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Photographic
Sciences
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k
^
THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
VOLUME XVIII.
HISTORY OF CALIFORXIA.
Vol. I. ir)42 ISOO.
SAN FRANCISCO :
A. L. BAXCriOFT & COMPANY, rUDLI.SIIEUS.
£nterc,l accnlinR to Act of Oongross In tlio Yoar 1KS4, by
HUBERT ir. lUNCllOFT,
In the Ofllco of the Librarian of Conb-resg, ut Wuehiugt-.n.
All li'ujhfs Iteserved,
PREFACE.
TiiR pnst of C'alir<)niia, as a -wliolo and in oacli
siU'CM^ssivi! ])haso, i'uniislios a rc^-ord not cxcclicd
titlicf in vaiict V or interest l>v' that oi" any Now World
pro\int'C. From the time when it \vas a mere held
ol' eosmoL;rnj)hi(' eonjecture, its [)ositi(»n, sonunvheiv on
the wav iVom ^Mexieo to India, heiiiijf va'niel\ lixed 1)V
such hounds as Asia, tlie north pole, Newtoundland,
and Florida, it lias drawn npon it ell' a lihcral shai'e
o
1" tl
le world s
noti
ce.
Th
le perioi
1 ofSi
)ainsii occupa-
tion, of spiritual coiKpiest and mission dcNclopmcnt
I o'rowiuL;' out of Franeis(;an ell'ort, of (juiet [lastoral
lil'e with its lively social monotony, is a f'aseinatin'jj
I suhjcct that in no part of Amei-iea can he studie(l
^ moi'e advantageously than hei'(\ lOven the minia-
I tuic s(ruL;';4les hetween chureh and state, the ])olit-
ii'al controversies of the ]\[exiean leuime, the i)lav at
WAV and state-craft, are i'uU of intei-est to the readei*
Avlio can foi'L!,'ct the mea^'re outcome. On the ocean,.
as on a j.ircat maritinu! hi^'hway, California Avas visited
hy explorii's and traders from all parts of the' woi'ld,
thus esea}>in:jj much ot' the tedious isolation ol" inland
provinces, to the manilest enlivenment of her amials.
Over the mountains presently cameadNcnturous path-
tinders, followed by .swarms of AnL>lo- Saxon im-
migrants to seek homes hy the Paeilie; and their
(iii)
<i
IV
PREFACE.
I
cxporionrcs on tlic overland way, with tlu' dissonsions
and lilihustciinn's tliat followed llicir coniiii'^', from
the '{ iraliani ail'air' to thu 'JJuar FJa^'' I'cNolt, I'ninisli
iiiatti'i- li»r ;i nan-ativu not wantini^ in (h-aniallc in-
terest. Then came tlie eoniiuesl, the eliaiiL^'e <»t' l!;>Lf,
and the intei'ivi^-num of niihtaiy I'lilu undir Ihe
Ignited States; closely followed hy the crowning
exeitiinient of all, the iHseovery of .gold, an event that
not oidy made CaHfornia i'anions among tlu! nations,
lint im|>ai'ted a new interest to the country's past.
The ^oM-niines with their inunense vicM, the anoma-
lous social conditions and developments of the 'llush
times,' the conunittees of \igilance and other sti'ange
phenomena, lor years permilteil no I'elaxation of iht;
world's interest. .Vnd then dawned th^' latest epoch
of industrial ])i-ogrcss, of agricultural v/e;dih, oftrans-
contincMital railways, of great towns t>n the I'acific;
an ej)och that in a measure places California side hy
side with older states in a career of progressional
pros[)erity.
]\Iy ivsources for writing a hist<My of California are
shown in the accompanying list of authorities, and in
Chapter II. ol" the })resent volume, wliert' a classifica-
tion of the authorities is given. Existing jii'inted
material for su<h a history is in the aggregate exten-
sive and valuahle. Tlie iamous collectors and editors
of old, such as Jlakluyt and Purchas, the standard
historians of the S[)anish Indies, Toi'quemada and
lleriera, with ^NTercator, Ortelius, and all the school
of cosmogi'aphers, aided hy such sptcialists as A'ene-
gas and Cahi'era But'Uo, published what was known
and imagined of California in the earliest ])eiiod of
ilri annals. Then the early navigators from the time
ruiirAci:.
Kie l»_v
i;i arc
111(1 in
ssilica-
iiitL'd
xtc'U-
litoi's
ndard
a and
cliodl
nowii
.d of
time
(if La rcrouso and A'ancouvci" >;;nyo nuidi atten-
tion to the liisioi'v of tlio countrv tln-y \i--i'rd: and
^vilile it!\v of tlnni made tin; best use of lluir (i|t|»nr-
tunitics, vet their nari'alivcs mav l»e j-c-ardid as
till' morit valnaMe matciial in prinl, uidess we fxcejit
I'alou's missionary annals. Meanwhile I'deurien and
Xavanvte, lilcc Forstei- and .Duimy, tnri.id ihtir
attiMition to (he sunnnaiizin^;' of early \(iya_;fs; and
others, like {''orhes and Mofras, t;ave a more |iiaeiieal
s"<»|)e to thrir ri'searelies. J )oenm('niary I'ceords wi-re
jtrinted from time to 1ini<' in Mexico, and even in
California; arti(l<'S moi-e or less hi>torii-,d foimd
their way int(» the world's jtcrloihcals. and inciition of
the far-olf |tro\inee appeai'ed in general worI\s on
Spanish Anieiiea. Forei-^'ii j»ioneers, foUowiii'^' the
Irad of Jiohinson, deserihetl in print the conf'itiou and
]iros[)ects of their new home; oNt-rland inmiii;. ants and
explorers, like Uidwell and Jlastin^s and Fremont,
pictured the western coast lor the heiielifc of otln'rs to
loUow. The coiKpiost was voluminously rccoiiK'd in
tlocunients ])rinted by the government of the I'nite;!
States, as well as in such books as those of ('oltonand
( 'utts, also making C'alifornia a [iromineiit topic u\'
ncv.spaper mention. From tin' finding of gold there
has lie 11 IK) lack of books and pamjihlcts ]>ublislied
in or about the country; while national, state, an<l
nnmii ipal I'ccords in ^y\^<% with the addition of iii'ws-
papers, ha\(' forever aljolished the necessity of .search-
ing the unprinted state and county archives.
Of late there has been manifest connnendable
diligence (ju the part of early Califoinians in his-
toi'i
c researcli.
M:
luv pioneer rennniscences have
V 1
been i)rinted in one form or another, one journal
Hi'
I
V
' i
yl 1'i:i:fack.
luiviii;^ lii'cii (livolcd liir ycni'H nlinost ('A<lik;ivi'ly to
i\\;\{ liiltor. A few (lociniiciits of llic ol'.i r time liavc
Ki'cii the liij'lit, willi (•(tiiiiiiciits l»vsiu-]i iiK'ii ns Tnvlor
and r.v.ni-!, who, Yikc. StilliiiMii, li.ixc ^l^l(^(•,l (lie old
vov;i"v^. Jolin '|\ ])ovl*', In'sidcs i»ul»llsliiii''' stntTal
liistorlr.il j)ai'ij>lilfts, lias edited a rtp'iiit ol" J'aloii'.s
worhs. St'Vcral iiicii, like I [opkin^ of .'■iaii I'l'aiiei.sco
and Wilson of Santa ( 'in/,, liave liron'^lit out small
collecti )ns of ( 'aliloriiia doenineiiis. ( )iliei' memorials
ol'llie ?de\i('aii time liave Iieeii 1 laiislated, jiriiitod,
and (•) sonii! exieiit ntili/.ed in periodicals and le;^al
records. Some meml»ers of the 1<".; d jirolossion, siu-li
as ])v,ine]le, lia\(' e\]iaii(!ed their hiiels iiit(» lormal
liistory. Sescral old narratives or diari(^-; ol' early
event.;, as (er instance lliose ol" Jde and Sutte^r, have
Iteen iccontly |nd)lished. JJeiijaniin I iaycs has hei-n
ail indei'aligahle collector ol" printed it ims on southern
( 'aliroi'iiia. ]ian<'ey has prc'sentul in criido i'orni a
valu.iMe mass of ini'ormatii>n aoout the coiujuest.
Specialists, like 3dc(nashan on I he l)onner j>arty,
liavc' done some laithl'ul ork. I'articularly active
lia\(! heen tlie local annalists, headed l»y Jlittell,
Sonic, Hall, and (Jilhert, whose eliorts have in sev-
t-ral instance^i ^one far lnyond inert' local and personal
I'ccords, and who have ohtaiiied some original data
i'lom eld roidciits and a i»artial studv (»!" docunuMitarv
evidenc(\ And llnally theii; are a lev.' writers, like
Tuthill a.nd (Jleeson, who havv"j,i\en t'le work I jiopular
and creditable! versions of the conntr\''s Li'eiu'ral annals.
The services of the lawyers and leijal tribunals in
years past merit lu>arty recognition. ~My coips (»f
inx'ohmtary legal as.sistaiits has been more; mimerous
than that of the twenty skilled colialKiraU'xrs employed
I
rnrFACK.
vil
tlircctly \>y iiic ns clscwluru cxiilaiiicd ; and tliou^U
llu-y liXuiniiK'd l)iit a small part of tin; arrhivcs, yet
tlicy fiMpIoyi.'d llic! iiiicst talent in Urn prol'tjs^ioii,
lahorrd lor more tl'an twenty years, siiKmittrd their
wnik io tli(; couii. and coUecttMl, I suspi^el, lai'^er
lies than I .should ha\ Icen aide to |)ay, Tiu' noti s
of these woiicinen wei'e seatterud broadcast, anil were
])i'actieally inaccessihle in le^al hriefs, printed argu-
mi-nts, court i'(>poits, and hulky tomes of (. stimony
in land and othei* cases; but I have ccjllectcil, classi-
lied, and used them to test, corroboi'att'. or ,-:u[»[»l(-
ineiit notes from other sources. This d .plication of
data, and 'Im comments of the profession on tl)' thou-
sands of documents submitted altei'iiately io partisan
Jiiut and judicial coolness in tlu^ crucible of liti;^'ition,
have not oidy tloubled tlu.' value of those papers, but
have ^^^Teatl}' aided me in making;' [) rope i' use of (jther
tens of thousands never submittetl to such a test. And
to documentary evidence of this class should be added
the testimony of pioneers elicited by interrogators
Avho, through personal interests or the stibiKViui, had
a power over reticout witnesses which I novor pos-
sess^
cd.
But while much credit Is due to investiixators of
the several classes who have preceded mo, the ])atli,
so far iis ori'4'inal research oli an eKtended scale is
concerneil, luis to this time remained untrodden. No
wiiter has even approximately utihzed tlie informa-
tion extant in print. It has now been collected and
studied for the lirst time in its cntiioty. Yet so much
further lias the investi'''ation been carried, and so com-
l)arati\(, ly unimportant is this class of data, that fur
via
VllEFACI-:.
Ui'
a largo part <>f tlu; poriod covered — naiiu'ly, fi'oiu 1 7<)'.)
to 1810 — the cMiiipleteness of luy rocord would not
lie very seriously idl'eetod Wythe destruction of every
])age that has over boon priutt.-d. Xevor lias it hoou
tlu! fortune of ;iny writer, aspiring to roooi'd the
annals of his eounli'v, to have at the sanio linio so
HOW a Held and so complete a collection of original
and vnuised niatori;d. I may claim witliout oxaggora-
t!o)i to have accumulated practically all that exists on
tho' suhjoct, Jiot only in pi'int but in manuscri})t. I
have copied tlio public archives, hitherto but; ^"ory
superficially consulted; and I ha\i> ransacked the
country for additional hundreds of t]iou>ands of orig-
inal documents whose xcry existonct* was unlaiown.
J have also tal;on statements, varying in si/e iVoui
six to two tliousand pages each, iVom many liun-
(h'ods of the early inhabitants, For details respecting
these now snUi'ces of inl'ormatiou I refer tlic ro;ider
to the lid and clKiptor alreadv cited. ]t is tine tliat
now documents will lie found as the years pass by to
throw a clearer liglit on many minor j)oints; l»ut nt:w
material — whatever ik^v talent and now theories mav
do — will necessitate the reconsti'uction of few if any of
t iioso chapters. It istomeamatter of pride that, using
the term in tin; limited and only sense in whicli it can
ever be pro[)orly apj)liod to an extended historical
woi'k, 1 have thus been able to exhaust the subject.
]*ossibly I have at the same time exhausted the
])atience of my readers; for it is in the IIistouy of
( 'ALii'oi;xiA that 1 have entered niore fully into de-
tails than in any other ])artof the general work. The
jtlaii originally amiouncod carries me Irom national
histoi'y into local annals as I leave the south ibr the
1
I
n:r,rAci:.
)iil(l not
)[' every
i it l)c('ii
'Ol'.l till!
iiuie SI)
oi'i^iiial
^xists oil
•iljit. I
)ut xwy
kcd ili(j
of ()iii_j-
nkiiowH.
!;',(■ iVoai
iiy liiui-
pecting'
u reader
tie t]iat
ss l>y to
Ut 1U!\V
!'s mar
any ol"
It, iisiii'";
|i it eau
storieal
iiKii'ct.
tot
•J
I tl
lO
toUV OF
ito (le-
lio
latioiia
Ol'
till
111 ii'ili : and aiiioii;^" tlio iiortlieru coiuitri* s oftlio Paciiio
Slate-; ( 'alifoiiiia claims the largest spaee. ^Fliat. llii-;
treatiiieiir is justitied l»y tile cxti.'iit and variety of
tiie eounlry's annals, jiy its past, jireseiit, .•nid jum-
^[)ee{i\c iiii[)oi'lanee in the eyes of (he world, will not
prohably bo (juostioiK'd. Yet wliilo tlio oompaiati\o
jiiMmineiK'o oftlio toi)ii.' will doubtless bo a"pj)rovod, it
mav bo that tho a'''u'reL';;iti^ siiaoo de\'oted to it wiil
seiMii to somo oxcossivo. l>ut such would bo the ca-o
if Ihe spaco woro ivduoed by oni; half or two thirds;
and siu'li a reduction eould oi;l\' bo madio bv a radioal
(•han;.;e in th(,' plan ol' t!io wori;, and a total sacrifico of
its I'xliaustivo eliaraciei'. A histoiy (jf ( 'alilbi'iiia is a
record oi' events j'rom yeario year, each boiii^' L;iviii ;i
s])aco, iVoni a ^liort ]iaragrapii to a Iohl;' chapter, in
jiroportion to its importance. .Vny considorablo re-
duel ion in spaco would inaiCo of the worl; a mero
chronological table of events that woid>l be intolerably
tedious, or a record of solocteil illuslrativo events
v*hich would not be history, 'iditit the lia])j)eniiigs to
le ciironu
led
aro Hot so
tartl
iui'" as some o
ft
lie (les-
tinv-decidiiiL!' oveids of tl
le woriil s
hist
orv, is a stat<
of things Ibr which the \\ilier is not I'l'sponsible; an
I
vdiilo from a certain point of viev.' it might justify him
in not V, lit iuLT of California at all, it can by no me;ins
excu-
nm, iiaviiiu' once u
^ ndertaken tho ta-~k, iVom
telling the wholo story. T\\o custom has been hi
writin-'' the annals of this and other counti-ies to dwell
ith
n''th on one event or eoocli rocon
led
m a oooiv or
document tho writer happens to ha\'o seen, and to
omit — for \\ant of space I — twenty othei's e![uall_\- im-
portant v.hii'h ha\'e I'scaped his I'esearch, a ]ia[i[iy
lueaiis of condonsation not at mv command.
lllai. Cai... Vol.. 1. 2
w
1 1'
ill
I
X PRKFACE.
There will Itc i'ouiid in tlicso volunu's no Ifinvj-diMwii
iiari'ativcs or (lescrij)ti(>iis. Jii no jmrt ol" this scries
has ;.iy system ol" coiKk-nsatioii been iiiDro strictly
applied, I am lii-m in the hclicf that the ivcurd is
v.orth preserviiiL;', and lor its completeness I ex[)ect
ill time the a[)i)reciati(ni ;ind a[i[)r(jbation of all true
Californians. Unless I am greatly in crioi- re^■[)e(•t-
in-'" what I have wi-itten, no intelliLCent reader desirinn'
inlormati;)!! on any jiarticiilar event of cai'ly t'ali-
i'lrniau histoi'V — inlnrniatioji on the (bunding- or early
annals of any mission or ti>\vn: on the dexclopmeiit
of any p;)li(ical, socird, iiidiistiial, or reliL;i!>ns institu-
tion; on the occurrences ol' any vear or ))eriod; on the
lite and character of any oilicial or I'riar or pi-omineiit
citizen or early pioiu'cr; on tin; vi.^it and nai-r;iu\'e cl'
any voyai;\'r; on the ad\entui'es and compositiou
of an\' innniDfrant iiart v; on aiiv hoolc or class of boojcs
aixiut ( "alilbi'nia; or on any one or any j^i'oup of the
incidents that make ui> this work — will accu;;e nu' of
]ia\inL;' written at too ^reat length on that })artiiad;ir
topic. ^Vnd 1 trust the system of classitication \viil
enable the reader to select Aviiliout inconvenience or
confusion such portions as may suit his taste.
1\) government ollicials of nation, slat', and coun-
ties, wlio ha\'e allbi'ded me and m\' a^'ents free access
to Ihi' public archives, oftoi going bcyo
nd th
oincia
obli'4'ationsto i'acilitate ni\' investiu'ations, most heartv
acKnow
ledLrments art' due. T am no less indebted to
San Fi'ancisco aiu
I 1
>isho[)
Archbishop .Memany
^lora of Los An''\'les and ^NFontercN', bv v.hose ;iu-
thority the pai'ochial archiws h;.\'e been placed at my
(lis[)o.sal; and to the curatvS, who with few exceptions
have done much nK)re in a[»[ireciation of ni) v,t)i'k
';-(lr;)\vil
strict ly
.•(•(inl is
cXpfct
;ill truo
losilili;^'
y C'ali-
i)i- (.'ally
()|i!llC'llt
iiistitu-
()U tlio
)ii)iiit".ib
xiWv <;!*
idsitioii
)t' Itoiiks
()
f tl
10
UK' <)[
i'tirii],<r
IK'O r.V
collll-
;t'•(•O^S
(liili-i;
licarly
)trd to
sli(»j>
■)S<!
r
aii-
inv
rilKFACE. xi
tlian simply to coiiijdy with, the I'cfjuots of ilicir su-
]K'i'iors. ^V(■kllo\vl^(l^•luents aro also uwv to FatluT
iioiiio and his ]''i'aii( iscaii asst)ciat('s at Santa ]);ir-
hara Inr ]>crniitting nio to cojty tlu'ir uiiiMvalk'd cmI-
li'ctioii of (loeuuR'nts, the real crc/i/co dc iidsioncs.
Xor mubt I ftjr^et tlu' roprcsi'ntati\L's of iiatl\c Cali-
loiiiian and cai'ly pioneer lauiilies, duly mentioned \.y
name elsewhere in this histoi'v, who ha\e n'enerously
aii<I patriotieally _i;iven me not only their pt'i'somd
I'cminiscenees, hut the piiceless treasuics i<{' their
I'aniily archives, without which docum^'nts the early
annals of their country coidd never ha\c hefii written.
Lastly there are the strong', intellit^'ent, and eiu rLi'etit;
men of An^'lo-Saxoii origin, conspicuous amoii'^' the
v.-uild's lal'.er-ilay huildei's of empire, vJio lia\e laid
ihe foundations of the fnllest and fairest ci\ilizatIon
ill this l;!st of temperate climes- — to these for informa-
tion fn.rnislied, wiih a heart full of aduiiratiou ami
tiiist, 1 tender mv urateful thanks.
>tion^
v.orlv
If '<'{
'.I
COXTEXTS OF THIS \-OLL'.\[E.
CHAPTLIl I.
I N T u o 1 1 [• c T o i; V ] . i': s r :m i': .
l\r,s
[i'-uny of tlK. X.„th Mcxiran Slate., ir.JO to ITnO-Corti's on the Pacific
CoMst-Hu riaus-U!.^tacks-Xituo tie (aiziuau iu Siiialoa- llur-
ta.lo, ];cccn-a, aiul Jiineuuz-Corti's in California— Diego do Guy.-
ni;iu-Cabcza do Vaca-Xi/.a-l-lloa-Coronaao-Diaz-Alaivon-
Alvaraao-Mixton \\-ar_Xiuva (lalicia-Xueva Vizcaya-Mis.-ioii
Work to lOOO-Cnn.iuest of Xe«- Mcxico-C ,ast Vova-os-Sov. i,.
tecuth Contuiy AiuiaU-.Miasioii iJi.stricts of Xiuva Vizuaya— T. no-
liuaiica au.l Taialmmarc —Jcauif.s and Fianci.scan.s-RevJit iu XVw
Jilcxico-Sinaloa ainl Soiiora-Kino ia riinoria-Vizcaiiio-( l.ilf
Kxi-oditiun.,-Ooupati,'.a of IJaja CaUfornia-KiuhtecntU Ceutiuy
Aiiuals of Xcw ^[cxico, (J),i!inalma. Souoia, and ilaja California, t<j
thu LxpuLiuu of tiic jL'^iats ia 17;;7 j
CIIAPTITi II.
iiir.T.io(;K.\ruv oi- calivounian iiisTonv,
Li.V '.'• V,ituoiities-A Catalogue of California Books— Taylor's List—
iiui.oscdClas.siiication— Periods of lli-slory-Sixteeu Hundred 'Jillrs
before IMS-Prinied Mateiial-Kpo. !i of Di^covny to ITOD-Coy-
inograplues and Voyage Collectio]i;i-Si,aui.sli Jli.oVli 1T(;<)-I,s_'(—
r.ook^ of Visitors-Books, Periodieals, and Doeunieiits-Tlie .M.xieau
Peiiod, I'^Jt-lSIO- Voyages-Overland Xarratives-First Prints of
California— Works of ilcxieau Antliors-dovt lunient Do.'uments—
Ili.stoiies-Loeal Aiuials-Ono Tl-oiisand Titles of ?,[aun.. riptn-
Areldves, Pul.lie, .Mi«Mou, and Private-Vall, j,, and Larkiu- I),,, i-
inent,.ry 'J'ille.s--Seattered Corresi,ondenee-i li.talions of Xatives
an<l I'ioihiay- Value of lieniini.seeuees— After the CoM Discovery—
iJanuserij.t.s— Lookii i'linUd in and about Califi luia '. . .
(iiii)
;;i
XIV
CONTENTS.
k
\ .
CIIAPTKll III.
Till". iJl'iuVKUV ciF <Al.Ii<ii;NI.\.
].-.iJ-17(i.S.
Ori;,'in of tlio Xaiiie— Ciiiijcotnic* — S(r'/;i-i of K^plrnidiiin- Mr IFalc's
Di.scovcry — l-itci- V;iii;itioiis of tlic .N'.iliir— Who I'irst S;nv AlUi
< 'alifuinia? — I'llua, Alaieuii, 1 >i,iz-- l'i\ <■ Ivsiicditioiis — \'(iya..'(; <if
.Inaii I!(i(li';j,'.lL'Z (iiliijili, l.VI'J -,")^i;\]il<iratiiiM fiDin San I'icuo to
ruint CoiR'cjK'ioii— I'crrclo in tlu; Nmtli --N'oyaro of Sir I'raiiiis
l)rai>i', iriT'.l— N'lu .'Inn — Drako did not iJi.si'fivti' San I'ramisfo
I'.ay — ^lap-i— 'J'ho J'lnliivpino .Sliiiis— ( !alli".s ^'oyal.'(•, loSt — Capo
Milidoi'ino — V(iya;,'e of ,Srl)a.stian KodiiLjiU'/ do CeniiiUoii, 1.")!).") —
TliLi Old San ]'"l!tnci.si.'C) — Explorations of Soliastian Vi/o;dno, lliO'J-I}
— Map — ] )isi;ovury of Monturi'y — .\;.'iii!ar's Xortliorii Einiit — ( 'ahrci'ii
]5ncno'.s Work, IT^U — Spanish Cliart, ITi- — 'i'iio Xortliurn My.stfry
and Jlarly .Maps (it
CHAPTEll IV.
j.roTivr.s .\Ni) niKi'AUATioN-; rou .'Spanish occrrATioN.
17ii7-i77t>.
State of tho Spanish Colonics — Acciih'Utal Awakcnini; from Apatlij' —
]U\ival of Old Motivis — Eear of tlio liussians — Visitad(jr Jose do
(Jalvc/, (in tlic J'cninsula — Ciiaraetfr and Authority of tin; ]Maii —
Condition (jf ^VH'iirH in Lower (Jalitornia — Instruetions ami I'lans of
Calvez for the ()een])ation of San l)iego and Monterey — .\. Fourfold
E.xpedition tiy Sea and Land — Vessels, Troops, and Snjiplies — I'or-
tolii, ilivera, and Sei-ra — I'lans for the ( 'on([ui--ta E^piricual — (Jalvez
Cousidts the I'ailre i'residenlo — S.iered Foreed Lo:in8— Aeti\ e Prep-
unitious — Sailing of the Meet fnjui La l'.!.-; and ('a[ie San LiU'as —
!Mareli of tlie Army from the Northern 1 rt>nutr — l.,oss of tho '.S;,ii
Jose ' — Tidings of Suee(,'ss 110
riTArTi:Ti v.
OCCITATIOX OK .^AN Mr.Co — K.M'KIHTIoNS I'.V SKA AND I.ANO.
17(i'.».
Voyage of I'l re/, in the 'San .Vntouio' — Ariiv.d in San liiegi> E-ay — A
Mirae'.i' - l.'iseovcry of Santa Cm/, island —^Vaiiing for the Capi-
tana — N'oyage of \'ila in tliu 'Sail Ciirlos' — Fages and his Catalan
A'oliinteers — Instruetions liy llalve/. — .\. Seurvy-strieken Crew — A
I'estdiouse at S.-in Diego — Arrival of llixcra y .Moncada — ( Vespi'.s
I>iary- -Camp and Hospital Moved to North San Diego— Coming of
I'ortoLl and Juinpero Serr.i— Eeuniou of the I'onr JO.vpeditiolis —
'J'hanksgi\ ing to Saint .loseph — 'J'lie 'S.in .\ntonio' .Si.-nt to Sail
lila.s — INirtoJii Sets out for Mi.ati'rt'y — Fiaindiiig of San Diego Mis-
sion — A Latllo with the Natives — A ^libaioii without Converts 1-0
'4
COXTEXT^^.
XT
r.M:R
ill
110
ll" ^
1-JG
CIIAl'TKK VI.
rii:sT i.\ri:iJiTioN" it.om SAN ]iii-.i:ii To ji(inti:i:i;y and .«an niANcisco.
ITC'.i.
l\irt(i];i ^Ifiirlics fi-imi ,Saii llii'LTo — lli^i r'diuji.'iiiy — rivspi"s.Tmir;i;il Xnto
on ' k'(J!.'r;i['liy luul XoijioulMtuvc - 'I'.iIjIc nt X.-iiiics mid llisliiiircs —
I'irst I5.'i|i!isiii ill ( 'jilifuniia— I'.irtliiiiiakcs iiitlu^ Los ,\iiuil>-'s iiu^:.'iiiu
— All lii.^i'italili' lVi)pl(^ ;iiiil l.in-i' \'ill:i;.,a'M iiii llio S.nita r>,irli;ira
Chaiiiiil -Altoss til.' ,^i^•n•.■l juid d iwi llic Sali'ian Uivrr Uii^iU'-
ccs-^fiil Siiirch for Moiitcivy— Causes (if t!ie llrror- Xnitiiwaiil
iiliiii.L; till' ('liii.st — In Mi;lit nf ]'(irt Saii Franciseo iiiidcr roilit llcycs
— Cuulu.sioii ill X.iiins — My.stciy ( 'liarcd i'.xiiinralinn nf tlir IViiiii-
sn!.!, — ])iM'ovfry of ii Xow and XaiiicKi.^s Hay — ItiUini vt tlie K;<i/(j-
diiiou U> -MuuLuruy and San 1 )ic^r() lit)
CHAPTEIl YII.
occrrATiox or mdnteiikv— rnrsiiiNd m- san clnLns, sav antonio,
AND SAN (lADiar.L.
]77«)-i:71.
AlTaii's at San Diego — A DisluarteiuNl (loviiiMi' — CalifMrnia to l)i' Alian-
doncd — i;ivi'ia'.-i Tri[i t) tin; Sa.itli -rraycf Answeivd — Airivid of
tlio 'San Antiinii)" — Hiscowry of Moiitiiiy — In Camp mi (.'ai'lntlo
Bay — Found Iul; of tlui ri-csidioand .Mis.^i.inoi Sa;i I' irlos— 1 V'siiati'lif.s
Si'iit Soutii liy Land and Sea— rorlolii lAavis Fa^'cs in (.'oniinaiid^
Kci-'uiition of the Xiw.-i in .Mexico — 'IVn I'adiva Sunt to Caliluiiiia^
I'alon's Meniorial — Mission Work in tlii; Xorili— Arrival of tho Xow
I'ailivs — Stations Assigned — 1'oiindin.Mjf San Antonio — Transfer of
San Carlos to Carinelo Bay — Events at San I )ic^o — Desertions — IJe-
tiieinent of l'ai'r<n» and (ioinez — Ksuililisliing of San (ialniel — Out-
rages 1 ly Soldiers 1(1 1
CHAPTEIl YIII.
riitHiREss OK Tin: Nj;\v i;sTA;iLisiiMi:NTS.
177i:-177;i.
Ilveutsef 177- — Seareli for the Tort of San Francisco — Crcspi's Diarj' —
First 1 Exploration of Santa Clara, -\lanieda. and Contra Costa (,'oim-
ties — Fages Discovers San I'alilo Day, Caiijuines Strait, ami San
Joaijuiu liiver — llulicf Sent Soutii — Hard 'i'inus at .MonUrey^
Biviiig on Bear-meat — Fages and Serra (i.) Soutii — I'ouiidiiiL,' of Sau
Luis Ohispo — I'^vents at San Diego — A (ihiarrel hetwecn Conmiaml-
ant and I'lesldent — Serra (iocs to .Mexiio— Cession of Lou>r (ali-
iViniian Missions to l)oiiiinicaiis — Xew i'adres for tin; Xortliern
Ksialilislinients — I'alou's Jounity to San Diego and Monterey in
177;i 1S3
xvl
COXTr.XT^.
CTTAI'Tr.r. IX.
FinsT A:;\r.\i, i:i;imi;t; m.ickas l.\i;oks tv ?.!i;xTf'0.
'""•'• i\.,r.
ralou's llcport cif iJocrrr'.licr, ami .Scriii's in ^I;iy — roiiilitinn of Ciili-
foniiii at C'loso (if till.' First llistoiioal I'cridil — \amis ,\]iiili('cl —
rri'.^ii'iio ami Five I\Ii^•..■^ioIl:^ — i;-a[iLisiii?!, ^latriaycs, and Jk'aths —
( iiiitili.'s Fi'iciuUy — I'l'u-iKihjtoval Califoinian Aroliitoctun — I'ali.-iadu
]]nolnsnivs — A,^'ric'ultu!-() and Stm-lc-i'ai.sini,' — Xow Fronidio FtCLiula-
tions of S'-ptruiliiT 177- — Father Jiinipi'i'o iu Jlcxicn — ^Icniorial of
Maivli— MfMHirial of Aiiril — San Jjlas llstalilisliuiont iSavcd — Action
of tlio Junta— .\ids and lU^fornis — lli-^^lanicutu — Ki,i,dity Soldiers fr
California— Ways and ^Mcans — Scira's F.cpoi't — Fro\i;-ional Instnu'-
tion-! to F'ngcvs — FiscaFs lUpovt — daiilition of Fious ]*'und — Final
Aiiiin of the Junta — lUvcra Apiioiiitrd to Siueocd Faucs — Initruc-
tion.i — Frc'iiaratioiw of Kivcia and .\ii/.a— .'^f/ia ilonioward ISoinid. . !!)8
C'iiArTi:ii X.
II r. (OKI) OP i; vr. NTS.
1771.
Want ill ;!ii' Mission^! — Anr-a's Fir.'^t ]-]xpedition — Tlii' Over!. "id Fior.te
fi'diu .■■oiiora — ll<turn of I'.idro .Iuiu'ikto— Rivoia .Visimics ihi; Coin-
nianil — IVparturi! of l-"a„'os— lv;]iloii;iii; X'-ya'.*!.' iif I'civz to tho
Xorthcrn (oast — .San ])i(;,'o .Mi-isinu Movi d from Cosny to Xi]ia-
guay — Coniin'4 of Solilicrs and thiir Faniili'.- — Third lv:(i!oiali'iii of
San Fi;inci;<(:o F>ay — ..V .Mission Sito Si-icctid — First jli'.vo on tlio
Frac'li to thoC'iir r.iid Seal llocks — TroulJi s l)r;\vu(ii the Fr.nici.--
cans and t Icivrni)!' I'i:;n-i in thi' I'l'iiinsula — >!iich Ado jdi^ut Xot!i-
in;; — l\'lii"!0 dc Xovi- Appointid ( iovoriior to Sn(-\'i.-cd F -.rri — Si cind
Aniu'.ul lieport on Mis.sioii i'lo^rcsi -210
CT-TArTER XT.
Kor.TiiEP.x r.xri.oi:.\Tiov and ^'o^TIIT:r.^" Pi.sA.-yrr.i;.
177-..
A C'aliforniadioniid F'lrot — I'l-anciscau f 'linjilaiiis — Voya'/c of Oiiiro'^ in
the 'San Ar.t(iiiio'— Voyau'o of Ayala in tlic 'San (J.lrlos' — Voyauc
of lli'dta and FjodcLra y ("nadra to liic Xorthci'ii ('w.'ists— Di-icovfry
of 'I'liaid.'id Fi;.v — I)i->ri)V('ry of r.i.drL:.! I!:i>' - 1 'catli of .liian Fcrc/--
I'.xphaariou of San Fianirisco liay by Ayala — 'I'rip of Ijicita and
Falon to San FrancisLO tiy Land— Fro] aratioiis lor Xew ^ii.-riions —
Alton iiiic'd jMuiiidin.' of Sail .I'liaii t'aiiistraiio — Midiu;iht iHst ruction
of Saa l)ioL;o .Mi.-.-ion — .Martyrdom of I'iulic .Taiinio — .V Xi lit if
Tciiur — Alarm ut Sail Antonio "JIO
^o^TI:^•T^;.
X\ II
(•iiAiT]:u xir.
r.\l'i;iilTIi>N.S (II' .\\Z\, I'liNT, AM) cAiins.
r\iiE
CHAPTER XTfl.
•2:0
vorsiiisv. or Tin: ri;r.sii;iii anh :mi,-s|(in or s\\ iiiANcisro.
I / 7'>-I777.
Am/.i's Kxplonitinii of tlic rciiiiisu!;i of S;in Fraiiriso— Ttiiu'i'.iry — Tho
(jiliip on Mountain J.akf — Siirviy of tiif IVninsiil.i — AiT'iyo ili: l.iii
l)(j|ort's — 'I'lip to tlio (iivut liivt'r — liluiidi rs of Font in I'l.i r< :;tin^
(.'ivspf — lletuni to M mtoi'i'y — Orders for the iMnuulatinii- A Hit at
tlic I'ailrcf! — Arrival of tlic Transport Vc.<si Is— .M<iia.;;i lAad-i tlu;
Colony to tho I'ciiinsula — (.'amp on Lake: l)olori'.s~('oinin,' <>( the
'San Cark)s' — Tiio Prrsidio Foiuuk'il — Now jAploration of Fni'iid
15aya:i(l Uiodo ^'all Franui.sco— l''lij,'lii of tlic Xativo.s^Forni.d \h !i-
cation of tli(! Mission— L)i.s<;ils<«sion of ]);it>^ Location, an<l Xann —
ICarly ProLcrcs;^— Annal.s of 1777— Visits of (lovcnuu' and I'l-rsi.lcnt
and Conunamlant :J70
CHAPTER XIV.
jilssioN r]iui;i:i:s.s and rri;r.i.o i;r.r;i\NiNi:s.
1771! -1777.
liii'.ian An'iu'lit .'it ?»Ioiitcrcy — I'iri-' .'it Srin Luis (ilii-ijio — Al'air.s at San
])icj;o — Kivira and Scrra— l!ui .stabiisJinicut of t!ic ^li.S'sion — Tlio
l..o.st JJcuistcrs — l''o".ndin;j; of San .Tuan C-ipistrano — I'athcr .Scrra,
Attacked — Fonndinjc of Santa ( '!;ir.'t— ('lian'_'c nf C^spital of the C.i'.i-
fiirnias — (ioN'cnior Novo (Jonics to Miin!cr<'y - llivi'i'.-i as Licntcnant-
pn'crnor at Lorcto — Frovincias intivna.s — ( !o\ irnoi'.s Jtcports—
l'rcc.'uition~i a_'ain-^t Captain Cmjlv — ^Invcnu'iits of Vcs.m'I.s - Xi-vi's
Flans tori "i;iMiirl Fst;d'li-^hiucnts — I'lans furCiMin Sui>|.ly- -l-Apiii-
nu'nial I'licMo — Fmuidin,:!; of ,San .lose' — fn liau Truulik's i:i «Iio
Soulii A Suldicr Killed Four Cliicftains Sliot-Tlie I'irst Fulilic
Ivvceniion in l.alifoniia "J'.H
xiii CONTEXTS.
(•!IAPT]:i{ XV.
A DrcAi'i: ro'.in r.Ti.ii — I'Ki <ihi ST .--liKu.v vi.r:.ir;i cnviuiNori m.vi;.
A I'fiind (if I'i('|i;ir;i(inii - Si'lioiicM fur lln' I'litiur — ( IdvcfiuiK ti^- lie-
i'oriiiH— I'lulilns— ( '!i;iiiiirl Iv-taMisliinciit-'- Xivc \\jiiil.~i to llisi'ii
imtl is MikU- ('oldlicl — SiK'l-;illl( lltdf ('(PlillnilMtiuli — I'jii-ciiliiil I'ov.iis
('ciiifiiTi'il oil I'iidri" .Si'iTii -'J'tinr «if tlic Missioi's - (^>ii:irnl A\illi
Xi'vc — Ili'flt'sinfftie J'rt'i'ogntivi' iiiid Scciiliii' Autlmiiiy A I'licr'.-i
Sluii'p l'nii:ticp — St'iiouH Clmi'Ljcs liy tlu^ (inviriior MoMinLiits of
Vi's.scl.s — Al'lival of Alt('fiL.'!i 1111(1 l»(i(lci.'ii fioiii II Xoi'tlicni V(iyiii4(> — •
TIk' J'iist .M;iiiil.i (liilli 111! iit Moiiteri'y — Luriil Ilvt uts ami I'ldirrcss
• — rrt'siclio I'lUiluinus ;'{17
C'lIAriER XVT.
A MAV r.l'.cr.AMr.NTO— COLONISTS ANTI lUXUUlTS — LOS AN'lir.I.KS ForNliKD.
17S1.
Xi'Vc's ]!(".;!ainoiitn in I'ciivo — Tiifpcotors of Presidios — f^tip]ily Sy.^tom —
Jlaliilitado — 'I'lu' ."<aiita IViihani ('Iianiu'l to In; Occu)iiL'd — Culouix.a-
tlou Sy.-itciii — Mission Kxti'UKion — l'iv|iai'atioiiM for Xcw j;.stalili?li-
im'iits — IJivcrti's IJccvnitin;,' in Sonnra and Sinaloa — Plans lor tlic
March — C'uiiiini; of UivtTa via tin.' (."olniado, and of Znulsii \ia Lo-
ri'to— Avi'ival at San (lalnicl — Fonndin,' of ]^o.h Aiiiclos- Xcvc"s
Inslru'jtions — Xaniis of tlio ()i'i;_'iiial Suttlcvs — Marly Pro/ic-s —
l'"inal ])i.>^;nl)alioii of Lands in I'Sti — Ma]! of Snivcy — San .loso
Distiiliulion in 17^;' — M.ip -Local Itciiu: — Layiiiir llic ( 'oiin r-stono
of the t'hui'ch at Santa Clara — ?iliivcmciit.-s (.if W-s^cl.s and -Mi.-Muii-
arics ,'!;i3
CHAPTER XYII.
rrr.r.LO-MissioNs on Tin; i;io coLonAi;o.
17S0 17S-\
J'rclitninnrv P.('s\nn('— Pr|iorts of flarcds and An7,'i — Pahnn in Mexico —
Airicivita's (,'hroni(
le— Ym
nas (.'lamoron>
for M
)f (ieiicial Croix — Padres tJarci'.s an
I ]>ia
iss'onarie.'s — Orders
the (Jolorado— Xo
(iifts for the Indi
-])isi;ust of the V
(-A!
I"
A X.w System— P
if>;ion-i)Uelili)s
rs of I'riars C'urtailrd
■ raiiei.sran
( 'ritiii.-^ni — -V Pan^'erous ]vx|i(rinient — I'Vuin-
ii;; of CoiKcji'
San Pedro y San I'ahlo— Xanies of the Culoni.-ts — Spani-h ()|'|ii
sion - l''wr(lioding;j of i»i.--aster — Massacre of .luiy 17, ]7.'''i -I'
.Martyrs — Fifty Victii
lur
•Death of liivera — Fruitless F
lorts to
Punish tlio Yiiinas — Captives Kansoined — Ivxpeditioiis of 1':vj:v
,18, Koiiien, an
I X(.
TAIiR
:ii7
'.S
8
1
■I
mx'iTN-rs. xlx
C'HAlTi:iI XVIU.
ForsDiNf! HI' SAN liiTN.wiAi I 1; \ AMI sANiA i;u:r.\i:\ ri:r<iiiio —
lAiirs (.u\ i,i;N(iK.
ITvJ. ,,,„^
lli'.iily ti) l'.i;„'iii-^Ii.-<siiiiiai'ioK l".\]ii'> tcil- N'tvc'.s InstnntiDin ti> ( )rti;;;i —
I'lcf.-iiitiiiriH iiL'iiiiist l>isiistrr- liiiluiii I'ulii y- IliJilii nl ( 'l;jiii,.;i x in
Mission System -Siiii I'.iiiiitivcntuiii J'Ntjililishcd I'ic>iiliii of Santa
J!;iil)arfi — ^■isit nf I'"aL'(s Arrival of thu Trans] ii.r's Xrwn troni
Mi'xit'ii — Ni) Mission Sii|i]pli.s X.i I'rii sts — \"ii'rroy in'l ' luarilian — •
Six l'"riars llrfiiso to Serve -('ontroj (pf 'J'l ni]ioraliti( s I'aise Cliar^'i'H
ai.'ainst Nive ('lian:;es i:i Misionaries- I'aue.s ,\])iiointe(l (i'jv-
criii'i- — Xi ve In.-] 'eel or ( leni ral -lirsliaieiions - l''u;;itive Neoiihyles
— Local J'Aeiit.s — J)eatii of Maii^jii) Carrilio — l)eatli of .liian
Cresjii ;i7-
Lo-
1 1 ISU
timo
lun-
;;:.:]
CJIArT]:!! XIX.
lii'i.i: ov I'ACKS— (;i:.ni:i;al i;i:citi!n.
17s:t-17!K).
An I'neventfnl Decadi' — Statistics of l'ro:,'ro.ss — Missions, Prcsiilios, and
I'uetilos— I'opnlation, '• idrcs, an<l Xcupliytes — I'edro la^'ea ]irini.'S
lii.i J'atnily to (.'alifornia— ])ona Ijilalia-A.Iealons Catalan — A Mon-
terey I'onrt. Scandal — Faijes and Solci' — Insjii'ction of I'i'esidios —
Seller's J'ro|iosed Jlcfiirnis — 'i'ronliles ^vi!ll Jl.diililados -( lovernor
and I'ranciseans — A XeVer ]'".lnlin^' Controversy — (leneial l.'ejioits of
I'aloii and l^asuen — (.'liar_L,'es and Counter Cliai-LTes-l-'rankini; I'rivi-
loL,'e — Cruelly to Xatives — ('lia|ilain Service^l'atronato I'ricis for
^lission I'roilucts — Invi'ntories — License to JJctire — Natives on
llorscljucli— Mission Ksuorts — Native Convicts and Laliorcrs ."J^T
o —
I era
\o
.!.«
■an
ind
'es-
|iur
to
■es.
;!J3
CHAPTEPi XX.
Rfi.K OF FAr,i:«, iii:atii oi' si'r.iiA, aM' MissTf)N pr>(>i:ui:sx.
17^;M7'.H).
]'rcsident Scrr.i's Last Tonrs — Illness and r)eath — llnriul and I*'>nieral
Honors — Jlis Life ami ('liai'actcr — Succession of I'alon and Lasuen —
MuL;,lrte,L.'ni as N'ice-president — (.'ouliruiation — Xotii'c of I'.ilou'.s I lis-
torical Works — \'i(la do .luni'pero Xoticias ile ('alifornia Ma^) —
I'roiioscd I'hcction of tlio Missions into a Cnstodia -New Missions-
Founding of Santa IJarhara— Innovations ]>efcateii — I'ivc Years'
I'roLrress — Mission of La I'uri'sinia Conceiicion I'onndcd — Larly
Annals tOD
Cl)XTi:?^TS.
Ill i,r; or i\i.i:,i
CHAI'IKIJ XXT.
; lnl;l.l(;N l:i;i,\lln\s ami i'i iMM I'I:!'!".,
Xd I'laiN if l'<ircl',Mi('rs — Isoliitinii (if ('.ilifdi'niji — War rmitrilnitioiiH
.•i;,'iiiist IJii'laiiil— N'ihit i)f till! l'V( ni'li Vnynj^'cr J^i lVrmi.<i'--)li.H
Jii-itnictiiiiiM— All Hiisiiitiilile llcci'piiiiii — Tlio Suiiii:,'rr.s at S.m Ciir-
liw — i'"iito of tlio I'lNiii'ililinii — Olwii'vatioiiH on iliii ( uiiiitry iiml tliu
Mi.--Hioti Systfin-Ciiiiiiiicivi)— 'ilii! Sall-tnuli' — 'I'lm I'ur-tiaclo — Va-
B.uli'f'H I'roji'ct — A I'ailui'r — Till! Manila (ialK'oii — Ciirii'iit i'licin —
Arrival of 'J'raiiM|iijit Vcssrl.s — Nortlii rn Viiya,;.'CM of Martinc/, iiiiil
i;ii:ta — liriH'i'al AVaNliiii'.'ton's Ship tlio 'Ciilunibiii' — Tin.! L'!ii.,'i)L'« —
iI.\-g()V(jrnur Ncvu aiul tlif i'ruvincia.i liitcniaa I-G
CIIArTEll XXII.
iii"i.r, ov r.\(;i;s; uxwu i'.vknt.s and stati^tks,
17V;-17!iO.
I'lan of T-'h:i1 Aiiiialrt— Sail liic','0 I'n>iilial r>iHtrict— I'lvniilio OlIiriaN-
AltOic/, .lu.-MJN'ilasniu;/ — Furcu anil I'lipulatiuii — I'.ui!ilin.,'s-( !an i>'m
]^ifc— Iinlian Aliiars — lv\|ili>ra;ions — San l>i.'^;(i Mis^iiai — .Inaii I'i-
gtlfrua — IliohdO — Matiri;:! aii'l .^pii it ii:il l'n)L;ruSij~San .liiaii (';i]ii-;-
trano—Circj^orio iVnniriio — I'aliio Miij;:'irt(L,'iu— San (Jalnit'l— I'm Mo
of Los An^cliJM— Si:ttlcrs — Ki'lix as Cuini^ionado— I'rc.siilin of S.inta
l;/iil..ira — I'lan of Jjiiildiligs — A Volcano — Si.lilit.'ia Killiil WliiU;
j'ro.sinctin.^ for Mines — Sail rininavi'iitnia — I'lvsiilio of Muntcny—
Ollicial ('haiigis— Sni'^Toa Davila— San C;irlos— Xoricga-— San An-
ton!. >- San JiUid 01 lispo — Jusu Cavallur — ricsiilio of San Frainisco —
J.iiMiliiiantH Moravra iiiul (toii^ak'Z — La.sso do la A'c/a—rrcsiilio
Cliap< 1— Till! ^lif.sioii — Framist'o I'aiou — Miip <'| t!ic Jlay— Santa
Clara, — X'ow thuu-li — Mur^uia --L'luli'.o ilo .mh .^l^'■• — \'iill> j.) a.i
Comisioniiilt,) I"0
( 'LVPTini XXIII.
Tiri.i; oi' KoMiUT.
I7'.)l-17f).\
1 ifsignation of Pedro Fa,';('3 — ' uisforof the Olllfcat Loreto— Tnstnictions
to the New (ilovernor — ' ist Acts of Fa^/cs — Life and (,'liaraeter —
Arrival of Roincu — Fai' i,;^' Health — .(oiiniicy to Mnntiiiey— I'oli.'y
with the l''riars— Fionieu's Di'ath — \'isit of Mnlaspina in the 'l>(\<(n-
liirita ' and 'Alrevida' — The First Ami rienn in California ritpa ra-
tions fur New
Mi
IS — Lasueii's I'^llorts — Fstahlisliiii'' of Santa
Cruz — Annals of Fir.st Decade — Iiidiau Trouhles— Statiities— Cliureh
CONTF.NTS.
TAOB
xxt
Dnlicati"! -1 Iiiiiin.',' Mill — ■MinfMitiiiio — Oiliuri'l-'"!;"" I'inli'cs —
AliMiHc) ImJiIi'ij Siilnzar — l;.iM'>inii>» ]/>imz — Mniun I I'l iiur lf2— •
Foiiinliii;.' mill I'liuly Aiiniils of ■'■M.lriliiil Misiii(;ii— liiiiiiui.il rri.im —
Aliuuuiu KuIji— .^tiiiiatiiH -lisl
CIIAPTKn XXIV.
iiiir, iiv Ai;KiM..\<:.\ — VAM (irvr.u'.s vi:-riH.
IT'.iJ-IT'.H.
Cii!iii<'il nt Miiiitcny to A])ii'iiiit ti 'rriiiii'ir.ny (Ii>vcrMr)r— An illiifrn's
Aii'i'Nsion — Aniviil iit Minitiicy — ('iilifoini.i SipiuMtrcl finni I'ruviii-
t'iaa Iiitcni;iH — Anilla.'.':i'.s I'lilii'v '"iil Acts — 'Jim .liml.iii ('i.loiiy —
Miritiiiiu Airaira niiil I'lini n liclntiDiiH — Xoitluiii ]]\|i!i>r:itiiiiiH —
Sjiiiiiisli I'olii'y— 'l"lni N'Hilka (,)ucstioii— Vtiyau'o of tlni 'Sutil' nml
'Mcxifana' -litjiiiidary C<iiiiini-<^!oii — N'aiicmivcr'rt I'ir.-^t N'isit -!!(!•
fcpticin nt S.iii Fr.iiK'ificn, Santa (Mara, mid Muiitircy - laiiili.sli
iJcMcrtiTH — 'i'lif(ii)V' riior in a l)il('iiiiiia — l'n'uaiitii)nsa^'i;in^t rorii;.'!!
VrsHi'ls — Kovilia (!i.Lr<jilij'.-i ]!(-|inrt— Atti:ni|)ti;il Oocniuitinu of J5(j-
<Ii','a — Vanc«)iivt.'i''s Si'conil N'isiL — A ])is;,'ii.sti(l Dnuiisiiiiiaii— Sum-
jiii'ioiH of Arrillaua — IFos]iitaliiii;i in the Smitli — Kiul of tlu' Nootka
Sittliui'iit — \'ain(iu\Lr'.s l.,i>t \'i.-it — His Dhsi'i vation.s on (.'ali-
f(jinia o( ) I
:\An
iMia
hiic
An-
( t — •
iiiio
iiita
I.' I)
CHAPTKIl XXV.
lau: OK r.omcA, rouKicN i;i;i,Arii>Ns, and inui an ai'iaiii.h,
1794-1800.
Piogo do Pjorica — Arrival at T/iroto — I>raiK'iforto Viceroy— IVirica's .Tmir-
iioy to Monterey — Arrillaua's Instriietions — Cliaini.s of Cdii'iirnia —
lU'auin(5 of I'lvonts in liorii'a'n Term of Olliuc — C'oa.st Ij.iiiu r.-t —
I'Miniised Jteonforcenients — I'runeh War Contrihutiiai — I'oreii^n N'cs-
seld — I'rucantiond— 'J'iie ' I'liienix' — llrnnu'lilon's \'i>it — 'i'lie 'Otter'
of BoHton— A Yankee Triclc — Anival ol Alljcini and tlio (,'atalan
Volnnteors — Mnj^'ineer Ci'irdoKa's Snrveys — \Var with l]n;,dand —
Coasting \'u:>.sids — ^\'ar ContriUuliou — l)i.<ti'il utiun of Foives — Map
of California — Tiio 'I'.liza'— Tliu 'JJelsy' — \Var witli l.'ns-ia— Indian
Alliiirs — Minor lli.istilitics — Canii)ai,^n.s of Aiuiidnr, Ca-.tro, and ,M".
la-a :,;]o
ons
1' —
'■>'
,i:U-
IIM-
uta
ixli
CHAPTi:!! XXVI.
lU'Li: OK itouicv — Kxri.oKAriiiNs and ni;\v rorNUAiioNs.
1704-1800.
Search for Alisiiion Site-!— Exploration of tlie Alameda — San rionito — haa
I'ozus — I'^neino — I'ali'— La>iuen"s Report— Konndation of Mission San
Jo.so at the Alameda— Local Aunal.-i to 18C0 — Mission San Juan
'^■■ft^A
3cxii
CONTEXTS.
r.\r,E
Baulinta at Popcloutclioin — Eartlifpiako — ^Mission San ^ligiiel at
Vahiil — Paclio x\iit()iii(j do la Coiicfpcinn llorra— Tilinsiou Sau Fer-
nuixlo on llcyca' llanclio, or Achoi.s Coniihavit — ^lissiou San Luis
Eey at Tacaymo — A New I'liulilo — I'rcliniinary ('orrt'spouilcnct; —
SearcJi for a Site — llyports of Alliorni and Cordolia — San Franui^co
and Alaui'jda llijoctcd in Favor of .'^anta Cruz— Arrival of Colo-
nists — Ki)iniding of tlio Villa do IJi'aiicifortc — I'rotest of tho Fran-
ciscans — Flan to Open Comnmnication with New Mexico — Colorado
Iloute to Sonora .".jO
CHAPTER XXVII.
MISSION rUOGIlESS.
1T!)1-1S00.
Arrival and Pcparturc of Padros — ( ionrral Statistical View — Tho Presi-
dent — Episcopal Powers — The In(piisitioii — Pevilla (Jigedo's J'eport
— Views of Sala/ar — Carmelite Monastery — Pious Fund Hacienda —
Controversies — Tho Old Questions Discussed Anew — Peduction in
Xumlier of Fiiars — Pctirenient — Travelling Ex [tenses — Cl'iijilain
Duty — Gnai'do— Eunaway Neophytes — Mission Alcaldes— liulians
on Ilor.scliack — Local Quari-els — Charges of Concepcion do Horra —
Investigation — Pmrica's Fifteen Questions— Peplies of Coniandantes
and Friars — President Lasucn's Pepurt — 'i'he Missionaries Ac(piitted
— Ecclesiastical Miscelhiny '>'')
m
CHAPTER XXYIIL
rUEBLOS, COLONIZATION, AND LANDS— INDU.STKIES AND INSTTTCTIONS.
17!)1-1S()0.
I'n"blo Progress— Statistics — Jor<lan's Pi'oposcd Colony — Picports of Gov-
ernment—Marriage Encouraged — Inns — Viow-s of Salazar, Seaan,
and Costaiist'i — Women ^Vanted— Convicts- — Foundlings — Temn-e of
Lands — Puelilo and Mission Sites— Chronological Statement, 177^>-
90 — Presidial Puehlos— Provisional Grants — Land-titles at ]'",nd of
Century — Labor— Indian Lal)iM(.'rs — Saih)rs — Artisan Instructors^
Manufacturers — Alining— Agriculture — Flax anil Jlenip — Stock-
raising tiOO
CHAPTER XXIX.
INDUSTKIES AND INSTITUTIONS,
IT'Jl-lSOO.
Commerce — Trade of the Transports — Otter-skins— Projects of Marque/,
Mamaneli, Inciarte, Punee, Mcndez, and Ovineta — Provincial Fi-
nances — llaliilitados — I'aetor ami ('(.iniuissary — Couiplieated Ac
counts — Supplies and lie venues — Taxes — lohaeco Monopoly — Tithes
CONTF.XTS.
oM
XNUl
— Militni'y T'orce niul Biotrilmtion — Civil riowM'iiincut — Proposcil
Soparatiou of tlic Californiiis— Adiiiinistiatidi of JiiMtii,'C — -A C'auso
C'lli'lire — Kxccutioa of liosas — Ollifiiil Can: (A !Mi)rals — U.so of Li-
quors— Canililin^ — ]](liicati<)n — iJoriua's Ktlort-i — Tlie First Scliools
anil Sciiool-iiiasUTS (i'J-4
CHAPTER XXX.
LOCAL EVK.NTS AND riiOOlllCSS — SUL'TIIKltN BLSTKICT.
1701-1800.
iSaii IHctzo Prosidio — Licutciiasit.s Ziifiiga and (irajera — ^lilitary Force —
JVipulatioii — liaii^lio del Key — Fiiianecs — I'residio Duildinus — \'aii-
eoiiver\s Description — Fort at Point Guijarro-s — Indian Aflair.s — Pre-
cautions against Foreigners — Arrivals of Vessels — Mission San Diego
■ — ToDcn.s and Marim r — Statistics — San Luis llej- — San.Tuan Capis-
trano — Fuster — IJiiildiiigs — Pueblo do Los Angeles — Private. Karciios
— San Oaini'l — Onimas^San Fei'nando — Presidiuof Santa Dilrbaia —
OUicers, l''orces, and I'opidation — Puiildings and Industries — Local
Fviiits- First Fxecution in California — 'J'lie •I'liceuix' — A Qiiick-
silvir Mine— Warlike Preparations — Death of Ortega — ?klissiiin of
Santa. L.irhara — Paterna — llanclierias of the Channel— New (.'hnrcli
— San ijiieuaventura— La Purisinia Concepcion — Arroita (ilo
I't
of
GOO
i-
CHArXER XXXI.
LOCAL KVKNTS AM) I'lUiCUKSS — -MOXIKULV LIsTIlICT.
1701-1800.
Montcry Prcsid'o — ^lilitarv Force and Inlialjitant.s — Ofilcei's — Lonn Par-
I'illa — ilernienegildo Sal — Perez Fernandez — Presidio Luiidings —
1 lattery — Eancho del lley — Private Ilanchos — Industries — Conij.any
Accounts— Indian /id'airs — San Carlos Mission — Mis.-^ionary (Jhanges
— Pasc\ial ^lar'inrz de Areuaza— Stati.-tics of A.^rriculturc, iave-
stock, and Pnp\il.ilion — Vancouver's I 'cst.'iplicju — A New Stone
Church — A Wiie-uiurder — San Antonio do Padua dc Los KoliK's—
Miu'uel Pier.'is— llenlto (.'atal.-in — San i^uls Uhispo — Mi_ucl tiirihet —
Lartolonie Cili— Indian 'i'louides
CHAl'TER XXXII.
LOCAL KVLXTS ANi) I'V.UCiKES.S— SAN I'ltANCISCd JIKISDICTIOX.
17t)l-KS00.
San FrauiM.scr) Ollicials— Military I'orce — Population — I'iu.incc- Prc-^idio
l>uildin;;s — i'ian— Castillo <lc San .'oaipiiu at b'ort i'l'int •-( 'iirdolia's
Itcport -Itavages of Klenients— Kejiairs — IJattcry of Wrlia, liiuna,
at
cov
Piint-Vanci
•"s N'isils— Captain Prow n -.Mines Dis-
ercd— .MlHiiii's Company -AV reck of tiie 'Sau Ciiric
■'i1
d
\ I
XXIV
COXTi:XT>?.
TAOE
'Eliza'— H.'iikIio lUl Rcy — Missirm versus Presidio — Tmliin AlTairs —
lluiKiv.iiy Xcopliytfs — Amador's Campaigns — I'lidre's Cnielty — San
I''iaii(i-,io Mission — Fatlicis Camlion, Ivspf, Dnntf, (lareia, and Vvv-
iiandiz — iuii!dini;s, Statistics, Indiistiius — ''iicMo of San .Io.sl' —
Inhabitants and Ollicials — Statistics — Hemp Cidtuie — l^o^.d iiscnts
— Proiios(.'d Jlemoval — boundary T>ispute — Santa ( 'laia— Pcfia and
Noboa— I'opiilation, Agiiculture, IkiiUlings, and .Manuiaotures GU'2
CHArTER XXXIII.
CLOSK OF
liOUKJA .S lULK.
ISOO.
End of a Decade and Ceutiny — IVjiica's Polioy and Cliaraetev — Indus-
trial Revival— Fruitless Etlbrta — Ooveinor's Relations villi ]"rini\s,
Soldiers, Xeopliytes, and Sv'ttlers — l^lTorts for Promotion— A Kniglit
of Santiago — Family Relations — Leave of Alisence, Departure, and
Death — Arrillaga and Alberni in Connnand — List of Secondary Au-
tliorities on I'^arly California History — List of Inhabitants of ('aii-
fornia from 17'J'J to ISOO 7'2G
;!lil!
X
Ct)-2
AUTHORITIES QUOTED
IN TIllC
HISTOEY OF CALIFOPtXIA.
72G
[Thcf'f nrc more than one thovfiinfl flttett of vnrl'fi nt'/itnV;i '^tnif^i'lf"^ in thcio rohnrir^^ nnfl vtany
of thrnt it'intftl In /•>f'f-ii'>fr^, n'hith il) nut tipprnr in /A/x ti^. Tlitr rtittilof/ni' /.v, Jfitrtni; nnnjilctt'thtn-n
t't the ilisroirrif of tjnhl in iSIf^, und jirttrfiraUi/ i*o ilnict tn KjO. The onii^t-Unm of tttir fhili' tirA
iji ncral vovhA of rtfcnnct\ rfjchpcdiii:*^ etc.; Kjnrrhfn, <iildi'rsiirii^ orfitinnH^ uol diirrll>f Uit^lorirnl in their
vntnrc ; j'tfidifiiti'mn entunrtlitifi from or rflatinij to varionA i'uiifonua iitntitttlion!*^ asj-Ofiitlinntij row
2i<ini<>i, ortlriy^ rhiu'vh»j^j btmls^ ronrl.f^ rrhooji*^ */<■.; tr^td tn-irfs^ onnd;! and iiiniiiriptd rr>jnInlion^^ itnt
tcj-tdiook'i, lrirf>!f itnil inisrrlttnwtni.H jnddir dortnncnis ; ico/7.'s of fm'ioii timl srintrr ; itrirsi,tiiiri->i^ and
olhrr KiHuVc'c vliio-cn. Them )(oi7,a in Ihe lujtjrrjnlr h'ire nffonhd ine miirh inforni'diim ; in<!' i d llirre t.<
I'n'dhi (I fidifirmttn hooh, pnmjddcf, or impi r in nifj LiUntnj vhich i.*t »(«»/ m d vrrtnin fie»ye. Itlslarifnl ;
l-nt sjutre dm-A nut jiernill ti fall rtUulo'jne^ itnd I titn ohJi>;rd tn nstrirt fhe U/tt ti'ifh fiir rj^rvptionn ^J
lu'iteyi'd (hit hrtirs diredJj on hitiiuri/. Kc rh.iptrr ii. of /Ats vohtnte for a diiiiNljhvtioii of the tt'orl.i
here wonrd. ]
All (Piotcr Villi tlov), Xaankpiirii^o Vc!-s:iracli!u^ Liydcii, 17 7. .■^' ) \'>h.
«\l)!i(y (lames), A Trip across tlic I'laiiis in l.s,">0. Xcw Alliaiiy, l.S.'iO.
Al)l);itt (Jolm S. C). ('hristiipliir ('arson. New York, l;->7ti.
Abcll (.Vloxuiidi'i), ('oiiy of agi'L't'iiiciit (jii Ixlialf of U. S. in relation to island
of Saiit.'L I'm/. [oJil Conu., l^t Sos.s., Sen. 1",.\. Doc. b~\. Wa.sliington,
h<>-2.
Alielhi (ilinion), t'orrespondeneia del Misionero. MSS. in varioii.s aroliivi.^.
Aliella, ( !!amoii), Piavio <le iin ]!e;.'istro ile lo.s llio;^ (Irandes, Ibl 1. MS.
Aliella ( Huinou), Xoliei;i de una Uatalhi entiv ( .'riritiano.s y ( ienliK s. 1.'jV)7. MS,
Al)iei.o (lo-se;, Asiiiitos de l;i 'J'esoreria. MSS. iu vafioiia archives.
Al>rr;.,o (Jo.s.'), Cartas yiAiro la Coloiiia de l.s:;!-. I\IS.
Aiir.-.uo (Jiise), Kel.'iiion. MS.
Aco.st.i (losef do), liitoria Natural y .Mor.d do las Indias. Scvilla, '."iOD.
Act; of („'<>ii;.;rcs3 Civatin.'j; the Oilier! of Slii^i; in.'X'.'ounnissioiiei'. S. 1''. )SV;>.
Aetas de i;ieocioncs. MS. In Areliivo do ( '.ilifornia.
Adam ((ieor^e), Drojulful SuHeriii'.'H and Tlnilliii'4 Adventures of an fJver-
laud Party of l'^ni;,Mant.-i to Califoiiiia. St, J^ouis, 1S.")0.
Aildresses, See Sp'..>eelies.
Adventuie-i ('{'lie) of a Cajitain'.s ^Vif(^ . .til California in 1S,"0. '^^ew York,
e>e., I,S77.
Ainianl ((Instave), The. Clold Sec ];e\-s. ri.ila.d-'lpliia, ii.d.
Aianian (Liicas), (.'euso de Califiirnia, ISIVi. M.S.
Alanian (Liiea.s), ilistori.i, do Mejieo. Mexico, IS l'.)-.V2. 5 voja.
Alanian (Liuan), Snee.iosi du (,'aiifoinia en \:<\\. ^IS.
.(Mauiecla, Alisiraetof Title, lots 17--0. survey of .loiies. San I'ranei.-^co, 1870.
Alanied;!, Aruns, ivueinal, .Mes.senL'er, I'o.'^t. elc.
^Vlumeda County, Ili.-<torical Atlas. San i''nuicic<cu, Ls7S. alkiM folio.
liirtT. c.u.., V .1.. I. :i (""■)
i
XXVI
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
r iHM
All),iiiv (Or. 1 Tloiristor.
^ll!,(ilro.s.-< (The slii).), Log of a Voyngo io the X. \V. Coa'^l, 1800-12. MS.
A/hiiiroy.': mid Lijd'ia, Coiiiimicacioues rclnfivas. 1S1('. ^Mrs.
Alljci'iii (l'o(ho), CoiiuiiiicacioiifS del Tcnicuto Cmoiul, 1711(5-1800. ]\1SS.
[Ill (iiUbrciit at'i.-liivL'S.]
AHiiriii (IVili'o), I'iirceci" sohrc el sitio lie lirancifoi-tc, ITiHJ. MS.
Allium Mrxifano. Mcxici>, LStl) rt .spij.
Aicf(li) (.\iit(Miio (lu), Dicci(jiiai'io (lOognUico Ilistorico do laa Indias Ocoidcn-
talc.;. .Madrid, ITSlW). ■") vols.
Alexander (1!. .S.), (1. J|. ^leiideil, and (1. Davidson, lleport on Iiriyation of
San .Joafjuin. Washington, 1S7I-.
Alexaiid.i' (■). II.), !Menioii'on [Xw lloutesof Cominnnieation lietwecii Atlantic
and I'acilie. \Vasliington, ISl!).
Alger (iloratio, Jr.), 'J'lio Young Adventurer, lloston, 1S7S; Tho Young
]\Iiner. IJo.^ton, ]S79.
Al'so]!)) (J. 1'. (.'.), Leaves from my Log-book. ^IS.
Ali.iopp ( Robert), (.'alii'ornia and ii.s (Joid Mines. l.,ondon, 1853.
All the Way Lxiund. Lonilon, ele. (IS7,")).
Almanaes. A great nundjer, only a few of vliieh are named in this list as
follow.s: AUa ('aiuornia. S. F., ISlIS ct Keij. ; California M( reli.'iits ami
iliners. S. V., IS.")? et se(j. ; Califcirnia Miii'.'r.s. S. F., Isil; Calii'ornia
rieiorial. S. l'\, IS.IS et .«ei|.: Cii.lii'oruia Slate. S. 1'.. 18,14; C'alil'or-
niselicr Volkska'ender. s'. F., lS."iS; C.irrie and l)anioi>"H Califoiiiia.
iS. F., ISoC; .laeoby (I'hihd, Atinanaek fur ( 'al. S. F.. ISOo ct ,h((. ;
lvnight(\Vni. II.), liandhook for I'aeilic Slates. S. F.. If;il2etseri.; Langley
(ilenry (I.), i'aeilieCinu^t. S. 1'., ISfJSet .sc(|. ; /-i'., State. S. F., IH'.;>; '/-/.,
State Itegister. S. F., 1S,")7 et ae(|.; San Fraiiei.:;co. S. ]•'., liS.i:), ete.
Alrio (lleir.y .). X.), j>ix Ans de lli-.sidouec (I'uu Mi.ssiojinaire duns Ics deu.'i
Ca'iifornies. Mexico, LSIIO.
Altin;ira (.Ki.se), Diario de la Es'iieilieion, 1S"J;{. M.-^.
Akimira (•lo.iv'), .Journal of a Mi^siuu-fouiiding E.vpcdition, IS'J.'J. In llutch-
ings'Cai. Mag., v. .'iS, llo.
Aitura.s, Modoc Lhlependciit.
Alvarjvlo (-luan Liiulista), (.'ampnna. de Lai Flores, 1S,"8. MS.
Alvarado (,/uan ]5auti.sta), ( arta Conlideueial, 7 do Xov. IS.'M. MS.
Alvarado (.iuan IJautidca), Cart.i en i;ue relita la Campaua de S. I'lrnaiido,
luieio 18;i7. ^I'8.
Alvarado (.loan Lauti.sta), Carta I'li (|ue nlata los .sucesos do Los An:,'ele.'<,
Feb. im;7. -MS.
Alvarado (luaa li.-iutista), (V.rtr.s Itelaeione.s, Ivcvolucion ilc; ISit-,"). MS.
Alvar;'.ilo (.laan lia'.ilista), Coniunieaeione.s al AyuntaniientJ de Las .iVngelcs,
EiKi ) i,s:;7. MS.
Alvarado (.Iuan I'autistu), El C. . .C'ronel de la!\Iili( i.i Civi-ja, e'e. [l>espacho
de ('a]iitan a favor do J. .1. \'allejo, | Monterey. IJUie. I ..;(!.
-\l\arado (.Iv.an I>.lut'^<la), E! (.'. . . (iolxrnailor In-.erino di 1 Ivstado Libre do
Aba, Cal. a sus JIabitantes, ^klonterey, Mayo 1(1, l.s;;7.
Alvarailo (.luan ISaulista), (iobi rnad.or Constitucional, etc. [.Suprimieudo his
lluiplcis lie Admini»tradon?.'i do ^li.siones. I Montci'ey, 1 ]\layo, JS40.
Alvarado (liuHi IJauiista), llistotia di^ (Jalifornia. M,S. 1S7(>. ."> vol-i.
Alvarado (.luan iJautista), Instrueeioms al Prefect) C'ustro. 1S4 ). MS.
Alvar.'ido (.luan IJaiitihta), In.'itrueeiones quo debo observar *l Vi.-.itador,
1.840. MS.
Alvarado (.hian llanti.sta), Instruceivines (pie deber/i observar cl Yisitador
lla.'tupll. ISIil). MS.
ry
Alvarado (.luan IJautlsta), Maniliesto del <lobr., \{) Mayi>, lf>',7.
Alvarado (.luan IJauti.sta), Oiieios Yarius y Cartas I'articniaros. MSS. Ve
nuuii;rous in diU'ermit ]iublie and j)riv;ite areliives.
Alv.arado (.luan JJauti.sla), [rroelanui del] (iei'e I'olitieo 111 Nov. 1.8.".8.
Alvarado (.Tnan IJautista), [I'roe'ama dtlj (lobeinador luterino, !) Julio,
18;;7. iMS.
f
r
AITTIORITIES QUOTED.
XX^Tl
500. MSS.
IS Oocitlcn-
i-rigation of
cii Atl;intio
riio Yotm'
tlii.s li.-t (13
i'cli:;nts and
; Califofiiiii
)4; Culil'of-
(':i!ii'oiiii;i.
105 c t S('((. ;
<[. ; Laui;!ey
.,lH;;i; '/</.,
],s.v;), t to.
lit! lea tkaix
111 llutch-
IS.
I'Vrnaiido,
Aiigck's,
M\
Aiyolcs,
I >('spacho
Liln'c ilo
lliciKio ll>3
., Js-k).
".MS.
Visitador.
Vi»itaili>r
>. W'vy
'.) Julio,
Alvarado (-Tiian Bautista), [Proclama del] Gobcrnador sobi'c Dcsticrro do ]",x-
traii;:er<ia. 1849.
Ahiiiadii (JuanBaiitiHita),Priinitivn llcrctdniniiouto dcl^rocn Cal., IStl. ?tIS.
Al\';i'adi) (Tuun ]!anti>ita), l!t\i,'laiii(.'iito do ex-uiitiioiR'H. Monterey, 1S|:>.
Aivurado (Jium liautista), licglaiiuntit I'rovitiioiiul I'ara AdiiiLiiiatraduics di;
.Mit,ionc.s, Ks;!!). :M8.
,M\arado and Gastro, Ksposicioti contra MiclicltonMia, 1S4.";. MS.
Alviso (Josii xiiitonio), l)ucunientu:> pani la llistoria do Caluornia. Ms.,
ISIT-.JO.
Alviso (.Jose Antonio), Campafia do Xatividad, 1S4(!. ^IS.
Amador (-Jose Maria), ^lenicn-ias sobi'o la J list, do Cal. MS.
Amador (I'edro), ])iario <Io la J';x[)C'ilii:ion paia fundar la Mision do S. .Joso,
17!J7. MS.
Amador (Pedro), Kxpedicion contra los f.;enti!er; Saealanes, 1790. MS.
Amador I Peilro), i;?;pe<liento do ServiL-ius, 17Im-!)1. MS.
Amailor (IVdr.)), Papelea del Sar;;ento. MSS. lu vari<Jiis aivlnves.
Amador ( Peili(j), Irevencionca al ('al)o do la Ivseolta do S. Jo~e, 1707. MS.
Amador( l'eilro),i;e(.'onocimientode-de Sta < Vii;'; Iiasta >^. Fraucisco, 17n<j. MS.
Amadijr (Pedro), Salida contra Jmlio.s ( ieuliles, IbOO. MS.
.■\mador (.'onnty, History. ();dvland, IS^I. folio.
Amelia i'^lier\V(jo<l. Pichmond, l.s.'iO.
Annriea, Dcscrijieifin, 1710. MS.
.America, or lui Kxaet Description of llie West Indies. Liindon, \C,:'i~,,
American Antiquarian Society, I'rocecdinu'H. Worcester, 1S20 ct aeij.
American Kdiicalioual Monthly. New Yoilj, 18(14 et scq.
American and l'"orei;4n (.'lui-slian Union. New York, TSol ct scq.
American (ieoL'vaiiliical and Statistical Society. Xcw Yfirk, InoO ct S(!i|.
Amcric.m Quarterly IJetri.ster and .>>iai;azino. Pliiladeljihia, 1848 et se(j.
Amcric.'.n Quarterly Ucview. I'liiladelphia, ]8l'7 ct scq.
Aineviian Iteview. I'liiludelpliia, Isll cl sen.
American State I'aper.s. IJo.stcjn, 1817-10. 12 vols.; Washington, 1 So J-4;
lsr,S^-(il. folio. ;50 vols.
American!! at f^ca. In Nilcs' Re;;istcr, xviii. 417.
Amcci (.John (t.), Rcptirt on .Mission Indiansof I'alifomia. Wash In '.;t on, 1S7.'?.
Ame.iii (Tosij), Cartas do un C(jmercianto Ivspanol. MSS. In diirereut
archives,
A;iii;.;o del Pueblo. Mexico, IS'27 ct .«cr|.
Annilet (The), A talc of Spanisli Calii'ornia. London, 18(!.").
AnaJK'im, (lazctle, Peview, elc.
Anaheim, Its People and its I'roduct.s. New York, ISOf).
Anderson (.\le\andcr ('.), Xin'tiiwcst Coast History. MS.
Anderson (Alexander D. ), Tlio Silver and (!old of the Southwest, etc. St
j.ouis, 1S77; Thu Sd\cr Comitry, etc. \c\v York, l.s77.
Aniic"son (David (.!.), Statement of i'iicatrieal I'lvent-S. MS.
Audi .s n (Mary E.), Scenes in th(^ Jlawaiiuu Islands and California. Boston
lis,;.-,].
Amiiils of Convjress. 1 1st to ISth Con;:rcss.] ■\\ asjiimdon, lS:;4-."i(i. 42 vols.
Anmtal of Scieiuiiic Discovery. l]o;t(jn. lS,j()-(;7. Is70-i. 19 vols.
Ani),;'. til. Universal History. London, iMiil, Ovols.
Ansied (!)a\id T.), 'i'lie Cold-seeker's Manual. Xew York, 1849,
Ant.'iony (K. M.), .Siijkiyon County Pemiuiseenct!s. MS.
Antioch, Leil.i^cr.
Anza (luan IJautista), DcKculnimiento de Sonor;
An;:a (.Jiuui Pautistal, Diurio do una cxpcdicion d(
Calif.
Nonol'a ;i
)rnia,
Cal., i:
1774. M>
S. Praneisei
.Mi.
MS.
Apuhil.c.\'ui y Torres, Avcrignacion en Sonora d
•1 Ti
dto do Lfis j\.n''elcs,
i8:j.j. MS.
Apal;it(;;.;ui y Torres. Causa se',;uida contra los conspii. adores, IS.'I
Apodaca (Virey), Cartas. ]M^S. In the archives.
Apoatolico.s Afancs dc la Compania, de Jesus. Barcelona, 17o4.
M>
j.xviii
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
P
iff iiiiil'..
A]>pon.vi (Flora Ilaines), Lihrariea of California. Sau Francisco, 1878.
-lyv(//, Li>.;-l).)(jk, 1S2I-,1. iMS.
At'Miu'cl ilo L'lvcios, 17S2. ^IS.
Aiiuici'l (1(! i^rcuiijs, 176S. MS.
Arcii (I'raiici-iuo), Dncmncntd.a para la Ilistoria do Cal. !MF).
Ari'i! (I'"raiicis('ii), .Mcimiri.is llistniicas y Doeunu'iitos Ori'^hiiilos. IMS.
AiclL))alil (John), Why ' Calit'ornia.' In Ov.iland .Montlily, ii. 4.11.
Aichur (L.), SpfL'uh (in As.si'inlily J]iU Xo. Ib2. n.pl., n.d.
Aiuliivu del j\.r/.ijbis|i,ido do San Francisco. !MS. ,"> vols.
Archivo do CalitVinii.i. .MS. '2~'.i vols, and a great ninss of loose papers,
l)oeiuu(;nl.s preserved in the U. S. Siu'veyor-geueral's ollioe ;it San l-'ran-
cisco. Copies in my Collection. J)ivitled as follows: I'rov. St. I'.ip. ;
Prov. Rec; Dept. St. I'ap.; Dept. lie.:.; Lcj;. Uv.; State I'ap-: ^<^'■
(Jovt. iSt. I'ap.; Adas do. l^leceiones; lJr:inds and Marks; und Unbound
L)oo., q. V. f(u full sub-titles and fnrther subdivisions.
Arehivi) de l:is ]\!isione3. MS. 12 vols.
Aicliivo <iel Oliispado do ^Monterey y L"S Ang.des. MS.
Archivo do Santa Jiiirbaia. MS. II vols.
Archuleta (Florentino), Conuniicaciones l'odu;,'ogiea3. ^IS. In tin? archives.
Aroo Iris. Vera Cruz, 1847 et seij. folio.
Areelio, Paroeer 14 do ,]un. 177.'!. -MS.: also in Palou, Xot., i. ,"(7-.
Aiccho, Itespuesta ;!() dc! Jan., 177''>. ^IS.
Argelo, Ciilaveias ^Mountaineer,
Aigiiello{(;ervasio),]]soiiteiS(lonn Ilabilitado General yDipnt:ulo. MSS. In
public and j)rivato archive^.
Argiicllo (< lervasio), (Jliservaciones, iSKj. MS.
Ar;'iiel!o(Jose), ibdaoion do lo qui' deehirarmi los sentilos Sacalanes, 1707- ^dS.
Ar'^i.ello (.lose), llelacion quo forni.j subrc Indios huidos ilo S. Francisco,
" 17!t7. MS.
Argiiello (•lose), Cir las de nn (lobernador do las California.?. MSS. Inlii;
dillerent archives.
Argiiello {.fo^^i'), Inforiue sobi-o llaneho del Pi'y en S. Fran'ci';cn, 1708. MS.
Argiiello (Tose), instruccion (pie li.a do ob.-^ervar el teuieuto Jaiis Argiiello i.u
S. Fi'aneisco, bSllO. :MS.
Argiiello (.losi'), Jlespue.sta a las quince Preguntas sobi'o iibuFOS do Misioneros,
]7!'S. MS.
Argiiello (faiia Antonio), Cartas del Couiandanto y Gobornador. MSS. In
the- dlii'erent Jircliives.
Argiiello (laiis Antonio), lloja do Servicios hasta 1S'2S. MS.
Algiieilo (Santiago), Correspondencia del Couiandanto y Prcfocto. !MSS.
Archives, iiassini.
Ai'giioUo (Santiairo), ('onwpondeneia Particular. !\IS.
Aruian (IF. .M. Van), The L'ublic Lands of (.'alitorni:i. San Francisco, 1S7<>.
Arniona (Mafias), Carta do 1770. h\ Doe. Hist. .Me.K. sorio iv., toiu.ii. p. loo.
Aimsirong (WiliianO, '4',) l]\nerioncos. MS.
Arna/ (.loSi), Iteenerdos do L'n Conioreiantc. ^IS.
Arran'Jtoi;', (L'rancisco do i'anla), Mejico desdc ISOS hasta 18G7. Madrid,
187 1-2. 4 vols.
Arrioivit.i (J. D.), Crdniea Seritfiea y Apostolica. ^Mexico, 1702. folio.
Arrillac;!) (Ilasilio.los<'l, Jtecopilaeion ilo Lcye.'^, etc. ^Mexieo, ISIlS-oO. IG vol-;,
Arri '^I'.'a idose^ .loaquin), Ijorrador ilo Carta a Vancouver, 170;t. ^[S.
Arriliii,.;a. (.lose .Joaqiun), Corre-ipondoueia del (Jobernador. MS. Archives,
passim.
Arrilhi'^a (.losi'' .Toaqnin), llojas do Servieio, 1701-S. MS.
Arrillaua (Jo-e .foaquin), Intoimo solu'o el estado ile ludioa, Misiones, etc.,
1S()4. MS.
Arrillaira (.lose .loaipiin), Tntomie al Virey sobi'e Drfensas, 17011. M.S.
Arrilla'ia (.lose .biaquin). Papi 1 do I'untos para eonociniiento del (iol)ernador,
1704. MS.
ArriUaga (.lo»e Joaquin). Pri'ceptos Generales p.ara Coniainlantes, ISOU. MS.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
xxix
iifllo eii
ISS. Ii
JiISS.
rMadrii
Ai'iillii'Jta f.T'\S',' tToaqiiiii). Ruliiciim del pslailu (jue gr.anliui los Pre iidii)j y
i'lirl.los, LSOlj. -MS.
Aviillu-ii (.fiteoJoaipii'i), Tostai.iciito, ]<\l. ^[S.
AniiV!) ilu Iji Ciifsla (Fclipi), C.iitai ikl Miniuiicro. MS. In mijsiDii an. I
.secular aruhivf.s.
Aii'uyo ilo laCuesta (Felipe). ( Iramuiar of the Mutsuii Laiigua'^'c. Xuw Ydik,
i.StJl; also original .\l.S.
Arrnyi> ilu In Cuesta (I'clijit), .\ \'ni.'al)iilai'y or IMiraso Bouk of the !Miit.sim
J^anu'iiaLio. New Vdiic. ISIJI; also ori'.;iiial MS.
Avtoa;i;a (lynat'io), Tereei-a E.xploraeii'ii, ITTi*. MS.
Aiiociisiiou (Antonio <lci la), L'caeiilr.iuiieiuo do California, I'J Oct. IG20. In
I'aL'lioco and Cardenas, Col. Doe., toni. viii.
Ashltiuner (\\'illiaui), lleport upon tlio ".ViH)." tlcjld Quartz Mine. Sau
Frauei.>eo, isOti.
A:-li!an.l (Or.), Tivlinys.
Ashley (1'. K.), ])oeunients for the Hi-itory of C'alifoniia. MS.
Ashley (U. 1!.), Iteeoi'ds kept duii:!:j j.)urney made by lueinljers of California,
Asboeiat ion from Monroe, Mieli., to (Ad., ISII). M.S.
jl--l'i y Vuni'louti', Trulado do (.'ai>itiilaeion do los Xavio.s, IS'2."). JIS.
Assendily, Sessions uf l.stii. In U. S. v.s. Uolton, -Vpp. Uricf U. S, Sup.
t'oui't.
Assoeialions. Sec Inatituti(jna.
.■\storia, Astorian.
Al.iua.-io, Causa Criminal contra ..■l Indio. Abril 2(i, ISDl. MS.
.\tlautio .Monilily. IJoston, l.':)."i8 et .«eip
AtlanLic an<l I'aeilio 11. I!. Co. Act ■j;raiitin',' lands. New York, ISOG; Cir-
cular. New York, 1S,'),>; and otiier il(jcnnientH.
.\tleta(i;i). .McNico, lS±totsc.|.
Auliuru, I'lacr ller.ilil, Stars and Stri[)cs, Union Advocate, etc.
Auger (l.ldouard). Voyage en Califoriuo, 18oii-;>. l.'aris, ki.")4.
Au.jiin (Xev.), lleeso IJiver lieveillc.
Australian Ne\v.si)aper.i in .Meehanic-i' Library of San Francisco .nnd ebowhcrc.
.\aiol
A\
iio'^raii
a, Auto^r.ilica do I's i'
Mi
u:
MS.
(T. JI.), Spc-eeli in U. S. II. of K>p. March -JT, ISoO, to admit Cali-
fornia. Washington, lS"i!).
Averill (Charus E. ), Lifu in California. I'.oston. n.d.
.\vcry (Ijenjamin I'arke), Californiau Pictures. Xcw York, l.sy^.
A\ ila (Antonio), y otros, Papeles tocantes ii sii sedicion, \bVyl. W.<.
.\\i!a (.fuan), Xotas C.iliforuianas. MS.
A\ ila (.Maria Inoeenta), Cosas do California. MS.
Avila (MiLTUeli. Pocumentos para la liisioria do Calif irnia. ^IS.
.\\ ila do liios (Catarina), llecnerdips. ^IS.
.\yala (Tadeo Orti/.), Jlcoiunen di; la Iwta'li.stiea del Imp. Mex. Mexico, IS:]
Av(
(F. II.), P.
il Ad
veniures.
.Avuntaniii'ntos, Decreto de las Ciirte
M.-
-Vzai
Vi.'cntcs, \S1\\
), ( )rd(
lo ^[ayo, ISPJ. In Mexico, Lcyea
i/a I \ iri'v
M.>
In t!
1" arcluves.
.Vxan/.a (\irey), Ynstruccion, IS(K). ilS.
lfiV(
les, cti:
Irnador,
MS.
.). Ml
.f Ivirlv Ti
MS.
liaird (Spencer !■'.), Fi.shand I'l-herics [l.'ilh (.'
i;
■t'.il. Wa^ihinv'ton, IS77.
tUer (I
1-
P.). .Speech before Califoi'nia Si'ualo
Id. Scss., Sei
Pt and -Jd.
Mis. Do
S.iu
rani'iseo,
IS.i-l;
-■r Ci!y (Oi'.), IK'ral.
Ko oilier S[ice
cnc.
d, Kern County ('alil'orniaii, K' rn County ( 'on.rier, Kern County
I'tte. Sonthorn Californiau. clc.
ddridge (William), The Pay.s of "I.
M-
l'.ald\vin(K
S.). S|
icecn in
U
S. ."-en,
yu
'11, ls.")0. .\dmissiun <if Califor-
nia, etc,
Washin''ton, liS.JO.
1 .
XXX
AUTiToniTi-;!': quoti:d.
r.,)ll (\. r..), Sketch by a rioneor. IMS.
];jllcii.sUMlt ((.'. W. 'J'.), J)c.s(;lir( ihuug iiiciiicr Iluiso nach ilon (loMmiiicn.
L'lilit'oriiions. Scliiliiiii'^'t'ii, l^ril,
llallou (John), Tli<^ l.Mily of the Wi'st. Ciuciiiiiati, ISrio.
I'.ailoii (WilliiiTii 'r. ). Ailvi iitiii'fs. !MS.
lialtiuuiii- (.M(l.)i I'aliiot, Sun.
llaiuTott (A. li. ), Jiiary of a .louniey to ()i'c,'.,'oii. MS.
]!aiK!-ot't (llul)crt llowc), History of tho I'acilic States of 'N'oi'tli xVmorica.
San IVaui'iHi.'O, l.SS'i ct S(m|. "JS vol:i. ; Xativc IL'ici'S of tliu I'acillo States.
New Yoili, ls7."). .")vo!s.; ro]inhu''l'ri'iuiials. San Francisco. '2 voIh. , etc. ;
llancrot't (lluhi'it Howe), I'crsonal Uliservations in Caliinrnia, lS7i. ^IS,
ll.iuii'oft l.ihi'arv, MS. Sciajt-hook:*, containin:: chi.-silied noted uscil in writin";
Jiaiicvott H works.
IJuucicil't Liliiary, Xewsijiaper scraps classilied under th(3 followin.c; lieadinu-i:
Academy of Sciences; Aniuseuicnts and Ccleljialions; Art; Author.s;
]!anl<s and Ijankiiii^; IjiijlioLfiaiihy; JUosra])hy; Jiiiths, Deaths, etc.;
Chaiitahlc Institutions; t'hinese; Climate; Constitutional Convention;
Counties; Crimes and Society; JvntlKiualcis; Kdueat'on and Scliools;
Fai-cs anil Ficii-'hts; Fishciics; Floods; Fruit-iaisim,'; Indians; Jou-nalisni;
Kearncjism ancl the W'oi'kinu'iiiei.'.s I'ai'ty; Lands; l,ei.!;al; Liliraiies; l,iun-
l)i-i- (j>iicstion; Maiinl'actnres; Military Ali'aii's; Mineial S[ii in,L'~; Miniu'^
Stocks; Miscellaneous; ]Mo(loc ^Va^; Xi.'W (JharliT; Oil and I'eti-oleum;
I'ionccr C'eli'brations; F(j!ilics; ]'o))ulation and (Ailoni/atioii; llailfoads;
Uelii^ion; Ftesonrccs; ]ievenuo and Taxation; lioads an<l lloutes; .'■•iiip-
]>in;r and Xavi.uation; Silver IJenionoti/ation: State Fairs; SVock-iaisin.L;;
Stories aiul Le'ieiids; Tel c^'rai ills; 'J'radeand < 'onnnerce; Tri])s aci'o,-.s tho
Continent and \'oyagcs by Sea; United States Mails; \\'ater Supply.
(is vols. 4to.
Landini (duan), Acusaeiones contra An;;el Finnnri'Z, ISIU-T. ^IS.
]'>anilini (-luanK Apuntes I'oliticos, ISoJ. MS.
Jiandini (-luan), ( ,'arta Jlisti'irica y Oes^'riptiva de. C'alifoi'nia, 18"2*^. !MS.
llanilini (■luan). Carta Particular ii Vidlejo sohrc cosas politicas. 12 Die,
ls:!0. MS.
Fnuidini (Juan), Carta a Vallejo solire llevoluciones. .T Die. ISlii). ^IS.
Dan<liiu (Juan), ( 'onti'stacion :i la Alinnicion de Victoria, Is.'il. MS.
]iandini (Juan), (.'orrespondencia I'articular y Olicial. .MSS. ^V lai'.uo num-
ber of documents in private and public archives, in addition to those
.■specially named in this list.
])andini (Juan), Fl i)ip!itadode la Alta California ;i sus Comitentts. li A'^osto,
is;;;i. :Me.\ico, ],s;!;j.
I'andiiii (Tuan), I tiseursoantc el Ayunt. dc Los Anpeks. ^T^fayO) i^."7. MS.
])andini (Juan), Docunuintos ]iara la Historia do California. -MS.
IJaudini (Juan), Historia tic Alia California. MS.
Damlini (Juan), Infomiacion ilel ^■isitador Ue Adiiana, IS;!."). ]\IS.
Dandini (Juan), Maniliesto a la l)iputaciou subrc ramos do llaciuuda Terri-
torial. 1.SJ2. .^IS.
Handini (Juan), Proyecto de Misioues, 1S4(). MS.
liaiidini (Juan), Succsoi did Sur, -Mayo-A'josto, L'^,'>7. MS.
Danlield (.[. A.), ]listoiical Sketch of Volo County. In Woodland Yolo
])eniocrat, July (i, IS7().
I'anker's MaLia/ine and Statistical Kegister. ]laltimore, etc., 181G et seq.
llaidcs. See Listitntions.
Uaninof (Alexander), Slii/noo]iissanic. St Petersburg, 18.'!,'>.
]jarber (.loiin ^\'.l. and Jlenry Howe. History <if Westirn States and Terri-
torie-i. Cincinnati, \^i>~.
I'arnard (Ifelen M.), 'J'hi; (Jhorjx'nnini; Claim, n.p!.. n.il.
liirnes (Dc'm.as), From tlie Atlantic to the Paciiie Overland. Xew York, IStiti.
]?.irnes ((}. A.), Oregon and California. MS.
liarri (Felipt'), Olicios del Cob''- de la Baja California, ^IS. la Prov. St.
Pap. passim.
I
1
I
I
S
■^
I
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
XXXI
MS.
12 Die,
ru'c iiiim-
ila Tcrri-
luil Yulo
•t SUI|.
11(1 Torri-
Hik, IStii).
Fiov. ,St.
Barmw (.Tnhr,), T!iu Life, ^'(lya^,'l■s, aiul J.xploits of Ailniiral Sir I'iaiiLis Drake,
Ltiii(l..ii, I si:!.
]!anir,\- (Williaiii), 'i'lie (leiieial; or Twelvo Ni^riits in a lluiiter'.s Camp. l>os-
loil. lNi',1.
IViiiy (W. .1.), Up anil Down. Loiuloii, lS7t).
]5any (H. .\. ), aii'l I!. A. I'atteu, Men and Memoi-ics of San Franci.suo. Sau
Friincisco, ISTii.
r.avsto\v (Ail'red), Stateiii-'iit of a, I'ionocr of lS-11). MS.
T.arslo\v(l). P.), Iteeoileetioiisof lSt:)-,"jl. :\IS. ^
];.ir."l()\v (ijooryo), Iiitroiiiietory Ailclress. Sau Fraiieisco, IS.')'.); other al-
(Irc-i.ses.
liartk'tt (Joliu Riissoll), rcrsonal Xaviitive of jAiiloratinns iiud Tiieideiit.s in
'J'exas, Xow Mexico, California, etc. New Yoric, IS.'il. 'J VoL-i.
IJartk'tt, (.f<^liu l!u.-;sell), lit jK.rt on the Ijonndary ijiiic Iietweeii the U. S. ami
Mexico. |l)"Jd Coni;., I'd Ses^., Sell. ]^x. Doc. 11.) Vraslmiytun, IS.")!.
Kartk'tt-, (\Vashiii;^'ti.ii), Stat laeiit of a. I'ioneer of ls|'.». -MS.
];artoii (.lames IL), Statomcnt of an Ivirly Settk'r. ^IS.
IJarton (Stei)heiil, Ivii'ly liintory of \'i.siiia. Scrap-book.
]]asellaiul>cliafliic!ion Zcitiiic, ISIiS.
liate.i (D. ];.), Four Years on the I'acilic Cast. ]iu.^ton, lS."iS; Lcston, 18C0.
F>atca (If. W.), Jlliistrated TraAel.s. Foiidon. ii.d.
Bates (1. (/.), Jlejiortof the I'roceediuj^.s, . . Wdl and Testament of Horace
liaues. San J''rancisco, hS7-.
Ilittk' Moniitain (Xev.), Messen'4er.
Fauer (.lohn .\.), Statement, of a^Fioncer of ISlt). IMS.
Fausmaii (William), Early < 'alifornia. San Fi'aiicisco, IST-.
llaxlcv (11. Willis), \Vhat I .saw on the Western Coast. Xcw York, ISti.'..
lieaclfc (.1. 1!.), '1 he Undeveloped We.,t. J'hiladelphia [IST.'ij! Western WikU.
(.'inciniiati, ISTl).
Fcadle's :\lonthly. Xew York, IS!!.") ot seij.
Feale (E. F.), Wa'^on Foad from I'ort Diliance to the Colorado Fiver. [.']3tli
Couv., l.st.Ses's., H. Ex. Doc. ]-_'4.]
Fran (IMwiu F. ), see Directories, Nevada County, Cal., 1H()7.
Fc:!r Fla- Papers, 181(i. MS.
Feard (llcnry), Ar,i:;umeut. .John Folaiid. . .Land Claim, "La Fnciite."
Wiushiiiudon, IM)!!.
Beckw iiii (10. It.), lu'port of l^xploration of a Foutc; for the Facific ]l,iil-
road near tlie IJStli and ;!!)tk Farallels [;!;!d Cong., Est Scs.s., Jf. Kx. Doc.
]'2U\. AVashiiiLtton [lH.31].
Fee (!•'. A.). 0[)cnin,i; Ai'uiiment. . .Chine-e Tiiuuii;rntion. S. F,, isyd.
Fee (Henry J. ). lU'collections of (.'alit'oruia from l.s;!(t. ,MS.
]'iccchcv (F. ^\'.), Xarrative of a \'o\'ai:e to the I'acilic, etc., in IS'J.J-S.
l.o'i.lon, lS:',l,-2 vols.; I'hiladelphia, I.S.'i'J.
F)cechcy (F. W.), '/.'<i'i\o':y oi Yoyaijc. See llidiarilson {.I.) et al.
Fi'crs ((ieor^c A.), N'asipu^z. Xew York, 1S7.").
Felcher (Edward), Narrative of a \'oya;,'e round the World in ].S.1(i-l-2.
Loii<lon, I'vt.'i. 2 voLs,
Fcldiii (I)avid), Speech in Sen, of Cal. Fel). 0, ISGG, against the Fcpcal of
the Spvcilie ('ontract Act. .*<acramciito, 18(10.
]'.eldcu (.losiah). Historical Statement. .MS.
Frideii (.(o.sialn. Letters of a Pioneer of FS-ll. MS,
];■ Ifarit (Me. ), Kt'puhlican Journal.
F>. II {\. D.), Arguments in favor of Innnigr.ition. San Francisco, ]^'!C\.
Fell (ilor.nc), lieiiiiniscciicfjs of a PL.-inger. L. An.u'eles, ISSI ; als<j scrap book.
VaW (.1. ('.), obituary Address on Death of. Sacr.imeuto, iStJO,
F'll (W. A.), New Tracks in North America. London, IbTO.
]!clh;ville (111.), Advocate.
]jcllo\\s (Henry W,), In Memory of Tiios. Starr King. l3iscourse, r^Iay 1,
i;'(il. h-an ]''rancisco, 1S(J4.
Iklmuiit (Nov.;, Courier.
w
NXXll
AUTiiomTir:s quotfj).
I ,
Iii'iili.'ini ((';illiou:i). To.^timr)ny in behalf of tho I'. S. vs. .Siittcr. "Xcw
llilvilia. ' Siiii I'nuirinci), ISOl.
lleiiic'i.t, Cliroiik'Ii', Nuw Mr.'i, I'iiciliu (.'Iiuit!iiii;iii, 'J'ribiuio, etc.
lluiiii'iii, Oliiciiil l)iiiiiiii(ut.i i;i iUliitinii t(j J.uinl 'I'ilks. Suisiiu, I'liii.
]>u'iiiu:tt (11. (.'.), (;iiiiu.'.i(.' lial)!jr. A Li^L'tnro. Sau Kraiici.HOo, 1,S70.
Bciiiittt (lliury), S|K(.:i.!i in L*. S. H. of \U;i<., Miiy 'J7, I'S.iO, on Ailiiu:iii<)u (-f
(,'alitiiiiiia, \\ a^liiiig'.ou, ISJl,),
Di'niictt (.\ illianii'll, Tlu' tjiicuo ( 'asc. n.[il., u.il.
Iji'iilluy (William i;.), I'luu.^ant 1'atli.s of tho I'ucilic Xorthwo.st. Sail Fran.
cisfo, \l:b>2.
]'<ciitou (.1. A.), Tho Califc.i'nia I'ilgrim. Sacraiucnto, IS.').'!.
Ijoiitmi (Thoiims II.), Ahridu'incnt of Pchatcs in Congress, 17">n-l.S."(5. "Kcw
York, lS,')7-(il!. Hivi'i;.; 1)( fcuco of l'i'r:iioiit. In Xilcs' lifi/istcr, Ixxi.
I71i; S;i(;iuh in I'. S. Si'iialo, .July, l.sls. In C'oii^'. (ilohi', I^it7-'S, A] i>.
'J77; Siici'ch in U. S. Sinato, Jan. 1.5, LSI!), on .\(l ji!(li(.'ati')n of haul
Titlcii, t'tc, in Now Mexico anil California. AVaiiiinujtun, KsiJ; Tliiiiy
Ycar.s' N'icw. Xi'W York, 18.VI. '2 vols.
r^'ivn,'!'!- (.1. 1'.), (Jollu'tion ilu Tmis ks ^'(>yagf•.4 faits fiutonr ilu Momlc
raii.-j, 178S-;). vols.
r>''ikeky, Ailvm-iti', l!i!ki'li\van.
]!' rkolcy (.Miai'Uily. San Fiamisco, ISRO-I. 2 vuU.
H'rvniuAr.'. {.] . M.), Ycrilaili'i'a ( ' lusn. do la ii'.'vohieiou. Toliica, ISol,
l!tiii:;l (.Iu,\m), .Mrnioria do im Cdifoinio. ;\IS.
llriTcycsa (.\nfoiiio), lU'laciun dt! .sus lu-'(;ii(.'nl",s. 'M'A.
liriivyL'sa iiud CaniHo, (.hianvl at t'oiionia, ISKi. M>.
11: rry (1 !l'i,i-_;l'). 'i'lio (Jold if C'aliuirnia. London, l>;-!f».
Jji .stard (iliii'Mavontura), l'a«toi-al del Conii.sariu (Ifncial do InJias. "JS do
Agosto, IhlO. MS.
Efitaid (i'.mnavontiua), I'asto'.'al. (i iIu Mayo, I'llli. I\I >.
licta^di (Willi.i'.u), A Voya!:;o round tho AV'orld. I.,oiidon, 17'.!S; London,
17o7; ahso in riukoi-ton".s N'oya^'is, vol. ,\vi. ; llarii.s' Col., vol. i.
Btyer (Moiitz), Das AuM\\auder'!n;:sliuoh. I^oijizi;.', l.S4(}.
Ibai't (Lucifu), My Ikunhk'.s in the Xmv World. J.ondou, l>s77.
Lidloniaa (II. .!.), suo ])ir(fLolios, Sacramento, ISGl-'J.
BidwcU (.John), California in 1S4I-S. :MS.
Lidwoll (John), Journey to (alilornia. n. |.!. | |S1'J|.
Jjigol'iw (.rohn^ Le.s ^kat^^-Ullis D'Ann'si [ue. I'aris, l.s;).']; Memoir of tlie
Life and I'nMic Services of .lolin C. I'n'niont. Xiw York, l8.)lj.
]]ii.',','.s, llutte (^uuiiy rvcgi.ster, Silver Ik'nd Ib'iiorter.
]'ii;:ler (lleniy \V. ), iJiary of a Mormon in ('alilornia. MS.
IJigler (■iolnii, Ailihvss at a Meetiui,' of (.'iti/.eiis of Santa Clara County, n.pl.
ll;vV>]; Scrap Look, 1S.")()-'J; S|)eecli at Sacramento July 11, lSo7. Sacra-
nu'uto, liSll7; and other .'^iieiH'he.s.
l]i,!,'lv (('autell A.). Auriiodina. Xew York, \^VX
r.iUi'ng:* (Fi-edei-ick), Address, Sept. •_';$, IS.il. San Francisco, ISj4.
r.ilson (l). ), Tlie Hunters of Kentucky, etc. Xesv York, l'^17.
r.io:ira])iiical Sketches in S. Jose I'ioiKH'r, lS7.S-S;i.
Linl (Isal.flla L), Lady's Life in the Locky Mountains. Xev,- York, 1.S70-S1.
liirnie (Itoliert), I'er.soual Advenfur'js. MS.
Llaik (<;eor;;e). llepert on tho Middle Yul.a Canal. Sin I'raiu'isco, ISilt.
lilack (J. S.), Keijovt.-i I f Cases ar,f.,'ued and determined in the Supremo Court
of the United States. AVashin';ion, ISO;!,
Blaeu (or .Tansz), ,\merica. {.\tlas Maior). Amstelaedami, UKl'J.
Llau'don (Franci.s William). The Modern Gei):;ra|>hei'. London, n.d. ."> vols,
lilake (William 1'.), Ccologieal l\econnaiss:inco in C.-difovnia. Xi\v \'orU,
IS.'S. 4to; The Production of tho I'reeioiis Metals. Xew York, etc.
IMI!).
Bhuichet (F. X'.), Historical Ski-tehes of the Calholio Church in (.)re^^on.
Portland, 1S7.'^.
Bledsoe (A. J.), History of L)cl Xurtc County. Eureka, ISSl.
'"^
AUTHOrjTIKS QUOTIID.
xxxiii
tcr. "New
1807.
.70.
Vthiusaion of
.Sail I'riUi-
lS.-fl. Xcw
■i^istur, Ixxi.
,s J7 S, A) \).
Im of Liiii'l
I8l;»; Thii-ly
du Mollilc.
is;;i.
iiiliin. "JS do
■.;S; Louiloil,
pi. i.
pinoii" of the
iiinty. ii.i'l.
ik. ISTO-Sl.
L-O. ISCt.
ircinc (Jiuu't
l.d. .") Vnl-!.
X, \\- \'(irk,
y.iik, lU'.
ill (.)rr-()ii.
lilies (William 1;.), I'ai-idio.! in tlif ]'a..illc. Xcv.- V. 1!:. lP-^
IMnxoiii'j (Is.iuc), Vi^;ila;it;i! Coimuitti'c. by ",'>:) Si'i-ivtury.' Mf*.
li'imi U'liili. Varii.u.i iiaiai>l:lct.-j vf dili'oiviit lotl'.i'.s of llio Hooioty.
1!.) le^a y Ciuidra (Jiiiin Fraiit-ihu'o), Cumuiuu do l.i N'avi';?i<'i'':i. I77'i. MS..
];<idc„a y ( 'iiadra (•liiaii I'raiici.jeo), Xiivc'^'ai.inuy ]Ju ciilniiiiii ".N», 177!). M.S.
ni>d(".;ay Cuiidra (Juan I'laiicisio), Sc^imda, .S;ilida, 177'.'. MS.
ljiilc;,'ii y L'uudra ( luaii I'mnciHco), Via,!,'i) do 177"i. MS.
1'. .dir, ( 'liriMiiou', I'lvt: I'lX'.-iS, Moiliiii'4 Xi;\v;-i, Staiidai'd, etc.
r.iV^.'^H (William M.), IIi'miiiiHL-('iii.'CH Irmn Isji!. M^.
li.i.^^'s (Wiiiiam M.), Trip aurdsa tlic I'laiiis in IMli. In Ctilir.tog.'i Tiilv.uio,
l'>7i; Xa^iii i;(';,isiLr, lis7'J.
r.'ijoiuL's (•liiaii), JvL'L'iK.Tdo.s Kobrc la Ilistoria do California. ^IS.
]io!L'of (.l(iau), ('ai'ius du uu Ituso. M.S.
IJDiiill.i (.)i)su Maiiatiii), UixiimL'iitn.s para la Ilistoria dc Califoniin. ^IS,
1". aiiila (Mui iaiio', N'aiias Cartas, 1S;;4-17. MS. Arcliivi"', jiab-im.
liuiHii-i' (T. !>.), I^iff. and Ad vent arc i of .laiuei I'. Ijccliwonrlli. X. Y,, IS.iS.
];i,iiayi'arti!u (U. IL), Sjiani.sli Anaiioa. J.nndiin. l^^iS. 'J vols,
liiuuiik (.James), 'lac ilormun.f and tlic Silvir ^liiu':'. J^nndnii, V-7-.
lioulii (.Sfivion), Addicns, Au^. iS, l.SOS. ,San Fianilieo, ISOlSj al.-o Viiiiiiis
addrcsso.s iind IcttiTS.
Ijorliiin, ravccur del I'i.-io.il sobrc td Proyecto do aluii- Comuniuaciou tiitio
Califjniia y X. McNii-o, ls;ll. MS.
Ir.jiic.i (Uioj/o), Castiijos) fine liau do siifiir lu^f Indios, 171'". M''.
UnivM (Liio^'o), ('onvvp )ud>'nci,i di 1 SrOiljLnuido;'. 17'.'! IS'"). MS.
Iwiicii (Ditgo), laformo wulr.'o coiiiuiiicaLiou oou X. Mi .■ ioo, \~'M, ^IS.
1; i:ic:i (!Ji;';,'o), Juiuinn; do XuoMi.s ^lisiniu'S, 17!'0. MS.
li.'iioa (l;io;.i(j), InKtrutciim dcdiii^ir l.a finidaciDii du Ura'U'if'ntP, 17!)7.
I'.oiiua (Dif;,'o), Instniccioa para la uiowlta du S. Jnan ]5;'.utis.:i, 17!J7.
]; >;iiii (l):(',.;o), rrnycuto s-.ohro Divij^ion du Calii'c(ruia.i, 17Uo. M.':^.
iJ.ir 'uda ( lu.sj Cannt(i), Xola.J du California. ^LS.
li.iidiida (.iosu k'..), Apuntcs llistoiiuos. !MS.
ll.iitlnvii'k (J. D.), Tl.iuu Year; in California. London, 1'^'."7.
ll.jouaiKi (* Ii.Tiinim )), CiiiniLjuliiuiuh. l::io\v Yodc, l>rf;i. \v'iih Roljiuson (AU. )
L'U\: in Cal.
r isuana ((tuvuiamo), E.scritos Sucltcs del I'ad'.v. !MSS.
l!.ir>:uii(.Ma.5d. ), Advuriisur, (,'onMnui'i.ial iluiluLiti, JoiUiial, Post, TravuUur, etc.
Postoii ill llio Xoitliv.(>;it, Solid ilea of. JNIS.
1; itoUo (N'awiso), .Analcsdul tiuv. M>i.
MS.
AIS.
An'
MS.
lliitc'llo (Xaruiso), ('oniuniuacioneH .Siiulta.i do ini
Piiiiua <!oiiui'al do lo;? Uumcdios I-l-ii^'.-inii iitad''.s. .'oiioina, looS.
1; iLia (P. \].), (ihiorvatioaa anv ks llabitan:) do la C.difoniio. In Xouv. An,
Nov., lii. 1 'iti.
]'■ j'.ii (t'. !■;.), 0-5.su rvazioai .sugli Aljil..mti dulia Caliinini.i. In JJahaut C'jlly,
Pi>tv.s (. '. 'i'.), Addr.'ss, S[)ueeh, et(\
iJouclmcmi'': (CJi.), Xotiuu ladustriullo snr la Califovnip. Lynn, ISIO.
liuLK-iiard Ali'.iir, Tu.sliinonio do Pii.sioncn
.!<' h
.iitcs, I5l6. MS.
P.oiinii ri'Miiu. or tlieluild Jluiitui'.s Manual. Xuw \'oiU, lS'y2.
Ix'Win (.\s.iM.), Statuniuntun San Pa.soiial, l.'i4(). MS.
lii)\vur.s (S,i[>!iun), Santa lio.^a Lland. In Sniitlibonian llup'.ft, 1S77.
p. >uiu (All.;. .1.). ilydranlio Minin,-,' in Calii'orni.i. ■'■an I r.uiui.suo, lfS7.''.
J'.o\\i(; (Uiihard 1.), Spcuoli in U. S. 11. of }lv[)., .Tuiiu 0, lS.i;», on t!iu. t'alifor-
ai.in (,»iK'stioa. Wasliiayton, lS.")i).
Piwlfs (Siii-mul), Across tliu CDiitiiiunt. Sprin';!iolil. ISiiO; Our
llaiLford, etc., li(jl»; The Paciliu Ihuhpad. Uoston, 1 >!;!).
I'l'vcr (i.ansioa), From tho Orient tc) tliu Ocuidunt. Xuw York,
Inr.aton (.1. S.), Statumuat of a Pioauur. MS.
liiauu (( liarlu.s I.oiin'_'), Tho Xuw West. X. w York, I*-!'.!*.
Pra.^krtt (Alliurt (;.)V lli^loi'v of tho C. S. Cavaiiy. X< v.- Y.-rk, Imm.
LiackuLt (Alhort C), ladiaa War in Califoruia aud Xuvuda, l6JiJ-7. MS.
Xuw AVust.
1S7S.
xxxir
AUTi.roniTiKs QroTim.
■liiiJ
llmck.'tt fAlLcrk f!.), Lint i.f OiricnM of (^llif..nli i l!,iti:il!on. ISlrt 7. MS.
llrac!:cn i.Mlicrt i!.i, Ski'tr;! (.f I -t l.'r ;i,iiiiit, New V"i-k N'l.liiiili crs. MS.
Kliickctt (AllM'td.l, Skctrli of til.: .MoiiiK.,! liaM.iliMii. M ■;.
IJr.uiril'iiti) (villa ili ), hii't/mica ik'l li-i'al s'llirc l'iiiiila'i"ii, IJi'T. Ml^
IJlMlii iliHti.' (viUii ill'), J']l Disc Ti'tiiiii) lie S. i''iriiain!.) al Viny, ITI'T. Mi^.
liriiiiril'*!!.' (villfi lii'j, Inrnrimt ilcl IJcal 'riiliuiiitl hi)1i;i' la luuilatiun, I7!l"i. AM.
jJi'iiiiL'ltMi'lo (Viny), iVuLuri/.ai'iuii p.na la ruiiil.icioii do Nucvas Mi.siuiic.s,
I7!)(i. MS.
Ijiiuicif'ii'U) (Viiuy), il IJai'ic.a Mohro Ijatci'iin il'! S. i niin.'i.s'j'i, 17'.'-'j. MS.
Ilr.iiicitoilt) (Viri'y), lu:jtniii'i(>ii, IT'.U 7. MS.
Jlraiicii'oi'lo (N'ircy), \'i!rio.< Olii'iiw, 17!)t-H. .MS.
Itrand-t mill .^fal•k^. .MS. 1 vol. In Arciiivi) do (^'aliforiiiii.
]li'!iy (IMimind), MciiKiir i)f a 'I'lip t') <'alifnriii.i, IM!. ?.1S.
llivuk, Spcrcli ill U. S. II. i)f Jirp., Martli '_'.», l.S."ii), mi Uiu Mufsa/j'L' of tlio
I'lvadi'iit ivlaliii^ to Califoriiiii, Wasliiir^ton, JS.'it).
r.i'fifii (■Idliii), I'iiiiuHi- Moiiioir.s. MS.
lli'i'iii (l'aiiick)i I'iiiry of ouo of the iViiiiur I'aity. 1'>I''. ?1S.
IJrcrotoii (It. M.), liLj) :)i-t oil Mi's.^r.-- Dt'iialcy and ( 'o.'.-t C;iiial Project, etc.
San I'liiiU-isLO, l.SVJ; olhiT vopoits.
llri^worioM (i li.'oryo I).), .V Itido from [.us Andes ti N'l'W Mi'xi'o. ]ii liar-
]pi'i'.s .\ia'_'a;iiK'. ISo.'l. v.il. vii.
Uriliiiy, or llic Ciilifo.nia Suiiatoiial lllcction. San l"ran<isco, lyiiS,
J^'.iifi! aiirt d'li V'i'riini;;tiMi Staatiii. Lcipzi;,', IS.Vt, 'J vols.
J^riufs of Caliiorniii Stii)vc';iio ( "o\irt ami ollur coui t.s, mnv than .',('0') in rmin-
l)(.'r, alpout l,Oi';)<it' wiiii'li I'outain itnns of hi 'toiiiMl cvidcin'r, and ovrr
in,) (if wiiich !i\\^ cited in my iinLis by the name.j of tliu oiisctj, Not
named in tiii.s list.
Bri;;','.s (('. I'.). Narrative of ISJG. In Xaiui Report, r, An;,', lil, ls72.
liriruow (K. L.), Iteiuountei's with lndi:ins, etc. ,\IS.
liroek (Joseph .M.). jtecollcctioim of '4!). MS.
]',-ockctt (L. I'.), Onr Western Kni])ir('. rhikidelpliia, etc., IbSl.
IJro.lic (S. H.), St.itcincnt of L(gal Matters. ]MS.
Ih'ook'.yn, X'idettc.
J'.roiihhiii (The) .Mormons in CaliforniM. From a iu;\vsp:i;ier.
]]rt>oks (!',. S. ), Alcalde ( 1 rants in the City of S.m l''iMncisco. In T'ioncer.
vol. i. \-l\).
Britoks K'hiirks Woleott), Cliincsc in Ca!ifonii:i. S. V., Is77; K.nly Mi^jra-
tions of Ancient Western Xalions. S. F. , lS7(i; E'lrly Miiialious, ()ri;,fiii
of (,'hini'so Uticc. S. F., lS7ii; Ja[)aiic.so NVrccks. S. F. I>s7(>. Xevv.s-
p.. pel- Iteports of I'apor.s on ()ri.;iii of the .lapane.so I'aco, Scijips.
Brooks (If. S.), The California Monntiiineer. S oi Francisco, IStil.
]jroo!;)(l. Tyrwliitt), Four Mont'is anions,' the ( iold-lindcrH. I.ondrin, ISIO;
Kcw York, IS I;); I'aris, 1S4!); \'icr ina;uidcii ondcr de (Iniid :oel;ers in
Oppcr-C'alifornie. Amstcnhiin, ISIO; \'ier Monate nntcr Uiddlindern iu
Oher Kalifornicn. Leiii;'i,v'. IS4!); Z'.ri di, 18 !).
Brooks (•r..iiicu), A Seven .Months' l!un. X.n" York, 1872,
r>r..ok.s (V. ('.). A ('"liiplcle History of th.^ .\;. xican AV;ir. Phil., 1840.
];rook •• (ii. S. ), Sjic( eh in U. S. II. of Ivep .^iiiic i 1, 1S"!4, on I'aeilic JIailriad.
AVasliiii'.^tnii, I ''.."4.
Ih-os.s (William), Address on Itcsoitrces of Far West. Jan. 'I'l, LSi'iti. New
York, KS'UJ.
I'rown (Ciiiirlcs), Faily Ilveuts in ('alifoiiiiil. AiS.
I'rown (i'.lam), An old I'ionecr. In San Jose Pioneer, .Tan. 20, 1.S7S.
Brown ill. S.). Karly Days of California. MS.
Browne (.1. i;<ias). Address to the 'renitnrial Pioneers of Califoinla. In S. F.
News Letter, Sept. 1 1. Is7."); lluliei t IL Bancroft and his fjterary I'lider-
takiiigs. In Ovirland Monthly; Lower Cal. See Taxlor; Iteku ion de los
I)e1iates lie lii Convencion dc Calit'oinia, Set. y Oct., 1S4!), Xucii York,
1851; li'eport of Dcoates in Convention of California. Sept. and Oct.,
I84!), AV;-.slih)gtoii, I8,"i0; Kiport upon the Mineral llisouiccftuf the States
"^
AUTIIOKITIES QUOTKD.
xxxv
sia :. MS.
IllllcrlS. ,MS.
7. MS
17:17. MS.
iuii. I7!i'>. MS.
jvas Mi.-^iiims,
(05. MS.
ilcsaago of tlio
1 i'l'iijoct, etc.
iiio. Ill liar-
ISfiS.
r>,Or)') ill mini-
[■111'!.', ami (ivi r
10 I'lisuhj. Is'ot
I, 1SV2.
581.
Ill Ti'inorr.
Kaily Mi;,'i"i-
aticias, Oi'i;,-iii
1^7i>. Nuwij-
f-'craps.
(il.
.(indoii, ISH);
>uiL;oc!:ei-s in
lokllimlurii ill
1.. 1S!I>.
ilic JIailr lad.
'>, 1.'m',(), Xew
;,s.
hia. Tm S. F.
aiy I'lidor-
,■■ imi lb' liis
\ i!c'. ;i ^'()^k,
pt. .•liid Oct.,
il the .States
nnilTfiTitniit'S Wixtof )Ii<'l!'M'ky Af.niiit.iiiiM, W!is1iiii't<>ii, I'^OT; Wa.sli-
iiiv'loii iSiiS; Sail I'lMiici-cii. IsiiS; liiiinrt-i up m tlu' .Mineral II^■^oll^(■t■^l
lit' tliu riiittii St.'itfs. \Va-liiii-tuii, i.sii7; lU-.iuuruu.s of tlu! I'aciiio
Sjiipi', cti"., S.iii l''niiu'i.si'ii, |S(;!».
llryaiit ( I'Muiii), VoyjiuM i-ii ( "ilit'nriiit', cti'. I'aiis, 11. il.; ^\'ll.■lt t .saw in
r.ilit'Mniia. \cw Vork. IMS; \,\v Voil;. Isl'l.
J'.rvaiit (Williaiii ( 'ililni), ilip^ioiv cit' tlic liiitf 1 .statfH. Xi:\V Voik, l.S7(J-;;l.
•1 VdIh.
nucarili (\'iri'y), ( j(!!niiiii'acioiii"i iiI Ckiii. (Icii. y ( !.>Iii'. ile <'al., 177--!'. MS.
I'.!ic.iic!i (Xircy), In-itnifoion nl (' niiaiiilaiitt' dc Cal"-, I77;>. MS.
ilir.iiTJi (N'iivy), FiiMtniccioii d'l Vic'v. 17 .\','o.stn, 177.'!. .MS.
Ilii.aiili (N'iivy), IiistriU'ciiiil del \'irfy. ."dSit., 1771. >rS.
iliunrcli (Viicy), I'rovidoiicias d<i \'irty. 'Jil May.i, I77:t. MS.
naijli.iuaii (•laiii.s), lii^tiiU'li.'ii.s of ilio S.i'iut.iry of Statu to 'J'ii. ■<, O. Laikiii
as ( 'oiilidfutial .\i,'riit of the W S., IM."). 'MS.
llui'iiaiiaii (•IniiR'.s), In^triivtioiis tn N'mliii-.-i, Oct. 7. ISIS. In Cal. and X,
Mi.v.. Mi'ss. and Dnc. ls.>(). [). (i.
I'.nclli.i (.Viitollio), Cartas di: 1111 \'( liii.i dc S. .To.-*.'. MS.
IJurlii.i (I'V'lix), \arr;aioii sijbic Tii iiiima I'asados. M.S.
I'.iillal.i (.\. v.), {.'oiliii'r.
lliilliiui (!■:. Ooiilcl), .Six M..iiliis in tlu.' <;..1.1 .MiiifS. PJiilaJolpIiia, Isr^O;
L. .11. 1' '11, ls.".0.
I'.Mincttll'i'tc'iIl. ), KrcollcctioiisandOpiiiiiiitsof aiiOld F'i'iiic!i:r. N. ^'., l.SS).
Uaiiu'tt (Pcti'r II. ), Itui'ollo ■ti'iiis of tlw.! I'ast, MS. 2 so!-.
Jlanu'y (.fiuncs), (.'ludiiolni^ical liistury of tliu I'iscovc'riuvs in tlic .South Sua,
or Taciiic Oi'c.'in. J^midon, 1M)I>-17. 4to. "1 vols.
Jaiiiis (.\;iron), Stiitcincut of V*i,:.;ilaiK'i; Ciiiniiiittcc. ]\IS.
]iiirr(l!. T.), (.'Iiart «lio\vin'^' Aye, itt'., of OlUcci-.s of .State and .Meiiilicr.-i of
Li'j;islatiiri', ISO.") (J. S.-nraiiunto, l'i()(j.
I'lUiris ( Davis), Xarrativc. MS.
Jlartnii ■.o,lm), Oilicial and Private Lcttcr.s. MS.
Jlartnii (Mrs .M. A.), IJioi,'ra|iiural Sketch. MS.
].iiit(.u 'Jlichard i'.). City of the Saints, etc. J.oiidon, isdl; X. V., 1802.
laiilim ( ll'iluit), Tlie l'n;.;lisli Ifero. I.iindon, 1()S7; l.oiidoi', 171(1.
J'.iisliaell (lli'iaee), Cliaracterisf ii-s and I'rospeets of Cilildinia. S'ln l''r/in-
cisco, li'v")S; .Moveini'Ut for a. rnivursity in (.'alifornia, ote. .'^au I'lan-
cisct), 1S.")7.
r.iistain;;iito (.Vna.sta.sio), E.scritos del ,Sr rrcsidento toeante a C; liforni.i,
l.s;i!l--2. .MS.
Uiistainaiite (( Viilos Maria), AiMintos paiiila Histoiia del <!ol>ienio del r!eiicral
^anta Anna. Mexico, l.sli ;!. .MS. .'{ vols. ; also print. .Mc'.iio, ISl'i.
I'iiistaiiiuiito (C/irlos Maria), Cnadi'o Hi- ti'.ri.'o do la Jle'voliicion Mexieaiia.
Mexico, IS:i;i 7. .")Vols.; .Mexico, US.'W 40. vols,
]'.ii>t:iiiiaiite (Cailo.s Maria), l»i:uio de lo tsiieci;il'.neiite oeiirrido en Mexico,
Si'pt. dc IS-H a.Tunio do IM.'!. .Mexico, Is-ll-.'). MS. -Ito. 4 vols.
lUistaniaiite (I'arhjs Maria) (iahiiiete Mexicaiio. Mexico, ls;;ii-4l. ,MS. 4
Vols. ; also print. Mexico, 1S4'J. '2 vols.
l!iist.'iiiiauto(( Virlos ^I.aria), Jip.'.asion dc Mexico dclo.s .Vii'jl i-.\ni('ric.'inos. MS.
llilstJiinaute ((Virlos Maria). Mi'didas p.ara l;i i';icillcacioii dr la ^\m('ri,-a M<'X-
icana. MS. IS-JO.
]!iistain:iiite ((,'arlos Maria), VA Xuevo j'xuiial Diaz del Castillo I'l !<ea lUstoriadu
la Invasion do lo.s Aiiijlo- America iir)s en Mexico. Mexico, ls47. 'J vols.
ISilstaliiaiite ((.Viilo.s ilaria), .''^iipleini'lito a Los 'Tres .Si;,los de Ca\d. Jalao.'i,
ls7'>.
liustalii.iiite (Ciirlos ]\Iaria), Vo/ de 1;i I'.itria, Conlinuacioii. Me'dco, 1S,'J7-'.*.
