18V8J

THE EARL OF DUFFElilN IN CANADA.

635

manacles to be struck from off their limbs, but the chains I wear are those which
have been forged around my heart by the courtesy, kindness and consideration I
have received at the hands of the people of the United States, and such fetters even
your imperial mandate would be powerless to loose." (Great applause.)

At the same meeting Mr. Henry John Morgan, of Ottawa, was
elected a corresponding member of the Society.

The Parliamentary recess had not been marked by any poh'tical
event of consequence. The Provinces were all suffering under the
general depression of trade, but politically they were contented. In-
creased activity in partisan warfare was to be expected, since the coming
Session would be the last of the Third Parliament, when it would be
dissolved and a general election called. The summer and autumn were
therefore distinguished by a system of monster political pic-nics, where
thousands of people were gathered to listen to the harangues of the
leading men of the two great parties. The chief question which divided
them was that of Free Trade and Protection. If this had been eliminated
from the programme of proceedings, little would have been left, so far
as principles were concerned, to distinguish one party from the other.
The Ministerialists clung to the Free trade theory, the Opposition vehe-
mently denounced it, and attributed much of the difficulty under which
the country was laboring to the fiscal policy of the Government. Sir
John Macdonaldhad no hopes of defeating the Ministry, as the House
was constituted, and all the efforts of his party were directed to the
alleged ruinous Free-trade policy of the Government, and the unearth-
ing of a number of transactions which were pointed out as proofs of
the imputed hypocrisy and impurity of the Liberal party.

The Fifth Session of the Third Parliament of the Dominion was
opened, by His Excellency the Governor General, on the 7th January.

The first sentence of the Speech from the Throne gave a fair indi-
cation of the general state of the country:

" In again summoning you, for the despatch of business, I am glad to be able
to say that nothing beyond the ordinary business of the country requires your
attendance."

Allusion is made to His Excellency's visit to Manitoba and the
North West. The $5,500,000 Fishery Award is spoken of as being
much under the amount claimed by his Government as the value of
our fisheries, but it is added, and the remark is in striking contrast with
the tortuous dealing of the American Government with the award :
"having assented to the creation of the tribunal for the determination
of their value, we are bound loyally to assent to the decision given."

\\ ^ " '

636

HISTORY OF THE ADMINtSTRATION OF

[1878

His Excellency congratulated the country on the success of Canada at
the Sydney Exhibition, and said :

•' I trust that the result will he the opening up of a new market for Cana<lian
goods, even in so remote a region as the Australian Colonies, to which shipments of
Canadian productions have already been made."

He alluded to the Indian treaties, which have already been noticed
in reviewing the work of Mr. Morris and Mr. Laird. With respect to
the important subject of the Pacific Railway, he informed the Houses
that at last the surveys had been pressed to completion ; that a
complete instrumental survey of the route by the valleys of the
North Thompson and Lower Eraser rivers had been made, with a view
to ascertain definitely whether that route presented more favorable
features than the routes already surveyed to Dean Inlet and Bute
Inlet respectively. He added :

" It is believed that the additional information now obtained will enable my
government to determine which route is the most advantageous from Tcte Jaune
Cache to the sea."

Legislation was promised on the system of auditing the public
accounts, the registration of titles, and a homestead law in Manitoba
and the North West Territories, and the formation of railway accom-
modation in the parts of that country not reached by the Canadian
Pacific. A measure was suggested for the better securing the inde-
pendence of Parliament, and one on temperance was to be submitted.

The debate on the address in reply to the Speech from the Throne
was not completed until the 15th February, and the Opposition did
not find itself sufficiently strong to move an amendment.

His P^xcellency had been invited by the citizens of Montreal to
visit their city, and on the nth February, he, with the Countess of
Dufferin and suite, arrived at the Commercial Capital of Canada.
Extensive preparations had been made to render due honor to their
Excellencies, and no expense was spared by the wealthy city to
uphold her well-deserved reputation for splendid hospitality. No
city of the Dominion is more loyal to the Crown than Montreal,
and each visit of their Excellencies had intensified the love
of her citizens for the persons of their distinguished guests. They
were received by Mr. Mayor Beaudry, the Aldermen and officials of
the city, with whom were Sir Francis Hincks, Mr. Joseph Hickson,
Mr. C. J. Brydges, Mr. A. W. Ogilvie, Col. Stevenson, Mr. Andrew-
Robertson, Mr. M. H. Gault, Mr. W. J. Spicer, and many others. The

l.>^78]

THK EAUL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

037

or Canadian

crowd of citizens numbered thousands, and when the train entered
the Honaventure Station, the cheering was enthusiastic. On reaching
the reception room, his \\'or,shi[) tlie Mayor read an address of wel-
come from the Ma\or and Al i-rinen of the city, to wliich Mis Kxcel-
Icncy replied. Afit, a number ot presentations, the Viceregal party
were escorted to the magniticent new Windsor hotel, where a great
ball was to be given the next evening.

On the 1 2th February, His Excellency met the Life ('iov<>rnors of
Mackay Institute for Protestant Deaf Mutes, at the residence of Mr.
Joseph Mackay, Sherbrooke street, where he was received by the
host and Miss Gordon, and entertained at lunch. The ladies and
gentlemen present were their Excellencies, the Hon. Col. Littleton,
Hon. Mrs. Littleton, Major Hamilton, Ca])tain Hamilton, A.D.C,
Miss Hamilton, Mr W. Hayes, son of the President of the United
States ; General Sir Selby Smyth ; Ca])tain Smyth, A.D.C ; Hon. Mr.
l.ciellier de St. Just, Lieut( iiant Governor of Quebec; Rev. A.
Mackay, Mr. Brydges, Mr. Cramp, Mr. J. Redpath, Mr Claxlon,
Mr. Huntin, Mr. T. Workman, M.P., Mr. W. Thomas, Mr. G. Scott,
Mr. j. Mackenzie, Mr. C. Alexander, Mr. G. Mackay, Miss ( .rdon,
Mrs. Macdonell and Miss Gordon of Toronto ; and Dr. Palmer of the
Iklleville Deaf and Dumb Institute. After lunc heon the party pro-
(cciled to the building of the Institute, where with very imposing
ceremonies it was formally opened by His Excellency. Mr. Joseph
Mackay, having handed to him the deed of gift of the property by
which he had secured the valuable property to the Institute for ever,
addressed His Excellency in terms which drew fonh frequent applause.
Mr. Charles Alexander then read an address from the Governors and
Managers of the Institution to which His Excellency replied.

The jjarty then visited the Villa Maria Convent, where they w^ere
enthusiastically received.

In the evening, a grand ball was given in the \\'ind.sor hotel,
which was one of the finest entertainments ever given in Montreal.
The Vice-regal set consisted of His Excellency and Mrs. Ryan ;
Her Excellency and Sir Francis Hincks; Sir Selby Smyth and Miss
McDonald, daughter of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario ; Mr.
C. J. Prydges and Mrs. Moss, wife of Chief Justice Moss : Hon. Mr.
Ryan and Hon. Mrs. Littleton ; Mr. Hayes, son of the President of the
United States, and Hon. Miss Hamilton, sister of Her Excellency the
Countess of Dufferin. His Excellency during the evening danced
with Miss Wurtele, Miss McDonald of Toronto, Miss Johnson, Miss

638

IHRTOUY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[lS7fi

Hamilton, Miss Henrietta Clordon, Miss de Salaberry, Miss Abbott,
Miss Cameron, Miss Gault, Miss Brydges, Miss Yoimg, Miss Pinson-
neault. Miss Angus, Miss Rae, Miss Scott, Miss Dow, Mrs. R.
Stephenson, Miss Victoria Campbell, and Miss Carrie Campbell.
Her E.xcellency's jjartners were Sir Francis Hincks, Hon. Chief
Justice Dorion, Mr. Brydges, Dr. Hingston, Hector Mackenzie, and
Mr. Loranger, Q. C.

On the next day McCill College was visited, when the following
address from the Governors, Principal and Fellows of the University
was read by the Chancellor, the Hon. C. D. Day, in Greek : —

'H//f7f, oi 'A/j^oi'Tff, 6 'En-/(Trar//c T-f khI o'i. 'Ernifun ravri/g tF/{; ' AKUih/fttla^
£VXni>/aT(W/uv aoi, Kiy»e inKpavtarnTc, dv& wv aiz/icfjov TTtiinivai i?.fwf l/^iuam;.

'II el'i'ina an^ixjv f/voi Iv rij fiovffiKij ^larrptnivTuv, i/ iirl t<^ a^iMfiari i:TTii',m\x)v
Toi'f IV T(^ Tf/q Tranhvafug airov^aiit) ipytp diaTpifiovTag Oafxrvvei, T(fJ (Jf nnjnivTi,
yfiag (ibrovg ftoKapiovg i/yohftfOa irpoaayoixvovr^g ae rbv eTriTfwrrov ryg rjfieripag 't?,eu
jianMaaijg, ug 6i' a/2(j>6Tef)a Tnvrn ri/g ///tijv a'uhvg elg tiding,

'H ^i ' AKa6///t£ia n'vTT/ rf/v iniatiftov 6vi/<nv rf/g kniaKonfjg aov anoknvii, kui rrrfil
TT^e/ffToii nnitlrai rijv Trpdvomv tc kui rag e'vEpyeaiag vn6 aov irapa rfjv atjv atxjiijr ml
Ev/tei'f/ (hoiKijaiv tuv Trpayjudruv i7ri(h6elang.

KuiTTtp f ((tdrff oTi Kaipiliv kTriTt/ihionpuv rev^y tov t(/v aov ncpl ra iTn?iTiKa
TTpdyfiaTn ao<plav aTrodviKvi'Eiv, o/iug (5e ri/i' aov (i<j>' r/fiuv aKOXt^priaiv npoafi7.f~innv'
iv aoi yap t'lvaf/iyvvTat // (pt/Mtppuahvr/ /'/ T(S tuv avOpunuv fiiif) ;fd/;(v oird^ii ralg
anaviuTl'pnig dpeTalg a'i ae^ivoTj/ra Toig iv ri-Tiei 6u]6naiv.

Md?.iara J// x^P^^ ^^''t ^i-'vpie KpuTiare, oWnfiev ihdri Trapade^nfievog ihilhiuv
aKad>/fitiMv ey ypn(j>?/vai ilg ryv eKKh/alav ravrt/g 'AKath/ufiag ifiEhjaag- i?.7ri<^ii (5'
k^ojiiiv ae TdVTTjg npog t//iidg iraipeiag f/tUug av int/xvr/afif/vai, utciv 6 rf/g dpxyg <^nv
Xpdvog TTap{}.Oij.

Yldvv a~ov6y tvxdfieda rrdaav tvc^aifioviav aoi re Kal ry oIk!^ aov dva(hOi/iai uv.

'ApiaeiE ry Kvpig. CTTupavEaTdry, ry KofiT//aaa Ai'(j)(li£piv, dnodtxcaOai >/iiuv
XeydvTuv, ug eavrij ai6(j kek-iitui irapd kuvtuv ovanvag rfjg tvvoiag ivofiiatv d^invg,
Kal noTiXovg r^g x^P^'''^^ fiviip-ovag KaraAeiiltei,

Tolg (5e naialv vfisTipoig ovdiv ti fteli^ov ayaOhv evxoi^efi' av f) k'jn/iefiVJifi6roig
rav ry i^ixv o^daet elg ^v kyevviidrjaav jrpoariKovTuv, avrovg (iiov toiovtov av (''«'
yen; uare tnaivov Trapd ruv a(j)(jv evdo^ordruv yoviuv rvyxdvetv.

CAROLUS DAY, ll.d., d.c.i..,

Cancellariiis,

1H7^^1

THE EARL OF DUFFKHIN IN CANADA.

639

'I'lif following is the address as originally prepared in E'lj^lish :
To His Exckm.ency the Ric.iit Monorablk thk Kari, ok Dukfeuin,

(loVERNOK (JENERAI, OV CANADA.

We, the (Jovernors, I'rincipal and Fellows of this University, appro.ich your
Kxcdlcncy with sincere thanks for the honour of your jirestnce anionj; us lo-ilay.
rite favorable considerat ion of men who have tlistinguished themselves in tlie world
of letters, or are illustrious from their high station, is always an encouraj^enient
to those engaged in the arduous work of education. In the present instance we
arc doubly fortunate in addressing a Representative of our (iracious Sovereign,
who in his person unites both these claims to our gratitude and respect.

This Institution enjoys the signal advantage of being under your Excellency's
visatoiial jurisdiction, and it fully ajipreciates the kindly interest it has received
from your Excellency during the whole period of your wise and beneficent ad-
ministralion.

We are unwilling to contemplate the termination of your Excellency's abode
ani(Jii>;st us, and, while knowing that you will enter upon that wider field of
statesmanship for which you are so eminently fitted, we cannot refrain from the
exjiression of our regret at the prospect of parting with one who combines so
happily the genial qualities which adorn social life, with the rarer qualities which
jjivf (litjiiity to exalted oflice.

We desire especially to thank your Excellency for consenting, by your gracious
acceptance of an Academical Degree, to become a member of Convocation of this
L'nivtrsity, and we venture to hope that your relation to it may not altogether
cease to hold a place among the pleasant remembrances which we trust your
lixcelieiicy will bear with you after the severance of your official connection with
Canada.

Accept, my Lord, our earnest wishes for the continued prosperity and happi-
ness of yourself and your family.

Her Excellency, your Countess, will permit us to say that she has secured the
esteem of all who have had the privilege of approaching her, and will leave
beliind very many grateful friends. For the younger members of your house we
can liave no better wish than that, feeling tlie responsibilities of the high position
in wliich Providence has placed them, their career in life may be such as will
secure the approbation of their distinguished parents.

Signed on behalf of the University.

CHARLES DEWEY DAY, ix.D., n.c.i,.,

Lord Dufferin, in reply, addressed the Chancellor and assemblage,
in Greek, with a clear voice, as follows : —

'Aa^hug fikv, 'fl iwiaTara Kal ai(^peg V.oyioiy navra aKtjKoa ra r-puc e:fJE o'vTuq
XiptivTug Xe;^;#^vra, /idXiOTa 6f x^lpu (iKpoaadfievog fiev rd ^Otyiiara ti/q 'ArnKijq

640

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

y7MTT7)£, h6i'p6v/u:vo(; 6t- roix t/tohi; tTvnivovg roig H^drwi-of nal A7//ioaOh>ovt: pi/uuai
?.e?J;;(f)ai. loiyapavv ml ifjo'i lii'v'/.o/itvL) I'rv av th/ f.r/ uri (h' o/.iyuv i'/iiv ir\(ijun-
Telv,a/,?.a Kai TrfHiatintiv ti tuv iv rc/'7<j rw Km.'itj tt^/otz/koitwi^ (ikovgui. '||(5;„i
yhf) Tolg 6f/ Lxmef) t/tniy, nffu rh no/.iTim miaag rag t/fjffjng nfja-} /mTtvo/jhoir ml
TEvrnCovai, nvdnavaig iar'iv o'v(h/u(i tuv csvvtxi^v \vnL)V Ka'i ^i)in>Ti6uv, y rhv tWiTov
kav h Ti) Aii^i) Tov Tov Koafiov Kal t?/v K7n})i/v ruv avrnv irjHiyfihTuv, a'/.?nri fuv
eKT/mrd/jEVOi t'li; ra a'/c?/ ru 'AKa(S///ia'tK(i, (i'/aotf 6' iv t^ fiai)nai>ivu) J«7r/(5(j n/f
arohg TztiHwarov Troiovfieroi. n/7(,ir ti ku'i. tAij na/.aiag tKel <pu.6TT/Tag ivavForfievoi.
'A?2a ^af) rig -I'rK av Tipipdth/ rarrtiv rijv yutpov laTiav ri/g fiovaiKyg mi r?/;
Eipifi'i/g upCtv Ka) okottuv ; i)'v piv uvi — uiarir ~aaui' Ai)Eiv rijv a'/J/i}Eiav — rig im
av (io •' 7/6eIti dEvpo aTpumaiku, Kal nrv -o'lg 0<Ardro<f Ev6di)c pElvai tuv puttijuinw
izaauv Ti.iv ai'iJiCEuv (ieI awa-KoXavnov ;

Oh pi/V «//,' ovdi TTEpl rnvra tO. vnijpara vvv dtj i)ia~pijiEiv EpoiyE Trpfrrri, ilir
Tu l(pEaru)Ti t~l 7.E0) vtnviov iph/ ptv i'l'i> rrpo/.apjidvovTog r/'/g uihv ri/g Trnog ziiV
T£ M^av Kal Ti/v tv6aipoviai> (pcpofar/g, bg 6e, djg ovketi TE/.Eog ow, no?.A(Jv rr/ioadfi
Tuv vTT)/pET7/pdruv oiu}'.) TovTo TO TTavtmaT/jpiov d^iovpEV Tzapacxelv. OiTwr vvv <\
Tuv napaypduov /ca^fCTrwrwi', ti kuI rolro rb <h<^aaKa?.Eiov ovk iaff bnug ov -fieiv
ptv Tuv (h'pbv tydpei^ (oart KaAag i'/rcii'^ag hip,idvEiv rrtpl rf/g narpU^ng, tpai (!f
UEVTiiL Tzapd nirg d'/'/'.ovg pr//povti'rnir, on rb KpdTog ri/g ]\nvd(h/g rb pt/J.oi' ovtoi
01 viui fiaii', Kal on Toi'rovg, xi>"^ "' 1- tvopevov, Je//(T«, uv ipyuv I'/pEig vhv rn; iiii'o/ifi)
vndpxovTtg, ravra pEyaTiEioripug i^Ep^d^EaOai kuI teAeIv. Toi'Toig 6//, Kartn'^iird;
dv hddtSE Tip' (jTTOV(H,v avTtbv Kal T7/v EVTrpa}inv ev tij tuv ETririphvudruv Trnvrui'
XaAEnij Eiaot^o), (iuv7/aduEHa TTinTtVEtv Kal OapaaAtiog Tb Kuivbu KaTaMiTTEiv.

0('/i'<)*'V TavTa vopii^uv, 'il dv(^pEg TipiuTaToi, noTiAi/v ^d/Jiv iyuyE vplv oli)a kiu
i)<liEi?M OTL ETnipov Ti/g vpuv avvovaiag ipt: KEXEipoTovi/KaTE. 'ilv piv }dp i-rtjv iv
Ofoi'/o) 6i7/ya}ov i/jiiiv tnl pvi/puv ^Eyiviipai, I'jg iv t<1) jiiu tuv oAiJiurdrtjr, vli'
fr< Kal vhv nin'iEV aAJ.' bvnpa rd uTa Tiirra paAAov rrpbg tp^ovi/v dand^ETni ii rh ti](
Tpo(j>ipov p7/Tp()>\ Tal'Ti/v dpa ri/v Tipi/v iog i)io)E TCEpl irTiEiaTov noii,nt'iun'oi
VTToaxtt^Gai -.piTTbv Jjp av.

"V.v (Jt ETTug A^ni~6v poi EirrFir. i'Trifi ri/g te Ei'yEVovg avdaat/g Kai tov ipnr tW)Uiw

navrbg on x<ipi-v i-Xoi'Oiv vplv T7o}.'/Jp> uv Trdaij -poOvpia log avTohg evxuv ioHf;:(inth,

ag EV a'vToig rr :;u'i opi'iug iv ! piv rW b Ofwf TEAtaEiEv.

Av(j>(pfpii'.
TpKyKauhKarij pi/Zog <^Eiiovpiov, 1

ETEl a i/ o' //'. j

Tlie following is a translation of this address.*

*The following remarks, by tliL deservedly popular iVc'w England Jcr.: ihil oj
Education, were drawn out on tlie occasion of tliis classic exliibition :

»' It is acknowlcdy;ed by men of all parties and opinions in Canada tli.u the

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN I\ CANADA,

641

jOivoDi; I'li/iKwi

1 lune list'.'ned with great pleasure. ?.Ir. I'resident, and learned <Tentlemen of
the I'luulty, to all the courteous things you have said of me. It has given me
pt-ii'nr satisfaction to hear the accents of the Attic tongue ; an'' I can nevtr think
\vitV)iit emclion of the commendation which has i)een bestowed updn me in tiie
hmtjiuige of riato and Demobthene:;. Vou will allow me to c()ui)ie witii tnis

mada tli.u the

( uurse pursued by the Governor General of British North America, during the six
years' t.-rm of office, which is now drawing near its close, has been able, states-
manlike, impartial, and marked by an earnest devotion U> tiie interest,, of the great
couiUry entrusted to his charge. Thi people of these States ha\e also had many
opiKHtunities of observing the frank and friendly spirit ente I .;'ied ijy the Earl
tuward this country, one of the latest evidences of wliich \\as dlustrated by His
Lonlshiji'slate letter in regard to the Educational Conference in London, in which
he staled that ' he was always anxious to promote, by every means in his power,
a;.; i)r()ject thai might tend to increase the friendly relations between the United
StaiL'^ and Cireat Britain,' and tiiat ' he agreei' with the ])roposer of the Confer-
ence in thinking that the more the exponents and leaders of public opinion can he
Inouglit together the betier.' The lively int'-rest and active personal i>ari uliicli
the (li)VLinur General has taken in public education of every grade, from the dis-
trict school up to the normal colleges and tiie universities, three of which are in a
highly efficient state, is not so widely known here as it ought to be ; and it seems
an act of duty, no less than of well-deserved gratitude, to draw the attention of
American teachers to it. <)ur own interest has lieen refresiied by the recent
rec.'ipl from a friend in Canada of a copy of an address in Greek, delivered last
February, by Lord Dufferin, before the officers and senior classes of McGill L'ni-
wisily, an institution which is gaining a very high reputPtion. The address fully
k-ars out the encomiums that were bestowed upon it by al)le classical scholars at
the time; and its neat, terse style, and ]nu-e Attic comjiosition, show iliat tlie
speaker — as is the case with so many of tlie jniblic men of England — lias kept up
his classical reading, while cherisiiing, as is stated in the address, his love for his
old university. ' I have ever continued to ciierish the memory of the years, which
m iiiv youth 1 spent at Oxford, as the hapi)iest in my life ; nc r, even U> this day,
lines any name more gratefully greet my ears than that of my foster-mother ; ' --a
ijraceful, noble utterance, which must arouse the sympathy of every scholar and
'ducator who reads it now, as it sent a thrill of enthusiastic pleasure tinough the
hearts of those of the hearers then. Lord Diiflerin has set an example well wortliy
'if iniilalion by those in high position in all countries, alike by his own continued
cultivaticin of learning, and still more by the great jiersonal interest shown liy liim
in even liie luunblest education of the Provinces ; this representaJve of the (^)ueen
having often ap|)lied himself' . giving very sound, practical advice to both teachers
am! jnipils of the public schools. Canada may well look with p;' i to the prospect
uf soon losing a Governor who has devoted himself so earnestly and fairly to the
advancement of a// her Wi 'fare, but whose memory \>ill deserve esi)ecially to Im:
cherished in the hearts of all liritish Americans, as tne protector and promoter of
suund popular education ; nor will that memory fail to retam a place of warm
lespcct among the teachers and scholars of these States."

mmm

642 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF [ig;^

expression of my thanks a few words not perhaps unfitting to be spoken here ami

now.

For those who, like myself, are incessantly occupied with public affairs, there
tan i)e no such relief from the cares and anxieties of political life as is to \,^ njund
in slu Lling out the dm of the passmg hour and the noises of the world, al one
time by turning aside into the groves of the academy, at another Vjy pacing the
marble pavements of the porch, to renew in the one or the other ancient tics of
fnendslup and of interest. Certainly no one can fail to rejoice when he l)v'holil3
this (luiet aL'ode of letters and of peace. Nay, if the whole truth must be told,
who W'juld not be glad to tarry here — here in sweet converse with valued friends
to share in and to enjoy the progress of all useful knowledge and of true science.
Kevertheles-^, 1 nmst not dally loo Ijng with such reflections, remembering that I
administer the government of a jou.ig nation which is just entering resolutely on
the paths which lead to gioiyand to prosperity, and which, not yet having attained
its full stature, has need of many services sucli as we believe this University tittcd
to render it. In the actual condition of our afiairs everyone must deeply feel how
close the connection is between this great institution of learning and the faiic.-t
hopes of the country— and I most of all am conscious that in these youths I see
the future strength of Canada. Upon them, in the due course of time, it will
devolve to take up and to carry forward to grander results the work now entrusted
to our hands. As we now behold their zealous industry, and their success in
press, ng up the steep and narrow way wliicj-. leads to all sound learning, \\t inu;t
feel that we may implicitly rely upon thein, and that we may confidently leave
the commomvealth to such inheritors. It is with considerations such as these,
m(.)st honorable gentlemen, that 1 tender you the thanks I owe you for adniittinj;
me into your tellowshii). 1 recall the years which, when a youth, 1 passed at
Oxford as the happiest of my life, nor can any name fill more sweetly upon our
ears than that of Alma Mater. It is but natural then that I should jin/eand
promise to hold in the highest esteem the honor you have conferred upon me.
One word more let me add on behalf of my wife, the Countess of Dufferin, and of
m\ family, anil in acknowledgment of the good wishes you have so coidially
lavislVv'd ii[)()ii us : may God grant you all tlie happiness you have asketl of ilnn
for us.

The degree to be conferred upon His Excellency was then
annoiinioil by the Vice-Chancellor, rrincipal Dawson, who sjiokc as
follows : —

" Mk. CiiANCKLLOR AND CliNTLKMEN OK C'l iN\ oc.vi ION,- -The agieeahle
duty (livolves on me of announcing that the Corpuialion of this University has
gianti'ij to our distinguished guest of today tht Honorary Degree of I'oeloidf
L.aw.'?. 1 ne (granting of sucii degrees is With us a rare evem, and we Innc always
felt that, in exercising this power, we are discharging a highly responsildc [mhlic
function committed to u» k>r the advancement of learning, and which ?huuld
(riways reflect honor on the University ilst'f as confeinng .^nch degrtks In tin:
present instance we can have no hesitation . i this ground. The Karl ol Inillerin
Impetus here not merely as the ruler </f ijns UomiiiKU, as the Represeiit.iiive ot

187.^]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIIIN IN CANADA.

643

Her Most Gracious Majesty, and as a Statesman who has worthily filled some of
the most important j)ublic offices — his position and services to the I'mpire in
tiiese respects merit and have received other acknowledgments than ours — but he
appears among us as a scientific traveller willing to endure hardship and brave
daiT'er for the extension of knowledge, — as a successful worker in the field of
literature, — as an orator who has given the happiest expression to great and
fruitful truths most important to the welfare of this country and of the I'.mpire, —
as a patron of education whose name is associated w-th prizes for which the tlitc of
our yoiitii eagerly contend, — and as the occupant of the highe''* position in this
L'iiivLM>it\ as its visitor on behalf of the Crown. On such grounds we may rejoice
to have tlie name of the Earl of Dufferin inscribed on our list of graduates. It is
also most appropriate that this University — one of the oldest in the Dominion, and
■'driving its students from all our Provinces — should acknowledge such services to
leaniinL;. It is true that we cannot yet, like some of the venerable Universities of
the oil! world, offer to our graduate the honor of inserting his name in a register
cnricht'd witli tiie signatures of the great men of many generations, — but like
other institutions of this young country, we can hope for the future if we cannot
lioast much of the past. In the coming time, when the Great Western plain-, over
'vhioh His Excellency has lately journeyed shall be covered \\\\.\\ towi.-, and
viflagcs, It ' with railways, and stuilded with populous cities ; when the shores
and valleys ■. the Pacific Coast shall be filled with a population more r.amercus
and wealtliy than that of Engl" ■'d now, and when men shall come from their
Wc.-teni lands to visit the Seats of an older civilization on the banks of the St.
LaureiiCL-, aiul on the Atlantic Coast, our then venerable register will have its
pajjus tiiltil with the names of the Statesmen who have bi^ilt up this great New
Britain, of the poets, the orators, the men of science anil of letters who have
made it renowned throughout the world. It will then be no unhonored jjlace to
appear .>io near the beginning of the roll of Canadian University men, and to be
icvereiicid as one whose wisdom aided in framing the character, and opi ning tiie
hiigiit iiiiuie of the Canadian people. As workers for the future ratlier dian the
past, we sliall therefore welcome I-ord Dufferin, not merely to the fellow -hip of
the few worthy names already on our list, but to that of the men who are to follow
in tiie a<,'e to come. In the faitii and hope that, with (iod's blessing in our earnest
ctlorts, we siiall prepare for this great future, we confer this degree, and in
the same hope, which we know he also entertains, we ask our illu>trious guest
frankly in accept it."

i he Registrar having invited His Ivxceliency to sign the register,
he tlid so. and llie tlegree was imniethately conferred upon him.

Altera short address from His Ivvceilenc.y, His Lordslii|). ( hief
Justice .Moss of Ontario, offered his tlianks for the pleasure he had
received m being present. He congratulated the College ui)on
His JAcellency's visit and he felt in alhiding to him the truth
of the ving that when using the language of truth it Iiad a tenden* y
to ■ ..eh on eulogy, and thus he had tliought until otherwise
"isitucied that the University of xMcGill College was much of the

644

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

same mind, as they had chosen another language in which to convey
to His Excellency their kind wishes. He then paid a high tribute to
the statesman, litterateur and scholar, Lord Dufferin, and while
regretting that Toronto University could not now make His Excellency
a fellow student of his, it did not do so out of any feeling of jealousy
to McGill, for which College he entertained feelings of the kindliest
courtesy. He then alluded to the difference between McCiill and
Toronto Universities, in that the former was the work of private
munificence, and wondered whether he would ever see sucii a thing in
Ontario. He heartily commended such munificence as had been
shown by Messrs. McGill, Molson, and Redpath to the considera-
tion of others, and looked for a closer union in the bond of sympathy
between McGill and Toronto Universities. He eulogized McGill for
the stand taken by her in maintaining the high standard of education
for which she was famous, and referred in terms of thankfulness to
the good fortune of Toronto University in having secured Dr. .McCaul
at a time when such a man was necessary. He looked forward to
a time when the better class of people would aim to give tlieir
children a higher grade of education than at the present time. He
contended that our youths were taken away from school at too early
an age for the coui\ting-room, and money making pursuits. In con-
clusion he wished increased prosperity to McGill College, and advised
increased effort on the part of her students and professors, and took
his seat amid loud applause.

The dijjloma of the degree conferred o'> I^ord Dufferin was en-
closed in a box inlaid with native Canadian woods, and having His
Excellency's monogram and coronet on one side, and the University
arms on the reverse.

On the 14th February, their Excellencies visited the Convent of the
Sacred Heart, where an address was presented, and duly rci)lied to
by His Excellency. A grand dinner was given to their Excellencies
n the evening at the Windsor hotel. Mayor Eeaudry, on account ot
severe illness was absent, and his place was filled by Sir Francis
Hincks, who acted as Chairman. On each side of His Excellency
were seated the tolicwing gentlemen : On the left. Sir Fiancis i
Hincks, the Hon. Chief Justice Moss, (-onsul General Dart, Lieuienami
Governor of Quebec, Mr. Webb H..i.yes, Lord Aylmer, Sir Hugh
Allan, Hon Mr. Justice Cross, Hon. T. Ryan, Mr. JBierstadt, Mr. I'.
Workman, M.P., Mr. Jos. Mackay, Mr. Jos. Hick:,on, Mr. Geo. {
Stephen, Mr. R. Stephenson, Mr. Sheriff Chauveau, 1^-. Rolto;, Aid.

i8:s]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

r45

Nelson, Capt. Blackwood, Capt. Smith. On the right, Hon. C'hief
Jiistico Dorion, Lieutenant General Sir Selby Smyth, Sir A. T. Gait,
the Hon. Col. Littleton, Hon. John Hamilton, Hon. Mr. Justice
Mackay, Judge Coursol, Lieutenant Col. Dyde, Hon. I). A. Smith,
M.P., Mr. Molson, Mr. T. Cramp, Mr. Peter Redpalh, Mr. R. B.
Angus, Dr. Campbell, Capt. Ward, Mr. W. B. Simpson, Ci'\)t.
Gauthier. A.D.C, Aid. J. Grenier, Mr. A. M. DeLisle, Mr. Henry
Lyman, Capt. Harvey, 42nd Highlandeis, A.D.C, Capt. Hamilton,
(Jill Regiment, A.D.C.

Aft'jr the dinner, at about half past nine. Her P-xcellency came
into the room, accompanied by her suUe, all taking seats on the side
of the room opposite His Excellency, and in the following order : Her
Exct'llency the Countess of Dufferin, Mrs. Russell Stevenson, Miss
ilamilion, Hon. Mrs. Littleton and Lady Tatton Sykes. After the
loast of the Queen, His Excellency rose and said : —

" Sir Francis HiNCKS, AND Gf:ntlkmkn, — Although it is very unusual for the
[niest of the evening to intrude himself upon the notice of his entert.ainers at so
iMily a ])erio(l, I have ventured to ask permission from your Chairman to intervene
fur a few moments for the purpose of introducing a toast. That toast, ladies and
giiiilemen, is the health of the President of the United States. (Cheers.) Coming,
a> I do, straight from the country whose Government he administers — the con^ider-
iiion for Canada he has been pleased to evince in his personal .-ourtesies to myself
Iresh within my recollection — my heart still warm and glowing with tiie memory
of the extraordinary kindness, attention, and hospitality with which I have bee.i
iidiioreil by every American citizen with whom 1 came into contact (loud ap-
plause), whether at Washington or New York, or indeed in any other ]iart of the
cmintry (renewed applause), you will readily understand I should wish to lose no
niiportimity of giving expression to pw graminide, and of emphasizing my regard
fill the great lepublic, its ruler and its people ''loud applause) ; and I indulge
my inclinalicMi the more readily because I know that I am only inter|ireting your
own sentiments (hear, hear), that my experiences have been yours, and that
;>robably there is not a single imdividunl present who cannot testify in his own per-
-m lo the genial goodnature, urbanity and friendliness of our neighbors across
ihe line. (Cheers.) l,.idies and gentlemen, upon tlu> p'.Msonal or ujion even the
I puliticnl claims of the President of the I'mted States to the confidence and affection-
ate regard of his people, it would be out of place for me to dilate. It is not either
inhi> personal or political capacity that he presents himself to our regaids. It is
iini for Us to concern ourselves with the conditions and circumstances unfier which
hhciliiei of the .Vmeriran executive attains to power. In our eyes he is solely and
hiiiiply ' the elect of the ]>eopiie ' fapplause), the he.ad ..f one of the greatest and
j'labiesl nations of the earth (U)ud a}i]>lause), the representative of their Majesty
K*! Impel iuni, the repository of their power, the mighty chief of their glorious
"inmcinwealth (gn\ ,. applause), and wh-ii we drink his health it is the American
I'lt We desiie io honor (cheeis), it is 10 the Amoiican people that we wish

646

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[\m

happiness and prosperity, it is to the American people we extend the rijjhi liam!
of fellowship and affection. (Continued applause.) And, gentlemen, the iiKHf I
know of them, the better I have become acquainted with their views and aspir
ations, the more disposed I feel to bid you cultivate their friendship, and t(j reh
upon their generous regard and sympathy. (Cheers.) As far as I have observed,
from the President downwards there is not a human being in the States who ildts
not wish you well, who is not anxious to respect your independence, who does nut
desire to see you prosperous and powerful. (Applause.) In the fresh, free atmos-
phere of libel ty, which sweeps their land from the Atlantic to the I'acific, n>
noxious root of jealousy can grow, and if there is one characteristic liy which they
are more distinguished than another, it is that of generosity, the inherent attribute
of every educated democracy. (Renewed applause.) Nay, I will add that if Europe
wishes to learn to what perfection kindness can be brought, to how ^neat a
degree genuine hospitality can enhance the graces of social intercourse, it is to this
continent they must come for information. (Loud applause.) Ladies and gentlemen,
I am happy to think that the cheers which my toast has called forth will not di^-
away altogether in silence. We have amongst us to-night three distinguished citi
zens of the States. (Cheers.) We have our old friend General Dart, the Consul
General of the United States, who, by his courtesy and ability, has won the respect
of all who know him. (Applause.) We have Mr. Bierstadt, one of the most emi-
nent and distinguished artists of the present generation (cheers), and I have the
happiness of seeing near me Mr. Weljb Hayes, the son of the President of the
United States (cheers), to whom your city has extended its hospitality, and in
drinking his father's health, and in bidding him and his two other friends welcome
to the Canadian soil, I am sure that he and they will understand that if, instead of
three representatives of their nation, the whole people of America were amongst us
to-night, our hearts, if not our hotels, would be big enough to receive them all. '
(Tremendous applause.)

This was replied to by General Dart, Constil General of the]
United States. The Chairman then proposed the toast, " The (lover-
nor General of Canada."

This toast was received with the utmost enlhtisiasm, andwlicn His I
I'Acellency rose to reply, the company rose and cheered him again |
and again. When the cheering subsided, His Excellency sp'ike asj
follows :—

" Mr, Chairman and (_]entlkmen, — Before attempting to express to you the!
deep gratitude I feel, not only for the kind reception you have given to the iii'iij
tion of my name, but still more for the round of honors and hospitalities «itli|
which I have been greeted during the present memorable week, there is a 1
■•atter of business, which, since it has been referred to by the Consul Ceneral ofl
ti« Unii.ed States, I feel, perhaps, it would be desirable for me to inentionin
•rder that once for all I may reply to a query which has been ]iut to nie by almosi
every friend who has heard of my recent visit to Washington. Well then. sti>''H
men. No! 1 have not brought them back in my portmanteau. (Laiighter.r

[ISTS

ie vif^lil haivl
1, the iiKire 1
ws aiul aspir-
), and to rely
ave observed,
ates who dots

who (lues 111)1
jh, free atnios-
he Vacific, no
by whicli they
event attiilmk
that if Euroix;
) how ^leat a
rse, it is to t!ii>
and yjentleiiii'i),
•th will not di'-
4inj^uishe(l clti
lavt, the CouMil
won the respect
)f the most emi-

and 1 have tlie
President of the
.pitality, and in
friends welcome
[hat if, instead of

\m^

THE EARL OF LUFFEKIX IX CAXADA.

647

,-eve a\noni;st ib
ceive them all.

eneral of the
The Govcr-

and when His
ed him again!
nicy sjinke asj

,ress to you lliel
ven to ilienien-l
spitalities «

there is a littld
e to nieiUioiii

bv al

I to me
.■11 then. ?

i-iule

Our five millions and a half of fish money were not handed to nie across the
counter by the President of the United States Cf;reat lau{:;;hter) as many per-
sons imagine (renewed laughter) to have been tlie case. What is more, I did
not even ask for them, nor look as if I wanted them, or indeed as if I knew anv-
thing about them. (Roars of laughter.) And in assuming this attitude of reserve,
I am sure I consulted the delicacy of your feelings (renewed laughter). Some of
those present, — I trust not many, for money is difficult to come by in these hard
times (laughter), occupy the position of creditors. Well, how do they demean
themselves under such circumstances? Why, however resolutely they may be
disposed to put the law in force against the fraudulent debtor, when they see the
man wlio owes them money, scraping together every sixpence within his reach,
with the view of discharging his liabilities — appropriating his wife's pin money
(laughter) — cutting down the allowances of his younger brothers and sisters —
stopping his children's schooling — and talking, as if he really meant it, of cur-
tailing his own daily consumption of cigars and cocktails (great laughter), he
naturally feels it would be impious to trouble the serenity or to embarrass the self-
respect of so right-minded a personage by dunning him for payment. (Renewed
laughter.) If he knocks up against such a one in the street he slinks down the
nearest alley (laughter), or shirks behind a shop door rather than disturb, by 1 is
own obnoxious and compromising pre.ience, the self-satisfied cogitations of so rrjoeh
virtue. (Roars of laughter. ) Well then, gentlemen, that was exactly the cois'luct
1 pursued during my visit to the States. I was perpetually hiding behind doors
(laughter), and running round street corners (great laughter), so satisfactory diil
Ifind the public temper in regard to our little matter ; nor did I move a muscle
of my countenance when I was confidentially informed liy an enterprising news-
paper interviewer how Cieneial Benjamin Butler, and other influential personages,
hid lieen overheard to propose the sale by auction of the furniture of the Treasury
Buildings at Washington rather than that the Cireat Re]iublic should remain an
instant longer in the debt of Canada. (Uproarious laughter.) And yet I did not
altogether refrain from diplomatic action. Wiien asked by the Secretary of State
ti) dinner, I ostentatiously abstained from taking fish (roars of laughter and
.ipplause), a demonstration the force of which Mr. p^varts met and acknow-
ledged by the maintenance of a precious and pregnant silence (laughter) on
the subject of the Halifax award. Now, some uninstructed gentleman might
imagine this silence to have been of ominous import. Such an inference only
shows how ignorant some people are of the subtle manner in which the repve-
sntativei of great nations interchange ideas. (Laugliter. ) Ambassadors do
not dispute like w isherwomen across a tub. (Cireat laughter.) When
they meet they imitate the lofty reticence of those t\\o famous augurs of iincient
Rome, a nod, a wink (laughter), a dcnii-mol^ or as upon this occasion, no word
I all, eowveys the most important decisions. (Laugliter.) In Mr. Kvarts' taci-
,liiint\ 1 read — as all of you would have done — a reference to the ancient (Ireek
ipothegm. ' S]>eech is silver, but silence is gold' (great laughter), and by
remaining speechless .Mr. Evarts intended me to understand that not only did he
intend to pay up like a man, but that he intended to pay up in gold like a geiille-
nian (tremendous cheering and laughter), and the President himself has confirmed

648

IIISTOKY^ OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

this solemn undertaking of his Ministry by handing over to me his own son as a
hostage (laughter and applause), tliough, to save appearances, in the guise of a
frienilly visitor. lUit we have had a narrow escape. If, by a stroke of Macjiia-
vellian p(dicy, he had only substituted his daughter, we are so gallant I believe we
would liave kept the young lady and let the money go. (Cheers and laughter.)
And now, gentlemen, having disposed of the only serious matter before us,
we can afford to make a night of it, and in order that you may do so the more
agreeably, I will hasten to conclude the task your kindness has imposed upon
me. And yet, before I sit down, I cannot help desiring to express more fully
than I have yet had an opportunity of doing my very deep sense of the exlraor-
flmary kindness 1 am receiving at your hands. P"or an entire week, myself, my
family, my friends, my staff, my household, have been the guests of your city,
lodged in a palace, and welcomed to a series of entertainments of unparalleled
s]ilendor and interest. (Great cheering.) The Beauty of the I'rovince has decked
itself in its most irresistible charms to grace the occasion. (Applause.) Thanks
to the munificence of one of your eminent citizens, my visit is destined to become
associated with as noble an act of charity as has ever illustrated the annals of the
Dominion (loud applause), while Education, Art, the Drama, and many other
elements of our national life have received a fresh impulse and additional proofs of
the interest and sympathy felt for them by your fellow-citizens in virtue of your
having permitted me to become the interpreter and exponent of the general senti-
ment in their regard. Such a prolonged ovation has seldom been extended, I
believe, to the head of any executive, and, if a proof were wanting of your loyalty
to our Sovereign, it would be found in this succession of graceful courtesies to one
whose only claim to your consideration is the fact of his being her representative.
(Great cheering.) For, gentlemen, God forbid that I should mistake for a iiionieiit
the significance of these glorious demonstrations. Unless intended to exhibit your
devotion to the throne and person of our gracious Queen, — your reverence for the
constitution under which you live, — they would be empty, meaningless and vain.
(Applause.) It is only in this sense that I could either enjoy or accept them.
(Cheers.) It may be, however, — and it would be affectation on my part to ignore the
fact — that circumstances of a peculiar nature have invested the present festival with a
character more personal to myself than those with which I have been Iiitherto m)
frequently greeted. (Applause.) It is probably for the last time I have the ])lca
sure of finding myself in your presence, and although I dislike extremely touching
ujjon any egotistical topic, such a reflection naturally evokes within my mind many
and many a regret. (Great applause.) During a period of six years I have frequently
come amongst you, mingled with ) our society, taken part in your sports and pasimies,
interested myself with your nflnirs and business, become one with you in ihoutjlit
and feeling, and never have 1 teeeived at your hands, whether in my public or in my
private capacity, anything but the kindest consideration, the most indulgent sympa-
thy, and the warmest welcome. (Cheers.) I have kncwn many of you long and
intimately enough to have watched your little children grow up into youni; men
and maidens, your maidens into wives and mothers, iv.o there is scarcely a famdy
iunongst tlose 1 see around me with whose domestic jOys and sorrows I li^tve not
been permitted to sympathise. (Applause.) But — what is still more signilkant

]S7S]

THE EARL OF DUFFEHIN IX CANADA.

G49

— this brief period — h;ir<lly excecdinjj a lustre — luis ciiril)leil nie to mark the exten-
sion of your city, the multiplication of your ]uil)lic l)uil(lint;s, of your churches and
of your charitable institutions. (A])i)lause.) Hut, best of all, it will have been
(lurinj; my administration of your affairs, and under my nominal aus])iccs, that
will have been laid, in the widening; and the perfectiufj of our l,aurent:aii
n.uij^ation, the ineradicable foundations of your future pros|)erity, nay, of your
conmiercial supremacy and absolute dominion over the noiih-eastern section of
America. (Tremendous applause.) Well, ladies and fjentlemen, tics that have been
bodcejily rooted, ties that have be2n consecrated by such endearinj^ reminiscences,
can never fail or wither, and to my dying day I shall remember with feelings
which cannot be expressed in words, the extraordinary marks of confid'jiice and
good will I have received from the citizens of Montreal. (Clreat apiilause.) And
yet if there is one thing more than another which causes me satisfaction in all liiat
you have done, and are doing for me, it is the reflection that the springs from
wiijnce your generous IxMievolence, your princely hospilalities ascend, are peren-
n',.l. inexhaustible, and independent for their overflow upon the accidental ([uali-
;ics of him lo whom they are immediately addressed, and that it is in something
(kejier, more lasting, more significant, than in your mere goodwill to an indivi-
dual official, who is here to-day and away to-morrow, that they have their sacred
birth and origin. (Cheers.) After all, the Viceroys of Canada are but ^"ainri/ra
mpi/Vd " — fleeting shadows and evanescent cidcloiis that haunt your history, but
scarcely contribute a line to its ]iage. Should we leave behind us a single kindly
memory — should our names hereafter mark a date, or identify a ])eriod, it is the
most we can aspire to. Half a column of a biographical dictionary would suffice to
exhibit the sum of our imiled achievements ; so impercejitibly do we come and go,
play our small part, and fade from olT the scene. But unsubstantial, phantasmal, and
impersonal as we may be individually, we nevertheless represent anrl symboli/e in
our uninterrupted succession, some of the most solid realities of which the modern
world can boast, — for are we not the living proofs and exponents of the love of a
m i^hty nation for the children she has sent forth to enlarge her Dominion, and
enhance her renown (great applause), — the affection of a great Colony for a Mother
Country, that has endowed her with absolute freedom and legislali\eindepenileiu-';,
—tile reverence of a free people for constitutional liVjerty as secured by monarchi-
lal government, — the recognition by the owners of half a continent of tlr.'ir right
lo share a still mightier imperium — the love and loyalty of tuo chivalrous races
'.ouards the jmrest woman, and the most duty-loving Sovereign th;it ever wore a
crown or wielded a sceptre (long continued applause),— the unswerving confidence
of a modest, God-fearing community in their ability to vindicate their inde])en-
(It'uce, to elaborate their own destiny, and fo guard and embellish to the utmost the
glorious inheritance with which they have been endowed by i'rovideuce. (Loud
ail 1 continued applause.) In one respect we are, indeed, but in^iignillcant factors in
llio system of your national existence, in another we are more than the e(juals of
the greatest autocrats that ever terrorised mankinil. If then, ladies and gentle-
men, I now acknowledge, with a.l the eniphasis of which language is capable, the
satisfaction I have experienced by the exhibition of your aflection and goodwill
towards the Ciovernor General of Canada, it is not the individual who thanks you,

050

ITISTOBY OF THE ADAtlNIRTUATIOX OF

ris78

hut the interpreter and representative of those indestructible principles of constitu-
tional government, of Inijierial unity, ami of natural affection which are the foim-
(lations of your private happiness and public prosperity."

When His Excellency resumed his seat the company again rose
and loudly cheered him. Among the subsequent toasts was, ■' The
Countess of Dufferin and the ladies," proposed by Dr. Kingston, and
responded to by Mr. C. J- Rrydges.

On the 15th February, the eighth conversazione and exhibition of
the Art Association of Montreal was held at the Windsor Hotel, to
which their Excellencies were specially invited. Sir Francis Hincks,
the President of the Association, in his address dwelt at length ui)on
Mr. Benaiah Gibb's munificent bequest to the citizens of Montrenl of
his collection of paintings and bronzes, valued at $65,000, and, in addi-
tion, a sum of $8,000, together with a lot of ground, valued at $9,400.
upon which an Art Gallery is to be erected, provided the citizens will
su[)plement the bequest with a sufficient amount to put up a suitable
building.* Lord Dufferin, after some preliminary remarks, said :

" On the present occasion the reply T am about to make will, I think, he as
succinct and as hearty, perhaps, as all those that I have hitherto had the honor of
comiiosing. It is a written re]ily. Every word upon the paper has been carefully
studied. There is not a word too much in it, or a word too little. I will not so
far trespass upon the attention of this distinguished audience as to read my rt'|ily
to the address, but I have the pleasure of handing it unread to Sir Francis Ilincks
(His Excellency then handed a cheque to Sir Francis for $100), and I have resorted
to this course the more readily because I am well aware that, whereas the professors
of every branch of science, whether it be connected with Greek or with Latin, with
mechanics or metaphysics, with the military art or any other, think a considerable
amount of previous study is necessary to be able to speak with authority upon it.
When we come to art, every one seems to think he is a born art critic, and suffi-
ciently capable and intelligent to enlighten his fellow-creatures upon any toiiic."

His Excellency then said that,

"Without worrying the audience with any superficial remarks in connection
with art, I will confine myself to making an announcement on behalf of an honored
and personal friend, who has been pleased to authorize me to inform those inter-
ested in the objects which have been so eloquently enlarged upon by the projectors
of the address, that it was his intention at no distant date to enhance the value 0'
Mr. Gibb's treasures by the contribution of a valuable picture which he had been
good enough to say I should put a value upon."t (Applause.)

* The Art Gallery is now in course of erection, and will be finished l>y the
summer of 1879.

fThe picture alluded to, entitled Sunset in the Yoscmite Valley, painted by
Mr. Bierstadt, has since been presented by the artist, through His Excellency, to
the Art Association.

187^]

THE EAUL OF DUFFKRIN IN CANADA.

f.51

The Vice-regal jiarty took their departure from Montreal on the
ifjth February, and on their way to Ottawa addresses were presented
to His Excellency at St. 'Hierese, St. Scholastifjue, Lachute, Cakuiiet,
ra])ineauville, Thurso, Buckingham, and Hull.

In the meantime the business of Parliament was slowly [)roceed-
ing, There was no matter of grave importance before it, and, though
the session was long, and the debates protracted, the utterances of
members were intended, not so much to influence the divisions in the
House, as the coming general elections. The Ministry had a majority
of about forty, and any attempt to defeat them in a house so consti-
tuted would have been a useless expenditure of time. The Opjiosi'
tion had made the fiscal i)olicy of the Government the great test
question on which they would go to the people, and hence their chief
movements in the house were connected with the tariff On the yth
jMarch, Sir John Macdonald took the first step in theoflicial announce-
ment of the course settled upon by the Opposition, when he moved
the following amendment in Sujjply : —

"That this House is of the opinion that the welfare of Canada re(|uiies the
adoption of a National Policy, which, by a jiulicious re-adjiistnient of tlic tariff,
will benefit and foster the agricultural, the minings the manufacturing and other
interests of the Dominion ; — that sucli a policy will retain in Canada tliousands of
our fellow-countrymen, now obliged to expatriate themselves in search of tiie
employment denied them at home, — will restore prosperity to our struggling indus-
tries, now so sadly depressed, — will j')revent Canada from being made a sacrifice
market, — will encourage and develop an active inter-provincial trade, and moving
(as it ought to do) in the direction of a leciprocity of tariff with our neighbors, so
far as the varied interests of Canada may demand, will greatly tend to procure for
this country, eventually, a reciprocity of trade,"

On the 1 2th March, after an exhaustive debate, this motion was
negatived by a vote of 114 against 74, shewing a majority for the
Ministry of 40.

On the 2nd April, Mr. Brown, Member for che West Riding of
Hastings, moved another amendment in Supply : —

" That it be resolved, that whereas a large cjuantity of wheat and flour has been
imported into Canada within tlie last few years, this House is of opinion that the
interests of Canadian farmers Aould be promoted by the imposition of a duty on
'"lese articles."

The motion wa.s negatived on a vote of 148 to 28.

On the 9th April, Mr. Bechard, Member for Iberville, moved in
amendment in Supply : — That it be resolved,

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652

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[IR78

*' That a large quantity of ••orn and oats having been imported into Canada
within the last few yens, this House Is of opinion that the inlorests of Canadian
farmers would l)e promoted by the imposition of a duty upon the importalion of
those jiroducts."

The motion was negatived on a vote of 144 to 54.

Another expression of the opinion of the House on the trade
policy of the Government was obtained on the motion of Mr. Bolduc,
Member for Beauce : — That it be resolved,

'♦ Ihat whereas one million dollars worth of tobac-fo is imported every year ;
and whereas that plant might l)e cultivated to advantage in ihis country ; this
Houf5e is of the opinion that the cultivation thfireof should be encouraged by the
al)olition of duties on tobacco grown in Canada."

The motion was negatived on a vole of 90 to 32.

Still another attempt was made to commit ilie House to a policy of
Protection by the motion of Mr. Mackay, member for Cape Breton,
who, on the 25th April, moved that it be resolved : —

" That in the opinion of this House, it is advisable to impose a duly of 75
cents per ton upon all coals imported into the Dominion, so is to help to meet
the financial deficiency, and, at the same time, give a stimulus to a most important
industry."

This motion was lost on a vote of 135 to 27.

This ended the contest. The Ministry were fairly supported by
a large majority in their trade ])olicy, and the Opposition bee aiiie
more convinced than ever that no change could be effected, excepting
by the verdict of the people at the ensuing general elections for ihe
Dominion.

The Liberal party made a senous attack on the principles of
Constitutional Government, when, in 1S73. they demanded from Loid
Dufferin the dismio.jal of his Ministers, on account of iheir alleged > om-
plicity in the irregularities connected with the Pacific Railway charter.
Though the Ministry commanded a majority in the House, and though
the charge against them was still unproven, the then Opposition resort-
ed to the most extreme steps to force upon His Excellency the exer-
cise of the Royal Prerogative, and secure the dismissal of Sir John
Macdonald and his associate ministers. But Lord Dufferin was toe
well versed in constitutional law, too loyal to tho advisers whom the
people had chosen for him, and too firm in his determination to sup-
port the Constitution in its integrity, to accede to the demand ; and he
protected the Liberals even against their own violence and folly, while

^ .

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIX IX CANADA.

653

into Canada
of Canadian
[iporlalion of

I the trade
Ar. Bolduc,

1 every year ;
country ; this
uraged by the

) a policy of
lape Breton,

! a duty of 75
:o help to nit-et
nost important

upported by
tion became
;d, excepting
lions for ihe

he did ihe country and the cause of constitutional liberty a noble ser-
vice by liis refusal.

The unfortunate propensity of the Liberal party lo ignore j)rinciple
where interest interferes was again painfully displayed in 187S. by the
attack made on the Constitution in what is known as the *' Quebec
Crisis."

The Hon. Luc Letellier de St. Just, a member of the Senate, a
warm partisan and supporter of Mr. Mackenzie's Government, was
apijointed Lieutenant Governor of Quebec in December, 1876. The
Legislative Assembly, the Legislative Council, and the Ministry of that
Province were then in antagonism to the Dominion (iovernment. Mr.
Letellier thus found himself the chief executive officer of the Province,
but without any political sympathy either with his Ministers, or the re-
presentatives of the people in the House, or the Legislative Council.

He seems to have worked in tolerable harmony with his advisers
uniil the Provincial Session of 1878 ; but during its progress dititicul-
ties arose, and on the ist March he executed a co///> detat by suddenly-
dismissing his Ministers, although, they then had at the time, and
always had, commanded large majorities in both branches of the
Legislature.* The country was astonished, a id anxiously awaited an
explanation of what appeared to be a most unwarrantable attack on
the liberties of the people.

On the 8th March, each House passed an addiess to th»; Senate
and Commons of Canada, which, after briefly referring to the ofiicial
correspondence, states : —

" That the dismissal from olTice of the De IJoiichervlUe Cabinet has taken phice
without reason constitutes an imminent danger to the existence of Responsible
tioviinment of the Province, and is an abuse of power in contempt of the majority
of this House whose confidence they possessed, and still posacs?, and is a violation
oiihe lilx;rties and will of the people."

On the 19th March, Mr. Letellier addressed to His Excellency
the (iovernor General, an " explanatory case" in which he details his
reasons for his conduct. As these are separately cited and commented
on by Mr. De Boucherville in his " explanation," it will be needless
to re-jjroduce his 'nemorandum.

This reply of Mr. De Boucherville bears date the 2nd .vpril,
1878, and is as follows : —

* The majority in the Assembly wa.j from 20 to 22 in a House of 65, and in
the I pper House they had a majority of more than two to one.

654

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

; ) ■'■■

••To Mis EXCELIXNCY THE RldllT HoNORABI.K THK EaRL OF DUFKERIN,

K.r., K.C.B., Ci.C.M.G., Governor General ok Canada, Ottawa.

Ottawa, April 2, 1878.

My Lord. — The "Explanatory case" addressed to your Excellency by his
Honor M. Ixtellier, and accompanying the documents and details which related
to my recent dismissal from oflice, and by you transmitted to the Senate and
House of Commons, containing, as it do^s, statements of facts, the accuracy of
which I resi)e':tfully deny, imposes upon me the duty of submitting for your infor-
mation and consideration the following : —

As your Excellency is doubtless aware, M. Angers * laid upon .he table of the
Legislative Assembly on the 8th of March last, copies of the correspondence and
explanations by him made at my request, relating to the dismissal from office of the
Deiiouchcrville Government. This correspondence and explanations, with some
comments of his own, are contained in the copy of the Votes and Proceedinj,'s of
that House of the 9th March, and 1 respectfully beg to Ije (lermitted to annex
them as forming part hereof. 1 beg, however, to add to these explanations of M.
Angers a few words upon two subjects, viz. : —

I. In the memorandum which I had the honor to address to his Honor M.
Lctellier, under date 27th February, 1 said : — 'Later I have the honor to ask your
Honor for a general permission to submit to the House measures concerning
money matters, which your Honor gave me with your ordinary courtesy. This
lx;rniission, I may say, had always been granted me by your predecessor, the
lamented M. Caron.'

1 do not think that the meaning of these phrases is correctly rendered in the
paragraph in his Honor's letter to me, under date the 1st Ma/ch,^ wherein he
says : —

* It is true that the Premier gives in his letter as one of the reasons for acting as
he did, tliat this permission of using the name of the Reinesentative of the (_ niwn
hat! always been giantetl him by the predecessor of the present Lieutenant Governor,
the lamented M. Caron.

' This reason cannot be one for the Lieutenant Governor ; for in so acting, he
would have alxlicated his position as Representative of the Crown, wiiich act
neither the Lieutenant Governor nor the Premier could reconcile with the obhga-
tion of the Lieutenpnt Governor to the Crown.'

It is manifest that I desired to say, and that, in fact, 1 dkl say, that the late M.
Caron had given me that authority fur money matters only.

My Lord, I respect loo highly the memory of that virtuous and distinguished
statesman to allow any such misinterpretation of my meaning to pass uncluillenged,
Vj; .vhich I am made to intimate that the deceased M. Caron had abdicated In nie
his position as the Representative of the Crown. Every fierson who knew tlie late
M. Caron and his high le^'al and constitutional attainments will share with me
my regretful surprise that any such imputation should be cast upon his memory.

2nd. 'i'hat, not having kept any memorandum of such conversations as 1 had

* Mr. Angers was the leader of the Government in the Assembly. Mi
Boucherville, the Premier, was in the Legislative Council.

De-

187S]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIX IN CANADA.

655

that the lale M.

with the Lieutenant Governor, except those wliichtook place since the 25th Febru-
ary last, 1 have no remarks to make upon the paragraph, wherein it is stated : —

' Ihe I'remier did not let the Lieutenant (jovernor know, then or since, that
tlie Government was m such a state of penury as to necessitate siKJcial legislation
tu increase public taxation ; ' unless it be that this statement docii not seem to me
to accord with a preceding paragraph, wherein it is stateil that the Lieutenant tiov-
enior drew my attention * to the necessity of reducing the expenses of Government
and ol the Legislature, instead of having recourse to new taxes in view of avoiding
tmaiicial embarrassment.'

1 acknowledge that i never did inform the Governor that the I'rovince was in a
slate ot penury, simply because 1 was convinced of the contrary.

' 1 he Lieutenant Governor expressed also, but with regret, to the Premier,
that tlie Orders passed in Council to increase the salaries of civil Service servants
swiued to him inopportune.'

tpon tnis matter 1 merely desire to remark that these Orders in Council were
aullH)ii/,ed by a law passed during the Session of 1876.

1 propose now, my Lord, to deal With the specihc allegations made against me
by Ills Honor M. Letellier, in his explanatory case, and, tor convenience sake, I
take llie lil)erty to quote from his Honor's memorandum : —

i>t. 'During the Session of 1876, a bill had been read three tiiaes in one of
the two l)ranclies of the Legislature, and only twice in the other.

• Inis bill, bearing all tne certilicates wluch were necessary to induce nie to
lx;lic\c that it liatl been regularly passed and adopted, was submitted to me by the
rainier lor my sanction.

• 111 consequence of being left in ignorance of these facts by my advisers, I
sanctioned tne bill.

' Not long alterwards 1 was informed of the irregularity, and 1 imineiliat'jly
spoke 1)1 it to liie i'reniier. 1 made the observation that bucli an Act would entail
loo sciious consequences to allow of its being passed over.

• AS a favor to him, however, 1 passeil over lliis instance of irregular legislation,
wli.tli was tlien irreparable.'

in relation to thi?;, tlie facts will furnish a sutTicieiit answer. The Act in question
was a ilill entitled ; ' An Act to authorize the formation of Societies fur the iiiipruve-
nicni of country roads, and for the destruction of noxious weeils in the I'rovince of
(JUL'kc' It was introduced in tlie l^-gislative Council, tUily passed that House,
aim wiis sent down to the i-*;gislative Assembly for its coiiturrcnce.

.\|iliaiently in the hurry ol the last hours of tlie Session, alter it had been read
twice, Uie clerk, by mistake, certilied it as passed williuul aniendnienl, and it was
llius scut back to the LcgislalAc Council, His Honor came down on llie loUow-
iiig uay to prorogue tlie Legislature, and his assent was given to tins bill along
wail ouiers. 1 he error was immediately discovered by tlie i\ttoriiey General, who
made a report for transmission to Ottawa, slating the error, and suggesting lliai llie
Act slioiild Ijc disallowed. The Hon. Mr. illake, then Minister of Justice, repoited
in reply liiat this was unnecessary, that the Act, not having icceiveil all its stages,
was but blank paper, and as a consequence it was not jirinted in the .Statutes,
in view uf this tact, it is difficult to understand the statement of his Honor the

'^,1'

G5G

IIISTOUY OF TIIK ADMINISTUATION l)F

\\m

] 'cut'.-nant (lovtrnor ihat, 'as a favor' to nic, he ' passed over this instancf of
irrejjular legislation, which was then irreparable.'

2. 'During the same Session, another Hill was suhniitted to me for my ^nin.-
tion. ih\ examining it I perceived a blank which had not Ixjen filled up, which I
pointed out to the Tremier in the following letter : —

(J'ri ih'i:) 'QUKBKC, 2-jth Dcinnhct\ i8,6.

• My dkar Prkmikr, — A Hill (li), which originated in the Council, was
passed by the Legislative Assembly without amendment ; upon reading it In-fore
adding my certificate of sanction, I noti.ed that a blank had not Ijeen filled ii|) in
the seventh line of the sixth section.

• You followed the usual practice in not fixing the amount of the i^enalty in the
legislative Council, but the matter passed un|)erceived, or the officers, throiijjh
some mistake, omilled to insert the amount fixed by the House, or it may have
becni an error in ihe proof-sheets.

' While on Ihe subject of these mistakes, you will find another in the second
section of the same Act, wherein the wortl 'amender ' is in the infinitive mood. I
notice this latter inaccuracy, to which I do not attach much importance, only
because 1 discovored another in an Act in which I had to point out to you an
omission which 1 consider fatal.

Yours vary truly,

(Signed,) L. LETELLIER.

' The Premier came to me and said that he regretted the omission ; he requottd
me to give my sanction to the Jiill in the state in which it was. The conciliatory
spirit which I showed in giving my consent seemed to please him.'

In relation to this 1 have to say that the Act in question was ' An Act to i)ro
' vide for the safety ai'l protection of the public in theatres, e<lifices and |iuliiic
halls.' As stated, it was jiassed first in the I.egislative Council, where the blank,
l)eing the amount of the penalty, could not Ix; inserted. By inadvertence it passed
the legislative Assembly in the same form. After its passage the omission was
discovered, and a short Hill was introduced to remedy it. The Act in wliiih tlie
omission occurred is numl)ered 19, and the Act supplying the omission is nunikied
20, of the Statutes of 1876, ami both were sanctioned by his Honor the Lieutenant
Governor at the same time.

3rd. ' In March, 1877 (twV Appendix A), my advisers caused me to make an
appointment of a Municipal Councillor for the South Ward of the Villa!,eof
Montmagny, under the pr.'text that there had Ix^cn no election, or that if siich
election had taken place it was illegal,' ^c.

As to the third complaint of his Honor, it is difficult to understand, secini; that
it had no relation to the dismissal of myself and my colleagues, why it is introducd.
Whether wisely or not, the Municipal Code of the Province of Quebec ]irovides
that, in a certain contingency, the Lieutenant Covernorof the Province shall ap])oint
a Councillor. In the opinion of the Law Adviser of his Honor, upon a iHlitimi
sent in from the Village of Montmagny, that contingency had arisen, and he made
a rejwrt recommending an appointment. That report was approved, ami the
appointment made by his Honor. Subsequently other information was received,

flS78
lis inslantc of

e for my sant-
I'd up, which I

ber, 1 8, 6.

Council, was
jading it la-fore
leen filled u)) in

e i^enalty in the
(fficers, thr<)U(;h
or it may have

r in the second
nitive mood. 1
nportance, only
It out to you an

TELLIER.

ion ; he rei|ue>le(l
Tlie conciliatory

\n Act to pro-
ces and public
here the blank,
rtence it passed
he omission was
Act in which tlie
sion is mmiliereil
Dr the Lieutenant

;d me to make an
of the Villat,e of
1, or that if iuch

stand, s:^eing that
r it is introduc'il.
Quebec iirovides
■ince shall appoint
, upon a petition
sen, and he made
iproved, and the
jn was received,

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

657

which induced his Honor to urge the revocation of the appointment, and out of
deference to him, while seeing no reason to change its opinion, the Government
yieideil, and the appointment was cancelled.

4th. 'On the 19th March, 1877, being on the eve of absenting myself for a few
days, I wrote to the Hon. M. Chapleau, and in a postscript I said : " Please oblige
me by telling the Premier that, if he needs my concurrence, M. Gauthier may
bring down to me the documents requiring my signature."

' M. Ue Boucherville should have understood from that, that if I was ready to
give him my concurrence, it was on condition of having all documents submitted
to me ))efore signing them.'

' 1 leave you, my Lord, to judge in what manner my views were interpreted.'

It would seem somewhat remarkable that a statement to which his Honor
appears to attach so much importance should have appeared as a postscript to what,
I have reason to believe, was a private letter, in no sense relating to public busi-
ness. I may say, however, that a reference to dates will shew that the documents
referred to had relation to the il/(7«//«rt^«)/ Council lorship, which was at the time a
subject of discussion, and was not intended to have, and had not any such signifi-
cance as that attempted now to be attached to it.

5th. ' Under date of the 6th November last, I addressed to the Honorable M.
DeHoucherville the letter of which the following is a copy : —

(Private.)

Quebec, 6th Nm'ember, 1877.

The Honorable C. B. DeBoucherville,

Premier.

'.My dear DeBouchervili.e,— In the last Official Gazette were published
over my signature two proclamations which I had not signed.

' One was for the summoning of Parliament, which I had reserved in order to
confer with you ; the other, which I did not even see, appoints a day of Thanks-
giving.

'These proceedings, the nature of which I shall not characterize, are produc-
tive, apart from their impropriety, of nullities which you will easily understand.

Yours very truly,

(Signed,) L. LETELLIER.'

'The following are the notes which I took of the conversation which I had
with M. DelJoucherville on the subject : —

'M. DeHoucherville came on the same day he received the letter, to tell me
that he regretted that the thi"g had occurred, and that it was no fault of his. I
accepte('. the excuse, and I then told him that I would not tolerate my name being
used, when necessary for any duty of my office, unless the documents requiring
my signature had been previously submitted to me, and unless information
was allorded to me, which M. DeBoucherville assured me would be the course
followed in future.

(Signed,) L. L.'

X-

658

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

ll*''

W^^'

■•t -

f -,

wtr.

It is a sufficient answer to this complaint, to sny that the proclamation for the
summoning of the Legislature for the despatch of business was not publishe<l until
the 24th November, and it could not, therefore, be that proclamation to which his
Honor referred in his letter of the 6th Noveml)er. The proclan^ation to which he
refers was the mere formal one by which the meeting of the Legislature is further
postponed from time to time ; and I am informetl that the Order in Council for the
particular proclamation to which his Honor referretl was signed by him, and is of
record, so signetl, with the proper officer.

A3 to the proclamation fixing a day of Thanksgiving, I have to remark that
this was the result of a communication from the Premier of Canada, the Honor-
able Alexander Mackenzie, to the Lieutenant Governor, and handed to me by his
Honor with the request that I would carry out the suggestion. It will ajijjcar
sufficiently strange under these circumstances, that I should be accused of acting
without his knowledge, even if the clerical duty of obtaining his signature hadlieen
omitted. I am informed, however, that in this case also, the Order in Council, as
well as the proclamation, were signed by his Honor, and are of record, Ijearing
his signature, in the office of the proper officer.

6th. ' Hut, my Lord, there is another point still more important, which I can-
not any longer refrain from mentioning.

• From the conversations which I have held with M. DeBoucherville, there
results a fact, which, if it were known, would of itself have sufficiently justified
me in believing that he did not possess the confidence of the jieople of this Pro-
vince.

• On two occasions, some time aft.er the Session of 1876, I pointed out to
him that millions had been voted to aid railways in general, at a time when our
finances did not api^ear to me in a condition to warrant all at once a lavish ex|)en
diture in subsidizing these numerous undertakings, particularly as, apart from that,
our credit was so heavily pledged towards the building of the (Quebec, Montreal,
Ottawa and Occidental Railway.

• He very frankly avowed that these grants, though they were for the develop-
ment of the Province, had been necessitated by political considerations ; that
without them the support of the Members whose counties were traversed by those
railways would cease to lie secured to Government ; that there would lie no
means of having a majority ; that the Members formed combinations — " Rings "-
to control the House.

' M. DeBoucherville is not unaware that I thereupon told him that it was better
to save the Province than a tlovernment, and that if his Administration was not
strong enough to resist those influences, it would l)e better for him to fori? a
combination of honest and well-meaning men, from both sides of the House, rather
than submit to the dictation of those "Rings," and to the control of those combin
ations.

' When he made no attempt to escape from that deleterious influence, after his
own avowal that the Legislature was controlled by those " Rings" ; wlun by his
legislation he sought to favor them anew during the last Session, without having
previously advised with me, had I not the right, as the Representative of my

[1878

187S]

THE EARL OF DUFFEBJN IN CANADA.

659

tnation for the
)ublishe<l until
in to which his
on to which he
ature is further
Council for the
f him, and is of

to remark that
ida, the Honor-
led to me by his
It will apjiear
ccused of acting
jnature had lieen
ler in Council, as
f record, Ixjaring

mt, whicli I can-

oucherville, there
ifTiciently ju>tified
eople of this Pro-

I pointed out to
a time when our
^ce a lavish exiien-
s, apart from that,
Quebec, Montreal,

re for the develop-
^nsiderations ; thai
I traversed by iW
[here would k no
Lions— " KinS^ "'

hUhat it was belter
[nistration was nol
Ifor him to forir a
[f the House, rather
ol of those combin

influence, after his
Igs"; when by his
jn, without having
bresentative of my

Sovereign, to believe and to be convince<t that M. De Boucher vi He did not ]X)ssess
a constitutional majority in the I^egislative Assembly ? '

I have no desire to enter into a discussion as to the precise conversations that
may have taken place between his Honor and myself, in the frequent intercourse
which we had together ; but I submit, as my answer to this most setious imputa-
tion, that I confessed to being controlled by • Rings,' in relation to the Railway
legislation while I was the leader of the Provincial Guvemment, the following
lacts : —

I took office in 1874. In the Session following, a measure was introduced to
increase the subsidies granted by previous legislation to a number of railways.
Several amendments were moved to the resolutions, all of them looking to an
increase in the grants, and for these, the Opposition, under the leadership of Mr.
Joly, voted. The General Elections took place subsequent to that Session, and,
whether the legislation was good or bad, it was sustained by a very large majority
of the people, and is, therefore, no longer a proper subject of discussion in the
connection in which his Honor introduced it. At the first Session after the elec-
tions, the Government, at the request of the municipalities of Montreal and Quelx;c,
assumed the task of constructing the North Shore and Northern Colonization
Railways, now known as the ' Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, and Occidental
Railway.' Great pressure was brought to bear upon the Government to increase
the subsidies to the other roads at that time, but this pressure was resisted. As a
matter of fact it is not true that ' millions have been voted to aid railways in
general,' at a time when ' our credit was so heavily pledged towards the building
of the (Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway.' On the contrary,
since our credit became so pledgeil, not one dollar has l)een added to the tlebt or
liabilities of the Province on account of those ' railways in general.'

1(1 the Session of 1876 a measure was introduced authorizing a portion of the
subsidy on some of these railways, from the unbuilt portion, to l)e used on that
which was under construction to enable them to Ix: carried to particular points,
which it was considered important in the public interests should be reached, and a
lapsed subsidy of $200,000 was divi led among other roads of a similar class, the
Bill passing the Legislature without division.

In relation to this Act, his Honor M. Letellier, in proroguing the Legislature,
used these words : — ' I trust that the result of your labors will be to give a new
inijietus to the great improvements which have been undertaken in this Province.'
Uuring the last Session this process of • doubling uj) ' of the subsidy was again
adopted, but without adding to the public liability. This Act was carried through
Us final stajjes in the Legislative Council, after the change of Government, and was
assented to by his Honor the Lieutenant (Governor.

' 7th. In communicating to both Houses my memoranda of the 25th February
and 1st March last, the Premier and Mr. Attorney General Angers, in violation
of their duty, overstepped the authorization which I had given by my letter of the
4tli March last for that purpose. They added to that communication a report
of pretended conversations, the correctness of which I contest, and the impropriety
of which 1 maintain,' «Sr*c.

}i.\\

■f

6oO

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

'11

^:*;-i.

As this relates to what occurred after the dismissal of the late Government, it
can hardly be held to justify that dismissal. It is sufficient to refer to the correspond
dence, which shows that there was no stipulation on my part as to the precise form of
explanations to be maile to the House ; and in view of the fact that we wtre a dis-
missed Ministry, I must claim that we had a duty, not only to ourselves, but tu
the majority of the representatives of the people whose confidence we enjoyed, to
nake the explanations as full as possible. As to the introduction, without aulliuri-
zation, of the Radway and Finance Hills, I conceived myself to have been fully
authorized, and the explanations which I offered to his Honor on this point, and
which were acceptetl by him, do not require to be repeated.

To sum up after the manner of his Honor : —

♦ 1st. That in general the recommendations which I made to my Cabinet did
not receive the consideration which is due to the Representative of the Crown.'

As resjwnsible Ministers we considered it to be our duty to advise his Honor,
not to be bound to act upon advice from him. At the same time, as is soen in the
case of the Montmagny Councillorship, we were disposed, as far as possible, to
pay proper deference to his views and wishes.

* 2nd. That my name has been used by the T 'embers of the Government in the
signature of documents which I had never see'

I have simply to say that I know of no such case, unless it refers to the Pro-
clamations mentioned in the " Explanatory case," and the answer on that point is
sufficiently distinct.

' 3rd. ITiat a proclamation summoning the Legislature was published in the
Official Gazette without my being consulted or informed of it, and liefore my signa-
ture had been attached thereto."

No proclamation summoning the Legislature was so published, without the
knowledge and signature of his Honor, and the Legislature was in fact not sum-
moned for the despatch of business for nearly three weeks after his Honor's letter
of complaint on the subject.

• 4th. That a like proclamation fixing a day of Thanksgiving was also published
under similar circumstances.'

The Thanksgiving day was fixed at the request of his Honor himself, and the
Order in Council fixing it was signed by him.

' 5th and 6th. That, although I had intimated to the Premier by my advice,
and by my letter of the 14th March, 1877, my firm determination to protect the
inhabitants of this Province against the arbitrary decisions of the Executive in
matters within the jurisdiction of the Courts of Justice, he thought proper without
my participation and without advising me, to propose to both Houses, in legislat-
ing for the " Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway," to substitute
the power of the Executive for that of the Judiciary.'

* That, without having advised me, and without having received authorization
of any sort whatever from me, the Government of M. DeBoucherville proposed
to the Legislature a measure of almost general taxation upon the ordinary con-
tracts and transactions of life, transfers of bank stock, etc., while no Message from
me had been asked for this subject, nor signed by me to authorize its proposition
to th6 Houses.'

[1878

jovernmcnt, it
) the corresj)on-
precise form of
we wire a dii-
urselves, but to
we enjoytti, to
without aulhori-
have been fully
I this point, and

my Cabinet did
f the Crown.'
Ivise his Honor,

as is seen in the
,r as possible, to

overnment in the

refers to the Pro-
:r on that point is

i published in the
I liefore my signa-

ished, without the
i in fact not sum-
is Honor's letter

vas also pulilished

Ir himself, and the

Lier by my advice,
ton to protect the
the Executive in
Iht proper without
llouses, in legisla'"
Tay," to sub!.titute

lived authorization

Iberville proi^sed

Ithe ordinary con-

; no Message from

lize its proposition

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN rAXAPA.

G61

In relation to these measures I considered myself authorize<l by the reply of
his Honor to my request for an authorization for resolutions res|H'ctinK finances,
and my explanations, as is seen by his letter to me, were accepte<l,and thedovern-
ment relieved from all imputation of intentional discourtesy.

♦7th. That, after its dismissal, the Government of the late M. DeHoucherville
again failed in its duty by assigning reasons for the adjournment of the House from
day to day different from those agreed on lietween myself and the Premier, at the
risk of prejudicing public opinion against the Representative of the Crown.'

No reasons were assigned by me for the adjournment of the I.egislative Council,
neither the Speaker nor myself being present at any sitting of that House during
the crisis, and the reasons assigned by M. Angers for the adjournment of the I^gis-
Litive Assembly were in these words : —

• The Lieutenant Clovernor signified his desire that the explanations res|)ecting
the dismissal from office of the Members of the Executive Council Ijc not given
this d.iy, but only after a new Cabinet shall have Iwen fornie<l ; ' that reason Iniing
substantially that given in the letter of his Honor of the 4th March.

• 8th. That at the time of the communication of the cai'ses which rendcreil
necessary the dismissal of the Cabinet, in the explanations which were given by
the Premier to the I^egislative Council, and by the Attorney Cleneral to the I^'gis-
lative Assembly, both of them referred to pretended conversations which they had
no authority whatever to communicate to the Legislature, since the Premier had,
by his answer to the letter of the Lieutenant Governor of the 4th Marcii last,
limitetl his explanations to the communication to lx)th Houses of my memoranda
of the 25th F^ebruary and 1st March, and the answers of the Premier of the 27th
February and of the 2nd and 4th March instant.'

My letter of the 4th March makes or accepts no such limitation, and, for the
reason I have already stated, I considered myself fully justified in making the
explanations that were made.

' 9th. That therefore the additions and the comments made by the Premier
before the legislative Council, and by the Attorney General liefore the legishative
Assembly, were contrary to the conditions agreed upon between the Lieutenant
Governor and the Premier.'

As I have stated, there were no such conditions agreed upon between the Lieu-
tenant Governor and myself.

' loth. That the Premier and his colleagues, by making use of pretended
private conversations to explain the causes of their dismissal, in contravention to
their duty to the Crown and to what they had pledged themselves to observe
with regard to it, have placed the Lieutenant Governor under the necessity of
bringing under the notice of Your Excellency all the reasons for their dismissal.'

The conversations reported by me were not 'pretended' but real, of which
notes were taken immediately after they occurred, and which were .lecessary to
explain fully the circumstances preceding my dismissal. If they have comixilled
his Honor to state ' all the reasons for that dismissal ' I venture the opinion that
it would have been more respectful to the Legislature, whose confidence I enjoyed,
had 'all the reasons' been communicated to it.

W i

;* :

662

nisTouY or the administration of

(1878

llie ubiiervations I have made u|)on these additional reasons will, I h()|)e,
serve to convince Your Kxcellency that they were not such as to strengthen tiic
position of the Lieutenant Cjovernor.

I have the honor to lie, my Lord,
Your oliedient servant,

(Signetl,) C. H. DkBOUCHERVILU:,

M. L. C."

On the grounds thus set forth by Mr. I^tellier he justified the dis-
missal of his Ministers. It is not too much to say that so serious an
offence was never attempted to be justified by reasons so poor, or
extenuated by circumstances so trivial. But the question is not to be
judged in the mode suggested by him. It was wrong in Mr. Letellier to
magnify the minute indiscretions, even if they existed, of his Ministers ;
or to attempt to fasten on them the charge of recklessness or incapa-
city ; or to attempt to prove the unwisdom of their policy, or the
fatuity even of their course. His duty was to uphold them so long
as they were supported by the people as represented in Parliament,
unless indeed their conduct was so utterly improper as to be absolutely
indefensiblf, and an outrage upon Parliamentary Government ; and
unless also he possessed the clearest proof that they had lost the con-
fidence of the people. This impropriety did not exist, and of this
loss of confidence there was no evidence. It has been said in his
defence that he had the power to dismiss. That is true, but the
power to dismiss may be exercised in an unconstitutional way. Lord
Dufferin in his speech at Halifax in August, 1873, lays down the
correct rule. He said :

" My only {^uiding star in the conduct and maintenance of my official rtlations
with your public men is the Parliament of Canada. I believe in Parliament, mo
mntterivhich n'liy it votes ; and to those tneti alotie whom the deliberate 'vill of tk
Confederate Parliament of Canada may assign to me as my responsible advisers, am
Igrt'e my eonfidenee. Whether they are heads of this party, or of that party, must
be a matter of indifference to the Goz'ernor General. So long as they are muiiitami
he is bound to gii'e them his unresen'ed confidence, to defer to their advue and to
loyally assist them with his counsels* As a reasonable being, he cannot help
having convictions on the merits of different policies, but these considerations are
abstract and speculative, and devoid of practical effect in his official relations. .A>
the head of a constitutional state engaged in the administration o.* Parliamentary
Government the Governor General has no political friends, — still less can lie have
political enemies. The possession, or the being suspected of such possession,
would destroy his usefulness."

■ The Italics are the author's.

IH-H]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

003

IS will, 1 li<>l>e,
) strengthen tiie

ervilm:,

M. L. C."

stified the dis-
so serious an
[IS so poor, or
on is not to be
Vlr. Letellier to
his Ministers;
ness or incajja-
policy, or the
i them so long
i in Parliament.
to be absolutely
ivernment ; and
ad lost the con-
dst, and of this
jeen said in his
is true, but the
inal way. lord
lays down the

It was not the duty of the Lieutenant CJovcmor, it was not his
privilege to impede the legislation. The opinions of his Ministers
were constitutionally the opinions of the people, whom he was bound
to respect. It is true that extreme cases may arise where the strong
arm of the Royal Prerogative would properly be invoked, but in this
asc there was no very serious consequence, or very grave matter
involved in the measures of Ministers. Their policy might or might
not have been the best, but of that he had no right to judge for the
purpose of dismissal. The power actually exercised by him, Mr.
Letellier, if admitted to be constitutionally put in forc^ in this case,
would enable any Governor General or any Lieutt i int Governor to
paralyze at any moment all governmental functions It was alleged
by his defenders that if his policy were support'-i by the jjcoplc it the
ensuing elections his course would thereby I justified. Hut this is
fallacious '•easoning. No ruler has a right to speculate on the result
of an appeal to the country. Mr. Letellier's conduct was purely
.>e<u!ative, he was in effect gambling. He said to himself: —

" These jieople are obnoxious to me. True, they possess the confidence of the
|)eo|)le, but they do not possess mine. I will oust them. I will call in my poli-
tical friends as Ministers, and send them to the country. Armed with all th^ power
of a (lovernment, having offices to give and favors to promise, they will carry with
thtni the very weight of which I have robbed their opponents, llie French peo]>le
are mercurial, — they do not yet fully appreciate the Iwnefits of a strictly Constitu-
tional Government, and have not yet learned the importance of preserving its
principles intact ; they will be easily swayed. If I succeed, I shall lie appl.iuded as
the destroyer of a bad Ministry ; if I fail, all that can be said will h,e that I was
mistaken. It is a venture, a speculation, a gambling, a throw of the dice, I admit,
but tile Dominion (iovernment who appointed me are my friends, — they will not
punish me if I fail, and they will reward me if I succeed. • En avant /' "

A country governed on such principles would soon go to destruc-
tion. The rule laid down by Lord Dufferin is utterly incompatible
with them. It is to be remembered that his maxims should be
enforced with the most jealous care in the case of Lieutenant Gover-
nors, because they are always political friends of the Dominion
Government, from whom they receive their appointments, and are
sometimes partizans. The temptation to bring their Province into
political harmony with the Dominion Ministry who appointed them is
therefore, great, — in most cases not easily resisted, and in many per-
fectly irresistible.

Coups (titats are utterly incompatible with the spirit of the British
Constitution. It is provided with checks of sufficient power to pre-

f"!

664

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

serve the people from tyranny, and if its machinery be allowed
fair play it may, possibly, satisfactorily solve every Governmental
problem. But it requires patience on the part of its engineers.
Sudden, spasmodic, and violent applications of its pov/ers are foreign to
its spirit, and destructive of its usefulness. It may sometimes apjiear
slow in its movements, but it is sure in its results. If the DeBoucher-
ville Government were as bad as its enemies represented it to be, it
would soon have fallen by the weight of its iniquity, and the violence of
Mr. Letellier would have been unnecessary, for there was nothing in
the measures of the Government seriously threatening either the liber-
ties or the prosperity of the people of Quebec. The fall of a corrupt
Ministry — if it were corrupt — was dearly purchased by the sacrifice of
the most valuable principles of Constitutional Government.

The fact that these principles are not as well understood by the
people of Quebec, as it is desirable they should be, is a strong reason
why the political men of that Province should observe their constitu-
tional rights, and avoid all attacks on the integrity of Constitutional
Government. The leaders of the Liberal party must be assumed to
have been acquainted with their duties as guardians of the public
interests, and when they found themselves in a position to secure an
important party triumph, they should have felt their honor appealed
to, and should have resisted with unwonted vigor the temptation to
secure a temporary victory, which involved at once the takin^ advant-
age of the ignorance of the people, the striking a blow at their liberties
and the wounding of the Constitution. It is, perhaps, unreasonable
to expect a lofty practice from the political parties of the day, and it is,
therefore, of the greatest consequence that the ruler should be a man
deeply impressed witli the dignity of his office, and keenly alive to its
heavy responsibilities. This consideration shews the importance of
placing men in power as Lieutenant Governors, who, so soon as they
take the oath of office, will forget that they were ever party men, and
recollect only that they have been elected to the dignity of rulers,
whose chief duty is to hold the balances of power and justice even
between the conflicting parties. That Lord Dufferin has done this has
been his crowning glory ; — that Monsieur Letellier failed to do so has
made the honorable appellation of the " just Governor," a misnomer.

Sir John Macdonald brought the matter before the House on the
nth April. His speech on this occasion was one of the best ever
delivered in a Canadian Parliament. It was entirely freed from poli- |
tical bias, and was a purely constitutional argument, in which he incon-

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

665

testably proved that a great violence had been done to the Consti-
tution of the country.

As an exposition of the peculiar relations which have been created
by Confederation between the Imperial, the Dominion and the Pro-
vincial authorities, this speech demands the careful perusal of every
student of constitutional law. Sir John Macdonald is understood to
have been the framerof the "British North American Act, 1867," and
is universally looked up to as the best constitutional lawyer of the
Dominion. His vast experience in the Government of Canada under
its various systems of rule entitles him to speak with authority. This
speech is an admirable and exhaustive treatise on Constitutional Gov-
ernment, and was delivered in a judicial tone. It will be quoted as
authority in all future discussions on the subject. As reported in the
Hansard iox 1878, page 1878 ^ seq, he said :

"Mr. Speaker, I rise for the purpose of bringing before the attention of this
House the late political events which occurred in the Province of Queljec, and I
may as well now read the motion which I propose to place in your hand. I move.
Sir, seconded by the Hon. Member for Cumberland —

'That Mr. Speaker do not now leave the Chair, but that it l^e Kesoh'ed that
the recent dismissal by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec of his Ministers was,
under the circumstances, unwise and subversive of the position accorded to the
advisers of the Crown since the concession of the principle of Responsible Govern-
ment to the British North American Colonies.'

It was suggested the other day that the motion to be made on this subject should
be an independent motion, standing upon its own merits, and in an amendalile form,
and my Hon. friend, the member for Chateauguay, alluded as an exaniple to the
course taken with respect to the celebrated resolutions relative to Responsible Gov-
ernment which were passed in September, 1841. There is this difference l)etween
that case and this. Those were a series of propositions for the future f iovernment
of this country. Before that, Canada, which had long been fighting for Respon-
sible Government, had not succeeded in obtaining that great boon, and those reso-
lutions contained, in fact, a measure, not certainly in the form of a Bill, but .still
.1 lueasure for the future government and administration of this country. This, on
the other hand, is an expression of a grievance. It is not a re.sokition for laying
down a new rule for amending any rule for the administration of the affairs of this
country, hut it is a s^^tatement from the point of view to which I venture to call the
attention of the House, of a grievance, of a breach of the constitutional system
which now exists in Car :da. It is a well-understood principle that the demand
for sup|)ly and the asiertion of grievances go hand-in-hand. It is the proper mode,
and tlie expedient time for asserting grievances when supply is demanded by the
•-rown. And if that l)e so, the grievance must be stated in the language of the
party wl: claims and states it as a grievance. It is no satisfaction of the right of
the party wishing to make his complaint that he should be told by amendments that
his grievance is not as alleged, but that it is another kind of grievance, and must

''t;45 i

666

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

be dealt with in another way. Therefore, I have thought it expedient to adopt
the constitutional mode of making this motion at this time. This question, as I
have already stated, I hope and believe should be approached without any party
feeling one way or the other. It is a constitutional question, rising far above and
beyond the temporary party struggles of the day. The Hon. gentlemen opposite
are as interested as we are on this side in the good government of the country, in
laying down correct principles for its government. I have had something to do,
and I am proud of having had something to do, with the Confederation of these
Provinces, with the establishment of the present system, and the inauguration of
the Dominion. The Hon. gentleman at the head of the Government is one of
those, to their credit be it said, who forgot party feelings and party antecedents,
forgot for the time all the old struggles, in a common eflfort to lift, if it were possi-
ble, the scattered Provinces from the slough into which they had, in some degree
fallen — at least in which the late Province of Canada had fallen — :ind to form one
great Dominion under her Majesty's Crown and Government. The Hon. gentle-
man at the head of the Government, as v.ell as myself, and all the leading men of
that day who were concerned in laying the foundation of the Dominion, must de-
sire to see that a fair superstructure shall be raised on that foundation, and that it shall
not be undermined, shall not be weakened or destroyed, or prejudiced by any nis-
take so early in our history. It is of the very greatest consequence that we should
make no bad precedent. A bad precedent is a dangerous thing, especially when we
are in the commencement of our history. A flaw, a disease at the roots of the
young tree, is surely to lead to early decay, and, therefore, it is especially our duty
to see that tlie tree planted by us, to change the metaphor from the building to the
tree, shall be protected from every possible disease or infirmity which might destroy
its value. A bad precedent is an exceedingly bad thing. If there is a mistake in
administration, that can be cured by a change of Government or of policy. If
there is bad legislation, that can be cured by repealing or amending the objection
able Acts ; but a precedent once established always has its influence. If you
take up constitutional authorities, you will find precedents quoted from very early
times. It is amusing to see how, when any constitutional question arises, gentle-
men interested in such subjects follow the line of precedents, and you will see
sometimes quoted precedents in the time of George III., if not earlier, as of equal
value and weight with the precedents that have been set in our own day and in our
own time.

Mr. Mackenzie : That is good Tory doctrine.

Sir John A. Macdonald : The Tory doctrine is a doctrine which says there
must be a conservation of the Constitution. It is good Tory doctrine to say that the
treatment bestowed on the tree should vary with its growing wants ami develop-
ments. A bad precedent being a bad thing, it is of the very greatest conseiiiience,
on this, the very first occasion when a great constitutional question has arisen,
that we should deal with it in a manner worthy of it. I had thought, looking at
public affairs from my point of view, that at this time, in the nineteenth century,
and with all the advantages we have derived from English precedents, and our
own system, a question of this kind could not have arisen in Canada again, but it

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

667

idient to adopt
question, as I
thout any party
y far above and
tlemen opposite
' the country, in
omething to do,
ieration of these
inauguration of
iment is one of
irty antecedents,
, if it were possi-
, in some degree
-^nd to form one
rhe Hon. gentk-
i leading men of
ninion, nuistde-
I, and that it shall
liced by any niis-
ce that we should
pecially when we
: the roots of the
specially our duty
he building to the
lich might destroy
re is a mistake in
or of policy. If
ling the objection-
nfluence. If you
d from very early
Ron arises, gentle-
land you will see
larlier, as of equal
n day and in our

only shows that eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, when at this time,
after having gained Responsible Government at the point of the bayonet, the
first principles of Responsible Government should require to be discussed and
defended in this House. The resolution I have submitted to the House states that
the act of the Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quel^ec, ' was unwise and
subversive of Constitutional Government,' and unconstitutional in every way. The
first question that arises upon that resolution is whether we have any concern with
that in this House. I need scarcely discuss the question, I suppose, and I hope,
and I believe, that the Lieutenant Governors of the different Provinces stand
now precisely in the same position with respect to the Governor General and his
Cabinet, as the Governor General stands with respect to the Queen and her Cabinet ;
and, if that be admitted, then it must be held that the Parliament of the Dominion
of (.'anada has a supervision of the acts of the Lieutenant Governors. Before
Confederation, each of the Provinces had a Lieutenant Governor. We had a
Governor General of British North America, who had, by his commission, a
nominal supervision of the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince
Edward Island, but that was a merely nominal supervision. Unless the Governor
General was personally present and superseded the Lieutenant Governor, then
those (Governors stood in exactly the same relation to their respective Provinces as
the Governor General of British North America did to the old Province of Canada.
They reported direct to Her Majesty's Government, or rather to the Colonial
Minister who represented Her Majesty in that respect. It is well known that
before Confederation all these Governors were liable to have their conduct dis-
cussed in the British Parliament. Every Governor of a colony in the British
Empire was liable to have his conduct discussed, to have a motion made for his
recall, or for his censure, or to censure Her Majesty's Government if they did not
recall him. I need scarcely quote the numerous cases which occurred in days of
old ; but in modern times we all remember the case of Governor Eyre, whose con-
duct was discussed in the British House of Commons again and again, who was
dismissed by Her Majesty's Government in consequence of the action that was
taken in the House of Commons. We all know the case of Sir Charles Darling,
who was recaJled by Her Majesty's Government, and whose conduct and deport-
ment and mode of Government were frequently discussed in the British Parlia-
ment. If Hon. members would like to have reference to the discussions I will give
them. The discussion on Governor Darling's case will be found in the English
Hansard, volume I91, page 1964, and that on Governor Eyre's ca.se in volume
184, pages 1069 and 1763. There was a remarkable case showing the freedom
with which the British Parliament discussed the conduct of Colonial Governors on
the motion made by the late Joseph Hume against successive Governors of British
Guiana, where he attacked most strongly the conduct of the Government, charging
them with a breach of honor and of duty in respect to these Governors, who were
two rather distinguished men — Sir Henry Light and Governor Barkley. In this
country, within my experience and that of the Hon. Memlier for Chateauguay.
(Mr, Holton.), Lord Cathcart announced in a very unusual way, rather as a soldier

than as a politician

Mr. Holton : By your advice.

i'-'i

r if

668

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

3
\'k'
IB

Sir John A. Macdonald : It was long before my time.

Mr. Holton : It was after Lord Metcalfe came, and before Lord Elgin
arrived.

Sir Johk A. Macdonald : It was before my time. The first Governor
under whom I served was Lord Elgin.

Mr. Holton : It was your party.

Sir John A. Macdonald ; I never served either under Lord Metcalfe or
Lord Cathcart. Only a year or two ago we had the case of Mr. Pope Hennessy,
whose conduct in Barbadoes was discussed. Although he was not recalled, the
debate in the House of Commons went so far as to show, perhaps in his super-
abundant zeal, because I believe it was such, he had, perhaps, outrun discretion,
and he was, a very short period afterwards, removed to another colony. These
cases, however, are not required in order to establish the fact that the Imperial
Parliament have dealt with the acts, the merits and demerits of Colonial Governors
with perfect freedom, and with perfect right, and the Imperial Government are
held responsible, as they were in Governor Eyre's case, when they resisted several
of the motions made to follow up his dismissal by punishment, and censure was
endeavored to be cast on them by several resolutions. In fact, it is said by the
present Lord Grey in his book on Representative Government, that, in some
respects, the colonies have an advantage over the Mother Country. The Sovereign
can do no wrong, but, if the representative of the Sovereign does wrong, the jieopie
of the colony have the ri:,iit to appeal to the foot of the Throne, and hold the Im-
perial Ministers responsible if they do not do justice to the colony. I will quote
a short passage. Earl Grey says, at page 346 : —

* But there was this most important difference between a Colonial Governor
and an English Sovereign of the Houses of Plantagenet or Tudor, that the former
was responsible to a distant and generally an impartial authority, to which the
Colonists could always appeal to relieve them from a Governor who abused his
power. The Crown could recall any Governor who failed in the discharge of his
duties ; and, if it refused to do so on a well-grounded complaint from the inhabit-
ants of a Colony, they were entitled to lay their grievance before Parliament, to
which the Ministers on whose advice the Crown had acted were bound to answer
for what had been done.'

My contention is, and I do not suppose it will be disputed, that the same
power that rested in the Imperial Parliament with respect to Colonial Governors
appointed by direct command of Her Majesty, exists with respect to the Dominion
Parliament as far as regards Lieutenant Governors appointed by commission of the
Governor General. In the remarks which I shall address to the House, I assume
that the Lieutenant Governor of each Province has the same power, represents the
Crown to the same degree as the Governor General represents the Crow n with
respect to the Dominion Parliament, within the jurisdiction of his own Province.
I do not mean to say, it is not necessary for the purpose of my argument, that this
is legally so. A very strong argument has been used lately by a distinguished
lawyer in Montreal (Mr. Kerr) upon that point. He has gone to show and to
argue that by law the Lieutenant Governor, being a creature of the Statute, a
creature of our Constitutional Act, appointed by commission from the (Jovernor
General, and not from the Sovereign directly, has not the same power, or the same

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

669

rd Metcalfe or
ope Hennessy,
Dt recalled, the
s in his super-
trun discretion,
colony. These
It the Imperial
onial Governors
Government are
resisted several
nd censure was
it is said by the
that, in some
The Sovereign
rong, the ]ieople
nd hold the Im-
y. I will quote

attributes, or the same position as the Governor ^General. Well, there is much
to be said from a merely lawyer's point of view in that respect.

Mr. Holton : Not much.

Sir John A. Macdonald : And I would not be at all surprised if a case were
brought up before the Courts, which would be obliged to set aside the constitu-
tional question, and look at the strictly legal question, whether that might not
be maintained. We know with respect to the powers of the Speakers of the dif-
ferent Provinces that that question has been decided twice, if not tiirice, perhaps
oftener. The different Legislatures, the different representatives of the people, the
Colonial Assembly have always contended that the Speakers in the different Col-
onies had the same power within their limited Colonial jurisdiction as the Sj^eaker
of the House of Commons, and that it is absolutely necessary for us that the
Speaker should have that power. But we know that it was decided in an action
brought against the Speaker of Newfoundland, in the case of Kelley and the
Speaker, that the Speaker had no such right. That the right of the Speaker of
the House of Commons rested upon prescription. That the Speakers under the
Colonial Constitution were creatures of the Statute, and that they had no common
law Parliamentary rights, as the Speaker of the House of Commons had. Still,
all the Colonies said it was absolutely necessary that th.it power should be given
them. It was accorded to us. In the case of McNab against Bidwell, when Sir
Allan McNab brought an action against the Speaker of the old Province of Ujiper
Canada for false imprisonment, because he had, under order of the House of
.\ssembly, and as Speaker, issued a warrant for his arrest, the question was raised,
though I am not sure that in that case it was formally decided. For the purpose
of this discussion I will assume that the Lieutenant Governor held precisely the
same position in reference to the Province of Quebec, its Legislature and its Min-
istry, as the Gcveinor General does in regard to this Legislature and the Ministry
that advises him. In this discussion, as far as I am concerned, I assume that he
has the same power and responsibility, the same right of exercising the preroga-
tive within the limits prescribed by the Confederation Act, and the same responsi-
bilities, and that he must be subject to the same checks. I have been speaking
ubout the legal right of Speakers, and I will now also speak of the legal right of
Lieutenant Governors, of Governor Generals, and of the Crown. A great deal of
confiKion arises, as is evident from the arguments we read in the Press, from the
intermingling of the question of prerogative power and constitutional right. The
Crown has great powers, great legal powers, and, if they are exercised, every
Court must sustain the exercise of that prerogative power, that legal power, because
it is a power conferred upon the Crown by law. At the same time, every one of
these acts, which are sustained, and may be sustained in the Courts as perfectly
legal, may be as thoroughly unconstitutional as the Court declared them to lie
legal. Formerly it was otherwise, but now the distinction is drawn in practice
and in theory. All the constitutional writers lay down that princiiile beyond
cavil, and to say that the Crown has the right to dismiss a person, or to appoint a
person, the right to veto an Act of Parliament, the right to make a treaty, that
that tile Crown has an infinity of prerogative rights, is no answer to any charge
which may be brought against the Crown, or the advisers of the Crown, that the

i'V

670

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

legal prerogative of the Crown was unconstitutionally exercised. The Sovereign,
for instance, can declare war, as we all know. The Sovereign can make treaties
without reference to Parliament. The Sovereign could, hy a treaty, give away
the Isle of Man, or the Channel Islands, or the Duchy of Cornwall, and that
treaty would be legal, and the country would be gone. But, at the same time,
there is the right of impeachment, and no Minister in his senses would ever recom-
mend such an exercise of the royal prerogative. It is very important, Mr. Speaker,
that we should keep that difference distinctly and steadily before us. We see it
mentioned in some of the newspapers, which one usually styles Liberal, but which,
in this case, were the reverse of Liberal, that the Constitutional Act gives the
Lieutenant Governor the power to dismiss his Ministers, that they only held office
during his pleasure, and that pleasure can be exercised whenever the Crown thinks
proper so to exercise it. This is not the Constitution, and I will call attention to
the difference shortly, because it is well to lay down this pinciple, and to under-
stand the difference between the legal power and the constitutional exercise of it.
Lord Brougham, who is, I must say, however, not perhaps the strongest authority
on constitutional questions, who was a little erratic, though his general idea, as my
Hon. friends opposite, who have studied these questions, must know, was that of a
man whose statements should be received with respect, said :

' In discoursing upon the frame of our Government, I have frequently used
the term constitutional, notwithstanding the disfavor in which it is held by politi-
cal reasoners of the Beritham school. They regard it as a gross absurdity, and as
the cant language of the "factions" whom they hate. They say that the word has
either no meaning at all, or it means everything and anything. A thing is uncon-
stitutional, say they, which any one, for any reason, chooses to dislike. With all
deference to these reasoners, the word has a perfectly intelligible meaning, and
signifies that, what it is always most important to regard with due attention, many
thmgs that are not prohibited by the law, nay, that cannot be prohibited without
also prohibiting things which ought to be permitted, are nevertheless reprehensi-
ble, and reprehensible because contrary to the spirit of the Constitution. Thus the
Sovereign of England is allowed by law, like any other person, to amass as much
money as he pleases by his savings, or by entering into speculations at home and
abroad. He might accumulate a treasure of fifty millions as easily as his brother
of Holland lately did one of five, and he would thus, besides his Parliamentary
income, and without coming to Parliament for a revenue, have an income of his
own equal to two or three millions a year. This would be an operation perfectly
lawful and perfectly constitutional, and the Minister who should question it would
be justly liable to severe censure accordingly. So we speak with perfect correct-
ness of a law which is proposed being unconstitutional, if it sins against the genius
and spirit of our free gove.nment, as, for example, against the separation of the
executive from the legislative and judicial functions. A Bill framed into a Statute
which should permanently prohibit public meetings without the consent of the
Government, would be as valid and binding a law as the Great Charter, or the
Act of Settlement, but a more unconstitutional law could not be well devised,
So a law giving the soldiers, or the militia, the power of choosing their officers,
or a law withdrawing the military wholly from the jurisdiction of the courts of
law, would Ix: as binding and valid as the Yearly Meeting Act, but it would vio-
late most grievously the whole spirit of our Constitution. In like manner, letting
the jieople choose their J dges, whether of the Courts of Westminster, or Justices
of the Peace, would be as unconstitutional a law as letting the Crown name the
juries in all civil and criminal cases."

But, Sir, I will quote the language of a man of the present day, the mention of

[1878

rhe Sovereign,
n make treaties
aty, give away
iwall, ami that
the same time,
lid ever recom-
t, Mr. Speaker,
us. We see it
eral, but which,
1 Act gives the
only heUl office
he Crown tliinks
call attention to
:, and to under-
lal exercise of it.
rongest authority
jneral idea, as my
ow, was that of a

s frequently used
is held by politi-
absurdity, and as
that the won! has
A thing is uncon-
dislike. Witli all
ale meaning, and
le attention, many
)rohibited without
heless reprehensi-
•itution. Thus the
to amass as much
jtions at home and
[sily as his brother
his Parliamentary
an income of his
,peration perfectly
I question it would
ith perfect correct-
against the genius
separation of the
,ned into a Statute
the consent of the
■at Charter, or the
It be well devised.
ising their ofticers,
of the courts of
,, but it would vio-
|ke manner, letting
ninster, or Justices
te Crown name the

lay, the mention of

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

671

whose name will be sufficient to ensure respect for his opinions ; one who is
extremely liberal in his views, and who, as an historian, has assumed in England
the first place. I refer to Mr. Freeman. This passage is so instructive that, at
the risk of being tedious, I shall read it, especially as the point I am now discuss-
ing is put far more aptly and with greater ability than I can pretend to put it. He
says:

Since the 17th century things have, in this respect, greatly altered. The work
of legislation, of strictly constitutional legislation, has never ceased. A long suc-
cession of legislative enactments stand out as landmarks of political progress, no
less in more recent than in earlier times. Hut alongside of it there has l)een a series
of political changes, changes of no less moment than those which are recorded in
the Statute-book, which have been made without any legislative enactment what-
ever. A whole code of political maxims, universally acknowledged in theory,
universally carried out in practice, has grown up without leaving among the formal
Acts of our Legislature any trace of the steps by which it grew up. To the end
of the 17th century, we may fairly say that no distinction could be drawn IwtweeT
the Constitution and the law. The prerogative of the Crown, the privilege of
Parliament, the liberty of the subject, might not always be clearly defined on
every point. It has, indeed, been said that those three things were all of
them things to which in their own nature no limit could Iw .^set. Hut all
three were supposed to rest, if not on the direct words of the statute law, yet, at
least, on that somewhat shadowy, yet very practical creation, that mixture of
genuine ancient traditions and of recent devices of lawyers, which is known to Eng-
lishmen as common law. Any breach, either of the rights of the Sovereign, or of
the rights of the subject, was a legal offence, caijat)le of legal definition, and sub-
jecting the offender to legal penalties. An Act which could not be brought within
the letter, either of the statute or the common law, would not then l)e looked upon
as an otTence at all. If lower Courts were too weak to do justice, the high Courts
of Parliament stood ready to do justice even against the mightiest oft'enders. It
was armed with weapons fearful and rarely used, but none the less regular and
legal. It could smite by impeachment, by attainder, by the exercise of the greatest
power of all, the deposition of the reigning King. Hut men had not yet reached
the more subtle doctrine, that there maybe oHences against the Constitution which
are no offences against the law. They had not learned that men in high office may
have a responsibility practically felt and acted on, but which no legal enactment
has defined, and which no legal tribunal will enforce. It had not lK;en found out
that Parliament itself has a power no practically the highest of its powers, in
which it acts neither as a Legislature nor as a Court of Justice, but in which it pro-
nounces sentences which have none the less practical force, liecause they carry
with them none of the legal consequences of death, bonds, banishment, or confisca-
tion. We now have a whole system of political morality, a whole code of pre-
cepts, for the guidance of public men, which will not be found in any page of
either the statute or the common law, but which one in practice held hardly less
sacred than any principle embodied in the Great Charter, or in the petition of
right. In short, by the side of our written law, there has grown up an unwritten
or conventional constitution. When an Englishman speaks of the conduct of a
puhlic man being constitutional or unconstitutional, he means something wholly
different from what he means by conduct being legal or illegal. A famous vote of
the House of Commons, passed on the motion of a great statesman, once declared
that the then Ministers of the Crown did not possess the confidence of the House
of Commons, and that their continuance in office was, therefore, at variance with
the spirit of the Constitution. The truth of such a position, according to the
traditional principles on which public men have acted for some generations, can-
not be disputed, but it would be in vain to seek for any trace of such doctrines in
any page of our written law. The proposer of that motion did not mean to charge
the existing Ministry with any illegal act, with any act which could be made the

672

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

subject either of a prosecution in a lower Court, or of impeachment in the 1 ligh
Court of Parliament itself. He did not mean that the Ministers of the Crown
committed any breach of the law, of which the law could take cognizance by re-
taining possession of their offices till such time as the Crown should think t;ood
to dismiss them from those offices. What he meant was that the general course of
their policy was one which, to a majority of the House of Commons, did not seem
to be wise or l^eneficial to the nation, and that, therefore, according to a conven-
tional code, as well understood and as effectual as the written law itself, they were
bound to resign the offices of which the House of Commons no longer held them to
l)e worthy. The House made no claim to dismiss those Ministers from their offices
by any act of its own. It did not even petition the Crown to remove them from
their offices. It simply spoke its mind on their general conduct, and it was held
that when the House had so, spoken it was their duty to give way without any formal
petition, without any formal command on the part of either the House or of the
Sovereign. The passing by the House of Commons of si a resolution as this,
may perhaps be set down as the formal declaration of a istitutional principle.
But, though a f'^vmal declaration, it was not a legal decla i an. It created a pre-
cedent for the practical guidance of future Ministers and future Parliaments, but it
neither changed the law nor declared it. It asserted a principle which might be
appealed to in future debates in the House of Commons, but it asserted no princi-
ple which could be taken any notice of by a Judge in any Court of law. It stands,
therefore, on a wholly different ground from those enactments, which, whether
they changed the law or simply declared the law, had a real legal force, cajiable
of being enforced by a legal tribunal. If any officer of the Crown should levy a
tax without the authority of Parliament, if he should enforce martial law without
the authority of Parliament, he would be guilty of a legal crime. But if he merely
continues to hold an office conferred by the Crown, and from which the Crown
has not removed him, though he hold it in the teeth of any number of v ^tes of cen-
sure passed by both Houses of Parliament, he is in no way a breaker of !!;e written
law. But the man who should so act would be universally held to have trampled
under foot one of the most undoubted principles of the unwritten but universally
accepted Constitution.'

Now, Sir, what is the case of the Lieutenant Governor and what were his rela-
tions to his advisers constitutionally, setting aside the legal question altogether,
which I have attempted to discuss. Setting aside the legal right to dismfss every
officer holding office under him during his pleasure, what is the position of the
Lieutenant Governor and his advisers ? They hold precisely the same position, I
contend, with respect to the Lieutenant Governor, as Lord Beaconsfield and his
Government hold with respect to Her Majesty, and the Hon. Member for Lambton
and his Ministry hold with respect to the representative of the Sovereign, the
Governor General. Under the Constitution, as it now stands, I contend that the
Ministry of the day, so long as they have the confidence of Parliament, so long as
they are sustained in Parliament, must, and have the right to claim the confidence
of the Sovereign, or the representative of the Sovereign. I contend that, although
it was otherwise formerly, and although the doctrine has grown up by slow
degrees, and although we read of dismissals of Ministries by the Crown in the
earlier days when the Constitution of England was still undeveloped to the state
of perfection in which, I think, it exists at this moment ; yet, in this day, so lonj
as the advisers of the Crown have the confidence of Parliament, they have a right
to claim the confidence of the Sovereign. That is the great principle. If we do
not hold to that then we are all at sea, and in great danger of being wrecked.
Then, indeed, our institutions are not only on their trial, but we have great reason

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

673

nt in the High
of the Crown
jnizance by re-
»uld think (^ood
;neral course of
s, did not seem
fig to a conven-
Iself, they were
;er held them to
rom their offices
nove them from
and it was held
;hout any formal
House or of the
solution as this,
tional principle.
It created a pre-
rliaments, but it
which miyht be
serted no princi-
law. It stands,
which, whether
il force, cainble
m should levy a
rtial law without
But if he merely
?hich the Crown
r of V .^tes of cen-
ter of i!;e written
to have trampled
1 but universally

to dread that they will fail, and this promising commencement of our new Do-
minion will, by an abandonment of that great land-mark, fail to carry out its
fiiture as a Dominion founded on British constitutional principles, and carrying
them out under more favorable terms, and under less fettered conditions than
even our fellow country in Great Britain and Ireland. As I said l>efore, this is a
question which appeals to all of us, to every man, to every lover of his country,
every lover of free institutions, every one who wishes to embalm, as it were, Bri-
ish institutions in this great offshoot of the British monarchy. It is so necessary
that we should consider this question as it exists now in England, and not accord-
ing to old precedents, that I will take the liberty, before I sit down, of calling the
attention of this House to the gradual growth, the very gradual growth, in the
face of such immense discouragements, and immense pressure from the Crown,
and occasionally from immense weaknesses on the part of the advisers of the Crown,
that it is only by slow degrees that we have evolved the new present system that
exists in England, and which I hope, by the vote of this Hr use, and by the advice
of this House, and by the general concurrence of this House, will be carried out in
this country. When I speak about the failure of Ministers in England, we know
that they have failed, and that the desire of continuing in office has again and again
made them make unworthy compliances to the Sovereign ; but, notwithstanding
tlie obstinacy, the wrong-headedness, if I may use the expression, from the Queen
or King wearing the Crown at the time, in the unworthy compliances and weak-
nesses of the advisers of the Crown, yet by slow degrees the Constitution has been
evolved, until we now have that principle fixed in England, and I hope that the
action of this House will fix it in Canada, and that, so long as the Ministry of the
day have the confidence of the people, they will have the confidence of the Crown,
and that the Crown will be advised by those men who have the confidence of the
representatives of the people. There is only one case, Sir, in which it seems to
me that this doctrine can be impugned, and that is when the Sovereign has a
reason to believe that the representatives of the people who maintain, who support
the advisers of the Crown, have forfeited the confidence of the people themselves.
In such a case, Mr. Speaker, if the Crown has that opinion, the Crown has a fair
right to say to its advisers —

" Though I admit that you have the confidence of the representatives of the
people, though I admit that you are sustained in Parliament, yet my idea is this :
that those who do so sustain you have, from one cause or another, forfeited the
confidence of the people themselves, and I desire that there shall be an appeal
under your guidance. I hold you, my advisers, to have the confidence of the
people until the contrary is shown, but I call upon you, and I insist upon it, that
there be an appeal to the people, and if you come back from the people, sus-
tained in the future, as you have been sustained in the present Parliament, then
you will have again the confidence which has been in some degree weakened by
late events."

For instance, Mr. Gladstone himself did not wait for any such intimation from
the Crown. He did not wait to be told that there was unmistakeable evidence that
a reaction had set in in England. He did not wait to have the Crown send for him
and say to him—

' You see single after single election going against you. You see that there is
a very strong reaction in the country, and I think that you ought to appeal to the

firi

674

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

If;.,

t- - - _

lit:!-

lis \ -'■

country as a whole. I think that you ought to see whether the country has such
confidence still in you, that you have a title to the renewal of your lease of office.'

No, Mr. Gladstone felt that it was due to himself and his position to go to the
country. He belifcved, and it may or it may not have been so, that these elections
which had gone against him were indications that he had, to a certain extent, lost
the confidence of the people ; and, of his own accord, he advised the Sovereign to
dissolve, so that there might be an appeal to the people, and, as we all know, the
appeal to the people was against him. In the first place, I would call your atten-
tion shortly to the act of the Lieutenant Governor in the Province of Quebec. He
had found his Ministers in when he came into power, and found them sustained by
the representatives of the people in the House of Assembly. He found them in
the Upjier House, which was a judicial House nominated by the Crown, and they
were there also strong.

Several Hon. Members ; Hear, hear.

Sir John A. Macdonald : It is so. I state so as a matter of fact ; as a
matter of fact the Lieutenant Governor found them in office. They had then the
confidence of the representatives of the people, and they had the support, if that
suits ))etter.

Mr. Blake : To the term 'a judicial House' we were objecting, because
every man in it was nominated by themselves.

Sir John A. Macuonald : Every man on the bench is nominated by the ad-
visers of the Crown, and yet they are judicial officers.

Hon. Members : Hear, hear.

Mr. Cartwright : They have judicial functions.

Sir John A. Macdonald ; I know, Mr. Speaker, it is the fashion in some
places, and in some ways, to attack the Senate or the Legislative Council— these
nominated bodies. That is a point by itself which, perhaps, we had better not
import into this discussion.

Mr. Blake : We did not import it.

Sir John A. Macdonald: When I say 'judicial,' I mean to say that their
functions are supposed to be somewhat analogous to those of the House of Lords.
The House of Lords is supposed to have judicial functions ; that is to say, they are
not to resist the well-ascertained will of the people, and they are to sit judicially
upon the measure of the representatives of the people — the House of Commons-
so that they may give the people themselves the opportunity, if they think right,
of considering that question, the question they are dealing with. They are a check
on the House of Commons, the representatives of the people, and in this respect
they hold an advisory and </«aji'-judicial position. Tliat is all I mean in that res-
pect, but the Lieutenant Governor found a Ministry having the confidence of both
branches of the Local Legislature in office, and they were very strong, I telievf,
in the House of Assembly, but I do not know what the proportions were in the
Legislative Council. I believe that they were two to one.

Mr. Devlin : More than that.

Sir John A. Macdonald : Two to one. In the Lower House they had a
majority of 20 in 65. The Lieutenant Governor had their assurance that his ad-
visers had the confidence of the representatives of the people, and of the other
branch of the Legislature, which, wisely or unwisely, was a constituted authonty

[1878

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

675

»untry has such
lease of office.'

ion to go to the
t these elections
tain extent, lost
he Sovereign to
^e all know, the
call your atten-
of Quebec. He
lem sustained by
c found them in
;:rown, and they

let of fact ; as a
liey had then the
; support, if that

bjecting, because

jinated by the ad-

,e fashion in some
,ve Council— these
we had better not

n to say that their
e House of Lords.
. is to say, they are
are to sit judicially
ise of Commoir>-
f they think right,
They are a check
and in this respect
I mean in that res-
confidence of both
^ strong, 1 helieve,
ortions were in the

House they h«^ '
urance thathisad•
. and of the other i
lonstituted authority

in this case. The whole or nearly the whole of the Session dragged on. The
Ministry of the day introduced their several measures. They carried them almost
to completion. They brought down, for instance, a system of taxation, which is
not a very popular thing for any Government to do, as perhaps every Finance
Minister in his lifetime has found out. This was allowed to go on until it had
almost come to completion. The principle measures of the (lovernment were
about to become law in a day or two, and all these measures had lieen supported
by strong votes in both Houses. They had been supported, and there was a vote
of want of confidence against them on one of these measures, but it was out-voted
by a numerous majority, considering the small bo<ly of which that House is con-
stituted, and yet, at the last moment, just before prorogation, when they had the
proof that both Houses had determined on this, and the proof that the represen-
tatives of the people, and until there is an appeal to the people it is to be held that
they had the confidence of the people, approved of it, then the Lieutenant Gover-
nor took the opportunity to dismiss these men on the ground that these measures
were unconstitutional. Not one of these grounds was sufficient, not one of these
grounds can hold water for a moment. I am quite satisfied that if the illustrious
individual, or the illustrious personage of whom we spoke to-day,* had been in the
position of the Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quebec, he would rather
have cut off his right hand than permit what he would consider an outrage on the
British Constitution. I said that by slow degrees England was educated up to
the present position of constitutional law. The Constitution is developing every
moment. Here, as Bristow says : the Constitution is not now what it was in i860.
The Constitution is not certainly now what it was in 1838, at the time of the Bed
Chamber plot. The Constitution of England, at this moment, is being developed
to a perfect system, and what we contend, as the right of the people of the Do-
minion, and the right of every Province of the Dominion, is that we have a right
to claim that we have precisely in our several Legislatures, and in respect to the
several I^egislatures and this Parhament, the same right as the English y le have
with respect to their Parliament. Now, Sir, look at the case of dismissals even in
the time of George HL, and he, as we all know, — if we draw our authority from
the Liberal writers, and the Liberal writers of that day are the Liberal Conser-
vatives of to-day

Mr. Holton : Do not slander them.

Sir John A. Macdonald : Edmund Burke made his appeal from the new
Whigs to the old Whigs, and he would be in this country what we call .1 Baldwin
Reformer, or in other words, a Liberal Conservative. Now, Sir, in 1774, it had
been laid down by all the writers that the present British Constitution only com-
menced to get fair play, and that the Rockingham Government was established
over the ruins of old George IIL's Government, Lord Bute and the rest of them,
by the influence and by the genius, and by the efforts, and by the writings of Ed-
mund Burke. In 1774 Fox or rather the Duke of Portland, who formed the famous
Coalition Government, was dismissed by George III. Well, Sir, even then,
although it was admitted by all writers, as well by those who may be considered
to be writing on the Conservative side, or the Tory side if you like, as by all

* His Excellency the Eail of DufTerin.

i ll

I- \

1^:

J''
I

676

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[im

m ■

-ft,, I

Lilieral writers, that looking at the transactions of that day by the present li^;ht of
the present vjonstitution as at present administered, George III. was wrong, ami
that George III., if he did now what he did then, would be considered to have
committed a great breach of the Constitution. What was the case ? It is ciuoted,
and it is one of the examples of how far a bad precedent reaches, and how it may
be to the latest instant (juoted, when it should be looked upon as a rock to he
avoided rather than as a prcceilent to be followed. The India liill was intrcMluced
in the House of Commons. It was carried in the Mouse of Commons, and it was
defeated in the House of Ix>rds. George III. was known to be opposed to that
measure. George III. knew that it was taking away all the patronage which he
was eagerly holding in his tenacious grasp. It was known that its terms trans-
ferred the patronage of the Crown to the Ministry of the Crown of the day. Although
he was aware of that, and he felt, too, in his heart's core that this was a blow at
what he onsidered the monarchical principle, and the monarchical power, yet he
allowed it to pass through the House of Commons. Although he was opjiosed to
it, and the Ministry knew that he was opposed to it — although they knew th.at every
feeling, and every principle, and every emotion of George III. was opposeii to that
measure, yet he allowed his Ministers to introduce that Bill, and it was carried
through the House of Commons. It came to the House of Lords, and only when
it was defeated by the other branch of the Legislature and thrown out, did he say,
•You have lost the confidence of one branch of the Legislature.' And mind you,
Mr. Speaker, that then the House of Lords was of as much consequencf, if not
more consequence, than the House of Commons. If this was long Ijcfure the
Reform Bill, it was at a time the House of Lords had not only its own power and
prestige as a great branch of the Legislature, but it was at a time when it controlled
more than one-third, aye, and approaching to nearly one-half of the House ol
Commons. So that a great peer in the House of Lords was an infinitely greater
political man than a political man in the House of Commons, and it was more
necessary at that time, if possible, and certainly as necessary, to have the conlidcnce
of the House of Lords as it was to have the confidence of the House of Commons;
and it was not until there was a vote of want of confidence by throwing out thii
measure, on which the Administration had staked their whole existence, did he
venture to dismiss them. And yet, notwithstanding that case, it is now iield by all
constitutional writers, held by all statesmen, and held by every man who has
carried the constitutional principle into action, that the conduct of George III
cannot be defended as lieing constitutional.
Mr. Holton : Hear, hear.
Mr. Blake : He brought about the vote.

Sir John A. Macdonald : That is only another instance of the King inter-
fering improperly. I am not defending George III., who certainly brought about |
the vote.

Mr. Blake : I am simply pointing out that this was an ingredient in his con- 1
duct.

Sir John A. Macdonald : Still George III. certainly had no right to write I
that letter to Lord Temple. Certainly this act would not be borne with for J
moment now. Although we had under a great State exigency, under the danger
of there being a great revolution in England, William IV., doing very nearly the

[187«

I present li^ht of
was wronj;, ami
insiilered to have
e ? It is (idoteil,
, and how it may
as a rock to he
ill was intr(xUice<l
imons, and it was
c opposed to thai
tronage which he
nt its terms trans-
he day. Ahhough
this was a blow at
lical power, yet he
he was oppo>*(l to
ley knew tliai every
vas opposed to thai
and it was carried
rds, and only when
wn out, did he say,
e.' And miml you,
consequenct', if nol
was long \x(oK ibe
y its own power and
le when it cuntrulW
lalf of the House oi
an infinitely greaiei
IS, and it was more
have the contiiltnce
•louse of Commons;
by throwing; out iHij
le existence, ilid he
it is now iicld by all
[every man who h;^
luct of George H^

ce of the King inter-
ftainly brought about

jingredient in his con-
had no right to write
be borne with for »
ley, under the danger '
lioing very nearly the

1878]

TH15 EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

677

same thing with respect to the Reform Hill. It is admitted that this was a l>rcach
of the Constitution, but it was like the susj)ension of the IIal)».'as Corpus Act in
lime of war or insurrection. In l8ol I'itt was not dismissed, hut he resigned
because the King insisted upon his abandoning his project of Catholic emancipalion.
It was a resignation. It was not a dismissal in terms, but it was approaching very
much to a forced resignation. He resigned on the Catholic q'teslion. The next
dismissal was that of Ijord Grenville, in 1817. It took place on one forni of the
Catholic ([uestion, namely, in regard to allowing officers professing the Catholic
religion to hold high rank in the army. The King at first consented, but after-
wards stated that a misapprehension had occurred as to the extent of his assent,
and, therefore, requested the Ministry to withdraw the Bill. That the Government
consented to do, but the King required a still further pledge from them in writing,
that they would nevei introduce a similar measure. They at once said it would
Ik unconstitutional and derogatory to their position, and they were dismissed.
There were two cases in the time of George III.— that of Ix>rd Greuville and of the
Portland Administration, the coalition Administration of P'ox and I'ortland.
During; the whole reign of George IV., there was no dismissal. /.Ithough he was
opposed to Catholic emancipation, although he had an hysterical abnorrence to that
measure, yet he finally yielded to his Ministers. ITiere was no dismissal by (Jeorge
IV., there was one dismissal by William IV., in 1834, and that we have all seen
(luoted as a precedent for the dismissal in Quebec in 1878. Now, in the first place,
there v . a great excuse, which was not so well known at the timr as it is now, for
the Cdiuluct of William IV. in dismissing the Government of Lord Melbourne in
consequence of the death of Lord Spencer and the elevation of Lord Althorix;, who
led the Ixjwer House, to the House of Peers. That you will find described in
Hreville's Memoirs, and in order to show that there was an excuse for William IV.
in that case, which does not exist now, I will quote shortly the statement the King
made, which is given in Greville,and which has lieen confirmed in the Memoirs of
Baron Stockmeyer. When Lord Melbourne went down to Windsor to see the
King, on the elevation of Lord Althorjie, the following is stated to have occurred :

' Ixird Melbourne told him (that is the King) that as he had only undertaken to
carry on the Government in consideration of having the assistance of Lord Althorpe
in the House of Commons, his removal made it necessary to adopt a new organiza-
tion pltii(;ether, that some considerable concessions to the principle of Reform were
judged to l)e necessary, and the appointment of a successor of I^rd Althorpe, who
shouhl carry them into efl'eet. That he was of opinion that, without these the Govern
ment could not go on, and at the same time it was necessary to state that there
were members of the Cabinet who did net coincide with these views, and who
would retire when Parliament met if they were adopted. These were Lord I^ns-
'inwne and Spring Rice. Lord John Russell was to lead in the House of Commons,
but the loss of Rice would be a severe blow to them. The concessions related
principally to church reform, the disunion of the Cabinet l^eing thus exhibited, it
was clear the Government could not go on without some material alteration in its
composition. The King urged this, and asked I>ord Melbourne from what quarter
the necessary accession of strength was to be procured, and whether he could hope
for it from the Conservative interest. He owned that nothing was to be expected
from that quarter. It remained, then, that it was only from the more extreme
party that their ranks could be recruited. To this the King would not consent, and
l^ie, therefore, imparted to him his resolution of placing the Government in other
hands.'

•IV

Plf]f^wp

678

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

ttl

In a note marie by Mr. Reeve, who was Clerk of the Privy Council at that time,
and who edited Greville's Memoirs, it was stated :

' This account of the transaction was confirmed ic, almost every particular by
the statement drawn up by King William himself, or. by his directions, for the
information of Sir Robert Peel, and first published in fiaron Stockmeyer's
Memoirs in 1872. And when Lord Melbourne formed his Government he told
the King that it could not continue unless Lord Althorpe remained in the House
of Commons, and unless it became more Radical and less an old Whig Govern-
ment. That Lord Lansdowne and Spring Rice, who were known as the leading
Whigs of that day, were going to retire, because they would not go with the more
extreme party, and that, unless the Government was re-organized, he could not carry
on the Government.'

Such was the excuse given by the King, and it bore considerable force. Yet, by
the entire consensus of practical statesmen and theoretical writers, it had been
admitted that William IV. was wrong. Let it be remembered, moreover, that
there is this marked distinction between that case and that in Quebec. At the time
Lord Melbourne told the King he could not go on without a Radical change in his
Administration, and in fact have it recast, he wa.; In a minority in the House of
Lords ; whereas in Quebec a vote of confidence in the Government was adopted
both by the Commons and the Upper House.

It being six o'clock, the Speaker left the Chair.

After Recess.

Sir John A. Macdonald resumed. He said : At the time the House took
recess I was speaking of the last instance in the history of England when the power
of dismissal of Ministers by the Crown was exercised. Such a case has not occurred
since then. It was unsuccessful then, as it deserved to be. It received the repu-
diation of Parliament and of the people by the triumphant return of Lord Melbourne
and his supporters at the general election, which was forced on unconstitutionally.
It has been pointed to with scorn by all writers on the subject ever since ; and it is,
therefore, an important landmark in the history of constitutional law in England, of
an act which can never happen again in the Mother Country, and I would fain
have hopeu, "f it had not been for the recent occurrence in Quebec, it would
never have hapjDened in any country having English institutions. I shall have
to quote several authorities with respect to this last outrage and ofTTence against
Responsible Government in England, and against the British Constitution. Since
recess, I have opened the second volume of the Memoirs of Lord Melbourne,
written by Mr. McCuUagh Torrens, an old Parliamentarian, and a man of high
standing in Parliament, than whom no one was more competent to deal with the
subject. The writer, who treats the memoir as a narrative, took the ground that,
if a change of Government were to be made, it should be carried out in a constitu-
tional manner. Lord Melbourne felt it to be his duty to remind his Sovereign
that the Ministry had a large majority in Parliament on a question of importance.
The King replied that they were in a mino.-ity in the Peers, and he had reason to
believe that they would speedily be in the same condition in the Commons, and
he added peremptorily they had better, therefore, resign without loss of self-respect.
William IV. was quite right according to the principles of the Constitution. I'

^l^^

F [1878

juncil at that time,

ivery particular by
directions, for the
aron Stockmeyer's
overnment he told
ained in the House
old Whig Govern-
Dwn as the leading
ot go with the more
1, he could not carry

ible force. Yet, by
iriters, it had been
red, moreover, that
uebec. At the time
.adical change in his
"ity in the House of
•nment was adopted

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

679

ime the House took
land when the power
;ase has not occurred
[t received the repii-
n of Lord Melbourne
n unconstitutionally.
:ver since ; and it is,
il law in England, of
y, and I would fain
n Quebec, it would
tions. I shall have

and offence against
Constitution. Since
)f Lord Melbourne,

and a man of high
tent to deal with the
3ok the ground that,
ied out in a constitu-
-mind his Sovereign
stion of importance.

nd he had reason to
the Commons, and
■t loss of self-respect.

le Constitution. If

Lord Melbourne thought his Administration had not the confidence of the people,
they had the right to appeal to the country if they desired to do so, and it was
when he had declined to do so, and not before that, the King should have dis-
missed him, and brought in another Administration to try the experiment whether
the people supported the new or the old Administration. The writer further said
that it appeared as though His Majesty (change Majesty to his Honor) — had been
misled into the unconstitutioual course of taking counsel from others without the
knowledge of his legitimate advisers, and he was about to follow some secret or
irresponsible counsel in opposition to their advice. Lord Althorpe, who was of
such importance in the King's opinion that his removal from the leadership of the
House of Commons to the House of Lords as Earl Spencer on the death of his
father, might be supposed to feel flattered by the declaration of his Sovereign, and
that his withdrawal from the House of Commons was sufficient to break up an
Administration. He had made up his mina ,ver more to enter politics and he
never did so. But what did Lord Althorpe say ?

' lie remained for some weeks at Althorpe in seclusion, and finally made up
his mind to take no further part in public affairs. But in the calm of his retire-
ment, he was peculiarly qualified to weigh the motives which had led to the dis-
missal of his late colleagues, and the consequence of that dismissal, and his judg-
ment was unwavering and stern. He suggested to Mr. Hume, with whom he had
never had any private confidence, and very intermittent public ?\greement, that an
early opportunity should be taken to ascertain what the opinion of the new House
of Commons was upon the mode in which Lord Melbourne had been dismissed.
In his view the conduct of William IV. was not only reprehensible, but far too
dangerous an example to be suffered to pass unreprehended by Parliament.'

That would be found in a letter dated January 31st, 1835, from Lord Althorpe.
It is said that in this age the people do not know the history of their time. In
looking at the imperfect histories written of recent days you find little allusion to
the philosophic and constitutional reasons affecting the course of the Administra-
tion of the naiion. I w'U quote from a well-known History of England, written
by Charles Knight, who every one knows is a great literary man, and great poli-
tician, and a great Liberal. The sentences are few, but the words are pregnant
with meaning. The author wrote : —

'The sensation produced in London by the reported dismissal of the Ministry
was a latural consequence of the suddenness of the act, as it presented itself to
the body of the people in its really unconstitutional character, as it appeared to
thoughtful and well-informed men. The Sovereign has a constitutional right to
dismiss his Ministers, but it must be on grounds more capable of justification to
Parliament than the simple exercise of his personal will. The suddenness of the
resolve rendered an arrangement necessary, which could not be justified by any
precedent, except on an occasion of critical emergency in the last days of Queen
Anne.'

Thst was when it became a question whether a Pretender, a Stuart, should be
raised to the throne, or that the Hanoverian succession should be maintained. Ixt
me quot-. Jii^... a periodical, then of considerable more weight than it has now,
viz. : the Edinburgh Rn'iew, on this subject, and I think the House will agree
with me that the sentences are pregnant and the language forcible. The Edin-
burgh Rex'iew said : —

' The power of the Crown to choose its Ministers is clearly a necessary attri-

680

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

bute of the monarchy. But is it now exercised under adequate checks? Some
intriguing courtiers, some clamorous friend who has access to the Royal ear, some
polit'cian who has a purpose to serve, and cares little if a new Ministry lasts no
longer than his own gratification requires, may abuse the Royal confidence, and
blindly bring on an experiment, all but desperate for both King and country, of
changing the Ministry. By the strict letter of the law, the Minister who accepts
office is responsible for the charge which removed his predecessors. But suppose
one Ministry displaced and that no one agrees to take its place. Suppose tills
suspension of ministerial functions to continue for weeks who is answerable for
that ? Indeed, if the King has once dismissed his Ministers, or he is left without
a Government, hardly any practical responsibility could ever be incurred by the
men who only entered into the places made vacant long before they were con-
sulted.'

The language used in this article is so strong, that I do not care to read it all,
lest it should be supposed that I did it for party purposes, or with the intention of
applying it expressly to the circumstances in Quebec. Further on it proceeds :—

' If any one thinks that the view here taken of the late change of Ministry is
too strong, let him reflect on the wholly unprecedented circumstances which dis-
tinguished that strange event. Between his majority and his confidential servants
there existed no difference of opinion upon any subject of policy, foreign or domes-
tic. This is now explicitly admitted by the Tories themselves. Among the Minis-
ters reigned the most perfect harmony on all questions, and personally the
members of no Cabinet ever were on more cordial terms one with another. This,
too, is admitted, and the King's speech describes their whole policy as perfectly
unexceptionable and uniformly successful. Lord Althorpe became a peer. Parlia-
ment was not sitting, and therefore, and for no other reason whatever, as is now-
allowed by all, the King changed his Government, called to his Councils the most
opposite class of statesmen he could find, to give his confidence to the men whom
the country most distrusted and disliked, and ''ould not even wait a few days
before he cleared out his House. That he had jeen wishing to change the Minis-
try for some time is very possible. But when his Royal father, said to be one of
the ablest professional men of his day, wanted to make such changes, he always
waited his opporti'nity, and seized on some measure, or on some pretext in some
moment when there was a cry against his servants, to deliver the Ministry into
the people's hands, and appoint more popular successors, men whom he liked, not
certainly because of their popularity, but in spite of it. It was thus that when
Mr. Fox died in September, 1803, His Majesty waited till a no-Popery cry coukl
be raised, and turned out the Whigs only six months after they had lost their
mighty chief. I'he secret advisers of the present King have done much, certainly,
to dispirit and to alienate by their late proceeding, but nothing to show that they
are gifted with his Royal parent's kingcraft. They seem to think that a King
should turn off his Ministers much as a gentleman does his livery servants.'

That is the opinion of the Edinburgh Raiiew. I have said that no dismissal
has taken place since that time. George III. diLn.issed his Ministers in two
instances, William IV. in one instance, George IV., with all his faults, never
thought of such a thing. He fainted on one occasion ; he wept ; he deplored his
sad fate in being obliged to submit to his Administration on the Catholic question,
but he yielded ; and Queen Victoria has, in no case, committed such an outrage
on the Constitution as to dismiss a Ministry which had the confidence of the '■epre-
sentatives of the people. The nearest approach to that in the Queen's history is
what is called the Bedchamber Plot in 1838, not two years after she ascended the
throne. On the resignation of the Whig Administration, Sir Robert IVel was
sent for, and he insisted that the Ladies of the Bedchamber, who were the wives

J878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

681

;e checks? Some
e Royal ear, some
' Ministry lasts no
al confidence, and
ig and country, of
[lister who accepts
lors. But suppose
ice. Suppose this
is answerable for
r he is left without
36 incurred by the
are they were con-
care to read it all,
irith the intention of
r on it proceeds :—

lange of Ministry is
nstances which dis-
:onfidential servants
f, foreign or domes-
Among the Minis-
and personally the
rith another. This,
2 policy as perfectly
came a peer, I'arlia-
whatever, as is now
lis Councils the most
:e to the men whom
en wait a few days
to change the Minis-
er, said to be one of
changes, he always
ime pretext in some
!r the Ministry into
whom he liked, not
was thus that when
ino-Popery cry could
they had lost their
[one much, certainly,
ig to show that they
to think that a King
ery servants.'

id that no dismissal
lis Ministers in two
|all his faults, never
;pt ; he deplored his
le Catholic question,
|ted such an outrage
fidence of the --epre-
le Queen's history is
:er she ascended the
r Robert Teel was
ho were the wives

of the defeated Ministers, should also retire. He did not interfere with the Maids
of Honor and others, but he said it was unseemly that the great ladies of the
Court should be the wives of the members of the defeated Administration, that the
wife of the defeated Prime Minister, for instance, should be continually at the ear
of the Queen, conveying her husband's sentiments and the opinions of the Opposi-
tion, The Queen, then a young woman, naturally clung to the friends of her
youth, and she declined to have them removed. Sir Robert Peel declined
to form an Administration unless they were removed. There was, at the
time, great sympathy with the Queen. I remember it quite well. I remember
how it rang through the press in England about the attempt to force upon Her
Majesty, this young lady, strange women, instead o.' those she resjiected and
esteemed and had been brought up with. But, in 1842, when the Queen had
become a little more acquainted with kingcraft, and knew her position, and when
Sir Robert Peel was called in again, she admitted that she was wrong, and allowed
the Ladies of the Bedchamber to be removed, and in the " Life of the Prince Con-
sort," in the previous book, you will find some leaves written by the Queen, whore
she gracefully and frankly acknowledges that she made a mistake. That is the
only instance, and it has a very remote resemblance to this case. It was the cause
of the refusal to take office of Sir Robert Peel, because the Queen insisted on her
personal predilections in opposition to the principle that even the entonrage o{ the
Sovereign should be selected under the advice of the responsible Ministers of the
day. The only case that at all appears to give a justification for the course taken
in Quebec is that which happened the other day in South Africa, the action of Sir
Bartle Frere, who dismissed a Ministry and sent for a new one. Tliat is defended,
faintly defended, perhaps, and if it proves to be on true ground, it will be upheld.
The result will show whether he will be upheld or not. But his justification is salus
popiili suprema est lex. It was a case where all constitutional practice must be
set aside in the presence of a great danger. There were a few white men in the
South African colonies. There were 200,000 Zoulas threatening them on one
flank, and the great body of the aborigines threatening the whole frontier, and Sir
Bartle Frere said : ' I must take this course, or I may have upon my conscience
the blood of every white man in South Africa.' We know how fractious the Mol-
ten's Government has always shown itself. That Government declined to give the
control of the militia force in South Africa to the commander-in-chief. England
had her military forces there, and was responsible for the safety of those great and
growing colonies. England said : ' If we are to fight your battles, we must have
the control of your martial force. We cannot have a divided command. We
cannot have our Sir O'Grady Haly controlled by Colonel Walker Powell, your
Adjutant General. We cannot have two separate and indej^endent forces acting
under different commands and without a common responsibility.' This was
defended, I think, in the Saturday Revieiv and certainly in the Pall Mall Gazette
upon the same ground on which the Habeas Corpus Act, the charter of British
liberty, might be suspended in the presence of threatened rebellion or certain war. On
that ground, and on that ground only, is it defended, and on that only is it defensible.
There can be no application of that case to the present, where there is no war or
expectation of war. Where there is no fear of external attack or internal commo-

if 1

'k'\

682

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

tion. Peace, thank God, dwells on our border, and we can carry out the British
system in its fullness without any such infringement as we have seen on this occa-
sion. Look at the different course of Sir George Bowen, where the circumstances
were more than suspicious, when the apparent action of the Government, so far as
we can understand it, was such as to propose to disarrange the whole machinery of
the Government. The Judges, the officials, were all paid off, and the threat was
made that unless the Upper House yielded to the Lower, and passed a Bill to pay
the latter their wages as Members the lunatic asylums and prisons and penitentia-
ries should be opened, and all the idiotcy and madness and crime should be poured
out upon the colony, and yet the British Government sustained Sir George Bowen
in saying : ' I must sustain my Administration, who have the confidence of the
people, unless Imperial interests are threatened. It is not for me to judge ; I
must take my advice from my Administration.' And the Liberal press in England
sustained him in that. No more able article has been written than that in the Lon-
don Daily News on this subject, showing that if the Colonies were to be really a
facsimile of the British Constitution, it must be carried out to its utmost extremity
short of war or bloodshed. And the natural consequence had proved to be that a
compromise, from the necessity of the case, had arisen between the two Houses,
simply because Sir George Bowen, though the course of his Ministers was opposed
by every newspaper in England, supported them, because they had a majority in
Parliament. I said a little while ago, that we must judge of the British Constitu-
tion as it is now, as it has been developed, and not as it was seventy-five years
ago, fifty years ago, or thirty years ago. I shall call the attention of the House to
what I believe to be the true principles of the British Constitution on the point
which I am pressing upon the consideration of the House at this moment in 1878
I shall first quote an author who has been quoted again and again, Mr. Bagehot,
whose lamented decealse struck England with sorrow, especially all political con-
stitutionalists, for hejwas considered the authority of the day on constitutional law,
If I am permitted in this argument to relate a little anecdote, I would do so with
reference to this gentleman. This book from which I quote was in the first place
published in the Fortnightly Revierv. I had read some of the numbers before I
went to England in 1865, and I was dining with the • Political Economy Club,' of
London, of which the Hon. the Premier is a member, when in the course of a con-
versation on political economical matters with a gentleman who sat near me, I
said : * I have been very much struck with some articles in the Fortnightly Review
on the English Constitution. It seems to me that they give the only true picture
of the British Constitution as it now exists. They are written by one Mr.
Bagehot.' He said : * I am very glad you like them, because I am Mr. Bagehot.'
From that time an acquaintance grew up between us, which only ceased with his
lamented death. Let me now read from him :

' Principle shows that the power of dismissing a Government with which Par-
liament is satisfied, and of dissolving that Parliament upon an appeal to the people,
is not a power which a common hereditary monarch will in the long run be able
beneficially to exercise.

• Accordingly, this power has almost, if not quite, dropped out of the reality of
our Constitution. Nothing, perhaps, would more surprise the English people than
if the Queen, by coup a'etat, and on a sudden, destroyed a Ministry firm in the alle-
giance, and secure of a majority in Parliament. That power indisputably, in theory,

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

683

belongs to her ; but it has passed so far away from the minds of men, that it would
terrify them if she used it like a volcanic eruption from Primrose Hill. The last
analogy to it is not one to be coveted as a precedent. In 1835, William IV. dis-
missed an Administration which, though disorganized by the loss of its leader in
the Commons, was an existing Government, had a Premie in the Lords ready to go
on, and a leader in the Commons willing to begin. The King fancied that public
opinion was leaving the Whigs and going over to the Tories, and he thought he
should accelerate the transition by ejecting the former. But the event showed
that he miJudged. His perception, indeed, was right ; the English people were
wavering in their allegiance to the Whigs, who had no leader that touched the
popular heart, none in whom Liberalism could personify itself and become a
passion — who besides were a body long used to Opposition, and, therefore, making
blunders in office — who were borne to power by popular impulse which they only
half comprehended, and perhaps less than half shared. But the King's policy was
wrong ; he impeded the reaction instead of aiding it. He forced on a premature
Tory Government which was as unsuccessful as all wise people perceived that it
must Ije. The popular distaste to the Whigs was as yet but incipient, inefficient,
and the intervention of the Crown was advantageous to them, because it looked
inconsistent with the liberties of the people, and in so far William IV. was right
in detecting an incipient change of opinion, he did but detect an erroneous change.
What was desirable was the prolongation of Liberal rule. The commencing dis-
satisfaction did but relate to the personal demerits of the Whig leaders, and other
temporary adjuncts of free principles, and not to those principles intrinsically.
So that the last precedent for a royal onslaught on a Ministry ended thus : in
opposing the right principles, in aiding the wrong principles, in hurting the party
it was meant to help. After such a warning, it is likely that our monarch will
pursue the policy which a long course of quiet precedent directs, they will leave a
Ministry trusted by Parliament to the judgment of Parliament.'

And so he winds up the whole of his discussion on this subject by this pregnant

phrase : —

* Tlie Queen can hardly now refuse a defeated Minister the chance of a dissolu-
tion, any more than she can dissolve in the time of an undefeated one, and without
his consent.'

This quotation has been already used in a speech made by Mr. Chapleau, and
he made a long quotation from Bagehot which I did not recognize, and which I
could not find. I thought that I knew that work by heart. It has been my guide
as regards the principles of the British Constitution. I searched the different edi-
tions, but I could not find it. I telegraphed to Mr. Chapleau to find out where he
got that quotation, and he gp^e me the reference. It is a rather singular thing that
it has never yet (until it was translated by Mr. Chapleau, or for Mr. Chapleau, in
his speech) appeared in English. Bagehot's book at once took public attention,
and a French edition was published of it. It was published in 1872, I think
immediately after a book on the British Constitution was written, by the late
Monsieur Prevost Paradol ; and in the French introduction to his book, which
otherwise as a translation of this he discusses some of the points taken by Monsieur
Paradol, in his book on the British Constitution. I have the original edition here
in French, but I shall not trouble you with my imperfect French, I will read to
you Mr. Chapleau's translation of it, which I have verified as being a correct
translation. I have already read you the first passage he quotes, and I shall read
it on account of its importance again : —

* The Queen can hardly now refuse a defeated Minister the chance of dissolu-

■4

684

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

m'l

tion any more than she can dissolve in the time of an undefeated one, and without
his consent.'

This is the quotation which only appeared in French, but I shall read you a

translation : —

' And no Monarch should dissolve Parliament against the will and the interest
of the Ministry which is in power. No doubt the King can dismiss such a Ministry
and replace it by another Administration, whose advice to dissolve Parliament he
could take; but even vith this precaution, to act thus towards a Ministry, which
had a strong majority in Parliament, would be to striie a blow which it is almost
impossible to suppose. We do not believe that Queen Victoria herself, in spite of
the popularity and respect by which she is surrounded, to a greater extent perhaps
than any of her predecessors, would ever have recourse to such a measure. What
would be thought if she should venture to reason thus ? '

Apply the reason to Quebec, and you will at once see the pregnancy of this
passage :

' The Whigs are in a majority in the existing Parliament, but I think that the
country ,v ould favor a Tory Administration ; let us, therefore, dissolve Parlia-
ment, and see whether the country will not elect a Parliament of opposite opinion
to those which prevail in the present Parliament. What would be thought of
this? No Englishman can dream even of a catastrophe of this nature, but it, to
him, appears to belong to the phenomena of a world altogether different from that
which he inhabits. In practice in England the Sovereign considers himself obliged
to follow the advice of the Ministry which the House of Commons desires to main-
tain in power. All prerogatives at variance with this principle have fallen into
disuse, but the Sovereign may accord to the people a majority which is denied it, in
the House of Commons ; but to strike from behind, so to speak, and strangle, by
means of an appeal to the country, a Ministry surtained by Parliament, would be
an event which no longer enters into the calculation, although, in former times,
instances of this occurred in our annals.'

No stronger passage could be written, and it could be written by no stronger
authoriiy than by Mr. Bagehot. I read you. Sir, a long passage as to the differ-
ence between the legal prerogative and the constitutional exercise of it, from Free-
man, in his "Growth of the English Constitution," which has just come out ; and
I shall only read you one, that sentence which agrees in every respect with the
language of Mr. bagehot :

' The written law leaves to the Crown the choice of all Ministers and agents,
great and small. Every appointment to office and dismissal from office, as long as
they have committed no crime which the law can punish, is left to the personal
discretion of the Sovereign ; but the unwritten law or the unwritten constitution
makes it practically impossible for the Sovereign to keep a Ministry in office whom
the House of Commons does not approve, and it makes it almost equally impossi-
ble to remove from office a Ministry whom the House of Commons does approve.'

But, Sir, we cannot do better than quote what has been quoted again and again,
and I feel that my remarks on this occasion would be imperfect unless I quoted an
authority which we have to-day admitted to be an authority — the authority of our
respected Governor General. What said the Earl of Dufferin, our Governor Gen-
eral, at the time, in 1873, when he was at Halifax :

' My only guiding star in the conduct and maintenance of my official relations
with your public men is the Parliament of Canada. I believe in Parliament, no
matter which way it votes ; and to those men alone whom the deliberate will of
the Confederate Parliament of Canada may assign to me as my responsible advisers,

[1878

;, and without

ill read you a

ind the interest
uch a Ministry

Parliament he
linistry, which
lich it is a/most
self, in spite of

extent perhaps
leasure. What

egnancy of this

I think that the
lissolve Parlia-
pposite opinion
, t)e thought of
ature, but it, to
ferent from that
himself obliged
desires to main-
have fallen into
h is denied it, in
and strangle, by
iment, would be
n former times,

jy no stronger
as to the difler-
f it, from Free-
come out ; and
respect with the

ters and agents,
office, as long as

to the personal
tten constitution
y in office whom

equally impossi-
IS does approve.'

again and again,
iless I quoted an
authority of our
Governor Gi;n-

official relations
Parliament, no
eliberate will of
onsible advisers.

18781

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

685

can I give my confidence. Whether they are heads of this party or of that party
must be a matter of indifference to the Governor General. So long as they are
maintained he is bound to give them his unreserved confidence, to defer to their
advice, and to loyally assist them with his counsels. As a reasonable being, he
cannot help having convictions on the merits cf different policies, but these consi-
derations are abstract and speculative, and devoid of practical effect in his official
relations. As the head of a constitutional State as engaged in the administration
of Parliamentary Government, he (the Governor General) has no political friends ;
still less can he have political enemies. The possession of, the being suspected of
such possession, would destroy his usefulness.'

But, Sir, we have more than that. In our own history we have got the prac-
tical instructions given by Her Majesty to Lord Elgin at the time Lord Elgin had '
before him the difficult question of the position of his Government in 1847. When
he came out to this country, what did he find ? He found the two Canadas almost
at a dead lock. He found the Government of that day, of which I was a member
—my first entry into politics — supported by a majority from Upper Canada, when
all Lower Canada was banded against it. He found that this Government was
formed on what, I must say, was the unwholesome principle of one race against
the other. He was very anxious, for he was not mixed up with the questions con-
nected with the formation of the Government, and all the questionable proceedings
of Lord Sydenham with it, in carrying the elections of 1844.

Mr. Holton : There was Lord Metcalfe later.

Sir John A. Macdonald : I am coming to Lord Metcalfe. Lord Elgin was
not mixed up in any way with the personnel of the Government which Lord
Metcalfe tried to keep up in Canada. He came out here for the purpose of carry-
ing out the principle which they adopted in September, 1841, but which had
never, in fact, been worked thoroughly, either by Lord Sydenham or by Lord
Metcalfe, and he consulted his chief in the Colonial Department as to his position
at that time. You will find what the present Lord Grey, then and some time before
and longer afterwards, an able Colonial Minister, did. These were the instructions
which Lord Grey then gave to Lord Elgin, and which Lord Elgin carried out :

' The object with which I recommend to you this course is that of making it
apparent that in any transfer which may take place, of political power from the
hands of one party in the Province to those of another, is the result, not of an act
of yours, but by the wi.shes of the people themselves, as shown by the difficulty
experienced by the retiring party to carry on the Government of the Provinces
according to the forms of the Constitution, To this I attach great importance. I
have, therefore, to instruct you to abstain from changing your Executive Council
until it shall become perfectly clear that they are unable, with such fair support
from yourself, to go on.'

Mind you that, even then, although Lord Elgin wac of opinion that for the good
of Canada a new Administration should be formed, in which the Erench element
■<■' i the English element should equally, or nearly equally, predominate, yet even
then the instructions to Lord Elgin were :

' I have, therefore, to instruct you to abstain from changing your Executive
Council until it shall become perfectly clear that they are unable, with such fair
support from yourself as they have a right to expect, to carry on the Govern-
ment of the Provinces satisfactorily, and command the confidence of the Legisla-
ture.'

686

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

These authorities are, I think, sufficient to prove the case that in England the
power of dismissal of a Government having the confidence of Parliament is gone
for ever, and that, if it is gone there, it ought never to have been attempted to be
introduced in a colony under the British Crown. But, Sir, if you will look at the
causes, if causes they can be called, why the Administration was chan£i;ed in Quebec,
you will find that all the objections are taken by the chief of the Executive to the
legislation of his Ministers, and not to the administrative acts of his Ministers, not
to anything they had done. It is true that he quotes an act of administration
respecting the appointment of a Councillor in Montmagny ; but that does not
appear, however, in the case laid before Parliament, and we have no right in one
sense to look at it, or quote it at all, because the case of the Governor and his
advisers must be governed by the paper laid before the Legislature of Quebec
before its prorogation ; but, for the purpose of illustration, I will take the only act
he complains of in administration, and this was that this Councillor was appointed
by the Crown instead of being elected by the people. The circumstances were
that there was a real or supposed irregularity in the^ appointment. The
Attorney General reported that the appointment was null and void, and that
the Crown by law had the power to fill up this vacancy. Filled it was on
the report of the Attorney General, and the Lieutenant Governor sanctioned
it, but afterwards he thought that he was wrong, and he pressed that opinion
on his Government. The Attorney General still held to his opinion, but the
First Minister yielded to the pressure brought upon him by the Lieutenant
Governor, and took his opinion upon it, and the appointment was cancelled, and
yet it was actually made a charge, apparently made a charge, against the
Administration that they took a step on the advice of the Attorney General ; but
afterwards, on the head of the Executive remonstrating with him, in deference to
his opinion, they took his advice. With that single exception, it occurs to me,
from my recollection of the paper, that all the objections made to the course and
action of the UeBoucherville Government were that there was a difference of
opinion as to the legislation which was carried on in the Quebec Legislature,
Now, Sir, there is a distinct difference between acts of administration and acts of
legislation, and that I think will be obvious from the nature of the case. The
Sovereign is the chief of the Executive. The Crown, with its advisers, is appointed
to cany on the administration of afifairs, public or executive, and to administer
matters. The Crown, it is tme, nominally is a branch of the legislative power, but
it has really ceased to be a branch of the legislative power. There is a mighty
distinction Vietween the legislation and the administration of Ministers, and you
can well sec the reason of the difference. With the single exception of matters
involving a charge upon the people, any member of this House, whether he is a
member of the Ministry or not, can introduce a measure. Any memlxr of the
Quebec Legislature could have introduced an Act stating that if these municipali-
ties did not pay up there would be no necessity of going to the Courts, and the
Governor in Council should make summary proceedings to enforce their obliga-
tions. Any member could have done it, and if the House chose to carry it, then
the Ministry would be obliged to yield. And not only that, Mr. Speaker, but if
that legislation, no matter how important it may be, is brought before Parliament,
it is a contempt of the privileges of this House for any man even to qm''x oi

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

687

suggest what the opinion of the Crown is respecting any political question. But
it so happens that all the changes that have taken place in England are mostly —
indeed all the changes except two that have taken place, have been on questions of
administration, or questions of want of confidence in the capacity of the Govern-
ment to administer affairs. Only two instances are known since the time of
George III. until up to this present moment, when tl -.re was a dismissal or
resignation of the Ministry in conseqaence of the difference between the Crown
and the advisers of the Crown on matters of legislation, and these were on similar
questions — that is, on the question of Catholic disability. The dismissal of
Lord Melbourne was fotmded on the opinion of the King, that they could not
satisfactorily administer affairs ; but no difference of opinion, no questions as to
legislation, arose at all. The only two instances, "s I said before, in which
Ministers were dismissed on account of difference of opinion between the King and
his advisers on matters of legislation were in — no, there were three cases. In the
first place, there was the India Bill. It was objected to by the King because it
deprived him, as the chief of the Executive, of his patronage as chief of the Execu-
tive. Then he objected to the Catholic Emancipation Bill, in 1801, — which Pitt
had promised, — and he forced Pitt to resign, because Pitt would adhere to the
promise which he had made to the Irish people at the time of Union in 1800.
The next dismissal on account of legislation was when Lord Grenville was
dismissed, in the manner which I have already mentioned, because he would not
sign a pledge never afterwards to bring up the question of allowing Catholic
gentlemen to hold high commands in the British amy. There were only three
instances, and they were instances only to be mentioned to be considered, to be
cited, to be pointed at as outrages on the British Constitution. There was this
difference : it had been conveyed to poor old George III. by the Chancellor, the
head of the English Church, the Archbishop of Canterbury, that he would be com-
mitting a breach of his Coronation oath if he allowed such legislation. Lord
Melbourne, then Mr. Dundas, declared that such an allegation was absurd. That
when he swore as King that he would preserve the rights of the Protestant
Church, as by law established, it meant that he would defend those rights as by
law established, but if the law changed then he must defend them as altered. The
answer of the King, which was well known, was that he did not want any Scotch
metaphysics, that he had taken the oath and was bound by his conscient.ous
scruples. We may regret that he had those conscientious scruples, because it has
been the cause of much misery and misfortune to the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland. It has been one of the principal causes that England and
Ireland are not now one in heart and feeling, as Scotland and England have Ijeen
ever since 1700. Still we must have respect for the conscience of the King. But,
I point out to the House that, with the exception of the cases I have quoted, cases
not to be repeated, but cases to V held up as warnings, that British Legislatures
and people should never fall into committing the same mistake again, all the
causes of dismissal and of forced resignation were on matters of administra-
tion. On that point I quote ' May,' 1859. Some gentleman has handed me this
paper;

'What of Sir Edmund Head's refusal of a dissolution to the Brown-Dorion
Government.'

688

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

I am not bound to defend Sir Edmund Head, but my answer is this : Sir Edmund
Head, at the time he sent for Mr. Brown, told Mr. Brown he was going to charjje
him with the formation of a Government, but Mr. Brown must understand that he
must not suppose that, if he did form a Clovernment, he would have the ri^;lit of
dissolution, as a matter of course. That, after the Government was formed, he
would hear reasons given for it, and then he would judge for himself. I'he
Sovereign of the day can send for any person he likes, and can charge that |H;rson
with the formation of a Government, stating on what conditions he could form it.

Mr. Mili^: TTiat is not consistent with Bagehot.

Sir John A. Macdonalu : I say it is. The Sovereign can attach certain con-
ditions to the power given to a member to form a new Ministry. The only power
the Crown can exercise personally, was that of attaching conditions to the power
to form a Government, and of insisting on a dissolution by his Ministry. Sov-
ereigns have again and again, in English history, given permission to form an
Administration on certain terms. If the person did not choose to accept the terms,
the Sovereign must form an Administration und get the confidence of Parliament.
Sir Edmund Head in this case told Mr. Brown that he must not understand, if he
accepted office, that he was to get a dissolution, as a matter of course, and tliat such
would be f^rorted only after sufficient reasons to convince him as to its necessity
were given.

Mr. Mackenzie : He was working in accordance with Parliament.

Sir John A. Macdonald : You say he was working in accordance with the
majority of Parliament. I was arguing that matters of legislation stood on quite
a different basis from matters of administration. As a general rule, the Crown di
not interfere in matters of administration, but left those to Parliament, and the
only instances in which the contrary had been the case are those I have (luoted,
which are precedents not to be followed, but which are held up by all constitu-
tional writers as infringements on the true principles of the British Constitution.
Not only is that held to be the case when Pitt took office and a resolution was
moved in consequence of its having been reported through the country that the
King was against the Portland and P'ox Coalition Government, and the India Bill
by Mr. Burke, on December 17, 1783, which, after denouncing secret advices to the
Crown against responsible Mmisters, and the use of the King's name set fortii—

* That it is now necessary to declare that to report any opinion or pretended
opinion of His Majesty upon a Bill or other proceeding with a view to influence
the vote ol the members, is a high crime and misdemeanor, dangerous to the
honor of the Crown, a breach of fundamental principles of Parliament and subver-
sive ol the Constitution.'

The motion was carried by 153 to 80, notwithstanding all the opposition of Pitt,
who was ultimately successful in the struggle, though, according to our present
views of constitutional principles and laws, he was altogether wrong in the course
he pursued on that occasion. Why, it is impossible that the same principles can
apply to acts of administration and acts of legislation. I tried it the other day in
this House. The hon. Minister of Justice introduced a Bill respecting peniten-
tiaries, and I rose and asked him if the Governor General had assented to the
measure. He said, * No.' He looked at the Premier, and the Premier looked
at him, and said to me :— ' I do not think it is necessary.' I said, ' Neither do I,

■i*?;!

1H7H]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

089

but tlie Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quebec thought it was necessary he
should l)e consulted aljout all measures.'

Mr. Mackenzie: The right hon. gentleman is not now quoting me quite
correctly.

Sir John A. Macponald: I think so.

Mr. Mackenzie : I thought the right hon. gentleman referred to some finan-
cial i)art of the scheme. When I said it was not necessary, I referred wholly to
the usual sanction for Hills.

Sir John A. Macdonald : He thought of no financial clause in it recjuiring
the previous assent of the Crown.

Mr. Mackenzie: Every Bill the Ministry introduces has the assent of the
Crown.

Sir John A. Macdonald : I have been a member of five Administrations.
I have sat under five Governors — Lord Elgin, Sir Edmund Head, Lord Monck,
lx)td Lisgar, and Lord Dufferin, and I never heard that doctrine proclaimed
before, We know perfectly well that the Governor General, as the Queen can, if
he chooses, send for the Ministers, and say : * I do not like that Bill, and I would
Hke to discuss it with you. I think you must modify it or hold it over.' The
Sovereign can thus interfere if he chooses, but practically he leaves all legislation
to the country. The proof of that is found in the fact that any memlier of the
Opposition, in all matters excepting those connected with finance, which must be
preceded by a message from the Crown, were just as competent to introduce
every Ministerial measure as hon. gentlemen on the Treasury benches, and as
competent to amend any measures. The House saw the other day a Bill intro-
duced by the hon. the Postmaster General, to which the hon. member for South
Bruce moved an amendment which entirely destroyed and changed the whole aim
and end of the Bill.

Mr. Mackenzie : No.

Sir John A. Macdonald : The hon. gentleman accepted it. He did not
propose that it should be deferred until he went to Rideau Hall to consult the
Governor General. So it is with all other Government Bills. I venture to say
that, with the exception of the general statement, which, of course, is made by the
hon. the Urst Minister at the beginning of the Session as to what is contained in
the Speech from the Throne, all Departmental Bills were introduced without the
sanction in any shape of His Excellency. Hon. gentlemen opposite will not deny
that statement. Yet the whole cause of objection to the course taken by the Que-
bec Administration was because the Lieutenant Governor did not agree with the
policy of the legislation, although that policy was passed and approved by the
representatives of the people by a large majority. The Lieutenant Governor
allowed his Ministry to introduce their Bills, he saw day after clay the discussions
n the House, every day received the Votes and Proceedings, and, in fact, laid in
wait for his Ministers. He allowed them to bring down the Supply Bill, and
almost allowed them to carry the Appropriation Act. He allowed them to carry
through their Bill respecting railways and that respecting the doubling up of the
subsidies, and, strange to say, that the same Bill for doubling up the subsidies,

'f T

690

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

which was one of the first causes given why they were dismissed, received the
koyal assent of the Lieutenant (iovernor on the advice of the successors of the late
Clovernment. That Hill in no way increased the burthens of the people, the sutv
sidy having lx;en voted years l)efore Mr. Letellier was Lieutenant CJovernor, tlirt
In-'ing a provision that if a portion of the subsidy was not taken advantage of for
certain railways, it could l)e applied for tlie benefit of other railways. That was
the law l)efore Mr. Letellier was Lieutenant Governor. The Act was merely carry-
ing the law into force. The Lieutenant (jovernor gave, as one of his first reasons
for dismissing his Ministers, that they had passed the law without consulting him,
Yet it was by the advice of Mr. Joly that it was now the law. As an lion, nicni
iKjr near me says, Mr. Joly was President of one ol the roads, and voted for the
measure in regard to which he advised the Lieutenant Governor to dismiss Mr.
Delioucherville. Actually he who voted and supported the measure, and was in
one sense interested in it, and was now responsible for the measure becoming law,
was a party to the dismissal of Mr. DeBoucherville, because he had introduced the
Bill and carried it through the Legislature. lie approves of the Act, but procures
the dismissal of the man who obtained its passage. The Stamp Act, which was
introduced last Session, was a very important one. Before the hon. the Minister
of Inland Revenue got his Amendment Bill through the Committee, he nnist not
have known his own progeny. It was like the gun which had a new lock, stock
and barrel. Was the assent of the Governor General obtained to the Bill, or to
any amendments made to it ? And yet, forsooth, the Lieutenant Governor of
Quebec was to decide and govern what the legislative policy of the jx-'opie is
to be. lie, like Jupiter, shakes his ambrosial locks, gives his nod, and the legis-
lators have merely to register his decrees. No such thing could happen in Kng-
land. The Queen knows too well what her duty is. She keeps a sharp .md
watchful eye upon the foreign policy. No one can read the memoirs of the Prince
Consc-t without feeling what a great woman, a great stateswoman, if there is such
a word, she is, and with wh.it watchful and patriotic a care she guarded, and
studied, and considered the administration of the nation. But, as regards the
legislation of the nation, she left that, as it ought to be left, to the people through
their representatives. She wa..- satisfied with the old sliding scale of the corn dutiej
in the old Corn Law tunes. S^ii was satisfied with the fixed duty of four shillings
a quarter declared by Lon' J',hn Russell, and with the free trade in corn (ieciaied
by Sir Robert Peel. She v.ni; satisfied with the sustaining of the Established Church
in Ireland so long as her Ministers advised her so to maintain it. She was satisfied
with the disestablishment of her own Church, of which she was the head, as soon
as the representatives of the people in Parliament decreed it. She received with
like equanimity a Reform Bill from one Government or a retroactive measure from
another. She knows it has ceased to be a portion of the attributes of the Crown
to possess any power in legislation, and the strongest proof of th.it is that the power
of veto has gone, and that while the Sovereign is still the head of the Executive,
she is only nominally the head of tiie Legislature. She cannot veto a bill. It
has not been done since Qucen Anne's time. It is as extinct as the dodo. It i»
no part of the Constitution of England. This is laid down by all the writers. I
shall quote again from Mr. Bagehot, page 143 : —

IK:.

187HJ

THE EARL OF DUFFKRIN IN CANADA.

691

' To state the matter shortly, the Soverei^jn has, under a constitutional monarchy
such as ours, tlnec rights, the riyht to he consuhed, the rijjht to encourajje, the rijjht
to warn, and a Kinj; of jjreat sense and sagacity wouhl want no others, lie would
timl ihat his having no others would enable him to use these with singular effect.
lU' Wiiuld say to his Minister: "The responsibility of these measures is upon you.
Whatever you think best shall have my full and effectual support, but you will
observe that for this reason and that reason, what you propose to do is b.ad, for this
reason and that reason, what you do not propose is better. I do not oppose, it is
my duty not to oppose, but observe that I warn." '

And that is the duty of a Sovereign. If any legislation, carried on by a Ministry
having a majority in Parliament, and, of course, they cannot carry it on without
that, was opposed to the view of the Sovereign, he had the right to send for his
First Minister, and say, ' I will continue to support you, but I have had exix-rience
for years, and I warn you,' and that is substantially the only power he has in
matters of legislation. On page 125, Mr. Hagehot says : —

'Tiie popular theory of the English constitution involves two errors as to the
Soveieign ; (irst, in its oldest form, at least, it considers him as an estate of the
realm, a separate co-ordinate authority with the House of Lords and the House of
(.uiumons. This, at.; much else, the Sovereign once was, but this he is no longer.
That authority could only lie exercised by a monarch with a legislative veto. He
shuukl he able to reject Bills if nt)t as the House of Commons rejects them, at least
as the House of Peers rejects them. But the (^ueen has no such veto. She must
sign her own death warrant if the two Houses unanimously sent it up to her. It is
a fiction of the past to ascribe to her legislative power. She has long ceased to
havt any.'

Nor can the House of Lords interfere effectually, if the House of Commons
declares in favor of the policy of the Government of the day. May says : —

'The responsibility of Ministers has been still further simplified by the domi-
nant power of the Commons. The Lords may sometimes thwart the .Ministry, but
ihey are powerless to overthrow a Ministry supported by the Commons, or to
uphold a Ministry the Commons have condemned. Instead of many masters, the
Government has only one, that is the people. Nor can it be said that master has
been severe, exacting, or capricious.'

Sir, I contend that the Government of Quebec having a majority in both Houses
should lie sustained by the Governor. If the Governor thought they had forfeited
the confidence of the people, he had a right to insist on having a dissolution, but he
must leave it in their hands. I have quoted these authorities to show that it is
utterly impossible for a Ministry to be maintained if they lose the confidence of
I'adianient, and utterly impossible for a Ministry to be dismissed if they have the
confidence of Parliament. The I^ieulenant Governor of Quebec, if he had chosen
to pursue the legitimate course, would have said to his advisers : ' I do not agree
in this policy of yours, and I do not think that the people do.' He should have
said that the moment when he knew the policy of the Government, when he knew
the measures were introduced, and he had the right to send for his Ministers and
say, ' I see that a measure has been, or is to be, introduced, and I ask what it
means,' Although the Crown never does interfere, he might have sent on theo-
retical grounds for the Prime Minister, and said, ' I do not approve of it, and I will
insist upon your leaving it to the people, upon your hurrying through the Session,

692

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

■'«pas»53r"

and withclrr.wing the measure, and submitting it to the people to see if you have
their confidence on general grounds.' That would be ai. extreme measure, which
the Queen would never think of taking, a step which she would think would be an
outrage on the Constitution. But still in that case there would have been an adhe-
rence to the letter of the Constitution. But what was done here ? The Legislature
had met, and had passed a series of laws. It was known what the policy of the
Government was. All their measures were subm.itted to Parliament. They were
going on from day to day, and from week to week, without objection or without a
warning such as that mentioned by Bagehot. The measures were almost completed
when at last the Government were told : * There is the door, and you must go,'
It was a cot4p d'/tat. It was an outrage on the Constitution, li was an outrage on
free institutions, and above all on British institutions, and as such I move that the
course taken by the Lieutenant Governor was both unwise and unconstitutional.
Unwise it certainly is, and its unwisdom is obvious from the imputations thrown
out as to the motives which govern him in that course. Tn this discussion, I h.ive
tried to sevei the condemnation of his acts from any charge against the Lieutenant
Governor. I am sure he has made a mistake. I know he has committed a breach
of the Constitution. I condemn the act, but it is not for the purpose of my argument
to say anything against him, except that the act which he has committed was an
outrage on the Constitution. It was unwise, not only because it was against the
spirit if not the letter of the Constitution, but because it was liable to the imputa-
tions thrown out, and thf suspicions which it has engendered. Here we are, just
before a general elect' a i:i which chere is to be a struggle of considerable, perhaps,
of extreme, warmth, from one end of the country to the other. It is aMeged that
the present Government has not the confidence of the people of Lower Canada. It
is alleged that Mr. Letellier was a partizan of the present Government. lie had
before been one of its Ministers, and it is alleged was sent down there as a partiz.in.
It is alleged that he allowed a Ministry having the confidence of both Houses,
having the confidence of the representatives of the people, to carry their mcajures
almost to the ;mkI of the Session, and, at the last moment, when he thought the
legislation was complete, he sent them adrift and brough*^ in new men belonging
to the same political party as himself, who had supported him when he was a
member of the Government, and that all this was done for the purj,)ose of getting
hoid of power in the Province of Quebec to be used at the general election. This
is a widely spread charge, be it untrue or be it true. The very fact^of this act beinj;
done by the Lieutenant Governor at the time, as it must have been obvious to him,
and to any man of common sense, that it would be liable to do, has given rise to
that charge, to that imputation, to that suspicion. It was a matter of unwisdom,
as it tended to show, perhaps, that the Government did not exhibit the greatest
discretion in choosing him* for that office. But it is not without some '"cundatiin,
that those who are opposed to the present Government may think j.r'haps that tiieir
suspicions are well founded, and those suspicions grow, among other things, from
the remarks which had l^een made by the Ministerial Press itself. Tiie Halifax
Chronule, a paper which the hon, the Minister of Militia will not disavow, says:

' If a general election should take place in Quebec now, the Liberals would

[1878

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

693

se if you have
leasure, which
k would be an
been an adhe-
'he Legislature
e policy of the
It. They were
jn or without a
most completed
1 you must go.'
is an outrage on
I move that the
mconstitutional.
utations thrown
iscussion, 1 have
it the Lieutenant
nmitted a breach
; of my argument
ommitted was an
t was against the
)le to the imputa-
Here we are, just
derable, perhaps,
It is a'leged that
3\ver Canada. It
rnment. He had
ere as a partizan.
of both Mouses,
■ry their measures
:n he thought the
[w men belonging
when he was a
mrpose of getting
.1 election. This
:t of this act being
in obvious to him,
has given rise to
ter of unwisdom,
hibit the greatest
some <''r...iual:in,
I j,r'-hai3S that liieir
other things, from
i\(. Tlie Halifai'
disavow, says:

Liberals wouW

have good prospects of capturing the Government of the Province, which is supposed
to I'C the stronghold of Conservatism.'

The Hamilton Junes, a paper whith I fancy the hon. the Premier will not
disavDW, says :

' The dismissal of the Quebec Oovernment is the talk of the Lobbies. Tlie
Tor^ members are gathered in gr'ups and discussing the situation, which is most
grave. They condemn the action of the Lieutenant Oovernor. Their fear is that
the nesv Ministry will cause their names to be announced to-morrow in the Mouse,
ami the moment that is done have Parliament prorogued. This would give the
new .Ministers time to ferret out the rascality of the old Cabinet, and make a full
exposure of it when they appeal to the country, which would take place at the time
the Dominion elections are held, and would give the Liberal party an unusual
strength in the Province.'

Tiie rumour was, therefore, such that it actually appeared in type that the
elections were to be held about the same time. If so, I think I am fully outborne
in exjjressing in my resolution, that the dismissal of the Ministry at this time, of
ail others, is unwise ; that it is a b-each of the British Constitution, and has shaken
Responsible Government to its very basis. And there is one thing that is worse than
all ; it is throwing upon the people the decision of a great constitutional cjuestion,
in an election that will not be fought on that question. The elections coming on
in the Province of Quebec will be decided on the railway question, on the tax
question, on every other question than the constitutional question. It was a grave
responsibility for that Lieutenant Governor to take a responsibility which no man
fully aware of the consequences of his conduct would take, a responsibility which
no man who was no*: utterly reckless of the sanctity of the Constitution and the
necessity of preserving all the bulwarks of the Constitution, would have undertiiken.
Unless this House is firm, unless this House rises to the occasion and is true to it-
self and to the Constitution under which we sit here, and unless it desires to sacri-
fice the principles of Responsible Government, and to go back to the old autocratic
times, we shall establish a precedent which may l:)e worked for the evil of this
Constitution for all time. What would he i,aid of the Earl of Duflerin, if he had
salt' .a Hon. gentlemen opposite ; ' I arn of opinion you have not the confidence
of the country. I have seen that a number of casual elections have gone against
you from one accident or another. I think there is a reaction in the country, that
the people do not support you with the same alacrity as formerly, and I shall dis-
miss you and send for the Oppo:;i'ion.' You could not suppose that the I'-arl of
Duliferin, that a man imbues, with the spirit of the British Constitution, that an
English statesman, or an English gentleman, could commit such an otrence. Take
another case. Suppose, now, that the elections are just coming on. Mr. Archi-
bald, now the Governor of Nova Scotia, who formerly belonged to the same party
as myself, and was recommended by me as the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia,
has in that Province an Administration opposed to the policy of the Opposition
here, and supporting with all their power the jnesent Dominion Government.
Supjioso he took a leaf oui of Air. I^tellier's book and picked a qu.irrel with his
advisers just before the elections. Suppose he said : ' I see you have only a ma-
jority of two or three, that you have lost election after election, and I do not
klieve you really represent the people. I shall dismiss you, and call a new Ad-

694

HIP' DRY OF TIffi ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

m4\

i 1

ministration. I shall call a friend personal or political, of my own, and assign
to him the agreeable duty of dissc Iving the Legislature, and using the patronage,
the power, and the influence of th; Government in favor of the present Opposition,
and against the present Governirent.' How my Hon. friend at the head of this
Government would, in that case, rise in his place and recall the good old days
when the Liberal party fought the battle of Responsible Government, and denounce
the destruction of the old Tory method of dismissing a Government with a major-
ity, which it was true, might baa limited one, but was still a majority. How this
House and the country would have rung with lament over such a return to tlie old
days of Metcalf and Toryism and tyranny. Sir, I do not believe the Hon, gentle-
man at the head of the Government will belie his previous professioiio. I do not
believe, until I hear and see it, that, because the Lieutenant Governor of Lower
Canada happens to be his appointee, he will sacrifice his own great principles in
defence of a Minister who, I believe, has committed a great constitutional wrong.
Every Ministry is liable to make mistake- in appointments, tvaiy Mm-' is
liable somewhat from the mistakes or errors, or the worse than errc/, '
subordinates. Though they may not be responsible for them, still they ii .ly bt to
a certain degree responsible in public opinion for having made a wrong choice;
but until they conJone the offence, until they approve of the offence, until they
say, ' We approve of that policy, and will support them in that policy," they are
not justly amenable to attack. I have made no attack. God forbid that I should
do so, for as yet I know not that the present Ministry, at the head of which is the
Hon. Member for Lambton, is liable to the charge, liable to attack, or lial)le to
censure for anything that has taken place. As yet I do not know this, and, there
fore, I will not say it. But it depends upon that Hon. gentleman to say wiiether
he, the head of a Liberal Government, he upon whom the mantle of Robert Bald-
win and others has fallen, he, the distinguished leader of the Liberal party of the
country, will — but I do not believe that the Hon. gentleman will — ^sacritice those
great principles. It may be a warm-hearted, it may L .- a kindly, and, perhaps, in
some respects, a polite act to do so, looking at the mere temporary advantages of
an election ; l.ut I 'lo not believe that that Hon. gentleman will turn his back upon
those principles which he has so long professed, and which have l)een the chief
credit, the chief honor of his party. Mr. Speaker, I move the resolution."

The Ministry offered neither justification nor palh'ation of Mr.
Letellier's offence. They neither defended nor extenuated it. They
did not argue the constitutional question. They neither denied Sir
John Macdonald's statements of fact, nor questioned his deductions
of law. They were absolutely mute on these points, and contented
themselves by saying that the matter was one with which the Dom-
inion Parliament had nothing to do, it rested entirely and solely
between Mr. Letellier and the people of Quebec. This unsound
reasoning was all Mr. Mackenzie had to oppose to Sir John Macdonald's
crushing attack, h,it he had the voting power of a r\ia}vn>.y of forty-two
by whom the motion was negatived on the 15';) April.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

695

At about the time this question was before the House, Mr. Todd,
the Librarian of Parliament, issued a pamphlet styled " A Constitu-
tional Governor," in which, after quoting a number of cases, he deduces
several leading principles. Mr. Todd is the author of the best work
yet published on Parliamentary Government,* and his book on that
subject is now the leading authority in England, and in the British
Colonies, where Parliaments exist. His opinions on this subject
are of the utmost value, and are received as authorities by the most
accomplished British statesmen. He has demoted his attentio i to the
very pccuuar relations which exist between the Imperial power and
the Dominion, between the Dominion and the Provinces, and between
the Imperial authority and the combined Dominion and Provincial
powers. His deductions on the powers and duties of a Colonial
Ruler under our system of Constitutional Government are thus set
forth, and it will be seen from their perusal how strongly they support
the vik^ws enunciated by Sir John Macdonald in moving his resolu-
tion ; —

' I. That the position of a Constitutional Governor towards those over whom he is
set, as the Representative of the Sovereign, and especially in relation to his Minis-
ters, is one of strict neutrality. He must manifest no bias toward? any political
party ; but, on the contrary, be ready to make himself a mediator and a moderator
k'tween the influential of all parties. And he must uniformly be actuated only by
a desire to promote the general welfare of the province, or dependency of the
empire, committed to his charge.

2. That a Constitutional Governor is bound to receive as his Advisers and
Mir,' iters the acknowledged leaders of that party in the State which is able, for the
.m; ijfiig, to command the cuniidence of the popular assembly ; or, in the last
w I, vi' (he people, as expressed, on appeal, through their representatives in the
I tl '.^, ■ I'ament. And it is his duty to cordially advise and co-operate with his
.>ii. !'-, Ill all their efforts for the public good.t

3. '• . , in furtherance of the principle of local self-government, and of the
administration of the Executive authority in harmony with the legi^^Iative bodies,
it is the duty of a Constitutional Governor to accept the advice of his Ai.'nisters in
regard to the general policy and "onduct of public alTairs ; and in the selection of
persons to fill subordinate offices in the public service ; and in the determination
of all questions that do not directly interfere with the responsibili^} which he owes
to the Imperial Government.

4. That in order to enable a Constitutional (iovernor to fulfil intelligently and
' ticipntly the charge entrusted to him by the Crown, he is bound to direct, — as by

* " Parliamentary Government in England." Alpheus Todd, Librarian of the
Library of Parliament.

t See Grey, Colonial Policy, vol. i, p. 21 1.

696

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

- r;,!

his Commission and Instructions he is authorized to require — that the fullest infor-
mation shall be afforded to him, by his Ministers, upon every matter which, at any
time, shall be submitted for his approval ; and that no policy shall be carried out,
or acts of executive authority performed, by his Ministers, in the name of the Crown,
unless the same shall have previously received his sanction.

5. That while, under ordinary circumstances, a Constitutional Governor would
naturally defer to the advice of his Ministers, so long as they ccitinue to possess
the confidence of the popular Chamber, and are able to administer public affairs in
accordance with the well-understood wishes of the people, as expressed through
their representatives ; if, at any time, he should see fit to doubt the wisdom, or
the legality, of advice tendered to him ; or should question the motives which have
actuated his Advisers on any particular occasion, — so as to lead him to the comic-
tion til iheir advice had been prompted by corrupt, partiz.'.n, or other unworthy
motives, ; by a regard to the honor of the Crown, or the welfare and advance-
ment of th( >>munity at large, — the Governor is entitled to have recourse to
the power reserved to him, in the Royal Instructions ; and to withhold his assent
from such advice. Under these circumstances, he would suitably endeavor, in the
first instance, by suggestion or remonstrance, to induce his Ministers to modify or
abandon a policy or proceeding which he was unable to approve. But if his
remonstrances should prove unavailing, the Ciovernor is competent to require the
resignation of his Ministers, or to dismiss them from office ; and to call to his
councils a new Administration.

6. That the prerogative right of dismissing a Ministry can only be constitution-
ally exercised on grounds of jiublic policy ; and for reasons which are capable of
being defended and justified to the Local Assembly ; as well as to the Queen,
through her Ministers.

7. That upon a change of Ministry, it is constitutionally necessary tliat the
gentlemen who may be invited by the Governor to form a new Administration
shall be unreservedly informed by him of the circumstances which led to the resig-
nation or dismissal of their predecessors in office ; and that they shall be willing to
accept entire responsibility to the Local Parliament for any acts of the Governor
which have been instrumental in occasioning the resignation or effecting the dismis-
sal of the outgoing Ministry. F"or it is an undoubted principle of English law, that
no prerogative of the Crown can be constitutionally exercised unless some Minister
of State is ready to assume responsibility for the same. Hence, the authority itself
remains inviolate, however the propriety of its exercise may be questioned, or its
use condemnetl. The authority of the Crown, in the hands of the Queen's Repre-
sentative, should always be respected ; and no one subordinate to the Governor
< hould attribute to him, personally, any act of misgovernment ; his Ministers be-
.ng always answerable for his acts to the Local Parliament and to the constituent
body.

8. That the Governor is personally responsible to the Imperial Government
for his exercise of the prerogative right of dissolving Parliament ; and he is bound
to have regard to the general condition and welfare of the country, and not merely
to the advice of his Ministers, in granting or refusing a dissolution. And should
he deem it advisable to insist upon the dissolution of an existing Parliament, con-

[1878

1878]

lUL EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

697

the fullest infor-
(er which, at any
11 be carried out,
me of the Crown,

I Governor would
c^tinue to possess
er public affairs in
expressed through
bt the wisdom, or
lotives which have
him to the convic-
or other unworthy
:lfare and advance-
) have recourse to
ivithhold his assent
ly endeavor, in the
listers to modify or
irove. But if his
etent to require the
and to call to his

)nly be constitution-
vhich are capable of
1 as to the (^ueen,

necessary that the
lew Administration
lich led to the resig-
shall be willing to
icts of the Governor
leffecting the liisniis-
jof English law, that
inless some Minister
:, the authority itself
)e questioned, or its
the Queen's Kepre-
Ite to the Governor
It; his Ministers he-
ld to the constituent

Lpcrial Government
Int ; and he is hound
[try, and not merely
■uion. And should
lig Parliament, con-

trary to the advice of his minislers, he is not debai'-ed from issuing the necessary
orders to give effect to his decision, because his Ministers, for the time lx;ing, are
sustained by a majority of the Local Assembly ; — although such an act, on the jjart
of the Governor, should involve their resignation of office. But no Governor has a
constitutional right to insist upon a dissolr'ion of Parliament, under such circum-
stances, unless he can first obtain the services of other Advisers, who are willing
to become responsible for the act ; and unless he has reasonable grounds for believ-
ing that an appeal to the constituent body would result in an approval, by the new
Assembly, of the policy which, in his judgment, rendered it necessary that the
Parliament should be dissolved.

9. That in the ultimate determination of all questions wherein a Constitutional
Governor may see fit to differ from his Ministers, the declared intention of the
Queen, — that She ' has no desire to maintain any system of policy among Her
North American subjects which opinion condemns, — '* a principle which is equal-
ly applicable to every self-governing Colony, and which has been freely conceded
to them all, — requires that the verdict of the people in Parliament must l)e accepted
as final and conclusive : and that the Governor must be prepared to accept an
Administration who will give effect to the same ; or else, himself surrender to the
Sovereign the charge with which he has been entrusted.

10. That in questions of an Imperial nature, wherein the honor of the British
Crown is concerned, or the general policy of the Empire is involved, — as, for
example, in the administrption, by a Governor, of the prerogative of mercy ; or,
the reservation, under the royal instructions, of Bills, of a certain specified class,
which had passed both Houses of the Local Parliament, for the signification of the
Queen's pleasure thereon, — it is the duty of a Governor to exercise the power
vested in him, in his capacity as an Imperial officer, without limitation or
restraint. Nevertheless, in all such cases, a Constitutional Governor should afford
to his Ministers full knowledge of the questions at issue, and an opportunity of
tendering to him whatever advice in the premises they may desir:; to offer ; albeit
the Governor is bound, by his Instructions, and by his obligations as an Imperial
officer, to act upon his own judgment and responsibility ; whatever may be the
tenor of the advice proffered to him by his Ministers. In all such cases, the respon-
sibility of the local Ministers to the Local Parliament would naturally be limited.
They would be responsible for the advice they gave, but could not strictly be held
accountable for their advice not having prevailed. For, ' if it be the right and
duty of the Governor to act in any case contrary to the advice of his Ministers,
they cannot be held responsible for his action, and should not feel themselves
justified on account of it in retiring from the administration of public affairs.' t

But, according to constitutional analogy, no such right should be claimed by
the Governor, except in cases wherein, under the Royal Instructions, he is bound,
as an Imperial officer, to act independently of his Ministers. If his discharge of

* Lord John Russell's despatch to Governor Thomson, of 14th October, 1839.

t The Colonial Secretary (Lord Carnarvon), as quoted in the Report of the
Dominion Minister of Justice (Mr. Blake) to Canadian Privy Council, of 22nd
December, 1875. ^

698

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1S78

this duty should be felt, a I any time, as a grievance, either by his own advisers
or by the Local Parliament, it would be a reasonable ground for remonstrance or
negotiation with the Imperial Government ; but it could not, meanwhile, absolve
the Governor from his obligations to the Queen, under the Royal Instructions.
It is, nevertheless, supposable, in an extreme case, that the Local Parliament might
assume the right of punishing a Ministry for advice given ; or of censuring them
for not having resigned, if their advice had not been followed.

■ In this connection it will be suitable to make mention of a Report from the
Minister of Justice for Canada (Mr. Blake) of Sept. 5, 1876, of his mission to
England, to confer with Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonies on
certain public matters. In conference with the Colonial .Secretary, Mr. Blake
suggested certain alterations in the present terms of the Royal Instructions and
Commission to the Governor General of Canada, with a view to the application
to the Dominion of Canada of the fullest possible measure of self-government.
While asserting for the Dominion, that her vast extent of territory, her acknow-
ledged position under the British North America Act, and her growing importance,
entitled her to a larger application of the principles of constitutional freedom tlian
any other dependencies of the Empire, Mr. Blake expressly disclaimed any desire
to weaken the rightful position of the Governor General, as the Representative of
the Crown. He admits, in this able state paper, the Governor's ' undoubted
right to refuse compliance with the advice of his Ministers, whereupon tlie latter
must either adopt and become responsible for his views, or leave their places to be
filled by others, prepared to take that course.' He also regards as 'unobjection-
able ' the authority vested in the Governor General, by the Royal Instructions,
which confer upon him • the full constitutional powers which Her Majesty, if she
were ruling personally instead of through his agency, could exercise.' But he
pleads for certiun necessary changes in the formula of the Ofhcial Instructions to
the Governor of Canada, so as to bring them into more complete accord with
existing constitutional practice ; and with the constitutional powers and relations
of the Crown, the Governor General, and his Council. It is gratifying to learn
that, in reply to this communication. Her Majesty's Colonial Secretary has made
answer, that he ' hopes to be in a position, at no distant date, to inform Lord
Dufierin that he will advise an amendment of the Commission and Instructions
in general accordance with Mr. Blake's representations.' *

1 1. That while it is objectionable in principle, and of rare occurrence in prac-
tice, that appeals should be made to the Imperial Parliament, in cases of difTerence
between a Governor and the Executive or Legislative authorities of the colony
over which he presides, or has presided, — so as to lead to the fighting over again,
in the British Parliament, of colonial political contests, — yet, the reserved right
of the Imperial Parliament to discuss all questions affecting the welfare of Her
Majesty's subjects in all parts of the Empire, and to advise the Crown thereupon,
is unquestionable ; and a Governor, or ex-Governor of a British province, must
always be mindful of his responsibility, not only to the Crown in Council, but

See Canada Sessional Papers, 1877, No. 13.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

699

is own advisers
remonstrance or
.nwhile, absolve
al Instructions,
arliament might
censuring them

also to both Houses of the Imperial Parliament, for the exercise of his political
functions.*

12. That, in ihe absence of definite instructions, the Governor of every British
colony should be guided, in all questions which may arise, or matters that may
come before him, in his official capacity, by the constitutional usage of the Mother
Country ; and it is his duty to ascertain the same, and conform himself thereto, so
far as circumstances will allow." t

It may be mentioned that when the Quebec Parliament assembled
in Tune, the new Government secured a majority of one, by the
casting vote of the Speaker, a gentleman who had been elected as an
avowed opponent of the new Ministry, and had before acted with the
DeBoucherville Government. The farce of such a Government is a
fitting commentary on the unconstitutional course pursued by Monsieur
Letellier de St. Just.

On the 4th May, Mr. Mackenzie made his annual statement of the

progress of the Pacific Railway. He said the Government had

" Arrived at the period when it becomes necessary to take some definite and
decided steps towards making an attempt at the continuation of that road because of
the entire completion of the surveys upon the several routes that are most likely
to be adopted by the Government from one end of the line to the other." X

Heretofore, in answer to the demands of British Columbia, the
excuse for delay in proceeding with the work of actual construction, had
been that the surveys were incomplete. Mr. Mackenzie now admitted
they were all finished. He then proceeded to descri])e the several
routes from Lake Superior to the Pacific, and the question of the ocean
terminus. He did not bind the Governmeni to any particular route
or western terminus, though he plainly indicated that, so far as then
advised, the route and terminus suggested by Mr. Fleming, the chief
engineer of the road, would probably be those selected. He men-
tioned that Mr, Marcus Smith, acting engineer-in-chief proposed a
different route, and another terminus ; and he discussed the relative
merits of each. As these reports comprise the essence of the whole

dispute on these points they are now re-produced in full. They are

* .See Earl Grey in Hansard's Debates, vol. 103, p. 1280. Case of British
Guiana. //'/</., vol. 107, p. 930. Parliamentary Debates on the case of Governor
Eyre, of Jamaica, in 1866 and 1867 : of Governor Darling, of Victoria, in 1 868 :
of Governor Hennessy, of Barbadoes, in 1876.

t Report of the Attorney General of Ontario (Mr. Mowat) dated l6th Decem-
ber, 1873, concerning the allowance of certain Bills by the Dominion Government :
Ontario Papers, First Session, 1874,

+ Hansard for 1878, page 2413.