MS. <) Vols.
I'.aller (A. \V.), Resonrces of Montei'ey (Amiity. .S.in VraneiH-.i, 1S7"),
( ' (S.I, Descripcioii Topo;_rr.Hica de .Misiones, ISl."). In lleN'i'-ta ( i.ntil', i. .'f'_'7.
Cahalleio (.Jo.su tie), listadistica del Lstado Libre dc Jjonora y i?iiiuloti. MS.
mrr
xxxvi
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
riiliot f.Tiian), EKpodicion mI VM'i .lo lis Tiil.ires, IRM. :M:^.
('alK)t (JuMii ,Miil I\;ilni), Caitiiii ilu dos I'milts. M.S.
Cabntr.i JJuuiio (Joseph (juii/alfz), Xiivcgauiou EspecvLttiva. !M,iuil,i, 17'U.
Cabrillo t Iirui ];<i<lii,i,'UL';;), lli'laiiin (i 7)iari(i. In Florida, (' >]. ])oi-., 17'!; also
ill r.'.t;!i'.c'i .-uid (J.irduiiarf, ( 'ul. J).il'., ':i\'. I'i'i. (I'niiia'iiy liy Jiiaa i'ac;;.)
('aliiicii'r 1, <,'ai)iciikK'ii)ii do KJ do Kiicr), ISt7. ^-L^.
Cddwrll (dcur^e Alffi-d), Sju'clIi in U. S. I[. of Ittp. .Tunc 7, IS.-jO, on tlio
( 'ulif.ifida iiiid Toriitdiial QuoHtions. \\'aslaii;,'loii, K'<,");).
California, 17!:!), in \'ia;;cro UniviT.sal, .xxvi.
(' lUfornia .\cadeiiiy of Scioiicu^, i'rocccdiiiiis of tlii'. S. J'., Is."),) ct .so(|.
( '.iliforiiia ALrriculturist. Sail .lo.s(', 1.S71 I't **' 'l. Jto.
Califoniia, .\.!l aliout Calii'oniia. Sail Francisco, l,s70; Id., 1>7;! and Suj^plc-
nicnt; I<l., 187'» and Sii]iiili'inciit.
Cdifui'iii:!, .\iaoniit c^licctcd fioni custom.';, [.'jlst Cuii'.r., L-^t .Sc.i.s., ][. Lk.
Doc. V2.J \Va.sIiiii;,'toii, ISt!).
Califoniii Anllirnpo'.'i-aplai' (.'Iwirf, IS(J1 ct pc((.
Californi.i, Appual iii IJclialf of tlic Churcli. Sept. IR!!). Xow Yo"!:, 18-10.
Call/or. liii, Anival of llio Slcanicr. Fisii/al in ( '.Icbrutit-u of tiic I'jlh
Annivcr.a'.y, l-'i.l). 'JH, Is71. S.;n I'ranci.ico, I.S7t.
(Vilifoi Ilia I's it i;j. San I'"ranci;ifo, I.SSJ.
California Arisooiatcd I'ionrcrd of tin.' 'i\Tritt-iiial I'ay-, of Cal. in Xow York.
itciiiii'ui Is7"). Now York, ]s7').
('alii'ornia liiolc Society, Annual l;i'[)oits. Sail Franc.is'co, IS-'O, ot iiCi|.
California, IUo'n'a]iliical Sketches of the Delegate-) to Con. cntioii to fraino
Xcw C.i'.istitnti(ni. 1.S7S. >S.in I'raiici.scn, liS7S.
California Cliaractors and .Mining Scenes and SUetcIies, San I'lancisco, ii.d.
C difornia Ch.inis. See. Fremont.
C.difoniia (A.loicd Ciii;:(nis, I'rocecdiii'.s of Animal Coiiveiilions. San I'rau-
ciseo, \Kd') e; .••(■(|.
California, Conii:ilcd l^aws liy S. (larliildu and 1". A. Snytlcr, I'vlO-;).
licnieia, ISVi.
(':iliforiiia, ConsUtulioii, San Francisco, I'-Mll; :d;so in Spani:-h.
(alifornia, Corre^-^pnndoniM; it'lativc to llie Indian (li-tnrbaiiec;-!. [lilLli Cony.,
Isti-'cs.i., Sen. Fx. lAic. 'J(i. | Wasliin'iton, IS.").").
California, Cnrrcspondence aiul ileport > of the .Mexican Gowiiuucnt, I'liii -1.
n.iil., 11. (1.
Califorii'.i Culiurist. San Franci ;eo, |S."),S-(iO. I! vol;-;.
C.difi.rnia .se declara Independieiite de ]Mi'xico. 2soV. 7, IS.*]!). (Montcrcv,
is;i(i.)
C.iliforiiia, llnii.'jrants' tJiiidc to. London, IS-IO,
Caliiornia, J^s'iablecimieiito y I'ro.nresos d;; las !\Iisioiies d..' la .Vnlipia Cal-
ifornia. J;i Hue. Hist. -Mix., i^er. iv.. t'lin. iv.
California, Jv-talili aliment of -Mint and I.,i^;liL-!ioiiHes. [Iilst Coii'.,'., l.st .Se.s.j,,
JI. J:x. Doc. -17. 1 Wadiin.udon, 1S.'>(».'
California, Fresh Water Tide Lands. San I'raaciseo, U'.i!;).
(.'alifornia (.ieologieal Survey. I'hiladelpaia, eU;., ISol; >aii I'^raneisco, etc.,
1S(;7.
California, <^dds naar. Amsterdam, 1S4'.).
Caliiornia (Jold Legion's, ^\'ilh a full account of the Mineral l!e.-ources,
etc., New York (IS I!)).
California Crape ('allure. IJeport of Commi.<sioners, San Fr.iiici co, JSiiJ.
California, Hardy Impeaehmi'iit. Sae-r.inunio, iSd:.'.
Califoiiiia Honioi^raplde Chart, KS(il et se(|.
California, ll'usiraleil Hand- tJorik. Lond'Hi. l'-i7i'.
(.'.difornia Indians. l!e|iort 'I'lalive to the Colcini/aliiin of. [DIM (.'oir.'., 'Jd
Se.-s., S. n. Ex. Doe. H.]
('difornia, hidn-. trial Intires(sof. San I'ranciseo, ISdlJ.
< aliiorni I In>nraiiei' ( 'oiinni--'i(in''rs. Annual Iveports. S. F. . I'-v'iS ct. ^-cq.
California, liii^.a^iuii in Sa.n -Jiaipain ;uid Tulare i'iains. haciuiacuto, F-j7.'J.
9.
AUTnOEITIES QUOTED.
XTCaXII
nib, 17:it.
■., 17-; also
luaii r.iLi:, )
S50, oil tlio
ct St'(|.
aiil Supiilc-
L'ss., n. Kx.
,'a
/■i:., 1840.
of tiiu '2oih
Xcw Yovk.
.jii t.) framo
aucU''i), 11. il.
4
. San I'niu-
>)
,lti', 1S50-3.
[:!llb O'liLr.,
v
ifiit, l^.LJ 4.
(M'.'ntcvcy,
|\ii[i :ua Cal-
, l.-it Scso.,
|hi ijci>, elo.,
Tic.imrccs,
1 Con-., 'ja
,;tii, 1'j73.
r.nlifornia, Its fJoLl .ontl its Tiilinhitants. London, IS.'f). 2 vols.
( alitoiiiia, I'a Past History; It.-s I'rosi'iit Position, otc. London, IS.'O.
( alitmnia, .roiiniala of A.ssinilily and Suiiato, 1st to '2-t(Ii sp.-sions, 1.S">0-S1;
V itii .\iiinnilicts — ! 01} Volumes in all — Lontainin,^' all publii; <locuniciit.s
jiiint (1 liy till! .statr, wliicli arc citud in my notcil/V tlair titles aii<l dates,
tiio tillo f(jiisistiiig of '(Jalitornia' followed by one of tlio following' liead-
iiiLjs: Aft; Ailjiitaiit-fjonci'ar.s Pi'port; .\uiiciiltural,Miiiiii;r,and Mcc!:an-
ii.d .\i-t.s Collet;!', i;(j]iiirt.s; Asseniljly, link's; .\itoviicy-;;cnc'i'ai, l!c]>orts;
r>,,nl;( 'iiUiinissiom;r.s, l;i.]:orts; IjrilHnyiiuxsti.-'atiii',' Conmiiito;'; t.'itixen'.s
I'.iiid Ijijiik; Cuiinniin SL'liO(jl.s, Act:-, (tc; < 'or|ioi'ation.s; Deaf, Dumb, and
];liud Listitutt': ]>hK-ati(jiial Directory; l.lectois; Pecs and Salaries;
]■'i.^lic'l•ic•s; Inaa-ural j\ddi'e.s.scs of ( loveinor.s; liisano Anyliini Itepo't';
Insuraneo Coaiiiiis,-.ioners; Land Act.}; Laws; Memorial.-!; ,Me>.sa.','eM if
(i.jve*iors; Militia; Mints and Miiiiii';; Pionci r Silk (.irosver.s; I'olitieal
C'ldu Amendments; Public ].aiid.<; Itevcnuu Law.s; .Sacramento P.ivcr
I)i-,.inai,'o Di.strict; Sacramento \'a!ley lni;.ratioii and iS'avi;j;;;tiui', Canal;
Sciiool J.,a\v; Secretary of State, Itcjiorts ; Senate and As-endily liills;
Ki-iKite Standing ;aid .Joint Jlules; Special Me.s.iajfc.-j of (Jovcvnor.i; State
A:n'ici;liiiral Society, Traiisactii'iis; Siatc Ikjard of .Afrricnllnro; State
lJ:>irdof lirnltli; State llnanl of Kipialization ; State Capital Coiiiniis-
■■^iniicr.-;; State Controller, Annual l!e;^.iji\s; Slate l.)ocinncnt.s; State Ceo-
1-: i.,t. ];eport.<; .State llarlun' C(-)mnii.s.jioi;oi's; State l^ibrary, Ucport.'i;
St.:te Miaeralogi.st, ^\nnu;d P; ;iort.s; State Prison. Report:;; State Pefurni
Scliool, ileportci; State Superintendent f>f Pubiie lnhtviiction, llepol•t^•;
Sc.tc 'J'caehcrri' A.ssociation; State Te.iciier:.' Institute; Stale Trca.snrcr,
j; poiti: Surveyoi'-LCeiieral, ll'-pi)rts; Swamp and Ovcrllowed Luiiils; Tide
l.iiids; Transportation; AVomaa's .SnHia.'4e.
ridiforiiia, .Tonrnal cf Pdncation. San Jos.', 187') ct Rcq.
< 'difornia Labor Excli:ui,ue. [Various publ'-ations. I
Califi'iiiia Land Coniiiiitsion. Correspondem c |l>:'d Coii^., Lst F^'cs.s., 11. E>:.
P''c. Pill; copy of Inbtnictions [Id., Sen. Ex. l)oc., "JfiJ; liat of cases iu
jlol'inan'.-i ]!eports.
C.ilifiirni^i L^ind 1 ities, (^'opies of in I'. S. .Surveyor-genoraPs Ciiii c, IS^.'j-.").
( '.difornia Land Titles. Pemariis of Mcssr.s. Piielp.s and Sargent in U. S. 11.
of Pep., Juno lv>. 1SG2. Wasliinglon, lS(i:
Cilii'oruia, Last Xiglit of the Ses.-ioiiVf the Le.^iLlati
i\v .lounial and Literary Pevicw. San I'l
liikiriih-r
Li
Sacramento, ISOt.
SCO, lSi;_' et KUll.
shitive Sketches. Se
( '.I'i
apj
]!■
'a Leiiiit-Iature. ])ireetorv; Sketch L'>oU, ct'
• d' "'iniia, Leyc:i [statutes in S]i;n!
icrani(>iito, IS.'iO-GS. 17 vols.
(',ii;n
Ah,
'irnai
ilP.
•■ and .M<iunt:i
1
ill i raneifco.
1'
il et .sC(|.
ji.sco, 18li-L
i M.!ilic.d (la;<ette. San Fiaaei.ico, PSiJ8 ct s^pf).
< '..lif'irnia Medical Soeioty, Transa .dons. Sacrauienfo, 1S.")7 et seq.
( alii'orni.i. Meimn ial d Le,i;i>!laliire to Con-ress cai Llanuer.s of t'hiiicsc Luni
< alifo
gration.
HI Iraiicisco,
iSO-J
niia Morc.'intile Journal, ISUO. San Pi
CalifiFvnia, Me.s.svuo transmil tiii.^ constiluti
l.'-CO.
(
Doe. ;;;).] Washin-ton, KS4t».
n. [;;h-t Con-., 1st
■■)ess.
n. i:
difi.rnia Nautical M;e_'a
< alilMrnia, Xcw Constitution.
San Prancisoo, bSO'J et seep
in rianeiseo,
lS7!t.
('
Calu'
Xi-tl
tali
Scoltaiui Klamath Pivers. Yreka, IS.Ti.
ornia
iiiento, IN.'.!); other
hern Pa ill cad, J^nghiceis' Peport of Surveys, PSr<9. Sacr.i-
ports
C.difi'Miia, Xotes on. Aew York, IS.'O.
( 'aliforiiia, Notieias. See Sales.
<aliin)iiiii Paeilio llailroad Company, Articles and Py-Iaw-.
various reports.
Calii'einia Pionecr.s (Sei iely ofk Aiiiiversaries; '""ortstitntion nad P.ydaw.:;
CdaudE.xeuifcion; biuUi;uralCer(.iiieiii(.s; Uiuticnund Poem; P ports, etc.
ejr, IbdS;
t
XXXVlll
AUTII0rJTU:3 QUOTED.
C'ulifovnia Pioncpva, €(>[>%• of Areliivcs. M.'- , Purtriiils in Lihiaiy of the
Society; Scrap-book.
<';;lif> niiu lii'iiocrs, SkotchrH of Fifty. MS.
Calii'oniia l'l•i^sc>ll Comiiiis.-ion, Aiiiuial lli'iiorta. San Frfincisco, ISOti ot sci(.
Caliicjiiiia, Project .for ^liiliUo ('lass (,'uloiiics. ii.pl., n.il.
CaMfoniia, Piililic Lands of. San Francisco, DSTli.
('Mlifoniia, iJclicf of Settlers in. [40th C'onj;., -Jil Scss., H. Mis. Doc. 23.]
t'alifoinia, iJcports of Cases in Supremo Court. San Francisco, etc., Ibol-
81. .")S voIm.
(alifornia, liuuml ^'alley Indian lleservution. [t;!d Cong., l.st. Scss., Jf. Kx.
Doc. 118.]
California Statistical Chart. Sacramento, .T:ni. 1, \S"u
California Statutes, l.st to 'Jltli Scss. Sacramento, etc., l.S,",0-81. 21 vols.
C.:iifoniia Supreme Court IJriefs. Sau Franci.ico, etc., 18.")2 et .so(p Sec also
lJrief.s.
California, Tarif lie Douanrs dc la v^ilifornie, ISol. Paris, 18.11. 4to.
C::lifornia 'reaclur. Sau Francisco, ISO.'i et scip
( ill foinia 'i'ext Hook. San Francisco, iSo-J.
C.ilifornia \'<)lui;teer.«, Corrc'-pondLUce Itclativo to tlie Dischavjo. f.1f*ih
Con.'j;., ist. S(ss., JI. Kk. Doc. 1:',8. | \\'ii;-lun;;ton, 1 ■'!(!."> ct scj.
California Wine, Wool, and Stock .hinniat. San Francisco, IS.'ilietseq.
California Wi,rkin'.;mcn's Party, An l^jitonie of its liisc anil Pro^'rcss. San
Franei.'-co, ls78.
Calif;)rnia and New Mexico, Message and Documents, 1848. [IJOt'i Cjiig., 2(1
Ses:s., II. i:x. Doc. 1.] W'a' hington. 1848.
California an<l ..'ew ^Nlexic o, Mcssa'.-e and JJocuments, ISoO. [.'Uat Coug., Ibt
Se.ss., II. Kx. Doc. IT.] V,'asliin.,'ton, I84'J.
(''alifornian (Tiie). San Francisco, lN8;)etsc(p
Califoriiian. See Jlontcrey (.'alifornian.
(.'.lUfornias, Pc 'laniento i'rovisional. 177.>. .MS.
< 'alifornias, 'Junta de Fomento,' (j. v.
<'a!:fornie, Histoiro Chrctienne. Planey, 18."il.
California, Se.s Pessources ( li'iu'rales, etc. San l'''i'anci--cf), PSflf).
( 'aliiondm, AusfiiluHclie Mitt!ici!un;.;cu iiher. S;;n I'rancisco, 1870.
Californien, Anilientische Xaelirichtcn iilicr. liremen, l.'^l'.t.
Californien, liatin;elier fill' Answanileri r nacli. l.rcnieii. ISl'.t,
Californien nud Seine Goldminen ^litllieilun-en aus iler tjeo^raphie, Krcuz-
nach, 18)f».
Calirornien ^:ein Mincn-l'er-lian, etc. Casscl, 1S(;7.
C;ilistu;-a. (/alisto;;an, l'"i-ce Press, huP pendent (.'alistocan, Trihnno,
Calleja (Virey), Connniicaciones al ( Jol'''. dcCal., I8l.'!-P). ?ilS.
Calleja (\'ircvl, Kespuefita ilel Ciuariliau al v'irey suLre I'l'dycctor, do Cal.,
i7!l7. >iS.
(^aha'.y Pie.Mjyterian (.'Inirdi, llistoric.il Slxctch. San Francisco, ISlit);
JIanual, etc.
Calvo (Ciiarles), Pecneil Compl't des 'J'raiti's do PAmcricpU' Latinc. Paris,
18(.2-'i. Kj vols.
Camden (William), -\nn;des Pvcrvm Airlijaivm et liilicrnicarvm, etc. I.nu-
dini, Uil.">-27. 2 vols.
C»ni]iMi.,ii of f,os An;,'e'es, 1847. In Mcntircy, Califnnii.in. .fan. 28, 1847.
Ciinplieil, A Concise History of Simnish Anicric.i. Jjondon, 1711.
Camiiliell (.1. F.\, My (Jircular Xotes. London, ls7(i. 2 vols.
C^,in;.lie'l (.1. II. I, Sj'eechin U. S. II. of Kep., Apr. 8. 18'li', on Pailroad to tlio
J'.iciii,'. Aj.iil, 1S'J2. AVashinut.m, lSi)2.
( , iicelad I (.luan l.opez), Itnina ilc la Nueva l^sijana. Cadi^, 1811.
C.iMcel.ida (lu.in l,o[ie/.), PI 'I'elriiiafo Mexiraiio. t'adiz, 18i;{, et scq.
I'ancel.id.a (.Inan Po[)e/), ^■erd.•ld Saluda. Ciidiz, ISl I.
( 'aiii/ares (.lose), |)i,iriodc I7i>l). -MS.
( aiirivn (Iv S.). llistiuyof (.'alifninia. P.ostim, I8."i4.
Ciirciilja (Manuel), Infornie del llabililudo Ccnerul, 1707. MS.
'm
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
XXXIX
.ihraiy of tlio
0, IStili ct Kuij.
?. Doe. 2:3.1
L'O, etc., 1^.1 1 -
SLSi., If. Ex.
■SI. 21 vol<.
scij. Sl'c also
il. 4to.
■har.-jo. [?,Oih
>!il) ct i^cq.
L'nyivs.s. San
:50th C'jiig., 2.1
;>i«t Cou--., itt
1S70.
[iliio. Ki'cuz-
miio.
yi.'ctor, lie Cal.,
uicisco, 18(J!);
itiuo, r.uis,
Ml, I'te. Emi-
Jiin. 2S. 1S17.
il.
{iilli'dadto tliu
.11.
I't S'JIJ.
r.irL-aki (Manuel), Oficios .1. 1 ll'i1>ili;.i.l.) ri.ncv.il. M,^.
C'aiilnici (Xicolas), .Mi'inoria! it^'iUvu siis ilesciilnimicntus, otc, en la ralifomia.
Jii l';ii'litcc) anil (.Vadcnas, ('nl. |)uc., toin. ix. 4J; ii('lauion tlfl ilcscubri-
iiiicnlti (I'l ( 'alil'oriiia. In LI., toni. ix. .'!'.).
(arniauy (•John If.), A llcviiw of thi) V(ar lSi!(>. San IVancisco, isoy.
Can- (E/;ra S.), Tlio I'atroiisof lln-lian.lry, tto. San l'i:;n(.ihCo, J^'7'3,
( HIT (.lolin E.) S(jc Analu'ini, ils I'eniiU! and its IVoduc^t*.
Cani'^ir (Xichola;)), Aiitiiliii>','raiiliy. ^IS.
Caniilo (Anasta!<i(i) Miicha.s L'ai-tas dol C(ininiidantc dci St;i. IViiOiar;', etc. MS.
( '..nill. I ((_';irlus Antonio), ('arias del Dipntado d(^ Alta (V.l., In:!I-2. MS.
(.aiiilli) ((.Vnlos Antonio), Cartaa al (Itneral \'all' jo. I)ii;. 18;!0. MS.
Cai'illlo iC.irloa Antonio), ( 'onvs[iondonria, M;.<iH]ani'a. MS.
C'ariillo (L'arlo.s Antonio), Discuiso ul tomar el niando i)olitiL'0 on Los ^Vngclus,
() Die. ISiu. ^MS.
Caniilo (Carlos Antonio), Exposicion sohro cl l-'umlo ri-oloso. Mfxi'jo, 1S31,
CaiTdlo ((Viiltjs Antonio), ri'ilinunto do lloos, \bl{. .MS.
CaiTJllo (i»onun.u()), (^'aitas Sueltas. MS.
Caniilo (Domingo), Doenininitos j)ara la Ifisttoi'ia di' California. MS.
Carrillo (Joacinin), I'.stiitos en varios Aichivos. MS.
Caniilo (Josl), l)oeunicntos ))ara la Ilistijiia do Califoriiia. MS.
Cari'illo (.Fo.so Antonio), ;\crion du S. Pedro contra li;s Anicii.'anos, lR4(i. JIS.
Caniilo (Josi! Aucunio), Coniiinieacioaes Vaiias del Diputado y Mayor Gene-
ral. MS.
Cari'iilo (-lulio), Xarrative. MS.
Carrilio (Mariano), Tc.stanienli> e Invontario. 17S2. MS.
(.'.m-iilo (i'eih'o (_!.), Doeunicnt'is jtai-.i la llistoria cle C.il. MS.
Carriilo (ilainumdo), ].,ms Ivliiicii s dc .Monteii.:y, 18III*. MS.
Carrillo (Ltuiniun.do), Instnieeiun (pic obscrvaiii el Coniauduute de E;-Colta do
Siaini'.s. MS.
Carrillo (ilaiinunilo), Papjles del '^'■a])itan, 17'*") et .^-eq. MS.
Carroll (Anna lliia), Tlie S,ar of llu.' \\\tu. >,\v>- Vork, ).-.">7.
Carr. !l [W.), i>r S'jo.'t, Tlic Vi^iianee Conunittee and The Church. San
ErancLsco, IS.jtj,
Car.scin (.J. il.), Ivuly Eccollrctions f>f the Mines, etc. Storkton, l.^.")2.
Cai.son City (Xev. ), Aiaie; 1, S.ate lle.'istcr.
Carvallio {<. N.), Inciuents of Ti'uvel and Adventure in the J'';ir \\'e.st. Now
Y. 'k, 1 ;.v-.
Caiy I't il- 1.1.1.. i!.), Cold from C.ilif'ornia, Eeeture, M.ai'i'h 2.'i, lS.*ill; The Sail
I.'i-.:i"i- o N'i^ilauee Coniniittee. In Atlantic Monthly, vol. xl. Dec.
< ss^ '.'.. Ki,!i;jrant Handy fiiiido to California. Loiulnn. n.d.
'ii--fi. • i"...i:.cne). The Is.-.iie in California. LctUr, .\iig. 27, l^liL San
Inui icj, ii]; Keni.nks, etc., tor the cession to tliu C. P. R. R. of Cal,
c'l . .. I- . of Coat Island. Wa^h., lS7;{; Speech on the Chinese Evil.
\'\'a.-.i.. 1.71.); and other .spcechci, etc.
C,'ij=>iii (i'riuK i.-.), .\ Eew I'aets aliout ( 'alii'oriiia. ^IS.
Castauares (lose ^laria). Causa criminal contra... y II Icfonsa Gonzalez por
adultcrio, iSol). MS.
Casta fiarcs (.lo.ii; Maria), Causa scirniila Cmitra Ana ( ii.nzalcz. Adullcrioiie.l.
M. C,is,:i''i:;res y Alton, a. (juii/ah'/. pi;;;;. MS.
Casta narcs (.dauucl), California y .siis Males, lAposicion ISII, In. Id., Cul.
Doc, 21.
< taiiaris (.\'annel), Carta-; di 1 Adnii!iisirail"r do la ,\il";in:i. MS.
'■ . tanares (Manue'.), Coleccion do |)i.icitnicntiis rc!.ui\"us;d drparl.imento do
Californi.'.s. ^lexieo, 1^1,").
( -i . 'e 'o (.\n h'es), \'arias ( 'altasdi'l ( 'apitan y ( 'oinisiiinado. MS.
C'.if '■> (.\nioiiio del), Menioria solire las -Nlinas de Az(i'_'ue de .lUiierica,
>..e\ico, l,s71.
Castiho (E( lipc), Itinerario dcsde Sunura hasta Cal., IMr>, ]\IS,
Custiih.) Ae^ielc (Luis), Con.-icjos al t
oliiaiii
lunle dc ."sta
iSoG. MS.
i
m
i ■
xl
AUTIIOIUTIES QUOTED.
rastiHo Xc.rrcU) (Luiw), Rscritus del Jiicz tic Distrito. MS.
(.'iibliilo Xcgicto (Luisi, E.Npii.siuioii (jiie diii;,'i' cl .j lu/. do iJi.strito nl Ayniit,
do iiOS Aligoics siibic cl I'liiii JiovoIiKiouiiii') do ^loiitoioy, 1,S,"(J. MS.
Castii) (.Josi'), i.'un(>spi)iidoiici;i oliciid y rartiouliir del CioiuM'iil, lts2ij-4(j. !MS
( 'asu'o (Josi-), iJcoivtiis <lo la J)iiiutaoii)U oii;;i;la on Cuiigrosn CuiistituyciiU',
Nos. 1-10. iioutonv, l,s:!0.
Castro (.I'lsi'), I'.l C , I'lo.^idoiito do Cun-iiv.-io CniLstituyciito. (I)os]>ac!io
do Con:nol lv-;j)eilido li I). .Inau li. Ahaiinki.) -M(jntoroy. 11 Die., iS.'ifJ.
Castro (.lusi), (Ji\kii dol Com. (<oii. aecrca do J^iiiiLnadui do lus E. U., x\vv.
)S1.-,. .MS.
('astro (.(I'So). I'roolania do 1.') do Nov., 1S;!(!. ]\loiitcroy.
( ';isli-o (.M;io:ui(i), < arla.s ilol Saryi.iito. JLS.
(.'astro (.Macario), l)iario do sii ,l-J.\|icdicioii a l.is Itaiiohcrias, 17fO. !MS.
Castro (.Manuoli, Carta ;'i 1). I'io I'ieo. liivolucioii do I'loios, 1847. MS.
Castro (.Miimol'. l 'I'ta.s do uu I'rifocto. MS.
< "astro ( .Maimol, '. itos ]iaiii. la Hi.- ttiri i do Califoiuia. MS. 2 void.
< 'astro (.\!amii.i), _i n Soiiora, 7 •)uiiio, lSi7. MS.
Castro (MaiiiU'l), I{c dj la AUa Caliioniia. ^LS,
( 'astro (Mau'.ii.'ll, Sii.s . loios IMMioos. MS.
Castro ('l'il)urciu), Taiiolos do uii .J no/, y I'rofocto. MS,
Caatroviilc, -Vr^jiis.
(.'atali'i (.Magiu), C'arta solno Xootka, l71-)4. MS.
( 'a!iu;i t-Ma^iiiil, (,'oiTosriijudoiicia dol J'.iisiomro do St.i Clana, !MS.
Catcci.vHio ],olilioo ario;,ludo d la CoiiSLiLuoioii do la ^luuarquia Espanola,
ISl'J. -MS.
( 'atliolic World. Kow York, ISGj et soq.
Cauwot (i'ioi :'(.') inid Ch. i)a(iiiortnay. Lottvos Califurnicnnes. S. F., 1.S70.
Cavo (Andrea), Los Tros Si:,'io.s do .\ioxico. I\io.\ijo, l6,'yU-S. IJ v.jIs, ; Mo.\ii.o,
1>S.-,L'.
(!oljallo.<5 (KnniO'.i), XXIV. CapiLulori cii Vindieaoion do Mi'jieo. Mad. ISM.
Codulario, A (,'oi!ocli<;u iiuwtly 2*1SS. folio. ."> v(/s.
Central I'lieilio JJailroad Cuiupany, Ainuuil lieports, ]!y-la\v.s, uuinoroiis
paiiii-!i!cls.
CeniUi (t.'uri pie), Iliijtorical Xuto-liooks, lblJl-4(i. ^ilS, ,") vols.
Corriili (iJiii iiiUe), Kaiuiiliu;s in Caiil'Mriiia, M.-'.
Covalkw. L'o ol Soiior Covado.s, do la situaeiou actiu.l, del rian do .Jalisco, y
d^'ltkii. I'ra^M. Moxi'o, l!i...'>.
Cliaiuliorlain ('- iiarlo.s Jl.), .Staieiiient. ^LS.
t'liaiiiberlaiii (Jehu), Mcr.ioir.s of Caiiiorida sinco IRIO. ^IS.
Cliaiii'iorlaiii {\\ . Jl). and Harry L. Wells. Soo \ii1ki County ITi.stcry.
Ckandoso (Loiiis (.'Iiai'Ies A. von), Adelliort von (_'iKniiisK)'s U'erlic. V'ierto
Anlla:;e. iJi.rlin, l.'>.',(). ti vols. ; lloiso, iniliuled in pi'eeodiiij,'; llemarks
and ()\ iuions. lu Koiy.ebne's \ oy., ii., iii.
ClianijKigiiL'.c ( lean 1). .Jo.sopli), L(; joiuio \'oya.i;;our en Californio. I'aris, 1.S5-.
' 'liamlie.-.:j (William), A Visit to Salt Lake. i.,(ind'jn, lb.'!i7.
< liapin (E, 1!.), Loniiniseenocs of ii Suryeon. JSIS.
( har'ion (Kdoi.iuil), J.o 'I'our du . Monde, I'ai is, i !e.. ISdl. 4to. iJ Vols.
Chevalier (Aiieliel), Cn tho I'robablo I'ail in tlio \'u!iie of llold. !No\v York,
LSoI).
C!iicat;'o (ill.), Post, Times, Tribune, oto.
Chico, iJatte Cininty I'ress, liutiu County Jiccord, Caucasian, Evenin\;
Itccord, lado;. Xorlheru Enteri)ri.-e, Kovicw, etc.
Cliieo {M;ni.iuo), Aloeueion del <lolii". a hi Junta l)ept. 1 .lunio It'"'.). ]\IS.
C'hico (Maiiyjio), El C (,'oinandanto (ieneral y Cole I'olitioo do Alta Cal.
A '.nui llabitanU's. JNIonterov, Ju.Iio '..'4. 1n;;0.
( 'hieo (.Mariaii'i), El I.'
terey, II .\iavo If
, (iefo tSuporior rolilioo oto. ;i
sus llabitantes. Mon-
Cliieo ^.^.arianol, I'ii-eurso pveiiuneiailo '20 de M;i
MontL
(hieo (.Mai i
1
iiAr.r.'o iMuuiieiado 'li i.e .'..ayo. ->iouteuy
l;s;;(j.
1 Not).
Ciaoo (]\liaiai o), Lsoiitoi del (jlc.bcinauur, l6oli, iMS.
Iti-!'
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
xU
ito ill Ayuiit,
i.s;;(j. MS.
iS'jiMti. :ms
,'uiistituyfiitt.',
?. (Dcspaclio
l)i.'., l.s;!i).
E. U., G Inuv.
!f). MS.
8-17. MS.
lis. 2 vols.
MS.
uia Kspafujla,
S. v., IS70.
\\ih.; Mexii-o,
. .Ala.l. lS'»i.
n'.s, iiuiacioud
s.
1 lie Jalisco, y
|instii-y.
Jciiic. " V'icrto
|iii;.'; 1 tenia rks
I'aiis, 185:;.
Aow Ydik,
an, J",wniii\;
. I-:;. MS.
,lc Aha (_'al.
laiitc's. Mull-
IMU).
1. )SoO.
.Coristi-
2 vols.:
i
t'liico CMiiriano), T)oa Palabraa .soLrc Mcmoria <kl Ex. Golieniador Doblailo.
(Juniia jiiati), 1M47.
Chiles (.Wei.h J J.), Visit to California in 1841. :MS.
('hiiiese in ( 'alifoinia; C'oolio Trade; Innuigration; Question; Testimony; etc.
Many ])aniiililcts.
(Iiuate (I).) anil K. \V. Moore. See San ])iego anil Southern California,
(horis (Lotus). Voyaf^o rittoresfjue autour du Monde. Paris, 1522. folio.
( iironielu Annual. San Franeiseo, 1SS2.
Churi'lies. See Institutions.
Ciiuiniiati (O.), ( VnnnierL-ial, Enriuircr, Times, etc.
Civil Si rviee Ueforni Association of California, Purposes of. San Francisco,
LSnI ; other pamnhlots.
Clark (Francis ]).), A Pinnecr of 1847. In S. .Tosr'' Pioneer, July o, 1870; Pnll
of Survi\ors of the l.-st l!ei.'inient of ZS'ew York Volunteers. X. Y. 1874.
Clark (' lalcn), Keminiseenees of the Old Times. MS.
Chiik (liirani C), Statemeni of I'acts from IS.TI. ^NIS.
Chiik (Mrs), Antipodes and i "nml the A\'urld. London, 1870.
Ciark (Snnnu'l), Lifo and l,)eaL% oi Sir Francis Drake. London, 1701. 4to.
( lai-ke (Asia IJooth), The J^lder and the Youn;_'er liootli. Poston, LS82.
Clarke ((Jharles K.), Speech on Admission of (."alifornia in U. S. 11. of Kcp.,
INIav I."!, IS.'iO. ^\' ish. 1S,")(); Speech on California Claims in U. S. Sen.,
Apr. 2.-), 1848. A\ash. 1848.
Claudi't (l'\ 0.), (iold. New V/estminstor, 1871.
ClaviL;cri) (I'raneisco Savei'io), Storia della California. Venczia, 1789. 2 vols.
' 'lemens (.1.), California Territorial Governments. Speech in U. S. Sen,,
May 1(1 and 20, ]8.-)0. Washin-ton, IS.m
('leveland ((I'hauncey F.), Speech in U. S, 11. of l!ep., Apr. 19, 1850.
tulion of (.'alifornia. Washington, 18.")0.
Cleveland (liicliard J.), Narrative of Voyages, Ca-iihridgc, 1842.
P.o:,ton, IS.")!),
( lippinus from the California Press hi regard to Steam across the Paciflc. San
Francisco, 1800.
Cloverdalc, News, Pcvei'lc.
( 'lulls. See Institutions.
( Iviiiau (.Tames), Diai-y of Overland Journey, 1844-G. JIS.
< lyman (James), Note Look, 1844-0. .MS.
Coast Peview. San I'ranciseo, 1871-80. 1.") vols.
(jjilinan (John), The Pound I'rip. New York, 1870.
CoHey I'l'itian J.), Argument against ^IcCIariahan's Claim, n.pl., n,d.
Coignet (M.), Papport sur les Klines dc Ne\\- Almaden. Paris, 1800.
Cuke ( Henry J. I, A Hide over the Pocky ^lountains to Oregon and California.
Li'udon, lsr)2.
Ciile (Ci.rui'lius), Australian Mail Line. Speech in U. S. Sen. July 9, 1870.
A\'a>liiMgton. n.d.; and various Speeeiies.
( 'die (I;. Ili'Verly), Statement on Vigilance C mmittee in San I'raneisco. MS.
• 'ule (William L.), (,'alifornia— Its Scenery, Climate, etc. New York, 18; I.
Coleccinn do 1 'uiaimentos Ineditos para la llistoria de I^spi^ua, iladiid,
1842-80. 71 vols. [S. F. Law Lihrary.]
Culcgio Senihinrio de Maria Sautisima de Guadalupe de Sta Ines. ' Constitu-
ci'iiiL's. MS.
Coleman (William T.), Vigilance Committee of 'oG. MS.
Colfax (Xe\-. ). iMiterprise.
('ollege of (alifornia. Oration and Poem; and various pamphlets.
Ci'lnnial Magazine. London, 1840etseq.
Coliinix.ieion, Cedula Ileal eontinnundo el Ecglamcnto del GoL'- Neve 1781.
JiS.
Colton, Advocate, Semi-tropic.
Colton (Waltei'), Correspondence, 1840-7. MS.
Colton (\Valter), Deekand Port. New York, 1850; New York, 18G0; The Land
of (iiild. New York, 1800; Three Years in California, New York, 1850.
IIi.sT. Cal„ Vol. I. I
■'•••«r.
dii
AUTnoniTIES QUOTED.
Review for 1S7C.
Ill Junta (le Fo-
Aiit();;rui)h of Mt'iuljers,
Columbia, Citifrcn, Clipjirr, ]S,')4, Cn/otte. lSri4. ITci'ald, !\rinin^' Difit,
(la/cUc, -Mu'ririns, IfS.Jl, Xcus, Star, Times, ludcpt. iiupublic, etu.
("'olnwi, liidtiic'iiiltiit, Sun.
Coliisa Cmiiiiy Annual. I'lilusn, 1S7S.
Culutia ('null y, lii.^tory. San I'laiicisco, ISSO. folio.
('i)l\ in (Tlionias A\'.), Life of a rioiiccr. MS.
('(iinliiLT (('.), \'i)ya;,a! au ({olfe dc ( 'alifoniie. Paris, n.d.
(.'ijiinnerrial, Tinamial, and Mining Interests of Califoruiar,
San Tiaiici.ico, I ^77.
Conijiarra A-^iatieo-MexicaiKi, Plan y Rcgliiincnto, 1825.
iiu'iito d<: ( 'al.
Conii ania Jlxcran'^'f-'ra do ^Muntercy, Cuadcrno do (jrdcnos, ISP.i. !M.S.
( 'oinpanics, Mining, Agricultural, ( 'uninu'rcial, ete. See liisatutioua.
Ciinisiook (A. ^I.), Statement on ViLjilanco Committee. MS.
Cone (.Mary), Two Ycar.s in Cali t'oriiia. Cliieago, 1870.
Conferenoia celrbrada en el Presidio do S. Francisco cutre Sola, Kotzcbue, y
Coscof, iSlti. MS.
rongixvsional ] )ebateo | IStli to '2r>th Congress]. Waslu 182-1 et acq 14 vols.
Congri'ssioiial ( dobe. Washington, bSIJtiet secj. 4to.
Congressional Speeclies. A t'ollection.
Conklin (iv), PiCLuresi|ue Arizona. Xew York, 1S7S.
Connor (.John), Farly California JJeeolleetions. MS.
C;incju 'st cf California, A very large number of newspaper accoTints.
CoiKjuest of California, )84(j-7 ^'arious Jtoma and JtcpfU'ts. In Xilos' Reg-
ister, l\xi.-iii. See index, 'Cal.,' ' Kearney,' ' i'reiiii'iit,' 'Stockton.'
Consejo (icner.d do Pueblos I'nidos do Cal., I'ando de Mayo IH, ISlLi. MS.
Constitucion J^sjianola de 1S12, Piaiiilos del \'iiey sobre .'^u jur;!, 1S:2(). ^!S.
ConstiLiilionid Convention, Declaration of Rights
I84;i.
Contemporaiy Piograpliy of California's Representative Men. San Francisco,
ISMI. 4to. 2 vols.
Conversation, I'ractical and Philosophical, on the Subject of Currency. Saa
Francisco, \i-',{j'u
Conway (.Jcihn), Farly Days in California. !MS.
Cooke (Philip St (l(V).^ Conrpiest of New Mexico and Ca'ifomia. Xew Yoi'k,
1878; .lournal from Santa Fe to San Diego. [30th Cong., Spec. Sess.,
Sen. Die. •_'. I ^Vasllington, 1S4!<; Scenes and Adventures in the Army.
Philadelphia, 18.''>7.
Coon (il. P.), Annals of San Francisco. MS.
Cooper { I )e ( i iiy). Resources of San J^uis Obispo County. San Francisco, lS7o.
Coojier (llllwood), Forest Culture, etc. San Francisco, 187U.
Coo[ier (.bihn P>. i!.). Accounts, 1.S27. MS.
Cooper { lohn 15. 1\.), Caatas Miscelaneas do un Xavegantc, 1824 ct scq
Cooper (.lolm 15. 11.), Log of the Call/uniia, l8;j'J-42. MS.
Copper City, Pioneer.
( 'op]K'ropolis, Courier.
C..rdobatAi)ierto), Cartas del Ingcnicro, I70G-S. MS.
C('irdoba (Alberto), Infornie acerca del Siiio di; l>ranciforte, 1700.
Cordoba (Alberto), inforine al \"irey sobre l)efensas de. ( 'al., 17llti.
Cornwailis ilvinahan), 'I'he New l-^l 1 lorailo. Loiulon, 1808.
Coronel (Antonio P.), Cosas de California. ^IS.
Coriini;l (Antonio F.), Documentos jiara hi Ili-itoiia de California.
Coronel (ignacioi, (,'artas de nn Maestro de Fscuela, 18o4 et sec^.
Corrco .Vti:intico (I'^l). Mexico, bSli.") etsei(.
Correo do la I'l'deracioii. ^Mexico, 182() et secj. folio.
Corres|ionclciicia de Misiones. MS.
Cortaiiib( rt iKichard), Peiiples et Voyageurs contcnipornins. Paris, 1SG4.
Cortes ( lie 'nan), Aulo ile Posesion. In Col. ])(H'. Jind., toin. iv.; Cartas;
Historia de .V. Fspana: Mtinoiial. In Col. Due'. Ined., iv.; and Dilierent
works, as cited in my llist. Mex.
MS.
MS.
iMS.
MS.
MS.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
xliii
^ Fill ill';,' Dint,
public, etc.
jview for 1S70.
Jimta do Fo-
l. M.S.
itutious.
a, Kot:;cbnc, y
.^t scq 1-1 vols.
0Tint3.
In Xilcs' Reg-
' 'Stockloii.'
in, is-w. MS.
, ISJO. MS.
h ot Mciuljors,
San Frauciiico,
luiTciicy. Sau
a. XinvYovk,
in thu Army.
raiicisco, 1875.
ct scq. MS.
MS.
lU. MS.
a. MS.
I. MS.
•aris, 1S04.
iv.; Cartas;
and Dili'crcut
C'orwin (Mosps P..), Spcfcli in U. S. 11. of llcp., Apr. 9, ISuO, to Admit Cali-
fornia. Wasliington, lt>.")(),
:> Cosmopolitan Monlliiy. San Francisco, 1874 et Kcq.
' Costau.^i'i (Mi,-"cl), l'iari(j llisturico do los Viagcs do mar y tierra licchos al
norto do California. Mixico, 177<).
Costaii:^o (ISli.Uuc!), Historical Journal of tlio Expeditious by Sea and Land
^ to tlio Is'orth of California. London, 1790.
C'lstaii.si'i (Mi.niicl), Int'iiriiicsobro v\ I'royccti^ do fortiticar los Presidios do Cal.
I7!)l. MS. lu Pmart, Col. Dou. Mexico.
„, Cota (Pablo), Diario do Fxpliiracioii, 179S. MS.
■^ Cota (1 Iiiiilcrnio, Leonardo, flannel, Palilo, and Valentin), Varias cartas. MS.
tCota (Valentin), iJocumciiLos para la Historia ilo California. MS.
Coulter (Joliii), -Vdventurcs on the AV'estcrii (Joast. Loudon, 1S47. -vols.
Coulter (Thomas), Noted on Upper California, 18.'i."). In Lond. Ceog. Soc,
Jour., V. 59.
County registers, polMists, laws ami regulations, and otlior oilieial publica-
tions, cited by name of county Imt not named iu this list.
CoiirLs. See Institutions.
Coutts (Cave .1.), Diary of a March to California iu 1848. -MS.
aS Covarnil)ias (Jose Maria), Coi-rcspondencia del Secrctario. ^IS.
M Cox (l.-:aac), .iViinals of Trinity (.'ounty. San Francisco, 18o8.
'M Coxe (b.iuiel). Description of Carolana. London, 17--; other (Hlitions.
'^^ Coyner (Dasid II. ), Tho Lo.sL Trappois. Cineiniiaii, l.S.")9.
Cram (Tiiomas J.), liejiort (Hi tlio Oceanic routes to Cal.. Xov. lS,"(i. [.Tlth
;, ('ling., I!d Sess., Sen. Fx. Doe. 51. | ^Va..hington, 18.")(!; Topograiihieal
M J\lemoir on t!i'' nepaitnient of the i'aeilie. [oitVa Cong., 'Jd Sess., 11. E\.
■i Doc. 114.) Washington, ISo!).
Crane (Janicj .M.), Tho I'ast, Prciuiit, and Future of tho Pacific. Sau Fran-
ci ico, l.S.j(i.
'i Crary (Oliver B.), Statement on Vigilance Committee in San Francisco. MS.
Crescent City, Courier, Herald, bS.')!, Del Xorto Record.
Crespi (Juan), Oiario do la lApedieion dollar., 1774. In Palon, Xot., i. C"24.
Ciespi (Juan), ])iario del registrode San Francisco, 177-. In Palou,Xot.,i.4Sl.
(.'lesjii (Juan), Primera Fsjiedicion de Tierra al Dcscubrimiciito del Puerto do
Sin Diego, 170;). la Palou, Xot., ii. VX
Crespi (Juan), \'iago do la es])C(liciou do tierra de San Diego a Montorev,
;;• ITliJ. In Palon, Xot., i. "JSo.
:' Ci'oix (Teodoro). Coinuiiicaciones del Com. fleu. do I'roviiiciaa Internas al
liob''- de Cal., 1777 et seij. .MS. la I'rov. St. I'ap., i.-iv. and oUier
arcliives.
Croix ( i'codoro"!, Di-sviosiciones para la Oiierra A los Yumas, 17S2. MS.
Croix ( Tiodoro), Instruccion .sohro Donativos en California para la (luerra cou
luglalerra, 17^1. ISiS.
Croix (i'eodoro), Instrucciones al Capitan Rivera, 1779. !MS.
,! Croni. e (TiLm Fey), Xatural Weali'i of C.diforuia. SauPraucisco, ISCS; Id,
\' ■with iUiistration;} and corrcetion.s.
Crosby (i;. <).), Fvenis in (.'alil'ornia. MS.
Crov.ell (J.), Spe'(!ch in U. S. H. of Rep. Juno .'], ISoO, ou Admission of Cali-
fornia. Wasliington, IS.'O.
Cuesta. Sec 'Arroyo lie la Cuesta.'
Carrey (John), Incidents in ('alifornia. !MS.
,r Culler (0. S.) See Directories. Sacramento, 18(10.
'I Cutis (.lames Madison), Courpiest of California aud X". Mexico. Phila., 1847.
Dall (Caroline H.), My First Holiday. Boston, 18S1.
D.dl (W. IL), Lonls of tho Isles. In Overland Monthly, xii. .")'22.
Dalles (Or.), .Mounl;iiiieer, Oreg'on Fepublican.
Dally (Henry .1.), Narrative from 1,840. M^,
Daineron (James P.), Autobiography and Writings. ,*!an Francisco, 1877.
Dampier (Wm.), Xew Voyage'round the World. Loudon, 1G09-17U9. 4 vols.
xliv
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
1 "}i
fe
iiihliil
III
'! 1
'
D;in:i (C. \V.), The flro.-it W.>t. Boston, ISOl.
l).iiiu ( I);iviil l>.). 'J'lui J''irciiiii!i. Ijdhtnu, l.S.")S.
Iauiu (i;icli:n(l 11., .Ir.), '\\\<> Wars Iji'Ihic tlio Mast. Xew York, 1840; New
Y(.rk, is'iT; r.nstDii, IST.'i; lloston, ISSO.
I';.ii;i (Williaiii (!. ), Letters of ;i Tiiulcr. MS.
Dana ((Juilkiini) (I.), and ViL'i;iii.L' Moraga, Lista de Extrangeroa en Sta Lai-
l.aia, is:{(i. MS.
I'auti (Antouii)), Diaiio do uu TirconuLiiuionto do la Alameda, 1705. IMS.
1 lariiu (V.), ra'llcecionL'.s il h'H Californioo 6 ]Ii,.pan<j-Anifiican().s. San J'"ran-
cisco. [ISdl]
DaiiliiMiIiis.s (John), I'.iographical Ski'tches. In S. .Josu rioneer, ^lar. li,'>,
IS7.S.
I'aviil.son ((Icorgc), Biography and I']ssay on Inigation. MS.
Davidson (liuorge), Coast I'ihjt of California, etc. Washington, ISOO.
Davidson ((Ic'(jr;;e), Diroetoiy for the Fainlio (Joast. Wasiiington, ISGS.
Davis (Horace), An open lA'ttcrto. San I'raueiseo, ISHO; and various speeches.
I'avis (.lolin), AVorlds Ilydrograiihical Description. London, lo'Jo.
Davis (\Vill;ai)i II.), liusiness (^irixspondencc. M.S.
Davis (William 11.), (ilimpsesof the Past in California. MS. 2 vols.
] '.•ivi.-,\ille. Advertiser.
DAvity (Pierre), Le Monde ou la Description Gcneralc, etc. Paris, 1C37.
folio. ;j vols.
])ean (Peter), Occnrrcnee.s in California. MS.
J^o ];o\v(.r. ] ». P>.), De J low's iJeview arid Lxlustrial Resonrecs. Xew Orleans,
etc., l.S,")l-7. 7 vols.; Encyclopedia of Trade ani' Commerce of the U. S.
London, ]K')-l. 'J vols.
I'ecreto del Congreso Mejicano solire ( 'olonizaeion, 18 Agosto 1S'J4. MS.
Dccreto del Congreso ^Mejicano, secnlarizando las Misiones. 17 Agosto ISoIl.
In Ariillaga', Kecop. is;!!!, p. 10.
Decreto d(,' las Cortes, 4 Ihiero 1S|;|, Sernlarizacion. IMS.; al.so in Mexico,
Leyts Vigeutes I,S7!), |i. .")(); Dwinelies Col. Hist. Add. 'JO.
]>i'er Lodge (Mont.), riii1ei>eiident.
]»egroot (ileiirv). Tile Doiiiier Party. In Ovi'rland Monthly, v. 38.
I'ei Mar (Ah'xander), A History of the Precious .Metals. J.oiidoii, 1SS9.
Jii.laiiu (Aiiiasa), The (.'entral Paeitie Lailroail, or '411 and 'CD. San I'raneisco,
ISIJS; Life on the Plains, etc. Xew York, 1S(1I; Old ]]loek"s Sketch
I)ook. Sacramento. l.S.")(»; Penknife Skelelies. Sacramento, 1853.
Delessert, Ia's IMines. In Lovue des ])eux IMondcs. Feh. 1, 1S4'J.
Del Norte County, History of. See Bledsoe, A. J.
Demarcacion y Division de las Indias. In I'acheco and C.irdenas, Col. Doe.,
XV. 40!).
Democratic Members of Legislature of California. Address of the Majority
Feb. 1S.J4. Sail Francisco, l.S.")4.
Democratic State (Jouvention, Proceedings Feb. 1852. Sacramento, 1852.
Dempster (C. J.), N'igilance Coinniittec. .M.S.
lien (Nicolas .\..). Letters of a. Pioneer Doctor. MS.
I'eiit, Vaiitinc, and Co., Claim for Supplies to Indians in California, 1851-2.'"
Washington, ii.d.
Departmental Kecords. MS. 14 vols. In .\ivhivo do Cal.
Departmental State Papers. IM.">. 20 vols. In Areliivo de Cal.; Id., Angeles.
12 vols.; Id., Benieia. 5 vols.; Id., Beuicia Custnmdiouse. 8 vols. ; Id.,
Beiiieia (,'oin. and Treas. 5 vols. ; Id., Benieia Profecturas y Juzgados.
(i Vols. ; Id., Benieia Military, vols. 53 to b7: Id., Monterey. 8 vols.; Id.,
San .lose. 7 vols.
Derby (IC. IL), The Overland Bonte to the Pacific. Boston, 18(jn.
iXrby ((i. H.), and 11. S. Williamson. Bejiorts on ( loology and Topography
of California. [31st Cong., 1st Sess.. Sen. Ex. D(jc. 47.1 Wasli., KS-iO.
I'e Iviqiort (.\. 1''. D.), Californians ami .Mormons. Now York, ISSl.
Dia:-. del Castillo (IJeinal), lli^toria Yerdadcra do la CoiKpiista do la Xueva
E.spana. Madrid, lt)32. 4to.
I
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
xlv
York, 1S40; Now
gorod oil Sta Ijui-
la, 171)5. JIS.
laiiDS. San I'raii-
'ionccr, !Mai'. 'j;>,
S.
,'ton, lS(iO.
Ill,' toil, 1S(J8.
varions sjiuoclios.
ill, KVJ,').
S. '2 vols.
ate. Paris, 1037.
OS. Xcw Orleans,
loi'cu of the U. S.
;o 18-24. :MS.
17 Agosto 1833.
; also in Mexico,
•20.
, V. 38.
lOiulon, 1880.
. Sail I'raneisco,
1 ]]lc.nk".s .Sketch
'iito, 1853.
, 18-1!).
jdciias. Col. ].)oc.,
if tlie ^lajority
Liiiouto, 1852.
Llifornia, 1851 -"2.'
ll.; 111., Angeles.
Ise. 8 vols.; Id.,
Iiras y Juzgados.
Toy. 8 vols.; Id.,
J] son.
laiul 'l^JpograpllV
Wash., 1850.
i, 1.S8I.
Ista do la Nucva
Biccionario Universal delfistoria y de ricografi.i. Mcxico,1853, Ito, lOvoIs,;
.Madrid, l8KJ-.")0. -Ito. 8 vols.
l)icl;iiisoii (John K.), Speeches, Correspondence, etc. New York, 1807. '2
vols.
l»ictaiiion sobro Tnstrucciones al Gohr- do Californias 1825. In Junta do
Fonieiito do ( 'al.
l'i_'-!er's Haudhook (The), .ind Truth about California. Sydney, 1810.
Inlko (Charles \Vent\vorth), Greater Ihitaiii. I'liiiadelphia, ISU!). 2 vols.
Iiiputaciuii do l;i Alta California (La Ecsiua.), i'l sus llabitantes. ^Monterey,
(J Nov., 18.')().
l.'ireetories, Los Angeles; Marj'avillc, Amy; Nevada Co., Bean; Nevada and
Crass Valley, Thompson; Oakland, Stilhvell; Pacific C'l'^ist ]>iisiiir:;s,
l.aiigley; Placer Ciuinty, Steele; Plaeerville, Fitch; Saeraine'ito, Col-
ville; San Fraiieisro, Uishop, Calvilh', ( la/.lay, Harris, PoLiardus and
Labatt, Judicial, KinibiiU, Langlev, Larkiii and lieldeii, Li; Count .Mid
Strdiig, Morgan, I'arker, i'ottrr; San l-'raneiseo, California, and Nev;:da;
San .losi', liisho]^ Colalian an<l I'unieroy; San Joa(|ain Cuuiity, IJerdiiie;
Santa Clara; Solaim; Stockton, ISogardus; Tuolunnio Couiily, IJeckiii-
(Uiiii and Wilson; \'allejo, Kelle}' and I'reseott; Watsonville.
Tiislurnell (i.), Iiillueiicc nf (Tiniate. New York, 1S(;7.
l>i;tMiann (< arl), Narrative of a Seafaring Life from 1SH. !MS.
\r\ (John A.), Spuoehes and Occasional Addresses. Si^w York, 1801. '2 vols.
I 'i vi'ii, Tiilmnc.
I 'i\(m (William Ilepworth), 'llie AVhito CoiKjuest. London, 1^70. 2 \'>h.
I'Mctriiia. para los Padics iK: Familia. Caita do inia No\"ia do ^loda ;i su
fiituro. [En verso. j SoiKHiia ( I8.')8].
I '■•(■uiiiciis .sur I'lfistoiro do Californie. In Petit-Tliouars, Voy., iv.
hnouineiitos para la llistoria. ISHi -S. In Los Angeles, .Southcni California.
h'n-uiiient(is para, la llistoria ilo C.iliforuiii. MS. 4 vols.
l>ocuiiieiitos pai'a la Jli>toria do .Mexico. Jloxico, 1853-7. ' ') vols. 4 series,
serio iii., in folio and in four parts.
1 i^iiiieueeh (I'jnuianue'), Seven Yi'irs' llcsidcnco in thoCrcat Deserts of Norih
unerici
London, 1800. 2 vols.
l''iniiiiguez (Manuel), Ksciitos de uu Panehero y Prefecto. ^FS.
I'niiiinguez (Francisco A.), and Silvestre V. Escalanto, Diario y derrotcro jiara
descubrir el eaminodo Santa Fe, etc. In hue. Hist. .M(/x., serio ii., i. 377.
1 'oiiuat (Li'on), L'l'^tatdo Californie en 1877-8. Paris, 1878.
I''"ilittle (William (i.), Journey to San Framnsco. ^18.
I I'Diliiuuy (Alcide), \'oyago I'ittoresipio dans les deux Anii'riipics. Paris,
ls:!i;.
I "..aulas
,S]icech in U. S. Sen. June 20, 28, 1S50, I'ublio Lauds in California.
Washiuuton, 1850.
1 >-u;_'las (! )avi.lt. Letter to Jfartnell, 1S33. :MS.
I i.iU.u'las (Sir James), Private I'apers. 1st and 2d series. !MS. 2 vols. ; \'oy-
agc from tlie Columbia to Cal., 1,841. MS. In Id. J
I'oiiglas Citv, Trinity (.iazctte.
I '"U-cIl ( 1',. j'.), Jouriial and Letters. :MS.
ounial
y City, (^lurier, Los Xietos X'allcy C
nwiu
nviilin'llle
Dei
rat, .Mountain ^MessciiLrer, Sierra Advocate, Sierra A'_
Sierra County News, ,'<icirii l)cuiocrat, Standard, etc.
I 'hum (James), Siatenient of \'i,L:ilance Committeo in .San Fr.'incisco. !MS.
l'.'ylc(J(ihn T.), Address at Inauguration of New Hall of Santa Clara Col-
ic
Aug. !), 1S70. S. F.. 1S70; Ad.
foi-uia. S. F., 187
the llailroa.l i'olicyuf Caii-
M
Ihief History of the I'ious I'uii.l of ( 'alifornia. ii
W<
emoraiK
ster. 1,S74.
lum as to the Hiscov.jiy of the Pay of .San Fr;
Drake (Francis), Drio V<iornaanie Zeo-Toiit.n. In Aa, Naauk. Ve
The I'Vimous Vovaue. In lf:d<hn-t's \'o\-., iii. ;
rs. x\ ill. ;
is Drake Ii
d.
ii.pl. (lO;!!) |: Tlu! World Encompassed. London, 1028. 4to; The World
Eiicoinp-asscd [llakluyt Sue. ed.] London, 1854.
AUTHORITIES QUOTRD.
fii:!!;'
Drnmn, Copy nf a Sptini^Ii Pivuiki of IT'^O. MS.
Pniiils, I'roririliiii^n at Aiiiuiiil Scs.-jioiis; otlicr panii)hletfi.
Diiiuli: (Mai'iiiiio), ('ansa (.'liiuiual cuiitia ul Alc.ildei dc S. .Ti).S('', ISHl. MS.
])u llaillv (liilonaifli, Ijva Aiiit'rii.aili.-i fiiir lo l'acili(pi('. Jii Itovuc ilcn J.)i nv
.Moiiiles, J'uli. IS.")!).
Diiluiiit-CiUy (A. ), \'ia;,';.;iii intoi'iio ill Globo. Tciriiio, IS-U. 'Jvdlu.; Voyayc
aiilijuv (111 Mniulc. I'aiis, liS.'!,").
Puiiu't;; (Fiaiitisco), Carta.s tlil I'adrc Jli.sioncri), 1771 IfH I. MS.
IMiiiliar (Ivhvanl ll. ), IJoniaiice of tlio A;jo. Xcw York, 18(i7.
Dmicaii, (L. J. ('.), Si'ttliimiit in SoiUlurn Oriyoii MS,
Dimiu'.s Xott's tm San I'ascual, I'lKi. MS.
Diiniavt'ii (Ivirl of), Tlu^ (iriat l)ivi(lo. New Yoik, 1S7().
Diu'aii (Xarciso), Cavta al (loli"'(-'liico, l.l.Iuiiio, 1S;>(!. .MS.
Diiiim (Narci.so), CoriTiiponduiicia du uii ^lisioiiero y riv-idontc. !MS.
Diiraii (N'arciso), Tritica solivo la.i rii^VL'iicionL'.i do Jviiaiii;ipatniiU, ISII^!. JLS.
Ihuan (Xaiviso), Iiifunno del Actual Kstado do las Jliisioiu';, I.Sti. IMS.
Diiraii (Xarciso), X'otas d una Circular <'i liaudo di: Ilclicaiiilia, louli. MS.
Dura a (Xarciso), Xutas y Coiuciitarioti al Baudo dcEcliei.udia sobru Miiiioiics,
IS'M. MS.
Duraii (Xarciso), Proycctos tic Seculari/acioii, ISHH. !MS.
Durlcec (1(^1111 L.), Statement on \'igilance (Joinniittccs in San Francisco. MS.
Dutcli Flat, I'hiijuircr, I'oruni.
Dutcli Flat Swindle ('i'iic ( \vviit). R. F. n.d.
l)\vi'U'l!o(.To!in \V.),Addrc:i before the I'ionccrs. ISOC. S. F. l.^fi; Colonial
Iliotory of San Franeiseo. S. F. ISUIi; S. F. USi;7; [Drake'.s Voy.-.ge, a
]lc\ icw (,f r,ryauf:i Hist. U. S.] In S. F. bulletin, Oct. 5, 1S;S; Oration.
Oi t. S, l,s7(). In San iMancisoo, Cent. Mem., 81.
Dye (Job F.), I'ionecr llecoUeutions. In iSta Cruz Sentinel, 1SG9; I'ionecr
Scrap-book; lUcoUcctiouB of California. MS.
Kardlr\--Wilmot (S.), Our Journal in tlic racifie. London, l.S7n.
Karil (.'[ohn ().), Statesnent of 1S!0. .MS.
Fai'Lc ■.trrintiii.'^inCalirnrnia. ACollcclionof all<locument:-printedl)oforclS4S.
I'^artliijUalLc. 'J he (lieat Ivirtlujuake in San Francisco S. F. IStlS.
Katon (Hcm-y), I'ioncer of ISIiS. MS.
l^chciindia (Jose Maria), I'ando sobro Eleccionos, IS'28. JIS.
Lcheandia (Josu Maria), Carta, que diri;;o ;'i 1). Jose Figueroa en defcnsa do lo
que ha lieeho jiara scciilarizar la.s i\lisionc3, ISllIl. JIS.
Fcbeandia (Jose Mana), Decreto de Eniuncipaciou a favur do los Xeofitos,
1820. MS.
Echcandia (Tosij Mar(a), Dccrcto do Sccularizacion, Enero, 1331. !MS.
Eclic.india (Josj ?ilaria), Eseritos Sueltos del Com. (ieneral, ISJo-,'],'}. MS.
Eclicandiii (Jos6 Maria), Plan para Convertir on Pueblos las IMisioncs, IS'JO-.IO.
MS.
Echcandia (Jos.; ^laria), Picglaniento para los Encargados de Justicia en las
Misiones, ]^?,X MS.
Echoandia (Jose Alaria), Rcj.'lamento de Secularizacion, 18 Xov. 18u2. MS.
1-clieveste (Juan Jo.^e), 'IlegUimento,' <pv.
V.cn de. Espaua. Mexico, 18.j;?-4.
Eco X'aeioual. Mexico, lSr)7-8.
]]co do Occidcntc. (luaynias, 1878 ct scq.
i:del!nan (Ceorge W. ), ( biido to the Value of California Gold. Pliil., 1850.
I'ldinburf^'ii Preview. i'Minbiir'rh, 1802 et seq.
Edward^i (Philip L.), Diary <if'a Visit to Cal., 18^7. MS.
Eliot do Castro (Juan), Papeles Tocante.s I'l su arrcstacion, 181.". MS.
Elliot (Ceorge 11.), Tiie Presidio of San Fraiuiseo. In Overland, iv. ?,?M.
Eliis (Ceorge E.), Tlie Fed :\Ian and lli<; Wliitc Man. Boston, 18!i-_».
Emory (^V. 11. ), Xotes of a ]\!ilitary Pcconnaissancc. [.lOtli Cong., 1st Sess.,
Sen. Ex. Doe. 7.] Wasliiuglon, L'vlS.
Escalaute (Sylve.stro V'elci:), Carta de 28 de Octubre, 177''. !MS.
a
AUTlIOniTIK.S QUOTED.
"xlvii
41. 'J Vdl.i.; Voyage
11. MS.
1807.
S.
•^idwitc. MS.
iios, l,S4t. IMS.
11(1 ia, i;i;ii5. ilS.
iiilia ijobrc Misioiifs,
San Francisco. MS.
^. V. 1S(U); Colonial
[I)i'ako"s Voj'.'.yo, a
ct. ."), 1S7<S; Oialitm.
liuul, 1SG9; riuncur
in, ISTfJ.
aprintcd before 1S4S.
i. F. 1S(JS.
MS.
'■o:i en (lifcnsa do lo
S.
or (le los Xc'utltos,
•ro, ISni. MS.
1, i.s-r)-.".:5. MS.
.Misioncs, 18'20-.30.
do Justicia en las
.s Nov. is:;'2. ■\is.
,id, riiii., isrio.
181.-). MS.
.-ciland, iv. .1.10.
^t<ui, 18,S-J.
Ill (-'uuy., Ist Se.s.s.,
MS.
Kscandiin {Mjinnc!), and Joso 1). Itasoon, (3bscrvacionc's, Foudo riadu.so,
Mi'xico, 1S4.').
ICscubar (.Xgnstiii), Canipafia do 184(j. MS.
Ksioliar (Marcoliun), (,'arta;i do mi Aleiilde, MS.
Ksuiuk ri) (.lo.st'! A^jn.itin), .M'jnioria s del JJiputadu do Cliilinahna. Mixioo, 184S.
Ksc'iidoru (.lost' A.'^aiiitiii), NoUoiu.i l^slaili.-slicas do L'liilui.dina. Me.\ii,-o, lbo7.
Ivs[iaria, Constitucioii ilo ISli'. MS.
Kspanolcs, Li.sla do lo:i — (jno ban jirestadtj .Tiiramcnto, IS'JS. MS.
I'lsiiliiosa, (di-'inc n'a), Ajiiiiitos Urovo-i y Xotas lIi:5ii'iricaH. ^IS.
F.spiiKJ: a (Ua'aul), Fstiidio.s llisliirioo.s. In Soo. ^^Icx. (Jcog., iSoL, v. 4:29,
Iv^plaiiilian, Sorgas of. l.'dO, and later oilition.s.
IvlaMooiiniontos lliisos on California, l;.ii'J-41. MS.
K.^trll (laiiRs M.), .'■poooli in Hall of l!op. Saot" in connection witli Vij,'ilance
ConniiiUoo. n.])l. )8.")7.
]''.sti'ncv,a (Toni.'is), (.'artas dol Fadro Misionoro. !MS.
F.sti'ada (.fd-si' Mariano), Corroi^pondonoiado.sdo 178.">. ]\IS.
Fatraila (lo.io Fanion), Coiminicacioiios \'avias. MS.
Fslrada (.bv^; Fai.ion), Lista do F.\tr;-.ngoro:i on Montcroy, lSi20. MS.
F.studillo (Jo.so Man:.), DatoH lli-^tiu'iotj.s. MS.
IvUmli'.lo (.loso .Foaipiin), ].)(joiuikiiIos para la Ili.storia do Cal, ^IS. '2 vols.
Ivsiuilillo (Josi' Mali-!), llojus do Sorvicio. MS.
Fs'.iidillo (.lo.-so ^laii.t), Infornio soliro los I'^viilos, 18-0. ISIS.
Kstiidil'.o i.Tuso Maria), liiftnnio sobro Oiioios do C:'.pollan, lS-20. ^IS.
K.studillo (.Tuso Maria .'.nd JodJ Antonio), Carta.-j dol I'adro o Jlijo. -MS.
Ktholin, Loiter on llo::s, 1S41. MS.
Furtka, ]">oniocra'Jo Stanilard, Evening Ilorald, I'^voning ."-'tar, Humboldt
Fi.iy .Touriial, Ilniiiboldt Times, National Index, Northern Indopondont,
Siuiial, Wo.st Coast Signal.
FvanLioli t {'J"li( ), San Francisco, 1872 et :eq.
Fvaii:i(.\lbort S.j, A la California. San Fr.inci.sco, 187.1.
J.vai: ; ((loor;.'e M.), A liisioiy of tho Disouvory of (lold in California. Tn
llinil'.s Mcndiants" Mag., xxxi. .'iS.').
yiwiiu:- (P.ichard S.) and H. AV. lIo:i. ]:av,-, Translation, Voyage of Cabiniu.
In U. S. (loog. Siirv., Wheeler, vii., Areli., 'JU,').
F.xpedicnto solire el niodo do di\ idiisi' las niisionos, 1770. MS.
Ivxpcdionto t;obrc las Euferniedado.s de la 'I'ierra, lt>0."). MS.
ll\[iod:onte sobro lteoiproea:i Qiieja.i del ( lobornador y Religioso.s, 1787. ^IS.
llxpui ion of Citi;:enH of the U. S. from Upper C:d. President's Moss. ['iSth
Coir;., LstSesi., .Sen. Doe. liOO.] Wa.h., 184:1.
F/ijuer (Igiiaeio), I'demorias de Cosas Fa.sadas. MS.
San Francisco, 18C0.
]"al/uiii (rjonlbrm), Agrionltnral Lands of Califoi'nia,
I'ae-. ir.iiley do Firnuui C.difurniaiias. M.S.
I'aeultad de Conhrniar, 17S1. MS.
r'a..^..-i (Poilro), ('DUioiilario sobi'o el Informc del Cajiitan Soler, 1787.
l-'aqes (I'edri.i), Correspondenoia del Coinamlaiito y G(.bi'., 1781 et .'-.cq.
I'ages (I'edro), Infonue sobro Conioreio eon Liupies do China, 1787.
I'a.^o.'i (I'odro), Iiiformo General do ]\Ii:,ninie^:, 1787. MS.
Fages (IV'dro), Infinnos I'arlioularowd GoIj''' lioiiieu, 1701. MS.
Fagos (I'odro), Iiistrneeion para el Cabo do I'soolta do Angeles, 1787
Fages (Pedro), Iiiitrneeioii para la Escolta de. Purisima, 1788. ^bS.
Fagx.; (Pedro), r...;ti'ueoion jxira la IvseoUa de S, Mignol, 17S7. ^IS.
]"a,'.;o;i (i'edi'o), Iiistrneeion para sn Vi;igo ;i California, !7''rt. ^IS.
l'age:j (Podio), Iii^^iruoeionesal Coniand.into Iiitorino do Monterey, 1783,
Fago.-i (Pedrol, Papel do Varios Puntos. 17!»1. MS.
]-'agos (I'odro), Foi.reseiitaeion Contra bjs Frailos, 178."). ^IS.
1 .•i:.,es (Poilro), Voyage! en Californio, 17()0. In Nouv. .\ii. Voy., ci.
I'air (Lnnra D.), (iliieial lioport of the Trial. San Francisco, "lb71.
Faiivld'.d (.lolni A.), Sketch of Life. :MS.
Faiiiily Deiender Magazine. Oakland, 1881 et scq.
MS.
MS.
MS.
7. MS.
MS.
xlviii
AUTIIOmXIES QUOTED.
I 'Li
'•'.f
.'.'. MS.
[Tho
Fmi'iiIkuh (Eli:';i W.), Califonii.i. Ih-T>i>i)1n iiinl Out. Xcw Ynik, IS.'rt.
F.uiiliMiii (I. T. or Tlio.-i. .).), Ivn-ly l>ayM t>( Calit'oniia. I'liil., Isdii; Life,
AihiiiUin.s 1111(1 Tnivils in L'ul. I'ictdiial nl. N. Y., Is."i7; Lite, Ad-
vuitiuvs, and Tnivils in (,'al. X. Y., is-ltl; N. Y., iHli); \. Y., I8,j0j
N. v., IS,".;{; Tnivi'lH in till) Caliloniia-i. N. Y., ISJt.
Fanv<!l (Jaiiit's i).), .Statciiunt ul \'igilaii<<; < 'uiiiiiiittics in S. F. MS.
'I'ar W'c-^t,' L(ittiis fmni ('alil'onii:i. In lloiiohilii Fricml, Xov.-Di'c, 184G.
Vny (Calcli T.), llLstoiiail Fact.s on Califoiiiiii. MS.
l'\'Mlix (!'. A.), L'On'yon vi Ics cotiH dv I'lJuOan l'iifili<|U(;. ^al•i^^, ISlli.
l''i rnaiidc/ (.losi'). Comus do CalitViriiia. MS.
I I riiandt/ (.losO), liocnniintij.s jiaia la Jlistoiia di: Califoniia. MS.
l'\i'liaiiil(V, (Just' /I'ntJli), Cartas Siioltas. MS.
I'finaiidi/ (M:inu(!), Carta did I'adri' Ministii) do Sta Cruz, IT''*^. MS.
I'Vriiiiiidr/dc Siiii Vict'iiti; (.\i,'iistiii), CiniiUMioafioiicsdilCaiiiiiii^o. I'-'.'.'.
I'V'ny (ilyiKilitt'), iJfsi'riiitidu dt- la Nduvi'IIi! Calii'iiriiic. I'aris, lS."/0.
Fida"l;;ii (Salvador), Tabla di; Dtscubi iniiunto.i do i~<.M. MS.
J'idal.;o (SMlvailor), Via,L;o do \1'M). MS.
J'iclil (Sto[ili(ii .7.), I'orsoiial JtciiiinisociK'ort of ]']arly Days. n.]>l., n. d.; Somo
Account of the Work o'. n.id., issl.
Figncroa (Jose), Anniicia a los (jdifoinios .su llc^^'ada, 10 Fncro, ls;);i.
lir.st siicciiiKii of Calil'oriii.'i iirintiii;.'.]
l''i,L'riC'ioa (Jose), llaiidi) contra Jlijar, ]S'M. !MS.
J'"igucroa (.Jose), Jjandu en tjuu puliliea la Uesolueion do la Diput«aci(JU coutra
llijar, is;;4.
J'"i;,'neroa (Jos(''), Corres]K)udencia del flcfo Ptjlilito, 1S"-J ,", ?,IS.
]'"igiieroa (.J(jsu), Cosa.s Financieias de California, ISot. MS.
I'igiieroa (Jose), I)is(.'urso dc; A|iurtiu'a do la Di[)utaeion, ISIJi. MS.
Figiieroa (.Tose), VA Coniandaiito ticiicrul, otc, illoa llabituutcs del 'J'erritorio.
!Montcii'iy, Ifi iMarzo, ls:{,").
Figiui'oa (J('sr), j;i Coiii;iiidaiito Tlcneral y Oefu Politico de Alta Cal. A .sn.i
IIal)itant"S. Monterey, IS.'!,").
Figueroa (.Jose), Tnfornio al ilinistro de (Jnerra soltre Aconteciniientos do
lKil-'2. MS.
Figueroa (.Jose), Infurnio en quo se oponc al I'royccto do Scculari/.acion, IS,",'!.
:ms.
I'igueroa (.Tos(j), Instnicciones Gcncralcs para el Oohiovnodo Cal., I'^ll'J. MS.
I'iyueroa (.lose), ?dauiliestu d la Kepi'ibliea ^lejicaiia. ^louterey, It'lJo.
FJLineroa (.lose), The .Manifesto of. S. Franei.sco, l>v",">.
l''ii,'ii(roa (.Tosc), Oliservaeiones de iin Ciudadano. MS.
l'"iguenia (.lose), Plan de Propios y .\rliitrio.s. Monterrey, A.cjosto, 1834.
i'"igneroa (.Jose), Preveiicioneti Provisionaled para la lOniancipaciou de Indies,
is;;;!. ]\is.
I'igneroa (.T(]si), rjegl.-iniento Provisional para la Seeularization. Monterrey,
!) Aijosto. ks;m.
Fi'Tdla (.lames). Statement of Events in Early T)ay3. MS.
i'indlay (Alcxandc^r (i.), Diri'ctory fur the XaviL'ation (jf the Pacific Ocean.
London, IS.")!; Li.Lrlit Jfouses in the AWrrld. London, ISdT.
rire I'liilerwriters. An'-iial lieports, San I'^ranciseo, IbOj et seij.
First Steamship Pioneers. [Smii I'raneisciy, 1.S7L] 4t(j.
Fisher (Walter ^M.), The Californiaiis. San Fraiu'isco, 187(i.
Fitch (liuillernio), Xarrativ.-i. ,MS.
l''iteli (Henry ]).), Causa Criinin.al por Matrinionio X'ulo, \K)0.
l"iteli (llem-y D.), Letters of a Merchant, lS-_'(i et sei.. :MS.
]''iteli ( ill nry 1). and Jo.sefa(J.),])oei.inieiitos para la llistoriade California. MS.
:ms.
i'itc
Fil>:
L^'fa C. ), Xarraeion de una California. ^IS.
lid ((.). 1'.), Calif.
Xaslivillo, 1S70.
I'Mtzgerald (O. P.), Education in California. ^IS.
I'l.ig;.', Jteporfc. [JMthCc
1st Sess., Sen. I'iX. Doc. 1(17.1 Washington. ISoo.
I'leurieu (Charles Pierre), Introduction. In Murchaud, Yoy., i.
Flint. See Pattie's Xarrative.
^ll
AUTIIORITIE.S QUOTED.
xlis
Miil.. Isc,;); Life,
l.V)T; LilL', A(l-
ll»; N. v., 18.J0;
. ]•'. MS.
S'uv.-lUc,
1840.
•mis, 1S40.
. MS.
ITtis. MS
iria, 18. lO.
MS.
i.]il., 11. (1.;
Some
uTo, 1"^;'.:'..
[Tho
)ipiitaciijn cuiitra
. MS.
sh-t. MS.
Los del 'JVn-itorio.
c Altii Cal. ;i .sn.l
oritfciiiiientoa ilo
ilari/.auuin, IS.*],*?.
CaUW-'. MS,
|fri.y, lb',io.
Aerrx^to. isr.4.
liticiiJii 'U^ Imlios,
lull. Muiittii'ey,
|l! Tacific Ocean.
C-T.
Jt SC(J.
I). MS.
Ic'iilitoniiii. MS.
lisliiii''toii,
1855.
ririrrs M()s'' ^Tiirin), f'lrta.i vaiia?>. MS.
I'ldivs (JuH.; .Maria), liifuiiiiu iil (lob'-do Sonora, 5 Fcli. 1S77. In .SonorciiMC,
.Mar. .-), is 17.
Elori'S (.l<is'! .Maria), liifi)riiii) ilu 5 I'd). 1817, y Corrcs^ionikncia coii hn
AiitoriiiaiU'H do SiiKua, .MS.
I'lort'a (.T"iso Mavia), (Jlicios del (,'omaiidanto fionoral, 1810. MS
I'l'ics (.Mi;-;iicl), Keciu'idod llist<nieii-< de California. MS.
riijiis (Viivy), Ii;stnic(iiiii, I7S!). MS.
I"lii;,'.;o ('''''■"'l''*' ^^'•)> Vaiiiiiis Lettc'iH, 1S41 ct .ii'(|. MS.
rols(Jiii (■!. L.), ('nrri'spoiiilencu of the (^uarteniia!iter, 1S40-8. In Cal. and
X. .Mex., Mess, mid Doe., IS.m
]'i>ndi) i'iad(}s<> do ( 'alit'onii.iH, 177.'}. MS.
Inndo I'iad.iso do Caliloinias, Duercto I'l Oct. 1812. MS.
l'(.ii(li) riadosD de < 'aliloriiia>i, I)eiiiostraciuii do Ion siiKjdo.s (jiic adeuda A lu3
I!cli-in.so.i, ISll-.'M. iMS.
I'undo I'iadoso do (.'alifornia.s. Ley y Kccrlamento. Mexico, IS;!."!.
]"o!is( e,v (Faliian) and (,Vulo,s Urriitia, llistoria (Jeneral do lieal Hacienda,
.Mexico, ISl,"), Is-H)-,-,;). vols.
I'niit (■losi), Varios i;serilna del 'I'eiiiL'iite, 1700 et seq. JIS.
loiit (iVdro), tlounial of a .loiirmy from Souora to Monteix'y, 177'>. MS,
] (jote (U.S.), Siieeeli on Admission of California in U. S. Senate, Aug. 1 , I8."i0.
\Va^'iiii,u'ton, 1850.
I'l iliL.i (.Mexander), California, A History of. London, 1839.
l'oil>es I. lames A.), Letters, I8;{;,'-4S. :^1S.
I'md (ll( nry L.), Tlie liear Flag iiovolutiou. MS.
I'oiest Hill,' I'iaeer (."ourii'r.
I'orsce (I'eler A.), Five Years of Crime in California. Ukiali, ls(»7.
I'eiv-iter (■iohu), I'ioiiecr Data from 18IV.2. MS.
I'ciis'.er (.Tolin Ileinliiild), History of Voy.iges and Discoveries in the Nortli.
Loud. Ill, 1780. 'Ito.
F'ort Point and .Meatrazas Island, Iiifornuition in regard to fortifications
being erected, [ollil Cong., 1st Sess., ]I. l]x. Doe. 8'2.] Washington,
18."i;j.
Foster((t. 0.1, TheOold Ee-ionsof California. Xcw York, 1S4S; X.Y'., 1840,
]'\iHter (Stephen C), Aii-tdcs from '47 to '!!). ,MS.
I'oster (Stephen (.!.), First .Vmerieau in Los .\iigoles. In Los Angeles F^xpress,
]''oster (Stepiien C. ), Various AVritiiij's, !MS.
Fourgiimd, 1'he Prospects of ('alifoinia. lu California Star, April, 1848,
Fouler (.lohii), liear Flag lievolt. .M,S.
I'owlcr ((Jiiii), Siieeeli in U. S. II. of Itep., 'March 11, IS.jO, on Constitution
of California, AN'asliiugtoii, FS.JO.
I'raiikiin ( lleiijamiii). Corners, 1S4!). In S. V. Alia, ]\Iareli S, 1877.
I'las^ir (•). D.), liciiort on the [minensc Resources and X^aturul ^^'ealth of
California. Xew York, IS()8.
Fra/ee (\V. D.), San Ijcrnardiiio County. San Dernardino, 1870.
I'ree Aiiiei ieaii. Vera Cniz, l847et.se(|.
I'reclon (W. '1'.), Oration before I'ioncers. Sept. 9, 1857. San I'miR-Lsco, 1857,
I'reniery (JaiiieLide), Mortgages in California. San F'raneiseo, 1800.
l'r('mont ( li --sio Ik'iiton), A Year of American Travel, n. p., 187S.
Fri'iiioiit (.r.i!]n (',), California Claims in Congress. In liOth Cong., 1st Sess.,
H. lapt. 817; Sen. liept. 75; Htiuston'a lloorts; — ,'>od Coiil;., 1st Sess,
H. Ex. Doc. 17; Sen. Ex. Doc. 4!);— -Jd Sis-i., H. Fix. Doc. L!; Sen. Ex.
8;— ;)4tli Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. Doe. l(i(); Sen ICx. Do<-. (;.",; Sen. :Miseel.
74;— ;!(it!i Coiig. l,'~t Sess. H. Ifept. 7; Id. Cou;tv:'laims'Jl)4, JJU; Sen. Itept.
108. .Vlso ( V>lig. (ilobe 1847-8, l85i;-;}; iilid many seattert d documenls
in the various archives; (.'orrespondmee ls:i-7. ^IS. ; Correspond'iice
1847-8 in Stockton's Life, App. ; Court Martial. E.xtraet in .Sc(jckton"s
Life, App.; Court Martial 1847. In .'iOth Cong., 1st Sess. Sen, Ex,
Doe, ,■),": Disi'us.-.ioiis in (Anigress on his trial and scrvicis, |S47 8.
Cong, doljc, 1847 S. Index, 'F'rOniout"; Geographical Memoir upon Up-
I
'
1
AUinORITIES QUOTED.
licrCalifoniin. W/isliingtnn, ISIS; Pliilaileliiliia. lS4f>. fHOtli Cong., Ist
iSt'ss. iScn. Mis. J4SJ; I.s liu hoiiust? Is lie caiiatjU''/ n.pl., ii.il. ; Life of.
Xcw Yorli, IS'A'r, XaiTati\'o of Kxiiloriu;^' l^xiicililioii. Xcw Y'ork, 1S4!);
Not a lioinan Catholic, ii.pl., n.il. ; Ofilcr-s ami ( 'oiiv.spuiuleiiL't', 1S47.
In Citit'a CoiUiiK-'sl ; I'rivato and I'uhlic Character Vimlicalcil, ]>y James
lluchaiian. Is'ew Y<!i-k, n.il.; lic^iort of j^xplvniii^' lO.'cpcili'iiuii. Wus.li-
iui;ton. lS4o; I'aiiiiihlets. A Collection; Fremont Sony:jtcr. Xcw York,
IS.jo; r.oston, ]1<M.
Fremont (.lohu C. ) anil W. 11. Kmory, California Guiilo IJook. Xcw York,
1SI!».
Frerc (Alice ^I.), The Antipodes and Pioiind tlie ^Vorld. London, 157<\
Fresno, ]'!xpo;-itor, llcpuhlican, Scott Valley Xews.
]'"ri 'net (I'rncot), La Californic. Faris, ISii."; FarLs, 1SG7.
I'rink ((leorgo \\'.), Vigilance Committee. ^LS.
Fiix'liel (.luliiu;), Ccnlriil America, Xorthei-n ^Mexico, and Western United
Stales, iSevcn Ycar.s Travel in. London, IS.'jI).
From J']i),';land to C.ilit'ornia. Life amoii;,' the ^lornions. '.Nicramentii, LSDS.
Frost (.Toiin), Ifisltjryof (,'alifornia. Ar.luirn, ISol); Xcr York, lo.V.); Fic-
torial History ul Mexico. Fliil. LSO-_'.
I'rost (Thomas), llalf-lloiirs with the J'lnvls I'.xplorers. London, etc. [1870.]
I'urbcr ((leorgc C), The Tw.lvo Jlonths' Volunteer. Cincinnati, lyj'J.
Fuster (Vicente), llf^'V-t'o dc Defunciones, 177.'>. ^IS.
Gacota del Cobierno de ]Mexieo, 172S-1S21, 1S2.3 ct seq.
Gaecta. Imperial do ^Mexico. ^lexico, 1621-^. IJ vols.
(lalindo (Jose J>,i.scl)io), ApnnLcs para la IIL-storia di: California. Jl;3.
(lalit:'.iii (I'.'iiniianucl), Notice Biogr.ipliiipie .siir Laniuof. InNoiiv. An. Voy.,
cxxv. -m:].
(!;ilvo/ (JosJi de), Corrcsponden(,'ia con el Padre Lasuen, 170;'. JI^'.
Ciilvci (.FoHc de), Fijcritos sueltos del Vi^itador General, 17ij3-7''). ^IS.
Calve;'. ( los,; de), Instruccion (pic ha de 01j.icrvar J). "N'iceuLe Vila, c.i'.itan del
.S'. (Yu-!o.% 17C9. :M.S.
dah'c;', (Tw ,'i dc), Instniccion ipic ha de OI)S','r\ai' el tcnleate D. I'cilro Fagcs,
170!). :\is.
Calve;; (Virey), Comnnieaeiones al < loh''. do California, 1730-5. r^IS.
(.^alve.; (Virey), Inslrucrii.ii forma da, en virtud do real <n'deu. ^hjxico, 17S().
Calvcx (\'ircy), In^iiruccionc.. al C!ob''- Fa;j;cs, 17313. }<l>^.
(larecd (I'lancisco), Diario y Derroteio. In Doe. Hist. Me.\., ser. ii., i. '2'2o,
(Jarcia (Inoccnlc), llechos llisti'>ricos. il^^.
Garcia {,h).i''\ ]].), I]pisodios Ilistijrieos. ^IS.
(iarcia (Marceliiio), Apunt(! sobre el (.Jcneral ^liehcltorena. !MS.
(.larci.-i I'iic.;,o (I'rancisco), C.'irta I'aatoral. Mexico, ];MJ.
(Jarcia I'ic^o (Franci.sco), Carta Fastoral contra la costinnbre do azotar ;l los
Iiulios, Junio SO, 13,%. M.S.
Garcia Fie^o (Francisco), Corre.spondencia de nu ^Iit>ionero y Obi.-ipo. ^LS.
Garcia Diego (Francisco), Farecer del F. Fiscal sobre el 1'royecl.o do Secular-
i;;aeion, 13;;:). MS.
Garci.-i Die^;o (Franeijco), Feglas (pie propone ei F. Frcfceto para Cobierno
interior do l.'i.'j ex-mi:;ioncs, lolJj. MiS.
Garden of the World. Foston, 13.'>(j.
Gardiner I'Me.), Home Journal.
Garibay (\'irey), Comunicaciones al Cobcrnador de Cal. ilS.
Garijo (Agn. tin), Carta del F. Guardian en (pie da Xoticia do la Rovolucion,
131 1. M.S.
Garner (William F.). Letters of a Fionecr of 18i!l. Yui.
{^arnica del Caiiiil'.o (Xicanor), llecucrdo;; sobrc California. ^IS,
(iaini.s.i (•Tames ]?.), ICarly Days of ,San I'lanci.-eo. ^LS.
G.'iry (Ceor;;e), The Foaming Fadyc,.!. .MS.
(Ja:-ol (Jo:ii ), Fxp( diente i-;obre v'apellane.s de Fn idios, l!02. MS.
Gaiiol (Jo.-.c), Lctias ralcnle:.i del i'. Ciu.iidian, IbOii. M.S.
nOth Concr., 1st
., 11.(1. ; Life (if.
.w Vwrk, KS4<);
lUlulL'ilL't', 1S47.
;itc(l, l>y Jmiir's
ilit.itjii. ^V:loll-
jr. New York,
k. Ni;w Yolk,
iJou, 1«7<\
Vcstcrn United
cniiucuto, 18(58.
ork, lo.VJ; I'ic-
luii, etc. [1S70.]
lati, VooO.
la. M;5.
Niouv. ,\ii. Voy,,
U.S.
1-7). MS.
Vila, ca;,itau del
D. Peilro l\yjs,
MS.
^Mj;doo, 1780.
ser. ii., i. -^'j.
IMS.
li! azotar ;l lo3
Oljispo. MS.
lo do Scciilar-
para (.iobicruo
la rkCYolucion,
MS.
MS.
AUTnORITIES quot]:d.
u
flay (Fr'.'.itTick A.), Sketclifsof Ca]i''(ii-!;i:i. n.vl., ii.d.
(i('!'.;ial Absoiiatidii of California, Minutes of Ani:ual ^Icctings. San Fran-
cisco. 1!n")7 et !--e(j.
Oerman (Joai i'.nd Luis), Sneesos en California. MS.
(ieiiius of l^iberty, Vera Cruz, 1817 etRCii.
Gcrstachcr (I'lTidricli), Avontnrcii (rinic Colonic (^l'uli^3Tant3 en .\mi'rii|U('!.
I'ai-is, 18,")."); (..V.lifornisclie Ski::/;cn. Leipzig, 18,"jt); (iold! lun Calil'or-
ui.-.cln'.s lA'l)i'nsl)i!.l aii:3 deiii yali^'o lb4',). Lcip;;iij;, 1838; K;ilifor:iien.s
Colli u (V,iuck;<i;!)er-l)i.,trict. Lcip:.i,L':, l^■l'.); Dcr iLlciuc Gol.l^^raljer in
C'alifoniien. Leip::ig, n.d. ; Kreu:: und Quer. Lcip;i;;, 18C9. 3 vjIj. ;. Xar-
rativc of a Jonrney round tlie W'.irld. Loid. r>j.'i; Xev.- Yo;l;, K:,"i-1;
IIei.;en. Stuttgart, etc., lS.").')-4. 5 vol?. ; Sceneii ("le la \'io Car.fo.nLnne.
Ci'.icve, 18()9; TrrveV?. London, 1854; \\'e.<,,crn Landd and W'csLcrn
^^^,;er.'i. London, 18C)4.
Clil)l)oii;; (I'Vanei.s A.), anil IVanci;! X. Kelly, Letter relative to ai)propriaticn
for creciionof lightdiousc on Tacilie Coast. [.'Jod (Jong., lut ivej.;., II. Ex.
])mc. li;;.] Wa::'!ington, IS,"),']; lle.5ol'ition ealliiig for Corre.:pondenco
rel:ilivc to claim [;!l)d Cong., '2d Ses-!., Sen. ]];<. Duo. B'.'i]. \\'aaliing(,on,
18o;{.
Cdbson (II. (I.), Addre'=.s at the Fourt'.i Annual Ban'nut of New York (l^ali-
rornia l'ioiircr.s. In San Jo::i5 Tii^ueer, IVIj. 13, 187.'.
(dlisiin (0;iu), (.'liinainan (n'V/hito Man, Vv'liicli? San Fraiieif-eo, 187"; Tlio
Cliiiie.'e ill America. Cincinnati, 1877; other articles oi\ Cliincjc.
(Iidi!in';.i(i looi'gc II.), The ca.se of— Contractor on the Overkiud ilail lloate.
\\'a.liingt(Ui, li'iiO.
Cift (Ceorgo W.l, The Settler's Guile. Stockton, 1837.
( lii't (lieorgo'W.), Something about* ';:!iforiiia. ^laria < 'junty, S. Hiifael, 1875.
( lilbcrt (i'niiik T.), Sec lIi^J;'ol■ie.s of Sail .Joa([uin iuid Y(.ilo CVjuniies.
Ci!lc;;pic (Archibald H.), CoiTe:;ponde!ico (;f a C,n-eni;nent A^ent. }dS.
( lide;-pic (Chi'.rle.'i V.), Vigilancj Committee. MS.
Ciiuriti (Daniel ('.), IJuilding (>f ti'c Univer-sity. Inaugural Address Xov. 7,
187:,'. San i''ranci.ic,o, 1872.
Ci hoy, Advocate, C;'Jit'ornia Le'uhr. Independent, Te].'gra!n, Uni(.in.
Cleci-on (\Vil!i;!in), lli.story of the Cadiolic Church in Caiiiornia. San Fran-
cise;), 1872. 2 vols.
(disiin (i;.), .lournal of Army Life. San Francisco, 1874.
Cent I-!iind, A;'];'j:d to t!:o CalitVn .lia JieL'gation i:i Ceiigrcss, 1872; Proceed-
ing:! < f tho Cliiimber of Coniircrce. S. F. i;'.72, etc.
(.nd.hiiil (Frederick F..), V.'lierc to Lmi^'rate and V.'Iiy. New York, ISCO.
i ;oihVey (.bilm F.), Ar;runient In re City of Lo.j Angeles vs. L. McL. Laldwiu
et al. San I'raneivco, 1.S78.
(iold ri.-'.d;'. Xvitc3 on the Diwtribntiou of (^lold. London, 18311.
Ciildd-'inder, Adventures of. London, 1830. .'ivol;.
('.oloviiin (V. V..), Voyage of tho Kmnclitdht, VM~)-l'X la Matcrialui, pt. iv.
( Ionic:'; (low(-), Diario Ciirio.so, 177o-!X;. Li Doc. Jli.st. ^.Ic.n;., serie ii., to.a. vii.
(Millie:; (•loR(j .Joa(|uiu), Cart.ia, l,".'!! et «c(j. MS.
( \><\n<::: (-Tuan), Diario do Cosas X'otablcrt, IV.V.Ct. MS.
Conic:', (ri;:ui), Doenniento;! para li Ili.itoria do (.Vdifornia, 17S3-1830. MS.
Come;'. (Itafael), I^scritos Vari..:3 del Liccneiado. MS.
(ioiiie.; (Vicente P.), Lo ipie Sa1)o do C::li,',<rnia. JIS.
Con;<alc;; (Diego), C;irta.s del Teniente, 1781 et '.>cq. MS.
(i.in;';dc.; (lose Maria do .Tc-su:;), Cv.-tii ; d I l.idre Z:icatecauo. ]\IS.
Conziilcz (Miiuricio), M(.'iU(iri:in ('.■i'ifiiriii:;ii :». MS.
(■(on:<ii!ez (.Mauvicio), PapeU'S Originaie.i llist('iricos. MS.
('«on;',ali'Z (Itafael), Correspoudeneia. MS.
(oini'akv, (liafael), Diario de Me:deo a C:i!if'
M.S.
x'rienci.-ii (le nil 8olilailo,
Mr
C.'n;:a!e.;(P-!facl>, Kx]
(!on;alc/. j'l'eodoro) La.s Itevolucione.; en Calitoriiia. MS.
(iood Teinp'ar.s, Consiitutioi) Picieeedi
ele. , of v:n ioim lodges,
(loodiicli (I'raiik 1).), 'J'he 'rnliulc Look." S.ai Francisco, 18G7 4lo.
lU
ATTTIIORITIES QUOTED.
Goodrich (Samuel C), Ili.^tory of the Indians of Xortli and South America.
J!(jston, 1S44; IJostoii, IS.V); Ilostdii, l.s(i4.
Coodycir (W. A.), < 'oal ^MiucH of tlic AV'cstcru Coast. San Francisco, 1877.
("Iiittfrivdt (Jdhaim Lndwi;.'), Xouo \\fll. Franckfurt, Ki.')."). folio.
<lou,L;cnlioim (Adelaide and duey), Histrionic ^Ii-iiidir.-i, etc. S. F. 1830.
(loycocchea (l'"elipc), Diario de J'-xploraeion. 17U8. MS.
(Joycocchca ( lAilipe), Escritos del Coniauilaiite de Sta liarhara, 1 7SS-180G. MS.
(loycocchea (Feli[)e), ^ledio.s para el Foineiito do (^'alifDrniat;, ISO."). MS.
(loycoichea (iVIipe), Olieio InstructiTO para el T.-ii'e- 11. Cavrillo, ISO'-'. ^IS.
(ioycocclic.a (Felipe), llespucsta d las Quince I'rcguntas sobro AIjusos do
MisiouerdS, 170S. ]\IS.
Graliani (J. D.), IJcport on IJonndary Lino between U. S. and ^lexico [.""Jd
C'on.y., LstSess., Sen. Ex. Doc. Il'l.] Washin,^'ton, l.l.jl.
< Iraliani (Mary), Historical Keniini.scenees. San Franei^sco, 1S7<>.
(iraliani (Isaac) and .Toliu A. Sutter in Xcw ^Mexico. Sonic Facts. MS.
Ciraj'^ra (.\utouio), Escritos del Comandanto do S. Dieuo, 17!M-0.
(;rajera(.\ntniuo), Eespuesta A las (Jiiinco rreguutas, 17l)'J. MS.
(Irautsville, AV'eekly Sun.
(jrass Valley, Foot Hill Tidings, National, Union.
Gray (A. ]). ), Ivesolution conmuiiiicatin-; re]iort and map relative ti) Mex.
Boundai'v. [IVId Cone.. 'Jil Sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. ,").").] Wash. 18r),3.
Gray (\V. 11.), History ofOrc-on, 171)-'- 184!). I'ortland, 1S70.
< ireat lU'.u'isters, cited by name lA county. Xot in tlds list.
Greeley (Horace), Overland .Tnurncy. Xcw York, ISUO.
Green (.Vlfred A.) Life and Aihentures of a '47er. MS.
(_;reeu (Talbot II.), Letters, 1841-8. MS.
Greenliow (Ilobert), History of Oregon an/l Galifornia. Boston, 1844; Lon-
d^'u, 1814; Xew "S'ork, 184.j; Boston, lsl.">; Boston, 1847.
Greenliow (Bobcrl:), ^Memoir, Historical and I'olitical, of tlie Xortliwest Coast
of Xorth America. [•_'(ith Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. Doc. 174.1 Wash., 1840.
(Sreenwood (Clrace), Xew Life in Xcw Lands. Xcw York, !S7.'!.
Gregory (Joseph W.), Guide fiu- California Travellers. Xew York, IS.jO.
(ircgson (.James), Statement, ISk")-!). M.S.
< ;rey (Williaia), A Ficturc of I'ioneer Times iu California. S. ]■'. IRSl.
( Iriliin (Jdlin S.), Documents for the History of Califoinia; San Pascual. MS.
Griluii (Joliii S.), .Luunrd of I84(i. MS.
<;ri'_'sbv (.Vohn). I'ajicrs of ISIC-S. MS.
Grijalva (.Iiian Fablo), C.irtas del Tonieiite, 1704-lfiOn. MS.
(o-ijalva (.Tuan Pablo) I'.xplicacion del Begistro desdc S. Diego. IM^.
<lrijalva (Juan Pablo), Informe oubre les Bancherias exploradas jwr P. Mari-
ner, 17!).'). MS.
Grimm (Heiiry^ The Cliinoso ]\Iust Go. ,San Franciscjo, 1870.
Giiiir haw (William B.), Xarrative of Events, lS48.-,"i(l. MS.
< iuadalajara, Gaceta <le Gobieriio. Guailal.ijara, 18'21 et scij.
Guerra ( Francisco), ct al. lnvestic;atioi)s of ji charge against as Revolutionists,
1848. J IS.
Guerra (.lose iViitonio), Cartas. ]MS.
(!ucrra (Pablo), Conumicacioues. MS.
( luerra y Xoriega (-lose), Correspon lencia ilol Capitan. j\IS.
(iiuria v Xoriega (Jose), Deterininacion .sobre su Ida a Mexico, 6 Instniccion,
lsli». MS',
(bierra y Xoriega (Josi.''), Docnmentos jiara la Hist, de Cal. ]\IS. vols.
Guerra y Xoriega (.FoseK Ocurrencias Ciiriosas de 18IJ0-i. ^IS.
Gueri'.i, entre .Mexico y h's lOstaiios-l'nidos, ,Vpuules. ^lexico, 1848.
Guerrero (iMvincisco), 'Cartas, 18.')0-4(!. .MS.
( lueirero (Vicente), Soberano Estado di- Oajaea. Oajaea, 1833.
G.iia, de Forasteros. Mexico, !7'.I7 et sci[.
Gutierrez (Nicolas), Carta ( )licial drl ( Ide Politico, 4 Xov. ISIiD. AIS.
Guf.iiri-e;'. (Xicolas), |I'iib!ica el Det'ieto i-eimieiido his Maiidos, )■ toma
poscsioii del Gobieriio Politico.] Monterrey, "J linero, IH'M.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
liii
iut]» Ainoi'ic.a.
mcisco, 1877.
lio.
F. ISjO.
BH-ISOG, MS.
0.1 .MS.
lo, 1S02. :ms.
o Aluisos do
Mexico [.'i'Jil
13.
. MS.
tivn til Me?c.
li. ksrj.3.
n, 1814; Lon-
rtliwcst Coast
Wash., ISW.
rk, 18.10.
'. is^;i.
'ascual. MS.
"Al>.
Ipor 1*. Jlai'i-
Ivulutionists,
[ti«tmccion,
() vols.
M8.
s y toma
#
Gutierrez (Xicolds), Tiirins Caitas i}v] Capitaii y Oefc rolitico, isn'2-n. _ MS.
Gwiii !\Villiam M.), Arguiiieiit ou the Suhject (if a I'aeilii; Kaih'oad. ^V;lsh.,
1S()I); Congress llceoi-d. n.]il., )i.d. ; Land Title-i in Califoniia. Sjieeeii
ill iv|.ly to Mr lii'iitoii in V. S. Sen.. .Tan. '2, ]>3ol. Wa.-ili., Is.M; Xavy-
yai'd and Dry-doek in < 'alifurnia. Speech in U. S. Sen., .March 'I'.i, ISo'J.
"Wasli.. IS.vi; ];eniark.-i in U. S. Sen. Apr. 11) and 'JO, l.S,V_', on Deliciency
Alipropriatioii IJill. Wiish., lS,")-_'; Speecli in U. S. Sen. Jan. l."}, JS,').'!, mi
Bill to E.staltli.sli a Itailuay to tlic I'aeilic. Wash., IS.J,'); Sjieeeh in V.
S. St'n. .March l2, lS."i;i, on 'L'ransportatioii of U. S. Mails. Wash., IS.");!;
S]K'ecliis in the Senate of the U. S. on Private Laud Titles in Cal.
AVa.sli., ISdl; other ijj'eeches.
Owin (William .M.), Memoirs on Jlistory. MS.
ILahcrslinin (A. W.), North Pacific Snrvcyin,!,' an<l Expl. Ex. Phila., 1858.
Jiacke (William), (,'ollection of Original \'oyages. London, l(i',)I).
llaliln,\ t (llicliard), 'J'lie Principal Navigatious. Loud., l.VJD- KiOO. f(jlio. .'?
vols.; cited as llakluyt's Xuy.
] lale ( Edward I'^verett), liarly Maps of America. Worcester, 1874; Ilis Level
IJe.st, etc. Boston, l87o; The Xanic of Califoi'uia. In Amer. Auti([. Soc. ,
Proc, Apr. 18U2, 45; Quceu of California. In Atlantic ^louthlv, xiii.
■J(3.-..
Hall ^Charles Victor), California. The Ideal Italy. Philadelphia, 1,S7.").
ilall (Edward 11.), The (ireat West. X. Y., 18(m; X\ Y., ISiill.
Hall (FiTileric), History vi San >J(jse. San Fi'aucisco, 1871; Sau Jose History.
Sciapdiook. Erom S. Josii Pioneer, Jan. 1877.
Hall i.lolin), Peinarks on the liarhoiirs of Cd. | jJelng extracts from the log of
tiie L>iJi/ J:i(u-hii:ood, ]8l'-_'.] In Forbes' Hist, (,'al., App.
H;dl (W'ilham M.), .'Speech in favor of a National Railroad to the I'aeilic.
July 7, 1847; Xew York, IS,")!}.
Hallcck (Henry W.), Correspondenec r)f the Secretary of State. Pvpj-S. In
Cal. and N. Mex., Me.-;s. and IXk., l.snO; .Mexican Land Lav.-.s. .MS.;
jieport on Land Titles in California. [;il.st Cong., 1st. Sess., H. ]1\.
Hoe. 17.] Wash., ]s:,0.
Hallev (William), (,'eiitcniiial Year-book of Alameda County. ( .dvlaiid, ls7(i.
Hamilton (N'ev.), Iul:iu;l Empire.
jlaneock (Samuell, Thirteea Years' Resideuco on the Xorthwi st (,'oast. MS.
Hanford, Public tJood.
Hansard (T. (1), l^iriiamentary Debates from 180;>. London, 1.S1--77. [S. 1'.
Lau' Libraiy.]
llanUiilicrgh (J. R.), .Answer to charges filed with the Conmiissi(jncr of the
(leueral Land (Jlliee. San Francisco, 1,S7.'?.
Hardin^o (Ihiima), Fiiiiei.'il Oration on Thomas Starr King. S. F., 18(34.
Hardy I Lady I)u''ii") TluonLih <-'itics and Prairie Lauds. London, 18SI.
Hari;rave (WilKani), Ctilitornia in 184(3. MS.
Haro (i'ranci.-ic j), Cartas Sneltas. ^IS.
Haro y Pcialta ( Virey), ( 'omunicaciones nl ( iobicrno do California. ^IS.
Harper's New .Nloiithly Magazine. New York, 1S.")(3 it seij.
Harris (John), Navigantiiim. . .ISiblioiheca. Loinloii, 1703. folio. 'J vol.s.
Harrison illenry W.), i'.atllr-Eirlds .and Naval lv\ploits. I'liila.. 1S.")S.
Hart (.Vllierl), .Mining Statutes of the U. S., Cal., and Nev. S. F., |S77.
Hartinan (Isaac), Brief in .Mis.-ioii I'ases.
Hartniaiiu (' arl), (,n'ouraphi.s..li-Stati.sUschc liesehreibung von Callt'ornien.
Wiiiiiar, 1810. 'J vols.
Hartinanii (•Inh. .AdolplO, Disscrtatio Cfcograpliica de vero Califonii;e ,situ et
Coiiditiiriu'. .Marbai-, 17;!0. 4to.
Hart.
I Icrcsa (le
Ni
itiv.i <le una Matinna de Cal. MS.
Hartii. II (William V.. P.), Coiivi ntion of '40. Oi iginal Pecords. .MS.
Hartii. 11 (William E. P.), Diari
Haiti
Hart
isitadorOeu. de.Misiones. l.s;!<,)-40. MS.
(Willi. im E. 1'.), laiulish Coloiii/aiiou in California, IMI. .MS.
IKll (
Wi
iani E, P.), .Miscell.iucous Correspoudeuee from 18'J'J. MS.
'i
Uv
AUTTTOPJTIES QL'OTED.
Ilarvcy (Mm Daniel), Life of Joliu ^rcLuiigliliii. :M.>^.
llusting.i (LiuiKl'drd NV.), ]']iiii',fi;iiits' (liiiilc to Orcgi'ii ami California. Cin-
cinnati, 1815; Lcltui's. ISHj-S. MS.; New History uf Oregon and Cali-
fornia. Cincinnati, ISIO.
ITaswcU (lioljcrt), \'oyagc of the Columhla licdlviva, 1787, 1791--. MS.
Ilavilali, Courier, ^liner.
llav.c:! (Horace), Missions in California. San Francisco, 18,")G.
llawky (A. T.), llunil'ol.lt County. Eureka, l,s7!).
Ilawlty (A. T.), Tlio Tresent Condition, etc., of L. Angeles. L. ^\aigelc8, 1870.
Ila'.vlcy (David X.), Ok<crvaticins of >len and Things. !MS.
llaye.^ (]3enjaniin), Criminal Trials at Los Angeles. MS.
IIayc;i (lienjainin), Diary of a .Tournry Overland, lS19-."0. MS.
Hayes (ijcnjainin), Dneuinei'ts for tlie History' of California. j\lS.
llayea (lier.janiin), Immigrant Xotes. IMS. and Scraps.
Hayes (iJer.jauiin), Land Matters in California. MS.
Hayes (i.'enjaniin), Liot of ^'el;oels. MS.
Hayes (lien jr.niin), Mexican Laws, Xotcs. MS.
Haye.i (Denjainiii), Jdis.sion Look of Alta Cal. MS. and Scraps. 2 vols.
Hayes (lienjaniin), Xotcs on Calif(jrnia Ali'airs. MS.
Ha.ye.s (Denjaniin), Fapelcs Varios Originalcs. MS.
Hayes (uenjaniin), San Diego, Legal History. Scraps and !MS.
Hayes (Cenjaniin), Scrap Luoks, ]S.J0-7i. l'J!)vols. ; under the following .inly-
titles: Agriculture; Arizona. vols.; California Xotcs. 5 vols. I\I><.
and I'rint; Calif'^rnia Poets- California I'olitic--. 10 vols. ; Constitutional
Law; Cuj-aniaca Case. il.S. and Print; I'larly Califoi'nia. Decisions; Li<l-
ians. 5 vols.; Los Anjeles County. 10 vols.; ^Icniorahilia ; Mining'. 13
vols.; Monterey, Santa Larbara, etc.; X'atural Phenomena. .'Ivols.; Pa-
ciiic Interests; Jlailroads. Ovols. ; San Perna.rdino ('{.lunty. 4 vols. ; San
Dieg'o, Five Year .3 in. -l vols. ; San Diego County, Local 1 Listorj-, 3 vols. ;
Southern California, Historical Items. -J vols. , SoutJiern C.difornia Pol-
itics. '1 vols.; Southern Califoi'nia, WilniingtoUj etc.; Studies in Politics,
7 vols. ; Supremo Court, 18GS-7'4.
Haywards Journal, Alameda Advocate, Plaindealer.
Ha::litt (Vv'm. Carev,), (ircat Cold I'lclds of C.ivilxio. London, 1S02.
Hoa!(Ll)urg, Adverti-'jer, Democratic Standard, Lntcrpri.se, Review, Russian
Piiver llag.
Heap ((iwinn ILn'ris), Central Ilonto to the Pacific. Philadelphia, lSo4.
Hearn (F. C.), California Sketches. MS.
Hebard, Speech, ^hn^•h 1 1, 1830, on Constitution of Cal. Wash., 1850,
Hcceta (liruuo), Di;irio del Viagc do 177"'. ^IS.
Hec'.'la (iinino), L :pcdicion ^hiritima. lu Palou, Not., ii. 229.
lleceta (I'.nnri), Se.",unila LNiiloraeion, 177."). MS.
Heceta (l)riuio), Via':u do l77o. MS.
Hecox (Adna A.), ]ji;)grap'.!ieal Sketch. In S. .Tose Pioneer, Aug. 1S7S.
Hecox (Adna A.), A Drief History of tlie Introduction of ^Methodism. In S,
F. Clnistian Advocate, 1803.
Helper (llinton P.), The Land of Cold. Paltimorc, 185,").
He:i.;ha\v (.Ljsiah S.), Hi ^toric.al Invents. ilS.
Hernandez (Josj Jliirfa P.), Conijiendio do la (icografia. Mexico, 1872.
Uerrera (Antonio dc), Historia (;encral do los Heehos de los Castellanos en
las 1: las i Tierra I'irmc del Mar Oceano. ^Madrid, 1001. 4to. 4 vols;
JIadrid, 17-0-;;0. folio.
Herr<'ra (.In c .Nhiria), ('au::a contra el Comisario de California, 1827. MS.
Herrcra (.Jose iMaria), Lscritos del Comi.sario. -MS.
Herrick (William F.), t^urrcnt Events from IS.-).! IMS.
Hesjierir.n (Tlie). San Francisco, 18.">8-()4. 11 vols.
Heylyn (i'eter), Co'<iuo';raiihy. I.ondon, 1701. folio.
Hijar ;C,irlos X.), Cali<oriu:i, in l.s:!4. MS.
Hijar (,Io.^e Mai la), Iiiotrurcioucs del Cefo Politico y Director de Colonizacion,
I8i)4. In Figueroa, IMan. 11.
■^,
AUTHORITIES QUOTED,
IV
liforuia. (.'in-
(-■ydu anil Cali-
1-2. MS.
Aiigelcs, 1870,
S.
MS.
s. 2 vols.
following snl>-
. 5 vols. :m>!.
Constitutiiinal
Decisions; Ind-
ia; Minin;;. 13
la. 3 V(j1s. ;' Pa-
y. -1 vols. ; San
Jstory. 3 vols.;
('\i.liiornia I'ol-
ilics in rolitica.
, 1S02.
view, Ilussian
iliia, 1854.
Ish., 1850.
Lug. ISTS.
Iiodisni. In S,
CO, 187-2.
['aslellanos en
•Ito. 4 vols;
|lS27. MS.
I Colonizacion,
Hi jar (T .m' Maiia), Instruccioncs del Gobicmo al Comiisionado, 1845. MS.
llij;ir (.Jiisi^ r.lai-ia), Varias Cartas. !M.'i
H 111 !;!cy tWiiliani ('.), L'da nt a Tioncer of 1847. ^IS.
Jline!;li'y (William S.), Lcttcr.s of a .Sea Captain. !MS.
liinds (jiicliard L>. ), Dotany of Voyage of tlic Stilpfr.tr. London, 1S44;
lle'rions of \'ogctation, California Kcgion. In Lulehcr'a Xar. , ii. ; Zoulugy
of the Voyage of tlio Sn/^ih"r. London, 1844.
lUni-'.s ((l-.v^'-avu:-). Voyage round tlio World. ]]uflalo, 1850.
llinton (Ilichard J.), ilantlbooU of Arizona. San Francisco, 1878.
lILstorical }.Ia'ja::inc and Xotc.i and Queries. Lo.-.ton, etc., ].S",7-(iO. 15 vols.
Ili:.t.jry of tlic Bear Flag lievolt. lu Mies' Register, Ixxiii. 110.
llitclicjck (Lleorgo 1). ), Stateraeut of Itauiblings. MS.
llitteU (.lulin S.), Tlie Commerce and Indnstriea of the Pacific Coast. 8au
Franci:ico, loS2. 4tii; 'i'hc lIi.;tory of the C;)ttonv.-ood Frospeciing K\-
pcdition. In Alta California; llistory of San Francisco. S. F. 1^78;
Jiinir.iiour. In Overhuul ]Moiithly, ii. 1.54; The Liiuanluur Chiim. S. F.
1857; Mining' Life at , Shasta in 1840. In Diet/, Oi;r lj;iy.s. lol; Xotes
of Calii'ornian Pioneers. In llutc!;ings' Cal. }^Iag. v. 2^!:); Oi'ation at tho
NiucLeenlh Anniver.sary (;f California Pioneers. S. F. loo'); Papclea
Historic sde 1810. MS.; Resoiircca of California. S. F. loG:); S. F. I'':)7;
S. F. 1874; The Resources of Vallcjo. Vallejo, ISiJ'J; Spoliation of ^lex-
ical! (jrant Holders in California by U. S. In Hesperian, iv. 1 17.
IlittcU (Tlicodore IL), Adventures of James Capon Adams. S. F. 18d0.
Hobbs ( lames), Wild Life in llie Far West. Hartford, 1875.
Holi'inann (Ileinniann), Califoriiiea, Xevada und ^Mexico. Pascl, 1871.
llo.'i'man (Ogden), Opinions in }ilijbi>ni Cases. S. Francir:co, lo50; Opinions
in variji'.s other cases; 1' 'sports of Laud Cases. San Francisco, V6,>2.
IToit {C. AV.), Fraudulent ^Icxiean Laud Claims in California. Sac. IGiJO.
Jli)!iiiKla (Alex-. ), LaCalifornic et les IJoutes Interoc'aniipics. ]]ruxellc3, 1853.
!'•
Holland (C!".arli!s), ^liues and Mining. In Coast lte\i;'U-. 1;
lliiUistcr, Ads-ance, Central C.difurnian, Enterprise, Telegraph.
Jiiiino Missionary (The). Xew York, KSKi et Kei|.
Hiiiuer (CIi;rles), -Memorial for eoustruetion of San I'rancisco }iL;rinc Hospital
[;«d Cong., l.st. Sess., 11. Kx. Doc. .".4]. Vv'ashingtnn, 1853.
IL
Our Kiio\vled''o of Cal. and the A'. AV. Coast.
A large iiumber of publications cited 1',
Albany,
name of
oiiKs (ilcnry A
lfs70.
1 [oineL^tead Associations
the Association.
Honolulu, Friend, 1813 et seq. ; Ilawinian Spectator; Polynesian, 1857 et
scfp; S:uidwich Island (la;iette, IS.UJ et setp; .Sandwich l.ilaial X'ews,
l';}!i ct seq.
Hooker (W'm. J.) and (\. A.W. Ariiott, Potany of Captain Peechey's Voyage.
Louil(>n, 1801. 4to.
Hopliins, Trar jlations of California Documents, n.p., n.d.
Hopkins (U. T.), Common Sense applied to the Immigrant Question. San
'Francisco, 1,870; Taxation in Calilornia. S. F. l.ssi; andotli r pimplilets.
Hoppe (.).), Callforiiiens Ccgenwart und Zukunft. P>aUii, 1810.
Hi'ppcr (("u'.i'les), Xarrative of a Tioncer of 1841. MS.
ILkii (;lo:;ii p.), lloru'a Overland Oaidc. X'ew York, 18,52.
Horra (Antonio do la Coiieepcion), Representacion al Virey contra los Misi-
onerondc (Jal., 1708. M,-i.
Howard (Vo'ney ]■].], Speech in U. S. II. of Rep. against Admission of Cali-
fonii;i, June 11, l,S,j(). Washington, l!S,5U.
Howard (W. D. M.), Comniereial Correspondence from 1838. MS.
Howe (.r. W.), Speech, , lane 5, IS.V), on C.diforni,a Qn(':ition. ^Vadl. 1S50.
Hiibiicr (be Parol! de), A Ranilde roiiid the World, 1871. Xew York, 1 ■•74.
Hudson (Pnvid), Autobiogr.iphy. MS,
Hiiglics (l':!i.^;il)eth). The California of the I'adres. San Francisco, bS75.
Hughes (.(ohn T.), California. It-i lli,-,tory, etc., Cineiiina,ti, I'.bS; Cincinnati,
1840; (.'incinnati, bS.50; Doniphan's l^xpedition. Cuieiimati, 1810.
l: 'f
Ivi
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
i •
ITnisU (Piolii'i't), XiUT.'itivcs of Voyngcs. Lomlon, ISHG.
Jluniason (W. L.), I'loiu lliu Atlantic Surf to tliu (lolilcii Gate. Hartford,
l.S(i'J.
niinil)i)lilt (.Mex. ik'), Ivssai I'olitiquc sur Ic KoyaumodclaNouvcllc Espagne.
I'aris, Isll. folio. 2 vols, and atlaa.
IlumljoUlt (Akx. <lc), TaLlas Estadiatica.s del Rcyno du Xucva Espaua en el
afio do 180;5. iMS.
Jiuinholilt County. Its llcsources, etc. See Ilawley, A. T.
Jiunt'.'i Men-liaiits' ]Maya;cine. New York, 1S:J!» et .seq.
Iluse (Chailus ]•].), Sketch of the History and Itcsourcesof Santa Barbara City
au(' < ouuty. Santa iiarbara, IS7t!.
H'ltciiin'.;^' Illustrated (California ^MaLjazine. San Francisco, 1S57-G1. 5 vols,
llviic {(Jeor^e), Historical Facts on California. jMS.
Jliarra (Tnan Maria), Cartas Varias del Tcnientc. MS.
ItlahoCitv, (Id.) World.
Me(\VillJani I!.), Bear Flag Revolt. MS.
lie (Wiliiain 11.), Biographical Sketch. [Clai'cmont] ISSO; Who Conquered
Caliloniia? [Claivniont) J 880.
Ilnstraciou Mexicana (La). .Mexico, IS'il-S. 4 vols.
Iiiilependciicc (Cal.), IiiJ"o Independent.
Indcpendcui'c (Mo.), Mission Ivxpo.sitor.
Indios, (Joutcstacion al Interrogatoriu de 1812 por el Prcsidentc y los Padres
sobro costunibres, 181."). MS.
Iniborf, Intcrrogatorio del Snpvcuio (~;(jlucrno sipl)rc Costumbres, 1812. MH.
Industrial Magaxiue. San Francisco, ]8(i7etsen.
Infornie de lo mas L'eculiar de la Xiu.'va California, 17S9. MS.
Infornie sola'c Ins Ajustes de Pobladores do la Juina de Los Angeles y dcmas
de las I'roviucias de Californias. Dec. ;iO, 1789. !MS.
Inger.soll (i.rncst). In a Redwood Logging Camp. In Harper's ^lag., Ixvi.
I'Jl-."..
Iniciativa de Ley, 1827. In Junta do Fonicnto dc California.
Iiucstra, JOxpeilicion de Cal., 184,"). In Amigo del Pueblo, Scpt.-Oct. 1S45.
Institutions, associations, societies, companies, onlers, churuhes, banks, clubs,
Courts, etc. Publications cited in notes by luiniu of tlie institution, etc.;
but nio.st of them, not historical in their nature, are omitted in tliis list.
Instruccioues d que debe sujetarse la Coniisiou nonibrada por estc .Vyunta-
niiento de ^Vngeles, ;!() !^layo, ls.'>7. MS.
Instrucciones para Tribunales de I'l Insti'ncia. [1824] MS.
lastruccioncs (jiie los Viivyes dc Xucva llspanii. Mexico, 1SG7.
Iiivestigaeion sobre la !Muerte de los Religiosos enviados u larcduccion de log
gentiles del I'lio Colorado, 1781. MS.
lone, Amador Times, Chronicle, < 'ity Xe\\s, Riverside Independence.
liiarte (Francisco', Contcstacion li la llxpresion de Agivivios. ^Icxico, 1832.
Irving (Washington), Adventures of Bonnc\ illc. New York, ISliO.
Iturbidc (Agustin), Cartas de los Scnores ( Icnei'alcs, Mexico, 1821.
Iturrigaiay (Virey), Conmnicacioncs al (jobr. do California. ^IS.
■Jackson, Amailor Dispatch, Amad(jr Ledger, Sentinel, Press.
Janssens (Agustin), Documcntos para la Historia de California. MS.
dansscns (Agustin), ^'ida y Aventuras. ^NIS.
Jay (William), Review, etc., .Mexican War. Boston, 1840.
Ji'ukins (.John S.). History of tho AVar between U.S. and ?>Iex. Auburn, ISol ;
United States I''xploring Expeditions. Auburn, ]8.")0.
Jimeno (.losi!' .foaqnin and Antonio), Cartas de los do.s Frailes. ^LS.
.limeuo Casarin (Mamicl), Es(;ritos del Secretiirio dc I'lstado. MS.
John Ihdl. I Loudon ncwspapei'. I
.)ohns(ja (Daniel IL), and Cornelius Vanderbilt, Correspondence, etc., for
Transpf.iiling Mails r!a the Isthmus. [.'KJth Cong., Jst Sess., Sen. Ex.
Doc. 4o.] Washington. 18j'J.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Ivii
rttc. Hartford,
nivellt! Espaguc.
iva Espaua en el
ita Biirbara City
1857-01. 5 vols.
"SYlio Conquered
:nte y los Padres
l.res, 1812. MS.
i.
Angeles y dcmaa
■per's Mag., Ixvi.
pt.-Oct. 1S-1.J.
, banks, clubs,
instituliim, etc.;
itteil iu this list.
)or e«tc Ayiinta-
rc-Mluccion de loa
iiilcncc.
Mexico, 1832.
MiO.
\b-2L
■MS.
a. jSIS.
Atiburn, 1851;
M.S.
MS.
(Irnce, etc., for
Sess., Sen. Ex.
Johnson (Tlieodore T.), Califuniia and Oregon, or Si-litM in tl'.e flnld lleL'ion.
I'hil., I'OI; I'hil., IS.'iT; i'liil., lt>Oo; .eights in the Gold lagioiis. >;. V.,
ISUI; X. v., 1.S-.0.
.l.ilmstiMi (A. li.), Journ.al of a Trip uith the First 1 . S. ])ra,L.'iMins. ISJO.
|;!()th Cong., 1st Scss., II. Ex. Doc. 41.] Washington, lo>8; In Eniory'si
Xdtes. .
.Icucs (Jnhn C), Cartas Comerciales, 1S;U et seq. MS.
JuiK.s (Tlioina.-i Ap. C), Agresinn en ( 'alifornias. 1S12. In Mexico, !Meni.
L'elac, ISM, An. 87-!t^; At Monterey in 1M2. |J7th dnv^., ;iil Sess.,
II. Kk. Doc. 1()(!.] Wasliington, 1812; IMiscellamuiis I'rdclaniatidns,
ISi:); Unpuljlished Xarrative, 1842. From Los Angeles Southeiu Vine-
yard, May 22, 18:.8.
.Tone's (William Carey), Iteport on Land Titles in California. Washington,
],s,")0; Tlie I'ncblo (^>uestion Solved. San Francisco, 18GU.