'I v.

700

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[18(8

well worthy careful study as they are the productions and the care-
fully-considered conclusions of the two most eminent engineers of the
Dominion, and of gentlemen than whom there are no persons more
competent to express an opinion on this highly important question.
Mr. Fleming's report is in these words :

** Canadian Pacific Railway,

Office of the Engineer- in-Chief,

Ottawa, A/>nI 26, 1878.
The Honorable A. Mackenzie,

Minister of Public Works, &'c., <2r»c., &'c.

Sir, — I have the honor to report on the operations which have been carried
on to determine the location of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and to establish the
locality on the Pacific Coast best adapted for its terminal point.

In my last General Report, February 8th, 1877, I endeavored to furnish a con-
cise record of these operations from the commencement of the survey in 1871 ; I
further submitted what other important information had been acquired from va-
rious sources. In the following pages I shall have occasionally to refer to that
General Report.

During the past season the investigations have been confined to the following
surveys and explorations : —

1 . A trial location of the line (No. 2), extending from Yellowhead Pass, via
the Rivers Thompson and Fraser, to Burrard Inlet.

2. An exploration from Port Simpson, on the Pacific Coast, by the valley of
the River Skeena, to the Central Plateau, and thence to Fort George.

3. An exploration from Fort George, through the Rocky Mountain Chain, by
Pine River Pass.

4. A nautical examination, by the Admiralty, of the mouth oi" the River Skeena.

5. Surveys, between Selkirk and the south branch of the Saskatchewan, for an
alternative line.

6. Surveys between Lake Nipissing and Lake Superior.

7. Explorations to Lac la Biche and other points lying to the north of the main
Saskatchewan.

A Report, dated 4th January, 1878, on these operations and on the progress of
the works under construction, was made by my Chief Assistant, Mr. Marcus Smith.
A Report dated 19th December, 1877, was also made by Mr. H. J. Cambie,
Engineer in charge of Surveys in British Columbia, on the results established by
the location survey of the line from Yellowhead Pass to Burrard Inlet. Tliese re-
ports appear in the Appendix to the Annual Report of the Ministei of Public Works,
laid before the House of Commons on the opening of Parliament.

Supplementary Reports have been likewise made by Mr, Smith and by Mr.
Cambie. The former submitting the advantages which appear to him to be pre-
sented by a line which, diverging from the located line at Northcote, near Lake
Winnepegoosis, is projected to run through the Pine River Pass to Bute Inlet. The
latter furnishing additional information with regard to the line by the Rivers

[1878

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

nd the care-
[ineers of the

lorth of the main

lith and by Mr. ■

Icote, near Lake
iBute Inlet. The

Thompson and Fraser to Burrard Inlet ; and showing the comparative alvantages
claimed in regard to that route.

Both Reports, together with a Report on the exploration made of the Pine
River Pass, are appended.*

Some correspondence has taken place on the subject of the Terminal I larbor,
in connection with the examination made last summer, under instructions of the
Admiralty, by Imperial Naval Officers, of the mouth of the River Skeeiia. This
correspondence is appended.t

In reporting on this important subject, the general question presents itself to
my mind under two aspects; first, in respect to the influence the railway will
exercise on colonization ; second, as a through line of steam communication be-
tween the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

I. ITie early settlement of the Eastern Provinces of Canada followed the coast
of the seaboard, and the margin of the land traversed by the great rivers and
lakes. The natural water ways accordingly were important auxiliaries in direct-
ing successive waves of emigration to points of settlement, and, doubtless, the
water communications of the interior of the Dominion west of Lake Superior
will prove valuable accessories in this respect. They may be largely utilized dur-
ing the early stages of colonization, and when settlements have been effected and
the various districts become inhabited, the more important will still be valuable as
the means of transporting heavy products.

The climatal conditions, however, impose a limit to their use. During four or
five months of the year, the rivers and lakes are frozen, and navigation is closed ;
and thus the absolute necessity of a system of railways is imposed, to attain an
extended and permanently prosperous settlement. More especially is this the case
where the water lines are broken or disconnected, and the localities are far
removed from open navigation.

In examining into the question of colonizing the vast undeveloped interior of
Canada, we are called upon to consider what main lines of communication, in after
years, may be regarded as essential. It is desiiable to take a comprehensive view
of the subject, as we may be regarded as preparing the way for the occupancy of
territory capable of sustaining millions, and to no limited extent, as dealing with
the destinies of half a continent.

I iiave elsewhere given my views as to the principles which should govern the
estal)lishment of railways in such circumstances. J In the case of the territory
under consideration, from information we have gatiiered, we are justified in assum-
ing that, ultimately, not one railway, but many railways, will hereafter be
needed. At one time it was thought that the habitable land was confined to a
comparatively narrow fertile belt along the immediate valley of the Saskatchewan ;
now, it is considered that the belt is of immense breadth, and that the habitable
territory is of vast extent. It is therefore to be anticipated that one railway will

* Appendices A, B, and D. (The appendices B and D are not here reproduced.)
t Appendix C. .

+ Appendix E.

702

IIISTOKY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OF

[1878

eventually prove insufTicient for the traffic of the country, and that two trunk lines,
with luimcrous branches, may hereafter he recjuired.

We have but to place before us a map of the United States and Canada, to note
the lines which run from the seaboard westward, in some sections ramifyinj; in
many directions : lines on which the traffic is regular and constant, and wliicli,
thirty years ago, not the most sanguine of projectors would have ventured to have
foretold as indispensable.

In the paper referred to, I have set forth the importance of strictly observing
certain principles, in the establishment of railways in a new country, in order to
avoitl hasty and ill-considered construction ; to prevent mis-application and waste
of capital by assuring that no unnecessary line be undertaken, that no lines Ik
comjileted before they are wanted, and that the highways of the country of every
class be designed so as to perform their functions in the most satisfactory manner.

2. Tiie establishment of railways, on the principles which 1 have ilescrilted
would not speedily result in steam communication from the valley of tlie St.
Lawrence to British Columbia, But a through line being exacted for other than
colonization reasons, it becomes necessary to consider how that connection can be
easiest attained.

The map which I submit with this report shows lines of railway which,
possibly, may in time be required for general service, all of which should Ix; kept
prominently in view. The engagements of the Government are to secure witliout
delay one through line, and if it be probable that these lines will all ultimately k
required, it is evident that the one which is the most attainable is the one which,
under tlie present circumstances, should be selected.

In my Report of February 8th, 1877, 1 described all the routes projected at th.it
date. I submitted approximate estimates of cost as well as naval testimony with
respect to the harbors on the coast, and I attempted to narrow down the enquiry
by rejecting all projected lines and proposed termini, except the most satisfactory
and important.

I poiiitetl out that there is no harbor on the mainland entirely unobjectionable ;
that on the outer coast of Vancouver Island there is more than one harbor well
suited for the purpose of a terminus; that it was exceedingly desirable to carry the
railway to at least one of these harbors; but that they all could be approached
from the interior only at an enormous cost.

By this process of elimination I reduced the number of available routes to three,
viz. : —

Route No. 2, terminating at Burrard Inlet.

Route No. 6, touching tide water of the Pacific first at Bute Inlet.

Route No. II, terminating near the mouth of the River Skeena.

The examinations made during the past season have not materially changed
the circumstances under which these separate lines were considered ; and tlic trial
location survey to Burrard Inlet, substantially confirms the general accuracy of the
estimates of cost.

The exploration to Pine River Pass is of value in confirming the impression
referred to in my Report of last year, that a low lying available passage exists
across the mountains in that latitude ; but there is nothing to show that so good a

187H]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

703

«i

e routes to tliree,

route can be obtained in that locality as by the I'tace Kiver Pass. As already
itated, it lias been suggested to carry the line from the east through I'ine kiver
Pass to Hute Inlet. Mr. Smith has given prominence to this line in his Report
29th of March last as a means of reaching the coast. I do not attach the same
iiiii>(.)rtance to the Pine River Pass. It is certainly lower than the Yellow Head
Pass; but its position is not favorable for reaching a southern terminus. More-
over, although favorably situated for a line to a northern terminus, its importance is
not enhanced by the fact that a still lower pass— Peace River — exists, only a few
miles further north. I have accordingly projected a northern line of Railway
through Peace River Pass, which I consider preferable.

The correspondence respecting the examinations at the mouth of the Skeena
River by the Admiralty proves the non-existence of a suitable harbor immediately
at that point ; but our own explorations show that an excellent harbor exists at
Port Simpson, in the neighborhood of the Skeena, and that the.e are no great
obstacles to be met in carrying the railway to it. (Annual Report Public Works,
1877, page 185.)

I find also that Commander Pender has a favorable opinion of Port Simpson.
At page 295 of my last General Report (February, 1877,) he states : ' Port
Simpson, at the north part of Tsimpsean Peninsula, is the finest harbor north of
Beaver Harbor, in Vancouver Island.'

It will be seen from the correspondence with the Admiralty that a northern
terminus is objected to on account of climatic causes, incidental to a high latitude.
But no data have been furnished to show that the climate is materially dillerent
from that on the coast of Great Britain, in similar latitudes, such as tlie North
Channel and the approaches to the River Clyde. And it cannot l)e overlooked
that, although the climate on the west coast of Scotland may be considered far
from good, Glasgow, one of the most enterprising and important cities in the
world, has come into existence in the latitude referred to.

Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Dellorsey, on the Pacific Station, objects to
Burraid Inlet (despatch to the Admiralty, 26th October, 1877,) and advocates
carrying the Railway to a harbor on Vancouver Island, in the manner set forth in
my Report of February 8th, 1877, page 72. The Admiral, equally with must of
the other naval authorities, objects to VVaddington Harbor as a terminus.

Tlie deductions to be drawn from the naval testimony at our command, and
from our own examinations, may be thus summarized : —

1. That there can be no question as to the superiority of certain han^.,is on the
outer coast of Vancouver Island.

2. That Waddington Harbor is not favorably situated for a terminus, and may
be viewed as a preliminary and temporary station only, the true terminus of a line
by Bute Inlet being Esquimalt, or some other harbor on the outer coast of Van-
couver Island.

3. That a terminus at Port Simpson would have the advantage of possibly the
best liarbor on the mainland ; and that of all the terminal points projected on the
mainland, and on Vancouver Island, Port Simpson is most conveniently situated
for Asiatic trade. But Port Simpson is open to climatic objections, which are not
experienced to the same extent at points farther south.

•Wi!f

704

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

riH78

4. That of all the other points on the mainland, Burrard Inlet is the least diffi-
cult of ajiproach from the ocean, and is {generally preferred by the naval authorities.

5. That llurrard Inlet, etjually with Waddington Harbor, is open to the jjeo-
grapliical objections mentioned in my last Cleneral Report (page 71).

With these deductions, the comparison is confined to the three lines terminating
respectively at I'ort Simpson, Esquimalt and Hurrard Inlet.

The route terminating at I'nrt Simpson has not been surveyed. On reference
to the map, it will be seen that it is projected to fo.'low the River Skeena, .nml
thence easterly to Peace River ; thence by Lesser Slave Lake, and Lac la Hiche,
keej)ing about 140 miles to the north of the line located by the Valley of the Sas-
katchewan. Being unsurveyed, and but little being definitely known concerning
it, it is not possible to compare it with the other two lines, which have been located
throughout the greater part of their length. If, therefore, this northern line is to
he seriously considered, it is indispensable that a thorough survey be made of it.
With our present knowledge, it will be unwise to adopt it as the route for the mil.
way, and to determine on proceeding with construction, without obtaining full .ind
complete information regarding it. My own opinion is in favor of gaining informa-
tion, and, if the Government entertain this view, 1 beg leave to suggest tliat during
the present year a continuous exploration be made from Port Simpson easterly to
a point of junctioHjWith the located line in the neighborhood of Lake V Miepegoosis.

If, however, the Government deem it essential to arrive i iniriediate

decision, the northern route, being insufficiently known, cannot Ix ..aned, and

thus two lines only remain for consideration, one terminating at Esquimalt, the
other at Burrard Inlet.

The respective engineering merits of the two lines are sufficiently descrik'd in
my last General Report and in the Reports of Messrs. Smith and Cambie, appended.

It only remains for me to submit some additional general remarks.

Manitoba is as nearly as possible about midway across the continent. From
the crossing of Lake Manitoba to Burrard Inlet, the distance is more than iioo
miles ; and to Esquimalt more than 1400 miles. In the whole of the territory
throughout these distances, there are few civilized inhabitants, probably not more
than 12,000. I do not speak of the Indian population ; they can hardly he con-
sidered as influencing, to any considerable extent, the project of the railway.

Thus it is evident, whatever may be needed herAifter for connecting prosperous
and populous communities, there is not at this moment any pressing necessity for
the railway, for ordinary purposes. For special reasons, however, the construction
of the railway to the Pacific Coast is demanded, and, in the absence of traltic to
sustain it, it becomes more than ordinarily important to adopt that route which will
involve the sinking of least unproductive capital, and by which the loss will be
least heavy in working it.

I have expressed my conviction that ultimately the country will require a com-
prehensive railway system, and that, besides branches in many directions, probably
two leading trunk lines will eventually be demanded. These requirements, how-
ever, only lie in the future, and possibly may be somewhat remote. But it is of
vital importance to burden the future as little as possible with accumulated losses
resulting from operating the line. Therefore the selection of a line the least ex-

[1878

IHTH]

THE EAUL OF DUFFEKiN IN CANADA.

705

he least diffi-
\\ authorities.
n to tbe geo-

es terminating

On reference
:r Skeena, and

Lac la niche,
ley of the Sas-
wn concerning
/e \xen located
them line is to
be made of it.
lite for the rail-
taining full and
;aining informa-
Test that during
ison easterly to
V >nepegoosis.
inimediate
.ained, and
. Esquimau, the

Uly descril)ed in
mliie, appended.
irks.

mtinent. Kroni
t«ore than noo
of the territory
)bably not more
hardly be con-
fi railway.
;ting prosperous
|ing necessity for
the construction
ince of traffic to
route which will
[the loss will be

ll require a com-
Ictions, probably
luirements, how-
Ite. But it is of
Lmulated losses
Ine the least ex-

pensive to construct and to maintain is an essential point to lie kept in prominence.
It is even still more important to adopt the route which will not create the largest
debt, through rapidly accumulating losses, resulting from the expense of working,
king in excess of receipts.

I have submitted that, if the line by Peace River to Port Simpson he thrown
out for the present, there remain to be considered the tsvo lines terminating at
Burrard Inlet and Esquimalt.

Ikirrard Inlet is not so eligible a terminal point as Esquimalt. It cannot l)e
approached from the ocean, except by a navigation more or less intricate. Nor
can it l)e reached by large sea-going ships without passing at no great distance
from a group of islands in the possession of a foreign power, which may at any
time assume a hostile attitude and interfere with the passage of vessels.

To the first objection it may be said that there are other harbors in the world,
with an enormous extent of commerce, with entrances where shipping is not entirely
fret from delays and risks. New York, Liverpool, .and Glasgow may be instanced.
The second objection would appear to a non-combatant like myself a forcible one ;
but those who are held responsible for maintainintr communication by land and
sea in times of war appear to m<ike light of it. It i impossible, however, to deny
that, other things being equal, Esquimalt as a harbor and terminal point is superior
to ikirrard Inlet.

Let us assume, for the sake of the argument, that a railway is completed and
in ojieration to both points, and a person at Esquimalt desires to travel to Ottawa.
He has the option of crossing by steamer, 90 miles, to Burrard Inlet and then
using the niiiway; or of taking the train at Esquimalt and proceeding on his
journey from that point. In the latter case he would, taking the most favorable
view, have to travel some 150 miles farther, or if the line were carried through by
Pine River Pass, fully 200 miles more, than by way of Burrard Inlet.

It is evident that even were the wide channels at the Valdes Islands bridged,
the railway carried to Esquimalt would present no advantage in time or cost to an
ordinary traveller. If passengers from Esquimalt could secure no benefit from the
extension of the railway to that place, it is certain that there would be a loss sus-
tained by carrying freight by the longer route.

The cost of extending the railway to Esquimalt would greatly exceed that of
taking it to Burrard Inlet ; there is no sufficient data to form a proper estimate of
the cost. But even by leaving a gap near Valdes Islands of 15 miles, and substi-
tuting a ferry for the enormously costly bridging at that locality, the excess would
probably reach $15,000,000 or $20,000,000. The cost of maintenance would
be great in proportion, and the annual losses on working the extra mileage would,
under the peculiar circumstances, be serious.

It is difficult to recognize any advantage in carrying the line to Esquimalt, at
this period in the history of Canada, to compensate for these grave objections. I
have assumed Esquimalt as the Vancouver Island Terminus. If the other harbors,
Alt)emi or Quatsino, were substituted, the argument remains unchanged, the con-
clusions differing only in degree. If we abandon the idea of extending the railway
to Vancouver Island, and fall back on Waddington Harbor, we should have for a
Terminus a point not favored by the principal naval authorities, and partaking of

mfWlW^

706

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTItATION OF

[1878

the geographical objections to Burrard Inlet, while it would not possess some of
the advantages of the latter place.

After weighing every consideration, embracing the engineering features of eacii
route, I am forced to the conclusion that, if a decision cannot be postponed until
further examinations be »i. ''.de — if the i.onstruction of thv. railway must be at once
proceeded with, the line to Vancouver Islaud should, for the present, be rejected,
and that the Government should select the route by the Rivers Thompson and
Fraser to Burrard Inlet.

I have great f:uth in the future of a country favored with a bourliful supply of
the natural elements of prosperity. The capabilities of the territory of the Domi-
nion on the Pacific Coast are great. Vancouver Island alone is capable of sup])ort-
ing, by the industries which may be established, a large population ; but this result
may not be attained for many years. When the Island becomes fully inhabited, an
independent raiKv..y system by that time may be created within its limits. It
may then, with comparative financial ease, be connected with the main iand, by
way of Bute Inlet, as necessity may dictate.

if the mining industries of Cariboo become permanently profitable, a branch to
that district could be constructed from some point between Lytton and Tete Jaiine
Cache. This branch would shorten the link to be filled up between the separate
railway systems to be created on Vancouver Island and on the mainland, and render
the connection less difficult of attainment hereafter.
I have the honor to be, Sir,

Yorr obedipnt servant,

SANDFORD FLEMING,

Enghieer in Chief."

Mr. Smith comes to very different conclusions, as will be stcn by
the following report : —

REPORT BY MR. MARCUS SMITH, ACTING EN(;iNEER IN CHIEF, Or, Tilt SI R-

veys and exi'lorations with reverence to the location ok the
western section of the line.

Canadian Pacific Railway,

Office of the Engineer in Chief,
Ottawa, 29M March, 1878.
Sir, — I have the honor to submit a report on the results of the surveys and
explorations made in the Central and Western regions since the date of Mr.
Fleming's last report-, January, 1877.

In that report, comparative estimates are given of the cost of construction of
several hues, branching out of a co-nmon route, from Yellowhead l^ass, in the
Rocky Mountains, westward, .and terminating at different points on the I'acino
coast.

Of these several lines, unly three are now under consideration ; and, in the
report above referred to, they are estimated as follows, vide pages 62 and 63 :—
Houte No. 2. — Following the North Thompson, vid Kamloops, to Lytton, and

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

707

by the Lower Fraser to Port Moody, Burrard Inlet, 493 miles. Estimated cost
of construction, $35,000,000.

lioute No. 6.— Following the Upper t raser to Fort George, and by the Rivers
Chilacoh, Nazco, and East Homathco to VVaddington Harbor, Bute Inlet, 546
miles. Estimated cost, $33,000,000.

Noutt No. 8. — Via the Upper Fraser, Fort George, Rivers Chilacoh, Black-
water and Salmon to Kamsquot Bay, Dean Inlet, 488 miles. Estimated cost,
$29,000,000.

These estimates, as stated in the Report, 'include everything deemed necessary
to complete the grading of the railway, with solid embankments, iron bridges, and
generally with durable structures, , qual in point of character to those on the Inter-
colonial line.

Also the ccst of ballasting, permanent way, rolling stock, stations, shops,
inow sheds and fences, indeed all the supplemental ex|-)enses indispensable to the
construction and completion of a line similarly equipped and equal in efficiency and
permanency to the Intercolonial Railway, and basing the calculations of cost on
precisely the same data, the same value of material and the same average value of
skilled and unskilled labor, as obtained on that work.'

There is great probability that these estimates will prove to be too low for the
class of work referred to, as the price of labor of all kinds rates much higher on
the Pacific slope than on the route of the Intercolonial Railway. The cost,
however, can be kept down by using stone and iron only for the larger structures,
anil culverts under high embankments. There is plenty of timber to be had along-
side the line for constructing and renewing the lighter structures when necessary.
But, as the increase of cost, if any, would be proportionate on each route, these
estimates were believed to present as fair a comparison of the several routes as
".ould be arrived at with t)ie data then obtained.

These data, hovei-c*-, being imperfect, owing to the loss of plans and profiles
of a portion of the route No. 2, in the fire of 1874, wiiich destroyed the Engineers'
OtPces at Ottawa it was deemed advisable to have a re-survey made, and during
the p.ist season seven parties have been engaged in thrt n'or!:.

A very close locatio. survey has been made, and every effort has been employed
in tlie endeavor to reduce the cost of construction to a minimum. By the intro-
duction of a large number of exceptionally sharp curves a considerable (juantity of
tunnelling and rock excavation has been avoided ; further, the lin has been curried
at points so close to the rivers as to recjuire protection works gainst floods, while
the inclination of the slopes, instead of being 1^4 to i, as on the other routes, has
been frequently increased to 2 to i, in order to reduce the amount of excavation.

I'rum the cjuantities thus obtained, an estimate of the cost of construction has
been made out at the same rates for labor and materials as on the other routes.
According to this estimate the comparative cost of the three lines would stand as
follows :

Route N'o. 2. — From Yellowhead Pass vid the Rivers Thompson and Fraser to
Port Moody, Burrard Inlet, i^y/i miles; estimated cost, $36,500,000. If carried
to English Bay, 508 miles, '^37, 100,000.

Route A'o. 6. — From Yellowhead Pass by the Upper Fraser and the Rivers

708

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

ii::

Chilacoh, Nazco and East Homathco, to Waddington Harbor, Bute Inlet, 546
miles, $34,000,000.

Roue No. 8. — From Yellowhead Pass by the Upper Fraser, and Rivers
Chilacoh, Blackwater, and Salmon, to Kamsquot Bay, Dean Inlet, 488 miles,
$30,000,000.

In Mr. Fleming's estimates, an allowance was made for possible reductions in
locating for construction. On information since obtained, however, a revision has
been made, and the present estimates are believed to represent very fairly the com-
parative cost of construction on the several routes.

But, besides the cost of construction, other points bearing on the selection of
the route have to be considered. The chief of these are : —

1st. The extent and quality of the lands fit for cultivation traversed or brought
within easy communication with the seaboard.

2nd. Access to the mineral districts, where mining is now in successful opera-
tion.

3rd. The character and geographical position of the harbor at the terminus,
and its fitness for commerce, both foreign and domestic.

The.se matters were discussed in a previous Report, but the enquiry was then
limited to the country lying between the Yellowhead Pass and certain points on the
Pacific Coast ; during the past season, however, additional information has been
gained, and a new route has been explored by another pass through the Rocky
Mountains which diverges from the existing line at a point a little to the west of
Lake Winnepegoosis. Accompanying the present Report is a map showing the
several lines referred to, and colored to show the general character of the soil in
different regions, as explained in the margin. The mileage, in formerReports, is
carried on from Fort William (Lake Superior) to Yellowhead Pass, and, for con-
venience of reference, the same arrangement is adopted here.

Southern Route {No. 2 of former Reports) via Yellowhead Pass to Port Moody,
Burrard Inlet. — The line located for construction crosses the Red River at Selkirk,
410 miles from the starting point at Fort William, thence it takes a north-west
course and continues in an almost direct line to Northcote — 629th mile — at the
north end of Duck Mountain. This is the point at which the line by the Pine
River Pass would diverge. Thence the located line takes a westerly course up the
valley of Swan River, to Livingstone, a few miles north of Fort Pelly.

Up to Doyle Station at the 673rd mile, the line has passed through what has
been te med the fertile or wheat growing belt, shewn by buft color on the map,
stretching away to the north-west, beyond the Peace River. It now crosses a tract
of soil lighter and poorer, but yetj in parts, suitable tor settlement up to the 815th
mile.

Between Humboldt and Battleford— 815th tc 961st mile— the line touches the
northern limit of the Great Plains (colored mauve), which stretch away southward
to the Internanonal Boundary, and are principa ly prairie. The soil in parts is
alkaline and saline, in others fit for the plough and for pasture, but owing to the
want of wood and good water, settlement would be practicable only at intervals.
Indeed, throughout the whole of this region, the surface water is bad and scarce,
except in the early spring.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

709

le teiniinus,

Between these plains and the fertile lands to the north of the Saskatchewan,
there is a region of prairie (colored green on the map), interspersed with poplar
copse, on a loamy and sandy soil, producing good crops of grass and wild pea-
vine ; the surface water being generally abundant. A fair proportion of this is
suitable for agriculture and settlement.

The line enters this district a little to the west of Battleford, and reaches its
western boundary about the 1130th mile. In this distance of 165 miles there is
probably about an equal division of poor and sandy soil and of land fit for settle-
ment. From the 1130th mile to the crossing of the River Pembina at the 1267th
mile the soil is a heavy, rich loam, suitable for wheat growing, with very luxuriant
vegetation, nearly identical with that of Ontario, abounding with streams and fresh
water lakes, and clothed with a continuoup forest of poplar and spruce. In places,
the country is swampy, b it it can be drained without difficulty.

At the River Pembina, rock is first seen on the surface — it is a sandstone, with
coal seams underlying. Brtween this point and the Yellowhead Pass — 1267th to
1453rd mile — the altitude is generally over 3,000 feet above sea level ; the soil is
cold and wet, with numerous muskegs ; it is densely covered with poplar, occa-
sional belts of spruce being interspersed with strips of Banksian jMne on the gravelly
ridges. This tract is unfit for settlement.

The summit of the Yellowhead Pass — altitude 3,720 feet — is the eastern boun-
dary of British Columbia ; and as this Province has formed a separate division of
the surveys, a new mileage is commenced from that point to tlie Pacific coast.

From Yellowhead Pass to a point within a few miles of ilie confluenct )1 the
two branches of the Thomson at Kamloops — about 231; miles -the country is unfit
for settlement. The Upper Fraser, Albreda, and Tl < m Rivers flow through

narrow, deen, and rock-bound vttlleys, with scarcely .1 m re of land tit for
cultivation ; . ough in some parts they are well wooded with nprnr md cedar of
large size. The Cariboo gold mines lie at no very great distance u. the north-west
of this part of the route ; but a high and impassable mountain range intervenes.

At Kamloops, the line is fairly on the elevated, undulating, plateau between
the Rocky and Cascade Mountains; — a belt, varying from 80 to 160 miles in
hreadth, and stretching from the International boundary line, on the south acr' ss
the Province in a noith-westerly direction to the watershed of the continent,
between the 54th and 5Sth parallel of north latitude.

This belt is generally on a volcanic formation, and varies from 3,000 to 4,000
feet above the level of the sea ; it has been deeply furrowed by water courses; ami
the altitudes of the main valleys range from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the sea.
On the south-east portion there is little rainfall, but the soil, though dry, is rich,
and produces luxuriant crops of bunch-grass, which is very nutritious, and ripens,
as it stands, into natural hay. The snow in this region rarely reaches over two
feet in depth, and cattle thrive on the bunch-grass during the winter, very seldom
requiring any other feed.

The bunch -grass extends up to about the 53rd parallel of latitude, beyond which
the rainfall increases, and blue-joint and other kindred grasses take the place of the
bunch-grass.

In the bottom lands of the valleys and on the benches adjoining, the soil is very

'■m . ''^f^m !

710

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

iifi

rich, producing excellent wheat and other cereals, as well as vegetables. These
lands, however, are scattered throughout the plateau ir. isolated patches, and bear
a very small proportion to the whole area. They generally require irrigation,
which can only be obtained to a limited exteni.

The Central, or Bute Inlet route, branches out of the one under consideration
near Tete Jaune Cache ; and a line drawn from this point, so as to make an equal
division of territory Ijetwcen them, would cross the Cariboo road near the east end
of Lac La Hache and the River Fraser, near the mouth of Canoe Creek,

This would give a breadth of fully sixty miles on the north side of the Southern
line, and about one hundred miles on the south of it, embracing an area of about
15,000 square miles.

Notwithstanding the advantages of its position, as being on the route to the
gold mines, both from the coast and from the United States, the population of this
district is but small, although most of the lands available have betn taken up.

By the construction of a railway to the coast a considerable impetus would, no
doubt, be given to the cultivation of cereals, which at present find a limited
market at the centres of the mining industries. This is, however, pre-eminently a
grazing country, so that it seems probable that horses, cattle and sheep would
practically continue to be, as now, the chief or only exports of the district. I'iiese,
in a free grass country, transport themselves at a cheaper rate than is possible by
railway.

The district is already fairly supplied with roads and good cattle trails, and in
Appendix F, page 117 of the Engineer in Chief's Report of 1877 it is shown how
the water communication can, at small cost, be rendered available, from I.aiie
Kam loops to Okanagan.

From Savonas Ferry, at the foot of Lake Kamloops, to Yale, the distance by
the line surveyed for the railway is one hundred and twenty-three miles.

It is a few miles niore by the waggon road, and it is evident that if this road
were improved and developed, whf.n required, into some inexpensive kind of rail-
way, it >roiild serve this district nearly as well as a line brought across the Rocky
Mountains at great cost.

Spence's Bridge, on the River Thompson, is, by the located line, three
hundred and twenty-seven miles from the summit of Yellowhead Pass ; thence
down the Rivers Thompson and Fiaser, nearly to Fort Hoj^e, a distance little
short of one hundred miles, the valley is a mere gorge in the mountains, with
no land, save a few garden patches, fit for cultivation, and only scant pasturage
on the hill sides ; the few houses on the road are only way-stations on the road to
Cariboo.

Below Hope the valley begins to open up, and it becomes several miles wide,
in pliices, before New Westminster is reached. The bottom flats are generally
low and partly prairie l.\nd ; the river meanderini ihrough them is occasional!;'
divided into channels or sloughs, forming numerous islands; these are thicidy
clothed with cotton-wood, vine, maple, willow an(i other woods. There is good
land on the higher benches, though but little wheat is grown in the district. The
reasons for this, as given by the farmers, are : The uncertainty of the weather
during the harvest season, the alternate rains ami hot sunshine causing the grain to

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

711

grow in the ear before it can be housed ; and, further, that they find it more
profitable to raisv? stock, coarse grains, hay, and frui^, and import their flour than
to spend money in producing wheat, which, at best, would prove to be but an
inferior article. The cattle are reared for the markets of New Westminster and
Victoria ; the hs>v and oats are sent to the logging camps, and the fruit to the
upper country.

The total area of land in the valley is estimated at a little o 'er 500,000 acres.*
Of this but a very small part is under cultivation, and it will require much labor
and expense before any extensive increase can be obtained. The great bulk of the
land that could be most easily brought under cultivation lies on the estuary of the
liver, below the point where the line leaves the valley for Burrard Inlet ; and most
of the balance is on the opposite side of the river to that on which the line is located.
Much of this land is subject to overflow from the floods of the river and from high
tides in the Strait.

Taken altogether, this is a very fine district, and in course of time will have a
considerable population ; but it is obvious that the reclamation of the low lying
lands is not to be brought about by a railway, but by means of dykes, embankments,
pumping machinery and such other works and appliances as have been successfully
used on lands in a similar condition.

Steamboats already ply between New Westminster and Yale (90 miles) twice
a week each way, and would do so daily if there were sufficient trafiic. These
steamers stop at any point on the river where desired for the collection of passengers
or freight, however limited in number or quantity ; a degree of accommodation
greater than could be afforded by any railway. The amount of traffic which the
valley would supply to a railway would be but limited, as its main products go
seawards, and four-fifths of the traffic, both of passengers and freight, which jiasses
up into the interior is in connection with the Cariboo Gold Mines, for the necessi-
ties of whose development there must, and will utimately, be found a shorter and
better route from some point on the coast farther north. On the whole, it does not
appear that the prospects of a railway on this route are encouraging.

The distance from Fort William (Lake Superior) to Port Moody, at the head
of the south arm of Burrard Inlet, is 1946 miles, and if carried to English Bay,
1961 miles.

Up to Northcote, 629 miles, the line is common to all the proposed routes
westward. Between this and the Pembina River — 1267 miles — the soil is vari-
able, and, as above described, only in part fit for settlement.

From the Pembina River across the Rocky Mountains, to a point near Kam-
loops— 420 miles — the land is unfit for settlement. There is another length of 100
miles in the canyons of the Thompson and Kraser in a similar condition. So that
from the River Pem'oina, on the east side of the Rocky Mountains, to the proposed
terminus at Port Moody, a distance of 679 miles, there are 520 miles on which
there is no land fit for settlement, and on the balance most of the land of any value
is taken up; in all this distance, therefore, there will scarcely l)e an acre within 60

* Calculated from the map issued by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and
Works.

mmm-

712

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

to loo miles of the line at the disposal of the Government for railway purposes.
The works, moreover, will be generally heavy and costly.

Central Line, vid Yellowhead Pass, to Waddington Harbor, Bute Inlet. — This
line diverges from that last described at a point thirty-eight miles west of the sum-
mit of Yellowhead Pass, and follows the Valley of the Fraser down to Grand
Rapids, l8l miles from the Pass. Here the line leaves the Fraser and turns across
the north end of the Cariboo Mountain Range, crossing Bear River at the 2o6th
mile. This river rises near Barkerville, the chief town of the Gold Mining District,
about eighty to eighty-five miles from the point of crossing : the valley affording
facilities for the construction of a road. The line descends to the Fraser Valley on
the west side of the Cariboo Range, by the Willow River, and crosses the Fraser
at the 228th mile. The lower part of the Willow River Valley, for a length of
fourteen miles, is about three-quarters of a mile wide, the soil being good both for
agriculture and pasture ; the elevation is 2000 feet above the level of the sea.
This is the first land of any extent fit for cultivation met with after leaving Yellow-
head Pass.

The line then crosses some rough ground on the right bank of the Fraser, and
reaches the Valley of the Stewart River at the 246th mile, about nine miles west
of Fort George. At this point it is fairly on the elevated plateau, between the
Rocky and Cascade Mountains, already described on the other route ; in this dis-
trict the plateau is of low altitude, ranging from 2cxx) to 2500 feet above the level
of the sea. The line crosses it in a south-westerly direction by a series of valleys,
rising gradually in altitude to the foot hills of the Cascade Mountains, passing
through the latter by the Valley of the Homathco, to the head of Bute Inlet ; the
length from Yellowhead Pass being 546 miles.

The portion of the grass region thus crossed is fully as extensive as that on the
southern route, and is, in part, similar in character. Towards the north, however,
the rain-fall is sufficient, without irrigation, and there is more woodland and soil
fit for the plough.

Still, in proportion to the whole, the quantity of arable land is but small,
though whatever there is, is available for railway purposes and settlement with the
exception of the immediate neighborhood of the Cariboo Mines and the approaches
to them, where a population, about equal to that which would be served by the
other route, is already located. It should be explained that the waggon road and
the accompanying settlements followed the course of gold discovery up the Valleys
of the Rivers Fraser and Thompson to Cariboo ; and as the supply of farm and
other produce was obtainable in sufficient quantity from the settlements on the
existing road, no farther extension has as yet been made of road or settlements
northward of that district. The distance of the mines from the coast by the present
road was long ago felt to be so serious an inconvenience that a waggon road from
Bute Inlet to the mouth of Quesnelle was projected by the late Mr. Waddington,
and 40 miles of a horse trail were actually constructed when a stop was put to the
work through the massacre, by the Indians, of the men engaged in its construct'^)!.
The proposed railway line follows this route generally, passing within 48 miles of
Quesnelle.

On the whole, this route appears much more favorable than the other. As a

187HJ

THE EARL OF DUFFEllIN IN CANADA.

713

7,1

vay purposes.

colonization line it would bring a large quantity of land into cultivation, and afford
much better accommodation to the gold mining district of Cariboo, where the
recent developments in quartz mining give promise of a future of extraordinary
prosperity.

y/ie Northern Route, vid Yellowhead Pass, to Kamsquot Bay, Dean Inlet. —
This line is identical with the last, to a point in the Chilacoh Valley, 280 miles
from Yellowhead Pass, where it diverges to a more westerly course, striking the
Salmon River Pt the entrance to the Cascade Mountains, and following the same
through the Mountains to Kamsquot Bay.

The length from Yellowhead Pass is 488 miles, being 58 miles shorter than
the last line. ITiis is undoubtedly the shortest practicable line across the Con-
tinent from Red River to the Pacific, and can be constructed at the least cost ; it
is also on the direct route to the coast of China. Both of these last two routes
have, however, the same serious drawback as the southern line — the great length
of sterile country in crossing the Rocky Mountains, and the considerable stretches
of indifferent land which lie to the east of them. This objection was felt so strong-
ly, that the permission of the Minister was obtained last summer to extend the
projected exploration from the Skeena to Fort George, eastward, through the Pine
River Pass, as far as might be possible during the season. An examination was
also made of a portion of that route east of the mountains. The following are the
results obtained.

Route by the Pine River Pass to Bute and Dean Inlets, — This route diverges
from the located line near Northcote, at the north end of Duck Mountoii.j, 629
miles from Fort William, Lake Superior, from which point, following up the
Valley of the Swan River about 30 miles, it would take a course as direct as might
be practicable, to a selected crossing of the River Saskatchewan, near Fort ^ la
Come, passing on the way the head waters of Red Deer River, and the Porcupine
Hills.

The land in the Valley of Swan River is reported by the Surveyors to be very
rich and of considerable extent ; the soil on the Basquia Hills is also reported
good ; while the belt between these hills and the Saskatchewan, extending from
the Prince Albert settlement, above the Grand Forks, down to the Old Fort, a
distance of over 90 miles, is exceedingly rich land.

From the Saskatchewan, the line would be nearly direct to the foot of the
Lesser Slave Lake, skirting the north side of the Moose Hills, on the water shed
of the Beaver River, and passing the south end of Lac La Bicheor Red Deer Lr.ke.
Ix)\v ranges of hills skirt the north bank of the Saskatchewan from a point a few
miles above Fort Carleton nearly to Victoria ; these are partially covered with
groves of aspen and willow ; the soil is generally light, and is well supplied with
streams of clear water ; the pasturage is good, especially in the neighborhood of
Fort Pitt.

Between these hills and the river the soil is generally sandy, and there are
numerous salt or alkaline lakes ; but immediately north of the hills, the soil is
stated by the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company, to be very good.

Tliere are numerous fresh water lakes, abounding in white fish ; but also numer-
ous muskegs or swamps that will require draining.

714

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1818

The writer drove out i6 miles north-west of Carleton, and found the character
of the country gradually improving, as he had been led to expect from the descrip.
tion of it given by Mr. Clarke, the Chief Factor at the P'ort, who has spent many
years in this district. An excursion was also made from Fort Pitt to Lac la Biche,
The south sloj-^ of the Moose Hills, where the trail runs, is covered with a <lense
grove of asjien ; but in crossing the west end of these hills, a magnificent pros|)ect
opened out. Stretching away to the east, north and west, as far as the eye could
reach, there appeared a vast, undulating, grassy plain, rising in places into softly
rounded hills, dotted and intersected with groves and belts of aspen mixed with
spruce and tamarac and clumps of willows. This appears to have been fornitrly
forest, which has probably l^een destroyed by fire, decayed trunks of large trees
being found on the hill sides. In the hollows, however, there is sufficient timber
left for railway and domestic purposes. The altitude, taken at several points,
averages about 1700 feet above the sea level.

For three days, whenever we had occasion to leave the trail, we found great
difficulty in forcing our way through thick masses of grass and pea-vine, three to
four feet in height, and sometimes reaching nearly to the horses' backs. As we
neared Lac la Biche, the country became more wooded, and we travelled in long
glades between belts of poplar and willows, passing a number of small fresh
water lakes. '

There is a Roman Catholic Mission at Lac la Biche, where they produce e- '-
lent wheat, barley, oats and all kinds of vegetables ; there are about forty fan
settled round the Lake, chiefly Half-breeds, engaged in the fur trade, and only cul-
tivating enough of cereals and vegetables for their own use.

Between this point and the Lesser Slave Lake the line crosses the River Atha-
baska. This country has not been explored for the railway, but, from information
gathered at the Hudson's Bay Post and the Mission, it appears to be rather rough
and broken, with low hills and muskegs, but possessing intervals of good land.

The line would follow either the south or north shore of Lesser Slave Lake, as
might be determined by the Surveys. After passing that Lake, it enters on a vast
region of great fertility, extending far northward on both sides of the Peace River,
and westward to Pine River, which falls into the Peace near Fort St. John.

By this route, what is termed the fertile belt, or wheat-producing country,
extends nearly three hundred miles farther to the west before the Rocky Mountains
are reached than by the route over the Yellowhead Pass ; a corresponding reduc-
tion being made in the breadth of sterile country to be crossed in the Rocky Moun-
tain district.

In crossing the Peat-e River country, the line is two degrees farther north than
on the parallel district traversed by the line to the Yellowhead Pass ; but the
climate is much milder, horses wintering out on the natural pastures.

This may be due to several causes, the chief being the difference of altitud.;,
which is here only about one-half that on the approach to the Rocky Mountains
by the other line ; probably, also, the warm currents of air from the Pacific ocean
produce a favorable effect. Our surveys show that the Northern Passes in the
Cascade and Rocky Mountains are less than 2,5CK) feet above the level of the sea.
The valley of Pine River, from the Lower Forks, for 50 miles up, is one to
two miles wide ; the soil is good, and suitable for agriculture and pasture.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

715

This point is within 25 miles of Lake Azuzetta, near the summit, which is
estimated at 2,440 feet above the sea level.

Ikre the valley is narrowed to half a mile, and is rather rough for about four
miles on the east side. On the west side the line would follow the narrow, rocky
valley of the Atunachi, about four miles, to where it joins the valley of the Misin-
chinca. The latter is a fine flat valley, one to two miles in breadth, thickly
wooded and containing a considerable quantity of land fit for agriculture and pas-
ture.

The line would follow down this to its confluence with the Parsnip, or south
branch of Peace River, which at this point is about 800 feet wide, and 5 to 8 feet
deep, with a current of 3^ miles per hour. Crossing this and a tongue or high
knch, in about eight miles the line would strike I^ke Tutia, the lowest in a chain
of Lakes, in the valley of the Chu-ca-ca or Crooked River, running nearly due
north into the Parsnip. At Lake McLeod the line is within 50 miles of Germansen
Creek, in the Ominica Gold District.

The line would follow up this valley, nearly s )uth, for about 70 miles, to the
head of Summit Lake, near the divide or watershed of the continent, which, at
this point, is a swampy flat only 2, 160 feet above the level of the sea ; the distance
being about three miles across to the Salmon River, which the line follows to a
point near the Fraser, there joining the located line from the Yellowhead Pass.

The distance from the point where the two routes diverge at Northcote, by the
Yellowhead Pass, to where they re-unite, is 1,081 miles.

By the Pine River route it measures a little more on the map, but there will,
probably, be less curvature, and the ajiparent distance may possibly be reduced.

Cos/ of Construction. — It is difTicult to form even an approximate estimate of
the cost of construction without surveys, but the explorations across the Rocky
Mountains show that a very great reduction can be made on the rock and earth
excavations by the line through Pine River Pass as compared with the line by the
Yellowhead Pass. On the summit there will be about eight miles of heavy work ;
Md also on the east side, in crossing valleys of various mountain streams some
heavy bridging will be required ; but it is not expected that any rock cuttings or
tunnelling will be necessary. On the west side of the pass, to the point of junc-
tion of the two lines, the works will be very light, and the cost probably not more
than half that on the other line, mile for mile.

The bridging on both lines will be rather heavy in the central or prair'L- region,
Und on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, but the number -"f very large
structures will be much greater on the southern than on the northern route.

We have sections of all the large rivers and valleys on the northern route,
I except Smoky River, which runs in a deep valley, near where it joins the Peace
IKiver, here 700 feet below the level of the surrounding country.

The valleys of the streams falling into the Peace Kiver, however, decrease in
I <lepth towards the Rocky Mountains, and it has been ascertained that by following
h valley on the east side, with an easy gradient, the Smoky River can be crossed
l« a low level, whilst a similar means of rising to the level of the plain on the west
I* will probably be found.

On the whole, the cost of the works of construction on this route may lie safely

716

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[18I«

estimated, so far as our examination extends, as very considerably below that on the
other route.

Gnuiit'tits. — The gradients on all the three routes may be considered favorable
for a mountainous country, the maximum being I per ico or 52.80 feet per mile,
with the exception of a portion of the Bute and Dean Inlet routes, in jjassin;
through the Cascade Mountains, where the gradients vary from 60 to no feet per
mile. But as these stiff gradients are all concentrated within a space of 30 miles
on each route, the extra tractive power required for heavy loads would not k very
costly, and would be compensated for in the easier gradients after the high jilateau
is reached ; the gradients, moreover, are falling in the direction of tiie hean
traffic.

It is unnecessary here to analyze the gradients on each line ; but on the whole it
is not considered that there would be any appreciable increase in the cost of workin;
the traffic on these two latter routes on account of the gradients. In connection
with this point, it may be here stated that the Central Pacific Railroad has a con-
tinuous stretch of about 90 miles, with gradients rising 66 feet to 105 feet i)er mile.
The Baltimore and Ohio has gradients of 116 feet per mile, which are worked I
without difficulty.

Harbors at the different Termini. — The selection of a harbor for the terminus I
of the railway engaged much of the writer's attention during the four years he had
special charge of the surveys on the Pacific Coast. Every harbor was examined
with the assistance of the Admiralty charts ; and from conversations on the subject
with officers of the Navy and of the Hudson's Bay Company who have navigated
these waters for years, much information was gained and communicated to the
Engineer in Chief from time to time.

From the information thus obtained, it is the strong opinion of the writer thai,
by reason of the difficulty of access from the ocean, there is really no harbor on I
the coast of the mainland of British Columbia, with the exception of Port Simpson,
eligibly situated for purposes of foreign commerce, and that in this respect, at any
rate, they are all inferior to the American Port, known as Holmes' Harbor at the
entrance to Puget Sound, to which it is probable that more than one American |
railway will be extended within a few years.

On the coast of Vancouver Island, however, there are several harbors better j
situated for commerce with Asia than any of the American harbors.

Of the mainland harbors, Port Simpson is easily approached from the ocean,
and is the nearest to the coast of Asia of any harbor in British Columbia, whilst itl
is fully 500 miles nearer to Yokohama than Holmes' Harbor in Puget Sound. Itj
has also been shown that the railway could be extended to it without much di
culty from a point in the surveyed line, west of the Rocky Mountains, to Butel
Inlet ; the line, however, would be 140 miles longer. — ( Vide Report of the Minister j
of Public Works for 1877, Appendix, page 186.)

It should, however, be taken into consideration that the Japan current flows!
southeastward, parallel with the coast ; consequently, on the voyage from China,!
eastward, the current would be favorable, but on the outward voyage it would bel
the reverse. The steamers from San Francisco take the southern route out, follow!
ing the bend of the current, though the distance is thereby greatly lengthened, butj
they return by the northern route.

OF [18I0

bly below that on the

considered favorable
■ 52.80 feet per mile,
et routes, in passing
im 60 to I ID feet per
n a space of 30 miles
ads would not \k very
after the high iilateaii
lirection of the hean

e ; but on the whole it
: in the cost of \v0rkin5 1
lients. In connection j
ic Railroad has a con-
et to 105 feet jier mile.
ile, which are worked j

arbor for the ternninuj ]
g the four years he t
y harbor was exaniinol |
'ersations on the subject I
ny who have navigated
I communicated to the |

nion of the writer that,
is really no harbor on I

jption of Port Simpson,
in this respect, at any

lliolmes' Harbor at the
re than one American

[several harbors belter j
I harbors.

lached from the ocean,

|ish Columbia, whilst it

3r in Puget Souml It

it without much

ty Mountains, to Butel

Report of the Minister

lie Japan current flo«
Ihe voyage from t^bina,
ard voyage it would be
Ihern route out, folio*
Ireatly lengthened, but

18T8]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

717

Port Simpson is also too remote from the present industrial centres of the
I'rovince, and can only Vh; looked upon as a station to which the railway may ulti-
mately Ih; extended if ever the competition for the trade with China and Japan should
ilemaml it.

Kanisquot Bay, Dean Inlet, is the next harbor for consideration. It has been
shewn that the line to this point is the shortest that has l)een found across tlie
continent, and its construction is estimated to cost $4,ckx),ooo less than any other
that we have surveyed ; it also lies very nearly on the direct route to the coast
of Japan and China. It is situated about 7 miles from the head of Dean Inlet, on tlie
south-east side, being a bay formed by a projecting point of the shore on one side,
and a spit of land, well wooded, formed by the detritus brought down by the
Kamsciuot or Salmon River, on the other.

It is well sheltered from every wind, and has nearly two miles of frontage
convenient for the construction of wharves and slips.

At a short distance from the beach, however, the bottom slopes rapidly down
into deep water, leaving but a narrow belt for anchorage. Artificial moorings
would, therefore, have to be provided to meet the recjuirements of a large fleet.

The inlet and channels leading to Millbank Sound, by which vessels would
approach from the ocean, are from one to two miles wide, very deep and free from
sunken rocks, affording good navigation for steamers. The distance to Millbank
Sound is about loo miles, over which sailing vessels would have to l)e towed. It is,
however, a serious objection that there are no large bays or harbors near wlicre
sailing vessels could anchor if necessary. Several of the naval officers object to all
these long inlets, on account of fogs. Our own experience has been that rain and
mist drifting along the mountain sides are more prevalent in the northern inlets,
ami that the southern inlets, where the Straits are wider, are more subject to dead
fogs. In severe winters ice sometimes forms from the head of Dean Inlet down to
Kamsquot Bay, but not below it.

niere is another serious objection to Kamsquot Bay as a present terminus. It
cannot be reached from the settled portions of the Province, either on the mainland
or Vancouver Island, without crossing Queen Charlotte Sound, which involves an
exposure for a distance of 30 to 40 miles to the full swell of the Pacific Ocean, off
a coast which, in a western gale, is well known as exceptionally dangerous.

This terminus, however, would be very convenient for the Queen Charlotte
Islands, which are known to contain a large amount of mineral wealth, with some
tracts well suited for agriculture.

Should the objections against this point as a terminus prevail, then the choice
on the mainland will be limited to Waddington Harbor, Bute Inlet and Port
Moody, or some other point on Burrard Inlet.

Waddington Harbor is formed by the silt and detritus brouj^ht down from the
mountains by the River Homathco on the north, and the Southgate on the east. It
stretches across the head of the Inlet about two miles. The anchorage in 4 to l8
fathoms, varies from 200 yards to half a mile in breadth; outside of this the bank
slopes rapidly down into very deep water. The best anchorage is at the north-east
sngle, where it is widest and best sheltered.

It is obvious that this is not a suitable harbor for a large fleet ; it could.

718

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[18"^

however, \ye made a good jwrt by the construction of a pier, tegether with sli|)s anil
wharves ; tiiere is abundance of timber and otlier requisite materials for sucii wurk
close at hand.

Bute Inlet is about 45 miles long and two miles wide, it is completely slmt in
by high mountains on each side and by islands lying across its entrance, and is nut
exposed to gales; the channel by which it is entered is designated "Calm
Channel" on the Admiralty chart.

Port Mootly, at the head of the south arm of IJurrard Inlet, is a snug, well
sheltered harbor 2}i miles long, and from a third to half a mile wide, witli good
anchorage ; the hills enclosing it rise steejily from the water's edge to a hti^lii of
200 to 500 feet. There is no site for a town except a flat at the upper end, iiarliy
covered at high tide.

At Coal Harbor, just inside the first narrows, there is fair anchorage, l)ut very
limited in extent. There is a considerable area of flat land adjoining, suitalili ( . a
town site.

This arm of Burrard Inlet is about 15 miles long ; the channel at the entrance
is not over 200 yards wide, and the ordinary tidal current is four to eight knots an
hour. In spring tides it is more rapid.

About half way up the Inlet are the second narrows, where the current is three
to seven knots an hour.

English Bay, at the entrance to the Inlet, is free from these inconveniences ; it
has a considerable extent of good anchorage, and flat land adjoining, suitaMc f •
the site of a large commercial city. This Bay, however, is exposed to gait from
the west, across a stretch of at least 40 miles of open water, being only partial .
protected by a spit of land called Spanish Bank which is covered at high water; it
would consequently require extensive works to make it a safe harbor. There are
also other difficulties more or less serious. Sand banks lie near its approach, and
the neighborhood is notoriously subject to fo ;s.

But the most serious difficulty of all is one that aflects ahke both Bute and Bur-
rard Inlets. The passage to the ocean by the north and south end of Vancouver
Island is obstructed by a group of islands stretching right across the strait between
Vancouver Island and the mainland.

The channels between these islands are in places narrow and crooked, and
subject to strong tidal currents, difficult of navigation, even for steamboats, and
often dangerous.

A list is before me of over sixty marine disasters that have occurred in these
straits within a few years.

The group of islands commanding the channels in the southern passage is in
possession of a foreign power, and the naval testimony shows that, in the event of
any difficulty with that power, commerce by this passage would be liable to serious
interruption.

In order to conduct the railway traffic from Burrard Inlet to Esquiniait, or to
any port on Vancouver Island, it will be necessary to have two transhipments, as
there are 30 or 40 miles of open water to be crossed, subject to heavy gales, wiiich
would render the adoption of a steam ferry carrying a railway train impracticable.

The railway could, however, be extended nearly due south, from a point near

1818]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

he current is three

loccurrcd in lliese

Like Siimas, in the valley of the Fraser, about 35 miles above New Westminster,
in an almost direct line to Holmes' llarl)or, which lies between \Vhill)y ami Cam-
ano Islands, at the entrance of Puf^'it Sound, The distance is a little over 60
miles. The country is generally flat, and the railway could be constructed at less
cost tlian from the same point to Hurrard Inlet.

'I'liis is a large and excellent harb(jr, .^nd it is proposed by the Americans to
cut a canal from the Admiralty Inlet through a neck of land a mile and a (juarter
across, and rising 20 feet above the level of the water, so that sailing vessels may
enter from the ocean without towage, except in the short length of the canal .

Hie Americans are thoroughly alive to the importance of this Jiilvantage, and
the adjoining lands are held at a high value. The Northern Pacific Railway will
(lout)tltss lie extended to this point, as well as other projected railways.

Hy referring to the m ip and Admiralty Chart accompanying this Report, it
will I* seen that near Lake Sumas the line to Port Moody takes a Ijenil north-
westwards, carrying the line farther away from the passage to the ocean, by the
Strait of San Juan de Fuca, while the line to Holmes' Harbor leads directly to it.
There can be no possible doubt that if the line comes down by the Fraser Valley
route, this must inevitably be the ocean terminus. It is impossible to force com-
merce out of its natural channel for any length of time ; it will find the most con-
venient route despite national boundaries.

The Canadian Pacific Railway would thus be placed in competition with the
American Northern Pacific Railroad, for the commerce centering in Puget Sound ;
but the American citizens would be chiefly benefited. A large city would Ix: built
up by the aid of Canadian enterprise, while the main industries of British Colum-
bia woidd receive no stimulus from the construction of the railway.

Extension to Vancouver Island. — The traffic of the railway could be extended
from Waddington Harbor to Vancouver Island by a ferry, and ultimately by
bridging, should the commerce ever become so great as to warrant the enormous
expenditure. The main points in reference to this extension are so clearly stated
in Mr. Fleming's Report of 1877, pages 72 and 73, that no apology is necessary
for repeating his statements here.

' The connection may now be made by steam ferry, possibly accompanied by
some inconvenience, and subject to occasional delays. The course of the ferry
boats would be along Bute Inlet, to the south of Stuart Island, thence through the
Valelez Islands to Elk Bay on Vancouver Island. The whole of this course is land-
locked and smooth water. The distance is 64 miles. The chief difficulty is said
to be a strong current for about two hours a day at one point ; with this exception
if the railway for the present terminated at Waddington Harbor, the water to Elk
Bay could be as easily navigated as an ordinary canal.

' By extending the railway along the western side of Bute Inlet, and thence
across to F'rederick Arm — a feasible scheme, but one exacting a heavy expenditure
— Nodales Channel, a completely sheltered and an easily navigated sheet of water,
is reached. This channel is reported to be free from strong currents, shoals or
other difficulties, and could be used by a railway ferry at all seasons of the year.
The ferry navigation between Frederick Arm on the main shore and Otter (.love
on Vancouver, is about 15 miles. The Length of railway line from Waddington

720

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H78

Ilr.rbor to Frederick Arm is about 51 miles. The accompanying chart (sheet No.
2) sliows the relative position of Nodales Channel, Vancouver Island anil Bute
Inlet.'

* From EK' Bay, o; Ottf Cove, a railway could be carried to Esquimait, or
to a much nearer point — Alberni — at the head of the Alberni Canal ; possibly to
Nootka, or, perhaps, with still greater ease, to Quatsino Sound. Compared with
Escjuixiialt the lat!" has the advantage of being fully 200 miles nearer the Asiatic
coast. At (Quatsino coal beds are reported to crop out at liie water's edge.'

It should be explained that the currents referred to are in the following chan-
nels, and run very strong for two or three hours each day at a certain state of the
tide,

1. TheCardero channel between the mainland and the Valdez and the Stewart
Islands. This h in the northern passage from Bute Inlet to the ocean.

2. A cross channel, not shown o^ the chart, whicn separates the Valdez Islands,
This is in a line with Bute Inlet, and would be the channel lakeii for the ferry
from Waddington Harbor to Elk Bay on Vancouver IsL.id.

3. The Seymour Narrows, between Valdez Islands and Vancouver Island.
This does not interfere with the ferry to Elk Bay or Otter Cove, but prevents its
extension southward to the better harbor of Menzies Bay.

By constructing the line down the side of Bute Inlet and across by the Estero
Basin to Frederick Arm, the rapic'v, No. i are avoided, and there is a clear pass.ige
thence northward to the Ocean.

The Nodales channel between Frederick Arm ind Otter Cove, Vancouver
Island, is about 15 miles in lengtl., a mile wide, \.'th deep water, and no strong
currents ur sunken rocks ; u is well sheltered, almost straight, and could he navi-
gated at all seasons and in all weather by a .sttambo.-'.t carrying a railway train.
A report on the subject of this ferry has recently bi-en made by Admiral DeHorsey.

From Otter Cove the railway could be extended to several harbors on \'ancou-
ver Island, either north or south ; of these the nearest is Stamp Harbor, at the
head of Alberni Canal, Barclay Sound, the distance to which ii about 100 miles.

On the first 15 mdes ahmg the shore of Discovery Passage, to Menzies Bay,
the country is roc'-y ; thence down the coast to the River (jualicum — '^o miles— it
is flat and very favorable for railway construction. From this point tli'e line would
bend away westward, across Vancouver Island to Alberni Canal, about 15 mile?,
and would require some stiff gradients, but not very heavy works, excejit foi
short distance. The line could be ultimately extended from the Ix'iver (Jualicum
to Nanaimo and Esquimait, the distance to the latter being about 1.^0 miles.

The district lying between Otter Cove and Esquimait is one of tin. richest
tracts of country in British Columbia. It comprises a considerable extent of
excellent agricultural lands, overlying and adjoining vast beds of coid and iron
ore. No less than live coal mines are now being successfully worked, tiie imxluct
ranking at San Francisco as superior to any on that coast. The iron ores from
the main island and the Island of Texada have be ;; assayerl and are pronounced
to be of exce|)ti >nally q;ood character, while the close neighborhood of the coal lieds
offers opportunity for the establishment of iron works on an extensive scale.
These advantages, added to its agricultural capabilities, sufficient for the niainte-

187S]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

721

nance of a considerable population, the general beauty of the country, and the
salubrity of tlie climate of Vancouver Island, give promise of a future of great
prosperity.

Esquimau and Alberni (Barclay Sound) are well known and excellent harbors.
and have been already described in the Report of the Engineer in Chief for 1077,
pages 308 to 311.

The I^arbor of Esquimalt, at the south-east end of the Island, about 60 miles
from Cape Flattery, at the entrance from the ocean, is one of the finest and
most convenient harbors on the coast ; and, with the aid of easy soundings and the
present lighting, can be entered at all times. It affords excellent anchorage for
ships of any size, and in no wind is the swell sufficient to create inconvenience.
The Strait of San Juan de Fuca is 10 miles wide, and the Royal roads outside the
harbor afford excellent anchorage for vessels awaiting towage for ports in the
Strait of Georgia.

Stamp Harbor, at the head of the Alberni Canal, is about 36 miles from Cape
Eeaie at tiie entrance to Barclay Sound, on the west coast. It affords ample
accommodation for vessels of any tonnage, being about two miles in length and
one in width, and having a depth of from 5 to 20 fathoms.

The channel from the entrance to the Sound is from a mile to a mile and a half
wide, up to Uchucklisit Harbor, about 16 miles distant on the west side of the
channel. This harbor affords good anchorage for vessels awaiting towage up the
Alberni Canal, which varies from a half to three quarters of a mile in width,
hailing vessels sometimes go in with the tide, without towage, but it may be con-
sidered that, piac ' ''.Uy, the employment of tugs is necessary.

In conclusion, the writer is desirous of expressing his strong conviction, as the
result of detailed investigation of the subject in all its bearings, that the line by
the Pine River Pass to Bute Inlet, with extension by steam ferry to Vancouver
Idand, will prove the true route, whether regarded in its national or economic
ai])ect. It traverses a far greater extent of good agricultural lands, and affords
heller communication with the chief gold and coal mining districts than any other
route.

The fertile portion of the Peace River country, east of the Rocky Mountains,
is about 400 miles in length and 300 miles in breadth.

From the reports of Professors Sehvyn and Macoun, Mr. Iloretzky, Hudson's
Bay Officials, residents at the Mission Station and others, there is no doubt but
iliatthe prospects of tliis rich district lie in the development of its exceptional
apacity for the production of cereals. Mr. Macoun says : ' As to the capabi-
'lit^' of the country for producing grain, thi' barley and wheat raised 50 north
laitude, took the bronze medal at the Centeimial, and the si/e and quality of
'ill vegetable products is astonishing.' This can, undoubtedly, become t'le
j great wheat-protlucing Province of the Dominion. In aid of its development, it
po'isesses a noble arci navigable river, which runs through its centre, affording
«sy means of collecting its produce, and bringing it cheajily to some convenient
point, where it could be received by the railway an<l carried to the seaboard.
The distance from a point on Peace lliver, near the mouth of Smoky River, to
f'Tt William, Lake Superior, is about 1500 miles, thence by lake and river

722

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

navigation to Quebec, 1,350 miles, giving a total of 2,850 miles to the Atlantic
tide water. This route, however, it must be remembered, is open only six months
in the year.

Westwards, to the Pacific coast, from Fort St. John on the Peace River by way
of the Pine River Valley and Pass, the distances are ^s follows : —

To Dean Inlet, 480 miles

To Bute Inlet, 540 miles

To Alberni, Barclay Sound, 700 miles,

To Esquimau, 8lo miles,

On the mainland.

I On Vancouver Island.

These ports are open throughout the entire year.

The question then arises, does not the Pacific seaboard, notwithstanding the
greater length of ocean transit entailed, offer the best outlet for the products of the
Peace River District towards the markets of Europe and Asia ? In California and
Oregon, immense quantities of wheat are grown yearly and exported even to Eng
land at a good profit— of wheat alone last year, San Francisco exported 4,929.690
quintals, valued at $11,017,353.

There is no reason to doubt that the Peace River District could compete,
though at some slight disadvantage in point of distance, with the wheat-yiowing
lands of California and Oregon in trade with England, while it would be in a better
position as regards the Asiatic trad^.

For a distance of 300 miles from the coast, to the point where the Pine River
route diverges, the line would be identical with that surveyed for the Yellowhead
route. The remainder has only been explored in part ; but, from the information
thus obtained, it may be safely assumed that though the line would probably be
somewhat longer, the cost of construction would be considerably less than on thi
parallel portion of the route by the Yellowhead Pass.

But, even were the cost of construction greater, the difference would be of minor
importance in comparison with the advantages to be derived from a line of railway
that would utilize the wonderfully productive powers which now lie dormant in
this vast region.

Should this route me°t with the favorable consideration of the Government,
surveys will be required from Northcote 7'ia the Pine River Pass to the ])oint ot
junction near Fort George, but an examination of the larger river crossings anl
other difficult points on this route, together with the data obtained from previous |
surveys, would afford sufficient information to enable companies to tender for the 1
construction and working of the whole line from Lake Superior to the Pacific, as
provided for by Act of Parliament.

Meanwhile, if desirable, construction could be commenced on that Division of j
the line between the Pacific coast and I'^ort George which will not be affected byj
these surveys.

I have the honor to be. Sir,

Your obedient servant,
(Signed,) MARCUS SMITH, Acting Engineer in Chiif. j

F. Braun, Esq., vSecretary,

Department of Public Works, Ottawa."

[1878 I

; to the Atlantic
only six montlis

ice River by way

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

723

/er Island.

rtwithstanding the
the products of the
In California ami
arted even to Ens-
:xported 4.929-^°

ct could compete,
the wheat-growing
:ould be in a better

here the Pine Kiver
for the Yellowhead
rom the information
would probably be
bly less than on tiu

;e would be of minor
111 a line of railway
low lie dormant m

[of the (Government,
jpass to the point of
I river crossings and
lined from previous j
lies to tender for the'

,r to the Pacific, as

on that Division

not be affected hy!

Engineer in

This report is extremely valuable. Irrespective of Mr. Smith's
views on the route and ocean terminus it is a highly instructive and
reliable document, containing, as it does, an authoritative account of
the soil, productions and climate of the vast regions which the railway
is to open up. Mr. Smith had the advantage of several years' active
exploration in the country he so well describes, and he gives so full a
statement of the geography, soil, and climatic character of these immense
possessions, that little more can be needed to form an intelligent opinion
on the vital questions of the route and Pacific seaport of the railway.

The strong points in Mr. Smith's scheme are two : First, that east of
the Rocky Mountains his route would pass through the best of the
fine arable land of the North West, and open up a tract of at least one
thousand miles in length, having a varying width of from one hundred
and fifty to about five hundred miles of land unsurpassed in the world
for productiveness ; and, secondly, that it would form the most direct
route from Japan and China to Europe. The first consideration is of
supreme importance, for the primary object of the road is to attract
immigration, and it is obvious that settlers would much more readily
take up the rich lands of this route than the comparatively sterile lands
of the route advocated by Mr. Fleming. The main line should form
the centre of attraction, and from it there could be projected branch
lines, as circumstances require.

In a detailed report accompanying this, Mr. Smith, in referring to
his proposed route, uses the following language : —

" In addition to the manifest advantages offered by this route, there is, further,
the important consideration that in the place of a bleak, sterile country, wherein
settlement is an impossibility for hundreds of miles, the line would traverse an
area of remarkable fertility with but a few short intervals of country unfit for
settlement. This route also passes between the vast mineral districts of Omineca
and Cariboo. The extraordinary results of recent mining operations in the latter
give promise, when their resources are more fully developed — as they can only lie
with the assistance of direct railway communication — of rivaling, if not surpassing,
the far-famed gold and silver regions of the neighboring States, which lie in the
same mountain zone.

Port Simpson may possibly be considered, at present, too far north for the
terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, but it is important that the fact should
be borne in mind that, by virtue of low altitudes and consequent easy gradients,
together with the comparatively moderate character of the works required to reach
it, this terminal point offers advantages which would enable a Canadian line to
liefy ciinipetition for the trade with China and Japan, Port Simpson being fully 500
miles nearer to Yokohama than Holmes' Harbor, at the mouth of Puget Sound,
the projiosed ultimate terminus of the Northern Pacific Railway, while the advan-
'•^'e it possesses over San Francisco is correspondingly greater.

PWITTT

724

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

But the Pine River Pass is not merely the key to Port Simpson ; it affords
comparatively easy communication with Bute Inlet, and all the intermediate inlets
between that point and Port Simpson, the valleys of the rivers leading to these inlets
radiating from the Stewart Valley, south-west of the Pass, with exceptional direct-
ness. Thus many of the difficulties in the way of reaching Bute Inlet and the inlets
to the north of it, vtd the Yellowhead Pass, can be avoided, and this probably
without increasing the length of the line."

The value of these reports will be much enhanced by the following
one from Admiral De Horsey, who speaks with reference to the
Imperial interests necessarily involved in the selection of the Pacific

terminus :

" ' Shah ' at Esquimalt, 26M October, 1877.

Sir, — I request you will bring under the consideration of the Lords Commis-
sioners of the Admiralty the following observations, submitting my opinion rela-
tive to the best site for the ocean terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

2. With a view to forming an opinion on this subject I iiave carefully perused
the reports of exploration of 1874 and 1877, made by Mr. Sandfoid Fleming, the
Engineer in Chief, and I have had the advantage of personal interviews with Mr.
Marcus Smith, Mr. Cambie, and other Engineers of the Survey. An ascent of the
Eraser River, as far as Yale, and on to Boston Bar by land, has enabled me to
form some idea of the difficulty of penetrating the Cascade range of mountains with
a line of railway. I have further inspected Burrard Inlet, Haro and Georgia Straits
(as well as the inner channels emerging at Active Pass), Discovery Passage and
some of the channels in the vicinity of Valdes Island, including Seymour iSarrows.
An examination has also been made by their Lordships direction of the apjiroaches
to the Skeena River, the result of which has been reported in my letter, No. 326,
of the 9th inst.int.

3. The question of site of ocean terminus should, it appears to me, lie deter-
mined by two main considerntions (besides feasibility in an engineering point of
view) : —

1st. Its suitability f">r the interests and traffic of the populated parts of I?rit sh
Columbia, that Province having joined the Dominion upon the promise of a
railway.

2nd. Its being situated at a convenient port for ocean steamers to take up,
direct from wharf accommodation, the through traffic for Australia, China, Japan,
and other places across the Pacific at all seasons of the year and in all weathers.

4. Bearing in mind these considerations, it appears desirable to reject all idea
of a terminus on the coast between Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. The
navigation of that part of the coast, judging from the charts and from the rejwvtsof
Admiral Richards and other naval officers, is decidedly unfavorable, and 1 should
equally reject the vicinity of the River Skeena owing to the prevalence of fog,
ice and other climatic causes incident to a high latitude, as well as to the difficul-
ties of approach from sea.

1;. If the above views are correct, the question of site for the terminus is
narrowed to a choice between Burrard Inlet and a port in Vancouver Island.

[1878

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

725

son ; it affords
;rmediate inlets
g to these inlets
:eptional direct-
et and the inlels
d this probably

the following
2rence to the
of the Pacific

October, 1877.
; Lords Commis-
my opinion rcla-
ic Railway,
carefully perused
ford Fleming, the
erviews witn Mr-

An ascent of the
has enabled me to
of mountains with
nd Georgia Straits
overy Passage and
oeymour iN arrows.

of the approaches
ly letter, No. 326,

to me, lie deter-
i<rineering point of

ed parts of Brit sh
the promise of a

amers to take up,
ili.a, China, Japan,
in all weathers.
, to reject all idea
otte Islands. The
.rom the reports of
able, and 1 fhouW
prevalence of fog.
\ as to the difficul-

Ir the terminus is
louver Island.

6. Hurrard Inlet does not ippear suitable for an ocean terminus on account of
difficulties of navigation to sea vard. The tortuous channel from Burrard Inlet to
sea through Haro Strait will fre {uently be unsafe on account of the strength of the
tide, great prevalence of fog and absence of anchoring depth. Burrard Inlet itself
also, although possessing a safe port in Coal Harbor, and a good anchor.-'ge in
English Bay, has these objections, viz. : that tl.e narrow entrance to Coal Harbor
throiij^h the First Narrows is hardly safe for large steamers in consequence of the
rapidity of the tide ; and that English Bay, although affording good anchorage,
would not, in my opinion, be smooth enough during north-westerly gales for ships
to lie at wharves, there being a drift of forty miles to the north-west.

7. Another grave objection to Burrard Inlet as the final terminus, is the pos-
session of San Juan and Stuart Islands by a foreign power. These islands form
the key of the navigation inside Vancouver Island. In case of war with the United
Stales that power might readily stop our trade through Haro Strait. (San Juan
was visited last month by General Sherman, I believe with a view to its fortifica-
tion.)

8. Condemning Burrard Inlet for the above reasons, I conclude that the termi-
nus should be in Vancouver Island, which may be reached in three ways : —

1st. By steam ferry carrying a train from Burrard Inlet to Nanaimo.
and. By bridging Seymour Narrows.

3rd. By steam ferry, carrying a train from Estero Basin (Frederick Arm)
to Otter Cove.

9. The train, once landed on Vancouver Island, can, 1 understand, be carried
without much difficulty either to Esquimalt or to Quatsino Sound, or perhaps to
Barclay Sound, where Uchucklesit Harbor forms an admirable port.

10. The first method of crossing the Strait, that of a steam ferry from Burrard
Inlet to Nanaimo, has three objections, — 1st. The drawbacks above mentione<l in
navigating the First Narrows, and to going alongside a wharf in English Bay ;
2ml. The difficulty and certain frequent detention in mid-channel, owing to fog ;
3rd. The heavy sea with north-westerly and south easterly gales, which would be
at least inconvenient for the conveyance of a train across the .Strait of Georgia.
.\notlier, and I think a cardinal oojection, to the route by the course of the Eraser
River and Burrard Inlet, is its passing within six or eight miles of United .States
territory, and its consequent liability to destruction when most wanted in lime of
war.

11. The second method, that of a line of railway across Valdes Isl.ind without
water conveyance, would require very expensive bridging. Valdes is not one Island
as shown on the Admiralty Chart, but consists of three or four islands.

The main difficulty, of course, exists in bridging Seymour Narrows, a distance
of 2575 feet, in two sp.ins of, respectively, 1200 and 131;'^ feet. To execute this
work the middle pier has to be erected on a rock, said to be eighteen feet under
water at low tide, with a velocity of tide over it of from five to eight knots. This
would be a work of vast magnitude and expense, even if it be practicable to place
a founilation on the rock, which I doubt, as there is hardly any slack tide. Nor
must it l)e forgotten that bridging Seymour Narrows would, as regards large ships,
obstruct the only practicable chanr.el between Vancouver Island and the Main.
This alone should, in my opinion, preclude its attempt.

pf^

'WPR ■•H^-

726

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

12. The third method, and the one I recommend, that of ferrying a train from
Estero Basin to Oiler Cove, is, in my opinion, not only feasible, but perfeclly
simple. I have carefully examined this route, and find : —

1st. That Otter Cove is well adapted for a pile dock terminus for the steam
ferry.

2nd. That the head of Frederick Arm, at the entrance to Estero Basin, is also
well adapted for a pile dock terminus.

3rd. That the channel between the two is easy of navigation, being nearly
straight, free from dangers, smooth as glass, sheltered from all winds, and having
very little tidal stream.

13. The li'le in this, the Nodales Channel, is noted on the chart as running
from two to three knots, but I think it is much less.

I spent five hours in this channel during what should have been the strength of
the tide, the day before the full moon, and found the tide scarcely perceptible.

The distance for steam ferry between the two ports is thirteen miles of still,
clear navigation, and I consider it may, with proper signals, be safely traversed in
a fog.

14. In advocating the route by Frederick Arm, it will be observed that I am
assuming that the railway can be brought to that point.

This assumption is borne out by Mr. Fleming's report of 1877, ''^ which he
states it to be "a feasible scheme," but one exacting a heavy expenditure, which
expenditure would, I suppose, be in part compensated by the route No 6, from
Yellowhead Pass to the head of Bute Inlet, being estimated at two million dollars
less than that by the Lower Fraser (No, 2) to Burrard Inlet.

15. From conversation with Mr. Marcus Smith (the principal officer of the
survey, next to the Engineer-in-Chief), I am given to understand that the Rocky
Mountains can be crossed at a comparatively low level, and that the line can be
carried through a far less mountainous district by voiding Yellowhead Pass alto-
gether, and selecting a route by Lesser Slave Lake and Pine River Pass, and
thence in a more or less direct line to Bute Inlet. Should this prove correct, it
will be an additional reason for ending the main land route at Frederick i\im
rather than at Burrard Inlet, omitting, as I do, all consideration of taking water
conveyance from the head of Bute Inlet on account of its length and torluous pas-
sages, which would be impracticable in foggy weather.

16. Having thus come to the conclusion that the line should pass by Frederick
Arm, and that the train should be conveyed by steam ferry through Nodales Chan-
nel, to Otter Cove, the extension to one of the good ports of Vancouver Island
remains to be considered.

17. In future years, I imagine that, for the sake of more direct through ocean
traffic, a line will be extended to Quatsino Sound, by bridging Quatsino Narrows,
and thence on to a terminus at Winter Harbor.

18. But, for present wants, it seems that the line should l)e continued from Otter
Cove past Bayne's Sound and Nanaimo to Esquimalt, there to make the ocean ter-
minus. This port is easy and safe of approach at all times ; its dock (to take the
largest ships) has been commenced, and there is reason to think that the line com-
ing from the principal collieries and iron districts on Vancouver Island, ouglit to

[1878

ng a train from
;, but perfectly

5 for the steam

o Basin, is also

n, being nearly
nds, and having

;hart as running

n the strength of
perceptible,
en miles of still,
ifely traversed in

served that I am

877, in which he
ipenditure, which
route No 6, from
vo million dollars

pal officer of the
id that the Rocky
it the line can be
iwhead Pass alto-
River Pass, and
prove correct, it
it Frederick Arm
of taking water
|and tortuous pas-
Lass by Frederick
U Nodales Chan-
[Vancouver Island

ect through ocean
kuatsino Narrows,

Jitinued from Otter
lake the ocean ter-
ldock(totakethe

[that the line com-
■ Island, ought to

18T8]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

727

pay itself in great part by the conveyance of minerals to Esquimalt for shipment.
Not only for trade, but for the supply of coal to Her Majesty's Squadron at
Esquimau, a line of rail from Nanaimo would be ac vantageous, as the possession
of San Juan might enable the United States, in case of war, to cut ofl" our supply
from the mines by sea.

19. Assuming, therefore, that a line of rail between Esquimalt and Nanaimo
will be constructed, not only for the reasons above detailed, but because its con-
struction appears to have been virtually promised by the Dominion Government in
accordance with Lord Carnarvon's suggestion (a large portion of the rails are
actually lying at Esquimalt), the chief difficulty connected with the Vancouver
part of the through line will be overcome, for I understand that the extension of
the line from Nanaimo to Otter Cove presents comparatively few difficulties.

20. It will observed that I have omitted consideration of a terminus in Ilowe
Sound. This is because the same objections in respect to difhculties of navigation
to sea through Haro Strait, apply to Howe Sound as to Burrard Inlet, and with
greater force. The route to Howe Sound is also, I observe, estimated to cost six
million dollars more than that to Bute Inlet.

21. Finally, whilst submitting the foregoing remarks in accordance with their
Lordship's instructions to me, of the 23rd August, 1876, I beg to express much
diffidence in respect to such as are not strictly within the scope of the Naval Ser-
vice. Viewing the shortness of my stay in British Columbia waters, this Report
cannot pretend to deserve much weight ; but it has, I submit, one merit, that of
coming from an officer who, from his position, must Ije totally disconnected from
all local interests.

I have, &=€.,

(Signed,) A. De HORSEV,
J^t'ar Admiral and Commandcr-iu-Chicf,
The Secretary to the Admiralty."

Parliament closed without anything more being said on the subject.
As nothing more was said in the House, nothing was done out of it,
and the feeling in British Columbia may be understood from the fact
that at the Provincial elections held in May, the Local Government,
which had been strongly in sympathy with the Dominion Ministry,
«as ignorainiously defeated at the polls, and Mr. Walkem was
brought back to power with increased strength. On the 19th July the
new Ministers used the following strong language through the speech,
at the opening of the House, of his Honor Lieutenant Governor
Richards : —

•' I regret to state that the r.iilway question is still in a very unsatisfactory
condition. By the advice of my Ministers, shortly after they assumed office, a tele-
gram, followed by a despatch, was sent to the Secretary of StiUe, strongly protest-
ing against the steel rails being used or removed for purposes other than those for
«hich they were designed when landed on the island in 1875. To this despatch, I
tave receiveu no reply. In considering these and other railway papers, which will

728

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OF

[18Ii

be laid before you, I would remind you that the time has come when delay in the
construction of the work both on the mainland or the island can no longer k
justified. It is, therefore, incumbent upon us to take measures much more decisive
than the mere entry of protests, which, however firm and just, have been systemati-
cally disregarded by the Government of the Dominion."

In this unsatisfactory state the Canadian Pacific Railway now*
stands.

On the 27th February, their Excellencies gave their farewell ball in
Ottawa, and as Parliament was in session, the attendance was ver\-
large, and the entertainment unusually splendid.

The Vice-regal set consisted, besides their Excellencies, of die Hon.
Mrs. Mackenzie, the Hon. Mr. Anglin, Speaker of the Commons;
Lieutenant General Sir Selby Smyth, Lady Tatton Sykes ; Hon. Col.
Littleton, Mrs. Hamilton ; Captain Blackwood, Miss Patrick ; Mr. Har-
vey, the Hon. Mrs. Littleton ; Major Hamilton, Mrs. Stephenson ; Mr.
Stephenson and Miss Hamilton,

The Senate and Commons having resolved to present a united
address to His Excellency, expressing their regret of the termination
of his connection with the Government of Canada, the members
of both Houses, on the i6th April, assembled in the Senate
Chamber to witness its presentation. His Excellency and staff
arrived at two o'clock, and were received and escorted to the throne
by the Hon. the First Minister, Right Hon. Sir John Macdonald,
Hon. E. Blake, Hon. Mr. Tupper, Hon. Peter Mitchell, Hon. H. Lan
gevin, Hon. Mr. Robitaille, Hon. Mr. Cartwright, Hon. Mr. Smith,
Hon. R. W. Scott, Hon. J. Burpee, and the Hon. D. Mills, who formed
a semi-circle in front of the throne, with Her Excellency and Lady
Helen Blackwood in the centre. Mr. Mackenzie read the address,
which was as follows : —

" To His Excellency the Right Honorable Sir Frederic Temple, Earl of Dufferin,
Viscount and Baron Clandeboye of Clandeboye, in the County Down, in the
Peerage of the United Kingdom, Baron Dufferin and Clandeboye, of Baliy-
leidy and Killeleagh, in the County Down, in the Peerage of Ireland, and a
Baronet, Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick, Knight Grand
Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George,
and Knight Commander of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath, Governor
General of Canada, and Vice- Admiral of the same, etc., etc., etc.

May it Please Your Excellency, — We, Her Majesty's dutiful and loyal
subjects, the Senate and Commons of Canada, in Parliament assembled, beg leave

October, 1878.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

729

hen delay in the
an no lon^jer In;
ch more detisive
e been syslemaii-

Railway now*

farewell ball in
lance was very

ies, of die Hon.
;he Ccimmons;
:es ; Hon. Col.
trick ; Mr. Har-
:ephenson ; Mr.

resent a united
the termination
L, the merat)ers
in the Senate
iency and statT
fd to the throne
•hn Macdonald.
1, Hon. H. Lan
on. Mr. Smith,
ills, who formed
Iency and hady
lad the address,

to approach Your Excellency with the expression of the deep feeling of regret which
we experience at your approaching departure from Canada.

We feel it to be a duty to assure Your Excellency that the zealous devotion of
your great abilities on all occasions to the public interests is held in high apprecia-
tion ; and that especially the visits to each of the Provinces and 'J'erritories of the
Dominion by which Your Excellency has familiarised yourself with the character
of the people and the resources of the country, and the eloquent speeches in which
Your Excellency has enlarged on those topics have lieen attended with the most
beneficial results in attracting attention to Canada.

We are highly sensible of the great degree in which literature and art and the
industrial pursuits have received encouragement from Your Excellency's efforts and
liberality.

We venture to convey the assurance that Your Excellency and your distinguish-
ed Consort will bear with you on leaving us our warmest wishes for your future
welfare and happiness ; that we rejoice in the conviction that, though Canada may
no longer possess the advantage of Your Excellency's experience and knowledge of
public affairs in so exclusive a degree as she has enjoyed them in the past, this
country will continue to have in Your Exc.;llency a friend and advocate ; and
that it is our heart-felt wish that for many years the Empire at large may have the
benefit of Your Excellency's ripe wisdom, experience and eminent abilities."

His Excellency replied in these words : —

"Honorable Gentlemen, — It is difficult for me to find befitting words in
which to thank you for the signal and unprecedented honor which has been conferred
upon me by this joint Address from your two Houses.

Regarding, as I do, the utterances of Parliament as the most august and authori-
tative expression of the popular sentiment, it affords me unmeasured satisfaction to
1)6 thus assured of the confidence and esteem of the inhabitants of the Dominion.

To win the good will of a nation is the greatest achievement open to human
ambition, and to learn from you that I hold a place in the affections of the people
of Canada is alike the highest triumph and the greatest pleasure I am ever likely
to enjoy.

It would not become me to enquire how far this result is to be attributed rather
to your own generosity than to any exertions upon my part. It is a happy princi-
ple rooted in the nature of Englishmen of all estates to content themselves with the
simple discharge of those duties which lie to their hand, without considering too
curiously to what degree their conduct may influence the personal estimation in
which they are held by others, and their reward, when it arrives, is often as great a
surprise as it is a satisfaction. All that I can say is that, from the moment I came
amongst you, I have had but one thought — the desire to render faithful service to
our Queen, to the Empire, and to Canada.

If there are no positive advantages to which I can point as having resulted
from my administration, there is one boast I can fairly make. No act or word of
mine has had a tendency to damp your personal devotion to the Crown, to dis-
courage your attachment to the Empire, or to discredit the system of Constitu-
tional Government under which you live.

I found you a loyal people, and I leave you the truest -hearted subjects in Her

730

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Majesty's Dominions. I found you proud of your descent and anxious to maintain
your connection with the Mother Country ; I leave you more convinced than tver
of the solicitude of Grunt Britain to reciprocate your affection of her dependence
on your fidelity in every emergency. I found you — men of various nationalities
— of linglisli, French, Irish, Scotch, and German descent, working out the prob-
lems of Constitutional Government with admirable success ; I leave you with
even a deeper conviction in your minds that the due application of the principles
of Parliamentary Government is capable of resolving every political difficulty, and
of controlling the gravest ministerial crises, to the satisfaction of the people at
large, and of their leaders and representatives of every shade of opinion.

When I resign the temporary Vice-royalty with which I have been invested
into the hands of my Sovereign, I shall be able to assure her that not a leaf has
fallen from her maple chaplet, that the lustre of no jewel in her transatlantic
diadem has been dimmed.

Thanks to the opportunities afforded me by the liberality of Parliament, I have
been enabled to traverse the fertile regions of your North West, to appreciate yonr
inexhaustible resources, and to scan the vast expanse of your territories from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. The speeches to which you refer in such flattering terms
have been but the natural, the irresistible, exclamations evoked by the sights I have
beheld.

Closely associated with me in the discharge of all my duties has been the lady
to whom your address refers in so kind a manner. Moving amid a society, wiiere
the proverbial gallantry of Frenchmen combines with English and Celtic chivalry
to create in every Canadian home an atmosphere of purity and refinement, she
naturally regards the six years she has passed amongst you as one of the hnjipiest
periods of her life, and I am commissioned to convey to you her warmest thanks
for the good wishes you have expressed in her regard.

In conclusion, allow me to assure you that I shall esteem it one of the greatest
privileges of my future life to watch the progressive development of your prosper-
ity, to advocate your interests in the British Parliament, and to confirm our fellow-
countrymen at home in their conviction of the high degree to which Canada is des-
tined to contribute to the welfare, the strength, and the renown of the British
Empire."

A number of ladies, including the wives and daughters of members
of the Privy Council, were on the floor of the Senate by invitation, also
Senators, Judges of the Supreme Court, members of the Commons,
and the principal officers of the Senate and Commons.

As their Excellencies drove away after the ceremony, they were
loudly cheered by the large concourse who had gathered on this
occasion.*

* It was determined by the proper authorities that this address should be illu-
minated for presentation to the Governor General, and the clerks of the Houses,
Mr. Lemoine and Mr. Alfred Patrick, were deputed to see the project carried out.
Upon Mr. Patrick, who is an officer of the oldest standing in the Civil Service,

,.^t«"

187H]

THE EARL OF DUFFEHIN IN CANADA.

731

On the ist, 2nd and 3rd days of May, Her F'.xcellency assisted
her children in holdin^, a bazaar in order to pay off a debt on St.
Bartholeniew's Chi ch, at New Edinburgh, the church which their
Excellent \'S attended during their residence in Ottawa. As this
was the last occasion which Her Excellency had of proving her soli-
citude for charitable work, in Ottawa, a short account is given of it : —

" The most amusing feature of the bazaar was Punch and Tudy— Mr. Dixon, the
yoiinp fijentleman who did the manipulation, was kept very usy, for there was an
incessiint demand for tickets, and we knov/ of some elderly gentlemen who visited
the show more than once. * Punch and Judy' are immortal, they will livt as
long as 'Jack the Giant Killer.' Mr. Brodie, the playman, was almost as amus-
ing as the show itself. DresLied up in the proper costume of the character, with a
huge drum suspended from his neck, he kept ujja constant stream of visitors to the
show room, and his intensely humorous face attracted the amused attention of the
hundreds ol people, old and young, who thronged Rideau Ilall. It was not at all
surprising that His Excellency took a sketch of him — as did also Mr. Russell
Stephenson -and the w.iur-color drawing of Mr. Ih'odie, by this latter gentleman,
actually sold at auction for $8.50. To Mr. Dixon and Mr. Urodie the visitors, and
especially the young people, are much indebted for their excellent services.

The archery department was under thi' supervision of Ca; in Selby Smyth.

and a t,'entleman of exceptional good taste, devolved the chief part of this duty, and
he is ti) be sincerely congratulated on the result of his labors. A gentleman w as
found in Montreal, Mr. Cox, who had liecome proficient in the I)eautiful art of
manuscript illumination, to carry out Mr. Patrick's design. The address is most
elaborately engrossed in illuminated letters of gold and crimson, and blue and
green, written in the mediaeval styles. Around the arch at the top nins a wreath
of maple leaves, emblematic of Canada, painted in the rich and brilliant autumnal
tints peculiar to our foliage in the fall of the year, which to a European will seem
garish, though they are in not the slightest degree over-colored. At the head of the
arch is placed the Armorial Ensign of the Dominion, supported on either side by
a lion and unicorn couchant. At each angle are globes, two of gold and two of
sapphire, on each of which is placed an earl's coronet in gold. At the bottom of
the arch, in an oval, is placed a view of the Parliament buildings, from the Ottawa.
On the left side, midway, is a view of the Falls of Montmorenci, and on the
right, one of the Falls of Nian;ara. The remaining space is hlled with flowers,
and most intricate and elaborate tracings. The most brilliant and varied colors
are used in the ornamentation, and the amount of labor expended is very great.
The work is exceptionally beautiful, and the illumination is probably thu finest
specimen of the art yet executed in the Dominion, or possibly in the United
States.

It was sent to Paris, Ont., for the signature of Hon. Mr. Christie, Speaker of
the Senate, and to St. John, N.B., for that of the Speaker of the Commons, Hon.
Mr. Anglin, when, after being framed, it was taken by Mr. Patrick, and formally
presented to His Excellency at Quebec.

732

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

^ ■

The fish pond was managed with success by Miss CJriffin and Miss Scott. 'Ii,c
visitors were suppUed with flowers !)>• Miss Mary Macdonald, a daughter cif his
Honor the Lieutenant (lovernor of Ontario. This young lady was especiilly
complimented for the charming manner in which she disjiensed her beautiful
wares at very moderate rates. Mr. Russell Stevenson had charge of the photo-
graphs of the characters in the late " Theatricals," and, as these really extdlent
pictures were sold at a fair sum, and as they formed admirable souvenirs of Her
Excellency, they were largely bought.

Lady DufTerin herself took charge of the photographs of her family, including
His Excellency and herself, and was a deservedly successful vendor. 'ITie general
tables were attended by Miss Macdonald, and her sister Helen, daughters of tiie
Lieutenant (Jovernor of Ontario, Miss Abbott, Miss VVillson and Miss Ritchie.
The various rafile lists were in the hands of the Hon. Mr. Littleton, the Misses
Lewis, daughters of the Lord Bishop of Ontario, Miss Fellows, Miss I^'Moinc and
Miss Stanton, — and it must in justice to these young ladies be said that tliou;'h
they were properly zealous in their work, they avoided that importunity which so
frequently mars the pleasure of an attendance at bazaars, and which, in many
instances, keeps visitors from them. The Hon. Colonel Littleton, being casiiier,
was kept very busy. A friendly contest was got up between Toronto and Ottawa,
represented respectively by Miss Macpherson, daughter of the Hon. Senator
Macpherson, Toronto, and Miss Patrick, of Ottawa, each striving to secure the
larger number of votes, which were sold at the bazaar by Captain Hamilton,
A.D.C, who had charge of the poll, where the voting was kept up with tjreat
spirit for three days. Nothing but the trgis of the Countess ofDufferin would
have induced either of these young ladies, even seemingly, to pit herself against the
other, but in reality this was not done. The plan was a very simple and innocent
one of adding to the funds of an excellent charity. Her Excellency approved of
it, — the young ladies, who, in common with hundreds of others, had been honored
with her kindly notice, and had often enjoyed the graceful hospitalities of Rideau
Hall, felt bound to second her ladyship's views in every possible way, and they
entered into the friendly contest with the sole desire of adding interest to the bazaar ;
that the public approved of it is shown by the result, which was an addition of $603
to the funds. Toronto was successful, but Her Excellency was so pleased with the
admirable bearing of Ottawa's candidate, that the moment the sale was closed she
sought her out, and in a few kindly words placed on her wrist a beautiful bracelet.
It need hardly be added that this graceful and thoughtful recognition of Miss
Patrick's services was received with deep feeling by the surprised recipient ; for she
doubtless felt that, though the gift was valuable in itself, its true and great value
consisted in the gentle kindness of the gentle and kindly donor.

Lady Duflerin, by this bazaar, added one more brilliant to the diadem of use-
fulness which she has, with so much goodness and so unselfishly, been framing
since her arrival in Canada. It is, perhaps, a small star, but it will never cease
to shine, and, when she is far off in Britain, we shall see its long line of light tippmg
the waves of the Atlantic, bidding us to remember — what we never can forget—
the gentleness, the kindness of the warm-hearted Countess of Dufferin."

[1878

Scott. 'n,e

ighter of hii

as especi'lly
her lieautiful
af the photo-
ally excclltnt
venirs of Her

lily, including
'ITie general
ighters of the
Miss Ritchie.
m, the Misses
i I^Moine and
I that tliou:4h
unity which so
hich, in many
being casliier,
to and Ottawa,
Hon. Senator
y to secure the
ain Hamilton,
up with i^reat
Dufferin would
■self against the
e and innocent
icy approved of
been honored
ities of Kiileau
way, and they
to the bazaar ;
ddition of $603
leased with the
was closed she
lUtiful bracelet.
nition of Miss
cipient ; for she
tnd great value

n diadem of use-
I, been framing
\[\\ never cease
of light tipi^ng
er can forget—
L."

THE EAKL OF DUFFEHIN IN CANADA.

•:33

The Session closed on the 12th May, btit little had l)ceii done,
and that little was of no great importance. Its chief interest centred
in the fiscal and trade policy of the Ministry, and its principal work
was found in defining with acctiracy, and drawing with distinctness,
the lines between the parties on this great issue. The Cioverninent
were compelled to announce more positively th-in ever their firm
adherence to their Free-trade opinions, while the Opposition were, on
their part, compelled to express in clearer terms than ever how they
proposed to deal with the antagonistic interests of the various Pro-
vinces in their proposed adjustment of the tariff. The debates were
lengthy, for, as it was the last session of the Parliament, members
were desirous of placing their views on record for use at the coming
elections.

His Excellency attended, by invitation, the opening of the Sixth

.\nnual Exhibition of the Ontario Society of Arts, at Toronto, on the

21st May. Previous to the arrival of Lord Dufferin the rooms were

well filled with visitors, including a considerable number froin a

distance. Among whom were his Honor the Lieutenant Governor

and Miss Macdonald, Archbishop Lynch, Hon. D. Christie, Speaker

of the Senate, Hon. D. L. Macpherson, Hon. G. W. Allan, Rev. Dr.

Scadding, Mr. Alpheus Todd, Librarian of Parliament, Rev. Mr.

.Melien, Rev. Mr. Baldwin, Col. Gzowski, Hon. Wm. McDougall,

Mr. Wm. Thomson, Mr. Joseph Leslie, and a large number of ladies.

Ujjon the arrival of His Excellency, Mr. W. H. Howland, the

President of the Society, addressed him as follows : —

" In welcoming your Excellency on the part of the Ontario Society of Artists to
our sixth annual Exhibition I desire to acknowledge the great indebtedness which
the Society are under to you for what you have done in the past, both by supply-
ing contributions from your own pencil and also by extending many courtesies at
past Exhibitions. I also desire to express our blended feelings for the great honor
you have done us in coming here to open this Exhibition, and I can only say to
your Excellency that it is only like many other kindly acts which you have done in
Canada during your reign over us as Viceroy. I may say freely that no Governor
has ever left these shores bearing with him such a large meed of the devotion and
regard of the people. (Hear, hear.) Many have left us bearing a very large
measure of respect, but Lord Dufferin is the first (iovernor General that carries with
him the personal and individual regard of every Canadian in Canada. (Applause.)
I believe, Sir, that if it were in order that a petition should be submitted to Her
Oracious Majesty to extend the term of your Administration, it would be signed by
every man in the Dominion from Sandwich to Halifax. (Applause.) As that,
however, cannot be done, all we can hope is that some fortuitous circumstance may

^34:

HISTORY or THE ADMINISTRATION^ OF

[1878

bring you back again among a people who hold you in such high regard. I have
now to request your Excellency to open the Exhibition."