.loneslioioiiyh (Tenn.), Sentinel.
Juarez (Cayetaiio), Xotas sobre Asuntos de Cal. MS.
,li;lii,> (.V'.s;'.r, Co.-as de Indios. MS.
.lunta do 5 de Al)ril de 17'.H en Monterey. MS.
.liinta Consultativa y l-^cononuca en Monterey, 184.3. ^IS.
, I unlade Iwinionti) de C'aliioriiias, (Ajleecion de los Tr.abajos. Jlex. 1827.
.1 unta de < Jnerra y Kendieion do Monterey, 4 X'ov. 18;>(i. MS.
.Junta I'liiuera de (luerra en Monterey, 4 Oct. 17(J9. MS.
Kaliinia, l^eacon.
Kearny (SUphenW.), Orders and Correspondence, 1847. In Cal. and X'. Mex.,
Mess. &. ])nc. bS.")0; rroclanialion, Mareli 1, bs47. Original MS.; al.so
in print; Jteport to Adjutant-Oeneral .lones, Mareli ],'>, ls47. [."ilst
Cong., 1st Sess., H. V.\. Doc. 17, p. 283.] ^Vashington, IMS; INpiuls
of San I'ascual. [liOtli Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. X'o. ."ilLi-KJ.]
Wa-hin-ton, 184S.
Kellcv (Hall .J.), A History of tho Settlement of Oregon. Sprin.Lclield, ISllS;
Memoir on Oregon, ]8;j!t. [2.")th Ciing., ."id Sess.,'j[. liept. l()l.] Wash-
ington, 18.")S; A Xarrative of Events and I)illicnlties. Jlostun, 1852.
K'elly (lleorgc Fox), Land I'rauds of California. Santa loisa, 1804.
Kelly (William), An Jvxeursion to California. liOndnn, ISol. 2 vols.
Kendriciv (John), Correspundeneia soliru Cosas do Ximtka, 17!)4. MS.
Ki'rn (l^dward .M.), .Journal df Exploration, 1845. In Sinqisou's lUqit., 477.
Kerr i.r. (i.), The Chinese (lUiestion Analyzed. San Francisco, 1S77.
Kcir (Itiibert), (General History and Collection of Voyages, Ivlinburgh and
l.iiudon, 1S24. 18 vola.
Keysci- (SibastianK Memoir of a Pioneer. MS.
Klili liiiikiif (K.), Zapiski o America. St I'etersburg, 1801.
Kin^ (('!;u-ence), .Mountainet'ring in the Sierra Xeviola. Jloston, 1S74; 1SS2.
King (Thiimas llutler), California; Tho Wonderuf tho^Vge. Xew York, ].S50;
Itepnru on Calil<irnia. "W.-ishington, 18.") (message of i'resident, ^larch
2il, iN-d. yist Cong., 1st Sess., H. I'lx. D.k'. .V.».'|
King of William (.Tames), Assassination of, etc. S,in Francisco, ]S,"iO; Family
Srriqi-hook.
l>^ing"s(.)r[ih;in, Visit to California, 1842-.'l, Scrapdiook; also in I'])ham"s Xotcs.
Kiiik\- (.)msc])1i M.), Leinaiks on (Chinese Immigration. San J'laiiciseo, i^77.
Kip I !.roiiar<l), California Sketches. ^Vlbaiiy, |S,"i().
]\ip (Win. Inuo'aham), Historical Scenes from the Old .Jesuit Missions. Xew
York, IS75; Last of tiie J.ieatherstockings. In Overland Monthly, ii.
4(17; and other works.
KirchiioirCI'lu'odor), Keiseliilder iind skizzen. X. Y., 1S75-0. 2 vi.ils.
Kirkp.itrirk (CJiarles A.), Journal of 1SI!». :MS.
l\niulii CJ'hoinas), Jvirly I'lvents in California, of a Pioneer of '45. MS.
Knight ('I'honias), liinillretion.s. MS.
Kniglit (Win. H.), Sera|i-bo(iks. 40 vohui" ..
Knigiit's I'trry, Stanislaus Index.
Jll.-^T. Cal., \'oi.. I. 5
Iviii
AUTIIOrjTIES QUOTED.
Knic'lit's Lnndin'r, Xcnvs.
Kii<i\ ('I'lii'iiiMS \V.t, 'j'lic Uii(Uiv,'roin)<l Wi.iM. II;;vtf')r(l, 1S78.
Kiililrr (Cliarli's), Win-? I'roductinii in ('.ilifornia. Ms.
Kot/i'liiii! (Oiti) von), Xi'\v Voyi'^c! round tlio Woi-M. Luiulon, ls:iO. 2 vuls.;
ViiyiiTo (pf Disciiviry. J^ond'Hi, IS'-'l. ',i vuls.
Kris/c\v: Id (Mirli.'u'lK .Vct.s of tho M:nuliis. .MS.
Kiiuzcl (IKiiii icli), Oli[Mr;ilifoniioii. Darmstadt, 1S4S.
Labor A:.'it.'itor»; or tlio I'.attlo for T-roail. San Francisco, 1879.
],MCt (loanno (Ic), \ovv.s Orbi.s. llalav., Kl.'SIi. folio.
L;i J'ayctto, Dcnioi'riliu iSfn.incl.
l^afuir 1 (( ial)ri('l), Voya^'os autour du ^^olnl^•. Paris, ISl,*]. 2 vols.; Paris,
I Ml. .S vols. 4;o.
La I!;m|io {hy.'.n Francois). Abr(;^'o do I'Histoiru Gt'iu'ralc des VoyaL,'es. i'aris,
ISKJ. 21 vols. .ui(l atlas.
LaUc|iort, Avalanche, (Jlcar Lakn Courier, Clear Lake Journal, Clear J^aUo
'J'inies, ].uke County Jjep, Lake ( 'ouuty Democrat.
Lakeside .Monthly (Tlief. Chicago, 1872.
Lamiiertiu (Ciiarles de), Voyu^;e |)ittoresi|uo en Californie, etc. Paris, 1S.")1.
Lamotto(lL D.). ^tattnunt. MS.
Lanccy {'riioniaM ('.), Cruise of the Dale. Scrap-book, from S. .lose I'ioneer.
Lander (i''rcderick W.>, iieniarks on a tlouble-track Laihvay to the Paeilic.
AVashin'4tou, IS.'l.
Lane (.|ot'('|)h), Autobim/rniiliy. ^IS.
Laugley (llciny C), Trade of the I'aeific. San I'ranciseo, ],'i70. See also
Jjiivctoi'ie.s.
Lan.!.'silorll'((r. IL von), Voyages and Travels, lS0;!-7. Loud., lsl:!-ll. 2 vols.
La Pei'ouse (i. (1. F. de). Voyage autour du Monde. I'iii'is, 17!)''. 1 vols.
atla-!. folio; Voyage round the W'orlil, 17;^">-'S. London, 17!'S. ;>vols.;
Jioston, 1>:ul.
Laplace (Cyrille P. T.), Campagne do Clrcunnia\-igatiou. Paris, lSll-,")4. G
Vols.
La Porte, Mountain Messenger, Fniiui.
Lardiu r (DionYssiiis), Ilistory of .Maritime and Inland Di-'covery. London,
i.s:;o. .'(vols.
Lario^i (Ivstolano), Vida <le su Padre, flannel Larios. ^IS.
LarioJuJusto), Convulsioncs en (.'alifornia. .MS.
Larkiu(Thom;;9 (.).), .Accounts I.S27-12. .MS. 4 vols.
Liirkin (Thomas (.).), .Accounts lS40-r)7. ilS. 17 vols.
Larkin (Thonrrj ().), Correspondence CHici:il and Private. ^LS.
Larkin (Tliomas (). ), Description of (.'alifornia, ISl."). MS.
Larkin (Thomas ().}, Documents for the Jlistorj- of California, LS.in-')!]. JLS.
» vols.
Larkin (Thomas (").), .lournal. Tn Alonterey Californiati, Feb. 27, '17.
Larkin (Thouias (J.), Letter to '.Mason fro:n San Jose, ^iaj' 20, P'iiS.
Larkin (Thomas O.l, Lettcr.s to Sec. of State, June 1 and 2>>, ISIS. In
Foste)''s (i(]ld Pegions.
Larkin (Thomas t).). Notes on the Personal Character of Calif(jrnians, ISl."*.
.MS.
Larkin (Thomas 0.), Ol'icial Correspondence as U. S. Consul and Xavy Agent,
ISII-'). .MS. 2 vols.
Larkin (Thomas ().). Pa] icrs Unbound. ^IS.
Lark-n (Thomas ().). Private Itecord of Lots sold, ISin-rd. .MS.
Larkin (Thomas (),), U. S. Xaval .Agency .\cconnts. MS. 2 vols.
Las.-o de la Veia. (Jose LainonK K^eritos del .\UVrez, 17sl et seij. MS.
Lasuen (I'crniin I'ranciscot, Carl.-J de ll^^i. MS.
Lasuen (Feiniin I'raneisco), Carta Kobro I'undaeion de Misiones, Ul'l. MS.
Lasuen (I'crmiii l''rancisco), Cart:is al \'isitadoi' (ieneral (Jalvez, 17l)S. M.S.
Lasuen (IVrmin Francisco). Corrcspondeneia dil I'iidre y I'residente. MS.
Lasuen (Feiiniii Francisco), Fundacion de Misiones, 17i'7. Carta.s. ^NIS.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
lix
, 1878.
idoii, IS'M. 2 Tula,;
1870.
;«. 2 vols.; rmis
Ics Vo3aj,'e.^. I'aris,
iilinal, Clear Lako
, etc. Palis, 1,S.")4.
im S. .Ti)s6 Pionocr.
vay to t!io i'acilic.
I'O, 1870. Sec also
.1., ]si;!-l.l. -2 v,,ls.
aris, 17!JS. 4 vuls.
• Ion, 1708. .') Vols.;
Paris, 1811-.')1.
scoTcry. Lojiduu,
MS.
1, ]8no-.-(5. MS.
1.. -27, '17.
y,, lS-48.
.11.1 -28, 1848. Ill
,'aliforiiiaiis, 184.").
, ami Navy Agent,
MS.
! v..ls.
.■t .secj. MS.
>l.es. 171)1. MS.
Ive/, 171)8. MS.
isiilelite. Ms.
Cartas. :MS.
T.asuen (Fcrmiii Francisco), Iiiforiiic do 17S.^. M.S.
I,a~ileii (I'eriniii I'raii.), liit'oiiiie sohreSitid.s jiara Xiicvas Mi.-.ioiu s, ]71'(i. MS.
l.asiieii (Feriiiiii I'laii.), liifoniies llieiialesdo la.s Misioiies, I7!';i-18(ll'. MS.
Lasiic'ii (I'eriiiiii Fraii'Tseo), liepresent.acioii soliro Ins Puiitos repie-ciitudos al
(loliieiiio por el P. Aiitouio (1(! la- CDiice|Kioii [llorraj, IMOO. ■SIS.
l,atliaiii(Miltou S.), Peniaiks oil Over), iiid Mails in U. S. Sen., May lil), I8(;().
Washington, iMiO; Spei^eli on I'aeilic IJailroad in I^. S. Sen. .luiu; IJ, I8;ij.
IVikiaiore, KSIiJ; Speeeli on Steiinislii[is lii'tween San Franeiseo and i.'liiiia.
Wasliiiigtiili, iN.'i."); and otlicr .Sin'cciics.
L;iur (P.), li" la Pi-odnctiiiii des Mctaux Pi-i'eieux en Californie. Paris, lS(iJ,
l.aiits ((I.), Kalit'ornia. Anisterd.ini, |S4!).
l.iu -.11 (.James S.), Antuliiiigr.iiiliy. MS.
j.i !■ (./oiiii 1).), Miirinonism I'nviiled. St Louis, 1877.
i.rc (|)aniel) and .1. 11. I'rost. Ten Vears in Oregon. Xew York, 1844.
I., v>e (.lacol) 1'.), P.ear Flag Pcv.dt. MS.
1,. r>e (.Jacob P.), Claiin tor (Aiii-tnii'tion of ^lonteiey Wharf. 1840. [.'JOtli
Ci.lig., -Jd Sess., ][. Itep. 1274.1 Wasli. 181(i.
1..r-r (.lacol) P.), Letters from Islitl. MS.
I. c.-e (Uo-salia N'allejo), llistmyof the M)sos.' MS.
Ligal ]iiiljlioatioiis, law text-hooks, enimty and nmnicip.il regulations, re-
)iorts, etc. Ste Califnniia, San I'laiieisco, Prii fs, etc. ^lany bilcli works
are not named in this list.
Le "islativc Peeords. MS. 4 vnls. In Archivo de Cal.
I., ide^dorir (William A.), Letters of the U. S. Vice Consul. :MS.
J.iLmd (Charles (Jodficy), Tlie Union Paeiiic Jt.ailway. Phil.nh'lphia, 18f;7.
Le Netrel (Edmond), Voyage autour dii Monde, liS2li~'.l. In Xoiiv. An. ^'oy.,
xlv. 1 •-•!).
i.r-.lii' (Mis Frank), California. Xc^w York, 1877.
l.r.'or (.lohii I^rastus), 'i'ho Atlantic to the Pacific. Poston, ls7.".; 1'ho
Voseiiiite, i[s History, <'tc. Provi<lence, 1S7;1.
Lett.M-f. M.), California illustrated. Xew York, 1S.">2; PictorialVicwofC.il.
Xew York, 18.">3.
l.evetu".'! Scra[» l)(jok.
i.iljio d;3 Ijitficora, archivo de la I'aniili:!, I'htndillo. ^IS.
i.iiiiaiitour (.lose Y.), Ajmntes solire la Cansaeoiitra Augusto.Toiian. ]\Ie\ico,
IS."i,"i; (J]iiiiion delivered l(y Ogden lioliinan in the Ca.ses of. S.-in l'r;i.'i-
ei.ico, l!S,"i8; l*ainj>]ilet relating to tlie (Jhiim of. .San ]''raiicisco, IS,")."!;
Limaiitonr (,^ase. M.S. volume of diKunients in S. F. Law Liljiary; and
various documents.
Liuairs (Virey), Iiitendeneias. MS.
I.iascliiiteii (.1. H. Villi), Peys-( Jhesclirift Van de X"avig;itien dc' Portugaluy.^crs
ill t)rienlen. Amstri liedam, l(i!)L folio.
I.i| piiicntt (Sarah .J. (.'.), Xew Lifi' in Xc^w Lands. Xew York, 187."!.
i.ippiii. Mitt's Maga/ine. Pliil.-ideljihia, ISliS et seq.
Li -.ilde (Peiii-o). Peconocimiento (k^ Tierras, 17II7. ^IS.
Little (-101111 T.), First 'S'ear.s of Cal. under L'. S. MS.
LiMiinore, laiteijirise, JLrald.
l.iverinore (Uohert), (Jccasional Letters from 18l?0. IMS.
l.loyil (15. P.), Lights and Shades in San Francisco. San Francisco, 1S7G.
Loa a la ^'il■gell. Papel de -Mision. M.S.
l.oh:,clieid (\V.), The Chinese; AVliat Tiiey Are, etc. San Fr.incisi'o, 1S73.
I.oc.il histories, .see name of county, to\x .i, cu' author.
I.oi-kw.iod (P. A.), Vigilance Comniittec Speeches. San Francisco, 18.V2.
LimH, \'alley Peview.
I.o;.'-hooks, Fragliienls from tlie LaiLin Collcrtion. ;> vols. M.S.
Loin ] IOC, Pecord.
Liiinlon, J'A'ho, I'lngineer, (ir(,icer. Mechanic's Mag.izine, Morning Po^*", Spec-
tator, Times, etc.
Lope/ (Daldonicro), El Guardian a los Padres, proliibiendo el uso de Carrua-
jcs, 1820. .MS.
X ArjIIORITIKS QUOTKD.
.(ppcz (15;il(l(iiii(i()), i;i (lu:irili;iii .'il I*. I'lvsi.loiitc solirn cosifiii ilr Mi.sionos,
Is-JO. MS.
^(ppc/, (lljiltlidiuTip), (itia'jiis del I'. (!iiiinli;iii iil ^'il■^'y, ISIO. MS.
,iilH'/ (lliililoiiicrii), iiii(l If-iilro -\I(iii.si> Sala/iir, < 'iiltii dc hm riulri'ii dc Stu
Cni/, 17!) I. MS.
.mil (.Idliii Ki'.isl), 'I'liu Xatiinilist, in \'aiK'iiiiV( r Island. J,(ind., ls()(i. 'J vols,
.iiriu/alia. (.\)Milinaria), Mtniurias di: l;i Jl( ata. ^IS.
jirtto, Liliru.H do Misiim. MS. | in iio.<su.ssiiiu of (). Li\urniuiL'.]
.iiH .\nL;c'lL'.s, ,\i-id]ivo, ('(i|ii('.s and l].\lracts. !MS. ") \v\s.
.IIS .An^'cU's, iVynntamicntu UcTiirds. ^IS.
.OS An^oK's, Crunira, Jv\|iii'ss, Jlir.dd, .Mi'iidiunal, Mii'rnr, Miirnin.L; .Tmmial,
Xcws, ]!('|)nlilu-an, Slai-, Sud. Cal. IVist.
.IIS Angi'liH, i li.stoiical f'kctcli of (Ky llayts, Warnui', and 'W'idnoy). Lns
Anj;oKs, Is7t).
.IIS .AiiLiflcs, lluniis in. Sue McT'liL-r.^on, AVilliani.
.us Anijc'les, Jii.stani'iii do Itot^idm'o.s y X'l'rinns ssuln'o Tiorras, ISIO. MS,
.lis jVn-olcs, Jiista do Ins I'uidailiircs, luvalidos, yA'ooinus, 16l(J. MS.
..OS Anyolos, Ordoiuinzas do la (jiudiul. l<os Augolos, ISOO.
.OS Aiigolos, I'adnin, ITS I. iMS.
vos Aiigoloa, IJoglanionto do I'dlioia, 1827, MS.
.i/sAngolos, ]!('|iarti(.'iou do Solaro.s y Snortos, 1780, ^IS.
.II.S ^Vngolos, Jtovisi'd (Jrdiiianrcof thot'ily of J^os .Angclos, 185.1. Loa .^Vligo-
los, ISdU. -J vols.
^iis Angok's Connty, Historical Sketch of (\a. Lowiu and Co.) Los An-
goU'S, l!S7(i.
.(IS .\n:;Llos t'ouiily, lli.stnry of (I'lionipsnn and AVost). Oakland, KSbO.
Atlas f.iliii.
jiiiiis\illo (. Ky.), Courior-Joni'nal.
.w\v (('iinradi, .Mior odor Sorliancn Bnoli. Ciilln, l.'iOS.
.(iw (I'l'odorick 1''.), Olisrivatiuns in I'larly Cal.. -MS.
.liWtr Lako, llnllotin, Olisii'voi', Sontinil.
.udlciw (I'itz JIngli), 'I'lii^ Jloai't of tlio Contini'iit. Xow York, 1870.
.ngii (l'\'lipo), Cartas A'ai'ias. ]MS.
.11,-11 (.Iciso del C.iinion), X'ida do nn TJani'hcro. MS.
.all ^Miguel), Jvxposiciiin dt'l I'adro (luardian .■^obio Jit'd\i(.'cion do Misioiicros
on Cal., 17'.lll. ]MS.
Luyt (Joanuis), Jntroduotio ad Goograpliiuni Novani ot A'otoroin. Trajocti
' acl JMionuni, Hi!)'-'.
Mo.Mlistor (Hall), Statomont on A'igilancn Couiniittoo. MS.
JiloChiistian (Patrick), Xarrativo on ricar l'"lag. MS.
!MoClollan (li. (Uiy), 'J'Lo Coldcn Stato. I'hiL, etc., 1S7-; ricpnlillcani.sni in
America. San Francisco, 180!).
McCloskcy (.1. J. ), Tlio Karly Diaiua in California. In San Josu I'ionoor, Dec.
i;!and U, 1877.
McCluro (.A. Jv.), Throe Thonsand Miles through the Itucky iMountains.
riiiladol|>liia, l.sOll.
:McCiilhiin (William S.), California as 1 Saw it. r-ufTnlo, IS.m
i\Ic('uo (.lini), 'i\\ entv-ono Years in ( 'alifnrnia. San Francisco, n.d.
McDaniels (W. ]).), j'iarly 1 >ays of (alitm-ni.-i. MS.
?.lcli(iii.-dd (1). (1. Forlios), llrilish Columbia. London, 1803.
'Mcl>oui:al (F. 11.), Tile Doinier Tragedy. In I'aciiie liiiral Press, Jan. 21,
LS71.
■SIcDougall (.Fanios A.), Speech on Pacilic Railroad in U. S. U. Rep. Jan. 10,
l.s.'ij. Washington, 18."i,").
McFiii'lano (.James), Tlio Coal-regions of America. Xew 'S'ork, 1873.
?dcFio (Matthew), V'ancnuvor Island and llritisli Cnlundiia. London, 180.").
McCarrahan (William), The IJuiiksilvcr Mines of ranoelio Crande. Wasli
inuton, 1800; iNleniorial. A Collection of Documents. San Francisco,
1870.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Ixi
li.n <lr Misioncs,
MS.
s I'ailrc'H ill' Stik
„1., ISdti. '2 vols.
IIOIT.]
Mniiiiii.L^.Timniiil,
I ^Vialu■y). J-"'*
s isin. MS.
ISUi. M.S.
1S5."). Loa^Vii^c-
id Co.) Los An-
Oukluua, 1880.
ork, 1870.
oil «lo Misioneros
jtcniii. 'J'nijceti
rvCpuliUcaiiism in
nsi'Tionow, Dc'L'.
L'ky ;Mountiuiis.
SCO, 11.(1.
a Press, .Tiiii. '21,
]I. r.cp. -Tun. Ki,
,rk, ISTIl.
I. Lomlon, ISd.).
(IraiiiU'. \V;isli
iSuu Fi'iincisco,
M,(;!;islinn T F.), Klstoiy of tlio Doiiiur I'iiity. Tnickcf, ISTO; S.niFian-
.is.-o, isso.
.M, (l.>u:i!i(l'Mwiiril),l'act.S('oiici'niiii'.,'tlii' Oi'L'aiii/Mtioii known as tlio 'Homi'ls'
ill S. 1''. I'ost, .\o<-. I, is7'>: Naiiati\(' of iVihcntiiii; wliilo imisiKMl \ty
\'i;;i.'.'UiiT ( 'oMiiiiittcc. ,San I'l'.-uici.SLO, i.S,")7.
Mrilv.iiMi! ( Willianii, Sivcti'lirs of Scent ry and Noten of rcrsoiial Advciitmo
ill ('iililoiiiia, etc. ]'iiiia<lcliiliia, iS.'iO.
M,i\;iy (.losi pii W.), lti't'olli:(;lioiis of ii Ciiiif 'J'tadcr in llio lludsoli'd liay
( '.iiii|iany. MS.
MiKiiisiry (i icor;,'i'), PaiHTs on tlic^ History of California. MS,
.Mil.< an ( i'iiiis M. ), SiicimIi, .Jiiiu! ."•. iS.'iO, on Constitution of Cal. AVasli. 1850.
,Mid'l;<r.-on, l.i'ttcrs of .'iianila. | fn various ncus[ia|icr.s. |
.Mil'licisiin (\V.), JioMus in Los Antitlcs. l,os An;,a'lus, |S7.'1.
M((,)U('in (.Tolin), .Spccili, .luno.'i, is.")(>, on Ailniission of (Jal. Wash,, ISot).
M.\Vi!lio (\V.), Sjurcli, March 1, |S,"il) tin' .XdniLssion of Cal. n.^l., n.d.
.Maclia<lo (.\ntoniol, Ivsuritos do iin Snidico. .MS.
M.uliad,) (.liiann), Tii'u'iios I'asachis do ( 'alifornia. MS.
.Ma'lclcno (Henri do la), i.e Coin to ( iaston ilo liaonssetdioiillion. Paris, 1870,
M:iL;lianos, St l'"rancis and I''ranciscans.
Ma-uiri) (.li'lin J'rancis), 'I'lio liish in AnicricM. Jsew York, lS(i8.
Mailorena (.loso .Joai|nin), (,'artas Suclta.s. ,MS.
Malaiin (.luan), Correspoiidencia. ^MS.
M.ila^pina (Alejandro), Xota di' Oficiales. MS.
Mala.--iiiMa (Alejandro) and .Jose de Pu.stauiaiite, Carta al P, Lasnen, y KoS"
jnusta, 17!»i. MS.
Maltcd'.run, l.a Sonor;v et ses Mines. P;ii'is, ISlIL
Mauiiiioth ('ity, Herald, llonur Minin;,' Index, J.akc Miniit-^ Ivcvicw.
MaiiL:iiio (Fernando J,), lIes[ineHta du I!) do .lunio 177.1. in Palou, Xot., i.
hsO.
Maurow (John P,), Stati'nu'iit on X'i-ilance Ccjnjniittues in S. F. ^IS.
Mans (.Matthew), 'J"i;i\cl.-i in .Minini; histricts. ^IS,
Manslield (I'Mward ]).), Mexican "\Var. Xew York, 181!).
Mandi y Lahore^) (dosej, Ilistoria do la Marina l']spanola. Madrid, 185-1. -Ito.
'J Vols, and atlas.
Mavi-liaud (Ftieiiiiei, Voyacro antour du Momle, 17(10 "J. I'.-iris, n.d. .") \o!s,
.Marcon (. lilies). Notes i^ioii the l'"irst J)iscoveries of Cilifornia. Wash., 1S7'~'.
.Marcy {\V. L.), (,"oniinunications of tlu^ Secriitary of War. 1840-8. ill CuU
a'lid X. :\Iev., Mess, and I>oc., |S-|S; Jd., IsllO.
Marin County History (.Mley JJowen & Co.) San i''ranei.sco, 1880.
.Maii|io.a. l''rei; I'ress, (la/.ett(.', ?ilail.
Maiiposa Ivstato, It.s I'ast, Present, and l'"iitur«'. Xew York, 1S(J8.
Maild''ville, -\l[iino (.'(jurier, Alpine Si;inal.
Maikof (.Mexey), itiiskio mi Vostotehnoni. St P tersliur;.', ]8.")().
Maiqiiiiia (\'irey), Coinuiiicaciones al (loljr- de (,'al., I.SOO et .se(|. ^IS.
Mariiuiiiez (Marccliiio), Cartas del Paili(> al Cohr- Sola, Ls21. JNIS.
IMaiTon ( Feli])a Osiina), I'apidos ()ri;.'inales, ^IS.
Man-on (i'elipa Osniia), 'lIecuei'<los del I'asado. ^IS,
Marryat (Frank), Mountains and Mole Uills, Xcw York, IS.")."); T.oudou, 18.').").
-Man'xat (l-'rede'rick), Xarrativo of the Ti'avols, etc. of Monsieur \'iotet. Xe\7
Sorlc, 1S4:{.
Marsh (John), Letter to Connnodoro Jones, 18I'J. MS.
Marsh (•lolin^ Letter to ix'wis Cass, ISIO, In Pachoeo Contra Costa Gazette,
l>ec. -Jl, 18(J7.
Marsh (.lohn), Letters of a I'ioncer Doctor. MS.
Mar.-hall (II.), Speech, Apr. :!, IS,")!), on Cal. Message, Wash., lS.-)().
Mardiall (Ilenrv), Statement, 18i;J. :MS.
Marshall (T. W. M.l, Chiistian Missions. Xew York, ISOl. 2 vols.
Maisludl (W. C), 'J'iii'ou-h .\iuerica. London, IsSI.
-Martin (Juan), Msit.a a los Ccntiles Tularenos, jsol, MS.
Martin (Thomas S.), Xarrative of l'"reinont"s Ivxpuditioii, 1S4j-7. ^IS.
'i
Ixil
AUTIIOIUTIKS QUOTMI).
Mni'tiiir:', riii'i|niii(V I"iitrfjiii:c, I"\[iri'«s.
Miiitiiu'/ (lyiiiu-io), DitViisa I >ii i-iila ;il ('oiiiiitul.inti' (li'iuntl, ISW. MS.
>r,iitiucz I iLril.iri'i), iMitr^icl.'i .1 lin Kiuu'lirrias ilil 'I'ul.ir, Isllj. MS.
Mjirliiii'/ (li;iiiK'ii>), Mscritds \'iiiiiis. MS.
^Iiii'tiiu./, (liiiin AiitiPiiiii), C(jncs|n>iiiU'liii:i (kl I'ailic. MS,
Miiitiui/ (Ivstcviui .Icjsi') ami <inii/ulc» l.()[)LZ ilu Hani, Ciialta I Aiilunuioii,
ITSS. ]\1S.
Marvin (.roliii (!.), Tin- T,a\v I'lstablisliiiii; ( 'ii!iiiii'>ii Seliools. H. F., ls,"i,'l.
MaiAivillc, Apjical, (Jalil'miiia, Jlxinis.;, JIcniM, Xmtli Califuriiiaii, Xoilliuiii
Stati small, Stamlard, 'I'dr'^'raiili.
Mar\svi!lc and ]'■( iiiciii Xatinnal Kailroad. l.'ciioit of DiigiiicLTs on Suivcj-.
'Marysvillc, ls:i:i.
^[as^^(■;^ (IJaitlioldiiii'), lidacion I'lara dtl XayaiiUi, IT"''"). MS. In I'inait,
l'i)l. J'lio. Mi'xico. Misiniiis.
Masiiii (.loliii ^'.1, I.utti'r.s (if U. S. Soc. Xav. to ('niiiiiiaudi rs in (.'al. l.s!(i-7.
Ill ( 'lilts' CoiuiiU'st; Sijceuli, May '2~, 1S,")0, nu Admirf.sinu of L'alifuiuia.
Wasli., IS.-.O.
^r.Mson'n HaiidliKok to r*alifiiriiia. l.oiiiloii, IS.'O.
Mason (llifliard 15.), ('alit'oniia and lur (iold. liiiiort to tlic secretary of
Mar. Wasli., ISoO.
Ma'icn (llicliard 1!.), Mi: ('cllancoiisi I'nu'lainations, ISIO.
Masuii iKiidiard !>.), Orijrrs and ('on-i'siiondtiirL- r>f tliu Military (Jovirnor,
)S!7 S. In Cal. and X. Mix., .Mi.'^s. and 1)ol\, isriO; also, MS. [In
airliivcs.]
Masdu illicliard !>.), rriRlaiiiation, X'ow '_'!>, 1SI7. In lOnglisli and Spani.vli,
Moiiiiivy, IS 17.
Mas.sclt (Sti'iilicii (.".), T)i'iftin'^' About, X^iw Voik, ISIi.'!; I'Api licnccs of ;i
'liter. MS.
Malriialiii didia T-^toriy Kiis.kikli Zassiloiii;,'. St. I'cli'r.'ibnrg, l.-^Gl.
M;irtlio\vson (T. ]).), (."'••difdi'iiiji Alliiirs. MS.
Maiiro'lc (I'ralK'isco Ant'iuio) ])iaiio did \'ia;,'i' do 1, Sonora, 177"). MS,
Manii'llo ( I'^-ani'isL'i) Antonio), ( 'oin[ii.'iidio de X'oticias, \'i;i,'^o do, 1771. MS.
MauieHi' (I'lani'isi'o Antonio), .Toiirnal of a \'oyaur in 1775. Loiidou, 17!50.
Maiinlli- (Fr.iiR'i.sio Antonio), X'avoL;acion, 1771'. ^IS.
.Miivwill (R. T.), \ isit to ^lontfivy'in lSl-2. .MS.
.Miiyir (I'l-aut/), Mexico, Aztvc, Spani.sli, etc. Ilartfoid, IsrrJ. 2 vols.
^Nlayi'i' Mairasrripts. A coUcL-lion of oO copies from .Mcx. aiLhivcs.
jVIayliold, I'aitei'iiriso, I'astor.
Mayuc (U. ('.), Four Year.s in llritisli ( 'olmiiliia. LiMidon, l>i(J-.
Mazathin, I'inu's.
Miadu (IMwin It.), Tlio Cliinosu Question. Xew York, 1^77.
Meadi.
Moad.
IMrclia
I.ak
;.raiiios). The firaliam Allair, 1S40. MS.
Institute of San F
1''
18.
'i7 et fieij.
lu'port of Industrial l']\l;iliitions.
MelhiM (Francis), Diary, iSHS-tO. :MS.
iMd'ius (Franc
id llcnrv), Littcr.«. MS.
Ml
Mf
iiiit;
Indt'jH'iident l^i.-p.-itcli, West (.'oast Star.
.'ino Wai-, Majority ami Minority Jieport.-i of the Joint Special Co
n !• r;;iKi>; o, ii.i
M
cnildcuio
County llistoiv. San Francisco, IRSO.
Mencfce (C. A.), II
isiorical anil
]),
i;tc.
Mc
?il
(.Tc
ipi
1.'
Mi
rilitivi
Iclidiook of Xapa, Sonoma,
juez), Fxiii
itc di' ]'a|iclcs tiicaiitcsa la ^k'.taii/a
do Indios lieclia, por Olden di'l 1'. Ministro do S. llafacl, IS."."!. ^IS.
ircaiitile Lilirary A>siiciation. -Vnniial llcports of rrciideiit, etc,
San
I
ram
isco, IS,'),") et si'([.
Moron tor's Atlas. ]')[>'.) et f-cq.
Mi'irod, People, San .loaipiiii N'alley Argus, Trihum
Merced County History, Sau Francisco, ISSI. 41o.
AUTIIORITIK.S QUOTF.r).
hiii
ral, ls;!(). MS.
NlO. MS.
"uiiilii IlNiiloriuioii,
f. S. I'., is:,.-,,
.lifmuiaii, N( rtlii'iii
ii^iii(.'i.'r.s nil Siiivi y.
1. MS. Ill .I'iiiait,
ci-.s in (,',il. IS|(i 7.
issiuu of L'alifuriiia.
to the societal y of
Military Governor,
iS.'iO; also, MS. [In
uyli.sh and Spaiii.-.Ii.
"; F.\pi liciujcti of :i
burg, ISCJl.
a, 177:.. ?.IS.
;cdc, 1771. MS.
■5, Loiidou, 17SU.
IS,--2. 2 void,
archives.
ISO-'.
itrial E\l:i!iitious.
jiiit Speeuil Cum
)f Xapa, Soiionia,
nti's ;i la ^l.-itaiiza
s:;:!. :ms.
iideiit, etc. Sail
•'J
Mnvlmntsi' Kv^lmngo Trices Current and Siiipiiing Li^t. .San Franciaco,
lM.'iO-'_'. -Ito. :i voIh.
M'l-iiri/, ]'l\[iccliciilt' dc Ilivesti;,'ilcion sol>re la ea) ma, isl.l. MS.
.Mdcditli (\V. .M.), :MiricelhineoU8 rroclauiations liy .SixiLta'y "-'f 'I'*-' Treaa-
lu'-, ISJ|>.
M ivv.'i 111. r (Henry .Mwnrth), T.y Sea and i'y Land. Li/iidon, I.S7I.
M(iidl (.Ximii^ Jt<c(ilIe"tionH of San Kraiui, eo. MS.
M, \ie;^ii i;ord( rTrouMetl l,")lliCong., IstSe.ss., J[. j;\. 1 <!■-•. l.'ij. Wash., b77.
.\lr\ii;iii r-iiiii)iliivy, Kcohitiiiii respeeting adjir.tiiH lit and naynient of tiio
!?:;,()0!).<'.(!') |::"llh Cnnj,'., IstSe.s'., Sen. K\'. ]»iie. ."i7|. Wa>liiiiulun, I.s.m.
Mi\ii'aii Oicau Mail and inland ('(iiiiiiaiiy, Jleimits. \e\rYoik, IS,")!! et m'|.
Mixi'an War. A Cn'leetion of U. S. (ioverninent ]>iieilincnl.s, Sciupw,
!'. iii]'!dets, etc. !•_' vol;.
Mexican War. Mes.ia;;es of the President fHOtli Cong., Ist Suss., II. Ex.
l)(ic. (iO; S<'ii. Kx. I]. Wa;,-hin'-'t(>n, 1S17-S. •_• vol-i.
McNican War I'l'lie). Il^IItroes. i'hil., IN'O; i'hil., ISIlO.
.Ajcxici), Acta (,'on,4ituti\a do l;i !''cderaciiin Me.siciaa. Mexico, Is-Jl; Actaa
dc hi .Imita <lo Miiicria, l.Sl(l-7. MS.; .Nciuiih) do la .liinta thft literrii
y Ileal Jlaeieiida (Miiiomsl I77-. MS.; Araiuel (leiural do Aduanas
Maritiniaij y Fronteri/.ab. Mexico, ISl'i ft ^cfj.; Arre-lo I'l-ovidonal
de la Adiiiinis'racion de .luslieia '_'.'! .Mayo ls:;7. In An illapt, lucij).
1S,'!7, p. .'>!"); Ba.seJ y Icycs CinistitueiniKdes de la I!c|iii\ilicii .Mei.icana.
Mexieii, 181)7; Cokccion do lX'ciet<j.s y Ordene.s ile inleici ('i)iimn. M \ieo
ISoO; Coleceiou do Leycs y Decr-tos, iS.'t'.MI, KS14 S, jS.'iO. Mexico,
ICii'd-'J, (J vols.; (.'olcccion de Urdene.s y I.leeielos do la SuIh rana .liuita
I'rovi:*. (iiiljern. Mexico, lSl29. 4 voln.; Constitiieion reclcial. Mexico,
Iti'-'l et seij. ; Pecreto Kohro I'asaportes, etc., ISJS. In Sciiiiii(U".i Civil
Law, Spain, .'JKJ; I)iario del (loliieino de la l!e)>ul)lica Mexicana. Mexico,
1S!'.> et secj.; Mstailo ^layor (lelieral del lljii'i-ito, Ivsealal'on. Mexico,
L'.'i-I; l']xposicion del Mini.stro d'j Hacienda IMS. ilexieo, jslS; liistriic-
ci' n Provisional Uic. 'J_', 1SJ4, Mexico, ISJI; Lc\c.s Con.siitnciwn.-deij.
2: Die. 18::!). In Arri!la;;a, llrcop. IS.Sd, ;]i7; Leyci Vi-cntes 1 11 ls:2!l;
MciiKdias dc (Inerra, Hacienda, .Tusticia, llelacimu s, etc. Mexico,
18i2il et sei]. [Annual JU'port:! of the Jlcxiean g()\eriinient in iis dill'er-
ent depaiiiaents, cited l).v name and date. Xearly all contain iiimu or
less on California, About i!00 voI:j.]; Providencia do la Siipieiiia Corte,
II \ov. ]y'.i~. In Arrillac-'a, Kecop. Is.'iS, p. 07-; Reyhinieiit 1 para la
('nli)nizacion, Pi'JS. MS.; Ilog'aniento do la Diieceinii do Coli'iii/acion.
!Mc\ico, 18!'j; ll( :;laiiieiit ) do l^leicioncs I'J .liuiio \A'.\. MS.; Ke.da-
mento Provisional, Dipartnieiitos, 2;) >d;irz(). In Arrilla.L.'n, liecoii. ls;!7,
p. 'JilJ; lle^'hunento para el r;',nio do I'asaportes, ISL'S. .MS. ; l!i ;;ianienlo
]i.-ir:i la Tcsoreria {(ciieral. Mexico, ISDl, 4ti); Ilej;las para i;icccion(,:i do
Dipiitado.s y Ayuntamieuto. I'SoO. In Arrilla^^a, ILccop. IH'M, p. 'Si',',.
Meyer (Carl^, Xach deiu Sacrauiento. Aar;in, IS"i.">.
-\h'yrick (Henry), Santa Cruz and Monterey. San I'raneisco, 18S0.
Miclultcirena (Manuel), Armiiui.itration in L'))per California, n.pl., n.d.
Miilieitnrcna (Manuel', Ijando EconcMiiico, IDJiiiiii) l8l,'>. MS.
.Miclicllorcna (.Manuel), (^'oneiudadanos, etc. ^lontere.v, Lie. Li, 1811.
Mirlieltorena (Manuel), Corrcsp;ndeni;ia Mi. ceh'inea del Sr Coben.ader. ^IS.
MiciieUorena, (Manuel), l)ecreto por el ciuil devuelve las .Misione.s ii Iud l'raile«,
ISI,'!. MS.
Michidtorcna (Manuel), Hecreto Pruhibicielo la Intri)duccion de Kfectos
lOxtiangcros. Monterey, Julio .'iO, ISH.
"^lichk'lkireiia (Manuel), Digest of Corresjionli'iice, lSt.">. n.pl., n.d.
Mieiieltorena (Manr.,1), El C. . . .[Anuneia la Apertura do las .Sesioin. de la
Diputaeioii.] Monterey, 28 A,.ijsto, 1844.
-Miclieltui'cna (Manuel), Kl C. . .[iJccreto do la Asainblea, lacurso.s para la
(luerra Probable] Monterey, ;$ Sept. 1814.
^'iclie'torena (Manuel), Iirstrueeiones, l;i42. !MS.
Mieiieltorena (.Manuel), Mediua:i de Hefen.-ja contra los E. L'., ISU. !MS.
Ixiv
AUTnORITIES QUOTED.
MiclicltorcMia CMnnucl), riC'liinrnto de ]-sf'uc'l;:s Aiiiu'.'is, l.'vtt. ?1>>.
Miclii'ltoreiia (Miiiiucl), llcglaiiR'iito ilo ^lilii'ia, Aiixiliiir. .Montcrvy, IG tie
Julio. I Ml.
Millc'iiiiiiil Star. ^lanuhcpter, Liverpof)!, etc., 1S4I -7!>. 41 vuls,
JMillor (.ioiKiuiu), Tliu Dauitos iu the Siui'ras. Chicago, 1S81; Lifo iimonf; tlio
Moiloos. Lin\i]<ii\, l!s7.'!; Kir.st Fam'lics of the Sk'rras. ('hicu;,''), ISTCi;
Sliailow.s of Shasta. Cliioago, ISSI; A Sierra Wetldiiij;. la S;ui Jos6
I'ioiici'i', Nov. 17, 1S77.
Millvilie, Siia.st.'i. Coniity llecord.
.Miner ('1 lie). San Fraiiciseo, ISOfi.
Miner.)' Own liook (i'lie). San Francisco, 18r)S.
M' ill;,' ('on!panie.s, lleports, etc. Cited Ly uanie of company. Not given
in thi.s li.st.
.Alining Ma','azinc. Xew York, 18."3 et seq.
,Mi
srellaiieijUM
5 llistorioal Paper.s. A (Jollection.
MS.
MS.
ISSO.
Leipzig
Miscellaneous Statement.s on California History.
Miscellany. A Collection. !) vols.
.Misiones. Cuadei'no ile llstailos, en satisfaccion de los puntos que el Sr Comi-
.sionailo pidu ;i la Prefectura. IS'J'J. ,MS.
Misiones, .ljif(,)rines Anuaks y Jlienahs, Indieo y Notas. !MS. In Arch. Sta
liarbara, v. pa.ssini; x. 4'.),") o'Jd; .\ii. ol-l'J!).
Mission Hooks. Sec name of the Mission.
Mis;iioa Land (Jrants, Opinions, etc. In ILiyes' Mission liook, ii. .".".
Mission ^lusic. An iniuicuse parchment folio with introduction li\- I'. Diiran,
181."). MS.
^ILssion Jtcports, different dates ami cstalilishnieuts scattered in the archives.
.Many eitr<l liy name of author or mission.
^Mission Stitisties. MS.
Modesto, Herald, San. Toaqnin Valley ]\Iirror, Stanislaus County Weekly Xew.s.
.Mofras (Fu;cene l)nllot de), (.'artas de un Viagcro. MS.
Mofras (Ivagi'no Hulkjt de), ICxploration de TOregon, des (,'alifoniies, etc.
Paris, i.S44. 2 vols, and atlas.
Mohan (11.) et al., J'eii Pietuies of our llepresentative Men. Sac.
.M')ke'.uinne, Calaveras County Chronicle.
.''l'>rhau.':,en (Haldu in), Diary of a .Tourney. London, 1S,"8. 'J vols.
-MoUha.'.iseu (Hakhvin), Tagebucii einer Keisc voni .MiAsissi^ipi, etc.
IS,->S. 4to.
!Mone (Alexander), A Pioneer of 1847. ^IS.
-Monitor, Aliiine Miner.
Montauus (.\inoIdus), Die Xieuwc en Onhekando Weei'eld. Amsterdam.
1071. folio.
Moutanus (.\rnoldus), Die Unbekannto Neue AVelt. ITratislatjd hy li.'pper.]
Amsterdam, l()7^i.
Monterev, Acei.iunts of the Pi'esidial Comiianv, Hosiers, ete, MS. Chielly
in PVov. ,St. Pa])., IJen. .Mil.: Dept. St. J'ap.I lien. MIL; and St. Pap., Sac.
Monterey, Actos del .Vynntamiento, ISI',!-."). MS
Jlontei'cv, \euerdo del Ayunt. y de la Diputacion contra el CaniLiio di' Capi-
tai, i8:r.. MS.
Jlonterey, Arehivo dc. MS. 10 vols.
M(jntercy, Californian, 1S40-S. Also a vol. of !MS. extracts.
]\lon*^erey, ( uentas de la Compafiia, P esidial, IS'^8. M.S.
.Monterey, Democrat, (Ja.:ette, Ih'rald, I'ecorder.
.Monterey, 'Jiario do Sucesos, 1800-'J. MS.
Monterey, lAtracto de Xoiieias. Mexie , 1770.
Monterey, Oliieiat Aeoou of the Taking of.
^Monterey, Oi'denanzas -Munici pales, \H'1S. MS.
Monterey, IV.dron (ieneral, 1S;J0. MS.
Monteri'y, Pr.ri'()(|nia, Areliivo. ]\1S.
Mnotei-ey, Pelicion del Ayuiitamicuto en favor de Frailes Espaf.olcs, 18i?',t.
MS."
Pittsburg,
IS48.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
kv
'4. y\fi.
Monteivy, IG <le
:,.ls.
; Lifo ainoii;^ tlio
L'Jiica;;<), ISTO;
U. In Siui JosLi
my. Nut given
i quL' fl Sr Comi-
S. Ill Arch. .Sill
ok, ii. .*?.').
imi In' V. Diirnn,
il ill the ;a(-liivfs.
tyWiM'klyXcws.
Ciililuruii'S, tdc.
Sac, ISSO.
vols,
li, etc. Leipzig,
(1. Aiiistcnlam.
it'.td ))y li.'iipi'i-. ]
U\ ^IS. Cliielly
ml St. I'ap., Sac.
^'aiiiljio lie Ca[ii-
Mcintenv, Preslilcnt's Mc'S., Tiifnnnatlon on taking of, by C'tni. .Tones.
[•_'7th Cong., :M .Ses.'i., II. E.;. Doc. Xo. 1G(J.]
■Monicrev, Itanciios esi^tente.s, 17!!."). .MS.
.Monterey, U. S. Consulate lieeonl. MS. 2 vols.
MiJiiteiev Connty, History of. San Friineisco, ISSl. 4to.
^M.intes'leoca liocunKnit. X(jv. II, Is-J.'i. MS.
Mont.i^oinery diielianl Z. ), IJeeollcetioiiH Mining; Camps IS."."— 1. MS.
Montgomery (Zaeliary). Sjieee'i i;; Assenil)Iy of Cal., Aj>ri! 10, 18G1, on
Conniion ScliooLs. Saeiainento, ISGl ; Various other Speeches ou saino
Sultjeet.
Moore (Augnstin), J'ioneer Ex])i riences. MS.
}iloore anil De I'uer'. See San A'ateo County History.
!Mora (.lose Maria Liisi, Oliras Sacltas. Paris, 1,S,j7. 2 vols.
Moraga (dabricl). Cartas. MS.
]\Ioraga ((liihi'ielK Diai'io ile .su Expcilit'ion ;\\ Puerto dc Boilega, ISIO. .MS.
Mor.'iga (Jose ,Toa(|uin), ]']sei'itos Sui'ltos. MS.
Moi.iga (Josi'" .foaiiuin), Infornie de i777 sohrc cosas de .San Franeisef). MS.
.Morag.a (JosJ: .Toaiinin), Instrneeion y orden ipie deljc oliservar <1 ealio do
Kseolta de S. .lose, 17vJ. MS.
MoreJie.'id (C. S.), Speet'h. Apr. •_';{, IS.IO, on Admission of Cal. Wa-h.. ]8.")0.
AInrilli (Cii'iacus), Fasti Xc^vi Mvljis et Ordinationnin. Veiietiis, 177G. Ito.
Morenhaut, (,'orrospondenee of the Freni-h Consul. }iIS.
^Moreno (.lose Matias). Doenmentos i)ara la Ilistoriti du Culiforni.i. MS.
Moreno (Tu;in P..), Vida Milit;u'. }iIS.
Morgan (Martha M.), A Trip across the Plains. San Francisco, 1SG4.
Miirinriii (P. de), Xfjtiee .sur la Xouvillc Califoruie. ISIit. Ju Soe. Ceog.,
linlletin, XV.; Xouv. An. \'oy., Ixi. i;'>7.
MnriHi u llitt.'ilii u, List of Olliecr.s and !Men. ^[S.
.Mi.ireU (lieujaun'n AV.), Narrative of Four Vovages. New York, Is.")'-'.
Mnrris f.Mhert F.), Di.iry of a Crazy Man. MS.
Morris (dt'orgo 15.), The Chinaman as hois. MS.
Merse (.r. F.!. Illustrated Histoiy of t.'alifornia, etc. Sacramento, IS.'I.
Mdrskni Svornik, IS.'iS.
.^hiuldc r (.\. .T.), CoMMuentaries on the Sclioiil Law. Sacramento, LS38.
Mmnitaineering on tlie Paeilic. Jii Harper's Ma'.,'., xxxix., 7l'.'>.
Mowrv (Svlvester). 'i'lu! Mines of tiie West. X. \v York, FSGL
Aliigartegm(Pahlo), Carta al P. i.asuen, 1701. -MS.
Miig.irtegiii (Paiilo) and Tonias de la Pi'ua, Pareeer sobre el establecimiento
de un Conveuto en S. Francisco, 17'.'7. MS.
Mnhlen|ilordt (f'.duard), Versneh einer getnnien Sehilderung der liepublik
.Mexico, llannver, 1S44. "i vols,
Munii-ipal lav.s, regulations, reports, and other public docnineuts, cited by
naiMi^ of town, but fur the most ])art not in this list.
Mufioz ( Tuan -Vntonid), (^'ai'tas del < 'aiiitan. MS.
.'^lufioz il'eilio), Di.irio de la J^xpi^lieion lieelia por 1), (laljriel Mora"a al Tu-
lar, IS(l(i. MS.
.^ll, .■'_'uia (Jose .-bitonio), and Tinuas de la. I'eua, Informo de Sta Clara, 1777.
.MS.
Mur|:hy (Tiniotliy^, I.etter.s from I.S-_'4. ]MS.
.Murray iCiiarles Aug. K Travels in .North America, New York, ISo!).
Alurr.ny (!■!. ¥.), Miscell.incous Documents, MS.
Miuiay (Walter), X'arrative of a California Volunteer, 1847. M.S.
]\liisiea de ilisioncs. MS.
!:spaf.olcs, 1820.
Xaiinu (La). ^le.Kieo, IS.'iG et seq.
N.'Maimod!. C), Free Press.
Napa(;ity, Classic, NaiviCounty Peporter, Pae'lie I'^eho, ne;.;ister.
Ni.[MiaMd Lake Counties, History of (Sloeuni, ikiwen, and Co.) San Fran-
cisco, ISSL 4to,
Xationat Democratic (.Juarterly Ueview, Washington, IS'i'J et .scip
i '■ :l
I
Ixvi
AUTIIORTTIES QUOTED.
niviiiei.'iis IiitoriKig,
Xiivii fri'dro), rotniiiiicacioacs tk'l Coiuainlniite rjcii. ilc V
1701 ct-swi. MS.
Kav;i (IV'ilro), liifoniici;:jl)r<' rroycetodu AljiirC:iiuiii;)..i oiitri'r'al. y X.^Iexico,
um. -MS.
Naviii'i'cto (Martin Fornaiuli z), Tiitroiluccion. In ^^util y ?,I'j.\icaiia, Viagc;
V'iagi-.s .\p()crifiis. In Col. 1)iil'. Jiu'il., xv.
Nayarit, [nforinc do la Aud. do (liiadalajaia, 17S4. MS.
Xcal (SiuiiiK'li, Xotico of a I'iDin.'ur of '-15. M.S.
X'fall (.l;i:iic.-;), Vigilaiiuu (.'oiuiiiittcc. MS.
Nevada (Cal.) Donioorat, Gazette, Herald, Jouiiial, Xational Gazette, Tran-
script.
X;evada County, Hii^tory of. Oakland, IRSl. Atlas folio.
X'eve (I'rlipc), ('!)rre,-ip'):ideneia Misccliinoa del (lol)''-, 177") et ooq. MS.
X'eve (I'elipe), Inforiiie dc _."» d'j Abril 1777. ^IS.
Xevo (I'Vlipe), Infoi Mie solirc Jlcglaniento, 177?'. MS.
Xevc (I^'lipe), Tnt^tniLTiou al Ayndantc Insiu'ctoi- Soler, w'"'-. ^IS.
X'ovo (Telipc), In.stniccii)n ;'i I'aycs sjliro < loljji.'nio Intcriu >, 17?-. MS.
Xove (Felipe ), rnstrue(.-ion para, la, I'unda'^ion do Lo;i An^^elv"!, 17S1. MS.
Keve (Felipe), Instrnceion (pie liade Liobcinar al Coin't'do '.'Ui I'lirLani, 17^2.
MS.
Xcve (Felipe), Tlcglamonto e Tiistnn'cioii, 1770. MS.
X^ew Aliiiaik'n — a great nmulierof lu'iefs, aiguiiiculr-, opiaiiins;, docun)cnt-<,
eti'., ill 1.!ic ease.s of CiK-tiiler'j, Fossat, and oUie'.i !i;;rJn .t. the U. S.;
also the following iiaiii]>ldets on tlioKaiiie KuLjeet: Correspondence. San
Fraiii'i:;eo, 1S,".S; Tlio 1 »i. I'li-wion ]Ie\ie\vcd, S. I'\ ]V'C.; J':;p!.;i;-.i of the
Attoruey-("!eiieral in California. Xew York, 18(10; Fiirtlii'i' Coire.-pond-
enco ill U'lation to. San I'raiici^^co, I'^.'iO; (Letter t. ]I':;i. J. S. I'.lai'k,
from 'a Cal. Pioneer'). X( \v York, l.S(iO; Letter to the i'reyident of tlia
U. S. (l)y Jolui T. Doyle), Xew York, ISliO; Letter.) fr mi San Fraiieiseo
Herald, Dec. IS.'i.S; llep.jit of Attorney -General to the Prc:".iilent, ]lcjoiu-
tion.'i of C-.il, Leg., ISUU; Smart and Cornered. Ii. pi., ii.il.
Xewa>!c (X. ,T.), Advertiser.
Xew II.'ivi 11 (Conn.), Joiirn-1 and Cnnrier.
Xuw Helvetia, Di.ay of Kveiit.s in IS-LVS. MS.
Xew Orleans (La.), Adverti.-^er, liec, Conimereial Times, Courier, rieayiinc,
Tropie.
Xew.spai"'i'.s (.f ("aliforiiia and otlier state;* of the Pacific U. S. The ]iu).vt
important are eiteil under llie name of tlic town v.'I'.eio publi.s'icd, and
nrmy if tlrin named in this list.
Xew Taeoma iW'ash.), Ledger.
Xew Westminster (15. C.), Mainland Guardian.
Xt w Y(n'k, liiiUetin, Comuieivinl Adveriier, (.'oinmercial .Touriial and Pcgis-
ter. Cornier, <;i'aphie, I'vaiigcli.-t, I'veiiing Post, IIiTald, .lournal of
Conmieree, .Slail, Post, Snn, Sunday Times, Times, Triluiiie, ^Vorld.
Xicolay (C. G.), (_)ri'gou 'J'erritory. Ivmdoii, IS-td.
Xidever (( reiii'g'e), Life mid .Xdvcntni'e.s of an Old 'J'l'aiijier. '}.'S.
Xiel (.riian Amaiido), Apuntaeione.i I'l las niem(vri:e-; do Geivniiuo do Z;irato
Salmeron. In l>oe. Hist. Mex,, ser. iii., toni. iv. 7S.
Xiles' Pu-^'ister. P,alt-more, etc., ISll-IO. 70 VoK
Xurdh, !i'""(Cliar'es), (Vlil'nrnia: for IL'alth, Pleas-ire, (•;,•. Xew York,
!S7.'i; \(jrtliern Calil'oi'.iiia, OreLTon, etc. Xew York, 1.S7I; Xew York,
I ■■77.
Xoriuan (Lueia), A Yonth'.s History of (.'alifoniia. San Franeiseo, lSti7.
Xortii .\nieriean l!e\i(.'W. I'oston, 1810 et sdj.
Xorlli San .liuMi, Press, War Clnh.
Xorth I'iu ilic Jifview. San Francisco, 1S(VJ! et seip
Xotieioso ( o'ueral. Mexico, ISl.VJI. vols.
^Noiivelle.s Amiales des Voyages. Paris, l.SIO-fiO. 1 (IS vols.
Xiieva l^spafia, AciK'iilos d>,' la .Junta, Sup. de Iteal Hacienda, 170L MS.
N'ucvo .Mexico, Espedieiitc de Ahigeato, LSIJ^. MS.
AUTI [( )lilTIi:.S QUOTED.
Ixvii
cias Tutemas,
l.yX. Mexico,
xiciuiii, Viago;
Gazette, Ti'an-
C(\.
MS.
MS.
r-2. MS.
1781. MS^
liaiLaia-, ITS'i.
vns, (lijcnnicnt.s,
hv.t tlio U. S.;
ijirriiilciicc. San
j;:;i.lwii:i of tlio
llLT''CulTC;-ponil-
<,n. J. S. V.lark,
LVcsiilcnt of tlio
111 ^ra;l I'mncisco
■csiucnt, llciolu-
(1.
luicr, ricajniiio,
S. Tho nioft
pulilislicil, and
ri!:;l and TJcgis-
ild, .Touniai i)£
mo, World.
\'S.
limo do Zi'ivato
X.-w York,
; Xrw York,
u'ij-co, 1807.
17;il. MS.
Xmv (•Tiiaciuiu Paymiid), Diario dtl Capellan do la ]]-\pcdicion I'ara los .Viiuv-
javas, lyi'J. MS.
^u-ciit (Julmj, Scraps of I'Lu'ly IIi.story. la S. F. Argonaut, Aprd i;'., 1>)7S.
( ),ijai.'a, Ks|)ut:icioii, 1S28.
U.ilvlaiid, Alaukda Democrat, Ar;,'us, C'alifoi'iiia Cadet, CoUevjo ICelio, Dtiii-
oci'at, Dianion 1 Preas, Doiuiniou Tress, Herald, Home .Journal and
Alameda CuUiity Adveni.jer, lloniestead, lndej)endeiit licmizcr, Juiirnal,
Mirror, Monthly llcview, XevLc-an lles-iew, X'ews, XoLed of ^Varniil,u',
0'.'- Taper, Teoplc'd Chani]Uon, I'rcs.s, l{:'.diat;jr, Seniitroiiical l'ix.:.-s
Si„.. of tho Times, Teiiiiiiii, Times, Torelili^lit, 'I'rau.seript, Trib.uie,
University Eelio.
Oakland I'vdjlic Schools, Annual Reports. Oakliiid, l;i70 et secj.; luany
oUicr nuuiiciii:.l documeiiLs.
Oliservador .Judicial y do l^e^;islacion. Mexico, IS4J et sc<|.
Occident aiid Orient. ]Melljourne, clc.
Olid Fellows. A laryu munber of publications of diiiereiit lodges of tho
order, cited under tliu above tiile.
O.iiilby ( lolui), Amoi'ica. London, I(j71. folio.
Olbes (Hanion), Cartas sobro el Tumulto de Sta Cruz, ISIS. MS.
()!Jo (ii.-'.:i lU Vj.), Spcecli, July -i, \' M, on Ca.lifornia (Question. Wash., iSM,
Ohicy (J;.nicd X.), \'igilaace C'oi.anillee. ^LS.
Olvura (A.'.j'usUn), Docunieni.o.i para la Jlistoria do C'al. MS.
( )lvcra (AL'.istin), X'arias Carta:;. ^IS.
olympia, (Jouiuiercial Ago, Uclio, I'acilio Tribune, ru;,;et Sound Courier.
O'.Mcara (Ii:nics), IJrodcrick and <i\vin. San Francisco, [^'6i.
0|icraci ni C^s.irea. M.S. [A relic of tlio ndsslon.s.J
OratioUo. Seo Speeches.
Old (.\;i;,ustl:;o de Li (iuerra), OcunN.ncias en Califoiiua. il.S.
Ord (J. Jj.), Jliuuniscence.j uf '^7. MS.
Orda.; (';!....), Cartas del Padre. }dS.
Onlaz (.;';.;.;), l.)i;;ri>j de la ilxpe.lici.in do I^ius Argiiello al Xorte, ISJl. MS.
(»r.!ciK:i.:;ab .Mroiicipales, [l;,JJ.] .MS.
Oiders, K.cret, benevolent, etc. See Institutions.
()i'e.;ou, .'-'pcciator. Ib-W et scij.
(lie ;on City, Argus.
0,i^;.;i.; ^v'al. ), li.laniath X'owt;, X'orlliern Jlecurd.
0,o .M(,lido, en leagua do Imlio.j p(jr P;.dio Arroyo. MS.
(i.uvi!!-, PuLte Couuiy l're;.s, Pu..io (Jounty, IJiitLO Pecord, Mircury.
<lrr(;,'. M.), Tho Ciiy of Stockton; Its I'osition, etc. Stockton, 1;>74.
Ihu;...-. (IVhpc 2iiaria), Diario (pie forma. Pcouoeiuiientode Sitios, 17.-'.'>. MS.
<lrav.,a (Jose Franeiico), Connmicaciones delCoUiandunto do IS. Diego a i;i\i la
y -Moiicada, 1771-l<. ^iS.
Orie,La (.Fo.se FraneP^co), Corrc.vpondencia. "MS.
<hle-a (Juse Francisco), Fragmeuto de 17o',). MS.
( •itcg.i (Ji)Si' Fr;uici..;co), Jnfornio do ;,;) Xnv. J77-''. MS.
Ortega (Je. J FranciseoJ, ^leniorial sobre .sus MciiidS }■ .'^ei'vicios ^liliiarcs,
i7oJ. MS.
OitcliN.j (Abial.amvs), Thealrvm Orbis Terrarum. Antverpia', l.'i'
Osburn f\t'. J!,), Xarrativo of a, \ii^\^ to S. I'rjinciMjo, 1S4-1. M.-!.
< '.>io{.Vii'vOi.io .Maria), Carta .solire Coiubinaciones Pi.lnic.i.s. l.Soli.
O-.o (.udonio Maria), Carta a \';.Ilejo. i;,i Xov. \'o„J. 2*iS.
I'.di) lAntonio Maria), i^sciitos Sueltos. .MS.
()-io (.\:itoaio Marui), llistoria «Io Caiiior-i!. . JIS.
O-una (Juan Maria), Cartas. .MS.
0>\vald (il. I'r. ), Caliiornirn und Siine \'erli;:UHisso. Peip/.ig, ISl'J.
0'>ril..ail .Mail S.rsiee to ( ■.dii.iraia. n.pl. |i:,:,7|.
<>\. i1;:mi[ ^Pmthly. San Francisco, iSiitS 7"i. l.-)\<)ls.
"... ,L , I. .).), ^iv.iUi Clara N'alky. S.ai .lo.-e, lt-.7o.
0\\ i ^ 1 ,u J, .San i'vaiieisco, PsiJ'J et (icip
d. folio.
.MS.
Iwiii
AUTTIOrilTIKS QFOTI'D.
1'. (I). 1". K.) Si'c ralifwriiiji, in A'ia-vro Universal,
'alirilmi Natiiin.il (]•;!), .Mixio.), IMl it.si'(i.
racliiHO, Cciiitra C'dsI.i (ia/.i'tli', Contra Costa Kcwa
I'ailn'co (HiilorcM), Cai-tas. MS.
I'at'lic'.'i) (llonuialdo). Cartas, isi'i ;!I. MS.
I'.iclicco (Sahio), J'^srritos ilc nn M-riim do S. Jose. !MS.
I'auilic ( 'oast ilihii'uLional .loiiriia!. San I'laucisco, ISTI.
J'acilii' ('oast Mini's. S.in I'ranciM'o, IsTti.
racilif ilxiiosiloi', San {''raiuisto, Istiil "J. .'t vols.
1,'acilic Mail Stcaiusliii> (.'onipany, ^Viiiiiial Krpoits. New York, lS,")t ct .soij.;
aiiil vaiioiis (lamiililcts.
I'acilic .Mttlii'al and SufL:ic.al .loiirnal. San ]'"rancisc'(), 1858 I't S(.'i|.
I'auilic Jtailroad. A Collection; also a largo iinndiel" of imlilicatiuns cited \>y
this title.
I'aeillc JIailioad Ke|i<>rt.s. Washington, IS.').")- (iO. Ito. 1.'! vols.
J'acilli: Si'hool and Jlonie Joniiial. San l^'raiieisco, 1S77 et se([.
I'aeilie \Va,^on Jioads, J!e|iorts npoii [it.'jth Con^;., 'Jd Sess., 11. lv\. Doc. lOS;
Sen. lC\. Doe. .Sti.j Wash., IS.'iS.
r.iddoek (A. (!.), The Fate of Madame La Tour. New York. 1>SS1.
I'adres (.lose Maria) <_'orresjiondeneia do uu I\ei)nMieano. MS.
I'adri'S (.lose ^Mai'ia 1, i'rott'sta que dirige al ( lete I'olitieo, ISJii"). MS.
I'aez (.lu.'Ui). See ('al)iillo, Uelaciou.
I'aiaro, Monterev I'nion.
r.ilin.T (.1. \V.),'Tlie \e\v and the Ohl. Xeu York, lS,-.().
I'alinei- (.loel), J'^aily Jntcreouiso. MS. .loni'nal of Travel.s over the Koeky
Mountains, Is4,")-(i. Cincinnati, tS.'iL*; Wairon Trains. MS.
Palnier (Lynian L.), see N''pa- ami l^ake County History.
1 aimer (Willi.im .1.), lieport u( .Surveys across tlio Continent in l!St')7-S.
i'liiladelphia. lS(i!».
I'aloniares (.lose I'raneiseo), Memoria. MS.
I'.ilou (l''raneisco), Cireularsolire Inloi-mesde Misiones, etc., f) Oct. 177o. ^IS.
Talon (I'raneiseo), ('onmnicaeion al I're-^idente sohre Kaeioiies, 17M. MS.
I'alou (Francisco), Corresjioudeneia del Mi.^iouero. MS.
l\:!ou (Francisco), Dei'uncion del I'adre .lunipero Serra, 1781. ]\rs.
I'alou (I'l'aucisco), i;s]iedicion y liei^istro do S. r'raneiseo. In Id., \ot., ii. 11^.
I'alou (Francisco), Fondcj riadosu de Misiones de Califoriii;i, etc., 177'-. MS.
I'alou (Francisco), Infoiiuo de 10 J)ie. 177.'i. In Id., Xot., ii. i I.
I'alou (FraiK'isco), Infoi-nio (jue pcjr el nies de Diciembro do 177ohi/.o al^'irey
Dueareli. MS.
Talou (Fr.'inciseo), Infoi'nic solirr (.^iiejas did ( oilicnador, \~S~>. M.S.
I'alou (I'raneiseo), Letter of .\u,l,'. i.".,'l78:{. In Hist. .Ma;,'., iv. <J7.
I'alou (Francisco), Xoticias di'^ la Califoi'uia. Mexico, 18.")7. In Doc. IIi.-,t.
]\Iex., sov. iv., toni. vi.-vii. ; San Francisco, KS74. 4 vols.
Falou (Francisc >), lielacioa llistorica de la \'ida etc. do Juntpi'ro Scrra.
Mexico, 17'"'7.
raniphlets. A collection. ."> vols.
Fanani.i, Star and Herald. Panam/i, 181'.) ct scq.
I'ananiint, Xe\vs.
I'anu'aa (Toniiis de), Carta al \'irey sobro rdigrosiiuo aincn.'izau la California,
181)4. MS.
rapelcs Yarios. A collection of .Spanish jind Mexican ]ian!pldets. 'J 1 8 vols.
I'arker (Richard), Speech. Feb. 118, lN"i(!, on I'r-sidenfs Mess, on Cal. Wasli.
1 8,"i(».
I'arkinson (U. II.), Pen !'• rtraits. San I'raneiseo. 1878.
I'arkinan (Francis .1.), The California, and Oregi.tii Trail. Xew York, 1S49.
I'arrisli {.J. L.), Anecdotes of (.)re;.'ou. MS.
r.irrott (.loh.i), I'.usiness Letters." MS.
Parsons ((!lor^'e F.), Life and .\d\enuircs of .Tames ^\". Marshall. Sa<-i;i-
niento, 1S70.
Pasch,.i i,ileoi-L;e \V. ), Sj)ecch, in the Case of Wni. ^Ict.iarrahan. Wash., ISO;).
ArriiDiiiTins oroTiin.
Ixix
■k, 1S,")4 ct scii.j
t .SLM|.
cations ciltil hy
.''i:x. Doc. lOS;
. KSSl.
S.
;:.. MS.
over the Eoeky
MS.
iK'iit ill lS(i7-S.
\-t. t::;!. ms.
:S 17.S1. -MS.
.MS.
1., \nt.,ii. i:;.
,-.,177-J. MS.
ilii/.o alN'iri'Y
MS.
(17.
Ill Due. ][i.-.t.
rnuipiTO Sorra.
a la Caliiiiniia,
;l('ts. '2 IS vuly.
Ill L'al. \Va.sli.
A'ork, ISI!).
ir.sliaU. Saera-
, Wash., 18U;).
Caiiiliriilgc,
]'.itr:ii:i (Antiiiiiii) Tnrnriiics <lu la .Misimi ilo Sta r.:irli;u';i, I7S7 92. MS.
r.iUcr.-iDii (( Jcui'L'eJ, .\ilvi.'iiiiiri.'.s lit' a i 'iolieci' (if ISKt. .MS.
rattiTsuii (dcurgc W'.), AeK^.^s Mi'xiio tn (,'alit'oi'iiia. MS.
I'alli rsiii (Lnw.snii 1!.), T\\ clvc V( ais in tlie Mines of ( 'alifornia
I.SdJ.
r.itiie (.I.'inics ().), I'( rsonal Xarrativcs. ( 'iiieiiiiiati, 1S,'J3.
j'aty (.jolui), Letters of ii Sea Caiitaiii. -MS.
I',i\ lias ( Mariano), ( 'irenlar ii Ins l'aili\\s, ISlS. MS.
I'.iuiiis (M.irianoi, Cireiilar ii los J'ailres, l.SI',1. MS.
I'ayeras (.M.niano), < 'ireular del I'resiilente, |SI7. MS.
I'.-iyi ras ( .Mari.ino), Cireiilar in (pie jn'oliilio el uso tie t'arrnaje.s, IS-JI. -ATS.
I'ayeras (Mariano), ( 'oniiinieaeion suliru laMisiimile la rurlsinia, ISlO. ^MS.
I'ayei'as (M.iiiiiiiu), Cnrdillera soltre siiniinistiai-ioii ch; \'i\-eres, ISl'I. MS.
I'ayi'ras (Mariaiioi, ('orres)ioiiiii'neia del Misionuro I'ri'ferto. MS.
J'a\cras (.Mariano), |)os Cireiilares .sohru tVniliata eon MeCiilloeli, llartneli y
■^ (ia. I.vJl'. MS.
I'aN I Ills (Maiiano), Jnforniu |ioi- d ('uinisai'io Prcfeeto del Aetual JOstailo do
Ins 111 .Mi.siones, ISl'O. MS.
r:iyri;i-; (Maiiano), Jnfornies I'lienales de Mi^iniics, ISI.I-'JO. ^LS.
I'ayera.s ( .Mariano), Jiistnieeion del \ ii'ario i'Vinineo, |.Sl7. MS.
r.iyeras I .Mariano), Memorial :i los 1 '.idles, IS'JI. MS.
]',i}i ijs ;.M:iriano), Mi niorial a los I'adres, .sohre laC'esioii de las Xueve .Misio-
lies del Siir, IS'JO. MS.
J'ayeras (.Maiiino), Memorial de iI de .runio, I8l2(). MS.
I'ayeras (Mariano,;, Memorial .sobre Xiieva lylesia en Los An^'clrs, ISiM. MS.
I'ayeias (.Mariano), Notieia de nn \'ia;.;e it .S. Jfafael, ISIS. >iiS.
Tayeras (Mariani^), Xolieia.s .solire Itoss. 1 )iario de sii ( 'aniinata, <.:oii el (!'onii-
siirio del lm[>erio, LS'JJ. M.S.
r.i\i ras (M.iriano), reiiiioii al (loliernador, ISH). M.S.
ra\eras (Miiriano), llepresentacioa sobru Innovaciones del f+i- (lohernailor,
is-JL MS.
l';iyMiii ((;.), Itmiianee of ('alifi.rni;!. Xew ^'ork, IS.'L
I'ealioily (.Vifred), Karlv D.iys and Ua|iid Crnwtii ot Cal. Salem, 1S7L
I'e.iree (.L A.), Siieech, Aiir. 2!), IS.VJ, .Vllairs in California. Washington,
ls.-,L'.
Icai.Min (( Instjiviis C.), L'ecollrrtioiis of a ( 'alifornia '-lOer. MS.
I'lrlJijiii (l;. I-'.), liio^raphieal Sketches. S. Jose I'ioneer, J uiie et Bi([.,
1-^77.
reekham (11. F.), An Kvintfnl Life. M.S.
I'eiree (Henry A. I, nioirajihy. San Franei.seo, ISSO.
J'eiivii lilriiry .\.), .Iimmalsiif \'ova:,'es, |.s:;i»-12. MS.
I'ehec I llciiry .\.), Le.ter of |Sl_>." 'in Xiles' lli-ister.
I'eiric I il, iiry A. ), Memoraiiila of a Xaviualor. MS.
J'liivi: illinry .\.), Itou-li Sketch. .MS. "
J'eiKi. (I'o.sme), Ivsin-itos de uu AhoL'ado. MS.
I'liia rrmiiUM, Cargo de Ifomieidio eoutra. el I'adro, KSCi-il."). .MS.
I'ei'ia iTonirisi, |)iario del Viage de J'ere/, 177L iMS.
J'eila (Tom.'i-), I'l'licioiidel (iu.inlian .sohre liniite.sdo Sta (.'hir.-i, 17!)S. MS.
J'ensaiuii nt>> Xacional il])). .Mexii'o, KS.m et suij.
J'eralta (Luis), Cartas del .Sar-ento. MS.
I'eraiia ( Lilis), Diario de una Lx[Hdieion nnitni, (lentiles, ISOJ. MS.
reie/. (Cornilio), Memoria Jlistuiiia. .MS.
J'ere/ (Kiilaha), Cna Vieja y Sus lU.ruerdos. MS.
I'eie/ (.liian), l'"oi'mulario, Kseiiiituras de rosisimi, 177.'>. ]\IS.
I'eie/ (.liian), liistruerion <iu" el \iriy diii a los Coii
Lxiiloraeion, -Jl ])ie. I77;t. MS.' Ill I'inart, C(
i'lre.! (.Iii.in), ilccnerdos liistiiricos. .MS.
I'ln/. ( luan), liilaeion del Via-e, I77L .MS.
i'ere/, i.liian), ■J'aMa Diaiia, 177' .MS.
I'eiv/. Fei'iiaiiile/ (.li..,;), Cartas d..l .\il. ixv. de Artilleiia.
idanle.s de ]>iiques do
l>oc. -Mex.
^K.
m
Ixx
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
I'crc/ FornaiuUv, (Josi'-JiCiiciita ('Jeiu'nililcl.i, IlaljilitaLiondi; ^fniit, 1700. Ml^.
iVrliins (Joseph J.), A I'liLsiiicss Muu'a Ivstiiiiato of ISantii Jjiiibar.i Cuiiiity.
Santa IVuliarn, KS81.
Pcriy (f. !■'..), 'J'raA'i'l!?, Scciics, niul Snfl'fi'inij's in Cuba, etc. iMistou, 1S.">,'{.
I'utalnnii, Ar-^ns, Ci)inior, Cn'sucut, .Joui'nal and Argns, Lancl Journal, Sononifi
County .li.urnal. Standard.
Pctiu'i (Dc Witt C), Lil'o and Adventures of Kit Carson. Xew York, 1S,")0.
I'etit-'riionars (Abel de). Voyage autour dii Monde, ISolJ-!). I'ari.i, 1810— 1.
.") Volri.
Telo (Sii-S. Morton), 'J'lie nesourecs of America. London, etc., 1800.
I'eyri (Antonio), Cartas del Fridle. MS.
I'eyder (JolmW.l, r.T'.onal iind :SIilitary History of V. Kenrny. X.Y., 1800.
rt'eifier ([d;i), A Lad.y's .Second Yoyagc round tlio \Voild. Xew York,
is,">n.
I'!)el|.H iJoliii S.), Siieeeh, Juno 8, IS.IO, on Adniis.sion of Cal. Wash. [1S,"jO].
rhrl;.i(\V. D.). lYuvandAft. IJoston, IS7I.
I'liihidelphia, American (la/ette, livening St:ir, Inf^nij-er, Ledger, Press,
I'crord, Times.
Pijini|M (!.'. Jl.), Southern California. S;iu P'ranciseo, 1870.
riiilli[i ; ( 1. Arthur), Tlie ^dining and ]\I<tallurg}- of Gold and Silver. Lon-
don, 18ti7.
rhoti'i;rapluu Album of C^difornia Pioneers. 2 vols.
Picket t (Charlca I'].), .Vddi-ess to the Veterans of the Mexicnn War. S.in
Fraucijeo, ISSO; Land (hnnbling versus Mining < landiliu;,'. S^in Fran-
eisco, 1870, ISSO; Paris Exposition. San I'rancisco, 1877; and oilier
pamphlets.
Pico (Andres), Papclcs do Misioncs. MS. ]S-28~iO.
Piei) ( Iesi5 do Jesus), .\conteeimientos cu California. !MS,
I'i'.'O (Jose de Jesus). Mofras at S. Antonio, lSd± MS.
Pi'';) (Jose JIaria, Dolores, Andres, Antonio ]Maria, Jos(? Antonio, Jose do
Jesus, Pio, etc.) C:;rtas. MS.
Pieo ( Fos,'! Ilaiuon), Documentos ])ara la Historiade Cal. ]\tS. .T vols.
Pieo (I'io), Correfpondeiieia. eon \ iieales l!ee:dcitr:intrs del X'orte, 1840. i\IS.
Pi.o (I'io), Deereto do Al)ril 4, 1X40. Venta de Mi iones. MS.
Pie;> (Pi)), Documentos ptirala Jlistoria deCal. MS. 2 vols.
I'i-o (I'io), Xarracion Hi torica. MS.
Pico (!'!■'). Prntestaal Maniliesto de D. Abinncl Victoria, 18:!1. MS.
Pi;") (I'i:)), IN'glanunto del (eilir. para la iMiageuacion v ariarudo de .Misioncs,
Pi,-). Ms;
Pi na, (Joaipiin), Diiirio de la Espedieion !il Valle de S. .Tos,', 18-2!). :\1S.
J'iiKirt (AJphonsc ), Coleecion de Doeuineutos Originales jiai'a la Historia do
Mexico. .MS.
]'i::art (Alphonsc), Dneuiiiints on Pussian Amerien. ]\1S.
I'iiiart (Alplionse), Documents for the Histoiy of Chilaialnia, 1780-18"). :\IS.
nml ]irint. 2 vols.
Pinart (Ai| house), Docninouts for the History of Sonera, 1784-1S0.3. MS.
nn(l print, folio. 5 vols.
Pine (deorgo W.), Peyond the West. Utica, 1871.
I'inkeiton (.John), t leneral Collection of Vovages and Travels. London,
ls(is-14. 4to. 17 vols.
Pinto (l.'al'ael), Apuntarioncs para la Historia. MS.
Pinto iPafael), l)eeunientos para la Historia dn Cal. MS.
I'io ^'f.. I'.r; \e Apostidieo en (jue se les concede varias j^racias a los Misionc-
ros, 1 7; '7. MS.
Pioneer ('i lie). San I'^'imcisco, 18.">4-,1. 4 vols.
I'ioneer .rournalism in C.difonn'a. In I'pliam s X'oles; Powell's X't'wspnper
Pejiorter and Advertiser's (!uide.
Piuiinr Panama Passengers, lic-union on the 4th of .Tune, 1874. San Fran-
eiseo, IS74.
Pioneer Perils, Domjir I'arty. la S. F. Call, Oct. ',', 1880, and other paiiers.
AUTnorJTIES QUOTED.
Ixxi
liiini Cuuiity.
istiiu, 1^."):^
u'uul, Sonoma
X York, IS.'O.
Paris, IS-lO-t.
, ISGC.
]S"c\v York,
Wa^h. [1S"'0].
Ledger, Tress,
I Rilvcr. Lon-
7nn AVar. San
iv:. S:i!> Ei'^i"-
577 ; autl other
ntonio, .los6 do
orte, KS-L"). ^IS.
IS.
11. MS.
lido do Misionca,
.^•20. MS.
I la Tliitoria do
ITSC-IS,-).'). MS.
7s;i-lS0:i. MS.
[avels. London,
las a 1"S !Mi>ionc-
clVrt XewspiMu-r
|s74. San Fran-
Hid other pa^icrs.
«
I
T'ionror Skctclies, A Colleetion. MS.
I'i'.io, Tnstiiii'i'ion que so fornii'> para el estaMeeinucnto de la Xueva Villa,
17s!l. MS,; also print.
r!aei'i\ill!\ f ''iiu-ier, Va Dorado Couidy KeiiuMiean, Mii-i'or, ^riuintaiii Demo-
erat, \e\v.s.
Plan i)ara Airei^do do Mi.siones, 1.S2."). Tii .tinita do Foiiiento do C.il.
J'ian d(! ( '"Iniii/aeinii ICstran'rera, l.S'J."). In .liinta ili; Foniento de ( 'al.
Plan de ( 'oloiiizaeion de Naeioiials, IS'2,"). In Juida d(^ lAnuento do I'al.
Plan de (I'liierno ado;itndo per l;i l>iputaeiou en St;i Darbara, ls;;7. !MS.
Plan di! (loliierno Provincial. Jlonterey, !S-_U. MS.
J'laii de liidepen^leneiu a'.'.optadii por la I )ipiitaeion, 7 Xov. 1830. Jlonterey.
Plan de Indejiendeneia C.diturniana, iS.'il). Monterey, IS.'ili.
Plan Politico Mereantil, Is-.',"). In .Junta do Fnmento do Cal.
Plan de Pri pio.s y Arbitrios para Fondos .Muiueipales, P^IU. Montcrev,
is;u.
Plan de S. Dic'-o que prf)claniarf)n Zaniorano, P)andiiH. y Otnw, 1S.'17. MS.
J'layer-Frowd (J. (i.), Six ^Mnnlh.s in Calilnrnia. l/>udon, IS7-J.
J'hunlie (Jolin), Memorial against Asa ^VIutney's Kailroad Scheme. Wash-
iM,i,'ton, I.S.'>1.
Pniut .\rcna, Xe\vs, Jtecorder.
Piilldist.-i, (.-ited I'V name of county or town. \ot in tins list.
PortiUa, (I'.djlo), JHariodo nna ILvpedicion al Tular, ]S_'t. :MS.
Poi'tilla, (I'aldo), I'scritos del Capitan. :MS.
Portl; lid (Or.), Pulletin, Calhedie Sentinel, ()re;.'oui;in, Standard, Telegram,
W'e-t Sliore.
Portol.Mtlasjiar), Diario rlol Viarjo ;l la California, 17fl!1. :MS.
Poteeliin, Selenie Poss, IS,")!». .MS. translation.
I'owers (Stephen), .\.utohio;,'raphic;d Sket.di. !MS.
Pr.'islow (•!.), l>er Staat CaUl'ornien. (lottingen. 1S."7.
Pratt (Parley Pai'ker), 'J'lie Aiilohiography oV. Xew York, lS7t.
I'roidi.'d ( 'omjiaiiy Accounts, Piisters, etc. San l'ranci>co, .Monterey, Santa
Parhaia, and San Dieyo. |.Scattere(l in the archives. |
I'l-esiijios. Peilanii'iito e Jnstruccion, 177-. ^Madrid, 177:-'; Mexico, \~~','.
(Willi
), Speech in IT. S. 11. of P
]••
is:;). (Jul
till!! <pf a Xew State. Washiii'^ton, 1S19.
orina-
rieto (f oiillermo), Indicaciones solire cl origen, etc., do la.s Rentas Generales
de la. l''ederacioii Mexieana. Mexico, IS.'iO; Viajo ;'i los lvstado« Unido.s.
^rexico, 1S7>'-!I. ."> vols.
Privik'gios ( 'onccdidos ;l Tndio.s, ISO.*?. MS.
ianiiento do Apakitegui en l.os Angeles, Ift.T"). In k^igneron, !M;i
]
I'onuiieianiiento do Monterey conti-a- el 1'
■nto de San DicL'o coiitiu Victi
dc
riiiiuiRiiunu
roiiuiu iaiiiii
Di
is;}!. -MS.
!s;!i
-MS.
Prot(
'iito do Varel.a V otros eontni los Americanos, ISll). !M.S,
de Ids Padres contra tlahelas, 18)7. MS.
Providence (It. I.) .louriial.
id P
•-• vo
<vate P
L!.,P,
MS. P2 vols. In Archivodefal.
iiiers.
i\IS.
Milit
irv.
I'rtidoii (Vict'i'i, Cirresiiondence
Pnidon (Victor). \'i ,'ilantes de, L
In Arclii
i>ls.; Id., P
IcCak; Id., Pre.=;idi
.Miscel. l2 vols.
d"nn Franc.'d.s en Californie. .MS.
Au'reles,' 18.".(!. MS.
las. His Pi]:'i'inia';e. London, 1(114. !) hooks in 1 Mil. foli
Piirchas, lli.s I'
L
i(i_'.")-(;. f
Pur!:-ini;i. Ciiadcriio ilc Tratados Mcdico.s.
Piiri.sima, Piliro.s de Mi.sion. MS.
olio, o Vols
,MS.
)
un- una
'e!lCI(
■11 de lo.s I'adi
bn
traslado de ki ^W
ISPI. MS.
I'urliitt (.1. ![.), Letter on the Water Front Improvement. San Francis
1 N.-.l
i'uti
(U
'irve\
|s,-,(i.
), Siieech, duly ."0, 18.".0, on Admi.s.sion of California. ^Vash,
'uinams .M.igazinc. Xew York, lS03etscq.
(nwin w^
l.N
AUTnorJTIES QUOTED.
Quartnly Ilcviow. Luncldii, ISOOotFcq.
(,>iuu(^ Oicliiiiiiicc, Till! ]ii\;iliility of tho. Sun Frnn(M"sco, 1 ■i7D.
l,Mlic'k^ilv^ r: Facts ODiicciiiiu;; .Mines in Siinta Claru^'o., Cal. X. Y., ISaO.
(I'lii-liy (lliiLfli), 'J"li'; Jii-li llacu in ( 'alifnniin, utc. San J'^ranrisco, lb78.
(.Miijas (.l(iM' ]joroii/() de la ('luict'ijciipn), Cartas del radrc. ^IS.
(Juinipiji' (Maiiuul), Sfgundu lUicMnocimiunto, 17!)U. .^IS.
Kidiliiscin (Antdiiif) ]'..), rirowth of Towns. MS.
Jiao (W. F.), Wustwanll.y Jiail. I^ond.ni, isTO,
llai' (Willinni V.), InvcstJLjacion judicial soln-i! .su snicidio, ]S1". ?tI,S.
Jiailroad (.':.in panics, lupdits, etc. Sec naiiiu of couipaiiy. Manj" coiisultcil
are not named in this list.
l!aili-(iad-; and Slcnnisliijis. A collcftion.
lialstuii (William ('.), Allociionate Tiihute to. Sau Francisco, 1S7"); Jlenio-
I'ial of. iSan ]'"rancisri), ls7~>.
Itaniirez (An'^'el), Cai'tas del J:\-I''railc. :MS.
llamscy (AHu'it ("'.), Tiie (Jther Side. Xew York. IS.'O.
l;anili'iiili (I'Mmund), C)ratiiin liefore Society of Cal. Pioneers, Sept. ISDO.
In Jiutihini^s' -Ma^'., v. '1<\\\\ Outline of the History of Cal. S. I'., lS(iS.
]landolph (\V. (','.), Statement ol' a, Fioneer of lS-1!). MS.
Itaymond (Itossiter W.), ]\Iining Industry of tho States and Territories of tlio
Jtocky Moiuitains. X. Y., KS7I; Silver and (iold. X. Y., i.^7;!; Sta-
tistics of Mines and ^Iinin;j;. Wasli., KS7.'i.
llaynal ((k'J\), llistoirc I'liilosuphicpic. Paris, lS-JO-1. li! vols, and at as.
llazonador (I'^l), Mexico, 1817 et .sec^.
J leading. Independent.
Jiecoiiilacinn <lc Ijcyoa do Los Re_>no.s dc las Indias niandadas Impi'imir y
Publicar i)or Carlos If. Madrid, 17!M. folio, -I vols.
I'eddin.i,' (iienjaniin 15. ), In Memoriani. Sau Francisco, ]SS2.
Itcdnitz (L. ), (letreuester nnd Zuvei-liissi'^ster Wej^'ueiser nnd Ptathcjelicr zur
]i' ise. naeh nnd in Anierika \uid Califoi'liicn. Jierlin, 1S.')-J.
Pedwooil City, Sau Mateo .lonrnal, San Mateo 'J'imes and tiazette.
Iveed (James P.), The Donner Tragid}'. In Pacilio Rural Press, and San JosiS
Pioneir, ls77.
liegistro de Licencias Militares, ISHO. :MS.
licylamento du '1\ dc Mayo, 1773. In PaloU, Xot., i. "uG.
Jieylameido dc Ci^ntrilmciones ,s(il>r(; 1/ieores, ].S"Jl. !MS.
]!eglamento ile Defensores de la Iude]iendencia, ISJo. MS.
Keglamento, I)etcriniuacion deSdc Julio, 177li. In Palou, Xot., i. .")S9.
Iteudamento sohrc (lauados, 1S'J7. ^IS.
Peglameuto jiara el (.{obierno interior dc la Junta Departmental, IStO. MS,
lleylameuto de ^lisiones Scculari-;adas, IS.'il. MS.
licglamento Provisional para el g'obierno interior de la Diputacion. !Montc-
rey, ISoI. I'J'lio first book jirinted in California.]
r.cid ("Perfceto Hugo), Cartas. MS.
lieid (l\'rfecto Hugo), Los Angeles Cotmty Indians. In Ilaycs Mission I'.ook,
i., from Los Angeles Star.
Itejon (Manuel C. >, Obscrvaciones del Diputado salientc contra los Tratados
dc Paz. Qncntaro, 1S4S.
lielaeion dc la.s ICmbarcacioncs (jnc han condncidu los Situados, 17S1 (M!. ]\IS.
]!engel (Jose .Uitoiiio), Comunicaei(Uies de Proviueias Jiiteruas, i7'->i-<i. -MS.
Ifeipiena. (Manuel), ])c.icumeutos jiara la Historia de California. !MS.
lieipH'na (^Fanuel), I'lseritos de nn (,'iudadano dc Angeles. MS.
llestaura.lor | I'll), Mexico, ISKI et seip
Petes (Miinuel), Portentosas ]'vi(jnezas. In Kstrella dc Occid. Oct. 10, 1 SCO.
Ivcvcre (Jose[ili Warren), Iveel and Saddle. Boston, 1S71; A Tour of Duty
in California. X. Y. etc., ISt'.).
Kcvilla (iigedo (Yirey), Carta de L'7 Die, 17!).'{. MS.
Pevilla ( iigedo (Virey), (.'artasobrc Misioiies, 17!i;>. In Dic'c. Univ., v. 4"2l'i.
lievilla (iigcilo (Yirey), Coniunicaciones til (jobr- de Cal., 17UU-4. !MS.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Ixxiii
N'.Y.,l_sr,9.
SCO, IbTS.
-,. MS.
;■"-
I;uiy cuasultca
1
, IST")-, Momo-
■,:l
rs, Sept. IRfiO.
il. S. l'.,l.stis.
v., i-;;".; su-
jlfi. iiuil ut ;ts.
Lilas Tniprimir y
a RathsclK'i- zur
.-)-2.
i/.ett.'. ,
<s, au'l >^;iii Josu
ital, ISU). MS.
taeiim. Moiito-
..s .Mi.-.sumT»i(ik,
litra los Tratado^
, 17.S4-I;
MS.
MS.
MS.
M>^.
o.^t. in, isc,n.
|a Toui' of Duty
I'niv.
4-2e).
|jU-4.
MS.
ru'villa r;i;;. do (Vircy), Iiifoiinc ilo 1:2 Abill, 170.'!. In r<iistamaute, Siiplc-
iiu'iito, iii. 1 1-.
Il^villa <!i';rilo (Viiiy), Tiistrucoioii (|iit; ili-ju csrrita, 17'i!)-!i4. MS. '1 vol.s.
Jl.'vistii Cii iitifr a y Liti'iaria do Mt'iii'o. ^loxico, l:S4o tt se(j.
l;i\ iKi dis JJiUX MoiuliH. I'aris, ls;i!) ct Hti|.
lIcMioldi (J. N.), rai-ifu; Oluui and South Sta. [i'Jd Cong., 2d Scss., H, Ex.
- J)u<:. 10.'). I Wii^ili., I.s;i4.
]:eyii"M.i (St(i>lifn), Itc-yLstur of Vcssuls at Honolulu, lyJl-lJ. In Honolulu
Klin.,!, ii., 1S4',).
RczaiiMt' (Xiknlail, /apiski, 1S0.')-fi. In Tiklinu'ncf, Istor. Ohos., Appuu.
IMioads (Danirl), lli'licf of DoiinLT I'aity, ISKI. ,MS.
];icliardsoii (Allicrt D.), lieyoiid tlio ^lis^is.sippi. llaitfoid, l.'3(i7.
i;icl]aid.--ou (nciii:iniin), Mining Iv\]icricn(X'S. .MS.
;h.'liai'il
'11 (!!. D.), Iliatory of llio Foundation of Vallejo. MS.
itiolianlsoii (WilHani ^V.), Ecttcrs of a rionciT Sailor. -MS.
Kicljaidson (W'iliiuni A.), Salidas do ]5u(pio.s del Tuoi'to do San Francisco,
18:!7-S. MS.
llirliarrl "U (William A. J, Tai'ifa dc Ek'ti'S y Paaagos, S. Francisco, ISKJ, MS.
llirjiarilsiu (J.) ut id., ZmiloLry uf JJcfclicy s N'oyagc. Loud., l8oLI-40.
llico (Franciico), Mcniorias llirftorioas. 3IS.
l;i(Ngoand Valdcs, .Mcnioria Jvstadi.stica. (luadalajara, ISl'S.
lliluv ( r<cnnctt), ^Military Correspondence [;]ldt Cong., l.st Se.s.s., Sen. Doc. .">•_'].
Wa .li., \'Ad; MisccllaiieouH proc'.aniation.s of llie Military I lovcrnor, l.S4!»;
Fro, laiiia d loa Jlaliilantes do California, .'! .Junio, 1S4S. ^lonterey, 184S;
'J'oui'if tlu; Cold Region;; [IJlst Cong., l.-it ^e.-^u., II. lv\. Doc. 17j.
];inguoIi.l{Ca'lualadcr),('orre.-^])ondencf to Accompany , Ma p.s and Charts of Cal,
\Va:-h., IS."*! ; A Series of Charts Mith Sailing Directions. \Vush., iSo'J.
];io\'i.sLa, Enliipri.^f, (ilc-mer.
Ripalda, Catccismo dc la Doctrina Cristiana. Monterev, 1S42.
Ripley {W. S.), The War - ="■ Mexico. Xew York, JS-i',). 2 vols.
Ripoll (.\;ii..nio), Levantjinueuto do Indio.s en Santa Ijurbara, 1524. MS.
IJivera, Xucva Coleccion do T.cj'os. [Mexico.] ]s;5j.
Rivera (Maiuiel), Lo^i Coliernuntcs dc ^lexico. ^lexico, 1872. 2 vols.
Rivera y ?luncada ( {■'eiiiando), (V.rta al I'adre Scrra, 177'">. MS.
];iver.'i y Moucada (Fernando), ])iligcncia.s en la Toma do posesion del Maiido,
1774. MS.
RiviTa y Muncada (l^'maudo), I'^scritos Sucltos di'l Comaadaute ( aiieral. MS.
Riveia V Ml neada (Fernando), Mereeil do Tierra.s al SoliUido .Mauucl Rutron,
]77-\ MS.
Roach il'liilip A.), Historical Facts from 1849. MS.
Robl.inMThoma.s :.!.), Diai-y, FSIIJ-O. MS.
Rol)i rts iCeorgo 13.), Recollection.s of Ilud.son'.s Ray Co. MS.
Rohin.sciU u\'.'r(;(l), Life iu (,'alifornia. New Voik, lS4U.
Rol.in>)n (Allied), Statenu'iit of Rccolh'ctionji from 1S29. MS.
Rohin.viu (;■':, yette), California au<l its Cidd .cgions. Now York, 1S49.
Riuhiiir^'in (Marshall), A Trip in !- )utheni C...ifiirnia. Carson, 1879.
Robhs ( -icundiiio), lUlacion dc un Califon
RodcnlioM.ii I'l'lieo. F. ), From iM-crglado to Ca
Ruder (!l:
Ivodriu'uf .',
MS.
Xow York. 187.'5.
RcUingl
15^
'}'•
MS.
]
(lacinto), JVarraciou fiobro Tiempos Pasados. ?*1S.
odi i:,i:e:-: (.( s6R.), Rci'Uci'do!? Histi'iricos. MS.
Rodrigue;': (.Mamiel), Lo Acaceido con Tripulantes ilo la Uyi<), 1S0;1. JiIS.
Rod
I
rigue:; (Manuel), C
orresiionUencia do un
:Milit;
ir.
M.-
OlIllL^ilC/
(.Ma
n. 1
tespuesta a
las Or
\iince I'reuuntas, 1798. MS.
Roger.s (.). Ileurv), The (.'alifornia llundre
m i' raneisco,
1 80."
Rogers I Wilil'ijn IL), Statement on Vigilance Committee. }^IS.
(W oiides), A (.'rui.-ing Voyage round the A\'tirld. London, 1718.
oUin (.M.), Mi'inoirc I'
oniero (.bisel, !)()(
SonniM y ( 'alifi
llivr. C'ai.., Vol.. I.
giipie, 1781). In La lN-rou.*e, \'i
itos rehitivos ii su lOxpediciou [lara abrir Camino entro
, 182;} 0. MS.
.;ii.i;.
Ixxiv
AUTTTORITIKS QUO'li:!).
J !i micro (.1 1 !■,('• M;ii-i:!U(i) ( 'atuinsiii') dc Ortol' ■.•ia (I'di' ulo :i I'ls Alilliilios ik; l;i
I'.scui la Nuiniul il<' Mimtctrcy. .Mciitr icy, ISKG.
Jlniii ro (X'it'ciitt), .Vot('>< of lli(! I'list. MS.
Jvoiiuii (.Io.s('' Aiit')iiio), <';irtns al 1'. I'ri'siiiiiito Liisiion, 1701. AIS.
JJoiiicu (Jo'ir .\ii*oiiio), (,'ori'i'spoiii|('iici,i iKl Sr ( !ol)criiai|nr. >!S.
l\()(lU(t'(i;il ((':itiiill(! del, .loiiriial il'iiii \'(iy;!','i' autoiir dii ^loiido, lSlG-19.
I'fitis, |S_';{. livols.; Voya.Lri" nmiid 111.; \Vorld. Loud., 1!>J.'J.
Kosd (Lni.'i di' la), iMi.sayo solir<' la Atliiiiiii-^tra 'ion I'lihliiM do Mexico. Mex-
ico, l.s,"i;i. 4to,
Itosas (Jos;' Aiifoiiio), Causa Criminal, ISOO-I. MS.
l!oMi;:;iioii (Julio), I'orvciiir do \'cia I'a/. ( iuatciiiala, 1801.
J;oss, Coidrat do Vciito, ISU. MS,
Jioss, I'ropacsta do N'oiila ('; Jiivciitario, IStl. MS,
J>oHs (Cliarlcs L. ), Exocrioiu'os iu '17. MS.
Iko.ss (John K.), IS'anutivc (jf an Indian l''i,','litcr. MS.
l.idss (Joseph), Skoti'h (if I'^xjiorioncoH. MS.
]!oss(Jani(s))iiid (;oor;^'c( lary. l''roni Wise. toCal.and Tt'tiuii. M:idi.;nn, 18(i0
];ossi (Ji'.\l)lio), iSoiivc iiirsd'iin Voyagoon Oro^jon i;t on("alifoniio. I'aiis, 1S()4.
I'oswn'r (<.'.), Ijva Motaux I'r'cioux conxidiri's an point do vno oconoiniipie.
I'aiis, ISC').
IJotsohcf (.Vlcx.), Deed of Ro.ss to Sutter, ISU. :MS.
lloiihauil (Uijipolytr), ],es ll'.'^ions \onvellos. I'aris, ISGS.
lionsct do Jesus, Comuuirarioiies y Ordrncs del (Jhispo dj Sonora. MS.
lIovin:_'H in the I'aeilie iVoin J.s;)7— H). J^ondon, IS.'il. "J vols.
llowland (John), Lista do los (jui! lo .■loonipaiViron en ku ll:;faihi, If^H. ^IS.
Itiiliio ( l'"ianeiseo). Causa Criminal ]ior .iVscsinato y Jlstnpro, ISJS-lil. ^IS.
JIui.; (l''ranciseo Marin), Cartas del Cuiiiandante iIo San l.'i;';;i). ,MS.
Itu.ichenlier'^er (\V. .S. W. ), \arrativo of a Voyage round tho World in
Ks.Ti-^. J-.ondon, IS.'js. '_' vols.
I'lish (John I!.), l;io;.'raphieal Sketch. MS.
llnsliii-: ( Fames I''.), Across ,\n)eriea. X''w York, lS7-t.
JJiiss, l.einenilirances of a rioneer of 1817. MS.
Ituss ( \do!ii!i {',.]. iiioii'aphy of a I'ioneer of 1847. M^.
liusse W'liiiani 1 1.), (i( iiei al Jolin A. Sir. 1 ■;■. n.pl. ii.c'.
liasseli (\Villi::!n .!lov,-i":-d i, llesperotlien. .Vow Yor!:, T-.S'J.
Itussian Ameiii'an Fur Company, Accounts. J.sl7-.">!). ifS.
i;yan(I!. I'. ), .rud;res and Ciiiuinals. In (Joldeii lira |18.").".]; Personal Ad-
ventures in l'[ipei-ancl •('a!ifcrni:i ill ISIS-'J. London, JS.jO. '-'vols.
liycknian ((JerritL U'.), Viguancc Connnittee. MS.
lavedra (llanion), Cartas alOol.r. do California, 17!U. :MS.
icramonto, jjeo, California ]''xpress, California I'rcc I'ress, California Re-
]iulp.ican, Knterpriso, Herald, Journal, Leader, Xov.-.s, riucnix, J'lacer
Times, Jtecord. kecord I'nion, ]tepo"tcr, Jlescue, St:ir, State (ji]iital Ilo-
poiter. State iviir (inzette, Sun, I'ranscript, TiaveUenj' (.Juide, Twice a
\V'eek, UiiiipiitoTis, L'nion, Valley Agricnlturist, Valley \\%jild.
icramonto Medienl Society, Constitution, etc. Siicrameiito, IS,".").
leraui'nto. \i\. rd of (.'riminal Court in Co:h!'v ClerkVi ()l!i i, 1,S4!). ^MS.
ii'iamento, S[iani ;li Archives in Ullico of Soc. State. .MS.
icramonto Coiiiriy. llistoi'v. Oakland, 18S0. folio.
iicraiiicuto N'ailey Itailroad ( 'ompaiiy, lleports. S. V., IS'i.") ot se.|.
iillord (A. K. I'.'). Narrative of I'olitical llvcnts. .MS.
aiut .Vmant (M. do), »' lyagos en Californio ct dans I'Uregon. Paris, 1854,
aint J ./Icna, Star, Yosemitc . iihly.
lint J.ionis (Mo. ). (ilolio, Pcveille, L'nion.
al ( 1 lornionc'cildo). ( 'artas Miscelauoas, I 777 ISOO. :MS.
il ( I lcrmene;.;ildo). Informe. lit do I'lncro l7'-'li. MS,
al ( llermene.cildoi. iiiformo do los I'aragos ipic sc han reconocido on la .Via
incda, 17'Jj. MS.
ArriionrrrKs quoted.
XXV
U1U111103 dc la
,!S.
m<lo, ISIG-IO.
llcxico. Ml'x-
Mndis^nJSnO
ilo. Parisl;'"!'-
uo cuDUiJiiiiiiiie.
nora.
MS.
i,K Vni. MS.
isjs :n. MS.
I tho WoiUl ill
. \: Personal Ad-
Ini, IS.jO. -vuls.
Cr.lit'ornia Pu"-
rii.L'iiix. riiiei'r
UnU; Caiiital I'm-
.;" Cnide, TuLcc a
World.
, , 1M',». MS.
•t Sl-.j.
n. rails, 1854,
iiuorido cii la Ala
Sal (Uprnu'iu;.'iMM), Tufcirincs s^oln'c Lh Kdidi.ini du San Francisi-o, 170'J. MS.
S.il (Ik'niu'lic-diloi. liistfilL'ci.iiialt.'al"Mli; la I'.s.'ulta dt^ Mil ( 'f 11/, ITiH. .MS,
S.il I ilcriiuiu'.^'ildo), lIcL'diiouiiiiiiiitu di' la Misi.ai ilo Sta ( 'i uz, IT'.H. MS.
S:il |lh'iiiii.'Mi',L;ildi'), llcsimr.sta li las Qiiiiico I'rc!,'imtas, [~'.»H. .MS.
>ala (.(iuiU'L^u A.), AliicriLM j;c\ i.sitL'd. Liiiidiii, 1 Sm'. 'J Mils.
N.ilaxaf (Aliiii.io Isi(lrij), Ci)iidii'ii)ll Actual di; ( 'alifuruia, 171*1). MS.
Salmi, Oregon Statesman, ^\■illalll« tto Fanner.
Sale.s (Lllisj, XotieiaH do (,'aliti)rnia.s. Valeiieia, 1701.
Saliilai do ilunne.-i ilel I'liei'to de S. FrancLseo, Is;i7-S. MS.
SaliiKH City, Index, Standard, Town Talk.
SaliiM ron ((leiiiiiiniu do /pirate), Jtelaeioues do todas las cnsas uno en <.'l
XuevoMexi.'o, In l)of. lli.-t. Mi:x., Merio iii. toin. iv.
Sail Lake City (L'tali), De.ieret Xews, llerald, T< le^'rapli, Trihnnc.
Saniinliin;,' aller lleiseliO'iulueiljniigen. Leiii/i,;,', 1717-71. -Ito. i.'l Vols.
San Andreas, Advertiser, Calavunis Times, Citizen, Fuotliill Demucrat, Moun-
tain Xows, Register.
San Anloiiio, iJoenniento:* SaeUos, 177!)ctsoq. MS.
S.'ii Antonii), Kxtraoto del J.il>ro dt; Dituntus, ^Inerto de Sarria, 18;;.'). !MS.
San AnLoiiio, J^ihrod do .Mision. MS.
San llei'iiardino, Argiis, Onardian, Independent, Times.
S,in I'.ucnaventnra, Free I'ress, \'entiira Signal.
San lUienaventiira, J^ihros de Mision. M.S.
San j'.acnaveiitnra, .Meaiorias do FlVetos, 1790-lslO. MS.
San nnenaveiitiir.i, Sale and TranstVa', ISKi. ;MS.
San iineiiaventuia, Smniniitraeiunes al I'residid, lSlO-20. MS,
.-•itii (.'.irl',.-!, Maniiiesto do wii earganieiito jiara CalLiurnia, 17(ili. ^IS.
San C;irl().s, Libios do Mi.sion. ^IS.
Saiiuhe/; ( lo.s.': Antonio), (.'anipaua eoiitra Ivstanislao, IS'J'.). MS.
Saiiehez (Jose Antonio), Coire.-pi'ndeneia del Alt'i^rex. MS.
Saiielie/. (Jooo Antonio), ],'iario do la Caminata (^uo liixu el 1'. Frefoeto Pa-
y eras, San Diego a San (;alpiiel, Isjij. jMS.
Saiu;lie;'. i-luso Anl.inio), Diario 'li; la Fxpedieioii, Xueva Planta di' S.aii Fran-
ei-eo, is-j;}. MS.
Saiic lu/, (Josv' Antonio), T 1! nal '-f i! enterprise against tlu.' Coseinoiirs, ],S2ii.
In lieeehi ,. '.s ^ oy., li. ■'.'.
Sanelie.; ( Ki;<6 Antoiii ij, X'otas .'d lleglamento de S
eenlavi/a''ion,
ls;;-_'.
MS,
Sanchez (JosiS Jianion), X'otas Dictadas |)(jr e) (,'iadadano. M.S.
Sanelie?. (ViocntcV '"arias do 1111 Angelino. MS.
S.inelirv;, Fidali. Costansu, Inlonno s-obro auxilios ijue ^ opono enviar
il Cal., 17!)."). MS.
Sancli(j (.Inan), Iiiforna 'li 1 ( lnav<lian al Virey, 17S."). ^fS.
Sau. ho (.Juan), Inforiiio del F. (iuardiau al Viiey. "JO Agosto, l~So. MS.
Saiidils. See ' King's Oi'plian.'
Sail Fi.fro, Arehivo^ Isj(j-.J0. MS.
San Diigo, Bantismos, 177S-S2. ]MS.
San Diego, Index of Arehives, by llaycs. "MH,
S,m Diego, Libros do Mision. !MS.
S.,a Di.v; ) I'ri'.sidial Coiu[ianv. aeeonnts scattered iu ardiive^'. MS.
S.Mi Diego, Fueb; ) Lands i : , Jvxci i-.lons to Survey niado ]>y .bjlin C. Hays,
■laly, 18,')S. San Francisco, ISii'J.
San I'icgo, IJnlletin, I'nion, World.
San Diego City, Descriptive, Historical, Commercial, Agricidtural, and (jtlier
hnportant lu!'oi'"iation. San Diego, 1S74.
San Dii'uo and Sunt n California, Tho Cliiiiat,^ etc. San Di'"/". n.d.
■^au DieL.'!) the (alii . , Tvi ndnii.sot tho Ti;xas i'.acilic It. U. &. .. . iego, 1 S72.
San I'ernando, Lista Alfabrtiea do Xeolitos. MS.
San i'rancisco, Act to Charter tho ('ity. S. F., IS.'iO; many ol her acts.
San IVancisco haptist As.sociation, Minutes. ,San l^'rancisco. IS.'ill et .sci(.
San l-'i-nnisco Ihilklnad, Addivss to Mianbcrs of State Senate. S. F., 1800;
and various other pamphlets on same subject.
I 4ii
Ixxvl
AUTIIOIMTIES QUOTED.
San Finiii-i.ioo, riiiiiiilior cif ('(iiiinnri'i', Aiimi.il Itijuirts. S. 1'., lS,ri.'i ft scq.
S.di l''i'.iiii'i-ii'i» Cliiimii'li' fiiiil it^ llistoiv. S:iii I'riiiiri.sii), I,s7'.>.
^■.1IJ l'i;ii!i'i-ii'ii, CiK iit:is (!•• 1.1 ('.iiiiiniiiiii J'l'i-iiliiil, l^i;!;!!!. Ms. •_'.") \(il>'.
I I'iisi'iitiMl liy (hii. N'lillc jo. I
Sim rr;i)ici.-,i,'i) ( 'iintcmi llou.s.', ( citilhil [.ist i>{ \'i's««'l:i, clc. S. 1'., IsT.'t. ■"■•T-";
Ciu.diiii Ifiiiisc ( 'Mni'-pMiitli'iii.'o (111 Milijriil (.!' ,\ii[ii'iii.-irmfiit.s. \\'a.~li.,
IN.VJ; iiml (itliiT (l(Miiiiu'!it.M.
Siiii I'iMiii,i.'i.'i) FiiT Di'iinrtim lit, .AniiivcrMiiry (if Oryaiii/alinii. Saii I'^iaiiciscd,
l!S."rJ('t Kuij.; ]!('|iiiits, i\c.
San l''r.iiicisc'>, (Iniit llaitlitiuala' in. Sun I'lvincisiii, n.il.
San l'"riiin;i.ico, Jlistmy, Inridiiits, ilc. .V ( ''lUi'itiiin.
San I'VauciHco, Jlisldiy of tin; \'i;:ilancc' Coniuiittoo. Sim Francisco, ISoS.
San I'Vaiicisno, J,illll^J'itll■^^. A Collect ion.
San I'VaiK.i.si'o, Lilnosiln .Minion. MS.
San Fraiicisi'o, Miiuoiial of 1IoIi1it;< aii'l ()\vn< r.s of the Floating T)ilit. San
l''i;inci-ico, ls.')7.
San J'ViiiK'i.-ico, Mnnit'ipal Ficports. San ]''raniisi'o, lS."iO-S'J. '21 vol.s.; also
many sciiarato i,aici|i!ilits on city allairs iuid iiisl itwtions.
San l''raiicisco Xcw .--iia[iiTs. Ailvoratc, Alta California, American I'laij,
American Union, ..\i;j;onaut. F.ainicr of l'ro;,'i'css, California (,'Jironiclc,
< 'al. Coiuicr, C.il. Fanner, ('al. J.cailer, Cal. Jtiiral Home .loiiinal, Cal.
Spirit of tlio Times, Cal. Star, Calil'orniaii, Call, (Jatliolic. ( luanliaii,
Cln'oiiicU", Clii'isliaii Ailvocate, Coa.st l!i'\ii'W, ( 'oiiimercial Advocate,
Herald iiml Jiceonl, ]>aily I'.alaiicc, Herald mid I'laeer Times, l)enio-
eratic I'ress, Despatch. Ivjo dii li lia/a, Latina, Flcvator, I']\aii;4il, i'!\cii-
in.; l)iilletin, F.samincr, Fij.'aro, (ilolic, (Joldcii I'a'a, irdireu, Ilclirew
( iliserx'er, lllli.strated Wasp, .lonrnal, .loiiriial of ( 'omiiieice, \.;i\v ( la/i'tte.
Medical Pi'ess, Mercantile (i.i/ette, Miniii;.;' and Seicntilic I'rcss, Monitor,
Xational, New Ai^e, \e\\s ].,etter, <)"cident, i'acilic, I'acilic (.'liurclim.in,
I'aeillc Mctliodi.st, Fucilic Ncw.s, I'iciyiino, Fioneer, I'ost, Scielitilic
I'rcss. liesoiirce.s of ( 'alit'oriii I, S|H'ctator, Star ;ind ( '.diforniaii, Sun, Sun-
day Despatch, 'J'im's, Trihimo, Trin' Califoridan, AVido \Vest, etc.
San I'rancisco, JS'cw ( 'ity t.'liarter. S n I'rancisco, iss;!.
San l'"rauciseo. Ordinances and .loint llcsoliilions of the City. San Francisco,
IS.'i4; and other ordinances and rc^'ula lions.
i*-aii I'ralici.seo, ( )iir Centennial .Memoir. San Francisco, IMT.
Saii i'rancisco Fresidial ('onipany, Aci'oiints, ro.^ter.s, etc., scattered in the
archives. MS.
San l-'riincisco, Fiocco.liii;,'.s of tho Town Council, 1S49. S. F., \sr,i). •
San I'raiieisco Fulilic Schools, Annual Ivcjiorts. San Fraiu'isco, l.^."it) et scfj.;
and many other Ducnnu'nts on the .«;cliools.
San i'ranciscc), ]!c,^'lamcllto del Fiicrto, iSlCi. MS.
Sin ]''rancisco, laaioiistiance of the City to tho Legislature against tho K\-
tcnsion of the ( 'ity. San Fraiici-^eo, IS,")-1.
San I'ranci.^co, Jleport of Loard of Kngincer.s n[>on City C!r;idcs. San Fran-
cisco, hSo-l. ,
San Fianci.sco, Kcports <if City Surveyor. San Francisco, 1S.")(1 ct se(|.; also
ivports of otli<'i' city olliccrs and hoard.s.
San Francisco, lleport in relation to the defence of the liarlmr [',V2i\ Cong.,
'Jd Scss., Sen. Kx. !)oc. -i:!]. Wa.^hin-ton, IS.V2.
San Francisco, ]!e]iort foi' the transportation uf mails from Xe\N- York, New
Orleans, and \'er;i Cm/. [li'-'d Cong., Special Sess., Sen. \'.s. Doc. IJ.
Washington, is,"),'!.
San I'rancisco, ];csolution in relation to tho ]iroeeedings of the \'igi!anco
Coinmittee |.'Mlh Cong., .'id Sess., Sen. ]']x. J >oc. I.'!]. ■\Va.--hiiigt(.n, !S."ti.
San Franci.sco, SM[iervi.-;ors, (leiieral Orilers. San l''r;iiicisco, ISdll <t sl'ij.
San J''ranci.sco, Town Council, I'loceediug.s of. San Francisco, iSi!) et ocq.
Sail I'rancisco del Ati, Lihros ilc .Mi-iiou. M.S.
San l'"ranci.sco Solano, T.ihros de Mi.-ion. ^IS.
San Francisco Solano, I'adron dc Nn^litos. MS.
r., isfi." ct sc(|.
MS. •:.-> %u1h.
!. F., is;.!. 1 '■.:.";
Sa:i I'liiiicisct),
I. "Jl Yiils.; also
.VimrirMli I'liii;-,
)liii;i (.'liroiiiclc,
lie .liiuriial, ('ill,
:hi)Iic ( luiiriliaii,
'ii-ial Ailvoi'iito,
V 'J'iiir.s, Dciiiii-
l'',vaii.L,'>l, J''.vt'ii-
III new, ][rln-i'\v
L'c, Law ( la/ittf,
i I'ri's.s, Mciiiitor,
,'ilii! (,'liiiri hiiiaii,
I'ost, Siicntitio
[iniiaii, Sun, Suii-
I'c'st, t'tc.
Still Fraiiinsco,
sratti'i't'il ill the
., \s:,{). ■
', Is.iU I't scq. ;
'i;,'aiust the Ex-
Ics. San Frail-
"ill (_'t sc(|. ; also
..1- [:!i.M Cong.,
(■'.■,• Viiik, Xi'W
F.x. Doc. IJ.
the ^'igilaIu■o
shingti.n, l.sr;(i.
S(i'.) et SLMj.
1 Si!) ct -■icq.
ArniORITIES QUOTED. Ixwii
Pnii ('..iliricl, T,ilirci:< de 'Mi-ii.n. ^FS!.
S,,ii .liKniniii Ciiunty, Hi.^tory (if. Oiiklaiid, 1S7!). iitiiis filio.
^:iii .liiir|ilili, Tnlale, ami Saeialiii'lltn \'allr\,-, l,'r|iiil iif ( 'rMllini.''^'iiiii( r.H iiii
liii-.itioii I CM V'.\v'.., I.I Si.-s., ir. Ex. bof. -JIMI. Wash., I ;:i.
,'<:ili .Iiia(]uili N'alley, Uriel' 1 leseiiptinii of, et . ,Saii l'"ral|i'i-iii, IfitiS.
,S,(ii JiiH', .\ichi\i>, Ms. (i viils.
.•"•.ill .)n><i', Ailvertiser, .\rgll.-<, « 'alifiiiiii;! .\;riellltmi if , f 'alit'nnil.a. (Irail'.'er.
I'diMity I'air A'Uci'ti-ier, Cniirii r, Ifrialii, IimK iieii'tciit, Mirriiiy, Mdmi-
itig (liliile, I'atriot, I'iniieer, ,Saiita Clara .Nrgiin.
S;iii .lose, Cuisti.iii til! Liiiiit<.<. I7!i7 ISOI. MS.
^.■lll .IdSi', 1 V'eri'C oiililil'liiiiig I'llcl)!) of. ii,|il., n.il.
.•^all .lose, I.iliro <!<• I'.iteiites, lS(l(i--J|. MS.
,S;(ii ,lo.-ie, I.iliro.s de .Misioii. MS.
S. II .lose, I'elieion ih 1 .\yuiit. I'll favof de lo-i Fr.iileH Espaflole.v, 18'20. >fS.
^ian.lnaii, ''\iitral Califoiiiiaii, Feho. Mi>i',erey County Jounial.
Sail .liiaii liautista, IJIndx dv Misioii. M.S.
.■sail •Iiiaii Caiiistraiio, Liliros cle Misioii. .MS.
S.ii f.eaiidr.i, Alaiiit'dii County Cii/utte, Alanie<lii Democrat, I'lain.le.iler,
llecoid.
S:ili Luis Dhisjio, ,\ichivi). 'MS.
S.iii l.iiis OliL^po, l>( liioer.'itic Standard, I'ioneer, South Coast. South C.i;ist
Advoeate, I'l ilmne.
Si;ii I.i;is ( )l)i-|in, Ilislory, T/n\ s, and Oi diiiance.s. San T.ni.i Olii--j)o, 1S7().
S 111 i.uis OliisiM), Lihros dc Mision. ]\1S.
S.iii .Mateo, Times.
San Mateo County, Illustrated lliitory. San Fraiieiseo, 1S7.S. atlas folio,
•^ali .Miguel, I.ilu'ort dc .Misioii. MS.
Sail Mi.^uel {.liiaii 1, .Irigue;; ile), i >oriiiiieiit,i.s rela(i\M.s ,il I'iadoso Foiido .lo
Misioiu.s d.' California. Mex., I'll."); I'ec'tilicaeion do Ciax'e-; ]v|uivoea-
(i'liiesdi'l Foiido I'iadoso. Me\., ISI."); I.a- Fijiiililiea .Mexicalia en lS)(i,
M(\., I'^l."; Segiiiido Cna.leriio de Iiitel'c.iaiitos Docuinento.s ivlativo.s al
Fi>iiilo I'iailoso. Mex., l,sl.")
San l!;ifael, Lihros dc Misiiill. >IS.
San I!:u'ai 1. Herald, Marin Coiiiil v .loiirnal, 'Marin Count v Xew s, Marin County
T...siii.
S ui 1,'a!' ;< 1 ;iinH'iia::t IJange Mines, IJi'port. San Francisco, 1S70.
Saiit.T, I'.aihara, Aivliivo, l.S."()-4!). MS.
Santa r..',rhara, Corrcsjionflcneia entrc ^'irey, Oiiardiaii y otros, .'iolire Padri?«
li.iia lai Xni'va.s .MisioncM del Canal, l7''iL !MS.
Santa rifiihara, l)i".iiocrat, C.azcttc, lS."i;V7, Jndepen<1ent, Index, Xev.s, Post,
I'rc-s, ItcpuMicaii, Times.
Santa. Liirhara, Lihro de Acuerdo.s del .\yiintainieiito, lSU)-."0. MS.
Santa IMihaiii, Lihro.s du Mision. .MS.
Santa ri:irh;ira, ^leiiioiias de IllVcto.s Jteinitidos A la, Mision, l7Sf!-lS!(). 'MS.
Company, Aucoii.'it.s, FiO.ster.s, etc., scjittured in tlio
:sis.
'lat.i
C:
, Arcl
rcliivo
de la r
arrooiiia.
:\is.
Santa Clara, Iiiilex, Jourii.al, X\\\\s, I
Saiit.a. Clara, Lihros de Mi.<ioii. ]\1S.
iita Clara Collegia Catalogues. San Francisco, etc., IP.'.' ct pcrj.
Saiit.a Cl.ir.a County Fioneers, Coiistitut
SantuClara(
Santa Cm/, .\i
iitv, llistoriealAtlaf
San
iionnisonau
.!(
IS7
lW.-.tl. S.
. 1S7<'.
■lasf,,l.
Saiifa Cruz, Coiintv Times. ('
I Records ill ( 'hrk's Ollice. | .MS.
iMitc
rnrisc
I lines, Sell lint
Santa Cm/., Lihros
d, Ti
rnal. Local Item, F:',jai
Mi.si
MS.
Santa. (Vnz, A I'ei'p into the I'.-ist. Srrap-l.ook. From Sta C'vn/. Local Iti
Santa Cruz, liccords in I'arish Chiircli. .MS.
Saat.i Cniz, Testiii
iioni." jioliiv
el Ti
ilto(h;|SlS. M^-
vuita CnizCoiinty, Jii.^tory of [^V. Wallace ElliottJ. S. F., l.<^.7!>. atlas i'A\
IF
IWVllI
A t'TITOn ITTES QUOTED.
m
1 "
Suiitii T;i''s, K\:iincn di; Coiicicncia cu Iciign.'i do Indius. MS.
Siiiita lii.'s, Lilii-ds do .Mi<iini. .MS.
Siint.'i Mai'iii (Vicente), J'ic'.;is;ro du I'aragcs cntrc S. (jaln'irl y S. lluoiinvci;-
liira, IT!!.'). MS.
Santa Mi'iuion, Tlio Coniing Citj'. S.in Francisco, 1>S7."; Outkxik.
baiit.i ]!i>^a, ( 'ollcLrian, DcnuiLiat, lli-rald, Xow.-*, I'rc.-s, lit pnldican, Sononi.'v
J )('iii()(M-at, Sonoma Indcv, Tinn's.
Sarginfc (.\aroa A.), SUctcli of Xuvada t'dinty. ii.pl., ii.d.
Sai-grnt (Aaron A.), Sih'(m'1i in U. S. If. of J;(.'i'.,, Apsil !», ISC,-.', on I'.-icifio Kail-
I'.iad. How it may 1)0 llnilt. Wash., l.S(iJ; auil otluT Spoc'clic.-i.
Sarri.i (Viccnto I'miici-sco), Argiiineiito Contra cl Traalado do S. Fninoisco,
S.ii'i-ia (X'icento Francisco), Carta Pastoral. Isl7. MS.
Sarria (X'iijcnto ]''raiKi.ico), l)cfciisadcl 1*. Luis .Martinez, IS.IO. M.S.
Sari'i:!. (N'iocnto Franri ;c(0, IviLTi.o.i Suclto.s del ( 'onr'.;:irio I'rcfccto. M.S.
Sarria (Viei'Uto Fraiu.'iseo), Jvxliortacion Fastorid, Isl,"!. !M,S.
Sarii.i. (Vii'oiito Fi'aiH'i.ico), lufoi'mo del Comi.-ario Pi'cfccto soliro lus Frailca
(I- California, 1SJ7. MS.
Sarrri, iV'ii'cntc l''ran( iseo), Inf'irme do Misioiies, ISl'). ^[S.
S.arria (\'ieeiito ]''rancisi:o^, .Srnnonos vn ].,cii;rna Va:jciiLii><e. MS.
S.uuiil' i-i (William!, Throii;;!! tlio Li , lit (.'ontinent. I.iondnn. r'. ■.. lS7'.t.
Sa\a ,v (Thomas), Docuuiojito! para la, Ilistoria do C.difornia. MS. 4\il.s.
SaMt'!l(G. M.), rioneerSUctohc';. MS.
S.iuyi r (A. F.), .Moi-tuary Tables of San Francisco. San Fraiiei.sco, l.S;i2.
Sawyi r ((,'hai'lcs J[.), l)ocn,iu';us on tlio (.'(Diipicst of Ci'if.irnia, IN-l'l. 7ils.
Sa\v\er (Hugeue T.), The Life and Career of Tihuvcio A'aztpiez. Sau Jo.-o,
■lS7").
Sauyei- (L. S. 1!.), lleports of Ca=!CS Decided in the Circuit and Di.siriet
Court-;, clO. San I'rancisco, 1 ,S7.">-S!». 5 vols.
Saxon (rs;dictlc), Five Years within the Coldeu Gate. Philadelphia, KS08.
Say.vrv.l (W. T.), All alj;put Soutlu ru Caliloraia. San Francisco, 1S7.').
Sayward (\V. T. ), Pioneer Reminiscences. MS.
Scala. (('urnio de), Inlliiciico do T.^uilai (IJoniptoir Ru.-,sc en Califonee. In
Xoiiv. All. V'oy., c.xliv. 375.
Schene!; ((leorLie K.), Statement on Vigi!:inci- Comiiuttop. !MS.
^'ch]:l i itwcit (llobcrt von), Califi^rnien ].i:ind nm^. Lento. Ciihi, el •., 1.^71.
Sclim. It i< !osta\ns). Civil Law of Sji::in ainl Me\ier>. Xew Orli'aii-, IS."!.
SclmiiedcU (Henry), Statement of California Matters from lSt;». MS.
Schnril lor (Cafit. II.), Neuer l'r:d<tiselicr \\'egweisci' fiir \ord-Amcrik;i.
Main;:, ISW.
Si hoo! S> andal of San Franei-:eo. Procoi dings lieforo the Invc^ligating Com-
iiii'.lci'. San Franci.sc(), 1S7S.
Soiiools, (,'ollegcs, Academies, etc, C;italc.gucs, reports, tt'-., cited by naiU','
of V.\^ institnliin. Xot in this li-t,
Sclnvar/ (J. f.,.), IJriefo ciues iHaitschen aus Kalifornicu. V> rlin, ISl').
Scril.'uer's Monthly Jlagaziao (la'er the C'entnry). Xew York, Ls71 et seq.
Seattle, Jutelligencer, Pacillc 'l"i ibiini', Puget>(.nnd Despatch.
Secuhuixacion, Dccreto de las ('//rti s, I'lLi. MS.
Seddoii ,(.r. A.), S).cceh in IJ. S. IL <.f Uep.. Jan. 2:\, p.-.O, on the Action of
K\eentive in Uelalion to (Jalifornia. Washington, IS.'iO.
Seilg'.cy, Ovcrliind to California in '.'54;!.
Sci.i!i!au:-:iis do los Miembros del Congro-o do lML'7y 1'^-'^. Xueva Yorlv, ]S'2'v
Seiii|i!o (llobert), Letters of lM(i-!t. MS.^
Sl-.'.;;:i (Tos.'; Fra.nciseo do Paula), Cartas Varias. MS.
Scfian (J.KSO F. de P.), Circular ilcl Vieario Foraneo, ISl". MS.
Sonan (.b.si'. F. do 1'.), Inloi'nies l'.ien;.les .!.■ .MiJimes, IM 1-14, ls-J!i •_'. :\!'^.
i->''i"ian ( Tost' F. do P.), Jtesimcsta al Virey sobio coiidiciuu do Cosas en Cal
i7!io. :ms.
Sepidveda (Igiiacie), Historical Meniorauihi. ?>1S,
Scrniohcs do no so -a be cualc-; predicadores de California, 1700 etc. >rS,
Siii
AUTITOniTIES QUOTED.
l.wix
S. i;iimi<\s Vnriiis <!(' ?iIi<i»inrros. MS.
.Slito MuniiH-To), Cartas :il 1'. Lpsih'Ii, 177S-S1. MS.
Surra (•linii[icri)), C )r;'o;:.[>i)iii lunula, ITTT-^-. MS.
Scn-a (•lunijicM)), K.-^ufitos Aiiti'i.m-afos. MS.
>i-ira MiiuiiHT'i), liifiiiiiK! (lu 1771. MS.
StTia (Juiiijiuru), Jiiforinu du .") ilu I'Vl). 177">. M^S.
S.^iTa (.IiiiiipiToi, MuiiKji-ial <lu 'J-J du .Aliril, 177o, sulirc sumuii.iti-acioucs ii loa
Ksialiluuimiuiitos (le (Jalit'uniia, <;tc. ^MS.
Surra (FuiiiiHrti), Xotaa du I77(!. MS. In >':u\ Diu;j;o, Lib. MLioii.
Surra (lu'.iiiiuiM), IJupruMfiitauiiia "Jl Mayi), 177.'i. .M"''-
Scria (Juniijur.)), Rupru.suutauiuii 1."! Mayo, 177.">. In I'aluu, Is it. i., -"14; M >.
Sui'raao (Fluruauio), Apuiitu^ Jiara l.i llisLuria ilu Calil'uniia. ^i.^
Surraiu) (I'loruiiuio), (.'artas Varias. ]SIS.
SurraiiD (Floruiiuio), (iuuiiunUi.? ilisturiuos. MS.
>u\\a:d (( !u(ir;^o I'.), Ciiuiu.so HmyiaUuu iii its Souial and Jvjoii, iiii.,- 1 A.spucts.
Xuw York, ISSI.
Suuard (William If.), Spcuuh in U. S. Sun. ?^larcli 11, IS.j^, ou Aduii.-ibion ol
Cdif'iriiia. AVasliin.;lon, IS.ji); ami utliur Spuuchus.
Siyil (laiiu.-^t), Calit'oriiia ami It.s llu.suurucss. London, IS.'iS.
Suym-air (H. Sauford), KmiLjriuiL'.s Cuide to tliu <Iold Minus. CliiciiLjo, IslO.
Sh'alcr (William), .Toin-nal uf a N'oyagi;, ISOt. In Aiiiuric-ii llugistur, iii. l.'!7.
Slia.sta, Courier.
M;a.st.;H and Tliuir Xui;.,dd)ors. MS.
.•^na.v (William), (I.^Idtn Druams and AYakin.s; Realitius. Loudon, l.S."l.
■••>liau' (WiliiLiin), Pionuur Life in C.iland)ia liivur Valluy. r.iS.
Sliaw (\Villiam J.), Spuuuli in Sun. of Cal. I'Yl). 7, I'ooi), on Conititutional
Jli form. Sacramuut I, 183!); and othi'r SjK^ut'lius.
Sla-a i-lolin (jilmary), History' of tliu Catliolio ^li.-sious. X^'W Voik, lS.j.").
Shuniir, Journal of a Trip to (.'.difornia, ISIO. MS.
Sliulvouko (Cuorgu), V(jyai.e round t!u; World, 171'.)-l1'_*. Loud ju. 17-1.
Siiurmau (\\'illiam T.), Corru.-jp iiulunuo of l.,iuut., lS17-'i. In '.'^il. & X.
:dux.. Moss. & Doc, IS.-.O; Mumoirs. X. V., 1S7.'). 2 vols.
.■diurw.Mid (.J. lllv), California. XlW York, l.S4.'>; Tliu IViukut Caido to Cal
iio.'uia. X."Y., I8i'.).
Sluil.iiuk (W. ]5:anford), Corruspondcnuo, 1SI7. In War with Mux., llupcjrts.
itu.; Uuport to Si.'ui'ulary of tliu X'avy, Fub. ]."), 1S17. li
a
11. Ilx. Dou. i. pt. ii. p. (j.'t; and Stupliun A\'. Ki.iniy, ('
ill (,'om:
ihi
of the X^aval Conimandur ami Gt
Maruli 1, 1S47. LuL'Iish and
A ilon i'[
.ak, 1^2'^
\. ,.uCa;
^fS.
(Osuar T.), C-iliforni-i Su!-apd.)ool;, San Francisco, ISGD; Ruprusuntativo
1 1 l.wuliii^' Mull of the I'aui.io. S. F., KS70, l.S7'>. '.2 vols.
1 Lassun Cou..iius, lUustratud History of. San Francisco,
Silli
1 Innui.-, ani
s_>. J to
;i (liuujaiiuH
), A.
Is'!) ut .suci. 107 vol;
.lourual of Suiunuu and Art. X'l
IL.
Silvur J^'onntain, Alpino Chroniulu, Lullutin.
ii ['..), Ljtirand-Oucstd'.s Ftats-Unis. Viwi^, ISOO; L(-ii Minus d'Orut
ilArj^'unt aux lltats-Unis. In Kuvue du.s Dur.x ^U
^t
1S7.).
i.u Min iir du (.'aliforniu.
I'j
ISlii
LaYicS
oulurrainu,
V:
ISO
ip'ia (Si (luorgu), Xarrai.i\u of a Journey round tliu World, i^ondon,
isn
1 soil (H
is48; 1
As
I.l, The Knii,
;rant
Cuido to the Coll .Minus. Xi
Wuuks ill the ( iold .Mill!
Simi'Mon (Ji i.us IL), I'uport of Fxplorati
\Vc.«l
X. Y., 184S.
IS i.uross thu (li'uat ll.-i.^in, ut(
7<i; Tliu ShorU'st lloutu to C.difornia. riiil.
Siiiuloa, rroposiuioiiu.j du los ll'iii-si'iituntus t>obru clau.suia do Mazatli
M
l\1CM,
iN'i
Si-kiyon County .MTairs. MS.
Siij.ir (.\ntoniol, liuucjiiouimiunto du .'^'itio iiara la X'uuva Miaioii du S. Mi^^Uul,
17^io. M^.
Ixxx
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
m
.SlNriiiii (AVilli.nm A.). Ecport on Oic.c'oii, ^rarcli 2C,, ISHT. [-J-tl, Cmig., ?,{[
Scs-i., 1[. Kept. 101. 1 \Viisliiii-t(.ii, iS.'iS.
i<lmt (Jolm ]>.), J)(.'.-i!il(lic.s (.11 the Cuii(|iu'st of C-A. [•JDili Con.',, '2d Scss.,
]|. J'.x. Dim-. 4, ]i. (IW; IJIst Cong., 1st Scs-s., H. Kx. 1, \,t. ii., p. i-'J; iil.so
corrcs])oii loiice 1840. Mii.
Smiloy (Tlioni.is J. I.,.), St.iti'nicnt on Vigilance Committee ami I'ai'ly Tiinea
in San Fi'.-incisco. MS.
Sinitii (■lodediali), I'lxeiir.sion ;"i I'oucst des !Moiit.s IvocliV, IS-J';. In Xouv.
An. \'oy., -Nxxvii. 'JOS.
SniitJi (N'ajiolcoii 1'..), IJiou'vapliifal Skftrli of .a l^ionrrr of l.Sl.'i. IVJS.
Smitli ( l\ isifcf I''.). Milit.uy Conxspoiiileni.'e. [."il.st Coiii;., l.st Sus;;., Sen.
Doc. r,±] AVasliington, LSI!).
Sinitli (I'l.Tf^ifcr ]''.), lU'iinett Itilcy et als. IJcports in llcl.ition to Hic Cenl-
O'jy ■uiil Toj ()L,'i'apliV of California and OrcLiuii. [IJItt Cinig., l.-^t Sus.s.,
Sen. Kx. l)oc.'"47.1 "Washington, 1S4!I.
Smith (Trninan), Speeeh in U. S. 11. of liep., IShmh 2, 1.S4S, on riiysieal
('liiiracter of Northern States of ^lexico, etc. AVashingti'ii, ISIS.
SniifliMiiiiaii Iii-jlitntion, .Annual lieports. \Vaf.hiii.!_'ton, is":; 1 1 ;.:"q.
Sniiiclcer (Saninel M. ), l^ife of (.'ol. .1. C. Fremont. Xew Yorlc, isr.O.
Siu'lling, ^leieed lianner, Merced Herald.
Sohcraiicsi (( 'lodoiniro\ DiH'umento.s ]\'ir;i la IFistori,! de Cal;f.piiii:i. ^IS.
Sobiante.'^, Survey of Itanclio. San Francisco, IS7S.
Socii-dad >l(,'\icaiia de ( !cogr:ifi;i y I'lstadistica, Ijoleliii. ^Itxieo, 1S(!1 et scq.
[Includes Institiito Xaeional.J
Societies. S'-c Institutions.
Sola (Palilo Vicente), Correspondeneia d'l (lolieriir.dor, lS0"-'_'-2. ^I.-^.
Sc],-i (Tahlo Vicente), Defeii.va d(l V. (>uintana y otros, 1810. .MS.
Sola ( I'aMo Virente), Iiiforine al (icner.'dCni/. soijre losliisurgenU s, I'^H. ]\!.S.
Sola (I'aMo Mcente), Infornie (Jcneral al Mrev snlire Defensas, ls!7. MS.
Si'la ( I'alilo Vicen(c), Infonne sujileiiientario soln'c los Tiisiirgcntes, l>iS. !MS.
Sola (P.'ililo), lustruceion (leneval ;'t lew Coinaudantes, coiitia Kit, liis.M'uentes,
ISIS. MS.
Sola (I'aMo Vicente), Tiistniccioncs al Coinisionado de r.ranciforte, ISlrt. ;ms.
Sola ( I'al'l'j Viecnle), Noficia de !o acaceido en este I'ueit.) dii Mi uterev,
]!el)e!do.s de Hnenos Aires, ISIS. In Caeeti. do Mex., xxxix. •_";!.
Sola (I'elilo \'iccnte\ Olj.servaeiones I'U la Visitii desde S. I'l'i'iiei-co ha.sta S.
Dievo, ISIS. :\IS.
Sol;i, (!': hlo ^■i'•entl■l, rreveiicioiics solire Ek'ceion de Dijintado, l.'i-'J'J. MS.
Solano (jiuiity. Historical Atlas. San Francisco, 1S77. alias fulio,
Solano County, History of. [Wood, Alley and Co.] Sail l'raiii;iseo, 1^79.
Soledad, J.ilnos <le Mision. ^IS.
Soler (Xicohis), Cartas del Capitan Inspector. MS.
Soler (Nieolis), Intormo sohio I'olicia y (Jobiorno, 1787. ^IS.
Soler (Xicohis), r.-ireeei' Holirc Comercio eon el Hiujik; dc <,'hiiia, 17^'7. MS.
Solignac. (Armand de), Les !Mines dc la Californic. l.imo'.'es, n.d.
Solis (.(oaijiiin), JIanihcsto al I'nlilico, (i sea I'lau do Ivcvoliuion, ISilO. JJS,
Solis (.roaquiu), Proceso Instruido contra — y otros llcvohieionaiios, 1S:20-30.
MS.
Sonoma, Comjianfa de Tnfaiiten'a, Cnadrnio do lli-^f i llin>'ii:i, 1'-.'!'1. MS.
Soiioioa. DoriiMi'ii^os Toeante.-; a la fuiidai.'io;i d(; la Xia \'.i .Mi-'on, l.'>-'>'!. MS,
Sonoma County, History f.Mley I'owen and Co.] San Fianci,-'o, l.SSO.
Si^ioi'a (C;d.V American Iv-e^le, American I'lag, Herald, Ta. luiniK! Courier,
'J'uoiumiU! liida pendent. Union J)emocrat.
Soiu'ra, !■', ;tr( l!;i de ( )ceidente. 1 S,")i) et Kcq.
Soiior;i, Soiioreii'c (Ml). 1S47 et se(|.
Soto (Francisco), i'Apedieion Mililar, ISi;?. IVIS.
Souh' '{'"rank), .1. H. ililion, and .1. Xishct, Aiinali of San T" rain i. -co, Xew
\n\k, etc., IS.-,.-.,
Southern I'acilic ll.silroad Comiiany, Annual llep(jrts, San I'laiiri-co, 1S77
I't siq.; and other ilocumcnts.
i
AUTITOUITIE'^ QVOTV.T).
Ixxxr
til Cong., nd
llg., ill Sl'SS.,
ii., p. 'JJ; also
). In Xouv.
b Sc^rf., Sen.
to l!ic r'i(>r>l-
i;^'., l.-^t Suss.,
(Ill Vhysical
, IS is.
iS.'.li.
ilii. MS.
1, lf;',;l L't SCq.
I. !^[S.
MS.
.IS, isiis. :m,s,
^, IS! 7. MS.
L's, LSI 8. MS.
p Ins.iryi'uti-'S,
•, IM;;. MS.
'y\i uU'U'v,
•J' :!.
Lu liasta S.
l.s-J-2. MS.
:-CO, 1S79.
7S7. MS.
•■_'■). MS.
, isj'j-ao.
i.i;.:;. MS.
;.■; CuUlKT,
iiui--c.li, 1S77
s
I
.^.iiitlicvn Q;KU-tc'i']y TU'vic\v. Xcw Oruaiis, etc., 1S42 ct .'cq.
.Si.iiiililiu;,' (E. (!.), Spc'oeh in U. S. II. of Rr\}., Ajiril 4, iS.'iO, in favor of (;cn.
'J'ayloi-'.-i I'lan of Adniitling C'al. VwiKliin^'tuii, 18,J0.
SikxtIu's, ovatiuu.i, adilrcssc-', etc., on variniiy occasions, not naniiil in tliid
li.st unlii-d [iciiliarlj' lii.stoi'ifal in tlirir iiatiuv. Sec nauic.s of tpe'uker.s.
Siic-L'chi-'S in Congress. A Collection.
Sptar (Xatlii'.nl, Jjoose rapcrs of an Early Trader. !MS.
,S|iciT (William), China and Californi.\, J.ci;i.uro, Juno liS, lSri3. S. F., IS.");?.
Spiuoc(l>avil), IIi:toricall,ote.-5, 18JI-4!). MS.
Sfii iicc (David), l.oLtcr,s of a Scotolini;i,n in C:ilifornia. ^.IS
Spinco (David), Li.it <;f Vessels in California i'orts. ^IS.
S[iriir;fielil (Ma.s.s.), Itc publican.
.•<j,urr (Ccorvjo ().), Tho^Lund of (lold. liostoa, 1S81.
.'-^■laicr (!'. (I.), ^Ccw .Mexico and California. In Anier. Ileview, Xov. 1S4S.
Manford (Lclar.d), !'peec!i on Pacillc llailroad, July 13, 1S;)4. Sail Francisco,
lS(i."); also uJicr spocclies, etc.
St.iui.-ilairi Coiialy, lli^it'iiy. Sail I'l-aneisco, ISSl. atlas folio.
Mahli'y (I-;.), ■ . -'erli, Ji'.ly (1, iS.Vt, on (liiliiin (.'laini. Wa.-.huiyL< -., IS.'O.
.Stajilcs (David J.), Incidents and Information. MS.
Slate I'apcr.-., Sacraniento, JIS., 1!) vols, in Arcliivo de Cal. ; Id., Mi.'^sions, 11
Vol-.; Id., Mi.:,-!ons and Colonization, 2 vols.; Id., Uenieia, 1 vol.
Statistician. San FrancL-^co, LS7.") et seq.
Sie.irn:; (Aliil), C irrv.s;)ijudciico of a Mercliant. MS.
Siearn". 'Alie!), l^xpodientc de Cuitraliaudo, ISo.! MS.
Sltil;. 1 :i: W. T.), I'liget Sound l-Jxpress.
Stevi ■,:: 1 'oii:i!.aaii I).), Correiipondenee, 1817-S. In Cal. and X. Mex.,
Mcoa. i;ad Doc, ISoO.
Stevenson (Jinatliim D.), Letters in the Arcliives. !MS.
Stevenson's lli'.j'.uient in Lower C'Liliioniia, 1M7. In S. Jose riniiocr, Sept.
M, -Jl, l''7S.
Ste\v;ird (Willi, ml "^I.), Lecture on the Mineral rtc-iources of the Facilio
States. Xev,' York, ISOo.
Stdlniiin (•). 1). 1!.), Did Drake Discover San Frnnei;co Hay? In Ov.rlaml
Miiutlily, i. ■".'■_'; Footprints in ('alifoniia of J^arly X'avi^
hil.
Seeking the (!oIdeu Fleece, 'JS."i; Id. In Gvcilaud Monthly, ii. -.")7;
Observations ( ii t!io INIedical Tojio^r.ipliy and Diseases of t!ie Sacraniento
Vidley. X'. Y., l:j.~)l; Seeking the (Joldeii Fleece. San Francisco, etc.,
1n77; Staten;c;it on \ igi!anco Coniinittee. 3IS.
St Louis (.Mo.), (l!i,bc, Heveille, Union.
Stiiasoii (A. L.), History of the Kxpre;- ; Companies. Xevv Y<i;k, lS."iS.
StiiliiiiX (I'iitiioli .Lunet.!), The Australian ami Californian (lold Discoverioa.
iMiiil);ii;,h, ir..";>; De hi DLCouverte des Klines d'v.)r en Australie ct en
Californie. Paris, IS.");!.
Stockton, I'.iMc'o::, Cali!'<irnia Agriculturist, <"la;'ette, Iler.-dd, Independent,
I'aeilie Ob. erver, San Jo:ii[i;iii Herald, .San .Toaipiin Krpul.iliean.
Stockton, History of, (Sec Tinkhani (ieorgelL)
Stockton (rei!., it F.), Despatches ( JDlh Cm-, lM Se.ss., II. }^k. Doe. I, p. fiOS];
Despatches and (Jrders, 1S47. In Cutts' Coiupiest; Id., Life, Apptn.
|.')Otli Con^'., '_'d Sess., Sen. Kk. Doc. 'M]; also in diiierent Archives. MS.;
-Military and Xaval Oprradons [;;;ith Con^,'., 'Jd Sess., Sen. Ex. Doe. .'!! I;
Miscelliineiiis Orders and Correspond' nee. In Id., Life, .\iipen.; I'rporfc
Feb. IS, 1 -'S. In Id., lM; l.'ep.irt Feb. IS. bS|S. In \\:;v v/, li Mex.,
l;-pt''. .'!:!-ri;'; Scattered Coimiiiinieiitions. ^bS. ; A Ski teiiof ihi' Lii'eof.
\e\v Yi ik, lS.'/(i.
Stoi-ktiiu and ( 'ipperopolis llailroiid, lOiiyiiieers' lleport, Oct. ISCi'J. Siockton,
bSlil'; (jthi'r leports.
Stone (U. ('.), (loll and Silver Mines of Ametii i. X'ew Yov!;, n.d.
Stout (.Vrlhiir !!.), C'linoso Imniii.'ration. Siiii i'raiieisco, isCd.
Stiahoni (Jlobert \].) To the Rockies and I'.evoi d. Cliiea^'o, ISSL
."'II-. eter (Wibi.,!n A.), lle.-olk'etioiis of lli..t'.ii 111 i:vetit.s, 1SI:!-7S. MS.
mmrnm
Ixxxii
AUTIIOniTIES QUOTED.
^iilliii!
Rtuiirt (Charles V.), Trip to C;ilifonii;i in ISli). M.S.
Stuart (Jaiiica J\), Ar;.;uiiic'iit uii >'urv<.'y of tlio llauclio Rio do .Santa Clara.
Wa.iIiiii;.jLj!i, \ u2; L'ul tilmwiiV^ whcrcaljould of the ^'uvunior at tlilRr-
cut (latus. ^I.S.
Stiidnilz (Ailliiir Mm), (lokl. Leg;il licgulatious. London, 1877.
iSui.iUii, Si llano Cnaiily I-)cniocrat, Solano Herald, Solanu I'rcsj, .Solano I'm-
pidilioaii, Solano Sentinel.
Simmer ((..'al.), Kern Counl.y ( la/.etto.
Sunnier (Charles A.), The Uve;!a:id Trip. .S:ui Fi-aneLsco, 187j.
Sun of .Anahuac. Vera Cruz, IS 17 et .sei|.
Suuol (Antonio), Carta.s du uu Catalan. .MS.
Superior (joverniuent ^;tatu Papers. M.S. 21 Y'>1s. In Archivo do Cal.
Susanville, Farmer, ha!;.sen Advoeate, Lasaen County Journal, La:>aen Sago
Sutil y }.Ie;;ieana, llelaeion del Viage lieelio par las (.iole^as. ^Madrid, ISOJ;
atlas. 4co.
Sutro (Adolpli), The Mineral Uesourees of the U. S. Lalliniorc, Iti08.
Sutter (.fohn A.), Corretpondenee, l!i.'!0-lS. MS.
Sutter (John A.), Correspondenee of the Sub-Indian Agent, 1817-S. In C.d.
and N. y.vx., ?.i(!.^s. and Doc. IS'iO.
Sutter (.Toh.n A.), Diary, l."i;]9-!8. SernpOiook from the Ai;'Tonaut, 1S7S.
Sutter (.li;hn A.), llNaniination of the lUissian Tirant. Saerament.), liJUO.
Sutter (John A.), Memorial to the Senate and llou.sc. Wasli., l87o.
Sutter (John A.), Personal lleeolleciioiis. MS.
Sutter (John A.), l'eLitio;itoCongreso[ljytliCong., lutScs:!., Sen. Mi.,. Doe. 38],
Sutter (John A.), S;,ai.isUcal llcport on Indian Tribe.;. MS.
Sutter County, liistijry of. [Ciuindierlain and AVells.] Oahland, ]t'.7!.). folio.
Sulter-.'-iaaol Corrrh-^jundenee, l;jlD-(l. M:i.
Sutton (O. P.), Early l^xperienees. MS.
Swan (.Iv)hn A.), Historical Sketehes, 1811, etc. MS.
Swan (John A.), ^ionterey in 181J. In S. Jose Pioneer, Mar. ?,:), 1S7S.
.Swan (John A.), Triii to the Cold Mines, 1818. MS.
Swan (John A.), Vi'riiings of ;i Pioneer, in S. Jo.je Pioneer, 1878-0, and
other new-paper:!.
Sw.-tsey (Wi'.Iiam 1\), California in 18.-l.~)-0. MS.
Swasey (V.'illiam I'.), ll^marks on .Snj'der. ^IS.
Swett (John), History of the Public .S'diool System of California. S, F., 1S7G.
Tapia (Tilnireio), Carta.s do v.n A'ecino do Angeles, M.S.
Tapis (i:stevau). Cartas del I'raile. :\IS.
Tapi.s (Esii'van), llvi^edicion a Calahua.ja, 1708. ^IS.
Taiii-s (Fslevan), IrJ'.n-niea P.ienales do Mitiones, IStUl-lO. JIS.
Tapis (ilstevan), Xoticias Presentadas al CoLr- An-illaga, PCS. MS.
'iVipii (Lstevau), Parecer K^ol.iro Pepariindentos do Indios, 1810. JLS.
Tapis (Estuvan), and Juan Ccn'tes, llrpliea do loi Ministros dc Si'a Ijdrbara,
1800. MS.
Tarayro (1']. Cuilleuiin), Exploration Miueralogiipie des Ilegious Mexicaines.
J 'a lis, loG'J.
Taibell (I'rank). Victoria Life and Tr.avels. :MS.
TayL
or (Ale.\aiK
!erS.), Artick'S in Calitoi'iiia F.iimer; Pibliofyrafa California.
Seiap-Look from .^■•ac. Union; Dyron, Xelseii, and Xapoleoii in California.
In I'.;cilieMoniIdy,.ci.Gr,'; I-i.-eoverers and I'oinulersof (.'alilornia. MS.
and Scra;.'^; The First \'oya;^e to Califdrnia, by Cabiillo. .'■\ F., 18.J.'i;
Liotof rioiiecr.'s. ^l.'^.; Hi; t. .'■•innmary of Lower California. In IhoMiie's
Min. lies.; Odds and En<ls. M.S. and Seraiis; Sketches eonueeted Mitli
(Vdifornia lli.itory. n.j 1. [P.".")]; Siceimms c)f tlie Pn ;s [in S. F.Mel-
eantilo LiliraryJ ; Ti'.e .Sloi'chouse of Caiifoi'iiia. ILjil., n.d.
'J"a\liir (l;a\ard). At llomeand Aliroad. Xew York, 181j7; Jd Doi-adi^ X.Y.,
I CO; X. v., POI.
'J'aylor (Penjamin F.), Letween the Gates. Chicago, 1878; Chicago, 1880.
w
':i^
■i
Ti
Tr,
'JV.
•J I.
Tr
'In;
Trn
AUTITOrJTIES QUOTED.
Ixxxiil
llu-
l'„iilt;\ra,
L'xicaiucs.
'alifoniia.
'alifoniia.
Ilia. MS.
[. 1'. y\vv
L X.Y.,
Tavlor (niri:-tiip!icr), Ore;:r')iiiaiis in the r'aliforiiia Mine.'', 1818. MS.
'I'.-.ylui- (Mart), Tlio Gold lJig,::,'cr".-i Sini;,' Jjook. Mavysviilc, 1S.J0.
T.iVlnr (\Vi'!iain), ('alitornia'Lifi.' Illnstrateil. >>i'.\v York, 1;),;8.
'l'a\lor (William), .'^evcn Years' Street I'lvaeliing. New Yoi'k, lSo7.
'J'l iiaiiia, liulepeilclelit, Tucsiu.
■IV iiiplu (Francis r. F.), JJceolloe-tions, ISIl-T. :MS.
'i eiiiple (Joliii), Letters of a lyis AiK;c!es .Mcrcliaiit. IMS.
I'l iritdfial I'ioueers, Annual Meelinj^'s. S. F., l^>7■l'-'t.se<|.; Constitutii-n atul
15y-La\vs. San I'l'a.nt.iseo, It'l; Fir^t Annual. ,S. F., I'.TT.
'J"eiTy'(l>aviil S. ), 'J'rial of, l)y the ConmiiLtec of Vie;ilance. S. F., looO.
'l\ \■\^ (A. 11), IJeyond tlio Sierras. I'hihideli.liia, 'loTT.
'I\vi.4 (Lloyd), Address l)efore tJie Anieriiun L.ailci'ra' A.ssociation, Au^. 10,
IS'il. n.pl., n.d.
Tiiomes (11. Jl.), Life of an Immigrant of ISII. MS.
'I Immpi-on (A. I!.), lUi-inet^s (Jorix. ;ioiid; nee. ^IS,
'I'liompson (Ambn).so W.), Memorial [to (JongrcssJ, Steamers between Cali-
fornia, (^hina, and .lapnn. n.]'!. [I;'.";;].
'I'liiiinpson (Jacob), Speech in U. S. 11. of Hep., .June .">, I'jjO. on the Califor-
nia (Question, n.pl., n.d.
'J"liiiii^^on (Jo'.ni I!.), Speech on the Con(iuest of California in U. S. IL o!:
li'e[i. .June o, l.';."iO. Washington, IS,')!).
'lliompson (liobert A.), Historieaf and Descriptive Sketeli (jf So;ioiua County.
I'liiladcl; hia, 1877.
'J'liompsou (W'a Idy), lieeollections of Mexko. Xe\v York, etc,, 1817.
'rininipM)n and West, Publishers of Several Counly IIisiur;cJ. Sec names of
eor.ntics.
Thunison (Monroe), The Golden IJesourccs of California. X. Y., 18."i(i.
ihorninii (Harry . I.), Opinions on California I'riv.itc Land( laiuis. San Fran-
cisco, M''.;]; Speccii in Cal. Sen., Feb. 8, Isdi. Sacraniealo, ISiJl.
'I'honitnn (J. l,>i!inn), 0/e-:on and Califoinia in 1.S48. X. Y., 1;>4',». 'J v-ds.
'ilii'.nnan ((. II.). Speech in U. S. II. of itcp. .June 8, 18.-0, on tiio California
(.Uicslion. AVashin.'ton. 18.")0.
■J'lnn-
];.), Sp.
U. S. IT. of H
sion of California. 'Washington, 18.JU.
TikluiiMief (!'.), Istoritcheskoe ()b.
T-
Ma
iS.'iO, on the adnii
St retersbnrn-, IGGl.
vo'.s.
Tili'ord (I'r.ink), Arjjiiment on San Fr.'inciico Outside Laiids. Sac, l^tiS.
'Jiuh!
i!:!iain
jcll.), Jliitory of Stockton. San iMaueisco, U
'J'odd (John), The Sun.-et Land. Doston, 1;.70.
T.
.bs (.\!l)e;'t C.), 'I'i.e P;
OvLilandu'sof iSll. In S. F. Lulk
Jul
y~<
ISGS.
']'ooml>s I P.), Speech in U. S. 11. of Rep., Feb. 127, 18."0, ( n Prcf?idcnt'.s :\re3-
Connnuniealing the Con.-Vatution of California. W
da (.Juan de), .Monarcpn'a Indiana. .Madiid, IT--
is.nii'.Ci:oii.
IN.10.
•ipK
irri! (Fst 'van
la), Iteminiscencias, l'dr>-48. MS.
jIs. folio.
'I'ori'e (•b>sc .loa'piin), Yarius Fseritos,
'J'orrcs (Manuel), Pcripeeias do \'ida Caliioniiaua. }iIS.
'IVait d'l'nion (Le). Mexico, 18(11 ctsc'p
Tra-k ( loim 15.), EartlKinakes in California fwm lS'.V)to 1;,!JL In Cal. Aead,
lor-
ni;i.
Prfic. vol. iii. pi. ii. PJO; A Uvgistcr of KarLiupaakc-j ia Call
in 1
IboJ
'i'ratado dc la-T Floi'es cntru .Alvarado y Carrillo, 1^'"8. ^^S.
do I',
Aiiiistad, ].
Mexicana y log Esfados-l"niilos. Mexico, 1848.
'I'roasin'e (^ity (Xev.), White Pine Xe'
.iiuivo I. lire
la Peiiiil
'I'lUck
ry of Travel and Ad'.x'iiti.rc. New York, ]SiJ.">.
i;
■prd)lican, Tri'Kiiuie.
Truett (Miei'>5 F.), StateT...iit on Vigilniioe C.'Unnitti-e in Sa
'I'niman (Iknijamin (.'.'■., Life. A»h-"en lures, etc., il' Tdi
nl'
i.iea,
M^
uia.
■l-s. Is7l; OecidonttUSkelxhes. S. l\, IbSl; Scmi-Tn
S. F., 1S7L
ip;
J .o.s
dCalifui-
Ixxxiv
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
T'.illM-o (Eilwrn-a W.), Life of liiigluim Y(.niig. Xrw York, LSTil; Tlio
^Vom<■u of .Morniumlnii. Xcw York, 1S77.
^J'uoliiiiiiic, I'itizuii, Couriur, Xews.
TuiDcr (Williuiii ]!.)! j'-''"-''"nt''its in Rclati'm ti.> riiav^cs pi'cfcriTd l.y S. ,r.
]''u'l(l, t'tc. Sail Eraiici.-co, IS.VIj I'rocc.'iiliii^'.s of tlio A>Hviiibly of C'lil.,
]S,">I, for tlic? Iiniiciicluiu'iit of. S;u;., ]i<~S.
Tnrrill (Uluirk.s ]>.). ( •■ilifoniiii Notes, t^iiii I'ranfit^co, ISTd.
J'u^liu (W. J.), llo.'olh'ctioiis <if an Iiiuiiigraut of l;>l."i. ^IS.
I'liiliill (Fraiikliiil, Jli^toiy of Califoriiia. ISaii J'raiici.sco, ]'-i(]Ci.
'i'wiiiin,^' lA\'ni. J.), lli'iiort of Siirviy on tlic I'liioii aiul (Vntral r.'icific Hail-
Ways [lull (/oii^,'.. -il h^c'ss., 11, E.\. ])oc. .'{s]. AVaslihiyti^u, lo7").
r\vi''3 ('I'ravii's), Tlic Oregon Question. London, 1S4(5.
Tyler (Daniel), A Coneiso'IIistory of the .Moriiioii battalion, n.pk, ISSl.
Ty.son (.f;!n)e:i ],.), Diary oi ;i ]'liy.-<iciaii in (.'aiifdniia. Xew Yui'k, IS.'il).
Ty.-^on ll'Jiil.'l) T. ), (ieoio,Lry and Industrial liesourees of California. P.aKi-
more, 1'%")1; Memoir an Oeolo^ry ai:il To[)oqra[)liy of California. ]!e]'(ii-t
.March 111, IS.-.l) [.'Ust Cong., )«), .Ses.s.,_ Sen'. V.k. Doc. 47]. Wiwli., I 'CO.
Tytli'i- (Pi.trirk l'ra::er), TIi:5torieal Vi<.!\v of the Proj^'i-ess of Discovery. Ediu-
liurgli, ib;i.'j; Now York, ISri.j.
:nrtc y Loyola (Jacobo), Cartas del Coinandante Oeneral do T'rnvineias Tii-
tenias. ^IS.
kiali. City rrc;;:-*, Con.stitutional Democrat, Democrat'c Dcspaieh, Memlo-
cino County rvoss, Mendocino Democrat, INIendoeino Herald,
lloa. (Fr.iucisco), lli.lationo dello Seopriniento, IjIJO. In llaniusio, Viagu'i,
iii. li.VJ.
llo;i (Conzalo), Instruceioncs J'elativ.is a la Cdmision dc J''st;xdo a andiaa
Calilurnias, iy-_'2. In Ilu.itracion :M<j. ii. I()4.
nhoiind l'')cnnicnis. MS. 1 vol. In Archivo de Cal.
nitcd Slatci lv:ploring Expedition [WilkesJ. I'liiladelpliia, 1S44-.")S. 4to.
17 ^■^>l:3., folio 8 Vols,
nited States (ieological Surveys 'West of the lO.'^tli Mei'idiaii. (leorgo W.
Wlieelor. r>ulletins, lleports, and \'aiious PuMications. \Va,;hin^:ton,
];)71ctser]. 4to. athu sheets, nia[)s.
nitcd States (Government Documents. Account- ; Agriuultm-c; Army ]!e;-C"
i.st-.'r; Arr.'.y Moteorolo-i<'al lle_:,'ister; Dank.--; .Ihircau of .Statistics; Ccn-
su.i; Coast Survey; Commerce, Eorei^'n and Domestic; Connnercc and
Xavi;_:.r!ion; Commercial Eelations; Con-^rcssional Directory; I]ducation;
Knyinccrs; Finance; Indian .Allci's; Interior; Land (Jlllce; Lifc-Saviji,.;
Service; Li!j!it-iroU';es; M('teorological Kej.orts; Mint; Xavy ];c'.'i:.tcr;
X'avy l\eport of Secretary; (Jrdnancc; I'aiilio IJailroad; Patent Ollice;
rostmas'ici'-Ccneral; Post-Olliees; (^>uartcnnaster-(icncral; JLcwnue; U.
S. Ollieial IJegistcr. Cited 1)y their dates,
'nitcd .States Covcrnment I>ocunu!nts. Uouso Exec. Doc; IToUso .Toui'nal;
IIouso Miscijl. Doc; Ihjusc He: orts of Com.; Message and Documents;
Senate ]'];-;ee. Doc; Journal; Miscel. Doc; Repts. Com. (,'ited by con-
gi'cs.s nuil sess-'iou. Many of tluse documents have, however, separate
titles, for which sec author or topic,
nitcd St;itcs Supreme Court, Ik-ports.
niled States and >' xican ]ionndarySur\ <yhy I'aiioiy. Wash., ]S."7-0. Hvols.
nivcrsal (El). .Mexico, 1S4!) ct .se'(].
nivtiity if California, Act to ('reate and Org;ini;-:e. n.pl. n.d. ; also nriny
other p.imiihh.ts, Kcports, Addresses, etc.
iizueta (.luan .\ntonio), Iiiformo I'rcsentado al Prcsidente de los J'.stados
Unidos Mcxiianos por el Contador Mayor. Mexico, ls;i,'!.
[iham (Cliarlcs W.), Life, Explorations, etc., of .1. ('. Fremont. IJoston. ISriii,
pluun (Srnnui 1 C), Ye Ancient ^'nl)a Minerof the Daysof'l!). I'iiiladilphia,
187S; Xotes of a YoyaLje to California. l'iiiladcl[ihia, 1,S7S; Songs of the
Argoiiants. Philadcljihia, l.S7(i.
rre!i(Migne]}, Xoticias J']-itadisticas. IiiS(jc. Mi x. (!eog,, Pmletin, (oni. ii.4"J.
.^:f
Val!
V,-,ll,
\all,
\all.
jM,
AT-TIIORTTIES QUOTED,
IXXW"
W.
igton,
] !«•;-!■
.:o tlllil
■S:iviiiL;
ri.tcr;
inlico;
r.- r.
iiiouts;
ly con-
L'pavato
n vols.
-> in;iny
•:sta<lo3
is:i(>.
)f til.!
|i.ii.4'J.
"V'.iM's (Dorotia), llclainisccnccs. M.-^.
\ .iK'u'H l-Jo.su Jlaiii'iu Aiitouid), Moiiiorias. MS.
\ail<- (Aiituiiii) (1(1), (AtiicspiJiiiK'iicia iK'l Tiaiioiito. MS.
\a!l'- (I'4na<-i() ik'l)i (.'alias. MS.
A allu 'l^uiiacicj del), J >oc:\um.'iitii.s pafa la JlisLini.i, do Cal. MS.
\:,'.\r il^nacio ilcjl), Lo ra.-.ailo ilo C'alil'iiniia. MS.
A'.illij'i, Advor'tisLT, Cliioiiu'lo, Iiidc]i( iidciit, IiiiU'pendciit Advocate, rcople'.s
JiiiKiiciiik'nt, i;c(.-i)nlt'r, Sulanu Ci.iunty i)<iuuLTat, Swlaiio Time.).
LS71.
, 11. d.
li.i.:
A'a'lijo, The Future of. Vallejo, ISGS; 'I'liu riM.siicct.-6 of. V;
\ .illi i", Jle.soiirce.s of. [Ri'p. Iroiii Solano Advi'i'tiser, ItitiS-'J.
\ .likjo (fyiiaeio), Carta.s del Sarj^i'iito ])i;iliii;^iiido. MS.
\ ;dl< Jo (■lo.'ie do .Ji .sn.';), Libro de 1,'uentas. M.S.
\ allrjo (.Jose de .]e.sn.s), lieliiiui.'ieeiieias llistoiiea.s. MS.
\ I, 111 jo (.Mariano Giiad,iliii)e), Canipafiii contra Jvstaiii.slao, 182!). 'MS.
\ ,i'l. jo (Mariano fl.), Carta iiii]ire.sa. al (ujl)'" liO de ,JiUio. fSoiioina j l.sDT.
Niiliij') (.Mariano (I.), Circular Inipresa en tiue anuucia pii niinilir.tiuieiito do
( 1)111 .ndantc General, Nov. -1, IS.'JS. ISouonia, 18;JS.]
\alli jo (.Mariano G.),Corres]ioiidencc of .Sub-Iudii.u Agent, 1S17. In Cal. and
1\. Me.\., .^les.s. and Doc, I8o0.
\ allejij (Mariano G.), Corrcsiiundeneia ITi-slorica,. ISIS.
A'allcj'i (.Mariano G.), Discoui.-so. S Oct. Ls7l>. In S. F., Centeu. ^Fein., !)7.
\ ,,lli jo (Mariano G. ), Di.scunso lli.stiirico, 8 de Oct. lS7li. JIS.
N'^illijo (Mariano (i.), Dociiniento.s [lara la Hist, de California. ]7';iJ- 18."().
.MS. Vu vuh.
A alkjo (.Mariano (J,), Ec.<poci.^ion que hace el Comandante Cieneral de la Alt;v
Cal ! torn ia al Gooeniadm' de la .Mi.-^nia. Siiiioma, 17 Ac;o:jto IbVu.
N'alli jo ^Mal■iano f!.), Escritos Oliciales y I'artieulares. MS.
\':ill( jo (Mariano G.\ Ilidtoria de Calil'o'.'iiiii. JIS. o vols.
A'.ilKjo (Mariano (!.), Infornio .solire Xemiliren de Coadados. S.m .Jose, 1S,")0.
\';illejo (Mariano G.), Infornic Itoservado ssolire lio.ss, Is,'!;}. AIS.
\'alli jo (Mariano G.), Inforiues al iIini.-3trode Guerra aobro la SabIe\acion du
(irahain, 1840. :MS.
A idlejip (Mariano ( 1.), Males de California y .su.s lleniedio.s, ISU. !MS.
A all' jo (Mariano G.), Oiicio Jiii^ire.so, en <|uc (juierc roiiuneiar el .Mando. I
.Sept. 1S;]8. (Sonoma, ls:;s.|
\'aiUjo (Mariano (r.). Oration, ls7(l. In S. F. liiilletiii, July lo, l,s7i;; and in
many otlier papers more or lr.<.s fully.
Wdltjri (Miiriano G.), Ordenesde la Coniaiidaneia General, r;;;7 'J. [Sononia,
ls;!7 !)].
A allrjo ^^Iariano G.). rrocliuna. Monterey, •JlFelirero ls;>7.
N'alli Jo (M;iriano G.), i'roelauia en el aelo de I'restar el Juraliicnto, 1S;]|).
Monterey, 183(1.
N'alK jo iMari.ino (!.), Proelani.-i. del Comandanto Gon., 18.17. Sononia, lS;i7.
\ alUjii (Mariano t!.) [rroclanui la Coii>^[iira,cioii de Franei.sfio Solano. J .Sono-
nia, (i Getubro IS.'iS.
N'.dlejo I Mariano (.!.), Hi port on Countv luinies, iSoU. Li (,'al. .Tour. Sen.
I^."l0. )i. :<:]0.
ValUjo (Mariano 0.), Seipiias on California. MS.
\ .dl.-jo (.Mar:;.no G.), Tres (.'artas Reserva.las. Atjosto ISoT. MS.
\ allcjn (Mariano G.), Vidii do Win. V>. Ide. :MS.'
A alli jo (Mariano G.) and Santia'^o Ar^^'iiello, E.Kpcdiente sobre lati Aibitrarie-
d.ides de Victoria, |s;i-_'. .\is.
N'alKjo (Mariano G.) und .Tuan U. Cooper, Varios Librosde Cit< nta.-, ISO.")-,")!.
M.S.
Vallejo iSalv;idor), Avi^^o al r.ililico. Lo.i Rai.. lieros Principak.^
tern lie S. Fraiiei:, ■.,. S iUolll.l, I.") A^osto. is;!!).
N'alltj.) (Salvadori, >; ■' ' Hi.stixieas. MS.
N'aiii'ouver (Geor"c). Vovai: • of I >i.-i(
Fr
■on-
i.-ieovei
V to llic Pacilie Oec!
■Ito. Atla.s in folio; J,oiid., jsoi. (I \o1-j
Loud., 17IIS.
I roe.-an Parili(pU', eti'. Pari
oya^i' 1
le l»,-
iu\erte.s
Ui., viii. ;> vols. tto. .Vtlu.s in folio.
I I'
pnn
Ixxxvi
AUTirORITIE.S QUOTED.
Villi D.yUo (Thcoiloro S.), Flirtati.m Caini). Xcw Yr,rk, IS.Sl.
Van ])ykr; (WalliT), ISIatoiiu'iit i.f U'cuoUcjctioiis. .MS.
^'an Wjorliitfj (Williaiii), (Jiviliuu Lcfuit; the Sni'ioty of California rioncors.
.San Francisi.'o, iSo.'i.
ViiriL(larle3 do Jiii'lspriidcncia. Mi'xico, ls,'>()-ri. [) vols.
"\"L";a (I'llcMo), JJiiciuiKuitos jiara, la Hist, do Me.\iL<.i, 1.SG2-S. .MS, I,") vols.
Ve:,'a (V'ictoiiaiio), Vida Califcniiaiia, iS.'Jt— i,. ;MS.
\'Ljar (I'aldii), i;tuucrdo.s do u:i A'iijo. MS.
Vtlanlo (Lui .) ])csi'ii])cion IJi-t'oiia. In Doc. TTist. "Nfi^x-jSci'lo iv. toni. i. 311.
\'cl.asc;',) (Francisco), Sonora, its extent, etc. San Fiaiicisco, IS(;i.
Vclasco (Jt)Si! Francisco), Xoticias cjitadistica.s ile Sonora. ^lexico, ISoO.
Veins juez (Jose), Diaiio y Mapa do ini ricconocimiento, ITS.'!. MS.
Vila~(|uez (.Tos(') I'Lclacion del Via^'o nuo liizo id (Johr. Fages, ITS j. MS.
X'enadito (Vircy), Ciinunicaciones id (lolir- do Cal., ISI!I. MS,
\'t'!ie ;as iMi^juel), Noticia do la (Jalifonua y de su Coiii|ui.sl,a Temporal, etc.
Madrid,"!:.")?. ?> vols.
Vcncgay (Vircy), Comunicaelones ;il Gobr. do Cal., ISlO-l'J. !MS.
'Veritas,' Kxa;iiin:ition of tlio Russian ( li'ant. n.p., ii.d.
Ver Mehr (.1. L.\ Checkeied Life: [ii the Old and New World. S. F., 1877.
Verue (.Tides), The Mutineers. In LI., Mirliae! Stro,i,'oir. Xe\i' York, IS77.
VetMUiilo (ICn,': ne), A Tour in l)otli lleniispheres. Xeu' York, etc., ISSO.
Viader (Tose), "Cartas del I'ailre. MS.
Vi:!der (Tose), Diario 6 Xoiicia del Via/,'e, ISIO. MS.
Viadcv (.Toal), Diaria do Una Fntradaal Riu dc S. ,l(ja<j^uin, ISIO. !MS.
Via;jero Universal (i:i). iladril, l7'.lo-l.S;)l. 4:J vols.
Viagr'i en laCo;li al Xorto do Californias. Copy from Spanish Aivliivcs.
MS. [From I'rof. Geo. Davidson, J
Victor 'Fi-ancen F.), Stndicsof California Missions. In Californian, ]\Iay ISSl
Victor (Frances 1^), Ttiver of tho West. Ilarltonl, IblO.
Victoria (Manuel), r^;eritos Sueltos del (Jobernador, 1S;!I. MS.
Victoria (Manuel), Infirmo General, l.s;jl. MS.
Vic'.oii;! (Manvicl*, M.inifest.-icion del Gefe Tolitico, IS.Tl. MS.
VicLoria (Manuel), Maniiiesto a los IlabitMites de (."ill., 1S31. MS.
\'i;iilan'.'e ConinuUecs in San I'^iwHciseo, ^lisoellauy. JIS.
Vi'ihiii: ;j do Los Aii'^eles, IboH MS.
Vi'jM'.'UX (i]!,.,' ; I, Souvenirs d'nii I'risonnier de (iuerre an !Mexiquc, 1854-0.
^^ Paris, ISv'a
Vi.;;i<'s (Louis .J.), Letters of Don Luis del .\liso. MS.
Vila. (Viccnti ), hi u'uecioiies pai-a el \'ia,!.::o de 17()0 a C::!''' H'nia. ]\IS.
Villa .Sjilor y S:melie/, (.losii Antonio), Tluatro Americano. Mux., 1740. 2 vol3.
Villa viccncio (-[{isi'' .Maiia), Cart;is. MS.
Vio-e. (.T. .1.),' LeUers of an lOarly Ti'ad.r. MS.
Virviinia (Xev.), Evening Chronicle, Territorial Enterprise, Union.
Visalia, Di-Un, ivpial lliLjIits Jvxpoaltor, Iron Age, Tulare Index, Tulare Time".
Vistlie'- (I'Mur.rd), 1'>riele ein s Deutschen aus Californicn, 1S42. San Fran-
cisco, l;i73; Mi sions of L'pper C.iiifornia. San Francisco, 1S72.
Vowc'.l (A. W,), British Coliunliia .Min.s. ilS.
Voy;'.;,'es, .\ Colkcu on of Voyages and Travels [Churchill's]. London, 17."2.
folio, 'i Vol.;.; Curious (,'ollection of Travels. London, 17'd. 8 vol.,:
[ILirleian], Collection of Voyages and Travels. Ltmd., 17 to. - vols.;
llistorieal Account by ICnglish Xavigatoi-.s. London, 177'"'-4. 4 vols.;
Historical Account of, round tin; Win-ld, Loud., 1774 81. (Ivols.; Xew
Collection. Louilon, 17ii7. 7 vols. ; Xew Univer.sal Collection. London
I7.V>. ;}vo'.4.; World DispLiyed. London, 17(iO. 20 vols.
Voy:ige.i au Xoril, Itecucil. .\histerd:im, l71o-27. 8 vol.-.
Wadsworth (Tnuns C), Statement on Vi.dlanec Committee. MS.
W:iM.^\v:irtli ( Willi:un), N'ation:il \V:i;.ron Ko:id (uiide toC:il. S. !•'., 1S,"S.
Wa\ n):in (lM;,':ii'). Thi^ l.o.,' cif an ,\ncient M:nini r. Nan Franeisc..), 1S78.
Walker (.loci li.), Xanativo of u I'ionoer of 1841. MS.
W
A,
V:
w
w =
W i
A\:
\\,
w,:
^1
I \v;i
^ Wil.
.J
AUTnOETTIES QUOTED.
Ixxxvli
mcors.
. i. Ui.
r.o.
MS.
nil, etc.
•., 1877.
, 1877.
, ISSO.
\ivliivcs.
,I:iy 1881
1854-:).
IS.
1. 2 vols.
•au J'lau-
,l,.n, 17."'^.
H veil.
2 vols.;
4 vols. ••
ols.; N<'«'
Lomlou
isr.s.
•o. IS78.
;,lla "Wnllii (W. T.), Statesman.
aljiolo CVo ;c:-ii:l;>, I'oiu- Vc:nM in tlie V;ir\[h, IRM-S; L'-.i'l., l.'MO. 2 vol.^.
•ilton (l!ai:itli, IV.ctn from tlio (\<M llo-ioiia. J'.o.'iton, l.''-!'.».
,;!• with Mo;:ico, J'a'poit.s niul Dc ■pat^'Iii".. Oi)t'r.itioiia of U. S. Naval
\\n-c.c->, l!:l:;-7. ['■'•V,lh ('oii;r. -M (^^•^■^i., II. Kx. l-'oc. 1, i>t. ii.]
,inl (SaniiK'l), ]/tt('i' tn Xcv/Yorl; ( Vririi r aiiil l^injuirir, Aii^', 1, lM;i.
iiiv, iMiii'iiant (Inido to California. | ll'l'JJ u.pl.
■filler (■r.^J.), i;io;.;rai)Iiical MictL'li. .MS.
i.niir (1. .1.). <'a'.u'on,i;v{!r.il Ore/on. In Colonial :Mrg., v. 210
iirncr (-f. J.), llciuiiiiiiX'ni-'O-! of Ivirly California. MS.
■ niur, llr.yc.;, an'l Witlncy. Sco Loy An,^;ck'i History.
ncn ((>. K.), .Mciiuiir iii;on tlic >.Ial,crial usliI, etc., Uailroad Toutcs to
Tacilio. I'ac. It. 1{. IJcpiS;, xi. pt. i.
■asliin':to:i (Cal. ), Alameda Iiu'.cpciulcnt.
a.-^hin'Jton (i). C. ), Xational Jnte!li:;(:'nc<'r, Union.
atkinii (\Vii!iani Ji.), Siateinentou Vi.LAilancu Conmiittco in S. F. MS.
.-■t-oii (I'lvp.!;). X'Tra'avc tf a Xiitivo L'ioneer. ]*.IS.
■;-t-o!ivi"i\ Cal. Tiaiiscript, Tajaro Valley Time.;, Tajaronian, 'IVan.-cript.
r^ivr/.'/, I.^.;-i:..o!cuf, l!lil-'J. MS.
lavci'vi'.le, 'J'-.inilv .ronrn.'il.
■(.■li.stcr (l):!niul), .'^■.peccli in U. S. Sen., :MarcIi 2,1, IS-IS, on .Mexican War.
\Vasliin;,'ton, lOlS.
\v\ i.].r.:v'\h). A \'iew of California as it is. S. F., I;i71; Vi^iilanco Com-
niit'.iTS ( F I'-ian Franci.ieo. In (Jveihind, xii. ."."0.
vvhi (Wi'.'.iani), Reniiniscenec.3 of a Pioneer of I'.lol. MS.
eii'hartlt (Karl', L'ie Vereini;;ten Staaten. l.iip.-i^', IC-iS.
cilc (Jolunn!), (,'aliLornien wio en ist. I'liihulelphia, etc., Ifi-iO.
Viler (■]. 11.), llenuuks i;i Sen. ( f U. S., Aug. 27, L'Jo'J, on Mexican Bound-
ary C'lnnji'-ion, ete. Washin^jton, 1S.")2.
■(ll-i (Harry L.K .seo Xevada County lli.story.
\-!ls (\Vil!i\::!i v.), WalkerVj Expedition to "Xiear.a.';;na. X. Y., 1S,"G.
■( I'th {.(I'lm.r.), A J)i;-"ei'talionoiil!ioi;',30iu-cesof Ca!ii'(>rni:'.. 15!,'r.ie:a, 18,j1.
\>t Inv'i:ii;lieiSj:ie:;liel, door Athanasiani Inga. [Anl^ terdani, l<i_'t.J
■i-.t():'':land, Tic-:.
I'stern f ecnesanillJeniiiiiscLnees. Aulmrn, 18.";i.
Lslern Slicro (.!;;:■!.•, U'er tSpr;i;;u;; ;ind Alwvll]. Woodland, 1"~0.
\ sli>n (S.), Four .Month;! in tho .'*.:im'.j of California. IVovivh ncc, IS.ll
itu'.orc (('iiarle.T A.), lleport of Mi sion Indian.s, Wiisl'in'.'ton, I;i7.">.
hat.nni (\V. T.V ili'Uiivdiani l]a\ Xuw.s.
iie.'illaud, Freu Fnss, Itieorder, 'J rinity Prosa.
hcifon (William II.), Statement of Fact.?. MS,
h-i'.A- (.\!:!V ".), Land TiLleii in San Fr;aici:-eo. San Franeisco, IG-Ji.
lu'. kT (\Vil!i.-!:i), Eo-3 of the V/arrni, 18 !G. JIS.
'hippie (A. \\'.\ Report of l-.';pediti(jn from S::u llicjo t > the Colorado.
|;ilrtC.,iv'.,2aSes3., Sen. I'x. Foe. 10.] VUi:.hi:;-t.Jn, l:;,-,9.
hitc (i;Uj.-:h), Ci;nci:'C View of Ore'.;on Tcn-ritorv. Vv'iU,!.:n'jl(.n, ISUi.
Iiito (Mi J!.".el), California idl the \Vav Faek to UWS. MS'.
liliU'V ('.'i-K A. Proje-'t for a F.aihvad to the Paci:;e. Xev.- York. 1.849.
' iincy (.J. ]).), >'etallie Wealili of the United States. Phila., ! .It.
idber (.1. JI. ), ShUenicnt of a Pioneer of 1K40. -MS.
idiiey, IL'iyee, and Wa.rner. Sec Los An-jelcM County, History,
ierzhiel-.i ( F. P.), California a;, it is and as it may \r.:. S. F., l."IO.
i'jgins (William), Pueiiio Coa-t in 18."!). In S. .Jo. (5 Pioneer, April 0, 187S.
i^'gins 1 William), lleminiseenees of a Pioneer of 18!'). MS.
'iimhiaiitr,
i.L'lit (.■^Mi.iucl P.), Adventuns in Ca'if'n-nia. Ilootini, P'l>>.
il.'ox (.ran.e;) Smith), Cart.isN'ui'ias sohre bus viaiics en la goktaCo
Isl7. ^:S.
;Mi'r(Mar.!i:ill P.), California. Boston, 1S71.
iky (.lanu :j S.), Sp.ecch in U. S. H. of liep., May IG, 1SI8, on AL-.pii4lion
of Territory. Washington, lb4S.
Ixxxviii
AUTironiTIES QIOTF.P.
.#
Wilkes (riinvk'H), Xarrative of the X'. S. ]]\|il(iriii;,' Ivxpcilitioii. I'liiliuk'I-
l)hi;i., ISlt; -ito. .'{vdIs.; l'liiliuk'l)iliiii, ISl,'), ovuht.; i^oiulou, \6io,
M'ill.u.-i (Clunk'-.), Wi'HtiTii Aiiifiiuii. I'liilii.lrlpliifi, l>Si!).
AVillcy (S.'Uiiuol II.), iK'ciiik! S(>nni>iis. S;iii l'"raiicisci), IS")0; An Historic-ill
Tapi'i' lUl.itiiig to iSaiitii (.'niz. Sau Fraiioisto, I.ST'i; I'l iv-uual Muino-
raiulii. ^IS. ; (,>iinrt<.T ('"iitury Di.icoursi,'. In Santa C'luz Juitci'inisu
Maixli 0, \S~l; Tliiity Years in California. Sau Francisco, 1S79.
AVilliani.4 (Allii'fl), kcetiiro on lliu (.'onciUcsL of Cal. ];>'[iorl..i in S. 1''. news-
papcr.s rif Juno 1S78; A l'ioni;i'r I'astorato. San Francisco, IST'.t.
Williani.-i (Iliiiiy F.), Statement of Jlecollection.s. !MS.
AMUiaiusnii (I!, S.), Jk[iortof a Itecouiiaisaance, etc., in Cal. Wash., 1S,")H.
AVillic (I!')l)erto Criik'ton), Mexico; Noticia solirc .su llauiiuila I'liiilica ljaj(j
el (Jobierno I'lspaiiol y IJcspvU'.s dc la Indept iidencia. JMexico, 184j.
AVillows, Journal.
Wilniinj;tiin, ]'nli'r]irisc, J(;uriial.
■\Vilson (IVnjainin 1).), Oliservatiuiis of Ivirly Pays, ISH, etc. MS.
Wilson (Fchvard), The Golden kand. ]!o.stoii, 1S52.
Wilson (il'diort A.), Mexico and its Ikk'.'ion. Xew York, LSo.").
Winans (Josepli ^\'.), Statement of Itccollcction.s, IS-lO-o-'. ]\JS.
^Vinter, Advocate.
Winthvop (Ik ('.), Speech, May S, IK.IO, on Admission of Cal. Wash., 1S50.
Wi.so, A few Xotcd on California. ^IS.
Wise (kicut.). kos (Iringos. Xew Yoik, ]S|0.
Wolfshill (William), Stoiy of an Old Fioneer. In ^\'ilnlingt(Jn Journal.
Wood (Wiliiani M.), Waiideriu.i,' SUetches, Fliiladelphia, 'l:. I'J.
"Wood, Alley, tuid Company. Sec Solano County History, and others.
Woodiiridge, Mcssen.cjev.
AVoodliiii'jc (Sylvester), Statement on Vigilance Corjniiittee. ISIS.
AVo(jdland, Xcws, Standard, Yolo Democrat, Yolo ^Mail.
WooiLs (l»aniel 1\.), Sixteen Month.s at the (lold Di-.uin-s. X. Y.. IS.Ik
^Voods (James\ I'.ecoUections of Pioneer Woik in (.'aliiornia. S, F\, 1S7S.
Wool (.lolni Ik), Corres]iondenco in re.L,'ard to his ()[ierations on the Coast of
the Pacitic [.'Slid Coul'., "Jd Sess., Sen. V.x. Hoc. 10; ."oth Con^'., Ist Scss.,
H. Kx. Doc. 8S, H. i'.x. Hoc. 1-'4|. Wash., It^Vl; Id., 1...-7.
^^'orccster (Samuel M.), California — Outlines of an Address, .lau. II, 1840.
Wozencraft (O. M.). Indian A Hairs, lS4!»-.-)0. MS.
Wrijht(J.W.A.),Thc()\vensi;iv.>r^Var. In San rrancisco Post, X'ov. 1.1, 1870.
^\'ri,-'d■ (William), Histoiy of the P)i:.' ISonanza. Hartford, etc., kS77.
\Vytllict (Corn.), Hcscriptiouis I'tolcniaiciu Auymeutum. Lovanii, 151)7.
Yates (John), Sketch of a .Tourney to Sacramento Yallcy, 181:2. MS.
Yorki kncna, California (Star. iSec San F^rancisco.
Yolo County 11 istorv. San I'^rancisco, 1S70. atlas folio.
Yoniii,' (Ann ]':ii.-a),'Wifo Xo. 10, Hartford, 1,S70.
'^'oun^,' (I'liilip), History of Mexico. Cincinnati, ISju.
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8l.J.
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HISTORY OF CALIFORXIA.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY RESUME.
IIlSTOr.Y OF TITE XoHTIt MKXirW RtATKS, ir)20 TO 170!)— C0T!Tl':S ON- THE
]'a('Ifio Coast — llis J'i.ans — Oustai'I-ks — XrSo dk fJtzMAX \s Sina-
LoA—IIrRTADO.BECF.HRA, AND Jimenez — Cortes in CAUFonsi a— Diego
HI, OrzMAN — Careza 1)e Vaca — NiZA — Ui.LOA — CoKONADo — Diaz —
Alaucon — Alvauaho — Mixton War — Xceva Gamcia — Nikva ^'IZ-
cava — Mission Work to 1000— Conquest of New Mexico — Coast Voy-
ages— Skventkentii CiCNTruY Annai.s — Mission DisTRifTS of Nceva
VlZCAYA — TeFEIITANES ANuTARAIirMAItES— ,TESriTSAM)I'i;AN('ISCAN,s —
Revolt in New Mexico— Sinaloa and Sonora— Kino in 1'imeria —
Vizcaino — Gplf KxrEiuTioNs — Occhfation of Uaja California —
Kii;inEENTH Centiuy Annals of New Mexico, CiiiiirAncA, Sonora,
and Baja California, to the Expulsion of the Jesuits in 17()7.
As in the history of IMoxico we arc refcrrod to
S})ain for the origin of affairs, so in the liistory of
Calilornia it is necessary to jjlance at Mexieo in order
|ir()|)orly to understand tlic course of eai'ly events.
Iffrnan Cortes landed at Vera Cruz in Ajnil 1511),
1111(1 liy August 1521 was in permanent jiossession of
llic Aztec capital. Within ten years Spanish occu-
pation had been pushed south across the istlnnus of
Telmantepec, west to the l*acitic, and north to Piinuco,
(^hu retaro, and Colima; and exploration to tlie Huas-
ti'c region of Taniaulipas, the Chiehiniec territory (»f
Aguas Calientes, San lAiis Potosi, (Tuanajuato, and
iliat ])art of Jalisco below the Rio Grande. Let us
uive attention exclusively to the west and north-
west, as Cortes himself was disposed to do whenever
Vol. I. 1
INTRODUCTORY RKSUM i:.
||^i,| ;f|
ho ronld avoid the vexations <'oin|tlioatioiis that called
liiiii to ^fexieo, or ( "ciitral Anu'iica, or Spain.
iicl'ore tlio middle of lay 1522 ( 'ortos h:i<l i'ounded
a town at Zacatula, and heL'iin to huild there an cxploi'-
in,!^ fU't t. ]]y this time it had heeome apparent that
the old ^eooiaphicid theories must Ix^ sonu;\vhat modi-
fied. This was shown hy di.scovei'ies in the l*acili(.'
farther south than the eoncjueror's shi[)-yard. Evi-
dent ly the AEexican re^^ion was distinct, thonj>h n<»t
necessarily distant, from Asia, beiiiij^ separated from
that t'oiitin(Mit by a strait in tlu; north; or else it was
a soutli-easteiMi pi'ojcction of Asia from a ]>oint fart Ik r
north than the knowledi^e of the old travellers !iad
I'xtended. Cortes proposed to solve the mystery l)y
.simply followiiin' the coast, first northward, then west-
ward, and finally southward, I'ound to India. If a
strait existed he was sure to find its mouth; and if
not, he would at least reach India l)y a new route,
and woidd at the same timt; add many rich islands
and coast.s to the Spanish domain. That such islands
existed no one ventured to (lou!)t; and one romance)'
of llie time went so far as to invent a name for oih^
of thiui.and peo[)le it with the oli's[)rin^' of his imani-
nation.
The work of huildinu^ s]iij)s made slow proi^rcss.
^laterial had to he transported ovi-iland from Vera
Cruz; and the tedious opi-ration had to he rc]»eated
after a fire which destroyed the Zacatula warehouse.
Ill 1524 it was ho[)ed to have the fleet ready to sail
in July of the next year; hut (N)rtes was railed away
hy his Honduras campaign, and exitlor;ition must
wait. ]\reanwlille ^Nfiehoacan had suhinitted jicacc-
uhjy in 1522; Colima had heen comjuei'ed aftei' sevt'i-al
reverses in 152.'); while in 1524 Jalisco, from Lake
Chapala to Te[)ic, was explored hy Avalos and Ki'an-
cisco CN)rt(.'s, the native chieftains hecomiiiL^ vassals of
Spain, thoun'h no Spaniai'ds were left in the country,
llanderas A'alley and a ^ood port, ]\lan/anillo or San-
tia
••'o, were discoveretl (.luruiL''
Idl
thi
s ex|)e(
1'
diti
ou.
firZMAN A RIVAL OF CORTliS.
lat oallctl
II.
[ toninU'tl
Liiexploi'-
rent tluit
]iiit)ii<>(li-
lo Paciii''
1(1. Kvi-
louo-li not
att^l IVoiii
.'Iso it was
int. fartlui-
-rlk'vs had
lysU'iy l)y
t'lie-u west-
idia. 11" Ji
itli; and il"
ji(>\v route,
■ich islands
ucli islands
ronianct'V
no for on*'
his iniagi-
Tho vessels were made ready after the return of
Cortes to sail in 152G, and three more were on tlie
stocks at Tehuantepec. Tiien came (xiievara from
]\l;H4f!lan Strait to Zaeatula; but while Cortes was
|.re])arini,*' to send him with Ordaz to India hy tlio
iioitliern coast route, a I'oyal onler recpiired the
^•essels to be despatched under Saavedra l)y a luoi-e
direct way to the S[»ice Islands and Loaisa's I'l-iief.
N'et helbre startinijf, tlie tleet made a bei^'inniuL;- («f
iiortheiii exploration by a trial trip up to Santia-^o in
( 'olima. Work on the other .ships was stopped l)y the
ciplaiii-yenerars loes when he went to Spain in l.liiS;
;iiid tlioui^h buildiuLC oi)erations were resumed latej- at
new
'P
ipui
imp
thrown in the explorer's way, aiul at the end of la;) I
he was disheartened at the i^loomy prospect.
M\';inwhik! a rival and foe to the conipiistadoi' had
nppeared on the sce-ne in the person of Nuho de (lu/.-
111,111, president of the royal audiencia. He foresaw that
the return of C*ortes from Spain would result in his
own downfall; and he I'csolved to wrest triumph IVom
the jaws of disLj^raec, iravinn' presided at the trl.d of
his enemv, Ik- was familiar with the scheme of north-
era conquest. As governor of IVmuco he had lieard
freiii tlu; natives rumors of great cities in the noi'th.
Instead of tamely submitting to trial in ]\lexico, ho
would make the nortliei-n scheme his own, and by this
li^^ld stroke not only turn the tables on his i'(n>, but
will for lumself lasting })0\ver, fame, and riches. .\t
the end vK IjiiO (rUJ^man marched from Mexico with
fi\e hundrecl stjldiers and i^^w thousand fndian allies.
The I'oute was down the Ivio («raiuk!(l(! Lerma to tlie
region of tlu) modern (jluadalajara. A jxirt of the
iinny uniler Ohate and Chirinos by a northern detour
])enetrated to the sites of the later Lagos, Aguas
('.ilieiitcs, Zaeatecas, and .lei'cz; and in ^lay I.V.O
the (fivisions were reunitiMl at 'Pepic. The advance
w
u
\v
i>s everywhere marked by devastation ; and fe
native towns ese
apet
1 1
jurumi''-
Xo heed was give
^!rT ■?* ■ ■''
'■ii, ,
1
: ■ .ii
■ i
1
4 INTRODUCTORY RKSU.Mi:.
to tlic ri'j^Iit.s of tli(! fonnur conquerors, Avulos and
(\)rtes, l)iit Guzman's policy was to make it a[)pear
tluit the country had never been conquered at all.
Sucli Indians as \V(>re not hostile at first were there-
lore provoked to hostilitv, tliat there niiuht be an
t'xcuse for plunder, destruction, carnage, and esj)0-
riallv i'or the seiziu'e and brandiui^ of slaves. Tiiis
chapter <jf horrors, one of the bloodiest in the annals
of Sj)anish conquest, continued to the end; yet out-
rap^cs weie considerably less Irequent and terrible in
the far north than in Jalisco.
A ganison was left at Te}>ic, and Guzman crossed
the great river Tololotlan into unexplored territory,
taking possession under the pompous title of Greater
Sj)ain, designed to ecli})se that of New S[)ain. In July
the army went into winter-quarters at Aztatlan on
the Ri(^ Acaponeta, remaining until December. They
sutfered severely i'rom flood and pestilence, being
obliged to send back to ^lichoacan for supplies, and
for Indians to take tlie places of thousands that had
j)erished. After a month at Chametla the march was
et)ntinued through Quezala, Piastla, and Ciguatan to
Guliacan in March 1531. No great cities or golden
treasures being found, the zeal for coast exploration
was at an end after Captain Samaniego had reached
the liio Petatlan, or Sinaloa, finding a barren C(nin-
try and a rude pco})le. The president now bcthouglit
him of the inland towns of whicli he had heard at
Piinuco. From ^lay to July ho made a tedious and
futile trip across the sierra to the confines of Chihua-
hua. Ohate and Angulo crossed the mountains Ijy
different routes, j)erhaps to the })lains of Guadiana, or
Durango, and other minor expeditions were made.
None but savage tril)es were fountl. The Spanish
villa of San Miguel de Culiacan was founded with
one hundred soldier settlers under Proailo, and tluMi
( luzman started in October with the rest of his army
back to Jalisco.
Guzman was made governor of the new province,
ill
VOYAOE.S OF MKNDOZA AND .IIMEXEZ.
los and
appear
at all.
J tliere-
[, bo an
id cspc-
i. Tliis
e annals
yvX (»ut-
riiblc in
. crossed
:crritory,
' Greater
In July
tatlan on
.or. They
L-o, beinj^
[Ales, and
tliat had
lareli was
n'uatan to
or o'oldou
^cploration
1 reaclicd
ren ccnm-
iciliouj^bt
hoard at
idious and
,f Chihua-
.ntains l)y
adiana, or
ore made.
Spanish
idcd with
I, and then
' his army
I
tlio name of whieh wns made Xueva Calieia, instead
(il* }.I;ivor J']spaha. Conipostela was made the capi-
l.il; and there were also i'ounded within a I'ew years
ll>piVitu Santo, or (Uiadalajara, near Xoehistlan and
l';u iioi'th of* itfj modern site, and Cljametla in Sinaloa,
mere military camp, sometimes entirely desertid.
le new provin<'e had no delinite hotmdaiies, beini^'
intended to inehide the new eonfpiests. Xe^K-etinj^^
till' northern regions, to which, as diseoverca', he had
some (laim, the governor devoted himsell' cliieiiy to
( IK roaclnnents in the south, lie became involved in
.liliiculties that fmally ovorwlielmed him, though he
(lid not lack opportunity t(j vent his old spite a!L;ainst
Curtes on one or two occasions. Guzman was su'.ii-
1111 MU'd to ^lexico, and put in prison, and in 15:18 was
sent to Spain, whore ho died six years later in pov-
(itv and distress.
i^nconraged by the now audiencia Coi'tes took conr-
aL;'(\ and in I. 532 was able to des|)atch two vessels
under his cousin Hurtado do ]\Iendoza and ^Mazuela.
Tliev touched at Santia-m ; bv (Jr.zman's orders wei'e
relhsetl water at ^ratanchol, or San lilas; discovered
tlio Tres ]\Iarias; and alter a loni;' storm landed at an
unluiown point on the coast. Provisions were neai'ly
rxliaustod, and the men bov^amo mutinous. ]lurtado
ke]>t on northward, and with all his men was killctl
at the Ilio Tamotchala, or Fuerte; the malconti-nts,
retnrninij;" southward, were driven ashore in jJainU'ras
}h\ and killed I)y the natives, all save two or tliree
Iio escaped to Colima, wliile Guzman seized all that
il;l bo saved fi'om the wreck. To hiniCo''tos attril>-
w
COl
uted tlie nns
fortu
nes o
1" tl
10 exiled it ion.
There were still left two ves.s<'ls at Tehuantejiee,
which were (les[)att'hed late in If);!.") under l>ecerra, and
(Irijalva. The latter, aft.r discoveriii'uj the IJevilla
(jiiL;odo Islands, returned to Aca|)ulco. (Jrijalva's
{),'{'
ineii mutinied, killed Becerra, put his [lartisansash
on the Colima coast, and continued the vovau'e under
neiiez.
Th
lev soon (.liscovereu a bav, on an is
1
dand
II.*
.::!' '!^
6 INTRODUCTORY RKSUMI^.
coast as tli(3y sup|)()S('(l, luit really in the jx'ninsula,
and j)i'()l»al)ly identical with l^a Paz; and then' .linii'-
noz was killed with twenty (»(' his men. The tew sni-
vivoi's broui^ht the ship to Chanietla, where they wero
imprisoned hy (jruzman, hut escaped witli the news to
(Jortus, carrying also reports (»!" pearls in the northern
waters.
The captain-g(>neral now resolved to takcconiman<l
in jx'i'son; and, having sent three vessels from Te-
liuantepec early in Ifjof), he set out with a f'oi'ce over-
land, (hizman wisely kept out of the way, contenting
himself with comiilaints and protests. The sea and
land oxpe<lition8 were reunited at Chanietla, and C*or-
tes sailed in April with over one hundred men, ahout
one third of his whole force. Jimenez' hay was reached
!May od, and named Santa ( *ruz. After a year of mis-
f )rtunes, during which a part of the remaining colo-
nists were brought over with their families, Cortes
went back to Mexico, lie intended to ri'tui'ii with a
new fleet and succor for the colony ; but he sent instead
a vessel in I fjoG to bi-ing away the wliok; })arty. JIj
had had <piite enough of noi'th-western colonization.
On the main there was occasional communication
between San ^[iguel and the south; indeed, one party
of Cortes' colonists went from Chanietla to (.'uliacan
by land. In 1533 Diego de Guzman reached the I\io
^'arpii ; and it was lie that learned the fate of llurtado.
There was no prosperity at the villa. The garrison
lived at first by trading their beads and trinkets for
food; then on tribute of the native towns; and at last,
when the towns had been sti'ipped, they had to depeiul
on raids for ])luiider and slaves.
()n one of these excursions to tlie Rio Fuerto in
lo3G a party under Alcaraz were suijirised to meet
th
(h
b
•■ht t<
irco npamards and a negro, who were hroug
San Miguel to tell their strange tale of adventui'c.
They were Alvar Nunez and his companions, the only
survivors of throe hundred men who, under Xarvaez,
Lad landed in Florida in 1528. Escaping in 1535 from
■,:tfi
CAT'.i:ZA DE VACA AND ULLOA.
/nlnsiila,
ic .linu'-
tcw sur-
lu>y wrVii
' news to
iiortlioru
?omnuui<l
IVoiu To-
)rc'C ovcr-
(>nli'utiii;4
c sea iin>l
, antl C'oi-
len, al)i)"t
as reached
:>ar of inis-
ininu^ colo-
ns, Cortes
urn \vitU a
Mit instead
arty. U'
iloni/.ation.
iiimicatiou
, (»ne party
) Culiaean
■d the Ivio
' IIin'tad< ».
le L;arriso:i
hikets i'or
nd at hist,
t.) dep*-'ud
I'uerte in
I'd to meet
»r(»ught to
adventure.
IS, the only
'V Xarvae/,
A 1 ooJ iVoni
I
sl.ivery on tlie I'exan eoast, tliese lour liad found
llnir way aei'oss Ti'xas, ( 'liilnialiua, and Sonoi'a to
llie l*acifi(' coast. Their salvation was due, mainly to
ilie i'ej)ntati<>n accjuired hy Caht^'za de Vaca as a, nied-
ii iiie man anions;' the natives. Alvar Xuhe/ went to
>h'.\it() in la.")(), and next year to Spain, lie had
net, as lias sometimes heen clainu'd, reached the Pue-
Iilo towns of Xew ^Mexico; l>ut he had heard of them,
.•iiid he hrought to ^lexico some vague reports of their
t;i'andeur.
These rei)orts revived tlie old zeal foi- northeiMi
(•oiHjUest. (;(Uzman was out of the field, hut Alcc'ioy
]\Ieiidoza canj^lit the infection. IlaviuL,^ (juestioned
C';iheza de Vaca, and ha\ Iu'l;' houiJi'ht his ne-^ro, ho re-
solved to send an army to the north. The connnand
\\a-;u;iven to Vasijnez de Coronado, tj^overnor of Xueva
(iahiia. To i)reparc the way a Franciscan fiiar, Mai--
nis de Niza, was sent out from Culiacan early in \ a."]!).
AVith the negro ]'lste\anico, X'iza went, "as the holy
j^host did lead him," througdi Sonoi'a and Arizona,
p('rlia.[)s to Zuhi, or Ci'hola, wlu're the negro was
hilled. The fi'iar hastened hack with grossly exagger-
ated re}»ort.s of the marvels he had seen.
Cortes also heard the reports of Xin'iez and Xiza,
and was moved hy them to new eiiorts, disputing the
liglit of ^lendoza to act in the matter at all. lie de-
spatched Ulloa with three vessels, one of which was
] ist on the Culiacan eoast, in July 1 539. This naviua-
tor reached the head of the gulf; then coasted tlie
peninsula .southward, touching at Santa Cruz; and
ii>uii(|(Ml the point, sailing U[> the outer coast to Cedi'os
Island. One of the vessels re-turned in 1540; of Ulloa
ill the other nothing is positively known. It seems
to liave heen in the diary of this vova<j:e that the nanu;
('alifornia, taken from an old novel, the Seigas of
l]splandian, as elsewhere ex[)lained, was applied to a
portion of the peninsula.
Governor Coronado, with a force of three hundred
Spaniards and eight hundred natives from Mexico,
8 TNTHODUCTORY Rl'lSUMfi.
«lopnrt((l fiorn Culiaciin in April lo-lO. lie loft a
jj^anison in Soiioru; I'ollowud Niza's route, ciirsin;^
till! friar's oxaiLjiLj^ciationH, and roaclicd Zuni in .July.
T()l>ai' was sent to 1'usayan, or the ^Io(|ui towns;
Ciirdciias to the jji'i'cat canon of the Colorado; and
Alvai'ado far eastward to C'icuyo, or Pec-os. Then
the army marched oast to spend the winter in the
il'*^
H
iU-{uit
N K. W M I
'-^ ^'\ ^ J/\ ? r\^ y^ y^>
XoUTHEUN NkW SI'AIX.
valley of the Rio Gi'ando, the province of Tigucx,
later New Mexico. In ]\Iav loll, ai'tor a wintei" of
constant wai-fare caused hy op])ression, Coronado
started out into the o'reat [)lains north-eastward in
search of ,L>ivat towns and })recioua metals never
found. He I'eturned in Heptenibcr, having penetrated
as ho believed to latitude 40°, and found only wigwam
; -'s
vASQurz Di: ronox.vno and ALAr.cox.
! left a
cursing
in .Inly.
towns;
do; iind
riu'U
L* in the
Tigucx,
^vintcr of
'()!•( >na(l<»
ttward in
lis never
)netnitetl
wigAvaui
towns in llie provinec of (^nivira, |>ossiI)]y in tlie
K;iiis;is of to-(l;iy. J'Apctlitions wore also sent far nj)
;iiiil down the liio del Xoite; and in the s|tiini4' of
1. ){■_', when neiirly ivady for a new i'anij)ai!4n, tlu'
governor was seriously injured in a tournament, and
roolvcd to ahandon tlio enterprise. Some friars were
lift hi'hind, wlu) wisro soon killed; and in April the
ivturn marcli hoLjan. Mendo/a was bitterly disa].
pointed, hut ae(|uitted the j^overnor of Mame.
'J'lie force left in Sonora, while Coronndo was in th(^
north, founded the settlement of San GercMiimo de los
('oiazo!ies, in the region between the modern Ai'i/Cpc
and Iferniosillo; and from here at the end of iJ4<>
Milchor Diaz niadi! a trip up the eoast to the iJio
Colorado, called liio del Tizon, and across that river
Iitlow tlie (jilla. lie was killed accidentally and liis
mm i'etnrn(,'d. San (ien'minio, after its site had been
s(\eral tini(-s ehanjj;ed and most of its settleis liad
deserted or had been massacred, was abandoned be i't)ro
the arrival of Coronado on Ids return in 15-42.
Also in Coronado's a])scnco and to cocijierate with
liini ^deiidoza sent two vessels under Alarcon from
Aca'pulco in ^lay ir)40. Hi; reached the head of the
i;uh' and went up thi^ liio Colorailo, {»r ]>uena (iuia,
in boats, ])ossibly biyoiid the Gila junction. ]jea\iu'^'
a nicssau;'e found later by ])iaz, .\larcon ri'tuiiieil to
( 'iHuia in November. Another vovan'e was planneil,
liiit ]>revented by revolt.
Afier a hard stru^'gle to maintain his presti'^'e, and
]'i'('vent M'liat ho r(>garded as IMendo/a's illen'al inter-
fcirnce with his j)lans, ('ortes went to Spain in I,') K)
to rn^^age in an e([ually fruitless struggle before tlu;
tliKiiie. Another e\|)lori'r however ajipeared, in thi^
HI son of l*edro de Alvarado, o'overnor of (luatemala,
wlio
came up to Colima in 1540 with a ilett, eight
liundred men, and a license for discovery. ]>ut Men-
do/a, instead of (juarrelling with Alvarado, formed a
jiaitnership with him.
A revolt of eastern Jalisco tribes, known as the
1 ;•?
10
INTRODUCTORY RlISirTHK.
^lixtoii War, iiitciiupti'd nil i»l;iiis of cxjtlorafio!!.
Miiiiy I'cloriiis liacl Ik'i'M iiitrodiiccd since (;liizinair.s
tiiur, l)ul, loo late. Incited l)y sorcnvrs on tli«' noi'tli-
crn IVonticrs to avcn^'c |>asi. wroni^'s and rc;L;ain their
indejiendence, tlu; natives kilKul their enc^oniendi ros,
al)and(»ned liieir towns, and took rel'uijfo ou I'oitilied
j)t'iin/cs, heheved to l>e in»j)rennal)le, the strongest
heinn' th(»se of Mixton and Nochisllan. At the iiid
of l.VM) ( Jnadalajaia, aheadv moved to Tacothm A'al-
ley, N\as tlie only place lield by the Sjianiai'ds, and
* that was in tlie iLi;ri!atest danger. Alvarado canie to
the I'tisciie from the coast, l>iit rasjdy attacking" Xo-
chistlan, he was (lefeated and kiileil in Jul} l.Vll.
Soon (iuadalajani was attacked, but after a j^ieat
battle, in which fiflei-n thousand natives wei'e slain,
ilio town was saved to be transfirivd at oiicu to its
modern site. Meiidoza was troubled for the sai'ety
not only of Xuevji (Indicia, but ol" all New Si)ain; and
lu; marched north with a lari;(^ army. In a shoit but
^■i^'•o|•ous campaiu;n he captured tin; j)enoles, one after
another, even to that of Mixton, by sic^e, by assault,
by stratagem, or by the treachery of the defenilers,
returniiio- to Mexico in 1542, Thousands of natives
were killed in batth;; thousands cast themselves from
the clitfs and perished; thousai; s were enslaved. Many
escaped to the sierras of Nayarit and Zacatecas; but
the s[iirit of rebellion was broken forever.
There is little more that need be said of Nueva Ga-
licia hero. It was explored and conriuered. The audi-
encia was established at Compostela in ir)48,and moved
with the capital to Guadalajara in loGl. A bisliojn'ie
was erected in 1544. The religious orders Ibunded
missions. Agriculture and stock-raising made some
]»rogress. New towns wei'o built. Ilich mines were
woiked, especially in Zacatecas, where the town of
that name was founded in 1548. These mines caused
the rest of Nueva Galicia to be well nigh depopulated
at lirst, and were themselves almost abandoned before
IGOO in consequence of a rush to now mines in the
ITIAIHIA IN \UKVA VIZCAYA.
U
)rati()n.
nortli-
II llitii"
"oititiiil
the *n<l
an Val-
•ds, and
caiiu' t'>
iuy' No-
ly K..U.
a «j,i'cat
ri' slain,
CO to \i^
le salV'ty
>aiu; iiud
;hoit but
one after
assault,
I'ltaulors,
f natives
vcs IVoni
d. Many
cas; but
uova Ga-
triic audi-
ud moved
|bisho))ric
founded
lade some
ines were
town of
les causetl
Populated
led before
;s ill the
%
r, «4it>n of Xonibre di- Dios. Some exploriu}^ parties
It aciied Duran^^'o, Chihuahua, and Sinulou.
Tl)arra, tlio leader in inland ex|)lorations northward,
was made ;^overnor of Niieva N'izcaya, a new {jroviiice
I'ornu'd ahoiit la«IO o<' all territoiy above the modern
.laiiseo and Zaeateea. line. Nondjre de J)ios was
I'lunded in 1358; Duran;, > or (jiuadiana, an capital, in
I jdo. liefore 1 5(5;') tliei-e were llouiisiiing settlement-j
in San Haitolome A'allisy of southern Chihuahua.
Iliarra also erossed the sierra to Sinaloa and Snuora,
fiiuiidin^' San Juan iiautista on tlu; Sua(jui or I u rte,
ahout 15(14 ; and ri'foandin<_j San Sebastian (h) Clia-
nietla, where rieh mines were found. San fuan was
Mion abandoned; but live settlers remained on iUo
Ilio de Sin;d)a as a nucleus of San Felipe, the molern
Sinaloa. judian campaij^iis of 1584-1) lei't a i'-w new
se^Mer.s for San Feli|te.
i)ef(jre 151)0 the Fianeiscans had eii^ht or nine mis-
sions in J)uraniL;() and Chihuahua. When tlie Jesuits
inidertook northern conversion in 151)0, fathers 'l'a|)ia
and i'ei'ez, and soon six more, came to San Felijte de
Sinidoa and beu^an work on the rivers IV^tatlan and
Mocorito. They had twenty |)Ueblos and I'our thou-
sand converts before KiOO. Father Ta[)ia reached
ihe l^io Fuerte and the mountains of Topia, but was
iiiai tyred in 151)4; yet missions were founded in To[)i'a
jii KiOO, where the mining towns of San Andres and
Siiii nip(')lito already existed. San Felii)e had become
a kind of [)residio in 159(j, under Caj)taiu Diaz. East
( r the mountains the Jesuits also Ijegan work anions;'
tile Tepehuanes at Zape and Santa Catalina, and at
S;mta ^Fariade Parras in the lake regicm of Coahuila.
Saliillo was founded in 158G; and about 1598 the town
of Parras was built in connection with the Jesuit
mission there.
New IMexico was revisited and finally occu|)ic(!
brfore 1(300. In 1581 Eodriijuez with two other
r ranciscans and a few soldiers went from San Bar-
12
INIHODUCTORY RESOlfe
tolomd down the Conchos and up tlic Kio del Xorte
to the land of the Tij^uas, Coronado's Tigucx. The
soldiers soon returned, but the I'riars reniahied to be
killed. In 1582-3 Espejo with a strong force went
in search of Rodri^'iiez, learnin«jj at Puara, near
Sandia, of the fiiars' fate and of Coronado's iV)nner
I'avagcs in that region. Espejo ex[)lored eastward to
the buffalo plains, northward to Cia and Galisteo, and
westward to Zuiii and tlie region of the modern i'rcjs-
cott, leturning by way of the liio Pecos. In l;V.)0-l
<. 'astano de Sosa went up the Pecos and across to tin;
Pueblo towns of the Rio Grande with a colony of
one hundred and seventy men, women, and cliildren.
After receiving the submission of thirty-three towns,
lie v»as carried back to Mexico in chains by Captain
Morlete, on the c]iari«"e of having made an illegal
cntrada, or expedition. About 1595 Bonilla and
llumaha, sent out against rebellious Indians, marclK'vl
without license to New ^lexico and sought Quivira
in tlic north-eastern plains. Humana nuirdered his
chief and was himself killed with most of his party by
the natives. In l.l'Jo the viceroy made a contract
for the conquest of New ^Mexico with Oiiate, who as
governor and captain-general left ]\Iexico with a large
force of soldiers and colonists in 1596. Vexations
complications hindered Ohate's progress and exhausted
his funds, so that it was not until 1598 that he entered
the promised land. San Juan was made tlie capital;
all the towns submitted; the Franciscans were sta-
tioned in six nations; Onate visited Zuhi; and tlu;
rebellious warriors of the ^Vconia pehol were conrpiered
in a series of hard-fought battles, all before the sum-
mer of 1599.
Let us return to the coast and to an earlier date,
since the connectio)i l)etween maritime exploration
and inland ])rogress is very slight. ]\Iendoza at the
close of the ^lixton war in 1542, though not encoui-
aged by the results of past efforts, had a ileet on his
hands, and one route of ex[)loration yet open and
1> V?:
PIIAKF,, CAVl.'XDISII, AND VIZCAINO.
13
L Norto
. The
d to ])0
•c went
a, near
tbrnier
svard to
tco, and
•u I'ros-
151)0-1
IS to tho
)lony ol'
•liiUlron.
c towns,
Cavtaiu
n ilU'gal
ilia and
marched
Quivira
lered lii:^
)avty l)y
contract
who as
I a largo
exatious
diaustcd
rutere«l
capital ;
-ere sta-
and tli(!
)nqucrcd
:lie yiini-
er date,
(loration
"a at the
encour-
|t on his
iKMi and
promising, that up tho outer coast of the peninsula.
Tlii'icltire Caljrillo sailed from Natividad with two
^ esse
I
•Is, made a careful survey, applied names that for
l!ic most })art have not been retained, passed the limit
III" I'lloa's discoveries, and anchored at San Miguel,
iK.w San Diego, in Septend)er. Explorations forther
iiMilli under Cabrillo and his successor Ferrelo will be
iullv u'iven in a later chaiiter. Thov descril)ed the
ciiast somewhat accurately up to the region of Mou-
lt rcy, and Ferrelo believed himself to have reached
the latitude of 44^
^[cndoza's efforts on tho coast ended with Cabrillo's
viiyage; but fleets crossed the ocean to the Philip-
pines, and in 1505 Urdancta for the first time re-
( lossod tlie Pacific, discovering the northern route
I'nllowed ibr two centuries bv the ^lanila galleons. Of
discoveries by these vessels little is known; but they
gave a good idea of the coast trend up to Cape Men-
( l< )cino. Tliey also attracted foreign freebooters. Drake
ravaged the southern coasts in 1579, also reaching
latitude 43°, and anchoring in a California port, (iali,
cDiniug by tlie northern route in 1584, left on record
some slight observations on the coasts up to 37°.
( 'avendisli in 158G made a plundering cruise up as
I'ar as ]\[azatlan; then crossing over to Cape San
Lucas hc! captured the treasure-sliip, and bore off
across the Pacific. Maldonado's fictitious trip through
the Strait of Anian and back in 1588, and the similar
imaginary exploits of Fuca in the north Pacific, have
un importance for us in this connection. One Spanish
commander of the many who came down the coast
had orders to make investigations — Cermehon in
!5'J5; but of the result we know only that his vessel
was wrecked under Point lieyes.
In 1597 Vizcaino was sent to explore anew and
occupy for Spain the Californian Isles. He sailed
from Acajiulco with a large force in three vessels,
accompanied by four Franciscan friars. His explora-
tions in the gulf added but little to geograi)liical
14
INTRODUCTORY RESUMfi,
knowlodo'c; and the i^ottlcmcnt which he attempted
to found r.t Santa Cruz, by him called La Paz, wa.s
al)an(loned after a few mc^nths from the inability of
tlie country to furnish food, the departure being*
hastened by a stcn-m and fire that destroyed building.^
and stores. Thus close the annals of the sixteenth
century.
After IGOO Nuova Galicia has no history that can
or need bo pi-esented in a resume like this. Except
(»ne district, Nayarit, the whole province was in jicr-
manent subjection to Si)anish authority, hostilitii's
])ein<x confined maiidy to robberies on the line of travi 1
from ]\Iexico to Nuova Vizcaya. The president of the
audiencia at Guadalajara was governor, and his judi-
cial authority covered all the north. So did the eccle-
siastical juris(hction of the bishop of Guadalajara
until 1G21, when Nuova Vizcaya was sej)arated; but
the north-east to Texas and the north-west to Cali-
Ibrnia were retained. The Franciscans alone had nils-
sionarv authoritv, and that onlv in the nortli, all
establislnnents de[)ending after 1()04 on the Zacatecan
]>rovincla. jNIining was [)rofitably carried on notwith-
standing an oppressive quicksilver monopoly and
frequent migrations to new discoveries. Agriculture
and stock-raising were the leading industries of the
limited population. The country's only commerc-c
was the exchange by overland routes of grain and
cattle for su})j)lies needed at the mines. And finallv
there were petty local hajipenings, Avholly insufficient
to break uj) the deadly inonotony of a Spanisli ])i()v-
ince when once it becomes a tierra de paz, or a land
at peace.
Nueva Vizcaya during the seventeenth centurv
compriscil m a sense noi-thern Durango, Chihuahua,
Sinaloa, and Sonora, besides a jiart of Coahuila: yet
tlie connection between coast and inland province^^
was practically very slight, and conunon usage located
Nueva Vizcaya east of the Sierra Madre. A gover-
MISSIONS OF XUEVA VIZCAYA.
15
ttcmptcd
Paz, was
ability of
ire being'
biukliii;-^-^
sixtcoiitli
\f that can
. Except
^•as in pcr-
hostilities
c of travi 1
lent of t bo
1 liis ju<li-
Itlic oeele-
ruadalajaia
Lrate(l;'fnit
3st to Cajl-
10 had mis-
novth, all
Zacateean
)ii iiotwitb-
jiopoly and
o-ricultiu't.'
ivies of tlic
comnieree
(jjrain and
ud finally
insidlieient
uiish pvov-
or a land
th rontnry
.'hiluialuia,
[\hnila: yet
provinces
Ino'c located
A u'over-
UDi', and bishop of Guadiana after 10-21, resided at
])uran«^'o; but save in the larger tovrns and niininjjf-
caiups, the country was for the most part a ticrra dc
ijiirrra, or a land at war; the epoch not one of civil an:'
iiclesiastic but rather of military and missionary rule,
lu general the whole country may be said to have
l>L'eii divided into eight mission districts.
The Tepeliuane missions of Durango i)rosporcd from
tlieir l)i'ginning in liVJi until the great revolt of 1(51(5
in wliicli eight Jesuit priests and two lumdrod othca'
Spaniards lost their lives. All missions and mining-
e:HU])s were destroyed, and the capital was seriously
threatened. Tlie massacre was cruellv avemjed, and
i\\v, natives that survived were driven to the moun-
tains only to be slowly drawn back by missionary zeal.
In 1 040 lost ground had been regained, and more,
exct'pt in the num])er of neophytes, of whom there
wei'eein'ht hundred in 1078, under four Jesuits in ninti
towns, with a Spanish populati(jn of al)out three lum-
(Ired. The Tcpehuanes were con(|uered, except as
individuals or small ])artles occasionally revolted iu
resistance to enforced labor in the mines. In the
south-eastern or Parras district all was peace and
])rospeiity with the gentle Laguncros, if wo exce})t an
occasional pestilence or inundation. (Jver five thou-
sand natives had been baptized by 100.3; the missions
were secularized in 104.3; large accessions of Spanish
and Tlascaltec population were received, and early in
the next century under Toboso raids and Spanish
oppression all traces of the missions had disappeared.
In Topi'a, or western Durango, and south-eastern
Sinaloa, the Jesuits were at work with good success
at first; but the miners were oppressive, and iu 1(501
live thousand iVcaxees took u[) arms to free their
country, destroying the mining-eam[is and towns with
iMity ehurches. ]>rought once more into submission
al'ter a few months, they never n^volted ar^ain, and
the adjoming tribes were reduce>d one by one until by
the middle of the centuiy the whole district had pas;,ed
WWPl
sf
1
M
i
J#i
is|
IBBIbB
^1
:l'J
'ill"
1
'■M '
1
y
i
Ai^
16
INTRODUCTORY RLSUMl':.
])cnnnneiit]v under Spanish find Jesuit control. As
clscwliero subsequent tinnals are I'educed to statistics
and petty items of local record. Fifty thousand nat ives
had been converted before 1G44, \vlien eight niissiou-
ai'ii s were serving in IG churches. In 1G78 there were
1400 neophytes in 38 towns under the care of ten niis-
hionaries, with a Spanish po[)ulation, in niining-canij)s
chiefly, which may be estimated at 500.
The Tarahuniara district adjoined tliat of the Tepe-
huanes on the north, in northern Durango and the
mountains of southern and western Chihuahua. At
Parral a Spanish settlement was founded in lG;yi;
and about the same time the Jesuits in their northern
tfjurs obtained four or five hundred Tarahumares,
and with them founded two towns, San Migucd de Jas
Bocas and San (Gabriel, just south of the modern line
of Durango; but there were no regular missions in
Tarahumara until lGu9-40, Mhen fathers Figueroa
and Pascual came and founded San Felipe and San
(xcronimo Huexotitlan on or near the Rio Conchos
below Ba'jeza. In 1G48 there were eight pueblos and
four missionaries, when war broke out, mainly in con-
sequence of oppressions by Spaniards who wished to
use the natives as laborers in their mines, looking
with no favor on the mission work. The Tarahumares
were always, as the Jesuits maintained, a bravo and
honorable people, fighting only in defence of their
ri'dits or to avenge wrongs. In this first instance the
assailants were gentiles, the plot being discovered in
time to keep the converts loyal, after five Spaniards
and forty neophytes had been killed. Governor Fa-
iardo, deleating the foe, founded a town of A/'uilar
and a mission at the site of the modern Concepcion.
In IGoO the mission was destroyed, a ])adre killed,
and a Spanish force several times defeated; but
})eacc was made in IGol, and the martyr's })lace
Avas filled. In the outbreak of 1G52 mission and
town were burned, and not a Spaniard escajied. It
required the whole military force of NuevaVizcaya
MISSIONS IX DURANGO AND CIIIIIUAIIUA.
17
itrol. As
statistics
id uutivos
b luissioii-
horc were
if ten lais-
ing-cainps
t) nstwro submission, tlic Spaniards he'uvx often
]vj)uIsL'(l, and many mission towns and mining-cani})s
li i:i',' rejJLiitcdly destroyed. For twenty years from
]i)j.l npper Taraliumara was abandoned, but was
ivocciiidc'd in lG7o-8 as far north as the Yepomera
)•• -ion, the hmit of Jesuit work cast of tlio sierra.
Tin re were then about eiglit tliousand Tarahuniara
(oiivcits in the upper and lower districts, liviinjc in
I'.rtN -live towns, and ministered to by twelve Jesuit
missionaries. The Spanish population, for the most
iiait cii"a'j:ed in miniii*'-, did not exceed five hundi'i'd.
l-'or the missions the last cpuirter of the century was
;i jiiii )d of constant but not very rapid decadence.
Tiny wore exposed on the north and east to I'aiels
from tlio fierce Tobosos and Apaches, and there woiv
several attempts at rev(jlt, the most serious being in
1()1)0. V, lion two Jesuits lost their lives.
Xoith- eastern Durango and eastern Chihuahua
formed a mission district under the Franciscans. They
luul a much less favorable field of labor than the
Jesuits; their neo[)liytes were inferior in intelligence
to tlie Te])ehuanes and Tarahumares, and their estab-
lishments had to bear the brunt of savage raids from
Ihe north-eastern sierras or Bolson de Mapimi. For
over forty years the old convents at Cucncame, Ma-
})inii, and San Eartolonit' were barely kept in exist-
ence: and near the latter in the Conchos region Ibdr
new missions w'ore founded before 1G45. Then tin'
Tohoso lalds became so serious as to imperil all
Spanish interests. It was tlie typical Apache war-
fare of ]■ tunes. Xot a cnm[), mission, hacienda,
111' laneho escaped attack; only l\u'ral and one or
two mining-camps escaped destruction. Tlie soldiers
were victorious in eveiy engagement, but they could
rarely overtake the marauders. Tlie Conclios iv-
A'ilted and destro>'ed thi'ir five mls>;ions, kilHng two
fiiars. At this time the ]iresidi(j of Cei'i'o ( fordo
was estaUished, and the fires of war having burned
liut eliii'i'Iy for want of fuel, this post served to keep
Uisr. Cai.., Vol. I. 'J
■■■■■
! mi "
\i I
18
IXTRODUCTi >RY RESUMf:.
tlie sontlicni part of tlic district in a kind of order
during' t\w. i-est of tlio century; the I'uincd establisli-
iiicnts l)cin!4' gradually rooccupiod. In the north the
Franciscans cxtcnd<;tl their (»i)crations over a broad
iicltl. ]jet\voen IGGO and 1G70 three or four missions,
Avith ])rol)al)ly a small garrison, were i'ounded in the
region of (asas (jlrandes; but two of them were de-
stro^'cd by A})aches before 1700. In 1 081-2, an estab-
lishment having been formed at El Pasf>, several
missions spi-ang U[) in that region. One was at tlie
conlhience of the Conchos and Rio del Norte, but
was soon destroyed. In 1097 a mission of Xombre
do Dios was founded near the site of the modern city
of Chihuahua. All these northern establishments
maintained but a ])recarious existence; and but foi- a
line of presidios erected early in the vext century the
whole country would have been al)andoned.
Before turning to the coast a i>:lance must be given
at New ^Mexico beyond the limits of Nueva Yizcaya.
Here prosperity ceased for a time on account of con-
troversies between ( )hate, the colonists, and tlie Fran-
ciscan friars. The latter abandoned the ])rovince in
IGOl, but were sent back to reoccu]\y tlie missions.
Onate made some ex})l()rations; Santa Fe was founded
and became the capital; and in 1G08 eight padres
wei'o at work, having baptized eight thousand natives.
Thirty ne\v friars came in lG2i), and the next year
fifty missionaries were serving sixty thousand con-
verts in ninety i)ueblos. This was the date of New
Mexico's highest ])rosperity, though the decline was
very slight for fifty years, a period whose histiny offers
nothing but ])etty local liap})enings. But in 1G80 a
general revolt occurred, in which four hundred Span-
iards, including twenty-one friars, were killed, and the
survivors driven out of the countr3\ While the refu-
gees f )undiHl El Paso and did some missionary work
in that region, the New ]\[exicans fought among them-
selves and threw away their chances for continued
independence. After several unsuccessful eflbrts by
THE JESUITS IX SINALOA.
10
I of order
establisU-
iiortli the
;r a broad
c missions,
;led in tliu
1 wore do-
>,anesta])-
■•o, scvcr.d
was at tlio
Koviv, but
)f Nonibro
lodorn city
blislnnonts
d but for a
century tlio
I.
ist bo given
va Yizcaya.
unt of con-
d the Fran-
)rovincc in
c missions.
,'as foundt)d
;-lit padres
nd natives,
next year
isand con-
|to of New
ilocline was
Istory offers
in "^1080 a
,b-ed Span-
led, nndtbo
e the refu-
inary work
liong theui-
c(nitinued
(.■ftbrts by
dill'icnt leaders, Governor A^ari^as reconquered the
province al'ter many a hard-fou^lit battle in l(J9o-4;
l)ut two years later a new revolt occurred, in wliieli
live missionaries and twenty other Spaniards wei'c
l,ll!cd, and the year IGIJG maybe re<^arded as the date
(if Xew Mexico's permanent submission to Sjianish
iiiithoiity. The western towns were .still independent;
1.1 it exce[>t the !Mo(]uis all renewed their allegiance
lidoie the end of tlie centur}'.
Tlie coast distiicts were Sinaloa, extendinij: as far
IK nth as the Ya(|ui Iiiver; Sonora, embracing the
iT-ion of Arizpe and Tepoca; and Pinicria, stretch-
iii"' to the Gila, l^urinn' most of the century all
thj; ten'itory was under a military connnandant at
S;,n Feli])e de Sinaloa; and this office was held for
in arlv tliirtv vears by Gai)tain Ilurdaide, who was
]Mi.ular with tlie missionaries, and a terror to the
iia'ives. His term of office was a continuous cam-
p;:i'^ii for the conquest of new tribes or the suppres-
^-il•n of local revolts. In ] GOO live Jesuits had founded
ei ;ht missions, with thirteen towns, on and near the
rivers Sinaloa and !Mocorito. A\n'y rapidly was the
(•(>n(|uest, spiritual and military, pushed northward by
the priests and soldiers working in perfect accord. The
fierce Siiaquis, Tehuecos, and Sinaloas of the llio Tam-
OL>'liala, or Fuerte, having been propei-ly chastised by
I liirdaide, became Christian in 1G04-7. Fort Montes-
(kiios was founded in IGIO on the river, therefore still
called Fuerte. The Mayos, friendly from the iirst, re-
ceived padres in 1 G 1 .'?, and never re\ ( )lte(l. The Yaquis,
who after defeating tlie Sininiards in three c;im])aigns
had voluntarily submitted about IG 10, received Father
llihos in 1G17, and were soon converted. In IG'Jl
missions were founded among the Chinipas on the
Taraliumara frontier; and the work was extended
up tlie Yaqni to the Sahuaripa region. There were
now thirty-four Jesuits at work in this field; and the
Mdithern missions, in what is nt)W Sonora, were formed
into a new district of San Ignacio. Captain Hur-
20
INTRODUCTORY Ri:SUM i:.
^%
(lai(](> (lied about IG'jn; and (lurliiLr tlie iiilc of ]\\<
siicci'ssor tlic only cvcmjI. to bo noted was tlic revolt
in the Cliinipas disti'ict in lOJU-'J, \\\\v\\ two .b-suits
M'ere killed, and tlie missions had to he abandoned.
Fatlier Paseual bad labored in this lluld w ilh ^ivat
success for years, forming three towns of Cliinipas,
A'arohios, and (Uiazilpares, Achief of the latter was
at tlK> head of the revolt, o'aininuf adherents from tlu"
A'arohios, while the Chinipas remained faithful and
tried to protect their missionary. Father ^fartine/
came to join Paseual in 1032, and the two were killed
a week later after their house and church had been
burned, brutal indignities being- oft'ered to their bodi<s.
Fifteen neophytes i)erished with their martyred mas-
ters. ^Faking a raid into the mountains Captain
Perea. killed many rebels, and new missionaries were
sent to the country; but it was finally decided t >
abandon this field; and the faithful converts weri;
removed to the towns of the Sinaloas.
])!!ring the last Jialf of the century the Sinab i
missions have no annals save such as are statistic;;]
and purely local. The submission of the natives w;:s
complete and permanent, and affiiirs fell into th •
inevitable routine. In 1G78 there were in the di -
trict of San Felipe y Santiago, corresponding nearly
to the modern Sinaloa above Culiacan, nine mission. ,
with 23 pueblos, 10,000 neophytes, and nine mission-
aries. The northern district of San Ignacio de Yaqui,
under the same jurisdiction but in modern times a
part of Sonora, had 10 missions, 23 pueblos, 10 padi'es.
and 24,000 converts. There had already been a larg'
decrease in the neophyte population. The militaiy
force was a garrison of 40 soldiers at San Felipe, ami
one of 00 men at Fort jMontcsclaros. The S})ani^li
population, exclusive of soldiers and militar}' oliieers,
was less than 500.
The modern Sonora includes the three ancient pr<n-
inces of Sonora, Ostinmri, and Pimeria; but in tin
seventeenth century the name Sonora was i)roperly
SOXORA MLSSIOX.
21
tlint of tlio valley in wliidi Ari/:[)c, Uivs, and IltT-
);Mi>ill(> now Mtand. 'Vim nanic w as soniutinics extended
fill' a long distance over adjoining" regions, especially
ii.irlliward; bnt ne\ci' covered the Yu(|ui missions or
O^iiinuri in tlie south. .Missionary work was hci^uii
ill liio Sonora A'alley by Father Castaiio in 1G;]8,
near the siti; of" tlio old and ill-fated San CjenMiinio.
The ()[)atas never t;ave any trouble; anil in lG;j'J thu
in w district of San I'^rancisco Javier do Sonora was
I' riiied with iive mission })artidos. In 1G41 (governor
]\iea obtained a division of the government, was
i.uiue iiiier of all the country north of the Yatjui
(iAVMs, styling his new province Xue\a An<lalncia
;i;i>l hi.> capital San .Juan iJautista. In conse<|Uencu
ul' a (juariel with tlie Jesuits, ho tried to put the
I'ianciscans in charge; but this was a iailure, antl thu
new '''overnment came to an end in four vears; thou<>li
a garrison remained at San Juan. In ira.'] seven
-li'suits were serving twenty-tive thousand converts in
twmtv-threc towns. In 1078 the new district of San
1 lancisco do Borja was formed of the missions south
and west of 0[)ozura; and the two consisted of eigh-
teen missions with fort^'-ninc pueblos and about twenty
thousand neophytes. Ten years later there Mere
three districts, the new one of Santos Martires do
.bi])()n extending ncjrthward from IJatuco and Xacori.
The Chinipas missions, which had bc^en reoccujjied in
l(i7G, were now part of the Sonora district, and before
the end of the century were in a most tlourishing con-
<!iti<in, under Padre Salvatierra and his associates,
though to some extent involved in the troubles with
eastern t}'il)OS.
Father Kino in 1G87 founded the mission of Dolores
ou the head-waters of the Iiio de San Miguel, and
tiiiis began the conquest of Pimeria, through which
Kiiio hoped to reach northern California. ])y IGUO
he liad missions at San Ignacio, Imuris, and Remedios.
riie i*imas were docile, intelliuent, and cnofcr for con-
Version; but Kino could neither obtain the needed
22
INTRODUCTORY RliSUMl^:.
! !
- Ui
jjiic'sts, nor coiiviiu'o the militaiy antlioritics that tlits
Piinas wciv not conceriietl in tlio ('(»n.stant raids of tliu
Havai^c's. In IGIH witli Salvatierra lu; reached tlic
nioduin Arizona line; and later, either alonc! or Avith
such prii'sts as ho conld induce to ^'o with him, he
explored the country repeatedly to the (Jila and ^ulf
coast, tirsf:, reaching the latter in 1(5!)3 and the I'oiiiier
in l(l!)4. Three missionaries havinj^ been obtained,
Tubutama and Caborca were founded; but all were
destroyed in the great revolt of IGDf), one of the filars
being killed. Two years later they had been rebuilt
and Suamca added. Jiy 1700 Kino, sometimes with
a military escort, had m .,le six entradas, or excursions,
to the Gila, some of them by the eastern route via
Bac, and others by the coast or Sonoita. In 1700 he
first reached the Colorado junction. But he was dis-
ap[)ointed in all his schemes for establishing missions
in the north. The Ilio San Ignaciowas the northern
frontier, not only of missionary establishments but of
all Spanish occu})ation at the end of the century.
In 1G93 Sonora and all the north had been sepa-
rated practically, perhaps formally, from Sinaloa; and
Jironza as capitan-gobernador came with his 'flying
company' of fifty men to protect the frontier, his cap-
ital being still at San Juan. The next seven years
were spent in almost constant warfare against raiding
Apaches and other savage bands of the north-east. A
garrison was stationed at Fronteras, or Corodeguachi,
which in campaigns often acted in union with the
presidial force at Janos in Chihuahua, and was often
aided besides by the Pimas, whoso mission towns weic
a favorite object of the raids for plunder.
Finally the maritime annals and coast exploration
of the century, terminating in the occupation of Ba ja
California, demand our notice. In 1602 Sebastian
Vizcaino sailed from Acapulco on a voyage of explora-
tion which will be fullv described later in this volume.
For more than a century and a half Father Ascensions
diary of this vovage was the source of all information
Kxri:r>iTiox.s to tiik gulf.
28
fxtaiit respec'tiiij,' tlio western coast up tolatitiulu 40°.
A'i.'.c.iiiio's voyui^o was the end of outur-eoast naviga-
lioii, stiI)sc'(jUL'iit elt'orts being dlrcetccl exclusively to
tlir nulf aiid peninsula, thou!L;'li Monterey fiijfured on
p;i|)(i' in many of the schemes pr()[)Osed. The S})anish
ciMWii was ehary of iiicurrin;j^ expense; without money
llir enthusiasm of neither navii^ators nor friais could
lie utilized; and the ]»earls of the gulf furnished the
oiilv incentive to action. A mere catalogue of suc-
ci .-sive enterprises must sufiico here.
Schemes to occupy Monterey in 1G07-8 resulted in
nothing. In 1(115 Cardona and Iturbo went up the
guli'to latitude ;>4°as they reckoned it, saw the strait
that made ( alir'ornia an island, and landed at several
jioints on that supposed island and the main, l^e-
tuiMiing, they were captured by the Dutch 'pichiliiKjiics.
These were Spilberg's freebooters, who vainly sought
to iiiter('e])t the galleon, and had a fight with Spaniards
on the C'olima coast. Lezanui began to build a vessel
near San ]^las, in 1G27, for the gulf; and Ortega, com-
])leting it, made a pe. 1 voyage in 1(532. Ho repeated
the trip in l(j;33-4, founding a colony at La Paz.
^lany natives were ba[)tize(l; some inland ex])lora-
tioiis wei'e made, and all went well for several months,
until food was exhausted. The?i this third attempt at
settlement was added to the failures of Cortes and
A'i/.eaino. There were, doubtless, unrecorded and un-
authorized i)earl-seekin<T^ vovafjes in those times. Car-
lionel's ex])(Mlition made by Ortega's |>ilot in 1(530 was
an utter failure. It was in IG-iO that Fonte sailed
through the net-work of straits, lakes, and rivers in
tli<! northern continent until he met a Boston ship
from the Atlantic 1 Canas by the viceroy's orders
crossed over from Sinaloa and exi)lored the Caliiornia
coast for some forty leagues in 1(542, accompanied by
tlie .Jesuit priest, Cortes. Casanate's operations v.ere
in 1(143-8; but after great expense and much ill-luck
the only results were a ci'uise about San Lucas by
Bariiga in the former year, and in the lutt'.'r a vain
i iM
M INTRODUCTORY RLSUMli.
ycardi for a colony Kite. For twenty years iiotliliiL,^
v.as atteiniitc.'d, and then I'inadcro oUfaiiH'd a coni-
niission to rt'durc* Calirornia as a prctcKt for (nic <tr
two profitaMc [)(-'arl-si,vkinj;' trips In l(j()7. i^ucrnilla's
f\])edition in 1(!C!8 was not nnliko tliu jjiicrdin-^-,
tlioii;L;li liu Isad two J'^ranciscans on Iiis slilj», wlio
altL'iupli'd (.'onversion at La I'az and at tlu- caiic.
Ai'tur iViiitk'ss ncyotlations with otlicr persons tlio
viceroy made a contract lor tlie settlement of ( 'ali-
I'ornia with Otondo, who was aecom[)anie(l l»y I'^ither
Kino and t\^'o other Jesuits, sailiii^j,' I'rom Chacala with
a Immhed ])ersons in Ki.S;!. The proviiici' was now
I'ornially cahed Calllornias and the locality of the
col(»ny La I'a/. Some proL;i'ess was made at first;
hut ]>rest>iitly tlio nii-n, panic-stricken hy reason of
Indian troubles, insisted on ahandonin^' tlu.' settle-
ment. Otondo came back helbre the ontl of tlu' year,
I'ecstahlisirm''- the colony at San Bruno, abovt' l^a Piiz.
] f ere it was maintained with dilllculty until the end
of 1()8j, when the enterprise was ^iven U[» in disi^'ust.
The Jesuits foreseeinijf the residt had ba[itized none
but dying- Indians. The barren peninsula was wholly
imsuited for colonization. In 1G85 the British i'ree-
booter Swan made an unfortunate cruise along- the
coast, failing to capture the galleon, and losing fifty
men who were killed by Spaniards on the Bio Tololot-
lan. Only one other expedition, that of Itamarra in
1GD4, is recorded, btit very vaguely, before the linal
occupation of the peninsula.
The country offered absolutely no inducements to
settlers; and a uilitary occupation, entailing constant
expense withon cori'esponding advantages, did not
accord with th S])anisli system of contpiest. Only
by a baud of . ^alous missionaries, protected l)y a
small military _ lard, with supplies assured from
abroad for year , could this reduction be effected.
Tile Jesuits uik jrstood this, and when the govern-
ment had been taught by repeated failures to im-
derstand it also, the necessary arrangements were
M'KVA TiALRIA I\ TIIK KKIFITKKNTFI CKNTL'RY.
uoilunc?
1 ii coUl-
\' (die (ir
icriiilla's
ii|», Nvli'>
■sous the
Lculii with
WiVA u<»\v
,y of tllc
3 i\t first;
rea.-1'U <'t"
Ik.' suttle-
' tl\o vcar,
il tho ciul
fm (lis;4Ust.
i/A'd none
IV as wlioUy
itisU iVt'c-
alon;4' tl^'
)s,in'j; lU'ty
ioTololot-
aniarra in
> tlio linal
lemcnts to
[_>• constant
did not
1st. Only
•ted by '^
lired iVoni
cf looted.
Ic govorn-
[cs to un-
louts woro
a
(•(iiicliidtd Ity SaKatici'ia and Kino; and in [(V,)7 Ji
iiii->i'iii was loundcd at Li)rc((i, iu>t Ik'Iow tliu San
llimio «•!' ()itcj;a. J)illioullios wci'o ("ormidiiMo at
lii>t ami I'lir a loiii;- time; tlie savages Nwrc stnpid
;iiid olU'ii liostilo; (lie uiiard was small ; \is>rls canu!
il ;i ^nliiily willi supiilirs, and autlioiitics in Mexico
'MMi'ially tni'nt'd a doaf ear to a|i[>oa]s lor aid. S;d-
\atioiTa and J*ioo(tlo, however, never lost eoiira^o in
t!ii' darkest days, and lu'lore 1700 they had two mis-
.-idiis and Ji ;;iiard ol* thirty men.
ICi'^liteeiilh oentury unniJ.. (»!' Xueva Viseaj-a. and
tlif a<lj('iiiin,u' re;4ions, so far as they [>recede the tiocu-
jal!'!! (>r .Mt:i Calironna in 17G1), may he j)resented
\, itli en(tnL;li of detail lor the |»resent jinrposo very
liiiilly; I'ei' tiirou,L;liont tlioso hroad terriloiies ali'airs
luid I'alleu into llie monotonous I'outine of peace in
tlie sonlii, of war in the nortli, that was to eharaoter-
l/,e tliem i!s loii'^- as Si)anish domination sliould last,
anJ in ni:niy ri'spoots longer. To Xuevji Calioia as ;i
/'"(/■/•(' (Ic piiz may bo added in those times Sinaloa
and Dni'an^o to the north. The era of ooncjuost, as
ill a j^ieat measure of ndssionary labor, was past.
Tile author.ty of the audieneia and oivil L;'overnoi'S
IIS rN'erywliere respeeted. Curates under the bish-
w
oji^ Vviie in oontrol of spiritual affairs in all the lai'i^er
settleiiu-nts, ^liiiin<jf was the leadiiii;' industry, I'eeljly
siiiililemented bv stoek-i'aisiuii' and auiloulture. jNIinor
])olitieal and ocolesiastical controversies, the succes-
sii!ii of ))roviueial and suboivlinato ofiicials, iVagmen-
laiv static-ties of nunin'>: and other industiies, and
f non-))rogros;>ive looaliti
es
jK'tty loeal hapj)onings o
I'liniisli hut slight basis for an instructive resume,
evcii if such general review wore called for liorc.
There was, however, one exception to the unevent-
l";il nionotouv of Xuova Oalicia affairs durin'j^ this
juiiod, which slnndd be noticed here— the concjuost
of Xayarit. This niountainiuis and almost inaccessi-
ble je^n'ion of northern Jalisco, near the frontiers of
26
IXTRODUCTORY RESUMI?;.
Siiialoa, Dni'an_n(>, and Zacatecas had boon tlio last
rofug'o of aboriginal jjaganisni. Hore tlio bold moun-
taineers, Xa3'arits, Coras, and Tocuahnes, maintained
their independence of all S[)anisli or Christian control
till 17l! L. It wastliese tribes or adjoiningoncs directly
or indirectly su[)])()ited by them, that caused all Ind-
ian troubles of the century in Nueva Galicia. Xo
white man, whether soldier or fiiar, was permitted to
enter the narrow pass that led to the stronghold t)f
the Gran Xayai'. A long seiies of attempts at peace-
ful con(]uest resulted in failure; and the dilHculties
of forcible entiy were greatly exaggerated at the time,
and still more at a later ])eriod by Jesuit chroniclers
who sought to magnify the obstacles overcome by
their oi'der. The Navarits made a brave but fruitless
resistance, and tlieir stronghold fell before the tirst
determined and })roiracted i^.'.mpaign of the invaders
in 1721-2. In 172.1 the risifaclor or inspector found
about four thousand natives living submissivelv in ten
villages: and in 1707 seven Jesuits were serving in as
many Nayarit missions.
North of Nueva Calicia, as I have remarked, Du-
rango and Sinaloa require no special notice here. The
provinces at whose annals a glance must be given, are
New IMoxico; Chihuahua, or the northern portion of
Nueva Viscaya pro[)er; Sonora, including tlie lower
and upper Pinieria; and the peninsula of Baja Cali-
fornia. All tliis region, though in its industries and
some other phases of its annals very similar to the
southern provinces, was for tlie most part still aticrrd
tie (jiicrra, or land of war, always exposed to the raids
of savage gentiles, and oiten to the revolt;; of Chris-
tian converts. The rule was military rather tliau
civil, missionni-y r.ither than ecclesiastic, save in a few
of the larger towns.
Now i\lexico iVom 1700 to 1709 was an isolated
connnunity (f ni<)})hytes, Franciscan misr.i;)nari('s,
Spanish soldiers, and sottlei-s, struggling, not very
zealously, i'or a bare existence. Each of these classes
ANNALS OF NEW MEXICO.
27
tlio last
d nioun-
iutuiucd
1 control
, directly
all Ind-
:,-ia. No
ulttcd to
I'l'liold of
at pcaeo-
ilticultics
the time,
ironiclcrs
•come by
-J fruitless
the first
; invaders
tor found
'oly in ten
\^iu'jf in as
-ked, Du-
,ere. The
j,iven, are
)ortion of
he lower
iaja Cali-
tries and
hv to the
111 aticrnh
the r;iids
of (Miris-
llier than
in a few
isolate;!
r.ionaries,
[not very
|se classes
Avas sllLjlitly reeuforced during the period; and aid,
cliiefiv in the form of agricultural implements, eamo
iVcm time to time for the settlers, as did a salary for
tlic I'riars, from Mexico. A few mines were opened in
(lili'ei'ent })arts of the country; but about them, as about
llie agricultural and stock-raising industries wliich fur-
nished the means of provincial subsistence, very little is
known. Trade between the diti'eront towns, as with
(iiitside gcntik^ tribes and with merchants who brought
ill earavans i'rom the far south needed articles of loreigu
manulacture, was generally flourishing in a small way.
The Pueblo Indians were for the most part faithful
converts, thougli retaining a fondness for the rites and
sorceries of their old faith, which gave the mission-
aries no little ti'ouble. All Spanish inhabitants, with
the (nx'utsof 1G80 ever in their minds, were peculiarly
sensitive to rumors of impending revolt, which, from
ont' (l.irection or another, were very frequent, but rarely
well founded. There were occasional local troubles in
iVontiertowns; Zuhiwaslonginrevolt; and the ]\[oquis,
though declaring themselves subjects of Spain, stead-
fastly refused to become Christians. The Apaches
were often troublesome on the south and west; as
were the Yutas, Xavajos, and C'omanchos on the north
and east — each nation ready to make a treaty of peace
V, lie! lover ])rospects for plunder seemed unfavoruble.