His Ex:,eilency said : —

"Mr. Howland, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I assure you that wlien I
accepted an invitation to open this Exhibition I was quite unprepared for the
reception you have given me, and still less for those very kind and gracious
words to which Mr. Howland has just given utterance, and with which you have
testified your acquiescence. I thought that my duty would be simply confined to
coming here in company with Mr. Howland and my other artistic friends, and
strolling among ilie pictures as a mere spectator. But under the present circum-
sti'nces I cannot refrain from assuring you that I esteem it a very great privilege to
ha'/e had anopportunity of paying this unexpected visit to Toronto, more especially
in connection with an object of such importance to this community, and one that is
so congenial to my own tf.stes and pursuits. Far be it from me, ladies and gentle-
men, to trespass on your attention with any dissertation upon Art. That is a siii)ject
upon wliich everybody thinks himself competent to speak ad infinitum, Init with
regard to which few people can say anything very much to the purpose. Art is a
subject rather of feeling than of science, and nothing is so difficult to render in
words as those suljtle s*;nsations which objects of Art evoke within our breasts.
All that 1 can say is, that I am happy to know that such a Society as tiiat in
whose gallery we are now assembled should have established itself in your midst ;
and althougli its beginning may be considered modest, it cannot fail to fultil a
prosperous ci.reer. After all, we must remember that the Academy of Great liritain
began pretty much like this Society, and now the corresponding ceremony in London
to that which we are celebrating to-day is considered by everybody in Grep^ 'iiitain
as one of the great festivals of the year, and the one public dinner in London which
is always regarded as a source of pleasure to all those who are invited, and an invita-
tion to which is coveted beyond measure, is the public dinner given by the Royal
Academy to those distinguished gentlemen in the sevoral lines of politics, literature,
and art, who are in London during the season. 1 trust the time may not be far
distant when this Society will find itself sufficiently strong, sufficiently popular, to
establish something of a similar entertainment in Toronto. I have to congratulrte
the Society upon the very excellent display which it has exhibited on its walls. I
taist it will not be presumptuous if I venture to harard the opinion that that display
indicates marked progress. In the first place there are a fewer number of pictures,
and eviilently the Society has been more severe in its selection of those worl s which
it ha; thought fit to exhibit to the public. T^'iere is only one other topic in respect
to vyhith I would venture to detain you. I dare say there are present today
many ' oung artists who are members of the School of Art which is being so
libera' ly sustained in connection with the Society itself. Let me say to those
students, that although it may be perfectly true that they may feel themselves at a
disadvantage in having to enter upon their career of study under less favoial)le cir
cumstances than are enjoyed by their fellow-students in the gir.at schools of Lon-
don and of Paris, yet they should not feel discouraged, because, at all events at
the outset of the study of Art, very little is to be obtained from the supervision of

187SJ

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

735

a master. What they need is perseverance, industry, and, above all, modesty.
Tlie natural instinct of a student of art is to slur over and shirk the very thing upon
which his future success will depend, namely, tae severe study of outline drawing.
One's natural instinct is to hurry into color. Now, let me tell these young persons
that in the School of Art at Paris no student is allowed to touch anything but a
piece of charcoal or a lead pencil for four entire years. For four years the student
is kept strictly and rigidly to simple drawing with charcoal and with pencil. The
resilt of that is that the French are almost the only people in Europe who draw.
And yet it is obvious that goou drawing is the very foundation of all excellence in
Alt. In England the course has not been quite so severe ; and I do not say but
that perhaps the French carry their discipline .n .his respect to too great lengths.
In England I think the course is three years, but there is no doubt that the very
first thing a student has to do is co tell himself that before he attempts to indulge
in those brilliant fancies which adorn his dreams he must first learn to draw. It
must be remembered that as beautiful a work of Art can be produced on a sheet of
common letter paper with a conimon pencil as with anything else, if the artist only
knows how to use his pencil. For instance, if you go to the great halls of Art in
London, in Paris, in Dresden, or in Rome, you will find displayed sketches in pen
and ink, charcoal, and pencil which would now sell for thousands of pounds. These
studies have been left for the admiration of future generations by the great names
of antiquity — by Michael Angelo, Raphael, Correggio, and the other artists of the
several countries to which I have referred. And it must not be supposed that this
severe discipline, if it is really encountered in the proper spirit, is devoid of the
greatest satisfaction. On the contrary, if a really zealous Art student will con-
(fescend to shut himself up with what are called " blocks" — that is, with .scjuare,
round, and hexagonal pieces of wood, he will be able to arrange these blocks in
the most interesting forms, and he will discover in a little time that he is capable of
enjoying the very greatest excitement in delineating these forms with correct-
ness. And his success will convince him that this is not only a very great
triumph, but one of the very best stepping-stones towards excellence in Art.
Then he will proceed from drawing outlines to drawings in black and white,
ami perhaps eventually, if he has faithfully p: rsued this course, he will be per-
mitted to indulge in a little color, and so he will go from step to step, all the time
feeling that every day and every hour he is acquiring greater power and
greater facility, until at last his pleasure becomes so great that words cannot
describe it. And such a course has this further advantage — that it is as open to
women as to men. Nowadays the attention of the world is very properly turned
to the various respects in which women can take pr.rt w ith men in those more
serious occupations which heretofore have been, pe'.iiaps too exclusively, confined
to the male ■'■:.-.. Well, persons may ditVer in regard to se\eral of the directions
indicated as proper to be pursued by ladies, but all must be agreed that at all
events Art is a field of labor in which they are equally entitled with men to com-
pete and exct\ There is in London an Artists' Society entirely conlined to lady
artists, and everybody will tell you thut they compare most favorably with their
brother artists. We must also remember that Angelica Kaufifmann and Madame

*ili«Wli .•;

736

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

ri878

Le Brun were members of the Roy.il Academies of their respective countries, and
inasnuich as it is not a question of muscular power so much as of delicacy of tducii
ant. handling, in tiiese respects women are pre-eminently endowed. Consequently
1 am i,dad to observe that amongst the memliers of this Society there arc to be
reckoned several ladies; and I only trust that as time goes on their ranks will l)e
still further recruited. Ladies and gentlemen, I now conclude these brief observa-
tions with, in the first place, wishing you and the Society every possible success
and in the next, with returning to you my warmest and heartiest thanks for the
pleasant reception which you have given me, for the opportunity which you iiave
atforded me of seein<; again so many friendly and well-known faces, and ab()\e all
things, for the extremtly kind and touching expression with which Mr. I lowland
has been good enough co interpret your feelings towards myself and Lady DulkMJn.
(Loud applause.) One further duty I have to perform, and that is to declare this
E.\hibition open."

The formal ceremony of opening the Exhibition having been con-
chided, His Excellency spent some time in examining the pictures
and in conversation witli members of the Society and others who
were present.

'I'he Queen's birth-day (24th May) was celebrated at Montreal
by a review of the whole of the volimteers of the district, at w iiich
His Excellency was present In addition to the local volunteers
wliich took part in the sham fight, which formed i)art of the pro-
ceedings of the day, were the " Queen's Own" from Toronto, and the
Barlow (kiards from St. Albans, Vermont. The spectacle of a body
of American Volunteers taking part with a Canadian force in coiii-
memorating the birth-day of Her Majesty was one calling forth
special mention, and His Excellency took occasion to address them
as follows : —

" Si>i.nn'.Rs AND CrnzENs ok the Grkat Amkrican Rkpuhlic, — I cannot
allow the opportunity to escape of expressing to you, both on my own behalf, on
behalf of the Government and country, and on behalf of Her Gracious .Majesty,
whose representative I am, the extreme satisfaction which I experience in thus !)i'ing
able to welcome you as guests in the name of the people of Canada to the soil of
the Dominion. (Cheers.) A greater compliment could hardly be paid by one
country to another than that which you have been good enough to confer upon us
by thus joining with our fellow citizens and soldiers in celebrating the birtivday ol
our CJuecn. (Loud ■ heers.) I accept the demon'>tiation upon your part as an
ad<litional proof of tluit undisturbeii friemlship whicli I trust will always jiievail
hereafter l>etween the two countries ; and, furthermore, I have to congraiidati.' vuu
upon your adrntrable soldierly appearance. Vl«hough I am a civilian to-day, yet,
once having occupied t!ie position of Under becrcl.try for War \u < Ireat Hritaiii, and
from having hail o:casion to K.ake myst-lf acquainted more than most civilians
with military affairs, it »> »c»rcely presuir<ptucus in me if I venture to pay you
0101 well -merited compliment. 1 trust we shall be sble to make your visit to the

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

737

in tluis being

111 Hritain, ami

city siifficiently agreeable to you, not only in such a manner as will please you
while you remain with us, but that we may entice you to return, and not only
yourselves but others of your countrymen to imitate your example upon Tii^ure
occasions."

In the evening a banquet was given by the officers of the Montreal
Brigade at the Windsor Hotel. About three hundred jjcrsons sat
down to dinner. The chair was occu^">ied by Lieutenant Colonel
Stevenson of the Field Battery. On the right of His Excellency were
Col. Harwood ; Hon. J. L. Beaudry, Mayor of Montreal ; Mr. Smith,
Consul General, U. S. ; Colonel Dyde ; Mr. Benjamin Lyman, and
others. On His Excellency's left were Colonel Fletcher ; Lieutenant
General Sir Selby Smyth ; Colonel Strange, B Battery ; Hon. Colonel
liuleton ; Cnptain Smith, A.D.C. ; Captain Hamilton, A.D.C. ;
Messrs. Andrew Robertson, Hugh McKay, Thomas White, E. G.
Penny, Thomas Workman, M.P., and others. Speeches were deliv-
ered by General Dart and Captain Culver.

On the health of His Excellency being drunk, he acknowledged the
toast as follows : —

" (Jen'ILEMEN, — I thank you most heartily for the cordial manner in which you
have drunk my health. I should have felt I had lost one of the plea.sures to which
my office legitimately entitles me, had I been compelled lo leave Canada without
taking part in such a celebration as the present. During the whole term of my
office, I have never had an opportunity of seeing myself surrounded by the repre-
sentatives of our Canadian Forces. It is true, I have had tht: good fortune to come
into individual contact with most of the distinguished officer, of the Dominion, but
until now I have never seen them gathered round me in th-ir corporate capacity.
On my arrival in Ottawa, six years ago, one of my first duties was to go to a review
at Kingston, but since then, until to-day, I have never had a chance of seeing any
large body of troops assembled in the field. My experience of the military tenue
of Canada has been confined to Guards of Honor. (Laughter.) Of these, I have
seen a greater number, and in a greater variety of places, thin the Sovereign of
the most military nation in the world ; and, though a civilian, I have acquired as
good an eye for criticizing this special and peculiar formation, as my friend, the
Lieutenant General himself. (Laughter.) Last year, I endeavored to collect
under my roof at Ottawa as many officers of our national army as I could lay my
hands f)n, but an unfortunate accident prevented my receiving my guests in person.
The spectacle, however, I have witnes.sed this morning — the scene which now
meets my view — more than repays me for my previous disapjiointncnts. Any-
thing more admirably arranged, more gratifying to the pride of Canadians, and to
all the friends of Canada, than the performance of this morning, cainiot well l)e
conceived. (Cheers.) From first to last everything has passed on lo my entire
satisfaction, and I now beg to tender my l)est tlianks, and 1 render this acknow
Iw^ymtnt not only on my own behalf, but on behalf of my fellow-spectators, and

738

HISTORY 0? THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

of the country at large — to the Lieutenant General, who has planned, to the Militia
authorities who have organized, and to tlie officers and men who, at great personal
sacrifice and inconvenience, have executed and carried out the triumphant celebra-
tion with which we have this morning saluted the birtbdiiy of our Most Gracious
Sovereign. (Cheers.) It is not for me to indicate, even by praise, the professional
excellencies of the manoeuvres. That pleasurable task will be performed in due
time by a more competent authority. But there is one characteristic of to-day'?
performances, at all events, which must have attracted everyone's attention — that
is, the magnificent appearance, the patriotic enthusiasm, the spirited alacrity, tlie
loyal sentiments which have been exhibited by each and all of the regiments that
have paraded before us. Though I should be very far from wishing to depreciate
the effects of training and discipline in producing efficiency, we must all admit-
even the greatest martinets amongst us — that such a lively spirit of patriotism, such
an exuberant alacrity in the performance of their military duties, as have been
exhibited to-day by our soldiers, is the first step towards the formation of victorious
battalions. Happily, the prospect of the Dominion being required to array itself
in defence of its homes and liberties is remote. We have but one nation for our
immediate neighbor, and with that nation we are united, by long tradition, by a
a community of interests, and by a continual interchange of courtesies,— in indis-
soluble friendship (hear, hear), while those foreigners who, under any unhappy
circumstances, might attempt to assail us are remote and separated from our shores
by leagues of sea. It is true, of late there have been heard a few vague and pro-
bably exaggerated rumours of a certain amount of Celtic effervescence (loud
laughter) along our Southern frontier, but I cannot believe that such an unpar-
donable crime, as a second filibustering attack upon the sacred peace of Canada,
can be in contemplation. I never have, and never will speak harshly or disrespect-
fully of my Irish countrymen (cheers), however wrong I may consider their
opinions, or misguided their conduct. It is not by harsh or violent language we
shall win them back to a friendlier frame of mind. (Hear, hear.) Undoubtedly,
in past days, Ireland has suffered ill-treatment and injustice ; but for generations
England has strained every nerve to make reparation for those wrongs. (Hear,
hear.) However disposed, therefore, we may be to make allowance for the
circumstances which may have generated these inimical passions, if they take
effect in acts of outrage and murder— if the peaceful homesteads of Canada are to be
ravaged by bands of marauders, who can have no possible quarrel with her jieace
able inhabitants, such violence — a violence which outrages every law recognize'l
by civilized mankind — must be suppressed with unhesitating firmness (hear, hear);
but, as I said before, I cannot bring myself to believe in the possibdity of so
great a wrong. During my various progresses through the country I have come
into contact with hundreds and hundreds of kindly Irishmen, laboring in the fieW,
the forest, by the river side, or in the mine, and never did I meet one who did nut
give me a hearty welcome, both as a fellow-countryman, and as the representative
of the (^ueen. (Loud cheers.) Hajipily for Canada, these Irishmen are sown
broadcast through the land, and are intimately associated with their fellow-citizens
of French, English and Scotch descent. They are contented, prosperous and loyal
Yel it is these Irish homes — where the kindliness, the hospitality, llie wit and "

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

739

the Militia
eat personal
lant celebra-
ost Gracious
; professional
ormecl in due
ic of to-day'f
ttention— that
i alacrity, the
regiments that
r to depreciate
ist all admit—
atriotism, such
, as have been
)n of victorious

1 to array itself
: nation for our

tradition, by a
esies,— in indis-
:r any unhappy
from our shores
r vague and pro-
;rvescence (lou'l
; such an unpar-
)eace of Canada,
hly or disrespect-
y consider their
lent language we
]) Undoid)tedly,
t for generations
[wrongs. (Hear,
lowance for the
.ns, if they take
Canada are to he

;1 with her peace
■y law recognize!
Iness (hear, hear);
possihihiy of so
ntry I have come

,oring lu tl^'' ''«'^^'
Itone wh-iKlnot

the representative
^■ishmen are ^own
leir fellow-citizens
sperou..>'«n'J>='''
L, ihe wit and ui^'

mirth of old Ireland lives again under such happy auspices — which are to be involved,
together with those of their British and French neighbors, in these unnatural hostili-
ties, (Hear, hear.) What cause of quarrel has the invader with the people of
Canada which our own Irish fellow-citizens could not themselves allege, had they
a mind to do so? (Hear, hear.) Nor are the hish the only nationality within our
borders who might, if they chose, translate historical wrong", into actual warfare.
Half the population of Glengarry, I believe, fled to this country, if not from Cul-
loden, at all events from their Highland homes, to avoid the tyranny of him whom
they called a usurper, whose great-grand-daughter now sits upon the throne ;
vet where is there to be found a more loyal people in the world than the people of
Glengarry? In considering, theiefore, the possible occasions on which we may
have to rely upon the valor of our gallant troops, I reject with horror from my
thoughts the idea that they should ever be called upon to shed the blood of even
die most inconsiderate or irreconcilable of our Irish fellow-countrymen. Nay, on a
(lay of peril, if in the Canadian line of battle I could find a regiment more essen-
tially Irish in its composition than the rest it would be to the keeping of that regi-
ment I would by preference entrust the standard of the t^ueen and the flag of the
Dominion. (Great cheering.) And, gentlemen, if this cloud — or rather, phantasmal
exhalation be dispersed along our southern boundary, what is there behind it in
that direction but illimitable sunshine, and the prospect of perpetual jieace?
(Hear, hear). It is true, even so, we are still liable to invasion, and to-day we
have witnessed how soldier-like and martial is the array of our Southern neigh-
bors. (Loud cheers.) But if they have forced the bulwarks of our land, if they
have penetrated to the heart of our richest city, if they have estalilished themselves
within the precincts of our camp, it has only been to give us a fresh proof of the
kindly feelings entertained for us by themselves and their fellow-countrymen in the
States, perhaps to lay siege to the hearts of our young ladies (laughter) and to Join
with us in doing honor to our Gracious Queen. In the name, then, of all those
who arc present — of the Voiiiinteer Army of Canada, of the people of Canada, I bid
them welcome ; and, inasmnn'h 2s it is the habit of every politic government to
extend to deeds of military daring substantial rewards, I hereby promise to every
American soldier-citizen who is now present, or shall ever after take part in our
reviews, a free-grant farm within the Arctic Circle the day he takes the oath of
'Ilegiance. (Loud and continued laughter;. But, though we have thus disposed
inihe most satisfactory manner of all possible foes within the circuit of our im-
nnwate vision, it i;; not the less necessary, on that account, that we should take
those precautions which every nation since the world began has found requisite for
!t^ safely. Let us learn a lesson from the fate of the aboriginal inhabitants of this
very continent. We read in the pages of Presc<Jlt how hap|iy and careless were
'Iwir h\es, how destitute of fear, as they sported and slept beneath the umbrageous
shdier of their tropical groves. War with them had ceased to be an imaginable
contingency, "^very possible foe had disappeared from the limits of their isolated
worl'l, yet suddenly, unexjjectedly, coming from whence none knew, there stood
"ixin their shores steel -clafi men, armed with the thunder-bolts of death, and in a
few short years that harmless, flower-crowned people were annihilated — their altars,
cities and temples laid waste and desolate. Happily, the repetition of such a

wmf

740

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

catastrophe in our case is impossible ; but, for all that, a war cloud seems to \x
gathering in Europe, which may involve the entire Empire in its dreadful shadow.
As members of that Empire, as men of British descent, as subjects of (^ueen Vic-
toria, it may be necessary for us to face the responsibilities which our nationality
entails. You have seen by the papers the precautions your Government has tal<en
to protect that — happily for us — restricted portion of our seaboard, which is within
reach of an enemy's assault ; but I am proud to think that the spirit of Canadian
patriotism has not confined itself merely to these exertions. Almost every mail
has brought either to me, or to the Prime Minister, or to the Minister of Militia,
the most enthusiastic offers to serve in the Queen's armies abroad in the event of
foreign war. (Loud cheers.) These oflers have represented not merely the enthu-
siasm of individuals, but of whole regiments and brigades of men. (Renewed
cheers.) It has been my duty to transmit them to the Home Government, and to
the foot of the Throne ; and I should be failing in my duty if I neglected to
tell you that they have been duly appreciated, not only by the Queen's .Minis-
ters, but by the Queen herself; (Prolonged cheering.) It will, undoubtedly,
require a great deal of consideration to determine to what extent, and in what
manner, advanta<je is to be taken of such noble self-devotion. Happily the time has
not yet arrived, and I trust to God it may never do so, for giving practical elTect
to the suggestions which have been received, but I feel that I could not have a
better opportunity of recording and emphasizing facts so indicative of the martial
and loyui spirit of the Canadian people as those I have indicated. No, ijentlemen
—God grant that many a long year may pass before the note of warlike prepara-
tion rings through the quiet hamlets, the sun-lit fields, and the prosperous cities of
Canada. But, should the evil day arrive, let it find us prepared and ready to do
our duty. (Hear, hear.) It is not by undisciplined levies, however enthusiastic,
that the homes and liberties of a country can be guarded. Every day war is
becoming a more complicated science, the problems of which can only be success-
fully dealt with by highly organized battalions and trained and scientilic oflicers.
Above all, renn iul)er, things are not with you as they were a few short years ago,
British North America is no longer a congeries of discennected Provinces, ilestitute
of any stro.ig bond of sympathy or nmtual attachment. You are no longer Colo-
nists or Provincials- you are the owners, the defenders and guardians uf half a ;
continent — of a land of unboundetl promise and predestinated renown. (Hear,
hear.) That thought alone should make men and soldiers of you all. Life would j
scarcely be worth living, unless it gave us somethmg for whose sake it was worth .
while to die. Outside our domestic circle there are not many things that conic up
to that standard of value. But one of these you possess — a country you can be proud 1
of ; and never should a Canadian forget, no matter what his station in life, what j
his origin or special environments, that in this broad Dominion he has that which!
'\K is worth while both to live for and to die for." (Loud and long continued chtvi ■.,

On the 7th June, 1878, their Excellencies, family and nute let
Ottawa. Arrangements had been made to present His Excellency
with a farewell address, and on the day previous a large concourse oe
people attended the City Hall where the presentation took place J

1878]

TIIK EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

741

On the arrival of their Excellencies they were received with great
cheering, and were escorted to the Council Chamber l)y his Worship
Mr. Mayor Bangs and the Aldermen of the city, when the Mayor read
the following address : —

" May it i'lease Your Excellency,— We, the Mayor and Aldermen of the
City of Ottawa, as civic representatives of the Canadian Metropolis, in which
Your Excellency has now resided for six years, and where, therefore, your
character may fairly be supposed to have been more fully manifested than in any
other single locality in the Dominion, feel it a duty we owe to the country, no less
than to yourself, to bear our humble testimony to the noble amenities which have
unifoniily distinguished your intercourse with the citizens of Ottawa,

We cannot but refer in terms of admiration to the special interest you have
ronstantly exhibited in the progress and prosperity of the various educational
institutions, now so happily flourishing in our midst. On many occasions it has
lieen our privilege to listen to the enlightened and forcible views Your ExcellencX
has publicly advanced on this subject ; and we are satisfied that they have not been
barren of the desired fruit.

It has also been a subject of much gratification to us to learn from the public
press of this and the other Canadian cities, as well as from that of the United
States, that your deliverances on various great and important occasions have been
accepted as words of wisdom and experience, distinguished by an eloquence which
has proved you to be no degenerate descendant of the illustrious lineage to which
you belong.

You came to us with a prestige which justified great expectations ; and on the
eve of your Excellency's departure, it affords us unalloyed satisfaction to say that
those expectations have been more than realized by the actual facts.

If it be not travelling out of our proper course we may state it as o>*r convic-
tion that, in the discharge of the more special duties of your high office, y<ni must
have been singularly successful, since both political parties are so ready to
aclinowledge that your Administration has been marked by every quality desirable
in a Constitutional ruler, and we are assured that Her Majesty's Government will
accord to you the credit due to eminent success in so onerous a task.

That the citizens of Ottawa will long and gratefully remember your stay
amon[;st them, Your Excellency may assuretlly accept as an undeniable fact ; and,
while they cannot part with you without regret, they feel flattered by the convic-
tion that tiie happy incidents connected with your sojourn in our northern land
shall not be considered unworthy of a place in your memory in the green island
, home of your fathers.

The citizens of Ottawa cannot say fiirewell without an earnest prayer that both
louv Excellency and your noble consort — who has contributed so much, by her
Jeiiijhtful courtesy as a hostess, to their enjoyment — may long live in the posses-
sion of iiappiness and prosperity.

W. P,

Lett,
Cii}' Clerk.

C. W. BANGS,

Mayor:'

742

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Their Excellencies were much affected by these feeling remarks,
and the Governor General replied as follows : —

'* Mr. Mayor and Gentlkmen, — I am moved more than I dare trust myself
to say by the kind address with which you have just honored me, breathiiijj as it
does a spirit of personal regard and affection, rather than that of official compli-
ment. •

As you say, for six years my wife and I have lived amongst you, I miglit
almost say in the iiitimacy of domestic intercourse. Our daily occupations, inter-
ests and amusements have been more or less identical with your own, 'Iwo of
our children are your fellow citizens ; and no embellishment has enhanced the
beauty and dignity of your lovely city that has not occasioned as much pride and
pleasure to us as it could have done to you. Indeed, among the many regrets
which our departure entails upon us, by no means the least is the thougiit that
we shall no longer have the daily pleasure of admiring, and re-admirin|,', youi
Parliamentary Buildings, which, both as regards their site, their architectural
splendor and picturesque and regal outline, excel all others that exist upon this
continent.

It has been a deep regret to me to learn that, for the last two or three years,
Ottawa has shared in that commercial depression which has been so severely felt,
not only over the whole of this continent, but in every European country.

Happy should I have been had this cause of anxiety completely disappeared
before my departure ; but though the sky be still overcast, already 1 think a
lightening of the atmosphere can be discerned in various quarters, nor lia\e 1 the
slightest hesitation in predicting the fairest prospects for your future fortunes.

Independently of the lumber trade, which cannot fail shortly to revive, there
are many circumstances which point to the inevitable increase in the wealth,
importance and dignity of your city. I suspect that the mineral resources of the
region which surrounds you will prove very considerable. You will eventually
find yourselves on the shortest, the cheapest and most important of all the lines
of railway between the Atlantic and the Pacific ; while the expanding power,
wealth and energies of this great Dominion will necessarily stimulate the vitality,
and enhance the importance of it-; legislative metropolis.

But it is not on these public topics I had intended to speak to you. It is not
the Governor General of Canada who is addressing you, but your fellow-townsman ;
and speaking both on Lady Dufferin's behalf, and on my own, I can assure you
that no two people can have ever passed six happier years than we have done
beneath the roof of Rideau. The consciousness of the many friendships we have
made, of the kil\dly feelings displayed to us by persons of all creeds, classes and
professions, will serve to enhance for the rest of our lives the happy recollections
of these times ; and I trust that from henceforth, not only shall 1 myself have
many opportunities of being of use to yoj, both collectively and individually, out
that it w ill remain a tradition in my house to love and serve Canatia and her
people."

The Council Chamber was decorated with flags and flowers, and !
on a dais was placed a throne decked with the flags of Great Britain j

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

743

and Ireland, Canada and France, with a profusion of flowers for a
back-ground. A guard of honor was furnished from the Foot Guards,
accompanied by their excellent band. After the presentation of the
address, their Excellencies held a levee, at which a large number of
citizens took their farewell.

On the next morning, at half-past seven o'clock, an immense
number of people assembled at the dock to witness the departure of
their Excellenc!^., in the steamer Peerless. On the vessel, Mr.
Richards, of the Quebec Bank, on behalf of a number of young
gentlemen, presented Her Excellency with a magnificent bouquet and
silver holder; and His Excellency presented a silver and bronze
medal to the Dominion Day Celebration Committee, to be competed
for in the sports on the national holiday. In saying " good-bye " lo
the Foot Guards in attendance, he said : —

" In saying these few words of adieu, though I address them to you, they are
equally intended for all Her Majesty's troops in the Dominion, of whose good
conduct, whose zeal, and whose devotion to Her Majesty's service I have so often
had such unmistakeable, and such satisfactory proof."

The parting was a painful one. Their Excellencies had so wound
themselves around the hearts of the people of Ottawa that the scene
did not bear the impress of officials moving to another sphere of
action, it was more like that of dear and warm personal friends parting
forever. Her Excellency was deeply agitated, and tears were seen
in the eyes of many, who could not have betrayed more emotion had
they been saying " farewell " to those connected with them by the
closest ties of affectionate relationship.

Similar scenes occurred at Montreal, on their way to Quejjec, in
which city His Excellency established his headquarters during the
remainder of his stay in Canada.

CHAPTER XI.

Degree of Doctor of Laws conferred on His Excellency at Harvard — His address
on the occasion — Joint address of the Legislative Council and Legislative
Assembly of Quebec to His Excellency, 22nd June, 1878 — His reply in Eiifjiish
and French — Settlement of the Northerly and Westerly boundary of Ontario
by the award of Chief Justice Harrison, Sir F. Hincks and Sir Edward Thorn-
ton — Appointment of the Marquis of Lome as Governor Cleneral of Canada-
Work commenced on the "Dufferin" improvements in Queliec — Tour of their
Excellencies through the Eastern Townships — His Excellency's speech at
Granby — Address to Her Majesty by the British Columbia House of Assembly
praying permission to withdraw from the Union unless the Railway settlement
of 1874 be carried out by 1st May, 1879 — Departure from Canada of Her
Excellency, 31st August, 1878 — Address of the Municipalities of Ontario to
His Excellency, sth September — His Excellency's reply — Degree of Doctor of
Laws conferred on His Excellency by Laval University, Quebec, i ith Septem-
ber, 1878 — Address — Reply in English and French — Address of St. Jean Hap-
tiste Society, Quebec — Reply in English and French — General Elections — The
fatal 17th September, 1878 — Causes of the upheaval — The Constitutional
question, m hether the defeated Ministry should resign before the meeting of Par-
liament — The Ministry resign 9th October — His Excellency opens the Pro-
vincial Exhibition of Ontario in Toronto — Arrival in Toronto, 2ist Septemljer
— He attends a musical festival at Adelaide Street Rink — Address from Curl-
ing Club, presentation by them, and His Excellency's reply — Opens the
Exhibition, 25th September — Address of the Agricultural and Arts Association
— Reply — Visit to the Cairn, marking the site of Fort Rouille, A.D. I749~
Visit to Horticultural Grounds — Address from the Irish Protestant Benevolent
Society — St. George's Society — Public School Board, and Commercial Travel-
lers' Association — Replies — Visit to Central Prison — Citizens' demonstration in
Queen's Park — Address of Corporation — Reply — Address of York County
Council — Reply — Address of the Mayor and Corporation of the City of Hamil-
ton — Reply — Entertainment by the Ontario Society of Artists — Graceful speech
of Mr. Howland, and His Excellency's reply — Letter to the Governor of the
State of New York, suggesting an International Park at the Falls of Niagara—
Fac-simile of a duplicate of this letter — Inspection of Police Force, Toronto
— Levee in City Council Chamber — Visit to St. Michael's Palace— Address of
the Archbishop and Bishop — Reply — Address of Horticultural Committee-
Final departure from Toronto — Return to Montreal — Formation of the new
Ministry — His Excellency's final departure from Canada, 19th Octolier-
Resume of his administration.

In June, His Excellency attended the commencement exercises at

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

745

Harvard University, when the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws
was conferred on him. He was the chief guest at the Aknnni Associa-
tion dinner. In addition to the customary speeches by the President
of the University and His Excellency the Governor of the State,
addresses were made by the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Colonel
Henry Lee, the Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, and the Rev. Kdward E.
Hale. His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin spoke as follows : —

" Mr. Presipknt and Gknti.emkn, — Among the many privileges attacliing to
my liii;h office as Representative of Her Majesty in Canada, there is none to vvliich
I have attached greater value than the opportunities wiiich it has atTorded me of
cultivating friendly relations with the Government and the people of the United
States (ajiplause) ; but although ere now I have had opportunities of adthessing
American audiences, I have never found myself in the presence of a more august
assei)d)ly than the present. Standing in a hall — itself an historical monument such
as no European University can boast of — in the presence of many whose achieve-
ments as statesmen, as men of science, as poets, as historians, as lawyers, have won
for them the admiration of the civilized world (applause) — environed by the
effigies of your old Colonial worthies and Governors, — of the ^Vinthr■)l)s and
Endicotts of early days, as well as by those of the heroes of the Independence
period, of the Adamses, Franklins, Jeffersons of the last century,— nay seated at
the same board with the distinguished descendants of those famous men, I might
well shrink from intruding myself upon your attention. At the same time I can-
not help remembering that I now stand beneath the maternal roof, and can appeal
to the indulgence of every one present in right of those brotherly relations which
have been established between us. (Applause.) Encouraged by these considera-
tions I should be wanting in courtesy if I did not seize the opportunity of express-
ing to the authorities of this University my very deep sense of the honor conferred
upon me by their permitting me to enter the ranks of its alumni. (Applause.)
The loving veneration with which I regard my own Alma Mater of Oxford is in
itself a sufficient security that I duly appreciate the privileges to which I have been
admitted. But I confess there is a further reason which leads me to pay every mark
of reverence in my power to this University. My experience in Canada has taught
me to prize at a higher value than ever, the influences which emanate from these
centres of intellectual effort and moral vigor. Although civilization has been in
possession of America for nearly 300 years — although its population has attained so
enormous an expansion, our energies are for the most partof necessity still engaged
in contending with the brute forces of nature, and in converting to our uses those
endless tracts of territory which have passed into our possession. As a consecjuence
I have observed tha' in Canada, and perhaps the observation may be equally
applicable to this country, there is some little danger of the more ideal side of
life being lost and forgotten, — of our attention being too exclusively turned to
providing for the material well-being of society, — and of the successful accumu-
lation of wealth becoming the principal title to social consideration. Now to
such unfortunate tendencies and conclusions, these sacred workshops of the brain
are the most powerful correctives; — for here we are taught to recognize the

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746

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

existence of possessions more valuable than anything which either money or
power can procure, and that the noblest aim of life is not merely to make
a fortune, or to leave an estate to our descendants — though these may \ye
perfectly legitimate and honorable objects of ambition — but to elevate the
moral standard of our generation, to enlarge the limits and capacities of human
thought, to restrain the encroachments of sin, sickness, poverty, ignorance,
corruption, and dishonesty, — and to render our Fatherland a still more glorious
home for our children even than it has Ijeen for ourselves. Such are the lessons
that you teach, and when I rememlier that this nation, — so gifted by Providence
with all the blessings which a l)Ounteous Nature can confer, so successful in the
arts of L' If-government, so removed from the disturbing influences of external
forces, its social system so untrammelled by traditional anomalies, — is adorned
throughout its length and breadth with many and many a noble seminary of learn-
ing, that, fired by your example, is rivalling your efforts, I cannot but hope that
hand in hand with our own Canada it is destined to show the world by what sure
and simple methods the happiness of the human race may be immeasurably
increased. (Great applause.) But, gentlemen, it is not these considerations alone
which move me to express my gratitude for the honor you have done me. I have
long had the good fortune of knowing some of the most distinguished jjersonages
of New England — Mr. Adams (applause), Mr. Longfellow (applause), Mr.
Emerson (applause), Mr. Holmes (applause), Mr. Lowell (ap-Mause), and I
am now the guest of one whose own literary and political career has added fresh
lustre to the name of .the founder of your common-wealth, of whom he is me
direct descend.int and representative, and with whom I am happy to think I am
entitled to claim close kinship. (Applause.) At home I have sometimes had the
privilege of welcoming to my roof no lesser men than Prescott, Hawthorne, Story,
Motley (great applause), and when I consider that through your grace I have l)een
domiciled so to speak within the precincts of that same Alma Mater whence these
great and noble men derived their inspiration, and where, during a youth of high
endeavor and unceasing industry and self-sacrifice, they laid sure and deep the
foundations of that world-wide fame which now reflects such honor upon the
University which sent them forth, I am naturally deeply sensible of the privileges
thus conferred upon me. (Great applause.) For while we, gentlemen of the out-
side world, have lieen merely occupied in those material pursuits which minister to
the well-l)eing of ourselves and families, each of these in their several lines of
literary or artistic achievement, have endowed their country with what Thucydides
with such proud prescience pronounced his history would prove a * Ktctiia -s m-i.
In conclusion, gentlemen, I cannot sit down without expressing to you my
warmest admiration of the scene at which I was permitted to assist this morning.
The dignity and decorum of the ceremonial attending the granting of your degrees
has made a most profound impression upon my mind. Above all, when I consider
the amount of rhetorical ability, of philosophical acumen, of practical appreciation
both of economical and political questions exhibitetl by those of your students to
whose exercitations we had the pleasure of listening, I cannot help saying to my-
self if the Young America of to-day is capable of so satisfactory an exhil)itiun,
what may we not exjject from its maturer and more serious efforts in the time to
come." (Prolonged applause.)

[1878

either money or
merely to make
[h these may \re
it to elevate the
pacities of human
iverty, ignorance,
(till more glorious
ch are the lessons
ted by Providence
> successful in the
lences of external
alies, — is adorned
seminary of learn-
not but hope that
I'orld by what sure
be immeasurably
insiderations alone
done me. I i^ave
juished jjersonages
r (applause), Mr.
^ap'Mause), and I
er has added fresh
if whom he is me
ppy to think I am
isometimes had the
-lawthorne, Story,
grace I have Ixien
later whence these
ig a youth of high
sure and deep the
honor upon the
of the privilet;es
itlemen of theout-
which minister to
|ir several lines of
what Thucydides
a * Ktcma 's tu%
ling to you my
Isist this morning,
g of your degrees
, when I consider
:tical appreciation
your students to
Ip saying to my-
■y an exhibition,
ts in the time to

1878] THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA. 747

gOn the 22nd June, a joint address of the Legislative Coiircil and
Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, was presented to
His Excellency in the Chamber of the Council.

Upon the floor of the House were the usual dignitaries and
officials, and besides them were the Very Rev. Mgr. Cazeau, V.G. ;
Rev. Mr. Auclair of the Basilica ; Rev. Mr. Beaudet of the Quebec
Seminary ; Rev. Dr. Cook, St. Andrew's Church ; Rev. G. V. Hous-
man, Rector of Quebec ; Rev. M. M. Fothergill, Rector of St. Peter's
Church ; Rev. W. B. Clark ; His Lordship Mr. Justice Taschereau, of
the Supreme Court of Canada ; Mr. Justice Okill Stuart ; Sir Narcisse
F. Belleau ; Hon. G. Ouimet, Superintendent ot Education ; Dr.
Miles, Dr. Giard, and a b.rge number of ladies.

At three o'clock. His Excellency, accompanied by Her Excellency
the Countess of Dufferin, Mrs. R. Stephenson, and Capt. Hamilton,
A.D.C, arrived at Parliament House. A strong force of B Battery,
drawn up opposite the entrance of the Liouse under command of
Lieutenant Colonel Montizambert, formed the guard of honor ; and a
detachment of police under the command of Captain Heigham was in
attendance.

His Excellency was received at the entrance of the Parliament
House by the Gentleman Ushei of the Black Rod, and conducted to
the Legislative Council Chamber, attended by the following military
staff : — Lieutenant Colonel Strange, Commander of the Garrison ;
Lieutenant Colonel Forsyth, Lieutenant Colonel Lamontagne, Lieu-
tenant Colonel Vohl, Lieutenant Colonel Amyot, Lieutenant Colonel
Golfer, Major Slous, Major Morgan, Capt. Price, Capt. Dart, Capt.
Prevost, Capt. Imlach, Capt. Charlewood, Capt. LeSueur, Capt.
Ahearn, Capt. Levasseur, Dr. Neilson, Lieutenant Norris, Paymaster
Balfour, and others. The staff was joined in the Speaker's room by M.
Rustain Effendi, of the Ottoman Legation, A\'ashington, and M.
Bluhdorn, of the Austrian Legation.

Having taken his seat on the Throne in the Council Chamber,
seats were provided on his left for Her Excellency, the Misses Letel-
lier, and Mrs. Stephenson ; a seat on his right was occupied by his
Honor Mr. Letellier, the Lieutenant Governor, who was attended hy
Capt. Gauthier, A.D.C.

The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod then proceeded to escor t
the Speakers and Members of the two Houses into His Excellency's
presence. The President of the Council, the Hon. Mr. Starnes,
addressing himself to the Governor General, who stood in front of the

748

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Throne, read in English, and the Hon. Mr. Turcotte, Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly, in French, the joint address, as follows :

'« May it please Your Excellency,— \Ve, Her Majesty's faithful and loyal
subjects, and the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, now in Parlia-
ment assembled, embrace this opportunity of expressing the feelings of esteem
and of high regard which we entertain towards you.

The pleasure which we exjierience in welcoming your Excellency to our
ancient Capital is mingled with profound regret caused by the saddening reflection
ti at the day of your departure from these shores is rapidly approaching.

During the fleeting years of your Administration you generously and unreser-
vedly devoted to the interests of Canada all the aflections of your heart, and all the
powers and resources of your intellect, seeking after every possible means to blend
into one harmonious whole the heterogeneous or discordant elements of which our
nationality is composed, encouraging us to know each other better, and thus to
cement our mutual friendship and esteem. More than any othier you have aided
to cause Canada to be better known and appreciated abroad, and every where, on
your recent journey from the Atlantic to the Pacific you have left memories which
nothing can obliterate.

Besides your inappreciable services rendered to the whole Dominion, it has
pleased your Excellency to become the patron of letters, of science, and of art.

To you the city of Quebec is indebted for your endeavors to preserve her dia-
dem of ramparts which recall to our Canadian hearts the brightest pages of our
history, and remind us of duties which we may yet be called upon to fulfil.

You have embo<lied in plans the fine conception of your imagination respect-
ing them, and, so long as Quebec sits on a rocky throne, so long with iheni will
your name be associated and revered.

While oflering our heartfelt good wishes to your Excellency, we cannot forget
one, who, by her grace and affability, has endeared herself to all of us. The ami-
able and accomplished Countess of Duflerin has won all hearts.

To her and to yourself we tender our respectful homage, and we respectfully
trust that, wherever duty may call you, the name of our Province will revive recol-
lections of a people whose sympathies and affections are entirely yours."

His Excellency read in English and French the following reply :—

" Hon. Gentlemen and Gentlemen.— To say that I am deeply moved by
the Address with which the two Houses of the Quebec legislature have honored
me, is to express but very little of what I feel, for at such a moment I cannot help
rememliering that it was when landing on your shores six years ago I was made
to feel for the first time amongst what a loyal, cultivated and generous people I
had come :j take up my abode. Certainly no Viceroy could have entered upon
his career under happier auspices than those you had prepared for me.

Since that time l^dy Duflerin a. id myself have had the happiness of frequently
revisiting our summer home within your lofty Citadel, and at each return that home
has Income endeared to us by ever brightening associations, and the cementing of
closer friendship.

Year by year, I have had better opportunities of appreciating the devotion of

[1878

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

749

Ipeaker of the
)llows :

aithful and loyal
:, now in Parlia-
clings of esteem

tcellency to our
Idening reflection
iching.

lusly and unreser-
heart, and all the
le means to blend
ents of which our
;tter, and thus to
;r you have aideil
1 every where, on
t memories wliicli

Dominion, it lias
ice, and of art.
» preserve her dia-
htest pages of our
on to fulfil,
agination respect-
ig with l!iem will

we cannot forget
of us. The ami-
id we respectfully
will revive recol-
yours."

)wing reply :—

[deeply moved by
lure have honored
lent I cannot help
ago I was made
kenerous people I
|ave entered upon

me.
[ICES of frequently
return that home
I the cementing of

the devotion of

the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec to the throne and government of the
Queen, and to the interests of the Empire ; and nothing has given me greater pride
than to observe when a cloud of war recently threatened (Ireat Britain that Her
Majesty's French Canadian subjects were not a whit behind their Kngli.sh, Scotch
and Irish fellow-citizens, in testifying their willingness to rally to the defence of
Her Dominions.

It is quite true that the distinctions of race which exist within the )>orders of
Canada complicate to a certain degree those problems of Ciovernment with which
the statesmen of the country are periodically called upon to deal, but the incon-
veniences which may sometimes arise from this source are more than counter-
balanced by many advantages which ensue from it. I do not rhink that ethno-
logical homogeneity is an unmixed benefit to a country. Certainly the least
attractive characteristic of a great portion of this continent is the monotony of
many of its outward aspects, and I consider it fortunate for Canada that her pros-
perity should lie founded on the co-operation of different races. The inter-action
of national idiosyncrasies introduces into our existence a freshness, a variety, a
color, an eclectic impulse, which otherwise would be wanting ; and it would be
most faulty statesmanship to seek their obliteration. My warmest aspiration for
this Province has always been to see its French inhabitants executing for Canada
the functions which France herself has so admirably performed for Eurojje. .Strike
from European history the achievements of France — substract from Eurojiean
civilization the contributions of F" ranee, — and what a blank would be occasioned !
I am very sensible of your goodness in referring in such flattering terms to my
humble endeavors to promote the embellishment of your City, by the jireser-
vation and adornment of its picturesque and world-famous battlements. Though
various circumstances have jiostponed the execution of the proje. ;, I am happy to
be able to announce that, ere many days pass by, a commencement will have l)een
made, not without advantage, I trust, to those of our fellow citizens who in these
recent times of distress have found a difhculty in obtaining employment.

In conclusion allow me to express to you in Lady Dufferin's name, her deep
sense of the compliment paid to her in your address. In no part of the Dominion
has she met with greater courtesy, with more chivalrous and considerate attention,
than in the City of Quebec, and never will its picturestjue outlines, or the lovely
scenery which surrounds it, fade from her memory or from mine."

lIoNORABLES MESSIEURS ET MESSIEURS, — Vousdire que je sais profondement
touchy de I'adresse dont les deux chambres de la Legislature de Quel)ec ni'ont
honore, serait n'exprimer que faiblenient ce que j'cprouve, car, en un pareil
moment, je ne puis m'empecher de me rap|)eler que, en debarquant sur vos rivages,
il y a six ans, je ressentis pour la premiere fois combien est loyal, iid^le, cultive et
genereux le peuple au milieu duquel je venais fixer mon sejour. Nul vice-roi ne
pouvait, certainement, voir s'ouvrir sa carriiJre sous de })lus heureux auspices que
ceux que vous m'aviez m^nag^s.

Depuis lors, Lady DuflTerin et moi, nous avons eu la bonne fortune de revenir
frequemment d notre residence d'^te, dans les murs de votre fiere citadelle, et, k
chaque retour, ce lieu nous est devenu plus cher par I'cclat de la soci^t^ et les liens
que I'amiti^ resserrait sans cesse d'avantage.

f ^

:^.t

750

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1^78

D'ann^e en ann^e, j'ai eu occasion d'appr^cier I'attachement des habitants de la
Province de Quebec au trdne, au gouvernement de Sa Majesty la Reine, ainsi
qu'aux int^r^ts de I'empire, et, lorsque, tout recemment, un nuage portant la
guerre dans ses flancs menaga la Grande- Bretagne, rien ne me causa plus de kgi-
time orgueil que de voir que les sujets franco-canadiens de Sa Majesty ne restaient
pas d'un iota en arrifere de leurs compatriotes ^cossais et irlandais dans rex])res-
sion de leu'' d^sir de se rallier pour la defense de ses possessions.

II est bien vraique lesdifli^rences de races qui existent au Canada, compli(|uent,
jusqu'i un certain point, les problemes que les hommes d'etat ont u r^soudre de
temps i autre, mais les inconv^nients qui peuvent quelquefois en r^sulter sent plus
que contrebalances par plusieurs avantages qui en d^rivent. Je ne crois pas que
Thomogen^it^ ethnologique soit un bienfait sans melange pour un pays. II est
incontestable que le c6t6 le moins attrayant du caractfere social d'une grande pariie
des populations de ce continent, est le cachet d'uniformit^ que pr^sentent plusieurs
de ses aspects, et je pense qu'il est heureux pour le Canada de pouvoir compter sur
la cooperation de diffi^rentes races. L'action r^ciproque des idiosyncracies
nationales introduit dans notre existence une verdeur, une frafcheur, une variete,
une couleur, une impulsion ecclectiques qui, sans cela, ferait d^faut ; il serait d'une
tres-mauvaise politique que de chercher ^ les faire disparattre. Mes plus chaudes
aspirations en faveur de cette province ont toujours ^t^ de voir ses habitants
fran9ais accomplir pour le Canada les fonctions que la France elle-meme a si
admirablement remplies pour I'Europe. Enlevez de I'histoire de I'Europe le role
de la France — retirez de la civilisation europ^enne la part que la France y a con-
tribute — quel vide se produira !

— Je suis tr^s-sensible ^ la bont^ que vous avez eue de parley en termes aussi
flatteurs de mes humbles efforts pour favoriser les embellissements de votre cite, en
preservant et d^corant ses pittoresques cr^neaux, connus du monde entier. Quoique
diverses circonstances aient reiard^ I'ex^cution de ce projet, je suis heureux de vous
annoncer que, sous peu de jours, on en verra le commencement, non sans profit, je
I'esp^re, pour ceux de vos concitoyens qui, dans ces derniers temps de penurie,
ont eu de la difficulte h se procurer de I'emploi.

En terminant, i>ermettez-moi de vous exprimer au nom de Lady DuflTerin,
combien elle est touch^e des compliments que renferme votre adresse. Dans
aucune partie de la confederation, elle n'a rencontr^ plus grande courtoisie alliee i
plus d'attention chevaleresque et refl^chie, que dans la cit6 de Quebec dont les
pittoresques contours et les d^licieux paysages qui I'environnent ne s'effaceront
jamais de sa memoire, ni de la mienne."

The northerly and westerly boundary of the Province of Ontario
had never yet been authoritatively settled. Commissions had been
appointed from time to time, but nothing was done until 1878. On
the 29th July, the Commissioners the Hon. R. A. Harrison, Chief
Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario ; Sir Francis Hincks ;
and Sir Edward Thornton, British Minister at Washington, met in the
Supreme Court Room at Ottawa, for the purpose of hearing Counsel
and adjudicating upon the case. The Ontario Government was repre-
sented by the Hon. Mr. Mowat, Attoiney General for the Province,

18781

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

fol

habitants de la
la Reine, ainsi
uage portant la
isa plus de Icgi-
est6 ne restaient
s dans I'expres-

la, compli(iuent,
it u r^soiulre de
^suiter sont plus
ne crois pas que
un pays. 11 est
une grande partie
fesentent plusieurs
avoir compter sur
es idiosyncracies
\eur, une variety,
it ; il serait d'une
Mes plus chaudes
voir ses habitants
;e elle-meme a si
le I'Europe le role
la Trance y a con-

ince of Ontario
sions had been
intil 1878. On
jarrison, Chief
rancis Hincks ;
;ton, met in the
learing Counsel
|ment was repre-
the Province,

and Mr. Hodgins, Q.C.; the Dominion, by Mr. MacMahon, Q.C., of
London, and Mr. Monk, Q.C., of Montreal.

The case was fully argued by these gentlemen, and the Commis-
sioners on the 3rd August made the following award : —

"To ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME :— The undersigneti, having
been appointed by the Government of Canada and Ontario as arbitrators to deter-
mine the northerly and westerly boundary of the Province of Ontario, do hereby
determine and decide that the following are and shall be such Iwundaries, that is
to say : — commencing at a point on the southern shore of Hudson Hay, com-
monly called James Bay, where a line produced due north from the head of
Like Temiscaming would strike the said south shore, thence along the said south
shore westerly to the mouth of the Albany River, thence up the middle of the said
Albany River and of the lakes thereon to the source of the said river at the head of
Lake St. Joseph, thence by the nearest line to the easterly end of Lac Seul, l)eing
the head waters of the English River, thence westerly through the middle of Lac
Seiil and the said English River to a point where the same will be intersected by a
true meridional line drawn northerly from the International monument placed to
mark the most north-westerly angle of the Lake of the Woods by the recent
boundary commission, and thence due south, following the said meridional line to
the said International monument, thence southerly and easterly following upon the
International boundary line between the British possessions and the United States
of America into Lake Superior. But if a true meridional line drawn northerly
from the said International boundary at the said most north-westerly angle of the
Like of the Woods shall be found to pass to the west of where the English River
empties into the Winnipeg River, then and in such case the northerly boundary of
Ontario shall continue down the middle of the said English River to where the
same empties into the Winnipeg River, and shall continue thence on a line drawn
due west from the confluence of the said English River with the said Winnipeg River
until the same will intersect the meridian above described, and thence due south
following the said meridional line to the said International monument, thence
soutiierly and easterly following upon the International boundary line between
the Hritish possessions and the United States of America into Lake Sujierior.

tiiven under our hands at Ottawa, in the Province of Ontario, this third day

of August, 1878.

ROUT. A. HARRISON,

EDWARD THORN TON,

F. HINCKS.
Signed and published in the presence of

THOS. HOIJGINS,

E. Monk."
On the 27th July, it was officially announced that the Marquis of
Lome had been selected as the successor of Lord Dufferin. Canada
received the news with mingled feelings. Vague hopes had been
indulged in that His Excellency would be offered a new term of office.
Such an act of the Imperial Government would have been hailed with
pleasure by every Canadian ; — but when it became known that he

752

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

■f •

was to be followed by the husband of a daughter of Her Majesty, the
feeling of deep regret at losing the Earl of Dufferin was tempered by
that of delight at securing a ruler so nearly connected with our beloved
Queen. Canada felt that a graceful compliment had been paid her,
and that her rising importance in the scale of nations was, in this
appointment, significantly recognized. During a long and imperial
succession of British Premiers not one had ever before distinguished
the colony by devoting to its service one of the Royal family. The
appointment was considered as one of those deep and far-seeing
projects of the Earl of Beaconsfield, which have placed him at the
head of the statesmen of the age. Imperial policy had seen that the
unswerving affection of the Canadian people to the British Crown
deserved some marked acknowledgment, and Her Majesty gracefully
presented one of her own daughters as a gift to her affectionate subjects
in her North American possessions. The undeviating consideration
shown to Canada in all the fiscal and political relations of the Empire,—
the studious avoidance of all undue interference with her internal
affairs, — the unselfish desire to see her rise in the world, — and the
tender care with which Britain spread over her the powerful i)rotec-
tion of her great name, have long and often been gratefully acknow-
ledged by Canada; and when, in addition to all these material
advantages, England conferred upon her the distinguished honor of
appointing a scion of one of the noblest of the great houses of Hritain.
and the husband of a favored daughter of Her Majesty to the governor-
ship of Canada, her warmest feelings of affection for the Mother
Country were intensified, and the ties which bound them together were
strengthened a hundredfold. The Marquis of Lome will receive.
upon his arrival, a most hearty welcome from Canada, and the
Princess Louise will be greeted with an enthusiasm which will sur])rise
no one who can fathom the deep love which Canadians bear to her
royal Mother.

In August, Lord Dufferin had the satisfaction of seeing the work
of construction actually commenced on the " Dufferin Improvements "
in Quebec* He received from Her Majesty a handsome contribution
to the expense of that portion of the scheme known as the " Kent
Gate, which is to be erected in honor of her father, who si)ent many
years within the walls of the historic old city. It is gratifying to all
Canadians now to be able to believe that the scheme which has been

• In compliment to His Excellency one of the gates has been called " Dufferin'
Gate.

1>^TS1

THE EARL OF UUFFERIX IX CANADA.

753

fully noticed in a former j)art of this work Mill he warmly encouraged
1)) the new Clovernor (leneral and the Princess ]<ouise, and it is to he
hoi»cd that, during their sojourn in the Dominion, the crowning work
—the contemplated Chateau St. Louis will he erected.

On the 1 2th August their Kxcellencies left Quehec on a tour
through that heautiful portion of the Province known as the " Kastern
Town.ihips," in the course of which they visited Danville, Richmond,
Sherhrooke, Lennoxville, Massawippi Lake, Compton, Coaticooke,
Hatley, Stanstead, Lake Memjihremagog, Granhy, Waterloo and St.
Johns. The tour was, as usual with their Kxcellencies, an ovation.
Though on the eve of their departure from Canada, they were every-
where received with an enthusiasm as warm and heartfelt as if they
kul just landed on her shores. Among the replies to the many
addresses presented to His Excellency during this tour, the address
of the Corporation of Granhy on the 20th August, is important, as it
points to an evil in our social system which cannot he too frequently
noticed or too vigorously comhated. — the tendency of our young
jKopIe to prefer the occu|>ation of a small shopkeeper to the nohler
and more independent one of a tiller of the soil He said : —

"Mr. Mayor, Ladiks ano Gknti.kmkn, — It would reiiuire far greater inge-
nuity than even an accomplished s|H;aker might possess, to vary those expressions
of (liiight and satisfaction to which every Ciovernor (leneral must desire to give
utterance, when making an official tour through any part ol Canada, so corilial, so
universal, so loyal is the reception he meets witli in every hamlet, village, town or
city through which he passes. Indeed I must fairly admit to you that my viK'abu-
lary of felicitation and panegyric lias lx;en almost exhausted hy the never-ending
evidences I meet with of the contenlnitnt and patriotism of the Canadian |ieople.
An<l yet, in almost every new district I tr verse there are nearly always to In; found
some j)eculiar and novel features, alVording fresh and unaccustomed grounds upon
which to congratulate its inhabitants. Certainly nowhere do these ex' it in greater
abundance than in the Eastern Townships, which seem to comprise within tlieir
area all the advantages which one would desire to congregate within the circuit of
an ideal Kingdom (applause) : l)eautiful scenery, where mountain, hill and dale,
woodland, lake and river, are mingled together in the most picturexiue confuMon ;
cunvtnient means of communicatitin with the adjacent centres of population both
inCan.ida and the States ; breadths of agricultural land of the l)est quality, and
such pastures as have enabled those enterprising gentlemen who devote themselves
to the raising of cattle, to bring to market beasts which vie, both in reputation and
the prices they fetch, with those produced by the most noted breeders in Kngland
(hear, hear) ; while the entire population seems to Ix; animated by a spirit of
energy and enterprise which is determined to do more than justice to the m.iterial
advantages placed within its reach. In fact, the conditions of this peculiar and
beautiful region are so remarkable that it is here, I venture to prophesy, will Ije

•Y

754

IIIHTOUY OF THE ADMINISTUATION OF

[IRT^

f!%tT

(levfIoj)e<l a phase of our many-sided Canadian existence, which, thou(;h now in its
infancy, cannot fail eventually to assume considerable proportions, and to acl<l
yrtatly to the well-lH-inj; and happiness of a larye proportion of the conmiunitv.
(Ap|)lau»e.) Hitherto, in Canada, a sharp line has divided the occupations of the
urban from those of the rural population. (Hear, hear.) 'Y\\e farmers of Canada
have constituted a class by themselves, nor as a rule have our successful tradtisanii
merchants Inien often tempted to remove with their accumulated wealth into die
country, from the nei{;hborhood of those marts and haunts of commerce winch
witnessed their earty struggles and ultimate success. As a consequence, the pros-
pects and advantages supposed to In: connected with a mercantile career liave
liecome invested with a prestige and importance which experience does not always
prove to have 1)elonged to them, and our farmers' sons, instead of being continiid
to stick to agricultural pursuits, have lieen thus tempted — with insufficient ca|iiia!,
scant exjierience, and defective training— to set up as small traders, to their nwn
ruin, and the great disadvantage of the country. (Hear, hear.) Now this unduuht
ediy is an evil. Important and essential to our wealth and greatness as may Ih^ our
mercantile and manufacturing industries, agriculture must, almost of nccc>>itv,
constitute for many a long day the chief resource and eni'.doyment of the majm jjart
of the community,— and it is to our agricultural popu' -oi that we must look fur
the settlement of the North West, the general enlargti.ient of our ])orders, the
increment of our bulk, and the advancement of our importance as a far
spreading nation. (Applause.) Any circumstance, therefore, which even in an
indirect manner gives a higher character to our agricultural system, which
elevates its reputation as a lucrative enterpri/.e, which develops its amen-
ities, or adds value to its products, will prove of immeasurable advantajje.
(Hear, hear.) To this end I lx.'lieve the peculiar characteristics of this reyion
will powerfully contribute. (Applause.) With such attractive scenery, wi'hin
so short a distance of Montreal, i>ossessing every charm and advantage which
a country life can offer, it will l)e impossible for our wealthier citizens much
longer to content themselves with that suburban-villa life — only broken by a fc»
weeks trip to some watering-pKice — which they now alTect. Following tiie wise
example set them by Sir Hugh Allan, Senator Cochrane, by Mr. Hrown, by
Mr. Christie and others, they will create for themselves, instead, a rural Paradise
beside the lovely lakes and rivers which decorate your neighborhocxl, and I am
very much mistaken if the rich lands by which they will find their residences
surrounded will not arouse within their breasts that instinctive love for the cultiva
tion of the soil which is the primeval passion of mankind. (Applause.) Hence
we shall see established amongst us what will prove by no means an undesirable
adjunct to our present social system, the Canadian country gentleman, selling an
example to the whole neighl)orhood — by the judicious application of his capital to
the land — of what a highly scientific agriculture can accomplish, and inoeiilatinj,',
so to speak, every country side with a strain of thoroughbred hoises, cattle, sheep,
and swine, which will still further stimulate the nascent trade we have recently
established in live and dc.id stock with the Mother' Country. (Hear, hear.) So
many poets have so sweetly sung of the delights of a rural life that I will not expa-
tiate upon them. Agriculture, 'the invention of gods, and the employment of

b:>]

THE KAKL OF DUFFEUIN IX CANADA.

755

lutdi's.' — as Lonl Henconstiehl once dcscrilx;*! it, i;; still undouhledly a most honor-
alilc .md aurcealilc pursuit. (Ilt-ar, hear.) If it 'oes noi promote the aceuimilation
of mdivitlual wealth so rapidly as other kinds of industry, it distributes it more
i(lii,diy, especially when, Jis is the case in this country, almost every cultivator
o\\u> the land he tills ; nor can it lie doubted that the estal)lishment iiere and there
thi"ii(;hout the country districts, of a class of jiersons blessed with means, leisure,
e<liication, and trained intelligence, and at the same time unite<l, by a community
of imrsuils, tastes, and interests, with the mass of the ]N)pulation which surrounds
thtiii, would have a most l)encticial eilect in stimulating the general advancement,
inullectual, moral, and material, of the entire rural community. (Ajiplause.)
Upon tlie advantages which they themselves would <lerive from such methods
of txistence I need not dilate. They would discover a fresh interest in life,
fre>li l)eaulies in nature, while the happy, healthful influences amid which their
diililan would grow up, the simplicity of habits they would engemler, could not
fail to prove a blessing to every succeeding gener.ition. (Appl.iuse. ) i Ijelieve
that the noblest virtues and tiie lx;st characteristics possesseil by Kngli>.hmen are
to 1)0 traced to their love of a country life, and certain am I that Knglisii young
women would not be half so nice, so rosy, so frank, so tieautiful, . > robust, so
iiKHlt^t, so simple as they are, if they were not for the most part 'country-bred.
(Hear, hear.) Although, therefore, the change may not t)e immediate, I think
you will see from the allusions 1 have made that the beautiful and fertile districts
you inhabit are destined to be a powerful factor in promoting the well-lx;ing of the
country, and, were 1 granted a wish, 1 do not know that I could make a better
choice than to ask for the privilege of revisiting this lovely district some lifty or a
hundred years hence, to see its rolling plains and woodlands carvetl out, as I am
sure they will lie, into innumerable parks, homesteads, farms and villas, justly
entitling it to be called the Garden of Canada, while here aiul there shall ri;>e in
faMjuiiit clusters the augmented spires, roofs and chimneys of those i)rosperous
httle towns, through whose bright pavilioned streets we have recently held our
triumphal way. (Loud applause.) Such, at least, gentlemen, is the destiny I
anticipate for you and your neigld)ors, and, if atfectionate wishes were of any avail,
if a magic wand in grateful hands could work the miracle, the picture i have drawn
should becoine a reality this very miiuile. Hut, alas ! to labor and to wait is the
lot of mankind. It only remains, therefore, for me to bid you go on and prosper
in loyal fidelity to those blessed traditions which have already secured to you peace
ami order, freedom and selfgt)vernnieiit, honor and renown, w iiliin the wide cir-
cuit of that glorious Empire, of which you are by no means the least pleasing
ornament. (Loud applause.) (.ientlemeii, 1 will conclude by telling you a story :
Vou know that IJostonians are not su]iposed to fail in the virtue of self-aiipreciation.
Well, a school insj)ector from that city was visiting a certain seminary in New
tnjjlaiid, and, after describing to his young audience a little boy wlioin he once
knew as possessing every possible juvenile virtue, such as never being late for
school, never blotting his copybook, never telling a story, or omitting an exercise,
he concluded by asking the children in solemn tones : ' And where do you think
he is now.' With one acclaim the little boys cried out : ' In Heaven, Sir.'

7r)6

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OP

[1^78

(Great laughter.) With a somewhat disconcerted visage the school master nplud :
•Nol No I not exactly in Heaven; hut — he is keeping a store in liDsinn.'
(drcat laughter.) Well, gentlemen, for • keeping a store in Hoston,' J wmild
have substituteil : ' he is at the plough-tail in the Townships.' " (Tremendous
applause and laughter.)

In the course of the tour their Excellencies were huspitahly
entertained by Sir Hugh Allan, at his charming country scat on
Lake Memphremagog.

On the 30th August, the Legislative Assembly of British C()hiinl>ia,
by a vote of fourteen to nine, passed an address to Her Majesty on
the Pacific Railway difficulty, which concluded in these words :—

"To prevent, if possible, the repetition in the future of the disastt-rs of the
past, your petitioners with great regret feel com|>elled, in defence of the iiiiciiits
of the Province, to resort to the unavoidable alternative forced upon them by tiic
conduct of the present Dominion CJovernment, and to therefore humbly pray tlat,
in the event of the Dumiiiion (Government faibng to carry into effect the sittl •ment
of 1874 on or lx;fore liie first day of May next, Your Majesty wdl Ite ijiaLioiisly
pleased to order and direct that British Columbia shall thereafter have tin- r i;lit
to exclusively collect her customs and excise duties, and to Withdraw fioin the
Union ; and shall also in any event Ix; entitled to lie comjwnsated by thi' i>oiui-
nion for losses sustaineci by reason of past delays, and the fadure of the Uoininiun
Government to carry out their railway and other obligations to the Province."

This address was the natural result of the late elections in the
Province. The Local Government had been in sympathy with the
Dominion Administration, but so intense had been the pojjular fccliiiij;
against Mr. Mackenzie's treatment of the Province in the Railway
matter, that, when the General Elections gave them an oi)]K)rtiiiiiiy,
the people expressed their strong disapprobation of it l)y inriiciiiig dii
the Ministerialists a crushing defeat at the polls. Mr. Walkcin. the
uncompromising champion of the rights of the Province, was rt-called
to the head of the Local Government, and the Assembly lost no time
in addressing to Her Majesty the solemn determination of the j)fo[)le,
that, rather than longer submit to Mr. Mickenzie's treatment, they
would leave the Union. It may be said that this was only a threat which
British Columbia had no intention to carry out, nevertheless, it is a deep
stigma on the honor of the Dominion, that the policy of her Ministry
should have brought forth so strong a protest ; and it is a matter ot very
serious import that a Province should be kept year after year in a state
of constant discontent and ferment. The common interest of the Do-
minion and of British Columbia is injured by such a course ; but it is
consoling to reflect that the result of the General Elections, held on the

ife ■■.

IsTS]

TIIF. KARL OF PUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

7r.7

I m»\stcr rtplml :

tore in HdnIud.'

Uoston,' I wi)ul<l

" (Trt'niendims

ere hospitalily
luntry scat on

itish Coluiuliia,
icr Majesty on
e words : —

le (lisasttTs of the
ce of tlic iiitcrots
upon them by Wx
humbly pray tlal,
Hcct the >^'llL'iiiem
will be graciously
ifter have tiie r t;ht
Withdraw from the
ited by the Domi-
e of the Dominion
the Province."

ilections in the
ni)athy with the
Kipular feeling
n the Railway
an opitortunity,
)y inriicting on
' Walkein. the
c, was re-ealled
)ly lost no time
11 of tlie people.
treatnient. they
y a threat which
iless, it is a deej*
of her Ministry
a matter of \ try
r year in a state
erest of the Do-
:ourse ; but it i^
ons, held on the

Tjtii Septeiiibor, have deprivfcl the late Dominion Government of the
\) .erof giving ftirther annoyance to this fine portion of Canada ; and
that now, tinder the rule of Sir John Macdonald, a new and satis-
fa< tory policy will be pursued towards her.

On the 31st Atigust, Her Kxcellency the Countess of Duflerin
departed from Canada.

Matters of a private nature led to the sudden resolution to leave
the coimtry before His Kxcellency. This was dee])ly regretted, for,
in tl-.e demonstrations with which it was intended to distinguish his
final leave-taking, it was fully expected that Lady Dufferin would
appear. She had deeply impressed the Canadian heart, - 1 when it
became known that she would be unable to receive the lovin^; lomage
of the thousands who had projjosed to be eye-witnesses of «hc " Fare-
well " scene at Quebec, a sincere .sadness was felt 'i .oughuut the
Dominion. Her Excellency, accompanied by Lord Dufferin md by
the Hon. Colof .'; I'ld Mrs. Littleton, who sailed with her, In-ve from
the citadel shortly before nine o'clock in the morning, and was
heartily cheered by the people on her way to the steamei. The
l)arty were escorted by the B IJattery, headed by its band. Niunbers
of the leading citizens congregated on the dock, to witness her
departure, among whom were the Lord Bishop of Quebec, the Hon.
Mr. Joly, Premier of the Quebec (lovernment, and a large luunber
of ladies. As the ship moved off, a salute was fired, the crowd
cheered, and the band played " Auld Lang .Syne." The parting
was extremely painful, and many were affected to tears.*

* riie following notice, from a local journal, of Her F'xcellency's departure is a
fair expression of the universal feeling towards her held by the people of C'anada :

"Saturday, the last day of August, was one of the hottest days felt in (^)uelx:c
this summer. Hut hot as it was, it did not deter hundreds of jieople turning out
to (jtt a last good-by look at the lovely Countess of Dufferin, who saded that
morning per SS. ".Sardinian" for Ireland. As we stood upon the steamer and
looked upwards towards the city we saw crowds of people clustered here and
there ujjon tlie rocks above us. Durham Terrace was black with tliem. High
up at tile Citadel flags floated, and good-by signals were l)eing made from her l.ite
huine, which the Countess responded to with many a tear and friendly wave of her
handlserchief.

Tile departure of I-ndy Duflerin is a source of unfeigned regret to the people of
Canada. No lady who ever held her position here, did it with the rare grace, the
untiring industry and the unselfishness she did ; she was a marvel of hard work,
M t)aci< and forth she travelled, accompanying His Excellency wherever duty
called or kindness directed him ; stamling for hours to receive addresses, and hold

''»l'f'i'4J)'fl?"-^-''^;f ^' '

758

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTUATION OF

[187«

An imposing mode of expressing the feeling of regret whicli per-
vaded all classes at the approaching departure of His Excellency was
now carried out. Mr. J. P. McMillan, one of the councillors of the
town of (luelph, suggested that a number of the Municipalities of
Ontario should unite in one address to His Excellency, and that a
deputation, consisting of the chief officers of each, should proceed to
Quebec, and make a formal presentation of it. That gentleman com-
municated with each Municipality of the Province, and, the suggestion
meeting with a warm approval, the necessary arrangements were
mmediately made. The 5th September was fixed for the day of
presentation, and Quebec — the ancient capital— the place, i'he
following gentlemen formed the deputation : —

London — R. Lewis, Mayor; Belleville — A. Robertson, Mayor;
Brantford — Aid. Charles B. Heyd, representing both the city and
county ; Kingston — Aid. R. Carson and Aid. T. R. Dupuis ; (;iiel|)h
— Ceo. Howard, Mayor ; Dennis Coffee, J. P. McMillan, and Fred. Bis-
coe, Councillors ; Stratford— T. M. Daly, Mayor ; A. W. Robb, A. G.
Mackay, Councillors, and A. Grant, Inspector Public Schools ; Wood-
stock — T. H. Parker, Mayor ; W. Nasmith, Councillor ; Listowel— J.
W. Scott, Mayor ; Berlin — W, H. Hoare, Mayor's delegate ; Bothwell,
— John Crotty, Mayor; W. Roseburgh, Councillor; Chatham— W.
Gray, Mayor ; Dresden — Charles Livingstone, Councillor ; Gait— R.

receptions, with a brightness and charm which won all hearts — with a condcfcen-
sion anil a tact so exquisite that it lost the appearance of condescension itself, and
made people feel as if they conferred a favor rather than received one. Iii()Ui,'lit
into contact with all classes, many a rough and ready specimen of humanity lias
shaken Her Excellency by the hand, and no breach of etiquette has ever been
marked or noticed so as to bring a blush to the cheek of the ignorant olTendcr.
The difficult position which I^idy Duflerin has had to fill she has filled as a help-
meet to her noble husband. We can give her no higher praise. Lord DulTeiin
without Her Ladyship would, clever statesman as he is, admirable Govenuir as he
has been, scarcely have reached the hearts of the people as he has done. Of li<;r
the wise man's words will always be singularly .appropriate: 'Her husband is
known in the gates when he sitteth among the 'elders of the land.' Many were
the sorrowful prayers that went up yesterday, both publicly and privately, that
God would watch over and bless her, give her of the fruit of her hands, not only
in the warm love and gratitude of the people of Canada, but wherevtr, in the
Providence of Clod, she might be led.

If duty done — duty nobly and faithfully done — should earn gratitude, then
Lady Dufferin is enshrined forever in that of the Dominion of Canada.

Quebec, September 2nd."

[1878

ret which jjcr-
ilxcellency was
incillors of the
inicipahtics of
icy, and that a
uld proceed to
;entlei"nan coni-
, the suggestion
igements were
for the day of
le place. The

jrtson, Mayor;
:h the city and
)ui)uis ; (luelph
1, and Fred. Bis-
N. Robb, A. (1.
Schools ; \\ood-
)r ; Listowel— J.
jgate ; Bothwcll,
Chatham— W.
;illorj Gait— R.

-with a comk'Fcen.
scension itself, ami
l-ed one. Broui;ht
of humanity has
.■tte has ever been
ignorant olTeinler.
IS filled as ■■\ hclp-
le. Lord DulTiMin
[)le Oovenuii- as i.e
las done. < >f I'^r
' Her husbnr.il is
ind.' Many weie
[nd privately, that
;r hands, not only
wherever, in I'le

Irn gratitiule, ihtn
inada.

imj

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

759

Scott, Deputy Reeve ; Waterloo — G. J. Colquhoun, Councillor ; County
ofSimcoe — David Dunn, Warden; Col. Banting, Clerk; County of
Oxford — S. Burgess, Warden ; H. B. Brown, 'J'reasurer ; W. Carlyle, In-
spector Public Schools ; County of Kent — A. Trerice, Warden ; County
of I-ambton — D. Naugh ton, Warden ; County of Haldimand — Arthur
Boyle, Warden ; F. Stevenson, Clerk ; Village of Arthur — W. Wallace
White, Clerk ; Village of Norwich — Seneca Pitcher, Reeve, and D. W.
Millar, Councillor ; Village of Oakville — John Barclay, Councillor ;
Village of Watford, Col. Campbell, Reeve ; T ownship of West (Jxford
—Gordon H. Cook, Reeve ; F. Cody, Deputy-Reeve ; North Oxford
— H. Golding, Councillor ; F^ast Oxford — VV. Peers, Reeve; Townshii)
of Scarboro' — D. G. Stephenson, Reeve ; W. Tredway, Deputy Reeve ;
George Morgan, Councillor ; Township of Sarnia — W. Ireland, Deputy-
Reeve; Township of Bosanquet, R. Rae, Reeve ; Village of Dayton —
F. S. Proctor, Clerk.

At three o'clock, on the appointed day, the delegation, headed by
three Highland pipers, Wm. Gunn, of Embro, George Gordon Fraser,
of Woodstock, and O'Keil J. Cameron, of Glengarry, dressed in the
tartans of their respective clans, entered the Citadel, and proceeded
at once to the Governor's Terrace, where it was to be received.
The band of the garrison played at intervals during the proceedings.
A more magnificent sight than this or a finer day could not possibly
have been. The Governors Terrace, as all the visitors to Quebec will
remember, is situated off the Officers' Department, at present the \'ice-
regal residence, and the highest part of the citadel. It was on this
spot, Lord Dufferin very aptly said, the former Viceroys of Canada,
under the ancient regime, received deputations from the wilds of the
then unknown West. Immediately at the foot of the rock fortress is the
city of Quebec, with its winding streets and quaint architecture, and its
wharves and busy life. Beside it rolls the magnificent St. Lawrence,
hearing on its bosom towards the sea stately vessels laden with the pro-
duce of Canada's forests ; and across the river is Point Levis, with its
prosperous town, thrown into bold relief by the towering hills to the
rear, crowned with the new fortifications. Still farther south, as far as
the eye can reach, stretches the fertile soil of the counties of Levis,
Dorchester, and Beaiice, until a faint glimi)se of the mountainous
frontier of the State of Maine is had through the haziness of the dis-
tant;e. Down the river the Island of Orleans, formerly called Bacchus,
and the F'alL of Montmorenci, are plainly visible, while on the left
the valley of the St. Charles and the Laurentian mountains add fresh

760

HISTORY OK THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

I I

attractions to the scene, making as a whole a landscape which could
not fail to contribute dignity and ec/af to the proceedings. On the
platform were His Excellency Lord Dufferin, whose only ornament was
the insignia of the Order of St. Patrick ; Mr. and Mrs. Russell Stephen-
son, Captain Hamilton, A.D.C., Col. Strange, ana Captain Duchesnay.

Mr. Daly, Mayor of Stratford, was introduced to the Governor Gen
eral by Captain Hamilton, and in turn introduced the delegation. Mr.
Daly explained that the honor conferred upon him was to introduce
to His Excellency the gentlemen present as representing the Munici-
pal Corporations of Ontario, and who bore with them a joint address
from those bodies. He had scarcely need to say that the fact of the
departure of His Excellency for Great Britain, and the near severan< e
of the ties which bound him to this country, had led to this expres-
sion of esteem. While they felt a pleasure in thus doing honor to the
Representative of Her Majesty, yet it was mixed with sadness, feeling
that its immediate cause was the one assigned. Without further pre-
face he introduced Mr. McMillan, who had organized the deputation,
and to whose services all praise is due.

The title page of the address was framed and beautifully illuminated,
The text was supported on each side by scroll work, capped by the amis
of the Governor General. At the head were the Parliament Buildings
at Ottawa and the Royal arms. At the foot a beaver and maple
leaves formed the centre, supported to the right by a view of Niagara
Falls and Goat Island lighthouse, and to the left by a view of Lachine
Rapids. The title page read thus : —

1872. 18/8.

JOINT AUDRF.SS

OK THE

MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS

OF ONTARIO, TO THE

RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF DUFFERIN,
Upon his departure from Canada,
1878.

To His Excellency the Right Honorable Sir Frederick Temple, Earl of Dufllrin,
Viscount and Baron Clandeboye of Clandeboye in the County Down in the
Peerage of the United Kingdom, Baron Dufferin and Clandeboye, of lially-
leidy and Killeleagh in the County Down in the Peerage of Ireland, and a
Baronet-Knight of the most illustrious Order of Saint Michael and Saint
George, and Knight- Commander of the most Honorable Order of the Hath,
Governor General of Canada and Vice Admiral of the same, etc.

[187S

18TH]

THE EAIIL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

761

e which could
lings. On the
' ornament was
ussell Stephcn-
lin Duchesnay.
Governor Gen
lelegation. Mr.
as to introduce
ng the Munici-
a joint address
t the fact of tiie
near severance
, to this expres-
ig honor to the
sadness, feeling
lOUt further pie-
, the deputation,

fully illuminated.
)ped by the arms
ament Buildings
aver and mai)le
view of Niagara
view of Lachine

i8;8.

I, Earl of DutTeiin,

lunty Down in the

Meboye, of Hallv-

of Ireland, ami a

Llichael ami Saint

irder of llic 1^'^''''

etc.

The address itself was engrossed on separate leaves suitable for
binding, and was handsomely got up. It was read by Mr. McMillan
as follows: —

"May it please Your Excellency, — We, the delegates from the various
municipal Corporations of Ontario, loyal subjects of Her Majesty, charged with
the agreeable duty of conveying to your Excellency and the Countess of Dulil'erin
a parting memorial of the affection in which you are held l)y the people of Ontario,
crave audience of your Excellency.

Permit us to assure you that our mission is a sad, but also a pleasing one ; sad,
inasmuch as we are mindful that the ties which have linked you in affectionate
uniiin with us for the past six years are about to be severed ; and pleasing, in that
we have the opportunity ere you leave of placing in your hands the evidence that
those whom we represent are not forgetful of their duty as loyal people towards the
Viceroy whose rule has been signalized by so many examples of enligiitencd states-
manship and executive ability. To indulge in expressions of fulsome adulation, or
address you in terms capable of being construed as meaningless flattery, would be
but a doubtful compliment to your superior intelligence. We desire rather in the
simple but eloquent language of the heart to tender your Excellency, on behalf of
the people of Ontario, their unqualified approval of your career as Covernor Clen-
eral of Canada, accompanied with the warmest personal regard for your Excellency
ami the amiable Countess of Dufferin.

While admiring the tact, firmness, and efficiency displayed in the discharge of
your important State duties, we have not failed also to ajipreciate the lively inter-
est you have taken in whatever was calculated to promote the prosperity of the
several Provinces, or aid in the material and intellectual improvement of the peo-
ple. It has been your study to liecome thoroughly acc|uainted with the character
and the lesouices of the country, and the recuiirements of all classes therein, and
the kindness of heart wdiich you have manifested in visiting the habitations of the
poor, even in the most remote territories, has won for you golden opinions.

Our scientific and educational institutions, encouraged by your generous bounty,
have acquired fresh \'igor from the impetus which a liberr.l ap]ireciation of their
merit is always sure to impart ; and we cannot but advert to the fact that inroccnt
amusement, so essential to the preservation of " a sound mind in a sound body,"
has received your Excellenc)'s endorsation.

We feel convinced that many real blessings to our country will be th • out-
growth of your zeal, eloquence, and administrative talent.

He pleased to bear with you our sentiments of profound attachment t ) the
Throne and person of Her Majesty the Queen, and our liest wishes for the continued
heaitii and haj piness of yourself and your distinguished consort.

.Although about to be deprived of the advantage of your great mind i i the
future guidance of Canada's destiny, yet we shall always feel that in your Excel-
lency our Dominion will have a friend and powerful advocate, and Hritaii a
statesman worthy of her inconq:)arable renown.

With feelings of unfeigned regret we bid your Excellencies faieweli.

R. LEWIS, Ma^'orciij' of LomioH.

i:,i

762

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

l-Kr

ALEX. ROBERTSON, Mayor city of Belln>ilie.

ROBERT HENRY, Mayor city of Br ant ford.

T. M. DALY, Mayor of Stratford.

JOHN CROnT, Mayor of Bothwell.

A. TRERICE, Wa> den of county of Kent.

J NO. RAE, Warden of county of Wellington,

ARTHUR BOYLE, Warden of Haldimand.

\VM. GRAY, Mayor of Chatham.

WM. MACK, Warden of United Counties of Stormont^ Dundas and Glengarry,

T. H. PARKER, Mayor of Woodstock.

S. S. BURGESS, Warden of county of Oxford.

J. W. SCOTT, Mayor of Listoivel.

DAVID DUNN, Warden of county of Simcoe.

R. T. BANTING, County Clerk of county of Simcoe.

C. J. MATTICE, Mayor of Cornwall.

JOHNG. HAGERMAN, Warden of Northumberland and Durham.

JOSHUA LEGG, Jr., Warden of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenvilk,

C. LIVINSTONE,>rZ>wrtW/.

W. CHADWICK, Mayor of Ingersoll.

PAUL ROSS, Mayor of Walkerton.

W. R. AILSWORTH, Warden of Hastings.

GEO. HOWARD, Mayor f Guelph.

J. P. McMillan, of the Guelfh Imvn Council.

C. FRANCIS, Reeve of Trenton.

"Vf. A. WEhHTER, A'ee7'e /o /''ront Leeds and Lansdo7C'ne.

W. D. McNAUGHTON, Warden of the county of Lambton.

ROBERT RAE, ex- Warden of Lambton.

ROBERT CAMPBELL, Reeve of Watford.

W. IRELAND, ex-Warden of Lambton.

W. PEERS, ex-Warden of Oxford and Reere of East Oxford.

G. H. COOLE, ex- Warden of Oxford and Reeve of West Oxford.

THOMAS BROWN, ex- Warden of Oxford and Reeve of Ingersoll.

F. CODY, Deputy Ree^'e of West Oxford.

SENECA PITCHER, Reeve of Nonvich.

D. W. MILLAR, Councillor of Nonvich.
\V. -NAHMITH, Councillor of Woodstock.
T. R. DUPUIS, Alderman of Kingston.
R. J. CARSON, Aid rman of Kingston.
W. K. SCOTf, Alderman of Kingston.

E. C. PALMER, Councillor of Norwich.
JOHN N. TUTTLE, Reeve of Lroquois.

F. S. STEVENS, Clerk of county of Haldimand.
CHRISTOPHER LDMONDSON, Warden of Brant.
C. R. HEYD, Alderman of Brantford.

R. SCOTT, Deputy Reeve of Gait.

J. TAMBLYN, Deputy Reeve of Clark. .

187H]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

763

as and Cleii^any.

H. GOLDING, Councillor of North Oxford.

T. KILMER, Councillor of Walkerton.

T. WHITEHEAD, Councillor of Walkerton.

J. HUNTER, Councillor of Walkerton.

D. MOORE, Councillor of Walkerton.

J. BARCLAY, Councillor of Oak7>ille.

DENNIS COFFEE, Councillor of Guelph.

ANDREW W. ROBB, Deputy Ren>e of Stratford.

D. G. STEPHENSON, Reez'e of Scarboro' .

GEORGE MORGAN, Councillor of Scarboro\

W. ROSEBURY, CouncUlor of Bothwell.

M. TREDWAY, Deputy Ree^'e of Scarboro\

JACOB CUERIER, Clerk of Sandwich West.

FRED. BISCOE, Councillor of Guelph.

G. J. COLQUHOUN, Councillor of Waterloo.

W. W. WHITE, Toivn Clerk and Treasurer of Arthur.

FRED. O. PROCTOR, CAv-X- </Z?rff)'/<'«.

GEORGE TAYLOR, AV^v fl/6'rt//rt«<'r/«^.

CHAS. E. BRITrON, Deputy Reeve of Gananoque.

J. A. RAMSDEN, Deputy Reeve of Humberstvne.

W. BUCKNER, Warden of Welland.

FRANCIS ROE, Reeve of Osha^va.

ALEX. McKELLAR, Warden of Middlesex.

l\. GKh^T, Inspector of Public Schools, Stratford.

A. G. MACK AY, Councillor of St7-atford.

JOim LAI^DEVKIN, Reeve of Drayton.

HUGO KRAN TZ, Mayor of Berlin.

His Excellency replied in the following tenns, and was frequently
and loudly applauded : —

"Gentlemen, — I hardly know in what terms I am to reply to the address I
have just listened to, so signal is the honor which you have conferred upon me. That
a whole Province as large, as important, as flourishing as many a Eurojjean King-
dom shouh ct into an Embassy the Mayors of its cities, — the delegates of its
urban and rural municipalities, — and despatch them on a journey of several hun-
dred miles, to convey to a humble individual like myself an expression of the per-
sonal goodwill of the constituencies they represent, is a circumstance unparalleled
in the history of Canada, or of any other Colony. (Loud applause.) To stand as
Inow do in the presence of so many distinguished persons, who must have put
themselves to great personal inconvenience on my account, only adds to my em-
barrassment. And yet, gentlemen, I cannot pretend not to be delighted with such
a genuine demonstration of regard on the part of the large-hearted inhabitants of
the great Province in whose name you have addressed me (loud applause), for, quite
apart from the personal gratification I experience, you are teaching all future
administrators of your affairs a lesson which you may be sure they will gladly lay
to heart, — since it will show them with how rich a reward you are ready to repay

764

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OP

[1878

whatever slight exertions it may be within their power to make on your behalf.
(Applause.) And when in the history of your Dominion could such a proof of your
generosity be more opportunely shewn ? A few weeks ago the heart of every man
and woman in Canada was profoundly moved by the intelligence, not only that the
Government of Great Britain was about to send out as England's representative to
this country one of the most promising among the younger generation of our putjlic
men, but that the Queen herself was about to entrust to the keeping of the people
of Canada her own daughter. (Great applause.) If you desired any illustration
of the respect, the affection, the confidence with which you are regarded by your
fellow-subjects and by your Sovereign at home, what greater proof could you re(|uire
than 'his, or what more gratifying, more delicate, more touching recognition could
have rewarded your never -failing love and devotion for the Mother Country and its
Ruler? (Cheers.) But though Parliament and the citizens of Canada may well
be proud of the confidence thus reposed in them, believe me when I tell you, that,
quite part from these especial considerations, you may well be congratulated on
the happy choice which has been made in the person of Lord Lome for the future
Governor General of Canada. It has been my good fortune to be connected all
my life long with his family by ties of the closest personal friendship. Himself I
have known, I may say, almost from his boyhood, and a more conscientious, high-
minded or lietter qualified Viceroy could not have been selected. (Great applause.)
Brought up under exceptionally fortunate conditions, it is needless to say he has
profited to the utmost by the advantages placed within his reach, many of which
will have fitted him in an especial degree for his present post. His public school
and college education — his experience of the House of Commons, his large personal
acquaintance with the representatives of all that is most distinguished in the intel-
lectual world of the United States — his literary and artistic tastes, his foreign
travel, will all combine to render him intelligently sympathetic with every phase
and asjiect of your national life. (Great applause.) Above all, he comes of a good
Whig stock, that is to say of a family whose prominence in history is founded
upon the sacrifices they have made in the cause of constitutional liberty.
(Cheers.) When a couple of a man's ancestors have perished on the scaffold
as martyrs to the cause of political and religious freedom, you may be sure
there is little likelihood of their descendant seeking to encroach, when acting
as the representative of the Crown, upon the privileges of Parliament or the inde-
pendence of the people. (Loud cheers.) As for your future Princess it would not
become me to enlarge upon her merits — she will soon be amongst you, taking all
hearts by storm by the grace, the suavity, the sweet simplicity of her manners, life
and conversation. (Tremendous applause.) Gentlemen, if ever there was a lady
who in her earliest youth had formed a high ideal of what a noble life should be,
if ever there was a human being who tried to make the most of the opportunities
within her reach, and to create for herself, in spite of every possible trammel and
impediment, a useful career and occasions of benefiting her fellow creatures, it is
the Princess Louise, whose unpretending exertions in a hundred different directions
to be of service to her country and generation, have already won for her an extra-
ordinary amount of popularity at nome. (Applause.) When to this you add an
artistic genius of the highest order, and innumerable other personal gifts and

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

705

accomplishments, combined with manners so gentle, so unpretending, as to put
everyone who comes within reach of her influence at perfect ease, you cannot fail
to understand that England is not merely sending you a Royal I'linccss of majestic
lineage, but a good and noble woman, in whom the humblest settler or mechanic
in Canada will find an intelligent and sympathetic friend. (Cheers.) Indeed,
gentlemen, I hardly know which pleases me most, the thought that the superinten-
dence of your destinies is to be confided to persons so worthy of the trust, or that a
dear friend of my own like Lord Lome, and a personage for whom I entertain
such respectful admiration as I do for the Princess Louise, should commence their
future labors in the midst of a community so indulgent, so friendly, so ready to take
the will for the deed, so generous in their recognition of any effort to serve them,
as you have proved yourselves to be. And yet, alas ! gentlemen, pleasant and
agreeable as is the prospect for you and them, — we must acknowledge there is one
drawback to the picture. Lord Lome has, as I have said, a multitude of merits,
but even spots will be discovered on the sun, and unfortunately an irreparable, and
as I may call it a congenita! defect attaches to this appointment. Lord Lome is
not an Irishman ! (Great laughter.) It is not his fault — he did the best he could
for himself (Renewed laughter) — he came as near the right thing as possible by
being born a Celtic Highlander. (Continued laughter.) There is no (ioul)t the
world is best administered by Irishmen. (Hear, hear.) Things never went l)etter
wit!) us either at home or abroad than when Lord Palmerston ruled (ireat Britain
cheers) — Lord Mayo governed India (cheers) — Ix)rd Monck directed the desti-
nies of Canada (cheers) — and the Robinsons, the Kennedys, the I>alfans, the
Callaghans, the Gores, the Henneseys administered the affairs of our Australian
colonies and West Indian possessions. (Loud applause.) Have not even the
French at last made the same discovery in the person of Marshal MacMahon.
(Liu(;hter and applause. ) But still we must be generous, and it is rigiit Scotchmen
shouid have a turn. (Laughter.) After all, Scotland only got her name liejause
she was conquered by the Irish (great laughter) — and if the real truth were known,
it is probable, the House of Inverary owes most of its glory to an Irish origin,
(Applause.) Nay, I will go a step further — I ■ould even let the poor Englishman
take an occasional turn at the helm (great laughter) — if for no better reason than
to make him aware how much better we manage the business. (Renewed laughter.)
But you have not come to that yet, and, though you have been a little spoiled
by having been given three Irish Governor Generals in succession, I am sure that
you will find your new Viceroy's personal and acquired qualifications will more
than counterbalance his ethnological disadvantages. And now, gentlemen, I must
bid you farewell. Never shall I forget the welcome you extended to me in every
town, village, and hamlet of Ontario when I first came amongst you. It was in
travelling through your beautiful Province I first learnt to appreciate and under-
stand the nature and character of your destinies. (Applause.) It was there 1 first
learnt to believe in Canada, and from that day to this my faith has never wavered.
Nay, the further I extended my travels through the other Provinces, the more
deeply my initial impressions were confirmed ; but it was amongst you they were
first engendered, and it is with your smiling happy hamlets my brightest reminis-
cences are intertwined. (Great applause.) And what transaction could better

PTTT

766

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTUATION OF

[1878

illustrate the mighty changes your energies have wrought than the one in whicli ue
are at this moment engaged. Standing, as we do, upon this lofty platform, sur-
rounded by those antique and historical fortifications, so closely connected with the
infant fortunes of the colony, one cannot help contrasting the present scene wiih
others of an analogous character which have been frequently enacted upon this
very spot. The early Governors of Canada have often received in (^uel)ec deputies
from the very districts from which each of you have come, but in those days the
sites now occupied by four prosperous towns, the fields you till, the rose-clad
bowers, and trim lawns where your children sport in peace, were then dense wilder-
nesses of primeval forest, and those who came from thence on any errand litre,
were merciless savages, seeking the presence of the Viceroy either to threaten war
and vengeance, or at best to proffer a treacherous and uncertai leace. Now,
little could Montmagny or Tracy, or Vaiidreuil, or Frontenac, he .-ver ima<;ined
on such occasions, that for the lank dusky tbrms of the Iroquoii t Ottawa emis-
saries, would one day be substituted the beaming countenances and burly prdpor-
tions of English-sjieaking Mayors and Aldermen and Reeves. (Applause.) -And
now, gentlemen, again good-bye. I cannot tell you how deeply I regret that
Lady Dufferin should not be present to share the gratification I have experienced
by your visit. (Great applause.) Tell your friends at home how deeply I have
been moved by this last and signal proof of their good will, that their kindness
shall never be forgotten, and that as long as I live it will be one of the chief
ambition- of my life to render them faithful and effectual service." (Tremendous
applause.)

The scene was then photographed so that His Excellency might
have a memento of the event. After that proceeding had been satis-
factorily accomplished, the delegation partook of a slight repast,
and afterwards embarked on board a river steamboat and enjoyed a sail
on the river to Montmorenci Falls. On the vessel His Excellency
exercised the most unreserved manner towards his guests, and made
himself personally acquainted with every member of the party, thus
displaying to the last that determination of placing himself on a
level with the humblest of those over whom he presides which has
made himself so popular in Canada. Before landing cheers were given
for the Queen and Lord and Lady Dufferin. In reply to the wish
expressed that he would visit Canada again at some future time. Lord
Dufferin informed the delegates that two members of his family were
native Canadians, and undoubtedly he would have to accompany them
in visiting their native land. As might be expected such a response
elicited prolonged cheering, and thus terminated the official proceed-
ings of the delegation.

The ladies presented to His Excellency were Mrs. J. W. Scott,
Listowell, upon whose presentation His Excellency, being aware that
she was a niece of Dr. Livingstone, said that he had great pleasure in

[11*78

le in which we
platform, sur-
nected with the
sent scene wiih
icted upon this
^uel)ec deputies
I those days the
1, the rose-clad
en dense wilder-
,ny errand here,
to threaten war
>eace. Now,
;ver imaginetl
( Ottawa emis-
id burly prupor-
Vpplause.) And
ily 1 regret that
have exi>evicnced

w deeply ' l>-''^«

at their kindness

one of the chief

." (Tremendous

ccellency might
lad been satis-
slight repast,
i enjoyed a sail
-lis Excellency
sts, and made
le party, thus
himself on a
ies which has
:ers were given
,ly to the wish
time. Lord
is family were
;onipany them
[ch a response
cial proceed-

J. W. Scott,
[ng aware that
kt pleasure in

1S78]

THE EAKL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

767

meeting her ; Mrs. T. M. Daly, Mrs. Whitehead, Mrs. Livingstone,
Mrs. T. P. McMillan, Gtiel|)h ; Mrs. Colqtihoun, Mrs. John McRea,
Guelph ; and Mrs. and Miss Davidson, Gtielph.

(Jn the nth September, the opening of the term of Laval Univer-
sity, Quebec, took place with the tistial ceremonies.

At three o'clock in the afternoon, the conferring of the Degrees of
Doctor of Laws and Doctor of Letters on His Kxcellency Lord
Dtirferin, took place. The vast hall of promotion was crowded with
the elite of citizens.

His Honor Lieutenant Governor Letellier came into the hall,
attended by his A.D.C., and a few minutes afterwards the mace-bearer
of the University made his appearance, leading the wayfjr His Grace
the Archbishop, Visitor of the University and Apostolc Chancellor,
and Right Rev. Monseigneur Cazeati, who were accompanied by the
distinguished recipient of the honors of the day. Lord Dufferin ; these
were followed by the Rector and Professors of the University, and a bril-
liant staff, including Colonel Dtichesnay, Colonel Lamontagne, Colonel
Colfer, and Captain Hamilton, A.D.C., the band of B Battery, which
was stationed in the gallery, playing " God Save the Queen." Their
entrance was the signal for a burst of applause. Lord Dufferin wore
his academical robes, and also the badge of the illustrious order of the
Knight of Saint Patrick. Amongst others present there were Mr.
Chief Justice Meredith, Mr. Justice Taschereau, of the Supreme Court \
Mr. Justice A. Stuart, the French, Spanish and American Consuls,
Drs. Marsden, Ledroit, Garneau, and a large number of clergymen,
both from town and country. The hall was decorated with wreaths
of immortelles and the British, Papal and Dominion flags.

After the band had played a selection, the Very Rev. Rector
addressed the assembly in French, of which the following is a transla-
tion : —

"Your Excellencies, my Lords, Ladies and Gentlemen, — Encourage
and reward — such is the ordinary object of University Degrees ; but the value of such
encouragement and recompense is not always the same. The value of Academical
degrees differs with their names ; so that the Dachelorate, the tirst to be accpiired,
whilst a recompense, is also an invitation to a continuance in tiie pmsuit of know-
If Jge. The Doctorate itself is, in its highest signification, a recompense of constant
and unremitting study ; but it ceases to be a simple encouragement and becomes
an acknowledgment of merit when conferred on one whose labors have heljied to
add to the general store of scientific knowledge. If, then, we consider the Degree
of Doctor for example, in the difTerent Universities throughout the civiliEcd world,
the value of the degree depends in great measure upon the importance of the

_»!

VJ-

lil^'

768

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OP

[1878

establishment conferring it ; the years it has numliered ; the fidelity with which
it has adhered to sound traditions, and the firmness with which it has refrained from
betraying the interests of true science, — in a word, of the rank which it occiiiiies
in the world of literature and the confidence which its diplomas inspire. From
this point of view our University, is evidently at a disadvantage, because it has
not yet had time to establish this value as liave those others with such a long
and glorious past. Doubtless, honors conferred after examination have their value,
when such examination is carried out with severity and impartiality. But it is
not the same with honorary degrees ; the value of these latter must depend on thai
possessed by the institution so conferring them. Circumstances may occur where
the conferring of the Doctorate, without ceasing to be an honor to him on whom
it is conferred, becomes moreover an honor to the institution conferring it.
(Applause.) So it is where the conferring of the degree on a person well and
incontestably known in the republic of letters cannot add to his reputation, but, on
the other hand, his acceptance of it is a strong evidence in favor of the institution.
In this case it is tiie high reputation of the recipient that reflects credit on the
donor. And such to-day, ladies and gentlemen, is the happy lot of Laval Univer-
sity. (liOud applause.) The two most distinguished personages in the Dominion
of Canada, His Excellency Lord DulTerin (applause) — representing in our midst
our most Gracious Sovereign, from whom we hold the charter civilly erecting the
University, and His Excellency Doctor Conroy, Delegate Apostolic, representing
the highest religious authority, both condescended to accept the modest diploma
of Laval University. Their Excellencies consented to be present on the same
solemn occasion, and we had the joyful hope of being able to place the humble
testimony of our respectful esteem at one and the same time at the feet of the two
most prominent personages connected with our country, who, by a happy disposi-
tion of Divine Providence, were united by the ties of friendship and reciprocal esteem
before meeting in this country, and both charged with the most delicate mission
which brought them together on common ground far from their native land. We
had hoped to be here witnesses of the sight, always so pleasing, of the highest reli-
gious and the highest civil authority in the personages of their highest represen-
tatives, united on the common ground of Letters, Sciences and Laws. (Applause.)
Alas ! Death, but death only, prevented that which both their hearts had agreed
upon. About the middle of the vacation, the terrible news came like a thunder
clap, and spread from one end of the country to the other, that a career yet young,
but already full of honor and a future full of the brightest prospects, had been
brought to an end. His Excellency Monseigneur Conroy, in the midst of a ndssion
of peace, full of delicacies, having already surmounted the greatest difficulties, was
called by the Sovereign Judge to render an account of his short but fruitful admin-
istration. We know now with what calmness he faced the sacrifice he was called
upon to make ; with what confidence, like a new St. Paul, he viewed the crown of
justice which was to be to him the reward of his works, his fatigues, his obcvlience
and his submission to the Holy See. Let us not then regret too much his depar-
ture, no matter how bright may have been the prospect for him here l)elow,
because we cannot begin to compare the rewards of this lower world with the
Heavenly ones that awaited him above. Nevertheless, we desire to express our

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

769

elity with wliiih
IS refrained from
k-hich it occuiiies
i inspire. From
e, because it lias
vith such a long
I have their value,
tiality. But it is
ist depend on that
may occur where
r to him on whom
on conferrin(4 it.
I person well ami
reputation, but, on
r of the institution.
fleets credit on the
)t of Laval Univer-
es in the Dominion
nting in our midst
civilly erecting the
(stolic, representing
the modest diplom,-!
resent on the same
o place the humble
t the feet of the two
by a happy disposi-
ud reciprocal esteem
lost delicate mission
|ir native laml. ^^e
, of the highest reli-
lir highest represen-
Laws. (Applause.)
:ir hearts had agreed
;ame like a thunder
a career yet young,
[prospects, had been
le midst of a mission
ttest difficulties, was
but fruitful admin-
irifice he was called
iewed the crown of
ligues, his oba'.ience
00 much his depar-
.r him here lieloff,
[wer world with the
;sire to express our

acknowledgment of his goodness on this solemn occasion ; of the many rich quali-
ties which he naturally possessed, developed in such a wonderful manner, as they
were, by study and reflection, at a comparatively younq time of life. Monseigneur
Conroy knew the sentiments of our hearts, and he carried the knowledge of them
with him to the tomb. My Lore',, I am sure you will not find fault witii me for
thus trespassing on your time in speaking of one who was honored with your friend-
ship. Possibly, your Excellency would not be disposed to pardon me had I
remained silent on this point. Tiicnks to Divine Providence, however, all is not
mouminp here below, ard if God strikes us betimes, He also knov/s ho\/ to cause
us to be joyful. Yes, wc are indeed glad to see His Excellency Lord DufTerin
condescend to take a place amongst us (a-^plause), and by this distinguished mark
of hij bcnsvolcnce, give to our young institution not only encouragement, but,
allow me to say it, an increased value in the world of letters. At the same time
His Excellency'j presence has its disadvantages. How can we, under tlie circum-
stances, gi\e expression to all that we would desire to say in his ref;s.rd, at ihe same
time giving voice to the sentiment? that prevail amongst this lf.rge and distin-
guished audience ? Refined and delicate minds are ever more at their ease under
criticism than when hearing their own praises pronounced. Praise becomes tire-
some, and out of respect to this pardonable susceptibility we can here only make
passing alluaion to the universal esteem in which His Excellency is h "Id. (Ap-
plause.) W2 would like to testify how his delicacy and ability in the manage-
ment of public affairs, and of matters with opposing interests, have beer, recognized.
This w£X5 not ccnnneJ to the oft-times complicated matters of details of acln-iinis-
tration, but extended to everything concerning the welfare, material and intellec-
tual, of the people. We would fain speak of him while he encouraged, v.ith royal
munHiCr:nce, the more serious studies in colleges and universities, he tor.ijescended
to inform himself of the progress of the children in the humblest schools (loud and
continued applause ; himself at the head of literature the most dieting", ished, Y
created by his exr.mple in his writings a taste for an intellectual career which can-
not fail to hiive a lasting effect. From the St. Lawrence to the far av/.-iy Pacific
all have m.inifected their admiration and attachment to the illustrious Statesman
who so -.vorthily represents our Sovereign. These manifestation?, all E;:)ontaneous,
were from the hearts of the people, and express better than can human words how
dear he has become to the Canadian people over whose destinies he has presided
for nearly seven years with so much wisdom. Let us concentrate in our very souls
all these souvenirs, and the sentiments which they engender ; leaving to history the
glorious privilege of completing that, the richness of which we know in advance. It
will not fail to endow it with its greatest perfection in the person of her who is at
once the model of women and of mothers (loud applause) without ceasing to be,
with her illustrious husband, the idol of society. (Loud applause.)

My Lord, awaiting those days of acknowledgment, Laval University to-day

, solicits of your Excellency the honor of being allowed to confer upon you, as a

slight mark of esteem, attachment and respect, and begs your acceptance of the

double title, so well merited, of Doctor of Letters and Doctor of Laws. This

diploma, wliich confers still more honor on this institution than on your Excellency,

I will always, no matter where the interests of the Sovereign or of the people may

770

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H7H

I'* ■
I4

rail you, he a reminder uf the inefracenl)Ic impreiiKion you have made on the Con-
tinent of America and particularly in Canada, and that laval University is pnuiil
to count you within its ranks in carrying out the mission conferre<l upon it by the
Churcli anil by the State. 'Hie ties thus created between you ami it shall ever lie
an encourayiement to Professors and Students in their lal>ors, and a sure and cer-
tain unfjc of success."

'Ihe Reverend Doctor resumed his seat amid. loud applause, when
His Kxcellency replied as follows : —

" Rkctor, Your Gracr, Ladiks anh riKNTt.KMKN,— In the eloquent and
graceful address to which I have just listened, the Rector has comlcscended to
imply that in entering your learned confraternity the Representative of the (,)uitn
confers more honor than he receives, but both in my own name, and in the name
of our Ciracious Sovereign, I must demur to any such suggestion. It is true the
actual birth of this University is of recent date, but the antecedents which ushered
in, the conditions which surrounded that auspicious event were of nature to slanip
the University of I nival with a prestige and dignity such as are possessed by few
seminaries of learning upon this continent, and when I look around upon this
august assembly when I remcml)er what influences are at work to stimulnte your
exertions, — how promising is the intellectual field it is your mission to cuhivate,—
how rich you are in working power, I rejoice in Iwing entitled to acknowledge that
there is no name, however illustrious, which would not acquire fresh dignity liy its
enrt)lment upon your l»ooks. (I^)ud applause.) Such Iwing my sincere cdiivic-
tion, it is scarcely necessary I should assure you that I am deeply grateful for the
honor you have done me, and that I shall always cherish with grateful satisfaction
the remembrance of this day's ceremonial. (Cheers.) Hut great as is my per
sonal gratification, I cannot helji confessing that to me, as to you all, the pleasure
of the occasion is more than marred by the sad reflection that the illustrious Pre-
late, hand in hand with whom I had hoped to have entered your gates, has lieen
prematurely and unexjiectedly taken from amongst us. It would be out of place
for me to expatiate upon the many qualities of the late Apostolic Delegate. My
relations with him were of course only those of personal friendship, but apart from
my appreciation of his delightful qualities as a companion, I am entitled, both as
a fellow countryman and as the head of this Government, to l)ear testimony to his
claims upon our reverence and admiration as a Christian Bishop, and a Dij^nitary
of the Catholic Church. And now. Rector, your Grace, ladies and gentlemen,
it only remains for me again to express to you my deep and constant sympathy
with you in the lal)ors in which you are engaged. When one reflects upon what
human learning and scientific research have already achieved for the K-nefit of j
mankind, for the advancement of civilization, for the mitigation of sufl'ering, one
has difficulty in finding sufficiently sober language in which to convey one's antici- j
pations of the good such an institution as this can eflectuate. (Applause.) A
University founded in the midst of an intelligent community is like an instrument
of irresistible power and all-embracing energy in the hands of a giant. There isj
nothing scarcely which it cannot accomplish. In its natal hour it becomes seiiiedj
— it enters at once into possession — of everything that the intellect of past gener-

IH7HJ

THK KAUL Of vvm:nis is canada.

applause, when

ntmns hn« crentcl or ac,iuir«l- iu i • .• •

ailiiivcnients I... i . ■ . "I'tiit and tinu- can tI,.., ' ^'rrow

•"'spinous .IcMinv vnn *'•'"" y""^ rtmh, ami rfnu-mlJ,,. ' , /'^''l''""'**'-)
inullcc,ual,r r.M.f'"""" 'f^'^n-ral power hj T^''''^ ""' ^""^

A"ll...r of eitluT ori.rin ,,.,„. , ' '""" "'^ '"'•^'n^'^s or of science a ....li,. '

t'liciN ^ 11 .'''"*-'•'' not ft'el flu. in. • .■ • " J"''"'t''ii) or an

"d assuring him of the las.inJV' , ''"' ''"''""fc' '"n> farc-wdl

"^'i'^' Kcco, Proa.ss„: irsirrnxr "'■ "•■' "»"-"-!^

i lie following is a French version nf u l<
;'^'«^-nte et ,racieu.e 12 ^r^^^' ;'--- - MKss...,Ks.-na„s

;;' " '-^ '^-^- -»f^Ve plus ,I'ho,. I , . , r^ "":'"'^' "--•'•'•tion. le rep res n
" '"' '""" ''^^ "otre CJracieuse Sou vera „ . '"''"'■ ^' ''"'«. '•'>"t en n,, n no"

^^ '-•on.pliment. tout flatteur ou'i L' n "' ''"''' ""'''' '"^^"-11.10 ciw!

ure i .„,p„mer ^ I'Universitd-Laval un t '"" «-'vd„ement. «nt dtd cie

772

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

veritable plaisir k proclamer que le nom le plus illustre ne pourrait manquer de
recevoir un nouvel eclat par son association k cette Universite.

" Comma c'est \k mon intinie conviction, il est h peine n^cessitire de vous assurer
que je vous suis profond^ment reconnaissant de I'honneur que vous m'avez fait, et
que je cherirai toujours avec gratitude et satisfaction le souvenir de la solennite de
ce jour.

" Mais, quelque plaisir que je ressente personnellement, je ne puis m'enipecher
d'avouer que, pour moi comnie pour vous toas, une triste pens^e vient troubler la
joie de cette fete. J'avais esp^r^ d'entrer dans I'enceinte de votre institution cote k
c6te avec I'illustre Pr^lat qu'une mort prematur^e et soudaine vient d'enlever d'au
millieu de nous. II ne me conviendrait pas de m'etendre sur les nombreuses qualites
du D^li^gu^ Apoitolique. Mes relations avec lui n'etaient que des relations d'a-
miti6 personnelle ; mais, outre que j'ai pu appr^cier ses pr^cieuses qualites conime
ami, mon double titre de concitoyen et de chef du gouvernement canadien nie faif
un devoir de reconnaltre ses droits k notre respect et k notre admiration comme
ev6que chretien et comme dignitaire de I'Eglise catholiqut.

" Et maintenant, M. le Recteur, Messeigneurs, Mesdames et Messieurs, il ne me
reste qu'^ vous exprimer ma profonde et constante sympathie pour vous dr.r.s 'es
travaux qui font votre continuelle occupation. Quand on consid^re ce que les
ronnaissances humaines, ce que les recherches de la science, ont deji\ fait pour
I'avantage du genre humain, pour I'avancement de la civilisation, pour le soula{;e-
ment de la souffrance, on a de la peine a trouver des termes assez justes pour reiidie
ce que I'on pent augnrer de bien d'une institution comme celle-ci. Une university
au milieu d'un peuple intelligent, c'est un instrument d'un pouvoir irresistible, d'une
Anergic sans bornes, entre les mains d'un geant. II n'ya, k vrai dire, rien qu'elle
ne puisse acconiplir. D^s les premiers instants de son existence, elle entre aussitot
en pleine possession de tout ce que I'intelligence des generations passecs a pu
cr^er ou acquerir ; sa juridiction embrasse ledomaine entier de la pensee hunnine,
et s'etend meme au-dessus de I'inconnu et de I'immensite ; elle aspire a la posses-
sion des champs immenses des connaiss?,nces qui restent encore a acquerir, et sur
lesquelles elle a autant de droit d'etendre son sceptre qu'aucune autre institution
rivale. Alexandre soupirait apr^s de nouveaux mondes pour les conquerir ; mais
le philosophe n'aura jamais un tel sujet de tristesse : les limites de I'espace et du
temps peuvent seules mettre un terme au perfectionnenient de ses connaissanccs.
Que la lanipe du g^nie brille dans le domaine confie k vos soins : elle vous decou-
vrira des regions et des royaumes inesperds, et qui cependant soni k vos nieds.

'* Telles sont les conquetes qui s'offrent k votre ambition, et rappelez-vous qu en
poursuivant votre destin^e sous- des auspices aussi favorables, vous etablissez
I'influence morale, vous developpez I'activite et les facultes intellectuelles du
peuple au milieu duquel vous vivez.

" En ce moment, la race canadienne-fran^aise k laquelle vous appartenez livre un
combat genereux avec ses compatnotes d'origine anglaise, afin de connattre ce qui
pourra procurer plus sdremcr.t I'avancement du bien-etre moral, materiel et poli-
tique de son pays. II n'y a pas un etudiant, pasun homme d'affaires ou de science,
pas un homme politique ou un auteur, de I'une ou de I'autre origine, qui ne ressente
I'inspiration de cette noble rivalit^. Du succ^s qui couronnera vos efforts, des

F [1878

lurrait manquer de

.aire de vous assurer
vous m'avez fait, et
ir de la solennitti de

ne puis m'empecher
see vient troubler la
tre institution cole k
vient d'enlever d'au
nombreuses qualites
pe des relations d'a-
!uses qualites comme
lent canadien nie faif
e admiration comme

et Messieurs, il ne me
e pour vous d2.v.?. 'es
consid^re cc que les
e, ont dej:\ fait pour
tion, pour le soulage-
sez justes pour reiidre
le-ci. Une universite
voir irresistible, d'une
vrai dire, rien qu'clle
ice, elle entre aussitot
rations passees a pu
,le la pensee hunnine,
•lie aspire h. la posses-
;ore k acquerir, et sur
!une autre institution
les conquerir ; mais
[ites de I'espacc tt du
le ses connaissances.
lins : elle vous decou-
soni k vos nifds.
t rappelez-vous qu en
,)les, vous etablissez
,es intellectuelles du

usappartenezlivreun
In de connatlre ce qui
Iral, materiel et poll-
Waires ou de science,
tgine, qui ne ressente
Vera vos efforts, des

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

773

resultat§ de votre enseignement et de I'dducation que vous donnez, de la nature de
I'atmosph^re intellectuelle et morale que I'on respire dans vos murs, dependra en
grande partie Tissue de ce combat.

"Je puis done, dans cet^p lutte, vous souhaiter le succ^s de tout coeur, sans
compromettre mon impar^ialite, puisque c'est une lutte ou les vaincus recueilleront
des lauriers aussi purs, des avantages aussi universels que ceux qui seront le prix
des vamqueurs : car c'est sur le front du Canada que brillera la couronne de la
victoire, c'est sur le sol du Canada que pleuvront les recompenses du combat."

On the 1 2th September, the St. Jean Baptiste Society presented a
farewell address to His Excellency in the Music Hall, Quebec. The
hall was elaborately decorated for the occasion. In front of the
stage was z. parterre of natural flowers ; and tb*^ sides were decorated
with the banners of the Society, the arms of Lord Dufferin, and the
British and French flags intertwined. The galleries bore on their
front the time-honored inscription. — " Nos institutions, notre langue
d nos lois.^'

The guard of honor was furnished by 6o men of the 9th Battalion,
the officers in command being Captain Garneau and Lieutenants
Dionne and Chinic. At eight o'clock, His Excellency entered, accom
panied by His Grace the Archbishop, Monseigneur Cazeau and other
clergymen, his Honor the Lieutenant Governor, and a brilliant staff,
the l)and of the 9th playing " God Save the Queen."

After the National Anthem the President read the address, to
which His Excellency replied as follows : —

" Monsieur le Fxesidemt et Messieurs, — II rt inutile pour moi de vous
exprimer tout le plaisir que j'dprouve en me retrouvant encore une fois au milieu
de vous, pour prendre part h ces letes distinguees et artistiques, dont la race fran-
?aise aime ^ occuper ses loisirs ; aujourd'hui, surtout, ou je me vois au milieu des
membres patriotes et loyaux de la Soci^t^ St. Jean-Baptiste.

Un des traits caract^ristiques de votre nationalite, a toiijours dt^ celui d'^gayer
les occupations serieuses de la vie, et d'introduire comme contraste, a cote de I'om-
bre monotone des labeurs de ciiatiue jour, cette diversite et cet eclat de couleurs
qui donnent un cichet ur.ique a vos relations sociales.

Cette heureuse disposition de votre c.nract^re s'^tend non seulement sur votre
existence sociale, mais se retrouve partout ou vous avez passe ; dans votre architec
ture, dans votre litterature et dans votre histoire qui brillent d'une individuality
toute sympathique.

L'eclat, la puissance dramatique et une inspiration cbevakMcsque sont les traits
ilominants qui, d^s le commencement, ont donne aux annales du Canada ce cache,
'omanesque que Ton ne rencontre nulle part ailleurs sur ce continent.

Le genie de Washington Irvine et de Hawthorne a sans doute essaye d'accom-
plir pour la Nouvelle-Angleterre et les contrcJes voisines ce que Sir Waltei Scott

y '^w'^ !■"«?' ' ''t^. ' ■ ■ " V "

774

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

avait fait pour son pays, mais chacun de ces auteurs a €t6 oblige d'imaginer des
decors presque fantastiques ; et, grace au charme de leur style, ils ont pu iin mo-
ment faire illusion. Fermez leurs livres, et vous vous ^veillez en facede la realite,
qui h^las ! est loin d'etre ce qu'ils ont decrit.

De fait, plusieurs influences ont concouru k decider nos voisins de I'autre cote
de la fronti^re i se separer compl^tement de leur pass6 anti-revolutionnaire, et a
laisser dans I'oubli les sombres annales des premiers jours de leur colonie.

Mais chez vous, la chose est toute diflferente. Votre passe n'a pas voulu
mourir, n'a pas voulu s'effacer ; sa vitalite 6tait trop exuberante, il est trop riche
d'oeuvres splendides, trop sonore, trop brillant, trop rempli des exploits des
grands seigneurs, des creations des hommes d'etat, du martyre des, saints mission-
naires, du devouement de femmes heroiques ! Tout cela ne pouvaic rester enseveli
dans I'oubli des ages, ou etre etouff^ dans le bruit des ev^nements qui se succe-
daient.

Bien que I'arrivee de vos compatriotes anglais parmi vous et les changements
politiques qui ont accompagn^ leur etablissement k Quebec, eussent pu eleven une
barri^re entre le present et le pass6 du Canada, la solution de la continuite iiisto-
rique a 6t^ bien moins marquee dans ce pays qu'elle ne I'a ^te aux Etats-Unis.

Et sans vouloir faire du changement de regime une ^poque h part dans I'histoire
de cette colonie, le gouvernement et le peuple anglais, par un sentiment qui les
honore autant qu'il vous honore vous-m§mes, a prefer^ adopter votre passe, i con
dition que vous partagiez leur avenir ; et il n'y a pas, d^ nos jours, un canadie
d'origine anglaise, qui n'eprouve autant d'orgueil et de plaisir que n'importe quel
canadien-fran9ais k la vue des exploits militaires des capitaines fran9ais du lyeet
l8e si^cle, — des d^couvertes heroiques et perilleuses 5 P^res Jesuites ; des entre-
prises et des efforts qui furent couronn^s par la fondation de Quebec et de Mont-
'•eal ; — des splendeurs semi feodales de vos vice-rois. De plus, dans le charmant
poeme ^ Ex'angilinc ; dans les romans ^mouvants de Fenimore Cooper ; dans les
pages pittoresques, dramatiques et si bien ^crites de Parkman, on voit que c'est w.
Canada, que le po^te, le romancier et I'historien, meme des Etats-Unis, doivent
recourir pour trouver le sujet de leurs romans et I'interet de leurs recits.

Quant k moi, je puis vous assurer, que chaque fois que je parcours la plate-
forme garnie de canons de votre citadelle, ou que je fais le tour de vos reniparts,
ou encore, quand je passe devant vos maisons, ayant " pignon sur rue," je me
croi'u instinctivement, aussi bien le successeur direct de ces braves et chevaleres
ques vice-rois qui ont preside a I'origine de votre colonie, que je suis le successeur
de Lord Lisgar, Lord Monk ou Lord Elgin

Comment done pourrais-je ne pas apprecier I'honneur que vous me decernez,
en unissant mon nom d'une mani^re aussi flatteuse que vous le faites aujourd'hiii,
i la m^moire de ces hommes illustres ? Et quelle douce certitude pour moi que
d'apprendre que votre affection me conservera une place dans ces annales honora
bles ! II est vrai que mes pretentions k tel honneur sont bien moindres et moini |
engageantes que les leurs.

Ce sont eux qui vous ont conduits sur le champ de bataille et vous ont rendus
victorieux. Ce sont eux qui ont partag^ vos souffrances. et qui, dans mille occa-

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

775

sions, clans les temps d'^pid^mie et de famine, de si6ge et d'invasion, ont expos6
leiir vie pour vous.

Tout ce que j'ai pu fairepour vous, a ite de vous prouver mes sympathies pour
vos aspirations, mon respect pour votre caract^re et votre g^nie ; mon espoir dans
votre avenir, selon que les circonstances I'ont permis.

Mais croyez-moi, en quittant ce pays, et en ^num^rrnt les divers motifs de
reconnaissance que je dois au peuple canadien, la courtoisie, la bienveillance,
I'hospitalit^ dont j'ai ^t6 I'objet de la part de mes concitoyens canadiens-frangais,
ne s'effaceront jamais de ma m^moire et je suis fier de penser, que sous mes auspices
et h mon humble suggestion, les remparts de Quebec sont destines k renattre k une
nouvelle splendeur, et k perp^tuer le souvenir de la tendre sollitude que j'ai toujours
portee k la plus belle cit6 de ce continent et k ses aimables citoyens."

The following is a translation of this reply : —

"Mr. President and Gentlemen, — It is needless for me to assure you with
what pleasure I again find myself i...king part in those refined and artistic relaxations
with which the French race delight to solace their leisure, and surrounded by the
loyal and patriotic members of the St. Jean Baptiste Society. It has been one of tlie
happy peculiarities of your nationality that you have ever known how to enliven the
serious occupations of life by a graceful gaiety, and to introduce a brilliancy of
color amid the sombre shadows of our dull work-a-day world. This happy tem-
perament not only sheds its benign influence over your social existence, but it has
invested everything you have touched, — your architecture, your literature, your
history, with a most attractive individuality. Brilliancy, picturesqueness, dramatic
force, a chivalrous inspiration, — these are the characteristics which have thrown
over the early annals of Canada a glamour of romance, which attaches to the history
of no other portion of the continent. The genius of Washington Irving and of
Hawthorne have indeed endeavored to do for New England and its neighborhood
what Sir Walter Scott accomplished for his own land, but though the magic of
their style may for the instant delude the fancy, the moment you close the page,
you awake to the unreality of what they have depicted. Various influences in fact
have induced our neighbors across the line to break completely with their ante-
revolutionary past, and to suffer oblivion to envelope the musty, arid, and ascetic
records of their old colonial days. But with you the case has been different.
Your past has refused to die, or to efface itself. Its vitality was too exuberant, too
rich with splendid achievement, too resonant, too brilliant, too replete with the
daring and gallantry of stately seigneurs — the creations of able statesmen — the
martyrdoms of holy men and women, to be smothered by the dust of ages, or over-
whelmed by the uproar of subsequent events. Though the advent of your English
fellow citizens, and the political changes which accompanied their establishment
amongst you, miglit have been expected to have built up a partition wall between
the past and present of Canada, the solution of historical continuity has been rfeally
much less marked in this country than in the United States, and far from wishing to
erect the change of regime into an Era, the English Government and the English
people, with an instinct as honorable to themselves as to you, have preferred to
adopt your past, on condition you will share their future ; and there is no English-

776

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Canadian of to-day who does not take as great a pride in the martial achievements
of the French captains of the 17th and i8th centuries, in the heroic and adven-
turous explorations of the Jesuit Fathers, in the enterprise which established Quebec
and Montreal, in the semi-feudal splendors of your early Viceroys, as any French-
mai- amongst you all. Nay, in the lovely poem of 'Evangeline,' in the thrilling
tales of Fenimore Cooper, in the picturesque, dramatic and clever pages of
Parkman, — we see that it is to Canada the poet, the novelist and the historian
even of the United States are obliged to come for the subject matter of their
tales, and an interesting theme. Speaking for myself I can truly say that when-
ever I pace the frowning platforms of your Citadel, or make the circuit of your
ramparts, or wander through your gabled streets, I instinctively regard myself as
much the direct successor of those brave and courtly Viceroys who presided over
your early destiny, as I am the successor of Lord Lisgar, Lord Monck or Lord
Elgin. How then can I fail to appreciate the compliment you have paid me in
linking my name in so flattering a manner as you have done to-day with the
memories of those illustrious men — or what more delightful assurance could I
desire than that your affections will hereafter preserve a place for me on that
honorable register. It is true my claims to such an honor are far weaker, far less
imperative than theirs. They led you to battle and to victory, they shared your
privations, and on a thousand occasions — in seasons of plague and famine, of siege
and invasion — risked their lives on your behalf. All that I have ever been able
to do for you has been to give you such proofs of my sympathy v.-ith your aspira-
tions — of my respect for your character and genius — of my faith in your futme— as
circumstances permitted. But, believe me, in quitting this country, and in counting
up the various respects in which my gratitude is due to the Canadian people, the
courtesy, the kindness, the hospitality I have received at the hands of my French-
speaking fellow-subjects will never be forgotten, and proud am I to think that
under my auspices and at my humble suggestion, the ramparts of Quebec are
destined to rise in renovated splendor, and to remain an enduring memorial of the
loving solicitude with which I have ever regarded this the most beautiful city
upon the American continent, and its kindly inhabitants."

The 17th September, 1878, will long; be remembered in the annals
of Canada. In February, 1874, the Liberal party had conquered at
the polls. Mr. Mackenzie met the new House with the overwhelming
majority of over seventy. The Conservatives had been completely
submerged. The wave of popular indignation at the Pacific Railway
matter had passed over the great party v/hich recognized Sir John
Macdonald as its leader, and h?.d swept It almost out of sight, many
supposed, out of existence. Sir John, with but a corporal's guard, en-
countered the jubilant host, headed by Mr. Mackenzie. The Liberals
had ridden into power with banners flying, inscribed with such mottoes
as " Purity," " Retrenchment," " No Coalition," "Wise Legislation,'
" Honest Administration," " Down with Jobbery," " Destruction to

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

777

Bribery and Corruption." But before a year had expired, every one
of these pledges, impHed by these mottoes, had been broken. The
Election Courts had unearthed a mass of corrupt practices on the
part of Liberals which disquieted all fair-minded men. Seat after seat
was declared void for bribery, and the truth was now established, in the
presence of the highest legal dignitaries of the Dominion, that the
garb of purity, so ostentatiously exposed to the public gaze by the
Liberal party, was a covering only for the most impudent cant and the
most barefaced hypocrisy. The party had with the most sanctimo-
nious faces called down the maledictions of Heaven on the alleged
impurities of the late Ministry ; they had made the Dominion resound
with their demands for special legislation against bribery and corrup-
tion. Sir John had met the demand by preparing the bills, which he
was prevented from carrying through the Houses by his resignation in
1873 ; these were taken up by Mr. Mackenzie and became law. The
Liberals now affected to be jubilant over the possession of a machinery
which would eft'ectually prevent the Conservatives from packing the
Legislature with men dishonestly elected, and yet, when the acts were
put in force the phansaical brawlers were instantly unmasked. The
records of the courts soon proved that where one Conservative was
unseated for corrupt practices ten Liberals were cast under foot, and
some were branded with personal bribery, and declared disqualified
for re-election. The masses of the people took note of all this, and
the conviction soon spread itself, from the Atlantic to the Pacific,
that the leaders, at least, of the Liberals formed an impure and
hypocritical organization, — and that though the Conservatives could
not establish their absolute purity, yet, of the two parties they were
the more manly and the more honest.

Mr. Mackenzie v/as not fairly established in ofiice before he was
surrounded by a host of hungry politicians, who, having been in
opposition for twenty years were now ravenous for place, contracts,
and favors. A general raid was made on the capacities of Govern-
ment to supply material benefits. Mr. Mackenzie did a most in-
judicious thing. He took the portfolio of Public Works, the most
arduous of all the Departments, This threw directly into his hands
an immense amount of patronage, the uis]JOsition of which, had he
been wise, he would have shunned. The Dominion was then engaged
in very extensive public improvements, and to their number were
soon added others of great importance. The first Minister was

V78

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

approached in every possible way, and was doubtless led, by the per-
tinacity of his followers, into measures which he found it impossible
successfully to justify before Parliament or the country. The " Steel
Rails " matter, the Georgian Bay Railway, the Fort Francis Lock, the
Kaministiquia and Neeling Hotel affairs, though perhaps of no very
serious import individually, yet fastened on him a suspicion, at least,
of weakness in administration. Without being corrupt himself, the
conviction became general that he had permitted the public money to
be wasted, and the public interest to be jeopardized by a too lax
supervision over the acts of political friends. This was, of course,
magnified into personal turpitude by portions of the Conservative press,
but, without going thus far, it is undoubted that the ^^ prestige " for purity
which had heretofore been enjoyed by him was being day by day
seriously shaicen in the public mind. Mr. Mackenzie, too, was unfor-
tunate in some of his Ministers. The exigencies of party, perhaps,
controlled him. He took into his Cabinet men whom the just and
pure-minded of the people looked upon with well-founded distrust and
dislike. Their public lives had been condemned, and the mora/e of
the Ministry was lowered by their entrance into it.

The Anglin matter was a serious blow to the Government as a
Ministry, and to Mr. Mackenzie personally. It is impossible
to defend his conduct in permitting the daily breach of one of the
most important provisions of the Election Laws. He saw Mr. Anglin
week after week, and month after month, occupying the high position
of Speaker of the Commons when he must have known that he was
doing so in violation of one of the very safeguards against corruption
which he and his party had, while in opposition, so vehemently
demanded. The goddess of purity which Mr. Mackenzie had so
ostentatiously raised up for the worship of the people of Canada was
being gradually discovered to be no goddess, but a very indifferent
mortal.

Mr. Mackenzie's readiness to take into his Ministry men who had
but a few days before been known as pronounced Conservatives was
another abnegation of the principle so frequently advocated by him
of resorting to coalition only in extreme cases. He took power in
1873, and met the House in 1874 with a very large following of men
who had been consistent in their political course, many of whom were
quite competent to discharge the duties of Ministers, yet he passed
them by, and honored with seats in his Cabinet men, who by their
acceptance of them, forfeited forever the respect of every honest man.

[1878

led, by the per-
nd it impossible
y. The "Steel
rancis Lock, the
liaps of no very
spicion, at least,
upt himself, the
public money to
2d by a too lax
1 was, of course,
)nservative press,
"estige " for purity
eing day by day
e, too, was iinfor-
f party, perhaps,
lom the just and
nded distrust and
,nd the morale di

It.

Government as a
[t is impossible
ich of one of the
e saw Mr. Anglin
the high position
lown that he was
Lgainst corruption
., so vehemently
ackenzie had so
»le of Canada was
very indifferent

Ury men who had

Conservatives was

fdvocated by him

le took power in

I following of men

|iny of whom were

ers, yet he passed

len, who by their

Ivery honest man.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

779

He doubtless expected to gain strength by this policy, but he really
secured only weakness.

If Mr. Mackenzie was unfortunate in some of his Ministers, he
was singularly unfortunate in himself. Nature had denied him the
geniality and courtesy which must always be important essentials in
the character of every leader of men. His coldness and his iciness
of manner, doubtless often mistaken for hauteur, had a very damaging
effect. His want of sympathy with others betrayed him into remarks
which wound men of finer organization or of higher culture, and his
inaptitude in catching the ease and suavity of official life caused
him a serious loss of popularity. There are men who often mistake
ruggedness of manner and causticity of speech for sterling honesty
of character and independence of thought, — John Knox and Mr.
Mackenzie were of these. Some men are able to meet their political
op]jonents with a genial smile, others are unable to cordially meet their
friends, and Mr. Mackenzie was one of these unfortunates. Some men
can refuse a request without hurting the feelings of the petitioner, Mr.
Mackenzie was very apt to hurt the susceptibilities of the suitor even
in granting the favor. Some men can disarm an antagonist by cour-
tesy, Mr. Mackenzie gave him additional strength by its want. It is
claimed for him that these damaging characteristics are but the out-
come of an honest heart and a firm mind, — but, possibly, Mr. Mac-
kenzie will have time, during the years of rest from the cares of state
which he will now enjoy, to ponder on the fact that a man may be
honest and yet genial, firm and yet courteous. No public man can
afford either to be haughty or to appear so. The great powers even
of leading English statesmen if attended with hauteur, do not secure
them from the loss of much valuable support, and, where they fail,
Mr. Mackenzie could hardly expect to succeed. Even were Mr. Mac-
kenzie the man of that strict political integrity which some declare
him to be, his coldness would still be a serious defect.

The want of these personal qualities which draw men to a leader,
and which form so conspicuous elements of jiower in the character of
Sir John Macdonald, was felt far more among the Liberals themselves
than by t eir opponents. To be popular, a man must be loved. It is
in vain that he be able, — in vain that he be pure, — he gains respect by
these characteristics, but to be popular he must win the hearts of the
people, and this can be done only by suavity of manner and geniality
of bearing. Hence the immense popularity of Lord Dufferin and of

1 . ■ '

■■1

780

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Sir John Macdonald. It may safely be averred of the latter that much
of his success as a public man is to be attributed to his exceptionally
winning manners. Mr. Mackenzie's general bearing had a most
disastrous effect on his own followers, from his highest associates
in the Ministry to his humblest supporter in the constituencies.
They all felt its chilling influence, and when danger surrounded him
they were found slow in their movements for his defence. Men are
moved much by their principles, more by their interest;^, but most by
their feelings, and when the hearts of the thousands of Mr. Mackenzie's
friends became lukewarm, their arms became weak. His position, as
Minister of Public Works, threw him into daily contact with business
men, most of them political supporters, and hailing from all parts of
the Dominion. The numbers of these gentlemen amounted to
thousands within the year, and it may safely be asserted that a very
large proportion of these thousands left his office, many angry, more
displeased, and all disappointed and discontented, for their feelings
had been unnecessarily hurt, and their susceptibilities injured by the
coldness, or the austerity, or the superciliousness of the First Minister ;
these defects in his character had a serious effect when the day of
reckoning arrived, as it too certainly did on the fatal 17th September.
Some of his friends frequently urged Mr. Mackenzie, for this very
reason, to take the portfolio of President of the Council, where his
duties would have brought him into direct contact only with his
Ministers, but his love of power overcame the good judgment of his
wisest friends, and he steadfastly refused to give up the department
of Public Works.

The willingness of the leaders of the Liberals to sacrifice even the

great principle of Constitutional Government which requires the Execu-
tive to be guided by the advice of his Ministers was clearly shown
in the gross attacks made on His Excellency in the " Pacific Railway
Scandal," and, subsequently, by their silence on the " Quebec Crisis."
These instances would be, of themselves, sufficient to convince any
imprejudiced mind that the party was governed by no fixed principles;
that when in office its leaders exercised an arbitrary and unregulated
power, and, when out of it, no act of the Government, however correct
or constitutional, escaped their censure. Therefore, their friends, and
especially the Reformers of the Baldwin School, had their confidence
i^ their integrity and ability much shaken.

In addition to these causes of general dissatisfaction there was
another one which exerted a powerful influence throughout all the

)W I

[1878

alter that much
s exceptionally
g had a most
hest associates
constituencies,
urrounded him
;nce. Men are
t;j, but most by
rlr. Mackenzie's
Flis position, as
:t with business
rom all parts of
I amounted to
ted that a very
ny angry, more
ir their feelings
injured by the
First Minister ;
hen the day of
7 th September.
:, for this very
incil, where his
only with his
idgment of his
:he department

Icrifice even the
lires the Execu-

clearly shown
'acific Railway
luebec Crisis."

convince any

:ed principles ;
id unregulated

iwever correct
:ir friends, and
leir confidence

Ion there was
ighout all the

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

781

constituencies of the Dominion. The Mackenzie Administration,
during its five years of power, had disappointed the hopes of the
people. It had done nothing. It seemed incapable of doing any-
thing. It appeared to have no definite policy, no dstinct object.
The feeling soon appeared in the country that its interests had been
confided to men unable to advance them. Soon after Mr. Mackenzie
took office, the trade depression assumed serious proportions ; then,
if ever, was the opportunity for the exhibition of ability. Then it
was that the urgencies of the times demanded a legislation calculated
to alleviate the general distress. But nothing was done, and each
year added strength to the growing opinion that the Ministry was
incapable. The public works were stopped, or very much curtailed.
Thousands of immigrants passed through the country, to enrich the
Western States of the Union, with their money and their industry.
They used Canada as a road on which to travel to distant wealth,
shutting their eyes to the advantages she offered them, and their ears
to the self-deprecating tone of her Government, which asked them to
remain in so inhospitable a manner that they hurried on with increased
speed to their American destination. In alleviation of these dis-
heartening scenes, the Ministry did nothing, attempted nothing, and
declared that nothing could be done.

These disintegrating forces eventually undermined the strength
of the Liberal party. They would not, possibly, of themselves have
worked the destruction of the Government, but they had produced
a luke-warmness among the rank and file of the party which, com-
bined with one other great cause, which worked with powerful effect
in the leading Province of Ontario, led to the terrible overtlirow of
the 17 th September.

Sir John Macdonald retired from office in November, 1873, leaving
the Dominion in a fairly prosperous condition. She was doing as
well as her neighbors, and there was no discontent. But within two
years the country was overtaken by the wave of trade depression
which rising in Europe had flowed over the United States. Mr.
Mackenzie had deeply committed himself to the principle that
no protection should be given to any industry. He held that the
tariff should be purely for revenue purposes ; that not a cent of
duty should be imposed on any article of foreign manufacture
more than was absolutely essential to create a revenue ; and that
it was wrong in principle and suicidal in practice to foster any

1i!

IT 1

782

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Canadian manufacture or industry by imposing a duty on foreign
competition. When the depression became so great as to threaten
the very existence of many of the most important Canadian in-
dustries he was asked to stem the torrent of disaster by protecting
them against foreign importations, but he steadfastly refused to
do so. He saw Canadian manufacturing houses crumble under the
weight of American capital and the amplitude of American appliances,
but he turned a deaf ear to the cries of the suffering manufacturers,
and watched them fall one by one under a weight of American com-
petition too heavy for them to bear. The Conservative party had
always supported a protective policy, but they were powerless. Mr.
Mackenzie had a large majority in the House, and every effort of the
Opposition to obtain a modification of the fi:.cal policy of the Govern-
ment was defeated. The question became the dividing line between
the two great parties. The Liberals were called " Free-traders," the
Conservatives " FiOtectionists," though both names are inaccurate
designations, since neither party advocates either absolute free-trade
or absolute protection. The distress increased each year, and the
more grinding it became the more unbending did Mr. Mackenzie
become. Mr. Cartwright, the Finance Minister, at each opening of
his budget, exhibited a falling revenue and an increasing deficit. He
complacently told the House and the country at each session that he
saw no remedy for the distress but patience. He promised the
starving horse that if he would wait he should have grass. He
was beseeched to increase the duties on the American g 's which
were underselling our manufacturers and destroying our trade. But
the fiscal policy of the Ministry would not permit this, and during
1876, 1877 and 1878, the state of the country grew worse and worse.
The Opposition made great use of the inaction of the Government.
Into the merits of the complicated question the masses, of course, did
not, and could not enter, but the broad and painful fact was clear
that they were growing poorer every day, and the Ministry was mak-
ing no effort to assist them in their distress. This alone would have
been sufficient to destroy any Government. Their sin, in the popular
r ' "d, was not that they did nothing, but that they attempted nothing.
Mr. Mackenzie, sitting with folded arms on the river's bank, said
to the drowning man, " I cannot help you," but the people of Canada,
indignant spectators of the scene, said, " You make no effort," and in-
stantly determined to punish him. Mr. Cartwright, with an infelicitous-

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

783

ness which he did not perhaps intend, described the Government as " a
fly on the wheel ; " the people added : *' The wheel is sugar, and you
arc content to sip the sweets of office so long as we will keep the wheel
revolving."

The Ministry was truly " a fly on the wheel," and it was neither a
useful nor an ornamental fly. It did nothing, attempted nothing ; and
the popular indignation against the Government which had broken
every pledge, violated every principle, acknowledged itself unable
even to alleviate the general distress, and which stood stolidly by
watching the country drifting further and further out to sea, at last
burst forth on the fatal 17 th September.

The depth of the national feeling was not properiy estimated by
either party. There is no doubt that Mr. Mackenzie confidently
reckoned on a good working majority of at least twenty, while the
most hopeful Conservative did not look for a majority on his side
of more than fifteen, or possibly twenty. There had been no ex-
pression of exceptionally strong feeling among the people. The
public political meetings of 1878 had been, as compared with those
held in 1877, but few. The discussions in the press were not marked
by any peculiar bitterness. There was apparently a languor of the
public mind. A comparative stillness prevailed, but it was the still-
ness which precedes and forecasts the tornado. The people were
^erribly in earnest, but they showed little demonstration of their
deeply settled purpose. They felt that the Ministry was unfit to
govern the country, and determined to have a change. It would not be
within the scope of this work to discuss the questions of Free-trade
and Protection. It is of no consequence, in indicating the reason for the
defeat of the Ministry, whether the people were right or wrong in their
views ; it is sufficient to know that in some important sections they
were impressed with this idea ; they said : " The Ministerial policy is, in
our opinion, wrong ; we must have a change ; we can be no worse,
and we may be better."

Thousands who had consistently supported the Liberal party for
years now determined to sacrifice partisan feeling to what they con-
ceived to be the good of the country. But the ballot system enabled
them to subvert the Government without disclosing their intention.
Liberals were unwilling to declare their resolve to their political
friends, and were, of course, still more unwilling to disclose them to
their political enemies, hence the leaders of both parties were misled.

784

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Mr. Mackenzie had no conception of the secret defection going on
in his camp ; neither had Sir John Macdonald any idea of the secret
increase to his supporters. The one was therefore as much astonished
as the other at the upheaval of the 17 th September : Mr. Mackenzie
at there being any at all, Sir John Macdonald at the vastness of its
proportions.

It must not be supposed that the desire for a change in the fiscal
policy ot the country was the ruling constituent in the defeat of the
Ministry in any Province other than Ontario. That part of the
Dominion is the centre of its manufacturing and trading interests, and,
doubtless, the majority of about forty which it gave to Mr. Mackenzie
in 1874 was changed to ? nriajority of about fifty against him in 1878,
by the prevailing conviction among his own former supporters that
his policy was an error. When it is recollected that Ontario sends
eighty-eight members to the House of Commons, the revolution
indicated by these figures is astounding. Combined with the minor
reasons already pointed out, there can be no doubt that the dissatis-
faction with the trade policy of the Government was the dominant
cause of its fall in that Province.

And this may, in a qualified way, be said of Nova Scotia and
Prince Edward Island. The fate of the Ministry was sealed in the
Province of Quebec by the minor causes already adverted to with a
slight introduction of the fiscal element. The great trade centre of
Montreal went en bloc against the Government. The people had
come to the point of looking upon the Ministry at Ottawa as
" incapables." They seemed to them intent only on commanding the
ship, unable to direct its course and heedless of its destination. It
was simply drifting, and they were apparently content to drift with it.
To this feeling, however, must b«" added the consideration of the
religious element. The Roman 'Jatholics in Quebec have for many
years, as a rule, supported the Conservative party in the Dominion
contests, and they had remained faithful to their allies. It was
generally supposed that the coup (fttat of Mr. Letellier in May, pro-
jected doubtless for the purpose of aiding Mr. Mackenzie in the
struggle of September, would have materially assisted him, but it
proved of little value, and, possibly, it was an injury to his Govern-
ment. It should have been if it were not. The local elections which
gave Mr. Joly's Ministry a majority of one, in the person of Mr.
Turcotte, who, and until one hour before his nomination as Speaker,
had been a pledged adherent of the Opposition, turned upon

187H]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

785

ction going on
a of the secret
luch astonished
At. Mackenzie
vastness of its

ige in the fiscal
le defeat of the
lat part of the
g interests, and,

Mr. Mackenzie
ist him in 1878,

supporters that
t Ontario sends
, the revohition
I with the minor
that the dissatis-
is the dominant

lova Scotia and
vas sealed in the
verted to with a
trade centre of
[The people had
ry at Ottawa as
commanding the
destination. It
it to drift with it.
lideration of the
have for many
|n the Dominion
allies. It was
|lier in May, pro-
ackenzie in the
ited him, but it
to his Govern-
fl elections which
person of Mr-
ion as Speaker,
1, turned upon

purely local questions, and were really no indication, or at least a very
slight one, of the temper of the people as regarded the Dominion
Ministry. The Roman Catholics of Quebec have always found in the
Co-servative party a willingness to deal with them in a tolerant and
just spirit, while the leading organs of the Liberal party have never
ceased to carry on a war against what they consider their religious
rights. Protestants are sometimes charged with a willingness to taunt
their Roman Catholic brethren with intolerance, and possibly the
charge is sometimes too true, but it will be found that the Conservative
principle of dealing tenderly with the religious feelings of the people
is the true one. The Liberal party, though professing in ojjposition a
broad tolerance in all matters, civil and religious, have become dis-
tinguished when in power for a narrow intolerance in all matters civil
and religious. Hence their unpopularity in Quebec, and hence, to a
large extent, their defeat ih that Province on the 17th September, 1878.
In the Maritime Provinces the case again assumes a different
phase. In that portion of the Dominion the fiscal policy enunciated
by Sir John Macdonald, and notably there by his unexceptionably able
supporter, Dr. Tupper, was received with coldness and distrust. The
chief wants of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are cheap bread, as
they grow no wheat, and a market for their coal, of which they pro-
duce immense quantities. Ontario, the great consumer of coal,
having none of her own, imports from the Americans, a tax on coal,
therefore, would be unpopular in that influential Province, while it
would be essential to the two Provinces in the East. Ontario pro-
duces a large surplus of wheat, and, therefore, desired a duty on the
.American grain, while Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince
Edward Island produce but little, and therefore desire free flour, which
has heretofore been supplied by the Americans. Similar remarks
may be applied to other arncles, and the general result is that the
fiscal policy of Sir John Macdonald, if it please Ontario, may possibly
dis])lease the Maritime Provinces. The doubt hanging over the sub-
ject was sufficient to eliminate from the contest, in those sections ot
the Dominion, that the " Protection " question was a dominant one.
It doubtless had its effect, but, while it worked to the advantage of
the Conservatives in some localities, it did not do so in others.
Here, then, the Ministry were condemned on their general character,
inespective of their trade policy. In the Island of Prince Edward
their condemnation was particularly striking, for she produces no coal
and imports most of her flour. She was removed almost entirely out

786

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

t •

of the circle of the trade influences, which operated so powerfully in
Ontario, and yeishe had a majority of 5 to i for the Opposition. It is
possible that local influences were, to some extent, at work, but it may
safely be said, that, the Ministry were destroyed in the Island by
the feeling of general dissatisfaction which its incapacity and unfitness
had so universally spread over the whole Dominion, added, perhaps,
to a weak desire for protection, under the idea that it would enforce
reciprocity with the United States.

In Manitoba and British Columbia, it cannot be said that the
fiscal system of the Ministry was the primary cause of its defeat in
those divisions of the Dominion, These Provinces declared almost
en bloc against Mr. Mackenzie, and the overwhelming strength of the
Opposition there is to be attributed to his unsatisfactory dealings with
the Pacific Railway. In British Columbia this feeling was, as has
already been shown, very bitter, and, though Manitoba had not suf-
fered so much as her sister Province from this cause, yet the want of
railway accommodation had long been severely felt, and the oft-
repeated promises of the Dominion Ministry to supply her with, at
least, a road to Lake Superior had encouraged enterprises, which
ended in disaster, caus'^.J jy what the people termed the breacli of
faith at Ottawa.

To sum up, it may be said that in Ontario the chief cause for the
upheaval of September was the fiscal policy of che Government. In
Quebec it operated to a limited extent. In New Brunswick the
" Free-trade " principles of the Ministry were approved, but this feel-
ing of approbation was overwhelmed by the general feeling of dis-
satisfaction with the Government, and their want cf principle and
ability. In Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island the trade policy
of the Opposition was approved to a limited extent, but the domi-
nating cause of their pronounced condemnation of the Ministry was
the conviction that it was impure and incapable. In Manitoba the
people were favorably inclined to the fiscal policy of Mr. Mackcn/ie,
but his course on the Railway projects largely counterbalanced that
influence ; and in British Columbia the deep feeling of animosity
engendered by his dealings with the Pacific Railway domin-^ ted every
other consideration.

To the mtelligent Canadian the utterances of many of the lead-
ing newspapers of Britain and the United States on tbc result
of the elections would be amusing, if they were not such jjainlul
exhibitions of ignorance of the Dominion — its people, [)olicy, and

[1878

187H]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

787

so powerfully in
pposition. It is
svork, but it may
I the Island by
;ity and unfitness
added, perhaps,
it would enforce

\jC said that the
,e of its defeat in
; declared almost
g strength of the
r-^ry dealings with
eling was, as has
:oba had not suf-
e, yet the want of
'elt, and the oft-
ipply her with, at
enterprises, which
led the breacii of

:hief cause for the
Government. In
iw Brunswick the
ived, but this feel-
:ral feeling of dis-

cf principle and
|d the trade policy

:nt, but the domi-

the Ministry was
In Manitoba the

if Mr. Macken/ie.

.nterbalancod that
lling of animosity
dominoed every

many of the lead-

[es on the result

not such painful

lople, policy, and

interests. The London Times tells us, in the tones of ponderous
wisdom it so much affects, that Mr. Mackenzie was beaten in one con-
stituency though he was returned in another — the fact being that he
was nominated in one only, and for that he was elected. It tells us, also,
that Mr. Blake was the Minister ci Justice, — the fact being that he
resigned that position in Septemb-jr, 1877, when he took the portfolio
of President of the Council, which he resigned in January, 1878, and
that since then he has held no office whatever. It tells us, besides, that
Mr. Mackenzie met with an intolerant Protectionist spirit j the fact
being, as has already been shewn, that this spirit was very weak in
every Province but Ontario, and there the desire is, not for protection
in the English sense, but for a simple re-adjustment of the tariff It
informs us also that the Conservative victory is the victory of Protec-
tion over Free-trade; the truth being that it is a victory over the
obstinacy of the Ministry who refused so to re-distribute ihe burdens
of duties as to take them off the raw material which Canada wanted
lo make up, and place them on those she produced herself. It seems
impoisible for English or American thinkers to judge of Canada from
any standpoint other than their own. They assume that the jmlicy
which may suit their countries must suit ours, and that what is unfitting
for them must also be unfitting for us.

Other journals express the fear iliat the re-action may result in
annexation, and the leading organs of the late Ministry in Canada do
not hesitate to charge Sir John A. Macdonald, and the great party he
leads, with the criminal intention of gradually sapi)ing the loyal feel-
ings of the people by erecting a trade policy so hostile to Britain, and
so favorable to the United States, as eventually to lead either to inde-
pendence 01 annexation. The people of Canada treat these assertions
with the contempt they deserve, for they well know them to be the
outpourings of a defeated enemy, vho is careless whether he injures
his country, if he but attain his object of injuring an opponent. The
people of Britain may rest well assured that Eord I^ufferin was per-
lecHy correct when he described the loyalty of the Canadians as a
"passion;" and when they see Canadians insulted either by their
own or by foreign journals, with the assumption that they will be
tempted to sacrifice this " passion" they may, with perfect safety, re[)el
the foul aspersion with honest indignation. There is absolutely no
disloyalty in Canada. The annexation feeling has entirely disappeared.
The .»vo great parties are both intensely loyal. T)ie Liberal is as
proud of the connection with Britain as the Conser\ative, and each

788

HISTOR'^ OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

would repel with equal scorn the slightest imputation on this national
characteristic. The Conservativ*; party will never dream of establish-
ing any fiscal or other policy of which Britain may disapprove ; and
were the Liberals replaced in poiver to-morrow they would declare the
same determination. It is not impossible to reconcile Imperial with
Colonial trade interests ; and though the claqueurs of the defeated
party will doubtless vilify even their own country if in the process they
can injure their opponents, yet," both the British and the American
people may rest perfectly assured that no step will be taken which
will lessen the parental feeling of Britain to her greatest Colony, or
diminish the intensely warm feelings of love and admiration which
glow in the heart of Canada for her great Mother across the sea.

But besides the reasons already enumerated for the doM-nfili c
the Ministry, there was another which operated very powerfully ci' ■■: •
Conservative party. They would have fought the battle witii ti.cir
accustomed energy and ski!! under any circumstances, but their zeal
was intensified by the scandalous and unjust persecution with which
their leader, Sir John Macdonald, had for five years been merci-
lessly pursued by the Liberals. The attacks of their j)ress had been so
wanton, the charges so untruthful, and the abuse ,"0 violent that a deep
sympathy for Sir John had been created among the more moderate of
his political opponents, while the determination of the Conservatives
to stand by their leader at all hazards and under all circumstances was
increased to an intensity never before equalled in the history of
Canada. Sir John had done nothing which his tra ucers had not also
done, and he was acknowledged by universal consent to be the ablest
statesman in Canada. No one charged him with cant or hypocrisy;
and many thought lie had expiated the errors which had caused his
downfall in 1873. The Conservative party therefore saw in him.
whom they were delighted to honor, a man superior in purity.
ability, geniality, courtesy and tact, to his traducers. These consider-
ations fired the Conservative's heart, and nerved his arm. The resuit
was a party vote heavier than ever before polled, and this, added
to the defections from the Ministerial ranks, produced a wave which
.strewed the Dominion from ocean to ocean with the stranded wrecks
of the I -iberal party.

The elections for Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick.
and Prince Edward Island were held on the 17th September, thos^
for Manitoba on th.; aylh September, and for Brinish Columbia on
the 22nd October. Tk' result was an estimated m;jorily in t'':' Hous^

[1878

THE EARL OF DUFFERIX IN CANADA.

789

on this national
am of establish-
isapprove ; and
Duld declare the
le Imperial with
of the defeated
the process they
d the American
be taken which
jatest Colony, or
dmiration which
lOSS the sea.
the doM-nf'ill c
powerfully or- ■': '
battle with ii.cir
es, but their zop.1
mtion with which
■ars been merci-
[)ress had been so
•iolent that a deep
more moderate ot
the Conservatives
ircumstances was
n the history of
cers had not also
t to be the ablest
,nt or hypocrisy ;
had caused his
Ifore saw in Inm.
)erior in purity.
These consider-
arm. The result
and this, added
;d a wave which
stranded wrecks

I New Brunswick.

September, those
5h C':lumbia on
riiyin t,'- House

i^ainst the Ministry of over eighty, and of this fifty are giveii by
t)ntario.

This very large majority immediately gave rise to the question
whether or not, by constitutional practice, the Ministry would be
vrarranted in retaining office until the House met. It was urged that
it was proper for them to meet the representatives of the people
in Parliament, explain the reasons for their resignation, and return
the trust they had received from them. In support of this view the
following from '^'r. Todd's work * was cited : —

"The verdict of the country having been pronounced ; gainst Ministers at a
general election, it is, nevertheless, competent for them to remain in office until
the new Parliament has met, and given a definite decision upon the merits ; for
i? House of Commons is the legitimate organ of the people, whose opinions can-
i 'f be constitutionally ascertained except through their representatives in Parlia-
ment. It is recessary, however, and according to precedent, that the new Parlia-
ment should !>• c.T'.Ied tocjether without delay.

'• Under such circumstances, it is usual to take the earliest opportunity to
obtain a decisive vote upon the fate of a Ministry. .\ suitable occasion is afforded
by the .-Vddress in answer to the Speech from the Throne, to which an amenririent
may be moved, to declare that the advisers of the Crown do not possess the ■ onh-
dence of the House. The motion, if agreed to, will lead to an immediate resigna-
tion of the Ministrj'."

Some of the Ministerial journals quoted these passages as justify-
ing the retention of office by Mr. Mackenzie until the House met.
The quotati<,!is express neither Mr. Todd's present opinion, nor the
constituti. .al law of Britain, as now understood by British statesmen.
Mr. To'i v.'t:'o these sentences in 1868, before the re.-ignation of Mr.
Gb;^ 0. ■: r- ?^jvemb€r of that year, and of course before the resigna-
tion n; M fniiraeli, under similar circumstances, in February, 1H74.
He expresi. 1 wC trae doctrine as it was understood befce these
notable occurrences, but they have effected a radical moditicatior. of
the old rule. Mr. Edward A. Freeman, who is Icxjked upon as t
leading authority on British Constiiui'onal Law, wrote an article for tbe
international Reriew, which was published in its number for May,
1875, entitled *' The difficulties of Republicanism in Europe." In
contrr: -ing the powers of the President of the United .States with those

the >( .aarch in England, he used this language : — ■

"Of • - '-ast powers which the written law of England still vests in the King,
jwmeare .lever cxercise<l "l all ; the rest are exercised only under the advice of
I Ministers, who can hold office only so long as the House of Commons approves of

* Todd's Parliamentary Government, Vol. 2, page 414.

790

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

them. If the House of Commons disapproves of their conduct, it can, at any
moment, Ly a process informal, indeed, but practically most effectual, remove them
from office. But since 1864 some public steps have been taken in the development
of the unwritten Constitution of England. In England everything goes by precedent,
and since 1864 a most novel and important precedent has l^een set. It has lunj;
been known that the Ministers of the Crown are, though not formally, yet practic-
ally, appointed and removed by the representatives of the people. It has been
shown that there are circumstances in which they can be, in the same prajtical
though informal way, appointed and removed by the people themselves. It is
not too much to say that, in November, 1868, Mr. Gladstone was chosen Prime
Minister by the electors of the United Kingdom in their polling booths. lie was
as truly chost n by the popular vote as any President or other elected magistrate
could be. I' : T should doubt whether a President of the United States is
often called to f directly by the voice of the people as Mr, Gladstone w.is

then. Mr. Gladsi was not the choice of any caucus or convention ; nor was
he, for he had never been at the head of the Government before, the convenHonal
chief of the Liberal party. The i^eople of the United Kingdom, as by a sudden
inspiration, chose Mr. Gladstone to be the practical ruler of the Kingdom, The
existing Government of Mr. Disraeli acknowledged and bowed to their choice—
they did not wait to face the newly-chosen House of Commons, but resigned office
before Parliament met, in deference to the unmistaken demand of the constituen-
cies. The precedent thus set by Mr. Disraeli has since been followed by Mr.
Gl.idstone. In February, 1874, the voice of the electors was as distinctly given
against Mr. Gladstone as in November, 1868, it had been given for him. Just as
M'', Disraeli had done, Mr. Gladstone did not wait for the meeting of Parliament,
but resigned, in deference to the voice of the constituencies, I ought to add that,
in my private opinion, I did not look upon the course taken by either Minister as
necessary or dignified. I held that a Minister ought to receive his doom from tiie
House of Commons only, and should not resign office on account of what is, after
all, merely a surmise as to what a newly-chosen House of Commons is likely to
do. But the thing has been done ; a course first adopted by Mr. Disraeli and then
followed by Mr. Gladstone will undoubtedly be looked on as a precedent, ami
will be followed by future Ministers. It will become one of the principles of tiie
unwritten Constitution of England, that the electors in their polling booths can
appoint and remove a Minister as well as the House of Commons in the Palace of
Westniin-iter * * * **»•»*♦****»»*•*
In this way it is plain that since 1864 precedents have been set which have
brought a new principle into the unwritten Constitution of England. The direct
action f the people, as distinguished from the action of the representatives in
the House of Commons, is now acknowledged in a way in which it was not
acknowledged before." 1

It may, therefore, be now considered as an established nile of con-
stitutional practice, that when the people express at the polls an
unmistakable disapprobation of the Ministry of the day, it is the duty
of that Ministry instantly to resign. An English statesman would, in

1S7H]

THE EART. OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

791

the circumstances in which Mr. Mackenzie found himself on the 17 th
September, disdain to keep an official position which the people have
declared him unfit to retain.

But if this new rule be good and salutary for Britain, it is of much
higher consequence in Canada. In England, Parliament can be called
together to receive the resignation of Ministers at a small expense,
and without much inconvenience. In wenty hours all the elements
of the House may concentrate in London. One night's session may
suffice to receive the explanations of the outgoing Ministers and
the i)olicy of the new ones, and the members may again, in a few
hours, be at their homes. But in Canada, a session of the Dominion
House is a serious tax on the time and pockets of members. The
representatives of British Columbia must travel 2000 miles to reach
Ottawa, and those of Manitoba and the Maritime Provinces very
great distances. To call the House together immediately after the
Ministerial defeat would be inconvenient — and the new Ministers
would not have had a reasonable time to prepare their measures.
Convenience and economy, therefore, united in pointing out imme-
diate resignation as the propci course for Mr. Mackenzie to pursue.
When to these reasons were added the constitutional usage of the
high-minded statesmen of Britain, his retention of office, would be a
grave violation of the principles of Constitutional Government, for
which he would have been held to strict account.

Mr. Mackenzie wisely determined to resign without calling the
House together, and on the 9th October, the resignation of the
Ministry was placed in the hands of the Governor General.

His Excellency having been invited to open the Provincial Exhibi-
tion, to be held in Toronto, he proceeded thither from Quebec, arriving
on Saturday night, 21st September, at about eleven o'clock. It was
generally understood that this would be the last opportunity of hearing
His Excellency, at all events in Ontario, and it was supposed that his
last words to the people of Canada would be uttered on this occasion.
This, with the exception of a few informal remarks made on his final
departure from Quebec, proved to be the case. Every exertion was
made to render his visit to the beautiful capital of Ontario as striking
as possible. Every honor within the power of the citizeni to bestow
was heaped on him, and they with the thousands who visited the city
during his stay did their utmost to express their affection for the
Governor General.

792

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

1 1

it i

\t >

'11^

Nrcwithstanding the lateness of the hour, a large assemblage were
in waiting to receive His Excellency, who had travelled from Quebec
by a special train. On his arrival His Excellency was loudly cheered
and was met by the Reception Committee, composed of his Worship
the Mayor, Mr. Morrison, Hon. G. W. Allan, Hon. D. Christie, Mr.
Thomas Stock, President of the Agricultural and Arts Association, Mr.
Shipley, ex-President, and Mr. Ira Morgan.

The Vice-regal party immediately drove to the Queen's Hotel,
where suites of rooms had been prepared. The hotel was handsomely
illuminated with variegated lamps which formed a border around the
central device : —

WELCOME.

On the next day, Sunday, His Excellency attended Divine Service
in the Church of All Saints.*

The first portion of the programme in connection with the visit of
the Governor General was carried out on Monday morning. It was
of an informal character, and consisted of the presentation to His
Excellency by the Council of the Agricultural and Arts Association of
the badges of the Association, commemorative of his visit.

His Excellency was waited upon at the Queen's Hotel at noon
by Mr. Thomas S.jck, President of the Association, Hon. David
Christie, Mr. Ira Morgan, Mr. Wm. Roy, of Owen Sound, Mr. Otto
Klotz, Mr. Stephen White, Mr. Charles Drury, Mr. Benjamin Hop-
kins, Mr. W. H. Howland, and Professor Bell, who v ere introduced
to His Excellency by Captain Hamilton.

The introductions having been completed, Mr. Stock presented the
bauges.

His Excellency, addressing the deputation, said he was glad to
have this opportunity of expressing his extreme regret that it was
impossible for him to arrive in Toronto at two o'clock on Saturday
afternoon, which was the time suggested to him by telegram. The
facts of the case were simply these. When the deputation called upon
him the suggestion was made that he should come not later than
Monday ; but, he had said of his own accord that perhaps it would
suit his own convenience better to be here on Saturday, so that he

* The author is indebted to the Toronto Mail for much of the account now
given of His Excellency's reception in Toronto.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

793

d Divine Service

jf the account now

might have Sunday to look about him. He mentioned that fact in
order that those present might know that had he made any promise
in the matter — no matter what it might have cost him, and no matter
what the inconvenience — he would have kept it. It was only by
telegram that the suggestion was made that he should arrive at two
o'clock on Saturday. But it unfortunately happened that, in the first
place, in consequence of recent political events, he had a great deal
of correspondence to occupy his time ; and, in the next place, he had
a French fleet on his hands, the officers of which it was his duty to
entertain with hospitality. Consequently, when he came to look upon
the matter, he found it was impossible to arrive at two o'clock on
Saturday, and, with very great regret, he telegraphed to that effect.
He regretted it extremely, and he would now beg to repeat the very
great disappointment which he underwent in not being able to take
part in the sports of the afternoon, and more especially in not being
able to enjoy the beautiful spectacle which he understood had been
prepared for him on that occasion.

Mr. Stock said that, though the Art Association might feel dis-
appointed at the inability of His Excellency to arrive on Saturday
afternoon, that disappointment was counterbalanced by the gratitude
which every one felt at His Excellency's kindness in being present to
open the Exhibition.

The deputation then withdrew.

In the evening His Excellency attended a musical festival at
the Adelaide street rink. The festival was the first of the kind ever
given in Toronto. The performers were children, of whom there were
several hundreds, and, in addition to the choruses which they sang,
exercises in calisthenics and simultaneous recitations were given.
The choruses were assisted by two organs and a piano, and were
conducted by Mrs. Marian A. White, of London. The children, or
rather the performers, occupied positions on a platform or stage which
had been erected at the north end of the rink, and from one of the
galleries the reflection of the calcium light was thrown on them,
which made the scene exceedingly brilliant. The proceedings com-
menced at eight o'clock, at which hour there was a very large audience
present.

Lord Dufferin, accompanied by Captain Hamilton, A.D.C., Cap-
tain Ward, A.D.C., Mr. J. Kidd, his Worship the Mayor, Hon.
G. W. Allan, Mr. J. S. Russell, Mr. David Walker, Mr. W. Rennie,
Captain Perry, Mr. Jas. Pringle, and Mr. R. Crawford, arrived just

m,i>^-

794

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

as the curtain was raised. His appearance was the signal for loud
cheering from the audience, and for the singing, by the children, of
the following verses to the tune of the National Anthem : —

Welcome, Lord Dufferin ! <

In thee our noble Queen,

We hail elate ;
We bless the happy day,
That brought thee here to sway

Her regal state.

Through many coming years.
As time thy name endears,

We'll sing thy praise.
Thou ruler just and bland,
With voice and heart and hand,
Governing all the land '*

In righteous ways.

Now, when we say farewell.
With grief our bosoms swell.

Our hearts are torn ;
Throughout our weeping land.
The curlers' orphan'd band
With drooping besoms stand.

And aW/or-lortt.

Tell Lady Dufferin,

Our prayers shall rise to Heaven

For her and thee ;
That you have earthly bliss
With peace and happiness,
And at the end possess.

Felicity.

Several very pleasing selections were sung, after which Mr. J. S.
Russell presented His Excellency with the following address on behalf
of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club : —

" Address accompanying testimonial presented by the members of the Royal

Caledonian Curling Club to their distinguished Patron Sir Frederick Temple,

Earl of Dufferin, Viscount and Baron Clandeboye, Baron Duff in and

Clandeboye, of Ballyleidy and Killeleagh, and a Baronet, K.P., K.G.C.M.G.,

K.C.B., Governor General of Canada, and Vice- Admiral of the same.

May it please Your Excellency, — On the eve of your departure from

Canada, at the close of your high office as Governor General of the Dominion, the

office bearers and members of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club unite most

heartily with their fellow-countrymen in expressing to your Excellency their high

sense of the distinguished success with which you have discharged the onerous

[1878

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

795

signal for loud
the children, of
lem : —

which Mr. J. S.
iddress on behalf

fibers of the Royal
Ir Frederick Temple,
3aron Duff in and
, K.P., K.G.C.M.G.,
I of the same,
lour departure from
If the Dominion, the
Ig Club unite most
Jxcellency their high
liarged the onerous

duties of your exalted position — maintaining the most perfect impartiality in your
relations to the various races, creeds, and parties which are found in this Canada
of ours — preserving the dignity becoming the representative of the Royalty of
Great Britain — promoting the prosperity of the entire Dominion by visiting in
person, not only our cities and towns and old settled districts, but also the new and
rougher settlements in our backwoods and prairies, and sjieaking words of kind-
ness and cheer to the hardy pioneers of industry and civilization, and by discours-
ing on the material resources of Canada, and the competence and comfort which
reward the industrious toilers in her varied fields of labor. And, in their own
peculiar sphere as curlers of Ontario, they have to acknowledge specially the high
honor you have done them in accepting the office of Patron in the Ontario Branch
of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club, from its organization in 1874, and the
impetus you have given to their ancient and noble game by your annual gifts of
prizes for competition, and by your enthusiastic participation in the game, proving
yourself a

' Brither curler, keen and true.'

And, as an humble acknowledgment of favors received, and as a memento of Can-
ada, of many pleasant hours of absorbing interest spent there in exciting contests
of skill on the ice, ' amang the stanes and besoms,' they desire your Excellency's
acceptance of this testimonial — the product of a Canadian mine — manufactured by
a Canadian craftsman, and bearing engraved the following words : ' Presented by
the members of the Ontario Branch of the Royal Caledonian Club to their Patron,
His Excellency the Right Honorable Sir Frederick Temple, Earl of Dufferin, Gov-
ernor General of Canada, etc., etc., on the eve of his departure from Canada, at
the completion of the term of his high office, September, 1878.

' Better lo'ed ye canna be I

Will ye no come back again ? '

And intended to be, not only suggestive of our loved Canada, and of cur royal
game of Curling, but also of the sister recreation of skating, which has been equally
honored and promoted by the patronage and example of Her Excellency the Lady
Dufferin, whose numerous graces have given to Canadian life a charm before un-
known.

And now, in bidding farewell to their first and distinguished Patron, the curlers
of Ontario would assure you that they will follow your future course with the deep-
est interest, and with the most cordial wishes for the prosperity of your Excellency,
Lady Dufferin and family ; and they pray that at a far distant day the record of
your life may be — 'a good stone, well and truly played, ^^ per vias rectas" and at
rest, in the Ring — on the Tee — victorious."

J. S. RUSSELL, President.
DAVID WALKER, Secretary.

Toronto, 23rd September, 1878."

During the reading of the address the testimonial was handed to
Lord Dufferin. It was a silver hot-water kettle, the body of which is
in the shape of a curling stone ; the handle of the curling stone forms

1 ' Jjt. ■' *! ^ ) '

796

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

the handle to the lid of the kettle, and with the stone an artist's libert>
has been taken and a spout has been added. The kettle is supported
by cross brooms or besoms ; and the crossing on one side is covered
by the Dufferin coat of arms in silver, and on the other by a copy, in
silver, of the seal of the Ontario Branch of the Royal Caledonian
Curling Club. The silver out of which the kettle is made is from the
Silver Islet mines, and the only wooden part about it — the handle-
is of walnut. This wood was used in order that every part of the
testimonial might be of Canadian production. The kettle is very
handsome, and weighs 130 ounces. ,

His Excellency replied to the address as follows : —

" Mr. Presidknt, Ladies and Gentlemen,— I find it difficult toexpress my
sense of the honor you have done me, not only in preparing for me so noble a
reception, but in accompanying it by circumstances so grateful to my feelings.
A\ben I accepted your invitation, I was unaware of the surprise which was in store
for me, and now, when the whole extent of your goodness has been revealed, I
find difficulty in returning you adequate thanks. I .am deeply sensible, Mr. Presi-
dent, of the kind appreciation you have extended to me as the representative of our
Queen, and as the head of the Government of this country, because, although in
their moments of leisure, there are no persons who better know how to enjoy them-
selves th?in the curlers of Canada, I am well aware that they reckon among their
numbers men of the highest intelligence and great political influence, to whose
experience and wisdom Canada is indebted for the prosperous direction of her
affairs. (Applause.) But I am particularly touched by the kind way in which
you have addressed me as a brother curler. In looking back upon the six years
and a half I have spent in this country, which include, I may say, some of ilie
happiest hours of my life (applause), there are few amongst them which I shall
regard with more satisfaction than those which I have passed upon the ice with my
brother curlers. Whether as victor or as victim (laughter) in those friendly
contests, my satisfaction has been untarnished by any disagreeable or unpleasant
reminiscence, for wherever I have gone — upon every rink — I have found myself
greeted with the greatest cordiality, and sometimes overwhelmed with an emhar-
rassing hospitality. (Applause.) In conclusion, allow me especially to express
my deep thanks for this beautiful present which you have given me. I really
cannot tell you how much I appreciate the delicate ingenuity and sense of artistic
beauty which devised this lovely ornament. That ornament will be preserved not
only during my life, but I trust for many generations amongst those who come
after me, as a memorial of the kindness which their ancestor received in the
Dominion of Canada at the hands of its curlers. (Cheers.) And I am pleased to
think that whenever it makes its appearance on the breakfast table, Lady DutTerin
will be there to share with me the reminiscences it calls to mind, and to talk over
all the pleasant hours we have passed in your company. (Applause.) There is
only one thought which strikes me in connection with this present, which I might
hesitate to express, and that is that it would seem as though the curlers of Canada

ill

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

797

I artist's liberty
tie is supported
side is covered
r by a copy, in
yal Caledonian
lade is from the

the handle—

/ery part of the
e kettle is very

ficult to express my
r for me so noble a
■ful to my feelings.
; which was in store
las been revealed, I
sensible, Mr. Presi-
representative of our
because, although in
, how to enjoy them-
reckon among their
influence, to whose
JUS direction of her
kind way in which
k upon the six years
lay say, some of the
them which I shall
pon the ice with my
) in those friendly
:eable or unpleasant
I have found myself
med with an embar-
especially to express
given me. I really
and sense of artistic
ill be preserved not
rst those who come
^tor received in the
.nd I am pleased to
[table, Lady DufTerin
ind, and to talk over
.pplause.) There is
•sent, which I migl"
le curlers of Canada

were determined to keep my wife and myself in hot water the remainder of our
lives." (Loud laughter and applause.)

His Worship the Mayor then stepped forward. He said that, as a
curler of the city of Toronto, and as Mayor of the city also, he desired
to express his high appreciation of the distinguished services rendered
by the Earl of Dufferin to the Dominion as its Governor General.

The Mayor then handed to His Excellency a case containing a
curling stone in miniature, mounted in silver, and accompanied by a
charm for the watch chain, bearing a suitable inscription.

His Excellency said : —

'♦ Ladies and gentlemen, it is very unfair to hit a man when he is down. I have
been already completely prostrated by the kindness of the friends on my left, and
now, Mr. Mayor, with a want of generosity I should not have expected in him,
suddenly attacks me with this beautiful and fatal instrument. I can only say that
I accept it with the greatest gratitude, and that I am delighted to have a personal
recollection of so distinguished a citizen, of this flourishing city of Toronto, as Mr.
Morrison, more especially as it will remind me of the Mayor under whose auspices
I shall have experienced so much gmtification. Had I only been permitted to use
this stone at that curling match which I had the honor of playing with some of
my friends present, I can assure them the result would have been very different from
what it was." (Laughter and applause.)

After another selection of music, Mrs. White, accompanied by a
little girl in white, bearing a handsome bouquet of everlasting flowers,
presented the following address : —

"To His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B., Governor

General of Canada :

May it please Your Excellency,— The members of the Annual Musical
Festival class desire to express to your Excellency the great pleasure we feel at the
honor you have conferred upon us by being present at our festival. We, at the
same time, cannot but feel that this occasion is one of sadness, for we rememb . i
with regret that you are about to bid farewell to our dear Canada. The many acts
of generous condescension both of Her Excellency the Countess of Dufferin and
yourself have endeared you to the people of our country, and thousands of kind
heartfelt wishes for your health and happiness and earnest prayers for your safety
will attend you in your voyage across the Atlantic. While expressing our regret
at the unavoidable absence of Lady Dufferin, we would ask you on her behalf to
accept this bouquet of everlasting flowers, fit emblem of the everlasting affection
and regard your Excellencies have won from the members of this class.

MARIAN A. WHITE, Musical Directress.
Adelaide Street Rink, '

Toronto, September 23rd, 1878."

798

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[lfi78

f i

After a reply to this address, several other exercises were gone
through by the children, when His Excellency retired, amid loud
cheers.

At three o'clock, on Tuesday, His Excellency was formally to open
the Exhibition. At the hour agreed upon His Excellency, accompanied
by the Lieutenant Governor, the Mayor, Mr. Angus Morrison ;
Captain Ward, A.D.C.; Captain Hamilton, A.D.C, ; Lieutenant
Colonel Cumberland, A.D.C. ; Captain Grant, A.D.C. ; Aldermen
Turner, Allen, Close, Crocker, Riddell, Ritchie, Boswell, Ball, Hallam,
Dill, Piper, McGregor, Denison, Smith, Boustead, Tizard, Mr. Jas.
Hughes, and others, took carriages, and, accompanied by the officers
of the loth Royals and the escort of the Governor General's Body
Guard, proceeded along York and King streets and Dufferin avenue
to the grounds. The cavalcade, which was very imposing in appear-
ance, was followed by large crowds of people. It reached the gates
at three o'clock, where a guard of honor was in waiting, and proceeded
immediately to the Judges' stand in the centre of the horse ring. There
His Excellency was received by Mr. Thomas Stock, President of
Agricultural and Arts Association ; Mr. Ira Morgan, Mr. McK
Bowell, M.P., Mr. Samuel Wilmot, Mr. George Graham, Hon. David
Christie, Mr. Stephen White, Mr. L. E. Shipley, and Mr. Charles Drury,
all of whom were members of the Council of the Association ; Mr. J. H.
Craig, Secretary of the Association ; Hon. O. Mowat, Hon. S. C. Wood,
Hon. T. B. Pardee, Hon. Adam Crooks, Hon. Wm. McDougall, M.P.,
Mr. James Young, ex-M.P., Rev. R. Burnet, Prof. George Buckland,
Mr. W. H. Howland, Professor Bell, Sheriff McKellar, Hon. Geo.
Brown, Mr. James Michie, Mr. Quetton St. George, Judge McKenzie,
and many other prominent men of the city and Province. The Misses
Macdonald and Master Macdonald were also present. His Excellency,
as he ascended the stand, was loudly cheered by the thousands who
had assembled to welcome him. When the cheers had subsided Mr.
Stock presented the following address to Lord Dufferin : —

" To His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, Governor General of

Canada, &x:., &=€., &k:.

May it please Your Excellency, — We, the Council of the Agricultural
and Arts Association of Ontario, beg to assure your Excellency of the pride and
satisfaction with which we welcome you on the occasion of your visit to Toronto,
to open this, the thirty-third Exhibition of the Association ; and we gladly avail
ourselves of this opportunity to renew to your Excellency our assurance of loyalty
and devotion to Her Majesty's Person and Government, and also to state our high

1S78]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

799

L'OR General of

admiration of the manner in which you have administered the Government of
Canada.

Your Excellency has given many proofs of the great interest which you have
taken in the advancement of the agricultural, mechanical, and commercial
interests of the Dominion of Canada. Your Excellency has visited every Pro-
vince of the Dominion, thus acquiring much practical knowledge of its character
and resources.

We beg to thank your Excellency, not only for the encouragement which you
have given to the various branches of industry which we represent, but also for the
universal kindness and munificent aid which you have bestowed on the eilucational
institutions of Canada. Many a student has cause to remember with pride and
gratitude your Excellency's beneficence and liberality.

We trust that this Exhibition will afford to your Excellency additional gratifica-
tion, in the evidence which it gives of the progress and prosperity of the Province
of Ontario.

We beg to express our deep regret that your Excellency will so soon leave
Canada, but we assure you that you will carry with you the best wishes of the
people of the whole Dominion.

'ITiat tlie blessing of God may attend your Excellency, Lady Dufferin and family,
is our earnest prayer.

THOMAS STOCK, President.

Toronto, Sept. 24, 1878."

His Excellency replied as follows : —

" Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — In endeavoring to return you
my best thanks for the noble reception you are giving me, for the series of Arabian
Nights' Entertainments through which from hour to hour and day to day I have
been hurried by your hospitable citizens, I can truly say I have never felt less equal
to such a task. During the past six years and a half, indeed, I have been often
required at various times and places to say what are called ♦ a few words ' to
different classes of my fellow countrymen in the Dominion. But on these occasions
there was always some current topic to engage our attention, and to which it was
desirable I should address myself. Now, however, the case is very different. It
is true we have a special business before us. I am nominally here to open this
Exhibition, and, perhaps, under ordinary circumstances it would be sufficient for
me to dilate upon the splendor of these buildings, the variety, the richness of their
contents, the proofs they display not merely of the material wealth of Canada, but
of the energy, ingenuity, and mdustry of our mechanics, artizans, and agriculturists ;
but my imagination refuses to be confined within even these spacious halls. (Ap-
plause.) No ! the contributions they enclose only serve to conjure up before me
in all their beauty the radiant expanses of those seven fair Provinces I have tra-
versed from end to end (hear, hear, and applause), and it is not the departments
of a mere Provincial show which lie mapped out beneath my feet, but the territories
of our great Dominion, whose wealth and capabilities these courts exhibit. Nor
is it in the presence of a detached crowd of casual sight-seers that I seem to stand,
but face to face with that entire population, with whose destinies I have been so
long as^sociated, to whom I owe so much, and who are building up a British polity

1^.

800

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

upon this side of the Atlantic, which is destined, I trust, to exemplify more suc-
cessfully than any other what happiness, what freedom, what strength, what peace
can lie secured to man hy patiently, wisely, soberly expanding and developing
those great principles of Constitutional and Parliamentary Government whicli cen-
turies ago were born in L'-^giind (applause), which our ancestors shed their blood
to defend, which ouv forefathers transplanted to this country, and which uur
fathers have left us as the r^'ost precious inheritance they could bestow. (Tre-
iiiendous ajjplause.) Impressed, then, by such a consciousness, knowing tluit
to-day for the last tir-^ I am speaking to the people of Canada, what an- I to say ?
There are many things I would desire to say at such a moment, but I dread to
tread on forbidden ground. (Laughter.) As you are well aware, in all those
matters, which are of real and vital moment to you, I am only entitled to repeat
in public such words of wisdom as my Ottawa Egerias may put into my mouth.
(Great laughter.) Ir my own behalf it is only competent for me to expatiate in
these vajiorous fields cf extra-political disquisition which may happen i^, l)e iloat-
ing around the solid political life of the people. Yet, perhaps, a Viceroy in
extmnis might claim exceptional indulgence. (Laughter.) To all moribund per-
sonages, as to Jacol) when he gatheretl the Fathers of Israel round his bedside, the
privilege of monition and l)enediction has been granted. (Applause and laughter.)
Happily my closing sentences need not lie of such ambiguous import as those ad-
dressed by the r.itri arch to Judah and his brethren. (Great laughter.) Thoii'h
a country in the throes of a general election might have some sympathy with ;lie
attitude of Issachar (loud laughter), as I am not a defeated Prime Minister, I
have no temptation to apply to you the burden ot Reuben. (Renewed laugiitcr.)
What, then, is to be my valediction — my parting counsel to the citizens of tk
Dominion before I turn my face to the wall. A very few words will convey
them. Love your country, believe in her, honor her, work for her, live for her,
die for her. (Tremendous applause.) Never has any people been endowd
with a nobler birthright, or blessed with prospects of a fairer future. What-
ever gift God has given to i.ian is to he found within the borders of vu ir ample
territories ; and in return the only obligation laid upon you is ' to go forth
and multiply, and replenish the earth.' (Applause and laughter.^ It is true, the
zone within which your lines are cast is characterized by ruder features tlian
those displayed in lower latituiles and within more sunward-stretching lands,
but the North has ever been the home of liberty, industry and valor (cheers),
and great diversities of climate anil of geo'^raphical and physical conditions are
wont to breed antagonistic material interests and disruptive tendencies, whicli ilie
fortunate uniformity of your owii climatt and position can never engemlcr.
(Applause.) It is also true you are not so rich as many other communitie.-, but
the happiness of a people does not so much depend upon the accumulation of
wealth as upon its equable distribution. (Hear, hear.) In many of the weallliiest
kingdoms of Europe thousands can scarcely obtain their daily bread, and though
Canada is by no means at present a nation of millionaires, there is not amongst us
an agricultural homestead between the Atlantic and the Pacific, where content and
a rude plenty do not reign (applause), and in a thousand localities the earth is
bursting with the mineral wealth which only requires improved transportation to

F [1878

templify more suc-
rength, what peace
ng and developing
irnment whicJi cen-
rs shed their blood
y, and which our
ikl bestow. (Tie-
;ss, knowing that
what an- 1 to say ?
nt, but I dread to
iware, in all tliose
y entitled to repeat
)ut into my moulh.
me to expatiate iu
happen iw be l!(Wt-
laps, a Viceroy in
o all moribund pcr-
und his bedside, the
lauseand lauglUtr.)
import as those atl-
laugliter.) Thou'-li
sympathy with the
Prime Minister, 1
^Renewed laughter.)
D the citizens of tin;
words will convey
jr her, live for lier,
iple lieen enilowed
irer future. '.Vliat-
ders of yo ir ample
is ' to go forth
r.) It is true, the
ruder features llian
■d-stretching lands,
nd valor (cheers),
lical conditions are
.dencies, which the
never engender.
|r communities, but
lie accumulation of
i\ of the wealthiest
ibread. ami though
ii not amongst us
where content ami
lalities the earth is
transportation to

IST.^J

THK EARL OF DUFFEUIX IN CANADA.

801

develop. (Renewed njiplause.) Nor indeed are you so numerous as your neigh
liors, luit this is an inferiority which time will soon correct. Providence has
spread out for you the fertile prairies of the Nortit West, and your daughters must
do the rest. (Loud laughter and applause.) Hut if these admissions may \x made
on the one side, what countervailing superiority may not be quoted on the other.
In the (irst place you possess the best form of Government with whicii any liistori-
cal nation has ever been blessed. (Cheers.) The excellency of tlie British Consti-
tutio.\ w.th the self-expanding energies it embodies, is an ancient story which I need
not insist upon, but as there are always external forces which disturb the working
of the most perfect mechanism, so in an old country like England, many influences
exist to trouble tiie harmonious operati, ns of the political machine, but here, our
Constitution has been set agoing almost /// rv/rwc^entirely disencumbered of those
entanglements which traditional prejudices and social complications have given
hirth to at home. My next advice to you, then, would be to guard and cherish
the characteristics of your Constitution with a sleepless vigilance. And do not
consider that this is a superfluous warning. I do not of course refer to any of those
principles which either regulate the relation of the Mother Country to the Colony,
or of the Crown to the Parliament. All ([uestions which were at one time in con-
troversy in either of these respects have been long since happily settled to the satis-
faction of everybody concerned. (Applause.) During the whole time tiiat I have
been ( 'lovernor General of Canada not a single difficulty has ever arisen between the
Colonial Oflice and this Ciovernment. (Hear, hear.) Indeed it would bf impos-
sii)le to overstate the extraordinary smootiiness and harmony with which this portion
o''tl)e machinery has worked so far as my experience has gone. (Ajiplause.) The
independence of the Canadian Parliam.ent and the independence of the Canadian
Administration in all matters affecting their domestic jurisdiction have not only
rectivv-d a generous recognition, but have been stimulated and expanded to the full-
est possible extent by the .authorities at home, as the recent establishment of a
Siij-.reme L'ourt of Justice on Canadian soil impressively testifies. (Applause.)
Nor lias anything occurred to trouble the relations of the Viceroy as representing
the Regal Power and his Parliament. The respi^ctive limits of privilege and pre-
rof^ativc have been finally jtermined, and th'.re is no temptation, either upon
the one side or the other, to overstep them (clieers) ; but there are one or two
other principles incident to the Hritish Constitution which, though fully recog-
nized and established, might, perhaps, be overridden in time of political excite-
ment, unless public opinion exerted itself to maintain them absol; ,oly intact. I
allude to the independence of the judges and the non jiulnical and ]X'rmanent
character of the Civil Service. With regard to the indeper.dence of the judges
I wdl say nothing. Notwithstanding what has been done elsewhere, I do not
think that the Canadian people will ever be tempted to allow the judges of
the land to be constituted by popular election. (Hear, and applause.) Still, on
this continent there will always be present in the air, as it were, a certain tendency
in that direction, and it is against this 1 would warn you. And now that I am
upon this topic there is one further observation I am tempted to make in regard
to the position of the judges. I ahould hope that, as time goes on. as the impor-
tance and extent of their work i.icreases, and as the wealth of the country expands,

AAA

T^-r—rr

802

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1h:8

it may lie found expedient to attach somewhat higher salaries to those who admin-
ister the laws. Pure and righteous justice is the very foundation of human hapjii-
ness, but rememl)er it is as true of justice as of anything else — you cannot have a
first-rate article v/ithout paying for it. (Cheers and laughter.) In order to secure
an able bar you must provide adequate prizes for those that are called to it. If
this is done the intellectual energy of tiie country will be attracted to the legal
profession, and you will have what is the greatest ornament any country can
possess— an efficient and learned judiciary. (Cheers.) But, after all, the cliicf
danger against which you will have to guard is that which concerns the Civil
Service of the country. Now, the Civil Service of the country, though not the
animating spirit, is the living mechanism through which the body politic niovts
md breathes, and has its being. Upon it depends the rapid and economical con-
duct of every branch of your affairs ; and there is nothing about which a nation
should be so particular as to secure in such a service indejiendence, zeal, jjatiiot-
ism and integrity. Hut in order that this should be the case, it is necessary that
the civil servants should be given a status regulated by their acquirements, their
personal qualilications, their capacity for rendering the country efficient service,
and that neither their original appointment nor their subsequent advancemcm
should in any way depend upon their political connections of opinions. (Api)l.iuse.)
If you take my advice you will never allow your Civil Service to be degraded intu
an instrument to subserve the ends and interests of any political party. (Checr>,j
The success of a political party ought to depend upon its public policy, and the
ability of its chiefs, and not upon the advantage likely to accrue to its individual
adherents. In fact, the more the area of personal profit consequent upon a cli.ini;e
of Government is limited the better for the country at large. (Hear, hear.) Or.
the other hand, the independence thus conceded to the members of the Civil .Ser-
vice imposes upon them a special obligation, namely, that the> should serve their j
successive chiefs — no matter to which side they may belong — with a scrupulou^lv
impartial zeal and loyalty. (Hear, hear.) There is no offence which should le
visited with swifter or more condign punishment than any failure in this re-]iett.
A civil servant who allows his political sympathies to daiiq) his ardor, devotion,
zeal and loyalty to his departmental chiefs is a disgrace to his profession. (Ihar,
hear.) Happily both the great political parties in this country have given in their j
adherence to this principle. Both arc convinced of the wholesomeness of the
doctrine to which I have referred, and I have no doubt that the anxiety nianifoteii
by ou>' frienils across the line to purge their own Civil Service of its political com-
plexion will confirm every thinking Canadian in the conviction I have sougiit to I
imjiress upon you. (Applause.) Again, therefore, I .-ay to you, guar>.l this and every
other characteristic of your Constitution with an unfailing vigilance, for, though yui; I
search all the world over, it is not likely you will ever get a better one. (Cheers.) It|
is true no one can .Ive in the proximity of our great neighbors without conceiv
ing the greatest admiration for the wisdom whici framed the political institution^
under which they have so wonderfully prospered, but I am not at all sure liiat tht
success of the original experiment is not as much due to the fortitude, the goodl
sense, and the moderation of the subsequent generations that have carried it inul
effect, as to the foresight and wisdom of its authors ; and certain am I that there i

1S78]

THE EARL OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

803

to those who admin-
ion of human happi-
— you cannot have a
) In order to seture
are called to it. If
.ttracted to the legal
ent any country can
t, after all, the chief
:h concerns the Civil
intry, though not llie
e body politic moves
1 and economical con-
about which a nation
jndence, zeal, patriot-
se, it is necessary liut
jir acquirements, tlieir
intry efficient service,
jsequent advancement
jpinions. (Applause)
ice to be degraded inm
tical party. (Clieei>,)
public policy, aiul tlic
accrue to its individiui!
nsequent upon a clians^e
[e. (Hear, hear.) ("r.
nbers of the Civil Ser-
they should serve tlieir
g — with a scrupuloibly
iTence which shoulilW
failure in this re^peti.
up his ardor, devotion,
iiis profession, (Hi.ir,
iitry have given in their
wholesonieness ot lie
the anxiety manife>teii
[ice of its political cora-
iction I have souijlit i^'
'". guard this and cvciy
jlance, for, though you ]
letter one. (Cheers.) Ii|
libors without conceiv
lie political insiiuinoml
not at all sure that the
he fortitude, the i;o*i
lat have carried it iiitJJ
Irtainani 1 that therein

not a thinking American who, however proud he may be of his country, does not
occasionally cast an envious sheep's eye across the border at our more fortunate
condition. (L.iughterand applause.) Tlie truth is that almost every modern Con-
stitution has been the child of violence, and remains indelibly impressed with tiie
scars of the struggle which ushered in its birth. (Applause.) A written Constitu-
tion is of necessity an artificial invention — a contrivance— a formula as inelastic as
tile parchment on which it is written — instead of lieing a living, primeval, heaven-
engendered growth ; but the foundations of the jiolity under which you live are of
secular antiquity (loud applause) ; no revolutionary convulsion has severed the
continuity of your history, or disinherited you of your past — your annals are not
comprised within the lifetime of a centenarian, but reach back through a thousand
years of matchless achievement in every field of exertion open to mankind. (Loud
cheering.) Nor do even the confines of two oceans suffice to hedge you in ; you
share an Empire whose flag flo.'ts, whose jurisdiction asserts itself in every fjuarter
of the globe (applause) — whoie ships whiten every sea — whose language is
destined to spread further than any European tongue (tremendous cheering), whose
institutions every nation aspiring to freedom is endeavoring to imitate, and whose
vast and widespread colonies are vieing with each other in their atVectionate love
for the Mother Country (cheers), in their efforts to add lustre to the English
name, in their longing to see cemented still more closely the bonds of that sacred
and majestic union within which they have been born. (Applause.) Gentlemen,
believe me, one is not an Englishman for nothing (great applause), and altht)ugli,
perliaps, I should be prepared to go beyond many of my heater-, not merely in
justifying, but in extolling the conduct of those men of the revolutionary period
who tore themselves — though I believe with tileeding hear' from their Mother's
side rather than submit to her tyranny, I confess I siiou! - dit'ticulty in find-
ing words to expi ss my want of sympathy for those, should any •"Uch ever come
into existence, who — unless under the stress of equal provocation — should Ik lempled
to abjure so glorious a birthright in )iursuit of any Utopian chimera. (AppI ise.)
None such, however, are here. (Cheers.) Of course 1 am well aware that many
of tiie most earnest- minded men amongst us have insisted of late years with
laudable enthusiasm — and, in doing so, tho".gh perhaps unconsciously to them-
selves, they have only given utterances to the feelings of every man and womun in
the nation — upon the duty of a suj)reme devotion to the interests of their own
Canada. (Cheers.) But you are well aware that as an Imperial officer I have
never shown the sliglitest jealousy or breathed a word in discouragement of such
honorable sentiments ; for I am convinced that, so flrr from being antagonistic lo
Imperial interests, it is amongst those who are prepared to make the greatest
sacniices for their native land that we shall always find the most loyal subjects of
the (^ucen. (Great cheering.) The only thing that, pei'haps, I would be disposed
to deprecate would be the over-passionate advocacy of any speculative programme
that may lie outside of the orbit of practical statesmansiiip. (Hear, hear.) As
tveiy human society is in a state of continuous development, so occasional
re-adjustment of its mechanism becomes necessary ; but I think you may take
it for granted that, though they may not talk much about it, the experienced men
who superintend your atTairs are perpetually on the watch for any serious

804

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[18T8

symptoms of strain or friction in the wheels of the body politic, and as soon
as these disclose themselves there is no doubt they will find expedients with
which to meet the emergency. It is in this way, by this practical pro-
cedure, and not by theoretical excursions into dreamland that the British
polity has been so successfully elaborated. (Applause.) So long as a man sleeps
well, has a good appetite, and feels generally jovial, he may rest assured he needs
no doctoring. (Laughter.) But if he takes to perpetually feeling his pulse, look-
ing at his tongue, and wrti;hing his digestion, he will invariably superinduce all
kinds of imaginary pains and aches, and perhaps a real illness. (Applause and
laughter.) Well, so far as I have observed, you all appear at present in tiie be;-*
of health and spirits, and I do not know that you will much better your condition
by allowing your imagination to speculate as to whether the exuberant vitality you
are accumulating in your system, under your present satisfactory regimen, will or
will not eventually necessitate some hundred years hence an inconceivable process
of amputation. (Laughter and applause.) But what is so satisfactory in this case is,
that those sentiments of loyally and affection for the Mother Country, which are s.j
dominant in Canada, coincide and run in parallel lines with what the coldest com-
mon sense and the most calculating policy would recommend. (Cireat applause.)
They are, in fact, but the wreaths of roses which entw'ne and overlie the stron;;
cords of mutual profit and advantage by which the two countries are bound to one
another. (Applause.) I therefore say, cherish as one of the noblest traditions
transmitted by your forefathers that feeling of loyalty towards Great Britain, tiie
Empire, and its Sovereign, by which you are animated, for it is in that direction,
and not in any other one, that your true course lies. (Great applause.) And now,
in conclusion, I have but one more word to say. However earnestly I may liave
besought you to be laithful to your native land, and to estimate at its proper value
your birthright as Englishmen, it is almost with equal persistence that I would
exhort you to cultivate cordial relations with the great American people. A nobler
nation — a people more generous or more hospitable — does not exist. (Loud ap-
plause. ) To have learnt to understand and appreciate them I esteem as not the
least of the many advantages I have gained by coming to Canada. (Applause.)
Of my own knowledge I can say that they are animated by the kindliest feelings
towards the Dominion, and I cannot (Umht Vjut that the two countries are destined
to be united in the bands of an unbroken friendship. (Loud applause.) Nor can
I conceive a more interesting or delightful task in store for the philosophical liis-
torian than to record the amicable rivalry of such powerful and cognate cunnnuni-
ties in the path of progress, — the one a republic indeed but where the authorita-
tive pre-eminence assigned to the elect of the people, and the comparative f eedom
of the Executive from Parliamentary control, introduces a feature akin to personal
Government ; the other a monarchy, but to which the hereditary principle com-
municates such an element of stability as to render possible the application of what
is really the most popular and democratic political s) tem to be found upon this
continent (loud cheers), while both combine, each in their rcsi)ective spheres, to
advance the happiness of mankind, and to open up ;■ new and fresher chapter of
human history. (Applause.) And now, gentlemen, 1 must hurry to a conclusion.
I have only to thank you for the patience with whicli you have listened to nie. -My

1878]

THE EA.RL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

805

race amongst you is run. To-day I am but hastily finishing off the concluding
paragraph in the record of my official career. That record I am happy to think is
destined to become die preface to a more brilliant chapter in your history.
(Clieers.) In a few weeks one of the most promising of the younger generation
of English statesmen will reach your shores, accompanied by a daughter of your
Queen. (Tremendous applause.) Under the auspices of these distinguished per-
sonages you are destined to ascend yet higher in the hierarchy of the nations,
to be drawn still closer to the heart of the Mother Country, to be recognized still
more universally as one of the most loyal, most prosperous, and most powerful of
those great colonial governments which unite to form the Empire of CJreat Britain.
(Great cheering.) May God Almighty bless you and keep you, and pour out upon
your glorious country the universal blessings that lie at His right hand." (Tre-
mendous cheering, renewed again and again.)