IJaiely did a year i>ass without a campaign against
one of these nations, or an expedition to the }>lo(pu
tovns. Such timu as the governor could s]iare from
Indian caiii])aigns was laru'elv devoted to i)olitical con-
Inivcrsios and Jofonco a'jainst c]iari>'(^s of r()i'rii])ti(Hi
or incompetency. The <i'overnor was diriM-tlv i-esnon-
sible to the vice>r( y, and a Franciscan custoilian v.as
ill charge of the friars. In the latiT years of the
])eriod now under consideration, the po[mkition of
native Christians was about ten thousr.nd. in tweiity-
iive towns under fifteen I'riars. Of Spanish aiul mixed
blood, settlers and soldiers with their funilies, there
Were pi'i4ia[)s twenty-five hundred souls, ehielly at
msmm
ill
28 INTRODUCTORY RESUMl5.
Santa Fo nnd AlhurquonjiU', but also scattered to
Koine extent on liaeientlas. Two or three curates uiuler
the bishop of Duraugo attended to their spiritual
needs.
Chiliuahua during this period, as before and later,
was e\p<jscd to never ending raids from the niui\!er-
ous Apaches, which foi the most part prevented all
l)ernianent ])rogress. Though the savages from the
Ijolson de ^lapimi were again troublesome at first, yet
the mining settlements of San Bartolome Valley in tlie
south counted a Spanish population of over f »ur thou-
sand in 170(1. Xear Nombre do Dios, tlie rich mines
of Santa ICulalia were discovered, and here in llu^ early
years of the century the Real de San Felipe, or C'hi-
huahua, s[)rang into existence. The new town grew
i';ipidly for a time, but in 17GG the ])opulation had de-
creased to four hundred families. A line of half a dozen
presidios, or military posts, was established before 1720
in the north as far as Janos and Paso del Norte; and
these posts, some of them being moved from time to
time according to need, kept the i)rovincc from utter
ruin, though there was hardly a mission, hacienda, or
real de minas that was not at one time or aui Iher
abandoned. The Franciscans C(»ntinued their strnu'ule
against paganism, and m 1711 founded six new mis-
sions at the junction of the liio Conclios and 11 io
Grande, which, however, had to be abandoned v.itliin
ten years. In the Spanish settlements curates relieved
the friars, and the missions of the region about l*aso
del Norte were secularized in 175 • only to be restored
to the missionaries for a time in later years. Also in
175() the Jesuit missions of the Tepehuane and .13aja
Tarahumara districts were secularized. These missions
and those of Alta Tarahumai'a had been constantly
(1. '('lining. 1'heir troubles and tlose of their Jesuit
directors at the liands of savage invaders, rexolting
ncoi)hytes, Spanisli settlers and miners, and secular
ofiicials, were in every I'ssentiid r(\s[)ect similar to tiiose
ol' the Sonora establishments to be ntjticed presently.
EVENTS IX n.MErJA ALTA.
29
:yc(\ to
s luaU'i'
piiitiuil
d later,
inuivlcr-
utcd all
L-om the
first, vet
oy iutUc
lur tliou-
•U mine:-;
tlu'. c:irly
, or C\\\-
wii ;.!,rr\v
1 luul dc-
U'aJcweii
fore 17-20
ortc; and
1 time to
oiu utter
eieiula, or
aiv ilier
• stnii;',u,'lt^
iiuw luis-
aiid iVu)
•d within
s relieved
out Paso
. n-;;tored
Also ill
ind Baja
;iuissioiis
loustantly
.'u- J(-suit
ro\oUin.L;
1 ^tcular
I- tollioso
)reweutly.
Tlic Jesuits were succeeded in ITG" by eighteen Fi-au-
(•isc;ii)s iVoni Zaeatecas.
Sinaloaand southern Sonera in the eigliteentli cen-
tiirv present little or nothing of importance to our
] impose. In the extreme north, Kino continues to
];il>or as lieforc with like discouraging results till liis
(l.'.ith in 1711. No missionaries can be obtained lor
1 lie north; his only permanent associates in Pimeria
Alta are Campos and Velarde. IMilitary autliorities
still (li^^lrust the Pimas, or pretend to distrust them;
hut till' Jesuits believe these officials are reallv in
league with the miners and setthn's to oppose the
luissidu work, desiring the hostility of the natives
tli.it iIkv may l>e enslaved and plundered; at any rate
a invi'i- oiiding controversy ensues. After Kino's death
ilierc is no change for tlu^ better; and no increase of
missionaries imtil 1730. Father Campos makes several
tours fo the gulf coast, but connnunication with the
iinilh l)ec(Mnes less and less frc(|uent; and Apache
laids are (^f constant occuri'ence. The Spanish popu-
lation of Pimeria in 1730 is about threi; liundred.
Tli(> sol(li(M's are said to o-ive more attention to mininu:
than to tlien- proper duty ot protecting the })rovinc(^;
and an injudicious policy of non-interference with the
Apaches is at on(> time adopted by orders IVom ^lexico.
1m 17:11 ihree new ]>riests come, and are assigned to
tlir northei'U missii)ns of Suamca, (luevavi, and San
.1a\ic!'(lel l)ac founded at this tiuK^, though the natives
of each had been often before^ A'isitcd by th(> Jesuits.
They are sii]i])lied irrt^gularly with missionaries from
tl'is tinu
The names of Cain])os and Velard(> juv
lly di-apjiear from the records to be rejilaced by
tl' Sed(>hnair and Keler. In 173(»-.")0 these
desuirs make several tours to the (jila region, in eon-
lion with vain ])rojects for the conversion (»f tin
I'll
111.
liri
Mor|nis and the occupation of Northern Califorida.
It is in these years, 17.".7-41, tliat occurs th(> fa:nous
ng excitement of the Polas de Plata, at .i ])lace
■I ween Saric and Guevavi called Ari/oiiao, whence
mini
30
INTRODUCTORY R^SUM]^].
tho lumic Arizona. The presidio of Tcrronato is
founded about 1741. The Piinas l)ecome perlmps as
bad as they had been accused of beini^ from the first.
They revolt in 1751-2, kilHng two priests and a Irun-
dred other Spaniards; and for five or six years there
is a bitter controversy between the missionaries and
the ii'overnnient touchlnuf the causes of the rev'olt.
But the j)residio of Tubac having been established,
and a small garrison stati(jned at Altar, the missions
are rcoccupied, and maintain a precarious existence
during the rest of the Jesuit period. Six priests are
serving in 17G7. Near San Javier del Bac there is a
native rancheria, called Tucson, where after 1752 a
few Spaniards have settled; but the place is tem-
porarily abandoned in 17G3.
The A])aches of the north arc not Sonera's only
savage scourge; but from 1724 the Seris, Tcpocas, Sal-
ineros, Tiburon Islanders, and other bands of the
gulf coast above Guaymas, keep the province in almost
constant terror by their ravages. There has l)eeii
some mission work done at intervals, by the Calilor-
nian pailres chiefly, in the Guaymas region, but no
permanent missions are established. The Cerro Prieto
is the rendezvous and stronghold not only of the tribes
named, but at intervals of the Pimas Bajos and other
bauds of revolting neophytes. The danger from this
direction is generally deemed }]^reater than from the
Aj)aches, who are somewhat restrained by the hos-
tility of the Pimas Altos. Camjiaigns to tho Cerro
Prieto are frequent, and generally unsuccessful. In
one of them in 1755 Governor Mendoza is killed.
In 17o4 the province of Sinaloa y Sonora is sepa-
rated from Nueva Vizcaya, and put under a governor
and conunandant general, whose capital is nominally
still San Felii)e de Sinaloa, but really San Juan or
I'itic in Sonora. Under liim are the presidio captains.
Civil affairs are administered as before by alcaldes
niayores. The governor's time, or the little that is
left fror.> the almost continuous campaigns against
JESUIT MISFOllTUXES.
31
iiDi-thorn or western suvai^es, is devoted to the defence
I' his DW'ii policy, to controversies wi
th tl
iirif;
aiul
to tl
le recoianiendiUion o
f d
le nnssion-
ivers measures
e
w
I'oi' till' salvati(jn of the country, few of which are
adopted and nont' effectual. In 1740-1 there is a. seri-
ous revolt of the Ya(|uis and hitherto subniissiv
^Ia\H)s. The presidio of Pitic at llerniosillo is no
i'ouiided, afterwards being transferred for a time to
]Iorcasitas. In 1745 there are estimated to be six-
teen hundred Spanish inhabitants, possibly men, in
Sinaloa, Ostimuri, and Sonora, besides about two
hnndred soldiers in the dilferent presidios. A'isitador
General (hdlardo in 1741) reported the province to be
ill a most unpr(jsj)ei'()us and ci'itical condition. The
population is ever shifLiuL;' v^iih the iinding of new
niiiies, not a single settlement having over ten perma-
U'lit Sj);nii.di families, though a regular town has been
hcgun at Ilorcasitas. Xo remedy is found for existing
evils before I7G7, but all'airs go on fi'om bad to worse.
The missions .share in t'le ufcneral misfmiuncs.
]
ieiore
1(:)0 thcv had declined about one half i
n
neo[)hyte population from 1G78; and the decline con-
tinues to th(; end. The Jesuits o-raduallv lose i
nucl
ot tiieu' miluence e\ce])t over women, cJiuelren, anc
iiilii'in old men. Indeed thei'o arov/s up ao'ainst tlu
I
up
'Ul
a very bitter })oj)ular ieeling, and they become in-
volve;' in vexatious controversies with the author-
ities and (jrnte <h' razon, or civilized peoj)le, geiu'rally.
New-comers are largely (Jerman mend)ers of the coni-
iK.uy with less jiatience and less intcn-est in tlie mis-
sions than the old Spanish workers; and all become
more or less petulant in their discouragement under
t'xcr increasing troubles. Thev art! ibr the most |>art
good men, and in the right generally so far as the
til 'la lis of particular (juarrels are concerned; but they
<'.imii)t obtain the
i snic <j)iii iioii oi cout inu(
mission
>riis!)i
'riLV, ])rotection m trouble, non-mtei'iereiice m
•Ui'ces,; and like nnssionarii's everywhert; they cannot
iubmit gracei'ully to the ine\itable overthrow of their
32
INTRODUCTORY RESUME.
I '• a
1 1' ; ' ; .1:
It AM
peculiar system. Settlers and miners, desiring their
lands and the labor of tlu'ir neophytes, preach liberty
to tlie natives, foment hatre(' to the })riests, advocate
secularization, and as the Jesuits believe even .stir
up revolt.
Before secularization or utter ruin befalls the Sonora
missions, all of the Jesuit order arc expelled from
Spanish dominions. The jiriests had been waiting for
a change, and it comes in a most imexpected form.
After months of confinement at Guaymas they arc
banished, thirty-seven in number, at the beginning of
17(58. Soon the missions are given to Franciscan
friars, who like the Jesuits are faithful; but tliu
change leaves the several establi.-^hnients in no better
condition than before. At the same period comes
the grand military expedition of Elizondo under tlie
auspices of Galvez, which is to reduce the savo-^e foes
of Sonora to permanent submission, but which is not
briMiantlv successful. Notwithstandino; the radical
changes of this })eriod Sonora affairs proceed nuich as
Ijcfore ; l>ut from the exhibition of energy accom])a-
nving these chann'cs, as we shall see, results the occu-
pation of Alta California.
Maritime annals of tlic period have no importanci!
in this connection, consisting ahn()st eiitii'el}' of tlie
predatory efforts of Dampier, Eogers, Shelv(.)cke, and
Anson, who lie in wait at different times for the
Manila ship. On the ])(Miinsula of Baja California
Salvatierra and his assoeiates labor with zeal and suc-
cess, (lifts from rich ])atrons, forming the 'pious
fund,' enable them to purchase su})|)lies and thus
counteract the disadvantages of their barren country.
At the same time its barrenness and isolation relieve
them from nuich of the interferenc-e suffered in Sonoia.
Yet there are Sj)aniards who desire; to iish i'or peai'ls:
and there are others who l)elieve the Jesuits to he
engaged secretly in pearl-fishing and thus amassiiii;'
great wealth. Indeed there are few i»ersecutions sul-
fered bv their brethren across the uulf, v. hich in a
MISSIONS OF THE TEXIXSULA.
33
niodiruHl form do not afTcct tlioin; Avliilo tlioy onduro
many ]iai'dslii|)s and jirivaiioiis clsewlicrc unknown.
Missions ai'L- founded till tho chain extends ncaily ilio
wliolo length of the peninsula, Salvatierra di( s in
1717. I n I 7 1 8-2 1 Ugarte builds a vessel and exi)lores
the ,uulf to its head. The ^Manila ship touches occa-
sionally after 1734; and this same year marks the
Iic'^iuniii^' of long-continued revolts in the south, tlur-
iiig wliichtwo })riests are killed. Governor Huidrobo
conies over from Sonora for a campaign, and a })residi(>
is founded at San Jose del Cabo. In 1 742-8 an e}»i-
deniic destr(jys several missions. Father Consag in
1740 and 1751 explores both the gulf and ocean
coasts. About 1750 there is a general revival in coni-
uiercial, mining, and pearl-tishing industries; but it is
not of lonij: duration, brinu'inn" blame also ui)on the
Jesuits. Save the praiseworthy desire to ini])rove the
Hjtii'itual condition of its inhabitants, thei'e is no
encouragement for the Sjianish occupation of this
countrv. Sixteen Jesuits died in the countrv; sixteen
were banished in 17G8. Bitter feelings against the
t'oinj)any in the North IMcjxican provinces, or indeed
in America, had but slight influence in causing the
cx})ulsiou of the Jesuits from the Spanish dt)minions.
Uisi. Cal., Vol. I. 3
CHAPTER II.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIAX HISTORY.
m
List of ArTitoniTiES — A Catalocte ok Calikohnia Books — Tayi,oi;'s List—
l'i;oi'osi;i) C'l.AssiricATiuN—l'KKioiis ok Histouy — Sixtf.kx lli'NDijr.ii
Trri.Ks uKi'ouK 1S4S — PJiiNiKK Mati'.kiai,— Krocii or DisrovEiiv to
17<1!* — CosMOdUAl'lllKS AMI \'<iV\i:i', ('nl.l.llCTloNS— Sl'A.NI--iI Ih'Oi II
17(i'.'-lSi24 — Books ok \ i^irui;.-; — Books, I'kkiodk'als, am> ]>o(r-
MKNTS — Tin: ^Ii;m(an 1'i:i;ioi), ln-Jl-l.S-4(J— Voyacks— Ovi:i:i.;M) Xak-
EATiVl.S — Fll;ST 1'UINTSOkCaI.IKOIIMA — WoUI^SokMkXUAN AlTIlolis—
GoVKUNMKNT ] )0CU.M1;NTS — HiSTOUIKS— Lo(;AI. ANNAI.S— Onk TllorSANI)
TlTLKS OK ^L\Nirs(!IlIl'TS — AliOIII VI.S, I'riJLIC, ^ll.sSluN, ANI> I'lilVATK—
VaI.I.K.TO and LaKKIN — I/oCI'MKNTAUY TlTL^:^S — SlATTKKr.U ('()|;i;i:-
si'ONDKNCi: — Dictations ok Xativds and I'ionkkus — Yah K ok Rkmin-
ISCKSCES — AlTKll TIIK ( itU.l) Dl.'iCUVLllY — ^IaNCSCUH'TS— BoOIiS riilNTKH
IN ANL> AliOCT CaI,1FOJ;NI A.
I HAVE prefixed to tin's Yolinno a list of authorities
cited ill the Ilisfori/ <i/'C(i/if(inii(i, Avliicli iiieludrs about
four tliousaud^ titles of hooks, ])ain])hlets, ]ie\vspaj)ei's,
printed doeunieiits, articles, and rnaiuiserijits. It is
souietldiiL;' more than a mere list of the woi'ks con-
sulted and ejiitomi/A'd in this ])art of my history,
heinn" iiractically a coniph.'te catalo^'ue of all existinn'
matt'rial pertaining to ( 'alifoi'uia, down to the epoch
of the discovery of gold, and oi' all histoi'ical ma-
terial to a later period. 1 am of <'oursc aware that
a perfectly complete hihliographical list of authorities
on any topic of magnitude docs not exist ; and I do not
pretend that mine is such a list; hciicc the limitation, a
' TliMaiL'lioiit this cluipttf f ciniiloy nuiMil iiiuiiIki-s, ••iml in most iiisl.'nicps
tho wdiil •iiliiiiit' .sliiiuld Imi iiiidcrstcKiil \\ itii i';i(li iiimilicr. 'J iio mccssity of
piiiilJii;.' tluH smniiuiry Ixturc tlii' list is put in type j irvi-nts ahsolute iU'L-u-
I'uuy; ytt lli<; nnini'iiral slatcnifnls arc liy no nn;uis nicix' estimates, li;it ii.:iy
1)0 re;-aiik'il aa inacticaliy accuiute, the Yuiiatiou uever exceeding two w
three ptr cent.
(u4)
n.ASSlFICATIOX OF WORKS.
35
i-.i.N llrNiMjr.i'
])|>C((VKUY TO
■ANU-ll Krot H
;, AM) 1><»'-
VI.IM.ANI) NaK-
AN AiTiiiii;s—
OM'TiltHSANli
\Mi I'lllVATK—
■TKur.u ('ui;k:-.-
\]XV. UV llKMlN-
DOOKS ruiNTKl)
ii;l(tifa11\'' CO
iii])1(.'Il' ciltilloi^ur. Additinii.'il I'cscai'cli
>v'jil ;i(l(l ;i IrW items to L'acll, or most, oi' iiiy stlh-
(lixisioiis; and v\v\\ now, did spac; permit, sevei'al
el" tliem miLU'lit !•<• mri'ully extended, as Mill he ])res-
ciitlv explained, without ri>ally addini;' much to tl
value o
rti
le (-a
tal
oLi'ue.
Vs it stands the list is n)or
coiniilete than any other within my knowK'dj^v relatinj^^
to any state or teri'itory ot" our union, or indeed to
jinv ether country in tlie woi'ld.^
I»ei>])eetini>" each ol' the titles niven tlu-rc will In*
1', iinid somewhere in this history a hil)liooTa}ihie note
atlordin^' all desirable ini'ormation about the work and
its.-uitlior; so that il'these notes were brought toi^-ether
and attached in alphabetic onler to the items ot" the
li-t, the I'esult would bo a ]iil)/i'<);f)'(i/)/ii/ of Cii/'fi>i'ii/<ni
IL'sli>i''/,to which work the pre'sent chapter mi^'lit si'i'w;
as an intro(hiction. Iw. it 1 [iroposo to a certain extent
to classiiV the works which have I'nrnislied data ibr
this and tin; Ibllow in-j;' volumes, and brieily to (h'sci-ibo
and ciiticisc such of" the varicnis classes and subdi-
\isi(ins as niay seem to recjuire remai
A i;
W IlKl
\idi;al Wdiks oi" a L^cneial or representatix c nature
iiiav appropriately be noticed in this comiection;
hut as a I'ule' the reader must look elsewhere Ibr such
.-.pecial notices. "^I'o the general reader, as nurst be eon-
re>sed, hibliogra[)hy is a topic not the most I'asrinatiiiL;';
luutalion,a
ilisohito iu'cii-
-Si) f;ir as wdilis on California ari' conccrni'd, the only previous attiiniit at
.'iiivtliin;,' ap|iroai.-liinj; a (-jnipk'tu ii^st is Alex. S. Taylor's JlHi/iinjnij'd ('a/i-
j<,i-iiii-ti. ]m
lilislicil in the .SV
•ilo C
if Juno •_'.'>, 1S(;;!, with
ilitiij
in till,' same jiapcr of Mai'ch i;i, lS(iil. lu a copy jircsi'i'vcil in tlio i^ilnaiy of
tlu' California I'ionciTS in San Francisco, there are mainisi ript aihlitioiu of
still later (late. This work eontaineil over a thousaml titles, hut its lit-lil was
tluMJiolu territory from ]>aja California to the Arctic Ocean, west of the
Kii'ky Moiuitaiiis, only ahont one half of the works relatin;;' to Alta ( 'alitor-
jiroper. Dr Taylor's /eal in this direction was most coninien
lahh
>uri CSS, considcriiiL,' his extremely limited facilities, was wonderfnl; yet his
catiiloLMU' is useless. ]{e never saw one in live of the works he names; lilun-
(ki-; average nioro than one to each title: he names many hooks that ikmt
existed, others so inaccurately that they cannot lie trailed, and yet otlurs
several limes oxer under diU'eriiit title
licialion of liihlii "graphic /m/ois
]{\
IS in.Nnlk'ralile jieilantry iiml at-
i-s of tho
i)tl
itc with the tyjiouraiihic
'.Npapei- press to destroy for (he most jiai't any merit that the list ini;difc
utl:crwise lia\i
I
ia\(! no iloiiii
t th.
may h-
few (vf Ta\li
r s items r<'|.r(
seiitiiii,' hooks or doenments that actually exist and are nut in my list; hiil to
ttiect them would he a well ni;ih liuiieicss task.
36
BreLTOCrvAPIIY OF CATJFORXIAX IITSTORY.
l>ut its novelty in Ciiliforniiin as|)c'cts and tliu brevity
and coiupi'dicnsiNcncss ol' its ti'oatincnt in this instance
may |)cilia|is \n: ollcrcd as (•irciuiistani-cs tcudinj,^ to
counteract inherent monotony.
In point of time 1)il)lio;j^ra|iliy, lil^e tlie liistoiT, (>\'
California is dixided intt) two i;reat ])eri()ds l)y the
discovery of iji-old in 1848. I have some sixteen linn-
di'ed titles foi' tlu' earlier Di'riod and over two thousand
1
lor the later; thouui'h the division ^vo^ld be nuniei'ically
much less ecjual wore ])rinted material alone consideied.
Antl if books and pamphlets only were taken into
account, disrejj^arding iiuwspaj)ers and art icles and doc
unients in pi'int,the nund>ei-s would stand two hundred
and seventy for the i)rimiti\'e, and :,io»'e tlian a thou-
sand for the modern epoch. Yet there could be no
good reason for restricting my list of authorities to
books; and its extension to manuscript, documentaiy,
and periodical material is entirely legitimate, as will
be at once apjuirent to scholars. Where to sto[> in
this extension, however, and in the conse(|Uent sub-
division of documentary data is obviously a )>oint re-
specting which no two critics woidd be likely to agree.
The abundance of my material has ])ut me Iteyond the
tem])tati(Mi to exaggerate; and while some will doubt-
less regret that in certain directioris, notably that of
original manuscripts, I have not midtiplied titles, the
ever ju'esent necessity of I'igid condensation has con-
trolled my course in this matter.^
For the years ])receding 1 848 manuscript authei'-
ities greatly outnumber those in print, being l,0;)Oout
of a total of 1 ,(')50 ; but in later times, the era of news-
])a])ers antl jirinted government records, manuscri|t(s
nundier less than 200, in a t(jtal of over 2,000. I be-
gin naturally with the eai'lier [)eriod, and tir.st givi;
attention tt) printed material.
■' Tlio I'onili'i' is remindod .also tlwt in foot-notes of the followiiij,' pa,c;cs .tic
nfuivnoL'H to tliousiuiils of docunicnts in niiinusci'ipt tiiid print that lav not
given titles or mentioned be]^jarately in the list.
Y.
A^^ l)rovity
i>^ iiistar.cf
.uucliug tu
history, fi'
ids l)y thr
Ktijvu liun-
1) lliousanil
iniK-'rically
L'oUKideretl.
tiikoii into
Ic'S tiiul doc
yo luuidlt'd
inn ;i tliou-
■iiuld l»o ii<>
Lliorities to
if'uuiciitary,
late, as ^vill
t to st()l> in
(jueiit svili-
i ]toint I'c-
V to a^Tcf.
H'VOlld tlu'
\vill doul)t-
ly that of
I titles, tlM-
on has con-
ipt author-
1,0:^,0 out
ra of uo\v>-
iianusrrii>ts
)00. I hi'-
iirst give
)\viiii,' pa.cfcs ni'c
lul tiuit ai-c not
rrTNTi'P wmtKs T.^roni: 1709.
^7
Titles (if iirinted authorities on this Ijrstof the two
c'Tcat periods ninnht-r', as I haxc said, something o\oi'
(iUO, of wlii'-h '^70 ai'e hooks or painphlets, 2.^)0 dorii-
iiM Ills oi" ai'tieles, and DO periodicals or eollcctions I hat
i;i,iv hi; so classed. It is well, however, to stdidisidc
llic period ('hi'onologically, and to glance at the eai'liest
(•jHicIi of discovei-y, namely, that pi'eeeding I 7(1!). I'p
1.) tliisdato Califin'uia had not heen the exclusive, or
indeed tlie chief, topic of any hook; yet )iiy list con-
tains ;")() at least, which treat of the distant jU'oviiice
and tlu'Vovages thereto. The numhei- might he cou-
slderahly augmented hy including all general works,
in which California was harely nanud at second hand;
el' in Hk<; maimer lessened by <Mnitting repetitions of
Sir rrancls Drake's voyage; and indeed eight' would
siiliiee to Impart all the actual knowledge extant at
tlie time in [irint, the rest being of interi\st mainly by
reason of their (piaint cosniograjdiical eoni^'its or eoii-
jectiUY's oil the name ( 'allfornia. l"'i\'e of these are
general Sjianlsh works alluding to California f>nly as a
pait of Spanish America, one being a romance naming
I lie provinei! before its discovery.'"' Sixteen are de-
.-riiptive cosmographieal woi'ks of the old ty])e, to
v.hich maybe added four JCngllsh riH'ords of a slightly
dHfi'rent class." Then we have sixteen of the oiice
po[>n]ar collections of voyages and travels, to whii'h as
to tlie preceding class additions might be made with-
out u'olnu' out of my librai'V.' ^\nd linallv we may
notice eight works which treat of s[)i'cial voyages — none
of lliem actually to California — or the lix'es of special
^ See hi tliu list the fdlliiwint: lieadinas: Calircra lUuiio. Tliakc, Haklnyt,
JKirera, IJii-elinteii, I'niclias, 'i'lJi'cpuiiiada, and Vcncuas. It is ])i-iil)alili!
that th(,'.<c li>t notes will not iie deenieil of any imrortanee to the ueiu ral
leaih r; hut he can easily pass them hy; and it is lielieved tiiat their value to
a ecitain class of students will more than pay for the conijiaratively litth-
.spare they lill.
'See Ac(jsta, Apostolicos Afaucs, Diaz del Castillo, Ksiilandian, and Viil.i
Senor.
''Sec America, Blacu, D'Avity, fiottfrieilt, Heylyn, l.aet, J^'iw. Luyt,
Meivato!-, Moutanns, Morelli, 0<,'illiy. Orteliiis. West Indische Siiieyhcl, and
Wytlliet; also (.'aniden, (.!anii)liell, Coxe, and l)avis.
' See Aa, llacke, lluiris, Sannnlung, Haniusiu, and Voyages.
38
BTBLTOflRAPTrV OK rATJFOnxr.W IIIST0I!V,
;i'
iifiviy;it<)rs,''!iii(l a Wkv inuiilxT nfiniixutniit (locnmcnfs
rclaf inn' to this j>)'iinili\r ciiocli, Nvliidi were imt known
ill print until niodci'n tiinrs." As 1 liavc said, ( 'alilor
Ilia was liut incidentally niciitloni'd in tlu- hooks n!"
this early time; a few contained all that visitors hal
revelled (if the coast ; while the rest wei'c content with
a nio-t inaccui'ate and snpei'ticial repetition eked oui
with imagination to I'oriu the \\«,nders ol' the Northern
31vsterv.
'i'lu; next snh-poriod was that of inland ('X|)loration,
of settlement, of mission-foundinix, <»^' Spanish domina-
tion in C'alil'oniia, lastini^ iVoni I7(»l) to IS-Jl. 1 havi'
nhoiit four hundi'ed titles for this time; hut the show-
ini^' of printed niattei' is niea^'rc.', nuniherin^n' not al)o\e
sixty. N\'t the mnnhei- in<-lu(K;s three woi'ks devoti d
exclusively to tin; ])rovinee, two of them, ('ostaiis<V>
Jji'iii'io and the Mniifcrc'/, Ax/racfo dc Xot/cins, heiii ^
hrief hut important records of the first expeditions
to San Diego and Monterey, while the third, .l^dou"^
\'t(l<i <!<■ Jinifpcro Scrrct, was destined to he the
standai'd history of the coimti'y down to I7S4, a
mo>t valuahle i-ecord. Next in importance were tt ii
works in which navi<;atori;; descrihed their visits ti*
California and to other parts of the western coast."
One of thes(! early visitors wrote in Ene-lish; two in
S|)anish; ilwco in fjlerman; arid four in French.
Several of them, iiotahly IjH Perouse and A'nncouver.
went far heyond their own ])crsonal ohservations,
eleaniniT material hy which the earliest history of the
counti-y hecanie for the iit;<t time known to tlie world.
"J'o two of the voya<^e-na)'r;;;t>.-es, unimportant in them-
selves, were ]»relixed by comjietent and well I'Cnown
editoi's," extensive sun.m.-a'ies of earlier ex[)loration--.
''Sec I'uvton, Cl.nk, Diimpiur, Rogti-s, Slu'lvocke, aii<l UUoii.
"See .\bci.iision, Calnillo, (."aiddiiii. DciHiiicjicinii, ]'',v.'ms, Xicl, and S;,l-
jiu'ron. 'J here iiiv many itiore iniiKU' (loi'iiniciitsof this class rehitiiig vagiu^y
to ( 'alifoi'niu in eonnrct ioii witli tlic Norllicni Mystery.
'"See ( 'lianiisso, ( 'Iwris, Ivotzcliue. l^aiiirsihirir, I.a Peronsj, Marchaiiil,
Manrtlle, ]!(.M[uefeuiUc. Sulil y .Mexicaua, and N'aucouvcr.
" See Fleurieu ami X.naricte.
i
..J
rKllIon OF SI'AXISIT occur ATTON".
so
ot known
KCaliloi
l)o()ks III
>il(tl'S ll.'l.l
itt'Ut with
eked out
Kortliii'ii
;|)l()riiti<)n,
>li (loniii:;!-
\. 1 li:i\v
the sliow
not iil)o\i'
vs (It'Voli'd
(A)staiis('»s
cias, l)ciii ',
'Xpt'ditidUs
nl, Piilou's
to !).> tlir
I) 17S4, :i
o were tiU
r visits i>
'111 coast."
fli; two ill
I
I'oncii.
¥
iUlC'OUVC
ivvation
Ol'V ()
ftlir
Itlie worM.
jt in tluMii
Icll known
iloration^.
Ixicl, nn'1 i^^^l-
lutiiig vagiu .y
Marchaiul,
l\.r llic r<'st we li;iV(' li.'ilf a, dojccn n't-JU'Val works on
Aim ii<M;'' a lilcc nnnil)cr ol" Mexican works with
iiKittti' on ( 'iililornia ;'■' and as many colk;ctit)ns ot'
\(i\ ii'^cs and till Vols."
( )|" .\ft'\ic;ni n('Wsii;i|)ci'scontaininj;'Calil'oi-ni;in ncnvs
(lurin'4' this jicriod, only tlic olHcial jonrn.'d, tlic (i'<icc/ii
(Ir M'xicn, rc<|nii'cs mention lici-c. And jirintcd docn-
iiicnts (ir arii<I('s arc oidv seven in mnnl)<T; tliouu'li
lliiir iiiinlit In- cited Very many documents of the?
S|i;iiiisli envernnu'nt relatinj^- to or namin!^' ('alifornia
.-•Iiiilily I'ls ;i jirovince ot" ^Tiixico. 'i'wo essays hy vis-
itors iwc jiriiited with the hooks of voya!_;'ei's tliat
li,i\-e hee)i naiMed.'' ( 'aptain Shaler liad tin- honor
(if hi'in<4 the lii'st American visitor whose narrative wns
]!iiiited ill the rnited States; (iovernoi* Sola sent a
r(|)ort whi''li u;is juinted in Mexico; two instrnctioc.s
for ( ';iliroriii;iiis were ]>nt in type;'" and in one ot'thc!
S|i;iiii.>li voyau'e-c.-ih'clioiis a]»j)enred an account of l!ie
ciMiiiliys history and conchtion in connection Avith
r(iiiiisi'l;ir ali'airs." J)ocunient.s of this ])ei'iod not
|iriiited until much lati-r arc; some of them impoi'tant,
cspe( i;illy those [)uhlished in PhIok, 2\'u(ici(is, and tin,"
/>'('. 7//,s7. Alex. I'here are nineteen titles of this
Cl.'lSS,
IS
']1ie tiiial suh-period extending from 1 824 to 184S
ni;ty he divided liistoi'ically into that of jMexican rule
to ls4''>,iiiid th;it of th»^ conrpiest and American mili-
ry ii!le to tlie o'old dis<'ovei-y; hut hihlioL>;ra]>hically
sui'h Hui)di\Ision is convenient, and I treat all a.;
^ one epoch. It cliiims 700 titles in my list, 475 of
I wliich represent printed matter, and 180 Ijooks ])i'ope]'.
'-'Sec AKeilo, AiujiU'til, IVmiiycnstle, ]*.iifncy, rorstor, TTuiuloMt, and
t;i
lie
iviinl
Airicivitii, Cl.'uiL'cvo, Corti's, Oi
V
\\\i\, I rosiciKis, mill KdsiiriVMi
IT!
.(iciH'LT, Korr.
' Cliiiiiii.s
)M<i i;
J.iiliaipL', riiikuitoii, A'i.igLio Uiiivc
.r.siu, mill \ ovascs
' ( i;ilv(.v, uiiil U!
■Ciilik
mill en 17'.'!».
I'lllull, Jif.-l
vltaniira, Aniiona, Crcspi. ]")<)inini,'ur'7, Oarers, Hall, lloit'ta, Mani'ino,
inKutu, Ituvilla Giiicilu, ycrra, and VcL
lUlc.
^
'10
BIP.LTOni^AI'ITV OF PALIFOKXrAX TTT^'^TOKV.
!• ri
,»r.,,;,,f . ;,,
First ill ini|ii»rtnii('(', willi I 'otit-Tliouars ;it the
lieail of llii' list so tat" as Iiistnrv is conccnuMi and
Coultii- at llic foot, arc lourtccii narratiscs of voy
a^crs, wlio ^•isit;•(l i\\v coast and in many instances
made l;()o»1 use of their ()])|)oi'timitios. '^Flie worlds o|'
INIolVas and \Vilki>s arc the most pretentions ol' tlie
luimlier, liut not the most valuable.^" To these sliovild
1)0 added four scieutitic works resulting from .some of
these xoyages;'" and thi'ce ollicial accounts of e\])loi'-
ing marches across the continiMit in hook lorm;'"^ with
■\\hich we may a])|)ro[)riately class a dozen accounts of
Calilornia hy foreign visitors or I'osideuts, g(-nerally in-
clu(hiig a uarrative of the trip hy land or sea." Foni'
foreigiu'rs Avho had never visited the countiy com-
])iled historical accounts,"'' one of which, hy Forbes,
has always enjoyed a meritinl I'eputation as a standard
book. Then there wt'i'e half a dozon or more woiks
on ( h'egon Avith brief mention of (Jalilbrnia,''^ and
half a dozen s[)ecches in congress or elsewhere |)rinted
in |)amj)hlet form, a munber that might be A'ery
greatly increascvl if made to include all that men-
tioned ( 'alifornia in connection with the JNIexican war
and the Oreu'ou ()ut'stion
U'om loi'eiLTii sourci's mav
b
lo a
added
11 of
tl
whicn
titl
I'S
lose o
f tel
I Ll'en-
ei'al works'"" contammg alhisions to our proxiiice.
( 'hief among works in Spanish for this period should
stand six which, though with one exception not veiy
imixii'taiit for history, wi're the first books printed in
M'
'.y
California, most of them being entirely unknown until
now
And with tl
lesc! mav i>e nai
ned eiii'ht otlur
'liooclioy, IVli'luT, Clcvclaiiil, ('(lultcr, ]>:in,i, l)iili!Hit-( 'illy. n\iish (ik
visitDi), J\.iit/('lmc, l,ii|il;Re, iMdlVtis, Morri'll, I'etit-TIi'
Ji
llSClU!llhl'l'-
gcr
^IIIIIISDII, illll
1 Wi
'lliiicls, i;iiliai<ls()ii, iiiul U. S. Iv\. Ex. — the lutor incluiliiiif iii.uiy \v(;rl;i
l)y ilitrirint mitlior.s,
lunry a
11(1 l'"it'in()nt.
and Ki
ISichM'll, Jiilsou, JJuse.ina, I'ryjmt, Farnham, Hastings, Kolloy, Puttii"
'( 'lifts, l'\ir1i('s, Orci'iili'iv.-, ;iii(l Ifu^'lies.
21|.'
Ia'c, Xiciiliiy, 1''
(■t(
'('l;irk, ll.iU, Tliiiiiipsoii, Webster, <^te.
Ml
'I'yt
i.Uiliin, rnu TOW . ('oiiil)icr, ll'Orliigiiy, Irviiij,'. Lafoiid, Lai'ilnur
ytler.
^' Jjutica, J''inuoioa, llc'L'laiii(.nto, lliualda, Itoiiicro, and N'ull
Icjt
EARLY TATJFOr.XTA PTITXTlXa.
41
. nl 11 If
■ui'(i anil
i of voy-
iiistances
woiks of
IS of tllf
ise slumld
1 SOllU' "t
L)t' ex[>loi'-
mf' with
•counts of
nerally in-
a.-- I'^oui'
iitry <'»>ii>-
ly i\)rl)t's,
a standnvil
love woiks
niia,-'^ and
■VL! |)rintc'd
t l)c vrry
tliat nu-n-
xi<'an war
lliich titles
If ti'n ,u'on-
,\ iniH'.
i.kI shovdd
1 not very
printed in
lown unlil
o'ht other
|ly. IViiish (not
Jtusclu'iiViii'-
|iy; uiiuiy works
Lellcy, rattio,
Liiil, Lanliifv,
[icjo.
iiaiiii'idets, pi'inted in .Mexico on (.'alifornian to}»ics.''^**
Tin n iliere are sixteen Mexican n'ovcrnnieiit docu-
iiieiits ('ontaininj4' valuaMe allusions to California.""
;ni<l many more if ni<M'e nsi'iitions be counted; and
liiiallv. \vc have tliirty-five General works on ^Mexico,
\\\\]\ lik<; inibrniation ofti'U of some value, about a
(|i ;;i ti I if which are the writing's of Carlos IMaria Bus-
taiiiante, found also more eom])lete iu my libi'ary in
til,' ei'in'inal autoo'i'aph uianuscript."''
Pa-sin^ iVom books to documents, the ])roductions
el' the Californian i)ri's.s mei-it lii'st mention. They
ai'c
irtv-nv(,' in nundier, each s(>])arately pi'intod,
Three oi' i'our are proclamations of United States otll-
CKllS
OHO IS a commercial pa[»er, onean
at
Ivert
isenicnt,
innl one t(jok a jioetical Ibrm ; but most were oilicial
docunients emanatiu'j; from the Hispano-Caliibrniau
^•l)\('rn]nent. Then J note sixteen ^Mexican m'ox'ern-
inciit documents in collections or newspapers; and
seven (ith(M's of a semi-ollicial nature;^- while there
are tue'iity-two to[)ie-colK'ctions or se})arato re])orts,
iVeni United States otHcers, for the most part printed
h\- the government and i-elatin;^' to the con([Uest.'''
Three titles Ixdon^- to matter inserted in the books of
na\ i^atorsah'eady named;*'' six to art ides oi' documents
in th(^ Xiiiii\'/Ic,'< ^liiii<(/cs tics ]^oi/<i(/i'sf'' and twelve
aie J'higlish and American articles in periodicals.'"'
'-"("iuillo, CastiiUiUTs, ]'\)iiilo Piadoso, Garcia l>i'
1(1 Siiii MiLiiU'l.
.Tuiita (1(> Fonunto,
I iidii' tlif Irailin;,' 'Moxico.'
' Alaiiiaii, Avala, ncnmicK'Z, ]'i:st;miaii1i\ Cano.'laila, Ksiuli'i'o, ]■"
.111, liiavtr, M
UllkMllI
tordt, ()aia(
>i'MilMaii/.nf
'rii(iiii|isiiii, I'liziR'ta, and Willie.
I'jon,
K
Sal
cs, .Nan
.Mi
'.Mvarado, C'alifiTnia. Castro, C
liiimta
IVictiin 1, !■
iLUcniii,
(iutil'ITl'/.,
11
irul
I'lai
Vall.
ijar.
.Mason, .Mii'lKltoiviia, 1'
■ind /ainorano.
I
ronniifianiicnto, Kili \, Mm
Ayuntaniionto, < 'tinijiaiua, I locivto, l»i( t.inicn, Iniciativ.-i
M.
Also l'.;)udini, 'C.,'('ast;
inai'cs. ( 'iiu
X. Ml
Concinist, ("
MiL'stra, and Suialia.
JM
.1(
iiiiont, .loiinston.
IV, Kt
.Marc\, .Masim, .Montei'L'V, .sjuih
ai'uiii.
lat,
Stncktnn, \V;ir with .Mi'xico. Sonu? <it' tiicso
th
javsidcnt's lacssaguH
and d.'iiiiiuiits itaininu' a vltv lai'ij;t' nundiir of imiiortant j^nicrs.
Ilntta, 1'
•ns, »ii
id Sanclii'/,
•'■' l'a.L;is. (lalit/in, Lv Nutn'!, .Morinoan, Soala, and Smith.
•"'• Anicticans, ( 'anipaiijn, CinltiT, l'l\ans, '''ar Wist. Kunrgi
Uiar IIul;, J.,aikin, I'rircc, Keyuolds, .Scj^uitr, and Warnu-r.
Hist.
42
BIBLIOGRAniY OF CALIFOllXTAN TTISTORY,
There Awrc sduic twenty pcM^iodioals, or pu1)li(';iti()ns
tliat may conveniently ho claas^tMl as siieh, some hein^'
C'ollectit>n,s or serial i-eeonls, that containiMl niati'iial
ahout tliis ])rovinee heforo 1848; at least that is the
numht.'r that my list furnishes.'" Of newspapers ahout
seventy titles — Ibrty of them ^NEexiean — a])i)ear in my
catalogue; hut as douhtless many more in dillerent
]»arts of the world contained at least a nuMition of this
country at one time or another, I nanu^ <>idy ten puh-
lished in California, the Hawaiian Islands, and ()i'e-
m'ou,"'"^ all valuahlo sources of information. Xi/cs'
Jicr/isfci' is the eastern journal tluit I have found most
useful in my task.
Finally I have ahout 1 50 titles of hof)l<s, documents,
and articles, whieli, though ])rinted latei-, relate to
Calil'oi'nian history hel'ore J 848, so iar as they relate
to that suhject at all. Seventy-tive of the nuriiher arc
in hook i'orm, including' some valuahle monoLCraplis on
early atl'airs in California; several collections of docu-
ments, some re[)rintsan(l translations of early woi-ks;
some treatises on ^Texican law as a(Tectini;'('ardornia:
several ini|)ortant hriei's in land cases, the mmiher of
whieli miijht easily he nudtiplied; Unite<l Statt-s docu-
ments relatiiiij;' to the concpiest and military rule, hut
jirinted after 1848; Ilussian works contain injj^ infor-
mation on the ]\oss colony; one or two narratives of
^ isitors; and a numher of works on the ^Mexican war.
Those a[)pearino' imdor the names of Dwindle, Lie,
Lancey, Nlc(,!lashan, and Palou ar(> the most- impor-
tant.''' JJocunuints and articles of this class are ahout
^' Amoi'ican Quiirtorly Rojiistor, American Qiinrtrrlv' Review, Atiioiienii
Keview, Aiiierii'iiii Stiiio I'jipeis, Auiiiils of ('iiiiLtress, Anil!.iir;i, ('oluuiiil
M.i'ja/ilic, I'on^ressiniial Deliatos, ( 'onuiessioiial (iliihc, J-MiiiKm '^li lCe\iew,
Hansard's J ',irl. I>eljates, jrniiie Mis ioiiaiy, ] Iiiiit's ^Iciel- ,\la.L:a/.iiie, Lon-
iliiii Meehauics' .MaL'aziiie, Xcntii .American Jioview, Nmivelles Annalerf des
\"i>ya^'e.s, (^>iiarteriy Jloview, Ituvista C ientiliea, anil Smitliein <jUiarteily J!e-
view.
■'"In Ciilifovnia were foni', or raUier eoniliinations of two; MontiTey t'al-
ifiirnian, San i'ranei^co ( 'aiitornian, San Fraiieisoii Star, ami San Fianciseo
St. ir anil ('alit'oiuiian. At lloimlnin, li\e; tiie l''rienil, Hawaii -.i ,S|ii'ctaliir,
Sandu icli Islanil ( lazette, Sandwieh Jslami Xows, and I'olyiusiaii. Jn Oii--
goii was the S|ieetatul'.
"'•• Al.ihuU, IJi^'eiuw, Culii'omia, Califoniiu Laud Titles, C'alil'oinia and North
TUTITITJ AND OLKE.^OX.
43
11
)(' SMI IK'
and
1
ill iiuinl)ei', niid \i>rv similnr in tlicir iiaturo
arirtv to llie !!()()]<s, iiifliuliii'L;- also some titles of
idiicci' iviiiiiiiscciux's ill the; iK'\vs])a])e'rs, titles that
hi l)tj inultiiilied almost without limit.*''
Ul' works ytriiitcd alter 1848, rolatinj;' ehicfly to
II hl:
CVclllS SIU)SLM[U
■lit to the discovery of i>'old, and there
i'dif lu'loiii^in^' to a later bihlioL^i-ajihic ])c!riod, hut
vet, <-oiitaiiiin,i;' information on earliei' annals, J have
"(iccasion to eite ahout three hundred titles in these
vtilunu's. ^Tost of them arc; unimportant in this con-
lU'ctioii; hut some arc; I'ormal attempts at historierd
icsraich enihraciuL;' hoth chronoh^^ic periods. Tin;
works of Tuthill and Glceson, entitled, the om; ;i
llistnri/ of Cal'/onu'd, and the other a Jlisforif of the
"!i,
.lie Ch
ntrcii III
Cah'l<
•lu'rai
oi'itid, are tlie only ones ot ji
1 nature recpiirinu' notice hero. Tuthill's his-
t.iiv merits much hii^her jiraise than has _o-oncrally
hivii a<'corded to it, beiiijj^ the woi'k of a brilliant and
]t is a satisfactory pojiular his-
COllSCK
lit ions writer,
toiv, makinu' no claims to exhaustive reseai'ch, hut
iiili lligently prejiared from the best accessible autlior-
iti
Gleeson is not so able a wi'iter, is somewhat
iiin]-c (if a partisan, wi'ote more liastily, and fell int(
A'et .".s a Catholic ])riest he had sonu
more errors:
snpc'rior facilities, lie read more of the old auth(»ri-
ties, weld more fully into details, and was (piite as
C(l"iS(
i"iitious: and he has u'lNcn
1
us a lUeasui''' aiK
ti>l(ral>ly accurate ])ictu!e of mission life and annals.
Xeitlur of ;hesG authors had, oi' preteiidi'd to have,
any 1, cihties lor writing history or mmals proper, and
liiiiaiiil Mortli
I'u
1 iwinrl
■IV .
jlton, Cooko, Piceioiiiuio, T>c
itiis, Diiylu, ])|';il;
1' iu'noroii, l''liij.'jx, Fi't'inoit, I'mlur, Odiiic/, (iiii'ira, II
ili, ll.irtiii.iiin, Jl;i\V(.'S, Ilolliiiiiii, llniiics, Jilc, .liiy, .Iciikiiis, .Juiu.-
ly, .MairiMi, .M(( ;lariliaii, Alaiislk'ld, ]\lc'.\icaii War, I'aloii. I'luliw, llair
ly, llaiiikiliih, Kcvcrc, ];i]il(.'y. Jtivcra, .'^tocUtdii, Taylcir, rjpii:iiii. Nallc
,'li
' Aiviili;
'J'ik
Arnivi
■f, M.itciialui. l;
>f. .M,
iikiif, ami KliMiiiikiit'.
■Iv, Ji
]>rookl\M I'lidwn. liatlianaii, ('l;irk, I '.ilk Ha
liii'ii'aiiliiial SKLtolii's, Whj::
i;
ik
]),,
live, i.l'iot, I'l^pinosa, lAil.'^
U\\. Ill iikiiis, .'iiiit'fj, Kctii
Mi'l'li ' II, Marcoii, ^kns
stiT
I'
It, 1h
Ha
J\('aiiiy, Kiiin's ( liji
1, Masnii. ,M(xi('i), M
.1, Dv
llr,-.,
M.
Dnn
cxu'i), Jliclicltorciia
It<,
\iilk
-U wiisoii, .siilliiiaii, Stcii'klon. Sutter,
Ta\li
, ]:o((l,
Tnuik,
ili'f, \'ictoi', Wancii, Wii:'.
Ill:
iiul Wullskilk
■fPHR"
mm
44
r.IULIOaRAPTIV OF CALIF JRNIAX HISTORY.
1<) ci'itieise tlirir lliiliii'o in uc('()nij)lish such m ivsult
would 1)0 {ifl'cctation." Historical sketches published
belbrc 1848, either separately or in connection with
narratives of travel, many of them of real value, will
])e noticed individually in their chronological place.
Similar shetches, but Ibr the most part of much less
importance, ])ublished during the Mlush times' or
later, often in connection witli descri])tive works,
such sketches as tho.so found under the headings
('apron, Ci'onise, Fi-ost, and Hastings, require no
s[)ecial notice. They contained uo original material,
and made bu< inaden
was easily ac'
il)h
qui
P
Tl
lere \>
nibiications tha
th
another class of these recent
.sumes considerable importan
1 .
that ol local histories, of which my list contains over
sixty titles. Each in connection with descriptive
matter uives somethinu' of local annals for both earlv
and modern times. Som
e oi
them are the Centennial
{Sketches pre[)ared at tiie suggestion of the United
States government, like that of Los Angeles by
A\'arner and Hayes, and of San Francisco by John
S. Hittell. Tliis latter
W(H'lv was ma(
Ic al
so 'inci-
dentally a history of ( 'alifoi'nia,' and, like the earlier
Aunah if Son Fram-isco by Soule and others, it is a
work of much merit. '^Fhe authors were able men,
though thc'V had neither time, space, nor material to
make anything like a compU'te record of local events
in tlu; earlier times. Hall's Jlisfar// of San Jtisc
should also be mentioned in comiection with the An-
■inds lis a work of merit. .Vnd tinally there ar(^ many
county histoi'ies, often in atlas form and co])iously il-
lustra.ted witli ])()rti'aits, ma])s, and views. Each con-
tains a lU'eliminar}' ski;tch of California history, with
^' T/ic fHfifor;/ of CuUjl
liv l''raiiklin Tulli
ail Frunc'isco.
isdc,
8vo, xvi. ('i,")7 iiagcs. Alioiit oiu; tliinl c)f the Ixiok is iiccii|)ii'(l with lli
jjuritxl jirccviliiiji; tlic (liscovory of gold. ])r Tutliill \v:is coniu'cti'il with ih
S.iii l''i.'iiRisi'i) ))ix'ss. anil died s<ioii at'tor the
^\^\w
nance ot nis work
fes
J/iiifon/ (if the Ctitliitl'ic c/iiirrh hi ('allfdriiid, liy AA'. tiiei'son, M. A., Pro-
St M
iiy
Colli
San Fi'aiRisco. (J
ill two voluims, illustiatcd.
San Fiaiiciseo. i'rintcd lor the author. 187-. 8vo, "J >ols, xv. 440, iiJl pages.
THE PUBLIC AUCIIIVES.
45
)ul)lislu'(l
ion with
iluc, will
'111 place,
inch loss
:Juies' or
c works,
headings
'(J aire n<>
material,
f such as
ISO recent
iportanci',
tains over
Icscriptive
both early
I!entennial
he United
ngeles hy
) i)y John
also 'inci-
ho earlier
•rs, it is a,
;d)le men.
latcrial to
cal events
San Jose
|1i the An-
are many
piously il-
^^ach Con-
or V, with
lanc'isco. ISDii,
J|,ii'(l with tlio
•tt'll Nvitli lliu
,, M. A., Fn,-
s, ilhistnitL'd.
40, 3dl liiigcb.
more detailed reference to tin; county wliicli q-Ivos
title to the work. Three or lour iirms liave in late
years been engaged in producing these peculiar jKih-
licutions, with a dozen or more (hflerent editoi-s. 'J'lio
jjuoks Were made cd' course mainly to sell; \v\ not-
withstanding this and other unla\(»rahle (-(Jiiditions,
some (4" the editors have done valutd)le work. As
iiiinht he expected they are uneven in (juality, idi<)Uiid-
iiig in blunders, especially in those jiarts tliat depend
on Spanish records; yet in the matter of local annals
alter 1840, and of personal details, they liave alford(.'d
nie in the aggregate considerable assistance. Their
cliitf (U'fect is — 1 s})c; k only of those }»aits rt'lating
to earlv times — that in their pages valuable informa-
tion and c'larinsj: inaccuracies are so intcnniuL'led that
tjie ordinary i-eader caimot si'jiarate them, '^riiey are
not history; l)ut the}' supply some useful niateiials
i'or history. In the results <jf their interviews with
old residents the editors have furinshed some matter
similar and supplemental to the pioneer dictations
which I shall presently mention.
I now come to the thousand and more titles of
tnantiscript authorities in my list, i'ar exceeding those
in p) int for this early })eriod, not oidy numerically, but
in liistorical value; since the country's amials down
lo 184G, at least, could be nnich moi'e com[ilet(.'ly
written I'rom the manuscri})ts alone than from the
iirint alone. Xatui'ully these atithorities lose nothino'
of their value in my estimation I'rom the ficts that in
most instances no other writer has consulted them,
and that essentially all of them exist only in my eol-
li'ction.
()f the public archives of the Spainsh and r^Iexiean
goNcnnneid, in Calilbrnia, transl'eiied by cojiyists to
my library, there are thirteen collections represeidi'd
in the catalogue by as many titles, the originals making
ahout ^50 boimd volumes of from liOO to I, ()()() docu-
ments each, besides an immense mass of unbound
■10
BIllLIOrinAPIIY OF CALIFORNIAX HISTORY.
m
' "■ ?
papers/" Vritli n, viuw to tlio coiivo'.iieiiccot' tlio jml)-
llc, ratliui' tliau 1113' own, I luivu jiuulo the minibcrs ol
my volumes (if'coj>ie.s and extracts <'orres[)<)n(l in most
eases to (lie oriuiiials. For liistorieal
l)uri
)OSC'S
tl
U'St'
cojiies arc better than the orig'inals on aeeount of their
Icgihility, and the condensaticjn etl'ected by the omis-
sion of dupheates and su])pression of verbiage in minor
routine pa[)ers. The orijj^inals are the ofiieial i)a[)ers
turned (ner l)y tho Mexican !>'overnment to tliat of the
United States in ] 84G-7, now preserveil chieily in tlie
United States surveyor-g'eneral's ofhce at San b'l'ai:-
ciseo, wIk re there are neai
•Iv t!
iree
liunih'ed bulk
tomes besides ]oi)se pa[)ers, but also in less extensi\
collections at other ])laces, notably at Los An^^'eler
Sail
lias
C'itv,
ai
ul San .lose. '^I'he main Airh
II ro IS
divided iui.o twenty-lour sub-collections;'" but beyond
a sli^'ht attenij)tat chronology and the segreq;ation of
])apers on a le\\" topics involving land titles, theclassi-
tication is ai'bitrary and of no value; nor is there any
real distinction between the papers preserved in the
dilierent arcliives. Of the nature of these documents it
must suiiic!' to .say that they are the oriL»'inals, blotters,
or certified co[>ies of the orders, instructions, r(^[»orts,
correspondence, and act-records of tlu^ authorities, po-
litical, military, Judicial, and ecclesiastical; national,
provincial, dei»ai'tmental, territoiial, and munici[)al.
during" the successive rule, monarchical, impci'ial, and
republican, of Spain, Mexico, and the United States,
from 17G8 to! 850. The value of ai'chive recordsusa
Ibundation ibr historvis universallvi^uiderstood. Span-
L-'li archn'es are no
nations ; anil, since
t less accurate than those of otl
lew 1
ia[)[>eriinn's were so
l)ett;
ler
as
not to fall under the coLniizaiice of sonu; ollicial, thev
furnish a much more com
[)let
recoi't
I of
)rovinci;
'- Artliho <1(; r';ilif<iviiia., Los Ai),','cl('<, !Mi)ntrri'y, SaiTMiiiunti), San Oi"--o,
Sail .losi'', S:iii J^ni.s Oliispo, Santa Jlai'liara, ainl Santa ( 'ni/.
'■'Adas, I'.rancl.s, Ofjit. Jli'cunls, Dcjit:. Stato l.'apurs, l.c;;isIa!i\-(' l^.'<■o|•lN.
l'ri)vini'ial IJci'dids, rrii\ini-ial Statu I'liiu'is, Stale I'aircrs, Suiii'Vior ( iii\ t
St. ]'a[)Ci's, uiiil Lubuiiuil i>ucianciike. i"or iiallicr aubcUviaiuu.s of taioc tiiiLS
tjcc list.
MISSIOX IlECORDS.
47
tlio i)ul)-
mbci's of
I ill most
V
scs these
.
t of tlieiv
the <)U\\^-
V
; ill uiin(»i'
z
III p:>[)ers
hat of the
.;lly in the
■>nu Via 11-
I'cii l)ulky
(.'Kten^^ive
i Aii;4'eles,
Archiro is
)Ut hrVnlul
•cn'ation "f
, Ihoclassi-
i there any
ved ill ^he
■uineiits It
lis, blotters,
^is, ri^ports,
[orities, |H)-
luition;il,
ml.
inuinei[
ii
leru
an*
It 0(1 State-
•ecoi'tls
us !l
)0(
•;e o
1. S|>an-
f (.tlu r
u) pi
•ttv as
lieial, the,
1
)roviner
',1
lit.);
Sai
1 l>h!,'0,
;ttu''
P.ocon
^ll^H'V10l•
of lai'i.i
( invt
nnitals tliaii would he allordt'd, for instance, l)y the
]iul>li(; aichivi's of an English province. Of the
(iiiin'tc'r of a million documents consulted in these col-
Lciloiis I siiall mention later a])out two hundred
miiit'i'distiiK-t titles. The early archives of Califoi'iiia,
;is I'l't'served hy the government, are not entirely eom-
iiji'ic, though more nearly so I think than those of
aiiv other state of our union; hut I have taken some
eircctivi' ste})S to supply the defects, as will presently
aj'pi'ai'.*
/vlso ill the nature of ])ubli(.' archives are tlio mis-
si' iiiarv I'ccords. As the missions by the ])rocess of
srculari/at ion pa^si'd into the control of tin; church,
t!ic old leather-bound registers of ba[)tlsins, mar-
liages, burials, and conhrmations at each establish-
iiniit roiiiained, and for the most part still remain, in
tlif ii()s,-.L'Ssi()n of the curate of the ]iarisli. Other
iiii-siou papers wei'o gradually brought together by
the I'rancisean authorities at Santa ]j;ii'bara, whe-re
tiny now ci)nstitute the largest collection extant.
J'roin such documents as were not thus j»reser\'ed,
icniaiiiing in the missions or scattered in private
liaiuls, Taylor subserpiently made a collection of live
;x' xdunnes, now m tlie arcuoisuoits
th
li
!)rarv m
S;
raiicisco.
A third collcvlioii, cliieilv of //A
ti'os iir
111
'h'lilcs, is that of the l)isho[) of ^loiiterey and Ijos
Ali'jel
es.
Thest! have furnished mi\ under fourtitl
es.
cigliteen volumes of co[)ies, or not less than 10,000
(locUllUilt:-
1. 1(1 mv ow
n (.'tlbrts have resulted in I
uur
viilnnies of verv \aluablo orininal documents, about
■J, 1)00 ill number, under three titl
es
40
Tl
leil
tl
\c
tweiitv-Uvo collections of mission reixisters already
Jiieiitioned as in custody of tluj curates, the libros do
riicrc !iic at Iciist sovon collcrtiuiis in my li.^t, wliich aro piiMio arclih i;a
similar Id tliosu lii't'oro iiaincd
Muiit
it that iiistca<l ot lieiii'j
s (ihlaiiKil by 1110 Irom ]irivati! sdiircrs. Sou lioailiiiL;
I 111 s they aro
Larlv
O-fi
>aii J''iaii(ist'ii, ];
'■' Aivliivi) ili.'l Arzol)is])ail!i, A
iml CiiiTi-spiiiiili'iRia di' Misioiii's
bistro, ail
IS.i
li.'lllVO lie
ow
.1.
^la
SuL'ltu
tie Mi.-iiuin.s, I'ieij (.\lulr
,il Sail Antonio, lincuniciitoa
43
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORXLVX HISTORY.
iiiiwion ])ro[)L'r \vitli such seattcrini;- pa})ers as havo
ri'iuaiiicd at .sonic rstal)lisliiiiciiis, linvc Inxn scai'fhed
iur my })Ui'[)<)st's, cadi yicldiiiL;' a voliiiiic oi' extracts
and statistics;'*' while troiii private sources 1 liavo
obtained fifteen orij^inals of similar nature/"' I. _L;ive
separate titles to about 120 documents iVuni tlie mis-
sion ai'cluves; and it should be noted tliat they con-
tain not a few secular records; whiK; the public, or
secular, archives contain many important mission
})a[>ers.
As 1 liave said, neither the public nor mission
archives arc comi)lete. ])ocuments were not all
turned over as thev should luive been to the United
States and to the church; nearly every ]\Le\icau t)f-
licial retained more or less rectjrds which remained
in his family archives together with his correspond-
ence and that of his ancestors and relations. 1 havo
made an earnest eilbrt to collect these scattered
})apers, and with llattering success, .is is shown by
about fifty collections (A' JJucKincntos [xwa la UlstovM
de California, in 110 volumes, containing not less
than 40,000 documents, thousands being of the ut-
most importance as (,'ontaining records nowhere else
extant, antl liG of them receiving special titles in my
list. About half of all these docunu-nts are similar
in their nature and liistoric value — in all saNe that
they arc originals insteatl of copies on my shelves — •
to those in tlio public and mission archives; and the
rest are in some resj)ects even nioi'e valua1)le for my
purpose, being largely com])ose(l of the ])rivato corre-
spondence of prominent citizens and oflicials on cur-
rent juiblic affairs, of which they afford almost au
unbrokeu record. Twenty-nine of the.^o collei'tions
of private or family archives bear the names of the
*■ Monterey I'arroquia (S. Carlos), PiuiViinn, 8. Antonio, S. ISucnavtu-
tnra, S. Dioi^o, S. I'
einani
lo, S. I'l
S. (la'iricl,
.losO
luan r>mi
■1, St
tista, S. Juan Capistrano, S. l^uis Obispo, S. MiLTnel, S. 1
Sta C'ruz, .Sta (.'laia, Sta Inc's, and Soluilail. Only tliu mission hookd of S.
Luis Rcy liave eluded my .seaivli.
■■^Airoyo, Loa, jNlission, Miisica, Oro Molido, I'rivilegios, Purisinui, S.
JoBu, Sta Lies, S. Fraucisco Solauo, Surria, Sernioucs.
PRIVATE ARCHIVES.
49
ralifoniian faiuHics hy the rcprosontatlvcs of Nvhlch
tlit'V were given (•> inc.*' Of* tlicso by fur the Largest
aiid most valuuble collection is that which bears the
iiaiiie of ^biiiano (>ua(laluj)e A'allejo, in thirty-seven
iimuense lolio volumes of not loss than 20,000 or'ginal
jiaix rs. (leneral Vallejo, one of the most prominent
iiad cMlIghtened of Caliibrnian.s, was always a col-
Iccinr of such documents as might aid in recording
the history of his country; and when he became in-
terested in my work he not only most generousl}' and
patriotically gave up all his accumulate<l treasures of
the i)ast, but doubled tluir bulk and value by using
ills iiiiluence with such of his countrymen as tui'ned a
deaf c;ar to my ])ersuasions. As a contributor to the
stock of original information respecting his country's
annals, (leneral Vallejo must ever stand without a
]i\ al. Th.e second collection in extent, and the largest
iVoiii the south, is that of the (iruerra v Xorieii'a
ianiily in Santa IVirbara. But bulk is by no means
the only test of value; and many of my smaller col-
lections, i'rom men who gave all they had, contain
recoi'ds (piite as important as the larger ones named.
Twcntv other ccjllections bear foreign names, in
some cases that of tne pioneer family whose archives
they were, and in others that of the collector or donor.""
Except that a larger })roportion of the documents arc
ill English, tlu-y are generally of the same class as
those just I'eferred to. At the head of this class in
merit stand '^riioiuas O. l^arkin's nine volumes of
Dock mciifs for flic Jlistori/ <;/' CaJ/Jorin'a, [)resented by
]\Ir ]jaikin's I'amily through his son-in-law, Sampson
T'aiiis. This collection is beyond all comparison the
ln'st sources of information on the historv of 1845-0,
which m fact cordd not be correctly written without
^"Sce till! f()l!o\v"iiL; hoa(liii!,'s, cai'li followed by 'Documcntos'or 'Papelos;'
Alviso, Aiii, Avi!a. liaiKtiiii. llonilla, Carillo, Castro, Coioiiu!, Cota, I'^stn-
(lillo, I'ViiiamU;/, doiin'/, (ioiizak/, (liiona y Noiii",a, Maiion, ^iortno, 01-
VL'iii, PioD, I'iiito, ]U'(jiR'iia, SolxTauus. \'ulle, ainl Valk'jo.
•■"'AsliK'v, |);icmiiciito.s, Fitfli, (iriliiii, Oi'i^sby, Hayes, Tlittcll, Larkin,
J.iusscus, Mi'Kiiistiy, Moiitcny, Miiiray, Tiuart, lavage, Sawyer, and Spear.
UiHX. Cal., Vol. I. i
I
fi;
CO
BITlUOflRAPIIY OF CALIFORNIAX HISTORY.
tlieso [);n)t>rs. Ti.'irkiii besides beiii*^ United Statcsi
consul, and at one <inie a confidential aj^eiit of the
national administration in Calil'oi'nia, ^vas also a lead-
in,!j^ inereliant who had an extensive connnercial corre-
s|)ondenco with prominent residents both foreign and
natix'e in all jiarts of the C(mntry, as also with tradeis
and otlu'r visitors at the provincial capital. ]>usiness
letters between him and such men as Stearns at Los
Angeles, Fitch at San Diego, { nd Leidesdorlf at
San Francisco, from wc^ek to week i'urnish a running
record of pohtical, industrial, social, and connnercial
annals. The most inihiential natives in diifereiit sec-
tions c()rres[)ondecl frerjuently with the merchant
consul; he was on terms of intimacy with the masters
of vessels, and with leading men in ]\[exico and at
the islands. The collection contains numerous and
important lettei's from Fremont, Sutter, Sloat, and
]\Iontgomery, Autograph conununications from James
Buchanan, secretary of State at Washington, (*xliil)it
the national policy respecting (California in an entirely
new light. Indeed it is ditKcult to overestimate tlic
historical value of these ])recious papers, or the service
rendered to their country by the family representa-
tives who have made this material available to the
historian. Besides the nine bulky volumes mentioned
I have from the same source a large quantity of un-
bound connnercial docuuKMits; the merchant's account
books for many yeai's, of <j[reat value in sunplviui/
i' «• ' O ill/ o
})i(jneer names and dates; and, still more important,
his consulate records, containing copies of all his com-
numications to the United States government, only a
few of whi'-h have ever been made known to the
public. Larkin and Yallejo must ever stand unri-
valled among the names of })ioneer and native contrili-
utors to the store of original material for Californiau
history.
]\Iy list contains about 550 titles of separate man-
uscript documents, the number being pretty ecjually
i* 'M
f f<
!Y.
[vi\ States
lilt of till!
ilso a \vixd-
I'cial (•()n'( -
'orci^'ii and
itli tradcis
lilltiilK'SS
riis at Tjos
lesdorlF at
a riuiiiiii;4
'oinnu'VC'ial
Hcrcut scc-
incrdiaiit
lie inasteis
ico and at
101 ous and
Sloat, and
I'l'oni James
on, o\liil>it
an entirely
■^tiniatt; tli»;
tbc service
epresenta-
blc ti) tiie
mentioned
tity of lin-
t's account
supplying
important,
ill his com-
nt, only a
|\vu tt) tlu;
,and unri-
e contrilt-
aliforniau
irate man-
Ity e(iually
v'J
MANUSCRIPT DIARTES.
61
<livid('d Ix'tweoii tliose foi'niin;.;' each a vohimc on my
slirivis and tliose to he luund in the diilerent pri-
\atr. piil)lic, and mission archives. So i'ar as tho
iircliixe })apers .•in.' concerned, I mij^-lit lej^itimately
ciii'V tlu' mull iplicatioii of titles much furtlu'r, since
till iv are tlmusaiids of doi'uments, which to a writer
\\it!i a less al)undant st<treof such material than miiu!
v.M!i]d seem to am[>ly merit separate titles; but here;
as clsewlieru 1 have preferred to err, if at all, on the
sidr nf excessive condensation. Of the wh(.)le num-
1m !• (lii'ce lll'ths relate to the period precedinj^-, and two
lilllis to that followiii<.>', ISi:4. They may be roughly
divided into four general classes.
First thei'o are eighty diaries or journals or log-
])(>()Ls, of those who ex[)loretl the coast in ships, or
iiavei'sed the interior in (piest of mission sites, or
iiiarclied to attack hostile gentiles, or sought converts
ill distant rancheri'as, or came by sea to trade or
siiiuggle, or made ofHcial tours of inspection. "^^ Tho
sccoinl class is that composed of what may bo called
Government (bicuments, one hundred and sixty-three
vvn of these were ordeis. i il-
ia muiioel",
}■
III
structions, reports, and other pajiers emanating
I lie viceroy, or other Spanish or Mexican othcials.'''^
Seventy-live are like olhcial papers written by the
xeriior, comandante geiiei'al, ])refect, or other high
L!'0
.Hi
cials m
Calif
oriiia.
Thirtv-lbur are similar docu-
iiieiits from militarv commandants and other suhordi-
riitte
Calif
orma o
tHcer;
iiid tweni v-seven are
:\i
ex-
■■' Alicllu, All'ti/roin, Altimira, Amador, Anza, Arah, Arteaga, Bxlcga,
lliviii, Culiut, ( 'lua/jircs, ( 'astillci, e'lyiiiaii, ('cxnn'i', (,'(jta, ( 'oiitt.s, JJauti, l)oiii;-
las. J'Muanls, Fmit, (loii/:al(,'z, lloycoetlit'n, (iriliiii, (Irijalva. iiaitucll, ]las-
\Vril, llfeuta, 1.
tiiR'i!. -Maiirulli', .Mi
Jiit,
iL'iira,
Moia
Li.saido, J/)Lr-li'
Maiaspi
.M,
irtiii
.M:
;a, .Miinoz, Xiicz, Ordaz, ()rtri,'a, I'aycras,
IViicu. IVai, IVralta, I'vrc/., I'iiia, I'ortillii, rdituhi, l^llll)ills, Sal, Saiiclicz,
Santa -Maria, Sitjar, Soto, Tapis, X'allfjo, \'
'1'
Viitf.-
aiK
Zal-
vidca. Ill many ca^^cs more than ono diary is I'cjiuid uiidiT a siiii,do name.
All
uiian.
U'fcUc
IJoil)
jiai 1.1
toi'ti', IJiU'a
taiis('i, (,'ri.
Ah
i'lorcs, (jahez, lliiar, Molitosdtoua, N;
li'ilUM
luiiiicii. Sola, \'alk'
lo, Ari'iiL'llo, Anil
a ira
iva, lavi
rcli, C;ii'ca
, (JiL-t-t
ha. (■
r.
(•
istro
Ch
i:
(lia, V.
I'loivs, (iutioii'oz, .Mithiltorena, Xuvo, I'ico, Itiviia y Moiicada
d V
iL'iona.
Albciai, Amailor, AilucHo, Ijandini, Carrillo, Qjrduba, Eitudillo, (Ira-
on BTDLIOriRArilY OF CALIFORXIAX HISTORY.
ican and CaUfDniian rcfjhimciifos ])roviiicial and innni-
oipiil, ciiwiiiatiuin' I'ntiu (lili'crciit aiitlioritics. ''' Tlu;
third class ('(tiisists of oiu; liundi'fd and i'oiir mission
dociuncnts, of wliicli iirtoi'ii ai'c orders, iH-guIatioiis,
and I'citorlsJroni LTuai'dians of the collco-c! of San Frr-
nando, and other IuliIi missionarv and cefkisiastic
aiithoi'itics in Mexico or S[)ain/'" I'Ml'ty-two are in-
Ktructionsor re[)orts oftlie mission ])residonts and })rc-
iects, or from tlic l)isho|);"^ while the ri'st, lorty-.scven
in nuiuber, arc re[»orts, letters, and miscellaneous
■Nvritinufs of the missionary padres.''^ The iil'th and
last class is that to which may ho applied the con-
V(.'ni('nt tei'ni ' misci-llaiieous,' consisting' of nearly two
liundred titles, and wliich mav ho suhdivided as i'ol-
lows: Twonty-six items of political correspoudence,
fspecches, and narrativek;^* a dozen or more <Iocu-
ments of local ivcord and re'jjulation;"" twenty-two
collections from private sources, ecpiivalont to })ul )ru;
or mission archives;"^ twenty-two other collections
of material;"'^ thirty expedientcs, or topic collections ol
documents, including many legal and criminal cases ;''^
jcra, Orijals'a, fjoycocchoa, fiuorra, ^SForaga, Ortega, Pailivs, Rercz Furnaii-
ilt'/, iJnili'i^iiL'Z, Sal, Soler, and Vallrjo.
''■'' Alvaraili), Araucul, Calitoi'iiias, Coloiiixacioii, f'onstitueion, Dccri'to,
Kclioamlia, (Jalve/, Imlio.s, liistnici icjiios, Mexico, Miulioltoroiia, Ordcuanzas,
riod, J'itic, }'laii, lU'i^laiiiuiito, and Scciilaiizacion.
"" J'xstaiil, niaucit'ui'tu, (."allcja, (iasol, (iarijo, Lopez, Lull, I'io VI., Faii-
i;ua. and Sam'lio.
"'Diiran, (latcia Diego, Iiidios, Lasuun, MLsioncs, Payeras, Santlu/,
Sarn'a, Scfian, Sena, and 'J'a]iis.
'''*AlK'lia, AntubiDgrafia, Catah'i, Catecismo, Colcgio, Kseandon, Km"-
diente, Facultad, J'cnr.ndcz. i'ondo I'iaduso, l^isttr, llayi'H, liona, lufi rm ,
Ijasuen. Lopez, .Mii'((uinoz, Mission, Monterey, .Mng:irte.';ui, Mnnguia, ("/.bes,
I'aloii, I'ateina, I'efia, I'rotesta, I'urisinia, lUjioll. Salazai', Sau Ijuenavtii-
tiira, San Jose, Santa IV'ubara, Sona, Tapis, and /ilvidca.
"" Alvarado, ArLiiUllo, IJandini, Carrlilo, Castillo Negiete, Castro, (ionn,-,
(lueira, Osio, and X'alleju.
''" Kstab. Kusos, Los Angeles, Montei'ey, Ross, Rotschef, aud San I'laa-
cisco.
'■' See notes 44 and 48 of this eh/ipter.
''- tJcar I'lag l'a|iers, ISoston, California Pioneers. Cerruti, ITayes, Linares,
Miscel. Hist. l';ipers, Xueva I'lsjiai'ia, I'inart, I'ioneer SUetelies, iHiiiLlad
l'a]iers, Mayiu' MSS., Russian Anierica, Sutter-Snfiol, 'J'aylor, N'iagesal \()i;i'.
''^ Abrego, AllKitro.-ii, Apahitegui, Ashi and ('owidiitc, Atanasio, lJerrcy(-:i,
Roueliard, Carrillo, ( 'astanari's. lliiaite, Klliot de (\;stro, lONpediente, li'.ili,
(iraliani, ( iuiTfa, llerreia, Mercado, M(rrnr)j, Pefia, l!ae. Rodrigue/, Roumio,
Rubio, fcian Jose, Santa Uarbara, Santa Cruz, Solis, Souonm, untl Stearns.
MISCr.LLAXEOUS MANL'Smil'TS.
53
[ muni-
» Tlu;
iinssioii
latioiis,
111 F''r-
uro iu-
iiul pve-
y-sevcn
llaiioous
nil and
lie con-
ailv two
il as \o\-
ouduiK'C!,
I'c (locii-
outy-two
to publU;
jllectious
ctioiis (il
[i
caacs ;
orcz 'Fornaii-
on, T)ecreto,
l)Rlouaii/.as,
rio VI., Tail-
as, Siaiclu/,
iidon, l'.'""-
la, Inl'i rm .
i^uia, ('y.bOa,
u IjUoiiaVLii-
istro, (Jdiiu/.
id Sail Tia"-
ivos, Liiuivcs,
lin, licinyi"'!,
flic/, lliilllili'.
il steams.
lialfa dozen old st'ts of coinim Trial and otlnn' aofouiit
liDoks, soiiu! of tlifni t)l'j4riat historical valnr;''' iiltt.'c.'ii
lists oC iiiliahitants, v<.!ss('ls, pioneers, soldiers, etc. ;"''
;iii(l a liki; nuniher of (»ld narratives, some h(!in<^ sini-
ilii- ttt my ilietatioiis to ]n\ mentioned presently, ex(.'ept
lliat they were not written expressly for my use, and
others huing' old diaries and records;*^ also eis^lit per-
sonal records, fioj((s ijc scrvicio, and wills;"'' tilti;en
hattles, treaties, juntas, or plans;** three very inipor-
(aiildocunients on relations with the Ignited States;"'
i'our on the ]loss Colony;'" five items of corres[>ond-
eiice of visitors or Nootka men;'^ and a dozen, too
lio|)clessly miscellaneous to be elassitied, that need not
Ik named here.
Th(nisands of times in nij'' foot-notes I have occa-
sion to accredit certain information in this manner:
']?adre Lasuen's letter of — — , in xircli. Sta Jh'it'.,
toiii. — , p. — '; ' ]jandini's Speech, in Carn'Uo, Doe.
J list. Oil., torn. — , p. — '; '(u)V. Fag-es to P. Serra
(date), in Pror. St. Pa]>.^ ; ' Larkln to Leidesdoiil',
Jiiik; — , 1(S'2(), in LJ., Doc. Ilifit. CkL, iv.,' etc., etc.
Now one of these communications is not wortli a
separate place in my list; but a hniulred from one
man form a collection which richly merits a titk'.
That the items are scattered in different manusci'ipt
volumes on my shelves, when they mi'>ht by a mei'o
lacM'liaiiical o[)eration Iwive l)een bound in a separate
volume, makes no dilferenco that I can apjireciate.
Therefore from this scattered correspondence of some
two hundred of the most prominent men whose
writings as used by me are most voluminous, I have
'■'Cdopcr, Laikin, riussiiui .AiiH'iiciin CKinjinny, anil Vallcji),
''l)an:i, i;s[)an(ilcs, Estrada, J faycs, LosAu^l'Us, Montorty, Tadron, Mor-
iiinii ISatlalioii, liclucion, Kicliardson. Kowhunl, Salidas, Speiico, Stiiait, and
'■''('oniiiariia I^xtranguni, Ford, Ilartiudl, Ido, Iax!.«c, ^darsli, Morris, Miir-
ray, Xiw Uclvutin, Ortega, TriKlon, and ViL^ilantos,
"" Amador, ArrqUllo, Arrillaga, Carrillo, Castro, and Ortoga.
''^ ('a!uR"n;.;a, Carrillo, Coiifircncia, Cousljo, lustriicciones, Junta, Plan,
PronniR-iaiuicnto, Soils, 1'iatado, and /ainorano.
J;'''r>iulKiiiaii and Larkin.
'" liari.not', I'Aliolin, Totechin, and Zavalischin.
''iJoaglas, Kcmliick, Maki«pinu, Saavcdia, Wilcox.
I il^ til
m
L_jy
S4
BIBLIOGRArifY OF CALIFOUXIAX HISTORY.
iiiaclo fi ]ik(^ iiiiinbor of titles. The author's name is
followed ill <,'aeh title ])y ca>'fas, corrcsjtondencia, escri-
tos, or some similar ,L;"eneral te-rii). Seventy helonij^
to men who wrote diiellv hefoi'e 1824; one hnmlred
and thii'ty to those who iloui'ished later. Ot* the
A\hole nundjer, twenty wei'e Spanish or ]\[exican ofli-
c'ials who wi'ote hevond the limits of California;
twenty were ]^"'i'aneisean friars of the California mis-
sions; forty-eii;'ht were foreiL^'ii pioneer residents in
Califoiiiia; and one hundi'ed and eleven were n.itive,
jMexican, or Spanish citizens and (officials of Califor-
nia. Several of tliose colleeticMis in each class would
form singly a large volume.'"
One more class of manuscripts remains to he no-
ticed. The memory of men as a source oi' historical
information, while not to be coniparcvl with original
documentary records, is yet of very great importance.
The memoiy of men yet living when 1 begaii my re-
searches, as aided hy that of their lathers, covers in a
>>eiise the whole history of California since its settle-
'- Spanish and Moxicnn ofTiciali?, r.ll lief.d-c lS-24: AjimlacM, Ar^niiza, Dai'iy,
Br.'ii.-it'orto, J'jtu'arcli, Callcja, I '.iwiba, (V(ii\-, (lalvcz, (iariliay, Haro y
Tcralta, Itiiri.uaiay. MaiMjuiiia, Xava, Koiy'l, llcvilla, (jiycilo, Ugartu y
Loyola, ^'olla(lil(^. aTid \'uiR'i,'as.
radi'ca or'i!CL-li':^iat*tics, S lie fore and li2 after l.Si!4: AbcHa, AiToyo, ])f)scina,
Caliut, e'atahi, Diniiut/, Duran, Kiituni'Lra, (.iarcia J>iL',^'|, Jinicuo, Lasufii,
^iai'tin, Marline/, Oi'daz, Palon, Paycnis, I'eyii, (jiiijas, Iluuset, Seuan,
'i'ajiis, and Viadci.
Ftireign re.sidonts and visitors: Piclden, I'olcof, Ijiirton, Colton, Cooper,
Pana, Davis, Den, ])(iuglas, ]'"itcli, FlUt:p;c, Forbes, Foster, I'l'iinont, ( Jarner,
(iiilespio, (Ircin, llartnell, Hastings, llineklt;y, Ilcjward, dones, J^arliin,
Leese, Leidi'silortl", l.ivernioio, Marsli, Mason, .Melius, Molras, Moreniiaui,
!Murj)!iy, Parrott, Paty, Prudon, Ikid, Itii'liardson, Senijile, Spe.iee. Stearn-,
Stevenson, Stoekton, Sloat, Sutter, 'J'eniide, Tlionijisoii, \'igiies, and Vioget.
(.'alifornian (iHiLials and eiiizens, liii li(.'l'ore and To after ISJf: Alire^o,
AUierni, Alvarado, Amador, Ainesli, Aiehuli'ta, Argiic Ho, Arrilla'.'a, ]5an-
diiii, 15oni";i, lioiiea, J'.otelio, JJuehia. ('ai'iillo, I'aslaiiares, L'astiUero, Cas-
tillo Xegrete, Castro, Cliieo, (.'urdoha. (^ironel, Cota, Covarruhias, l]elioandia,
Ivseoliar, lOstrada, I'lstudillo, I'ages, l''ernan(lez, l''igneroa, Flores, Font,
(ionie/, Coiizalez, (ioyeoeeliea, (irajera, Orijalva, Cnerra, ( Gutierrez, Jiain,
llcrrera, ]iijar, Djan'a, ],asso, J,iigo, ^laoiiado. Malaria, Maitorena, Marti-
nez, Mieheltorena, Mora'.ja, Mnnoz, Xeve, Olveia, Ortega, Osio, Osuna,
Paelieeo, I'.idres, I'ena, Ptralta, I'eri'Z '•"> i-n,.ndez, Pieo, i'ortilla, P.anurc ,',
Iteqilena, Pivera y Monr;nla, Podri^uuez, Poineu, Pniz, Sal, Salieliez, Sei-
■ -o, Sola, Soler, Sufiol, 'J'apia, Turre, Valle, N'uUejo, N'icLoriii, N'illuviccueiu,
Zuniorano, and Ziifiiga.
TERSOXAL REMINISCENCES.
63
ame is
i,<'scri-
bclong
luuli'cd
[)t' tlio
an oili-
iCornia;
ia mi'-
cuts ill
native,
Calilor-
s would
) 1)0 \\o-
irttoi'ical
oi'iiLrinal
(orUuu'i.'.
11 my ro-
vers in. a
:y bo
ttlo-
iza, I'mTV,
Haio y
L't^artu y
/(I, ]'.osoiii;i,
,sut, Souan,
on, Cooprr,
lit, (Jariit'i-,
l^arliiii,
Mnii'liliaiU,
■i\ Sti'ani>,
11(1 Viogft.
Al)iv',>i,
Uai.'a, IViii-
tilluri), Ca;i-
Eclioamlia,
ores, Flint,
ncz, li:iii>,
L'lia, Maili-
MO, Osinia,
I, llaiiiin/,
iiflii-V,, Sii-
ukiviociiciu,
M
niont. I Iiavc thorcforc takon. diotatlon'^ of personal
reniiiiisccncos from IGO old residents. Half of tlioni
vci'o natives, or of Spanish blood; the f)ther luilf
i'oi'eiLjn pioneers who came to the country before 1848.
( )f the former class twenty-four were men who occu-
jiied prominent })ublic positions, equally divided be
twc.'!! tlie north and tiie south. '^
T\ui time spent with each by my reporters was
from a few days to twehe months, according to the
priiniineiice, memory, and reailiness to talk of the
person interviewed; and the result varied in bulk
from a few ]iages to five volumes of manuscript. A
i'lW sj)o]ce of s[)ecial events; most gave their general
recollections (»f the past; and several supplemented
their reminisccMices by documentary or verbal testi-
niony obtaiiK.'d 1'rom othei'S. They include men of all
classes and in the aggregate fairly re[)resent the Cali-
fornian peo[)lo. Eleven of the number were women,
and tlie dictation of one of these, ]Mrs Ord — Dona
Angustias de la (^uerra — compares favorably in accu-
racy, interest, and coin])letoness, with the bci.t in my
collection. General A^allejo's narrative, expanded into
a formal Ilistoria de Califot'}uu,\s the luost extensive
and in souh! respects the most valuable ()f all; that of
(Jovernor Alvarado is second in sizc^ and in many
])arts of inferior (juality. Tlie v.'orks of JJandini and
Osio dilfer from the otluM'S in not havin<>- been written
expressly for my use. The authoi's were intelligent
and prominent men, and though their nan'ativ(>s ai'e
much less extensive and com[»lete than those of Va-
llejo and jVlvarado, thiy are of gr(>at imj.ortance.
Those of such men as liotello, Coronel, I'io and Je'sus
IMco, Arce, .Vmador, and Castro n:erit special nr-n-
"Aljrogo, Alvaniilo, Alviso, Ainailor, Arcc, Arnaz, Avila, iKin'liiii, TJcnial,
ik'iTcyc.-ia, iHijtir'jus, IJuioiala, Jj:)U11o, Kucliia, Jjiirton, ( arrilK), ( 'a.sLro, Curo-
iK'l, ilscoliar, E.spiiiii.sa, Estiulilli), l^zijuir, I'iU'li, I'l riiaiuliz, I'loics, ( Jalimlo,
Oaivia, (.ariiiai. (Jermaii, (Joiiif/, (iuiizalu/, llartiuU, llijar, .lulin I'lsar,
.Inaiiz, l.aiiu.A, J.fusu, EuiLiizaiui, Lii;j,i), Macliail", .Mai mil, Moniio, O.il,
Osio, I'aloinaivH, I'crcz, Tioo, I'iun), liito, Uohlis, l!(i(lri,mi<v, Uoiiiuro, Suii-
<1k'Z, Sipiilvcda, Serrano, Tune, lariL's, \i\.\\c, N'alik'o, \'alkji>, No^a, and
\ t'jar.
'"■i.
;v :
66
BinLTOGRAniY OF CALIFORXIAN HISTORY.
tion, and there are many of tlie liriefor dictations
"wliicli in comparison with the longer <jnes cited have
a value far beyond tlieir hulk.
Of the pioneers whoso testimony was taken,'* twelve
wrote on sj)i-eial to[)ics, such as the Hear Fhijj;', Don-
ner l*ai'tv, or (jlraham Affair. Twenty of them came
to Calilornia l)efore 1840. Thii'ty-live came over-
land; twenty in innnigrant })arties, three or four as
lumters, and the rest as soldiers or explorers in
1845-8; while twenty came hv sea, chielly as tra(h-rs
or seamen who left their vessels secretly. William
H. Davis has furnished one of the most detaile^l
and accurate records of early events and men; and
others meiiting particidar mention are ]3ai(l ridge,
Ijelden, JJidwell, J^igler, Chiles, J< orster, jMurray,
Nidever, Sutter, Warner, and Wilson. As a whole
tl:e testim(»ny of the pioneers is hardly e([ual in value
to that of the native (^diiornians, partly because they
have in many cases taken less interest and devoted
less time to the mattei" also !)ecause the testimony
of some of the most competent has been given mure
or less fully in print.
While the personal reminiscences of both natives
and pioneers, as used in connection with and tested
by contemporaneous documentary evidence, have been
in the aggi-egate of great value to me in the pre[)ai'a-
tion of this work, yet I cnimot give them unlimited
praise ns authorities. A writer, howe\(>r intellig(,'iit
and c(jm})etent, attempting to Ijase the annals of Cali-
dbi'iiia wholly or mainly on this l.;ind of evidence,
would produce a very peculiar and inaccurate work.
Hardly one t)f these narratives if ])ut in })rint could
" Antlioiiy, B,iMn(1,i,'c, B;irton. V.vc, I'rMcn, I!.!!, T.idwcll, r.i-lor, T'.inii.-,
Boirgs, nnwiii, Jjiaclit'tt, ]>niy, 15ruiii, JJiuwii, llurtdii, ( 'ai'ii;.'ii', CIjimiiIhi ■
lain, Cliik'.s, Croishy. l>ully. J)avis. IHttmaii, iMiiiiu', l)y>\ I'latoii, i indl:',
Fiir.stLr, Fostir, J'Viwh r, daiy, (l-vysoii, (iilU'sinc, (Iriiayliaw, Iliiivu'-'i^'i
ll(i))|icr, Ilydc, .laiissi'iis, Kiiiulit, Maivliall, Martin, Maxwell, Mi ( 'liii .-.tiau,
Mc!>;:iii(ls, McKay. Meadows, Muno. \ii!(\-ei'. Oiil, Oshdiii, i'anisli, IViicc,
Itliiidrs, IJieliai'd.siili, KolK'Tts, Koliiiisim, Koss, Jiuss, Sihilli, S|iciK't\ Sticriir,
SuUi'i-, Swan, Swasiy, 'I ay lor, 'IVinjilc, 'I'u.stin, Walki-r, ^\■u^m;^, Weeks,
Wliiilor, ^\'llitl■, ^ViJ,'^'ins, Wilson, and Wiso.
VALUE OF nOXEER TESTI^FOXY,
67
-d have
* twelve
\f, Don-
Ill came
ic ovcr-
ibur as
)rors in
> traders
William
detailed
en; and
aldridge,
^.luri'ay,
a whole
in valne
uiise they
devoted
cstiniony
en more
1 natives
lid tested
Uive heeii
pi-epara-
inlimited
jitelli-jjent
of Call-
•videnci',
lite worlw
int conld
;:1(M% T>iriiii',
It, CliiiiiilHT-
lioii, 1 iniil:'.,
ll:ir';r:ivc,
\li('liri.-.fi:iu,
Irish, IVirii',
L'O. Stivctrr,
escape severe and merited eritieism. It is no part of
iiiv thity to point out defeets in individual narratives
written i'or my use, but rather to extraet from each
nil that it contains of value, passing the rest in si-
lence. And in criticising this material in bulk, I do
net allude to the few clumsy attempts in certain
dictations and parts of others to deceive me, or to the
fiilsi'hoods told with a view to exaggc>rate the im-
]i(ivt;nice or otherwise pi'omote the interests of the
ii.iii'ator, but to the general masH of statements from
liDiiest and int(>lligent men. In the statements of
])ast events made by the best of men fi'om memory — •
and I do not lind witnesses of Anglo-Saxon blood in
;uiy degree superior in this respect to those of S[)an-
ish race — will be found a strange and often inexplicable
mixture of truth and falsehood. Side bv side in the best
ii.u ratives liind accounts of one event which are UKxlels
of faithful accuracy and accounts of another event
not even remotely founded in fact. There ai-e nota-
ble instances where prominent witnesses have in their
statements done gross injustice to their own I'fjmia-
tiiiii or that of their fi'iends. There seems to exist u
uviieial inability to distinguish between the memory
nf real occurrences that Jiave l^een se(,'n and known,
and that of idle tales that have been heard in vears
long jtast. If in my work I have been somewhat
o\('i' cautious in the use of su(di testimony, it is a
fault on whicdi the reader will, I ho[te, look h'niently.
The history, and witli it the bibIiograj)hy, of Califor-
nia al'te)' the discovery of gold may be conveniently
divided into two periods, the ih'st extending fioni
bus to innC) over the 'llusli time^^,' and the second
iVi'ni ISf)? to date. For the fh'st period a largei- part
lit ilie authorities are in manuscrijit than would at iii'st
glanct' aj)]»ear, though with the advent of newspa|)ers
and j)rinted go\-ernment records the necessity of
si'iircliing the archixes I'or the most ])ai't disap[tears;
ioi' it is to be noted that most of the d(.)eumentary
88
BIBLTOCPvAriTY OF CALIFOKXIAX HISTORY.
;fi- !■ '-
collections, puljlic and jirivate, already noticed, contain
papers of value of later date than 1849; and, .still
more important, the I'eniiniscences of natives and the
earliest piont'crs cited in preceding pages, extend in
most instances past the gohl dis(;overy. For this
period I have also collected in mannseript form the
testimony of about one hundred pioueeis who came
after 1848," the number including a few na'/ratives
iclating in part to Oregon, and a few miscellaneous
manuscri[)ts not quite })i'operly classifiod with pioneer
reeollections; there are besides some twenty-five men,
' forty-niners ' for the most pai't, who have devoted
their testimony chietly to the vigilance connnittecs (jf
San Francisco, most bt'ing prominent members of
those orLi'anizations.'" What lias been said of similar
nai'rativos on earlier events as authorities for hist<.)ry
may be ap})lie(l to these. In the aggregate tliey ai'o
of immense value, buini'' tlu? statements of men who
had been actors in the scenes describod. For impor-
tant addition-! to this class of material, received too
late for sjiccial mention here, the reader is referred to
the sup})lementary list of authorities.
I : 'm
i i
^Material printed in CalifM^iia during this period,
including a few items of 1848 and of 1 857-8, is re[)re-
sent(Ml by about one hundred titles in mv list; to
\vjrich should be added the legislative journals and the
numerous state documents printed i'roni year to year,
. "■' Si'c AIlMip, AiiiUtsoii, Aniistronp, Ashley, Anlis, Bacon, li:;!!, I'lallini,
];iinit's, liiirstow , Ji.'utlctt, liamr, lli^ki', noyntiii. J'.raiUitt, iiii.-suow , JJmtk,
lirodii', Hrowii, 15iii'iiott, Jliinis, Cassiii, Ccrriiti, ( 'luiiul)oilaiii, C'luipiii, C'luik,
Colviii, Ciiiiiior, ('onway, Coon, Crosby, Davidson, l<i'an, J)()oiitUc, Dowtll,
J'nncaii, Jlarll, I'aircliilil, Fay, Fitzj;i'ral(1, (larniss, (Iwiii, IlaiiLMnk, Jlail-
IH'U, Hawky, Hayi's, Jlt'arn, Jlcnaliaw, H<'irick, llini'kloj, Uiulaock, Iliid-
t<on, ]\iysir, Kirkpatriik, J\olil(i', Js.iaszuw.ski, l..ainotlc, Lane, Lawsoii,
Liniaiitoiir, ijittk', Jjow, Mans, Ma.ssctt, Matthiws(iii, Mcni!l, ^loutuomiiy,
^liMiro, Morris, I'alnicr, I'attcrson, IVfkliani, I'owirs, Ualiliison, liaudol|'li,
Iticliardsiin, Ko(U'r, lioss, ]! :sk, J!yi.knian, Sall'ord, Sawk'lii', Sayw.n!,
Sckniicik'll, Shaw, shoartT, Stii.irt, Sutton, 'Jailiill, Taykir, 'J koni's, \';,ii
Dyki', \'owo!l, Wat.son, AN'liuaton, 'A'idbui', Wilky, AVillianis, ;,'id \\"inans.
'" lUuxoiiu', IJui'ns. Cok', Cnk'iiian, Conistock. Crary, ])uni;iii'r, J)o\,s,
]>iirkii', l''ar\vcll, l''iink, ( iilk'sjiii', McAllister, Maiirow, Xcali, Olncy, l{o,:j,(r.s,
Seluiirk, Sniiluy, Stiipk's, Slilimii'.i, Truett, WiuUwortii, Watldns, and
AVoodhi'itiyo.
'
■
AFTER THE GOLD DISCOVERY.
59
jiiid })rcsorvGcl as appendices to those journals, as also
ilic scries of" Cdl/Joni/'d li<'i>(H'ts and Cdllfotiua SUitafcs.
There arc twentv-one books and panipldets descrip-
tivt' of the country, witli life and events therein durin^^
tiie thish times, most of them having also an ndmix-
tuii- of ])ast annals and future prospects.''' Fifti'cn
pamphlets are records of Californian societies, com-
panies, or associations, the annual j)ul)lication exteiid-
iiiu;' often l)eyond this period.'*^ A like number arcj
nuuiicipal rec< irds of dili'erent towns, besides a doj-cen di-
rectories;"'' and as many n)ore legal, judicial, and otlier
otHcial ]»ublications, not including a very large nund)er
of brieis and court records which are not nariied in
the hst;^' besides nine speeches d.elivered in Califor-
nia and pul)lished in |)amp]det form;*^^ and as many
n)iscellaneous publications, including one periodical.''^
j\rany news])apers might l)e enumerated besides the
ulUa, Ilevuhi , Iliillctin, and KrcniiKj Ncics of San
I'^'ancisco, the Phurr 7V«/c.s'and UiiiomA' SacraniiMiio,
and the (lazctte of Santa J:];irl)ara; there are some iif-
teeii articles on early Californian subjects/^ and a like
nundjcr of scrap-books in my collection, notabh those
made by Judu'e Hayes, contain more or less material
on
a_y
tlie times under considej-ation.
" lU'uton, Californin, Currol, Carson, Crane, Delano, Kinf; of ^ym.,
^Ii'Oiiwan, MiiRTs, .Mcji'su, San Fnincisi.H), Taylur, Turry, SVail.sworlli,
Wi'itli, anil Wioizhioki.
'^Cal. liiiilo Sol'., Cal. Dry Dock Co., I'irst Cal. (Juard, iMarysvillc <t
llfn. ];. R., .Mocliank'.s' Inist.,'.M«.!i.antiK' l.i!>., .Mix. Ocean Mail, bvirlan.l
^hiil. Sac. S'all.y R. R., Sta <;'lai-a Col., Univ. Cal.-, Univ. Racilic, Yonn^
^len'.s Christ. As.s.
•'■'1.08 An.^'eles, Rarkitt, .San Die;:o, San Fr;.r<isco Act, S. 1'. Fire Dejit.,
S. F. :Menional, S. F. .Miinites, S. F. City Cliar:>'r, S. F. Ordinances, S.' 1''.
I'roci'cilings, S. F. I'uli. Sclujols, S. F. K'nioiistr.ince, S. F. Rept., S. 1".
Town Co\incil, and \Vlie< Ur. Directories — Marywville, Sacramento, San Fran-
cisco, Stockton, aii<l 'rnolinnne.
*■" (,'alil'ornia (Circuit Court, Coniji. Law.'s, (^onstit., Dist. Court, Snji.
Court), Constit. Convention, Crocker, llartniau, Liniaiitoiir, ^Marvin, .Mason,
RiKy. Tlioruton, Turner.
•■' Baker, Rates, liiyler, RilliiiL's, ]5ryan, l''reelon, Loel^wood, Sli.iw, Sjieer.
'''Cal. Text Rook, (iongenl.eitn, J.)eniocratie, l.,iiiiantour, Tayloi' (-on;^
book), Willey, I'ioiiee'-, (ind.Alnianacs.
*'■'■ Franklin, llitteli, :Mi('los!;ev, :McDon;.'al. ■McCowan, Nugent, Peekliani,
liaiMlolph. Reiil, Ryan, Viet..r, Tra.^k, W.ed, W"i!l. y, Vallejo'.
'■' I'.aiicroft l.ilirary. IVirton, lUgle'', Hiooks, Caliiorniu, Dye, llall, Hayes,
Kuiglit, Rancey, Levitt, I'ac. Mail, Sta Cru^.
60
BIBLIOGRAriTY OF CALIFORXIAN HISTORY.
AVovlvS al)<)ut California printed (.'Isowlierc wore
throe tiiiic'sasminu'roiisa.s tlioso oflionie inamifactvire,
and in most respects much more im[)oi-tant. First
there were over ei^'htv books, similar except in })laco
of pul)iicalion to those of a class already mentioned,
^vhich described California, its mines and towns, its
])e<)p]e an-! their customs, the journey by land or sea
to th(^ country with personal adventures of the writers
or others, books in different lanijuaws owinij;; their
existence directly to the discovery of gold/'" ]\lany
of these were to a considcn'able extent fictitious, bu.t
there wei'o others (containing little or nothing but
fiction.'"^ Next among works of i-eal value should 1)0
noticed tifty reports on Californian topics, pul)lishe(l
by the United States government;**' and in this con-
nection may receive attention the regular sets of U.
S. government documents recording the acts of con-
gress from session to session, and containing hundreds of
vahial)i(! ])aper,s, bearing on atfairs in the far west, with
sov(,'ral other collections of somewhat similar nature;/^
There were a dozen or more pamphlets on various
Cidif'ornian topics not directly connected Avith the
gold discovery ami its attendant phenomena.*''' Then
""•' Al)l)iy, Adam, Allsop, Auger, Derry, Eallinstcdt, Borthwii'k, Bonclm-
court, Jioiiiiil HoiiK', JlriM)!;-:, liiyimt, J5iiiriiiii, ('iil. (luiiig. (liiide, (lold lit-;.'.,
iiids Naar, Itrf (Jold, Its I'ast, >.'ot('s), ( 'aliloniio, (/alifornien (Aiit. Xacli.,
I'atligtbor, l.'iid seiii (iolt, seiii Mill.), ('a.-isull, Coiioii, Diggers, lldclniaii,
Faniliaiii, F< vry, ]''()stcr, (icrstJieUcr, < lold-liudcrs, (liTgdiy, Jiarliiiaiiii,
Hclpor, Jli)!iii.;ki, ]ioppe, .Joiinsoii, Kelly, King, Kip, K.nn/il, Lamhci tic,
Letts, .Mct'wlliun, Melhaiiie, Manyat, Masim, Meyer, Oswald, I'aliiier,
I'aikiiiaii, I'laslow, RoUiiisdii, Ryan, Seliwait/, Sedgley, Seyd, SeyiiKiiir,
.SliTiw, Sliorudod, .Simjison, Solignae, St Ainant, Stirling, 'laylor, I'lujinpsdii,
Tyson, Av'allon, Weil, Westdii, Williainson, \\'ils(iii, and Woods.
'"" Siieli as Aininrd, Amelia, IkiUou, Bigly, Clinmpagnae, (lerstiieker, Pay-
Hon, and many more.
<■' Aliell, Alexander, Bartlett, Be;ilo, Bockwitli, falifornia (Amount, Coni-
liii.<sion, ('o]>y. Dent, Kstalilisliment, Indians, Land ( 'oiii.. Message, X'olini-
teersi, (Jooke, t'ram, Derhy, Fla'rg, h'oi't Point, Fri'Uiont. (UI)l)oiis, (Jraliaiii,
(Iray, llaikek. Homer, .lones, King, Mason, Mi'ivilith. Mex. IJoundary, I'ac.
Wagon Roads, Reynolds. Riley, San I'"ran(,ise(), Sherman, Sndtli, Sutter, Ty-
son, V. S. ami Mex., Warri'ii, \Vlii|)i)le, and Wool.
•■"1'. S. (lovt Doe. (two series), LI. S. Supreme Court Reports, Annals of
Congress, Congressional Debates, Cong. (Molie, Jkiiton'n Abridgment, Smitli-
Bonian Kepoits, and Pac. R. It. Reports.
'■■'.Vtl.iu. X I'ae. R. R., Ilrowne. Cal. Appeal, Californin, Frdmnnt, Liman-
toar, Logan, Pinggold. Pae. M. S. S. Co., S. F. Custom House, S. F. Laud
Aasoe., iStillmaii, aud Tliumpsuii.
MODERX TI^ilES.
61
^ wore
Lxcture,
First
n place
tiouod,
vns, its
or sea
writers
g tliL'iv
"Many
)US, l)ut
iiicr Imt
iould l>e
LiUislied
liis con-
Ls of V.
. of con-
idredsof
est, with
nature.''^
various
,ith the
'" Then
|ck, Boncliii-
lAiit. Xacli.,
Is, 1'Ali.liuaii,
]l;ii-tiii:iiiii,
LiUiilicitii',
[id. I'aliiu'i',
Tli(jmii.«i>ii.
fciickor, Piiy-
liioiint, roni-
\;vj,v. Vohiii-
■ is, (Jialiain,
liudary, I'ai'.
1 Sutter, 'I'y-
Is, Annals "f
Jiunt, SniilU-
Kiut, Liniaii-
S. V. Land
■\ve luivc more than fifty speeclics chiefly delivered
ill r'i)ii_iL;"rcss and circulated iu pamphlet form, many
of them pertaining' to the admission of California as
a state. "^ ])csidos the hoohs relating' wliolly or mainly
ti) (ahfornia there were some thirty others on wcst-
cin religions with allusions more or less extended to
tlic o'old re«jfions;"^ and half as manv wneral works
with mention of (.^difornia."^ l>()th of tlieso ('lass(\s,
and especiallv the latter, mifj'ht be e'reatlv extended
ill numbers; and tlie same may l)e said of tlie period-
i(;ds and collections that contain(>d articles on our
Milijcct, there being few such jjublications in the
world that gave no attention to the western El Do-
rado
93
Of M'orhs published in and about California since
185(1, I attempt no classification. Within my present
limits it would be impossible satisfactoi'ily to clasNiiy
so bulky and diversified a mass of material, of v^'hich,
indeed, I have not been able evcju to ])resent tlie titles
ol' more than half in the alj)habetical list of authori-
ties. The efforts of modei'ii writers to record the his-
tory of the vSpanish and ]\rexican periods have already
been noticed in this chaptc'r; but I may add that
these eiforts have beon nuich more successful in their
ajiiilication to events subsecjueiit to the discovery of
'•"'Avoictt, I'aldwin, IV'iniett, llontdu, Puiw ic, ]5i'ccl;, Ufo^ks, Caldwell,
Caiy, Clai-k, Cloveland, (.'(irwin, Crowcli, ])oiii;las, ]-;st('ll, Foole, I'owlcr,
Ov.iii, Hall, lliliaid, lioward, llowo. Lander, Latham, MeDou' ill, .McLean,
Megiicen, :Me\Vinic, :\Iar;!liall. :Mason, Moieliead, Ohls, Paikeis'lVarce. I'lcs-
tnn, I'litnani, I'helps, Se<ld')n, SeAvanl, Sniilli, Sjariltjlng, .Stanley, 'riiiini|)-
.son, 'riniiMnan, Tinirslon, Toombs, Van Voorliie, Weller, Wiley, 'Wintlii'op,
and W'dieester.
'"Ansted, JJriefc, Coke, fondiiev, Findlay, (icr.stiicker, Oold-lields. Ilea]),
llines, lluin, Lants, I'ciTV, I'feit'er, riinn'h, Itednitz. l'nvini;s, Seliniidt,
Si liiiiii'.dcr, Sinuiker. Stockton, Thornton, Uiiliani, Wells, Wesiern Setiies,
\Vhi:in'r, Wilkes, Wise. W( od.
'■'- I'.eiiton, Cevallos, ])e J!o\v, Diccionnrio, Ihinlop, (larden, Maich y T.a-
boies, M;;yer, Shea, AW'ieliardt, Wilson, Vouiiu. Zamae<iis.
"■'Allinni ,Mex., Aniei'. and For. Christ. I'rdon, Annual of Seientifp; Dis-
ciiv., LankiiK'.Mag.. Do liow'.s Fitiview, lldiidmr;:!! Feview, Hansard, Ih'rper,
Jh'Mie .Missionary. Jlnnt'.s Mereh. Mag., Un 'laeion Mex., .Minin;; Mau'-,
'Nliilennial Sl;,r,'Xile,s' liegister, Xorth Ar . Jd.view. Xonvellis Ain-.ales,
Fanaiiiii Star, Quarterly llcv., iievue L)eu.\ Mondes, Sillinian's Anier. Jour.,
e!e., ote.
If'
i
V '
111''
62
BiBLiocnArnv of califorxiax history.
gold, because mat'i-ial hxi been iiiueli more abundant
and accessible. Tliis a[t[)lics particularly to the many
works on local and county annals printed in late
years, several of wliicli liave a standard value."^
It is to be noted that the pioneer reminiscences of
my collection contain, and are supplemented by, the
statements of prominent men on various practical
topics connected with the industrial development of
California in recent times; that several classes of
printed matter already mentioned, such as municipal,
state, and national documents, continue to thro v/ light
on events of the last thirty years; that travellers have
never ceased to print their ex[)eriences in, and their
views res[)ectin<i;', this western land; that resident and
even native writers have contributed largely to our
store of boohs on industrial, literar\', educatit)nal, re-
ligious, legal, political, and historical subjects; that
numerous associations and institutions have helped to
swell the mass of current pam[)hlets; and that news-
})apers — an invaluable source of n.'aterial for local and
personal history — have greatl^^ nndtiplied. Indeed,
('alifornia has not only by reason of her peculiar past
received more attention at the hands of writers from
abroad than any other part of our nation, but in re-
spect of internal literary develop, nent she is not
behind other provinces of like tender years. In con-
clusion, I append a short list of works ])ublislied since
185G, which have somewhat exceptional historic vahie
iu comparison with others of the mass."" Most of
"Soc in tlio list, besides the naiiips of comities and towns: Banficld, r>:ir-
ton, ]ilcds(je, Jiutler, Cooper, Cox, Dwinelle, Fra/ee, (iift. Hall, llalley, Jfarr,
Hawley, Hittcll, Iliiso, Lloyd, iMcl'lurson, ^Icncl'eo, ileyiick, Orr, Owen,
I'erUins, Sarf^ent, Soule, Thompson, 1'inkluini, ^\'ostern SI oi'c, and Williy.
"^See Ahic, Ames, Bany, jiartlutt, Bates, Beers, Bell, Blake, Boiiiier,
Brooks, Browne, Bryant, J3iiriiett, Bushiiell, California (Arrival, Bio;:.,
liardy, Leyes, Med. Soc.), Carvalho, Cliandless, Clark, Contenip. Bioir.,
Cooke, Cornwallis, Cronise, Coyner, Dixon, (llees(jn, Fields, First 8teanishi|i,
Fisher, Ivinjr, Cray, Grey. iJittell, 1 loll'man, Ilnghes, Labatt, MeCue, !Mc( lar-
rahan, McClasb in, jSlollhausen, Morgan, Mo\dder, New Almadcn, Norman,
O'Meara, Palmer, Parsons, Patterson, Peabody, Peiree, Peters, Plulps,
Player-Frowd, Randolph, Raymond, Reddini;, Itossi, Saxon, Sclilatriiitwtit,
Sherman, Shuck, Simpson, Stillman, Tiithill, Tyler, L'pham, Vallejo, ^'is•
clier, Wetniore, Willey, and Williams.
ALniABETICAL INDEX.
63
imdant
) uuiuy
ill late
nces of
bv, thu
ractical
ueut *>t'
.sscs of
.uucii)al,
ov; Y\'j;\\t
ers luivc
lid tlieir
Lloiit anil
y to our
ioiial, re-
els ; that
lieli)cd to
lat news-
local and
Indeed,
diar past
ers Ironi
ut in re-
o is not
In con-
llied sinco
)ric vaUic
jSIost ot'
tluiu 1)ut fwr the date of tlieir pu1)lication uiiglit bo
added to the dilforuiit classes before named, as per-
taining to the period of I848-5G. For further biblio-
oTa[)hi(' information, including full or si iglitly abridged
titli', sunnnary of contents, circumstances attending
tlu' prudu(,'ti()n, criticism of liistoric \alue, and bio-
gi'njiliic notes on the writer of each work mentioned
ill tlie (lijferent classes and subdivisions of this (•hai)ter,
J rei'er the reader not only to the list at the beuinninLf
of this volume but to the foot-notes of all the seven
vohnncs, which may be traced through the alpha-
betical index ut the cud of thu work.
Ilanfielil, V>:n--
\lMcy, Hair,
OlT, Owtii,
lii.l WiU( y.
like, EouiRT,
Triviil, BiiiL'.,
Itcinp. Bi'i,!-'-.
U 8team:sUii>,
[iCuo, Mctiav-
^eu, Noriiiiiii,
Jtcrs, riulv^,
Iclilinriutwrit,
IVaU'ejo, Vis-
CHAPTER III.
1'
THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORXIA.
Iu42-17G8.
Okioiv of the Name — CoNJKcrrRKs— Seiujas of Ehplandiax— ^Tr ITale's
DiscovKUY — Lateu Va1!Iations of the Xame — Who First Saw Ai.ta
Califorxia?— Ulloa, Alarcon, DrAz— Five Expeditions— Voyace ov
Ji'Av RoDRUiunz C vr.itit.i.o, 1,")4'2-.1 — Exit.ouation i'ro:\i Sa.v Dii;(io to
I'OINT C'oNCEl't'KJN — FeRREI.O IX THE NoRTII — VoYACE (iF SiR FlIANCIS
Drake, loTO— New Albiox — Drake did not Discover Sax Francisio
Bay' — Maps — The rinuppixE .Ships — Gai.i's Voyace, ir)S4 — Cape Men-
docino— Voyack OF Sebastian RoDRKifEZ de C'ermenon, IoO.j — Tim
Om) Sax Francisco — Explorations of Sep.astiax Vizcaixo, 1G02-Ij—
Map — Discovery of Monterey — AoriEAii's XoRTiir.RX Limit— C'a-
liRERA DUENO'S WoRK, 17:54— SPANISH ClIART, 174'J — TlIE XoRTHKRN
Mystery and Early Maps.
Thouoh the California wliicli is the subject of this
work iiiheiitcd its iianic from an older country whose
annals have been already recorded by me, yet a state-
ment respecting' the origin and application of the name
seems a[)propriate here. When Jimenez discovered
the peninsula, supposed to be an island, in loo'o, he
applied no name so far as can be known. Cortes,
landing at the same place with a colony on the r>d of
May 1535, named the port and the country adjoining
Santa Cruz, from the day. There is no evidence tliat
he ever gave, or e^■en used, any other name, the name
California not occurring in any of his writings.^ Uhoa
'Atlcastl have not found it. Tlic 'inierto ybahiade Santa Cniz' is naiiicd
in tlu! orij;inal document of lo."!"). ('nrtrx, Atitodc Pc'-'Ciioii, in Col. Dor. Jiml.,
iv. 192. Alter Ills return to Spain in 1540 in a memorial to tlio king lie testi-
fied 'I arrived at the land of Santa Cruz and was in it. . .and being in tlie w;iil
land of Santa Cruz I had eomjilete knowledge of tlie said laud. ' ( or/r.i, M(n "■
rial, in ( 'al. ])oc. IiiriL, iv. "Jl 1. Otlier witnesses wlio had accompanied ( 'orti.3
testilied '•' Spain about the same time; one, that tlic country M'as eaHcd 'J ar-
sis; another, that the country had no name, but that tlic bay wa.s called Santa
i'vuz; several, tliat they rt mcnibored no name. I'robauza, in Puchcco ami t a/-
deltas, Vol. Due, xvi. 12, 22, 27.
(Git
ORIGIN OF THE NAME.
Cj
-:Mr Hai-k's
tsT Saw Ai.iv
5— VoVAC.K til'
^AN' DlKliO TO
|.'SlllFl!AMIM
AN FuANfl^'"
4— Cait.Mia-
,N, ir)9.j— The
VINO, 100-2-3 -
N Limit— C'a-
lir. NOUTIU.KN
-ct of tliis
itry ^vhose
ct a statc-
ilic uuiiio
;liscoveivil
11 L533, lie
Cortes,
tliu ;>.l_ of
adjoiuin.U
lenco tliat
^ the name
(vs/ L'lloa
o
Cmz' is luumil
V.y. /v. ^""':'
o Idiig Iw ti->ti-
ciu^iii the !-"i'l
Lpiinieil ( 'I'lt'S
jwas calU'il 'iai-
l-a.s called SauU
Ikc/rco ami Cur-
(Cll
sailed down the coast in 15.10, and tlio name Cali-
I'oi Ilia first a))]H'ars in PriM-iado's diaiy of tliat voya^'o.
It was a])])liod, not to tlio Avliolo (-(juntr}', but to a
|i„..^|ify_-piY)l)al)ly but not certainly identical with
Santa Cru/, or La Paz."
Bcrnal Diaz, writint^ before 1,108, spcahs of tlic
isliind of Santa Cruz, and says that Cortes al'tei- many
tionliles there "went to (Hscover other lands, and came
to California, which is a bay."^ This testimony is not
of 'i-rcat weight, but it increases the uncertainty. The
(iilfei'encc is not, however, essential. The name was
;i|ili]ied between lf)^5 and 15-')0 to a locality. It was
sinni extended to the whole adjoining region; and as
the region was supposed to be a group of islands, the
iiaine was often given a plural form, Las Californias.
Whence came the name thus applied, or applied by
Cortes as has been erroneously believed, was a ques-
tion that gave rise to much conjecture before the
truth was known. The Jesuit missionaries as repre-
Rented by Veneijas and Claviofcro suixiiested that it
t/ O O Oil
might have been deliberately made up from Latin or
Creek roots; but favored the much more reasonable
theory that the discoverers had founded the name on
some misunderstood words of the natives.* These
^ Printed in ir)Cr>, in Pamiisio, Viafifii, iii. Ii4^. Having left Santa Cruz Oct.
'J!itli, on 1 0th of Nov. ' \vu found oiir.selves 54 lea^nie.s distant from (Jalifornia,
a little more or less, always in the .south-west seeing in the nipht three or four
llres.' (Seniprodallapartcdiltarbinovetl'Midolanotte, ote.) llakluyfs trans-
latiiiuot 1(;00, I'vi/fi'jr--!, iii. 40(i-7, is 'always toMartl the soutli-we.st, seeing in
tlie night,' etc. i'loin the Otii to the l.")tli they made 10 leagues; from the
l()th to the 'Jltli, I'J or 1,") leagues; and were then, having sighted the J.sle of
1 'earls, TO h'agues from Santa, Cruz. The author only uses the name (,'alifornia
oni,'e; llakhiyt's 'point of California' is an interpolation. The defniite
ili>t.in(e of .'")4 leagues indicates that California was a place they had passed;
it iduhl not Ije 54 leagues either south-west or north-east of tlieir position,
and 1 suji]ioso tlio direction refers to tlic coast generally or the fires. 'J'hc dis-
taiues are not out of tlio way if we allow (! or !) leagues for the progress made
on Xov. Dtli. Thci'o is some ohscurity of meaning; Ijut apparently California
^^asatornear Santa Cruz. Throughout his voyage up and down tin; gulf
I'rcriado uses the name Santa Cruz frequently to locate the lands in the wi ;t.
■^lunial JJhzilcl Cnstillo, Jl'isf. Vcnla<l<-r<i, '2:);\, printed in l(j.",i.'. 'J'lii.s
has often licen called the first mention of the name. Some have blunderingly
tullicil of Diaz as the discoverer and namcr of California.
* l'<'n(<ict.i, Kot. Cat., i. 2-"); CUiriijern, S/oria dilla Cal., 20-.10. The Latin
ntHilfi foniiLv, or 'hot furnace,' is the most conimon of the conjectural deriva-
tions, the reference being supposably either to the hot climate, though it was
Uiai. Cal., Vol. I. 5
CO
TITH DISCIJVKRY OF CALIFOTIXIA.
tliooiievs liavc Ix'cii oflcii icpoatcd l)_v later wrllcTs,
with additions I'ivalliiiiLf cacli otlici' in a I (surdity. At
last in ISC-J Jvlward I'i. JlaU; was so fortunate
as to discover the sourci! wlieneo the di-.coverers
olttaineil .tlie name. An old romance, the S('iyti.'<
(>^' J'.'sp/diKh'dn, hy Ordonez do ^[(tntalvo, ti'anslafor ef
^■liiKn/is if (liinl, printed jn>rha[)s in If)!*), and cer-
taiidy in editions of la I!), ir)'JI, la'Jf), and l;VJ(j in
Spaniili, mentioned an island of California "on thi;
I'i^iit liand of the Indies, very n(;ar the 'l\'rrestri;d
I'aratlise," jH'opled with MacU women, L^ridins, and
other creatui'es of the author's imagination." There
is no direct historical evidence of i\\r. application of
this name; no)" is anv needed. No intAJliu'ent man
will ever ([Uestion the accuracy of Ilah-'s theoiy.
The nund)er of S})anish editions would indicate that
the hook was popidar at the time of the discovery;
indeed I5ernal ])ia/ often mentions i\\o ^Uaadi.^ (f
(jldul, to which the Ksplmidain was attached.
(/ortes, as we know, was I. nt on l(»llowin<j^ the
coast round to India, and contident of tindiuL;' lich and
wonderi'ul isles on the way. It would have been most
natural for him to Mpply the old fabulous name, if it
had met his eye, to the supposinl island when iirst
discovered; but it appears he did not do it; and 1
not liot cniupiirc'il with othtT.s to which tlio discovci'rrs wore nccuHtoniwl, or
to the hotlir.Ui.i, ov l< iii<'.<r(ilf's, of tiio iiiitives. CaHi/iis jai-nKs, ('(ilii'iifr fur-
lud'd, ('((/'/(in 11, ;iii<l ('(i/iriitc //(■nio inv otiior cr^ivciisioua of tho raiiio I'cot,
Arohiliald iioliii;.; of the hist that it ^\o^lKl Ijc I'athi r /ci/'/ o culicjitc, inaUiiij,'
tho iiaiiic ' Fill iiifalia' instead of ( 'alil'oruia. Aiiolhcr dorivaLioii i •. from cil'i,
?/_/(ir»/.r, S])aiii- hand Latin for 'cin^iaml vault 'or 'vaulted eove,' froniaiieculi.Mr
natural iornialion near Tape; San Liicas. From tho (Jreck we liave htid j'h'.r
111(1, litlii pluira, iicii, /.(tld jilwr ii'in, l.dlti ji/iiirii<i<i, laid, flmvit iiirt, or /«/"<
j)/i(:riiiu — v;ni(ni:;ly ivnilered 'beautiful woman,' 'moonshine,' or 'adidlerv;'
■fertile land;' (jr 'new country.' Cu'dj'nn or '•cldjoiiid. the Siiani.sh for I'c.-iii,
has also lieeu Ki'^'^;estecl. hi l'p]icr California, the idea ^^a^ia favorite ( no
that the name waa of Indian ori,L'in; hut there ^^aH little jiLrreement refjieet-
in]L,' <letails. According to the Vallejos, Alvarado, and others, all a;.;reed that
it eanu' from Lal'i jorin), the information eoniiu;^' from Haja ( 'alifornia, nalivesi
hut there were two factions, one interpretin;,' the word.s 'hi,L,'h hill' or 'moiin-
tain' and the c, her 'native land.' K. l>.(luilhcrt, resident of Coinda, Sinal";i,
told mo in iJiTS that an old Jndian of hi^; locality called the peninsula 'J'ehali-
falni-al, 'the shandy land heyond the water.'
"llulcVs discovery was lir.-.t pidjlishcd in the Amcr. Aiifi<i. So<\, Procoil.,
Apr. JiO, LSO'J, Ait-oo; also in Adctnlk Moulhlij, xiii. '2(i5; J/ah's Ilk L< cd
Best, etc., 2ol.
ArrLICATION OF TIIK NAMR.
C>7
'• wriicrs,
ility. At-
loitunatc!
SCOVC'l't'lS
Iislillol" of
iuid <'ci-
l \:>-2(\ ill
"on tlu!
\'rrcstri;il
lliiis, ami
.'• Thvvo
icatiou of
jfeiit mail
S tllC'OlT.
icat(; that
liscovorv;
(1.
)\viii;^ till!
K licli and
|)ccu ntost
nu', it' it
lien iirst
it; and 1
L'Oistoiiic'tl, or
( 'aUfii'f /'')'-
11' iimic rcot,
;t(', liKiUin,^
It i i I'l'diii c'lJd
I'roiiii'.iu-culiMi'
IVO hflld j'll'l'
iiin, or /«'"<
or 'adiillcry;'
lis! I for rc.-iii,
t'avorito < no
incut rcppvi-t-
illii;4rc'c<i tluit
■orni;i uiitivis;
ill' or 'liioiiii-
>liiil:!, Sili;il";i,
linsiihi 'J"(jli;ili-
'?(»•., Prorrnl.,
It's U'tn L<f<l
CI I
ol'
st, n^ly .sus{)('ct the name was a[)i»liud in diiision hy
Ills (Hsu'usted colonists on their return in laiKJ. At
,iiiv I'att! there ean be no donht the name was adojjted
tVuiii the novel between Ijoj and 15J»9. Th(3 etyniol-
(i'4V of the name and th(^ sourc* whenee ^NTontalvo ob-
tained it still remain a Held for ingenious _u,"iU'sswoi-k.
indeed most of the old conjeetures may still be ap])lii(l
ti> the subject in its new phase. But this is not an
lii^toiical subject, nor one of the slightest iin])ortanee.
ill such matters the ])robable is but rarely the inu\
What brilliant etymological theoiies might be drawn
oiil by the name C'alistoga, if it wei'c not known how
Samuel Jjrau'ian built the word l'rt)ni California and
^•inatoga."
The name California, once applied to the island or
|)iiiinsula, was also naturally used to designate the;
ntry extending indelinitely northward tothe strait
Vnian, or to Asia, oxccjtt as interrupted in the
\ iew of some foreign geograi»hers by Drake's Xew
Alhion. Kino at the mouth of the Coloi'ado in 1700
spoke of Alta Califoi'uia; but ho meant simply tlu!
'upper' part of the peninsula. After 1701) the north-
eiai country was for a time known as the Xew lOstab-
li>hments, or Los Establecimientos de San Diego y
^[ontcrcy, or the Northern Missions. In a few
"In Wchalfr'n Dlctiovari/, the Spanish caJifa, Arabic KhaVfit, 'successor,'
'cMliiili,' is iiiloptcd, Jis indcid fiurr^cstcd by lliile, as the possible root of tlio
iiaiiK'. Ari'hbalil, Oirr/niid J/oii/h/i/, ii. 440, su<,'.L,'csts Calplniriiia, (':vsar's
V. i;c. I'ciliaps tin' coolest exhibition of assurance which this matter lias drawn
out in niiiclerii times is I'rof. ,Iules .Marcou's essay on the 'true origin' of the
ii^iiiie. 'J he whole pamphlet, although printed by the United States j,'overn-
111' at, with Ihe degree of intelligence too often employed in such eases, iierliajis
hiiaiiscdf an old Ilia]) attached to it, has about as many blunders as ilie ])age.s
laii accoiiiiiKHlate. 1 have no space to point them out; luit this is what'ho
say) of tlie name: 'Cortes and his companions, struck with the dillerenee lie-
turcu the dry and burning heat they exi)crienee<l, compareil with the moist
and niiiehless oppressive heatof thcMexicaiW/' /'cff rnliciitr, Iirst gave to a bay,
and atiurwards extenih'd to the entire country the nanu' of t'n rni CuHjhniin,
il( lived fvom ciili(/fi.j'vrnii.r, which signifies liery furnace, or hot as an oven.
Heri.au ( orti's, who was i.ioreovcr a, man of learning, was it once strongly
iui[ire.sseil with the singul;ir anil striking climatic ditl'ercnces. . .to wlioiir is
due the appropriate classilic.'ition of the Mexican regions into /i( rnifrin, /!i rrn
l-iijlikflii. tii-rni cdHdilc, and /!( rrn Ciiii/nriiin '! M(i,-i-on\s Xolr.-t h'/udi thi- jir.^t,
J >'■'■' nnrii.i o/ C'ai:/urii''a ,ni(l f/ii' oriijhi ('/!/■•< ^hlnlr,^\'i^iihmgtol^, 1878. See also
i'.S.aeo,/. hiurviij, Whwlii; Ript., 1878, p. '2:28.
C8
THE DISCOVIT.Y OF C.UJFOnXIA.
b'lj
m'
^ I- 1
i i ':,(
years, liowovDr, without any uniformity of usacro tlio
upper countiy began to be known as California Sep-
tentrional, California del Norte, Nueva Califoi-nia, or
('alifijrnia Superior. But {gradually Alta California
heeanie more eonunon than the others, both in private
and offieial coniniunications, though from the date of
the se]5aration of the provinces in 1804 Nueva Cali-
lornii) became the legal name, as did Alta California
after 1824. In these later times Las Californias meant
not as at first Las Islas Californias, but the two
])i'ovincos, old and new, lower and upper. Down to
I 84G, however, the whole country was often called by
^Mexicans and Californians oven in official documents
ix peninsula.
It is not impossible that Francisco de Ulloa, at the
liead of the gulf in 15;39, had a distant glimpse of
mountains within the territory now called Caliibrnia;
it is very probable that Hernando de Alarcon, as-
cending the Colorado in boats neai'ly to the Gila
and possibly beyond it, saw Californian soil in Sep-
tember 1540; and perhaps Melchor Diaz, who crossed
the Colorado later in the same year, had a similar
view.
Thus strictly speaking the honor of the first dis-
covery may with nuich plausibility be attributed to
one of these explorers, though none of them mentione(l
the discovery, or could do so, boundary lines l)eing
as yet not dreamed of Subsequently Juan do Ohate
and his com])anions, coming down the Colorado in
1 004, certainly gazed across the river on Califoj-nia,
and even learned i'rom the natives tha.t the sea was not
f;ir distant. After 1009 Kino and his Jesuit asso-
ciates not unfrequently looked upon v.'hat was to b<!
( aliibrnia i'rom the (jlila junction. No ]']>u'()peaii,
howe\er, from this 'I'ection is kni>wn to have trod
the soil of the promised land; theretore this plia^'
of the subject may be dismissed without further
remark.
CARRILLO'S VOYAGE.
69
All that was known of Califoniia before 17G9 was
founded on the reports of tive expeditions; that of
Juan ]^^dril;■nez CabriHo in ir)42-3, that of Franeia
])rake in 1579, tliat of Frnneiseo do Gali in 1584,
tliat of Seljastian Rodrij^niez de Cennenon in 1595, and
tliat of Sebastian Yizciiino in 1G02-3. To deseribo
these expcditi(»ns^ — so far only as they relate to the
coast of Alta California, for in a general way eaeh hi.s
been presented in the annals of regions farther south —
with a glance also at a few other voyages bearing ii)-
(Hre'-tly upon the subject, is my j^urpose in the present
chapter.
On the 28tli of Soptember 1542, Juan Tiodriguez
C'abrillo, coioing from tiic soutli in command of t\\<>
Spanish ex])loring vessels,' discovered a " landjoehed
iiiid very LTood liarbor," which he named San ]Miguel
and located in 34° 20'. The next day he sent a boat
''farther into the port which was largo;" and whiL;
aiiciiorcd here " a verv great gale blew from the west-
south-west, and soutli-south-west; but the i)ort being
good they felt nothing."**
'On the fittiiif;-out of the expedition and its achievements south of C.ili-
foniia, .Sfo Hist. Xnrth Mix. Sldtts, this surics.
"(Mlirilh), Iifldcioii <i d'lario, de la )iniri;ii.cion que li'~r> Jiinn Ho'lrli/im Ca-
lirilhi foil iloa V(in'u!<, a' de-sciihrliihi'iiln del pwo dil Mur di I Siir nl. imrte, ete.
Original in Spanish aivhivts of Seville from Siniaiicas, eeitilieil liy Xavni'ictc,
(Hpy in ^[uudZ Collection, printed in FlurUln. Ci'l. J>r,\, 17.'? S!». ' r)e .Inaii
I'uv/.' i.s Diailicdon the Muiio/. oojiy. .AnothiTjinnted orij^inal from 'Archivo
ddniiias Tationato, est. 1, caj. i.,'is found in Pm-lii'ca and ( 'iir<lfiin.'i, Cul. Do
XIV,
I ().■)-!)], under the title Jklar
non (/( I il( snil/raiiifiifi) i/ii
IliZ'l ,/l>
nidri-
ijiH', iicinijait'lo jior Id roiilni cisfa drl ui'tr ild Siir (d iiiirtc ln'-ha ]>iir Jiiaii
J
■cu:
Thus it is pi-ohalile that Juan I'at.', was the autlmr. He
'III., ilec. vu.
//i^l.
lil). v. cap. iii.-iv., gave in lli(!0 a condensed ai'count ja'obably
fiuni tl"; ahove orininal, l)ut ^^■it!^ many omissions, and a fi \v additions, wiiieh
htiviMie the foundation of most that was sulise(|Uently wi'i'ten on the stiliject,
fdlhiWed by lUirney and others. In ISO'J Navarrete in his introductiim
1h
to tlii: Sii/:i 1/ Ml xicdiia, Viiuti', xxix.-xxxvi.
a narrative. In mi
th.
with notes in which he located, fer the mrjst ]iart accurately, the ]ioiiit3
iiaiucd by (.'abrillo. 'J'lii/lor's Fir.if I'o'/d'ji' to l/n' Cnd-t n/ ( 'dl'j'nri
.hii ('
lii-Woy San I'Vancisco, Is.'i.'i, was a kind of translation from Kavarrete, ^\ hose
lioti'S the translator attcnipti'il to correct \\ithoutai.y very luiUiant ••^iiiccs.^.
Fiiiidly in bST',) we havi^J;
(/ /-// thr ]iijci. r,
II.,
iijWiiilli Aiiicrirn ill 1l
oil
md Ihn-^hdii'K Ti-dii'<ldt''i}ii j'ro,n (lir S]idiil'li nj
if thi: i'lii/dii)' of CidiriUo ciloinj I Id' Vf-^t mnnf
pri
ited
U. S. (I'i'Oi/, Sii
An-ld
'<ii,l!i. -0')-',)]-l. lliehard S. Kvans was the translator; II. W. llenshaw, \\\
dcantiquavian researches on the enast, was the author of theniitci
dll.
(\ TiiVior, V. S. N., of the Coast Survey, aided the gcntlcnu'n named with
tlic remits of his
ac4U
[liutance with the coast.
til
70
THE DISCOVERY OF C.UJFOnXIA.
:■.<■■'.
I
|:m
Tlieiv is IK ) furtlior description ; tlic latitiulo is wrong ;
and the port must be identiiied if ut all by its relation
to other ])()iuts visited by Cabrillo. It has iisually
been identiiied Ijy those who have followed Navarrete,
the earliest investij^ator, with San ]}iego; but recently
1)y llensliaw and Taylor with San Pedro further nortli,
San Diego being in that case Cabrillo's San jNIateo;'
IFere, as in most parts of this narrative, there is little
room for positive assertion; but I prefer to regard
San Miguel as l\au Diego. Difficulties arise at every
step wliieh no theory can remove. It is tlie fault of
the narrative, respecting the genuineness of whidi,
however, there is no room for doubt. Without attenqit-
in<,!; to get over obstacles by ignoring them I sli;ill
treat them maitdy in notes.^"
At any rate Cabrillo entered Up})er Calif si'niau
M'atiirs, never before disturbed by other craft tluiii
Indian canoes, and ancliored in San Diego Bay in
Septend)er 15-42. If we suppose this port to have been
his San ]\Iiguel, he remained six da3's. The nati\rs
'•'Sail !M:!tco WHS .also do.scriljed a.s a j^'ood and landlocked (<_< rrwin) port,
vitli ;i little lake of iVoli wati'V, and with ji-i-oves of li-ci's Wkv <r'iJ'i.x, except
tl'a. Hw. wood was hard. There were alsomuny drift-lo^'s M-af^hod licro liy tiiO
sea, liroad grassy plains, liigli and rolling land, and animals in drove.) ot Kh)
or n\or(! i-esemliJinL,' I'eruvian slieej) w ilh long wool, siiuiU horns, and hrnad
I'ouuil tails. L itituilo {riveri 'XV '10'.
'"San Au;,'ustin Island, the last point on wlii<'h Xa\arretc and Ilcnshaw
i\;.'reo. is identiiied with San Martin in aoont \W .'?(•' on the IJaja (,'aliforiiia
I'oast. Tiu'ee il.iys with little \\ ind lirou;j;ht the ships, no ilistance given, to
(_'ape San Martin, north of San Angustin, where the euast turns from nortli to
jiorth-west. This trend, and also the time, if we disreL'-ar<l th(\ ealin, favors
llensiiaw'.s locati<jn of Todos Sant<).s rather than Xavarrete's of San yuintiii.
X( xt they sailed fonr leagues X. K., or X. X. E ; l>\it this is not possilile from
I'odos Santos either l)y tlw! best niapfiovtlie trend justliotecl. Xcxt "JI leagues
X. w., and N. X. \v. to San Mateo; the distance "J.") leagues eoi'respondiii'^
lietter with that from San (>>ui'itin to Todos ,Sanl.)s, than with that from t!ie
latter to San])ie;io. On the other hanil, the next sta','e, ^1 leagues to San
idiguel, lu'tter lit.s that from San Diego to San I'edro than from Todos Santos
to the former. Dut they ]iassed fi. little island close to the jshore on arriviir,'
lit San Mateo, therebeing none at Todos Santos so far as the maps show; anil
on the other hand, on sailing to San Migrn 1, they jas.scd three islus ih/x riM
tliree leagues from the mairi, the largest being two leagues long, or iiossihlv
in eirenniference, which agrees better with the Coi'onados just below San
]>iego than with San ( 'Icnientt^ ." nd Santa ( 'atalina. ^loreovcr the de.scri|iiii)n
of San Mat.'o with its lake, and t'spccially its groves of trees, does not cnrrc-
s|iond at all to S.nn Oiego. The strongest reason \\\\\ San .Mi'^uel must be S;in
]Meg() ami not San TediV) will be nolic(Ml pnsenlly. The investigator's troulilcs
icie not lessened b} the noii-existence of a perfect chart of the IJaja Califnraia
ct.iust.
ll
JUAN r.ODrJGUEZ AT SAX TEDRO,
71
s rclatitiu
ls usually
fuvarieto,
,t recently
hcriiortli,
,u Mateo."
re is little
to regard
ie at every
iic fault of
of wlii(/li.
itatteni])t-
:;iu I hIuiU
Califirninn
craft tlian
■go Bay in
) have beru
lie iiatiM'S
ri-((ilo) port,
cr'ih'il'., CKCc'l't
^hoil hero by tl'o
(Irovc.iot liK)
•us, uiul In'iKiJ
ami ITcnsliaw
!'>aj;i Ciilifi'nii:v
stance giveii. to
IS Ircim noi'tli to
he calm, I'avnis
if Sim (.>uiiUiii.
,t [Hissilile fri'lii
XcxfJllwiLriifS
ciinx'spoiuliug
h tliat from Uie
lca'j:uert to Siiii
111 Toilos Santos
...ire on ariivinij
naps show ; ami
I'L- ialufi d<':-i'i' '■'«■'
ou'-t, or IMissilily
j\ist below Sun
the iloMCviption
(hies IK it iMiTC-
ml must be San
iurAor's tnniMr"
'llajafalil'-nii;'
\\cre tiiiiid in their intercourse with the stiangers,
vdimn they called Guacanial; Imt they won ndrd with
thrir arrows three of a l>arty that landeil at night to
lisli. lnter\ie\vs, voluntary and en'" .'ced, were hold
with a few individuals both on shore and on tlu; ships;
and the Spaniai'ds underst(.Hxl by their signs that the
natives had seen or lieard of men like th(.'inselves,
licnrdtd, mounted, and armed, somewhere in the in-
Irrior. "
J^('aving San Miguel Octol)er od, thoy sail three
day.s or about eighteen leagues, along a coast of val-
hys and ])]ains and smokes, with high mountains in
th(.! interior, to the islands some seven leagues fj'om
tlic main, v/liich they name from their vessels San 8al-
vador and Mtoria. They land on one of the islands,
alter the inhabitants, timid and even hostile at first,
Iiave been appeased by signs and have come olf in a
eaiioe to receive gilts. They tt)0 tell of white men on
the main. On Sunday the Spaniards go over to llcrni
llj'inc to a JarLi'e bay whicJ) thev call Bahi'a de los
J'\unos, or Fuegos, from the smoke of iires sec.ui there.
]t is tlescribed as a good })ort with good lands, valleys,
].Liii!s, and groves, lying in 35°. I suppose the island
\ isitcd to have been Santa Catalina, and the [)ort to
have been San Pedro.^"
Saihn<r six leao-ues fai'ther on Octo1)er 0th, Cabiillo
anchoi's in a large cnsciiada, or bight, whieh is doubt-
less Santa, Monica. ^'^ Thence they go on the next day
" It is n<it impossilile, thoii^'h not jirobable, tliat the natives hail hearJ of
I)ia/, Alareon, ami Ullna, a.t the head of ilie ^ulf. The iinliaiii ul San J)ieL;i)
arc ill', crib'.'d as well foniieil, of lan'e si/e, clothed in sliiiis.
'- lleiisliaw, n;) we havo .seen, makes this liahia de. I'ltmos I'lahia Ona (or
Santa Miiuica), iilelitifying San Pedro with San ;Mi,^'iiel, and tlie i.-i!aml with
S::iita (.'rnz. The name San Salvador as mentioned later seems hij .strom.'i'st
ri ason, tiiou^h he does not say so. He admits the diliieiilty ef idciitilj in;.,'
Santa (.'atalina v.iih the Jslas IJesiertas, hintin;,' that ollur sinalkr islands
may havo di.sijipeaied; bnt a more serious objection still — eonelii.sive tome- -
is the hict that San rc:did would never havo lucn called a /iikiIi rfrnnln, or
landlocked ]io;'t; nor v.oiild it have a Horded |iiotccti(in froma siouth-we; t tab'.
'■'Certainly not the Idijiiiia near i't Mu_l;u as iienshaw says. Santa Muiiica
vas exactly v.hat fhe Sjtaniards woulil have ealleil an < iim iirn/n : indetd, they
did often so e.dl it in later years as they did also Monterey Hay. i;nd San
JVancisco outside the heads iVoni I't IJeVcs to I'i-i'nn I'oint.'alviay . (he J.'n-
t>' Kwlii (U' lnH i\ind(uM:s, Like the navi;^ators of other nation:;, ihey wero
■x-^
^a^"
72
THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
ill
some t'in'lit L.'au'uos to an Indian town, ancliorinr'
c);)i)ositc u great valley. The town, called Pueblo du
\i\H Caiioas and located in 35" 20', is doubtless in the
vicinity of San Buenaventura, the valley being that
of the Santa Clara/* The Spaniards take formal
possession and remain here finir days. The natives
come to the ships in tine canoes, each canying twelvi.'
oi- thirteen men, and they report other Christians seven
days' journey distant, for Avhom they take a letter,
also indicating the existence of a great ri\er. They
say thei'e is maize in the valley, Avliich assertion is
conlirmed later by natives who talk also of cae which
the vovagers undei'stand to bo cows, callin<jj the
maize t>ry>. The natives arc fishermen; they dress in
skins, and live on raw fish and ma<ju('ij. Their name
for the town is Xucu, and they call the Christians
Taquimine.
Six or seven leagues bring them on the 13th past
two islands each four leagues long and four leagues
from the coast, uniiduibited for lack of water, but
with good ports. ^'^ The next anchoi'age is two leagues
farther, opposite a fine valley, perha[)s Santa Bar-
bara, where the natives are friendly and bring tish in
canoes lor barter. The ten leagues of October loth
carry them past an island fiftt^en leagues in length,
which the}' name San Lucas, ajijuirently Santa liosa."'
not very strict in tlirir iiso of gcograpliicnl terms; but to suppose th.it tlio
little lai'iiiKi would liiive l)eni c.iUed by tliuin iiu 'cnsciuula j'rauilc' i.s tcio
!ibsui'(l I'or even refutation; 'iuli't' is not a cori'ect remieriiii,' of iiisi'ikiiIh.
Taylor idcuitilics tlie cuscn.Tila with the cove or roadstead of Santa lli'irhata.
/'//>•' I'di/dji' li) the CimikI iif ('<il'/<>i-n!(t. J le points out tlie^-laringdeiiiieUL-ii s
iu all tliat liad lie'u wi'itten on the subject, and Hatters himself tliat by tlie
aid of men iamiliar with tlic coast he has I'olhiued the route of tlio iia\ ii'ators
Very elosi'ly; and so lie has, just as far :',s he copies Xavarrele, bliiiiderii';^
fearfully in most licsides.
"Navarrcto says iu the cnscnada of San Juan Capistrano, which is unin-
telli,;.'il)le.
'' Anai'apa and tlie eastern jinrt of Santa Cruz as seen from a distance and
as e\])laiued by the natives' si,L;us, which were n<jt understo<id.
'"Six lca;tues from the uia'n, and ei,u'htccu lenirues fi'cm rnel>lo de Cnnoas.
It was said to b.ave the billiw in[,' pueblos: Kiipiipos, Maxnl, Xui'ua, "N'itd,
^Macanio. Niinitopal. l^ater it is stati'd that San Liic'as was the middle island.
iiaviiiLi; threes puibhis ^vlios<" names do not a-ree wiili tho.'-.i' lure iiivcii. Thcie
i 1 a Impekss confusion in the accountsof these islands, bid no dviubt that this
was the yruup visited.
CAr.TULLO IX THE SANTA BARBARA CIIA:>X1:L.
iclioriu!^'
leblo (.It!
s ill the
iiLj that
1 lornuil
natives
f twelve
lis seven
a letter,
-. Tliey
L'l'tion is
w \vhieh
ling the
dress in
uir name
hristiaii;;
Oth past
• loau,'ues
iter, but
) leagues
ita l>ar-
tr iish in
ei' 15 th
length,
Ivosa.
|iso that tliti
aule' is ten)
|if ( IIH'IKII^ll.
(l;i Bih-liara.
j(l(jliL'ifiicits
It hat l.y tlio
I; iiavi_L'at(ir.s
bliiiuk'riii;^'
[ii;h is liiiiii-
|i.-!tancc ami
di' Canoas.
"ua, Nitrl,
idle islaiitl.
tni. Tiii'i''
Vt that tlii^
^[oiHliiv the l()(h the}' sail four leagues to two towns,
ill u region A\here there is a i)lace still called Dos
]*uehlos; and three leagues more on Tuesday. The
iialives wear their hair long, and intertwined with
.-(rings of Hint, bone, and v»ooden daggers. Next day
ilu v eonie to a point in latitude 3(r, whieli tliey name
('a[)e (JaleiTi, now Point Concepcion in latitude 34°
L'(!'. The distance from Pueblo de Canoas is thirty
1. agues, Xexu being the general name of the province,
A\liirh lias more than forty towns."
1'lie narrative of what Cabrillo saw on tlie sliores
and islands of the Santa Barbara Channel, exce])t a
unirDrin exaggeration in the size of the islands, confu-
sidii in locating them, and perhajis the casa.-> (jmndes
ot" Canoas town, agrees very well Avith tlie truth as
iwealcd by later mission annals and by the relics
exhumed Jii late years b}^ antiquarians. Tlie region
was certainly inhabited in early times by people who
used canoes, lived mainly by fishing, and wei-e much
superior in many respects to most otlier natives of
California. There was a tendency at ilrst, as is usual
ill such cases, to ascribe the Channel relics to a ])!■('■
historic race;^** but nothing indicating such an origin
'■ TIk; imcblos, l)osiuiiing Avith Canoas, were, Xucn, Bis, Sojinno, Ailoc,
Xal)aagi;a, X-jOdtoc, I'otoltuc, Xachuo, QucLjiicnii;, ?i!isina,mu!, Miiesoiiano,
];i(l!iii, ('(I'.oc, Mil;,'!!, Xagua, Aiiacljuc, I'artocac, Susmjiu'y, (Juaiiimi, (iiia
for (^>uaiiimigua), Asiinu, Ai^uin, L'asalio, Tucuiim, IiR-puini, Cicacut (Sardi-
iias), Ciiicut, Anaoot, Maciuinanoa, I'altatrc, Aiiacoat (<ii' Anacoac), Ulesiuci,
Caaiat (or Caai'ac), I'altocuc, Tocaiie, Opia, Opistopia, Xocos, Yiitiiiii, (^)ui-
liiaii, Xiioiua, (Jaioniisopona, and Xcxo; ciul ou the islands. On /i(pii-
iiniyiun, nr Juan Kodi-igucz, or rosesioii (San ^liy;iU'l), Xaco (or Caco) ami
XiinnUullo. On Xicahpie, or San Lucas (Santa liosa), Xiclioi^hi, Coycuy,
aud Ivitixoloco (ov t'ulocd). On the other San Lucas. See note 1(1. On Limn
i"V Liiuuu) (ir San Salvador (Santa Cruz), Xi(picscs(|uc]ua, Poclc, ris([ucm),
I'ualiiac.aup, I'atiipiin, ralii|uili(l, Xinuniu, Muoc, rilid([uay, LilelKipie.
'I'luse names uere those which the Indian natives were nndeislood to apply
t(i towns not visited, ami vi'ry little accuracy is to he expected. 'I'aylor, Jii-'-
(■'//■(/•(/•.. ui.il Foil nil' rs, i. Xo. 1, claini.s to liavo identilied Calnillo'.s names in
.-^cMi'al instances with those found iu the mission re,Li--ter.s. This is net ini-
likily, ih(iu,L;h the authority i.s nut a safe one. He also say.s that tii'' Indians
in I, so;! reco;.;nized the native iiaiues ol San ^ligucl and its towns as ^iv<.'n by
C.iliiil'o. >,(ine of tlie many rancluria names which I have m<'t and wiucli
will lie given iu later mission annals show any mark' resemblance to the old
JlidlM'S.
'" < )n the Indiana of thi.s i-c,::ion see A'o/icc /I'acr.s', i, 4(V2-'2-; iv. ()S7-!>7. Seo
id.-(jc.n archaMilii.^qcal researchc;-: l\ ,S. O'emj. tSiirrii/, U'/mlir, vol. vii. Art/no-
'jIojj, V>'u»liinyton, 1S79, [lussiin.
1
■n
I
ill'
ii
i i
74 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFOnXIA.
has ovcrbcun runnel tliero. Iluiiinis, like those of the
co\V8 and maize, \vei'e far from accurate.
From Cape Galera they go October 18th to dis-
cover two islands ten leauaies from the main, and thev
spend a week of stormy weather in a good harbor in
tlie smaller one which they name La Posesion, prol)-
ably Cnyler's Ilai-bor in San jSliguel. Tlio two are
called 8an Liicas.^" Leaving the ])ort Wednesday
the 25th the ships are beaten about by adverse \vdnds
for anotlier week, making ]ittlc> j^rogress, Ijai-ely reach-
ing a })oint ten leagues beyond Cape Galera in 00° []()'.
They do not anchor, nor can they iintl a gi'eat river
said to be there, though there are signs of rivers, but
on the 1st of November they return to the ancliorage
imder Cape Galera, by them named Todos Santos,
now Coxo, where is the town of Xexo. They haw
])robably gone as far as the mouth of the Santa ]\Iarfu
in latitude 35°.-" Next day they proceed down the
coast to tliG town of Cicacut, or Sardinas, in 35° 45',
where wood and water are more accessible than at tlic
cape. 1'his seems a head town of the ])rovinc(.% ruled
by an old woman who j)asscs two nights on one of the
Aessels."^ StartiniX the Gtli, it takes them till the 10th
to get back to the cape anchorage of Todos Santos.
Perhaps they pass the capo on the lOtli. At nil
events on tlie morning of the 11th they are near tlio
place readied before, twelve leagues beyond tlie cape;
and that day with a fair wind tlun* sail twentv leaoms
north-west, along a wild coast without shelter, and
with a lofiy sierra rising abruptly from the shore.
The mountains in 37° 30' are named Sierra de Sail
Martin, I'ormiiig a cape at their end in 38°, or as is
DISCOVERY OF TOINT TINOS.
76
stated later in o7° 30'. The sierra is that now called
Santa Lueia, and I suppose the cape to liave been
that still called San ]\Ia]tin, or Puiita Gorda in ?>')°
[)l', though this is not quite certain.--^ In the ni^'ht
heiuo" six leaj^ues oil* the coast they are struck hy a
sronu which separates the ships and lasts all day Suu-
(!av and until Monday noon. Under a small fore-
staysail Cabrillo's shii)S drift slowly and laboriously
iiorth-westward with the Avind. jMonday evening', the
wcatlier clearing somewhat and the wind shiiting to
the westward, the flag-shi}) turns toward the land,'''' in
scare] I of the consort. At dawn she sights land, and
idl (lay in a high sea labors slowly to tlie north-west
aJDU"' a rou'jli coast without harbors, where are many
ti'ccs and lofty nioiuitains covered with snow. They
sight a point covered with trees in 40°; and at night
heave to.
Of their coxn^so and progress next day, the 15th,
iiotliiu''' is said, but iirobablv advancinuc somewhat
fartlier north-westward they see the consort and join
hei- at niglitfall, when they take in sail and heave to.
At dawn next morning they have drifted back to a
lai'ge ensenada in 39° or a little more, the shores of
which are covered witli })ines, and which is therefore
named ]3ahia de los Pinos, and one of its ])oiiits C'abo
de Pinos. They hope to find a port and river, but
after working against the wind for two days and
a night, they are unable to discover either. They
-- ITciisliaw makes it Pt Siir in .SO" 20'; and it is true that the coast of tho
day's r; iliiv^ con'os]-.oiids liotter in f-omc respects Mith tliat up to I't Snr tliiin
tn I't (.lordii. IJi]\vcver, tho latitude ."T" .'i"' ^\ilh allnwaiu-o I'nr Cdii IIIu'm
ayera.i'c excels, iijipliea better to rtOorda; tliat ]M>int alfio, aeeordiu;,' to the
r. S. Coast Survey ehart.s, eorrespdii^Is mueli lielter, tVnui a southei ii stand-
lii'int, to the rcriidt' (jf tlie sierra as deserihed; the distaiiee from J't Cunee])-
eiiiii, Wl leagues, has to he eon;- iderahly exau'.^erated even to reaeli I'ttJorda;
01! tin.' return it i.snoted. tliat aliont 1.') leai^ues isouth of tlie ea-pc tho ehioaeter
of the coast changed and settlements began. mIucIi agrees better -with < ;or(hi
than Sur, and docs not agree with the .statement tliat all of the voyage of tlic
1 lt!i \vas along a coast uhere the mountains rise abriqitly from tlu; ^^ater. I
think the eouot from San Luis to I't (lorda agrees well enough \M,h tho
'h -fiiption; and this supposition throws some light on proceedings farther
ninth.
■■ '.V la vuelta dc la tierra.' !N'ot 'at the turn of the luud' as Evans tnui.s-
lutes it.
76
THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORXIA.
:^i!|!
anchor in forty-five fiitlionis to tak(> possession, but
dare not land on account of the high sea. Lying to
for the night, on the 18th tliey descend the coast,
under lofty sno\v-cai)p{;d mountains so near that they
seem about to fall on them. The Sierras Nevadas,
they are called, and a point passed in 38" 45' Cabo de
Nievc. Then they procceil to Caj)e San ]\Iarttn, and
on the 23d arrive at the old harbor on Poset-ion, or
San j\Iiguel Island.
Cabrillo had run along the coast, point by point,
from Cape Pinos to the island; from Pinos to vSan
IMartin the coast was wild, rough, without shelter,
and with no signs of iidiabitants; but below Siin ]Mar-
tin fifteen leagues — possibly for a distance of fifteen
leagues — the countrv became better and inJuibited.
Many difficulties present themselves in comiection
with this northern navigation; but I am convinced
that the Bahia de Pirios was Monterey Bay; Cabo
de Pinos the cape still so called at the soutliern end
of that bay; Cabo de Xievo, or Snowy Capo, the
])rescnt Point Sur; and the point in 40°, Point Aho
Nuevo, Pigeon Point, Pillar Pointy or at most not
above Point Peycs in 38°."'*
'"Navarrcte agrees with tliis view, except that he does not identify the
rape in Hf, and makes Cape Xicve tlio same as Afio Xuovo, wliicli last cf
eoursc is a hhniilcr. Taylor ako idontilicH ^Monterey Bay, ni.ik.s Point Ivovis
the capo iu 40°, but falls into great confusion, osjiecially in locating I'oint
Martin ahovo Monterey, llerrera makes Point Pinos the cape in 4()'. Ilum-
l)o'dt, L.tmi! Pol., ',\'l'^, thinks the enpcvas Auo Xucvo. Venei;as, Lorenzana,
and C'avo imply that the cape was Mendocino; and it is probable indeed that
that name vas givin later to a cape t upposed to be this one, ;.s \\c shall see.
Finally Evans and Jlensliaw identify the cape in 40" with I'cint Arenas (.'IS'
57'), the Hay of Pinos vrith Bodega 15ay, I'oint Pinos presumably the south-
ern p.oint of that bay, and Cape Xieve tlicy ]irononnec nniden'.iliable. I find
very little, excc]it the latitudes cited, to justify the conclusion.', last given, and
I find much nyoiust them. I'oint Arenas is not a wooded point iu any sense
not f|uite as applicable to any of the points turthcr south. Bodega Bay might
possibly be called an (vnwvld, incorrectlj' translated inlet, but not a kirire
one; if entered its peciiliar ramifications would have called for oth'>r remark
than that nopoi't or river could be found; its .shores were nevi'r covered Mith
jiine ■.; and Point Touiales in no way corrcijionds to Cabrillo 's Point P'iuos.
Ju co;;stiiig southward from Bodega, Point Itcyes would certainly have been
noted; anil assuredly that coast has no mountains overhanging the Avater.
Evans and Ilenshaw have to avoid this dillieulty l)y mistranslating cosftiili sfc
i/'ii tiie 'coast they passed from tliis day;' but even that does not suliice, for
tlicri' is no such coast for a long distance. Again, Cabrillo claims to havc!
followed the coast 'pouit by point,' from Pinos to the islands, liuduig no
DEATH OF CABPJLLO. 77
At La Poscsion the voyagers I'cnnalnod for iioni'ly
two moiitlis, and they ii-iuiiiuxl the island .luaii IJodri-
ciicz Croni their brave eonnnandei' Cahrillo, v.ho died
there Jainiary 3, lo-lO. lie liad had a fall on the
i -land in October, had made the northern trip sutlir-
iii'4- from a broken arm, and from exposure the injuiy
hi'came fatal. ]Iis dying orders were to push the
(.•\ploration northward at every hazard. He Avas a
Poitugueso navigator ill the Spanish service, of whom
nntiiing is known beyond the skill and bravery dis-
played on this expedition, and the fact th.'it his repu-
1. it ion was believed to justify his appointment as
conimander. No traces of his last resting-])lace, almost
certainly on San Miguel near Cuyler's harbor, have
1)eeii found; and the drifting sands have perhaps made
such a discovery doubtful. To this bold mariner, the
lirst to discover her coasts, if to any one, California
]iia\' with })r()priety erect a monument."''
On Cabrillo's death Bartolome Ferrelo, the Levan-
tine piloto mayor, assumes connnand; but the weathei-
does not permit departure till the 19th. Even then.
when they start for the main they are driven to the
island of San Salvador, or Santa Cruz,"" and finding
no harbor are forced to beat al^out the islan<ls in
veering winds for eight days, until on the 27th they
aiKlioraf,'c iiiid no good iuli;il)itt'(l eouiitry until jiasfc San Martin. Tliis is vory
iilteiinl wlicu applied to ]jodfj,'a, but ti'iu; cnougii from Monterey. Tlie traiis-
liiturs nvo indeed struck with this ahsnrdity, whieh they veiy weakly explain
liy siiiiiio^iiii,' tiiat Cabrilk) trusted tolas oliser'.atiuns in the storm and log of
the ti ip Horiiiward. There seems never to have been nuicli doubt among llie
Sp:ir.iards aliout the identity of Cabrillo's I'inos; and I deem it very unwise
. 1 iihiiige into such diliieulties as those ju.-5t niention(Ml for the purpose of eoii-
liimiiig C.iliriilo's observations of latitude, which are known to have been very
faulty at best.
'-'T.iylor, Di'-cor. and Founders, i. No. 1, mentions unsuccessful researelirs
by liiiiiKrlf, A'lniiral Ahh n, and Xidever. In 187."), however, he found two])its
oil a level near ( ,'uyler's Harbor, abf)ut 10 feet in diameter, which he doulits
ih't wiU prove to be the grave of C'abrillo and his men. At any rate they ' hail
a Very peculiar loi'k I' And an old sailor of Santa liarliara told this jnithiu'
that ill IS7'J he opened a Spanish grave on .Santa Cruz Island, which had a
w<iode'i head-board on which could be deciphered the date of abi/ut IfiliO!
'■'• I suppose this was not the San Salvadoi- lirst named, which was ])r(ihal)ly
San (!kiiieiite. That there was confusiou in the statements ivspoetiug these
islands is eci\ciin; but in niy ojiinioii it is not lessened by Henshaw's theory
tlinl Sin ( 'lemente and Santa Catalina were the islas desiertas, or by Navur-
rcte's that Fericlo at this time went to Sua Clemcnte.
if?
1"
I- k
'rf:
II
I
78
THE PISCO\ERY OF CALIFORNIA.
M'turii to tlu; old li;ul)or. Two days later tlioy stait
a!4ain, lirst for Sail Lucas, tliu middlt) isle, to icm-ovci-
aiicliors loft there and olitaiii water, then to Port Sar-
(llnas lor other 8Up})lii'S, and hack to San Salvador,
A\ Iicnce they fhially .sail the 18th of Fehruary. With
a noitli-cast wind thev f(.llow a south-west course in
quest of certain islands, which they sec at niLj'htlbll,
six in number,-'' havinjjf sailed about twelve leagues.
At dawn tliey arc ten le- 'jfues to windward of these;
islands. With a wind from thow. n. w., they stand
oir south-westward for five days,-" making a distance of
about one hundred leagues. Then they turn their
course landward on the 22d with a south-west wind
whicli blows with iiicreasiuLj violence for throe davs
until at dawn on Sunday, the 25tli, they sight Caju!
I'inos, and anchor at niu'ht on a bleak coast twenty
lengues to windward near a point where the coast
turns iVoin N.w. to n. N. w."" — tliat is at Pigeon Point,
or thereabout in 37° 12'. Ilerrera names it Cabo do
Portunas, or Capo Aclvciituro."''
Fr<Mn this point the narrative furnishes but little
O'round for anvthinuf but coniecturo. There are no
longer recognizable landmarks but only course's and
winds with one solar observation. The latitude oii
Wednesday the 28th is 43°. If wc go l.>y this alone,
deducting the two degrees of excess that pertain to
all of this navii>'a tor's more northern latitudes, we have
41°, or the region between Humboldt and Trinichid
bays, as Ferrelo's position; but if wc judge by his
starting-point, and probable progress as coinj)ar(d
with other parts of the voyage, it is more probablo
^'Of course the iKlnmls conM have hccn no otlicrs than Sail CkMncntc,
Santa Ciitiilina, Santa lliiiliara, San Xicohi.i, anil ]legj,'3 Rouk, with t'ataliiKV
a|>|icaiuig as two to make six ; though these arc not south-west of the noithi. i a
gn)U]i.
''"Ry the dates it couhl not have hcon ([uite 4 days.
-" Evans incorrectly says to the N.w.; and though the point is not identi-
fied, it must i)e tlie Ft Cahrillo of modern maps just above Ft Arenas accmil-
ing to lleiisliaw.
•*' Ilerrera, dec. A-ii. lib. v. cap. iv. Ho puts it in 41", that is 1° beyoiul
C. Finos, whieli ho identities with tiie cape in 40^ He gives the ilato as I'l '
2(itli. In other rcppeets llcrrera's accouii
ha\e been taken from the original uurative.
t contains nothing that
it nut
F::r.nRLo in the xortit.
70
lliat Ik- Is still far l)(.'l(»\v Ca[M> "Meiuloeiiio, a coiichisioii
that lias ?;ll'''!it coiiliniuitioii in the I'act that the luw-
lativc iiidlfati'S iio chaii.^^o In the {^(cneral iiortli-we'st
Irtiid (it'lhu coast. I ajipc'iul an abrldj^^od statciucnt.'"
Diirlii'^" till! iili;lit of Fchruary '28tli, and most of tho
iitxt (lav, they aro driven l»ya soutli-west gale towards
Ihc land, and as tlioy estimate to latitude 44 . ■ Tlu;y
recoijjnize tluir Imminent peril, and a[)pcal to »»uv Lady
of ( !ua(laln|)e. in answer to their cries, a norther
conies w
hlch
1 sends them lar so
utl
nvan
land
saves tneir
th
lives. Thi^'V imagine they see signs of tlie inevitable
'great river' between 41° and 43'; they sco Capo Piiios
^larcli ud; and on the 5th are off the island of Juan
luidrigucz, their northern wanderings being at an enil.
Of course there is no possibility of determining
(le'initely Ferrelo's northern limit. He thought that
lie reached 44', being driven by the gale sixty mil
es
)iyon
4
111 ■host observation iu 43^; and there is no
I'eason to suspect any intentional misrepresentation in
the nairatlvc!, written either by Ferrelo or by one of his
assoc
lat
es.
IJut in southern California the latitudes
of this voyage are about 1° 30' too hio'h, increasing
iipjai'ently to about 2^ farther north; thus Ferrelo's
northern limit was at uiost 42° or 42° 30', just beyond
til
iresL'i
it 1
)()
undary ot
Calif.
ornia.
Tl
lis 1;
>ul)st;
Ul-
tiallv the conclusion of both Navarrete and lleiishaw.'*'*
■" Feb. '2.")tli, midnight to <l;nvn, cnurse w. x. \v.. -wind s. s. w; Feb. 20th,
coiusu N. vr., v.ii.il \v. s. w. very sti'on,'^'; Feb. '27th, cour.-o W. N'. w., %vitli
liiwi icil fdi'csiiil, wind s. s. w. All ni^ht ran s. with w. wind iiml l'lJn^;h .sea;
Fell. "iSih, wind .'^. w. iirid niodenite; liiUtudc 4.T. In tlic ligli' (•our.".o n. w.
Willi nu'.ch labor. Mareli 1, a furioun j,'alo fruni the .s. s. \v., v.ith ii hi;;h se;ti
liViiikiuL; over the ,'^ln]i; eonisc X, K. towards the land. Tlio ioy, thick, but
sijus of l.'Mid in the yliapc (if birds, lloatinj^ wood, ote., also indication of
rivi:s. At ;! r. m. a n. wind came to f;ave tliem, and carii'd tlu ni s. all
iii'.ht. March 'Jd, course .i^. w ith i-ougli sea; in tiie niglit a n. \v. and \. .\. w.
g;ik', cor.r.~c s. K. and K. H. K. March 3, eleured up at iioon; wind N. W.;
lighted ( '. 1 inos.
"'-llevreva saya they took an observation in 44° on March 1st. Venegaa
folln\v;i hiui, but' makes the ilato March 10th.
■" l'erlia]!S .Juan I'aez as already explained. Herrera calls Ferrelo I'errer.
'I'lu' orii.'iuid Uf.ci! both the forms Ferrelo and Ferrer.
"' Xavarrcte puts it ' 4.'f' eon corta dii'erencia .segun cl error de exccso (pic
gcneralniente se notii en sus latitudes;' but ho himself makes the iivorago
excess I ;i(r, so that the limit was 41' 110'. Ilcnshaw was not, as he implies,
tile lirst to note the uniform excess. He thinks the soutlicru bouudury of
Oregon ' not far out of the way.'
80
TlIK PT.^COVKRV OF CAl.IFORXrA.
But if W(! (lisn^ufiird ]'\'rri'l()'s solar obscrvailoiis all
otlur cvidc'iico to 1)0 drawn from llic oiit;'iiial iiar-
I'ativo points to a latitudt; much lower cvcii than
4i2', ])ar(i<'iilarly if, as I think I have shown ocyond
nnich d(»uht in the j)rec('din^ jiai^c^s, the ha}' and jioiiiL
of Pinos arc to bo identiMod v.ith INEontcri'V. It is
my opinion that the Spaniards in this voyaj^o did not
pass far, if at all, hoyond Ca^x; JMinidociiio in -lO' 2(\';
aiid thci'o is nothing to support thu hfliof of later
years that Fcrrelo discovered that cape. It may
liowevei* have been named indirectly iVouj Cahrillo's
snp[)ose(l discovery; that is, the name may ha\'e been
<;iven after the return to the cape in '10' ^vllieh Ca-
brillo discovered and did not name, though Torque-
mada says the discovery was made by vessels comiiiL;'
IVom ^Manila. Nor is it unlikely that ]\[anila vessels
noting the cape in later years may have identified it
^vith Cabrill(
d
th
i'dinu'b
o
OS ca[)e antl given tne name accoi
in honor of the viceroy jMeixloza."'
Unal)le l)y rc'son of rouuh Aveather to enter the
Id port in the island of Juan liodrigue:-:, on ]March
/jth Ferrelo runs over to San Salvador M'hcrc he loses
siglit of the consort. On the 8th ho proceeds to the'
l*uel)lo de Canoas, obtaining four natives and return-
ing n(^xt day. Two daj's later he goes down to San
jMiguel, or San Diego, where he W'aits six davs for the
missing vessel, taking two boys to be carried to Mex-
ico as intc-i'preters. On the ITtli they are at San
Mateo, or Todos Santos; and on the "JGtli join the
]^itoria at C'edros Island. They have been in great
peril on some shoals at Cahrillo's island; but l»y
3' T(wqiiem(i(lit, i. (jf).*?. Vcncgaa, Kof. CaL, i. l.'>l-3, RPoins to liavc liciii
the ilrat to .statu tliut Caln'illo (lisuovi'icd and iiaincil tlio ta]io. l^on iizaiia, ii
l.'orli'x, Hi-t. y. h'spiiiid, H'Z'i-Ci, ami Cavo, 'J'n.i S/(jlof. i. l'M>, make the same
statement; and it i-t followed l)y most later writers. The early writers, hi>«-
ever, all imply that the capo was di.scoverod before Cibrillo'.s death and n^t
by I'errelo, doiiV>tless identifying it with the namcle.ss cape in 40^ really Aiio
Xiievo or l'ij,'eon I'oint. Laet, Nofii.i 0>-bi% .30(>-7, mak's ('. Fortunas tin:
iKiithern limit of tlic voyage; and Ihimey, t'liron. Ilixt., i. 220-5, ideutilu s
I'ortunas with Mendocino, and is followed by Crecnhow, Or. (unl dil., 02-.".
A ^•ery absn rd theory has been more or less current that i'errelo ga,vc \di
uaiiie to the Farallones of Siin Francisco.
SIR FRAXCIS DIIAICE.
81
IIS all
iKir-
tlian
jyon.l
point
It is
id not
d' 20';
' later
'(. may
ji'illo's
i> l)oeu
,-li Ca-
'orque-
•onunL,'
vcsstAs
:ilic(l it
I'dingly
tor tlio
Mnivli
\c loses
to til.)
Ii'ctum-
to San
for the
) Mox-
\t San
)1U till-
1 great
ut l>v
liavc lii'iu
.iizana, ii
the sumo
Iters, liDW ■
111 iUlll 11' it
Ically Alio
Hiiii;is tlio
i<lciitirn.'3
]',(/., 0-2-:!.
jo gave Ui3
lira vers and promises tlioy i\ro sa\'ed, Tlu'V arrixo
;it Xa\ idad Ajii'd I Ith, and the iir.st voyage to .Vita
Caliloi'iiia is at an iiid.""
VraiK'is Drake, made Sir Francis latter, entered tin;
]\ieilie I)}"" May of Cajx^ Horn in ITiTS, having in viev
not only a raid on Spanish treasure, hut a leturn hy
tlie long-songht strait ot' Aniaii, or, if tliat eould not
he found, at least a Aoyage^ round (lie world. His
plundering cruise.; having heeu most suceosslul. he
.sailed in April 1571) from (Juatulco on the Oajaca
cu;ist to find the strait that ^vas to all'ord him a passage
llu'ough t1u) continent. He kept well out t:) sea; hut
JIL
e\
J
ho 1
locamo di.scoiiragt.'rl on account ol 11
rt nie cold, resolved to ahandon the northern enter-
]irise, ami having anchored in a had hay, ])erha[)S in
latitude 4;r, he camo down the ccjast in the (loliJci
jliiid to relit, wdieii a suilahlo ])lace could he found,
for a ^<>yago round Capo Good Hope and homo. The
particulars of his operations both in the north and
south are fully treated elsewhere; it is only wiih what
he did and saw in California that
corne(
''■■OuC'iil.rill
Ywoii voy,'
we are now con-
, in nddition to the Movks to wliicli I liavo hail
fioii t'> refer, seo tlio follow iii;.r none of which, however, tlirow.-i any adili-
lioual li^^'lit on the siihjeet, many beir ; ]jnt I)ii( f allu.s
to tl
FiH'sfrr'.i //(VJV.7.,-ltS-;); Fi
10 voyajie:
, in Muirhdiid, lV(/.,i. viii.-ix.; Mi/iitaniis
Xhini-e Wirn'il, 1210-11, 101; A/., ymi'. W'llt, 'J.'iT-S; Clai'hjn-o, S/>r. Ctil.
l.',i-:>; JI!4. .l/((;/rr.;//i', ix. IIS; II ittrhhin^'' Mf(,/.,i. Ill; iii. 14(1; iv. I 10, ")47
Cnl. I'ar
May 4, lS:iO,
ills, isuj, Ai
11.
(IVi
liiid Mi,iit/i!i/, April 1S71, -J!);; Forltr.i IHM. CaL, 9; Fiii'llni/x Jjhfcfon/,
i. 31-1; Jji-oinic'.-< L. ('((/., 1S-I!»; Ca}>roii'n J/iM. ('«/., ll'l-_'; J)o,ii(;,ii fL'.t
]:<-(fl.% i, •Jj;;: r,-;,/,',/, L. Cai., (
J/iiiis' To//., X)-; Jlu/ildijijhrtll, V<i-surh; .Miirrai/'.i A
l''>nliiiii'l, l!("j., '>ioiirc!'(.i, 20; ,St Amiml, To'/.
T!iilr\JIU. 11 - ^
20; (•■I'iS'iii'.i I list. Cut/i. C/i., i.
!I-S();
i:i:i
rs-!);
/'(>//.(■, iOrcjo
M'l
n £.
s,s' Ori'ion. Oiiesf., '22; ('inii!sc's Xi'l. Wmllli,
:paitOf(l, 11.
narh(r\i Jl!.<(., 4,")!); Mof,
/■;,
i. !Hi-
:i.N; I'(i;/ii ',m Sh: 2[c.c. (.Vo;/., Ilo'i-tia ..'U JJjt., ii. I'X); A't/;-'.s ('../. I'uij., ii.
11-: .■cud a l.'irge iinmbcr of motlern mentions in hook.-i and iie\v.s[)a])cr.s.
•'■See. //;.>■/. Aorl/i. ,)/< x. St.itc-', and JJist. yorl/ncc't Const, i., tlii.i f^ei'ics,
Jiot oidy for detaili of Drake';) perl'onnance.s, but fur bibliographieal inloi'iua-
tiou tcaiehinv; the ori,'.;inal autliorities. Of t!ie latter tliero are only (hrei! that
ii;iiT:ito the (Uii:)'.;s in Calif
iii. 440-2; !)riih'\t World 1.
Drah
J)rub\i lo
oriua;
)ico:jiii((--s(:d, J.,i)n"lon, 1G2S;
!'/ii/io/hi i'oydji', hi ll'i/:lin/l\i I''//.
an<
I J)
niv'i an
IE.
■pfo.ifc-
MS. Tl
i^cullf.i' <ij >ii'
leso are all repnbliished in the
lirnnijKiS-'i I, Wlllcll
U tl
le odllloil
Uidduyt Society ediiion of the tVo,:' > J:
lelerrLil to i'l my iiote.s. H.irdly a cjllectiou of voyajed or any knid ol work
Hist. Cal., Vol. I.
,-s
82
THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
(^11 tlio I7tli of Jnno Drake found a "eoniicmcnt
and lit hai'boi'ougli" for ]iis ])urposo in latitTidc .''8° 30'^^
wIktc ho cast anchor and reuiahicd over a niontli,
until 'ridy '2od. ]Jo\vn to this point tlio coast M'as
"l)ut low and reasonahlc plainc," every hill being cov-
ered v.ith snow; and durinir all theii' stav, tliouHi in
tli(,^ hei;;'ht of siinnner, the cold was nippinj as farther
uor'ili, the air Ibr f )urtcen days being not clear ei'ough
bv reason of 'stinkinsx foufu'os' for an observation of
tlio sun or stars, ami the lur-clad un.tivos sliivcrin^'
under a lee bank.'" After a few days the ship was
brou;dit near the shore and lightened of hercaru-o for
the purpose of repairs, tents l)eing erected on shore
relating to tlic early history of Culiforniii lias ever been priblishcd that liaa
not contnincd a narrative oi' a nuiitioii of l)rahc'rt voyage; but, pardcularly
so far as Califcrnia is eouccrned, they have ooutaiiieil nothing not ilrawn from
the a:)i!rc'e;i iiaiiiecl. To jioiut out the many cvicny rcsrdtiiig lVo:n cari-iessness
and oilier caiises would reijuiro niiich ipa^c and ?erve no ;;'0tid jmrjiosf . I
shall have oeeaKion to name a few v.orh.-i in later iioteu of thine'.iaptc.'; I refer
the reader t!j the lisfci.f aiitlioiiLies on C'aliiillo'^j voya;;e,!^iveu in note .TJ, Mhiuh
with i'e\ve.\ee])lionfialsodeseril)o Drake':) vi;;it; arid i also name t'lefollowiiv,'
in addition: An, xviii. 11; Bennvjer, Col. Voi/., i. (il!,
10; C'rcitiiuifiiit/(il,',oiis iif ilUihc, 85; Kcrr.~! (.'ol. \ t y., x.
XV. !.">; ]'!ii/.r'i-l(iu'.-< 1 0//., xii. 10!); Siinimli:ii;i, xii. f); I
Trni\; Voiiajrs, Col. ((.'/unrhHr.s), viii. 4.j'J; I'oi/ri'jr-^,
I 't.,y«'/'>.s, ]!iirlci:iu ('ill., ii. ■i?\; I'oymji'n, A'cu.^ CJ., id. 15; roi/ft;,c.-!, Aoo
Mixci'l. Col., i. .")7; Voi/rirjc.i, jXnn Uii'iv. Cul., i. 2?->; Voy nje", J'ist. V< y. ronivl
W'l.iiil, i. 1, A'l; \'iyn;/i-, World JJi.-</i'iiy:il, v. 150; IJcrroir's l.'.fi' Dnikc,
"5; Clarb'.'i L'j'c l:ralr, ',V.)\ PiiiThiis ht-i I'^hji-'anc^, ii. 5J; Co'J'rlidl, K'-in',
U''/MUii; !>• ti>t, lA'hcii,?A\; Eii.i, ]Vi:.-<f ami <M. fril. LiiKl;iart,\\\\; lltonhnldt,
M-^»u Pol., 317, "iW; Lihr, Miir Oiiir iSivhaiiii) Jlarh, 41; McrcU'i, FoMi Xoi\
<h'l>., 27; /-'('', Xni: Orliix, 307; A'avcii-rCr, Iidmd., >;cviii.; /./., ]'hiii(ti .\p6c.,
33; Unnii y\i Civon. Jilt., i. 350; IjC Mn'irr, Sjiidylrl, 77; I'linr, I'.vdti rclu'.<,
i. I7-; /.'(/'■//. /.Vc/i (c, Xo. cixii. 1870; iv'.'.Vs' /.Vr/.'.-.v ;•, Iw. 17'.; Ilin-t'n Mitrh.
J/iiii.. : 11. ri-2'.); Jf'i/.'i' Si'/'aji.^, <'ul. Xolrfs, in. 10; (Jitii/!(}/',t IrUh ItiU',
ltd'; X. Aii.rr. J.', rl'cir, June US30, 132; Cncuhon-^ Or. c.id Ciil.,10; II.
Mi-tnuu-, ;;U; Xlciilar.-i Or. Tcr., 2-1; <'uvn, Trc.-t S'lijl ,; i. 21 !.; Clir.-i'ii'.i lIUl.
('.ah. <!i., i. 73, ii. 35; Bch'hir's Voy., 1.31(3; IladUrn Cn'a' did Fidih, 4;
( 'alif'ii ii'ii, I'lixl, J\ryi'iif, 5^ IVost's Ila'/Ji mrs, 101 ; jlr( li-i'iiii'ii(li'ld('U.StuU ,
1 17; J J arris, Xur., i,
27; Lrilrir/ic, Aliriiy',
'i.y-iyc:', ('il. Voy. and
< 'urioiin Col., V. 153;
43; Tr.
■,f lli.ti. Cd., 17; y/ 'iiiik' All. Aiiirr., i. 00; Miiyrr'n Mc.r. Az'i
0; I'rlijr'.* Xoiii'.
,, -, Tiiyl-.r, in Cul.
I(i8; Mi yvr, Xndi di in Sa'\, 107; Xormniin Yoidli'n lilst.
I'oi/., ii. llO; /'oii.'n'ni, (Juii^f. dc I'Ori'i/., 2.'J; /(/. / '. N
Ihrimr, llawh 29, MTA; Apiil 25, Aug. 1.5, 22, 20, ]yi)-2; JV.llard's L'i4
L(ari:t, 113; Dninylays' Sinniimry, i. 35; i'rhuy.'^ li'n!., ',)",{}; Fariih'n;''s Jli^.
(iriiioii, 11, 21; Cooilra-h'.i Man .i]ioii Ihf Ski. 241; JJc'ajior.'r, Jiciycn, 4.'7;
L'rmi.'i' Ptujif. SiL, 3; Fa'roiur'.^ Ony. (Jiirsf., 12, ;'/.!: /b/A-.s' Ji.st. Cul. 10, 7'.';
■C'a:liiy'.i P<v. Monthly, 2'Sl; Soiil:'n An. S. P., .">_'; .-dao mo.st of the recenily
pnlili.Jied eounty Listorieti of California.
'•'^ World L'lifinnpasi^id, 115. 'A fa ire and pood bny'inr,S^. Pami'iis Vo;i.
'A harhorow for his iNJiip' in 44". Pl.-ironr.-ic, |84.
"'-'Tlie exeessi\e eold here i:i mentioned oidy in ilie H'l.r,''/ /,';(.'"'://'('.<.••. '•
The aiitlior'^j ubuurd statements ami explanation.'s are nut worth leproduein^'
ill dutuil.
DRAKE ON THE COAST,
83
for the men, with a kind of i\>rt for protection. Of
the I'cpairs the two chief authorities say nothing; bub
tin: thiixl tells us that Drake's men "grounded his
sl;i[) to trim her," and that tliey set sail ;. ''^"r liaving
"graved and watred theiro ship."**
When the ship iirst anchored a native ambassador
ajijU'oaehed in a canoe to make a long speech, bringiiig
tii.-i a tuft of feathers and a basket of ilx Ijerb called
ta.hd/i.'^^ AVhen the Englishmen landed the Indians
came to the shore in great numbers, ()ut showed no
hostility, I'reely receiving and givnig presents, nnd
!~()(>n came to rei^ard the strangers, so the latter be-
lieved, as gods. The narratives are chiclly filled with
details of the cevemonies and sacriti"es l)y Avliich they
si'iiilied their submission, even crowning Drake as
their hiiih, or king. The men went for ilie most ]iart
naked, the women wearing a loose garment of bul-
i't):;hes with a deerskin over tlie shoulders. Their
houses, some of them close to the water, were partly
►subterranean, the upper parts being conical, of woo(b
and covered with earth. In details respecting the
]ieople and their habits and ceremonies there is much
exaggeration :ind inaccui'acv; but the descriptions iu
a general way are applicable enough to the Central
C'alil'orniaiis.'"
L'efore his departuie Di,;ke made a journey up into
tiie land, " to bo th;^ betteracquaintjd with the natunj
ami conunc»dities of tlie country," v'isiting several vil-
lages. "The inland we found ^o be fari'o dilfennt
I'Voni the shoare, a goodly count y, and iVuitfull soyle,
biored with manv blessinu's fit for the vs(^ of man:
ni!j;;ii:e was the company of vimt large and fat Deero
^.ll.. li then- \\c sawe l)y thou- nids, as w(> supposed,
in a I,i';ird; besides a multitude of a, stranger kinde of
(wiirs, by farre exdHMling then) in nuudier: their
lii-'ai and bodies, in whieh they resemble othei' Ct)nies,
"* /;;,vco/'r.sr, 1S4.
" < i|- t (bail, ciilk'il by tho Ftimoim I'ni/a jc, tahacco, Tlicy had also a tout
e.illi il pet ih of wlik'li tliey niadu iiical luul liivad.
'■See Xalivc Ihics, i. 301 ct se(^. '
m
t.iS
m
.^
%
t:
84
THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
,. II
arc ])ut sirinll; liis taylo, like the tayle of a Hat, ok-
ceediiiy^ long; and liis foot like the pawcs ofaAVaiit
or moalo; under liis cliinne, on cither side, he hath a
han';.;e, into whieh he gatlicreth his nieate, wlim he
hath iilkjd his belly abroade ... the ])eo[)le eate th'.'ir
bodies, and make great account of tlieir skinnes, for
tliL'ir kings holidaie.s coate was niade of tliein."'"
" This eountiy cnu' Generall named Albion," or X(>u<i
Alhioa acco]\liiii>' to the lutnioiis Voi/aai', "and that for
two causes; Ihe one in res[»ect of the wiiite bancksand
elides, which lie toward the sea; the other, t'lat it
might haiu! some aflinity, eiien in name also, willi our
own country, wiiieli. was sometime so called." "There
is no part of earth here to bee taken up, wherein there
is not some speciall likeliliood of gold or silver.""
" Before we went from thence, otu' rionerall caiised to
be sot v[) a moimment of our being there, as also of her
maii'sties and success(n's I'ieht and title to that kin;'--
dome; namely, a plate of brasse, fast nailed to a great
and lirmepost; wliereon is engratien her graces name,
a'ld tlie day a.nd yeare of our arriual there, and of
tlie fre(j giuing \p of thc^ prouince and kingdome, botli
by tlie king and ])eo[)le, into her niaiesties liand^:
together with her highnesse picture and armos, in a
])iece of sixpence currajit ]']nglish monie, shewing
itselfe by a hole made of pur[)ose through the jilatc;
vnderneatli was likewise engraucai the name of our
(icnerall, etc.'^ The Spaniards ncuer had any dealing,
or so imicli as set a foote in this countrr, the utmost
of their dis(,'ovei'ies reaching onely to many degrees
Southward of tliis place." 'J'hey hnally saih.'d on the
23vl of Julv,'" on a south-south-west course accord-
■'■' Wurld ]Jif<>)ii/)i(K^i(l, ];\] 2. 'Wofinuul the wliolo cmintryto lico a wmf-
icn of ii aU'iiDgo kiiulo (if ('(niio.-i, t!n.'ir lioilyi^ in liii;iR's as lio tho I'iirljiiiy
(Jollies, tlu.'ir lieiuli as tlio lioailn of oiun, tlio foot of a Want, and tins tailo i4'
a la!. l)ciii:^ uf groat longtli: nnilcr lior ohiuuo on oiiiiof sulo a bai^^o,' etc.
i'liiiioiiH \o:iii'j'\
*' J'dinoiiH 1''/,'/",'/'% tlio I'ost being fi'oin Worl'f A'/f^'oi^yiawrJ.
^''Ju this iilaeo Drake .s'l \ii) 'a greato p'wt and naylod tliereon a vj'^ ,«' ''
t'le counlroy people \voor.slii[H)eil iis if i. had liin (lod; also Jieo nayh'd vjiih''!
thin jinst a phite of h'ad, and M'ratehod therein tile t^ueoiics Uiinic' Dii<cijti/\'i-
'' • la tho l,it,.or oudo (.if Au^-.iol.' iJljcuitrfC, 164.
It.iiV
IDENTITY OF DllAKF/S AXCIIORACIE.
85
ii>'4 fo tlio Discourse, niul "not, {-AVVi^ ^\•it!l()ut iliis liai'-
Ixiroiigh (lid lye certain Ilands (we called them tlio
Hands of Saint Joiiu's) liauiiiL;- on tlieni plentii'ull and
o'l'ent store of Scales and biixls, with one of which wa
iell Jtdij 24, whereon we found such prouision as nii/^ht
(■(iii'.petcntly scnc our tuiMie for a while. We dejsarled
ii'^.iint^ ilie day next followinL;', \'va., Jnhj 25." Xo
iiioi'e hind vas seen till they had crosst'd the Pacilic.
It should be noted that no re<>ular diarv or lo'j' of
this vo\'aGfo is extant or is known to have ever been
( xt.nit. Of the three narratives which I have cited
one was perhaps written from memory by a companion
of Drahe. The others are com[)ilations fr<»m notes of
till' chaplain, Fletchcj-, written under circumstances
of v.liich we know but little, by a man not noted f )r
his veracity, and from the reminiscences probably ef
ri:.. -s. Naturallv they abound in discrcnancies and
i.i,.. •curacies, as is sliown still more cleai'ly in parts not
relatiuLC to California. They are sufficiently aiM-urato
to leave no room for reasonable d(.)ubt that ],)rako
nally anchored on the coast in tin; reg'ion indicated,
touchin;^' at one of the I'arallones on his departure;
but in respect of further details they inspire no conh-
dciicc.
Yet the identity of Drake's anchorau'c is a mo.st
intcicsting' point, and one that has caused much dis-
cLis.'ion. There are three bays not far a[)ai't on tlio
Clint, those of Bodega, Drake, and San Francisco,
any one of which to a certain extent may answer the
requirements, and each of whicli has had its advocates.
Tin ;r positions are shown on (lie annexed majt. The
central bav under Point Peyes, the old San Francisco,
IS almost exactly in latitude "S'', and it a'.;-rees better
llian the others with the south-south-\\\ st course to
V.
I'ai'allon
es a^
iven hy one ot
th
narralivc^s:
1 ao-rees well enou,u'h Vvith the "8
;o'
lie
'/.7n'/s'
]
'.'/".V^'^
md more nrc
prope
•Iv til
!in the (ttliir
11. ay be termed a 'I'aire ami j^ootl bay;' while ^^: i
]'V;:iicisco, though some twenty minutes south of tlie
ill
i I
ll
inr
m
)-■ f.
I' i!
ir I:
in!
r,
I
'I
86
THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
lowest latitude ineiitioiied, is a very luucli more *con-
iieiiieiit ]iai'l)i)roug']i' than either of the others.
For luuirly two centuries after the voyage there
Avas but slight occasion to identity Di-ake's anchorage;
yet there; can 1)0 no doubt tliat it was to a certain
extent confounded with the old San Francisco men-
, WlIEUK DIU DUAKE LaND?
tioncd Ity Torquemada, and tliat the confusion was
^hown, or increased, by the occasional occurrenci; of
ihe name S. Francisco ])rak for Sir Francis Drake
on old maps. And later when the new San I'^i-ancisco
Avas i'ound, iew if any but S])aniards understood the
dilVerence l)etween the two;"*' and thereibre, as well
'•Cabrera riueiin, Nair(i<tnon Esjicridulira, M;uii!:i, 17^14, iii.ilics tin- <lis-
tiiR'tiiin pcrt'i'i'Uy cU'iir; luit <it' this work iidtliiiiL; Wiis kii(i-\ii to the •\vcivM
1)1 yuiid it;( luurc cxisli'iicc till 1S74, when nnc of my ;issistiiiit.s in thci (inr-
laud M(ih//i/;i gave a (riiii!>lalion uf its eonteiits so fur u.s rehiliiig to this Mih-
jcet. Duylo ii! his rejiriiit of J'lilim, yuticluit, i. ix.-x., gave tlio same iu
Bubstauce later, after consulliny my copy.
IDEAS OF THE SPAXIAEDS.
■
as on account of tlic excellence of the new liai'l)or,
Di'ake'.s anclioi'agi^ was veiy natuially identified by
most with the buy of Sun Francisco. The Spaniards,
liowcviT, never accepted this theory, but were dis-
])oscd fr(Mn the first to claim for l^ortoLl's exjiedi-
lion tlie honor of discovering the new San Francisco,
and to restrict Dj-ahe's discovei'ies to Ijode_i;a. '^ ]t
camiot be claimed, however, that the Sj)aniards had
any special facilities for learning the truUi of the
matter; n.nd indeed .some of them seem t;) have de-
clared iu favor of the bay vmder l^)int lleyes,'^ v/ldch
lias for many ye;;r.s borne Drake's name on tlio maps,
thougli a.dvoeates of both the other bays ha\c- not
been wanting. The general opinion i:<> modern times
,;i i:.
•iX,E.
2ME.
2^7 E.
10 X
Nuuun All .i|i. rtJ .t, 1
Dra|;.j|i:i{l.>i' lid 1379
23sa
f
Map fuo.m Arcano del Makk, KilT.
*" Tu Doflnia y Cnuih-n, V'l/fji' ih' 177'. M><.. it is clcMvly .--taf nl that lifi'lega
wns ])ral;(;'.i l;;;y jinil tliiit it Ava.si)istinr: Irmu i'iili('ri'^;iii i'raiu'isco. Flcui-imi,
I'lli-iiil. Mnri'haiiil, IVj/., i. Ixxvi. ctsi.i[., liy a I'luinlii iiii^ I'lt'civiiuu to Mau-
ri 'li\^ Joi'i-iial, 4.') ct Bi'([., idfiiaiit'il J'xitlcj,';! iiml Sau Fiaiicisfi), making somo
alisiiid cliai-i^'ca against thu .Siwinianls <>t' having changed tho nainr. wliii-h
chaigc.s Xavarictc, Iiitrod. Si(fil ;/ Me.r. r/a;/c. \o\ iii.- i.\., ii fult's, at tho t<anio
tiiiic implying Iiia ainiroval of tlio identity of l)rai;c'« li.iy and Ijodoga. Iluni-
liiildt, J:.iyii!. I'ol., 327, takc.-i the same view of tiio Hnliju't.
■''■'\'an('M;vor. ViH«'i< ^, i. 4;!(), in 17!>'2 nndei>tnud tho Spaniards to ho of
tliis ojiininu. Yot < iiinl no cviilencc tliat tliis ojiiniou waa e\er tin; pev.iil-
mg one. Tho 'Sro:ii:4i tvtiditinn' iu Calil'irnia was very slKjng against now
S:in F'auci.sco; Ws was l»v>t voiy pi-nnonneod as lietween ohl San iVaneiseo
and ]'.i,iU'ga, f;i<\'oiing, however, th, latter. I'adKs >;i<l, Ajiiiiilwi'hn ", 'S,
M liting iu iilxiirt 171vS\i>.'claiY»l his opinion that l)rako'.s hay wud at ilio mouth
of Caiiialo l;i\er!
ah
m
i'^
I
4 T^i-
m
I
l'i\
n
i
88
THE DISCOVERY OE CALIFORXIA.
lij's 1)0011 tliat tlio o-voat frooljooter <:i(l ii(;t ontor San
Francisco Bay, and that lie probably did aiK'lior at
Drake IJav.
Early maps, it Avould scoiii, should throw sorn" light
oil this (piostioii, Jjut they tail to do so. With tlr;
exception of Vizcaino's map, to be reproduced |)resently
and I a\in'j' no beariiiu" on .Drake's voyaixo, I h;i\'e iKjt
lo'iiid a siiif^^le map of the California coast of earlier
date than ]7G9 bearin-^'' the slig'htost indicaticai of
havinij: been founded on anvtliiii!'' but the narratives
still extant and the imagination of the map-maker. I
re[irodnce two sections of maps i'roni the Arrcito del
Marc to which Halt! attaclies some importance in
this connection, with another by liondius and sup-
posed to re})rosent Drake's port in New Albion.^'
^ /"^ /^'.'/i Don OoajKr
- \ ) i^i.UcU nuovo
'^-^ del JJruffU Inijluee
Ai:cANO PKL Mahf,.
IIiiNnus' 3SIAP.
^" //(tie's Earhi Maji.^ of America, (tivl a vole on Rithrvt Duildn uvd ilic
Area no (/('! J/arr, Worcester, 1S74, a papei' read hefdic the American Antiij.
Soc. ill l'.?''. The iiuthor i:j iucliiicd to think tluit Dadli-y IkuI ponie si)Ocial
nuthoiity ■tiiihiiown to ir; for lii.^ jiiapss of tliis coar,t. 'Our California friciidn
must ]uTinit inc to cay tliatTorto lioiiissiino (an inscription for L'rakc's port)
is ft very Btron;; pliraic^ for the fipcii road-;;Lea(l <i '■.■<ir I'ranci.s L\.;kc';t l!ay "'
AM it iinow understood.' Of tlic peculiar ' l)ottlc-slia;ied loop' of the lay, it
is .'•aid, 'tlieliaycf ."-'".n Eranci-'^eo attrr uuuievous r.'duciiou< and eopyin;;s
Would j'.uninio nnu'li tlii.-s sliape.' And the diliicully ariain/^' from the otlier
liay of liice !ihap(- just above San Erancisco on lioth uiapa i.s thus iu'^eniously,
if not viiy LialiHlaetorily, exjilaiucd away. ' I confess tiiat it Sicenis to me that
more t!rin one na\ii;atorof thc>;-e tinic.'^proliaMy cntc^red the(!olden (late into
the bay of Sa.u Erancisco. Eacli one rceoi'ded hi.s ov.n latitude — and these
two bays, aim ; identical in appearance, are due to an eli'ort of the map-
maker to iue'.iide two incorrect latitudes in one map'! Hale reproduces ouo
of tlie Arcaiio niajis and aids the liondius map in A'r'/"/^r,>' J/inK f/. .S'., ii.
TiTC-T. litre he i -s non-ci nniittal alicmt the idi'ulily of the bay.s, ■••.dndttiu;,'
tlint the mnlicr of the irotulius map had no kno\vle(l;;e of San Erancisco Eay,
(n' indetd of any other liay on the coast. In one of the ai.'(iiments ii;';ainst
San Erancisco t!%"it seems to have most wei^dit with him he is however in error.
'It is (juite ('(rtain that the S|:aniards, who ea;;evly tried to rediscover tiio
port, wiui tlds niap in their jiossef^sion, ilid not succeed v.ntil near two huu-
drwl \s ar.i after. Long before they did discover it they weie seeking for it,
IP
Tin: EVIDENCE OF MAPS.
80
"Willi diK.' ros;!L'rt for Ilalc's viowfs ;^^' llKv^oof ;iu able
and cviasL-ioiitioLi.s iuvcytr^ator, T lliul ia tlii'.a iiotliiii!^
t'> rluinLi'O liiy own as just cx[)i'casud. TIujkc maps
like all others ivprcst 'lit Drake's i)Oi't Irom t:ie current
narratives as a good bay in about oi;' ol' latitude; all
the rest is purely inian-inary. For like roascns I e;ni-
iiot ;!"-ree with another able student of ( 'alilnmia
history v;]io finds pi-oof in the niaji.:; i-lvou Iry Halo
that Drake anchored in Bodega Day. 1 do nut object
vcrv strongly to the conclusion, but I lind no prooi", or
even evidence in the niaps."'^
calliii' it tlu' liny of S;iu I'raucisoo, that iianit^ proliably liavij!^^ li'-c.i taken
from 110 Icii a s;aiit tluui tliu heretic, Sir riaucij D^aUc' 'lliia ii the uM
i.-ollu:;n II ;',h'o;'.(V/ a'h'.tkil to. Halo UlK'W uolhiir; of lI:o ilisliiirlioii l).';\vc(il
tlio old ami ii'iw San I'rancisco. Tlic Spanianla v.-oio f;miiliar v.iUi tho
positio;) of the i'ormci-aftL'r i La discovery awl iKiiaiii^' hy Cenuciiou in 1.j9.">;
Vizo: ir.o witd-fd it without diHijulty in l(j;)o; ror;;o!.i v.-aa appnachinr; it tia
apcrl'ecLly \.-c!l known laudinarli. v.hcn he str.nihlud 0:1 the nowSaii IViiicisco
ill 17i;;). Thuif ii 110 uviilcucc tliat tho Spauiaidij ever sought buu Francisco
oil aiivoth' r oc'jai.ion.
i"' '[ allude to the writer of a revii.'W of Ijnjnul'x II'sl. U. S. in tho S. /•'
Jjiilldi.i, Oct. ."), n.Ty, whom 1 .suppose to have been J-lui W. Dwiu^ile, and
whose ai"r''-ii5c:it 13 worth (piotiry at some lcn,'j'di. After .sono reiii;u-k:i on
HoinUu;i'1'acilides for knowiii',' tiie truth, Dwiiiello v.-ri'.e.-;: 'Tliis map does
not ajcr.raLoly deMciilie llidcga Fay. Theic is now a lon.'i; s;;it of sand
I'linuiiiT from the ca.'it at the foot of the bay .lud nearly .shnttin-; it up. F)Ut
tliat Baud i-pit did not exist when l.'aptaiu Bode; u di,;iiuvered the bay iii 1773,
altliu;:';i hr. ie;.ori.cd his (.i.hiion tliat a bur v.,is f.n-;niu;( there. The Idi'',
narrow i.dand repreyented on Ilondiua' iii.ip of the bay a.i lying on the (Mitsido
of tho coaatand parallel to the bay, really lies at tlie foot of (he ]>ny, below
the peuiusida; but, viewed I'rom the point v le.'re T):'ak,''.i sldp 'a represented
aa lyinu. the i jhuul appears to lie out;dde of the peninsula. Drake's ship
passed lliij inland only twice, nauioly, when he lailed in a:id when he sailed
out. Lilt it wa:! in .'^ijht every day from tlie p'laco where his shii) h\y during
the live wre!^lh:it ho v.as there, and from that point, we rcp^'at, thin island
ajipe;;;:; to lr?T)Utside. The bay itself, t'lere at its head, i;ppear:j to 1)0 twice
;is wide as it ii at it:i mouth some miles below, alth()i;;di the reverse is tho
fact. Unt it is just such a map as a good penman ignorantof linear and aerial
perspeeuve v.-ovdd have made on the spot, if he ha 1 a t;'..:LC fjr }ien and ink
iiiap.!, .such a3 Idaceliev, Drake, s chaplain, is known to have h;ul. We have
visited Fi>dc;rii Fay v.idia, iihotographie copy of lloudiuo' niaii of Drake 'a
B.-iy, lalvcn from t'.iat in tho Fritisli maseuin, but cnlai-ged to the dimension of
") liy (i inches. All the imlieatioiis e:illcd for by Drake'.; nniT.-ilive e.\i ^t tlierc.
Tliuse we havemeniioiied; al.so the Indian viihi;;es; llie sIielM'sli; the seals;
the deeiduou.1 trets, the '•eoiiies" which honey-eonibed tiic soil; the elev.a-
tienof the eoar.t, whieh ceimnenced 01 idi(,ut Ih.at l.i'.ituik'; the wluto saiid-
hilis, whieh wi;,",'e.stcd the name ol Aliiioii. Also autuli' r indie:ition which
dues not appearin the map as eopii'd intlie history, a line of roe!;s below tho
1> :ie!i at tlie luwi'r H'hi-hand w aterdiiie, tliUR formiuv; a double coast line.
V-'eh;:ve ' i 'o^(t tliat F(>ilei.;!i Fay is ])rak<'ii Fay, a..d that Ilondins' map
was fiH'nishtci t:''1iim by Fletcher, who made it on tii<! si ot. Drake's ship
could ;.',o in (lie I'o flow anil anchor ac itsluud in 1.') feet w, iter, iCiO feet from
the slwre, w'.icre tin iv is a eood .sandy bcacli on wldcli te careen and repair
I 11
4
3il,1
90
TlIK DT^^COVEr.Y OF CAI.IFOIIXIA.
Tlio iiKiiu ([ncstion is, did Dral;o enter San Frnn-
cisito Lji'.y I It would serve no good })urp()se to eata-
loL;'ue the modern writers v.dio liave er.poiised one
theory or tlie other. Able men like Burney, David-
son, Tntlnll, and Sfdlnuin have maintained that Drahe
anehored v.ithin the (Jolden Gate, ai>'ain!st the con-
trary opinions of otlier able nun lilai IFunibiddt,
SouL', i )oyle, iJwinelle, and llittell. Sonie luive been
veiy [JosiUNe, otliers cautious and doubt ild. ]Most
vessels, .-i- '1 v.licvo there w;iH an Imliaii villn'^c "en t!io hill filiove," ns
(leuuindcil liy i'rakc':i n;ui-;itive. 'J'lio iiiiip l'n>n» Arccmo del, J/rir. edition of
1047, givt;i at pago ."71 in tlio liistory, i;i our oj)
jre;.t!y ^;tren^;tIlel:.^ thi.s
view. Dii'cetly o]i]ior;itc tlio r.ioutii of J)Oile_;:i J]:iy t;i tho r^onth i.s tlio mouth
of Tonial'.s J'>:iy. Between tho two the llio Jvstero Amcriea!; > of tho Spanisli
( 'aliforni;:!!.!! delponeh'si into the oeean ; a stream whcyo lic^l it almost liare in
tlio dry !■ ^'.son, Lut wliieh, iluriii^ tho rainy season and fir fimio time after-
Vard.;, poured into tho f ci a shallow volunio of tnrliulcnt waters, Kuvcial
Inindred fci't in v.idth Vv'lu n l)rako vai on thij cc)a:it, tlio v/intir or rainy
season w;;!i imninially protracted, so far that tho dcciduon:! tree,"., v/hieli usually
resume tin ir l(>lia;:0 in JIareli and April, had not done aj v.i Lilo aa July, and
it H'lill ."nov.'ed on the eoast. Snow on the eoa.:t meaiij rain in the interior at
a short di tancc from the sea. It may l>c safely aaiiur.itd th::t the llio i;stei'i)
Amerieaii'j was tiwi'lling full iu its margin — jirol.ahly unu -ualiy full. The
"holtlo-ijliapcd" hay on t'le ri'duced sealo of tho map {■.\:i:i Ar( ti.io del Mar
mi,i.;lit vre'l re])rcRent the two bays, the neelc fitandisi;^ f )r tho river. Tho
latiUiilo i.; preeisely that re:juii'ed f(>r Uodejra ]':iy. Foil iv.-in;.; down tho map,
tlio coast Tuio corresponds v.ith great exaetnt'sa v.ilh thntf.f t!io modern mans
as given at pa.;c .^70; (J. (Calio) di San I'ietro, Cape St I'etcr, ij Capo I'uiila
do U).i llcycy, t!ic v,c.';tern point of .Taek's, or Drake':; hs.y of r.iodesn times; and
(r. (;;olfo) di t'an I'ieU-o, corresponds exactly to Jack's, or Dralce'a Bay, ai it
ajipears f.om tho sea, and also CNaetly to its latitude. 'Wo aro of opinion
that this liiap must ho re.'jardcd as authentic, and iilso tho vijnettes engraved
upon the same sheet. Two r;f Iheso represent Drakes th:p, t'lc PiJlfiii, the
first ;is she kiy strajided on tho rocks at tho \\■iud^^■ard Is.lands, and tho other
as lyinv; at anchor. They both correspond in all their details. Prohably the
drav, ings from whieli the enTravinrf was executecl v.-ero made from the ship
itself. Drake returned to Jviglan<l in loSO. lie never sailed a;;ain. The
engravings were made between 1,100 and l(il!0. Jlondins was in l^n^dand all
this time:. If not r.iade from the ship, the engraving maj' 1)0 safely assumed
to reiircsent the stylo of naval ari'hiteeture of the period. Tho thip i:; reiire-
sented as broad in the lieam and round in tho bow. Jler burden, Drak< "s
narrative informs us, M\'is 100 tons. She was therefoi'o sliallov,* and drew but
little v.'atcr. The ship-builders whom v.'c have consulted infoi'm us that with
all her armament she could not have drawn more than from 5 to feet of
water. She could then tore liavi^ entered I'olinas Bay, Jack's, or I>rake's
(interior) Bay, Tomales Bay, Bo lega Bay, lTuiid)oldt Jiay, ami any or all of
the rivers wiiicii Dra!:c enccjuntered. Mod.ei-n navigators and hydrogvaphcrs
uhoar.rie that Drake must iiavo entered the Bay ot San !■';■!; ucisi/o ljecau>o
111) (;th(r bay wati deep enough f(n' tho entry and repairing' of a niaii-of-war,
nuist ha\o certainly had in theii' minds a moi'urn 74-gun sh;]>, and not a little
caravel of 100 tons carrying six feet of draft.' Jtwill In; notiixd t'lat the
vriti r attempts no < xplauationof the two bottlo-.sliap.edba.ys. It is n>ore(jMr
remarkable that he i'siuld aece[>t Fletclier's stutemeuty about tho climate and
Bcason as even remotely for.nded on truth.
PID DKAKK ENTER SAX FRANCISCO?
01
have written witliout a full uiidc rstau<lin[^ of llio dls-
tin *.i()U between the two San Fi'undsros, lAiv/ havo
hcen suirieiently impressed with the i'undaniontal truth
that Chaplain Fletcher was a liar. ]Jcside.5 certain
N|)rci::l pleading's often more ingenious than v.-ei;,;hty,
tlie convineing arguments have been on the one lido
tliat Drake alter a stay of live weeks wcndd not havo
called any other bay but that of San Franci; ;;,•;> a ^'ood
li;uhi)i', or have thanked God for a fair wind to enter
the same; and on the other, that, having entered S;in
Francisco, he would never have dismissed it wiih mere
mention as a good bav. The former ar!j[umcnt i ; le-^s
applicable to Bodega than to the bay under Point
iJcyes.
The latter appears to mo unanswerable. It i;^ one
that has naturally oc(,'urred to all, but I doubt if
any have comprehended its full I'orce. It ,";r(jws on
the student as he becomes ac(juainted with t'.ic spirit
of the jiast centuries in relation to maritime ah'airs
and particularly to the north-west coast of America.
I treat this subject full}' clsewdiorc." That Drake
and his men shcjuld have spent a month in so kirg'o
and t:o iieculiar a bav without an exoLjratlon exteiid-
in'( thirty er forty miles into the interior l)y water;
that notes should be written on the visit without a
mention of any exploration, or of the great rivc}rs
flowing into the bay, or of its great arms; that Drake's
companions shoidd havo evaded the questions of such
UKii as Eichard llaldnyt, and have died without im-
iiarting a woixl of the information so eagorlv soughfc
by so many men, is indi'cd incredible. I'or sailors in
tliosc da\s to talk of inlets they had never seen v.as
coumion; to suppress their knov.dedge of real inlets
would indeed have been a marvel.''^ Drake's business
•''-Sco //ist. X(irthii'r4 Coa-'f, i. chap, ii.-iv., thii fcripa,
''Stiilniiiu tiiys, KicliiKj llu- Goldin riacf, IX.O: ' ITc ^vna not en a voyn^e
of disctvc'.y; lii.j v>:',:i ii luisiiKs:^ ciitcri.ritie, .iml ho lind vw cyo I > V.\\.\': v. t.ic.
Wl:;it \Vii'3 ii(,t (^olil ;'.!i(l s-ilvcr was of '^'iinll censcquciii.c to hiia.' V/htuco
iici'Liipu lii:; ir.iimlc dcliiils <if Iiulliiii ccrniur.icy! ' N( r doc;; it i^ccr.i p/cUi-
f)i!' 'S.iiX lio l>i:i\v I'lo extent (if tbc li;iy <>f Sa:i Francbco. lie 'i.;il i; ready
coachukil. . .tluit there could bo no noithwcbt passage. . .and ho hiid uIjuu-
i
u>
y
02
Till'- DISCOVr.RY or CALIFOUXIA.
'St;
|i ■■ i il 1:
I'
ill llio Xortli Piuiilc was to find an intLToecanic pas-
sa^-^'c; if lie iibandoiK'd tlio ]i(»[)(' in the I'ai' noi'lli, un(>
glancu at the (Joldcn (Jato wuuM have i-cldndh'd it;
a si:'lit oi'tho far-i\;acIiinLr arms within would li.ut" cim-
vinct'd liini that the strait was found; San Pnhlo ]hy
would liavc removed the last doul)t tVom the niip.d d'
everyiiicrcdulous eonipanion; in Suisun \yjyt]\r(i(i/'l(
JJiii'l M'ould have \)vv\i well on her way througli tli
continent; and a little farther the onlyijuestion would
have been whether to proceed directly to Newfound-
land hy the Sacramento or to l"'lori(la by the San
Jo;i(juin. That a man like Fletcher, who found sceptres
and crowns and kin'.''s amoni;' the ('entral (.'alifornians,
who found a s[)ecial likelihood of _^'old and silver where
iiothin >• of the kind ever existed, who was so neai'lv
frozen among the snow-covered Californian hills in
sununcr, should have called the anchora'jfo under l*oint
lleyes, to say nothm^' of I>od(>ga, a fine harbor woul<l
have been wonderful accuracy and moderation on his
])ar(. Uut supposing San Francisco Bay to have bet.'U
the subject of his description, let the reader imagine
the result. The continent is lujt broad enou'^li 1o
contam the complication of channels he would have
described.
Proof of the most positive nature, more definite than
tli(^ vague narratives in question could be expected
reasonably to yield, is I'equired to overthrow the pre-
sumption that Drake did not enter San Francisco
Bay. This proof Stillman, who has made hinisclf ia
these later years champion of the cause/'' believes
himself to have found. First, he declai'es, and forti-
fies his position with the testimony of a coast-survey
f)fHcial and otlier naviixators, that Drake could net
-'l
tlcncd the hope.' And Tuthill, [[!■•(!. Cal.. 24: ' Tlicy did not ^n into ecstasies
iiliont tlio liiiihor. Tliuy wctc not Iiiiuting li:irliors, Lut fortune.'; in conipiu't
form. Ifiirbors, so pi-cfion.s to tlio Spiinirirds, who had a commerce i:i tlie
Piiciilu to 1)0 protected, wei'o of binall account to roving Engliohmeu.' These
aro evasions of the issue, or the statements of men not acquiiintcd witli the
maritime spirit of the time.
'•>' .'■:f:il»i(iii'ii Foot/iriii/.i ill CaUfornia of Earhj KctrigatcrK, hi Id.; Sedln'j
tin: Gulden Ihcvc, -"So et tcq. ; Id., in Occduiid Month! ij, i. 'oo2.
STILLMAX'.s TIIEOniES.
03
l!;i\'(^ «jfr;iV(.'!l Ills vessel in (liu Itay ili:it bears liis iiaiiio
without till' certainty ol' destruction. Xavi^'ators with
whom I liave conversed ai'e soniewliat less ])osili\e
en the subject, sinijily stutiujjf that t]i(> heacliinj^- of
a Vessel thei'e would he ^■entu^esoln(% and ii wise
captain would if possiUc avoid it. ]t is not at all
uncununon at many places on tin; coast for vi'ssi Is to
lie heaclied in ii storm, and sal'ely released 1)\' tlie hv'li
tide. Stillman and his witnessey imitly tliat ])rak(.!'s
shi[i was ^a'ountled to bo repairt'd and graved, but
only ono of tlie narratives, and that tlie least reliable,
contains such a stntement; tliu others simply mention
a leak to bo stop[)od, perhaps not far below the water-
line, a!id I am sure that small vossels upon this coast
have 1)een often careened and m-aved without beini>'
bearjied at all. The coast survev chai'ts declare the
harb(.'r to ])o a secure ono exce[)t in south-east gales.
There is an interior bav, communicatin'j;' with tlie'
oufer by ii passag(! now somewhat obstructed liy a
hai', which possibly now, and very pi'obably in l,")"'.),
would afl'orvl ].)rake',s snia.ll ship a safe anchorage.
And finally tins objection would lose it ; force if r;p-
])lied to ]>odega instead of ])rake Bay. Thus we tlnd
in this argument notliing of the positive character
wliicli alone could make it valiil.
T!ie other argument urged is that rietclicr's 'conies'
were gi'ound-squirrels and that these animals never
existed in the region of Drake JJa}'. It must bo
admitted that the description in several respects tits
the ground-squirrel better than the goplier or
aiiN
oiiK'rannna
loftl
ns region:
but
1 \-ery accm
ate d
escni)-
tiiiii of anything would bo out of place, and certainly
!-< not found, in these narratives; the' 'conies'— litei'-
abbit
s — were s(!en on a tiio ui) into the count;'\
ion
ar we do
not k
now
i "1'
and no verv satisf
\\U[
1
iroi >
]> presented that ground-s(|uiri>ds never ireijUe'iiied
llie region of eitln-r ])rak(.' Vkx}' or l^odega. 'J'liere-
lore whatever wi'ight might be given to SLillmaii's
arguments as auainst bimikir ar<>'umeuts on the other
1
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET {MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
** IIIIIM IllM
112
m
|J0
1.4
111
2.2
1.6
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7
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/^
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
J
^
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«^
<>^ \
o^
r^^^
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
<^^4£'x
Ua
■**■.
i
94
THE DISCOVERY OF C.VLIFORXIA.
side (li'awu fioia the faulty descriptions available,
they arc in niyo})inion entitled to very little consider-
ation as agaiiist the overwhelming and irresistible ])re-
suniptinu noted that Drake could not have entered
San Fi'aneisco Bay.''^
Ijetween Drake Bay and Bodega I have no decided
ojiiiiiun to cxj)ress. I find no foundation for such au
opinion. It is not probable that there will ever be
any ineaiis of ascertaining the truth. Drake's post
and plale were doubtless moved from their original
Hiic at an early date. If my supposition that Ca-
brillo dill not pass Cape Mendocino is correct, then the
Iv.igllsli navigator may perhaps be entithnl to the
honor of having discovered a portion of the California
coast aI)ove that point; yet it is by no means certain
that he crossed the parallel of 42°.^°
The Pliilippinc ships from 1505 followed a northern
route in rot'^vning across the Pacific to Acapulco; but
of tlic;-o trips we have for the most part no records.
Th'-'ir ij!i;tiUctions were to keep as to the line
of .'jO" ar5 possible, and to go no fan , r north than
wa.'i necessary to get a wind. It is probable that,
while ihey oi'tcn reached latitude 37°, or higher, they
rai'cly ; i;>lited the coast of Upper California, on ac-
count of turning to the south as soon as they found
sea-weeds or other indications that land was near.
Tlu> lovrer end of the peninsula was generally the Ih'st
land nc>en in these early years.
In ] r>ol, however, Francisco Gali, commanding one
of these ^>hips returning from Macao by way of Japan,
sailed (Vom that island east and cast by north about
three liundred lea^'ues until he struck the gfreat oce-
■•■''Stillnrn'a reference to the Spanish map puMishcd 1)y Anson, which I
rcproih'.cu Luer, should l)c noticed. It certainly gives a peculiar form to i.ic
ba ,■ under i'<^iiil. Keycs; liut it has no bearing on Drake's voyage. It Kiiiiply
Bhuv,;) tl:;!t tlio <irauglit.snifm failed to get a correct idea of the port from the
tcxLof \i.:taino r.nd Cabrera Ihieno.
'''Cn the rcyort ( f one of ] hake's men Iiaving been landed in California,
and hr.vii!;; j; iie to Mexico nvcrhmd, a I'cport not founded on fact, see Hint,
2^ijiihucU djuat, i. GO-1, thid series.
TOY AG K OF FRANCISCO DE GALl.
05
niii(" current, Avliicli carried liim some seven liuiulred
]t,'ague.s to witliin two hundred lea^'ues oC the Ameri-
can coast. Tlien, "beinu;' hy the same courso up^n the
coast of Xew Spain, under 07' UO', we i)assod hy a
very hii^h and fair land with many trees, wholly with-
(>ut snow, and four leagues from the land you iind
thereahiMit UKMiy drifts of roots, leaves of trees, j 'ods,
anil otlier leaves like fig-leaves, the lilce when^of we
found in great abundance in the countiy of Japan,
which tliey eat; and some of those that v.'o found, I
caused to he sodden with tlesh, and being sod(^en, they
cat like colev/oits; there likewise we f(jund great store
ol' seals; v.hcruhy it is to be presumed and cciT.iinly
to be believed, that there are many riwrs, bays, and
havens along by those coasts to the haven of xVca-
pulco, ]''rom thence we ran south-cast, south-east
and by south, and south-east and by cast, as we found
the wind, to tlie point called Cabo de 8nn J^i'cas, which
is the beginning of the land of Calilbi-nia, on the
north-west side, lying under 22°, bciiiuf iive huiulrerl
leagues distant irom Cape Mendocino." This is all
that ( lali's narrative contains respecting the California
coast."'''
(hdi'.s seems to be the first mention of Cape ]\Ien-
(lociuo, though it is iU)t implied that the name was
given l>y li;:.i, as nevertheless it may havo been. Wo
have s;'eii thr.t the name was not, as has beengt'nernlly
believed, a]);;lied by Cabrillo or l^'cM-relo in l.')42-;);
and j'orquemada's statemeJit has been noted to the
elieet t'lat the cape was discovered by the Manila
ship,;, it i:! p')ssiblo that it had been thus discovered
in ail unrecorded vo3'agc preceding t!i;it of (^ali; but
it is (juite as likely that the name was giv(n in .Mexico,
'•" Tlii ) ii-irrntlvo w.as trnnplatcd into Dutch and iniI)lislK(l l>y Ij'nscliotcn in
lii-i f:'iiii);i:i !i!i(l (.it-roprintcil ll.iicrarioiA I.'IM!. I'loin tlii.i i inucc ;in I,!n;;li.sli
tniiislaiiiii ii ;;iv(.n in /hiLlKi/l's l'">/., iii.-4-l"2-7. A l)lmiik'r i:i a rniitli tiiina-
l.nioii 1 y wl'.icii r,7 ' '.VS m;h K\ili.-.titatcil I'nr 'A'' lUt'liiis caiiKcil a l"AtiUi.<i.s ini-
piiitiiiico to 1)0 uttiiclieil to thu voyage, not liowi^vcr alliitiii;^ ( 'tliuiniia. Slo
J!iirii,ii\ Cin-'iti. I/inf., ii. "iS-OI; v, ](i;5-4; Xur^irnfc, li.livil , Si>l / ;/ Mi.r.,
xi'lxi.-ix.: /(/. I/rf'/is .l/zoV., 4'J-;>; 'J'wi-s' Or. <Jiii.iioii, 'iSA',\l; aiii' iiiuitiou in
niaiiy of tlio \voiU.s cited on the \oyages of Cabrillo, Drake, and S'i.'cuiuo.
00
THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
of course in lionor of tlic viceroy !^^('luloza, to a point
discovered but not named by Cabrill<».
Tlic fonrtli voyaj^o of Californian annal::i ^vas like
tlie third one from the i'ar west. The ])I!()t() Sebastian
]u)(hii;iiez de Cernieuon in charge of t!i<; San A'jiistin
coming from the Philii>pines in inDT), wns ordered by
(Jo\ernor (iloiiie/ Perez das Marinas, in accor(1an(;e
M'ifli roval instructions tlu'ouujh A^ici'rov ^'el;l^i(•o, to
mal^e some ex])loi'aiions on the coast, doiil/th'ss with
a view to fnid a suitable station i'ur the ^Manila sliips.
Of Cermenou's adventures ve know on!y lli;i(. his
vessel ran ii^n-ound on a leo shore'"'* behind vhat v/as
Inter called i^olnt lieyi-s, hjaving on i]\<.i land a larger
(piantity of wax and silk in boxis. It Is possible that
tlie Siiii .I'juyf/'n was accomj)anu'd by another vessel
on whlcli the olRcer.s and men escaped; but mu( h more
probable I think that the expression 'was lost' in the
record is an error, and that the ship escaped v, i(li a
loss of her cargo. One of tlie men, Fratidsco ] Jolailos,
was pUoto )it(i;joi', or sailing-mastor, under Vhccaino in
IGOo, when lie anchored in the s;une port to see if
any trace of the cargo remained, but witlord. lar.(h*ng.
The statemi.'ut of I'olanos as re[iorte.l inddeutally in
the narrative of A'izcaino's voya-'V by Ascension and
Toi'(|Uema(!a is, so I'ar as 1 can learn, the only reconl
extant of this vovaiiv."^
•'" 'So jH'Vilic'i, y <li<'i :i laconta cnn vn viciito t^avc.^ia.' 'Quu en nquci pucrto
nvia (l;i(l) a laCmia el r.no ilo I,V.)5.'
"" Tdii/ni null i, Mitumij. luil., i. TlT-r*^. 'En lao-ta I'ccoiiocinioaclpucrto
tl,! S;m l'i:'.ui.i.fii, iicliiiidc! til ticiupiM pahUldoH to ifiHiin r.iiii u;') tlj i'liiiijKjuu
\t'iiia con nnkn lU" dt'scnljiir cr.ta conia, y civo «inc luiy <li;i. Iw.y niuclia cera y
losa/a |li«;;'rj ijiu! cl ),avio traia.' Auri iisimi, Hihir'tan, o.iiS. 'llcio WiiH wlioiu
the sl.ip .S'. Aij:;.;liii Y,;';i lo; t iu t!i(! ycir l.")!)."i, ('(iniiiiT to nr\Lo (lisci)V(."ics,
fiml the i\uu;o of her lic'in,%' lost \Vii:i rather tho fault of him who islocrcil ihiai
^i|■(.•^;.s of wcai-Iar.' d'hr' rii liiniio, Xarnjarniii, o^'X \'( ii:'_;aM, A'o' V.'d, i.
\.<\, say:4 'till', vicinvy V<j!ascn, ih sii'oiM<if iiial.iiig a f tatio i I'lu- i'l.' rh:!i[>iiiiio
fillips on tho oi'.tur coast, tent a nliip callcil tiuii A'jiix'/,!, \\liit!i [ioou icaiini il
\\ itiioat a 11 V results.' ^\nil l,oriii;aiia, in < oc/'.s', ///.•'. ,V. /,'-;/., I) Jli. A! o, i'loin
Toiiiiu iiiada, S(i/irrrii,i, I'l'ac., 'JO; Xul, Ajiiiiit, 74; and Xarnrritf, I, IroiL,
hi.- vii. It di/c:j i.nt dearly aj jicar that any of tluiH,' writcia i :uv anyiliing in
dditi
T, MS.
to tin; st.iLcnii'nt i:i Tov.jilL'iuada. In /.' diy •
■Irn, I .';/''
It
lid tl.at Ccnnefioii was wrecked in a lontli-c, t \vi;i
1
couUl not lia\ o hccii at Doi'i'^ja or the new San 1 raiiciaco. Where tliia iufor-
luution wau obtauicd docs not appear.
h
CER:kIE?sON'S SHIPWRECK.
07
() .1 point
was liko
Sebastian
n A'justin
•cloved by
['(•()i'(lan<;o
elasco, to
tloss with
lila si lips.
lliat, his
V, luit was
(1 a larg-o
siblo that
[k'V vessel
null more
)st' in tho
e;l with a
IJolanos,
i/caino in
1<) sec if
, lar.dinj^.
it ally in
isiou and
ly I'eeord
lii^r.cl pucrlo
liioriclpucrti)
y..\ « lihiii iiuu
Itiuclia cc'i'ii y
|i! \v;iH wIr'iu
«lisi-!jvc;vi<'s,
U'l'icd tliiiil
A'(/.' (.'((, i.
■ rhiiipi.iii'^
A! o, iioiii
r tr, J, trail.,
|iaiy;liiiiy; in
l•(^ r; •;/«■ (''■■
l\vi:i 1, !'.H 111'
|e lliia iul'or-
Tt is somewhat reinarkablo that no additional lit^ht
has ever been thi'own on this voyage; bnt, slight as
is tlio I'ecord, there is no good reason to (juestion its
accuracy, es{)ccially as no grand and impossible discov-
eries of interoceanic channels arc involved. There
can be veiy little doubt that Cernienon named the
port of his disaster San Francisco, perhaps i'roni the
(lay of his arrival. There is ncjthing to support the
\ icw sometimes expressed that he came in search of
a San Francisco Bav, or of the i)ort discovered bv
])rala;; though it is not unlikely that rumors (;f
J)rake's fine bay had an inlluence with other motives
ill promoting this exploration. That the Spaniards,
now or at any other time, founded the name of San
Francisco on that of Sir Francis, the English free-
booter, is so improbable as to merit no consideration;
but it is certain that subsequently foreign writers and
map-makers confounded tho names to some extent, as
was natural enough. That Vizcaino, Cabrera Ikieno,
and otlier Spaniards of the early times mistook tho
identity of Ccrnienon's bay is hardly ])ossible. The
tiiiiely circulation of a paragraph from Cabrera
]>ii«'no's work of 1732 and another from Crespi's
(liarv of 17G9 would have well nigh removed all dith-
( ulties in this matter, which has proved so puzzling
to the annalists.
Sebastian Vizcaino, commanding a Spanish ex]ilor-
iiig ilect of three vessels, anchored in San ]3iego Bay
on Xovember 10, 1G03. He had sailed from Acapul<'<»
ill ^Tay of tho preceding year, with a force of neaily
Iwo hundred men including throe Carmelite friars.
His special mission, in addition to that of general ex-
jiloiation and tho over potent purpose of iinding an
interoceanic strait, was to find a suitable port for the
i'liilippino ships. Details of his expedition to the
(late mentioned and of his explorations along the outer
coast of the peninsula have been presented in another
part of this work. It is only with his experience on
UibT. Cal., Vol. 1. 7
08
THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
the coast of upper California that we are now con-
cerned.'"'
It liad l)oon sixty years since Cabrillo had visited
this bay and named it San Miufucl; but liere as else-
where on the Californian coast Vizcaino pays no heed
to the discoveries of his predecessor; giving indeed no
indication that they were known to him. The name
was now given doubtless with reference to that of the
ilag-ship, and also to the day of San Diego de Alcahi
occurring on the 12th of November. A juirty landed
to explore, climbed to the summit of the hills on the
northern peninsula, had a view of the grand harbor
and a glimjjso of the False Bay, found plenty of wood,
and came bach to report. The general decided to clean
and pay his ship, and to t)btain a supply of wood and
water. A tent church for the friars was pitched
somewhere on the western shore between what are
now La Plava and Point Loma.i Wells were divj; on
the oppofsite sand issland, or })eninsula, and the work of
''" Ifiif. Xarlh Mcr. Statc/<, this sorica. TIic vessels were tlic ila'j-sliip, uv
capitana, Sim hh-iji), on ^vllR•ll sailed Vizcaino as captaiu-'jencral; the tianto
Ti^max, mulji- Toriliio (ioiiicz do Corvan as admiral; an<l the Tre-i Hci/cs under
Aifercz M;irtiu A'^'iiilar ami the jiiloto Antonio Tlores. Other odieers were
Captain Aliinso I'lstrvan I'eu'iicro, Captain Caspar Alarcon, Captain (Jerc'i-
iiiini) Martin l'alaeii>3, cosnio,!,'raj)licr; AllY'rcces Juan Francisco Suriano,
Sebastian Melendez, and .Juan tie Acevcdo Tejeda; pilotos Francisco Bolafios,
]5altasar ilo Armas, and dnan I'aseual; sergeants Mi;j;nel Lcgar and .Inan
Castillo llueno; and corporals Estevan Lopez and Francisco Vitlal. The
friars vero Andres do la Asuncion, 'I'onias dc Arpiino, and Antonio do
l:i Ascension, the first servin;^ as C'lmixdrio and the latter as ehronich r
and assistant eosniograjiher and niap-niaker. The standard and original
authorities are I'adre Ascension's account, ]ierhaps but little chting((l I'roni
the original diary, in Ton/ni iintila, i. (i;)4-7-l); the same author's Iichir'n,,!,
Jlirvr, i)',','.) 74, written in IG20, and adding iKjt much of iniportaneo to ti;o
oilier; Salinirmi, J,'i frtrioum, It-'Jl, the author of wlneh was personally
aeijuainteil with Ascension and other ciMUjianionsof Vizcaino; C'abri ra Jini'iio.
Ann iiucioii, .'iOJ-lli, which contains a derrotero of the coast from (,'apc Men-
docino south, drawn from Vizcaino's log and charts; I'diitjn-i. A^/^, i. lli.'l-
'2>\; iii. •JJ-I.'!;) and Xantrnfc, Siif't 1/ J/c.r. ix.-xviii., the autiior of whi> h
saw in the Spanish archives eei'titicil copies of all the ]iapcr3 relating to the
evpeilition, including ."(•J niajis, a small reduction from which comliined in one
lie ]inl)lished in his atlas. This map, which 1 repi'oducc, was also ]jul)lishid
in JliiriK i/\i < 'linm. J/1.4., ii. •Jlid-.")!). It is very much to bo regretted that tin
narratives and niajis of this voyage have never been published, and tiiat \a\ -
arreto has niadt! so inadcfpuite a use of them. For accounts of the voyage
adding nothing to information derived from those mentioned I refer tlie
reader to the account in an earlier volume of my work; it may be aMed that
very many of the works cited in this chapter on the voyages of Cabrillo and
Drake contain also a mention of Vizcaino.
VIZCAINOS EXrEDITIOX,
99
icntting wont on, tliouji^li iiiany were sick Avitli tlic
.scurvy of which some had already died. Indians
;i''iiicd with hows and arrows soon appeai'cd on the
licach hut were neither liostilc nor very timid, gladly
consenting to an interchange of gifts. They were
understood to say hy signs that other bearded mm
]i!<(^ the Spaniards wei'e in the interior. All were dc-
li-litcd with the port and its surroundings. Vizcaino
with Fray Antonio and an escort made an expeditit)n
oil land, how extensive or in what (hivction wo may
not know, but probably including the eastern shores.
Alter a stay of ten days, tluy set sail on tho 'JOtli of
Xi)vembcr."^ The islands known as Los Coronados
v.cre noted and named by Vizcaino; and Cabrei-a
]iueno, giving a full descri[)tion of the port which lie
})uts in latitude 34°, names also the Punta de (iuijar-
]<)s, that is the point of cobble-stones, or ballast.^'
\ voyaije of ei'j'ht days against a north-west wind,
thi' 7)-('s JiCijcs hugging the coast and the others keej)-
iii''- farther out, brouu'ht them to an anchoraLjc at the
island which from the day they named Santa Cata-
hua, siLjlitiuii another laru'o island in the soutli-wesL
named San Clcmente.'^' 3>efore arrivincr here thev
had gone to a bight on the main, where smoke and
j^reen vegetation were seen, but there seemed to be
no protection from the winds. This was prol)ably
the bay they called San Pedro,'^* a name .still retained.
'''The narratives enter somewhat into descriptive details for wliicli I Iim-.o
nusjiiice. Says Ascciisinn: 'la tlio .sail;'!;, of the 1h;u'!i tlnn.,' \va!<a;^ri'at ijiiaii-
ti;y i.f iiiarcasitc, golJcii (doraila) .-.nd spon/y, which is .a cluar s^iirn that i i
th.' iiuimitaiiri round the jiort tl'.erc nrv j/old-inincs, hoc-ausr tlio umums whvi
it I'liiiii l.rijiL; it from the mountain;.' 'J'hiy also found in tl;o s.ind nia.sses if
a ,"niyli ;'ht suhstanco like dried ox-dnncr, whi'.-h itwas thought mi^'Iit l:o am-
1" r. S' int! vei-y heavy l>luo stones with which powderccl and mixed in waf r
the nativ'9 made sliinin.t; streaks <jn their faees were thonL'ht to lie rieh in
.«i!ver. The fertility of the soil, ahundanec of ;^anio and iisli, and indeed a";l
tlic natnnd (pialitics of the jilaee arc highly praised. San Diego was deemed
a hue site for a Spanish settlement.
^•('iihirra liiuiio, Xnir;iaiion, .30.").
'■^ Xame only in < 'uhrrrn. liucnn, X<tr., ."lO,"). The island is not on th(> m;ip.
'■On tiie map it is Knsenada do S. Andres. Calirera, llneno nanus San
iViho in ,'!1' ;io', and mentions the little i.-land there. Nov. "Jtith is the day
of St IV'ter, hishop of Alexandria. It will bo remembered that Cahrillo had
e:il!rd this hay Uahia <le loa llumoa.
iK
100
TIIK PLSCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
like iliosc of tile islands. Santa Catalina had a large
j)(>])ulati()n of ii.slicriiien and tradei\s, who had large
well built canoes and houses, as well as a temple
where they sacrificed birds to an idol. They had no
fear and Mere friendly, though skillful thieves. One
or two days were spent here,*" and then they went on
through the wateis which they named the Canal de
Santa Barbara,""* between the main and a chain of
islands which commanders of the Philippine ships
are said to have regarded before as tierni Jlrme. The
\P.A">'
5!""'
I
^^ V
oV* Plu.Surraa*— ^ ^. ,/, ,
^ - No ee viu fontlo
T0L103 SAMOS^
Vizcaino's Map.
country was very attractive on both sides of the
channel, but Vizcaino did not anchor, deeming it
important to take advantage of favorable winds to
reach northern latitudes. A chief came off in a canoe,
however, and used all his eloquence to induce the
strangers to visit his home, ofi'ering ten women ioi-
each man to supply a need that he noted on board
the ships. I give here a copy of Vizcaino's map of
the coast up to Monterey. Between the narrative,
^ Torqiiemada, i. 713, Bays they departed on December 25th, but tliis must
be an error.
"" The day of Santa Barbara is December 4th.
VIZCAINO AT MONTEREY.
101
tlic map, and Cabrera's description there is no Httlo
(•(•ni'iKsion in details."'
Tlicre were other friendly visits from the natives
{IS the Spaniards advanced northward; but after
enieru'ing from the channel and passing Point Concep-
cion the coast was so hidden from view by fogs as to
greatly interfere with the search for a harbor."^ On
t!ie 14th of December the fog lifted and revealed to
the voyagers the lofty coast range which I'rom tlie
})rcceding day was named Sierra do Santa Lucia, and
which as the chronicler states had been the landmark
usually sighted by the China ships. Four leagues
beyond, a river flowing from loi'ty hills enters the ocean
Vvith fertile and well wooded banks between the shore
dill's. It was named the Rio do Carmelo in honor of
the Carmelite friars who accompanied the expedition.*^'
Then Vizcaino's fleet rounded and named Puiita do
I'inos, and on the ] Gth of December anchored in a
famoso, or excellent, harbor which in honor of the
A iecroy who had despatched the expedition was named
^Monterey."''
Next day the church tent was jiitched under tho
sliiule of an oak whose branches touched the tide-
water, twenty paces from springs of good water in a
ravine, which barranca, with similar trees not quite
so near the shore, is still a prominent landmark at
]\[()ntcrey. There were now but few men on tho shi[)S
'''' Map from Sulll y Mexicniia, Vicif]e, Atlas No. 4. Torqiiomailii givc-ii
1111 iiiimc's except Santa Catjilina Island and Santa ]]:ii-l)Mia Canal. < 'altera
lUieno, I!fl4, yivcs a pa,i,"o of nut very clear desci'iption. lie names I'unta do
Coiicepcion in .').")' 30', Farallon de Lolios, ("anal de Sta ll.ulia'a, I'linta, de la
Ciiiiveisiun (porliajis identical with tiie Tnnta de IJio Oidce of the map, ami
■\( ith tile iiioiiein I't Jlueneme) Isla de Sta liarbara, Isla de Sta Cataliua in
;;i' :>i)', I.sla do San Clement'! in 4:j' (a little less).
'""On the map in named Knsenada de Itoijue, whiili is either San Luis
Olijspi) or Kstoro liay; and ' point wliicli looks like an i-dand,' t^vidently I't
Sir. Calirera gives no names except Tierra de Santa Lucia, mentioning huw-
ever the 'niorro' corresponding to I't Sur.
'" N'lit shown on the mjip. Called by Cabrera Bneno a 'famoso pnerto (pio
tii;ie ahrigo do todus vientoa, y tienc tin rio de nniy Imeiia agua, y de poco
t' udo, el (pial por las orillas cstii nniy poblado do muehos Alamos iiegros;' also
'alamos bhmcos' as the others say.
'"Oitcn written in early times in two words !Monte Rcy or Monte-Rei,
also Monterei and very commonly Monterrey. Of course the Europt'aii origin
vi the name in very remote times was monte del rcij or ' king's mountain.'
10-2
Tin: DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
Dot afTcctcd ))>' tlio scurvy. Many wuio Moriously III,
and sixteen luul died. In a council held imniediatcly
after religious services it was decided to send hack one
«)t' the vessels to carry the sick and re])ort pro^i'i'ss.
Accordinnly after such rest and relief as could he
ohtained from a short stay on shore, the Santo Tonuis
was des[)atched on the 2i)th of December for Acapulco,
carrying Father Aquino anionuf the disabled. 'J'he
voyage was one of great suffering; twenty-five men
dieil either on the way or soon after arrival; and only
nine survived, among whom were the admiral, Corvan,
and Fray Tomus. Five days after Corvan's dej)art-
ure the San IJicf/o and Tres L*e)/es having ol^tainc^l a
supply of wood and water sailed from ISIonterey for
tile north on January 3, 1G03.
The qualities of Monterey as a harbor protected
irom all winds were somewhat exaggerated, though
no minute desc]i[)tion was given in the diary; and
the explorers were very enthusiastic in their praises
of its surroundings, its abundance and variety of ani-
mals and tishcs, its fertile soil, and plentiful wood and
water. It was deemed es])ecially well fitted for a re-
fitting station for the Philip])ine ships, being in the
latitude where they often sighted the coast. The
natives, respecting whom less information is given
than about the fauna and flora of the region, were
friendly.'^
For three days from Montere}'- no discoveries arc
recorded; and on the 7th of January the vessels are
separated, not to meet again, by some misunderstand-
ing of signals. Vizcaino on the San Dityo turns back
by a point passed on the sixth, and named from the
day Punta de los Reyes, to enter the port of San
J^'rancisco under that point in search of trat.'cs of
Cermefion's visit in 151)5. He anchors, but does not
'* Both Torquemada and Ascension give some details of animals, plants
trees, and fishes. The latter mentions tlie fact that a dead uliale was lying
ou the beach, which bears camo down to eat at night, (^'abrera liucuo puts
the port in 37°, gives a very accurate description of it, and states that tho
anchorage is well protected except against uorth-west winds.
VIZCAINO AT (Ari: .MF.XDOCIXO.
103
1,111(1, and next day sails on in qnost of tlic ooiisort,
iiiakinn' iiiconsidcnildo ])ro,<,M'c'ss till i\\v. l-tli, when
tliiv sin'ht what they lu'licvt) to l»u Cajjo Mciidociiio,
ill hititudo 41" '50'. Next day the ship is liovc to in
;i south-(>ast ^ale; and as only six men are tit for work,
it is decided to return to La ].*az in the <'ult*, hi t tiie
/
(CVn/a 7M# ijuitt al Co, Nann
C.MflTiH-CtTlVf/'riCRRAS OCL CO. BUNQUrSCAl V SltRRAt NCVADAt
Ih hiu B» urpnd$
III rt'irhnt't at .V. /•<>r'f,trutlriit hrvrv tfnniwt j>»i, acrinn rmulttlumi
etrea Uct Caho
^ Cutta Jt barrantat iup$ra$
Cnata StifttUta fntre «/ Ho ftrantlt Jt S. Stlaitian
y la bahiagranU* <i«t U. XtntUMino
CMla Jt tomai
\«ii(oi/«oi-6oI«J<i
\^ Cotta (i*jwra
Ida
lkba$Him
r%
7r
AiI(i(/o
\..
Jc l>,» Rt\ff
t
(^i\i.
dt barraneaa ftanM$
\
Cu^ta Ue arlole-ta
FRAILC^ U ■■-t'.DtP^ ''^
)>;n«. (iran'U
^\Co9ta $4gura
\ Cotta dt barraneia $
arbola.
V.P. .u AnoA'uti-ii
A _. -_
Vizcaino's Map.
ualc causes them to drift northward. On the 14th
tlicy are close to Capo Mendocino, but on the 10th
the weather clears and they find themselves in latitude
42,' in sight of a white point near high snowy moun-
tains. Tiiey name the point Cabo Blanco do San
m
lot
TTTE PTSrOVERY OF CATJFOT^XLV.
'.■■
Sibnstian, and, with a favoralili^ wind, turn sontli-
Avard on St Sebastian's day. They kt'cp ncai* tlic
slidrc, l)ut without di.scovciricH tlwit liave \v\'t any
traces in the narrative, and without anchoriiiLC until
tliey come to Cech'os Island on the 7th of January,
'i'hi! sulleriiii,' and loss of life from scurvy liavo heen
terril»l(>, hut relief is found at ^Tazallan.
Meanwhile Ajjfuilar in tho Tres Uvijcn advances to
latitude AV and is then driven hy the Ljale to .in
anclioi-aufe hehind a j^reat eliiF near Capo ^[endociiio.
( 'ontinuinLj his voyai^e after tho storm, he linds hi>
lalitude on the I'Jth to he 43', near a point named
('aj)o IManco, beN'ond which the coast turns to tli •
north-west,'"^ and also near a large I'iver. On account,
of sickness anil because ho has already reached tlh'
limit of the viceroy's instructions, A;^uilar resolves to
I'l'tm-n. Doth lu^ and Flores die on the vo^'aij^e, only
iive men surviving. 1 give a copy of the map rejin-
st'nting discoverii's above ^lonterev, not agreeinLf in
*^ t,' ' cj ■"
all respects with tlie narrative, and showing nothing
above Cape !^^endocino. Tho groat river, supposed by
Padre Ascension to be the entrance to Anian Strait,
nmst have been either imaginar or a small stream.
It is not possible to determine accurately tho northeiu
limit of tliis exploration; but the indications are that,
it ^\■as not beyond the present Oregon line of 42 anil
thatA'izcaino's Cape San Sebastian and Aguilar's Cap''
IJlanco were identical with the modern Trinidad an I
St George.'^
'■^ Ascension snj'a nortli-cast and names tlin rivor Sa-ita Inc'^g.
''See Ilittt. Xurthircitt ('oaxi, i. 147-S. ( 'iilircra IJucno'.s <lcscription of tlio
nortlicrn coii.-;t is as f(»Il(j\vs: ' In Lititudi! 42^ is a liigli cape, apparently lUt
ildWn porpc'iiilicularly to the Hi'a, and fi'oni it runs a lower coa.st some cij,'lit
li'aunos southward, where the land forms another hiuli point, bare, with sd.ho
white el ill's which rise from the water's edge; this point is in 41' .*?;)' and is
tailed Capo Mendocinr). From lieio the coast trends s. i;. to lat. .'iO' liO', tin'
land lieingof medium elevation and tliiekly wooded, with some small hills haio
alcng the shore. In the said latitude it forms a low point of white clilFs riit
down to the sea; and from here the coast trendss. e. one quarter s. to US ,"> ' ,
where tho land fomia a point of medium licight, separated from the coast s)
as to appear from a distance to l>o an island, which is called I'unta dc i'lS
IJeyes. It forms a steep elilV (inorro), and on its north side affords a gcd
shelter from all winds, in lat. ;{S^ ,'{0', and is called San Francisco. In a souili
or South-east wind the anchorage is at the cud of the beach where it forms :in
RE><tn,TS OF ACni.An-.'^ EXPLORATTOV.
ia'.
rn soutli-
iicjir tilt!
Icll any
•'u\>^ iiiilil
Jamiiirv.
wive 1)('<'U
I vane* 'S to
ale to ail
[cndociiK*.
! iiiuls ]\U
iiit nainiil
ns to til"
hi account
aclu'd till'
'csolvos to
yai]jc, only
nap ri'iiri-
greciui^ in
ig nothing'
pposed l»y
ian Strait,
ill stream,
northern
s are that
)f 42 an<l
lar's Ca]"'
nklad an. I
lAC('i)t the (liscoverv of Moiitcrcv Hav Vizcaino
liad a<'<'oni|tiish((l iio inni-c, and indeed in several
ji-liects less, than had ( 'ahrillo sixty years before; hut
llie I'esnlts (if his Vo\
ere clearlv recorded, whilt
tile t'X|K'<lition «>f jiis preu 'cessor ha<l h^ft practically no
Ir.Ki- in the woi'ld's knowle <;■(>. From KIOM the trend
and general character of tlu! ( *alif<»iMna coast, toget hei'
with its ehicf jiarhors, always excepting tin' nnchscov-
ei-i'd San Kianciseo, were well known t»» the Sp.w ' o'ds
\i\- these I'ecords; hut for more than a ct'iitury and a
lialf there was no addition to this knowledu'e. Xit
.-iiip is known to have entei-ed the north*' • wat» rs
fioin the south, while the Manila shi|is iVcm the far
west neit'"'!' touched at the iic^w ports nor left iiuy
ricoi'd (if what they saw as they passed. A izcujno
mad strong efforts to he intrusted with a ni'W expe-
dition for the occupation of Monterey; and in \(\iu\
there was a prosj»ect of his success; hut att<'ntion was
<!i\(rted to the far west; and though this navigator,
letuining as a passenger from .lajian, on the <SV'/^ Fniii-
risni, again sighted Cape ^lendocino (»n Deeenihei' ■_'(!.
K)!;"!, 11(1 niort' attempts wei'e made on tlieoutei'<'oast.^
There is a perfect hiank of one hundi'ed and sixty-six
ycaj's in the annals of what we call California.
ilerrera's historv eontainin<j: an account of Ca-
hrlllo's diseovcrit'S had heen puhlished in KiO l-i f), and
new Spanish (.-ditions appeared in I7l'8 and l7-"!(».
oi(jiienia(las g
ivat work v>ith a record of N'izcain
o s
Icriptiou of the
Tuiparintly int
liHt soino cijjht
[ire, with sK.nit
141' -lO' mill i<
lit. .W :M)\ t!i"
InmllliillslKiic
Ivliitc cliirs lilt
?r ». t(>;}S ;!',
Ini the coast ^•>
j I'linta lie ln3
IfVords a j^o'"l
|o. Iiiasoutli
li'o it fornix an
nnglo on tin- N. w. ; ■wliilo on tlu- n. k. are tlirco wliite rocks very ncnr tlio
Hi'M, ami (>ii|)ositc the niiililU' one an <sti rn iiiakcH in fr(»ni the .-ica witii a gou^l
( '.itiiiucraml \\<> l)roa!;ir.-!. In^-iiloaio toiinil liicinlly Imlians, anil fii'.sli w.itcr
may lie ca.sily <ilitainc(l. S.s. w. tVuni tlii ■. imrtarc si\ oi.-.i'\i n small « liitc tara-
11 mcs .siiuic lir.i.'ir tliaii oIIk rs, oc.npyinj,' iivcr;i Ira^uc in cii'cnit. . ..Vliout I 1
lr:i;.'!ii's s. v.. \ s. finni I't Jtivos, the lainl ni;i!i( i a puint, lut'ni-c icju'liini,' wliiili
tlic land i^ of miiliuni clcvatiiin, liarc alom; tlic slunf. wiili sunn: sti'c|i clill-i,
tliniiL.'!! inlanil it i.s iii^'li ami wooili'ij, until a low p.a ^ is ivaclicd in ;>7 Jin'
("illcil i't Ano \ucvo.' X<ii'i(iiiiitiii,',V)'l~',\. Tliis antlmr n latiti.ilc s arc fr'riii
.'1!)' til a ili'j,'rci; tipo liiLtli. Jlc c\ iilcntly saw a more niiiintr accuuii* of \'i/.-
laino'.; voy;ii^'c tlian liic one jmlilislicd, or what is not unlikely, had access to
C'lnu'iuin's report.
" IV';/n/((«. AV,/. (V(/., i. 101, 201 ; Clurhin'o, S/orhi, i'<l'a Cnl., |fi!» (10; Cdli-
furn'iii, Enfiih. If Pruj., !), 10; JJor. Iii-f. Mi.c., ser. ii. toni. iii. -iVA; < 'tinlnu",
M'u' rifil. lO;' \'}:-a:iio, Hctaviuii, I'Jll-lJ, p. lOi); si:e //in/, yijrl/i Jli-c. .V.,
i. rljap. \iii. tiii.-i ;jeries.
]00
TIIK DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
V(»y;ig(^ and Cenncuon's mishaps appoarc;! in 101:3
and was ropul)lislic'd in 172.']. ])iako's advontui'cs
M'cre related in scores of jiopular voyage colleelions
l)esi<les the ori^nnal printed accounts. In 17;J-1: Ca-
brera liueno's sailing directions were ])i-inted across
the l*acilic, but the work was not widclv circulated.'^
In 1742 Anson, the English i)rivateer, found on a
captured galleon the S})anish chart of which I re-
])roduce that ]iart showing the coast of California.
There is nothing to indicate that the maher luivl
access to any information not given l)y Vizcaino and
ru.iit
A no Xuovo
PUi.de Piuu
PUt.d.' in C< i;ic,.li Jl't
'>/ju
,tt«
K^^
Co«
i.rolro
iVo»
Pta.ile Sii.Dlceo
^^KustHiitla til I'ltVirjinet
LliLH DF SN.MAHTIN
Spanish Chart, 1742.
''^ Nnveriadon E^-tpcculativn, y Prdctica, con la Explkac'ionde ahjrnoK innfrii-
vieiito-i, (JVC rslaii jhk.x cii vho en Ion navi'ijautcs. con la-i rc'ihix ii'rcunrins pnra xii
IV /'(/r/'/f ;•(( r,io, etc. ; Tuhla (If Ins ilrcUnnciont s <h I sol, co)iijinlivhtii nl iner/il'diioi/i
San lieriKiriiiDn; el modo dr nnrnjar j)or Imjiomrtrid ; j.or Ini Udihiti tie rnniho^:
pnr Id arilhiiiitira; ])or la trhjonomclria; ]:or cl qitddrantr de, rvdncdon ; jmr
los sdinit /iii/nrltldiios; y comiincx; con Ion cstumpan, yjii/iimn /wiicnicicii/r.i d In
diclio, y ofra.t tm/ddos ciiriosox. Coinj/irsfd for cl (dmirnnlo D. loncph Gnu-
Zdli'z ( 'alin rd Ilinno, /lilolo mayor de In Corrcrd de I'hilijtivas, ji iiri/iinil dc la
i-la dc Tciirrifv niid de Ion Ciniarian, qrkn la diilira al M. III.''''' Siil 1). J'l r-
Vdiido dc Vuhlcn y Tamon. . Xlovcrumlor y Capitdn General dc Ian Inlan I'/iili-
jiiiian, etc. Maniia, 1792, fol. 11 f. 392 pages. '2 f. The bulk of the woi'k ia a
treatise on navigation; but Part V^., '292-304, is devoted to derrotas, containing
sailing directions for the various I'hilippinc and Pacific routes; and ciiap. v.,
;{02-22, relates to the coast from C. Mendocino to Pananid. Portokl and
( respi in 1709 had a copy of this work, or at least were familiar with its eon-
tents; but from that time to 1874, when it was described and quoted in the
ih-crUxiid Monthly by my assistant, I have found no indication of its having
bccu consulted by any writer.