His Excellency then returned to his carriage, and was driven to the
Cairn, erected in memory of the French occupation of the country.*

* A point of great interest to every one at all familiar with Canadian history is
this Cairn, which is erected near the south-western corner of the grounds to mark
the spot where once stood what is now known as the old French Fort, but what
ivas more than a century ago known as Fort Rouille. The Cairn is raised above
the level of the ground on a mound, and the numerous small stones of which it is
composed, support a large boulder, on which is inscribed the following statement,
prepared by Dr. Scadding : —

THIS CAIRN

marks the exact site of

FORT ROUILLE,

commonly known as

FORT TORONTO,

An Indian Trading Post and Stockade,

Established A.D. 1749,

By order of the Government of Louis XV.,

in accordance

Wi.n the recommendation of

The Count De La Galisoni^re,

Administrator of New France, 1747-1749.

Erected by the Corporation of the

City of Toronto,

A.D. 1878.

The inscription fully explains the meaning of the Cairn, and the history of the
piece of land upon which it and the Exhibition are situated. Interesting it is to
think that the land which 130 years ago was the site of a fort, luiilt to force trade
with tlie Indians out of the hands of the British into tlie hands of the French,
siiould now be the site of an exhibition of trade, agricultural and manufacturing
piO(Uicts of a great British Province, which in those days was nothing but an
ahnost trackless forest.

^^w

806

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

The Cairn is situated at the south-western extremity of the grounds,
and, when the Vice-regal carriage, escorted by the Body Guard,
approached it, the Queen's Own with its band, under the command
of Lieutenant Colonel Otter and Lieutenant Colonel Arthurs, formed
into line, and, as a guard of honor, saluted the distinguished visitor.
At the same time a detachment of the Field Battery fired a salute of
nineteen guns. His Excellency and party then alighted from their
carriages, and examined the Cairn. Rev. Dr. Scadding, on behalf of
the city, presented the Governor General with a copy of a pamphlet
which he had written, giving the authorities for the belief that the spot
on which the Cairn was erected was the exact site of the old French
Fort, and also containing a historical sketch of that piece of land.
His Excellency then reviewed the militia and walked to the grand
entrance of the main building, there to take part in the ceremony.

The vast concourse of people, observing that the Vice-regal party
was about to enter the Crystal palace, hastened immediately to the doors,
which were literally besieged. Thousands squeezed their way in, and
very shortly the front of every gallery was lined, and every inch of
standing-room on the ground floor was taken. Indeed, people took
possession of the very tables on \vhich the exhibits were laid, and all
kinds of goods had to submit to the invasion of the general public, in
order to witness the much-talked-of ceremony. When His Excellency
arrived the spectacle was grand indeed. At the west end of the build-
ing the Philharmonic Society, which was under the direction of Mr.
'Jorrington, was stationed on a platform erected for the accommoda-
tion of its members. In the two galleries from end to end of the
building nothing could be seen but men, women and children, and
looking from any one of the galleries to the ground floor nothing was
visible but a sea of heads. As Lord Dufierin entered the building the
Philharmonic Society and orchestra performed the National Anthem,
and when the singing was concluded, and His Excellency took the
seat provided for him on the platform, he was loudly cheered. 'I'he
Philharmonic Society then sang " The Heavens are Telling," after
which Mr. Stock briefly introduced the guest of the occasion, who
declared the Exhibition open.

Aid. VV'ithrow then, as Chairman of the Exhibition Committee,
approached the Governor, and said : —

" May it please your Excellency. — The Exhibition Committee of the
City of Toronto, in the person of its Chairman, desires to approach your Excel-
lency with the request that you will allow your name to be placed on a memorial
tablet to commemorate the auspicious opening of this new building."

1878J

THE EAKL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

807

Ion Committee,

To this His Excellency was pleased to accede.

The singing of the Hallelujah Chorus concluded the proceedings.
The Governor General and staff then left the building, and shortly
afterwards the groimds. As the carriage in which His Excellency
was seated passed through the crowd the cheers were loud and hearty.

In the evening His Excellency, at the invitation of the Horticul-
tural Society, visited the Horticultural Gardens, and took part in the
demonstrations there. The gardens were handsomely decorated, and
two triumi)hal arches — one at the gate and one at the pavilion —
added to the always pleasing appearance of the grounds. On the
arch at the gate were the words " Welcome " and '* Farewell " in gas
jets. The word " Welcome " faced the visitors as they entered the
grounds, and the word " Farewell " as they left. Some two or three
thousand people had assembled in the Gardens by eight o'clock, and
precisely at that hour the Queen's Own Rifles arrived, and its mem-
bers were drawn up in line on either side of the pathway leading from
the gate to the pavilion. In a short time his Honor the Lieutenant
Governor with the Misses Macdonald arrived, and took seats on a
[jlatform erected at the west end of the pavilion, and facing an enclo-
sure, from which fireworks, in sets and singly, were, under the direc-
tion of Prof. Hand, to be displayed. His Honor was speedily fol-
lowed by His Excellency the Governor General, who was accom-
panied by Captains Hamilton and Ward, Hon. G. W. Allan, Mr.
Henry Pellatt, the Mayor, and a large number of the Aldermen and
members of the Horticultural Society. His Excellency was loudly
cheered as he passed through the crowd to his seat on the platform,
and a very handsome si)ectacle was caused by the simultaneous light-
ing in various parts of the grounds of colored lights. At the same time
the National Anthem was played in the pavilion by the band of the
Tenth Royals, under the leadership of Mr. Toulmin. The proceed-
ings of the evening vvere enlivened by the music of the Tenth Royals
band, and made brilliant by the fireworks.

Before the proceedings terminated, Hon. G. W. Allan, on behalf of
the Horticultural Society, and in appropriate terms, expressed the great
pleasure which the members of the Society felt in welcoming Lord
Dufferin to their gardens. His Excellency's visit was an act of conde-
scension which would long be remembered. The hon. gentleman then
referred to the very brilliant administration of the affairs of this country
hy His Excellency, expressed the regret which every one felt in being
obliged to say farewell to him, and concluded by calling for three

808

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTUATION OF

[IH78

hearty cheers for one who had endeared himself to the Canadian
peoi)le.

The cheers were given with a will.

His Excellency, in returning thanks for the welcome which had
been provided for him, said his hearers could well understand that one
who had already spoken for three-quarters of an hour could hardly
sjieak at any great length. He had, come to see fireworks, and when
he came he did not expect to let them off. (Laughter.) His hearers
would, therefore, he was sure, excuse him if he contented himself by
expressing his appreciation of the kindness of the Society, and his deep
sense of the hearty welcome which had been accorded him. (Cheers.)

After witnessing another display of fire-works, His Excellency and
staff retired.

The next (Wednesday) morning His Excellency received at the
Queen's Hotel representatives of the following bodies : The Irish
Protestant Benevolent Society, the St. George's Society, the I'liljjic
School Board and the Commercial Travellers' Association. The first
to be introduced were the representatives of the Irish Protestant lien-
evolent Society. It consisted of the following : — Captain W. F. Mc-
Master, President ; Hon. Vice Chancellor Blake, Vice-President : A.
T. McCord, Warring Kennedy, J. M. Evans, Alderman Close, Rev.
Dr. Robb, Rev. S. W. Young, Rev. E. H. Dewart, Rev. W. H. Poole.
Rev. Robert Wallace ; Thomas Houston, Secretary ; ex -Alderman
Downie, Wilson McWhiney, James Hunter, W. W. Larmour, R. L.
Frazer, J. H. McCallum, R. C. Hamilton, Robert Patterson, Dr.
Evans, James Alison, Thos. Alison, John Bailie, Robert Barber, jr..
Robert McKim, H. C. Pease, W. T. Finlay, W. M. Magith, Samuel
Rogers, Gilbert Milligan, Marcellus Crombie, John Burns, Thomas
Downie, John Oliver, William Wilson, R. M. Storey, King Houston,
Thos. Patterson, W^m. Magill, and R. H. Bowes.

The President, on behalf of the Society, presented His Excellency
with the following address : —

"To His Excellency THE Right Hon, theE.\rl ofDufkerin, K.P,, K.C.Ii.,
ViscoL'NT Clandebove, OK Clandeboye, etc., Governor Generai. of
THE Dominion of Canada.

May it i'i.ease Your Excellency, — On your Excellency's auspicious anival
in Can.ida, the Irish Protest.int Benevolent Society of Toronto took the t.;irlie5t
opportunity aflforded it to welcome you to our shores. We ventured to exiMcss the
delight which we then felt at the advent of so distinguished a fellow-countryman as
the Viceroy in Canada of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen. We felt assurcti,

187.*^]

THE EARL OF Dl'FFERIN IN CANADA.

809

His Excellency

from your past career, that you would take high rank in the long line of represen-
tatives of Royalty who have held the exalted position on this continent whicii we
(leti)iy regret you are now about to relin<iuisii. Wiiat was then the iiearty convic-
tion of tlie nienibers of this Society has been far more than realized in the remark-
ahlc success and Itrilliancy of your Administration. Not only have objects kindretl
to those for which our Society were formed received hearty sympathy from your
Excellency, but every interest connected with the progress and welfare of our
adopted country, material, social and commercial, has been promoted in such a
manner as to show how completely you have identified yourself with those interests,
and how heartily you have sought to promote them in every possible w ay, and
to exalt the Dominion in the estimation of the Imperial authorities and ol otluT
nations.

Although, as your Excellency has so eloquently illustrated, in the remarkably
able speeches which you have delivered, Canada is so highly favored, and so
desirable a home for our immigrant countrymen, yet, not only on their arrival
here, but for a considerable time afterwards, many of the ii recjuire that material aid
and friendly counsel which it is the special object of our Society to aflbrd. It will
be no doubt gratifying to your Kxcellency to know that our Society has since
its formation assisted some hundreds of cases of Irish Protestants whose lot in life
has been less favored than our own. Our Society is a purely benevolent one, and
non-sectarian. On bidding you a respectful yet affectionate farewell, we cannot
refrain from paying a warm-hearted tribute to the many ailniiral)le (jualities which
have so universally endeared the name of the Countess of Dufferin to all classes of
society in this country. A^ r Beatiachd Icat. Our blessing go with you.

\V. F. McM ASTER, President.
S. H. BLAKE, V. C,
A. T. McCORl),
WARRINCi KENNEDY,
J. GEORGE IIODGINS, LL.D.,
F. W. KINGSTONE,
GEORGE M, EVANS, M.A.,
THOMAS HOUSTON, Secrclnry."

His Excellency, in reply, said : —

" (Jknti.kmkn, — Few things could have given me greater pleasure than to
receive wich an address as that which you have presented to me. I recoll'.ct the
friendly reception you gave me on my first arrival, and I rejoice at this opportunity
of bidding you farewell. I am well aware of the useful nature of the task you have
set yourselves, and of the broad and liberal spirit in which you execute it, and it is,
therefore, to you, and through you to the rest of our Irish fellow-countrymen in
Canada, that I feel irresistibly compelled to convey one last and parting entreaty.
No one can have watched the recent course of events without having observed,
almost with feelings of terror, the unaccountable exacerbation and re-crudescence
of those party feuds and religious animosities from which for many a long day we
have been comparatively free. Now, gentlemen, this is a most serious matter
(hear, hear), its import cannot be exaggerated, and I would beseech you and

Vice-rresuiviils.

^^^f

810

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1.^78

every Canadian in the land who exercises any influence amid the circle of lijs
acquaintance — nay, every Canadian woman, whether mother, wife, sister, or
daughter, to strain every nerve, to exert every faculty they possess to stifle and
eradicate this hateful and abominable root of bitterness from amongst us. (Hear,
hear,) (lentlemen, I have had a terrible experience in these matters. I have seen
one of the greatest and most prosperous towns of Ireland — the City of Helfast
— helplessly given over for an entire week into the hands of two contendiiifj
religious factions. I have gone into the hospital and beheld the dead bodies of
young men in the prime of life lying stark and cold upon the hospital floor— the
delicate forms of innocent women writhing in agony upon the hospital beds — and
every one of these stiiick down by an unknown bullet — by those with whom
they had no personal quarrel— towards whom they felt no animosity, and from
whom, had they encountered them in the intercourse of ordinary life, lliey
would have probably received every mark of kindness and goodwill. (Hear,
hear.) But where these tragedies occurred — senseless and wicked as were the
occasions which produced them — there had long existed Ijetween the contending
parties, traditions of animosity and ill-will and the memory of ancient
grievances ; but what can be more Cain-like, more insane than to import into
this country — unsullied as it is by any evil record of civil strife — a stainless
paradise, fresh and bright from the hands of its Maker, — where all have been free-
ly admitted upon equal terms — the bloodthirsty strife and brutal quarrels of the
old world ? Divided as you are into various powerful religious communities, none
of whom are entitled to claim either pre-eminence or ascendancy over the otlier,
but each of which reckons amongst its adherents enormous masses of the po])u-
lation, what hope can you have except in mutual forbearance and a generous
liberality of sentiment ? Why ! Your very existence depends upon the disappear-
ance of these ancient feuds. Be wise, therefore, in time, I say, while it is still
time, for it is the property of these hateful quarrels to feed on their own excesses ;
if once engendered they widen their bloody circuit from year to year, till they
engulf the entire community ininternecine strife. Unhappily it is not by legis-
lation or statutory restrictions, or even by the interference of the armed Executive,
that the evil can be effectually and radically remedied. Such alternatives, even
when successful at the time — I am not alluding to anything that has takv°n place in
Canada, but to my Irish experiences — are apt to leave a sense of injustice and of a
partial administration of the law, rankling in the minds of one or other of the
parties, but surely when re-inforced by such obvious considerations of self-preser-
vation as those I have indicated, the public opinion of the community at large ought
to be sufificient to repress the evil. Believe me, if you desire to avert an impend-
ing calamity, it is the duty of every human being amongst you — Protestant and
Catholic — Orangeman and Union man — to consider with regard to all these mat-
ters what is the real duty they owe to God, their country, and each other. (Ap-
plause.) And now, gentlemen, I have done. I trust that nothing I have said has
wounded the susceptibilities of any of those who have listened to me. God knows
I have had but one thought in addressing these observations to you, and that is to
make the best use of this exceptional occasion, and to take the utmost advantage
of the good will with which I know you regard me, in order to eflfect an object

THE EAKL OF DUFFKHIN IN CANADA.

811

uid the circle of his
her, wife, sister, or
possess to stifle ami
amongst us. (IKar,
matters. I have sfen
—the City of Belfast
s of two contending
d the dead boihes of
le hospital floor — the
le hospital beds — and
by those with whom
animosity, and from
f ordinary life, lliey
:1 goodwill. (Hear,
wicked as were tlie
ween the contending
memory of ancient
than to import into
dl strife — a stainless
re all have been free-
)rntal quarrels of the
)us communities, none
dancy over the otlier,
i masses of the \w\m-
mce and a generous
Is upon the disappear-
say, while it is still
their own excesses ;
r to year, till they
it is not by legis-
le armed E.xecutive,
ch alternatives, even
lat has taken place in
of injustice and of a
one or other of the
aliens of self-preser-
nunity at large ought
to avert an impend-
ou — Protestant and
ard to all these mat-
each other. (Ap-
ling I have said has
to me. God knows
you, and that is to
e utmost advantage
to effect an object

upon which your own happiness and the liappiness of future generations so greatly
depend."

The deputation then retired and the following members of the St.
(leorge's Society were introduced : — Mes.srs. B. Walton, President ;
E. Pierce, ist Vice-President; M. Swetton, 2nd Vice-President; J.
I. Allworth, 3rd \'ice-President ; W. B. Phipps, Treasurer ; J. E.
Pell, Secretary; J. H. Mason, F. Wright, [as. Cooper, W. H.
Warner, C. Virtue, T. A. Fraser, G. Pugsden, C. Riley, Rev. T.
W. Handford, G. Hodgetts, H. Mortimer, A. E. Paul, ^\'. Martin, W.
B. Butler, and several others.

Mr. Pell read the following address : —

" roHlsExcKI.LENCYTHE RICHtIIoN. THK EaRI. OF DfKKF.RlN, K.P., K.C.H.,

Governor General ok the Dominion ok Canada, etc.

May it ti.ease Yovr Excellency, — We, the officers and members of the
St. (ieorge's Society of Toronto, a society of a purely benevolent cliaracter, estab-
lished for the express purpose of giving aid and counsel to needy and distressed
fellow-countrymen, beg leave to approach your Excellency with the warmest ex-
pressions of loyalty and devotion to the person antl dignity of Her Most Ciracious
.Majesty our lieloved Queen ; and also to assure you of our higli appreciation of the
very able, dignified, and courteous way in which you have filled the position of
Her Majesty's Representative in this Dominion.

We would also take the opportunity of exjiressing to your Lordship tlie great
admiration and esteem in which Lady Dufferin is held by Englishmen generally in
this Dominion. Never within the recollection of any one of us has her Ladyship's
position been filled with so much grace and courtesy ; and we part with your Ex-
cellency and her Ladyship with feelings of sincere regret ; praying that in what-
ever public position yon may be placed in the future you may be enabled to per-
form its duties with the same satisfaction to the Sovereign, with the same honor to
yourself, and with the same gratitude of the public, that you have obtained during
your administration of the government of this highly favored Dominion of Canada."

His Excellency, in replying, expressed his deep sense of the honor
which had been conferred upon him by the Society in presenting him
ivith such an address. He felt that the presentation was no empty
ceremony, and as long as he lived he would retain a lively recollection
of all the kindness, hospitality and patience with which he had been
treated in this country. He felt that, however earnestly he may have
striven to do his duty, after all it was to the kindness and friendship
of the people that he owed the good estimation in which he was held.
He was deeply touched by the kind references to Lady Dufferin ; and
he could assure his hearers that she never felt happier, sh" never felt
more at home, than during the six years she had spent in Canada.
She left the country with the greatest regret, and nothing would be

T^-7fWF"

812

HISTORY OF TlIK ADMINISTKATION OF

[\m

more grateful to her feelings than to know that, although she liad
returned to her home in Ireland, the St. (leorge's Society had hecn
good enough to make mention of her in this address. His hearers
could rely U[)on it that he, for his part, would endeavor to show his
gratitude not merely in words, hut, as long as he lived, he would
consider himself hound to be the faithful servant and advocate of
Canad ■ in the Councils of the Imperial Parliament.

The following members of the Commercial Travellers' Association
were then ushered in: — Mr. Jas. Pater.son, President ; Mr. Kawreiuc
Smyth, ist Vice-President; Mr. Warring Kennedy, ex-President;
Alex. A. Allan, J. A. Dobbie, T. (). Anderson, J. JJarr, W. l}oniieII,
J. A. IJusselle, J. P.arber, jun., R. Harber, jun., A. E. Ik'lcher, J,
Cooper, W. Cameron, W. Coats (Hamilton), H. VV. Darling, j. S.
Donaldson, (1. H. Kvans, W. R. Kdmond, K. G. Mackenzie I'rascr.
A. Finlayson, CI. Fryer, |. N. Fennell, J. P. Hayes, R. F. Hunter,
J. Haywood, VV^ Inkson (Hamilton), K. J. Joselin, J. H. Kenny, C.
E. Kyle, H. H. Laing (Hamilton), VV. T. J-undy, VV. Morrison,
A. Mackie, VV. M. Magrath, H. I). Mason, H. Miller, H. McLaren.
J. Oliver, T. Ogiivy, A. Petersen, R. VV. Pentecost (Hamilton), J. H.
Pearce, VV. H. Rodden, J. Sargant, VV. P. Small, M. Thwaite, J. J.
Thomson, R. J. VVylie, j. (). Walpole, A. Welding, S. J. U'alkcr.
J. VVilkins, and Charles Riley, Secretary.

Mr. Charles Riley read the following address, the hand.sonit
illuminated work of which was from the pen ot Mr. R. M. Williams, a
member of the Queen's Own : —

" To His Excellkncv the Right Hon. the Earl ok Dufferin, K.P,, K C.B,,
Viscount Ci.ANnEitovE, of Clandeboye, etc., etc., CIovernor Genkr.\l
OF the Dominion of Canaoa.

May it please Voir Excellency, — We, the officers ami members of 'llie
Commercial Travellers' Association of Canada,' numbering over one thousaml
members, and representing the leading commercial interests of the country, an
association having for its objects the moral, intellectual and financial welfare ofit>
memliers, and, to some extent, benevolent in its character, beg leave to appro.ich
your Excellency with the warmest expressions of loyalty and devotion to the per-
sonal dignity of Her Most Gracious Majesty our beloved Queen, and also to
assure you of our high appreciation of the able, dignified and courteous manner
in which you have filled the position of Her Majesty's Representative in this
Dominion. The able statesmanship displayed by you in discharge of the duties
of your high office has commanded our unbounded admiration ; the wise measures
taken towards encouraging and cementing a British national sentiment in our
Dominion, as well as to stimulate the mercantile and manufacturing enterprises
of the country, during your Vice-royalty have been such as to ensure the outgrowth

:>F

[1878 ■ 187S]

THE TAKh OF DUFFEUIN IN CANADA.

813

ilthough she luid
Society had hccn
ess. His hearers
eavor to show his
: hved, he would
and advocate of

ellers' Association
It ; Mr. LawrLMuc
dy, ex-I*resi(lcnt ;
Jiarr, ^V . JJonntH,
A. E. Helcher, J.

W. Dading, J. S.
Mackenzie l-'rascr.
cs, R. I"'. Hunter,
1, J. H. Kenny, C.
idy, W. Morrison,
iller, H. McLaren,

(Hamilton), J. H.

M. 'I'hwaite, J. J.
ing, S. J. Walker,

:ss, the handsome
R. M. Williams, a

'i-KRiN, K.r., K.C.B.,

lelOVKRNOR (JKMRAI-

ancl members of ' 'Hie
lig over one thousaml
Its of the country, M
Ifinancial welfare of it>
|be|; leave to apprcich
devotion to the per-
Queen, and also to
md courteous manner
iepresentative in this
[ischarge of the dutiei
3n ; the wise measurd
Inal sentiment in our
(ufacturing enterprises
ensure the outgrowth

(if siil);.tanlia! advantages which the commercial travellers as well as all classes
iiftlie community higldy ajipreciate. A great debt of gratitude is due to your
Kxifllency l)y the commercial travellers of this Dominion, whose business leads
thcni from tlie Atlantic to llie I'acilic, fur the iiukfatigable, energy you liavc
displayed in visiting all the provinces, especially the jjreat North West ; making
yoiuself intimately ac(juainted with all the re(|uirLnienls and neces.sities of the
country; becoming the piimeer of tlie emigrant from distant lands, and also of
llu' commercial traveller, thus hastening tlie development of those regions mucli
i,\rliir llian otherwise would have been done. We cannot refrain from taking
this opportunity of expressing to your l,ordsliii) the great .idmiration and unbound-
eii i>tt'em in which Lady Duflerin is held l)y ail classes in this Doniiniou ; the
i;r,ue and comtesy with which her Ladyship lias Idled tlie position siie has
I ipied during the past six years will never l)e forgotten, and we biil farewell to
yonr l'',xcelleiuies with feelings of sincere regret, and would respectfully assure you
lliat, thougli your official connection with our country is aliout to cea.se, we shall
.ilways take the warmest interest in the happiness and prosperity of your illustrious
iiouse,

.'Signed on behalf of the Commercial Travellers' Association of Canada,

JAMi:S I'ArKkSUN, rrcskiait.

CiL\KLES RILEV, Secretary:'

1 lis l^xcellency said : —

AiR. pRlcsiDliNT AM) (jKNTI.KMliN, — I assure you I experience very great
lilia>ure in receiving an address from such a hody as this. In the first place I am
well aware that the Commercial Travellers constitute a community as distinguished
fur its integrity, for its intelligence, for its general aptitude for advancing the
jiw^pefity of Canada as any in the country. In the next place I cannot help
remembering that one of the wisest and kiniiliest statesmen whose eloquence and
.iciiicvements have ever adorned the pages of Kiiglish history had the honor of once
leing enrolled amongst your number. I allude to Riciiard Coljtlen. (Applause.)
.■\nd I am also glad to think that another member of your i)rofession, Mr. (.ieorge
Mooiv, has also justly attracted by his honorable and tlistinguished career the
mlniiration and sympathy of his fellow-countrymen. But there is a still closer tie
which attracts me towards you, because, after all, what am I myself but a coininer-
d;U traveller ? (Laughter and applause.) I am a commercial traveller wiio has
travelled more and further than any of you. (Renewed laughter.) I have vaunted
my wares with as much earnestness and sincere belief in iht.'ir excellence as any
i;entlcinan present. (Loud laughter.) I have endeavored to extend our connec-
tions, and to push the business of uur Iiouse (great laughter), with energy and
intei^rity (laughter and applause) and, as you are good enoiigli to assure nie, to
the satisfaction of my employers (great applause) — and amongst those who have
addressed me there are none in a better position than yourselves to give me an
assurance on such a point, as none are in the habit of mixing more intimately with
all classes of the community." (Loud applause.)

Mis Excellency concluded by thanking them, in a few further
appropriate observations, for the flattering terms of their address.

814

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Tiie next and iast delegation was from the School Board, of
which body the following members were present : — Dr. G. Wright,
Chairman ; Messrs. Kent, McMurrich, Bain, Burns, Galley, Rodeii,
Mara, Pearson, nd B'jii. The officers of the Board in attentlance
were Mr. James Hughes, Inspector; Mr. W. C. Wilkinson, Secretary;
and Mr. 'l'homi)son, truant officer.

Dr. Geo. Wright presented the following address : —

"To His Exckllkncy tuk Ric.ut IIonorahle tue Earl of Dufferin, K.P..
K.C.B., Governor General ok Canaua, ■ot^c, (Sr'c.

May it please Yotr Excellency, — The Public School Board of the City of
Toronto desire to express to your ExcellL'iicy, on yo^r 'eparture fvom Canada,
their high appreciation of the deep intei ^t which you liave taken in educational
matters during your residence in our co-ntry, as the representative of uur l)L-loved
Sovereign, Queen Victoria.

As aneducanonal body, we feel that Cnnada has been highly favored in havini,'
for her Governor a gentleman whose literary culture has justly earned for his name
so honorable a place in the distinguished list of Anglo-Saxon authors ; and wo are
confident that the study of your writ;n";s .nd public addresses will be of L;reai
service in developing our native Canadian literature.

We desire, also, to express our indebtedness to you for the decided impetus
which you have given to two departments of educatioral work, that havf not
hitherto received the attention which they deserve, \'iz. : indi'.itrial art and pliysical
education. Special attention is now paid to both of t'lese in the Toronto I'nblic
Schools.

When your Excellency first honored this Board by allowing us to address you,
we had but twelve schools and sixty-two teachers under our control. To-day our
Public Schools number twenty-two. with a teaching staff of one hum lied ami
thirty-nine.

In conclusion, we would most respectfully request your Excellency to at.ept
of our sincere regret at your departure from us, and our beet wishes for the f 'ture
welfare of your Excellency and the Countess of Dufferin.

GEORG'-' WRIGHT, M.D., C/miniKvi.
W. C. WILKINSON, Seavfaiy.
To.onto, 23rd Sept., 1878."

After c'l brief reply to this address. His Excellency visited >ho
Central Prison. He was received by Hon. (). Mowat and Capta.n
and Mrs. Prince. After examining the prison. His Excellency was
pleased to express his satisfaction with its appearance. Captain and
Mrs. Prince afterwards entertained His E.vcellency and Mr. Mowat at
luncheon.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIJIN IX CANADA.

815

)F DUFFERIN, K.l'.,

In the evening His Excellency attended the citizens' demonstration
in the Queen's Park. The Park was brilliantly illuminated under the
direction of the Citizens' Committee. In the first place the avenue,
from Queen street to the enclosure where the fountain is situated, was
lined by young men holding torche.'^. At the head of the avenue,
where the lines of torch-bearers ended, a triumphal arch was erected.
It was built m a handsome style, and in addition to devices in ever-
greens which stood out upon a white ground, there were illuminations
in gas jets, tastefully arranged in stars, crowns, etc., and forming on
the south side the words, " Welcome to Toronto," and on the north
side, " Farewell to Toronto." This arrangement of the two mottoes
was such that as His Excellency entered the enclosure set ajjart for
his reception, words of welcome met his eye, while, when he left it,
farewell was the sentiment conve)'ed to him. The residences of Hon.
Vice-Chancellor Proudfoot, Mr. William Thomson, and Mr. W. H.
Rowland, on the east side of the Park Avenue, and those of Messrs.
Thomas Christie and William Myles on the west side, were also illu-
minated with rows of gas jets twisted into fantastic shapes. Chinese
lanterns and transparencies of various colors exhibiting the Dufferin
coat of arms, the City arms, the Provincial and Dominion arms; and
numerous mottoes ^xpressive of regret at the far too early departure
of Lord Dufferin, and of admiration of His Excellency's administra-
tion.

The ceremonies, it was arranged, were to take place within the
wel'-known floral enclosure at the head of the avenue. At the entrance
to this enclosure stood the arch i)reviously referred to, and within it
fitting preparations were made for the occasion. By a re-arrangement
of the flower l)eds a pathway was formed from the arch between the
Crimean guns and around the fountain to a platform which faced
towards the flagstaff. The i)athway to the platform and the platform
wore richly carpeted. At various points within the enclosure Chinese
lanterns were suspended; from the fountain, also, were hung rows of
lamps, exhibiting the colors red, white and blue, and from the wire-
work flower baskets, of which there were many, similar lamps in an
e(iual profusion were shown.

It was the intent'on of the Reception Committee to have lit this
part of the Park with lime lights, the mechanism for three of which
was provided ; but, owing to the fact that the Gas Company did not
put on sufficient pressure, it was impossible to carry out this arrange-

816

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

merit. Had it been carried out the scene would have been even more
brilhant than it was.

His P^xcellency left the Queen's Hotel for the Park shortly before
nine o'clock; but fully two hours before that the J'ark was crowded
with i)eonle of all classes, anxious to pay a i)arting mark of respect to
their deservingly popular Governor General. It is calculated tlMt
there were some twenty thousand people present. They lined the
avenues and aj^proaches to the Park ; they crowded around the enclo-
sure ; they took possession of every piece ot elevated ground, and tiicy
showed their numerical strength so well that it was with difficulty that
the militia and the police kept the roadway from Queen street to the
College avenue clear for carriages. At half-past eight the Governor
General s body guard arrived, under the command of Major R. H.
Denison. Its members were stationed around the enclosure at inter-
vals of several feet. Shortly afterwards the bands of the Tenth Ro\ als,
the Queen's Own Rides, and the Artillery corps marched up the avenue,
playing favorite airs, and took up a jjosition in front of the arch.
They were followed by the Queen's Own, which regiment was sta-
tioned in line for some distance along the avenue. Wlien the torch-
bearers and the military were so arranged the scene from the platform
was brilliant in the extreme, but just at nine o'clock those who were
admiring the view from uiat point were attracted by the roar ;is u( a
vast midtilude coming from the direction in which they were looking,
It was the cheering of the crowd on the entrance of the Governor
General to the Park. The cheering grew louder and louder as His
Excellency's carriage approached the enclosure, and when he stepped
on to the ])latform prepared for him the enthusiasm was cauglu u[> by
the crowds which surrounded him, and there seemed to be an honest
rivalry between the collections of peo[)le at either end of the avenue
as ■- which could do the Governor the greatest honor by the ii>e of
thsir I'.ings.

Accompanying His Excellency were Captain Ward, A. I). C. : ("ap-
tain Hamilton, A.D.C. ; Captain Grant and Mr. j. Kidd ; his Wor-
ship the Mayor and the Corporation of the City with its oliicers. His
Excellency was received by Hon. G. W. Allan, M. Henry IVllatt,
Lieutenant Colonel Scoble and others ; and within the enclosure were
Sir John Macdonald, Hon. \\. P. Howland, Mr. ^V. H. Howhuid,
Hon. \V. McMaster, Hon. J. C. Aikins, Hon. M. C. Cameron. Hon.
Wm. Macdougall, Dr. Strange, xM.P., Mr. A. Boultbee, M.P., Mi. R.
Bell, M.P.P., Rev. S. AV. Young, Colonel D'Arcy Boulton, etc., < tc.

[ISIS

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

817

been even more

k shortly before
rk was crowded
,rk of respect to
calculated that
They lined the
round the enclo-
Tround, and they
ith difficulty that
een street to the
ht the Governor
of Major R. B.
iclosure at inier-
le Tenth Royals,
td up the avenue,
ont of the arch,
igiinent was sta-
When the torch-
i-om the platform
L those who were
the roar as of a
ey were looking.
of the Governor
,d louder as His
A'hen he slopped
as caught up l^y
to be an honest
xl of the avenue
or by the u>e of

1, A.D.C. ; Cap-

ilvidd ; his Wor-

lits officers. His

Henry IV'Hatt,

enclo-ure were

H. How land,

Cameron. Hon.

t, M.P., M'- l^'

Iton, etc., clc.

Mr. Roddy, City Clerk, read to His Excellency the following
address, which was afterwards presented by the Mayor. The address
was handsomely illuminated : —

"To Mis EXCKLI.ENCY THE RiGHT HON. SlR FrEOERIC TKMPLE, EaRI. OF

DuKFERiN, K.P., K.CM.G., K.C.B., Governor General of Canada, and

VlCE-Al).\IIRAl. OK THE SAME, ETC., ETC,

May it Please Your E.vcellencv,— We, the Mayor, Corporation, and
citizens of Toronto, being happily alTorcled an opportunity of once more meeting
your Excellency before your departure from the Province, avad ourselves of the
occasion to renew the expressions of respect and affection with which, n(Jt only the
iniiai)itants of this city, but of the whole Dominion, regard your Excellency and
tlie distinguished Lady whose presence here to-night would have been hailed with
(ieliglit, and whose departure from our shores is felt as a matter of personal regret
thiougiiout the Dominion.

The term of your Excellency's Vice-royalty having only too soon drawn to a
close, we feel that we are now addressing you for the last time, and in doing so
we cannot but recall the aspirations expressed in the address of welcome wliich
was presented to you on your first visit to this city, that your administration of
affairs would piove in every way advantageous to the Dominion, and agreeable to
your Excellency.

How fully these aspirations liave been realized in one respect the whole people
of tliis country are witnesses. Your Excellency's administration will ever form
one of the brightest pages in the history of Canada, and will long live in the
memories of her people as that of the sagacious and constitutional tJovernor, tlie
splendid orator, and the wise and sympatliising adviser, in all that related to Mieir
material, their intellectual and their social improvement.

We would fain hope also that the wish at the same time expressed that your
Excellency's sojourn among us would be agreeable to yourself and Lady Dufferin,
lias been in some degree fultilled, and that, notwithstanding its many cares and
responsibilities, your Canadian life will be recalled with pleasure in after yars
both liy her and you.

Tlie kindliness of your Excellency's heart, which has never allowed personal
convenience to interfere witii a desire to meet tlie wishes of Her Majesty's loyal
subjects, has been especially manifested in the long journey which your E.vcellency,
on the very eve of your departure, has undertaken, to be present on an occasion
of such deep interest to the citizens of Toronto as that in which your Excellency
has just taken so gracious a part — the inauguration of the new grounds and Innld-
inj^'s set apart in our city for tlie promotion by periodical exhibitions of those great
interests of .agriculture, industry, art, and manufactures, with which the prosj)erity
of our country is so closely connected.

We join with one voice in thanking you for the Nvise and encouraging utterances

I which then fell from the lips of your Excellency, and by your presence in our

midst, for en.ibling not only the people of Toronto, but the vast concourse from all

parts of the Province, assembled on so auspicious an occasion, to o<T?r to vou the

I hcirtfelt wishes of the entire community tiiat every happiness may attend your

BUB

^^^^^w

818'

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Excellency, Lady Dufferir and your family, and that fresh opportunities may

speed. ly present themselves for the further exercise of your great administrative

talents in the service of our belove<l and gracious Sovereign.

We wish your Excellency a respectful farewell,

ANGUS MORRISON, A/ojw.

ROBERT RODDY, Cit}' Clerk.

S. B. HARMAN, City Treasurer.
Toronto, September 25, 1878."

His Excellency said : —

" Mr. Mayor and Aldf.rmen of T}ie City (jk Toronto, — I am afraid tli.it
it is almost hopeless for me to make myself heard by the large assemblage of the
citizens of Toronto who have done me the honor of meeting me here to-night. But
I trust that there will be some amongst them sufficiently near to be able to gatlier from
the few observations I am about to make, how deejjly sensible I am of the honor
which you, Mr. Mayor, and your colleagues, have done me in presenting me with
so flattering an address, and which they have conferred upon me in assendjjing in
such numbers to welcome me. I remember perfectly when I first arrived in your
city, when I was a stranger to you all, when Canada was altogether a lerra incog-
nita to us, that you were good enough to illuminate your houses, to assemljle in
your streets, and to make me feel once for all that I had come amongst friends,
and that I had found a home. (Cheers.) After six years' experience I can only
say that your friendship has never failed me, and now that 1 am al)out to leave you
I almost feel as though I were being banished from my native land. (Api)laiise.)
I regret extremely that during the period of my Administration I have not i."en
able to render you greater services. At all events, the will has not been wanting,
and, though 1 have very little to boast of, I may, at all events, congratulate my-
self on the recollection that no cloud has e\ er come between you and me ; tluil I
have clone nothing and said nothing which has in any degree shaken your love fii
the Mother Country, your loyalty to your (^ueen, or your devotion to your beloved
Canada. (Loud cheers.) Never have I found myself in the midst of a population
animated with a nobler spirit of patriotism ; never have I found myself in the
midst of a population more irduslr;ous, more law-abiding, more sensible of their
privileges, as the subjects of a great constitutional ruler, or more determined to
advance the renown and glories 'if the British name. (Prolonged cheering.) Mr.
Mayor, Aldermen, ladies and gentlemen, I feel that it would be to trespass unduly
upon your attention if I were to troulile you with any lengthened observations upon
the present occasion. AVhen all is said and done I can only repeat that I am most
grateful to you all, that as long as I live I shall retain the tenderest recollection
of your country, and that the rest of my life shall be devoted, whenever the oppor-
tunity of doing so shall arrive, to furthering the interests of Canada, to championini,'
the cause of the Dominion, and to showing by my acts and wortis how fiiitliful
is my recollection of the love, all'ection and kindness I have received at your
hands." (Loud and long continued cheering.)

'I'he monbors of the York County Council were then introduced,
after which Mr. N. Clarke Wallace, M.P., presented His Excellency
with the following address : —

m.\

[18"8

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

819

opportunities may
neat administrative

SON, Mayor.
Y, City Clerk.
City Treasurer.

o, — I am afraid that
fe asst;mbla[^e of the
; here to-night. Hut
be able to gather from
le I am of the iioiior
n presenting me with
me in assembling in
I first arrived in your
ogether a terra iitco^-
ouses, to assemltle in
:ome amongst friends,
experience I can only
am a\)0ut to leave you
.-e land. (Ap))lause.)
Uion 1 have not i.'een
[has not been wantint;,
nts, congratulate nu-
ll you and me ; thai I
shaken your love ftr
otion to your belovid
midst of a population
found myself in tk
more sensible of thtir
more determined to
hnged cheering.) Mf^
be to trespass unduly
lied observations upon
epeat that I am mo^t
enderest recollection
whenever the oppor-
iiada, to championing
|l vvorils how faitiifui
,ve received at yoiu-

then introduced,
His Excellency

"To Ills Excellency the Rimit IIundrahle ihk Earl ok Dukfkrin,
Governor General ov Caj ada, etc., etc.

May it please Your Excell.;ncy,— We, the Warden and mendiers of the
Council of the County of York, aval ourselves of the opportunity happily alTorded
us by your present visit to our county seat, before your departure from this Do-
minion, to convey to your Excellency the unfeigned respect and esteem with which
yuu are regarded by the people we represent.

During the term of your Excellency's Vice-royalty, now all too speedily draw-
ing to a close, your administration of affairs has been such as to command our
highest admiration, and inspire the unqualified conndence of all classes of Her
Majesty's dutiful and loyal subjects throughout this Dominion— happily combining
the constitutional governor, judicious adviser and gifted orator ; while your kindly
sympathy and aid to all that relates to tlie material and social improvement of the
country will long live in the memory of the people of this Dominion. And we
would fain express the hope that your Excellency's Canadian life will be recalled
in succeeding years witii pleasurable satisfaction ; and that further and even more
exalted opportunities may speedily present themselves for the exercise of your very
able administrative talents in the service of our beloved and gracious Sovereign.

Meanwhile we wish your Excellency a respectful farewell.

N. CLARKE WALLACE, Warden.
THOMAS EAKIN, Cierk."
His Excellency said : —

Mr. Warden andGentlemen, — As this is the sixth speech I shall have had the
pleasure of making to-day, I dare say you can well understand that I should find
some difficulty in finding words adequately to thank you for the kind, loyal and flat-
tering address with which you have honored me. Ihit, thougii 1 am forced on each
of these agreeable occasions to make use of almost the same formula of expression
I trust you will believe that, however stereotyjied those expressions of gratitude
may l)e, the sentiment which they repeat will be fieslier and fresher from tiie bot-
tom of my heart on every succeeding occasion upcjn which I receive fresh proofs of
the confidence and esteem of the peoi le. (Applause.) I will not, after what I
have already said in your presence, \v. reply to the Mayor, do more than again
assure you that I am deeply sensible of your kinclness and goodness, and that in
return I beg to offer you my best and warmest thanks." (Cheers).

Mr. Kilvert, iSLP., was then, with the deputation from Hamilton
introduced. The deputation consisted of Mr. Kilvert, Hon. Isaac
Buchanan, Aid. Mason, Aid. Kent, Aid. Humphrey, Mr. McKelcan,
City Solicitor, and Mr. Beasley, City Clerk.

iMr. Kilvert presented the following address : —

"To His Excellency the Right Honorahle Sir Frederic Tk-MI'm:, Eari. of
Di'FFERiN, K.P., K.C.M.G., K.C.I5., Governor General of Canada,
etc., etc.
The Mayor and Corporation of the City of Hamilton desire to avail them-
selves of the opportunity afforded by your Excellency's presence in Tor(jnto, to
express the sincere regret they feel at your Excellency's departure from Canada,

820

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

and their appreciation of the great and important services which have been
rendered to the Dominion by your Excellency during the time that you have
been the representative of Her Majesty in this portion of the Hritish Emi)iie.
The deep interest which your Excellency has taken in the welfare of the peo-
ple of all parts of the Dominion has served to strengthen and increase the feeling
of loyalty and devotion to the Crown, which has never been wanting in the people
of Canada, and has endeared to us the memory of yourself and your noble lady,
the constant companion of your travels to the most distant portions of the
Dominion. We are only able, feebly, to express the universal feeling of the
citizens of Hamilton, when we say that, for distinguished ability, unerring judg-
ment, and comprehensive understanding of the character and wants of the people,
your Excellency stands unrivalled in the illustrious list of rulers to whose hands
the guidance of tin destinies of Canada has been committed. While feeling so
deeply the loss we experience in your Excellency's departure from amongst us, we
are consoled by the hope that a career of still higher distinction lies before your
Excellency, and that, in wider fields and more important duties, the great talents
and high qualities which have been so conspicuous during your Excel lenc)'>
administration in Canada will win for you more substantial rewards than our
admiration and gratitude. To your Excellency and to the Countess of Duli'erin,
whose kindness and courtesy have won the hearts of all, and to your family, we
wish long life and much happiness, and, while biddmg your Excellency farewell, we
hope that you may be able to carry into elTect the intention you have expressed of
again visiting the Dominion, which svjll always receive your Excellency with the
heartiest welcome.

On behalf of the Mayor and Corporation of the City of Hamilton.

F. E. KILVERT, Mayor.

THOMAS 13EASLEY, City Chrk:'
His Excellency said : —

" Mr. Mayor, in reply to the address which you have been good enougli to
present to me, I must ask you to be the bearer to your fellow-citizens in Hamilton
of my most grateful thanks. It is very difficult, when I recur to the various
progresses I has'e made through Ontario, to distinguish between the receiitionsl
have met with at the several towns which ornament that great Province, lint this
I can say, that I distinctly recollect that at Hamilton I received as kind and hiyal
a reception as at any other place in Her Majesty's Dominion. I regret extremely
that I have not been able to repair myself in person to your town, in order tlwt I
might see your fellow-citizens face to face, and thank them lor the kind opinions
they have expressed of me in their address. I therefore ask you to lie my
ambassador, and to express to them the pleasure I feel on this occasion." (.Ap-
plause.)

The Vice-regal party then left the Park. /. procession, in which
the torch-bearers and the military took part, conducted His Excel-
lency to the Queen's Hotel.

On Thinsday afternoon, the 26th September, the members of the

.91'

[1878

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFEIIIN IN CANADA.

821

which have Iwen
time that you have
;he British Em))ire,
welfare of the peo-

increase the feeUng
anting in the peo])le
nd your noble laily,
int portions of Uie
^ersal feeling of the
ility, unerring judg-
vvants of tlie people,
lers to whose hands
1. While feeling so
"rom amongst us, we
;ion lies before your
ies, the great takiits
r your Excellency'^
il rewards tlian our
Jountess of DulVerin,
d to your family, \\c
cellency farewell, we
ou have expressed of

Excellency with the

amilton.

', Mayor.

LEY, City Clcik."

:en good enough to

Iciti/ens in Hamilton

recur to the various

|een the receptions I

Province. But this

led as kind and loyal

I regret extrL'nK-ly

iwn, in order tluit I

)r the kind opir.ions

ask you to he my

(s occasion." (Ap-

tession, in which
licted His Excel-

liiembers ot" the

Ontario Society of Artists entertained His Excellency at luncheon
at the rooms of the Society, King street west. The limcheon was
not public in its character, and those who sat down were, besides
His Excellency, and Captain Ward and Captam Hamilton, the mem-
bcis and honorary members of the Society. It took place in the
exhil)ition room, which was tastefully adorned with pictures, and in
which the tables were handsomely laid. Before entering the lun-
cheon room His Excellency was introduced to his entertainers indi-
vidually.

Mr. W. H. Howland, the President, occuj^ied the chair, and L. R.
O'Brien, Vice-President, occupied the vice-chair. To the right of the
President were seated His Excellency the Governor (ieneral, Hon.
0. Mowat, Mr. J. A. Frazer, and Mr. N. Y. Davin. To the left of
the President were Hon. G. W. Allan, Mr. James Smith, Mr. J. D.
Ridout, Mr. D, B. Dick, and Mr. S. R. Hart. There were also pre-
sent Capt. Ward, Capt. Hamilton, Hon. A. Crooks, Hon. George
Brown, Hon. W. P. Howland, Hon. W. Cayley, Messrs. F. Rye, W.
Ince, R. Baigent, Jas. Paterson, J. A. Verner, H. J. Scott, R. Watson,
A. L. Millard. R. E. Gagen, Major Brown, A. W. Chapman, R.
Wiiideyer, J. Graham, L. Griffith, George Virtue, C. S. Gzowski, jun.,
Oliver Howland, J. Massey, H. IC. Suckling, K. B. Shuttleworih, M.
Hannaford, J. Henderson, F. M. Bell Smith, (i. H. Abbot, United
States Consular officer for Western and Northern Canada, E. Shrapnel,
N. Burgess, R. Edmonson, B. Saunders, Jas. Spooner, H. Perre, Geo.
Stewart, jun., J. Rolph, M. Matthews, J. A. Dickenson, R. Gilmour,
Dr. Hall, G. M. Rose, J. Gillespie, &c.

After luncheon, the President proposed the toast, " The Queen,
God bless her."

The toast was duly honored.

The President then said the next toast was the most important one
of the afternoon. Addressing His Excellency, he said he might
remark that the gentlemen to whom His Excellency had been intro-
duced were the honorary members and members of the Society of
Artists ; and he might add that His Excellency had been elected by
them first honorary member of the Society. 7'he Society had two
objects in view in adding the name of His Excellency to the list of
honorary members. The first was to add to the influence which the
Society desired to exercise in the community, and to strengthen the
Society. And the second was to express the feelings of appreciation
which the Society felt for the great assistance His Excellency had

822

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

rendered it during the past six years of its existence. In both respects
he (Mr. Howland) might say His P>xcellency was entitled, in the
opinion of every member of the Society, to the premier position in the
Society. (Applause.) 'l"he attention which had been excited among
the people by the interest which His Excellency had shown in Art
since he had come to this country had very greatly added to its popu-
larity. To the unselfish way in which His Excellency had put himself
about on several occasions to show that interest, was owing, no doubt,
the fact that many people knew more about Art now than they did
before ; and in addition, the very kindly way in which His Excellency
had benefited and assisted so many artists had done much to stimulate
them, and, as already seen, to effect improvements in their work. Or
the part of the honorary members and members of the Society, he
(Mr. Howland) desired to assure His Excellency of the sincere grati-
tude which they felt for all His Excellency had done for Art in this
country, of the sincere regret which they felt at his de]iarture, and the
hope which they entertained that even when away fjom this country
His Excellency would have occasionally some chord of communication
open, so that they would feel that his interest was not entirely departed
from them. (Applause.) As His Excellency had been a great traveller
in the past, it might be right to assume that he would be a still greater
traveller in the future, and if at any time he should send a sketch to
the Society from any place he might visit — ancient Troy or even far
away India — it would add very largely to the interest of the Society's
Exhibition. If there was more meaning in this last sentence than
appeared on the surface, he (Mr. Howland) might say that he would
hke His Excellency to believe that that meaning contained an earnest
desire on the part of those present that His Excellency's future might
be as brilliant as had been his administration here. His Excellency
could rest assured that all present would watch with interest the daily
events of the world as they progressed, feeling that they would
certainly find many instances of His Excellency's greatness and
honorable devotion to his country. (.-Vpplause.) He (Mr. Howland)
would propose the health of His Excellency Lord Dufferin, the first
honorary member of the Society.

The toast was duly honored, and followed by cheers for the guest
of the occasion.

To this graceful speech His Excellency replied as follows : —

"Mr. Howland and Gentucmen, — In returning you my best thanks for the
flattering manner in which you have drunk my healtii, permit me to assure you

187H]

THE E.VRL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

823

leers for the guest

lit me to assure you

that I sliould have felt my leave-takings in this city to have been most incomplete
unless I had had an opportunity of giving my artist friends in Ontario a parting
shake of the hand. (Applause.) I shall never forget tiie kindness and courtesy
with which they liave always welcomed me here, or tiie pleasure I have derived
from inspecting their Annual Kxhihition. As this is altogether a domestic festival,
I shall not intrude upon its felicity by a speech. Moreover, I have so lately had
an opportunity of saying to you whatever I thought I could say to any purpose
witli reference to Art that the want of an ajiprojiriate theme would of itself close
my mouth. Still there is one thing I would wish to do, and that is to congratu-
late you and every artist in Canada upon the advent to your shores of one of the
most intelligent and appreciative patrons of Art such a Society as this could possi-
bly desire. (I.oud applause.) tientlemen, in Her Royal Higiiness the I'rincess
Louise you will not only find a sister brush (laughter), but one who, both by
her native genius and the sound and thorough practical education she has received,
is (lualified to be your friend, jirotector and guiding star. (Apjilause.) That she
will l)e willing and ready to l)e so I have no doubt, for broad and generous as are
all her sympathies, in no direction do they flow out in a richer or more spontaneous
strain than towards her artist friends, and I shall be very much mistaken if
her advent in Canada does not mark an era in the art history of this continent.
(.\pi)lause.) And now, gentlemen, before I sit down there is another topic to
which I would for a moment refer. I am about to confide to you a mission
which, though not directly in your line, is sufficiently connecteil with your i)ur-
suits to justify me in demanding your assistance. In your neighborhood there
exists, as you are aware, one of the most wondrous, beautiful, and stupendous
scenes which the forces of Nature have ever constructed. Indeed so m.ajestic is
the subject, that though many skilful hands have endeavored to transfer it to
canvas, few have succeeded in adc^iuately depicting its awe-inspiring characteris-
tics. I allude to the Falls of Niagara. Hut I am further sure everyone will agree
with me in thinking that the pleasure he may have derived from his pilgrimage to
so famous a spot, whether as an artist or simple tourist, has been miserably marred
and defeated by the inconvenience and annoyance he has experienced at the hands
of the various squatting interests that have taken possession of every point of van-
tage at the Falls to tax the pocket and irritate the nerves of visitors, and by whom
— just at the moment when he is about to give up his whole being to the contem-
plation of the scene before him, as he is abcjut to feel the inspiration of the natural
beauties around him, his imagination and his poetic faculties are suddenly shocked
and disorganized with a demand for ten cents. (Loud laughter.) .Some few
weeks ago I had the good fortune to meet His Excellency the Ciovernor of the
State of New York, and I then suggested to him an idea which has been long pre-
sent to my mind, that the Governments of New York and of Ontario or Canada
should combine to acquire whatever rights may have been established against the
public, and to form around the Falls a small public international park (hear,
hear) — not indeed decorated or in any way sophisticated by the puny art of the
landscape gardener, l)ut carefully preserved in the picturesque and unvulgarized
condition in which it was originally laid out by the hand of nature, (Loud
applause.) Nothing could have been more gratifying or gracious than the response

824

HISTORY OF THE ADMIMSTKATION OF

[1H78

which I lis Excellency the Governor of New York was good enou(,'h to make to my
representations, anil he encoura^'cii nvj to hope that, should a lilting oi)portiinity
present itself, he and his (iovernnient might be induced, if not to take the initia-
tive in the matter, at all events to co-operate heartily with our own in carryiiii-
out such a plan as 1 have sketched. (Applause.) No where in the world are
all the arrangements connected with pleasure grounds better understood than ujxm
this continent. You possess (juite a specialty in that respect, and if on either side
the river the areas adapted for such a purpose were put under the charge of pi())itr
guardians, and the present guides organized into an efficient and disciplined stall, it
would be a source of increased gratification to thousands and thousands of person;,.
(Applause.) Now of course we all know that what is everybody's business is no-
body's business, and notsvithstandingtlie all-embracing energy of my honorable and
learned friend upon my right, it is not the kind of tiling which probably would have
come to tlie notice of his (Jovernment unless tiie matter was previously agitated l)y
some powerful interest. It is for this reason that I take the opi)ortunity of .address-
ing an audience who I am certain will sympathize with such a project on this
subject, and of urging upon them the advisability of bringing their influence to
bear in the direction I have suggested, (l.oud ap]>lause.) Mr. President and
gentlemen, I have again to thank you most warmly for tliekind reccjition you have
given me, and I beg to conclude by proposing the health of your President, villi
the hearty wish for your future prosperity." (Applause).

It may here l)e mentioned that, following up Iiis own stiggestion, His
Excellency the Governor General, on the ist October, addressed
a letter to His f^xcellency the Governor of the State of New York on
the subject of a park at the Falls of Niagara, from a duplicate of which
the lithograph oi)posite was taken.

Mr. Howland's health having been drunk, the President briefly
thanked His Excellency for the honor he had done him in proi)osing
his health, and called upon the Vice-President, Mr. O'Brien, to assist
him in replying to that part of the toast relating to the prosperity of
the Society.

Mr. O'Urien said the duty of replying had unfortunately been
delegated to one who was more handy with his pencil than with his
tongue. But it afforded him great pleasure to say, on behalf of his
brother artists, that His Excellency's kindness and courtesy towards
the Society during his sojourn in Canada had given its members tiie
greatest pleasure. (Applause.) He (Mr. O'Brien) could hardly speak
of His Excellency's kindness to himself personally except in this way.
He (Mr. O'Brien) had accepted His Excellencv's kindness to himself
as being intended for him as the representative of the artists of Ontario
in the position which for some years past he had the honor to fill. The
President had mentioned one thing, which was most heartily desired
by every one present, and that was that His Excellency^ wherever

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187S1

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

825

he might be, would not forget — as he had promised — that he was a
brother artist ; and each member did hope that the Kxhibition would
contain something from His Excellency's pencil, and whrtever he
should send —the slightest trifle from his pencil — would be valued as
something for the artists to remember him by. He would not say
more ; but he might add that, though there was no instance of a
Governor General ever coming back to us in that capacity, still
every member hoped that, al chough they might not see Her pAxel-
lency again, Lord Dufferin would certainly • rre more be amongst
them.

The proceedings then terminated, and His P^xcellency, after bid-
ding adieu to his entertainers, took his departure.

The Vice-regal party then drove to the Diill Shed, where His
Excellency inspected the Police Force. The Force was under the
command of Captain Macpherson, and there were present his Worship
the Mayor, Lieutenant Colonel G. T. Denison, and several aldermen.
.\fter the men had been put through their evolutions, His Excellency
briefly addressed them, commending them for the good reports he had
heard of them, enjoining them to maintain their good record, and
recommending them to be courageous but mild, and to use force only
when there was no alternative.

His J^xcellency held a levee in the City Council Chamber imme-
diately afterwards. A detachment of the ]''ngineers formed a body-
guard, and the band of the Governor General's Body Guard played
;n intervals. The levee was attended by a large number of citizens,
and many ladies witnessed the i)roceedings.

The Vice-regal party attended the Ciranc Oi.)era House in the
evening, where Miss Ada Cavendish appeared as Mercy Merrick, or
'■ The New Magdalen."

Lord Dufferin visited St. Michael's Palace in the morning, before
he attended the Art Society's luncheon, and was presented with an
eloquently worded and handsomely illuminated address, by his Grace
the Archbishop. His Lordship subseiiuently breakfasted with the
.Vrehbishop, the P'shop, and a few of the city jjriests.

The followmg is the address :

• TnK RujHT Honorable the Earl ok Dufferin, K.G., K.I'., Governor

CiENERAL OF CANADA, ETC., ETC

May it please Your Excellency, — We, the Roninn Catholic Archbishop
and liishops of tlie Ecclesinstical Province of Toronto, cannot permit your nuich-
regretted de})arture from us without our giving expression to the high appreciation

826

HISTORY OF THE A.DMINISTRATION OF

[18TS

in which v/e hold your Excellency, not only as the representative of Her Most
Gracious Majesty the Queen, but also as a distinguished nobleman, who has rt fleet-
ed honor on his native country and the Irish race.

Your Excellency's splendid administrative abilities, your kind and genial bear-
ing towards all Her Majesty's subjects, your munificent and true Irish hospitaiitv,
your magic power of language, wliicli touches the best chords of our nature, and
sways our noblest impulses, your kind words and acts, spoken and performed in
times past, to promote the welfare of the Irish people, have won for your Excellency
universal admiration and esteem. In tine, you have added lustre to the high office
which you have adorned by the able exercise of the duties which the tlovernor
General of so important a colony as Canada is called upon to fullil. Whilst pay-
ing your Excellency this tri.jute of jiraise, we wish also to express our admiration
of the womanly virtues and graceful dignity, and the kind, good iieart of the nohlf
Countess of Dufferin, who has so much assisted you in the performance of the duties
of a good Governor CJeneral.

Your Excellency will assure Her Most Ciracious Majesty the Queen of our
Christian loyalty, and that of our Catholic people, towards her person and throne,
and that we shall feel great pleasure in giving a most hearty welcome to your noble
successor and his Princess consort. Your ExcelUncy, we are sure, will bear with you
a kindly remembrance of your sojourn in Canada, and, when occasion may require,
you will use your powerful influence on behalf of a mode of Government which
has succeeded in securing to us all the blessings of liberty without license, of autho-
rity without despotism, and in winning the devoted loyalty of a people comjiosed
of various races and professing diiierent forms of religious belief. Sucli loyalty
becomes a pleasure as well as a sacred duty, and is secured with facility when the
religious and civil rights of all are ecjually respected and protected.

We pray that our good God may bless and i)rolong your Excellency's life, tliat
He will enrich your nolde Countess and family with His choicest gifts, and that lie
may enable you, if called upon to govern elsewhere, to do so with the beneficent
and happy results as have characterized your enlightened rule in this cciuntry.

We have the honor to remain, witli profoimd respect, your Excellency's devote!
well-wishers and sincere friends.

(.Signed,) JOHN JO.SErii LYNCH, Archbishop of Torvito.
JOHN WALSH, Bishop of London.
JOHN E. JAMOT, Bishop of Saccpta.

V. A. N., Canada.
PET1;R FRANCIS CRINNON, Bishop of ILimiltcy..

JOHN O'BRIEN, Bishop of Kingston ."
His Excellency's reply :

" Your Grack .\ni) My Lords,— I can assttC* ^u it is with feelings of the
very ik-epest satisfaction that I acknowledge the ••Iwess with which you Inive
honored me. I am well aware that througliout Canada there does not exist a more
patriotic body, one more devoted to the interests of the country or more ntt; ched
to the empire of Great IJritain, than that great ecclesiastical comniunity over wliiiii

[1878 ■ 1878]

TIIL EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

827

'Op of Toronto

you preside as its spiritual pastors ; and I rejoice to think that, under your advice
and guidance, it shoukl be so ready, as on all occasions I have found it, to acknow-
ledge the justice and henij^nity of Her Majesty's rule in Canada. That personajjes
in your exalted position should address nie personally in such flatterirj^ terms is
very gratifyinjj to my feelings, and I shall ever retain the most grateful recollec-
tion of the courtesy I have always received at the hands of tlio Catholic hierarcliy
of Canada. I shall liave great pleasure in conveying to Her Majesty the senti-
ments of loyalty to her throne, and affection for he, person you have rer|uesle(l
me to repeat in your behalf. In leaving Canada I carry away with me an increased
appreciation of what can be done to superinduce a sentiment of good will and
content amongst a population composed of iHlTerent religious convictions by the
administration of equal laws and impartial justice,"

His Excellency's farewell visit to Toronto came to a close on
Friday, the 27th Seittember. He left on the morning of that day
for Montreal, but just before leaving, the Horticultural C\)mmittee
of the Agricultural and Arts Association, consisting of the Rev. R.
Burnet, Mr. ^Vm. Roy, and Mr. Wm. Saunders, waited on him, and
jrcented samples of the native wines, on exhibition at the Crystal
Palace. They also communicated to him the intention of the Asso-
ciation to send to Ciandeboye. in Ireland, several barrels of the finest
fruit on exhibition, so that he might have an 0])])ortimity at'ter his
arrival at home of examining at greater leistne the magnificent samples,
which he could only hurriedly insj)ect at t.ie exhibition.

His Excellency warmly thanked the deputation for their kind
attention, and expressed the delight it had given him fo see the beau-
tiful display of fruits in the Horticultural Hall. To h m it was one of
the most interesting departments in the whole exhibitior, and he should
be hap[>y to have the i)rivilege of showing to his friei ds in Ireland
specimens of the fruit i)roducts of the Province of Ontario. The
deputation then withdrew.

His Excellency left the Queen's Hotel shortly after nine o'clock,
and proceeded direct to the Union Station, where he was received by
a guard of the loth Royals, the Band of that Regiment, his Worship
the Mayor, several Ciiy .Vldermen, many members of the Agric ultural
and Arts Association, and a large concourse of people. His Evcel-
lency bade adieu to many old and new friends whom he met on the
platform, and when he stepped on to the train the si)ectalors loudly
cheered him, and called vociferously for a speech. His Excellency,
with characteristic kindness, turned to the i)eople. and expressed
the regret he felt at leaving them. He was occii]Med in saying good-
bye to the crowd of personal friends who thronged about him when

828

HISTOllY OF THE ADMINISTEATION OF

[1878

th( signal was given, the irain started and moved slowly out of the
Station. The band played the National Anthem, fog signals exploded
on the track, the peojjle cheered heartily, ar.d waved their hats and
handkerchiefs. His Excellency waved his hat and bowed in return,
and thrs ended the Earl of Dufferin's last a isit to Toronto as the
Governor Ge.ieral of Canada.

Lord T)ufferin had, until the 29th of July, iniended to leave Canada
in the latter jjart of Se!)tember, but on that day he was notified, by Sir
M. E. Hicks Beach, the Colonial Secretary, that the Marquis of Lome
had been nominated as his successor ; and that it was hoped he would
be able to remain at his post until after the api)roaching Parliament-
ary elections. He accordingly deferred his deoarture, and the 12th
October v/as subsequently determined on as the day for leaving Can-
ada ; but, as some unavoidable delay occurred in the resignation
of the Mackenzie Cabinet, and the formation of ,i new one under Sir
John Macdonald, the 19th October was finally settled upon as the
day of departure, for His Excellency was desirous of seeing the new
Ministry sworn in before he left.

As has been seen, Mr. Mackenzie resigned on the 9th October.
Sir John's Cabinet was so far completed on the 17th that several
members were sworn in by His Excellency at Mon:real. Tne others
were sworn in at Quebec on the 19th, and the new Ministry was then
constituted as follows : —

Sir John Macdonald (Ontario), Premier and Minister of Interior.
Hon. S. L. Tillky (New Brunswick), Minister of Firance.
Hon. R. D. Wilmot (New Brunswick), without portl'olio.
Hon. C. Tupi'KR (Nova Scotia), Minister of Public \V )rks.
Hon. John O'Connor (Ontario), President of Council
Hon. James Macdonald (Nova Scotia), Minister of J istice.
Hon. J. H. Pdi'K (Quebec), Minister of Agriculture.
Hon. HiXTOR Lani.kvin (Quebec), Postmaster General.
Hon. L. R. Masson (Quebec), Minister of Militia and I. defence.
Hon. J. C. Pope (Prince Edward Island), Minister of M; rine.
Hon. M. Bowell (Ontario , Minister of Customs.
Hon. J. C. AiKiNS (Ontario), Secretary of State.
Hon. L. Paby (Quebec), Minister of Inland Revenue.

On the 1 8th October, His Excellency returned to Quel)ec from
Montreal, and inspected B Battery After the inspection le proceed-
ed to the site of the Old St. Louis Gate, for the purpose oi" laying the
foundation stone of the new structure.* The ininiense crov.d ot

* The following account of the proceedings of this, and the follo\ ing day,
taken from the Quebec Morning Chronicle.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

829

lolloN ing Jay, is

spectators which had assembled on the Esplanade to witness the
review was, before eleven o'clock, largely augmented. Hundreds of
people lined each side of the road and occupied every adjacent emin-
ence from which a view of the ceremony could be obtained. The
summit of the Glacis on either side of the road was packed with spec-
tators, — " B " Battery band being stationed on the north embankment.
A strong detachment of the Battery was drawn up, lining the sidewalk
by which His Excellency reached the platform erected for the occasion,
and gave a general salute as Lord Dufferin made his ajjpearance, the
band meanwhile playing the Nat'onal Anthem. The City Police,
under the command of Captain Heigham, kept back the crowd from
pressing too closely upon the V^ice-regal party. On arriving at the site
of the gate His Excellency was received by His Worship the Mayor,
R. Chambers, Escp, the City Engineer, Charles Baillarge, Esq., and
the members of the City Council, amongst whom were Aldermen
Bourget, Gingras, Henchey^ Rheaume, Rinfret, Vallerand, and Coun-
cillors Russell, Brousseau, Hatch, Johnston, Langevin, McWilliam
and Peachy. Amongst a multitude of other prominent gentlemen jjre-
senc were the Very Rev. .Mgr. Hamel, V. G., Rector of Laval Univer-
sity; the ex-Mayor, Owen iVIurphy, Es(i.; Rev. Dr. Cook, His Excel-
lency the Count El Conde de Premio Real. Consul General ui' Spain ;
H. S. Scott, Esq., '1\ Ledroit, Esq., Dr. Marsden, and L. A. Cannon,
Esq., City Clerk. A gay string of bunting crossed the road over the
site of the gate, and the high framework of the huge derrick was also
prettily ornamented with tiags of all nations. The bed prepared for
the foundation stone wis a v -r.>- substantial piece of masoriry of 1 )es-
chambault stone, handsomely cut and pointed. In this bed was a
cavity for the zinc box deposited Lxsneath the foundation stone. This
box contains a copy of the Quebec Directory of the current year, a,
plan of the city, copies of the Citronide and other city pajjcrs. and
specimens of the current silver and copper coins of the Dominion.
His Excellency also presented a copy of his own work " Letters fajm
Hig!i Latitudes " to be deposited in the box. Its lid bears the follow-
ing inscription : — " Laid by His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin,
Governor iieneral of the l)(jminion of Canada, on the uSth day of
October, 1878, in the presence of the Dominion and the city author-
ities and dignitaries and an immense concourse of people from all parts
of Canada. Also, his Honor, Luc Letellier de St. Just, Lieutenant
Governc* of the i'lovince of Quebec ; Robert Chambers, Es(|., Mayor
of the City of Quebec, City Aldermen and Councillors, Charles Bail-

.."-*-''i3if.!fi«.*.r:iJiV''

830

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATroX OP

[1878

large, Chevalier, City Engineer." On the mallet presented to His
P^xcellency for the laying of the stone are the inscriptions : " Foun-
dation Stone, laid October i8th, 1878, by His P^xcellency the Earl of
Dufferin, Governor General of the Dominion of Canada." (Revei,e)
" Robert Chambers, Esq., Mayor of Quebec ; Charles Baillarge, Che-
valier, and City Engineer." Punctually at eleven o'clock the pulleys
were set running, and the stout cable which held the massive block
suspended in mid-air slipped easily over them, allowing the foundation
stone to be lowered gradually into its place. Having struck it a blow
with the mallet, His Excellency pronounced the stone laid, amid a
lively air from the band.

His Worship the Mayor then addressed himself to the Earl of
Dufferin in the following terms : —

"May it I'LKAsk Your Excellency,— On behalf of the Corporation and
citizens of Quebec, I beg leave to tliank your Excellency for acceding to our
request, tliat you would be pleased to lay the foundation Stone of the Terrace
which, I am happy to say, is to bear your name. Tiie Superintendent of Works
will iiave the honor of presenting to your Excellency the implements necessary for
the work in question ; and we venture to hope that your Excellency will please to
retain them in consideration of the use to which they will have been employed and
in memory of the present occasion."

His Excellency, in replying to the Mayor's remarks, exi)ressed the
pleasure with which he had performed the ceremony, and thanked
those around him for assisting him by their presence. He hoped, as
Her Majesty had generously contributed to the cost of the gates, that the
name of that structure would remain in abeyance until Her Royal Jii"h-
ness the Princess Louise should arrive in Quebec and decide which gate
was to bear the name of Her Majesty's august father, the late Duke of
Kent. He further expressed his admiration for the i)lans of the new-
terrace, and his hope tl)at the day was not far distant when he
would re-visit Quebec, and find it surrounded by beautiful terrices,
linked together by gates rivalling each other in symmetry of design
and general beauty of appearance. Three cheers were called for His
Excellency by the Mayor, and heartily given by all present His
Lordship, attended by his staff, then drove direct to the \'ice-regal
quarters at the Citadel.

The members of the St. Patrick Society as.sembled at the St. Louis
Hotel in the morning at half-past eleven o'clock, and proceeded in a
body to the Citadel to present their farewell address to the retiring
Governor General. His Excellency received the members of the
Society with a truly Irish welcome, and the President, Simon Peters,

[1878

L'sented to His
ons : — " Foun-
icy the Earl of
a." (Reveise)
Baillarge, Che-
ock the pulleys
I massive block
; the foundation
struck it a blow
me laid, amid a

to the Earl of

: Corporation and
"or acceding to our
one of the Terrace
ntendent of Works
ments necessary for
lency will please to
been employed and

ks, expressed the ;
\y, and thanked
He hoped, as
he gates, that the
er Royal High-
Lccide which gate
[the late Duke of
ilans of the new
ilistant when he
autiful terraces,
metry of design
|e called for His
present His
[o the Vice-regal

lat the St. Louis
I proceeded in a

to the retiring
liembers of the

Simon Peters,

1878]

THE EAHL OF DUFFKIIIX IX CANADA.

831

P^sq., was presented to Lord Dufferin by the Honorable Colonel
Littleton. The address, which was read by Mr. Leters, is as follows :—

"To Ills EXCF.M.KNCY THE RlC.HT HoNORABLK SiR I'REDKRIC Te.MI'I.K, EaUL

OK DiJi'FKRiN, Governor General ok Canada, vS-'c, &^c., >2r»c.

May it I'I.ease Voir Excei.eencv,— We, the members of the Saint Patrick
Society of (Quebec, beg leave to approach your Excellency to bid you farewell, ere
vou depart from our midst.

On your arrival amongst us, then to assume the exalted jwsition of Viceroy of
Canada, it was one of our most agreeable and pleasant duties to olTer you a
sincere and cordial welcome to this ancient and historic city of ()uebec.

We have since followed with deep intere>t your ItriUiant and remarkably
successful career during whicii you have held and guided the destinies of Canada.

']"he people of this Dominion having so generally testified tiieir achniration of
the manner in whicli you have filled your important post, as a statesman, a scholar
and a true friend of our institutions, it only remains for tiiis Society to unite in the
universal tribute of respect paid you ; for your Excellency must feel that t)y none
is your successful administration of the affairs of Canada regarded with more
heartfelt satisfaction than bv those who are proud to hail, either b\ birtii or
descent, from your own native land.

We are pleased to think that your appointment, t)y our most gracious and
beloved Sovereign, to the high antl important position you are now about to
vacate, was a renewed mark of her confidence in the administrative ability of her
Irisli suijjects, and in their loyalty and attachment to her person and her throne.

We, in common with the people of this vast Dominion, certainly feel that, by
the impartiality, tact and prudence which iiave always accompanietl your manage-
ment of the public affairs of Canada, you have fi'.Uy responded to tliat expre>-ion
uf royal trustfulness reposed in you.

As citizens of (Quebec we cannot but regret your Excellency's departure, for,
apart from the great mterest you have manifested for the country at large, you
have taken an esjiecial interest in this our own city, and alhnv us now to say once
more, it is due to your untiring exertions that the city, which was the birth-place of
Canada aiid the scene of its great historical events, is about to be beautified and
alorned, that it will forever be the attraction and admiration of all.

Before taking leave of your Excellency, permit us to wish you and your much
beloved Countess of DulTerin, whose departure from these shores we were sorry to
Witness some few weeks ago, a future of uninterrupted hapi)iness and prospt i ity,
and with feelings of sincere regret, we bid you 'good-bye.'

SLMOX I'ETERS, /'•vrwV///.

ERAXK DIL.l.ON TIMS, .s;v;v/j;r.
i^iebec, iSth October, 1878."

His Excellency replied as follows : —

"Mr. President and Gentlemen, — I accept the kind address with which you
have honored me with the greatest satisfaction, not only because I recollect with
gratitude the kind reception you gave me when 1 first landed on these shores, but

832

HISTORY OF THE ADMIMSTKATION OF

[1878

because I am well aware of tne undoubted titles to tlie resi>ect and confidence of
their fellow countrymen which are possessed by tlie members uf tiie St. Tatiick
Society of (^ueljec. In tiie first place tlie members of the Society are all Irishiiu n,
which is in itself a very considerable merit, l)ut not only so, the principles and
functions of the Society are of the most beneficent and liberal nature. You com-
prise within your ranks both Catholics and Protestants, united by the bonds olthe
closest amity and a community of well-doing. Ko sectarian prejudices or
passions are allowed to stand in the way of your efforts to benefit those who claim
your assistance, the very basis of your e.vistence being the noblest charity. I
thank you hearti.y for the kind exj)ressions you have used in regard to myself. It
is indeed no mean reward to leave tiiose amongst whom 1 have livetl so long
under such gratifying circumstances, and believe me the assurance of your con-
fidence and esteem contributes in no slight degree to mitigate the sorrow I
naturally experience in bidding farewell to so many kind and indulgent friends. 1
trust that the Society may long continue to discharge its beneficent task in the
noble spirit by which it has been animated, and that every year will enlarge the
circle of i^s influence and the scope of its operations, I shall be careful to inform
Lady Dulierin of the kind way in which you have remembered her on the pioeiit
occasion."

Two o'clock was the hour fixed for the laying of the corner stone
of the new Dtifferin Terrace, but long before that time niuiibers of
the citiz'jns assembled in the vicinity of the Half Atoon Battery to
witness the interesting proceedings. All the approaches to tl.c
locality were thronged with on-lookers, eager to see the inauguration
of this giand scheme in connection with the improvements which
take their name from His Excellency. A large pavilion had been
erected over the battery, and bunting tastefully and abundantly hung
around by Mr. Peter Wright and assistants of the City Hall. A
large guard of honor of the Ji Battery was drawn up in line under
command of Lieutenant Colonel Strange, while Captain Heighara
had a large detachment of his police force on the ground to assi.-^t in
keeping order. The Lower Governor's Garden was filled with
citizens, and the Dinham Terrace and the walls adjacent were thickly
lined with spectators.

Shortly after the hour appointed, the strains of the National An-
them from the Battery Band and a salute from the guard announced
the arrival of His ivveellency. His Worship the Mayor iecei\ed His
Excellency, and with him were present many of the Aldermen and
Councillors, with the City ICngineer and contractors, the members uf
the Judiciary, Consul-General of Spam, C msuls of France. BelgiuMi,
and the I'nited States, Dean Stanley, )f London, Lngland, M s-
Stephenson, sister to the Countess of Duherin, Russell Slep>hensc n,

[1878

1878]

THE EAIIL OF DUFFKUIN IN CANADA.

833

ct and confidence of
•s of the St. I'atrick
.'ty arc all Irishnun,
, the principles ami
I nature. You com-
; by the bonds of the
arian prejudices or
lelit those who claim

noblest charity, I
e(^ard to myself. It

have lived so lony
;urance of your con-
titrate the sorrow I
indulf^'ent friends. 1
eneticent task in tlic
year will enlarge the
I be careful to inform
d her on the pio>cm

F the corner stom;

time numbers of

ALoon Battery to

jproaclies to the

p the inauguration

rovements which

avilion had been

abundantly hung

le City Hall. A

up in line under

aptain Heigham

ound to assi.it in

was filled with

cent were thickly

he National An-
;uard announced
,'or received His
e Aldermen aiul

the members ui
hance. BelgiuMi,

I'.ngland, M s.
liell Stei)hensi_ a,

Esq., Mr. R. R. Dobell, Simon Peters, Dr. Marsden, Jas. Motz, many
ex-Aldermen and ex-Councillors, .\lexander Woods, Chairman of the
Harbor Commission, W. S. Desbarats, W. G. Sheppard, Wm. White,
Very Rev. H. Hamel, His Lordship jud"-" Taschereau, late of the
Supreme Court, Hon. Judge H. T. Taschereau, Judge of the Superior
Cotirt, and a niunber of others.

A handsome trowel and mallet were handed to His M\cellency.
On the face of the trowel there was an inscription and also a likeness
of the Governor General. On the plate of the foundation stone was
engravei the following inscription : —

" Dufferin Terrace. Laid by His P'xcellency the Earl of Dufferin
Governor General of the Dominion of Canada, on the iSth day oi
October, i<S78, in presence of the Dominion and City authorities and
dignitaries and an immense concourse of people from all parts of
Canada. Also, his Honor Luc Leteilier de St. Just, Lieutenant
Governor of the Province of Quebec ; R. Chambers, Kstp, Mayor of
the City of Quebec. City Aldermen : Hon. John Hearn. I'atrick
Henchey, I-ouis Bourget, R. F. Rinfret, Fran(,-ois Gingras, J. P.
Rheaume, Germain Guay, V. (). \'allerand, ]''.squires. City Coiuicil-
lors : Onezime IJeaubien, Andrew Hatch, (iuillaume Bouchard, V. X.
Langevin, Jean Docile Bruiisseau, Francis McLaughlin, Joiui G.
Burns, William McWilliam, William Convey, J. P. lY'achy. JcJhn
Delaney, P. W. Roy, Peter Johnston, Willis Russell, Charles JJrochu,
Richard Turner, Esquires. City Clerk : L. A. Cannon, Ivsq. ; City
Treasurer: C. J. L. Lafrance, Esq.; City Accountant : M. 1'". Waish.
Esq. ; City Legal Adviser : L. G. Baillairge, Escj. ; City \(jtary : A. G.
Toiu'angeau, Es([. ; Owen Mur[)Iiy, ICscp, ex-.\Liyor ; Chas. Ilaiil.iirge,
Chevalier, City Engineer."

In the leaden box placed within the stone were laid mementoes
of the occasion similar to those jilaced in the pioper txcLjiiule ill
the stone laid in the morning at St. Louis Gale, with the aJ.lition of
beautifully executed portraits of Lord and Lady Dufferin.

His Excellency having gi\cn the cv/// dc grace to the foundation
stone with the silver mallet, the ceremonies '/ere closed. Three
hearty cheers were given for Lord Dufferin ;'s he left tln' ground,
the band and guard playing and saluting as' he walked up to his
carriage.

His Lordshi[) immediately proceeded to the Ursuline Convent,

where a musical entertainment was tendered him. After l)idding

ccc

834

IIISTOUY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1P7S

V>h \

forevvell to the ladies and pupils of the Convent, His Excellency
roceeded to the Parliament House.

A large detachment of }i J>attery, headed by their band, preceded
His Excellency, and was drawn up in front of the building. On
his arrival the guard presenled arms, and the band played "(lod
Save the Queen." A very brilliant staff of military officers escorted
him to the private apartments of the President of the Council, the
Honorable Henry Slarnes, who conducted him to the Eegislative
Council Chamber, where he held his final reception.

The following were present : — The Hon. Luc Letellier de .St. Just,
Lieutenant Governor of the Province ; Right Hon. Sir John Mac-
donald, Premier of the Dominion ; Hon. Hector E. Eangevin ; Hon.
Mackenzie liowell ; Hon. Senator Aikins; Hon. H.C. Joly, Premier
of the Province; Hon. Ers. Eangelier, Minister of Crown Lands;
Hon. David A. Ross, Attorney Cieneral ; Hon. Alex. Chauveaii,
Solicitor Ceneral ; His Crace the Archbishop of Quebec ;Monseigiieur
Cazeau ; Chief Justice Meredith; Mr. Justice Taschereau ; Mr. Justice
Cazeau ; His Lordship the IHshop of Quebec; Mr. R. Chambers,
^Layor of Quebec ; Very Rev. Dr. Hamcl. Hector of Laval University;
Mr. C. J^aillairge, City Engineer; Mr. L. A. Cannon, City Clerk;
Rev. J. A. Townend, Chaplain H. M. Eorces ; Rev. Mr. Auclair;
Mr. AL Audet; the Consuls of Erance, Germany, Spain, Sweden and
Norway, and the United States, besides a number of ladies and gen-
tlemen.

His Lordship shook hands with of his visitors in the most cordial
manner as they bade him farewell.

The reception over, Lord Dufferin left the building ; the guard
presenting arms and the band i)laying. The brilliant military staff
accompanied him to his carriage, and His Excellency drove up to the
Citadel amid loud cheers.

The next morning, Saturday, the 19th October, 1878, witnessed

last scenes in connection with the administration of the Earl of
Dufferin in Canada.

The people's esteem and admiration for Lord Dufferin \v;b
manifesied by the very great number wdio, despite the stormy weather,
h rouged the streets of the city to greet him on his way to the whait
Thousands of citizens remained for over two hours in the midst of the
drenching rain and bitter wind, to view from the Terrace, from the j
Governor's garden, and from other elevated points, the final departure
of His Excellency.

[l."78

187H]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

835

His Excellency

r band, preceded
le building. On
d played " Clod
ofticers escorkil
the Council, the
) the Legislutivf

tellier de St. Just,
1. Sir John Mat;-
Langevin ; Hon.
. G. Joly, Treniicr
)f Crown Lands;
Alex. Chauvcau,
bec^Monseigninir
ireau; Mr. Justice
Ir. R. Chambers,
Laval University;
mon, City Clerk;
^ev. Mr. Auclair;
pain, Sweden and
ladies and gen-

the most cordi:d

ilding; the guarJ
iant military staff
:y drove up to the

•, 1878, witnessed
ion of the Larl of

3rd Dufferin wa^
\c stormy weather,
way to the whart.
n the midst of the \
Terrace, from the
the final departure

Tlie people lined the streets through whicli he passed on his way
to the wharf, u[)on which a pavilion was erected.

An escort was furnished to His Excellency by the Quebec S([uad-
ron of Canadian Hussars. A mounted |)arty_ from IJ Battery, under
conunand of Captain Short, and the 8th Koyal Ritles, under the com-
mand of Colonel AUeyn, followed the escort. His Excellency drove
from the Citadel in an open carriage, accompanied by Colonel the
Hon. K. (i. P. Littleton, Captain Ward, A.D.C, and Cajjlain
Hamilton, A.D.C. 'l"he crowds which lined the streets all along
the route cheered lustily as His Excellency drove through, the
ai)plause from the surging masses of people at the different jioints
upon the way being steady and continuous. So much so was this
the case that His Excellency drove all the way to the wharf with
his head uncovered, being unable to rei)ly fast enough to the salutes
and cheers whicii everywhere greeted his progress. At the Place
d'Armes and Durham Terrace, in partictilar, the applause was deaf-

ening.

Colonel Baby's field battery, stationed ui)on the platform, with
four guns, fired a salute as His Excellency passed by.

Opposite the Post Office more cheering was given by an immense
concourse of people. At the gates of the Archldshop's i'alace the
students of the Seminary were drawn u]) to do honor to the (iover*
nor General, and the band of the same institution played inspiriting
airs as the Vice-regal party drove past. Bunting was displayed frorii
Laval University and most of the other jjublic buildings, also across
Mountain Hill and other thoroughfiires. The sides of Mountain Hill
were lined with peojjle, and crowds occupied all the windows along
the way. On His Excellency's arrival at the wharf, a general salute
was given by the troops, and the band played the National Anthem.
His Worship the ALayor and Corporation and a large assemblage of
officials, proininent citizens, statesmen and military officers were
present to receive His f^xcellency. Amongst thein were the follow-
ing: — General Sir Patrick iNLacdougall, K.C.ALG., Commander of
the Forces ; Lady Macdougall and Hon. Mrs. Tollemache ; \'ery Rev.
Dr. Stanley, Dean of U'estminster ; His Grace Mgr. laschereau,
Archbishop of Quebec ; Mgr. Cazeau, V.G. ; Rev. Dr. Hainel, V.G. ;
Rev. G. V. Housman, Rector of Quebec ; Rev. Dr. Cook ; Rev. Mr.
Townend, Chaplain H. M. Forces; Right Hon. Sir John Macdonald,
and the following of his Ministers : — Hon. Messrs. Langevin, >,Lic-

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836

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTUATIOX OF

[1878

kenzie Bowell, Pope, P.E.I., and Senator Aikins ; Hon. Mr. Joly,
Premier of the Province; Hon. D. A. Ross, Attorney General ; Hon.
Alex. Chauveau, Solicitor General ; Hon. Frs. Langelier, Minister of
Crown Lands; Hon. Senator Macpherson and Mr. W. M. Macpherson,
Hon. P. Gameai); Hon. I. Thibaudeau, Hon. E. Reiniilard, Hon.
J. A. Chapleau, Hon. T. McGreevy, Judge Casault, Dr. Belleau, J. P.,
Dr. Marsden, J. P., Dr. Jackson, Dr. H. Russell, Dr. Ahem, the Con-
sul of the United States, Mr. Wasson ; Consul General of Spain, His
Excellency Ei Conde de Premio Real ; Consul of Germany, C. Pitl ;
Consul of France, Mr. Lefaivre; Consul of Sweden and Morway, Mr.
Schwartz ; Consul of Belgium, Mr. Bols ; Consul for Peru, John Laird;
R. R. Dobell, Esq., President St. George's Society ; the Attorney Gen-
eral representing the Pesident of St. Andrew's Society ; and Theophile
LeDroit, Esq., President St. Jean Baptiste Society ; Messrs. Chas.
Baillairge, Chevalier, City Engineer ; C. J. L. Lafrance, City Treasurer ;
L. A. Cannon, City Clerk; M. F. Walsh, City Accountant; Alex
Woods, Chairman Harbor Commissioners ; A. Joseph, J. Foote, H. S.
Scott, J. U. Gregory, W. D. Campbell, F. Oliver, Geo. Hall, J W. Jas.
Connolly, F. D. Tims, Capt. Watson, A. D. Webster, A. G. Toiiran-
geau, City Notary ; J. H. Clint, A. Watters, Cyrille Duquet, Felix
Carbray, &c.

The members of the City Council present were, the Mayor, R.
Chambers, Esq., and iMessrs. McW.iiiam, Roy, Langevin, Henchey,
Vallerand, Hatch, Convey, Johnston, Bourget, Rinfret, McLaughlin, lVc.

Amongst the military staff which surrounded His Excellency were
the following officers: — Lieutenant Colonel Duchesnay, Deputy Ad-
jutant General in charge of the Local Volunteer Forces ; Lieutenant
Colonel Strange, Inspector of Dominion Artillery; Lieutenant Colonel
Montizambert, Lieutenant Colonel Forsyth, Lieutenant Colonel (iroy,
Lieutenant Colonel Lamontagne, Lieutenant Colonel AUeyn, Lieut-
enant Colonel Vohl, Lieutenant Colonel Turnbull, Lieutenant Colonel
Boomer. Lieutenant Colonel Baby, and Lieutenant Colonel Fremaiitlc.

A grand salute was tired from Durham Terrace, by the Quebec
Field Battery, as His Excellency drove down from the Citadel, via St.
Louis street, attended by the guard of honor of the *' A " and "il"
Troops of Canadian Hussars, the favorite coign of vantage being pro-
fusely lined with eager on-lookers.

The bands of '* B " Battery and Eighth Royal Rifles played lively
airs on their way to the rendezvous at the Queen's wharf.

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

837

On the arrival of His FAcellency he was received with a salute by
the guard of honor, the band playing the National Anthem. Arrived
at the pavilion prepared for the presentation of tl e parting address to
His Lordship at the hands of the citizens and residents of Quebec,
His Worship the Mayor, R. Chambers, Esq,, presented the following
address : —

'• May it pllase Your Excellency,— We, the Mayor, Aldermen, Coun-
cillors and citizens of Quebec, beg leave to approach your Excellency, on tlie eve
of your departure from Canada, to express our grateful recognition of the invalu-
able services you have rendered to our country and to this city in particular, dur-
ing the six and a-half years of your administration as Governor General of the
Dominion of Canada.

The admirable qualities you have displayed in the fulfilment of the duties of
your exalted position at all times, while using your powerful influence to promote
the political and social welfare of the community, have endeared you to the hearts
of all Canadians, and the jieople of <^)uebec have special reason to thank you for
the exertions you have made in their behalf.

From the time of your first visit to the ancient capital oi" Canada, you have un-
ceasingly manifested a hearty interest in its historical associations, its literary and
educational institutions and its various distinctive asjiects and the moral advance-
ment of its citizens.

It is with pleasure that we have to acknowledge, also, the success of the efforts
you have made with so much zeal and perseverance in order to ersure the restor-
ation and embellishment of our old city, for we see that the irtistic designs to this
end which you kindly originated are now, with the aid of Her Most Gracious
Majesty and the British Government, lieing carried out.

Associated as these improvements will be with your name, tliey must piove to
us and to future generations lasting monuments not only of the past glories of this
old fortress but of the happy time when you so worthily represented our Most
Gracious Sovereign in the Dominion of Canada.

Deeply regretting the ajiproaching severance of the ties which have bound you
to this Dominion, we venture to express the assurance of our lasting regard and
attachment to your Excellency, and the sincere hope that your future career may
be replete with prosperity and happiness.

We would also respectfully request you to convey to Her Excellency the
Countess of Dufferin the expression of our best wislies for her health and happi-
ness and that of the other meml)ers of your family.

R. CHAMBERS, J/rtjw-.

L. A. CANNON, Ciij' Clerk.
Quebec, 19th October, 1878."

His Lordship, replied in few, but approjjriate, terms, saying, it
Was with the greatest pleasure he had listened to the address just
presented to him; — that he left the shores of Canada with feelings

838

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTHATION OF

[1878

of great regret, and his recollections of them and of Quebec in par-
ticular would ever revive most pleasurable thoughts in his memory.
The many happy days" he had passed in Quebec were some of the
brightest in his life, and he desired to assure the Mayor and, through
him, the citizens of the Ancient Capital, of the sorrow he experienced
in leaving a coterie which had done so much to add to his pleasures
and enhance his enjoyments. In conclusion, Kis Excellency regretted
that he did not feel desirous at the moment (through press of business)
to respond fully to the Citizens' Address, but he requested His Wor-
ship the Mayor to accept a reply which he would write to him on his
way to Rimouski, (Cheers.)

His Worship having bowed his acknowledgments. His Excellency
with deep emotion uttered this farewell sentence : —

" I reiterate that I leave these shores with regret, and feel a pang in parting
with the citizens of Quebec."

It had been arranged that His Excellency should embark in
H. M. S. " Sirius" and that H. M. S. "Argus " should follow, accom-
panied by the Allan steamer " Polynesian," Captain Brown, as far
as Point St. Laurent, Island of Orleans ; and that there he should be
transferred to the mail steamer. But as the wind blew a gale, His
E;;cellency proceeded on his homeward voyage in the " Polynesian."

The " Sirius " and despatch boat *' Argus " immediately got u?ider
weigh, and accompanied the " Polynesian " a few miles down tl.e
river, the " Sirius " firing a parting salute of nineteen guns.

The wharves in the Lower Town, the Durham Terrace, and all
available points, were thronged with citizens, eager to have a last
glimpse of the Earl of Dufferin late Governor General of Canada,
whose excellent qualities have endeared him to every class throughout
the whole of the Dominion.

The naval cortege proceeded down the river in the following
order :— H. M. S. " Sirius," H. M. S. " Argus," and the Allan steamer
" Polynesian." As the flotilla wended its way down the stream against
a strong tide and head wind, many marks of respect were shown from
the shores, among which were noticed, besides displays of bunting
from different public buildings and private establishments, the dipping
of the flags at Her Majesty's Custom House and the Laval University.
On the Levis side, also, similar rt-^pectful demonstrations were seen.

The steamer " St. Lawrence," Captain Lecours, and the steamer
** Maid of Orleans," Captain Pinhey, started from their several wharves,

1878]

THE EAKL OF DUFFKBIN IN CANADA.

839

)ang in parting

loaded with citizens, who desired to pay their last adieux to His
Excellency. The " Maid of Orleans " left the Champlain marke
wliarf before the weighing anchor of the men-of-war and steamed away
down to the Island, and there she awaited the convoy. As the " Poly
nesian " rounded to in the stream and His Excellency embarked from
the steam yacht "Dolphin," the "St. Lawrence" rang "full speed
ahead," and followed up the stream, falling in the wake of the naval
procession. Finding this work a little slow the " St. Lawrence " steamed
ahead, keeping, however, a respectful distance on the starboard side of
the " Sirius," but giving all on board an excellent opportunity of seeing
the different naval manoeuvres, and of watching the different Hag
irignals exchanged with other vessels and her own consort, the
"Argus."

On board the " St. Lawrence " was the Consul of the United States,
the Hon. Mr. VVasson, and many leading citizens.

Opposite the Bout de I'lle the " Polynesian " forged ahead; the
yards of the "Sirius" were manned, and from her sides boomed the
salute of seventeen guns, rendered to Lord Dufferin as Vice-Admiral
of the Fleet. At the same time the bell from the church on the hill on
the Island rang forth its adieu, and the united voices of the passengers
on board the "St. Lawrence" raised the glorious National Anthem
which was wafted over the waves of the mighty river, and the tribute
of loyalty thus displayed was gracefully responded to by the " Sirius "
and " Polynesian " dipping their ensigns.

Thus, amid the strains of " God Save the Queen," which, on the
25th June, 1872, had greeted the most precious gift Her Majesty had
yet made to the people of Canada, Lord Dufferin, on the 19th Octo-
ber, 1878, faded from their sight.

The administration of the Earl of Dufferin in Canada will always
stand out as marking one of the most important epochs in the life of
that great Colony. It is impossible to overestimate the value of his
services to the Dominion. Their influence has been felt from the day
he landed on our shores, and it will extend through all future genera-
tions. It is true that, compared with the times of many former rulers
in British North America, his period has been a (juiet one. There has
heen no family compact to destroy ; no rebellion like that of 1837-8 ;
no fierce contests in the struggle for Constitutional Government ; no
burning of Parliament buildings ; no stoning of a Governor General ;
no stormy discussions over Confederation ; no rebellion in the North

840

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H78

West ; no military expedition to enforce the authority of the Sovereign
in any part of her Canadian jjossessions. And yet the rule of the
Earl of Duflerin will always be marked in Canadian history as a
period of unsurpassed importance. By an extraordinary combination
of qualities he has left an impress on the country which will never
be effiiced. He has extended the range of the principles of Consti-
tutional Cioveinment, and the reading of its rules far beyond former
interpretations. He has elevated Canada and unfolded to her the
limitless value of her territory, her productions, and her undevelo])ed
sources of wealth. He has oi)ened up to her a vista of strength,
wealth and power which terminates in the spectacle of her apj^'aring
as an associate of FLngland, and as closely connected with her as is now
Scotland or Ireland. He has taught Euroj)e and the world that in
Canada, Britain possesses a country which is rapidly taking high rank
with the nations of the globe. He has shown that in her great Colony
she has a young giant who will be found prepared at all times to devote
his strength to her service. He has intensified the loyalty of the
people to the British Crown to the highest pitch of enthusiasm. He
has described with a truth and an authority, the ability, skill, industry
and ingenuity of the population of the country, whether as statesmen,
legislators, scientists, agriculturists, traders or artizans He has
taught the world that her magnificent system of popular education
occupies no second place. He has borne invaluable testimony
to the learning, ability and purity of her Bench. He has been
unceasing in his efforts to make our French population feel that they
are as highly honored a portion of the Empire as the proudest Kng
lishman in it. He has been continuously pouring oil on the waters of
religious strife. He has repeatedly recognized the invaluable assist-
ance given to the cause of civil liberty by the various religious creeds
and denominations, seeing in each nothing but good, and evil in none.
He has known neither Roman Catholic nor Protestant, finding, as he
always has done in both, only loyal subjects of Her Majesty, and
loving citizens of the Dominion. He has, in words of great beauty.
and with a warmth of feeling besought that the destructive and
utterly unwarrantable contests between Roman Catholics and some
divisions of the great Protestant body, which are injurious to all,
and beneficial to none, be discontinued forever. He has embraced
every opportunity of eulogizing the noble qualities of the American
people, and has done much in lessening the strength of the prejudices
which an ignorance of each other's great qualities had engendered

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

841

between Americans and Canadians. He has taken frequent occa-
sion to enforce the necessity of encouraging the aesthetic tastes of
the people. He has made the different Art Associations, and artists
themselves, subjects of his warm and personnl attention. He has
inaugurated plans for the jjreservation of the historic remains of our
ancient cities. He has set on foot a plan by which the greatest
natural wonder of the continent maybe restored to its pristine beauty.
He has shown a tender regard for our young men and maidens, and
has delicately suggested to them rules of conduct which will make
them brighter ornaments of their own country. He has, by his
example, taught Canadians that geniality, politeness and polish of
manner are quite compatible witli strength of mind and independence
of character. He has brightened the homes of hundreds of thousands
by his admirable homilies on our institutions, our hal)its and our
manners. He has dignified by his presence, and encouraged by his
example, the outdoor sports of our young people. He has enforced
upon them the truth that a healthy mind is rarely found in an
unhealthy body ; and has exhorted them to imitate the youths of
Britain who gain physical and mental strength, manly self-reliance,
and courage by the games of the country. He has led them to
ponder over the wise and deep words of the Duke of Wellington, v.ho
said that " Waterloo was won on the play grounds of Kton and
Rugby."

Lord Dufferin has become a household word in Canada. In every
habitation, from the i)roudest to the humblest, his name is daily men-
tioned, — his beautiful speeches read and discussed, — his wise words
quoted, — his teachings enforced, — his example followed. The golden
thread of his pure and amiable life runs through every jjortion of
Canadian society, strengthening, elevating, .softening and refining
every class and every grade. Though his j)olitical services have been
great, it is questionable whether his greatest service has not been that
ht has made the Canadian people better in their morals, — better in
their aspirations for the good and the beautiful in their homes, and
hajjpier in their lives.

Under his rule the principle of Constitutional Government received
a development which has constituted the Dominion an example to
the world. In Britain it had been left for the period of Her present
Majesty's reign to settle in a concrete form the scattered and, in some
sense, fugitive ideas of executive deference to popular opinion as

842

IIISTOUY OF THE ADMIX IRTUATION OK

[lH78

expressed in the House of Commons. The struggle between .authority
as exhibited in the i)erson of the monarch, and hl)erty us shewn in ihe
body of the people, had been progressing with varying fortunes for
several reigns before that of the Queen. The liritish mind is, for-
timately, deeply impressed with resjject for authority and antiquity.
It is often made a subject of reproach to Englishmen that they cling
with too great a tenacity to the traditions, opinions, practices, laws,
and customs of past ages. The charge is frecjuently well grounded,
but history teaches us that the error is on the right side. The pro-
found respect for order which permeates the heart of every Uritoii,
])roduces in him a jealousy of change — a fear of innovation— and a
cautious scrutiny of proposed improvements, which effectually guard
him against hasty and crude interference with established institutions,
whether political or social.

In matters of state, his natural loyalty stays his hand when any
attack on the prerogative of the Crown is suggested, and nothing will
induce him to invade its sacred rights until he is convinced, in the
clearest possible manner, and to the utmost extent of which the case
is susceptible, that the proposed contraction of the royal power is
essential to the security of the Crown and the liberty of the subject.
To him these are inseparably connected. It is a part of his nature
to feel that whatever endangers the liberty of the subject also
attacks the proper authority of the sovereign ; and therefore it is that,
in all the changes which have led up to the present highly developed
system of rule, this idea has so dominated the popular action that it
has gradually produced the almost absolutely perfect fonn now known
as Constitutional Government.

The remarkable growth of this system is admirably depicted in
Mr. Martin's " Life of the Prince Consort," and no one can under-
stand or |)roperly appreciate the great wisdom and self-denial which
have guided Her Majesty and her advisers, without a due knowledge
of the secret history of this growth. As the Empire advanced in power,
and the people in strength, new cases arose which sometimes placed
a severe strain on the system, — but the under-lying principle of all
British rule — respect for the rights of an intelligent people — quickly
supplied a solution of each difficulty as it arose, and the wise yielding
to the demands of a loyal and cultivated population gradually
established for Her Majesty the enviable reputation of the most
constitutional ruler who has ever yet occupied the British, or indeed
any throne.

187K]

TIIK KAUL OF DL'FFKUIN IN CANADA.

843

The system was introduced into Canada in 1839 under Lord
Sydenham, but, as has already been shewn, it was but slowly developed,
—in fact it had not been fully established in Britain. Lord Elgin paid
a deeper respect to it than any of his ])redecessors ; and, though his
recognition of it in its entirety was marked by fire, and almost by his
own blood, Canada soon admitted that he was right, — and when he
departed he carried with him the conviction that he had done much
to establish the principle, and that the people of Canada were deei)ly
sensible of the value of the gift.

Lord Dufferin was very early called upon to define hi;; position as
a constitutional ruler. The Liberals on the occasion of the Pacific
Railway embroglio attempted to force him mto a direct violation of
the rights of the people as represented in Parliament. Had he acceded
to their demands he would have placed himself in the category of
governors who have constituted their rule a personal one. He would
have carried the Dominion back to the days and principles of Sir
Francis Bond Head. He would have cast to the winds the store of
liberty gathered by the Canadian jjeople after years of acrimony and
strife. I'he shocking spectacle of a young country, teeming with the
riches which nature had lavishe(' upon her, wasting its energies in
political contests would have been revived. The peace of contentment
with its political status, absolutely essential to the development of any
country, would have been destroyed. Lord Dufierin, had he yielded
on that occasion, instead of spending the valuable six years of his rule
in encouraging the industry of Canada, would have been surrounded
by the desolating controversies and bitter animosities of partisan
warfare. His eloquent voice rai.sed so often, and with so wonderful
a truth and power in the laudation ol Canada, would have been
necessarily employed in deploring the suicidal strife of party. It
was perhaps fortunate that so early an opportunity was afforded him
of giving expression to the expanded ideas he held of his duties as
a constitutional ruler. They took the country by surprise. He made
a bold and a long stride in Iiis great " Halifax Speech " on the 8th
August, 1873, in which he scattered the crude notions of the Liberals
to the winds. He was too well accpiainted with the progress of Con-
stitutional rule in England to misinterpret its principles. He was
deeply impressed with the necessity of enlarging instead of contract-
nig the bounds of their application. The country heard with a
delightful surprise the enunciation of the broad doctrine of guber-
natorial responsibility, when he then said :

844

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[\m

« SI

•* My only guiding star in the conduct and maintenance of my official relations
with your public men is the Parliament of Canada." * * • •« I, genlknitn
I)elieve in Parliament, no matter which way it votes, — and to those men alonu
whom the absolute will of the Confederated Parliament of the Dominion niav
assign to me as my responsil)Ie advisers can I give my confidence. W'littlitT tiiov
arc the heads of this party or that must lie a matter of indi (Terence to the Governor
General, so long as they are maintained by Parliament in their positions, so lon^
is he bound to give them his unreserved confidence, to defer to their advice, ami
loyally to assist them with his counsels."

Five days after these weighty declarations, the leaders of the
Liberals denied their truth, and, in words of unusual vehemence,
attacked the position thus taken hy His Excellency. I'hey challenged
his construction of Constitutional law, and indignantly averred that he
should have taken the power into his own Jiands and dismissed his
Ministers, although they commanded a large majority in the House.
In effect, they invoked the return of " personal " rule.

On the 13th August, when the House met, ?T Mackenzie, the
leader of the Liberal party, solemnly declared in ii place that there
was " nothing in the circumstances which justified His Excellency
in proroguing Parliament for the purjjose of preserving an accused
Ministry." Mr. Holton at the " indignation meeting" held in the even-
ing of the same day said : " They knew that the most unheard of
indignity had been cast upon Parliament by the Representative of the
Crown, advised by his Ministers." Mr. Cauchon said : " It was
known that the privileges of Parliament had been encroached upon
today, and I will go further and say that the Crown has no right to
interfere with the privileges of Parliament," and he moved this re.solu-
tion:

" AVso/z'tu/, — That the prorogation of Parliament without giving the Hou.se of
Commons the opportunity of prosecuting the enquiry it had already taken was a
gross violation of the privileges and independence of Parliament, and of the rights
of the people."

Mr. Mills said : —

" It seems to me that there has been a departure from the Constitutional sys-
tem. The Crown was seeking advice from the Ministry in a matter which affected
themselves."

The Hon. Mr. Smith said : —

" It appears to me that the present was just the case in which the Crown was
called upon to interpose its prerogative against the advice of the Ministry. The
reason given for the exercise of the prerogative to-day had no justification."

1S7H]

THE KAUL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

845

The Hon. Mr. Christie said : —

" I have no doubt that the privile^jt's of Parliament have W-en trampled on to-
day. Mr. .Mackenzie has l)een used in the most arbitrary manner wlien he li.ad this
(l.iy risen in his seat in Parliament." * • • "The Ministers are incompetent
to advise the Governor (jeneral, anil I think the (Jovernor (jeneral was wrony in
taking their advice."

Many others of the leading men of the Liberal party expressed
the same views, as their deliberate opinion of the course pursued by
His Excellency. These men would have felt themselves insulted had
they been told by any authority they respected that their opinions
were revolutionary ; that instead of being exponents of Liberalisin they
were exponents of desi)otism ; that they were ignorant of the springs
of Constitutional Government, and that the adoption by Lord Duf-
ferin of their crude ideas would have been ruinous to their own liber-
tics, and an absolute destruction of the form of rule which their
predecessors had fought for, and bled for. The I-iberal press was
so ignorant of the true principles of the Government under which it
was living that it poured forth the most bitter denunciations of the
Governor General. If it knew it was uttering libels on His Kxcel-
lency, it was criminal. The leaders of the Liberal party must stand
in the same dock. They upheld this press in its outrage not only
on Lord Dufferin, but on Constitutional Government. It was well
that a man of his firmness held the reins of power. A weak man
would possibly have succumbed. It was well that a statesman occu-
pied the Vice-regal chair. A man unversed in the lore of Constitu-
tional law would probably have tampered with the enemy and given,
by hesitation, a shock to Constitutional rule.

Had Lord Dufferin rendered no service to Canada other than the
enunciation of this invaluable extension of the principle of Constitu-
tional Government, he would have been entitled to her deepest
gratitude. The Colonial Empire of Britain and the Imperial Govern-
ment owe him much. He boldly and skilfully laid open a hidden
power of this beautiful system, and proved its complete adaptation,
not only to a colony, but also to a country composed of a number
of confederated Provinces. Its successful working under his rule
has proved that it is as valuable in a dependency as in the Mother
Country, and that any British Colony or confederation of Colonies
endowed with a Parliamentary system of Government may be safely
and profitably left to the untrammelled exercise of the blessings of
Constitutional rule.

840

III8T0UY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H78

I ,fj

It is somewhat curious that not very long after this authoritative
exjjosition of the principles of the system an opinion was expressed
by a Ikitish Colonial Minister antagonistic to it. It will he reim-in-
bered that on the 31st March, 1S75, Mr. Ulake brought before ihc
House a despatch from the Colonial Minister, dated 30th June, iK;^.
in which was laid down the doctrine that the disallowance or allow-
ance of Local Acts was a matter in which the Governor (lencral
must act on his own individual discretion, and in which he could not
be guided l)y the advice of his responsii)le Ministers. It is mentioned
here in support of the statement that even in Kngland the full applica-
tion of the principles of responsibility was not understood. A iiritish
statesman, so recently as 1873, here enunciated a doctrine utterly
subversive of the system of Constitutional rule. The House unani-
mously disapproved of the opinion of the Minister, and as he did not
press the \ny\ni, it may be assimied that it was looked upon in Kng-
land as an error which would not be repeated.

Lord Dufferin's Halifax speech is an invaluable contribution to
the commentaries on Constitutional rule. It goes further tiian any
IJritish statesman had ever yet gone, and is an example of the great
expansion of which the principle is suscejjtible. Judged by the rule
there laid down, the course pursued by the Lieutenant Ciovernor of
Quebec, Mr. Luc Letellier de St. Just, in the "Quel)ec Crisis'' of
May, 1878, is open to the gravest censure. Every element of the case
reproves his unwarrantable violation of the well-established system of
Government under which the Province was entitled to be ruled. There
were two Houses. The Ministry had a very large majority in each.
They had not been attacked for their measures in any degree greater
than that ordinarily excited in local matters. The bills which the
Lieutenant Governor averred were obnoxious to him were, so far as
he knew, not obnoxious to the people. There had been no unusual
or general expression of public opinion against them. He was well
aware of their nature, and allowed them to pass through all but the
last stage in the House without objection. They were opjiosed in it,
and he was cognizant of every step taken in connection with them.
He met his Ministers daily and made no sign. They were pursuing
their way calmly and successfully. They were not asked to modify
their measures, but without a moment's warning they were dismissed.
In defence it was urged that if the new Ministry should obtain a
majority at the polls the Lieutenant Governor would be justified ; if not.

187R]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANAUA.

847

then his conduct would be considered unconstitutional. Ihit it was
either richt or wrong before an appeal to the people was made. Judged
by the rule laid down by Lord Dufferin in the Halifax speech it was
an outrage. That no opportunity was given to His K.xtx'liency the
Governor General of expressing his opinion is unfortunate, and the
case discloses a serious imperfection in our Federal system. Ihe
Cjovernor CJeneral could not move, until he was moved by his .Ministry.
They would not move because they were in sympathy with the Lieuten-
ant Governor, and, there is but little doubt, in collusion with him.
Hence, an act which should have been punished by the Dominion
Government with dismissal was passed over in silence. Mr. Mmkcn-
zie would not condemn an unconstitutional act, perpetrated \>\ a
partisan of his own, and probably, in part, at least, with a view to
assist him in the approaching Dominion Elections; the ( overiior
General could not, and, therefore, the crime has, thus far, gone unpnn-
ished. It was urgec' »'. : His Excellency might have acted on his o\.n
knowledge and responsibility, but this would have been as unjustilla-
ble as the aci of Mr. Letellier. He was bound to act under .he advice
of his Ministers, and, as they advised him to di) nothing, he was com-
pelled, by his own doctrine, to stand by and witness the perpetration
of a great political crime without being able to utter a word in con-
demnation, or move a fuiger in punishment.

The evil lies in the system of making Governors of Provinces out
of partisans. Theory teaches these gentlemen that their projter course
is an imitation of that pursued by the Governor General. So long as
they honestly guide them.selves by the rule laid down by Lord Dufferm
in the " Halifax speech " no ditficulty can arise. Were it jjossible to
secure men for these offices of characters sutficit^ntly dignified and
conscientious to be guided by this rule, no complaint would ever exist.
But they are appointed by the Ministry of the day. They are neces-
sarily friends of the Dominion Government. Their sympathies are
naturally enlisted on the side of those who elevate them. Always
friends, they must sometimes be partisans. I'arty men themselves,
taken from the ranks of party, they naturally carry to the gubernato-
rial chair the party feeling which made them cons[)icuous friends of
the Ministry to whom they owe their advancement. Some men will
shake off the shackles, assume their proper judicial character, a.">d rule
their Provinces according to the Constitutional system. Most men will
exhibit a leaning towards the party in sympathy with their own

■/fii

848

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRAIION OF

[1878

FIB?

-1=

(Hi

1 «

I: -■ ■■■•'■'■

I' ■ > ,■ -^i

])atrons. A few li'.e Mr. Letellier will cast aside all propriety and
boldly defy public opinion.

The only remedy for this unsatisfactory state seems to be the force
of an enlightened popular sentiment. Mr. Letellier has not yet been
punished for his treason against the Constitution of his Province, but
punishment must reach him. He gambled with the feelings of a
people by whom the i}rinciples of Constitutional rule are not yet fully
understood, and obtained a short-lived triumph. The extraordinary
translation of Mr. Turcotte from the Opposition to the Ministerialists
enabled Mr. Joly to carry on a Government by the majority of one—
that one being the Speaker, and that Speaker being Mr. Turcotte.
The good sense of the people of Quebec must soon condemn the
outrage, and it will assuredly become the duty of the new Dominion
Ministry to show its disapprobation of the most unwarrantable violation
of Constitutional law, committed by Mr. Letellier, in a way which
will mark more strikingly than ever the lines of Constitutional Gov-
ernment, and the limits of executive power.

This, however, should be done in no spirit of revenge. A serious
blow has been struck by Mr. Letellier, and the new Ministry owes the
duty, not to themselves or their parly, but to the cause of Constitu-
tional rule, of visiting it with a proper condemnation. In default of
this, future Lieutenant Governors may feel at liberty to imitate Mr.
Letellier, and thus materially weaken the strength of the principe
itself. It is particularly essential that the Province of Quebec should
clearly understand the system under which she is to be governed ; and
it is of the last importance, not only to herself, but to the other por-
tions of the IJominion, that her people be educated to a proper regard
for their rights, and her rulers to a proper regard for their duties.

The rule of Lord Dufferin, besides being remarkable for the deve-
lopment and expansion of the principle of C'onstitutional rule, is also
remarkable for the high position Canada has taken among the nations
of the world. For this position she is mainly indebted to him.
While divided into small Provinces, she could not expect to secure
any considerable attention as members of the family of nations.
Confederation first opened her own eyes, as well as those of the
British people, to her latent power. The tours of His Excellency
revealed to her own people a territory and undeveloped wealth
whose extent v/as marvellous. Lord Dufferin in these progresses
gathered together a collection of facts exhibiting the richness of

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

849

Canada, which, when laid before the people in his magnificent
speeches, were listened to with an almost hesitating belief, and with a
confused wonder. If Canadians were surprised at the lavishness with
which nature had endowed them, foreigners were astonished. The
people of Europe listened with respectful confidence to the glowing
descriptions of the Governor General, to which, if made by a less
authority, they would have turned a deaf ear. His speeches teem
with the great subject. His imagination was fired at the prospect of the
splendid country he was ruling, and his keen vision saw in the future,
a Canada, not of colonists, but of " associates " with the inhabitants of
the British Islands. Traces may be seen through his addresses of a
conviction that, ere long, she will be invited to take a higher seat in
the conclave of nations than, as a colony, she can ever occupy. Her
immense extent, her vast supplies of all the natural appliances for the
creation of a populous and wealthy people, point to her gradual ele-
vation. Her growing strength gives indication that she could even
now contribute in a very material degree to the military and naval
power of the Empire. The settlement of her vast possessions of the
North West, must, in a comparatively short period in the life of a nation,
supply a population from which, in time of need, valuable additions
to the resources of the Mother Country may be drawn. Her trade
will become an interest of moment to Britain. Annexation and inde-
pendence, though some years ago freely spoken of, have, since the ad-
vent of Lord Dufferin, been referred to only with abhorrence. Canada,
though not demonstrative on the subject, doubtless looks forward to
a more intimate connection with the Empire than she now possesses.
She does not dream of independence, but she nurses a growing feeling
that, when the public opinion of the other portions of the Empire is
ready for the experiment, she will be invited to assist in the formation
of a scheme which will bind together in close connection with the
Mother Country all the colonies and dependencies of the British
Crown into one grand system of Imperial federal rule. The utter-
ances of the Earl of Dufferin have done much to strengthen this feel-
ing, and they have doubtless had a strong effect in drawing such an
attention to Canada as will assist in the elaboration of the idea.

On the 3rd October, 1874, the Hon. Edward Blake, in his well-
known .speech at Aurora, mooted this question. Mr. Blake has been
harshly treated with respect to his utterances on that occasion. His
advocacy of what ht termed the *' re-organization of the Empire ujjon a
Federal basis " was neither out of place nor out of time. The idea

DDD

850

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

I: r

has long been floating in the public mind of Canada, and Mr. Rlake
did but give bold exjjression to a prevailing but subdued feeling.
Events are pointing each year with increased clearness to such a con-
summation. Lord Dufferin with befitting caution merely hints at it;
Mr. Blake with becoming frankness openly advocates it. The increas-
ing importance of Canada in the eyes of the Imperial authorities is
marked in a variety of ways, — lately in an emphatic manner by the
appointment of the Marquis of Lome as the successor of the Karl of j
Dufferin. The significance of this selection lies in the fact that the
new Governor General is the husband of one of the Queen's daughters.
The Earl of Beaconsfield has doubtless felt that the ties between Eng-
land and her great Colony should be strengthened by every legitimate
appliance, and he has by this act brought Canada to the verge of the
circle within which are found immediate relations with the Empire,
The framing of a scheme for the " re-oi^anization of the Empire on a
federal basis " will probably within a few decades test the faculties of |
some rising young statesman of Britain. Were Lord Beaconsfield a
younger man, no one would be more fitted for the task, but England is
never in want of men prepared for any work, however delicate or
arduous; and, when public opinion is educated to the point, the
men will readily be found able to carry out the great project.

It will have been observed that Lord Dufferin dwells with a just
pride on the fact that he was ruling one of the most rising countries
of the globe. His speeches glow with enthusiasm in describing the
vast territories of Canada, comprising millions of acres of land iinex- ]
celled in the world. He never tires of telling the nations of her]
capacity to provide food, were it necessary, for all the Eastern Hemi-
sphere. He swells with exultation when he paints the picture of]
Canada's great waters, flowing through all her sections, and carrying
with exceptional lavishness, fertility and health through her every
vein. The illimitable stores of mineral wealth, even his imagination |
is unequal to describe. He dwells with pleasure among the coal fields,
the forests, the fisheries, the shipping and the marble fields of Nova]
Scotia and New Brunswick, and the fertile and beautiful little Prov-
ince of Prince Edward Island. He finds stretches of productive |
land in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, and a thriving and con-
tented population in th?t Province. He is surprised at the wealth!
and luxuriant productions of the great Province of Ontario, whose
agricultural riches are greatly enhanced by her wonderful deposits
of iron, phosphates and salt, and her inexhaustible supplies of timber

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFEKIN IN CANADA.

851

and Mr. Rlake
ubdued feeling.
s to such a con-
rely hints at it ;
t. The increas-
al authorities is

manner by the
>r of the Karl of i
he fact that the
een's daughters.
;s between Kng-
every legitimate
the verge of the
ith the Empire.
he Empire on a

the faculties of |
[ Beaconsficld a
, but England is
ever delicate or

the point, the
project.

veils with a just
rising countries

and petroleum. Even his vivid imagination fails when he attempts to
count up the riches of Manitoba and the North West. His great speech
at Winni|>eg falls far short of the reality, though to thousands it may
seem the unguarded utterance of one carried away by the magnificence
of his subject. When he is called upon to relate the impressions
which his tour through British Columbia made upon his mind he
expresses himself lost in admiration of what he has seen of that
wonderful Province. He revels in the account of her glorious scenery,
and her magnificent ocean front, studded with islands. He points
the people of Europe to the unlimited supplies of the finest timber
in the world ; he points to the gold mines, and the coal mines, —
and to the iron and the silver which literally burst through the earth
in the exuberance of their richness ; and he points to the thousands
of square miles of arable and pasture lands, of themselves fit to
enrich a great population. His descriptions of the various por-
tions of the Dominion, fell on the ears of all hearers, as well
American as Canadian, as well British as Continental, with astonish-
ment. No one knew, — few believed, until then that Canada pos-
sessed resources so vast or so varied. At once was she raised in
the estimation of the world, and perhaps no one was more surprised
at her wealth than herself. Encouraged by his words, and stimulated
by his advice, she made an effort to exhibit her strength at the Cen-
tennial in Philadelphia. The result is known world-wide. She at
once took a high position among the comi)eting nations. The sterile
country of even well-read men of Europe proved to be one of the
most productive. The land of snow and ice proved to be a land which
carried off the prizes from all comers in grain and fruit. The home
of the " Canuck," the " Habitant," the " Metis," and the " Indian,"
proved to be a land whose educational exhibit was confes.sedly superior
to anything of the kind in the great collection. The land of " pro-
vincial " ideas proved to be a land whose inventors ranked with the
best of Europe or America. 'I'he productions of the loom and the
machine shop had no cause to blush before those of any foreign coun-
try, however rich, or however skilled. Even in art Canada took a
respectable position, and in all the appliances of a luxurious life she
proved to the admiring stranger that a fine taste had gone hand in
hand with her progress in all her works of usefulness and mechanical
skill. Canada here proved that Eord Dufferin had rather understated
than overstated her resources. Here were gathered exhibits from all
the Provinces. Here was the splendid lumber from the valley of the

852

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

Ottawa, from Quebec and New Brunswick. Here were specimens of
the Douglas Pine from British Columbia, so admiringly spoken of by
Lord Dufferin in his speech at Victoria. Here were the rich cheese
and butter of Ontario, the horses, horned cattle and live stock,
conclusively demonstrating thev ast capabilities of Canada for the
breeding of even the highest class of domestic animals. Here wtre
the luscious fruits of Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia, proving the
Dominion to be the favorite home of many of the most useful of these
important ingredients in the comfort of a people. Here were splen-
did specimens of the gold, silver, iron, coal, copper and phosphates
of the Dominion. Here was one exhibit — a block from the Dominion
Plumbago Company of Ottawa, taken from their mines at Bucking-
ham, within a few hours drive of the Capital, weighing 2800 Ihs.
Here was the petroleum of Ontario. Here was the large collection of
agricultural implements and artificers work, proving the ingenuity of
the inventors and the skill of the mechanics of Canada. Even in
wines, the produce of her own vineyards, she took a respectable posi-
tion. It is creditable to the foreign press that Canada received lier
due share of laudation ; through it her fame was carried through the
countries of both hemispheres. The utterances of Lord Dufferin in
his great speeches were fully reproduced. Her eulogy was always
bound up with his name. A direct result of this Exhibition was the
transmission of many of the Canadian articles to the Exhibition of
Sydney. Through this Canada became still more extensively known,
a trade has sprung up with the distant regions of the Pacific, and the
click of Wanzer's sewing machines of Hamilton, Ontario, are becom-
ing as familiar in the dwellings of Australia and New Zealand as they
now are in our own Canadian homes.

The loyalty of the people of Canada to the British Crown finds a
place in almost every one of Lord Dufferin's speeches. As the
addresses and toasts to which these were replies usually referred to this
distinguishing trait of Canadian character, he could scarcely avoid
paying a tribute to the affection with which Her Majesty and the rule
of Britain are regarded by the population of the Dominion. Before
Lord Dufferin assumed the Government of Canada, the injudicious
expression in England of erroneous ideas relating to the connection
between her and the Mother Country had engendered, not a feeling
of disloyally, but a feeling of disappointed affection in the minds of
man;' thoughtful Canadians. They felt hurt that their warm attach-
ment to the parent state was not universally reciprocated, and a feel-

1S78]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

853

ing of injured pride, possibly, stole over Canadian hearts when they
found their splendid country looked upon as an incubus on imperial
policy, and themselves regarded as thriftless hangers-on to a rich
patron. The trade ])olicy of the American Government was so
arranged as to embarrass Canada, with the futile hope that she would
he goaded into annexation. She rose, however, superior as well to
the injurious taunts of some ill-advised Englishmen who offered her
independence, as to the unfriendly policy of the Americans. The
feeling of true, unshaken loyalty to the British Crown was really never
for a moment shaken. The justice and magnanimity of the Imperial
Government was warmly appreciated, and, though interest will in the
end dominate over every romantic feeling, it may safely be said that
at no period of her history did Canada, or any part of it, ever really
desire to sever the British connection. If this feeling of loyalty were
strong when Lord Dufferin reached Canada, it had been much inten-
sified before he left it. He spared no opportunity of testing its
strength during his rule, and took great pleasure, on every i)roper
occasion, of testifying to its increasing depth. If the Americans had
ever built any hope of annexation on this supposed disaffection of
Canada to Britain, they must have had them dashed to the earth by
the evidence of Lord Dufferin ; and if any portion of the British peojjle
had ever suspected the e.xistence of even a latent desire in Canada,
either for independence or annexation, they must have been unde-
ceived by the result of his study of Canadian character. Canada
owes a deep debt of gratitude to him for the clearness and boldness
with which he proclaimed his unbounded confidence in her unselfish
loyalty, and he left her, doubtless, fully assured that he had handed
back to his great Mistress a people who for six years had been under
his fostering care, steadily growing in affection for her, and in the
yearning to became, if possible, still more closely afliliated with the
great country over which she so worthily rules.

If there were one public duty which Lord Dufferin performed with
more painstaking and personal interest than another, it was that of
encouraging the education of the peoj)le. In season and out of season
he impressed the necessity of a sound, practical education. He felt
that an effective and general system of popular teaching was the very
salt of our institutions. He knew that the national life of Canada would
be sickly and weak, unless strengthened by the universal education of
her population. He was deeply impressed with the great truth that the
chief source of the power and vitality of the Dominion lay in the

854

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

mental education and training of her jjcople. Lord Dufferin found
in Canada a system of popular education which may, without exagger-
ation, be pronounced second to none in the world, and superior to
most. The American people were obliged to confess that Canada, or
rather Ontario, for the Dominion did not, as a country, contribute,
carried off the palm at the Centennial, in educational exhibits, and
American school authorities bear graceful testimony to the fact that
the system of Ontario, at least, is better than any of their own. To
Dr. Ryerson belongs the high honor of shaping this system, and work-
ng it out to its admirable results.

It is no sense exaggeration when it is said that Dr. Ryerson has
done more for Canada than any man now living in it. Over thirty
years ap> he, as Superintendent of Education in Upper Canada, with
a view to the framing of a system of education for the Province, visited
the United States, England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Prussia and
Austria. He studied the various systems he found in these countries,
and from them all elaborated that now existing in Ontario. It com-
bines the excellencies of each, and, as a whole, is undoubtedly superior
to any other now in operation. Dr. Ryerscn has devoted his great
abilities and a life of untiring zeal to the cause of education, and
he has the proud satisfaction of knowing that he is the greatest public
benefactor now known, not only to the great Province of Ontario, but
to the cause of education throughout the Dominion.

Mr. Augustus Morris, the Executive Commissioner from New
South Wales to the Centennial, in begging that the Ontario Minister
of Education, the Hon. Mr. Crooks, would send the educational
exhibits to the Sydney Plxhibition, thus expresses himself:

" I am sorry to learn from Dr. Hodgins that you did not think it was within
your discretion to send to the Exhibition in Sydney a portion of your admirable
exhibit at the Centennial. I am sure there is nothing which so fully shows the
extraordinary progress of Canada as the educational display of Ontario. When I
was seeking for information in educational matters, one of the Professors of the
University of Pennsylvania recommended me to visit Ontario, as I would there
learn more on those subjects than in any other country. He pointed to your
exhibit as a proof, and said he felt ashamed that the United Slates was so far
behind Ontario." *** "Professors Baird and Sillinian remarked to-day, that
Canada's progress in educational matters had greatly astonished every one, and the
United States, instead of looking across the ocean for help, should get it from her
immediate neighbor."

M. Buisson, Chairman of the Committee of French gentlemen,
representing the Ministers of Public Instruction of the French
Republic at the Centennial, thus spoke of Canada : —

[1878

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

855

)ufferin found
thout exaggcr-
id superior to
lat Canada, or
ry, conlribute,
exhibits, and
3 the fact that
^jeir own. To
em, and work-

. Ryerson has
. Over thirty
Canada, with
ovince, visited
;, Prussia and
hese countries,
:ario. It com-
btedly superior
voted his great
education, and
[greatest pul)lic
of Ontario, but

ler from New
itario Minister
le educational
If:

nk it was within
f your admirable
fully shows the
ntario. Wlieii I
Professors of the
s I would there
pointed to your
tales was so far
ed to-day, that
cry one, and the
1 get it from her

[h gentlemen,
the French

'• To make a brilliant educational exhibition by the side of that of the United
States was not an easy thing to do, and for Canada to have succeede<l in doing it
gofs to prove that her schools are in a very prosperous condition. At one thing we
nui^t, nevertheless, express our extreme regret : — it is that Lower Canada, tiie
Province of (Jiuebec— that is tosay, all French Canada — failed to take little, if any,
part in the educational exhibition. This regret is deepened by the fact that the
occasion was a fine one in which to contrast French methods with those of Kngiand
and the United States. The Province of (^uel)ec, where the French still remains
the dominant language — where the recollections of the Mother Country are not ytt
eflaced — where French customs and traditions still largely prevail — the Province
of (^uel)ec should have considered it a point of honor, it seems to us, to dispute
with the English Province of Ontario in the depaitment of education that pre-
eminence which the latter did not hesitate to dispute with the United States. French
Canada has preserved as a teaching force (almost to the exclusion of all others) the
ditlerent religious orders of both sexes. There are flourishing schools directed V)y
the Cliristian Hrothers, the Sisters jf Notre Dame, the Sisters of Piety, and several
other bodies of this character, some of which are more flourishing than in France.
Tlie methods of teaching that were originally brought from France are still pre-
served. Did not a Canadian Judge lately say on an important occasion, ' Canada
is France, but France before 1789.' We should have been dee|)ly interested in
comparing this France beyond the sea, and of another century, with its Rejjublican
neighbors and its English brothers. It is greatly to be regretted that this pleasure
has been denied us, and we may be i^crmitted to say without pre-judgment
that the neglect to take part in so important an occasion is not exactly a good
sign. Ontario, or English Canada, resembles more in its methods of teaching the
United States than England. Its system of primary education is organized on a
plan wholl/ American. One of the most notable differences which we notice is
in favor of Can.ida : — this is the good understanding Ixjtween the Protestant
majority and the Catholic minority. The latter acquiesce, as in the United States,
in the necessity of paying a tax for educational purposes, but the proceeds of this
levy on the supporters of Catholic schools are placed ,. iihout abatement in the hands
of Catholic trustees, who appropriate the money thus received to the maintenance
of Catholic separate schools, popularly and pedagogically analagous to those sup-
ported by the Protestants, but independent, and in no wise constrained in anything
that relates to religion in forms of worship. This liberal policy makes recrimina-
tion and conflict impossible."

The Hon. Ellis A. Apgar, State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, New Jersey, in speaking of the meagreness of the educational
exhibit at the Centennial from England, says : —

" Canada comes next, While we are surprised that England did so little, we
are astonished that our no'thern neighbors, one of her Provinces, did so much.
Ontario presented the finest collection of expensive school and college apparatus
exhibited."

The Hon. J. P. Wickersham, State Superintendent of Public In-
struction of the State of Pennsylvania, in alluding to the Ontario
xhibit says : —

856

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1H78

■;fl^'^

(

" England has contributed very little to the Educational Department of the
International Exposition. In other departments she occupies the leading place,
both in the extent and quality of her exhibits ; but in the matter of education she
makes no attemjit to show the world what she is doing. This neglect, however,
is somewhat compensated for by the fine display made by her vigorous daughter, the
Province of Ontario, Canada. This Province has for some thirty or forty years been
making efforts to build up an efficient system of public education. At the head of
the Department of Education for nearly the whole of that time has stood the Rev.
Dr. Ryerson, well known in the United States, and distinguished alike as a scholar,
a gentlenian and an enthusiastic woiker in the cause of education. As a result of
his wise administration, with the co-operation of the most intelligent citizens, On-
tario has made such progress in her school affairs as to warrant h j)pearance
at our Centennial Exposition to compete in respect to them with us^ . id with the
world."

The Philadelphia Press of 29th June, 1876, in an elaborate account
of the Ontario educational exhibit, says : —

•'The school apparatus, illustrating pneumatics, hydrostatics, hydraulics, elec-
tricity, (Sr'c, is not surpassed in the Exhibition, and there is no doubt that the
Ontario Educational Court has awakened many to the importance of the Canadian
way of management. Hitherto little has been known of the work done in this
direction, and now, to our surprise, we find, the colony successfully competinj;
against the whole world."

Such was the system which Lord Dufferin found in active oper-
ation in Ontario. But in all the Provinces public education was
carefully promoted, and Canada may be truthfully said to be one of
the best educated countries of the world. He evinced his warm
sympathy with all schools, whether sectarian or otherwise, and was
delighted to visit and examine them wherever they were planted. So
imbued was he with a deep sense of the importance of popular educa
tion that, at a great personal outlay, he instituted the system of award-
ing medals, to which reference has already been made, — and in all his
tours he took particular care.to encourage by his presence, and stimulate
by his words of warm encouragement, all the teachers and pupils whom
he met in his route. Nor was he narrow in his views of selection. He
never enquired whether a school was Roman Catholic or Protestant
before he extended to it his generous sympathy and support. To him
all were excellent. In his eyes any institution where the youth of the
country were mentally and morally improved was an object of com-
mendation and support ; and doubtless the status of school teachers
was elevated, and the dignity of our public instructors greatly enhanced,
by the marked notice and increasing recognition of Lord Dufferin.

In another direction the ucneficial influences of Lord DufTerin's

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

857

iborate account

advice and example has been strongly felt. He embraced every pro-
per opportunity of drawing together the t^vo great races which con-
stitute the bulk of the population of Canada. Though the English
and French speaking people have always worked together in tolerable
harmony, yet there have been, and still are, slight political and social
barriers between them which he strove in every legitimate way to re-
move. In this, however, there are difficulties which possibly may not
for a long time be completely surmounted. As a rule the English
are Protestant, and the French, Roman Catholic. To the difference
of language, customs and manners there is thus added the difference
of religion. It must be admitted that the natural tendency of a
majority sometimes to under-estimate the excellence of the minority is
occasionally exhibited by the Protestants. There is no Joubt that
the idiosyncrasies of the French population prevent them from taking
that broad and comprehensi\e view of Constitutional Government
which is essential to the proper working of the national institutions of
Canada. In illustration of this remark, the coup d'etdt of Mr. Letel-
lier may be cited. Such an act could not have been contemplated
by a British ruler, and would have been sternly condemned by a
British population. The Frenchman, as a rule, expects to be governed ;
the Briton, on the other hand, desires himself to govern. The
Gaulic blood looks around for leaders — the Anglo-Saxon for followers.
This difference between the two races runs through their lives, — poli-
tical, religious and social. In Canada, they have lived in comparative
harmony, and yet there still exists a leaven of discontent, which is
exhibited occasionally by both. The English-speaking people are
sometimes charged by their French associates with a desire to grasp
too much power, while the same charge is made conversely by the
Anglo-Saxon. The little differences which naturally flow from these
sources are those which Lord Dufferin strove to settle. He justly
eulogized the intense loyalty and the law-abiding qualities of the
French ; he pointed approvingly to their increasing understanding of
the principles of the admirable Constitution under which they were
enjoying so much liberty ; he expressed his pleasure in observing thei
growing appreciation of this governmental system ; he admired, as he
justly might, their extensive educational and charitable institutions ;
and he held up the kindliness of their hearts for commendation, and
the courtesy of their manners for imitation. His gentle words drew
them to himself, and he by other gentle words passed them on to
their Anglo-Saxon fellow citizens. For his appreciatory recognition

858

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF

[1878

iif.j''

■■ ■&;

of their virtues, the French-speaking people of Canada are deeply
indebted to Lord Duflerin, and for his unselfish attempts to bind
these valuable constituents of the Dominion more closely to tlicir
Anglo-Saxon associates these owe him a debt of gratitude which they
jjossibly will never be able fuPy to discharge.

There is no evil in Canada ))roducing more damaging effects than
the curse of religious antipathy now in some sections existing between
Prolestant and Roman Catholic. Every Canadian hangs his head
with shame and sorrow when the riots of Montreal in July last are
mentioned. But these were only the violent outward manifestations of
an evil spirit which is eating into the very vitals of the country. To
one born in Canada it is inconceivably unjust that his fair country
should be disgraced and destroyed by the introduction from a foreign
land of animosities which the religion of our Saviour, so loudly i)ro-
claimed by each party as its only guide, utterly and sternly condemns.
Both parties are to blame. The Roman Catholic system is essen-
tially aggressive. If it would confine its operations to matters of re-
ligion no difficulty would occur, for the Protestant yields the uncon-
trolled right of religious belief, but unfortunately it attacks, or the Pro-
testant believes it attacks, his civil freedom. Here is the serious charge
made against Roman Catholicism in Canada. The counter charge
is that the Protestant seeks by violence and insult to destroy the
political and social standing of the Roman Catholic. It is singularly
unfortunate that the lower grades of the people on both sides are those
to whose untrained susceptibilities the leaders appeal. The result is
that constant nutrition is furnished to this cancer, whose virus permeates
every portion of the social fabric, poisons the whole system, and pro-
duces periodical eruptions which end in riot and bloodshed. It is
lamentable that so serious an evil is permitted for an hour to curse
fair Canada, when a slight exercise of kindly forbearance and chris-
tian charity would drive the demon from its bounds. Lord Duflerin's
personal knowledge of the destructive effects of this blight in his own
country conferred on him an especial authority to speak of, regret and
denounce the encouragement of its growth in the Dominion. Doubtless
nothing will avail completely to destroy the malign influences of these
discordant elements in our body politic, but it is to be hoped that
popular opinion will ere long become sufficiently enlightened to warrant
coercive legislation against the puolic exhibitions of both parties which
do but insult and inflame. So soon as the people can raise them-
selves to the dignified height of character suggested by Lord Duflerin

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

850

in his admirable reply to the address of the Protestant Benevolent
Society in Toronto, on the 25th September, we may look for a new
and a happy era in the religious phase of Canadian society. Until
then we must submit to rioting and bloodshed, to loss of prestige, to
the domination of the worst elements of our population, to the con-
tumely of foreigners, and the pity of all good men. Lord Duflerin has
through his whole career as (iovernor (leneral endeavored to put out
these destructive fires. He has soothed the irritated Roman C'atholic
and quieted the noisy Protestant. His words of gentleness and peace
have ever been ready in exhorting each to exhibit in practice the
precej)ts of the Divine Teacher whom rhey both set up as their instruc-
tor and guide : and doubtless the most painful episodes m his Cana-
dian life have been the bloody contests between these two divisions of
society which have disgraced our country.

Lord Dufferin has always admired the American people. They
have returned his admiration ten-fold, — they were both right. He
found in Canada a feeling of irritation against her nearest neighbor,
produced by a variety of causes. He saw that, as in most disagree-
ments, each was a little wrong ; but he also saw that, underlying the thin
stratum of mutual dissatisfaction, there existed a solid basis of mutual
respect and affection. He judiciously, and with admiral) e tact
and genuine good feeling, removed the objectionable covering, and
exhibited each to the other in his true character. It is just possible
however, that some Americans may run away with the idea that
because Canada heartily joins with Lord Dufferin in his expressions
of respect and admiration, she is blind to the little tortuosities of the
American Government, which doubtless find no justification in the
minds of the representative men of the Union. Self respect demands
from Canada that, while proceeding herself in an honest and dignified
course, she must not fail to take notice when her rights are ignored
and her feelings hurt. She has thus far respected herself by doing
more than strict justice to her neighbors, and when the supposed
exigencies of party force their Government out of a corresponding line
of conduct towards her, she is content that an improved public opinion
shall eventually pay due homage to her superior principles and her
more generous actions. Lord Dufferin has justly interpreted the
feelings of the Canadian people towards the great people whose
territory is coterminous with her own across the Continent. Canada
rejoices in their prosperity, and believes that her feelings are recipro-
cated. She frankly acknowledges the benefits daily accruing to her

860

IIIHTOUY OF THE ADMIN ISTUATION OV

[IsTs

through their skill and energy. She has been content to imitate
where she could not improve, and the result of her plodding iiidiis
try and willingness to learn has already been strikingly exhibited at
the Centennial, where thousands of Americans were astonished at lur
exhibit, and generously applauded the small four millions of unos-
tentatious workers, who suddenly stood forth and successfully dial
lenged their forty millions to a trial of mechanical skill and artistic
excellence. The hope of annexation, which for some time disturbed
the rest of the American people, has been destroyed by Lord
Dufferin, who, speaking for the peo|)le of Canada, has repeatedly
proclaimed the un(iuestional)le truth that though Canada is more
than content with her present position as part of the Hritish Empire,
she yet bears to her powerful neighbor the most genuine good will.
That the existence of this feeling has been frcMpiently impressed
upon the citizens of the Union by an ambassador so dignified and so
trustworthy as Lord Dufferin is one of the fortunate circumstances
attending his invaluable rule in Canada.

The less weighty ingredients which have rendered the administra-
tion of Lord Dufierin so conspicuous must now be indicated. He is
as is well known, a man of exceptionally fine taste. He is essentially
aesthetic in all he does or says.* To a young and comparatively rude
country like Canada the example and instruction of such a rule are
invaluable. He has in a thousand modes encouraged the love of the
artistic, the elegant, and the beautiful.

*It is supposed by many that Lord Dufferin writes his speeches, and commits
them to memory. This idea has arisen from the fact that the roundness of liieir
periods, their harmonious flow, their richness of language and exul)erance of lieep
thought and brilliant wit, their pathos and humour, seem l)eyond the reach of .1
purely extempore speaker. Lord DutTerin never writes a sjieech, never dictates
one, never repeats one in private, and never sjieaks from notes. Of course, he there-
fore never commits one to memory. The powers which enable him to deliver the
speeches, which will live as long as the English language exists, are these : He
possesses a most vivid imagination. He is an accurate and most minute observer.
He remembers everything he iiears, or reads. He forgets nothing he has seen.
Nature has given him a great command of language, and high culture has ren-
dered this language Attic in its lieauty and strength. She has also given him the
faculty of placing m dioramic order in his mind the heads of his proposed dis-
course, and of calling them forth at the proper moment without hesitation or con-
fusion. His command of words enables him to clothe these mere suggestions in
the beautiful language for which his speeches are so conspicuous, and thus without
effort is produced those models cf rhetoric whichare so much admired.

1S78]

THE KARL OV DrFKKUIN IN CANADA.

861

tent to imitate
)locl(litig iiidiis-
(ly exhibitt'd at
stonishcd at lu-r
illions of uiios-
iccessfiilly dial-
kill and artistic
.' tiine disturl)i.'(l
royed by Lord

has repeatedly
'anada is more

British Kmpirc,
mine good will.
:;ntly impressed
dignified and so
e circumstances

1 the administra-
dicated. He is
He is essentially
ni)aratively rude
such a rule are
I the love of the

ches, and commits
roundness of their
xid)erance of deep
ond the reach of a
ch, never dictates
)f course, he there-
lini to deliver the
are these : lie
minute observer,
ling he has seen,
culture has ren-
Iso given him the
lis proposed ilis-
lesitation or con-
re suggestions in
and thus without
nired.

His addresses to schools are full of hints incuUating the value of
Itcauty in all the surroundings of the pupils, neatness of dress, :)olite-
luss of speech, and refinement of manner. He paid marked atten-
tion to his own style of language, and all coarseness or vulgarity of
conversation, especially in our young people, was to him a positive
pain. No more valuable school book could be placed in the hands
of our youth than these addresses. I'o the artists of this country he
was a warm and constant friend. He delighted in his visits to the
exhibition rooms of the Ontario .Society of .Artists, and gave all lovers
of art, whether professional or amateur, his hearty sympathy and
support. It is to be regretted that in Ottawa, the seat of (Jovernment,
no step has yet been taken to form a national gallery. Lord Dufferin
was anxious to see a beginning made. Probably the general de| res-
sion rendered it unadvisable to devote any |)ul)Iic money to such an
object ; but a comjjaratively small sum would be sutticient to form a
nucleus, and a moderate yearly grant would soon produce a very
respectable collection of works of art. It is unnecessary to express
the absolute necessity of such an undertaking .The Dominion should
nu longer rest .iider the opprobium of being the only respectable
country in the world which cannot point to its statuary and its paint-
ings. The exertions of Lord Dufferin in the cause of art are bearing
fruit in the embellishment of Quebec, and it was doubtless most
gratifying to him to know that on the eve of his final departure from
Canada his splendid ideas of preserving the historic memorials of our
ancient capital were in course of being carried out. His proposal
that an International Park be constructed at the Falls of Niagara, by
which the pristine beauty of that wonder of the world would be
reproduced, is another evidence of his love for the beautiful, and of
his imtiring activity in suggesting i)ractical modes of carrying out his
excellent views.

The boys and young mi.ii of Canada will never forget the gen-
erous patron of their outdooi sports. To ihem, jjossibly, his warm
recognition of their pastimes was but a love of amusement, or exer-
cise — to Lord Dufferin it was a desire to see built up in Canada a
race of healthy, hardy men, stalwart in their physical development,
bold and self-reliant in their mental attributes. He was himself
skilled in all sports in which the noble English boy delights to excel.
He was never more at home than when among cricketers, lacrosse
teams, yachtsmen, snow-shoers and curlers. To him the contempla-
tion of the bright eye, the fleet foot, the strong arm, the calm self-

862

HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTKATION OF

[1878

possession in danger, produced by the out-door sports of the country,
was a real delight. He was gratified at every invitation to attend
these gatherings, and he always charmed his boy friends by being as
boyish as any of them. He was lavish in his attentions to the youth
of the Dominion, generously awarded valuable gold, and silver, and
bronze medals to the most skilful and boldest, and gave an import-
ance, a dignity, and an impetus to the healthy games of the Dominion
which will have a lasting effect, and produce a most beneficial influence
on the national character.

Lord Dufferin will doubtless be willing to be as just to the Coun-
tess cf Dufferin as he always has been to strangers. He will, there-
fore, not be disinclined to share with her the love and admiration
of the people of Canada. He will be pleased to hear that, in her, a
loving people see a lady as near a counterpart of ♦^he object of their
greatest love, Her Majesty the Queen, as it is possible for a woman
to be. He will, with his usual courtesy, pay his grateful homage to
his own wife for the ix)werful assistance she has rendered him in
reaching the pinnacle of glory, to which the love of the Canadian
peopb has raised him. He will be delighted to stand aside for a
moment and permit the halo of a nation's deepest affection to surround
her, and, for a time, obscure even his brightness. He will, with the
deepest respect, lay at her feet his loving thanks that he is endowed
with a partner who affectionately and successfully contends with him
for the equal division of the affections of a noble people. He will
never forget that no fatigue ever prevented her from performing the
arduous duties of her position, as the social representative of her
Roy;;! Mistress. He will remember, with feelings of gratitude, that,
in his long and teuious journeys, she never faltered on the way, but
cheerfully attended him in all his progresses, and added the charms
of her presence to the delight of his visits. He will remember that
she, by the grace of her manner and the affability of her character,
added u soft brilliance to the dignity of his bearing. He will never
forget that the shouts of the many thousands ot enthusiastic Canadians,
who delighted to honor their Queen and her political representative
head, were made a thousand-fold louder in honor of the graceful and
kiiidly lady by his side. He will remember that the increasing
demands upon her time, her patience, and her strength were always
punctually met with cheerfulness of temper and brightness of face.
And the people of Canada will forever remember that when the
Countess of Dufferin left these shores, she carried with her the affec-

[1878

1878]

THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

863

ts of the country,
atation to attend
ends by being as
ions to the youth
1, and silver, and
gave an imi)ort-
i of the Dominion
eneficial influence

just to the Conn-
He will, thcre-
i and admiration
ear that, in her, a
he object of their
lible for r. woman
rateful homage to
rendered him in
of the Canadian
stand aside for a
;cLion to surround
He will, with the
at he is endowed
antends with him
people. He will
n performing the
sentative of her
f gratitude, that,
on the way, but
Idded the charms
111 remember that
lof her character,
He will never
iastic Canadians,
al representative
the graceful and
|t the increasing
gth were always
ghtness of face.
that when the
th her the afJec-

tion of a tender child for a loving parent, that they mourned her loss
with a generous and noble sorrow, and that they felt a bright star had
disappeared from their firm:iiuent, and a brilliant light had gone out of
their lives.

The Earl and Countess of Dufferin have so endeared themselves
to the Canadian people that their names have become household
words. Their sentiments and opinions will be ([uoted at every dinner
table and tea table in the Dominion and their example held up to our
youth as eminently worthy to be followed. The fresh, healthy, gentle
and purifying influence of their lives will be felt in every household ;
and the story of their Canadian rule, a living ai. .. delightful sermon to
all future generations.

Little now is to be said. Canada never possessed such represen-
tatives of Britain. That she never will again cannot be averred, but if
her heart be so enthralled by any future rulers, the capture will be
accomplished only by the representation of their beautiful and loving
characters. Thei; immediate successors come to the Dominion with
everything in their favor. They will find that the Queen's daughter
was loved by Canadians long before she was spoken of as the wife of
their new ruler, and that the great heart of Canada is now open to
receive them with all truthfulness and all affection.

s^^.

APPENDIX.

INSTITUTIONS AND PERSONS

TO WHOM THE

HAVE BEEN AWARDED.

Thfre are three varieties of these Medals — Gold, Silver, and
Dronze. They are a little larger than the Canadian 50c. piece, and
considerably thicker. They may be thus described : On one side
are raised heads of their Excellencies, surrounded by the word-*
'Earl of Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B., G.C.M.G., Gov-Gen. of Canada.*
Countess of Duflferin * 1876*."

The reverse side contains the coat of arms of His Excellency,
surrounded by the words " Presented by His Excellency the Gov-
ernor General."

On the edge of the one from which this description is framed
are engraved tlie words " Dominion of Canada Rifle Association
* i876*Capt'n A. P. Patrick."

LIST OF INSTITUTIONS AND OTHER RECIPIENTS.
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.

University of Toronto,
Trinity College, Toronto.
University College, Toronto.
St. Michael's College, Toronto.
Normal School, Toronto.
Model School for Girls, Toronto.
Model School for Boys, Toronto.
Upper Canada College, Toronto.
Bishop Strachan .School, Toronto.
Ottaw.i Collegiate Institute.
Ottawa College,
fialt Collegiate Institute.
Hcllm ith Ladies College, London.

Ilellmuth College, London.
Knox College. London.
Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Belleville.
Ontario Institution for the Blind, Brautford.
Convent of Loretto, Niagara Falls.
Christian Brothers Commercial School, Ot-
tawa.
Ontario Ladies College, Whitby.
Art .School, Toronto.
Congregation dc Notre Dame, Ottawa.
Military Colletje, Kingston.
Young Ladies College, Brantford.

868

APPENDIX.

PROVINCE

McGill University, Montreal.
McGill Normal School, Montreal.
High School, Montreal.
St. Mary's College, Montreal.
Villa Maria Convent, Montreal.
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Mon-
treal.
Bishop's College, Lennoxville.
Laval University, Quebec.
Museum Laval University, Quebec.

OF QUEBEC.

High School, Quebec.
Seminary of Quebec.

Normal School, Quebec — Male department.
Normal School, Quebec — Female depart-
ment.
Ursuline Convent, Quebec.
Convent de Jesus Marie Sillery, Quebec.
Convent de Bellevue, Ste. Foye, Quebec.
Convent of the Sacre C(£ur, Montreal.

PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.

Dalhousie College and University, Halifax,

N. S.

Normal School, Truro, N.S.
Acadia College, Wolfville, N.S.

PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

University of New Brunswick, Fredericton. I Grammar and High School, St. John, N.H.
Girls' High School, St. John, N.B. |

PROVINCE OF MANITOBA.

St. John's College School, Manitoba. I St. Boniface Collegej Manitoba.

Manitoba College, Winnipeg. |

PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
St. Louis College, Victoria, B. C. | High and Public School, Victoria, 15. C.

PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, P. E. I.

MISCELLANEOUS— ALL THE PROVINCES.

Skating Tournament, Victoria Skating Rink,
Montreal.

Dominion Curling Competition.

Curling Competition between member:; of
the Government and Opposition.

Curling Competition (special), Renfi-ew

Dominion Rifle Association, Ottawa.

Provincial Rifle Association, Quebec.

Provincial Rifle Association, New Bruns-
wick.

Provincial Rifle Association, British Col-
umbia.

Provincial Rifle Association, Ontario.

Provincial Rifle Association, Nova Scotia.

Provincial Rifle Association, Manitoba.

Governor General's Foot Guards.

Cricket Club Games, Ottawa.

Quoit Competition, Halifax, N. S.

International Regatta, Toronto.

Royal Canadian Yacht Club, Toronto.

New Dominion Rowing Club, Toronto.

Toronto Rowing Club.

Argonautic Rowing Club, Toronto.

Yacht Club, Brockville.

St. John Regatta, New Brunswick.

Royal Halifax Yacht Club, N. S.

Hillsboro' Boating Club, P. E. Island.

Regatta, British Columbia.

Dominion Artillery Association.

Competition between A and B Batteries.

Regatta, Goderich Fishermen.

Saving Life from drowning.

Swimming Races at Toronto.

Best Essay on Artillery Materiel.

Lt. Col. Geo. T. Denison.

For the encouragement of Farming anioni;

the Icelanders.
Qiioiting Championship of Canada.
Dominion Day Celebration at Ottawa, 187S,
Champion Sculler, Edward Hanlan.

— Male department.
EC— Female depart-

bec.

i Sillery, Quebec,
te. Foye, Quebec,
peur, Montreal.

N.S.
lie, N..S.

lool, -St. John, N.F!.
anitoba.

, Victoria, n.C.
D.

"lub, Toronto.

Toronto.

runswick.

3, N. S.

P. E. Island.

iation.

id B Batteries.

nen.

?•

ito.

ateriel.

Farming aiiKm;;

Canada.

at Ottawa, 1S7S.

1 Hanlan.

APPENDIX. ogo

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO.

Medals.

To be awarded to the Under- ''""• g""'"' ^n-^^~^^Z """STA'tUor'"'
graduate in the Faculty of Arts
who, having at least a double
First Class, shall at the third
year's examinatijn have passed

on the whole the highest exami-
nation in Honors ,3-^

,8__ ■■ ' •• Adam Johnston.

jjjyo • • J. D. Cameron.

J- D. Cameron.

TRINITY COLLEGE. TORONTO.

_ Mbdaus.

General proficiency in the sub- '''"• ^"'^"^^^^^"l^;^. ""To^l^Zr!'''''

jects of the 2d year's e.xamina-

tion.

These would include : •

Divinity jg_

Classics '^ ■■ ' •• J- A. Houston.

Mathematics ' ' " C L. Ingles .

French ^g.^^

Natural Science ' " * '• C. L. Ingles.

,0, •• ' A. L. Parker.

'^ V •• A. L. Parker.

" •» , »< R.T. Nichol.

»$Jf8; .. .. j Not offered for

' competition.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, TORONTO.

Medals.

To be awarded for translation ''^="'- '^^~^^^^^~^^.. ''To^S!'''''
into Latin Prose ,};..

To be awarded for composi- ' • • E. E. Nicholson.

tion in English Prose ,87^-,

' • • E. A. E. Bowes.

,877 ' ■; ' D. R.Keys.

^^ ■■ ' .. D. R. Keys.

, ' ■ ■ ' I J- Chisholm.

1878 . . _ ^ ^ ( Not offered for

' competition.

ST. MICHAEL'S COLLEGE, TORONTO.

Mkdai.s.

01 . ^'ear. Gold. siu^r ~n'. ' ^^""^ "^ successful

Classics. To be competed ^™""- •^"'"petitor.

for by written papers covering

the various studies of the year.^ 187-

^^ ■• ' . . P. Madden.

•• •• « PS. Dowdall.

870

APPENDIX.

NORMAL SCHOOL, TORONTO.

Medals.

To be competed for by
the ladies and gentlemen
of the Second Division
who are applicants for sec-
ond class certificates, and
awarded to the student
whose aggregate number of
marks is the highest in
the subjects of the usual
final examination i S75

1876

1S77
1S78

Year. Gold.

Silver.

Bronze.

N.ime nf successful
competitor.

Miss Fanny Gillespie.

H. Pettil.

J. F. White.

Miss LiJlas Dunlop.

.\. Burke.

Mi^s Lottie Lawson.

Hugh D. Johnson.

Georcce Kirk,

MODEL SCHOOL

FOR GIRLS, TORONTO.

Medals.

General proficiency to
the girl receiving the high-
est total of marks at the
written examinations held
m June 1S75

1S76

1S77
1S7S

Year. Gold. Silver.

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss Lizzie Y. Sams.
Miss Clara Steward.
Miss Katie Ferguson.
Miss Ella Wood.
Miss M. Wilson.
Miss Annie Cullen.
Miss Emma L. Skinner.
Miss Isabella ln!;lis.

MODEL SCHOOL FOR BOVS, TORONTO.

Medals.

General proficiency to
the boy receiving the high-
est total of marks at the
written examinations held

Year.

Gold.

Silver. Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

1873 •• i

C. A. Hodgetts.

. •

1 George Gregg.

1876 I

William Walker

I Esson Reid.

1877 .. I

A. Hodgetts.

> •

1 G. Townsend.

1878 . . I

W. G. Boddy.

• • •

I Alfred Latch.

APPENDIX.

871

Name of successful
comjietitor.

*Iiss Fanny Gillespie.

I. Pettil.

. F. White.

fiss LiUas Dunlop.

. Burke.

[i^s Lottie Lawson.

[ugh D. Johnson.

eorge Kirk.

rro.

nme of successful
competitor.

5S Lizzie V, Sams,
s Clara Steward,
s Katie Ferguson.
5 Ella Wood.
5 M. Wilson,
s Annie Cullen.
i Emma L. Skinner.
i Isabella Inglis.

le of successful
:ompetitor.

Hodgetts.
je Gregg,
im Walker.
1 Reid.
3dgetts.
>wn.send.
. Boddy.
I Latch.

UPPER CANADA COLLEGE, TORONTO.

Medals.

To the pupil in the up-
per Modern Form who
passes the best written
and oral examination in
the subjects of the Modem
Department of the College

Year. Gold. Silver. Bron:

Name of successful
competitor.

1875
1876
1877
1878

R. M. Orr.

E. B. Freeland.

J. W. Reid.

A. E. Barber.

R. Balmer.

n. H. Macrae.

J. Burns.

D. W. Montgomery.

BLSHOP STRACHAN SCHOOL, TORONTO.

Medals.

r *u 1 X Ye.ir. Gold,

r or the best essay on any

given subject, particular
stress being laid on gram-
mar, spelling, and writing.
"English Literature " was
the subject of competition 1875

1875

1877

1878

OTTAWA COLLEGL\TE

Silver.

Bronz

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss Grace Ponton.
Miss Isabella A. Parish.
Miss Mary Louise Powell.
Miss Louise Lewi.«.
Miss Harriette Ford.
Miss Helen E. Eraser.
Miss F.G.Fennings Taylor
Miss Mary Nightingale.

INSTITUTE, OTTAWA.

Medals.

Year.
Proficiency in Classics. 1875
Proficiency in Mathe-
matics. .... 1876

1877
1878

Gold.

Silver.
I

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.
S. W. Hunton.
S. W. Hunton.
W. A. n. Lees.
H. O. E. Pratt.
F. W. Jarvis.
F. W. Jarvis.
A. F. Johnson.
A . F. Johnson.

OTTAWA COLLEGE, OTTAWA.

Medals.

Vpar rvM cT^ 7y ' Name of successful

r IT-* . „ ^'^""^ ^'■°"^«- competitor.

Greek Literature 1S76 i hot- •

r, / • • 1 . . n^ I J j^ajoie

Practical Mathematics , t?j , r, ' .

I Edward Perreault.

> ' "^S

872

APPENDIX.

GALT COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, GALT.

Medals.

For general proficiency
in classics, mathematics,
and modern languages. . . .

Year.

1875
1876

1877
1878

Gold. Silver. Bronze.

Name o( successful
competitor.

S. J. Weir.
H. St. Q. Cayley.
George Acheson.
J. Ballantyne.
E. J. Mclntyre.
J. C. Smith.
Alexander Scrimger.
Edward Woods.

HELLMUTH LADIES' COLLEGE, LONDON.

Medals.

General proficiency .

General proficiency . .
Eminent attainment

vocal music

General proficiency. .
Instnmiental music. .
General proficiency . .
Instrumental music.

Year.

1874

1875

1876
1877
X878

Gold.

Silver.
I

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss A. Lewis.
Miss K. Chittenden.
Miss May Murphy.

Miss Ida Whitney.
Miss Lizzic Ivins.
Miss L. M. Wood.
Miss M. Wiggins.
Miss A. Kinr.
Miss Cassandra Jeffery.
Miss Emma Thompsoa

DUFFERIN {FORMERLY HELLMUTH) COLLt^uE, LONDON.

Medals.

Year.

Gold.

Silver.

Bronze.

To be awarded to the
pupil who shall gain the
highest aggregate marks at
the annual examination in
June ■;

Classics, mathematics,
general English subjects
and modern languages . . .

Proficiency in music . . .

General proficiency

Proficiency in music . .

General proficiency.

Proficiency in music .

1874

1875
1876

1877
1S78

Name of successful
competitor.

Thomas Wharton.
T. B. Pomroy.

W. A. Shortt.
John Hurst.
E. A. Ferguson.
T. Wharton.
E. A. Ferguson.
J. A. Tanner.
J. H. Tanner.
John Gunne.

pi'l

whi

nio!
the

;, GALT.

Name of successful
competitor.

S. J. Weir.
H. St. Q. Cayley.
George Acheson.
J. Ballantyne.
E. J. Mclntyre.
J. C. Smith.
Alexander Scrimger.
Edward Woods.

DNDON.

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss A. Lewis.

Miss K. Chittenden.

Miss May Murphy.

Miss Ida Whitney.
Miss Lizzic Ivins.
Miss L. M. Wood.
Miss M. Wiggins.
Miss A. Kinr.
tliss Cassandra Jeffery.
tliss Emma Thompson,

■OE, LONDON.

Vame of successful
competitor.

bomas Wharton.
B. Pomrov.

A. Shortt.
m Hurst.
A. Ferguson.
Wharton.
^. Ferguson.
. Tanner,
t. Tanner.
I Gunne.

APPENDIX.

KNOX COLLEGE, LONDON.

Medals.

873

General proficiency ,open
I to all Theological students,
I ,ind to be awarded in ac-
cordance with the results
I of the usual Terminal ex-
aminations in the various
classes i^yc

1S76
1877
1S78

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronz

Name of successful
competitor.

John Johnson.
Colin Cameron.
W. K. McCulloch.
James Ro.s.s.
James Ross.
J. K. Wright,
A. Dobson.
D. James.

INSTITUTE FOR DEAF AND DUMB. BELLEVILLE.

Medals.

... , Year,

lo be awarded to the

pupil in the highest class

who has displayed the

must proficiency during

'he term 1874

1S75

Gold. Silver. Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

William Kay.

W. W. Smith.

Miss Isabella McKillop,

Andrew Noyes.

INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND, BRANTFORD.

Medals.

(ieneral proficiency.

Year.
1874

1875

1876 I

1877 J

Gold.

Silver.
I

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss S. A. Sharp.

George Booth.

W. Raymond.

Miss Maria Collins.

j Not claimed.

James Baxter.
Sandford Leppard

CONVENT OF LORETTO, NIAGARA FALLS.

Medals.

Domestic economy.

Year.
1875

1877

1878

Gold.

Silver.
I

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss Julia Kelly.
Miss Alicia Malone.
Miss E. Rundell.
Miss Mary Blee.
Miss M.iry Mead.
Miss Emma Delaney.

•',■■■■

874

APPENDIX.

CHRISTIAN BROTHERS COMMERCIAL SCHOOL, OTTAWA.

Mbdals.

Year.

General proficiency, ist
Division 1876

General proficiency, 2d
Division 1S77

1878

Gold.

Silver. Uronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

M. Enright.
Thomas McGoey.
H. O'Brien.
J. O'Gara.
A. lirennan,
A. Demare.

ONTARIO LADIES' COLLEGE, WHITBY.

Mboals.
Year. Gold. Silver. ; lonre.
J877 I

1878 .. I

ART SCHOOL, TORONTO.

Medals.

Year. Gold. Silver. Uronze.
1877 .. I

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss S. M. Peterson.
Miss R. A. Bristol.
Not awarded .
Miss C. £. Roach.

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss E. Windeat.
J. McP. Ross.

CONGREGATION DE NOTRE DAME, OTTAWA.

Medals.

.— — " ■ Name of successful

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze. competitor.

1877 . . I . Miss M. O'Connor.

, , . , I Miss M. Fissiault.

MILITARY COLLEGE, KINGSTON.

Medals.

Year.

Gold.

Silver.

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

1877

, ,

G. A. G. Wurtele.

1878
1S80

■•

A. B. Perry.

YOUNG LADIES' COLLEGE, BRANTFORD.

Year. Gold.
Rhetoric and English Lit-
erature 1878

Modern History

Medals.

— ^ — . , Name of successful

Silver. Bronze. competitor.

Miss I. B. Odell.
Miss N. V. Wallace,

)0L, OTTAWA.

Name of successful
competitor.

[. Enright.
hoinas McGoey.
[. O'Brien.
O'Gara.
. Urennan.
. Detnarc.

TBY.

fame of successful
comiietitor.

iss S. M. Peterson,
iss R. A. Bristol.
)t awarded .
iss C. E. Roach.

ame of successful
coiniJetitor.

ss E. Windeat.
McP. Ross.

TAWA.

ime of successful
competiior.

is M. O'Connor.
s M. Fissiault.

APPENDIX.

McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL.

875

Mbdals.

To be offered for the
promotion of a taste for
historical research, and for
the cultivation of a good
English style. The Gold
Medal to be awarded for
the best Essay and the
Silver for the next best.

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

1874 I

. .

J. L. McLennan, B.A

1875 I

K. W. McFee, B.A.

1876
1877)

1878)

I
I

J. Spencer.

E. W. P. Guerin.

McGILL NORMAL SCHOOL, MONTREAL.

Mbdals.

Year.
To the student who hav-
ing passed in the highest
grade all the ordinary sub-
jects of the course shall
take the highest marks in
Greek, Latin, and Mathe-
matics 1875

Gold. Silver.

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

• t

Miss Jane Reason

♦^» : '■

A. Stpwart.

't-

««

Miss M. Francis.

• '».

J. Elliot.

t''"'^

♦ . ■

J. W. Tucker.

t- ■ '

• •

H. H. Curtis.

t fe - ■:

t ...

Geo. H. Howard.

me of successful
competitor.

A. G. Wiirtele.

B. Perry.

ID.

ne of successful
lompetitor.

s L B, Odell.
i N. V. Wallace.

HIGH SCHOOL, MONTREAL.

Medals.

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze.
To be awarded for Mathe-
matics :

1. Arithmetic 1875 .. i

2. Algebra . . . . i

3. Geometry

4. Trigonometry 1876 . . i

1877 .. I

1878 .. I

Name of successful
competitor.

H. B. Mackay.

J. Swan.

H. J. Bull.
J. H. Darcy.
A. Falconer.
T. B. Macaulay,
H. R. Macaulay.
Fritz G. Gnaedinger.

876

APl'ENDIX.

ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, MONTREAL.

Mrdalx.

For the best Philosophi-

Year.

Gold.

Silvei.

Uroiue.

Name of successful
competiU)r.

cal Essay on some part of

the History of Canada in

English or French

1874

••

J. I) Purcell.
F. J. Kurtze.

1875

••

B. P. Mignault.
J. B. Trudel.

1876

••

J. B. Trudel.
A. Dorion.

1877

, ,

C. M adore.

• •

, ,

J. Blain.

1878

Not offered.

VILLA MARIA CONVENT,

MONTREAL.

Year.

Mrimls

Name of successful
competitor.

To be awarded for gen-

Gold.

Silver.

Bronze.

eral proficiency in the gra-

duating course

1875

Miss A. McGarvey
Miss Broussard.

1876

Miss J. Perrault.

, ,

Miss H. Murphy.

1877

Miss S. Kelly,

Miss A. Laurent.

1878

Miss J. Bruneaii.
Miss E. Dunn.

NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN

SOCIETY, MONTREAL.

Medals

^Jamp nf ^iirppcsfiil

, .'

Year.

Gold.

Silver.

Bronze.

competitor.

1874

•■

••

' ■ BISHOP'S COLLLI

li::. LENNOXVILLE.

Year.

N !DALS.

^Jfltnp nf <siirf p^qCiiI

^T"- t-_ 1-J i._ il_ _

Gold,

Oliver.

Bronze.

competitor.

To be awarded to the
boy whose marks in the
year's work supplemented
by those of the half year's
examination would place
him as the head boy of the
School... 1875

1876

1877
1878

G. C. Hamilton.
H. B. Ogden.
C. Raynes.
P. H. Anderson.
C. Robertson.
VV. N. Campbell.
R. F. Morris.
\Vm. Morris.

APPENDIX.

877

lL.

Name of successful
compeiitor.

• I> Purcell.
'. J. Kiirtze.
. P. MignauJt.

B. Trudel.

n. Trudel.
. Dorion.

M adore,
niain.
3t offered.

ame ni successful
competitor.

[iss A. McGarvey.
iss Broussard.
iss J. Perrault.
iss H. Murphy,
iss S. Kelly,
iss A. Laurent,
iss J. Bnineaii.
iss E. Dunn.

VIONTREAr,.

lie of successful
competitor.

le of successful
:ompetitor.

LAVAL UNIVKKSITV, (JUKllKC.
Medals.

Year.

Gold.

To be competed for by
.Students of the jd year.

Written examinations at
the end of the third term
of the academical year.

(iold Medal to be award-
ed for the best work, and
the Silver for the next
best

bilvcr-

Uruiu

N.ime nf successful
Competitor.

1875
1876
1877

187S

L. P. Sirois.
C. Lan^elicr.
R. P. VV. Campbell.
C. Fitzpatrick.
V. Livernois.
T. C. Castjrain.
M. St. Jacques.
J. Frdniont.

LE MUSEE NUMISMATIQUE DE L'UXIVERSITE LAVAL

DE QUEliEC.

MnoALS.

Year.
1S76

Gold.

Sil/cr.

Hronze.
I

HIGH .SCHOOL, QUEBEC.

Mkdai.s.

. ^ ,

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze.

1st. Prize.
To be awarded to the
head boy of the Classical
and Mathematical side, on
condition that he obtains
three-fourths of the aggre-
gate marks at the annual

. Hamilton.
• Ogden. , ,
laynes.

H " '"/3

H 2d Prize.

H Awarded for general ex-

■ cellence 1876

. Anderson,
obertson.
J. Campbell.
. Morris.
Morris.

1 '^^^

I 1878
^B ....

Name of successful
competitor.

A. H. Judge.
A. Collcy.

H. Fry.
M. Goldstein.
M. Goldstein.
G. H. L. Pland.
A. A. Thibai.ideau.
W. H. Davidson.

878

APPENDIX.

SEMINARY OF QUEBEC, QUEBEC.

Medals.

Year.
To be competed for by

Gold.

Silver.

bronze.

Name of successftj
competitor.

the Students of the ist

year in Intellectual and

Moral Philosophy 1875

1876

1877
1S78

••

I
I
I

••

J. Feuiltault.
F. Landry.
Henri Gouin.
A. Lemieux.
A. Sr-....
E iJelamare.
i'. Hanv.
E. Roy.

NORMAL SCHOOL

, QUEBEC— MALE DEPARTMENT.

Medals.

Year.
Reading aloud in French

Gold.

Silver.

lironze.

competitor.

with proper pronunciation

and expression. , 1875

1876

1877
1878

••

I
I
I
I

« *

I
I

A. Tanguay.
E. Treniblay.
E. Trcmblay.
N. Siniard.
N. Siinard.
G. M.iicotte.
M. E. St. Cyr.
M. L. A. Caron.

NORMAL SCHOOL,

QUEBEC— FEMALE

DEPARTMENT.

Medals.

Year.
Reading aloud in French

Gold.

Silver.

Uronze.

competitor.

with pro]ier pronunciation

and e.xpression 1875

1876

1877

1878

• •
1 •

I
I

I
I
t
I

Miss M. Voyer.
Miss C. Beaupie.
Miss C. Lavoie.
Miss K. B^chard.
Miss E. Hecliard.
Miss C. Gleason.
Miss C. (Jleason.
Miss I. Cloutier.

URSULINE CONVENT, QUEBEC.

To the pupil who gains
the greatest number of
marks for conduct, appli-
cation, and success in the
different branches taught .

t375

Miss M. I.achance.

, ,

Miss E. Le Moine.

1876

•

Miss K. O'Farrell.

• •

Miss M. M. Leiiiieu.x

tijj

• t

Miss A. Gourdeau.

^ ,

Miss M. Foye.

1878

« •

Miss E. Huot.

» »

Miss H. McEnry.

APPENDIX.

879

jme of successftj
competitor.

Feuiltaiilt.

Landry.

enri Gouin.

Leniieux.

iJelaiiiare.

IJarrv.

Koy.'

HMENT.

lie of siiccessfu>
competitor.

Tanguay.
Treniblay.
Trcniblay.
Simard,
Siiiiard.
Mircotte.
E. St. Cyr.
L. A. Caron.

^TMENT.

2 of successful
impetitor.

M. Voyer.
L". Heaupre.
-. I.avoie.
^-. li^ciiard.
i. Hechaid.
". Gleason.
-. (ileason.
. Cloutier.

. Lachance.
Le Moine.
(J'Farrell.
^^. Lcmieiix.
fJoiirdeau.
Foye.
Huot.
McEnry.

CONVENT DE JESUS-MARIE, SILLERY, QUEBEC

For good manner., or-
der, and prop' r language
in French and English.. .

Medal.s.
Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze.

1875
1S76
1S77
1878

I
I
I
I

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss A. Rousseau.
Miss E. Le Vasseur.
Miss C. Ihoster.
Miss L. Le lirun.
Miss Wilhclniinc Sylvain
Miss M. L. McCord.
Miss M. L. Taschereau.
Miss A. Lennon.

CONVENT DE BEIXEVUE, STE. FOYE, QUEBEC.

Medals.

For proficiency in the
English and French Lan-
guages ,875

1S76
1877
1878

Year. Gold. Silver. liron/.t

Name of successful
competitor.

Miss A. Johnston.
Miss D. Llouin.
Miss A. Campbell.
Miss li. Dean.
Miss M. E. Hoily.
Miss M. II. (ireen.
Miss P. Mailloux.
Miss C. Carbray.

CONVENT OF THE 8ACRE C(EUR, MONTREAI,.

MliDAI.S.

Year.
1S78

G..M.

Silver.
I

DALIIOUSIE COLLEGE AND UNIVE

^^ur>AI.s-

The medals '.1 be award-
ed at the close of the Un-
der-Graduate course to the
two graduates who shall
reach the highest grade of
proficiency in thesubjects
of examination of th
fourth year, which are :
I. Latin.

Ethics and Politi-
cal Economy.
History.
French or German

(alternative).
Math e ni „ I i c a 1,
Physics or Greek
(alternative). . . .

Year.

Gold. Silve,-
I

~; Name of successful

Iiioiize. competitor.

Miss Agnes Doherty.

J Miss Mary Tobin.

RSITY, ILVLIFW, N.S.

~ N.uuo of successful

L.'onze. competitor.

>;.

1875
1S76
1877
1878

L. H. fordon.

Geo. .McMillan.

F. H. I5ell.
T. Mcfi. .Stewart.
John W.nddcll.
B. McKittrick.
J. L. (ieorge.
J. II, Cameron.

880

APPENDIX.

■>^i :l

NORMAL SCHOOL, TRURO, NOVA SCOTIA.

Mei als.

To the author of the
best Essay on Science or
Art ot Teaching, that the
competition \x restricted
to those students whose
conduct and attendance
render them elitjible for
Normal School Diploma.

Year.

'S75
1876

J877
1S7S

Gold.

Silvi.r.

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

G. J. Miller,
Miss M. Lo!;an.
Miss E. S. liailly.
Miss M. F. Newcomh.
Miss M. II. Lockwood.
Miss M. liicwn.
Miss A. McKay.
Walter Crowe.

ACADIA COLLEGE, WOLFVILLE, NOVA SCOTIA.

Medals.

Year.
Classics 1S76

1877

Gold.

Silver.

IJroiue.

— Name of successful

cnmpetilor.

A. J. licnton.
J. (i. A. lielyea.
\V. Barrs.
H. Schofill.

UNIVERSITY OF NEW 15RUNSWICK, FREDERICTON, N.li.

Medals.

Name of successful
competitor.

I'^or encouraging accur-
acy and thoroughness in
the more elementary parts
of Literature and Science.

To be awarded for Emi-
nence in Natural Science.

Year.

Gold.

Silver.

Brouz

1875

i&;6

1877

1878

Angus Sillars,
W. E. Macintire.

F. A. Milledge.

G. \V. Allen;

Wallace Rroad.
W. \'. T. Sims.
Not offered for compe-
tition.

GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL, ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK.

Medals.

» . Name of successful

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze. competitor.

To the girl attaining the

highest marks at the an-
nual examination 1S74 . . i

I
1875 .. I

I
1S76 .. I

Miss M. A. Underhili.
Miss M. W. Hartt.
Miss M, E. Humidiroy.
Miss A. E. Kv'^n u.
M' .s ^ F. Everct',
Miss ':. liartlett.

riA.

me of successful
competitor.

J. Miller.
ss M. LoQ;an.
ss E. S. Bailly.
ss M. F. Xuwcomb.
ss M. n. Lockwooil.
ss M. Riown.
ss A. McKay,
liter Crowe.

COTIA.

lie of successful
;ompetit()r.

J. Dcntoii.
i. A. Uelyea.
. Barrs.
Schofill.

[CTON, N.B.

le of successful
ompetitor.

:iis Sillars.
E. Macintire.
t. Milled-e.
V. Allen;

llace Broad.
V. T. Sims,
offered for compt

NSWICK.

e of successful
impetUor.

M. A. Underhill.
M. W. Hartt.
M. E. Hiiniplirev.
A. E. !v.'>^n l;t.
A }•:. Everccr,
'^. liartlett.

APPENDIX. ggl

GRAMMAR AND HIGH SCHOOL, ST. JOHN, N.B.

MhDAI.S.

Year rTj^i ZT^ ',. ^"'"'^ "* successful

Classics... ,», competitor.
'^^j .. 1 .. F. Millidge.

I J. Trueiiian.

'^76 . . I . . vVm. Ewing.

I J. D. Seely.

ST. JOHN'S COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, MANITOBA.

Medals.

Y.-ar r^M cT^ 7, ' ^''' "^ "' successful

To be awarded for a ^''''"- ^'°"^'- competitor.

knowledge of Ancient and

Modem History .875 .. i .. R. Machray.

.,,-,, . • • • • I James Flett.
> "Mit and Modern His-

.-;,'•'■■■ '^76 .. I . J. A. Machray. •

lathematics "! ^

/■IT..- 1 r^ ' ■■ ■■ ^ A.C.Murray.

(>reek, Latm and En;;iish

v'^'T'Vm ■;■■;•• '^'^ •• ' •• R. R. F. Bannatyne
Ancient and Modem His-

^ ' i "." " ' • ■ • • I James Mackay.

Greek, Latm and English

Grammar . . . ... ,878 . , . . l_ j jj^^. Clarke.

Ancient and Modern His-
tory T> T, T, ^

■ ■ ■ • • • • I K. R. F. Bannatyne.

MANITOBA COLLEGE, WINNIPEG.

Medals.

Vp-ir rv^M ZT^ r; ' Nair.e of successful

To the fi,v..m,, dass '"'"■• '''■°""- competitor.
of the Collf 'o, the. ! •■^hesf

prize i.'.e'r...,-u;ion. . 1874 •■ i .. Wm. Black.

I Geo. Munroe.

'^75 . . I \V. R, .Sutherland.

I Wm. Laurie.

'^76 .. I .. R. McBpth.

I K. C. Laurie.

'^78 I . . \v. R. Ounn.

» C. M. .Stewart.

ST. BONIFACE COLLEGE, MANITOBA.

-Mhdai.s.

Vht- ( \Xi ZT^ 7, Name of successful

Tob. rvv > :d for Mathe- ''"''"'' '''""''^- competitor.

"'='''^'' 'S75 .. I .. Wm. Kittson.

,, ,, ^. •• •• I J. E. Foucher.

Mathematics 1C76 r ,\ n, <

,, , . ' •■ I •• O. Monchamp.

trench narrations , c- ».

■ • • • I r. ISess,

^^^7 .. I .. p. Haverty.

■ • ■ • • I N. Betournay.

882

APPENDIX.

ST. LOUIS COLLEGE, VICTORL\, BRITISH COLUMBIA

Medals.

Guld. silver. liruiize

Year.

To the pupil who carries
the most points in Gram-
mar, Arithmetic, Geogra-
phy, History, Penmanship,
and good conduct 1875

1S76
1S77

Name of successful
cumpelitor.

Moses Lenz.
Thomas Rourke.
Not offered for compe-
tition.
James Gilligan.
George Berkniiham.

HIGH AND PUBL

JIIOOL, VICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBL\.

Mkdai.s.

Name of successful

Year. Gold. Sliver. l!roi\/e. competitor.

1S77 I

J. C. Newbury.

Miss Helen Andrews

H. C. Carey.

PRINCE OF WALES COLLEGE, ClIARLOTTETOWN, P. E. ISLAND.

Year.

Subjects /or which the
medal is co be given are,
English Language and
Literature and Mathemat-

ics.,

1875
1876
1S77
1878

Gold.

MliUALS.

Silver. Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

Thomas LePage.
Thomas LePage.
L. R. Gregor.
John P. McLeod.
John P. McLeod.
W. P. Taylor.
W. P. Taylor.
Wm. Weeks.

SKATING TOURNAMENT, VICTORIA SKATING RINK,

MONTREAL.

MliOALS.

Year.

1873

1874
1875

1876

Gold.
I

I
I

Silver. Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

J. G. Geddes.

Miss H.' K. Bethune.

Frank Jarvis.

W. M. S. Barnston.

iss Olivi.i Wiieeler.

T. L. Barlow.

Miss C. Fairbaim.

OLUMBIA.

me of successful
competitor.

3Ses Lenz.
lomas Rourke.
it offered for compe-
tition.

nes CJiliigan.
orge Berk'.ngham.

I COLUMBIA.

le of successful
;onipetit()r.

'.. Newbury.

is Helen Andrews.

C. Carey.

P. E. ISLAND.

e of successful
ompetitor.

lias LePage.
mas LePage.
I. Gregor.
I P. McLeod.

P. McLeod.
P. Taylor.
'. Taylor.

Weeks.

i RINK,

of successful
npetitor.

Geddes.

H. K. Bethune.
<■ Jarvls.
. S. Barnston.
ivi.i Wiieeler.

Barlow.
C. Fairbaim.

♦ APPENDIX.

DOMINION CURLING COMPETITION.

883

MnDA'^s.

Year.
1874

1875

1876

1S77
1S7S

Gold.
r

Silver. Uronze.

Name of successful
competiior.

Quebec Curling Club.

Wni. Hrodic, Champion

Quebec Club.

" Thistle " Club of

Montreal.

Fenwick, Champion

" Thistle Club."

•' Thistle " Club of

Montreal.

Greenshields, Champion

" Thistle " Club.

Quebec Curlinq; Club.

Wm. Brodie, Champion

Ouebf!c C'nb.

Quebec Curling Club.

Edwin Pope, Champion

Quebec Club.

CURLING COMPETITION BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE GOVERN-
MENT AND OPPOSITION.

Medals.

Year.
1875

Goid.

Silver.
I

— . Name of successful

Bronze. competitor.

To the Honorable A.
Mackenzie.

CURLING COMPETITION, RENFREW.

Medals.

Challenge to commemo-
rate a match with some of
the members of the Vice-
Kegal Club, on 9th Feb-
ruary

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

^75

I Sent to G.N. McDonald,

Secy, to the Club.

DOMINION RIFLE ASSOCIATION.

Year. Gold.
Competition at Ottawa, 1873 1

Medals.

~'' Name of successful

Silver. Uronze. competitor.

Sergt. McM'iIlcn, 10th
Battalion.
« . . Sergt, Baillie, 47th Bat-

talion.
•♦ * Ensign Trihey, G. T.

Rifles.

i^M

884 ATPENDIX.

DOMINION RIFLE ASSOCIATION— (CwZ/wW.)

Medals.

Year.

Gold.

Silver.

Uroiize.

Name of successful
competitor.

1874

Lieut. Whitman.
Sergt. Bennett.
Lieut. Ualfour.

1S75

Lieut. Macnachtan,
Bomb. Crowe.
Capt, Anderson, loth
Rovais.

1876

•■

Lieut. J. Hunter, N. 15.
Engineers.

Capt. A. P. Patrick, Ot-
tawa Brigade, Garr.
Artillery.

••

• •

Capt. W. B. Boyd, 54th
Battalion.

1S77
&

•

> Not claimed.

1878

PROVINCIAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION, QUEBEC.

Medals.

Year.

Gold.

Silver.

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

1873

••

Major Cotton, Canadian
Artillery.

1076

Sergt.-Major Wynne.
0. A. Shaw.
Sergt. Riddel.

1877

Private Ivinson.
Sergt. Hiltby.

IFLE

ASSOCIATION

, NEW

BRUNSWICK.

Medals.

Name of successful
competitor.

Year.

Gold.

Silver.

Bronze.

1873

1S74
1875
1876

1877

I
I

I .

••

Ensign C. [ohnson, 71st

B.attai:on.
Sergt. IJaird.
Lieut. -Colonel Beer.
Lieut. Wordcn.
Sergt. J. Hunter.
Sergt. Weynian.
Private Kinnear.

PROVINCIAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION, BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Medals.

Year.

Gold.

Silver.

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

1875

Sergt. J. C. Brown.
Sergt. A. lackson.

1876

Sergt. J. C. Brown.
R. Wolfenden.

1877

Serit. E. Fletcher.
Sergt. J. C. Brown.

APPENDIX.

)LUMBIA.

885

PROVINCIAL RIFI.K ASSOCIATIOX, ONTARIO.

'"NfKDAI.S.

Vi.Tr i^~\ '^'^ • Name of successful

year. Go,d. Silver. Bronze. c.m.pe.itor.

' '' •• ' .. Sergt. D.ivid Mitchell.

I Sergt. 'I'lios. Mitclidl.

' ' • • * ■ . Sergt. Kincaide.

' " •• I Capt. Ander.son.

RIFLE ASSOCIATION. NOVA SCOTIA.

AfEDAI.S. '

Year,
1876

1877

Gold.

Silver,
I

Bronze.

Name of successful

tcmpetitor.
Everit r..itoti, f.Sth Bat-
talion.
E. C. Wallace, 7.Sth Bat-
talion.
Sergt. 1'. Iiickey.
Lieut. B. A. Weston.

RIFLE ASSOCIATION, MANITOI5A.

Mkdals.

Vmr r.7A ilT^ ;^ ' ^^mn of successful

Ye.ir. Gold. Sliver. Bronze. c<.m,)etitor.

'^"^ •• I •• T. P. Murray.

1 J. K. Mclntyre.

'^"7 •• I K. dementi .^mifh.

I Wm. Eraser.

GOVERNOR GENERAL'S FOOT GUARDS, OTTAWA.

Medals.

Name of successful
competitor.

Challenge Medal. '^Vin
iier to receive Bronze Me-

^'^' 1S74

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze.

1876

IS77

Sent to Lieut. Col. Ross.
A. Cotton.
Capt. A. ». Todd.
Lance-Corpl. F. Newby.
Corporal T. P. Carroll.

CRICKET CLUB GAMES, OTTAWA.

MliDALS.

Year i\.h\ "cT"^ T. Name of successful

year. Gold. Silver. Bronze. coni,)elitor.

''*^73 • • I . . James Smith.

QUOIT COxMPETITION, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIa.

.MiCOAI.S.

Challenge.

Year.
1874

1875
1876
1877

Gold.

Silver.
I

Bronze,
I

Name of successful
ckil).

Studlcy.

Capt. Clarkson, Cham-
pion.
Not claimed.
J. T. Wylde, Champion.
J. T. Wylde, Champion,

886

APPENDIX.

INTERNATIONAL REGATTA, TORONTO.

MnoAi.s.

Yachts . .

Year.
187^

Gold.

.Silver-

Bronze

Name of successful
comiJttiior.

Schr. " Oriole."

Sloop " Coral."
" " Ina."

Four-oare

d Race 1873

" " Gipsey."

" " Lady Stanley."
C. Nurse.
R. J. Tinning.
VV. Dillon.

•

• •

R. linning.

ROYAL CANADIAN YACHT

CLUB, TORONTO.

Year.

Medals.

Name of successful
competitor.

Gold.

Silver.

Bronze.

1874

••

Schr. " Oriole."
" Brunette."
" Saunterer."

1875

. .

• <

Not cl.iimed.

1876

••

"Annie Cuthbert."
" Katie Gray."
" Brunette."

1877

. ,

, ,

Not claimed.

NEW DOMINION ROWING CLUB, TORONTO.

Medals.

" Name of successful

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze. competitor.

Challenge Medal 1874 . . i

■ J

TORONTO ROWING CLUB.

Medals.

Year.
Challenge Medal 1S74

. Name of successful

Gold. Silver. Bronze. competitor.

ARGONAUTIC ROWING CLUB, TORONTO.

Medals.

. * . Name of successful

Year. Gold. Silver. Bron/s. competitor.

Challenge Medal 1S74 . . 1

YACHT CLUB, BROCKVILLE.

Medals.

Year.
1878

Gold.

Silver.
I

Bronze.

REGATTA, ST. JOHN.

Medals.

Year.
1873

Gold.

Silver.
I

Bronze.

Name of successful
co.ipetitor.

Name of successful
competitor.

Alexander Brayley.

rro.

a me of successful

competitor,
^r. " Oriole."
lop " Coral."
' " Ina."
' " Gipsey."
' " Lady Stanley."
Nurse.
J. Tinning.
Dillon.
I'inning.

INTO.

lie of successful
:ompetitor.