THE NORTHERN MYSTERY.
107
ill IGir.
[ventures
)lUH'ti<)ns
L7iM Ca-
J(l iU'lMSS
■culated.''
md on a
icli I re-
'alilornia.
akor lusvl
caino and
iCCO
iarhi^ /mm •<'«
|f(.S(/« riniilio<:
flucci'in; ]">!'
tiiich'iitC'f d I"
\iiftlin-iil (If III'
i Snl J). ]'• !■■
/.s-'as rii/i-
the work i-* a
Is, containing
Tiul cimp. v.,
[Portoki iiiul
Ivvith its ciiii-
liioted in tln'
If its having
r'alncra Biiono.'" In l";")" appeared Venegas' work
■ 111 l>;ija California, from which, more than from any
ciIk r, a })(»puhir knowledge of the northern expedi-
tions was derived."''
The topic that I designate the Northern I\h-stcry — •
lliat is what was thought and written and i)ictured in
laajis respecting the coast region above the Californian
L;air from 1530 to 17G0, the voyages which I have
(li'scrilied in this chapter furnishing a slight founda-
tion of actual knowledge on which an imi^osing struct-
ure was reared by imagination, theory, and falsehood — ■
might very plausibly bo regarded as a part of the his-
t try of California as a country stretching indelinilely
tVttni the peninsula to the mythic strait of Anian.
\'rt much more essential is this subject to the annals
(if tht^ regions above latitude 42°, and therefore,
csjiocially as a general view of the theories involved
lias already been presented," to avoid imdesirable
ivpctition I treat the subject very fully, with a repro-
duction of many quaint old maps, in another volume
rchdiiig to the northern countries,"'' confining my re-
marks here to a very brief statement.
The chief element of the Northern IMystcry was
the belief in and search for an intemceanic strait sepa-
latiii''' the Mexican reunions from Asia, This strait
at liist was between South America and the Asiatic
main; but was pushed constantly northward by ex-
jiloi'ation, and was to l)e found always just beyond the
liighest latitude visited. Each inlet was the enti\ance
to the strait until the contrary was proved; inlets
wore discovered or written about that existed only in
imagination, and navigators even went so far as to
(laiiu boldly that they had sailed through the strait.
'"'' Aiii-nrif Voj/nije, eil. 177t), ."^Sf. Also in Vcneijas, Not. Cat., iii. 235-0,
Till- ilitti (1 line sliows the route of the gnllooiis,
'■Hire may bo mentionoil a njKirt given by tho natives of San Luis
Ohis]iii to lather l''iguer and recorded in Atr.n, Dinrh, MS., l()'J-3, in 177<i,
tliiit "Jit years before, in 17.").1, twelvo wjute men dressed like tho Si)aniiirils
lauded frmr, a boat and were subsecjueiitly east iiway on tho coast and perished.
I'^Sco //(,s7. Korth iU",./C(/?( States, i., this series.
■'See Hist. Xorthiccut t'oust, i, cLa]). ii.-iv., this scries.
108
THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.
At first the belief in rich islands on the way to India
had been strong, and with reports of the strait, rnmors
of great kingd"ms, cities, amazon isles, gold, and pre-
cious stones naturally multiplied.
Next by some strange blunder, apparently of tlio
historian Goniara, the wanderings of Coronado in
Arizona, New Mexico, and the far north-east, were
transferred to the Pacific coast, and for many yoais
Tiguox, Cicuic, Quivira, and the rest appeared dis-
tributed along the shore with names from Cahri'l >
and Drake. For no other reason apparently than to
provide room for all these names, it was customary tu
make the coast trend but little north of west betwciu
2;")° and 40°, tlience extending north to the strait.
One map, however, placed California far north of tliD
strait of Anian, and very near the north pole.
In the third grc^at development of the imaginary
geography, California played a more definitely iiu-
portant part than in those mentioned. The New
]\[exican names were removed from the coast, but
California from Capo San Li'icas to latitude 44' Ix-
came a great island. At first the gulf and peninsula
were mapped with reraai'kablc accuracy. But Lok i:i
1582 turned the coast abruptly eastward above 4i.
Ascension in 1G03 arrjued that Aguilar's river in 4i'
was the entrance of Anian, and probably connect; 4
with the ijulf Onate at the Colorado mouth in Ki'i t
convinced himself that the gulf extended north and
east to the Atlantic. Cardona in 1G17, havincf as Ik;
believed seen deep water extending far beyond " ( ,
openly declared the whole country an island. Ai 4
finally a party of adventurers about 1G20 had no dil-
ficulty in circumnavigating California. For many
years the coi ,itry was so mapped and (lescrii)ed, X'.'\a
Albion forming the north end of the island. From
1700 to 174G the Jesuits labored to restoic the Ix-Tn I'
in a peninsula, and were successful. The last pluiscs
of the mystery were those of 1751 and 1774 tliat th-;
Colorado River sent off a branch to jMonterej- or Saii
ANXIEXT MAPS.
109
l'iaii<isco, and tlien the searcli for northern wonders
V, ;is transferred to the far north, beyond the farthest
limits of our California.
( )i' the many maps of the early times which I rc-
jiumIuco elsewhere, and of the many more similar ones
wliirli I have studied, not one except those presented
ill this chajiter contains any real information about
the coast of Upper California. On them the reader
will find a coast line varying in its trend from north
to west, marked with capes, bays, rivers, and towns,
wlilcli, except so far as founded on the narratives and
iiKijis which I have noted in this chapter, are purely
iiiuiuinary, the names beimx traceable to the same nar-
rutivos and maps, except such as come from Coronado's
inland explorations. These maps aft'ord an interestini^
.study, but have no bearing on real discovery. It is
not unlikeh^ however, that useful original maps of
( 'abrillo's, Cermenon's, or Vizcaino's ex])lorations may
yet come to light, or that in the mean time men will
continue to build grave theories of local discovery on
the \agaries of the old cosmographers.
fe:!:
CHAPTER IV.
^MOTIVES AND PREPARATIONS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATION.
17G7-1770.
State of the Spanish Colonies — Accidental Awakenino fiiom ArATin —
Revival of Old Motives — Feaii ok the Rl'ssians — Visitadou Jose iie
Galvez on the Peninsula — Ciiahacteu and ArTiioniTY of tiii. ^Ian-
Condition of Affaius in Lower California — Instructions and Plans
OF Galvez fortue Occufation of San DiEdo and Monterev— A Fori;-
FOLD EXI'EDITIO.N tJ SkA AND LaND — V'esSELS, TrOOFS, AND Sui'FLIES—
PoktolA, Rivera, and Serra — Plans for the Conquista Esfiritual
— Galvez Consults the Padue Presidente— Sacimcd Forced Loans-
Active Preparations— Sailing of the Fleet fro.m La Paz and Cai'i;
San Lucas— Iarcii of the Army from the Xorthicrn Frontier-
Loss of the 'San Jose' — Tidings of Success.
In all the liistorical phases briefly alluded to in Uw
introductory chapters of tliis volume, and fully piv-
sented in early volumes of this work, I have shown nii
epoch of decadence, of varying len,q;th in difrerciit
jirovinccs, but nowhere much Iciss than half a century
in duration. The adventurous spirit of the contiuorors
had for the most part faded away. Poorly e(jui[)}ic.l
soldiers performed their routine of garrison duty, an 1
of entradas asfainst frontier savages, in a listless im-
chanical way that but feebly rellected old-time glories.
Presidios were a kind of [)ublic works for the support
of oflicials, and the drawing of money from the roy.il
coflTers. Missionary zeal had not perhaps niatoriallv
abated; but one of the g'reat religious orders had bc( :i
driven from the country. The fi-iars were imjiednl
in their efforts by discouraging difficulties; and tho
mission establishments, reduced in number by socul.ii-
izatioii in the south, by destruction and consolidation
(110)
AWAKENING FROM LETHARGY.
Ill
ill tlio north, tlecimatcd in population by pestilence,
(It^scrtion, and diminished I'eeundity, ever coveted and
disturbed by vicious pobladores, or settlers, had [)assod
tilt' era of their greatest prosjDcrity. The most lanious
iniiicral districts had yielded tlieir richest superlicial
treasures and were now, by reason of savage raids,
iiiclHcient working, and the quicksilver monopoly,
cniiiparatively abandoned. Commercial, agricultural,
ami manufacturing industi'ies were now as ever at a
luw ebb. The native population had lost moie tliaii
nine tenths of its original numbers, the survivors liv-
ing quietly in the missions as neophytes, toiling in tho
iiiinos or on the haciendas practically as slaves, or
ranging the mountains as apostates more dreaded
tliaii the savages of the frontier. The fables of the
X(»illiern Mystery had lost something of tlieir charm,
.'ind were no longer potent to inspire at court the lit-
tinu'-out of armies or lleets. For more than a centurv
and a lialf no exploring vessel had sailed up the north-
ci'ii loasts. l*rovince after province had settled into
that stagnation which sooner or later became the lot
of every Spanish colony.
We come now to the partial awakening from this
li'thaigy which caused, or permitted, the occupation
of Alta California by Spain in I7()'.). This o(CUj)a-
tinii v»as in a certain sense accidental; that is, all the
motives leadin'jf to it had hnyr existed and had v;ith
one exception no new force at this time. For over
one hundr;^ ul sixty years, or since the voyage of
Sehastian A izcaino in lG0"2,as nuich had l)een known
et'the country as was now known. This knowledge! em-
braced the general trend an<l a])pearance of the <'oast,
the comparative fertility of the countiy and inlelli-
gcnt docility of its peo[)le, the existenci", location, an<l
li'ciieral description of ports San Diego, Monterey, and
that under Point Reyes called San Francisco, with a
tolera.hly accurate account of the Santa Barbara chan-
nel and islands. Thus it was no new information about
the country that prompted the Californiau contiuest.
I ;
ii;
rREl'ARATIOXS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATION.
])uriii_u;" all those years the Spaiiisli Court had fully
realized the inn)()rtance of exteudiiiij^ its doHiiui('U
over tlie north and especially over the coast region;
but vaiious ti'oubles at houie and abrtnid had encour-
aged procrastination. Year after year the Manila
galleon, coining from the west by the northern route
yadly in need of a refitting and relief station, had
borne her strained timbers and oriental treasure and
scurvy-stricken crew down past the California ports;
3'et no practical effort was made to possess and utilize
those ports, though it was always intended to do so
at some future convenient season, and scores of un-
heeded counnunications on the subject passed between
Mexico and Spain. Tales of the Northern Mystery,
of great empires and lich cities, of golden mountains,
pearl islands, and giant queens, so effective in the
earlier days, had lost, as we have seen, much of their
j)ower at court, if not elsewhere; yet little doubt Mas
ever felt tlipt tlie strait of Anian afforded a northern
])assage by which a fleet of English cruisers might
any day appear from the north-east to seize upon
Anian and Quivira, and to ravage more southern
coasts. The fear was real enough to the Spaniards,
but it was bv no means sufficient to rouse them from
their apathy, which also successfully withstood the
l)etter-f bunded fear of Russian encroachments from
the north-west across rather than through the famous
strait; a fear that furnished the only motive for north-
ern conquest which had any new or unusual weight at
this time. Finally among operative incentives must
be mentioned the missionary ambition to convert
northern gentiles. Many times was the king rt-
uiinded of the rich spiritual harvest to be gathered
in California, by friars who never allowed him to ibr-
get the secular advantages to be gained by complying,'
with their wishes; but of late the petitions of Jesuits
and Franciscans, even for aid and protection in tlio
old frontier districts, had received but little attention.
Indeed, it does not appear that the Franciscans wire
GALVEZ IX THE PENINSULA.
113
rsj)oc'mlly iirL''cnt at this juncture in their claims to
\k- sriit up the coast.
Tlie expulsion of the Jesuits in 1707 fixed the
jittentioi. of the Spanish and Mexican authorities on
tlie north-west, where were situated the principal
missions of the expelled order. California, by reason
ni' the old mysterious cl^rni hanging about the name
and country, the strangely exalted value and impor-
tance wliich the Jesuits had always attached to the
liaiTcn peninsula, and the current tales of immense
treasure hidden there by the society, attracted a very
large sliare of this attention. Moreover the explora-
tions of tlie liussians on the Alaska coasts from 1741
to 17(55 were tolerably well known to the S])anish
authorities; the danger of Kussian encroachment
seemed more threatening than in past yeavs; and
iinally the fitting-out of a military expedition for the
relief of Sonora suggested the expediency of taking
steps at this time for the protection of the peninsula.
AccorcHngly Jose do Galvez decided to visit in person
the western coast, and not only to superintend prep-
arations for the Sonora campaign, but to cross tlie
gulf, investigate the state of atfairs in Baja California,
and to adopt such measures as might be found neces-
sary {'or its safety.
(Jalvez set out from Mexico for San Bias April I),
17()S. Shortly after his departure Viceroy Croix re-
ceived from King Carlos III. orders to the efl'ect that
in connection with other precautions against the llus-
sians on the north-west coast, San Diego and Mon-
terey should be occupied and fortified. It had oceurretl
to the monarch, or his advisers, that this would be an
o[)portune time to carry into effect an old scheme,
give to tlie galleons their long-desired harbor, and
secure an important coast line from foreign aggression.
How the order was worded, whether peremptory in its
tei'nis or in the form of a recommendation, does not
appear. But that under ordinary circumstances it
\\c)uld liav(,^ been obeyed with any degree of prompti-
liisi. Cal., Vol. I. s"
ijr:i
lU
PREPARATIOXS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATIOX.
tutio may well be doubt ed. The governor instrurtcd
to investigate and report; zealous iiiar.s called ujuin
for their views; the Franciscan authorities consulted
as t(-) the supi)lj of missionaries; treasury officials
questioned about ways and means; preliminary exjJor-
afions, conllicting reports, petty quarrels — all these
with the interminable complication of red-tape com-
munications therewith connected, resulting in vexa-
tious delay, if not in absolute failure, may be readily
pictured by the reader of preceding volumes, familiar
with tlie ways of the period.
Fortunately none of these obstacles was in this case
interposed. The royal o*'der was clear that San Dii'go
and Monterey should be occupied; the movement v. as
not a complicated or apparently difficult one; it was
promptly and etl'ectually executed. The cause of this
unusual promptness was in the man who undertook to
carry out the order. The whole matter was by the
viceroy turned over to Jose de Galvez, who was, as we
have seen, on his way to the Jalisco coast to embark
for the peninsula. Galvez had come to Mexico in 17(55
as visitador general of New S[)ain. lie was a member
of the Council of the Indies, and subsequently minis-
ter of state, ht)lding the latter position at the time
of his death in 1781). lie was invested by Carlos III.
with Vv^ell nigh absolute powers to investigate and
reform the administration of the government in its
different branches, particularly in matters pertaining
to the royal linances. Independent of the viceroy in
many I'cspeets by virtue of his position, only nominally
subordinate in others, assuming probably some prerog-
atives that did not belong to him, he was to all intents
the highest authority in New Spain. The viceny
Cruillas was removed from otficc largely because nf
his opposition to the visitador, and was replaced by
the more complaisant Marques de Croix. If theie
were any viceregal attributes not originally possesstd
by Galvez, or arbitrarily assumed by him, they weie
especially delegated to him by Croix when he started
DON JOSn DE GAL\T.Z.
115
truotcd
d UJ)*!!!
insult I'd
officials
ex\)l()r-
11 these
po c( mi-
ll VCXil-
3 readily
faiuiliar
this case
neiit v.as
3; it v.as
AC of this
ertook to
:is by the
vas, as we
,0 embark
coin 1 <"():)
member
ly minis-
t'ho time
ruiosin.
vate and
;nt in its
icrtainiiisj;
.iccroy in
liominally
111 intents
viceroy
pcause ft
flaced by
hf there
Possessed
[hey Nvcve
le btartod
fortlio west. Thus powerful arul independent, Galvez
A\ ;is also remarkable for his practical good sense, busi-
ness ability, untiring energy, and disregard of all
loutine formalities that stood in his way. lie is
(iilided to the first place anumg the pioneers of Cal-
il'oiiiia though ho never set foot in the country.^
(lalvez sailed from San Bias in May, but was driven
to tlie Tres Marias and back to Mazatlan, not reach-
ii);4' the peninsula till the first week in July. At this
tiuu; Ca[)tain Gaspar do Portola, an easy-going, pop-
ular man, but l)rave and honest withal, was ruling the
country as civil and military governor, while Captain
Fernando Javier Rivera v Moncada commanded tho
garrison of about forty soldiers at Loreto. Portola
was a new-comer of tlie ))receding year; Pi vera had
been long in the country.^ The missions were in the
'n;ilvcz wag 'alcnklc do cnsa y rortc, ministro tlcl conscjo do Indias, mar-
qui'i (L'. Sonova, iiiinistroik' cstaduy dcldcspaclio iiniveraahlo Iiulias.' Ji'V' nt,
(Ji.'.i ,\ uiit(S i!e Mr.v., 4')2-\C). Thi.i i^ the oidy r.'.ithoi'ity I have seen for tho
exi.ct ('ato of tlio departure from Mexico. In nil edict tlatcd Nov. 'J, 17>iS,
in Luv.i. r California, (.lalvoz tii;^'n3 Linisclf 'del conscjo y canir.ra do Sii .\lfi\,'cs-
t;.d (U ( 1 real y En]ncnio dc laa India?, yntcndcntc do cxcrcito, visitador poii-
trr.l do todoa I03 tribunalcs dc jnsticia, c;i\:is, y dcniars ranioddc real liacii iida
dc i:sUa vcyuon, y coniijionadocon las anipli^inias facultadca del Ex. ih'. Mar-
qu('.! do Croix.' J'roi: St. Pap., MS., i. U. In hi.i report to tlio viceroy dated
Ju:io 10, 17G0, ho givca as the chief object of tlio northern expedition tho
ciiLa'.lijhin.nt of a presidio to protect tlic peninsula from the danger ahvaya
t!n't:'lcncd by foreign r.ations 'y con rppeeialidad his (t'jntativ;;; ) que '.'.Uiiiia-
iiiento luin liccho Ins runos prctendiendo faniiHariz:!rso con la navcgacion del
mar ilj 'iV.vtaria.' Pa/o:i, 2\'of., i. l.jli. Sec also for noticcii ciinceniing< kdvez'
co;:r;!g to 1 v.vcr Calilornia. LI. , i. 2 VCy-'O. Fear of the Pais iians as tlic leai'.ing
mo'.ivc f.ir the noi'thern establishment i:^ mentioned in Annoim, Carta, 1770,
iu JJiir. JL'.st. J[i.v., 4th ser., tor.i. ii. iri(i-7; licvilld-ilhicdn, Injhrmc tie \~'Si,
according to Cava, Ttra Nr/'os, iii. 117; byXavarretc, introd. to Snt'd ij Me.r.
\'i(';i<', xci.-ii. ; and by other writer?!. (.Jreenliow, Or. and Cal., lOo, tells ns
that (lalvca wv.ao, man of tho most violent and tyrannical disposition. If tins
be tnio it i,! to bu regretted that vi;ilcncc Jind tyranny were not more eommon
fjiu'.liliea ill .\;p:-.nisli ollieials. Ilughcr., ('■d/forii!a, 110, learns from Jliir/<(r'.i
lit -'J. I'd loi^cd'ia, tliat Gr.lvez vioiteil (..'aliiornia in search of gold-mini .-j tlis-
einvrcd by (ho Jesuits; that his companioM, Jliguel Josii dc Aren:<a, becamo
dijfouragcd after a few weeks, recommending the abandonment of the .search
and accusing flalvez of insanity for continuing it, for wliieh. he was cast
ialipriron! (Jalvcz was ill in Sonora afier leaving California, and is said
to h,vc imprisoned his secretary Azanza, afterward viceroy, for s.;ying
th t l.i.} milady was mcnfcil. Sucli was the origin doubtless of the story.
Venc;-as, A'ct. Cal., ii. 200, .")4,V4, iii. 4-14, lias something to say on tho
pro;)o;ab to settle Alta California nnd how tlie matter stood in the uiiddlo
of (!r> century.
" iliographical sketches of these officers will be given later. As authority
for tlie form of Portola's name I cite his signature in an original letter of 177!)
1 1
116
rREPAr.ATIONS FOR SrANTSlI OCCITATIOX.
liands of sixteen Franciscan friars from tlio collcnfc of
San Fernando in Mexico, who liad l>ecn in possession
only a])out three months, and were under Iho (Urcc-
tion of Father Junfpero Scrra as president.^ Tlu're is
nothinjj^ to show that either governor, or commandant ,
or president had come to the peninsula with nny ex-
pectation that their authority was to ho soon cxtcncl l
to the northern coast. Yet all doubtless shared the
prevalent impression, amounting to a hope in the
minds of the padres, that sooner or later jSIonterty
and San Diego were to be v^ccupied and niissionniy
work begun. Galvez set himself to work most zeal-
ously to investigate the condition and supply the needs
of the peninsula establishments. His policy and acts
in this direction are fully set forth in connection with
the annals of Lower California.*
But the visitador kept always in mind his projei t
of northern conquest. Rapidly his busy brain ma-
tured a plan of action, which had probably been con-
ceived before he left San Bias, and which a few montlis
after his arrival he was ready to carry into execution.
Means and methods were fortunately under his exclu-
sive control, and he had resolved on an expedition in
four divisions, two by sea and two by land, to stait
separately, but all to meet at San Diego, and thence
press on to Monterey. Thus a practical knowledge of
both routes would be gained, transportation econo-
mized, and risks of failure lessened. Available for the
sea-goingdi visions were two small vessels,the/;cf (7 uehotcs,
or snows, San Carlos and San Antonio, under the com-
mand of captains Vicente Vila and Juan Perez, expe-
rienced piYo^os of the royal navy. They had been bui't
among^the MSS. of Molera; Portolci, Dlario del Vinrje, 17G9, MS., a emit' m-
porary copy; Ortega in Santa Clara, Arch. Parr., MS., 48; Pulon, Vila: iui'l
Monterey, Lstrarlo de. Notlchts; though Serra wrote it Portala in San JJic,/",
Lib. Mision, AIS., G3; and in Paloii, Notlcias, it is printed Portola.
* Father Serra was a native of Mallorca, 55 years of age, wlio ha<l coiiic
to America in 1749, had served as a missionary in the Sierra Gorda dlstiii t
for nine years, and about the same time in the college, or travelling as eouii-
sario of the inquisition. Paloii, Vida, 1-1.'5, 4;}-G. See preceding note.
* See Hist. North Mexican States, vol. i., this series.
VISITADOR AXP PRESIDRNT.
117
)Sscssi()U
ic (linc-
Tlu'iv is
iiuuuliinl,
I any «^'\-
cxtondtd
luired till!
IC in the
Montorty
iiissionaiy
nost zcal-
thc needs
y and acts
ction with
bis project
brain nui-
j been c'du-
|cw months
cxecutif'H.
his exchi-
edition in
to stai't
md tliencc
owledge of
ion econo-
mic for tiio
paquehotcs,
Y tlie coiu-
erez, ex\H'-
been built
kiS., a cont'in-
[ion, Vida: in\<\
, in San JJi(-:i'>,
Irtola.
Iwho had cor.io
1 Gorda .listiict
I'clUng as couu-
ling note.
fur (lie transportation oftroojjs to Sonora, and tlicco-
niainlaiite at San Hlas liad orders to lit them out and
f^ciid thi'MJ over to La I*a/ wit li tlie lt;ast possible delay.
The land exitedltions under I'ortoliian*! Jlivera were to
niaifli IVoui Santa ^fan'a on the northern tVontie'r. An
aiMitional military force would be required, to supply
which Colonel Elizondo was instructed to send over
twenty- live Catalan volunteers'' under Lieutenant
] Vdi'o IXtJi'es. The j)cninf,ular missions nnist assist at
the bli'th of the new ones, by furnishing;' ehui'ch orna-
ments, liv(^-stock,and other su})plies to the full extent
(it" theii- al)llity.
I'rom his head-quarters at Santa Ana Galvez super-
intended the collection at La Paz and Capo San Lucas
of cvei'vthini; tliat was to be forwarded by sea. lie
sent north supplies for the land exjjedition, and ap-
jiuinted Captain Rivera, a man practically ac(piainted
with the country, as comisario with instructions to
pro(.'eed northward froui mission to mission, and take
tVoni each all the live-stock, provisions, and imple-
ments that could be spared. Likewise he was to re-
cruit some people for the new settlements, and bring
everything to Santa Maria with all possible despatch,
liivera set out upon this work in August or Septem-
ber 17G8.°
The proposed occupation of the northern countiy,
however, was to be spiritual as well as military. The
natives were to be converted after their subjection,
and not only presidios but missions were to bo
founded. Preparations having been efl'ectually set on
f Kit (')i lo sc'cnlar, it was now time for the spiritual
aspect of the scheme to receive attention. Accord-
ingly the padre president was invited to come down
to Santa Ana for a personal interview with the visita-
doi', as ho did, arriving at the end of Oetober. Serra
doubtless had before this time made himself jn-etty
Will acquainted with what Galvez was doing and pro-
'Tlio Catilonia compnny, 1st batt.ilion, '2d rogiincnt, light infantry, had
k'lt( VkHz M;.y -27, I7(i7. i'ror. St«f. Pxp- ^^^-^ i- -•
•'raluii, 2\ol. i. 2v;-, says August; but iu Vldu, Gj, Soptcmbor.
I
f ■ f^
lis
rUKl'ARATIONS FOR SPANISTI OCCITATIOX.
jKtsod to do; l)ut ho listened patiently tt) the visita-
dor's explanations, and then not only expressed iiis
approval of the sehemo, but aiuiouneed his intention
to join the land expedition in person. It was thou<(lit
best to found, besides the missions at San Dic'^o and
INIonterey, another at some interniediat(! j)oint," aii<l
Btill another on the frontier of Lower California in
order to facilitate eomniunieation between the old
establishments and the now. Three priests were to j^o
north by sea and three by land; and in order that so
many miijjht bo spared three were drawn fi-oin the
(•olleLTo of San Fernando. Serra agreed with Galvez
that ehureh furniture, ornaments, and vestments,
nuist bo supjdied by the old missions. Surplus grain
and other articles of food were to bo taken as gifts,
Avhile live-stock and implements must be regarded as
loans, and as such repaid in kind. This burden, al-
though in accord with the past policy of both Jesuits
and Franciscans that old missions must support tlio
new, might have niet with opposition had there been
any to oppose.
The king's and viceroy's representative, the civil
and military governor, and the president of tlic
missions were in accord on the subject. The natives
were not consulted, and the priests were new-comers,
not very deeply interested in the country or in their
respective missions.^ Galvez and Sera had only
themselves to convii "jo that the measure was rig] it,
and the task was ' »t a hard one. The Francis-
cans were bound hy .heir vows, said the visitador,
the president echoing approval, to spread the failli,
not to accumulate wet. ,h or build up grand establish-
ments — a doctrine th t subsequently lost sometliing
of its force in the land ^v^hither the}' were going. Serra
took a list of the church property that Galvez had
already collected, and promised to continue this sacri'l
' According to Pa^on, V'tda, ■")", this iutermcdiato inission was to 1)C calK<l
Sail liiu'iiavcntura.
"I'alou. A<//.. I. 43-.T), claims abo that (lalvcz, the viceroy, ami the kin^
fully repaid tlic luissious later for all that was taken.
A TATROX SAINT.
110
tli<)U;;li ciiforccd loan in tliu iiortli, as ho did some
iiK'iitlis latrr."
Durlni^ tiic month of Xovondjor, Fatlior Juin'pi'ro
iiKiilo Ji tonr of tilt) soutlnTii missions, coinphtin:^'
;iii'an,!^^cnK'nts for sucnhiri/ation whicli siiouM ivK-asc
two more priests for (hity in the north. A slaui^hti'r
of w ild cattlo in the sonth furnished meat for the lii'.Nt
m;i (Xpethtion. Stoi'es of all kinds wi-i'e eolleeted
jit La I'az. (jialvez issned a proclamation naming;" St
.losepli the patron saint of tlie adventure,'" and sliortly
nil. r Lieutena.it Fa^'es ariived I'rom (niaymas with
t\\ I'nty-iivo Catalan volunteers of tlie comimiita fndtrn,
who were to ]fo hv sea as a first detaehment of tlie
iiivadinLj army to ovei-eonje j^entile haltalions that
iiiiL;liL oppose the landing and progress of the Spaniartls.
" I'iili.u f'ivoH loiij^ lists of nil the church property taken from e«.'h iiiif<sion,
V. Iiicli I li;i\o tliDUj^lit it, Worth while to eouihiiu! int.) the f(jll.>\\iii;,', whi.'h i.s
as in:irly iiceiiuitu u.i tlie iiuthor's oceasioiial use of the t.'nii.4 ' iievcral' ami ' a
few' will jierniit: 7 church hells. 1 1 HUmll altar hell;*, 'l'.\ altar cloths, .5 ch.iir
c.iiM:<, 'i Kurplicc:), 4 curpcts, '1 coverlets, ,'i ruqudin, 3 veils, 1!) full fiets sacrid
vestment-!, (liilerent colors, (J ol.l siu'^le vestments, 17 (iHxit, allw, or wliitu
tunics, 10 /lulion, palliunis, or short I'loaks, \Otiiiilli'H, amices, or jiieccHof linen,
10 ciiaiuiiiles, 1 J girdles, (i lio/)n<, or cassocks, ]H altar-linens, or r >r/>oriil('-<, Ml
■j'l'i-'.iiniil'iir-!, purilicat.iries, or chalice eloths, 1 pall ch.th, 11 jiicture.s of the
vJT'.in, 12 bilver or (.^ildc.l chalices, 1 cil)ary, or silver goblet, 7 vrltiinrui^, or
hilv.r iiliials fir chiisni, or sacreil oil, I CHstniitn, or silver caslcet for holy
wafers, ~> roiirfifi.i, or silver conchs for l)aptism, (i iiir('iis(tr!u-<, or silver c.nser.s
with incense dish and spoon, I'J jiairs of viiifujrrdK, silver and glast cruets for
will" and water, 1 silver cro-;.s with jiclestal, 1 h )X ontainin .; .le.uis, Mary,
.•ind .Iiise})h, 1 copper platter for baptismal f.int, '2 copper baiitismal fonts, 'JK
brass, copper, an.l silver can.llesticka, 1 co]>per dipper for holy water, 1 silver
jar, 1 tin wafer box, ,'] statues, 2 silver suns or daiv.lers, 4 iro is for making
wafers, coins and rin;,'.s for (fr/vi.i at marria^'cs, ") uriis, or couscerate.l stones,
4 uiijsals and u missal-stand, 1 IJetancurt'tJ -Manual; also quanti ies of haml-
k. reliiefs, curtains, and tinsels; with laces, silks, and other stull's to be ma.lo
into altar ui)holateiy, taken from the royal (i/ninren at Loreto. This chureli
]iro|icrl.y was for the most prvt sent by water to tlio new establishments.
M;iiiy of the ol.l vestments an.l cluireli .irnaineuts, some dating' back ])erhaps
ti) tlii. lirst invoice, are yet preserved in the missions, .See Visit to SuuIIk ra
('ulli'iij-)iiu, AIS.
'"In his pro!.lamation, dated Xov. '21st, nu.l presei-ved in Arch. Siiiitri. Iliir-
hunt, .Ms., i, 1,"), 1(5, ( ia I ve.'? refers to the driviii:,' away of the locusts in 1707. at
San .b)X' del Cabo iiy ai.l of St .fose])h's inia';e, as a reason why the Monteuy
ixpe'li'iion is to be under him as patron, lie charges the priests to say mass
on the IDth of every month, and the rojative litany while t ho cxpe.lilions con-
tinue, ini;i!ofiiig tlirongli iliu intercession of the saint divine indtcctivUi, and
this in addition to the rcgnlarwa/^r to Maria, patron of all the Oalifornian eon-
V( r,io:!s, .".u.l aI:'.o in .iddition to the regular y/V'/n of S.in Jouc'. On the same
day lie c:ill i tiio att'.'iition of Tadro L-uuen to this matter. Letter in //., xi.
S.i'.i 70, with auother letter of Xov. 23d, relating to supplies from the Loreto
v.i^rL house.
120
rRErARATio:;s ior Spanish occupatiox.
Early in Decci>i])or tlio San Ciirlot^ arrived at L:i Paz
from San Bias. She had boon hastily and, hko all
Pacific coast craft of tlio time, imperfectly constructed,
had encountered stormy weather, and was in a leaky
condition. She was already partially laden with eii'e.'ts
for the iioi'th from the San Bias warehouses; but had
to bo uidoaded, careened, and loaded again, all of which
labor Galvcz personally superintended, often lending
a hand in the stowing of an unwieldy package, greatly
to the en(;ouragement of his men and to the a;hui ra-
tion of the chroniclers.^^ The Oth of January 17(1',)
the San (Jdr/os was ready. All who were going in
her confessed, lieard mass, partook of the communion,
and then listened to a parting addres., i'lom Galvcz.
The visitador reminded hi.s hearers that theirs was a
glorious mission, that they were going to plant the
cross amonu: the heathen, and charged them in the
name of God, the king, and the viceroy to respect
their priests and maintain peace and union among
themselves. Finally Junipero Serra pronounced a
formal blessing on the pilgrims, their vessel, the Hag,
the crew, and on Father l*arron, to whom was in-
trusted the spiritual care of the company. The cere-
mony over, the Sfia Curios put to sea. Galvez in the
Coitccpc'on accompanied her d( )wn the gulf from 1 yd Paz
to Cape San Lucas, watching her until slu3 doubled (lu;
point and sti'uck bravely northward l)efore a fair wind. '^
While the president returned to Loreto Cialve/,
gave his attention to the San Antonio, which v\as to
follow the San Carlos. Touching at La I*az the latli
of January, she arrived at Cape San Lucas the 'jritli.''
" l'ali)ii, I'iild, (JO, notes that CSalvcz was jiarticii.ljaiy zealous in jiackii^'
for San TiU'navciitnr.a wliieli lie called liis mission, and was delighted at liavin,'
done liis work quicker than I'adre .hinipero who packe<l tor hid mission nf
San ( Virlos.
'-('re.s[)i, in Pitlmi, Xnf., ii. M!), says the Sail Ciir/o-i sailed January 10th.
Leavin;^ La I'azon the Otii, slie u\»y have iieen last seenliy (Jalve/on the Kliii,
tliou,i;h I'alou, A'o/.. i. '2U>, r-ays it was the I Ith. Forfurther details re.qiectin.;
the oliieers, nun, eargo, instrneiions, and plans, see description of the voya;^'e
in the next chapter.
'•■'Calvez'lectt in P,rn\ Sf. Pup., MS., i. 44. Palon, Vlilii, 01, tells iis
that tiic S III Aiiliiiiiii hud gone to Sun Lucas because prevented by the wind
from reacliin;' J^a l'.".z.
PEREZ SAILS OX THE SAX AXTOXIO.
121
La Paz
like all
;tini('to(l,
a leaky
h elVc'.'ts
but luul
of which
I lending
;, greatly
) u;luiii"a-
ary 170'.)
•roill'JC ill
mnuuiou,
,1 (Jalvc-z.
;ii'S Avas a
plant the
;in in the
:o respect
)U amon;^
ouneed a
, the ihiX,
1 was In-
The ceiv-
07. in the
m l.ara7>
ul)le(l the
lirwinil.''
) CJalvc/.
h V\-a8 to
the irjth
Ihe •i.-.th."
lis in pni'kiuj;
\teil:it li:iviu:,'
lis iiiirisiou iif
(auuary lOtli.
'.(iiitho lOiii.
|il« i-c.spootiiiJ!
if 1 1 10 voyiigo
O;, U'lli* us
by the wiii'l
JTcr condition being no better tlian tliat of the
ciil>:f<ii)H, or ilag-ship, she was unloaded and careened,
aiid so was not rcatly for sea till tlio ] .Itli of Feb-
inarv. Then, after an exhortation 1)v(Kdv('z and the
ii-na
1 reliu'ious cerei
nonies,
Perez shook out his sails
i!"d witli a fiiir wind struck northward from San
,i(ise del Cabo. "God seems to leward my only
ue, mv I'aith," writes Galvez to FaLTos, "for all
Vll
Wt
11.
'14
dili
Meanwhile active preparations for the land cx[)e-
" ' had
I
till ion were t)om<»' made ni the north
•th
-UNcra
left Santa .Vna in Scptcmljer, as we luivo seen. ()
liis wav northward he had visited each
li.id t:
ikcn sncli. live-stock an
1 oth
n
nnssion audi
,1
1
er nee-icii sui)])ncs
U'l
:li
as lie and the different friars thought could be spareck
Tlie 200 cattle, 140 horses, 4G nudes, and two assess,
with various im[)loments and articles of food thu.s
ac(juii'cd,'' were collected at first at the frontier mis-
sion of Santa Maria, but the pasturage there being
insullicient for his animals, Pivera soon transferred his
cnni]) to Yelicata ei^lit or ten leau'ues farther north.'"
Fioiii this point he sent word to Galvez at Santa Ana
;uid to Serra at Loreto that he would be ready to
start for San ].)iego in Alarch. The president had
returned to Loreto at tfie end of January, and had
since been busily engagoil in his pre])arations, forward-
ing such articles as iio could get to La Pr.z or to Santa
^iaria according as they were to go by water or by
land. On receipt of Riveras message he at once noti-
fied Finy Juan Crespf, v/lio was to aecomitany the lirst
kmd expedition, to join tlie I'orce at A\'licaf ;i without
delay. Cres[)i, an intimate [)ersonal friend as well as
" Pvnv. St. l'„p., MS., i. 40.
' 'TlicdilicliM, not. including; tlio Loreto ooiiti-ibuti'in, \vcfo .'l f75for/o<, or
pack-siuliilc.i, 'JS Irathei- l^:i;;s, l case, of liottlLM, i;i ^illo:^ of IwitluT. 'JSaiTohas
(if li;.s, 1 Ijalu !iiul 4 r.rnibas of hwi
riobas t](i
i.li
IlllKlL'S PIIIOIC
ir, l!4;) lUTolias /((,si/yV), or tirioil iiuat, 'JH
M l"aiu';j;as vhcat, •_'.'$ arroba.^ raisins, 4
caiyas bi.'x'uits, 10 arrobas lard, 2 jii,l,m and )Jl)ottl('a wine. IvitabU's wi'ro
j.'ih.s. Pd/oit, J\'iit.,i. 4;i-."'>. Cialviz stiit .some iinikuients and seeds. /(/.
Villa. (iO,
'"lie reached Velieatii before Dec. liOth on v. Iiieh date lie wrote to (Julvez.
J'>-'.r. .S7, J'ap.^ MS., i. 4.5.
I
122
TRErARATIONS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATION.
obedient subordinate of Scrra/'^ accordingly left liis
mission of Purisinia the 2Gth of February ajid reached
Hivera's camp (tn the 22d of INIarch, hoving been
joined at Santa ^Mari'a by Padre Lasuen v/lio ]ia,l
journeyed from San Francisco de Borja in order to
bestow the customary blessing on the departing [)il-
gi-ims. Everything was in readiness, and two days
after tlie coming of the friars Rivei'a's little army
be!jran its march into the land of wntiles.
Portola with the second division of the land expe-
dition was already on his way to the northern frontier,
having left Loreto on tlic ninth of March ;^^ but lie
was obliged to await at Santa Maiia the transporta-
tion from San Luis Bay of supplies which had been
sent up by water." Soira was unable to accompany
the governor because his work of collecting church
utensils and ornaments v.\as not yet comjdeted, ami
he was besides suiFering from a sore foot, obtained
long before on a v/alli from Vera Cruz to IMexico,
which made it doubtful to every one but himself
whether ho would bo able to go with the expeditinn
at all. Ilovv'ever, ho promised to follow as soon as
I)ossible, and meanwhile sent Campa from San Ig'nacio
in his place. At the end (»f March, though still very
lame, he was ready to start, and after spending sevei'al
days at San Javier with Francisco Palou,"^ whom lie
appointed president of the old missions during his
absence, he journeyed slowly and painfully nortluvard,
stoi)})ing at each mission except Mulege, and finally
•'Ci'cspi was liko Scn'.a a native of Mi'.llorcn, liiul coirn; to America in t!ie
same vcsicl, and liiid served KJ years in tlie Sieri'.a GdhUi miti..U'>nn. li.'
was at this time 4;-i years of n;^e. JIany old Calii'ornians say tlu'V \m ii;
neenstoim'd to licaf his name proiionncdl )iy their fatliers Crcspl, and it i-ij-o
vritlen in PurtoLi, J)i(irii) and other ^ISS,
'"Sev^^ieant Jo.sj F. t)rte;ra, who was with Portolii on tliis marcli, says t'i:;t
ho left Loreto ]\Iareh 14. J'riii'. Sf. J'<i/>., }dS., vi. 171. Aceordin;; to a fra,'-
ineiit in ()rief:a's handwriting in Sla. (:!(ira, Air/i. /'arroquiu, ^IS.,48, lae
date was March Mth or Kiih. Palon makes jt the !)th.
'" They had lieeii sent by tlio caiindfi San Ljhdno and San Iloijti, v\iu\i
retnrned to San l^ucas li< fore I'el). 14th. /'roc. .S7. y'try*., MS., i. 4.'(.
'■'" P;dnu wa-s now 47 years i>f a';e. He had been a jiupil of Seir.i in S['.;iiii.
w;u; pirhaj's ;;l:;i> a jialixcof Jlallorca, had come with him to A-meiica. ;i'i'l
had served with him iu the tsierra Gorda.
1;! 'i:
ALL EX ROUTE.
123
loft his
I reaclu'd
wlio ]iad
order to
rtiiig pil-
two da_\>;
tic ariuy
irid cxpc-
1 frontier,
;i8 but lie
:-ansport:i-
had been
cconipany
ig churcli
Icted, and
, obtained
Mexico,
it hiniselt'
Dxpedit it'll
Ls Moon ;i.s
m Ignacio
still very
n'^ tjcvcral
v/hom lie
uring bi^
ortliward.
nd tinally
IVinovica in tho
l)ius,ii'ms. H^'
liy i'ai'.v vi'ii!
)i, ami it i^>u
m-ch, snys t'i;;t
liiii; toaliM'-!-
I, .NiS.,4S, llie
llorja, V hi'-l'
li. 4:..
\cvv.i in Sii:iii\.
Aiucvica, ami
joining the governor's party at Santa ISIaria tho 5th
of ^lay. The whole company left Santa ]\Iaria on tho
11 til, and arrived at Velicata the 14tli.'^' The same
(lav a mission was founded there under the name of
San Fernando, Campa being left in charge; then on
tlie lath of May Portola with the second land expe-
dition set out and followed tho track of Eivera.
Thus within a period of four months Galvez had
despatched the four divisions, and onl}^ an extraordi-
nary series of misfurtuncs could prevent the successful
occupation of San Diego and Monterey. He had not,
however, <|uite reached tho limit of his efforts in that
direction, since he had caused to be built at San Bias
a new vessel, especially intended for northern coast
service, and named for the patron saint of the expedi-
tion the Sail Joye. She arrived at Cape San Liicas on
the 13th of February, two days before the departure
of the San Antonio,''''' but it was found necessary to
overhaul her for repairs at the cape harbor, whence
she was convoyed by Galvez in a sloop t(j Loreto in
April. In ^Ma^'she bore the visitador across the gulf
to the Rio ^la^'o, and brought back part of a cargo of
sujiplies to Loreto, where she completed her lading
and sailed for San Diego on the IGth of June.-'' She
was to have touched at San Jose del Caljo to take on
hoard Fatlier ]Murguia and some church ornaments;
hut nothing was seen of her there or elsewhere, until
three months later she appeared at Loreto witli a
broken mast and otherwise disabled. Word was sent
to (ralvo/C in Sonera, and he ordered her to San Bias
ior reiniirs. The cargo was taken out and scmt in
boats io Capo San Lucas, except a (piantily of corn
iri't on lioard. A trunk of vestments was st'ut t<>
Velicata by land, and the vessel sailed for San JJlr.s
■■" P<ii-ioh'(, l>i(h-io. MS.. 1, '2. TIic leadtT and friars wciil, in atlvpuce and
nauliiMl N'flifalaun tho l.'itli.
••'Oalvcz, in /'/•or. ,sy. J'ap., MS., i. 4."t.
''■^ I'alijd, i'( /a, (i;t, says tlin vi'sscl was never liciird of attain, and it is nn'y
ill his (illuiMvoiU, .\iifici(i8, i. r»4, "JTli-il, in wiiich, liiiwevt r, lie saj-a uotliiu;^
of hir trip to Soiioiu, that lie describes licr subsequent niovemeuts.
I
124
TREr^UIATIONS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATION.
ill October. The unfortunate paquehot came back
next year, and sailed from San Jose del Cabo in jNIay
with a cargo of supplies and a double crew to reiin-
force the other vessels, but without Murguia, who
was detained by illness. Nothing was ever hoju'd
subsequently of either vessel or crew. The captain's
name was Callegan.
Tlic proceedings of Galvcz and other events in the
peninsula after the departure of the northern expedi-
tions have been fully narrated elsewhere;-^ and thcic;
is but little in connection with those annals for several
years that has any bearing on the new establishments
of San Diego and Monterey. As early as July 17GI),
the San Antonio returned to San Bias, and on the 7th
of September a schooner brought u|) to Loreto news
that all the expeditions had reached San Diego."' Tlio
25th of February 1770 Rivera returned to Velicatil
for cattle and other supplies left there, with San Diego
news to the 11th of February, and with reports ibr
Galvez and the viceroy on the failure of the first
attempt to find Monterey. A month later two natives
arrived from San Diego with April letters to Palou
and the viceroy which reached Loreto late in ^lay. '"
The 2d of Auo-ust mcssenarers arrived from ]\Iontercv
at Todos Santos, bringing to Governor Armona and
Father Palou news of the founding of San Carlos
mission. The event was celebrated by a mass of
thanksgiving and by a discharge of fire-arms at Santa
Ana. From Portola who returned by sea the good
news was received in Mexico about the same time.-'
I have already noticed the despatching of the ill-fated
San Jo,^e in May 1770. Palou, the acting president,
'*Sce TI'iM. North Mexican Sdifes, vol. i., this series.
^'' All;,'. 20, !'(!!>, Juan 15. Anza writes from Tiibac, Sonora, toOov. Pinedii
tliataii Inilian froii) the Gila has reported thatanation heyond theCoLOiiiaii-
copas met four Spaniards Avith gnns, whom the writer thinks may be part uf
tlu' Monterey expedition, /he. JIht. Jlcr., scr. iv. torn. ii. 117-lS.
'-'Ulov. Armona of liaja California writes from Santa Ana July 10, 177",
that ho arrived Juno l.'ith, and found good news of the nortln'm expcditinn.-,
ineluding the discovery of tiie 'prodiuiosisimo pnerto' called San l^'rancisro
and whieh may ho Monterey. Due. llisl. Mrx., scr. iv. toni. ii. IM-'.
■^ Uvjjt. «. I'ajj., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxxvii. 10.
T.
PALOU IN THE PENINSULA.
125
line back
in May
1 to rciin-
iwiix, who
.'cr heard
captain's
nts in tho
rn cxpcdi-
and then;
foi'suvoral
)hshmonts
ruly 170!),
on tho 7th
ircto news
cj^o."'' Tho
o Vcheat;i
3an Diem>
•oports I'or
f tho tirst
o natives
to Pah)U
n ^Ia>'."'
^Monterey
niona and
in Carlos
mass of
at Santa
tho good
luo time.-'
e ill-lated
president,
k('])t liimself in constant communication with Serra,
aiul in the midst of all liis cares and vexations respeet-
\\vj^ peninsular affairs, never lost sight of the new
111 ii'thern establishments.^'^
■"* On preparations in the peninsula for the northern expeditions the standard
nutlmrity is I'nhm, Noticiun, i. 2'J-o(), 247-7!), and Id., I'ida dc Jniiipcro Strrf,
57 -T'l. ln'sides the original sources of iiiforiniition to whicli I have rufen-id tni
,s|ifci;d ]ioiiits inpast notes. So large and complete is my collection of oriiiiniil,
and es|)(_cially mannscrijit, authorities on California history that I shall nut
attcnint any .systematically complete reference to all the printed workti which
toutli upon oacli point or each brief epoch, Init which give information at
second h.ind oidy. I shall refer to such works to pointout errors worth mitic-
ing, orfiir other special purposes; and I shall also for bibliographical purpo.scs
give occasional lists of these secondary authorities bearing on definite historic
periods. For such a list on tho occupation and early niis.siou history of Cal-
ifornia see end of this volume.
o Gov. rineda
theCoconiaii-_
i;iy be part ut
-is.
luly 10. 1770,
|i cxpcditiiiu-,
■>an Francisco
lo(J-7.
CHAPTER V.
OCCUTATION OF SAN DIEGO-KXriCDITIONS BY SEA AND LiVSB.
17G9.
Voyage OF Peuez IN' the 'Sax Antomo' — Arrival in San Dieco Bay—
A Miracle— Discovery op Santa Ciii'z Island — Waitixo for the
Cai'itana — VoYAOE OF ViLA IN THE 'San Carlos ' — Fa(;es and III.S
Catalan Volunteers — Instructions by Oalvez — A Scurvy-stricken
Crew — A rEsT-iioisE at San Diego-- Arrival of Rivera y ^' in-
CADA— CiiE.si'i'3 Diary — Camv and ITosriTAL Moved to North San
Diego — Coming of PortolA and Junii'Ero Serra — Reunion of the
Four Kxfeditions — Tiiankscjiving to Saint Joseph — The 'San An-
Tt)Nio' Sent to San Blas — PortolaSet.s outfor Mc" terey — Found-
IN(! OF San Diego Mission — A Baitle with the Natives — A Mission
without Converts.
Turn now to tlic northern coasts, to the bay of San
Dit'go, whose waters had lain for more than ...century
and a half undisturbed by European keel, whose
sliores had known no tread of iron heel since Sebas-
tian Vizcaino was there. The native inhabitants yet
preserved a traditional renienibraucc of white and
bearded visitors, kept alive perhaps by an occasional
rumor wafLed overland from the south-east, and ])y
distant glimpses of the white-winged galleon which
year after year bore its oriental treasure down jnist
this ]iort, which, so far as can be known, was never
entered. And now the aboriginal solitude is destined
to be forever broken.
The 11th of April 17G9^ a Spanish vessel appears
and anchors in the bay. It is the Stoi Anfoiu'o sonie-
times called 7:7 Principe, nud is connnanded by Juau
iCrespi, in Paloii, Xot., ii. 140, gives the date as April 14tli. ITunibuldt,
ivksaJ. Pol., IMS, saya it was in April 1703.
(120)
ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST EXPEDITIOX.
127
AND L^VXD.
Pcroz, an experienced Mallorcaji who lias seen scrvieo
ill the Pacific as pllolo, or master, of the ]\Ijuiila gal-
Il'oii. She had been despatclied from Cape San Lucas
ill Fehruaiy, after rehgious services and a [)arling
address from the visitador gvneralJose de Galvez, the
highest official who had visited tlio nortli-westerii
coast since the days of Ilernan Cortes. On board are
the IViars Juan Vizcaino and Francisco Gomez, a few
caipeiiters and blacksmiths, then tliere is the crew,
whose number is not known, and a miscellaneous
cai'Lj,"o of supj)lies for two settlements which it is
tlcsigued to found on the ii})per coast. Under the
jirotecting care of Saint Anthony of Padua, patron,
indeed, of the day of sailinj^" as well as of the vessel
herself, the voyage of twenty-iour days has been a
]in>s]ierous one, the only misfortune recorded beinj^
the illness of a few seamen who suilered from scurvy,
a scourjjfc rarely escaped by voyagers of the period.
The lirst land maile was an island in the Santa Bar-
bara Channel, which was named Santa Cruz I'rom tlie
honesty of the natives in restoring' an iron cross left
on sliore. Ilere they received the best of treatment
and obtained plenty of fish and water in exchange for
beads; but their observations showed that they were
aho\e the supposed latitude of San Dieg'o," and Perez
accordin!>ly returned southward aloivjf the coast until
he passed Point Guijarros and entered tlie desired
))ort, as we have seen, on the 11th of April. Hero
v\m) the natives are kind to the strano'er,;,'' but Perez
iinds iK^ sign of Vila, his superior in command of the
-'Aceonling to observations the vessol w;is in .".4" '10', Imt roiilly in about
^\ \ while Sail Diego, supposotl to be in ',]\ . i\ihrcra lltu iw, Xnauacioiijo'do,
vas marly a degree and a half further nmtli.
' Tlie natives at lir.'.t took the vo.siel fur a ;;rrat wludc, but soon discovered
tliei;- error, and regarded it as the forerunner of v.'ondevfnl thin'ri, espt'ei.diy
ay an eelipoO of the sun and an carthip-.ak;' occurred !;inuiltanecm:;ly v.'itli tiio
Rnival of the vessel. This stoi'v was told ])y them later, and i.> recorded l)y
Scmi, l!iprr.<vi.t(icton nohiv Mi^-oncK, jl il' M<i>io l,}.!, ^IS., -who sjays the
Spiu'.iard;; noticed neither eclipse nor tvmhior, and regards it as a uiiraclo l)y
which, though the padres could not yet begin their teachings, ' cnnienzaron
A jreiiicar prodigiosaniente ii nqnellos niiseros gentiles las criatnras insensiblea
•111 Ciclo y do la tierra.' 'ihese phenomena arc also noticed, fioui the sumo
source, in the ,V. t\ Bulletin, Oct. 12, 1805.
1-28
OCCUPATION OF SAN DIEGO.
flag-sliip, Avliit'li had sailed from the peninsula moi-e
than a month bolore the San Antonio, and which he
had hoped to find at San Diego. Neither are there
any tidings to be obtained of the overland party to
the same port. Under these circumstances the cap-
tain's orders call for a stay of twenty days before pro-
ceeding to Monterey. As thei-e are no soldiers, aiul
as the instructions of Galvez had been to run no risks,
the friars do not land, nor is any attempt made to ex-
])l()re the country. Two days before the twenty days
elapse, that is on the 29th of April, the taidy caj^ti-
tana comes in sight.
The San Carlos, otherwise called the Golden Fleece,
is commanded by Vicente A^ila, a native of Andalucia,
and sailing-master of the first class in the royal Spanisli
navy.* She had sailed from La Paz having on boai'd
Vila, a mate not named, Alferez Miguel CostanscV'
acting as cosmographer, and a crew of twenty-thiee
sailors and two boys. Also on board were Lieutenant
Pedro Pages, with twenty-five Catalan volunteeis,
including a sergeant and corporal; Hernando Parron,
a Franciscan friar; Pedro Prat, a Frenchman and
surgeon of the royal army; four cooks and two black-
smiths — sixty-two persons in all; with supplies for
eight months or a year, implements of various kinds,
and a quantity of church furniture and other mission
property." All the proper religious ceremonies had
^Vila's appointment by Galvcz, tlated La Paz, Dec. 27, 1708, names as
'C'apituii, Piloto ^Mayor, y coinanduuto del .S'rt,7 ('lirlo.'i, n \). Vicontu ^'ila,
piloto dc lo.s jiriiiKTos do la Ecal Armada, por las aprcciablcs circniiHtniui:is
(jiic en el conenrren, con la jnrisdiooiony prerogativasque le eon'csponden ]> >r
la lieal Ordenanza de !Maiiiia,' with 61-0 per month and i}'M additional if t!ie
voyage is successful. Otiicers and crew.s of hoth vessels are ordered uinlrr
severe penaltit's to obey Vila as commander of the caj)itana. Prui\ St. J'li;'-,
MS., i. «G-S.
" Printed Costanso in Jfonfeir)/, Eslracto de A^ot!cia.<, and so signed by liini-
self in several autographs now before me. Often printed Costanzo or Constan ■'>.
^Thc manifest of the San Carlos signed l)y Vila on Jan. uth is prcservol in
Prov. St. /'«//., jMS., i. 13-'J1. The list of supplies includes: 4,()7(i lbs. nu :it,
1,783 lbs. fish, "JoO bush, maize, oOO lbs. lard, 7 jars vinegar, 5 tons wood, l,'_'7r
Ills, brown sugar, 5 jars brandy, (i tai)(tt<s figs, 3 tiiiia/cf raisius, '2 rnKth -•< datis
300 lbs. redpepjier, I'J,') lbs. garlic, (),r)78 lbs. bread, common, (i!);* lljs. bn:i>l,
white, 9-15 lbs. rice, !)4"') lbs. cliickjieas, 17 Imshels salt, 3,800 gallons Miitir,
4;)0 lbs. cheese, jars Cal. wine, l'2o lbs. sugar, "275 Iba. chocolate, 10 luuiis,
VOYAGE OF THE SAN CARLOS.
129
=>ula laoi'c
which he
are there
I party t(t
s the cap-
before pro-
Idicrs, and
n no risks,
lade to e\-
I'cnty days
,aidy cai>(-
dcn Fleece,
A.ndakicia,
-al Spanisli
g on board
Costanso'
'onty-thiee
Lieutenant
vohinteers,
do ParroH,
hman and
two black-
ipplies I'lir
Hous kinds,
Icr mission
nonies had
|l7()S, naiiioi ns
Vicoiito \'ila,
cironiist;iiu-i;n
Irrcspoiiilcnii n"
llilitioiialit't'ic
Tonlfn-cil uiii'rr
Vrui-. St. P<u:,
IsifniP'^ I'Y ''i'""
)urCoiistan:'|'.
is prcservi'il in
LOTO 11)S. Ill' :i_t;
llUH wood, I. -It
l2ri»f(/(.'>'<l:ito.s
fi!);) llw. linad,
Ifrallolis wati'V,
llatc, 10 luuns
been attended to at the start; Junipero Serrn, presi-
dent of tlie CaHlbrnia missions, had invoketl the
blessing of heaven upon this first detachment of pa-
cilieators; ^Miguel de Azanza, subsequently viceioy of
Xcw Sjiain, had acted as shipping-clerk at tho eni-
liarlvation of the su})])lies; and Jose de (bdvoz, the
I'oicniost man in America, had not only aitkd in tlie
lading and delivered a parting address, but had ac-
coiiijianicd tlie vessel to the cape, seeing hor safely
licacled for San Diego.
Yet despite such favorable auspices the Smi Cdrlos
v;as unfortunate. The water-casks leaked and noth-
ing but water of a bad quality could be obtained at
Cedros Island. This !]^reatly ncj'ijravated tlic scui-vy,
always prevalent on the coast, and soon no sailors
wore left with suflicient strength to work tlie vessel
or to launcli the boats for fresh water. Vila, in accord-
ance with his instructions," was obliged to go I'p tlie
coast to 34' as had Perez before him, the increased
distance and cold adding greatly to his troubles. At
11 bott'c; oil, 2 ll)s. spice, 25 smoked l)oof-tongucs, G live oattlo, ,"7."i lli-5. len-
tils, IIJ ]lis. caniU'Js, l,.';i)!) Ui.s. (lour, 1.") sacks hraii, 4'.),j llis. liraiis, l(j sacks
coal, 111 ii.s t'urllie siuk ami for breciling, 91,000 in moucj', etc. 'J'lie liraiidyand
cliccsc Were foi' litorniy v.X'athcr only, the former being considered couducivo
to soinvy if used liahitually on this coast. The wine was f(jr cabin u;c, or for
the mi sions. iMaiij' (,f the articles named, or sspecilicd portions thereof, wero
iutenihsl ftr the missions, or for the land expedition; and part of ilni punoi:h(i
was to be used in .sweetening tlie temper of tlie natives.
'Oalyei;' inLitrnctions to C.'apt.A'ila, dati'd Jan. .">lli, arc preserved in Prov.
Si. Pfi '., !MS., i. 2J-|]1, under the title, ' Jnstruetion to bo ob.-^erved by D.
Vicente X'iln, lirst-cliss master in the royal navy and Captain C.jrn.indunte
ot the /(rt'/'/' '; t vi his majesty called the .sV(/i Cdrf'j.i alias y'lrnoit dc Vro in
tlie voyage wliich by divine aid this ves'^el is to make to the ports f.f San
l>ie_;o and Mont're.\-, situated ou tin; nortln'in coast of this iieiuiusuki of Ca!i-
t •rnia.) i.i .S;j' and :!7'of kitiaiilc\' 'J'lie dill' 'rent artiek^s of tii's doi;iinient are
ill sabstance as f..l!o\vs: 1st. The objeet is to establi.>h the Calholio faith, to
extend S,.:'.ni.,h domain, to cheek the ambitious schemes of a foreign nation,
luid to carry out a, plan formed by IVlijfc 111. as early as lOl):!. Therefore no
pains crji bo L-pared without olFcnse t> < lod, t!io l:ing, and the c lantry. 'Jd.
'1 he ves'^el being new, strong, and well siippHi'd for over a year, to be followed
by the S(t I .■l//^J;r^' wit li additional .siippli<'s, having only ,'!()0 h"V;'ies to make,
having a .stron;,' mi'.itiry force', and going to a kuul whose uaUvrs arc docile,
have no arms but bi)W.3 and .-.rrow.s, and are without boats, thera eau bo no
eM'iise i.i (') h'n.iauo for failure. ;}d. Vila is to sail Jan. 7th, weather \v.y-
laitting, in.'cp out to sea according to bis jiiilgUK nt in .=;carc!i of fav(v,'ablo
V. iiiils, to take cai'cful observations, and to stand in sliorc at \'y\\ San !.)iego
being hi ;!;>' according to the ceunla of Felipe III., and being ea: y ti llnd iiy
^ izeaiuo s narrative enclosed with this docuuicut in print iii the third volume
Hisr, Cal., Vol. I. 9
130
occur ATIOX OF SAN DIEGO.
last, liowcvcr, a tedious navigation of a hundred and
ten days was ended by the San Carlos, ahnost mi-
raculously it would seem, by turninj^ into San Diej,''o
Bay the 29th of April'
Perez has already deposited a letter at the foot of
a cross on shore, and has completed his preparations
to sail on the 1st of May, when the San Carlos ajt-
pears and drops anchor, but without lowering a boat.
A visit to the vessel soon reveals the fact that all
hands are down with scurvy. The sick are at once
removed by the crew of the San Antonio to the shore,
where they are sheltered by sail tents and receive
from Dr Prat and the three friars such care as cir-
cumstances allow. It does not clearly appear that
more than two had succumbed at sea; but now death
begins its ravages in the canvas pest-house on the
beach." Perez*^ men are attacked by the scourge;
of the Not'tcia ile Cali/ornias (that is in Vcncfjax, Kut. Cal., iii. 85-0). 4th. If
Capt. lliveni bo fiiunJ iit Hiin Diego, the mission ell'ccts arc to he laiidoil, ami
Buch otlic r supplies as Rivera may iiccd, tlio rest to bo taken by sea io Mon-
terey. .")th. if Itivcra and the land forcn have not arrived Vila is to wait I')
or '20 tlays at most, obtaining wood and water, while Fages and Co.stans i
explore tlie eountry. Gth. After the '20 day.s, or on Rivera's arrival, the Sun
Cdr/im is t(} sail for Monterey, with the Sail Aiitonio if sle be there. 7tli.
The strictest discipline is to be kept, every precaution taken for safety, and
any outrage on the natives to bo severely punislied. Sth. The sailors are to
aid the soldiers in Imilding a temporary fort at Monterey. J)tli. The iiativf:^
are to be conciliated with punocha and trifles, bnt to bo very closely watclicil,
and to be induced to look on weapons as a kind of adornment. 10th. Pcumrlvi,
cloths, etc., arc to bo given to Fages and liivcra on their demand, a receipt
being taken. 11th. A report is to be sent to Galvez from San Diego by laiul,
and from Monterey one of the vessels is to return to 8an Diego with di-
spateiics to go overland, or if oidy one vessel is there she is to come as soon
as safety will permit and return immediately. I'ith. Vila to remain in tlio
best fitted of the two vessels at Monterey until the San Jond shall arrive.
13th. The other vessel is to remain at San Diego long enough to deliver
despatclics, etc., and is then to continue her voyage to C. San Lucas and San
Bias with duplicate despatches. ]4tli. Coasts about Monterey are to l^e
explored, especially port and river Carnielo, and if possible the port of San
Francisco said to be in liS"' 30'. To this end Vila will give all possible aid to
Costans(') and Fages. 15th. On the arrival of the San Josd, Vila in his vessel
will return to San Bias, exploring the coast in order to confirm or correct
Cabrera Bucno's derrotero, the best extant. Kavegacion Especulativa y prac-
tica, Manila, 1734.
•* According to Pahu, Not., i. 262, she anchored on the 30th.
•Judge Hayes, Emig. Notes, MS., 474, thinks that the vessels were
anchored off what is now New Town, between the two wharves, and that
Punta de loa Muertes, or Dead Men's Point, derived its uume from the burial
RAVAGES OF THE SCURVY.
181
aivl of about nlucty sailor*, soklitra, and anecliaiiics
considerably less than one third survive, bliough none
(»t' the officer's or friars die or are even attacked so
far as the records show.*'' Of course the continua-
ti(»n of the voyage to Monterey is not possible under
i\w circumstances. Neither can Fagcs and Costanso
do otherwise than disregard their instructions" call-
ing for a preliminary exploration of the surrounding
of the scurv-y-strickcn s.iilors. Anil such is probably the fact, for the name
HplKiirs oil i'antoja'.s chart of 1784 iu Sutil y Mtxicmea, Viaycs, Atlas, No. 5.
i^t't' jilso BanrrojTs I'lrs. Obs., MS., 14.
'"There is some confusion respecting numbers, increased by our ignorance
(if the exact force on the Sdn Antonio, Ralou says, Not., i. 202, that fiom
the Sun Carlos 5 of tlie crow anil 12 soliliera survived; while of the other
iTC'W all but 7 (lied. Again, ii. 151, ho says that before May 14th 9 of tlie
iS'ii/t Ciirlon had died. Again, i. 282, that the Sun Antonio, sailing July 0th
(or ittIO, lost 9 men on the voyage, an'iving at San Bias niu ijcnte para murcar.
And iinally, tliat 5 sailors and 2 boys remained on the San Cdrloa after July
1 Uh, at which time 29 sailors and soldiers had been buried on the beach.
Iu u k'tter dated July 3d, Serra states that all tiie crew of the Sail CiirloH
(lied e.\cei)t one man and a cook, and 8 died from the San Antonio, Puinu,
Villa, 70. He writes in the San Diego death register, San. JJiei/o, Lib, Mijiiun,
M.S., 03-5, that half of Fages' soldiers died; that Parron at first and himself
later kept a record of deaths which was destroyed with tlio mission a few
yearn later, and that the deaths witliin a few montlis amounted to over OO,
including some Indians. The good friar hopes the nanies arc inscribed in the
'hook of life.' li\ Loreto, Lib. Minion, MS., 129, the Indian Juan Alvarez
U mentioned as liaving been one of the San Ant07iio'« men, who died at San
l)i("4o on June 25th.
" ( Jalvez' instructions to Fages, dated like those to Vila January 5th, and
found in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. !51-43, arc substantially as follows: 1st. Fages,
military chief of the sea expedition, is to exercise the same authority on land
until (Jov. I'ortolil arrives; that is he is to be Rivera's superior, and is to
.siipevinteud the economical distribution of rations. 2(1. Tho soldiers are to
aid the sailors, and Fages must see that harmony and iliscii)]inc are preserved,
.'id. Three lircs on tho hill north-west of San Diego will bo a signal to the
vessel that Rivera has already arrived. 4th. If Rivera has not arrived at
.Sua Diego, Fages is to use every possible means by exploration and inquiry
to leani his wheroabouts and aid his march. 5th. JJeforc Rivera's arrival the
natives, and especially chiefs, are to be prepared so far as pos.siblc by Fages
and I'arron for the founding of a mission. 0th. The natives being friendly,
and Cnstansi) liaving selected a proper site, Fagcs may erect some buildings,
and thus prepare for Rivera's coming with soldiers for a mission guard; but
if Rivera has already attended to tliis, Fages is to render any needed aid
with the least possible delay to +hc vessel. 7th. If Rivera has not come, and
the Sitn Antonio arrives, tl>c latter vessel is to be left at San Diego, with iialf
the soldiers, to attend to the preceding instructions, while the San Cdrlon,
with Fages, goes on to ^lonterey. Galvez also wrote to Fages on February
14th, Id., 40-7, directing him to put half his men on board the San Antonio,
8th. At Monterey the Indians arc to bo pacified, a landing eflccted with all
caution, and a camp fortified with ditch, extacnda, and cannons on a site
cho-<en l)y the engineer, and under the guns of the vessel. 9th. The natives
are to 1)(; impressed with the advantages of peace and salvation and protection
from foreign insult ofTered by the Spaniards. 10th. The natives, if friendly,
to he told of Rivera's approach and induced to send guides. 11 tU. Fugos aud
-11
i:w
occur ATIOX OF SAN PTKOO.
romitiy. For two weeks the well linvo more tlian
enoinifli to do in caiinjif for the Hick and iti buryiiin'
the dead, and then on the 14th oi' May other S|taii-
iard^i conic to ilu'ir relief.
'^riu 'se are Kivera y ^Foneada with his twenty-five
s(>]<lndi)S dc ci(,ra,^''ov cuirassiers, from the presidio (if
Lorcto; also the pri(^st Juan Crcspf, the 2)ilotln^'^ Josi-
(anizares, three muleteers, and a hand of ehristiani/id
natives from the northern missions of ]>aja (jalifdniia.
Of those last there were forty-two in number at the
outset, whoso duty it was to make roads, assist the
midetcors, and perform the drudj^ory. This first
division of the land expedition liad started from
Velieatil in JNTarch, and had been fifty-one days on
the way, the distance boini^ given at tlio time as oiu;
hundred and twenty-one leaufuos. Two diaries wvvo.
kept and arc extant, one by Crcspf and the other liy
Caiiizares." l^oth arc very complete, but neitliei'
affords matter of mucli interest to the historical stu-
dent, since it could servo no good purpose to repeat
the details of that monotonous march.
]\[any localities were named and their latitudes
Costansi') may, if deemed best, send .soldiers with tlio natives to meet Rivera.
I'Jtli. Fiigcs may use force to overcome resistance if necessary, lljih. Tliu
natives arc never to lie fully trusted, hut always •\vatelic<l, for the 'cnminou
ineniy' v.iU surely incite them to mischief. 14l!i. IJoth sohliers and t-ailors ti
work on tlic fort. l."Jtli. Constant in'ccautions a;,'aiiist dan;^er, notwith:;t;ini!-
inj; pc'iceful appearances. IGtli. Trade will: the natives is allowed, tj;it ii"
knives or otlicr weapons mnst bo given tlicm. i7th. Fagcs is to send fidl re-
j)or(3 to Cialvez dovrn to tliC time of Port^ol;'''.! td .n^ the comniimd. <!r(it
reliance is placed in tlie 'activity, honor, and piddence' of Fages and Cn-
taiiso. (lalvc/. addsanoto to the eili^et tlia*-. !ie prcsidioand mission at Men-
tercy avo to be called liy the glorious nanie. ^.I : mx C'iirlos.
''These soldiers derived their name from the ciicm, or cuirass, whieh iu
Oaliforuia was a sleeveh ss jacket made of 7 or S thicknesses of deer or i-lii'iji
skin quilted. From the Latin corium. The metallic cuirass was called iii
Spanish C'lrnza.
"•A p'Jotiii was the master's mate on a vessel. Cafiizares accompanied the
land force to tal;o observations and write a diary.
'*(>.;"( ('irtrf.s', JJiario (Jcciffado por T/erraiksrl'; el parage de ViUacata a ('>>'
jnirrto de. Sail Jyic'ici, I'O'J, ]MS. Tliis diary is dated July Sd, and was inolci-
bly sent south by the Sai) Antonio a few days later. Vresjii, Pri/iu-ra K i"<l-
dn Ticrra nl Dcsruliriinkuto dnl Puerto de San. Dicjo, in J'alou, Xot., ii. !'■!-
140. This diary extends to .July 'Jd, and probably was coiiiplctt.d like the other
on July .^d. The writer hnd before him the diaries of the secoud cxp 'din.ii
under I'ortolil, from ^^ hich he takes some material respecting changes in naaies
of places along the route.
THE FIRST LAND EXPEPITIOX.
1^3
I buryiiiL;'
ler Spuii-
^ronty-fivo
irosidio ol'
•itstiiUii/AHl
L'alifoinia.
bcr at till)
assist tl\(!
This ihst
ftud iVoui
days on
ime as ono.
aries wvw,
other l>y
Lit lU'ithiT
borical stu-
) to repeat
latitudes
lo meet ravft'.i.
Vy. lljtii. 'I'll"
tho 'cfniuiiiiu
luid Kailui'.-<to
liiot\villi;;t:iiii!-
llowi'd, liut ii'i
Ic) KOllli fiiU I*'-
liniuul. (Jrint
lagua iiuil <''i-
i^'sion at Mmi-
kass, whi^li in
lilocror ^!i(,'t.;p
Iwas callt'il ill
lompani'-'tl i'"-'
\iUacatfi d c<te
1(1 was jiioba-
\oi., ii. o:*-
Iliko tlio otlu'i"
jil expedition
JgCS ill lUlUlL'S
fixed, hut theso iCfeographieal details ludonic to tin;
|i( iiiiisula I'atluT than to Alta Calii'oriiia. The route,
l,iv west of the main siorra and lor the most part near
the coiist,*' The eountry was barren and unattraetl\ (t;
water had to ho earried Ibr the animals and men l"<>r
(lays iit a time; and at times tlu'ir pro'^ress wms Jiin-
(1. red hy showers of rain. At Santa Cruz on Todos
Santos Bay the savages mode some threatening (Unnon-
sti'iitions, and onee again there was ahnost a light, hut
the I'ne was IVightened away by the noise of gun-
powder. The Indians of the oomi)any soon began to
sifken and die'*' or to desert, and one or more of the
men had usually to be carried on t('p('sth':<, or litters.
As the party approciolu^d San Diego the gentiles
lic'c;;uie more numerous, less timid, more disposed to
c'luinsity and theft, and eager to exi»laln by their sign-
language the recent i)assing of the Spanisli ships. On
till' nioi-ning of the 14th of jNTay the little army roso
so eeniiiletely wet through by the rain that had fallen
duiing the niu'ht that mass had to be omitted, nnieh
to the sorrow of Father Crespi because it was tin; tir>t
day of pentecost. The inarch began at ten o'clock.
St) on they caught a distant view' of the anchored ves-
sels; Crespi says they had seen the mast-tops the <lay
before; and at four in the alternoon, having ti-avelled
six leagues during the da}', they readied the camp on
the heach and were welcomed by a salute from tdl the
fire-arms that could be maimed.^'
The first thing to be done, now that the coming of
Bivera's men renders it possible, is to prepare for per-
manent settlement. The old cam}), or pest-house, on
'' At the outset t'ley followed tho route of Link iu 170G, hut the latter soon
tiinii d to the rijjht to cross tho mountains.
"'Se;ra, in San D!<-ijo, L'th. Misioii, MS., 04, says that 5 died. Nino do-
sorto I at one tiino accordinj,' to I'aUju.
'■ Oiic;;a, in Santit Chra, Arrli. Parroqula, MS., 48-54, f;ivos an aocount
''1 thi:-) cxjiuditiun in which he represents tlic sufl'criujs of thesohliers to havo
liii'U very great, three tortilhis per day being the rations. VaHejo, Ji!-^/. (.'a'.,
^.S,, i. s:!, obtained tlic same idea from his fatlii.'rs narrative, statin;.; that
tau solilicrs were glad to ])arter their jewelry and clothing for tho rations of
their Indian eonipauious, while the latter lived on roots, wild fruits, etc.
134
OCCUPATION OF SAN DIEGO.
the bay shore, is probably within the limits of what
is now the city of San Diego, locally known as New
Town; but the day after his arrival Rivera — so say
the chroniclers, althoujjh according to the instructions
of Galvcz, Fages was chief in command — selects a
new site some miles north, at what is now Old, or
North, San Diego, at the foot of a hill on which are
still to be seen the remains of the old presidio. Here
camp is pitched and fortified, a corral for the animals
and a few rude huts are built, and hither on the sev-
enteenth are transported the sick and their tents.
The immediate purpose is that the camp may be near
the river which at this point flows into the north end
of the bay. For six weeks officers, priests, and sol-
diers are occupied in attending to the wants of the
sick and in unloading the San Antonio. Then thoy
await the arrival of Portold.
In the last days of June Sergeant Ortega with a
soldier makes his appearance in camp, announcing diat
his companions under Portola are only a few days'
march from the port. Ten soldiers are sent back with
Ortega to meet the approaching party. On the 20tli
the governor arrives in advance of his men; and on
the first of July, a little before noon, Father Scrra
and all the rest are welcomed in camp. This second
division of the land expedition, consisting of the throe
officials just named, of nine or ten soldiers de cucrd,
four muleteers, two servants of the governor and
president, and forty-four natives of Lower California,
had left Velicatd the 15th of May, and had folloucil
the route of Rivera's party. The journey had boon
an uneventful and comparatively easy one. The gen-
tiles were occasionallv threatening, but did no harm.
As in the case of the first division most of the neo-
phytes deserted, only twelve reaching San Diego;
but there were no deatlis.^^ The second day Fatlur
" Porfohi, Dinrio del Viage que haze por tierra Z)» Gmpar de Porfohi, Cap-
itnn de JJraijoiiex del reijhniento de. Espana, Govrnador de California^, d hs
piierto.^ de Sun Dieijo y Moulereij ndnndox en 33 y 37 <irudos, huvkndo silo :ioin-
brado comandante en ijej'e de esta txpedkioii pur cl lllmo Senor JJ'* Josiph de
F T ■ '
THE SECOND LAXD EXPEDITION.
135
Junfpero's foot became so painful that it seemed im-
]i().s,siblo for liim to continue. Portolil wished to send
liiiii ba(.'k, but the president would not think of it. A
litter was thereupon ordered to be made, but Serra
was much troubled at the extra work this imposed on
the j)oor Indians. Calling an arriero he induced him
to [ircptire an ointment of tallow and herbs which,
combined with the friar's faith and prayers, so far
healed the affected limb in a single night that it gave
no more trouble. Listen to the record: '' That even-
ing he called the arriero Juan Antonio Coronel, and
said, 'Son, canst thou not make me a remedy for the
ulcer on my foot and leg?' But he answered, ' Padre,
wiiat remedy can I know? Am I a surgeon? I am an
arriov, and have healed only the sores of beasts.'
' Then, son, suppose me a beast and this ulcer a saddle-
gall from which have resulted the swelling of the leg
and the pains that I feel and that give me no I'est; and
make for me the same medicament that thou wouldst
apply to a beast.' "^"^
Galcfz cii virtuil dc las facuUadcs vlce-regiasque le ha concedldo »ii Excel''- Dicha
f.j-pcdicioii ,se componia de 37 noldados ile cucra con mi capilan J)» Fernando <le
lUrciu (Icrieiido cste adelantarite con 27 soldados, y cl govemador con 10 y uii
sdrijciilo. MS., folio, 35 pages. This diary is a copy from tlio original inado
in early times. It includes not only the trip to San Diego but tlie Liter ono
to Miiutercy to bo noticed in tlio next chapter. The entries for caeh day's
march aie very brief, containing the number of hours niarelied, generally 4 or
") per day, tlic character of tho road and camping-plaee, and some notes of
inteivicws witli gentiles. For example, I\i.iy -7, 'a.Juvimoa eomo eincf*
hnras, l)iien camino, paramos en la c'encgi'i'ia, cuio nombrc puso tl padre
jisiiita Line, desdo aqui so tomo otro nunbo, y paramos en uii arroyuelo
aumiiic seco,' etc. June 'ii, thej' \vero ;;t 'J'odoa Santo':, and heard of fither
S|iaiiiai(l.s beyond. For chc last li or 4 Jays they travelled on or near the shore.
OLlier diaries of this journey, sever;! of whi'h were written, are not extant;
but ('rc.spi"s journal already referred to was iuiended to embody all tliu infor-
mation worth preserving. Sergt. Ortega, in iSanfa Clara, Arch. Parritfjnia,
MS., 4S-,")4, represents the hardships of tlic soldiers as very great; liut he
\\as evidently writing for an object that required this view of the matter.
The same writer gives a brief and rather confuted account of the journey in
a narrative of his own services dated 178(5. Prov. St. Pap., MS,, vi. 171--.
Srna, ill his let*^ July 3d, to I'alou, .say.st'.iere was no siUl'eriiig whatever.
J'nlnii, Vidd, 7t); (.ucenhow. Or. and Cal., 101), erroneously implies that both
land expeditions started together and that rortoli'i arrived last on uecor.ut of
lia\ ill.; followed a more dilllcidt rcmte.
''•' From San Diego Serra himself Avrites, Painu, Vida, 73-8: ' Now the foot
is all .smuid like the other, while from the ankle half way np the log it is us
the luot was before, an ulcer; ))ut without swelling or pain except iliv. occa-
bional itching. In fuct it is uothiug serious.'
1 i
136
OCCUPATION OF SAN DIEGO.
I
i!
Tliiis are the four branches of the \Ioitador gen-
eral's grand cx])edition finally reunited at San Diego,
one year after Galvez had begun his preparations on
the [)eninsula. Next day is Sunday, Jicsta de hi visi-
iacioi), and the California pilgrims, one hundred and
twenty-six in number — out of two hundred and nine-
teen "who had started;'"*' or, omitting natives and
sailors, seventy-eight of Spanish blood out of ninety
who had come to remain — celebrate their safe reuni(jn
by a solonni thanksgiving mass to the patron San
Jose clianted with " la solemnidad posible," and to tlio
accompaniment of exploding gunpowder. The cere-
monies over, the two comandantes Portola and Vila
meet to consult respecting future movements, tlie
want ol' sailors necessitating changes in the oriLjinal
plans. The decision is to send the San Antonio back
to San IJlas for supplies, and especially a crew for
herself and the San Carlos, which is to await her
return. The friars for missionary and hospital work
are to be left at San Diego under the protection of a
guard of soldiers, while the main force presses on to
Monterey by land. Great dependence is placed on
the Scui Joxe which on arrival is to be sent up tlie
coast to aid the land expedition. Accordingly the
9th of July Perez sails with a small crew of convales-
cent sailors for the soutli,'^^ bearing reports froui tlie
connnandants and president. Five days later PortoLl
starts on his overland march northward, which A\ill
be described in the following chapter.
There are left at San Diego Captain Vila, Surgeon
Prat, the mate Canizares, three friars, a guard of eight
•" TIio imnibera nrc not exact, statements of dcatlifs bcinu' eonflictina. These
pinnec '.s iiic!n(k'd captains l'orl(il;'i and Itivera, Lient. I'atrrs, eapiains \ iLi
and Perez (if the vessels, padres Sei'rn, Cresjii, Vizcaino, (Jonie/, and Parroi!;
Siiruciin I'rat; Costanso, en^rineer; ( 'afii/ares, /liloto : and serL'eanta Ortoga
uml I'liii;. For names of all the band sec list at end of this vohmie.
'■'' I'akm, Xot.yi. '282, says that JulyOtlnvas the day set for sailing;; Imt Uu'i
may l;o a misprint. Xinc of the sailors died of senrvy on the voyage. L is
prcjhalilo that these last victims were inehidcd in I'alou's statement of 1'2 sur-
vivors, oof wlmm Were left on the yon CufloK, 'J or ■'! reached San Jjlas, and
4 or ."> reuiained ill at Sau Diego. The Sau Antonio made the voyaj^'o iu -0
days.
A MISSION FOUNDED.
137
cvrra soldiers, five convalescent Catalan volunteers,
a low sick sailors, five able seamen, a carpenter and
a lilacksniith, three boy servants, and eiuflit Lower
( jililornia ] udians — about forty persons in all. As yet
in) mission has been formally founded; but tliis duty
is at once attended to by Father Serra, who raises
and blesses the cross on Sunday, the IGth of July.--^
This first of the Californian missions is dedicated, as
tlie port had been by Vizcaino long before, to San
Diegu de AlcaLl, being founded on a spot called by
tiie natives Cosoy,-^ now Old Town. The ceremonies
r'v- not minutely recorded, but are the usual blessing
'•: .0 cross, mass, and sermon by winch it was hoped
"^' put to iiight all the hosts of Hell and suljject to
tlic mild .yoke of our holy faith the barbarity of the
pMitilo JJieguinos." Then more huts are built, and
uiic is dedicated as a church.
The new establishment, however, in which Father
Parroii is associate minister, still lacks one essential
clement of a prosperous mission, namely, converts,
wlii) in this case are (litHcult to find. The natives are
Il^■ no nR'ans timid, but thev come to the mission for
<;iits material rather than spiritual; and being adroit
tliie\'js as well as importunate beggars, their ])resenco
iu largo tiu;nbors becomes a nuisance, renderimjf it
imp'issib]*^ +br Jie small force to watch them and give
J)!'* ip( '■ ti I . ^ 1' w to the sick. Fortunately the savages
will h.i\ noi. hlnu' to do with tiio food of the Spaniards,
attributing to it some agency in the late ravages of
tlu- scurvy; but other things, particulaily cloth, they
deign to steal at any hour of day or night. They even
-- It is iinticcalilc tliat in all the pcncral I'oporta after IS'J.T this date is given.
•iiJniU' ICtli; lint then" i.s no doubt th;it it is I'.n error. Arf/i.Snnld /liii'liitrn,
Ms., .\ii. IJ,-). Serr;i tliiiiks, Proi: Sf. J\i/,., MS., i. I-J,"), thiit Ajiril lUh has
nunc elaiiii to ho considered llio he;.;iiiniii;,' of the mi.ss'ioii, since on tliiit
day when ' lu San Ant'mio unived lie;.;ui the sjiirituid nmiiife.>:;tiitions to tho
iititivos, ( ' . ■.{» the n to see an eclipse and feel an earthquake, not perceptiblo
ti> tlio (.: 1 la.'.a.
■■''S'"/! /■ . , • ',lh. lit- M'lu'mv, ^IS. St James of Alcala Avas an .Andalucian
l"riuicisc.'ni ».;■ li\ed iroui ItOO to 14(),'!, and was eanoniia'd in l."iSSiatiier for
Ills jiioii.s liie and tlie iiiiracliH vrcjU'jlit tliriiu;;h luni before and aflei- death
tliaii for any lii^di position liehl by him. Alcalu was rarely attaclicd to tho
name of the iuLssion in popular usage.
138
OCCUPATION OF SAN DIEGO.
attempt in their tule rafts to pillage the San Carlos,
so that two of the eight soldiers are obliged to be on
board. Persuasions, throats, and even the noise of
fire-arms are met by ridicule.
Naturally matters come to a crisis. The guard is
obliged to use force in repelling the intruders, who in
their turn determine upon a raid for plunder. The
15th of August, while Parron with a guard of two
soldiers is saying mass on the ship, as he is wont to
do on feast-days, ohe savages enter the mission and
begin to strip the ;' "S from the beds of the sick.
Two soldiers are oi.- ird and two more hasten to
their aid; but when tiiey attempt to drive away the
pillagers they receive a volley of arrows which kills a
boy and wounds Padre Vizcaino, the blacksmith, a
soldier, and a California-* Indian. The Spaniards in
return fire a volley of musket-balls which kills throe
of the foe, wounds several more, and puts the whole
crowd to flight. Serra and Vizcaino have just finished
mass and are sitting: together in a hut at the time of
the attack, and the latter, rising to close the door,
receives an arrow in the hand just as the boy servant
staggers in and falls dead. The smitli greatly dis-
tinguishes himself by his bravery, fighting without
the protection of a caera?^
It is not long before the gentiles come back to
seek medical treatment for their wounded, imbued
with a degree of faith in the destructive power of
gunpowder, and correspondingly improved in manners,
but by no means desirous of conversion. A stockade
is thrown round the mission and the natives arc no
longer ])ermitted to bring Aveapons within muski;t-
shot. Thus safety is assured, but in missionary work
'*For a long time at San Diego and Monterey the peninsula only was
spoken of as ' Cnlifomia. ' Eithci' local names or jVwrjvw E,<iabkciwii'iilii'< were
applicil to the nortli, althougli Serra in his lirst letter from San Diego used
the term ' California Septentrional.'
'■'■' In his Vida de Ju)ili>. S( rra, 84, Paloii speaks of previous assaults with
intent to kill the Spaniards on Aug. I'Jth to llith, which were vepulied. Tut-
liill, Jlist. t'(d., 70, erroneously states that a piiest was killed. Serra, San
J'iciio, Lib. Mis., 3MS., ().'), says the man killed wua a Spanish arriero -U years
old uumcd Juau Maria Vegeruuo.
NO PROGRESS IN CON\T]RSION.
139
no progress is made. One gentile, indeed, is induced
by gifts to live with the Spaniards and becomes a skil-
ful interpreter, but even with his aid no converts can
be gained. Once the savages offer a child for baptism,
but when the service begins they seize the child and
flee in terror. Yet we are told that when a painting
of the virgin and child is displayed, the native women
come and offer their breasts to feed " that pretty
babe." Prior to April 1770, a full year from the first
ooming of the Spania^'ds, and perhaps to a still later
period, for the registci 'vas subsequently destroyed,
and the earliest date is not known, not a single neo-
l)hyte was enrolled at the mission. In all the mis-
sionary annals of the north-west there is no other
instance where paganism remained so long so stub-
born.
Meanwhile new cases of sickness occur and death
continues its ravages, taking from the little band
before the return of Portold in January, eight sol-
diers, four sailors, one servant, and six Indians, and
leaving but about twenty persons. Little wonder
that small progress is made in missionary work.^®
*°0n tho general subject of this chapter, in addition to the special docu-
mciits already referred to, see for a connected narrative Paloii, JS'ot., i. 254-84,
4'J7-'>2; ii. 93-153; Id., Vida, GO-SG. The notes of 8crra in Snii J)ier/u, Lib.
Minimi, MS., ai'C also a valuable source of information. Those notes were
written to supply as far as possible from memory the loss of tlie original mis-
.«i()U l)ouks destroyed ■«'ith the mission in 1775. Copies are also found in
Jliii/r^' Mixs. Bonk, MS., i. 99-lOG, and in Jhiinliiii, ])o<: Hint. CaL, MS.
Miguel Costanso published in Mexico, 1770, an account of these expeditions us
JJiario JJi.'ttorico dr. losviarjcitdc mary tierra, hcchosidKortc de In >\il!j'oruia, fol.
r>(j. It was translated by Wm. lievely and published in 1790 by A. Dal-
rymplu as An Historical Journal, etc., '2 maps, 4to, 70 p.
if ,
CHAPTER VI.
FIRST EXPEDITIO^^ FR0:M SxVN DIEGO TO MONTEREY AND
SAN FILVNCIfc^CO.
1709.
POETOL.i. il.VKCIIKS FKOAF SaN DiECO — IItS Co:.IPAXY — CuESri'S JoTTIiyAL —
N'liE ON GEOGr.AriiY AND Nomenclature — Taiile of Names and Dis-
tances — FiKST Baptism in California — Eaktiiquakes in tue Los
Angeles Rixiion- A IIospj i'able PEorLE and Large Villages on the
Santa ]j.vi!EAra Channel — Acitoss the Sierra and down tiii; Salinas
River — Unscccessfil Search for Montf.rey — Causes of the Error —
Northward along the Coast — In Sight of Port San Francisco
tJNDEH Point Reyes — Contusion in Names — ^Ivstery Cleared —
Exploration of the Peninsula — Discovery of a New and Nameless
Bay — Return of the Expedition to Monterey and San Diego.
I HAVE stated that t"^o weeks after his arrival from
the south Portold left San Diogo^ July 14, 17G9, and
marched with nearly all his force northward. His
intention was to reach Monterey Bay by following-
the coast, and cither :it his destination or on the way
ho hoped to bo overtaken by the San Jost', and with
the aid brought by her to found a presidio and the
mission of San Cdrlos. The company consisted of
himself, Rivera y INIoncada in command of twenty-
seven cz^era soldiers, including Sergeant Joseph Fran-
cisco Ortega, Lieutenant Pedro Pages, with six or
seven of his twenty-five Catalan volunteers, all that
the scurv}' had left alive and strong enough to under-
take the march, Engineer jNIiguel Costanso," fathers
Juan Crespi and Pi'ancisco Gomez, seven muleteers,
I'Mofrns, F.rpJitr., i. 100, says tlic oxpcdition liatl come across Sonora.
^ C()staii;;i), Fa',ati, ami others, acconliiig to the J\.rtoh(, Jj'utrio, MS., 10,
Were ill, but aJvibcil liy I'lal to luidcituko the juunicy as a remedy.
(140)
CRESPf 'S DIARY.
141
EY AND
5 JoTTn^^\L —
lES AND DLS-
IS THE L03
:,AGES ON TllK
Tin; Salinas
TlIK ERKOK —
N Fkancisco
! f'LEAREl) —
XD Nameless
!f Diego.
ival from
7G9, and
ird. Ills
[following
the way
land with
and tlio
(sistcd of
twcnty-
pli ¥ran-
|h six or
all that
:o under-
,2 fathers
Lulotccr.s,
Sonora.
|-,o, MS., 10,
fifteen christianized Lower Californians, and two ser-
vants of Portoli'i and Rivera — sixty-four persons in all.
The expedition is fully described in a diary kept by
Crcspi^ and still extant, as arc original statements,
less complete than Crespi's, of no less than five par-
ticipants, Portolil, Fages, Costanso, Ortega, and Hi-
vcra. As the first exploration Ity land of a broad
extent of most important country it is not without
importance and interest; yet as recorded it is in itself
singularly unattractive. Crespi's diary, like that of
Portola, is a long and, except in certain parts, monoto-
nous description of petty happenings notworth remem-
bering. It is an almost endless catalogue of nearly
two hundred joriiadas, or marches, tediously like one
another, over hills and vales distinguished as being
con zacate or sin zacate, grassy or barren, with the
Sierra ever towering on the right, and the broad
Pacific ever stretching to the left. The distance and
bearing of each day s march arc given, and observa-
tions for latitudes were frequent; but the IMexican
league was practically a vague measurement, the ob-
servations of Crespi and Costanso often difl:ered, and
^ Cirf:pl, narje dc la EKjiedlrion de tierra dc San Dierjo d Monteren, Cop'ta d( I
dUirio 11 cam'aKita (jvc h'zo la ei^pcdicion drsde ctpiiorlo dc Sua D'tnjo dc Ahadl
ha.<t'i cl dc Monti rc'i, salkwht cl l.'fda Julio da 1^00, in Palox, ^ot., i. ■JSr)-4i;5.
IViitol:!, JJinrio del l'i",'/( , MS., 11, ct Beq., covers tlio Baiiiu gioiiuil but unicli
more bi'iolly, aflding nothing to Crespi's iiaiiativo except on a few points to
l)u iiotioctl ill. thctr place. 'El 27 lianduvinioa trea lioras, Liicu caniiuo,
imiclio p.isto y ayua' is a fair sample of most entries. Very few names of
loo.ilitics rrc given. In his Vhla dc Jidiipcro S'l-ra, 80-2, SS-9, Paloii gives
but a Ijiiof account, referring for particulars to Crespi's diary. IJeut. Fa'jes,
iimomlier of the cxpeiliiion, in his \'oi/a>iC( h.C<iI., uiAoiiv. Aniinlr.idiii I'oi/.,
ci. 147-!), l.M-S), lGJ-71, 170-82, 3_n-4,':j-2S, gives a very full narralivo of it,
except from Monterey to San Francisco, including names of p'aecj, distances,
bearinc;-!, h'tiuules, and description of tho couuiiy, but omitting names of
perrons i'.ud dates. I shall note variations from Ciespi's diary, v.I:h which
t'jiges' narrative for tho most part ugiees. Costansi'), in liia D'rtrio IliHtorico I'e
Ion vhi'ic-t t!c iiiar yllcrra, gives an aliridged version dillering in no es.senaal
respect fi\;mCrcspf. Cdstanso's narrative is abridged and quoted in an articlo
signed '.M. P.,' in AlbumMcx., ii. 37-40. Oitcmi, Fmjmcido, in Siudai'lanu
A)xh. Pami([nia, MS.,4G-54, gives anoriginalout not very complete (jracc;'.-
rato niurative. Capt. llivcra also in a certiticato relating the services of I'edro
Amndor, j'ivea pomo information respecting this entrada. St. Puj). Jlii.-i. and
Colon., ^IS., i. G2-3. John T. Doyle in bis pamphlets entitled At!d,i.<s and
Mcmnrniahuii in 1870 and 187.') gavo brief ?•(.>«)«•.■.< of parts from CVc;.ipi; and
tl-.o newspapers since tho reprint of Palou's work bavi! had something ti( »ay
more or less superficially on the subject of tho discovery of Sjau FrauciscoBiiy.
142 EXPEDITION TO MONTEREY AND SAN FRANCISCO.
worse tluin all, typograi>liical errors in the ''printed
diary make the figures unreHable. In a monograph
on the trip I could, I think, trace with much accuracy
each day's course, and such minute treatment would
not be devoid of local interest as showing the original
names applied by the Spaniards, very few of which
have been preserved; but for this of course I have no
space here, and must content myself with a general
narrative and a note on geographical details.*
'List of places between San Diego and San Francisco as named in
Crespl's diary of the first exploration of the California coast by land, with
distances, bearings, and latitudes. Notes from the return trip in brackets
"[ ..]"; notes from Pages' Voyage in parentheses "(...)"» additional and
8elf-ex])lanatory notes in italics. The Portold, Diario has no distances, or
names, only hours and descriptions.
July 14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
20.
21,
22.
23,
24
26,
27
28
29.
30.
SI.
San Diego, 32° 30'. Realbj 32" 44'
Rinconada. On False Bay
Pocitos de la Cafiada de San Diego
Sta Isabel Valley. 1 league by 400 varas.
S. Jiiconie do la Marca Val. 1 1. by 5 1.,
from N. to s. (Posa de Osuna), [7 1.
from S. Ju.in.]
Encinos Caflada
S. Alejo. 33'
S. Simon Lipnica Val., near sea-shore . . .
Sta Siuf oriisa
S. Juan Capiatrano Val. 2 1., n.e. to
S.W., ending at shore, 33" 6'. Really
S. Luis J'ei/, kit. accurate
Sta Margarita Val. The sierra draws
near shore and tlircatens to stop ad-
vance. Name retained
Sta Prdgedia de los RosalesCailada, 33" 10'
Los Cristianos, S. Apolinario, Bautismos
[arroyo], (Caflada del Bautismo)
Sta Maria Alagdalena Caflada [Quemada],
33" 14'
S. Francisco Solano, 33° 18'. A mesa at
foot of sierra with fine stream, oppo-
site Sta Catalina Island, said by the
explorers to bo 5 1. from S. Pedro Bay.
At or near S. Jiuin CapiHrouo
S. Pantaloon (Aguada del P. Gomez), on
the edge of a large plain
Santiago Arroyo, 33° 6'. Misprint ?
Sta Ana lliv., or Jesua de los Temblores,
thought to flow into S. Pedro Bay [9 1.
from Rio Porcidnoula]
Sta Marta Spring (Los Ojitos and S. Mi-
guel)
(No name), lat. 33° 34'
(No name), lat. 34° 10'. Los Angeles re-
gion
Leagues. |
2.5(3)
3.5(4)
4
2
1J>
2
4
4 (3)
3 [2]
2.5 [3]
3
1.5 [1]
2
G
Oonrse,
N.W.
N.N.W.
N.
V,
N.
N.E.
N.W.
N.N.W.
N.W.
N.W.
N.E.
N.W.
N.W.
N.W.
N.W.
[SCO.
GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE,
148
e Sprinted
onograph
I accuracy
3nt would
le origiual
of which
I have no
a general
as named in
t by land, with
rip in brackets
additional luul
10 distancea, or
I OonTBB.
N.W.
N.N.W.
V.
N.
N.G.
N.W.
H.S.W.
N.W.
N.K.
Four days after setting out from San Diego the
explorers reached the pleasant valley in which the
mission of San Luis Rey was later built. Their
]irogress had been at the rate of from two to four
leagues each day, and nothing along the way attracted
more attention than the abundance of flowers, especially
Aug. 2.
4.
H.W.
N.W.
H.W.
N.W.
5.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
IC.
17.
18.
20.
Porciiincula Riv., a large stream, with
much good land. North branch of the
S.Gabriel
Alisos do S. Est^van Spring, near an as-
phaltum marsh
S. Rogerio Spring, or Berreudo (Fontaine
du daim inouchetti)
Sta Catalina dc Bononia do los Encinos
Val., 34= 37', rmlhi 34° 10'. San Fer-
nantlo Valley, in which a station still
called Encino
(No name. )
Sta IJosa do Viterbo, or Corral rancheria,
3 1. across the plain, and 4 1. over mts.,
34° 47'. Near Hart's
Sta Chira stream and cailada
Sta Clara, down same stream, 34° 30*, a
good site for a mission. 6 1. from Sta
Rosa and 10 1. froni Sta Catalina.
Thiii must be. an error
S. Pedro Amollauo rancheria, down the
stream
Stoa ^lilrtii-es Ip61ito y Cuciano rancheria
and river, down same stream, which
widens out into a river. Still called
Rio Sta Clara
Asuncion ( Asunta) rancheria, on sca-shorc.
Fine site for a mission, 34° 30'. Co-
stans(i made it 34° 13'. Doubtless S.
Buenacentura
Sta Conefundis (RancheriaVolante), along
beach
Sta Clara dc Monte Talco, or Bilarin, a
large pueblo in 34° 40', on an arroyo,
along beach
S. Roque, or Car[)interia, a largo pueblo
in II plain, ■* 1. by 1 1., much asphal-
tiim. )SV({ lidrbara region
Conccpcion Laguna (I'ueblo de la Lagu-
na), a very large rancheria, on a point
across an extrro. Sta Barbara iran af-
terwards founded at S. Joaquin dc la
Lar/una. Coast turns from w.N.w.
to w
Sta Margarita de Cortona, or Isla, or Mes-
caltitlan pueblos, 34° 43'. In a marshy
region, where the sloughs form an
island, with four or five scattered ran-
cheriaa
Leftgnes.
Oourae.
3(2)
N.W.
3
W.
2
N.W.
3
3
JI.N.W.
N.
4
3
N.
W.K.W.
3
•W.3.W.
3
W.S.W.
2.5
2
2
1
4 [(3)]
3.5 [2.5]
S.W.
E.NJi.
W. (w.N.w.)
W. (w.N.w.)
W. (w.N.w.)
W. (w.N.w.)
W. (w.N.w.)
144 EXPEDITION TO MONTEREY AND SAN FRANCISCO.
of roses similar to tlioso of old Castile, and for tlmt
reason doli^^iitful to the Spaniards. Crespi notes tlic
E lucking of ono branch bearing six roses and twelve
uds. Thus far all was literally couleuvde rose. The
route followed was very nearly that of tl a subsequent
sta'''e road between San Diego and Los Angeles. Jt
was noticed that much of the grass had been burned
Aug. 21.
•-•3.
24.
25.
20.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Sept. 1,
S. Luis Obispo, 34° 4.')', still alons sliorc.
S. (liiido (Ic Cortdiia, along islioro, four
isLinils in Bight
.S. Lui-i I!iy, or La (laviota, jilong sliorc,
on a slon^li, 34" 47'. Pvrhripx oriijia of
(I'ariv/a J'as.i. Tlirco it^landti in sigiit:
S. llrrnanlo, ,s'. j\/i,jin>l, fartlnst ucst;
Sta Cruz, <S7rt /tuna, next; and Sta Bar-
bara, S/(t Cruz, lartliost cast
S. Scl'crino, 34" 30' (14"), an Indian iwcblo,
Sta A iia ranulicria
.Sta 'i\icsa, or Cojo, ranchcria, 34° 30', or
34' ol'
rt Conception, 34" 30'
( 'ontci'C'ion, ranolu'iia (llanslio do la Ivs-
V:Hl::),.3r,'-)l'30"
S. Juan nautist.n, or redornido;! (:i4° 33'),
in sight rif another jtoiutiicar liy (from
vliicli I't Concepi'ion bears .s.i;., 8'
1"..] ThtH iioiiit miixt h<> J't Ai'ijiii'Uo,
(fiiiiKjIi till )•!• (iiw H'liiiP (lUJIniiriis
Sta Ilo.-alia, or CnOadaSeea, on a bay be-
tween last point and another
S. lierjiiudo liiv., or Sta Lo.sa, mouth
liUed witli sand, tlie hu>;est liver vet
pa^-ed, 34' .5,V. Tin: Jiio S/a Iiir>;
tlioi'ijh ilisldiicc and /,i (iriiiij urn not. ror-
ri'i-i ; jii.H jio^x'ilihj thi' Si'i 3/ If r in, in
ir/lic/i nine I't Cniir.iydvil irnx A riiiiv/lo,
AniHi'llo riirixhim, the ',.'il juihit Pi'-
rif-iiiKi, cniil iS'a Uosalkt at the ■i,i<iiilli
of J,'in .S'.'i Jiii'.t
S. l;,unoii Nonato, La Oi'aciosa, or Uaile
ihi his Indins laj^iina
S. ])aniel, laeuna j;raudc, in a fine vallc}',
3 1. by 7 1., having in the middle a la-
gunahdOvaras wide? 31' 13'? Jloiifh
of I III' llii) S/ii Mdrid
S. Jr.an Terueia y S. Pedro do Sacro Tcr-
rato, or iteal do la.s \ iboras, or O.so
I'laeo (Laguna I'edonda)
S. Ijadislao, or E.1 Buchon. By varying
courses, and linally N. into nits., 'iy
'IS'. jXotc'rnr
Sta Klena, or Angosta Canada, 3">' 3'?. .
Natividad, or Canada d(! his Osos, down
vhieli they vvint to tiio sea. N. A(v',s
Vhinpo wanj'uuiulcd laitronthincui'iadu.
LengiicH,
•2 L-.r.j
•2.5(.1)[2]
ri.r)or
(..5(1)
2
2.5(2)
.5(1)
2.5 (2)
L5{3)
3(4)
Course.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w,
w.
N.W.
N.W.
N.W.
N.W.
N.
N.
N.W, (N.N.W.)
N.W.
PROOJtlCSS L'P THE COAST.
14.J
by tilt' natives ti> facilitato the capture of raljbits. Few
of the iiilial)itant.s were met in the .soutli, hut when
seen they wiM'e always tViendly, and the 2"2(l of July
they permitted to be baptized two dying children, who
were named Maria iNIaj^dalena and Margarita. About
tlie same time two mineral deposits, of red ochre and
ihite earth, were discovered. On the 24th the islands
\\
Sept. 8.
10.
II.
12.
13.
IG.
17.
20.
21.
2U.
21 1.
Oft. 1.
10.
1."..
10.
17.
S. Adriiino. near the shore .it mouth of
C'afiai >a do los O.sos. Tho diary I'lcnrly
iiic'iitioiis the J'^stcro Bay and Morro
Iioclv of iiiiiiluni iiiiijia
Sta SLralliia JLitoro, 'Mi', or lio' 27', after
cni.s.siiiL; v\'j,ht arniyon
S. lifiivcMuto.'or O.sito, lUi" 2', or ^JS" SIV)
S. Xit'dhis, (ir Cautil, arroyo lio" 35', along
lieacli
S. Viecnto arroyo (Arroyada Honda), 30'
10'
Sta I'liiiliaiia arroyo [Ilij' 45'J, at foot of
Sierra do Sta Lncia. /;; rfi/ion lietwei-n
■V. SUni'dii i.iiid i'njn' S. Martin
Pie do la Sierra do Sta I.iu'ia, upacafiada
into tile nit.s., /irohabli/ n.k
Hoya di' la Sierra do Sta Lucia, or San
I'Vanei.sco, \M'}^ IS' .W, up into tho nits,
on \. siilo of a oafiou [slightly diQ'er-
ont route on rctui'ii]. In rf(jion of the
I iter S. Antonio ink.sion. Prohdbli/
N.E
I'lCal do I'ifiones, l)y a nit. way over the
sinniuit, N.K
S. Franei-eo (llio do Truehas)
S. Elizario [KlecaroJ Itio, or Ileal del
Chocolate, down a Canada to a river
hrli':\ ed to bo tho Carnielo, but rcullij
thr Hi > ^'iirmii.-i
Real del Alamo, 30° 3S', down tho river. .
r.eal I'.huico, (low n river.
lic'al di' ( 'azadores, down river
St;' I >ellina | I!iv.], ;i(j' 44'. or 30' .")3', down
river to within \!i 1. of heaidi. From
t!:i-i jioint Monterey and ( 'ariiielo hay.s
were explored. Ft Fino.s, 30'' 3lj'; Ft
-Afio Nucvo, oil' 4'; Carnielo Bay, 30'
3.1'
Sta Brigida, or LaGrulIa, passing several
L'^'oons
Piijaro, or Sta Ana lliv. Xdnie still re-
tain! il
Xr Sra del I'ilar lagunas [corral], 34° 3r>' ?
Sta 'J'eri'sa
Uotario del Seralin do Aseuli arroyo, near
Soqnet
S. JAifvu/.o llWvr— still retdin.i the. name.
'Jill' iiiniji n'lin near Slu Cruz
Hist. Cal.. Vol. I. 10
Leagues.
(1)
4
4
4
3.5(3)
ii.'^i)
4
I
1.5
Course.
w.
N.W.
N.N.W.
N.W.
\.\V. audN.N.E.
N.W.
N. K.
N. \V,
N.W.
N.N.W.
X.
N.W.
N.W.
N.W.
W.N.W.
^
140 KXl'KDITIOX TO iK^NTKREY AND SAN FRANf'ISCO.
of San Cloiiicnto and Santa ( atalina were .si^litt'd.
Next tlay tlic natives suenicd to say that inland wcro
otluT white nion with liorses, mules, swords, and hiits.
On the L'Sth, when the •^''overnoi' and his foUowcis
were on the Santa Ana liiver, four violent shocks of
carth(|uake IVi^iiteiied the Indians into a kind of
j)rayei' to t lie four winds, and caused the stream to he
also named Jesus de los Temblores. jMaiiy more;
shocks were felt during the followinj^ week; yet flu!
i'orei^^ners were delighted with the region, noting' the
agj'icultural j)r)ssibilities which they and tlieir succes-
8ors later realized. The 1st of August they began to
kill and eat hen 'end us, or antelo})es, and next day
forded tlu; lllo de Poi'ciuncula on which the citv of
Los Angeles now stands.
From the Angeles region the route lay through Hk;
valley of Santa Catalina de los iMR'inos, now San Fci-
iiando, and thence northwai'd through the mouniaiii
pass to the liead streams of the liio de Santa Clara,
so calkid then and now, down whose haidcs the
S[)aniaisls folh^wed to the sea again. Immediately on
leaving thcj Porciuncula more earthquakes were i'dt,
causing the friars to think there were volcanoes in llie
sierra; springs oi' j^c"^, hiva, cluipopote, or {isphaltuni,
Oct.
18. Stii Criiz arroj-o, and four other streams,
tlio last huing 8. Li'ioas, (ir ri.ciites
airoyo
La Ol'a (H(iya) l)?irrani.'a
10. S. J'i.<lr<Ml(; Alcantara, or-fuinin [.lainon].
20. S. J.uis ISclti-.in, or S.ilml, arroy<>, alioiit
1 1. ficiii I't A no Niicvo, -.iT ■2-1', or
;!7' .•{' [I't ih :M\' \'\
S. .Iiiaii Nc'|)oniiieeiio, or ('a.sa Grande,
laiK'lieria, acros.s a lovcl mesa along
filiorc^
San IVdi-o Jicgalado
24. SU) ])..iain;.'o,';i7' .'{0'
S. ll)on, or l'iil;.'as, rani'licria
28. S. Simon y S. Judas arroyo, or Llano de
los Ansari's, in isiglit of a jioint x.N.w.
with faialloiios — jiixt ahovc lln{l'-Mooii
Jlni/, and in .•iU/lu of Pt S. Pedro
30. rt An,'(l Cnstodio, or Alnujas, Ti" 2-1',
;;oV4y'[:i7^'n'J
To poiiit-i nHb.-Kqniintlij visited, no iiama
were applied.
Loagiu'g.
2.5
4 or 2
o
t'ourne.
W.N.W.
x.\v.
N.W.
N.N.W.
N.
N.
N.W.
THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL.
147
wwc also rt'i;"anlc(l as sij^'iis of volcanic action. Tlio
ii;iti\cs now s})oko not onl}' of l)oar(lo(l luoii who caaio
iViiiii tlie east in earlier times, l)ut said lliey had
latclyohscrved vessels in theeliannel — itwill he reniein-
hcied that the San Antonio and Sun Carlos had reached
tliis latitude on their way from (^([)o San Li'icas to
S;ui Dieijfo — and one man oven claimed to recognize
Gomez, Fagos, andCostanso whom he had seen on the
vessel. ]'^verywherc the men went naked, hut from
this region the women dressed more according to Jmu'o-
|i('an ideas, covering much of their person with skins
i4' deer and rahhits. August 14th Portola crossed
I'loiii a point near the mouth of the Santa Clara to
the shore farther north, where he found thr largest
Indian village yet seen in California. The houses were
nl" spherical form thatched with straw, and the natives
ux'd hoats twenty-four feet long made of pine hoards
tiL'd together with cords and covered with asphaltum,
cantihle of carryincf each ten fishermen. A lew old
hl;i(l('s of knives and swords were stsen. Some in-
hiil)itants of the channel islands came across to gaze
at tlie strangers. Previously the inhabitants had
l).ii'ti'icd seeds, grass baskets, and shells for the cov-
eted glass hqads, but now fish and carved l)its of wood
wei'c added to the limited list of commercial })roducts.
Thus more foo<l w-as offered than could ho eaten. This
liiKi pueblo, the first of a long line of similar (mks
along tlie channel coast, was called Asuncion and was
identical in site with the modern San Ihieiiaventura.'
From tlie middle of August to the 7th (»f Se]>tem-
hi 1' the Spaniards followed the coast of the Santa
]xh"l)ara Channel westward, always in sight of tli'-'
Inlands, meeting a dense native po[)ulation settled in
many largo towns and unifonnly hospitalde. Passing
P'lint Concepeion, they turned northward to the site
on v.hich San Luis Obispo now stands. On the ISth
el August they passed a village called Laguna do la
Concepeion in the vicinity of what is now Santa Bar-
" Sue fouiuliiig of Sun Buenaventura in a later chapter.
14S EXrEDITIOX TO MONTERFA' AXD SAX FRAXCISCO.
bara, porliaps on the exact site, since the presidio was^
founded later at a place said to have been called San
Joaquin do la Laguna by these first explorers." A
lew leagues farther, and in several other places, tlicru
Avere noticed large cemeteries, those of the men and
M'onien being distinct as the gentle savages ex[)laini'(!.
Over each grave a painted pole was set up bearing
the hair of the men, and those of the women being
adorned with cora.s, or grass baskets. Large whale-
bones were also a distin<xuishin<»' feature of the buiinl-
grounds. Many of these graves have been opened
within the past few years, and the relics thu.s brought
to light have created in local circles (piite a Hutter el'
archaological enthuslasi.i, being popularly attributed,
as is the custom in such cases, to 'prehistoric' times
and to races long since extinct. Ou the 24th a sea-
gull was killed ;'ud the place called San Luis by the
padres was christened La Gaviota by the soldiiTs —
very many localities along the route being thus doubly
named, whence i)ei'haps the name Gaviota Pass of
modern maps. Near Point Concepcion the natives
displa^'ctl beads of European make, said to have been
obta: >od from the north. Here a lean and wnrn-
out nndc was left to recuperate under Indian care.
Ci'cspi's latitudes for the chaimel coasts were too high,
varying from o4° 30' to 34° 51'. Costanso's obser\;i-
tions placed Point Concepcion in 34° 30', about 5' loo
far noith. After turning the point the natives weie
poorer and less numerous, but were still friendly.
On the 30th a large sti'eam was cro;^sed ou a sand-imr
at its mouth which "served as a biidge." Tlus was
the IJio Santa Ines," called at its discovery Santa llnsa,
and on September 1st the camp was pitched at llic
Laguna de San Daniel, probably at the mouth of tlu'
ll'u) Santa jVlaria. Next day Sergeant Ortega was
<^J'roP. 7?rc., MS,, ii. 01-2.
' Thci'o iM Koino I'liiifiision in the (losciij'tion ot this ]\irt of tho coast, ;i:iil
th's stroaiu iiii,L,'ht as wi'U l)o the Santa Maiia, were it not for the fact th.it
Pni ...i.uii Mii<«ion was after\\ar(l Imilt on liio <le Santa Ivosa. PurUiinit, Li'i.
JilioiMi, MS., 1; Pror. 67. Pap., MS., vi. ll-J-13.
?co.
>icli() was
Ucd Sail
.n-s." A
;eS, tllClX!
nu'U and
xplaiiH"!.
1 beariirj;
icu bcinn'
TC \vli:il':-
ho buiial-
;ll 0[)l'l\ctl
js broui;'lit
flutter of
Lttribiitod,
n-ic' tiuK's
4th a scu-
ll is by t'lo
soldi'-'i's—
lus doubly
ra Pass (if
ho natives
have l)t'i'U
and \voiu-
idiau faiv.
o too blLill,
ri obsevva-
)Out 5't<»i>
tivcs wm'
ll tVieiiilly.
a sa'Kidiar
Th.s was
autallosa,
led at ill*'
utU of tli«-
b'tega was
the coast, ii:!'l
ll- tlio fact tlMt
OVER Tlir: SIERRA DE SANTA LUCIA.
140
t;;1on i^l, and ten of tlie men began to coiii])lain of
s.)i'o feet. Turning" inland not far iVoni what is ;;')\v
]^lint San Luis, tliey crossed the hills by a souie-
what Avindin<^ course and on the 7th encaniiied in
l!ic Canada de los Osos in the vicinity of the later
San ijuis Obispo. Here the soldiers engag'ed in a
u;'and hcar-hunt, in which one of these lierce brutes,
sccii here in groups of fourteen or sixteen, according
l(t l?or( old's diary, was killed after receiving nine l)ul-
Icts, onc^ of the soldiers barely escaping \vith his life.
The nanu.'s Los Osos and l']\ Buchon a[)plied at this
time are still ])reserved in this region.
]''rom San Luis, instead of proceeding north anil
inland, which would have been the easier route, the
cx[il*)rers Ibllow the Bear Canada down to the sea,
wliere thev note ]']stero Bay and jNlorro Bock, and
whence they follo\v the coast stjine ten leagues to a
point located by Costanso in latitudi; 35' 4.")', and
a[iparently not far bek)W Cape San Martin. "Jhe
sierra of Santa Lucia, so named long befoi'o, now
impedes further jirogrcss, and oii September Kith the
travtllers turn to the i-ight and begin to climb tlie
mountain range, "con el credo eu la boca," one league
per (lay being counted good progress in such a rough
country. From the 17th to the IDth they are on the
Hoya, or ravine, de la Sierra de Santa Lucia, on the
head-waters of the Bio do San Antonio near where
the mission of the same name is afterward ibundetl.
On tlie 20th the lofty range northward is ascended,
and from the highest lidge, jirobably Santa ]jucia
Peak, the Spaniards gaze upon a boundless sea of
mountains, "a sad spe'ctacle for poor travellers worn
out hy the fatigues of so long a joui'uey " sighs ( Vespi.
file cold begins to be sevt-'re, and some of t\u' men
aie disabled by scurvy; yet ibr the glory (>f Ood and
wiili unfailing confukaice in their great jiatroii St
(lo.seph, they press bravely on, after remaining four
flays in a little moimbiin caiion dedicated by tin- fiiars
to the i^lagas de San Francisco, the name San Fran-
150 EXPEDITION TO MOXTEREY AND SAX FRANCISCO.
'i;ll
CISCO proper being reserved for that saint's 'famous port.'
Wending tlieir way down the noitliern slope, perhnjts
by way of the Arroyo Scco, on the 2()th they jcuch
a river which they name San Elizario, or Santa Uel-
fnin, behoved by the Spaniards to be the liio del Car-
melo. It is the stream, however, since known as
Salinas, and down it Portola's company march to tljo
oca, arriving on the 30th at a point near the mouth.
The natives are less hospitable in the Salinas Vall(.y
than south of thei-e.
As the expedition draws near the sea-shore, a point
of land becomes visible in the south, which iscorr.H-tly
judged to be Poirit Finos, one of the prominent hnid-
niarks l)_y which Monturey was to be id<nitili(d. It is
therefore determined to stop here for exploration.
(October 1st the governor, engineer, and Crespf, witli
tive soldiers climb a hill, "from the top of which,"
writes the friar, "wo saw the great entrance, and con-
jectured that it was the one which Cabrera Buenn
puts Ijetween l?()int Alio Nuevo and Point Pinos of
Monterey." That is to say, believi?ig 3'et doubting
they look out over the bay and harbor of Monteicv
in search of which they had come so far, then })ass (-n
wondering where is Monterey. Pivera with eight nun
explores southward, marching along the very shore rX
the port they are seeking; then toward Point Pines
and over to "a small bight formed between the said
l)oint and another south of it, with an arroyo flowing
dt)wn from tlie mountains, well wooded, and a slougli,
into wliich tlie said stream discharges, and some little
lagoons of slight extent;" but the mountains prevent
linthev progress southward along the shore. Tlu;
pkices thus ex])lored are Carmelo bay, river, and point ;'
nevertheless Rivera returns to camp saying that no
port is to be found.
The 4th of October after solemn mass in a brusli-
* Cypress IViint is not iiotir(<l in this oxplorntitm; l,ut it is cort.Tiii tluit it
till' Iti^iit iKiw visitcil wi'ic imt ( 'iiiiiulo Hay, tiiat liny would Imxcbci ii luinul
.•Mill iiK'iitioiied latd- v lii'ii tlic uttLiiipt was iikkIc a^^ain to liiid a slioif luuto
BOUlllWUld.
MONTEREY XOT FOUXD.
151
-wood tent at the mouth of the Sahnas liiver, a meet-
ing' of all the officers and friars is hold to deliberate
on wliat shall be done. At this meeting tlie com-
niandant brielly calls attention to the scarcity of pro-
visions, to the seventeen men on the sick-list unfit for
duty, to the excessive burden of labor imposed on
those Avho are well in sentinel duty and continual
rccnnnoissances, and to the lateness of the s{\ison. In
view of these circumstances and of the i'act that the
port of ^Monterey could not be found wliere it had
been su})[)osed to lie," each person i>rcsent is called
uiioii to express freely his o})inion. The decision of
otrircrs and priests is unanimous "that the journey bo
continued as the only expedient remaining, in the hope
of finding by the favor of God the desired port of
Monterey and in it the Sail Jose to supply our needs,
and that if God should permit that in the search for
Monterey we all perish, we shall still have fulfilli>d
our dutv f o God and men by working toi-c'ther to the
death in the accomplishment of the entei'j)rise on
w hicli we have been sent." Their hope lests mainly in
the fact that they had not yet reached the latitiido in
whi' h Vizcaino and Cabrera Bueno had placed tlie [xjrt.
livclji'ill loilliil
ii shun' ii-i"'"
* ■ Iv.i '. isto <!(' ]o (liulio y tie no liallnr cl pncrto do ^ronterov en l;i ;iltiir.i
cjUf so jM-eMiiiiiii.' ('rt-sjii, IVVc/i , ;5.'),'i. This uso of the wovA ulUtra is iiu crroi-
of tilt' w riti'i', siiico t'abieni lUuiio, the autlnnity cm which tlcpeiKk'neo was
placrd, j^ivcs the latitmlcdf MoiitLrcy as \\~\ while C()staiiS('i now iiiaile it
?v\ .'W; liiit tlie exiilaiiafi<"' is that this v,as ^^l■itten after siiltsripiciit e.\|ilc>r-
utidus l'uit!;er iiiii'tli v uieh hail an inlhiencc on < 'fespiH words. '\\w. .hinla
J''" (/(' ijihrrn ilc In c >'intl'ic'"in ih' tli rrn i/i/c pnsnhfi <ii Kf.lir'Jml <l<l j^ticvlo Ic.
Jfhiili ri II I II .'/ lie Orlrliv,' (li> Hon is attaelicd t'l tjir J'nr/n'ij, JJiarm, MS. In
his opeiiin;,' address Tortohi says 'what should lie the Kin ( 'aniielo is oidy an
(irri'i/n; whiit should bo a port is only a little cusi nm/'i; \\hat weio iireat lakes
iiic titiiiDiilln--;' and yet to go on and find another Siei'ra de Sta l.neia would
taketiiKc; 11 men were; siek, and only 50 caKla/rni.i llonr remained. Cos-
tauso gave his opinion lirst: that tiiey were in only 'Mt il', wiiile Monterey
Was in ,'i7' or perhaps more; they shouhl not fail to explore np to ',\~^ .'Who as
either to find (he p(;rt or to he sure (.f its ni :n-e\i>teneo. IV'.'es followed and
also favon il gi}ing en to .S7' or a little more, as the port l.ad eei'tainly not
hei-n passed, and they had not yet reaehed its latitude. 1'hen liivt la, who
did not seem to thinli Monterey wmi'.d 1k^ foiir.d. siiiee it was not wliere it
oii,f,'lit to he, hut thought they'should < stahlish tiiemselves somewhere, but
not wln'ie thiy then V, ere. 'J hen ]\)rt(jhi di i ided to rest (! days, go <in as
far a.T j o^sihle, and then seleet the most (;li;.ibh' ]ilaee for a n ttlt li.eiit if
Moiiteny did not ap];(ar. All ayreud iu writing to this plan, iueludiny
padres (.Joiue/, and Crespl.
1^
152
EXPEDITION TO MOXTEKEY AND SAN FRANCISCO.
n
It is and must ever remain more er less iiiex])li-
cable that tlie Si)aniar(ls .should liave failed at thi-i
time to identii'v Monterey. All that was hnowii of
tliat j)f)rt had resulted from Vizeaino'w visit, and
this knowledL^'o was in the hands of the explorers in
the woiks of V<!negas and Cabrera l^ueno. Tlu.' de-
seription of landmarks was tolerably clear/" and in
fact these landmarks had been readily recognized by
I^ortold's party at their first arrival on the bay shore.
j\[oreover, the advantages of the liar])or had not been
very greatly exaggerated, both Torijuemada, as fpiotcd
by Venegas, and Cabrera Bueno having called j\lonte-
rey simpl}' iifamoso ptto'to, the former stating that it
was protected from all winds, and the latter, from all
exceijt north-west winds. Yet with the harbor Ivinn'
at their feet, and with several landmai'ks so clearly
defined that A ila and Serra recognized them at once
from the reports at San Diego, and penetrated the
truth of the matter in spite of their companions'
mystification, the Spanish ofiicors could find nothing
resend>ling the object of their search, and even were
tem})ted to account for the port's disappearance by
the theory that since Vizcaino's time it had perhaps
been filletl up with sandP^
"*Sc'c clijiptcT iii.. this volnine.