•. "Oriole."

inette."

interer."

claimed.

nie Cutlibert."

tie Gray."

nette."

:laimed.

TO,

: of successful
mpetitor.

of successful
npetitor.

APPENDIX. ggPT

ROYAT HALIFAX YACHT CLUB, NOVA SCOTIA.

Medals.
Vear. Gold. Silverr

1874 . . I

1875 .. l'

Uronz

Name of successful
comi)etitor.

R. W. Arnistronc;.

nl successful
ipetitor.

if successful
petitor.

F successful
letitor.

ler Brayley,

' Samuel Norris.

" Squirrel," K. V. Arm-
strong.
' "Cloud," .A. W.Scott.

HILLSBORO' BOATING CLUB, P. E. ISLAND.

Medals.

^«"- Gold. Silver. Bronze
Challenge. Winner to
receive Bronze Medal, . . 1874

Naiiie of successful
competitor.

Sent to J. E. Haszard.
I W. L. Dean.

REGATTA, BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Medals.

Year.

Gold.

Siiver.

Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

»875

, .

H. Stewart.

1876

« •
I

J. Cotsford.
J. Cotsford.

1877

• •
t

E. J. Wall.
H. Stewart.

• •

J. Cotsford.

DOMINION ARTILLERY ASSOCIATION.

Year.
Gim Practice with 6 pr.
breech-loading rifled field
suns, 28 points in 3 min-
utes and 45 seconds i5;6

Gold.

Medals.
— *
Silver. Bronze.

1877

Name of successful
competitor.

Sergt. R. J. McLeod,
Halifax Fiell Battery
of Militia Artillery.

Bomb. Curtis Savage.

Sergt. Michel flamel.

Gunner J. Bechcwaise.

Bomb. Henry Copp,

Capt. David McCrae.

Gunner Joseph Cass.

H88

APPENDIX.

DOMINION ARTILLEHY ASSOCIATION COMPEiriTON HliTWEEX

"A" & "13" BATTERIES.

Medals.

. ■ Name (if successful

Year. tiold. Silver. Urimze. C()ni|>etili>r.

1876
1877

I Hoinb. T. G. Laistcr, li

llattcry.
I Bomb. (i. Adams, .\

Uatterv.

REGATTA, GODERICH FISHERMEN.

Mbdai.s.

Year.
1876

Gold. Silver.

Hroiize.
I

Name of successful
competitor.

W. McGaw, owner of
the " Water Lily."

FOR SAVING LIFE FROM DROWNING.

Mbdai.s.
Year. Gold. Silver. Bron^ce. Name.

Publicly presented by
the Lieut. Governor of
Nova Scotia

Willie Francis.

SWIMMING RACES AT TORONTO.

Mrdals.

• ' Name of successful

Year. Gold. Silver. IJroiue. competitor.

1877

A. D. Stewart.
G. F. Warwick.

BEST ESSAY ON ARTILLERY MATERIEL.

Medals.

Year.
1877

Gold. Silver. Bronze.

Name of successful
competitor.

Lieut.-Col. C. E. Men-
tizambert, B Battery.

BRONZE MEDAL PRESENTED TO COL. GEO. T. DENISON IN
RECOGNITION OF HIS HAVING WON THE PRIZE OFFERED
BY THE CZAR OF RUSSIA FOR THE BEST ESSAY ON THE
HISTORY OF CAVALRY.

Medals.

Year.
1878

Gold. Silver.

Bronze.
I

Name of successful
competitor.

Col. G. T. Denison.

Al'PENDIX.

889

)N HKTWEE.V

of successful
fiipcliun.

. T. C;. Laistcr, II

tcry.

■ Ci. Adams, A

;erv.

of successful
npetitor,

IcGaw, owner of
' Water Lily."

FOR THK ENCOURACxKMENT OF FARMING AMONG THE

ICELANDERS.

Mbdals.

'-^- — •'' > Name of successful

Year. Gold. Silver. Uronze. competitor.

1878 .. I .. ,

QUOITING CHAMPIONSHIP OF CANADA, TORONTO.

/ Medals.

-[ ; — * ■ Name of successful

Year. Gold. Silver. Hroiue. competitor.

'878 . . I . , VV. Glendinning,

DOMINION DAY CELEBRATION AT OTTAWA.

Medals.

, ' . Name of successful

Year. Gold- Silver. Bronze. competitor.

1878

K. Suniinerhayes.
I John Moodie.

Francis.

CHAMPION SCULLER, 187S.

Medals-

. • . Name of successful

Year. Gold. Silver. Bronze- competitor.

1878

Edward Hanlan.

)f successful
ipetitor.

itewart.

Varwick.

if successful
petitor.

:ol. C. E. Mon-
ibert, B Battery.

ENISON IN
E OFFERED
^Y ON THE

I successful
letitor.

T. Denison.

INDEX.

A. ■

Agricultural and Arts Association of Ontario, Address of, 81 ; ditto, 798

Allan, Sir Hugh, and Pacific Railway Charter, 116; extract from Affidavit of, 154 ; sur-
renders Charter, 185 ; receives their Excellencies at Memphramagog, 756

Albert, Prince, speech on death of, 20

Animadversions of Opposition press, 174; extract from His Excellency's reply to, 134, 158

American Volunteers at Montreal, His Excellency's address to, 736

Anglican Bishops' address, 93.

Archibald, Hon. Mr., made Lieut. Governor of Manitoba. 57, 520 ; addresses to, 522 ; spzech
on opening Legislature, 527 ; reply to address of inhabitants of Portage La Prairie,
530; proclamation to people of Manitoba, 539; resigns governorship and leaves
Manitoba, 551 ; address to, 551 ; character of his administration, 554

Amnesty question, The, 301, 373

Anglin, Hon, T. W., Speaker of Commons, 205

American Geographical .Society, Lord Dufferin's address at meeting of, 633

Acadia and Albion Coal Mines at Pictou, visit to, 129

Bagot, Sir Chas., administration of, 43, 44

Baldwin, Hon. Robert, administration of, 44 ; regard for constitutional form of government,

'73

Belfast, banquet at, 27

Belleau, Sir Narcisse, appointed Lieut. Governor of Quebec, 53; receives their Excellen-
cies, 69

Blake, Hon. Edward, on prorogation, 139; declines appointment in Royal Commission,
124, 152; letter to Sir J. A. Macdonald anent, 152 ; a member of Privy Council,
190 ; Resolutions on disallowance of Provincial Acts, 376 ; memorandum on Extradi-
tion Treaty, 396

Brockville, visit to, 291 ; reply to Town Council address, 292

Barrie, visif of their Excellencies to, 220 ; address of Corporation, 220

Board of Trade, Toronto, address of, 82

Belmore, Earl of, on Lepine case, 322

Berlin, vbit to, 247 ; Corporation li'Jd'ess of, 247 ; reply to, 248

Bracebridge, visit to, 225 ; reply to settlers' address at, 225

British North American Provinces, y] ; Confederation resolutions, 48

British North American Act, 51

892

INDEX.

British Columbia seeks confederation, 57 ; dissatisfaction of, 326; Dominion Government
treaty with, 328 ; case presented to Colonial Secretary, 358; "Carnarvon terms,"
371 ; difficulties revived, 400 ; petition to Her Majesty, 407 ; Mr. De Cosmos'
resolution, 419 ; Colonial Secretary on, 424 ; their Excellencies visit to, 443 ; united
with Victoria, 475 ; great speech at, 455 ; address of deputation of citizens at Vic-
toria, 447; natural feature- c' 475; Lord Carnarvon's views 'in difficulty arising
from non-construction of I'acific Railway, 4''! ; the same on Lord Dufferin's speech
at Victoria, 484 ; defeat of M'.iistry at, 727; Lieut. Covernor Richards on Canada
I'acific Railway, 727 ; Lesjislature prays to withdraw from Union, 756

Brantford, visit to, 251 ; Vour^ Ladies' College at, 252 ; Blind Asylum, 253

Bowmanville, visit to, 285

Belleville, visit to, 28S ; reply to address of, 281/

Brown, Hon. 'ieorse, moves resolutions anticipatory of Confederation, 49 ; appointed a
Senator, 208 ; joint commission on reciprocity negotiations, 209

Boniface, College of. Winnipeg, reception of His Excellency at, 589 ; farewell visit to, 6ci

Cameron, Hon. J. H., Chairman n{ Committee of Enquiry, re Pacific Railway ' scandal,'
121 ; speech at Toronto Cub dinner, 277

Canada, Dominion of. Confederated, 53 ; position at Centennial E.xhibition, 494 ; Commis-
sioners at, 505 ; at exhibition at Sydney, N.S.W., 623

Canada Pacific Railway, summ.iry provisions of Act, 115; surrender of Charter, 1S5 ;
Ministerial scheme for buiklin^', 217; .Mr. De Cosmos' enquiry regarding survey of,
511 ; Mr. f>andford Fleming's report on, 700 ; Mr. Marcus Smith's report on, 706 :
Admiral Oe Horsey's report. 724

Canadian Wimbledon Rifle Team, His Excellency's address to, 123

Cartier, Hon. Sir George E., Knighthood conferred, 53 ; his defeat in Montrsal East, 70 ,
letter to Sir Hugh Allan, 154; death, 123

Cartwright, Hon. R. W., presents memorial against prorogation, 136

Cauchon, Hon. Mr., on prorogation, 139; Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, 611

Cathcart, Lieut. Gen., Administrator of Canada, 44

Cape r>reton, their Excellencies visit to, 130

Carleton Place, visit to, 293

Charlottetown, P.E.i., visit of their Excellencies to, 126

Centeimial Exhibition, Canada's position at, 494; His Excellencies visit to. 494,
Canadian Commissioners at, 505

Chatham, N.B., visit of their Excellencies to, 126

Cobourg, visit to. 286

Christie, Hon. D.ivid, on prorogation, 140

Christie. J. W., commissioner to Indians, 565

Chicago, visit of their Excellencies to, 229 ; reply to Corporation address, 229 ; rejaly to
Board of Tra.e address, 231

Collingwood, visit of their Excellencies to, 224

Colbornc, Sir John, Administration &f, 39

Conway, Moncure D., London letter of, 31

Constituti()n,al Government, Lord Elgin first represents its principles in Canada, 45

Confederation scheme, 48 ; dead-lock, 49 ; resolutions in Parliament, 49 ; Nova .--cotia
Parliament passes resolutions, 50 ; Coalition Ministry formed, 50 ; conference at
Quebec, 50; at Charlottetown, 50 ; New Brunswick moves, 51 ; debates in Assem-
bly, 52; Bill introduced into British Parliament, 53 ; anti-union feeling in Neva
Scotia, 5i ; feeling allayed, 56 ; British Columbia joins Confederacy, 56 ; Province
of Manitoba created, 57

INDEX.

893

on Government
narvon tenns,"
r. De Cosmos'
to, 443 ; united
citizens at Vic-
lifficulty arisin;;
iifferin's speecli
irds on Canada

) ; appointed a
ell visit to, (tor

Iway ' scandal,'

494 ; Coinniis-

Charter, 1S5 ;
ding survey of,
•eport on, 706 :

trsal East, 70 ,
,611

irisit tO; 494 ,

229; reply to

da, 45
Nova .--cotia
conference at
es in Assem-
ling in Neva
56 ; Province

Carnarvon, Farl of, reply to despatch on Red River troubles, 315 ; speech on, 323; ik-
spatch on British Columbia difficulty, 348, 368, 481 ; on Lord Uufferin's speech ai
Victoria, 484

Crawford, Hon. John, appointed Lieutenant Governor vi Ontario, 197

Canadian honorary titles, modes of address, 529

Costigan, Mr., motion of on North-west troubles, 513

Canadian and American rentes from England to the Pacific compared, 630-31

Delfosse, M., Belgian Minister at Washington, appointed on Fisher^ Commission, 6.?i

De Cosmos, Mr., resolution on British Columbia difficulty, 419; career of, 450 ; moves for
committee to enquire into Pacitic Railway surveys, 511

Day, Hon. Mr. Justice, appointed on Royal ■onimission, 174 ; report on, 1S6

De Boucherville, Hop. Mr. on the Quebec crisis, 654.

Debate on address aneit Pacific Railway ' scandal,' 1S9, 191.

Dawson, Principal, spe( ch at McGill University, on conferring degree upon Lord Dufturin,
642

Dcrry, address of Corporation of, ' 5

Derby, Earl of, presents petition of inhabitants of Toronto, 39

Detroit, visit to, 232 ; civic demonstration at, 235

De Horsey, .Admiral, on Pacific Ocean termmus of Pacific Railway, 724

Despatch of Lord Dutferin on Pacific Railway embroglio, 140-173 ; anent Royal Commis-
sion, 1 76-181 ; on Red River cmetttc, 300

Dominion Parliament opened, 109; adjourned, 122; prorogued, 136; opened, 1S5 ; pro-
rogued, 190; opened, 20;: closed, 207; opened, 373 ; closed, 379; opened, 395 ;
prorogued, 514 ; opened, 635 ; closed, 733

Doyle, Lieut. Gen. Sir Hastin'^s, niade Lieut. Governor of Nova .Scotia, ^3

Donon, Hon. Mr., declines appointment on Royal Commission, 124 ; letter to Sir John A.
Macdonakl anent, 151 : receives honor of Kni'.;hthood, 622

Dennis, Lieut. Col. J. S., Survevor General 01 Canada, 476; surveys North VW'st Tern
tory, 5 1 7

Dis.dlowance of Provincial .\ct, Mr. Blake's resolutions on, 376

Duchy of Lancaster, LorJ Dufferin Ch,inci.'llor of, 24

Durhr.m, Earl of , appointed Governor General, 40 ; arrival at Quebec, 41 ; report of, 42

Dixon, Mr. F. A., composition of librettos, etc., 3S0 ; assists bazaar entertainment, 731

Dufferin, Fourth Baron of, 17

Dufferin, Lady Helira Selin. 17

Dufferin, Lord, birth, 17 ; education, iS : succession to title, 18 ; a Lord in Waiting, iS ;
visits South of Ireland, iS ; created an English Baron, icS ; take:; seat as Lord Clande-
boye, 18 ; appointed attach^ to Lord John Russell, 19; makes yarht voyage to ice.
land, 19: British Commissioner to Syria, m : a K.C.B., 19; a K.I- ., 24 ; marriage,
24 ; Lord Lieut, (>f County Down, 24 ; Under Secretary of State f ■ India, 24 ; of War
Department, 24 ; Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster, 24: Pa; master General and
Privy Councillor, 24 ; Earl of United Kingdom, 24 ; Governor General of Caiuida, 24 ;
receives banquet at Belfast, 27 ; departure from D'rry, 35 ; arrives at Quebec, 57 :
sworn in as (iovernor General, 63 ; reception at Ottawa, 65 ; visits Montreal, 68, 93,
9S, 203 ; Quebec, 70, <)7, 123, 219 ; Toronto, So, 219. 275 ; Hamilton, So ; London,
84, 26S ; visits Maritime Provinces, 123 ; animadversion of " Oppfisition jiress " on,
174 ; extract from s])e ch in reply to, 134, 15S ; social life at Ridcau Hall. 19S ; prac-
tical interest in, and aid to, etlucation, 199; desjiatch on Red Rivcr troubles, 300;
exercises prerogative of ni jrcy in Lepine case, 320; visits to England and Ireland,

894

INDEX.

380 ; entertained Canada Club, 380 ; remarks thereon, 385 ; reception at Clande-
boye, 389; return to Canada, 391 ; gives state dinner at Government House, 392;
gives a fancy ball, 427 ; created a K.C.M.G., 430 ; entertained at Ottawa Citizens'
banquet, 431 ; visits British Columbia, 443 ; great speech at Victoria, 455 ; visit to
Centennial Exhibition, 494 ; visit to Manitoba, 588 ; speech at Winnipeg, 601 ;
visits Washington, 632 ; New York, 633 ; elected hen. member of American Geo-
graphical Society, 633 ; addresses meeting of, 633 ; gives farewell ball at Ottawa,
728 ; presented with address from Senate and Commons, 728 ; departure from Can-
ada, 840 ; resum6 of administration of, 841

Dufierin, Countess of, marriage, 24; social characteristics, 71, 73, 76, 297 ; baptism of
daughter, 123 ; address and presentation to, by Young Ladies College pupils, Brant-
ford, 252 ; Her Excellency's children, 380 ; aids St. Bartholomew's Church bazaar,
732 ; departure from Canada, 757 ; comments of a local journal upon, 757

Dominion General Elections, 1878, result of, 776

Elgin, Lord, administration of, 45 ; first to represent principles of Constitutional Govern-
ment in Canada, 45 ; attempts on his life, 46 ; extracts from Walrond's biography,
44-48 ; regams popularity, 47 ; farewell speech, 47

English Press on appointment of Governor General, 26

Edgar, Jas. D., mission to British Columbia, 328 ; report of, 331

Esquimau to Nanaimo, railway line between, 375

Esquimau, reception of their Excellencies at, 443

Extradition treaty, correspondence anent, 396 ; Mr. Blake's memo, on, 396 ; Colonial
Secretary on, 398

Eastern Townships, their Excellencies visit to, 753

Fishery question, award of, 210 ; tlie controversy, 619 ; Commission and award, 621
Frazer River, their Excellencies visit to, 453
Frederickton, N.B., visit of their Excellencies to, 1S3
Fleming, Mr. Sandford, report on Pacific railway survey, 700

Gait, Hon. Sir Alex. T., made aC. B., 53 ; appointed on Fishery Commission, 621

Gait, town of, visit to, 250

General elections for Dominion Parliament in 1S74, 69

Gilmour, Mr. Allan, salmon fishing with Vice Regal party, 125

Goderich, visit of their Excellencies to, 244 ; vijit to International Salt Works, 244 ;

speech at, 245
Gowan, Mr. Justice, appointed on Royal Commission, 174 ; report on, t8S
Government m?jorities previous to fall of Sir J. A. Macdonald's administration, 170
Government House, Toronto, State dinner at, 485
Guelph, visit to, 249 ; reception at, 249

Halifax, visit of their Excellencies to, 129

Halifax Club banquet, 132

Hamilton, Archibald R. 24

Hamilton, city of, visit of their Excellencies to, 80 ; Corporation adcU-ess of, 819

Harvard University confers degree on Lord Dufferin, 745

Head, Sir Francis Bond, administration of, 40

INDEX.

895

ception at Clande-
nient House, 392 ;
it Ottawa Citizens'
oria, 455 ; visit to
at Winnipeg, 601 ;
■ of American Gco-
ell ball at Ottawa,
parture from Can-

1 297 ; baptism of
liege pupils, Brant-
ir's Church bazaar,
3on, 757

titutional Govern-
Irond's biography,

in, 396 ; Colonial

award, 621

ssion, 621

lit Works, 244 ;
ation, 170

819

Head, Sir Edmund, administration of, 48

Harrison, Chief Justice, a Commissioner on Ontario boundary, 751
Hmcks, Sir Francis, a Commissioner on Ontario boundary, 751
Holton, Hon. L. H.,on prorogation, 138

Howe, Hon. Joseph, Delegate from Nova Scotia on Confederation scheme, :;o ; leads
Anti-Confederation movement, 54 ; subsequently disapproves of Anti-Confede-
rate policy, 55 ; letter to Bishop Tach6 on Red KWer emciiU-, 302-304 ; app'-nt-
ed I-ieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, 123 ; subsequent death, 12-;.
Huntingdon, Hon. Mr., motion on Pacificrailway scandal, 119 ; defeat of, 120
Howland, Hon. W. P., appointed Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, 55 ; made C.B. --
Howland W. H., president of Society of Artists, Toronto, 4S6 ; address to His ExceHency

73?^, 322.
Hudson's Bay Company, charter of, 514; Lord Selkirk's settlement at Red River, 515;
system of government of, 515 ; Governors of, 515 ; comes under rule of Canadian
Dominion, 517

Icelandic immigrants at Parry Sound, 22.1

Indian Chiefs, characteristic address of, 727

Irish Emigration, and tenure of land in Ireland, 19

Ingersoll, visit to, 267 ; cheese factory, 268

International Park at Niagara Falls suggested, 823

Irving, Mr. /Emilius, resolution to destroy right of appeal, 378

Keewatin, District of, formation of, 584 ; Hon. Mr. Morris, ex officio Lieut. Governor of

585 '

Kellogg, Hon. Judge, U. S. Representative on Fishery Commission, r, -
Kimberley, Earl of, reply to despatches, 181 ; reply refusing sanction Mition to Sena-

ators, 203 ; spe<": on " Lepine Case," 325
Kingston, Military College established at, 207 ; visit of their Excellencies to, 290

L.
Lafontaine, Mr. , leadership of, 44
Laprairie, military camp at, 68
Lepine and the " Scott " murder, 300
Letellier de St. Just, Hon. Mr., interference with constitutional forms by, 173 ; Minister of

Agnculturc, 190; appointed Lieut. Governor of Quebec, 653 ; dismisses his rain-

istry, 653 ; criticism upon the act, 663
Lisgar, Lord, administration of, 56 ; speech at Montreal, 57 ; letter to Bishop Tach6 on the

Red River entente^ 303
Loretto Convent, Toronto, address of pupils, 91
Laval Normal School, presentation of prizes at, 439
Laval L'niversitN, Quebec, confers degree upon Lord Dufferin, 767
London ZVwf.r vindicates Lord Dufterin. 182
London Spectator on speech at Toronto club dinner, 2S2
London Standard on Fancy Ball at Ottawa, 429
London, City of, visit to, 84 ; 2nd visit to, 268
Lord's Prayer, The, in Mohawk, 264
Louisburg, visit of their Excellencies to, 129

896

INDEX.

Lome, Marquis of, officially announced as successor to Lord Dufferin, 751

Littleton, Hon. Col. and Mrs. attends the Countess of Dufferin in her return to England,

757
I-^ird, Hon, David, Minister of Interior, 565 ; appointed Lieut. Governor of North West

Territories. 584
Livingstone, Lieut. Governor of North West Territoilcs sworn in I'.t, 5S4

Mackenzie, Hon. Alex., motion against prorogation, 136; forms administration, 190; gov-
ernment jKilicy of, 198 : purposes to increase number of Senators, 202 ; treats wit'.i
disaffection of Brit. Columbia, 32S ; free trade policy of his government, 513 ; at-
titude on Quebec crisis, 694 ; on Pacific railway surveys, 699 ; defeat of government
of, 776 ; resigns, 791

Mackenzie, W. L., and Canadian rebellion, 40

Macpherson, Hon. D. L., and Inter-Oceanic Railway Co., 117

Mowat, Hon. Oliver, and Ontario ministry, 426 ; represents Province of Ontario boundary

adjudication, 750
Mail Newspaper, Toronto, e.\tract on Lord Dufferin's visit to exhibition at Hamilton, Si

Manitoba, Province of, created, 57, 519; Hon. Mr. Archibald appointed Lieut. Governor ot,

520; military expedition to, 520 ; legislature organized, 525 ; address of inliabitaiits

' at Portage La Prairie, 530 ; threatened armed invasion of, 536 ; their Excellencies

visit to, 58S ; address of French population of, 590 ; visit ' j Mennonete settlement,

594 ; to Icelandic settlement, 597

Manitolian, The, on political situation of province, 532, 544

Morris, Hon. Alex., Chief Justice of Manitoba, 554 ; appointed Lieut. Governor, 554 ;
opens Provincial Parliament, 55; ; treaty with Indians, 558 ; his ability and tact, 564;
further negotiations with Intlians, 566 ; speech at City Hall, Winnipeg, 609 ; re-
signs governorship, 611

Morris, Mrs., social qualities of, is exhibited at government house, 612

Maritime Provinces, political condition of, 41 ; visit of their Excellencies to, 123 ; influence
upon political sentiment in, 294 ^

Marmora Iron Mines, visit to, 287

Manners of young people. His Excellency's remarks on, 102

Maxwell, Lady .Stirling, iS

Mississippi, discovery of, 20th anniversary celebration at Laval University, 123

Memorial of ' Opposition ' against prorogation, 136, 163

Metcalfe, Lord, administration of, 44

Meredith, Hon, Chief Justice, administers oath o: office to Lord Dufferin, 63

Macleod, Lieut. Col. J. F., commandant of North West Mounted Police, 586

Miramichi, visit of their Excellencies to, 126

Military College established at Kingston, 207

Military Camp at Laprairie, 68

Monck, Lord, Administration of, 50

Moss, Hon. Chief Justice, speech at McGill University, 643

Munsees Indians' Address, 241 ; reply to, 241

Monk, Mr., Q.C,, Council on Ontario boundary commission, 751

Montreal, visit to, 69 ; address of Corporation, 69 ; presentation of statute of Her Majesty
to, 93; address to French citizens of, 95 ; visit to, 20 636; reception by Life
Governors of Mackay Institute, 637 ; citizens' ball, 637 ; l<.uiquet, 644

Montreal Art Association exhibition, 650 ; military review at, 7;". military banquet, 737

Medals presented by Lord Dufferin to the various Schools of the Dominion, 867

stiirn to England,
>r of North West

:ration, 190 ; gov-
202 ; treats wit!i
ernnient, 513 ; at-
at of governnjcnt

Ontario boundary

it Hamilton, Si
ieiit. ( iovcrnor of,
ss of inhabitants
icir Excellencies
onete settlement.

:. Governor, 554 ;
lity and tact, 56.1 ;
nnipeg, 609 ; re-

3, 123 ; influence

123

63
86

of Her Majesty
:eption by Life

banquet, 737

n, S67

INDEX. 897

Montreal High School, Latin address tu His Excellency, 204 ; reply to, 205

Montreal Journal, extract from leading, 104

Macdonald-Sicottc Ministry; 50

Macdonald, Sir John A., administration of, 49 ; resolutions on Confederation, 52 ; receives
order of Knighthood, 53 ; becomes first Premier of Dominion, 53 ; attends ' Repeal '
convention at Halifax, 55 ; receives Lord Dufferin, at Quebec, 63 ; resignation of his
government, 190 ; nr. --Mtion speech at Kingston, 194 ; resolution in financial policy
of Mackenzie government, 512 ; resolution anent national policy, 651 ; speech on con-
stitutional aspect of the Quebec crisis, C65 ; forms cabinet, 828

McGill University, address of Faculty, 99 ; Greek address of Facu-lty, 63S ; Ei.^lish trans-
lation and His Excellency's reply to, 639; confers degree on Lord Dufferin, 642 ;
Chief Justice Moss' speech at, 644

McGill Normal School, address of teachers, 102

Macpherson, Miss, Boys' Home at CJalt, visit to, 250

McDougall, Hon. \Vni., C.B., made Lieut. Governor North West Territories, 517 ; refused
admittance to, 51S

McMahon, Mr. Hugh, Q.C., Council on Ontario Boundary Commission, 751

McKay, Hon. James, effects of treaty with Indians, 583 ; escorts their Excellencies in Mani-
toba tour, 593

N°w Brunswick School Question. 211 ; Constitutional points established, 215

New Brunswick Elections, 216

Newcastle, N.B., visit of their Excellencies to, 126

Newmarket, visit to, 219 ; corner-stone of new Christian Church laid, 219

Niagara, visit of their Excellencies to, 275

Napanee, visit of their F^xcellencies to, 290

North West Territory, ceded to Canada, 57 ; establishment of government of, 378 ; Hon.

Mr. McDougall appointed Lieut. Governor of, 517 ; Hon. Mr, Laird appointed to

post, 584
North West Territory, Troubles of 1869-70,299; Lord Dufferin's despatch on, 300; Mr.

Costigan's motion, 513
North West Territory Angle, treaty of, 558
Nova Scotia, Anti-Union feeling in, 54
New York, visit to, 297 ; dinner at Delmonico's, 298
New York World, on " Pet Names," 441
New Westminster, reception of their E.xcellcncies at, 452 ; memorandum on railway con

struction to, 453
New England Journal of Education, on Lord Dufferin's Greek adaicoS, 640
National Club, Toronto, Lord Dufferin's s))eecli at, 4S6

Ottawa, first parliament at, 53 ; arrival of their Excellencies at, 65; address of Corpora-
tion, 66 ; address of Anglican Bisluijis at, 93 ; first citizens' ball, 97 ; opening of
1st session of 2nd Dominion parliament at, 109; opening of ist session, 3rd parlia-
ment, 205 ; citizens' ball, 206; 2nd session, 3rd parliament, 373 ; 3rd session, 3rd
parliament, 395 ; fancy ball at, 426; citizens' banquet, 431 ; 4th session, 3rd parlia-
ment, 509 ; house prorogued, 514 ; 5th session, 3rd parliament, 635 ; farewell address
of City Corporation, 741

Ottawa, Collegiate Institute, corner-stone laid, 219

898

INDEX.

Ottawa, rivalry of beauty at, 732

Oaths Bill, the, 120 ; disallowed by Crown, 121, 124

Orange Bills in Ontario parliament, 112 ; Sir John Macdonald's report on, iia

Orillia, visit to, 221 ; address of corporation, 221

Ojibbeway Indians, address of at Kama, 221 ; reply to, 222

Ontario Rifle Association Match, 276

Ontario, remarks on their Excellencies' tour in, 295

Ontario Boundary, award of commission, 751

Ontario Muncipahties farewell address to Lord Dnfferin, 760

Pacific railway scandal, 114; vote in parliament, 120; Royal Commission appointed, 120;
proceedings adjourned, 122 ; McMullen's correspondence, 125 ; Lord Dufferin's
despatch on, 140; memorial of opposition, 136, 163; His Excellency's reply, 164;
His despatch on Commission, 176; surrender charter of Co., 185 ; report of Com-
missioners, 186 ; fall of Macdonald government on, 190 ; Goldwin Smith on, 195

Paris, visit of their Excellencies to, 265

Palmer, A. L., letter of protest to Sir John Macdonald, 146 '

Perc6, visit of their Excellencies to, 125

Pictou, visit of their Excellencies to, 129

Petrolia, visit of their Excellencies to, 85

Papmeau, L. J., and Canadian rebellion, 40

Parliament buildings at Montreal burned, 45

Polette, Hon. Mr. Justice, appointed in Royal Commission, 174; report on, 188

Prescott, Military camp at, 67

Prince Edward Island, their Excellencies' visit to, 127 ; Enters confederation, 184

Prince Albert, speech of Lord Dufferin on death of, 20

Port Hope, visit to, 286

Prorogation, memorial against, 136; "indignation meeting," 137

"Pet Names," Lord Dufferin on, 440; New York Wor/d on, 441

Protection and Free Trade policies, 511

Quebec, Confederation Conference at, 50, 51 ; arrival of their Excellencies at, 63 ; Recep-
tion festivities at, 71 ; Stadacona athletic sports, 73; Lord Dufferin's speech at, 74;
Citizens' address, 76 ; Citizens' ball, 97; Baptismal services at, 1 23 ; visit to, 210;
Lord Dufferin's proposed improvements, 436, Legislative Assembly, address, 74S;
" Dufferin " improvements in, commenced, 752 ; Receives joint-address of Ontario,
Municipalities, at, 758; St. Patrick's Society address, 831 ; Corporation farewell ad-
diess, 838 ; Lord Dufferin's departure, 840

Quebec, Journal extract from, on their Excellencies' visit, 71, 75

Quebec Morning Chronicle on Quebec improvements, 436

Quebec Crisis, Hon. Mr. DeBoucherville, letter to Lord Dufferin on, Cj4; Sir John Mac-
donald's speech on Constitutional aspect of, 665

Queen Charlotte Islands, their Excellencies visit to, 452

Qu'appelle, Fort, Council of in treaty with Indians, 565

Rebellion in Upper and Lower Canada, 40 ; Losses bill, 45
Representation by population advocated by reform party, 49

INDEX. .

899

Responsible Government, rise and progress of, 38

Reciprocity Treaty negociations, failure of, 210

Red River Emetite 299, 518

Richards, Lieut. Gov. of British Columbia on Pacific Railway, 727

Riel, Louis, takes oaths as Member for Provencher, 206 ; Expulsion from House, 206 ;
connection with North West troubles, 300; usurps authority at Red River, 518;
excludes Lieutenant Governor McDojgall, 518 ; atrocities of, 518

Richards, Hon. Sir. VV. B., Chief Justice Supreme Court, 391 ; response to toast at State
dinner, 394 ; receives honor of Knighthood, 622

Rose, Sir John, Finance minister, 56 '

Rye, Miss, childrens' home at Belleville, 290

Royal Commission on Pacific railway 'scandal' 120, 124; Messrs. Blake and Dorion
decline appointment on, 124, 152; report of Commissioners, 186

Royal, Hon. Joseph, Attorney General of Manitoba, receives their Excellencies, 590

Reply to Addresses, Ottawa City Corporation, 66 ; Quebec citizens, 76 ; Toronto Corpora-
tion, 82 ; Toronto Board of Trade, 82 ; Faculty of Upper Canada Collcje, 87 ;
Senate of Toronto University, 89 ; pupils of Loretto Convent, 91 ; Anglican
Bishops, 93 ; Faculty of McGill University, 99 ; McGill Normal School, 102 ; St.
Patrick's Orphan Asylum, 103; Charlottetown Corporation, 127; Opposition's
memorial anent Pacific Railway Scandal, 164 ; St. John Common Schools, 1S3 ; on
laying comer stone of church at New Market, 219; Ojibbeway Indians at Rama,
222; settlers' address at Bracebridge, 225 ; Chicago Corporation, 229 ; Chicago
Board of Trade, 231 ; St. Jean Baptiste Society, at Windsor (in French), 233 ;
Detroit Municipality, 237 ; Munsees Indians at Sarnia, 241 ; German citizens at
Berlin, 248 ; Brantford Young Ladies' College, 252 ; Six Nations Indians, 258 ;
Woodstock Corporation, 266 ; Belleville Town Council, 289 ; Brockville Town
Council, 292 ; Clandeboye tenants, 390 ; Laval Normal School pupils, 440 ; deputa-
tion of citizens' address of Victoria, 448; Victoria Board of Trade, 451 ; Ottawa
City Council, 473 ; Mennonite settlers, 595 ; Icelandic settlers, 597 ; Senate and
Commons address at Ottawa, 729 ; Ottawa City Corporation's farewell address, 742 ;
Quebec Legislative Assembly, 748 ; Granby Corporation, 753 ; Ontario munici-
palities, 763 ; Laval University, 770 ; St. Jean Baptiste Society, Quebtc, 773 ;
Royal Caledonian Clul., 796; Ontario Agricultural and Arts Association, 799 : To-
ronto Irish Protestant Benevolent Society, 809 ; Commercial Travellers' Associa-
tion, 813; Toronto Corporation, 818 ; York County Council, S19 ; Hamilton Cor-
poration, 820 ; R. C. Bishops at Toronto, 826 ; St. Patrick's Society, Qubeec, 831

St. Catherines, visit to, 272 ; town illuminated, 273

St. Thomas, visit to, 269

St. John, N.B. visit of their Excellencies to, 182

St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum, Montreal, reply to address of, 103

Sarnia, visit of their Excellencies to, 239; Munsees Indians address and reply to, 241

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 18

Simcoe, visit to, 270

Smith, Goldwin, on Pacific Railway "Scandal," 194; letter to a Toronto Journal, 194;

speech at Brockton, 195
Social life at Rideau Hall, no, 379

Six Nations' Indians, address of, 83 ; visit to village of, 254 j reply to address of, 258
Six Nations' Indians, Church of England missionaries' address, 254

900

INDEX.

Six Nations' Indians, Agricultural Society address, 261 ' •

Somerset, Duchess of, 18

Speech in House of Lords on Landlord and Tenant Bills, 19 ; on death of Prince Albert,*
20 ; at Belfast Banquet,* 27 ; at Kinsston Military Camp, 67 ; at Upper Canada
College,* 87 ; at Toronto University,* 89 ; at Lorctto Young Ladies' School,* 91 ; at
presentation of Statute to City of Montreal,* 93 ; Frenrfi speech on same occasion,*
95 ; at McGill University,* 99 ; at McGill Normal School,* 102 ; at St. Patriciv's
Orphan Aslylum,* 103; on opening ist Session 2nd Dominion Parliament, loi;;
at Halifax Club Banquet,* 132; reply to Opposition Memorial,* 164; at lli-h
School,* 205 , to Corporation of Chicago,* 229 ; to Board of Trade,* 231 ; Frcufh
speech at Windsor, Ont.,* 233 ; to Indians at Oswega,* 258 ; at Woodstock,* 266 ;
Toronto Club Dinner,* 277 ; at Belleville,* 289; at Brockville,* 291 ; Canada Chib
Dinner,* 381 ; at State Dinner at Government House,* 393 ; at Quebec Citizens'
Banquet,* 431 ; at French Normal School, Quebec,* 440 ; British Columbia,* 455 ;
at Ottawa on return from B. C. and Centennial,* 473 ; at National Club, Toronto,*
4SC) ; at Toronto Club,* 489 ; on opening 4th Session 3rd Parliament, 509 ; to M'li-
nonitcs,* 595 ; to Icelanders,* 597 ; at Winnipeg City Hall,* 601 ; at reception by
American Geographical Society,* 663 ; Greek speech at McGill University,* 639 ; at
Citizens' Banquet, Montreal,* 645, 646 ; in reply to joint address of Two Houses of
Parliament,* 729 ; at Ontario Society of Artists, Toronto, 734 ; to American Volun-
teers, 736; at Military Banquet, Montreal,* 737; at Harvard University, 745;
at Ontario Society of Artists' Limcheon, 822

State of parties after general election of 1872, 108

Strathroy, Corporation address of, 85 ,

Sydney, C.B., visit of their Excellencies to, 129

Sydenham, Lord, administration of, 42

Smith's Falls, visit to, 293

Seott, Thomas, murder of, at instigation of Riel and Lepine, 299 ; 521

Supreme Court bill becomes law, 378 ; state dinner in honor of judges, 391

St. Louis and Kent gates at Quebec, 439

St. John's College, Winnipeg, Lord Dufferin lays corner-stone of Ladies' School, 593 ;
address of the College Council, 593

Schultz, Dr., escapes from Red River settlement during insurrection, 520

Smith, Mr. Marcus, report on Pacific Railway survey, 706

St. Jean Baptiste Society, Quebec, address to Lord Dufferin, 773 ; reply to, 773

Scadding, Rev. Hy. D.D.,and the Cairn of Fort Rouille, Toronto, 806

Toronto, visit of their Excellencies to, 79 ; Corporation address of, 82 ; Board of Trade
address, 82 ; Levee at, 83 ; Drawing-room reception at, 84 ; visit to, 219 ; return to,
275 ; great speech at Toronto Club dinner, 277 ; visit to, 485 ; opening of .'ikating
Rink, 485 ; i.Gallery of Soc. Canadian Artists, 486 ; National Club dinner, 4S6 ; To-
ronto Club dinner, 489 ; Ontario Society of Artists exhibition, 733 ; opening of Pro-
vincial Exhibition at, 791 ; Musical festival at, 793; address of Directress, 797;
entertainment at Horticultural Gardens, 807; demonstration, at Queen's Park, 816
Levee at, 825

Toronto Journal, on Lord Dufferin's genius as a ruler, 493

Toronto Skating and Curling Club, opening of Rink, 485

Toronto Society of Artists, exiiibition of, 493 ; luncheon to His Excellency, 821 •

Note. — Those marked thus * were revised by the Earl of Duflferin specially for this work.

INDEX.

901

if Prince Albert ,•
it Upper Canada
s' School,* 91 ; at
n same occasion ,•
; at St. Patrick's

Parliament, io<) ;
* 164 ; at Hi,'li
le,* 231 ; Frcn;'li
Voodstock * 266 ;
)i ; Canada Club
Quebec Citizens'

Columbia,* 455 ;
I Club, Toronto,*
nt, 509 ; to Nfi'ii-

; at reception by
iversity,* 639 ; at
f Two Houses of
American Volun-
University, 745 ;

;s' School, 593 5

I, ns

Board of Trade
219 ; return to,
ling of Skating
dinner, 4S6 ; To-
opening of Pro-
Directress, 797;
;en's Park, 8i6

Toronto. Royal Caledonian Club address, 794; reply of His Excellency, 796

Toronto, Cain, erected in memory of French occupation at, 805

Toronto Irish Protestant llenevolent Society address, 80S ; reply to, 809

Toronto St. Georuc's Society address, 811

Toronto Commercial Travellers' Association address, 812 ; reply to, 813

Toronto School Hoard address, 814

Toronto K. C. Archbishop and Bishops address to His E.xcellency, 825

Toronto Police force, inspection of, 825

Tilley, Hon. S. L., appointed Lieut. Governor of New Brunswick 198

Total Abstinence Society's Address, 83 ' •

Thorold, visit to, 274

Tach6 Bishop, letters of Hon. Jos. Howe to, 302, 304 ; Lord Lisgar to, 303

rrutch, Hon. J. W., Lieut. Governor of British Columbia, 326

Tnmble, Hon. J.as., petition to Her Majesty as Speaker of British Columbia Parliament, 407

Thackeray's " Mr. Molony's account of the b.all," 429

Todd, Mr. Alpheus, on a '< Constitutional Governor," 695 I on ministerial resignations, 780

1 hornton. Sir Edward, Commissioner on Ontario Boundary, 751

Wesleyan Methodist Conference, address of, S3
Western Fair Association, address of, 84

Walkom, Hon. Atty. Genl. and British Columbia difficulty, 331 ; letter of, 340 ; case pre-
sented to Colonial Secretary, 358

Winnipeg, their Excellencies visit to, 5SS; civic festivities in honor of, 592; dcjcmcr at

City Hall, 601
Wilmot, Hon. Mr., appointed Lieut. Governor of New Brunswick, 53
Windsor, visit of their Excellencies to, 233 ; reply to St. Jean Baptiste Soc. address 233
Woodstock, N. B., visit of their Excellencies to, 1S4 '

Woodstock, Ont., visit to, and reception of address, 84 ; 2nd visit to, 265
Whitby, visit to, 2S4 ; Ontario Ladies' College, 285
Wolseley, Sir Garnet, at Red River, 311 ; Conducts Military Expedition to, 520

Victoria, visit of their Excellencies to, 144 : reception at, 445; deputation of citizens, ad-
dress, 447

■Vacht voyage to Iceland, 19
Young, Sir John (see Lord Lisgar)

Young, Chief Justice, Sir Wm., speech at Halifax dub Ixanquet, 131
Young, Hon. John, commissioner to and dinner at Sidney, N. .S. W., 624; speeches at.
625-29

, 821 -

)r this work.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

LEGGO'S HISTORY

OF THE

|ili»inijJfj[»ito» of ||^ |a^i of |ttf (rin

IN CANADA.

LIST OF SUIISCRIBERS.

PROVINCE OP OjTTARIO.

CITY OF OTTAWA.

Adampon .Iamks, Second Clork AHsixtant,

Sf'imto.
AiKiNS Hon. J. C , Sccrotaiy of State.
AHMKiKi.n Ja.mks, Merchant.
Hahy Hon. L..*Miiiister oJ'Iiilniul Kovonue.
liAKTiiAM .loflKi'ii T., Surveyor of C'Uitfonis,
ItAXTKit It. W. , Finance Department.

ItKLANGKR J. A., Civll StTVice,

iiKNoiT Samuui., Hun<|UO Nationale.

UowKLL Hon. M., Minister of Customs

Bbamlbv Thomah C.

Hronron KitsKiNK H., Lumber Mercluint.

Bkonbon H. 1'., Lumber Merchant.

Hryhon a. H., Hooklteeper.

lUrciiAN D. C, Boolclieei)er.

llucKiNHirAM William, Civil Service.

lUriiPKK Hon. Ihaao,

( AimuTiiKHS Jamks, Foreman Citizen
olHco.

Cartkh William, Inland Kevenuo Depart-
ment .

CiiAnoTl'. H., Clothier.

CouiiftOLLKS T (j., AsslHtnnt Low Clerk,
II0U8O of Cominoii!<.

Crain Ueokge.

Cruick K. W., Commi.xsinii Meroliant.

Dennis Lieut. Col. J.S., .Surveyor (Jeiienil.

Department of Aorh l'i.iuiie.

Dion Louis D., I'ublic Works Deimrtineiit.

Dixon Frkueri<;k A., Di'i)urtiiiLHi I'ublic
Works.

Drai'eau Stanislas, Dept. of Agriculture.

Dttu.MMoNi> Anjjukw, Manager Hunk of
Montreal.

Duffy Antuony' J., Dept. of I'ublic Works.

Farrbll Frank J.

Ferguson A., barrister.

Fisher Joseph P.

Fleming Sanukoru, C.3I.G., Engiueer-in-
Chief, Canadian i'acitic Kuihv.iy

FouRNiER Hon. S., Judge Supreme Coart.

(tKnand J. A., House of Conmions.

(jiiLMouR Allan.

Gordon Key. Daniel M., B.D.

(jEANT Da.

Grant Gkorgk W., Customs Department.

Griffin W. U., Deputy Po8tmaste»(ii'ii. r.ii.

<'ITY OF irrTxyw-'Coiithiui-ft.

Harington T. D., Dej), Keceiver (ieneral.

Hknhy Hon. W. A., Judge Supreme Court.

Hill H., M.D.

HiMswoinii W. A., (;ierk ofl'rivy Council.

HoirsK <»F Com.mons.

HUNTiN<»r<>N Hon. L. S., .Ml".

•Iarvis G. MuKiiAY, Finance Department.

.loNEH W. Hkiihkrt. DepHrtment of Secre-
tary of State.

KiDi> .loiiN, Chief Clerk Governor Gcneriirs
omce.

KiitKi'AriiuK Tii.w. F. S., Civil Service.

I.AKI.AMMK Hon. It.

Lambkkt Jamks Thomas, Merchont.

Langevin Hon. Hector L, I'o.-itma.sler
(ieneral.

Lauimkr Hon. Wii.FiiKU.Minl.^terol Inlnnd
Itovenue.

LeogoC.M.D.

LlltRAKV OF TARLIAMKNT.

Lindsay Henuy, House of Common?.

Lowe John, Drpiirtnient of Agrienlf lire.

Mac-Donald Hon. Ja.mes, .llini>lfr ' I' .)»-•-
tico.

.Mackenzie Hon. A., M.I*.

>!c<in.l.IVRAY !■;., Mercliant

.McIntyuk a. F. Barrister.

.Marine Department.

.MabsonHon. L. I!., Minister of Militi:!. and
Defence.

Mafhewson W. M , Muster in Cliin'oery.

.Mkrkdith Kdmcnd a., Deiuity .Miil^i'r
of the Interior.

Mills Hon. David.

Moore Isaac, Liiinber M'rcliiint.

Moore Hkv. Wii.i.ia.m.

.Mutch MoK Alex.

O'CoNNoit Hon. John, President of Council.

O'Keilly li., Finnnce Department.

I'AUK John, Cliiet Kiigineer Public Works
Department.

I'ATUUK Alfred, Clerk House of Com-
mons,

Phillu'I's Rev. Tho.mas D., M. A.

I'ettkokew Wili.ia.m S., Civil Service.

I'oi.i.ARD Uev. H.

Poi'tt Hon. J. C, Minister of Marine.

I'.ii'K Hon. J. H., Minister of Agriculture.

* f

LIST OF SUIJHCHIBEllS TO THE HISTOUY OF THE

PROVINCE OF O^TAniO—Cmt inned.

CITY OF OTT AW A— Conthmed.

RiOHAKDff Sir Wm. B., Cliiof Justice

Supreme Court.
KoiiiNH Paul M.
RoLMNSON Hiram.
KocHESTF.R John, M.P.

KUSBELL JAMEB W.
RUSbr'LL LiNDBAY.

Scott Hon. B. W.

Sinclair Robert, Indian Department.

Smyth J.,ieut.-Gennral Sir Edward Sklby,
K.C.M.G. Major-Goneral, Commanding
Militia.

Skkad Hon. Jahbb, Lumbe: Merchant,
Senator.

S.MiTH Hkmry B., Deputy Sergeant-at
Arms, House of Commons.

Stkvens E. VV., Hotel Keeper.

Stroko II >N. 8. H., Judge Supreme Court.

Taylor Fknninos, Deputy Clerk, Senate.

Tii LEY Hon. S. L., Minister of Finance.

Todd A. U., Clerk Law Division Library of
rarliament.

ToMMNBON Joseph, General Superinten-
dent Liplithousps.

TOBIN Skvsiiiur, R.N.

Tui'i'ER Hon. Chables, Minister of Public
Works.

Tl'rokon C. Edward, Beceiver General's

Department.
Webber (Charles, Finance Department.
Wickstked G. W.. Cliief Law Clerk, House

of Commons.
Wickbteed R. J., House of Commons.
WiLMOT Hon. R. D.
Wood O. C, M.D.
Wrioht W.McK., M.P.

riT¥ OF TORONTO.

Adam G. Meuckr, l'ub»ishcr.

AlKKNH W.T., M.D.

Andkrhon Jamk8 H.,Quel:ec Hank.

Arnoi.di Ki)i.F()RD, Clerk, Osgoode Hall.

Main John, IJarrister.

Baineb W. J., Broker.

Bankb G., Isolated Risk Insurance Co.

Uarrick E. J., M.D.

Bkthune James, Q.C.

Itb:THUNK R. H., Cashier Dominion Bank.

Blain D., M.P.

Blake Hon. Edward, M.P.

Blake Hon. S. H., Vice Chancellor.

BoswELL A. R., Barrister.

BuL'r»Tii;AD Jamiu b,, Oilicial Assignee.

CITY OF TORO^TO-OwfhiHt'rf.

Br'jtt R. II., Hanker.

Bjchan Lawrence. Resident Secretary
ScottiHli Commercial Insurance Co.

BucKLANi- Georok, Secretary Bureau ot
Agriculture

Burton Hon. Georoe W., Judge Court of
Appeal.

Cameuon Hon. M. C. Q.C, M.P.P.

Cawimiell a F., Barri-'ter.

Cami'hkll C.J., Haulier,

Cabsidy J. J., M.D.

Casbblb W., Barrister.

Caston H. E, Barrister.

Clark S. C. Duncan, Agent Laucashirc
Ii' iirance Co.

Cook 1I.H.,M.1'.

Cosby A. M., Manager Londui. and Ontario
Investment Co.

CROW^TiKiijAMKB, Barrister.

Davidson Wi:.liam, Barrister.

Dobbik iJ. a., Mereliant.

Donaldson John, Accountant.

Don u.h John, Lumber Merchant.

DoNo AN Jobex'h A., Barrister.

DoufJLAB R. W., Biiokkeeper.

Eakin Gkouge, Couutv v.Ierk, York Court
House.

Education Department.

Frrz(JERALD E., Q.C.

liLLioTT R. W , Merchant.

Foubep .T. C, Portrait I'ainter

li'ov James J., Barrister.

Fkaskr a., Acsistaut Rcceivei General.

Fkaskr James, Secretary-Treasurer Metro-
politan Permanent Building Society.

Fultjn L. W. General Agent Standard
Life Assurance Co.

Galt Hon. Thomas, Judge Court tf Com-
mon PlCPS.

Gamble H. D., Barrister.
Gemmill r.>HN, Architect.
(jooDERHAM VV. G., Distiller.
GooDBUUAM W., jun., Managing Directcr

Toronto and Nipissing Railway-
GwYNNE Hon. John W., Judge Court of

Common I'loas.
Haoke N. F., Barrister.
Hall C. B., M.D.
Hardy Hon. A. S., Provincial Secretary

and Registrar.
Hak.man Samuel U., City Treasurer.
Harrison Hon. Robert A., Q.C, Chief

Justice, Queen's Bench.
Uiu>LUY jAMi!.», Editor Monetary Timea.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

PROVINCE OP OTHT ARIO—Conthivcd.

ent Lancashire

lo.. and Ontario

crk, York Court

■ci General,
[reasurer Mi'lro-
|ing Society,
.gout standard

Court I. f Com-

laging Diri'ctcr

lailway-

Judge Court of

licial Secretary

CITY OF TOnOKTO— Continued.

HoDHiNB J. GEo.,LL.D.,DpputyMinistorof

Education.
Hf'LMKSriaj C-EO. S., Kogistrar Court of

Cliancfry.
HowAUD Andrew, Clerk First Division

Court.
IRISFT .Mark H., Proprietor Kossin House.
JoNKS llKVEKLEY, Barrister.
JONE.S F. T.
JosKs H. C, Barrister.
Kerstkman Wm., Jr., Stock Broker.
KiNGSMlI.L NicoL, Barrister.
Lauder A. VV., Barrister.
Lbe Arthur !«., (1{. Lewis & Son).
Lbe Walter S., Manager Western Canada

Loan and Savings Co.
Leys .John, Barrister.
Leys Jon:^, Mcrcliant.
Mackenzie C, Superintendent Shcdden Co.
Maclennan James, QC.
Macdonald Rt. Hon. Sir J. A., K.C.B.,

Premier and Minister of tlie Interior.
Macpherson Hon. David L,., Senator.
McCoLLUM J. II., M.D.
McCkaken Thomas, Manager Consolidated

Bank.
McLean Neil, Clerk Master's Office in

Cliancerj".
McMaster Hon. William, Senator.

M'jMuRRiCH Hon. .Iohn, Merchant

McMuRRiCH W. Barclay, Barrister.

Matthev. s W. D., Mercliant.

Mktcalek Jamks, M.P.

Meyers Adam U., Barrister.

MiCHiE .Iamks, Mercliant.

Moffatt L., Agent Plioenix Insurance Co.

Moody Harry.

SroRRi.^oN Angus, Mayor of Toronto.

Mo8B Hon. Thomah, Cliief Justice Court of
Appeal

Mowat Hon. Oliver, Attorney General

KjroheimerS , Pianofortes and Music.

Normal School Library.

NuoENT Frank S., Barrister.

Oliver .'oseph. Lumber Mercliant.

1'ater8)nP. , (jovernor British American
As'.urance Co.

Patt'.£R8on Hon. C. S., Judge Court of Ap-
peal.

Patton Hon. .Tames, Q C.

Pearson Jamks, Barrister.

PiDDiNOToN Alkhkd, Booksellef

Plu.mb T. S., Barrister.

Rked .losEiMi B,, Agent London, Liverpool
and Globe Insurance Co.

CITY OF TOnO^TO-Continued.

Reepor Hon. D., Senator.
RoAF William, Barrister.
RoHiNs Matthew, London and Canadian

Loan Agency Co.
R>jjHnson C. Q.C.
RoniNsoN John G., Barrister.
RouiNsoN Sir J L., Bart, Chief Surrogate

Clerk, Osgoode Hall.
Roddy Robert, City Clerk.
Rose John Kdward, Barrister.
Ross James, M.D.
Scarth, Cochran <fe Co., Managers North

Briti.sli Canadian Invc'-tineiit Co.
Scarth James L., Manager Quebec Bunk.
Scott & Walmslky, Agents Queen City

Insurance Co.
Sdroooi.£ Jambs.
Shanly Frank, City Engineer.
S"AW Albert I>., United States Consul.
Small John T., Barrister.
Smith VV. Larratt, D.C.L., Barrister.
Spry Damkl, P. O. Inspector.
Stephens R. P., lEeCeree in Cliambern,

Court of Clumcery.
Strange Frederick W., M.D.
Sweetnam M., p. O Inspector.
Temple. I. Algernon, M.I>.
Thorhurn James, M.D.
Thorne Horace, Barrister.
'I'lLT J., Barrister.

ToTTEN Henry, Cliief Clerk Treasury De-
partment.
Treasury Department, Ontario.
TuppER Hon Charles, C.B., M.P.
U.xsher John F. C, Deputy Provincial

Registrar.

Watson S. J., I'arliamentary Librarian.

Wells Hon. Rupert M., Speaker Legis-
lative Assembly.

Weston Charles. Insurance Inspector.

Wood Hon. S. C, Provincial Trea.surer and
Miiii.ster of Agriculture.

Wood S. G., LL.B., ISurristrr.

Worts James G., Di^tiller, Miller &c.

Wrkjht K. H , M.B., L.ll.V.V.. Surgeon.

Yarkkr G. W., Manager Bunk ofMonlreal.

YouN(i Rev. S. W., M.A.

CITY OF HAMILTON.

Adams I{. W , Barrister.
Barr John, Barrister.
Bkasi.ey Thomas, City Clerk.
Booker W. D., Sec -Treas. Victoria Mutual
Fire Insurance Co.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE HISTORY OF THE

PROVINCE OP ONTARIO— Contivued.

CITY OF HAOTILTON-C'OTKinued. | TOUN OF BELLEVILLE-Cwir./.

.. -1

■f'

Brown Adam, Wholesnle Grocer.

iiORns J. M., Manager CoDRolidatod Bank
of Canada.

Burton Warhkn F., Barrister.

C A HILL Ja«:;;5, Barrister and Police Ma-
gistrate.

Camkkon H. D., Soc.-Treas. Hamilton Pro-
vident Trust and Loan Co.

Cakmichabl Rev. Jamk8, 31. A.

Case H. N., Postmaster.

C'oRSAN T , IVlanagpr Bank B. N. A.

Cory Ciiaiiles D.. Maniigor Canada Fire
and Marine Insurance Co.

Crevau John, Barrister.

GinsoN J. M., B rristpr.

HoPK Hon. ^^i;^iM, Senator.

Irviho JEmilius, Q.C, M.P.

Laidlaw & Pattekson, Barristers.

Macdonald John D , M.D.

Mackklcan F., Barrister.

Murray Hugh, Merchant.

09LER B. B., Q.C, County Crown Attorney.

Park J. H., Wholesale Grocer.

KoBKR SON Thomas, Q.C, Barrister.

Simpson Ja.mes, Wholesale Grocer.

Steele D., Barrister.

Turner Alex., Wholesale Grocer.

Turner James.

Watkins Thomas C, Merchant.

Wood Andrew True, M.P.

CITY OF KINGSTON.

KlRKI'ATRICK GeoRUK A , M.P.

MclNTYRK John, Mayor, Barrister.

CITY OF LONDON.

Rook Warren, y.C

TOIVN OF BKLiLliVIIiliE.

Bell Cii>''Lkh W., Barrister.

Bo WELL ii ., M.l'.

DicKSo^ Ge( ! b W. , Barrister.

Falkinek W. B., Barrister.

Fralech B., Barrister.

Gill John M., (A. Hodgson & Sons).

Henderson H K., Barrixter.

Lazfer T. a.. Judge County Court.

J.A7.IER S. S., Master in Chancery.

MoMahon K., Barrister.

Newbui'.y R. , City Clerk.

i'lTCEATHLY D., Importer.

ItiDLEY F. C, Alderman.

Ritchie Thos., Merchant.

Robertson Alkx., Mayor. '

Simpson ,I. H., Barrister.
Taylor John, Deputy Sheriff.
Thompson U. E , Banker
Wallbrii)(»k Hon. Lewis, Q.C.
WallbiudoeS. 8., Barrister.
Way J. F., Crown Timber Agent.
WiLLBON B S., M.D.
VVoLFK James F., Jr., Collector of Cu.stoms.

TOWN OF RROCKVIIiLE.

Brooke T. M., Barrister.

BuELL J; D., M.P., Barrister.

FiTzsiMMONfi R. M., Merchant.

Lawless E

Moore F. H., M.D.

Reynolds E. J.. Barrister.

Travers j. M , Manager Bank of Montreal.

Wood John F., Barrister.

TOWN OF COBOURO.

BowELL Hon. Judge G. M.

Burn \V. D., Manoger Dominion Bank.

Chambmss Col. \V P.

Field John C., Merchant.

GuiLLMT Geo., Mayor.

Kerr Wm , M.P.

MacNachtan E. a.. County Treasurer.

T01¥N OF NIAGARA.

Library of Mechanics Institute.
Dickson Uo.n. Walter H., senator.
Plumb J. B., M.P.

TOWN OF PORT HOPE.

Benson T. M., Uarrinter.

Burton E. J. W., Collector of Customs.

Chisholm D., Barrister

Hall J. G,, Barrister.

Seymour Hon. B., Senator.

Ward George F., County Kegistrar.

Ward H. A., Barrister

Archibald Cyril, M. P., Dickinson's Land-
ing.

Bain Thomas, 31. P., St'/ihane.

Benson Hon. James R., Senator, St. Cathe-
rines.

Blackburn R., 31. P., New Edinburgh.

Casey Geokok V,., 31 P., Fingal.

Chuistii; Hon. D., Speaker ot the Senate,
Paris.

Clementi Rev. V., B.D,, Peteiboro.

Farrow Thomas, 31. P., Bluevale.

Fleming Gavin, M.P., Glen Morris.

ADMINISTKATIGN OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

PROVINCE OP OViTAILIO— Continued.

ILLE— a»H/'(/.

kinson'd Laiirt-

tor, St. Cnthe-

Gkeknwav Thomas, M.P., Merchant,
Creditoo.

(iUTHBiK Donald, Q.C, M.P., Guelph.

Hagar ALnKRT, M P., riantagenet.

Uall Jaukb, Sheriff, M.P., Peterborough.

IliaiNBOTHAM N.,M.P., Guelph.

.TouNsoN CuiEV G. H. M., Chiefswood,
Tuccarora.

Library oir Blind Astlom, Brantford.

LiBBABT OF Mbchanics Institutk, Gar-
den Inland.

Macdouoall Colin, Barrister, M.P., St.
Tliomas.

.MacInnbs D., Dunduru.

McCaethy D., Q.C. M.P., Barrle.

McCranuy William, Lumber Merchant
M.P., Oalcville.

Mbtcalfk Jamks, M.P., Yorkville.

MoNTEiTH A., M.P., Stratford.

MoRBis Hon. Albxandbr, Advocate, late
Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, Pert li.

Nelles Rev. Canon, Brantford.

Nobrib James, Shipowner, M.P., St. Cathe-
rines.

RosAMoi.D B., Almonte.

8oATCHERDR.C.,Barriater,M.P.,Strathroy.

Stevenson John U., Mapanee.

Stevenson William U., Merchant, Port
Rowan.

Whitk p., Jr., Lumber Merchant, M.P.,
Pembroke.

YouNo James, M.P., Gait.

PROVINCE OP QUEBEC.

CITY OF aUKBEC.

Ills Honor Lug Letbllier dk St. Just,
Lieutenant Governor of the Province
of Qiiebeo.

AlleynR.,QC.

AUDET BiJN.JAMIN,POBt Offlce.

Ajld J., Merchant
Baillarqb L. U., Advocate.

itAK OF QUUBEC.

Bellkau Sib Naeoibsb F., ex- Lieutenant
Governor.

BoLDtJC Rev. J. B. J., I'Evfichfi de Qu<5bec.

BoLS Louis G.M. J., Belgian Consul Gen-
eral.

BoBSH JosaPH J., Adrocata.

Bouroet J. G.

Campbell R., Advocate.

Campbell W. U., Notary.

Campeao O. F., Notary.

Caron Adolfhe p., M.P.

Gabon Hon. Judge J. B.

Casault Hon. Judqii.

Chambers R., Mayor,

Chadveau Hon. Alexander, Solicitor
General.

(jHERuiER A. Benjamin, Publisher.

Chinio Hon. Euokne, Senator.

Choquette p. Auo., Law Student.

Chuuch Hon. L. R., M.P.P.

CoLFER Georqk W., Proviucittl Secretary's
Oltice.

CoNBOY p., Post Office.

Cote Auoustin, Proprietor Journal de
Qii^.bec.

Daoust Gabbiel.

Dawson J. T., Publisher.

DkChknb Q. MiviLLB, Advocate.

CITY OF QVKUWiC— Continued.

Delaoravb Uenbi, Advocate.

DeLeby Hon. A. C.

Department of Aoricultube.

Dbpahtment of Public Instruction.

Douglass John.

Dughbsnay Captain M.

Dunn Oscar, Librarian Education OHicc.

Fabbe Hon. Hector, Senator.

Falkenbero F. a., Vice-Consul for Swe-
den and Norway.

Fisbt L J. C, Prothonotary.

FiTZPATRiCK Charles, Advocate.

FiTZPATBicK Samuel, Advocate.

Forsyth Libut.-Colonbl J. Bell.

Fremont Joseph, Advocate.

Flynn James E., M.P.P.

Gabneau Hon. P., Senator.

GiabdN. Abthub.

Gbavbl G. N., Stadacona Bank.

Hale E.J.

Hall Mrs. G. B.

Harris Maurice, Merchant.

Hbabn M. a., Advocate.

HoLiWELL Capt. C. E., Army Stationer.

Hoi.T Charles G., Q.C.

Howard W. H.

Institut Canadikn.

Ibvine Hon. Geoboe. M.P.P.

JoLY Hon. H. G., Q.C, Minister of Public
Works.

Labbecqub C. O., Advocate.

La Banquk Nationale.

Lalibektb J. B., Merchant

Lanuelieb Charles, M.P.P.

Lanqblibb Hon. Francois, M.P.P., Com-
missioner of Crown Lauds.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE HISTORY OF THE

PBOVmCB OP QVBBEC— Continued.

CITY OF dUBBEC— Omtinvid.

I-,ANOKViN F. X., Advocate.

Lanokvin Hon. HkotorL.,C.B., Postmas-
ter General.

Langlois J., M.P., Advocate.

Lamoukdoo W. C, Advocate.

LaRoqub U., Serjeant at Arms.

Larub Jdlks £., Advocate.

Lbonabd B., rainier.

Lksaob S., Secretary Minister of Public
Worlts.

Library B Uatteut, Citadel.

Library of Parliamknt.

MacEwen p., Casliicr Union Bank.

McCarthy John. Advocate.

McDouoALL John.

Malouin James, M.P.

Marsden W„ A.il., M.D.

Mbthot Kev. M. E., Quebec Seminary.

MoNTiZAMBKRT C. N. Registrar.

MoNTiZAMBERT E. L., Advocats.

MoNTizAMBERT E. L., Lavv Clerk, Senate.

MoNTiZAMBERT Lieut.-Colooel C. E.

Murphy Owen, ex-Mayor.

Mylkr M.

OciMET Hon. Ghdbon, Superintendent of
Education.

Pariseault Charles A., Law Clerk.

Pellktieu Hon. C. A. P., Advocate.

PouLioT Alph., Advocate.

Pratten Henry J., Deputy Clerk of the
Crown.

Provincial Secretary.

Truneait J. B., Postmaster.

Kbnaud J. B., Merchant.

KOBEROE F.

Robertson A., Advocate.

KoBiTAiLLE Hon. Theodore, M.P.

Ross Hon. David A., Attorney General.

Russell Willis, Proprietor St. Louis
Hotel.

Shkppabd William G., Post Office In
specter.

Smith Robert H., Merchant.

St. Cyrillb Sister Marie, Superioress
Couveut de J6su8-Marie do Sillery.

St. Eulalie Sister, Superioress Bellevue
Convent.

St. GEoaoE Sister, Superioress of the
Ursuline Convent.

Stuart Hoh. Judge A.

Stuart Hon. Judge G. O.

SczoR C. T., Q.C.

Tabchereau Hon. Henry T., Judge Super-
ior Court.

Tasohbreau Hon. Judg"

Thibodbau Hon. Isidorb.

C ITV OF HVKVEC—Coutintted.

Treasury Department.

Verrbt a. H., Secretary Harbor Commi.«-

sion.
Wasson Ho«. John N., United states Con

sul.
White Alfred EL, Merchant.
Williams Rioht Rev. James, LordBisliop

of Quebec.
WiNFiELD Joseph, Ship Broker.

€IT¥ OF mOKTREAIi.

Abbott G. M., M.D., Hocholaga.

Adam M. A., Advocate.

Allard p. a., M.D.

Alexander J. R., M.D.

Alexander Charles, Merchant.

Angus R. B., General Manager, Bank ot
Montreal.

Archambault a., Advocate.

Archambault Amable, Notary.

Archambault F. X.. Advocate.

Archambault U. E , Principal Acad^mle
du Plateau.

Archibald J. L, Advocate.

Absenault J. N., Merchant.

Atkin John, Brewer.

Aubin N., Gas Inspector.

Baby H., Merchant.

Bacon J. W.

Barry C. A., Tide Waiter.

Barry D., B.C.l^., Advocate.

Barry John, Merchant.

Barry Thomas. Printer.

Bkattik David P , Merchant.

Beattie Henry. Merchant.

Bbaudby Hon. J. L., Mayor.

Beaudry J. N., Secretary Richelieu Co.

Beaulibu Arthur H., Office of the Clerk
of the Peace.

Beausoleil a.. Advocate.

hwLLEAU F.. Printer,

Bbllemarb Raphael, Inland Revenue.

Benton Alexander M.

Bethune Straohan, Q.C.

BiENVENU J. N., Editor of Le National.

Bibsonnbtte Adolphe, High Constable.

Black James F. D., City Treasurer.

Bloss Orlando P., American Consul.

Bltthe Thomas, Bookkeeper.

BoRitiE J. J., Commission Merchant.

Bour-ieault G. S., Bookseller.

Bourret G., Publisher.

BoYER L. A., M.P.

Brkhaut Major Wm. H., P-^lice Magis-
trate.

Bbicken Fblix.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

PBOVINCE OF QVEB^C— Continued.

CITY OF JflONTREAL— Con<nu«<i. CITY OF MONTREAL— Con/inH<-'/.

Lord Bishop

levenue.

Brodib Huoh, N.P.

I?«ODiB Hugh, Merchant.

Browne Dunbar, Collector of Inlaid Re-
venue.

Brown Robeut G., of Brown & Claggett.

Bryson Alexandkb, Customs Appraiser

IJCLL Richard.

BCLMEU Kdwabd, Merchant.

Bcntis Alexander, Mercliant.

ItuRKE John, Queen Insurance Co.

BuRLAND Gkorob B., President and Ge-
neral Manager British American Bank
Note Co.

BuRRKLL Wm., Customs Head Storeman.

Byud Charles.

Campbell A. C, Reporter.

Campbell Donald, Manager W. C. Mc-
Donald'.s Tobacco Works.

Campbell Francis W., M.D.

Campbell Georoe.

Campbell Jameb.

Campbell John F., Custom Uouse.

Campbell Mrs.

Campbell Wm., Merchant.

Campbell W. A , Merchant.

Cantlie James A., Mercliant.

Cardinal Henri, Printer.

Cars LAKE George. Hotolkeeper.

Carbley S., Merchant.

Carter Edward, Q.C.

Cauthkrs Edmund.

Cawthorne S., Fish Dealer.

Champagne U. B., Merchant.

Chapleau Hon. Joseph A., M.P.P.,
Advocate.

Charlton E. J., Merchant.

Charettk J. A., Notary.

Chauveau Hon. Pierre J. O., Sheri 1

ClIERRIER C. S., Q.C.

Chiniquy Rev. C.

Choquet F. X., Advocate.

Christiw Alp., Advocate.

Clancy Miss M. A.

Cleghorn J. P., Merchant.

Cleveland G. F., N.P.

Cloran Edwarii.

CoiNDKT A., Inspector of Ga."*.

CoRNisn Key. Geoege LL.D., Profespor of
Classics McGill University.

Cole Fred., General Agent Commercial
Union Assurance Co.

CoNTANT Joseph, Druggist.

COURSOL (.'HAULE8 J., M.P.

CouTLEK J. P., Manager Law Stamp Office.
Craig A. B.,M.D.

Craig D. J., Official Assignee.

Craig Thomas, Secretary Scottish Com-
mercial Insurance Co.

Crathern Jamks, Merchant.

Crisfo Francis, Customs Chief Clerk

CuMMiNvi Allan C.

Gushing William M., Merchant

Dagenais AOGUSTE, Custom House.

Dalet John J., Government Immigration
Agent.

Da NGERFiKLD Wm., Mercliant.

Dansereau Arthdr, Advocate.

Daoust a., Booklceeper.

Davis Moses, Forwarding Agent.

Davibom JAML.S, Manager Royal Canadian
Insurance Co.

Dawson Charles E , Wino Morolsant.

Day Hon. Charles Dewey, LL D.,D.C.L.,
Chancellor McGill University.

Desjardins Alphombe, Advocate.

Desjardins Charles, & Co., Merchantii.

DES.JARDIN8 G. Henri, M.D.

DES.iARDiNa M., Advocate.

Debormeau M., Militia OJllce.

Des Rivii'Hes Kodolphe, Advocate.

Des Kobiers Ernest, Advoi,'\te.

DiGNON B. B.

Donnelly.!.

Douoall John & Son, Proprietors Daily

Witness.
Doutre floNZALVE, Advocate.
DouTRK Joseph, Advocate.
Dbeikurs Henry, Police Sergeant.
Drinkwatek Charles, General Manager's

Assistant G.T.R.
Drolet Gustave a , Advocate.
DuouiN Charles, Q. SI. O & O. Railway,

Hochclaga.
DUBREUiL Joseph F,, Deputy Clerk of the

Crown and Pence.
DucHESNEAU Joseph R., Merchant.

DUKUESNK C A.

Dun, Wim an & Co., The Mercantile Agency

Dupuis M.

Duhnkord p., Collector of Inland Revenue.

Do VERGER J. B., Contrnctor.

Ddvernay a Auger, Registrar.

Dyde Colomel John.

EuAUU William '.lerchant.

Evans William, Seedsman.

EwiNQ S. H., Merchant.

Farmer W. <)., Prothonotary's Office

Faulkner George, Assistant Ai)praiser.

F'acteux p. G., Assistant Appraiser.

Fbnwick fc Bond, Stock Brokers.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE HISTORY OF THE

PROVINCE OP QM:EBEC— Continued.
CITY OF MONTREAL— CoiK/nwed. CITY OF OTONTREAL— Continuerf.

Fbrms Edward, Proof Readpr.
Fkrrier Hon. J ambb, Senator.
FiMATRADLT Flavikn, Registrar.
FiNLAYSON .1. A., Forwardor.
J^TZGiBBOM Michael P., Customs Offlcor.
Foley M. S., Proprietor Journal of Com-

mprce.
FoTHKRiNGHAM H., Canada Paper Co.
Frkchkt L. W. T., Accountant.
Frioon PiERRB, Contractor.
FuTvoYK Major Gkorok, Q.C,
Gaonon Arthur, Sec.'y-Treasurer Royal

Canadian Insurance Co
(lAONON .T. B., Printer.
Gals R. W. , Manager Equitable Life Assu-
rance Society.
(tARTh Charlkb.

Gakth Hbnry, Dominion Metal Works.
Gault M. H., M.P., President Exchange

Bank of Canada.
Gault Robert L., Merchant.
Gauthirr Edouard, Bookkeeper.
Gauthibr Henry, Alderman.
Gkndron Pierre S., Prothonotary
GiBB Jamba D. , Merchant.
GiLBKRT E. E., & Sons, Proprietors Canada

Engine Works.
Gilbert JosEPii, Printer.
GiLLiBg Thomas, Agent Great Western

Railway Co.
Giraldi D. Serai ino, Hotel Manager.
GiRoux Joseph E. A.
Glackmbyer C, Jun., Accountant Police

Department.

Glass James M., Advocate.

Golden Euqbnk.

Gordon John, Customs Appraiser.

Gorman .Iohn, Bookkeeper.

Gould Joseph, I'iano Forte Warehouse.

Graham Huoh, Proprietor /)aj/?/ Star.

Granger N., Painter.

Grant G. R., Secretary and Accountant

Qcological Survey.
Grant John, Printer.
Gravbl J. O., Secretary Canadian Rubber

Co.
Grbbnb E. K., Merchant.

GRBGL18T0NB HB " R. E.

GuiBORD Louis Joseph, Advocate.
IIaoar Charles W., Merchant.
llAiSLBY George.
Hamilton Antoine, Contractor.
Hamilton Hon. John, Senator.
Hattbb Jambs.

Uarw«)od a. C. db Lotbinibub, D.A.G.,

Militia Brigade.
Heath John, Merchant.
Henderson John
Henry George.
Hbnhhaw F. W., Republica Oriental dol

Uruguay Consul.
Heward S. B,, Tea Merchant.
Hillock J. W.

HiNCKS Sir Francis, K.C.M.G., C.B.
Hinoston William H., M.D.
HoBSON C. Gko., & Co., Stock Brokers.
Hodgson Tnos. Harris, Merchant.
HoLCOMB S. F., Forwarding Agout.
HoLDBN H. A., Accountant.
Honey John S., Prothonotary.
Howard R. P.,M.D.
Hubert R. A R., Prothonotary.
Hughes George A., Notary.
Hughes J. Pkbcival, Bookkeeper.
Hunter J. S., Notary.
Hutchinson M., Advocate.
Hutchison R. H., Merchant.
Jettb Hon. JuDGB L. A.
JoDOiN A., jun., Lumber Merchant.

Keaiins W. J., Printer.

Kennedy William, Architect and Builder

King Thomas D., Dealer in Works of Art.
Pictures and Rare Books.

Kyle J. R.

Labrancue Likut. Colonel M.

Lacobtk & Globenpky, Advocates.

Lachapellb E. P.,M.D.

Lacroix a. D., Principal St. Mary's Aca-
demy.

Lamauche a., M.D.

Lambe W. B., Advocate.

Lambre J. B., Geucral Manager Richoliou
and Ontario Navigation Co.

Lambre J. E., Customs Landing Waiter.

Lamotub Guillaumb, Postmaster.

Landiiy F.

Lang Uev. Gavin, Church of Scotland.

Lanthikr U. a., M.D.

Lapointb D., Bookkeeper.

Lapparb Gubtave, Printer.

Larameb J. A., M.D.

Larivee Charles E., Printer.

Larivierb a. C, Q. M. O. & O. Railway.

LaRub Narcibbb, Architect.

La SUPBRIEURBDEl'ACADEMir.ST. DkNIS,

Congregatiou de Notre Dam 3.
Laurin a., Custom House.
Lbbbuf L. C, Advocate.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

PROVINCE OP QVEBEC— Continued.

riTY OF in.OKTH'EAlt— Continued. CITY OF nONTaEXlA— Continued.

;. Mary's Aca-

iger Kiclidli'U

Liuii.ANC Geokok, Caoliier.

Lkpuohon J. L., M.D., Vice-consul of Spain.

Luiioux 1'.

Lesagb i.ouis, Superintendent Montreal

Water Works.
I.EWiH John, Surveyor of Customs.
LoNEBOAN James, Notary.
LUICAMOEB L. O., M.P.P.
LovKLL John, rublishcr.
LovEBiN N., M.D,
LowEN Mi8S R.
Macaulay R., Secretary, Sun Mutual Llle

Insurance Co.
Mack AY Hon. Kobkbt, Judge Supeiior

Court.
Mackenzie Fred., Merchant.
Maolarkn John J., Advocate.
Macmasteii D., Advocate,
Makmon VV. H., Gymnastic Instructor.
Maubuall John.
Maktixeau Louis, Estate Clork. •
Mathieu A., Advocate.
McCabk 1' , Express Clerk.
McCoKMicK Duncan, Advocate.
McFarlank J. F., Freight Agent Q. M. O.

& O. Railway.
McFAKLA^E David, Merchant.
McFeat James.
McGauky H., Printer.
McGauvuan J. W., Lumber Merchant.
McGiLL College LiniiAKY.
McIVEU G. T., Merchant.
McLennan E., Merchant.
McMahon John, The Molfous Bank.
McMabteu VVm., Merchant.
McNally Andrew, Restaurant.
McShane David, Merchant.
McShane James. Jun., M.P.P.
McShane MI89 B. M.
Meany Stkphen J.
Mercer Nathan, Mcichant.
Melville Gordon.
MiLEN VV. H , Lumber Merchant
MiLhTTK L S., Printer.
Miller J. E.
MiLLBR Robert, Wholesale Stationer and

School Itook Publisher.
MONETTE M. F

Monk Hon. Judge.
Monk E. C, Advocate.
MooNEY J. 11., Merchant.
Moore Isaac, Lumber Merchant.
MoROAN Henry, Merchant.
MOUSBEAU J. A., M.P.

MouLDo.t Ben.iamin.
MoHLDOj W. II., Bookkeeper.
Mdllbn ^ AMES, Merchant.
JIui.Lir. J E., Merchant.
MuLLiMB IIbnry, Customs.
MuNDERLOH VV. C, German Consul.
MuBPHY Edward, Merchant.
Murphy John, Merchant.
Nklbon H. a., M.P.P., Merchant.
Newton Thomas, Cu'itoms.
NoTMAN & Sandham, Pliotograpliers.
O'Hara VV. J., Private Secretary to Collec-

torot Customs.
O'Locohlin John M., Bookseller.
OSBORM Charles S., Merchant.
Ouimet J. A , .\I.D.
OUIMET J. A., M.P.
Pelletikr L. J., Merchant.
Penton F. W. L., Chief of City Police.
Perhioo James, M.D.

Perrault C. O., Advocate, Vice-Consul of

France.
Perrault H. M., Architect.
PniLLii'S W. A.,N.P.
Pichktte Benjamin, Printer.
PiLON A.,& Co., Merchants.
PoiBiKR A. E., Reporter.
Prevo«t Romeo.
Provobt Rev. Joseph.
PURCBLL Jo'jN p., Custom Ilouse.
Redpath I'eter.
Rbnaud Chabies, Merchant.
RiENDBAU J<i8EPU, Manager Canada Hotel-
RiN.ouL William H., Agent Imperial Fire

Insurance Co.

RiVARD S., Advocate.

Robertson Andrew, Q.C.

Robertson Henry.

Roddick T.G.. M.D.

RoLLAND •!. D., Mayor of Hochelaga.

Rose James, Merchant.

Koss Georoe, M.D.

RottotJ. P ,M.D.

Hoy Euclide, Advocate.

Roy Rouer, Q.C, City Attorney.

Roy Victor, Architect.

Ryan M P., M.P.

Sanders J. D., Merchant.

Saunders L., Merchant.

Schiller C. S., Clerk of the Crown.

Schmidt Samuel B., M.D.

SuuoLEs Francis, Manager Canadian

Rutjber Co.
ScoiT Jambs D., Engraver.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE HISTORY OF THE

i
1

^:-

PBOVINCE OP QVEBEC— Continued.

<'ITV OF nOTiTRKAlA-Continued. CITY OP noyTRKXL-Contivued.

EuwARD, Austro- Hungarian
Secretary New City

SCHCI.TZK

Consul.

SCRIVKR JAMKB

Gns Co.
Sbminaiuk db 8t. Sdlpiob.
Skumon (jKOROB, Vetprinary Surgeon.
Shanly Walter, Civil Engineer. '
Sbeaker John H., Assignee.
Sheridan P., Saloon-keeper.
SicoTTK L. W., Registrar.
Slack (;eorgeT.
Smith David, Printer.
Smith J.

Smith Hon. Donald A., M.P.
Smith itonuRT A.
Smyth J. U.

Stanley Frederick, Printer.
Starnks J. Leslie, Merchant.
Starnhs Hon. Henry, Speaker of the

Legislative Council.

Stefiienh C. II., Advocate, Author of the

Quebec Law Digest,
Stki'Hknb Georoe W., Advocate.
Stevenson A. A., Publisher.
Stevenhon S. C, B.A , Secretary and

Director of the Council of Aits and

Manufactures.
St. Marv'8 (Jesuits) Colleoe.
St. PiKURE H. C, Advocate.
Stilks Frederick.
St. Provioknce Kev. Sister, Superioress

Villa Slaria Educational Kstablishment

Mount Uoyal, Cote St. Antoinc.
Sylvebtkk Joseph.
Taillon L. ()., M.P.P.
Taylor Hobert, Brewer.
Taylor T. M., Broker.
Tessier Louis, Advocate.
TiFifiN Joseph, Jr., Merchant.
Tidmarsh Samukl. L. W. Customs.
Thibauueau Hon. J. R., Senator.
Thomas R., Examining Warehouse Keeper
Thomson J. K., Custom House.
Thomson James, Merchant.
TooMEY Miss Mary.
TrenholmeN. W., Advocate.
Trottier a. a., Cashier Banquedu Peuple.
TuFP I>AviD, Asst. Chief Locker Customs.
Turner W., Accountant.
Vana.«se F., Advocate.
ViLLENEuvE J. E., Customs Appraiser.
Wall B., Bookkeeper.
Warren T. B., Broker.
Watier O. A., M.D.

Watkins JoHN,Foreman Composing Room

Lovell Printing and Publishing Co.
Watkins Robert I.., Printer.
WatkinsThomas, Cliief Wareliousekeeper.
Weir Wm., Banker.
Weir W. P., Tide .Surveyor.
White Thomas, M. I*.
Williams Miles, Trafalgar Lodge.
Wilson .r.. Printer.
^ViLBoN Jameb, .Inn.
WoLKP Richard, Merchant.
Workman Thomas, Merchant.
WoRTHiNOTON James, Proprietor Windsor

Hotel
WULPP J. F., Royal Danish Consul, and

Royul Swedish and Norwegian Vice-

Consul.
VVuitTKLE J. S. C, M. P.P., Advocate.
YouNO W. H, D., Dentist.

<:ITY OF IIUIiL.

Laferriere J. O., City Treasurer.
St. Jdlien J. S.

ciTiT OF nherbrookk:.

Belanoer L. C, Advocate.

Brooks E. T., M.P.

BiiocK Rev. Isaac.

Cabana H. C, Advocate.

Camirand J. Fred., Proprietor Railroad
Hotel.

Carlisle M. L., Merchant.

DoHKRTY Hon. M., Judge Superior Court.

Eastmure S Edward, Otticial Assignee.

Farwell William, Manager Eastern
Townships Itaiik.

Fournier J<. S.

Heneker R. W., D.C.L., Chancellor Uni-
versity of liishop's ColU ge.

HonoK D. W. R., Advocate.

KiNES Rev. James.

Lapuanck p., Manager La Banque Na-
tionale.

Lawrence IT. D., Sherbrooke Academy.

Leckie R. G., Orford Mine.

LoMAS Alex. G., Woollen Manufacturer.

Morkill James F., Merchant.

Morris L.E., Prothonotary.

Murray William, Merchant.

Paton a., Managing Director Paton Manu-
facturing Co.

Reid Rev. C. P.

Short J., Prothonotary.

Thomas D., Registrar.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE EAHL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

PROVINCE OF QU EBBC— Continued.

Continued.

or Windsor

ir Railroad

«'ITY OF SHERBROOKE-CVmrrf.

TiTCK T. J.. UlBppiiKing Chomlnt.
WmrcHKii C. W., Deputy Sheriff.

CITV OF THREE IIIVBRS.

UuxEK C'liAitLKP A., Manager Union Bank.
Dawhon Wm. McU.
Dkhaulmkus A. L. Advocate.
McDonoAi.L William, M.l'.
Oliviku Authuk, Advocate.
1'aquin LoiJiB D., Advocate.
I'OLETTB Hon. Judob.
TuRt oTTK Hon. Ahthuk, M. P. P., Speaker
Legl^latlve Aspem'oly.

DANVILLE.

BnowN Hues., Carrlagemakors.
I'AnwKLL K. ¥., & Co , Lumber Merchants.
Mc'KiLLicAN Ukv. John.
rETiiY Uev. II. J., RA.

LENNOXVILLE.

Chapman Edwakd, DurBar University of

Bishop's College,
Law Alfiikd.

MoLsoN Captain J. D., Wellwood.
SflUTBK J. M.
iNivEuniTV OF Bishop's Colleok.

MELBOURNE.

Alymkr Hon. Hbnuy.
Main John, Insurance Agent.
Keady Lieut. Colonel C.
Thompson Kev. J. M.

RirHMOND.

Cleveland Arthuk J., Uanager Eastern

Toviiships Bank.
Cleveland C. I'., N.P., Registrar for

hiclimond County.
FOSTHK G. K.
(joDiN Sarah M.
Graham John H., LL.L\
Hart Thomas, Mayor.
NuYES KoBKRT r., Locomotive Foreman

G.T.U.
Snow J. S., Hotelkeeper.

TOWN OP BERTI1IER, {en haut.)

CuTHnKiiT K. OcTAViAN, M.P., Scignior
of Berthier and St. Cuthbert.

CuTUiJERT Miss.

McCoNNKLL W. G., Flour and Grain Mer-
chant.

Kalbton Pktkr & Sons, Leather Manu-
facturers.

KooBRS James, Inspector of Kailways.

TOWN OF ST. JOHNS.

Arpin Charlb!), Banker.

BernierT. a.. Advocate.

Brossbau W., Importer of Fancy Dry Goods

BuAUi.T & SiMARD, Merchants.

CooTK A., Seigniorial OlHco.

CoTK C. H., Murchaut Tailor.

Cote 8., LL.B., Advocate.

Lkcelleh Arcade, Mayor.

Dunn & Maouirh, Wholesale Confoctiouers.

FoURNiER J. A., Notary.

FuTVOYE O. C, Ticket Agent Vermont Crii.

trai Railway.
FuTVOYK I. B., Superintendent S. 8. C> and

W. & M. Railways.
lIoNUY J. W., Merchants Bank of Canada.
Lamer J. M , Insix^ctor of Weiglits and

Measures.
Lavicount a. K., Secretary St. Jolin's

Stone China Ware Co.
Macdonalu Duncan.
Macdonald L. G., Q.C.
Macphekson James, Merchant.
Marchand H., Protlionotary.
Makchand Hon. Felix Gabriel, N. P.,

Provincial Secretary.
Marlek W. L., Manager Merchants Bank of

Canada.
MolleurLodis, jun., M.P.P.
Stewart John B.

Tenny a. J. M., Vermont Central Railway.
Walton John L., St. John's High School.
WiuHT & Co.. Chemists and Druggists.
Wilkinson Geo. H., Agent United States

and Canada Express Co., Xationul E.\-

press Co., and Montreal Telegraph Co.

TOWN OF IRERVILLE.

Carreau D., Notary.

McGiNMS R. P., Mayor and Seigniorial

Agent.
McGiNNis William.
Pearson Charles E., Manufacturer of

Rockingham Stone Ware.
Ryder V. M., (with J. W. Ryder) Lumber

Merchant.
St. Geoiiges Rev. C, Curd St. Athanase.

CITY OF ST. HYACINTHE.
Bachand Hon. Pibbbe, Treasurer of the

Province.
Bishop's Palacb.

BoiviN C. A., Collector of Inland Ke venue.
COTB Loois, Proprietor Boot and Shoe

Factory.
Db la Brdbrb Hon. Bocchbb, M.L.C.,

I'roprietor Courrier de St. Uyacinthe.

LIST OF SURSCllIBERS TO TIIR HISTORY OF THE

PROVINCE OP QVEBEC— Continued.

ST. HYACINTHE.— Om^inwerf.

IUymonu Kkv. J. S., Superior Sominary of

tjt. Hyacintho.
8t. JAcitUKB K.,Cai<tiior La UanqucdoSt.

llyaclnthe.
Tklliku Louis, M.P., Ailvocnte.

ruAiniBLY.

MaKTKL STANIHLA8. M.!'.!*.

TniBAULT Ukv. a., C'ur6 d(> Chanibly.

Wai.kek Major Gknkual F.

WiLi.KTT S. T., I'loprii'tor Uicheliou Woollen

MilU.
YuLK John, J.P., Seignior.

MRANBY.

Barr J. K., General Blacksmith.
Bradford John.
Gatikn F., M.D.

Jackbom Petkb, Boot and tihoe Manufac-
turer.
Nadkau Kkv. J. A., Cur6 de Granby.

TOWN OF SORfili.

Bramlet K.

COYLB llKNRY W., M.D.

Gill Cuarlbb, MP.

LuNAN William, J. P., of Lunan & Son.

MathikoM.,M.P P.

McCarthy D. & J., Shipbuilders.

PiC'HK UOBKRT, Proprietor Hotel Pich6.

bHEFFARD jAMES.of Sheppard & Paugborn

WuRTKLB C. J. C, Advocate.

VAIiliKYFIELD.

Crichton John, Manufacturer.
I>EKRNiN Joseph, Boot and shoe Manufac-
turer.
Earlb William.
Fielding Isaac
fortikr s.

Oreenuatou Robert.
Uardino George U.
LoyGeorqeM.
McIvER James, Merchant.
McMDLLAN William.
Todd William.
Wilson C. E.
Wilson Uuoh.

IVATSRLOO.

Allen George H., of Allen, Taylor & Co.,

Mayor.
Darby D., Advocate.
Foster Hon. Mrs.
GiLLETT MisB Helen A., Milliner and

Dressmaker.

WATKUlMOO-Ooniinued.

Hall 8. 8., Manager Star Peg Manufactur-
ing Company.
Lkkkiivke Joseph, Registrar.
Lindsay Rev. David. Rector of St. Luke's
Stkvens Hon. G. G., Senator.

WINDSOR IVlILIiS.

HnoWN II. J., Merclinnt.
Morey Kdwin G.

Skaly Henry W., Superintendent Hamil-
ton Powder Co.
Witty Henuy, Hamilton Powder Co.

Abbott G. M . M.U„ Hoohelaga.
AuLT Edwin D., M.D., Aultsville.
Ault .). R., Merchant, Aultsvilie.
Armand Hon. J. F., Senator, Riviere des

Prairies.
Baby L. F. G., MP. Joliette.
BehtrandS., M.P.P. , St. Mathias.

BLAISNARCIfl8E,M.P.P., St. Pie.

BoLDUO Joseph, M.P., St. Victor de Tring-
Boutin P., M.P.P., St Raphael.
Cameron Dr. A., M. P.P., Huntingdon.
Caron Edouard, M.P.P., Kivicrc du Loup

(en haut).
Champagne L. C, M.P.P., St. Eustache.
Clakk C. H., Manager Bromplon Mills,

Brompton Fall?.
ClavellePascal, St. Jean Baptiste Village
Cochrane Hon.M. H., Senator, Compton.
Colby Ciias. C, MP., Stanstead.
Craig D. J., Outreinont.
Desaulnierb Francois L., M.P.P.. Ya-

machiche.
Drouin Charles, Q. M. O. & O. Railway,

Hochelaga.
Duckett William, M.P.P., Coteau Lau'i-

ing.
Dcpuis Jean Bte., M.P.P., St. Roch des

Aulnets.

DuhamelL., M.P.P., Wright.

FiSK John 31., Nurseryman, Abbot^ford.

Gaonon Charles A. E, M.P.P , Riviere

Ouellc.
Gibb I. J., N.P., Como.

Grorset a. S., Manager Dominion Paper

Mills, Kingscy Falls.
Johnson Rev. Thomas, Abbotsford.
Kennedy Robert, Ashton.
Lafontaine G., M.P.P., Roxton Falls.
Lafontainb L D., M.P.P., St. Edouard,

Napiervillo.
Lanthier James P., M.P., Ste. Polycarpe.

I .

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ADMINISTRATION (.F THE EAKL OF DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

tnued.
Maniifactur-

otHt. L.uke'8
:lont Hamil-

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Uiviero deo

bias.

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UuHtache.
:>ton Mills,

iste Village

Compton.

.r.P., Ya-

>. Railway,

Umu Lano-

. Koch des

Btsford.
' , Riviere

ion Paper

ird.

FallK.
Kdouard,

'olycaip©.

PROVINCE OP ^VEBEC-Continucd.

LECAVAUKRX. M...M.I.P.. St Laurent,
I-VNCH\V.,M.P.r.,K.,owlton.
Mkiklk Gkouok G., Alfrrickville

i'OIH.KK J„SK..„. M.P.P., St fo^PpLdfln

Ueauce

(jiTKRNEi.Anou«T, shoriir, Art l.aba^kavlll,.

RoniTAn.LK Hon. l HtoDoiu:, M D MP

Khw Carlislo. " ' "

Roi.LANDj.D..Mayor,Hocholaga.

|^o.<ivKaJ,„.,i;H,M.P.. iromininKrord

V illn .Maria K,luoatio„al K.fablis|,mo..t
Mount Royal, Coto St. Ant„ino.

ruRNnpLL IlL'oo, Duiicanville

Valois.M.o,m.I>., Vttl„i,vilIo

VVADLK.o.r C. II. II., French Village, Kin,,f.

Wbioht Alonz ., M.P.. rro.,«lde. Hull.

CITY OP HALIFAX.

Hi8 Honor a. «. Auch.bai.d, Lieutenant
Oovernor of the J'rovinco of Nova Scotia.

Jones Hon. A. G., Mininter of Militia and
Defence.

PowBRHon.L.G.,.>,.„ator.

PROVINCE OP NOVA SCOTIA.

noRDEN p. VV.,M.D...H.r, Canning

Lunenburg. ^- ^^' <^^ ■ Senator.

MAfKARLANE Hon. Ai.'v or «„ *
Wallace. ' ^^- '"'""♦"^

MiLLKu Hon. William n f u

chat.CapeUreton '^•'^•'"^""•"'•'^'•'■
WADKT"""•'''■'••^"""P'>'-•
WADKJoHNU.,yx^,M.P.. Oigby.

PROVINCE OP NEW BRUNSWICK

CITY OF FREOERirTOlV #>

r.CKAR. .o„N. Lumber Merchan^M ; S." "^^' "''•' -»- ^^-«. Vi.

CARRALLHonR;;^.enat w P'^""^" """"'■ """^-'
^^^^^ on. R. w. w., senator. VV ood- MoClklan Hon. a. R. Senator, Riversid.

___^^^VxLMoTHon. KotfKRT D., Senat;r. BeSoit.

PROVINCE OP PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

CITY OF CHARLOTTETOWN.

Haviland Hon. T. Heath, q. c. Senatlr.

PROVINCE OP MANITOBA

"^bXT ■ " '■• ^— ■ — -• I «-... .OHN, M..: M.P.. .,,,,,.

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

CITY OF VICTORIA.

Cooper James.
•Db Cosmos A., M.P,
Macdonald Hon. VV. J., Senator.

Dewdnet Edgar, C.E., M.P., Hope
Cornwall Hon. c. F BA T »
Ashcroft. ' ^^•' ''^""'O'-'

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ADMINISTRATION OF THE EARL OP DUFFERIN IN CANADA.

NBW YORK.

LoVKLL Juuy W., FublUher, 24 Bond Street. | Wimam E., Mercantile Agenc}-.

SPAIN.

Hiu EzcBLLKNOT El CoNDB DK Prkhiu-Rial, CoiMul GeD(>ra1 for Spalii in Canada,
and French Po8<tcMlun» in North America, revidea In Quebec, Canada.

ENGLAND.

LONDON.

Tost Alvukd A., 16 Ave Maria Lane. Tatlor Oborok, Bookseller, 16 Ave Maria Lune.

WEST INDIES.

ST. lilJCIA.

Armstromo Hon. Chibf JceTicK Jameh.

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4785 4

NADA.

iKeiic}-.

Canada,

aria Lane.