" ('iTS]ii\i ii'iiii'.iks in iultlitidii to wlmt lias boon given in the prcccdinc;
narmtivo, iirc as JdUows: 'In view nf wliat lias hccn said. . .and of (lui- not
iindinj;- in tlii-e !r;;i(ins tlK! port of ^Monterey so ctlclirated and so praised in
tlicii' lime !iy nienof ehai'aeter, skilful, intelligent, and jiraetical navigator.?
who oaine e\pns.-;ly to ex])lorc these eoasis ]>y order of the king. . .vo h.ivo
to say that it is not found after the most eaiclul etlbrls made at eost of nnieU
sweat and fatigue; or it nuist he said that it han lieen hiK'd up and desti'oyed
with time, though we see no indications to sujipoit this o])ini(jn; and thercf'iro
I : usjiend niy opiu'on on this point, hut what 1 can say with a.^smance i.s that
wii.li all diligence on the part of coninndante, ollieers, and s(jldiers no sudl
poit has heen foinid. . .At Pt I'inos there i.s no port, nor have we seen in
all our journey a country more desolate than this, or people moro rude, Sc-
hawtian Vi/eaino to the contrary notwithslandiug. . .allhdUgh this was easier
to li(Mui.srepre.sented tlian a ]iort so famous as was Jlonten y in former cen-
turies.' I'iu;/!', .'iD'i-tJ. Ill a litter linried Ixfore the lir.al return it is statel
that (lie expedition 'sighted Tt I'inos and tiie cuKciKuInx noith and soiitii of
it v.itliout sieiiig any signs of the ])ortof .Monterey, and resolved to go on in
iseardi of it,' and again nil tlie return 'made an elidrt to search for tlie )iort
of Monterey within tlie nuaintain range follow iiig along the .sea, in spite > f
its roii;;hness, Imt in vain." I'cloti, So'., i. .'iii;)— K)^). According to I'aloa.
Villa, SS, 1'. Crespi wrote him that he feured the port hud been tilled up; and
HOW THE ERROR OCCURRED.
153
There are, however, several circumstances wliich
tend to lessen our difficulty in accounting- for the
01 Tor coniuiittod, and which arc almost sullicient to
]■( move the difficulty altoi^ethor, especially so I'ar as
tills lirst visit on the northward march is concerned.
j'Irst, tlu; Rio Carmelo, seen but once when swollen
hv winter rains, was on the record as a "river of good
v.alcr though of little depth," and in geographical
discussions of the past hatl gradually accpiired great
importance. Portola's party reaching the Salinas, the
largest river in this region, naturally supposed they
v.rri! on the Cai'melo. If it were tlio Carmelo, I't
Pinos should bear nortli rather than south; if it were
!,()!. then not oidy was this largo river not mentioned
ill the old authorities, but there was no river in tho
region to be itlentified with the Carmelo, for it never
rred to the travellcs to apply that name to the
OCCU
b
.1,
creeK, now nearly dry, which flowed into tho en-
si'unda to the south of the ])oint. Second, Cabrera
IjIU'Uo's description of the bays north and south of
point l*inos as line ports, the latter protected from all
winds and the former from all but those irom iho
north-west, was exaggerated, [)erhaps very nuich so; yet
it was not Cabrera's or Vizcaino's cxa^'LTorations that
SciT.-i mentioned in one of liis letters the same opinion founded on the greaf.
f;:nil (hiiies lound •where the port oncjht to lie. /</., !)"J. I'a^'e.s says: '\\'o
kiK'W not if the plaee where ■we 'were was tliat of our destination; .still after
li.;viii'j carefully exariiined it and eoinpared it with the relations of tlieaneienb
voyngcra, v.e I'coolv ,_: to continue our inarrh ; fur after having,' taktn the lali-
tiule, we found "ihat wo W('ic oidy in ISii' 44', while, aeeoidin;^ to the repcirts
of the pdot, Calireia Hui'mi, Monterey .shouhl ho in .'{7', and an serious an
error wirj not .supposahle on the partof a man of well known i kill. 'J'he eon-
tigr.ration ( f the coast did not agree either with the relations which served us
as a guide.' I'o//. en Cal., ;!:2.S-'.I. Rivera i^iniply says: 'Wo wi'ut in the i\-
j/diticn hy land to San iJiego and -Monterey, and having failed to recognixo
tile latter WO proceeded in search if it till we came to San I'laiieisco, Vvlicnco
for want of ju'ovisions we returned and the whole exp.cdition . hjit two ni;.ht.s
iu Monterey itself and encamped several days on th.: Rio {.'aiine:!).' St. Pop.,
Jl's.i. (mil. Culoii., MS., i. i')'2-',]. According to 0;tega, 'On ()et(<))er otii or
(iih Ave rcaclied I't riiios, and according to tlio indications of (.'..pt. Vixcaino
i:iid the j,t!o>') Cahrera JJueuo — and our kitltude. as well — wo : liould havo
lliouglit ourselves alre.idy at Monterey; Imt not linding tlu^ .'dielter and pio-
tectinu aserihed liy tlieiato the p.ort caused us to doubt, since we f^aw a lii-lit
tivcr twelve leagues across with n<3 shelter exei'pt for rniall cralt at tin; poiid,
nhlioii.h tlie said l.iglit is lai':e enough to hold tliousands of vessels, butwiili
liille protection from some winds.' Frufjineiiio, MS., o'2.
1.-4 EXrEDITIOX TO MONTEREY AND SAX FRANCISCO.
inislod Portolii. Monterey had been much talked and
written about during the past century and a half in
connection with the fables of Northern Mvstei'v, and
wliile its waters lay undisturbed by fonui^n keel ils
importance as a ]iarI)or had been constantly growing'
in the minds of Spanish ofHcials and missionaries. It
was not the piloto's comparatively modest description
so much as the grand popular ideal which supported
tlie ex[>ectations (jf tlie governor and liis companions,
and (jf wliieli tlie reality fell so far short. Third, the
veiy dilierent impressions of storm-tossed marineis
anchoring in tlie bay when its shores were brightened
and refreshed Ijy winter i-ains, and of travellers ariiv-
\\vj: at th(! end t)f the dry season fi'oni the sunny clinir,
large ^•illages, and liospitable ])opulation of the Santa
nJarbara Chamiel must be taken into consideration.
Fourth, tlie Spaniards had no boats in which to make
soundings and test the anchorage capacities of tlie
harbor. Fifth, Cabrera's latitude was thirty minutes
hiuher than that resultinij from Costanso's observa-
tions.
To these considerations should be added two other
theories respecting the failure to find ]\[onterey. One
is that favored by Palou,^- wIkj like some of his com-
panions was disposed to regard the concealment of
the port as a miraculous interposition of (^rod at the
intereession and in the interests of St Francis; i'oi-
on starting from the peninsula after completing ar-
rangements for the new establishments, Father Jniii-
pero had asked (Jalvez — "and for Our Father Sail
Francisco is there to be no mission?" to which the
visitador had ]'cj»lied — "if San Francisco wants a
mission let him cause his port to be I'ound and it v ill
be ])ut there;"' and the saint did show his port and lei't
St Cliarles to do as much at ^Lontei'cy later. The
'-' ' LiK'LC" iiiii' k'i cstji iidticia atrilmi ;i(lis]Kisicion(1iviiiii obnu' no luilLnulo
la ('.\]ii'ilk'i(iii il jiuerti) tie ^lontcrey en el ]iai'!i.!j;e i|Ue lo scfialaliii, el aiiti'iiit)
deiTiiteni, sinnieso liasla llei^'ar al I'nerto ilo i\, I', f-i. J''iiuieis(ii. ' V'.iln '•'•:
Jimi/nid .■^(■rra, 88. CUee.son, Hid. t'al/i. C/i., ii. oj-S, uceeptrf the view tiiat
it was a niiraelc.
SANTA CRUZ REGION.
153
other theory is one tlmt was soiiicwliat prevalent
uninug- the descendants of the first Spanish soldiers
;iiiil settlers ill Inter years, namely, that tlu? explorers
had secret orders from (jalvez not to find jNEonterey,
Imt ti) go on to San Francisco. ^^ Neither this view
(if the matter nor that involving supernatural agencies
seems to demand nuich comment. It would be very
(litlicult to prove the inaccuracy of either.
It having been determined to proceed, Ortega and
a few men advance October Gth to make a reconnois-
saucc which seems to favor former conclusions, since
he saw another river and thought ho saw another
wooded point, which might be the veritable Rio Car-
niclo and Point Pinos. Xext day the whole company
set out and in twenty-three days inarch up the coast
to Point Angel Custodio, since called Point San
Pedro. Eleven men have to be carried in litters,''
and progress is slow. On the 8th the IMjaro River
is crossed and named by the soldiers I'rom a stufled
bird found among the natives. A week later in the
vicinity of Sequel the j^^^^'^ Colorado, or redwood,
begins to be seen. On the 17tli they cross and name
tlie Rio de San Loren/o, at the site of the present
Santa Cruz; and on the 2.'3d Point Aho Nuevo is
[massed. Vegetables soon give out as had meat long
ago, and rations are reduced to live tortillas of bran
and ilour a day, Portol;ian<l Rivera are added to the
sick list. On the 28th the rains begin, and the men
are attacked by diarrha^a, which seems to relieve the
sem'vv. The .'jOth they reaeli a i)oint with detached
rocks, or Jarallones, loc'dted by Costanso in 04° ul',
_ '■' r,i!hjn, ir,st. Cnl, MS., i. ?,<)-4?.: Almni'l,, li:.< rw/.. MS., i. 1!)^-J;1;
Viil.'cjii (,/. /.), Jt'ciiiiii., MS., ()()-7. Ail liavo luiinl IVolii ]''ii;ici;> \';illt'jv) iiial
DtiRT.s of liis time tluit I'ortoLl ^\•ils .suinm.-^cil to li.nc jjiissod Moiitin-v iiitt'u-
tiniinliy.
"Ortc.i.'a (U'scrilics the lal)()i'.s iuul siifreiiiii's of the men more fully thim
others. lie ,say.s Hi lost the use of tluir lini' ■ IJaeli night they ■were
i;il)'ii'il willi oil iiiul eaeh moiniu^' W( lo fas'iiied to the lijcra^, :i kind of
Wooden fianie, and iai.sid to the hacks of the nniles. The rain however
brought some relief. I'lVijimnto, ^IS.
•I '?
13 *}
!fl|
150 EXrEDlTIOX TO MONTEREY AND SAN FRANCISCO.
wlioro tlio hills bar tlio passag^o along the shore. It is
named Point Angel Custodio and Point Ahnejas,
being tliat now known as San Pedi-o.^'
It is ilu^ last day of Oetober. After some j)relinii-
nary examination by an advance party, tlie whole eoni-
])any climb the hill and gaze about them. On tluir
left is the ever })i'esent sea, rolling oif to the west in
a dim eternity of waters. Before them is a bay, or
bight, lying between the point on which they stand
and one beyond extending into the sea far to thenortli-
Mest. liising al)ru[)tly full l)efore them, higli above
the ocean, the bold shore })resents a dismal IVont in
its sumniei'-soiled rol)es, as yet undyed by t])e delicious
winter rains, the clouded sun meanwhile refusing its fro
quent exhibitions of exquisite colorings between the
deep blue waters and the dark, purple blulf. Pai'thei" to
the left, about west-nortli-west from their position and
apparently south-west from the distant point, is seen
a group of six or seven Avhitish faralloncs; and finally
looking along the shore northward they discover white
clifi's and what appears to be the mouth of an inlet
niakiiii*' toward the north-east. There is no mistakin'j;
these landmarks so clearly laid down by Cabrera Pu-
eno.'" "J'he travellers recognize theuj immediately;
the distant point of land must be Point Peyes, and
under it lies the. port of San Francisco. The saint
has indeed and unexpectedly brought the missionaries
within sight of his port. Strong in this well founded
conviction, the pilgrims descend the hill northward
and encanq) near the beach at the southern extrt^niity
'■'• ^k Dtiylo, ^l(/(/;r.s's 7, makes it Corral do Tierra, or Pillar I'oiiit, nt llic
iKirtlicm fxiit inity of Half !Mooii JJay. I do not know if this wa.'j ii (lijliii-
aaily fornud ojiiniim; Imt my reasons for identifying Mussd I'nint a\ itii i'-;iii
I'odro ai'c: Isl, the <lL;taelied rocks ovj'ariil/oiic-i not fouiul in eoiiueetion wiili
tin; oilier points, see ( V/. (SVrt^r; C.'(-o/.<V»?'('. Ailapoj'ri'ijioii iiiljdrint InS. F., \><*''',
'_M, tlielii.l.s cutting oil' the shore passa;,'0 as they <lo not at i'illar I'oiut, >ce IiL;
lid, tile clear \iewof D ako I'ay and the FaraHones, etc.; and 4lh, the fact
that in orchr to juit in the nundjer of leagues they did going south along the
Canada they nuist iiave crossed at San Pedro ratiier than ;it I'il'ar, esiieci;dly,
if as iJoyle suggests, their last camp was no farther south than Searsvilie.
There are, however, some diiiicultics.
"'For tlii-s autlior'sfuli descri^itiuaof this reeiou see elia[). iii. thiavohuue.
THE OLD Sx\N FRANCISCO.
l.-)?
of tlic shoot of water kiKnvn to tlio Spaniards from
that tiiiio as the Euseuada do los Faralloiios.
thiavoiuinc.
Tlioro has been iiiuch pcr[)loxlty in the minds of
inodoru writers respeetini,' this port of San Francisco,
ivsulting from want of familiarity with tlio orii^inal
records, and from the later transler of the name to
another hay. These writers have failed to clear away
the difficnlties that seemed to surround the sul)jocl.''
I have no space to cataL)guo all the erroneous ideas
that have been entertained; but most authors seem
to have su[)posed that the matter was as dark in the
minds of the Spaniards as in their own, and it has
been customary to interpret the reply t)f Galvez to
Sella already (juoted somewliat like this: "If San
Francisco wants a mission lot him reveal the whoio-
aliouts i)f tliis port of his of which we have hoard so
much and which we have never been able to find," or
in other instances more* simp]}', "let him show a good
pert if he wants a missit)n."^^
•'('irtiiiii exceptions should l>e noted. ^Ty assistant, in tlic Ovorlnnd
Moiil/i'i/, made UuDwn for the first time to tho Ell,!l,'lisll-l■eildiIl^' piiljlic the
st.itviiiciits of ('ali7era Bueno andC'rcspi, and in a few brief notes put the suli-
jctt ill its true light. Doylo in notes to Ids reprint of ralou Kul)sei|ueiitly
gave a eovreit version; and several writers since have partially utilizeil llio
infurniatioii thus presented.
'■'^'Ilie fnlldwing from DirincUc's Colon. Ilht. S. /■'., xi. 24, is a sample of
the erroiy eurreut in the best class of works: 'There was a report in Mexii'o
tiiat sr.eh a port existed, yet navigators sent to explore it had not suceeiiled
ill finding it, and even at Monterey nobod- believed in it. llut in 177- Tat'iHr
Jniiii>eio, taliiug the viceroy at his word, chuscmI an overland expedition to.'^et
out fnr -Monterey under the eonnnand of Juan 11. Aiiisa to search forthe apoe-
ryplial ]ioit. 'J'Ik'v were so successful as to discover the present bay of S.iii
l'"iiniei.-;co.' l)\viiielle"s idea seems to be that there was a tradition of siuli a
by hcl'ore Drake's time; that l)rak(; and othei's after hiui missed the bay "U
accoi'.ut I'f fogs, etc.; and that the real bay had thus come to be regarded as
apnc!iry[ilial. liandoljihin his famous oration, 1 1 iitvluiKj^' M'l'.h, v. "Jliit, rcgan'.i
it "as one of the most remarlvablc facts in history that others liad passed it,
anchored near it, and actually given its name to adjacent roailst<'ad :, and id
(li'-iribed its position that it was inim-diatcly known; and yit that the clnud
liHil never been lifted which concealed tlu' enti'anee of the: bay of S;in Fran-
cisco, and that it was at last discovered by land.' l\andol]ili's error was :■!
su[i[i()>iiig tliat it was tlie inside liay that 'was iinmeiliatelj- known,' rather
than the 'adjacent roadstead.' Tulhill, ///V. ('((!., 77-0, says that r-irtolii
Went on to San I'rancisco and recognized it as having been before descril)ed.
I'lis-ibly some Spaniai'ds had visitccl tie port and their oral descriptions mixed
with that of Drake gave rise, to the n line and to glowing accounts wliieh were
aeci((lited to Monterey! Thus all became confusion between tin two bays.
Suuie authors, correctly stating; that rortulii discovered the bay of Sua Fran-
mm
1.-8 KXPEDITION TO MOXTEllHY AND S^^ FRANCISCO.
Tliore was, liowrvrr, notliiiiL^ iii^ywtei'ious in tli<>
ii!;itttii', save us all tliiiiu's in tho Doith were at ono
time or anotlur llii'jcil with mystery. The truth is
tluit belbre 17G!) Sail Francisco l*()rt under J'oint
lieyes liad been twice visited by Spaniards, to say
iiothiiiL,^ of a jirohable visit by an EiiL-lislnnan, while
]\[onterey liad r(!ceived only one visit; both wen*
located and descrilxil with e(|ual clearness in ( 'abrer.i
]>ueno's coast-pilot; and conse(|uent]y, it less tallied
about San Francisc<j was quite as well known to (^al-
^■ez, Port'ola, Crcspi, and the rest, as was jNIonterey.
'Jlie visitador's remark to Sorra meant sinjply, "it" Saii
Francisco wants a mission let him favor our entei'-
])i'ise so that our exjiloration and occu[)atit)n may Im
extended noi'thward to include his port." The ex-
jilorers passed up the coast, came within sight of San
Francisco Port, an<l had no difHculty in recognizin;^"
the landmarks at tirst glance, The mii'acle in the
]>adre's eyes was not in the showing of San Francisco,
but in the concealment of j\[onterey. And all this,
be it remembered, without the slightest suspicion or
tratlition of the existence of any other San Fran-
cisco, or of the grand inland bay so near which hn-i
since made the name famous. St Francis had indeed
brought the Spaniards within sight of his port, but
his mission was not to bo there; and some A'ears later,
when the Spaniards found they could not go to San
Francisco, they decided that San Francisco nuist come
to them, and accordingly transferred the name south-
ward to the peninsula and bay. Hence the conl'ii-
ciwco in 17'iO, also tell lis that lie naineil it. Set; OIrri<on'fi Hist. Cath. Ch., ii
."S; Cajimii'n Jii.s/. CaL, \'2-; Soiiic'.f Amin/.i of S. /■'. , 4(!, etc.; but the iiiiu r
liay was not iiaiiieil for ssoiue years, .•uul the outer hay had hecn iiamiil lon^'
licfore. That confusion .still rei,L;ns in tiio minds of tlic best writers is show u
by the following; from llillcWn J/is/. S. Fnturisro, 41: 'Tlie Si)anish explorers,
Portolii and ('i-es]ii, did not imairino tliat they had made a discovery. Tl;i y
s:uv that the liarlwr was dili'erent from that of Monterey, described by Viz-
caino, but tiiey ima,;.dned tliat it was the Ijay of San Francisco inentioui'<l liy
their navi^'ators as lyin.i; under shelter of Point Jteyes. Friar Juan Ci'esjii,
Mho may bo consithred the head of the expedition, not knowinL,' that lie had
made a discovery, did on the 7th of November IT'"'.* discover the site aiid
harbor of San Fruucisco, and he gave to them the name which they now bear.'
ISCO.
IS ill llio
ro at oiu!
e truth is
V-Y Vo'w.t
ds, to SUV
lan, whili!
)()tli wvvo.
n (,';il)i'i'i'a
CSS talkrd
^•n to (;ial-
Montci'cv.
[y, "it'Sau
:)ur oiiter-
DU niJiv 1"!
The* cx-
jht of Sail
OC'OU'llizill'J:
do in tin.;
Fraiu'isco;
a all this,
ispicioii IT
'an Fraii-
A'hich has
lad iiidcrd
port, hut
ears later,
go to Sail
iiust coiiu;
mo south -
ho con ill-
ICofh. Hi., ii.
Init tlio iiiiur
|l lllUlli'll I'lll^'
Iti'i's is slmwu
lish cxploiMs,
lovery. Thiv
liilxii liy Vi/-
Inc'iitioiud by
Jnau Crcspi,
L tluit he hail
Tthc sito iniil
Icy now buur. '
DISCOVERY OF SAN FRANCISCO RAY.
159
sioa alluded to. It must be home in mind that tho
inner liay was not nainrd duiinjj;' this tiij), nor lor
some years later; while the outer bay had beeii nauietl
tbr more than a half century.
A few of the company still venture to assert that
^r<interey has not been jiassed, and to I'emove all
dniiht it is decided to send the ex|»lorers forward to
point ]hyes. Ortega sets out with a small party on
the day following, taking provisions for a three days'
trip, ^reanwhile the rest remain in camp just north
of ^Tiisscl Point. Put during Ortega's absence, the
2(1 <if Xovember, some of the soldiers, in hunting for
deer, climb the north-eastern hills, and return with
tidiiiLTs of a new discovery. Prom the summit tlujy
had heheld a great inland sea stretching northward
and south-eastward as far as the eve could reach. Tho
coiinlry is well wooded they say, and exceedingly
lieautii'ul. Thus European eyes first rest on the waters
(il'Siin Francisco Pay; but tho names of these doer-
hunters can never be known. At camp they make
one error on hearing tho news, by attempting to iden-
tity this nevr "brazo do mar 6 e.stero" with the "es-
toro"' mentioned by Cabrera Pueno as entering tho
land fnnn the port of San Francisco under Point
lloyes;'" that is, at first thought it did not seem pos-
i-'lhle for an inlet of so great extent to have escaped
the notice of the early vovagers; Imt this erroneous
idea does not last long, or lead to any results. It is
at once- i'oreseeii that Ortega's party will not be abh.j
til reach Point Iveycs, because he has no boats in
Vihieh to cross, and no time to go round the inlet.
And indeed next day Ortega returns. As had been
antit^ipated, he had not been able to cross the inlet
isnd leach San Francisco. To Ortega, whose descend-
ants still live in California, belongs tho honor of having
'■'It must be rcmcinbercd tliat, to casual obscn-ors like tlic hunters afc
least, .st:iii(^iiig on tho San ]]i'uno hills, tho CMniuxtiou of the bay with tho
ocwiu Miiulil Hi'cni to bo very nnnh t'iu ther uortli thiui tho tloldcu Gate, aud
l)us:.ibly far enough nortii to reach tho bay under I't Koyes.
;
mi
HI
siji
! !i
100 FATKDITIOX TO MONTHREY AND SAN FKAXCISCO.
first explored the peiiiiisulji on ^vlli(•]^ stands tli(> coni-
iiiorciid nietro)>olis of the west coast of North Aniec-
iea; |nol)ai)ly also that of huvinn' discovered what i-<
now known as the (jiolden (jiate, and possibly that ol"
l)ein'^ tlu^ discoverer of the bav, for he inav ha\e
climbed the hills on his way north and have looked
down on the 'brazo do uiar,' befoi-e the deei'-hnnteis
saw it.'"" Yet we liavo no details of Orti'L^a's e\-
])loration, l)t>cause he comes back with om; idea
which has driven all others from his min<l,and wlii(!i
indeed tnrns the thout^hts of the whole company into
a new channel. lie has understood the natives, ( f
whonj lie found some on the peninsula, to sayth.it
at the head of the 'l)razo de mar' is a harbor, and in
it a vessel at anchor.
Visions of the San f/use and of the food and other
necessaries they can now obtain Hoat Ixjfore thc;ii
sleej)inu^ and waking'. Sonu! think that alter all they
are indeed at ^Monterey. Obviously t le next thin^•
to be done is to seek that harbor and vessel, lleiic
on the 4th of Novendjer they break camp and set
(^)ut, at first kee})ing ah'Ug the shore, but soon turniii'4
iidand and crossinij^ the hills north-eastward, the
whole coni))an\' lookini^ down fi'om the summit iipoii
the inland sea, and then descending into a cahada,
down which they follow southwai'd ibr a tinu; and
then encamp; the day's march being only about live
or six miles in all. 1'hcy have crossed the San Bruno
hills I'rom just above Point San Pedro to the head
of the Canada in a course duo west from Mill inc.
Next tlay thev march down the same caiiada, called
Ity them San i^'rancisco, now San Andres and San
]kaiuumdo, for three leagues and a half, having tlu;
main ran'>'e on the ri''ht, and on the leil a line nf
low hills which obstruct their view of the bay. Tiny
encamp on a large lagoon, now Laguna (irande, on San
Mateo Crook. On the (Jth they continue their niar.li
'-'"It must also l)e)ii)tu(l that .'inion;.; Fii;;o.s' VMliuitecrrf t!^'l•<•^v,■^s.•l S(.'r:,'t.n;it
Pu'y wuoiiiay pus:jiljly Ijc ciititlod t'j till this hoiun', Icat pnjluiWy nut.
ON THE PFXIXSULA.
101
jnr (•tlicr three leaui'iu's jiiid ii Imll' to the ctid of the
(•;iii;i(lii. |)ilcliiii;4" tliuir camii on ii stream llowiii,!^ into
the li.iy (loiilttlcsa the Sail J''raiK'i,s(juito Creok in
tlie \iciiiity (»t' Soarsville.
Here the lualii force remain lour days, suilei-ini^
mnsiderahly from hun<j^(;i-, and many nialunn' them-
selves ill i>y eating' aeoi'iis, while the sergeant and
Movi:.Mi;XTS of thk Discovkreus.
ei^-lit of the party are absent examining the country
and searching for tho port and vessel. Ou the 10th
of Xovember the men return and report the country
sterile and the natives hostile. There is anothei- large
'estero' connnunicating with the one in sight, l>ut no
sign ol' any port at its end, \vhi<'h is Ihr away and
diiHcult to reach. There is nothing to sIkjw how far
UiPT. Cal., Vol. I, 11
s
1G2 EXPEniTIOX TO MONTEREY AND SAN FRAXCISCO.
this rcconnoissanco cxtciuU'd aloiin' tlio l)ay sliorc^;
but tliu now L'stcro is ovidoiitly but tlio souih-casti'iii
cxtuiisioii of'tliu main bay; and roixuts (»rili(' couiitiv
are doubtless colored by disa[)])oiiitiiient resju'ctiii;^^
the Sail Jose. A eouiicil ot" (jiliceis and i'riars is
called on the I Ith, and after the solemnities ot" holy
mass each meudjer gives his written opinion on wliat
shoidd be done. The decisii^n is unanimous that it is
useless to seek ^Monterey i'arthor north, and that it is
b(>st to return to l*oiiit Pinos. ]*()rtol;i makes sonie
objection, probably as a matter ot" Ibrm, but yields to
the views ot the others.
The same aiternoon they set out on their return,
and in a march of twenty-six. days, over the same
i';)ute l)y which they came, and without incidents that
]'e(juiri' notice, tluy reach what is really ( arniclo
JKiy. llei'c they remain i'rom November '28th to
December 10th, making some additional explorations,
but linding no ]tort, and in fact learning nothing new
,-s;i\'e that the mountains in the south belong to the
Sierra de Santa J^ucia and that no passage along tlio
shoi'o is practicable. Grass is now abundant for the
animals, but the men can get no game, tish, or even
clams. Some gulls are eaten, and a nmle is killed
M'hicli only the Catalan volunteers and J^ower Cali-
ibrnians will eat. Finally, after religious exercises on
the i)re(\'dinuf dav a coimcil is held on the 7th. -'^ Thr:'e
])lans are pro|)osed. Some, and among them the gov-
ernctr, fa\ oi' dividing the force, part remaining at l*oiiit
Pinos to wait ibr a vessel, the rest returning to San
])iego; others think it best for all to remain till [»ro-
visi;;ns are exhausted, and then di [)end on mule-uicat
for t!ie return; l>ut tlu' preva^'ing sentiment and the
decision are in favor of innmd.ate return, since sup-
plies are reduced to fourteen small sacks of ilou'', while
the cold is excessive ; id snow l)egins to c( ver the
liills. ^Meanwhile two nudatto arrieios de.-ert, and ou
'' The record of {\\\< jniit:!, inul (if the former one of \ov. ! Kh were !ii-
cliulcd ill the original J'ur.'vku J^iurio, MS., but are not in tlie cviry.
BACK TO SAN DIEGO.
103
ilio Oth an ii'<'ii band sunposcd to hiivo conu' from the
mast of solium vessel is found on the beach by the natives,
liefore leaving' Canu'lo Jki}' a large cross is set up
on a laioll near the l)each, bearin;4 ^'"-' ^"'J"v^'<l insciijv
ti :>ii "Di,!.;' at the loot and thou wilt iind h writing.''
Tli<' 1iuri(!d document is a, biicf narrative of the e\[)e-
(lilion witli a re^juest th.it the commander tifany ves-
sel airiving so«.u will srJl down the coast and try to
(•(innnunicate with the l;jid party." lieci'ossing tlie
jnuinsula they set up, on the shore of the very haibor
tliey could not find, another cross ^^■ith an inscription
a!iiioiMuing their departure. Setting out on llieii*
return tlie lltli thtj" ascend the Salinas and reti'ace,
with a i'cw exceptions, tiieir foruKn* rout(.\ It is an
une\-entful journey, but I catalogue a few details in a
note.''' .In'low the tSan Luis Obispo region the natives
liegiii to bring in an abundance of tisli and other food,
so that there is no further sulrering, and on January
24, 1770, with uiany curious conjectures as to the
condition in whieh their i'rieiids \vill be ibund, they
approach tlie palisade enclosure at San ])iego, and
announce
tl
leir arri
val 1
A',
arm welcome;
Iblh
)y a
"dtl
disci
lai'Li'e (ji mu:
ows anti tlien comparison
-ketiT
»f not
es.
Neither pai'ty can report much progress toward tin
coiKiuest of California.
i"'iL' k'ttor is tl;it<(l T)oo. Otli, iiiid is tivinslatud in Jhii/U'.i Ailihrnfi.
r
I'liibcr Hit!
I, ;i. li'.-iii imui:
lift ill tlic Sierra iK' Sta Lucia v.:
icrcil
f;it iMul \:i.:]\ iMrcd for liy the iialivcs. l20t!i, to provciit tlicft provisioiisi
woio (lioU'ilintcd, -40 tortillas to cacli iiui
iln
I'll
gOII'J
f:
ifn
jr cnuli olliccr am
(I ]iadri
nu.i wastouiid aliioir' tlio iiativi's and i'XchsimI huirsi
>lst,
1
ilid a little 1/isciiit, liaiii,
1 dcsi'rti'il at 1'
a, man Wjio liai
fjcari'h (
iK'stTtcr rciiirucd latorto ^'aIl Die
lint
;tliat lu'ha.l
f Monti'rty in tho lio]i(i of lionor and itwanl. Anotlitr
;'lf 1
IV ^;a^■lm
•_'Uh and "jritli, the nati\('-^ l)i\L;an to
nmrr i:>
food.
JSUi.
;k fast ii
iiiialilo to my mass tlioii;,li it was a day of yA
udliylo near San Luis Oliis]!
annarv
1st, a 1)1
CUbj |;i
Ikvl f
urm.iiiii ' materia
I f(u- ii fea-;t. .Tr.nuary IM. pissed Point Coli-
ct'ixicm. -Itli, auotlier fatiuule restored liy the natives. ImuhI now aliundant.
it A: un)pta,<.r Santa Ij.ahara. January l:Jtli to l.'itli, insleail of .<:oing
llili, utA
up tlic S:'.lit
. <;!ara 11
Ivor, they took a more soutlu'rn I'oute.
'fhey
il
not
M' t t':ro;i''!i livtlio lirst route tried, on Mhieii
th-
nie.l tht^ 'i'riunfo lan
seil 1(V till
i:i. a iianio tliat sceuKi to have survivid; hut they linally iro
-"."I i:ta^fO nnitci «•,"« Sinn. .lanuary Kith to ISth. their route throu'di the
Anjiku rc;;i(in was also dilierent Lnt not very elear. On the ITlli they
eros.icd the IMo I'oreir.iieula and -wirit to a valky whieh they e.dled S;iii
ly tluy
Li
Mi; uel, v.lieve San ( lidirii 1 mission afterwanls stood; and
crusiicd the liio Jsuuta Ana lunLC loaifucii disttiiit.
..t d;
CHAPTER VII.
Ill
OCCUPATION OF MONTEREY- FOUXDIXG OF S.VN C.UlLOS, SAX
ANTO:. 10, iVSD SAN 0AJ3RIEL.
1770-1771.
Affairs at Sax Diego — A Disheartened Governor— C.vlifohni a to v.r,
Abandoned — Rivera's Tuir to tiif. Softu — Pisayer Answtjrkd—
Aruival of the 'San Antonio' — Discovery of JIontekey — In Camp
on C'Ait.MEi.o Bay— Founding of tjie Presidio and Mission of Sax
Cai! Los— Despatches Sent South by Land and Sea — PortolA Lkavks
Fages in Command— liKCErTioN of the News in Mexico — Ten Padkiis
Sent to California — Paloc's ^Memorial — Mission Work in the
North— Arrival of the New Padres — Stations Assigned — Fofnd-
ING OF San Antonio — Transfer of San Carlos to Caraielo Day-
Events at San Diego — Desertions — Re'i'ihement of Paruon and
Gomez — Establishing of San Gabriel — Outrages by Soldiers.
At San Diego during Portolas absence no jirogrcss
liad been made in niis.sion work, save perhaps the ad-
tlition of a palisade and a few tule huts to the build-
ings. The governoi-'s return in January 1770, from
liis unsuccessful trip to JNIonterey, liad no etlect to
brighten the aspect of affairs, since lie was much dis-
lieartened, and not disposed to afford aid to the presi-
dent in atlvancing the interests of a mission that woiiM
Very likely have to be abandon<}d. 8o nothing was
done bevond makin<jt a new corral for the horses.
Serra and Pnrron were just recovering from tlic
scurvy, and Vizcaino was still sufK'ring from tlic
ai'row wound in his liand.^ .l^ortola's plan was {n
makc> a careful inv»Mitory of supplies, I'eserve enough
I'or the mardi io X'elicntii, iind ab;in(h)n S;ni Diego
when the remaindei- should be exhausted, whii'h would
'Eight of the voluiitccrH had ilieil, Purtold, Diario, MS., .'$4.
( 101 )
MUST CALIFORNIA BE ABANDOXED ?
163
JILOS, SAN
FORMA TO r.R
ANswr.uKi) —
lEY— In Camp
ssion of svv
iitolA Lkavks
— Tks PAiJiacs
\'0K1C IN THE
iNKD— ForND-
iR:Mi:bo Bay—
Pauuon ami
)I,DIETIS.
) progress
)s tl)o ad-
tlu! \m'M-
70, IVoiii
I c'ticcl. to
much dis-
the |)rt•^i-
hat would
|thing ^vas
10 horses.
iVoiii 1'H>
Iroin tlio
In was to
i> rnouu'U
ich would
lion
le a little after the inidcllo of April, the 20th being
fi 'icd as the date of departure.
The friars, especially Seri-a and Cr^ '>', were greatly
dl.saj)[)oiiited at t!ie governor's resolution. They wore
oppuscil to the idea of abandoning an enterprise so
aus]Meiously begun, though how they e.\])eeted the
t;ol(liers \ • live tloes not clearly ajtpear. Portola was
probably somewhat too nnitdi inclined to look at the
dark side; while the president jierhaps allowed his
missionary zeal to inij)air his juilgment. So far as
they wore concerned, personally, Sorra and Crospi
resolved t(» stay in the country at all hazards; and for
tli(! 1-esult they could only trust in providence to send
sii[)[)lies before the day sot for de[)arture. They re-
ceived some encouragement, however, from Ca})tain
A'ila, who, judging from the description, agreed with
Hcrra that tlio northern port whore; a cross had boon
left was really ]\[onterey. Furthermore it is said
that Vila made a secret promise to take the pi'iosts on
lioard the Sail Cdi'Ios, wait at San JJiogo for another
vossi 1, and renew the northern coast enterprise.^
On the nth of February Ivivora was despatched
f^ovtthward, with nineteen or twenty soldiers, two
iiiulotoors, two natives, eighty mules, and tiMi horses.
llv was accompanied by l*adro A'^izcaino wlioso lame
Land })rocured liim leave of absence; an<l his destina-
tion was Velicata, whore ho was to got the cattle
that had been loit there, and such othor su[)plios as
luiuht bo ])rocurable. lie carried full reports to secu-
lar an;l Franciscan authorities of all that had thus
far hofallen the expedition, bearing also a loiter from
iSenu to l\dou, in whi(di tlic writer bewailed the
piospoct of failure and announced his intention to
remain to the last. After some skirniishos with the
savages, two of whom had to i»o killed to frighten
away the rest, Kivora reached AVlicata February
-atli, at once sotting about his task of gathering su[)-
plics, in which he was zealously seconded l)y i'alou;
'I'al'jii, I'iilii, 'Xt-ii.
,i
lOG
OCCUl'ATION OF MONTEREY.
m
but p.)mc months iJiissed l)cforo ho could l)c ready to
march northward — imleed, bef'uro ho was ready the
urg'ont necessity had ceased.
IMcanwliile at San Diego men and officers were
Avaiting, j)reparati()ns were being made for departuie,
iViars were praying, and days were ]iassing one by
one, l)ut yet no vessel came. The only conversation
was of abandoning the northern country, and every
word was an arrow to the soul of the ])ious Junipeio;
but lie could only pray unceasin^^ly, and tiust to t!io
intercession of Saint Jose[)li the gi'cat patron of the
expedition. In his honor a novena — nine days' pnl)lic
prayer — was instituted, to culminate in a giand rwr-
monial entreaty on tire saint's own day, March llie
IDth, the day before the one of final abandonment.
(Jeiitly smiled the nt')rning sun on that momentous
moirow as it rose above the hills and warmed to liaji-
itiness tlie myriads of creatures beneath its benii>iiaiit
rays. Sur[)assingly lovely tlie scene; the beaut ii'iil
ba\' in its i'resli sijrini/ boi'der hiding' behind the hill-;
like a sportive eii'l from briny mother ocean. At an
early hour the fathers were abroad on the hoii-hts,
for they could neither eat nor rest. The fullilment er
failure of their hopes was now to be determined. Tlie
day wore slowly awav; nt)on came, and the hours n\'
the alternoon, and }et no sail a})peare(l. The suspeiis,'
was painful, for it was more than life to those Iioly
men, the redem})tion of the bright, fresli ])aradi>e;
and so all the day they watched and piaxed, watdud
with straiiunl eyes, and iirayed, not with lips only lnif
with all those soul-lon''in!'-s which onmiseience aieiie
can translate. Finally, as the sun dro[>ped below tin?
horizon and all hope was gone, a sail appeared in itie
distanci' like a winged messenger fi'om heaven, Jiinl
befoi'e twilight deepened into darkness tlu; sn ai'denl'.y
longcid-for vessel was in the oiiing. California w;i-;
saved, bk.'ssod be (lod! and they might yet consuiii-
niate their dearly cherished schemes.
COMING OF RELIEF.
167
ready to
oady the
?crs Avevo
lepai'turc.
)• one l»v
ivtTsatioii
I IK I every
Juuipeio;
.ist to the
•on ot" tlu;
lys' public
rantl t-vvo-
,l;il'ch tlu!
innuent.
iioinentous
,ed to liap-
l)eni;j,n:>iit
^ boa lit i I'm I
A the hills
lin. At itu
c heights,
ihihnent I'V
ined. Tlu'_
lo hoiu's of
\c SUStU'llSO
hesc hilly
j);n'a<li>*';
|l, NVntchrd
IS only hut
riwv. a'U'lii'
Ittlow the
ri'd in the
iwvu, and
,() ardently
'ornia vras
t eousuiii-
Thc fourth day thereafter tlic San Antonio anchored
ill t!io bay, wlience she liad sailed the [)i'(jvious -fuly.
She had readied San ]^las in twenty days, and both
(iabez and the viceroy gave innnediate orders to j)ro-
vi(le the needed sup[)nes. After certain vexatious but
uiiavi»ida.b]e (h-lavs, slie liad again turned hei- ])ro\\'
northward in ])eceinber. Perez liad ordi^'rs to sail
lor Monterey direct, wliei'e it was su})[)osed l\)rtol;i
would bo found; but fortunately he was obliged to
enter the Santa ]>;irbara ehannel for water, and the
natives explained that the land expedition liad re-
turned southward. J^veii then Perez in his ])erplexity
would have gone to MonteiH'V had not the loss of an
anchor Ibrced him to turn about just in time to [)i'e-
vent the a!)andonment of San ]3iego. The San ^lii-
tnni'n hiMiighi r.hundant sup])lies, and she also brought
instructions from (hdv(>z and Viceroy Croix, one or
both of which facts drove from l^)rtola's mind all
thought of abjindoiiing the coiKiue
^t. ][
made
hast I
in his pre[)arations for a return to Monterey with
Serra and Cres[)i, setting out overland A])ril 17th,
af^ I' despatching the SiUi Antonio northward the da\'
heibii'.
Thei'e \V(;re left at San ]^ieo-o, Vila with a mate an
(I
liv
ei:
e sai
Hit .-^oh
lors on the San Carlos, Seri.>'eant Orteua and
(iiers (Ic cncra, as a iruan
bP
irron and ( lomez
cl^
rc'iilar ministers in ehai'ire of the mission, and ten
I
jower
Cal
iioi'iiians as
lal
)oi'<'rs.
T
le
Sa}) Cdrtos had
orders to I'ccoive a crew Irom the >S''/// f/o,vJ when that
most uncertain craft should arrive, and then ])roceed
to ]\lontei'ey. Simultaneously with the de])arture of
the imitlieni expedition t\v'o natives had heen sent
SOUtil Willi
;tter;
Wil
ich rea(hed A"elicat:l
(lav:
and
on^to late in yiav
Al
went ((Uietlv with
in nuu!
1--ith
the little company left to struggle sjiirihially with the
soutliei'ii (;<'iififi(la<L L<>t it be liojied that before the
eiiii
lew con
■<) tl
le missioiuiries succeeded 111 maluu''' a
\erts, as they iirobablx' did, but tlic-re is in
pesiti\e record ol a siii;
fie b
ipt
ism.
Ptiv
era wi
th 1
us
]
108
OCCUPATIOX OF ]SIONTEREY.
nineteen or twenty soldiers, over eiLjlity mules liuk'ii
with supplies, and one hundred and sixty-four head of
cattle, having left Velicatit in May,^ arrived in .fuly.
Ahout the same time messengers came down hy land
announcing the successful occupation of Monterey, and
the intention of lV)rtolci to come down hy sea and take
the San Carlos for San ])las. Vila, accordingly, made
ready for departure, obtaining a soldier and two mule-
teers to ]"eenforce his crew; luit as the San Ahti>iiii>
did not appear, and his own vessel was heing injured
hy her long stay, in August the worthy captain sliook
out his itllc sails and made for San Bias, lie died a
little later, and his pioneer paqiichot had to return to
California under a new conunander.*
I V: ; '
fi':r
Let US turn again toward the north with the expe-
ditions sent out by land and sea to renew tiie searcli
for I\Tonterev. The San A)itonio sailed from San IJien'o
Apiil lOth, having on board l)esides Perez and crew —
INIigui'l del I'iiKj being sec(»U(lotlicer — Juni'i)i'ro Sei-rn,
]\[iguel Costanso, l\'dro Prat,'' and a cargo of stoi'cs
for a new mission. Next day Portola set out by land,
his comnany consistin!'- of Pauses with twelve C'ata-
Ian ^■<>lunteers and seven sohlados de vucra, Padiv
C'respi, two nudetecrs, and five nati\'es. Thr^y iollowed
the same route as before, recovered in the Sieri'a dc
Santa Lucfa an Indian who had deserted on the I'nniicv
tri[», and fnirdly encamped on the 24th of ^\\\x ii' ar
the spot where they had left the second cross t'lo
winter bei'orc^- on the l)ay shore. They ibund the cross
still f-tanding, but curiously surrounded and adoi'ned
witli jui'ows, sticks, feathers, iish, meat, and cl.inis
evidently (h'^iosited there by the savages as oli'erings
to the strangers' fetich. And later when ilie natives
"AjumI I Itli, iid'onlini; to JAoo^/v;/, Kstmrfn ih- ,V"^'' /Vm.
* On Sun Dii'go owntsof 1770 sw >'«/./», ^^of., i. -ISA Ai, 4:V2 '.), KX) 1 ; A'.,
Vidn, S.I- 104.
" J'y (.'omput.'iticin tlioro tilioulil also linvo ln-en on lioanl 2 nii'i'!i;niii>'. ■'>
servants, 3 iinik'tci'i-s, ami (i J^owcr Califuniiuns; Imt it isdniihliil il llicst'
tigniH's ai'c oorrci't, csptu'ially in tin; items (jf Indians and mulott'ci'd, not a
Vfiy usfful chibs of jicrsons on buiml a sliip.
OFFERINGS TO TIIK CROSS.
liiid Icnrncd to make themselves iniderstood, to speak
as best slioiiM please tlieir teachers, soiiu! stranjj^e tales
tlu'V told, lunv the cross had l)eeu illuiiiiiiated at iiii^'lit
and had iirowii in stature till it seemed to reach the
luavciis, moving the gentiles to ])roi)itiato by their
oileriiigs this (.'hristian symbol that it might do tliem
no liarui. As Portola, Crespi, and i*\iges walked along
the beach that afternoon returning from a visit to the
cross, they looked out over tlie placid bay, milled only
by the movements of seals and whales, and thc^y said,
all being of one accord, "This is the port of Monterey
which we seek, just as Vizcaino and ( *abrera Ihieno
describe it" — and so it was, the onlv wonder beini/ that
they had not known it before. ISoon for lack of fresh
water camp was moved across to Carmelo Hsiy.
A Aveek later, on the last day of ]\Iay, the San
Antonio hove in sight off Point Pinos; iires were
lighted on shore for her Q-nidance; and she enti'i'cd the
harbor bv Cabrera's sailing directions. She had at
first been driven south to latitude ;K)°, and then north
to the l:]nsenada de los Parallones, Avlierc she might
have ex[)lored the port of San l^'rancisco and the
newly discovered inland bay had not Perez' orders
required him to stem' direct for ]\Ionterey. June 1st
the govern(.)r, I'riar, and lieutenant crossed over from
Caniiclo to welcome the new arrival, and the order
was jiiven to ti'ansl'er the camp back to the j)ojt of
j\I()iite"ey, al)()ut whose identity there was no longer
anv doubt; for close searcli alon<x the shore revealed
the little ravine with its pools of i'lvsh water, the trees,
and rwu tlic wide-spreading oalc v.liose branciies
touched the water at hi!>'h t'u\o and nnd.er v.hicli mass
had been said by Ascension in IOOlI,''' all as in olden
time except the crowds of friendly nati\'es.
'' 'Ilizore l;i I^lcsin A In. Konilira do una crnmilc Iv.uiiin. ([Xio con ;il"iinas do
siis I'M-. :!i 1 rc^;til);'. i'l la M;ir, y ccrca ilc olla, en luia n.-,rr:!'ji|uilla, a Viintc pas-
Hos liavia ir.io:! pnzos vi\ <nic liavia ajcua iimy bnojia.' I'ciictjfti, Xnf. VcK, iii.
lUl-'J, (juotcil from Tonjid mnla. A(?cnnliiii,' to Vallcjo, ///>/. I'al., MS., i.
iii. 11 (' t;co v.adci' wliicli -Ascension said ma. m in lG;i2, and Scira in 1770. is
still iiandinr', licing lliat uiulcr which a new cros.; was sit np on tlic |!10ih
aimivi.'rs.>ry June Jf, l!570; but as the latter (reu i.-i at kouic distance lV(jni the
170
OCCUrATION OF MONTEREY.
On tlio .3(1 of Juno all wore assembled on the beach,
whore an cnrammhi, or shelter of branches, had l)eeu
erected and a cross made ready near the old oak.
Water* was blessed, the bells wei'o hnno-, and ihojicstn
bei;an \)\ loud and oft-repeated ])eals. Then Fatiici'
Junj'pero donned his alb and stole;, and all on bended
knee clianted the vcititc creator sjiififiis, after which
the cross was planted and blessed, and the <>-ood friar
s|)rinkle(l beach and fields with holy water, thus " ])ut-
tiuii;' to rout all infernal foes." An image of the holy
virg'in presented by Arcldjishop Loreiiicana of Mexico
havino- been set u[) on tlie altar, mass was said \>y
Serra amidst llie tlnmder of cannon and the crack of
musketry, followed by a sa/rc to the image and a
tf den, a i(iu<J((iiiiis. The cliurcli ceremonies ended,
Portola proceeded to take formal possession in tlic
name of CVulos III. by hoi.sling and saluting tlie I'uyal
flag of Spain, and going through the usual I'orms df
])ulliiig grass, throwing stones, and recording all in
the })i'es('ribed dcfd. Finally the ofhcers and fiiais
ate together under the shade of trees near tlio shore,
while the soldiers and others enjo3-ed their feast a little
a))art.
Thus weri; formally founded on June r5, 1770, the
mission and ]»resi(!io of San (Virlos Borromeo do
JNIonterey." The mission v>'as foundetl in tlie name of
tiiln-watur the identity miiy liu (juostioiicd. David Spt'iic.e, an oldand\vrU
known fitizon of ^Mmilcri'v, s:iid that .liinipero's tree was >jhown liim in I'LH
by ]\]ai'iuiio ll-itrada, and tliat it loll in lo,',>7t)i' IS.'IS. the waturliavin'^ w.isli -d
away the earth iVoni its mots. Spence thou^dit there was no doubt of itj
identity. Ta ilm's h'svor. (iiiif Fouiiihr.^, ii. , No. lit, a.
"St (^har!(!i Jjorronieo was born at Arona near .Mihin, Italy, in l.'.'SS. He
was v,.>\\ of the C lunt of Arona, nephew of Pope I'lus IV., archbisho|i of
Milan, and eardinal. ])ying iu b")S4, lie M'a.i eanonized in lOlO. A word is
neees.sary to remove eirlain dilHeuUies into v. liieh niodei'n wriLer.s and nxid. in
ii.sage have fallen respeetiny tlie name of this mission. Thi-s n.-ime w.is
always San (Aiilo;:; San (. .'irlos de Monterey was simply San ( iirlos at .Mnii-
tcrey, tliat )iort liavini,' bi'en named Ion'.( befure. When the mis.sien v..i<
movi'd toCarnielo bay ami river it was naturally s]](iken of as San IVnlcs i!, 1
Cai'inelo, or San C'rlns at ('arinelo, a port ;i!so named lonj; befoi'c. \\n\ Meii-
torey 1); in;; a ]irominent jilaeo the niis;-.i(in <'onlinued to be often e;d!ed ."-.lu
Ciirlosut ^Monterey, or .'■'an (Vuios at Carmido mtir Monterey, as the Spanl-h
preposition '.'(' may lust be translated. Ijut n'rain t!i(! full name, of tlie l.:'y
and river Carnie'o was Xnestra. Sefiora di 1 Monte Carr.ielo, or Xra. Sr;i. dri
Carmen, and lienee a new souree of eonfuaion aroie, all of Mhiih, however,
MISSION OF SAX CARLC.^.
171
licbfinch,
lliul l)('(Ml
old oak.
i\\o Jif'std
II l^'athci'
u bi'iulrd
,cr wlii'li
;-<)(kI iViar
lUS " piit-
tlio lidly
)t' Mexico
;i said l>y
I crack of
o-o and a
OS ondcd,
)ii in the
■ tlio royal
1'ornis of
ini;' all in
\\n\ fiiais
the shore,
ist a little
1770, tlie
•oineo i\c
name of
dIcI ana w. U
li liim in I'-i
liiviii'j; w.i>l'.yil
(Imibt (if iii
liii ir.ns. Ill-
|irclil)isliiip >■'
A \v(ii(! i-i
Js ami iiiDiK in
is iKinio was
lii-los at y]<<»-
inissii'U v.:i'
III! (.'arlos iKl
Ic. Tint Miin-
|u calk'il ■-.'■»
the Sii:iiii-!i
,..„f tlu'l'^V
|\ia. Sra. 'I' 1
lib, hiAWVii',
till' colleufo of San Fernando; Saint .Tose])h was named
as |)ati'on; and (*res])i was appointed as associate min-
ister with Scrra. A lew lininhle lints were at once
elected on a site snrvt'ved hy Costanso, a i;nnshot
fidiii llie heach and three times as far fi-om the port,
on an inlet which c<»nHnunicated with the hav at luLjh
watci'. These hnildini^'s constituted hoth presidio and
mission, as at San ])ie<j;'o, hiini^ I'liclosed hy a palisadi".
One of tlie huts was coinitleted and hlessed as a tem-
pi »r;iiy church on the 14th of June, when a grand ]iro-
fi'ss i(»n
tool
til
j.la
ce
bell
s were run<jf, an(
gun
s were
eii
hut thus far no natives appeared, heiir.;' fright-
ened it is said livtlu' noist- of cannon and mnsketrv.
A snldier and a youii''' sailor \'olunteered to carrv
despatches with news of success to San Diego and lo
til'' piiiiiistda. They started June ttth, met Kivei'a
just helow San l^iego, were reenforced by iive of his
men. and ihiallv carried their u'lad tidiims to (Ua-
onior Vrmona, who had just succeeded l*ortol;i, and
to Padre Palou at Todos Santos, on the 2(1 of August.
Salutes and thanksgiving masses celebrated the occa-
sion at Loreto, Todos Santos, and Santa Ana, while
Aiinona despatched a vessel to carry the news to the
main.
In accordance with previous orders from Galvez,
Poitola, as soou as a beginning was faii-ly made at
^roiiterey, turned the government of the new estab-
lishnunits over to Fages as militai'v commandant, and
sailed away in the San Aidnnio on ihe 9th of July.
He took with him the engineer Costans('); and J*er
vz
i)i;iy lie VLMnovod liy Ijcaring in iiiiinl tliat tlio mission ^^■as always San Ci'ulos,
ainl tiiat <itlur woi-ds wci'o nsud sdlcly t(> (.'Xpriss its lofa'ity. 'i'ay'nr, in CuL
fiiniirr, ,\[)ril '20, ISliO, ;.;ivt'S the I'lillowin;,' native iianiesdf loeahtii'.iat Mun-
tony; site of niodei'ii town Achirtiu or Aclinn'ri; l)uiiuli, SukUt i; I'oft liiil,
JliiiiiniLiil; site of ])ost-olliec, Sltiri^la. Aliouttlio date of foundation on .hino
■'^il. there is no ]iossil)li! error. I'aloil, Sei'i'a, the mission books of San C'arkis,
mill scores of otlieial reports in later years confirm this. Vallejo, II'Kt. ('a'.,
Ms., i. (i(J-8, and Alvar;id(), ll',.-l. Cul., MS., i. •j;)-4, are very posiiivc that
tile mission was not founded till later; but these writers eoafonnd the feund-
hil; with the sn)isii|nent transfer. See ,S'. Ciirln.^, IJh. MUion, Mti., I'rur.
•V. /'.'/-., -MS., i. lOU-10. Ar</i. Ar.oiyi-<iiado, MS., v, pt. ii. li.].
ITi
OCCUrATlOX OF MONTEREY.
intended ii> toncli at San Diey^o to divide liis eiru
with tlu! S((ii Carlos if the Sen Jose liad not yvX aji-
peared, l)ut, as v/e luivc seen, was not able to do .so,
and aiiived at San ]]las the IsV. of Aii^'ust. (."ostans(')
and iV'i'ez went to jNIexieo as hearers of the news,
ai'rivinu;" on the 10th, at which date the name of the;
former (hsap})ears from the annals of Cahfornia fn-
twenty years or more, at the end of wlii(.'li lime wo
sliall hnd him ixivinu' some sensil le adviee on Caliloi'-
nian afiairs; wliile of I'ortola nothinjj^ is known al'ur
Jiis ];in(lln<4' at San Bias, except that he was ^'overimr
of Piiebla in 1779. He was lirst in the list of ( 'ali-
ioi'iiia riders. His term of oflice may be rej^arded as
haviiiu;- extended from April 17G9 to Jidy i), 1770,
and he is spoken of in the record both as o()vcni()r
and comandante; but, thougli there is some conlusioii
res])ectiiig his exact title, it apjiears that that of
military commandant is used with more pro[)riety
than the other.**
I
I
Leaving the four friars under the protection of
Fages and his nineteen men In the north and of Ivivera
with his twenty -two men in the south," busy in eai'-
'^ roi'tnhl came to Lower California in ]7()S as governor, the first the iicniii-
sula had vKiiv h[\t1; but when he voUuitjcrcil to t;,lco ectimunul i)i ici.iiiidf
the UDi'tlieni cxiicditicii, it seems that Aiv.iona was api^ohitcd t:> Euccccd hiiii
ill the jji.voriunvhip. I (hi not luio'.v the c:;;;ct date of Arniona'.j a]ipoiiiiiiu'iif,
l)iit lie iinivnl at Loreto in dune \~Vi[), iiiid went tiaek to the r.";;unl::iid two
wei'ks hitei' v,'ii:!iout h^ivin;.' taken p(i^f,L':i. ion (;f hi:! elliee. In llie r.ic;;:) t:im;
Con;:ak;5 ruled as a kiud of li(uitcnant-i';ovLnioi' or military eunnuanchuit until
relieved in (^etoher !7(/'d hy Tededo, v.ho ^joverned in the tai:;o caj^aeky e.ntil
Arnioiia, who had tV.iled to f^et his resignation aeeeptid, returnerl in Jane
1770 to rule until XnvendnT, Moi'(i!o rulin;,', iu nnieh the tame eapjieily
apparen'ly as <;i:n;:ak;z and Toledo, luitd llic^ arrival c/f (lov. liaiTi in ^.knrh
Un. Xow while (loii/.ale;!, Toledo, and INIorcno cannot lie properly erediti'd
vith any authority in Up'per (.'alir'nrnia, their terms a:! iufcrino.'i renckr it
diiheult to delhie tliose of t!ie ]irojv.'ietary ,';overnor.s. Tim.:, t'.ion';!i I'oi'lula
■was in a Gen^e .covernor of the (Jaldorniaa down to Jnni' 1770, s ince no rei.ai-
lar f.ueee.>:rfor had taken possession of the oi'.iee, 1 have named him in my li^-t
of rnhrs rf >Mta ("aiifoniia as commandant from the llrst fx-tlilement down
to .Inly !), 1770. In Monterey, L'drado de Noticias, he is called comaiidanto
en },'efe.
" ivivera and his men were expected to march to Monterey on their rcluiii
from the peninsula, hnt for some? nnerqilained reason, possildy dissatitiaeliea
at Faroes' aiipf)intment to the chief command, llivera reraained at San l>ie;_'o.
Accord in',; to Mhiitcirij, Est me (.o dc Aoli'i-Uta, Fages had a force of over 30
men besiiles lii\era's force, which is an error.
THE XKW.S IN MEXICO.
173
liis civw
i)t yet ;i|)-
to (l<) so,
CostMUSU
the news,
IllL' of 11 IC
i'ornia i>ir
h tiiiu' \vi'
)U Culilui'-
lOWU ilt'U'l'
it of (';ili-
ogavik'tl as
/ y, 1770,
1, o'ovciiior
} confusidii
it tliat of
propriety
Section of
of liivova
•;y in oai-
h-sttlic iiiniii-
(I i:i ix'i.ouot'
,) cuccccil liiii'
ajipoiiit'iu'iit,
muiulaiiil t\v(i
I'.io ivriv.i i:\m-
iiiiaiuUuil: until
c:;"!it.'i::y r.utU
uvncil ia .Inne
!;.niuu ciijii'city
5;irn in -M-i'cli
)".cv!y c'.Tiliti'il
•,■„■(),< iciuliT it
Iion;;!i 1'<irUilii
■ incu no ivl!u-
b.ir.i in my I'-''''
:;;!eiiicnt <li>»n
pil coinaii(Uin*.o
pn their vctnvn
Idissatisl'action
at San i>io;-;o.
Ice of over 30
nest if not very Rucccssful cft'oi'ts to attfact and convert
the '.(entiles of Monttjroy and San Die^-o, let ns i^lanee
hrirlly at what was bein^- done in Mexico to advance
Spaiiisli interests in the I'ar north. We have s(M'n
that the news of success at j\Ionterey liad arrived hy
l.iiiil at Jjoretoand by sea at San IJlas I'arly in Aunust.
Therefore, the despatches sent l)y l*ortol;i Iroin S.iii
Bias I'euched Mexico in advance of the others on the
lOtli. The news was received with j^n'eat nianifesfa-
tidiis of joy; the cathedral bells rano' ont their ^hul
peals, those of the chui'ches respondinn'. A solemn
tliaiiksn'ivini^ mass was said at which all o'osc.nnnent
dignitaries were ]>i'esent; and there followed a '.^rand
ri'ceptioa at which Galvez and ( 'roix received con-
M'latulations in the royal name for this last extension
(if the Spanish domain. Immediate and liberal pro-
vision was made for the new establishments. So
fivorable were the reports on both country and inhab-
itants that it was resolved at once to forward all
needed aid and to found five new missions above San
Die^o. The guardian of San Fernando vas asked to
furnish ten friars for these missions, beside-; twenty
nioie for old and new missions in the peninsula. For-
tuiiatelv a laro'e number of Franciscans h:id latelv
»,■ n <
arrived from S[)ain, and after some deliberation and
discussion resulting in a determination to secula)'izo
llie Sierra Gorda missions, the required missionaries
\\er(; lurnished.'"'
These arrangements \vcre all made within six days
aftei- the news arrived, and under the date of Au'^'ust
IGtli the viceroy caused to be printed iu the govern-
nieiit i»rintin<x-office for o-eneral circulation a resume
in paniplilet foi'm of all that had been accou'-jlished
by the nortluM'n expeditions, the present c;)a(iiLi()n
f the new [iresidios and missions, and of v.hr.t had
o
'"Tli'j 10 vcvc Antonio Patorna, prcsiiloiit en mntp, Antoniii < 'nizado,
rmoiiavciiLiiva Sitjar, Doniin/ro ilinii;:).-:a, 1 r; iici' co l;un)ct;:, .)c:;(5 Cal)'illur,
Aii;:il Somc'va, Lnis.Iaumc Mi,';ucl I'lcnus, and IVdi'o llenit) C'::i;ilina. 'J'licy
vvxrc to roL'fivc cacli a iiti])und of .?J7"' a y<'ar, and i'-i^iJ tvavc'lin;; c:;pt'nsi;s.
Lacli nuw mission ro(;civcd SI. 000 and tlio noccs'^ary vcstaionts, iiifludiug a
specially line oniumeido, or set of vestmcutsi, ior Moiiturey.
174
OCCUrATlON OF MONTKIIKV
Ix'iii (licidfd u|»oii j('s|icc(iiii4- jild I'oi' furtlicr i'\l(ii-
sioii." Tlic Siiii .1 II foinO WAS to sail t'lmu Snii J lias
ill ().'t:»Ini' with till! ten I'liars and a full cnr^'d (if
supplies. Tim priests set out tViilU tlio cmUc'^c ill
that iiioutli, I)ut, were oMi^ccj ti» wait at 'I'l |ii(' initil
.January -0, 1771, Itefoiv the vessel '-iiiild Ik^ iiuidii
ready lor sea,'' '^I'lio viceroy in his letter to J''a'''(s
states that liivera is ordered to put his men ,it
the coinniandant's disj)osal, and the cajttirni of ihc
coinpaiiy at (Juayiiias has orders to send twcK'e nieu
to supply the plaees of those who had died on t!i(!
V(\y;i;.^o.''' In 1771 the only tliiiin' to ho iiotici'd is
the nieinori;il presented in .December to the viceroy
hy the <>uai'diaii of San Fernando, at the sun'u'estioii
of I'alou. Tv.-elve of the ei'-'hteeii articles of this
ilocuuu'iit v.-ere snu'Ljestioiis for the weharo of tlie new
estahlishmeiits," st)Uio of them founded on minor dii-
a^'i-eeineiits Vvdiich ah't^ady bcL^'an to manilc'st tluiii-
sel\esbetu'(jeii the military aud missionary auth(n'ilies.
At ^lontoroy after l*ortohi's donarture little \\;:s
accomplished during- the year 1770. For w.iiit rX
^'^ Monti' re II, E^fmiln ili' Xot'iaax ihl Puerto ile Mrmtfri >i, ih- 1 1 Jli-^imi. i/
Prixiih uni' s' /('(// rst'ili'i c'iilo cii il vim Id tl'iioniimirioii ilf iSii/i ( '('rr'/.s, // iH
siiccsso lie /fi.f doK ErjicdiriouiH dc. Mar, 1/ 'l^ii mi i/iir ti e<ti; Ji/i .sv dr.iiiiir.'nir 'ii
en cl aiio /iro.riino uiitfr'nr do, IUjO. Mexico 1(> do Aijosto il.! 1770. Con
licencia y onlcii (Ul l]x"i'> Scnor Virrcj'. Kii ];i Iniiiruiita drl Siijii'rini' ( nvi-
iMiio. Fill., ;i unimniliereil k'aws. This raiv tiiiLt is in my ci)llectiiiu, imil it
is re]iri!it((l idso in I'aloii'.s Xotiri'is. Wliun this iiotiuo was priiiUil liiu
dL't^imtchi::! iVdia Lorcto liad not yet anivoil.
'-Talon, I'idii, li:{-l(i, r<ay.s slio sailed .Tan. id.
'•' L-'ttcr dated Nov. I.'tli, in J'ror. S/. J'nji., .MS., i. f.9-71.
'■' lijt. That the eoniinaudant.s;;t San J>ie;;oand Monterey he made to oliey
more elo:;e'.y the instruetions of (lalvez. (Tiiere had heen nomo disa'^reeiiu ut
v.iUi (he IViar.^ in eonneetiou with tlie desertion of au ^irriei'o.) 'id. 'Ihiil rmni
f;iniilie;i of I'hrisMan natives he sent up from liaja Cahe-vnia to serve as
laliorers. I'd. That a guard or presidio he estahh -lied at San lluenaveiitura.
4tli. 'J'hat these natives lie kindly treated, oth. 'J'liat the trai:i <!f mu'<-.- ''O
inereased for serviee frou' Srnora and the peninsula. Oth. 1'hut i're:-idi".; ind
mission:; he .s!ij)])Iied for IS months l>y the service of two .snow.s. 7ili- 'i !i:it
San l''ranei. CO he e.\plo!'ed, .Monterey hein;^ as some say no liarhor. !)ili. Tiiat
mission (eiiiporalitie.t should he wholly under control of tlie f.iars, with tin!
power <:f removing; servants and ohiciiils. 14th. \'essels foi' ?i.'onteny shuiild
sail in ]"ehr!',avy or ApriL loth. A ]iroper //'/,•uy^■/^^ or alluwr.nce, bIuiuII he
^'ranted to friars ,'_'oin;j; or coming. Itilli. San l)ie,'jo. Monterey, and S.iu
]>tienaventura should have tlu' ;„d , (11)0 allow ed to new mi;sio!is. hSili. >'il-
diei's shonlil be supplied with rations ao as to he able to do cbcort iluty. J'lt'oit,
Xot., i. 1:20-3.
rOWKItSlONS AT SAX CAULOS.
17.'i
Smu r»l;is
car^'d (if
(>llr;j,c in
I pic until
lir niatli!
to l'';i^'('s
; men iit
in of till'
,i'lvc ini'u
■d on tUo
notiiT;l i>
ic viceroy
iu;^';j,'cstiou
I'S of tills
)f tiic new
minor (Vi.>-
ll'st tlicin-
ulUovit-K'S,
little \v;;s
w;int of
!/,■ / ( Mi.-''inii. II
\i ( 'ifr !,■■<, II ''■'
<(' ili-.s/tiiriidi' 'It
■ 1770. ('"11
iMcrini' ( Mvi-
pri:itcil tliu
niaile to iil'i'V
i'iisa'.;ri.'t-iiii at
La. 'lliii* •'ii'->t!
Ii to fO'Vi' as
r,m'iiavciit\ii"v.
I. 7cl>- '' •'■''-
l.r. !)ili. 'I'iiat
Jars, with d'"
In ten y »!:nalil
\,'L\ bIh.'iI 1 1»^
ivy, and ^aii
." ISc'.i. Mil-
Juty. ra'vit,
jii'icsts iin<l ol' st.Micr.s'' notliinn" wa.s done towards
lln' roiindiii;^' of San ] Jucnuvouttir:!, altlioni^li tlui
Mccosary su])i)lios wcic lyiniL;' in I't'adinos.s at Saii
('.lilo,-;. Moanwliilo Sorra ami ('rcspi woi'kcd anion^'
till' i].-il(nc's, who under the inllueiice of ,L;ifls and
kindiK's.'^ wore i'ast losing;" their timidity. \ IJaJa
Californiaii neoi»liytu who had learned the nati\c
dialect I'eudered MTeiJit assistance!; preaching' soon
lii'^an; and on iJuocuiLcr 2(jth the lirst bapti.sni was
uJiuiiiistcreJ."^
T!ie r'mi Antonio anchored at ]\r()iitorov ?iTay 21,
1771, havini;' on hoard the ten pi'iests already named,
except that (roine/, i'rom San JHej^o was in ])lace of
Dur.ietz, with all the necessar}'" a[)pintenanees i'or the
estahli;;lii;i^' of ii\e lu^w missions, "^riie father j-i-esi-
dcnl's lu'irt was tilled with iov, and In; was enahk'd
to (•(.'lebrjite the festival of corpu.^' Ciiristi on the ."iuth
with a connnunity of twelve friars. The ii\e new
missions proposed. In addition to San ]>uenaventura,
Were San Gabriel, San Luis Uhispo, San Antonio,
'■' I'alou, Villa, lOt-0, ."ay.sitwns for want nf sollioiN, liccriuso Itivcra did
Hut I'liiie n[)a< cNpccted; idit )iu say.s uotliiiig uf the t'att tliat tlioiv were no
jiailiv i avaiJaltlc.
' -.Mvandn, li'i-'f. ('ill., M.S., i. 'J'2, nicntidiis sonif ^\ ritin'f.s of tlic .'ioldiiT
.1. 1!. \'aldc'.s ti) llio oll'i'c't tliat i\w llaja ( 'ali.oniiaii'i coiivcrsccl ivadily witJi
the l].-!cii('s, and lie i.s di-]iiiscil to lii'lic\ i' aflcr niiii.-!i iininirylliat tin; li.ii';iiaL,'c
was to f.iaiu' txt' nt nndur.siood. \'allcio, ///•■/, Cnl., MS., i. ,").">-(), nanio.s tliu
iiili riiretcr Max niiano, and sstatts that the I'lsltn ilr( f livd near llie spring'
cal'.eil A;j,i'.a /'aica on what was later tlie lanelio of (Juai^ahiiie Avila. I'n-
furtiUKti-'Iy the lu'st hook of hnptisniH for San Carlos h.is liten lo.t, and thu
(■.':art nnniher of eonwrts for the early yiar.s is not known. 'J he lirst lunial
M.i i I n the (''ay of fonnilin'C.Iune od, « hen Alejo Nino one of tlie ^ii.i Aiilnii^n's
ei(W v,as buried at the foot of the eross. .Vreordinu' to /'uluii, Xnf., i. \'>\,
lie was a ealker; the nii.-'sirn reeord makes him a iro/i ^ . 'J'he lirst interment
in tile eenietery was that of luiiaeio lianiirex, a nudatto slave from the San
.l/''o; '^1, who had mon<'y ready to ]>urehase his freedom. 'i here were four
111' !'!■ deaths dm ing the year, thi'ee of sailors and one of a I'a ja. Caliteinian.
The lirst marriage dill nut take plaeo till Nov. l(i, 177-. Sun fV;, ■/...«, /^;i,. ,le
M'.i "11, Ms., S4; Tiiij'or'sOililK ami Kinl", 4. A writer in the l!i'i-i-<tu < 'icii'iji'i-ii,
i. li'.'.S, tells us that the mission of CVirinen or ^^onte (,'armelo was fonnded
.liiae.'M onthefuilf of Carmelo, hut never ])r();ii'esseil nuieh. A new-.-jiajier
it; 111 (Xtensivily eireulated .spe.aks of an Indian v.oman ; till living in l.S(i!J
who Will ilie motlior of two ehih'.ren v.hen the K;is.sion ehun h v,as Imilt.
.'^I. .1. <'i<l/i. .Vh<., !)4, ealls the nn.ssion :\Ionte (Jarmel. Tnihill. Hht. CaL,
80 1, Niys that I'oi tohi retired hy \\ aUr and IJivera by land, leaving .Junipcro
widi .i iriars and I'ages with 30 soldiers.
; m-
i
176
OCCLTATIOX OF MONTERF-Y.
Santa Clara, and S;in l^^-ancisco. Tlioro were siMit
only niissionarit-'s suilicient lor livo of the ^i\, and iis
I'arron and ( Jonic/, unfitted tor duty by the sciunv,
had to l)c n'l'.uitrd leave of al)st'nee, still anotlier mis-
sion must wail, San Francisco and Santa Clara Ixiip^
selected foi'tiiat piii'iiosi'. Tju' j)resi(lent immediately
announced the disUihution of priests to their respec-
ti\e missions,'" and on the 7tli of .) une tlu' six. inten led
i'or the south sailed in tlie»SW// ^InfomO for San Dieun,
]''ai;es acconipanyini;" them.
Only oneof tlie northei'n missions could be founded
until l'\aL;'es should hiing' or send north some ol' Jli\(-
ra's soldiers, hut S<i'i'a> set out cu'ly in didy \vi(h ai
escoi't of ei;;iit soldiei's, ihi'ee sailors, and a few Indian
^\•orkmen foi' t he lloya de la Sieri'a de Santa iiUcia,
named l>y the iirst land ex|)edition, \vlu>re Ik^ jjropesed
to establish tin' tirst mission um
ler 1^
leras an(
I S
\\
ho acc(»m])anied him. llis route was jirobabi
iijiii'
V up
the Salinas IJivei' and the Arroyo Seco, and t
le slle
se
locte
Kol)l
(I wj'.s an oal
studded <.d(.'n name<l ( *anada de \>
es^' on a line stream. J lere the bells wt-i'e ImiiL;'
on a tree and loudly tolKnl, while Fray Jum'p(ri)
shoutt'd like a madman: "Conu^ g'entiles, come to the
liolv chui'ch, ciMue and j-ecei\-e the faith of .)e-us
CI
irist
lUlt
at lie)'
I
ie"as
remindifd the enthusiast
that thei'e was not a uiMitile within hearinu" and that
It Wol
Id I
)e We
to Slop the noise and l>"o to wor
Tl
le
a cross was ere(^
ted, th
Undei' a slielter ot hraliclies, aiK
" 1
1 tl
)resH
lent
said nias^
uis was loun(
ell
led
Julv ! I, I rZ I , (he ml -ion oi" San Antonio de Pfidua.
'I'lic (li-.trilmtiiiii \v;is iis I'ulldus: S;in Oici^d, l.iiis .Tniinio ami l''iiiii. isco
Diuiu't.': Siui I'liriiavfiifiii
Oil
IS|H
|)<
mini' (I .liMU'osM and .losi
.\nt(
1.1.
r.'iti
<'mv
ill.
I and Antmiio ('rii,"a(lo: Sail l.iii.''
San Oaliiiil, Aii''i'l .Soim ::i ami
I'c'ch'o IViiihi ( 'aitihmi; Snii Autcmio. Mii'iul 1'
(I lU
li'iiavi'iit-.ira Si. ar;
('•irlns, .1
'•T
U'.iipi lu Sella ami .luaii « '\v>in
\r iia! iVf liaiiiv" (1
r Uic site WHS Ti.i/i(i>/(i jicrordiii;: to J>< pt. S/. I''
111 II. Ml., MS., isxxi. -I'.l, ttv , Si. , /(I /'(III ai<(ir(liiig tn Taylor, mite on lln I'y-
IluI ti( < iii'-id. \'nf(i/irliir!(;, MS.
'"/■r/Zn
I In: In
IJ-J.
S. Aiiloiiio. Iji'i. ill' Ml
Ki >.
ii. "Jl ."), (ells u.s i^t an (iM woiiiaii \\ luiapi
MS.. 1: />
wli.
SI. /'•
'I'
M^
I1-J-1-: I'.iti'U,
lililiiMl lor li;
laiilir.iii, a.iiil V. Ill
,llT
u yirl liiul lii'anl her fatliir njnak ol' a paiUv ihcssiil like tlicisu, who came tl
FOUXDIXa OF SAX ANTONIO.
177
()ii]\- lUU' native witnossctl tho corcnioiiies, l)ut lie soon
l)r(iUL;ht ill his companions i!i lai',i;o numbers, wlio
lii'duu'lit pine-iuits and seeds, all they had to ^'ive, and
jiiiird in the work of hulldino" a ehureli, l)al•raci^.s, and
liiiiisc ii>r the missionaries, nil of ^vl^K•h wore on a
liu'.iiMo scale and protecti'd as usual hy a i)alisa(!e.
Tlie natives seenK\. more tractahle than .'t either San
Dit'go or ^[onterey, and the ministers had Ic'pes of a
^ivat spiiitual concjU'.'st, the tirsi haptism t:d.iuij;' place
tlu' 1 4th of August.'-^ LeaviuL;' the ''I'.rvesi: to IIk^
rrapii's and their guard of six soldiers, 1 return with
^cria to ]\Iontei'ey at the end of duly.
Soon after the establishing of San CVulos Padre
Juin'pero had determined to transi'er the mission to
('innu'hj A'alley. His avowi'd reason was lack of
waliT and I'ertile soil at ^Monterey; but it is likely
that lie also desired to remove his little band of neo-
piiytes, and the larger ilock he hojted to gather, irom
inuucdiate contact with the presidio soldiers, always
IV
nile(
I by
nnssio
naries with more or less dread as
iKci'ssary evils tending to (N)ri"U[)t native iimocenee.
The necessary permission for the transfer canie up by
the tSdii Anto)i'iO on her third trip,-'^and two tlays after
Jle
lii(>
IK,
parture, before going to found San Anton
||>,
itresK
lent crossed over to select the n
ew
n-i
111 re iu^
'ft th
iree sailoi's a net four
ind
ians fi'om tlie
p 'uiiisula at wt)rk <'utting timber, and making prej)a-
ra'ions undei- the watchful eyes of ti\'e soldiers wh.o
charitably su[)[)osed to haul occasional assist-
Wi. le
the emu, try Hying iIiroiii.'l'. tlu> iiir iiikI ]ir(
;riii'is{i;in dix't vinos. Ooni
,'t. MS.
■4, 11
i\\v t
r;iiiithill tll:lt \\
i:i,;;liti'ni'ii iwjiytlu^ nntivcs; mihI tliMt .sulisiMHicnlly they nt'us
l.rfi
<l t.
itcllr
ifviii'' i f(i )»■ tlio 1
ii'juns lit ilciitl nii'ii.
S,-in
Anil
.1.' 1'
lilMil >VilS hol'll
ill lislidM i I l!l,"i, (lied iit IMdna in i'J.'n, and \\a.s lanciiiizi'd in l'_',",'J. I!(
fi. l:iiiiMns p r;p'lii'r. his .^cniuins aH'cctin',' cvcii the lisiicH, and a, v.r
it til .' -raiK'isuaii ordtr
]1
IS day, as cclcliratci
IV till
ihlllH )l!'ll)l|.
:'.th.
■' I'. Soi I ill ids f!i'jiri!iriili]
:\is., (if Mav'ii, i:
I'liililiii'; was Iiiii-riiMl to ,m't ready fni' t'arinin .
]'a,::i's taking awav tlic licst suldiors. J'liglit iiiilk'
■aVH IMC \\i
ik iif
d tliat it
Iiind
iTfil IV
'N,
Ift't at till
t:,lv
-SV. Pi
!•-'. 1770, V
ii't'iMy Cioix M"ril(>s to Fa;.,c's that Sail (Virhis iiiissidii is
tahrishcd on tlic lliu Canm lo with a suUiciuut yiuird of sokiii'is. /'
'. MS.,i, 70.
Hist. Oal. Vol. I. \i
\ oi
um
.U'
'^
I
^r'^'^i
178
CCCUPATIOX OF MONTEREY.
ance. Bade from San Antonio in Aiiq-nst lie aofain
wont over to Carmelo to iiasten the niovenients of
tlic workmen, who were jirocecding very leisurely;
but it was several months before the palisaclc square
enelosing wooden chapel, dwellinf^, storehouse, guard-
house, and corrals could be completed; and it was the
end of December when the formal transfer took place,
the exact date being unknown. The two ministers
took up their ])ernianent residence in their nevr home,
Juncosa and Cavalier assisting temporarily both at
mission and presidio."^
Events at San DioGfo durinix the year 1771 were by
no means exciting or important. Boj^ond the baptism
of a very few natives, the exact number being lui-
known, no progress in mission work is recorded; hut
Rivera witli his force of fourteen men, in addition to
Orte<>'a's rcndar mission P'uar<l of eiu'ht, vv'ould scnii
to have passed the time comfortably so far as worl: is
concerned. In April, v»heii the San Antonio touched
at th's port with her load of friars, the two ministers
were l)ot h disabled by scurvy, and Gomez went up to
Monterey, while Dumctz took his place. On July
14th the vesiscl returned with six padres besides
Gome.^, who had leave of absence and was on his way
to ]\Iexico. Parron retired at about the same time,
overland, to the missions of the peninsula. Captain,
Pere/. sailed the 21st. -^ Fages came down with the
priests, and the intention v/as to establish San Gabriel
at once; but local tn)iibles caused delay. The (!;iy
after tlie vessel's departure nine soldiers and a mule-
teer deserted. Padre Paterna was induced by Pages
to go Avith a few soldiers and a pardon signed in blank
to bring them back. Jlis mission was successful, and
"^yiillrjo and Alviiindo, a.s I have alitady noted, insist on rCLjarding this
ns the, voviiablc founding.' of the niissinn. I'aylor, in Cal. Farnit i\ A\iv. 'Jit,
]S(i(), f^iiy.s the triiusFiT Mas in 177- and that the mission bccauii! kimuii m
San (Vnld.i lloiruuioo (Ud C'linii lo I'.c Mdntcioy.
-'Serra, Sail Jfi'ij", I.iIk ilf M'n'iim, ^IS., 7, says however tliat I'Mirnu
%vent, ap]'ari ntly hy land, to Haja ( 'ahl'oniia : and I'aloii, VUln, I'i!', says In;
Mcut \\ii\i a paiiy liy land, of Mliich paity nothing fuither id knoMU,
FOUXDIXG OF S.\X GABRIEL.
179
after having availed tliemsclvcs of the ' clinreli asylum'
the deserters returned to duty. Again, the Gtli of
.Vugust, a corporal and five soldiers deserted, return-
iu"- on the 24th to steal cattle from the mission. This
time Fages went out to bring tliora in by force, but
jiiund them sti'ongly fortified and resolved to die
lather than yield, and again, to save life, persuasidii
^vas employed, and Duuietz I'rought back the i'ugi-
tivcs.-' Respecting the real or pretended grievances
ut" the soldiers wo know nothing, but it is e\ident
that some misunderstanding already existed between
Fages and the friars, and that Palou's rccor J is intended
to show the agency of the latter in its best light.
Farly in the autumn there arrived from Guaymas
twelve Catalan volunteers.
^'■anwhilc on Auu'ust Gtli Somei'a and Cambon
AAiiii a guard of ten soldiers and a, supply-train of
imiles under four muleteers and four soldiers, mIio
Wire to return, left San Diogo to establish their new
mission, following the old route northward. It had
lijcii the intention to place the mission on the Kiver
Sniita Ana, or Jesus do los Temblores, but as no suit-
;ihlo site was found there the party went farther and
chose a fertile, well wooded and watered spot near the
Fiver San j\Iiguel, so named on tho return trip of the
lirst expedition three years before,-'' and since known
as the Iviver San Gabriel. At tirst a largo force of
natives presented themselves under two chieftains and
attempted by hostile demonstrations to prevent the
])Ui'pose of the Spaniards; but when one of the padres
liild up a painting of the virgin, tlie savages instantly
threw down their arms and their two captains ran U]>
d' lay their necklaces at the i'eot of the beautiful
<|Ue('n, thus signifying their desire for peace."''
"'In a letter of Gov. Barri to Fagos, dato<l Oct. 2, 1771, ho advises tlio
ciiiiiiiiauilant not to grieve over tho desertion of two soldier.^. J'ror. .St. 7'"//.,
ilS., i, :■_>.
'^'' i'aloii, Xvt., i. 477. The snme ;uitIioriii liis Vkla, l"Jl)-,')0, iiniilica tliut
the site selected was on the Itio de Ins 'I'elnblores.
•'It is only in his I'idii, l-y~30, that I'ulou tells thia story.
H
t
i.
m
I
im
ISO
OCCLTATIOX OF MONTEREY.
Tlio raisinof of the cross and roi]^nlar ceremonial
routine which constituted the formal founding of San
Gabriel Arcangcl'-'^ took place on September 8tli,
and the natives cheerfully assisted in the work of
brinii'inix tind)er and constructinGf the stockad(.' enclns-
ure with its tule-roofed buildinijs of wood, contuuiiii'"'
in the mean time their offerings of ])inc-nuts and acorns
to tlie image of Our Ladj.^'' Though friendly as
3^et, the natives crowded into the camp in such num-
bers that ten soldiers were not deemed a suffici(Mit
guard; and Padre Somera went down to San Diego
the 1st of October, returning on the 9tli with a recii-
forcement of two men. Next dov a crowd of natives
attacked two soldiers who were iiuardincf the horses.
The chief discharged an arrow at one of the soldiers,
who stopped it with his shield, and killed the chief-
tnin with a musket-ball. Terrified by the destructive
effects of the iifun the sa^■ages Hod, and the soldiei's,
cutting off the fallen wari'ior's head, set it on a pole
^'^ The Archangel Oahriel has a place in several religions. To the Israel-
ites he was the angel of death; according to the Ttilniud he was the prince of
lire and ruled the lliuuder. He set lire 10 the temple of Jerusoleui ; appealed
to Danieland Zacharias; announced to Mary the hirth of Christ; and dietutid
the Koran to Mahomet. The last-named prophet desciil)es him very fully,
nientiimingiimong other things oOO pair.s of wings, the distance from one win,.;
to another being 500 years' journey. His day in the church calendar is
March ISth. The mission was often called San Oabriel do los Temldorcs, tliu
latter word like Carmelo with San C;irlos indicating simply locality. It had
been intended to mean San Gabriel on the lUvcr Tcmblores, but ^\henanotinr
site was selected the name was retained meaning 'Sandabriel in tlie region of
Earthcpiakes.'as 'San (ialirielde San Miguel' would have been awkward. S^e
Scrra, in Prov. St. Pap., ;MS., i. 118; S. Guhrhl Lih. de Mi>-io}>, :MS. The
author of J.o^ Amjchji Hist., ."), is in error when he says that the Sun Gai)ii'l
River was calli d Temblores. The mission was not moved to its present t-ite
until several years later. A irli. Htitila Bdrhnvn, ]\IS., i. l.'U ; lUUI, Lou Aii;/' ''w
Co., liiiL, No. 17. San Gabriel was the only mission at the founding of whioli
Serra had not assisted, and this was Viecause I'agcs failed to notify him, as he
had promised. S(rm, J'njins., J I i/c Mdijo, MS., 118.
'■^"According to Itugo Reid, Lou Atnjclis Co. liifL, Xo. 10, Avho derived liis
information from traditions, tlie natives were greatly terrified at tlic first .':i;_lit
of the S]ianiards; women hiil; men put out the fires. They thought the stran-
gers gods wlien they saw them strike fire from a Hint, l)ut seeing them kill ;i
Ijird, they put them down as human beings 'of a nasty white color willi tv;ly
blue eyes;' and later, as no vioh'nce M'as done, they called them cJuc/i>iiabri'<,
or 'reasonable beings.' M'omen used by tlu^ solditrs wcvv obligeil to undtign
a long purification, and for a long tinu! every child M-ith.whife blo(jd in it.s
veins was strangled. Food given by tlie wliite men ^\•as Ituried in the woodi.
Brown sugar was lung regarded as the e.xcremcat ui the iicw-comers.
Hi;
iiil!:'
TROUBLE AT SAN GABRIEL.
181
Ijoforo tlio ]irosi(]i() gates. Tlio fugitive nss;ailants
came l)ack after a few tla^'s to l)cg i'uv their leader's
jiLvnl; but it was only very gradually tliat tliey wero
iudueed to rcsuiue friendly relations with the fi'iars,
and fre(|uent the mission us before. There is little
doubt tliat their sudden hostility arose from outrages
bv the soldiers on the native M'omeu.^'
\ few days after this aflair Pages arrived from San
Diego with two friars, sixteen soldiers,"' and iour
]iiuleteers in ehargo of a mule train, the force intended
fir the establishing of San Ijuenaveiitura. In eonse-
(jucncc of the recent hostilities Fages decided t'> add
six: men to the guard of San Gabriel, and to postpone
1' r tlie present the founding of a now mission. Pa-
tcrna and Cruzado also remained at San Gabriel where
thev became the followin*'' year tlie regular ministers
on the retii'oment of Somera and Cambon by reason
of ill-health. ]\[ission progress was extremely slow,
the lirst baptism having been that of a child on
Xdvember 27th, and the whole number during the
lirst two years only seventy-three. This want of
J prosperity is attributed by Serra largely to the con-
duct of the soldiers, wdio refused to work, paid no
attention to the oi'ders of their worthless corjioral,
drove awa}'' the natives by their insolence, and even
pursued tlicin to their rancherias, where they lassoed
'"Paloii, Kof., i. 47S-fl, snys a soliliiT liad outracrcd .1 WDinan in one of the
vaiK'lM'i ias. Tlio suinc autlioi' in Vida, ];!!)-'_', tells u.s that tlio woman was thu
wife of the slain chieftain ami tlic guilty solilier the one attaelccd. Scrra iu
his U' prr-ii iilucioi), :MS., of May 'Jl, 177'i, says that the l;is>t grievance of tho
natives was an oi'der from Fa^'es tliat only 5 or (i of them slionhl ho nlinitteil
within tho ntoekado at a time, followed 1 y a secret oidcr not to allow any
gentiles at all to enter. Serra says deeiiledly th.it if he hail heen there ho
Woii'.d luivo ordei'ed thepadri/s to ahandon the mission; for if they eoiild have
no interoonrso with gentiles for what weio they in the country at all? (hio
day tho i^rdiers went ont to look for cattle, or moiv likely for women, and thu
chief captain was killed, his hiad lieing hronght to tho mission. In Sorra's
L'jei all nnnfortunes were chargoahle to Fa;^'.s.
■'' I'alon, Xiit., i. 479, says distinctly that he had 2(5 soldiers, Vl vohintcors
who had lately arrivo.l froai liaja California and 14 soldiers (/'■'■)/' /vr,- lint I
think tho hi.st item slvuld he 4 instea<l of 14, ,\hich agrees exactly with tho
.av.rlahlo force at Sa > iJiej^o, Otlicrwiso 10 cnera soldiers nnist have arrivml
from tho south of -Mtiioh uhu'c is no record, or Fages nnist have hrought 10
w,l!i him fi'oni Monterey^ whi«.h seems nidikely. A tot.d of )(> al,-o a'hAV.i
S.ni Dueiiaveutura 10 nicE^ the saJiie yuard as that atiit originally to S. liabriel.
!
i<3
Ik.
-Ai
8: m
ii
I I
182
occur ATIOX OF SrONTEREY.
Avomcn for their lust and killed such males as dared to
interfere.'''^ Fagcs, probably M'ith ten Catalan volun-
teers, continued his inarch to IMonterey at the end of
1771. Rivera y Moneada does not appear at all in
the annals of this period. He probably remained 1)ut
a sliort time at San Diego before retiring to the penin-
sula. It is not unlikely that he was already prcjtaring
the way by correspondence for the removal of Pages
in his own favor.^^
'■^ Jii'prfifditacion (Je 21 dc Mnyo 177-'^, MS. R(>form senms to have datoil
from !i cliiuige of 'lorporals, which probably took phicc late in 177-.
^' In iMuy 1771 he was at Santa CJcrtnulis. St. ]'ap. Mis. and Co!., MS., i.
r)2. On the period covered by tliis chapter sec Pidou, Not., i. 98-107, 1-0-3,
424-80; Jd., Vida, 88-134.
m-
CHAPTEK YIII.
TROGRESS OF THE NEW ESTABLISHMENTS.
1772-1773.
Events of 1772 — Search tor the Port of San FRAxoisro— Ckespi's Dtarv —
Fn:sT Exri.oRATidN of Santa Clara, Ai.ameda, and Contha Costa
Cor:«TiKS — FAor:.s Discovkiis San Parlo Bay, Carqi'inks Strait, and
San Joaquin River— Relief Sent South — Hard Times at Monterey —
Living on Bear-:meat — Pages and SerraOo Softh — Foi-nding ok Sax
Lris OiiiKPo — Events at San Diego— A Quarrel betwi'.kn C< oi ma s dant
and President— Serra Goes to Mexico— Ce.ssiox ok Low :.r f'Ai.iroit-
NiAN Missions to Dominicans — New Padres for tiik Nuhtiikrn Kstaii-
IJSIIMENTS — PaLOU'S JoURXEY TO SaX DiEGO AND MoXTEREY IN 1773.
The year 1772 was marked by an important explo-
ration of now territory in the north. It added a mis-
sion to tlie four ah-eady founded, brought three friars
to reenforce Serra's band of workers, and saw arrange-
ments completed for a larger rcenforcement through
tlic yielding-up of the peninsular missions to the exclu-
sive control of the Dominican order. Yet it was a
year of little progress and of much hardship; it was a
year of tardy supply- vessels, of unfortunate disagree-
ments between thoFranci.scans and the military chief —
disagreements which carried the president in per.son to
]\rcxico to plead for reforms l)efore Viceroy Bucareli,
wild had succeeded Croix in the pi'cccitling autumn.
The San Antonio on her last trip had brought
orders from the viceroy to Faoes, rctiuirintj him to
cxjdore by sea or land the port of San Francisco, and,
actin*; in accord with Serra, to establish a mission
there, with a view to secure the harbor I'rom foreiijn
ag<>rcssio)i ^
'Dated N<iv. I'l', 177<1, in Pror. Si. Pap., MS., i. 70. It was roccivcd by
Faycs at Monterey iu May 177L
( la:! I
1S4
I'ROGRESS OF TUE XEW EST.UiLISIIilENTS.
After the spring rains had ceased, the commandant
for the ih'st time was al)le to obey tlie order as to
e\j)loration, but tiiei'o were neither friars nor soldiers
for a mission, though the su])i)hes were lying at San
Carlos." Accordingly with Crespi, twelve soldiers, a
muleteer, and an Indian, Fages started from Monterey
on the 'JOth of March and crossed over to the river
feanta JJcllina, now the Salinas. As the first explo-
rali<>n by Eui'o[)eans of a since important p.ortion of
California, the counties of Santa Clara, Alameda, and
Contra Costa, this tii[), fully described by Crespi',"
deserves to be followed somewhat closely.
Tlie second day's march brings the paity to the
San Benito stream, still so called, near what is now
lloUister; and on the 22d they cross San I*aseual
plain into San Bernardino A'alley and encamp a little
north of tlie present Gilroy. Thence they proceed
north-westward and enter the great [)lain of the
" llobles del Puerto de Sau Francisco," in vdiich
they have been bef)re, in Novend)er 17(50, that is,
the Santa Clara Valley. Their camp the 24th is
near the south-eastern point of the great *'bra>;o de
mar," near the mouth of what they call Encarnacion
Arroyo, now Penitencia Creek, on the boundary line
between Santa Clara and Alameda counties. The
peninsula to their left having been previously ex-
j)lored, and the object being to pass round the great
inlet and reach* San Francisco under Point Beyes,
Fages continues to the ri^lit alonsj;" the footdiills be-
tween the shore and Coast Banu'e.
His camp on Wednesday the 2oth is beside a largo
stream, called by him San Salvador de Horta, now
-ralou, ]'!thi, 134-,"), snys that Scrra proposed tlie exploration aivl [■"ages
consented. 'I'liis in i)rol)alily aeeuratecmmgh in aeertain si r.r^e; hut tlietViars
hail a nuticealilo 1 aliit of elainiing fur themselves all the credit for each move-
ment, and uniiltinj^ any mention of secular orders and agencies — an omission
that e\ idently did not always result from forgetfulncss.
' < 'rcKjii, JJiai to (jiic ,sr jonnO en 1 1 rviji.il ro qw xc li'zo del pverto de Xtro.
P. Sail Fruhvi^co, in J'ti/oii, JS'of.., i. 481 oOl. A- brief resunu'f of the samo
e.\p'.orat;ou is given in Id., ii. 4(). Among modern writers, Hittell, l/i.-'t.
Had Ffaucidco, has given a brief and inaccurate account from C'respi's diary.
DISCOVEKY OF ALAMEDA.
1S5
Alameda Creek, at a })oIiit near A^'allc jo's ^lill. Next
(lav dvL'V and bears are plentiful, and traces ar(> seen
of aiiinuds \v]ir'1i tlie I'riar imagines tt) be builalocs,
but wliieli the st)ldiers pronounce burros, or "jackass
(ker," '^Lich as tlioy had seen in Xew jSIexico. Cross-
iiiij;- iive streams, two large ones, now San Lorenzo
und San Leandro creeks, and two small ones, they
I'oach the Arroyo del Lostpie, on a branch of the bay
which Mith another similar branch forms a ])eninsula,
bcarinu' a oTove of oaks — the site of the modern town
(if Alameda. They are near tl:e shore of San Lean-
dro IJay, and probably on Brickyard Slough. On
Tiiday's march they have to clindj a series of low
bills ]]i'ooklyn, or East Oakland, in order to get
I'oiiud "an estuary which, skirting the grove, extends
some four or five leagues inland until it heads in the
sierra" — San Antonio Creek and ]Merritt Lake.
Thence coming out into a great })lain, they halt
about three leagues from the starting-})oint, opposite
tlu' "nuaith bv which the two o-i-cat estuaries com-
municate with the Ensenada de los Farallones"—
that is, they stop at Berkeley and look out throngh
the Golden Gate, noting three islands in the bay.'*
Continuing a league the Spaniards encamp on what is
now Cerrito Creek, the boundary between Alameda
ami Contra Costa counties.
For the next two days tliey follow the general
course of the bay coast, note "a round liay like a
,nrcat lake" — San Pablo Bay — large enough for "all
the armadas of Spain," where they see whales spout-
ing. They are kindly received in what is now Pinole
Valley, l)y a rancheria of gentiles, "bearded and of
very light complexion." They attempt to pass I'ouud
the hd/iki vcdoiida, but are prevented by a narrow
estuar}', the Strait of Carquines. Journeying along
the treeless hills that form its shores, they are hos-
liit.ibly treated at five large native \illages, some even
'Olio of tlieni, Augol, was probably not kuowu to bo an island until the
I'iiity .<aw it fium a point fartlicr north.
^
5' i
180
rnooRESs of thk new establishments.
i u
ooniiiii^ across from tlic other shore in rafts, and
iiiially they encamp on a stream near thi' shore, pi'oK-
ubly tlic Arroyo del Ilambre near ISEartinez." March
30th they advance two leagnes to a lar^'o stream —
Arroyo do las Nueces, near Pacheco; cross tlio liiKi
valley of Santa Angela do Fulgino^ — ]Mt Dialilo
Creek; })ass two rancherias of friendly natives; and
enter a range of low hills — in the vicinity of Willow-
Pass. From the sunnnit they look down on the tv.o
broad I'ivers and valleys, since so well known, with
the vari(jus channels, sloughs, and islands about
their junction— all very accurately described in the
diary. Leaving tin; hills they pass on ibur or five
leagues aci'oss the plain to a small stream on which
tliey [)itch their camp half a mile from the bank of
the great river, "the largest that has boon discovered
in New Spain," which is named Ilio do San Fran-
cisco. They are on the San Joaquin, at or near An-
tioch."
To carry out tlio original purpose of "passing on to
Point llcycs to examine tlie port of San Francisco" it is
now necessary to cross the great rivers, for which they
have no boats, or to "go round them" for which tlicy
lack men and supplies.' It is, accordingl)', determi:icd
to return to Monterey, but by a shorter route than
that along the bay shore. Recrossing on the last day
t»f the month the range of hills and the Santa Angela
plain, they turn south-eastward by a pleasant Canada—
San lianion Creek. During the first and second v^
A[)ril they pass through what are now known as San
liamon and Amadcn* valleys into Suhol Valle}', whi'li
they call Santa Coleta; tlicncc through a pass to tlic
! Tl
*Crespi makes the jotiniey of tlio two ilays ]5 leagues, and leaves hh
courses v;i;;iie, iiiiplyini,' that he was travelling iilways iiorth-west.
"llitttU, in his lH.<U>iy of' Son Francisro and iiiciihufcrly nf Califoniin,
p. 45, tells us that the Spaniards on tiiis trip erossed the strait and t;a-
versed the broad hills and valleys intervening until they reaehed lUisfiau
lUver!
' Palou, Vida, 134-5, saj's the exploration was not concluded on acfoiiiit I'f
bad news from San Diego; but he means that this uews prevented subseipuiit
trips.
jiirr
TO THE MOUTH OF THE GREAT RIVERS.
1S7
:s, ami
J, i)rol>-
Mairli
roam—
llO lilHi
IJiall.
cs; and
Willow
tlio two
n, will I
i al )( tut
[ ill the
t)!' iivc
in which
bank of
scovorctl
11 Fraii-
lear Aii-
inir on to
ISCO Ills
ich they
ich tlioy
crniincd
Lite than
last (lay
tVni;"c-'ia
i-ahatia—
ccoml ot
n as San
Nvhi'h
ss to the
■}■
(1 leaves liis
It.
Cali/ornin,
lait anil tvn-
llietl llu^-^iii"
Im ao''''"i"t "'
ll subseiiuout
vicinity of Mission San Josd, and to tlioir fonnor
route, ciicani}iin_o' one leao'iiu bej'ond the Encarnacioii
Arroyo whoro they had been March '24th, on a stream
called San Francisco de Paula, in the vicinity of j\Iil-
jiitas. From the third to the Iburtli they return by
the former route to ]Mt)iiterey, whence Crcspi goes
over to San Carlos and delivers his diary to the presi-
dent.
Then Padre Junipcro, "seeing that it was iinpossi-
l)lc to found at once the mission of our sera])hio
father San Francisco in his own port, since, as that
port according to Cabreiu Bueiio was near Point
Kiyes, it was necessary to go to it by water, passing
fn)m Point Almejas to Point Reyes across the Ense-
iiada de los Faralloncs; or if by land, it was necessary
to make a new exploration by ascending the great
riveis in search of a ford; and since as it is not known
if they extend far inland, or where they rise, a new
expedition was necessary; therefore, his reverence
determined in view of what had been discovered in
this exploration to report to the viceroy" and await
his instructions.
During the commander's absence Serrahad received
letters from Sun Diego and San Gabriel announcing
great want of supplies, the departure of Cambon and
Dumetz, and the illness of Somcra. lie therefore
despatched Crespi south, and with him Pages sent an
escort and some flour; but food was soon exhausted
at ]\[onterev f^wd San Antonio, and, except for a very
small (juantity of vegetables and milk, the Spaniards
were almost wholh' dependent for sustenance on the
natives.** L'^te in May, when the last extremity' was
readied, anu there was yet no news of the ^■essels,
]•';!;_;■<-; ^itli thirteen men spent some three months
hunting bears in the Canada de los Osos, thus sup[»ly-
ing pieriidio and mission with meat until succor came.
^'Oit. M, 177-, tlie viroroj- ackiiowledgrs receipt of I ages' letter of Juno
2(Jlli, cuinpluiuiug of acurcity uf food. /'/of. 6Y. PcyA, MS., i. 'lO,
1:-: I
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
<^
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O
U.A
y
^
188
PROGRESS OF THE NEW ESTABLISILMENTS,
I
At last the tMo transports arrived on tlic coast; but
l)y reason of adverse winds they could not reach ^loii-
terey and therefore returned to San Diei^o." Fages
and Serra now started for the south late in August to
make arrangements for the transportation of supplies
to San Carlos and San Antonio. Padre Cavtdkr
went also, Juncosa and Pieras being left on dutv at
[Monterey, until October or Xovember, when Crespi
and Dumetz returned overland. The San Antonio
alst) came uj) with .supplies, but there is no record of
subsequent events in the nt)rth for nearly a year.
Vessels arriving promising relief from pressing
needs, the president resolves on his way south to
establish one of the new missions in the Canada do
los Osos. He therefore takes with him Padre Ca-
valier, the niitisi(jn guard, and the required vestments
and utensils. A site, called by the natives Tixlini,
being selected, half a league from the famous Canada
but within sight of it, on the 1st of September Juni-
pcro raises the Christian symbol, says mass, and thus
ushers in the mission of San Luis Obi ' le Tolosa.''
Cavalier is left to labor alone at fir ith five sol-
diers, and two Indians to work on the iMiildings. The
nativ^es are, however, well disposed, retaining as tluy
do a Lrateful remembrance of Pages' recent services
in ridding their country of troublesome bears. Tliuy
are willing to work, otter their chiklren for baptism,
and even help with their seeds to eke out the iViar's
'Letter of SciTa to Pnlou from Monterey, Aug. 18tli,iu/'o/o», J7(/i(. l.)il-0.
'" Saint Louis, bishop of Toulouse, son of Ciuir'es IL of Naples, w.ift lnnn in
r.27"), liecainc a I'ranciscan in l'JO-4, died in l'Ji)8, and was tanonizud in WAl.
His day is August I'Jtli. Sa/i Luis Obifjio, Lih. de M'lxioii, MS. Fages ciiMs
the mission San Luis Obi.sp(> do los Ticlios. I'rov. St. J'ii/>., MS., i. h(l. Ac-
curding to Ardt. Ulii»jia<lv, MS., 8.'J, the mission had ut iirst only TiO llis. of
Hour and .'i a'lmclfn oi wheat, so that life had to bo sustained by f^eeils ob-
tiiiued from llio natives. Dee. 2, 177-, the viceroy writes to Fagcs app .iviii'
tlie founding of the mission in a spot where there is nnich good land ami
)iknty of game. Prov. St. I'nii., MS. i. 70. Serra, in Saa l>h"jo, J. Hi. <l"
Minion, Ms., strangely calls the mi.ssion which ho founded at this time Sail
Lui.i Key. The traditional old Indian woman who aided in building tliw mis-
bion church is not wanting ut San Luis. According to uewspaper items fcho
Way uauicd Lililu and died Aug. 1, 1S74.
FOUNDING OF SAN LUIS OBISPO.
ISO
Dast; but
It'll ^lou-
» Fnges
Liiu'U.-^t to
r !SUpi)lk'S
Cavi'ilki'
I dutv at
ill Civspi
\ Antouut
record of
year.
pressiii;:^
south to
'anaJa do
\ulro (Ai-
vestnients
IS Tixllui,
us Canada
iber Jum'-
aud lliu:^
Tolosa.'^
I five ^ol-
lUii'S. The
'j: as tlicv
t serviivs
li-s. Thry
baptism,
he friar's
Is, WM.-I llillll ill
liizc'tl ill K'lT.
|i., i. M). ^^■■
\\\y :A) Ills, .'f
by sei'ils (ili-
tcs iil'I' iviu.,'
|)0(l iuml iiii'i
'(V;/o, 7-''i. ''"
\\\M tiiiii' S;;ii
Jing thw mis-
Lt items fclio
scanty supply of food. Additional soldiers and pro-
visions are to be left on the return of the train from
San Diego, and the associate minister Juncosa is to
come down at the end of the year. The day after
founding the mission Serra and Fagcs continue their
idurnev." It is the president's first trip overland and
Jio is delighted with all he beholds, with the pros-
pects at San Luis, with the natives of the channel
coast,^^ and with progress at San Gabriel, where he
spends September 11th and 12th, and whence Father
I'aterna goes down to San Diego to return with the
sup})ly-train.
Of events at San Diego and San Gabriel, prior to
tlie arrival of Fages and Serra the IGth of Septem-
lier, we know nothing save the illness of Souiera,
Canil)on, and Dumetz, the departure of the last two
I'nr llie peninsula, the coming of Crespi from the north
in 31 ay, the return of Dumetz accompanied by Tomas
de la Peiia sent up by Palou to take Cambon's place,
and tlie arrival of the Saa Carlos and Sua Antonio in
August.
As soon as the San Cdrlo.'i can be unloaded the
mule train is made ready and despatched for the north
Septend)er 2rth, in charge of Crespi and Dumetz, who
go to relieve Pieras and Juncosa at San Carlos. The
Sun Antonio is to take her cargo to Monterey, and
jirohably does so, though we have no further notice
of lier movements during this tri}).^''
Serra now wishes to proceed with the founding of
" Serra had great hopea, 'nit says lie, ' let us leave time to tell the atniy in
the iii(itri'( ss wliieli I hope Christianity will make aiiiuiiL,' tiiem in spite <it tiio
Kiu'iuy will) already hegaii to lash his tail (//*»'. r In coin) by means of a liinl
Eolilier, who soon after arrival they eanght in actnul bin with an In<ii:in
viiiiKin. n tliiiii,' Mhich greatly grieved the poor padre.' .Serra, JUpris. Jl tie
Moiln. MS., 117.
'-' Vet in his report to the viceroy of .\piil '22, ITT.'I, ho refers to a distuil)-
niuc here lii'tween the soldier.s and Indians, in which one of the latter wad
killed mid another severely Mouniled. /'/v.c. .S7. /'«/)., .MS., i. 101.
'•' Mee. •_', 177"2, the viceroy writes to Fages reprimanding liiniforallowiii;»
the vt s.sel to continue her voyage up to Monterey at this season, lie should
have uuliiaded her uud iunvurded her cargo by laud. Prov. Ht. Pup., MS., i.
77-S.
100
PROGRESS OF THE NEW ESTABLISHMENTS.
I*
\i
San Buenaventura on the Santa Barbara Cliannol, as
originally planned by Josd de Galvez five years before.
He had visited its propos' I site at Asuncion on his
hite trip, and has formed some sanguine expectations
as to its future. His enthusiasm on this occasion, us
on several others, seems to impair his judgment and
causes him to forget that, with the present military
force, it is impossible to furnish a suitable guard fur a
new mission, especially for one so far from the others
and in so populous a region. I suppose that Fages
very properly refused to furnish a guard until nioio
soldiers should be sent to California.^* At any rate a
bitter quarrel ensued between the two, respecting tlio
merits of which few details are known, but in the
course of which the hot-headed Fages, in the riglit at
first, may very likely have exceeded the bounds of
moderation and good taste; while the president,
though manifestly unjust in his prejudice against the
commandant, was perhaps more politic and self-con-
tained in his words and acts at the tune, and has,
moreover, the advantage of having left his side of the
question more fully recorded than that of his antago-
iiist.»»
"Pnloii, r!<Ia, 146, says that Scrra 'consulted with cnmandante Fa,i,'r3
nliout ail escort anil other assistance necessary for the founding, hut ho foiiiiil
the tloor closeil, and that he (Fages) wont on giving sucli directions tliiit if
they shoiihl he carried into cflect, far from hcing ahlo to found (the nii:sinii)
they threatened the risk of losing what it had cost so much worli to acii'iii-
plidli. To prevent such a result, from which serious misfortunes niiglit issue,
tlie venerable padre used all the means suggested by his great prudence inid
will known skill; Init in no way was ho able to accomplish his purpose.' Tlic
eaiiie author in Notkius, i. .500-10, says: 'They spokoot the number of soIiUcih
who were to remain, and of the manner in which the mission was to be iium-
a;;i(l, because lie (Fages) had already meddled in the government of the mis-
si(>ns, already jiretending that all belonged to !iim and not to tlie j^ailns; so
tliat the nii.it ions, instead of pi'ogrcssing, retrograded, and if the tiling w cut
on the reduction might bo rendered impossible,
'■' I'alou had aUuiled, in his Memorial of December 1772, tomisundcrstiiinl-
ings between tlic military and missionary autliorities. JIarcli KS, 177-', t lie
viceroy in a letter to Fages, Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 74-.'>, urges him to nKiiu-
tain harmony, to lis^ten to all complaints, to aid the padres with gunnls iuid
supplies, to treat converts well, and to promote the mission work in cviiy
possible way. October '2d, Scrra says to Fages that the padres are unwilling
to take charge of the troops' provisions, fearing quarrels, but will do it tem-
porarily if military supplies bo delivered in 8ep.arato packages. Arch. Ar.D-
hi.'jxidn, MS., i. 3. October 8th, Fages transcribes to Scrra ft communiiiitiin
from tho viceroy, dated November 3, 1771, ou the duty of president and
SERRA QUARRELS WITH FAGES.
191
lannol, as
rs before.
)n on liis
)ectations
casioii, as
mcnt and
■j military
Liard for a
he others
lat Fa,!jfes
ntil more
iny rate a
3ctinLj tlie
lit in tlie
c right at
bounds of
president,
gainst the
\ seh-con-
and lias,
idc of tlio
is untaiio-
o
mtl.inte Fai^cs
l)ut he fi)uiiil
'ctions thiit if
(the mission)
lork to aiTi'iii-
might i sue,
pnuleiice Mini
nuqiosi'. ' 'i'ho
fberot' soMirvs
liis to lie mail-
lit of tlu- iiiis-
|ho ]'aih'( s; >ii)
ic thini; went
lisnndori^tainl-
18, 177J, tlio
I him to iiKiin-
|h gunnls mill
voik in evi ry
laro uiiwilliii!,'
I'lll do it Uiii-
Afch. ArM-
l)iiiinunit':iti'ii\
Iresiilint auJ
The eliargcs of the president against Fagos wore
ciuhodied in his Uc]U\'mintac{on of the following year.
According to this uoeunicnt his offences were as fol-
lows: Bad treatment of and haughty manners toward
liis men, causing them to hate him, as Serra had
learned by long experience; incompetence to com-
iiiaiid the cucra soldiers, since he belonged himself to
aiiotlier branch of the service; refusal to transfer sol-
dieis for bad conduct at the padres' request; meddling
V itli mission management and the i)unishment of neo-
])hytes as he had no right to do except for dclitos de
Kdiif/rc, or grave offences; refusal to allow the padre
a soldier to serve as majordomo, the soldier being
traiisferr(Kl as soon as he became attached to a padre,
on tlie plea that such attachment was subversive of
the military authority; irregular and delayed delivery
of letters and property directed to the padres, accord-
ing to his whim, thus preventing the distribution of
small uifts to the Indians; insolence and constant
ci!orts to annoy the friars, who were at his mercy;
delaying mission work by retaining at the presidio
the only blachsmith; opening the iriars' letters, and
neglect to inform them in time when mails were to
start; taking away the mission mules for the use of
the soldiers; and the retention uiuler charge of the
jiiesidio of cattle intended i'or new missions.^" Some
of these charges were doubtless unfounded, or at least
cxa'j'Lifcrated.
It was partly on account of this difficulty with
Fages that Serra determined to go in pei'son to !Mox-
ico, but there were other motives that made such a
tiip desirable. The mission work in California had
now been fairly begun, and from the actual working
ol' the system the need of some changes had become
jiiulres to set a pood example by obedicnco to the orders of the t-oniinandant.
/•/. October I'Jth, >Serra assures Fajjea that neither he nor iii.s Biil)ordiiiatea
i'\\ r have failed or ever will fail in respect to tiio coninuindaut".s orders. Iil. , 4.
"■.Vi /•;•«, /,'</, rvKCiilacioii de 1,1 tie. Marzo 1773, in J'a'uii, Not., i. 518-.'{4,
papsini. lie hints that ho couhl say much worse things about hi.s foe if it
\M re necessary. There is also much against Fages iu •'ierm, Ii''2>ns., df ;.'i
ik Maiju 17 7 J, MS.
192
I'ROfiRESS OF THE NEW ESTABUSHMENTS.
I
I
apparent, cliani^cs whicli the president could advocate
more effectually in ))erson than by corrcspondeiKc ;
and what made a visit to Mexico the more imperative
in the [)adre's opinion was the news that a new vice-
roy, presumably ignorant of northern afl'airs, had come
to New Spain the preceding autumn to succeed Croix,
and that Galvez, California's l)est friend, had also
gone to S[)ain. Only the most active efforts couM
keep U[) the old enthusiasm ; and at least it was well
to learn of what stuff Bucarcli was made.
Serra accordingly sailed on the San Carlos the 1 Otli
or 20th of October, taking with him a neophyte from
IMonterey who afterward received the rite of coniir-
mation at the hand of Archbishop Lorenzana. Of the
president's doings in Mexico I shall have something
to say in the next chapter." Shortly before the ves-
sel sailed, Padro Somera liad started for the penin-
sula;"* a little later Fagos set out overland for Mon-
terey ; and in November the friars Juan Figucr and
Ramon Usson arrived from the south, sent up l)y
Palou at Serra's request for the proposed mission of
San Buenaventura.
At a consultation between the Dominican vicar
general and Ilafael Verger the guardian of San Fer-
nando College, an agreement was formed April 7,
1772, by which all the missions of the peninsula were
given u[> by the Franciscan to the Dominican order.
The loiiij: series of ne<j;'otiations and intrimies which
led to tliis result has been presented elsewhere in I'on-
nection with the annals of the peninsula,*" and need
not be repeated here. The Dominicans had worked
hard for a division of the missions, which the Fraii-
"Ile arrived at Pan Bias Nov. 4tli, M-as at Topic Nov. lOtli, liail very
severe iind dangerous attacks of illnesH at (iuadalajara and Qiicr(*'>ro, ami
finally arrived in Mexico in I'Vbruury 1773. Serra, in llaudhii. Dor. Jfi-if. Ciil.,
MS.. 1, says ho ■went to Mexico to plead for the extension of niis.-ionH, etc.
Fa^es in letter of Pec. '22, 177-, uHirnis tliat tlio padro left fur Mexico 'ou
inistiiou business.' I'rnr. St. l'n}>., MS., i. 8(J- 7.
'" i'ossii)!y several months before, biuce he sailed fi'oiu Loreto for Sau Blua
on Oct. I'Jtli.
'* Sec Hist. Xorth Mexican States, this series.
FRAXCISCANS AND DO.VnXICAXS.
193
cisoans luid strcnuouslj roaistoJ. At first tlic new
cstablisliiiiciits of tlic north were hardly taken into
till! account by either party; but as the struggle con-
tinued, additional knowledge of the new country was
coiistaiitly accumulating; and finally, when it was no
longer possible to prevent a division, so flattering were
tlio reports from Alta California that the peninsula
v.as regarded as hardly worth the keeping, and was
gladly relinquished by the guardian of the niotlier col-
lege. The followers of Saint Dominic were pleased,
ior they obtained more than they had ever asked for.
So far as is shown by the records Palou and Serra
l<ii('\v notlung of the cession until it was consummated,
the latter first learning of it from retiring Franciscans
V, lioni he met at Topic; yet it is difficult of belief that
the guardian did not act on the direct advice of the
two presidents, or that Padre Jum'pero did not know
vvliat was brewing when he left San Diego. However
tliat may have been, all three were satisfied with their
iiargain, as they had every reason to be. Later the
division would have been on a very diflerent basis.
In August Palou received information of the agree-
ment at Loreto. His acts in the final delivery of tlio
missions have been noticed elsewhere. The guardian's
i:i.-tiUctions required ft)ur friars to be assigned to duty
ill tlic north., while the rest were to return to their
college. But in the mean time two, CandK)n and
S Miiera, had returned ill, two others had asked leave
of absence, one was needed for the ^Nfontorey presi<lio,
and one or two extra helpers would be convenient for
cniergoncies. Besides, it seemed much better to send
tlic fiiars up to San Diego, whence, if not needed, they
could return by sea to San Bias, than to S(Mid them
bade to the college to undertake, if neinled in tlie
iiortli, a long and dangerous voyage. He wrote forth-
willi to (Guardian Verger on the subject, and also to
8ena, sending two of the padres, Usson and Figuer,
U}i fo San Diego with the letter, in September.
Faterna, acting president in Serra's absence, wrote
Uisi. Cal,, Vol. I. 13
SKt I
104
PROT.RESS OF THE XEXV ESTARLIiSnMEXTS.
liafk that ten friars would not be too many; Scrra
Yvi'ote from Topic, November 10tli,thatat least eii^lit
or ten should be sent to California if it could be done
without disobeyinjj very positive orders of the <^u;\v-
dian, and that he hoped to see Palou himself amoii<^r
the number; and finally Verier \vrote approving tlic
idea of sending eight or ten friars, but expressing
(l()ul>ts as to his ability to obtain a stipend for the
one destined to presidio service, and hoping that Palou
would decide to come back to the college. The latter
of course fixed upon the outside number, and inuur-
diately selected ei«>-ht in addition to the two alreadv
sent north; neither could he resist the temptation to
include his own name in the list.'" It was his plan
to leave behind temporarily Father Campa, who was
to act in his own absence as president, and to come
north later with a drove of cattle, which by authority
cf the viceroy were to be taken from the missions of
the peninsula.
l*alou was also authorized to take twenty-five na-
tive families from the frontier missions for the northern
establishments, and durinjx the autumn of 1772 and
the spring of 1773, while occupied with the final de-
tails of the transfer, he made a beginning of the ^\■ork,
meeting many obstacles through the lukewarniiiess
of the Dominicans and the open hostility of Governor
Barri.'-^ In Jul}'" while at Velicata, with six of his
fiiars, he received information from Campa that the
San Carlos had arrived at Loreto laden with sup^Jics
for San Diego, which it was proposed to unload at
Loreto while the vessel returned to San Bias for rt-
I)airs. Foreseeing that this delay was likely to cause
great w'ant in the new missions, the president resolved
to suspend his recruiting and pi'ess on to San Diego
innncdiately with all the maize his mules could carry.
^"Thc eight wore: Francisco Palou, Pedro Benito Cambon, Grcgorio Aiiiur-
rio, Ferniin Francisco Liisucn, .Inan Piestumcro, Vicente Faster, Jose Aiitd-
iiioMnrguia Miguel de la, Cair.jia y Cos.
'-' Y»;t Ikirri \n-itcs to Pages J.in. 7, 1773, that lie ha.s sent up ."0 horses inid
40 mules, all he could collect in the peninsula. Prov. Htut. I'ap,, MS., i. loS.
PALOU'S JOURXFA' TO TITE NOr.TII.
IM
Caniboii w.'iH left in cliargo of Imlliin faniilios, cattlo,
and a considorahlo amount of chuivli proporty, ro-
spoctinj^ wliicli there was much subsequent difficulty,
as we shall see. lie wrote to Governor l^airi urging
liim to forward to San Luis Bay as nuich maize as
])()ssihle, for which he would send Ijack mules from
San Diego, and with the six padres and a guard of
fourteen men ho set out for the north the 21st of July.
As the Californian annals of 1772, beginning in the
extreme north, were made to follow, so to speak, the
progress of President Serra southward, so may tho
little that is recorded of 1773 bo most conveniently
attached to the march of President Palou northward
from Velicatii to Monterey. On tho 2Gth three sol-
diers were sent out in advance to announce their
coming, and Patcrna and Pena came down far on the
wav to meet tho travellers, with all the nuiles that
could be spared. The only event in the journey re-
(juii'iug notice was tho raising of a cross, with ap^iro-
jiriato ceremonies, to mark the boundary between
Fram;iscan and Dominican territory, on the 19th of
August. The cross was placed on a high rock five
leagues above tho Arroyo of San Juan liautista and
about fifteen leagues below San Diego."^ Arriving at
the latter port on the morning of tho 30th, the new-
comers were welcomed with a discharge of fire-arms
and with every demonstration of joy.
Palou's advance messengers had gone on to Monte-
rey to obtain from Pages mules to bring up the sup-
plies from Velicatii. While awaiting a rei)ly the pr(\si-
dent busied himself in studying the condition of af-
fairs and in making a temporary distribution of the
new friars, since nothing could be done in tho new
establishments until the vessels came with su[)plies
and soldiers."' Tho native families expected from the
'^Tlic cross boro the inscription, Divmon ih Inn minhnoi ilc NiipMro Padre
<^»nlol)(ir,ui,,jo y <lc Niie.'<lrQ Pndn: ,S'a// I'raiicixco; ai'io dc 177 J.
*•' Tlio iiiis.sionury force after this distribution was its follows: S:in Diego—
Luis Jiiume, Vicente Fuster, and Grejjorio Ainurrio aa superiiiuucraiy. Sau
196
rnonnEss of tite new KSTAnusiiMEXTs.
lilt:::!
south ^vc•ro also jipportionod in advance amoni^ tlio
missions aof.'onlinijf to their ap[)arent need."* Puterna,
]jasuon, and Prestainero started lor their stations on
the r)tli of Septeniher. On the 19th came a letter
from Fagos with all the mules that could be obtained,
I'iLjhty-two in nund>er, which were sent forward three
days later under Ortei^a and a guard for Velicatii.-'
On the 2Gth Palou, Murguia, and Pena started for
the north, after having baptized fifteen new converts
fiom El liincon, a league and a half north of the
mission.
The journey northward presents nothing of inter-
est, Palou simply stationing his companions at their
respective missions according to the plan already
giver., and making close observations to be utilized in
his forthcoming report. At San Luis the party Mas
met by Pages, and a league from IMonterey Crespi
came out to greet his old friend and school-mate. At
the presidio on November 14th they were welcomed
with the customary salute and ringing of bells, to
which Palou replied with a j(>/«7/t'r^, expressing to tlie
soldiers his joy at seeing that they had come to servo
God in so distant a land, where he hoped they woulil
set a good example to the natives. Then they went
over to San Cdrlos and were greeted by the ministers
and Indians. Palou was very enthusiastic over his
arrival at Monterey, a place wliich he had desired to
visit ever since he read Torquemada's description of
Vizcaino's voyage over twenty j'ears ago, and a [)lacc
where he was willing to devote his life to the saving
of precious souls, his own included.
Gabriel — Antonio Patcma, Antonio Cruzado (both of whom had asked Kr.vo
to retire), Juan Tigiicr, and Fermin Francisco Lasiicn. San Luis ()liis]in—
Jos(5 Cavalier, Domingo Juncosa (anxious to retire), later Josd Antonio Nliir-
guia, with Juan Prestamero and Toniiis de la I'ena as supenmmeiarics. Sau
Antonio — Mi^^uel Picrns, Buenaventura Sitjar, niul Ramon Usson as sn]i(i-
nunierary. San Carlos — Juan Crespi, Francisco Dumetz, and Francisco I'aloii.
'^* San Diego was to have one family ; San Gabriel G families, and most of
the unmarried; and San Luis Obispo 3 families and some nultcroii. It is pos-
eiblo that these Indians came up with Palou.
"I suppose that the 14 soldiers who had come up with Palou also returned,
though tliero is no record of it. It is a point, moreover, of sumu importauco
iu tracing the uamcs uf the earliest settlers iu Colifuruia.
Mi*-i'
rs.
iMoii!::^ tlio
l\itcn»a,
tations on
a lettrr
) obtained,
van I tlirco
Vclicatd.-'
itarted for
V converts
:th of the
^ of intcr-
is at their
,n already
utilized in
party m;is
roy Crespi
-mate. At
! welcomed
)f bells, to
ing to the
iG to servo
hoy would
they went
ministers
over his
desired to
riptlon of
nd a [)laco
he savinj^
VISIT TO THE TULARES.
197
It is recorded that some time during 1773 Co-
niandante Fages, while out in search of deserters,
crossed the sierra eastward and saw an inunenso plain
covered with tnlarcs und a great lake, whence came as
- " — — - - ^ - - , — ____ __ _,_ —
10 supposed the great river that had prevented him
_'roiii going to Point Ileyes. Tliis may be regarded
as the discovery of the Tulare A^'alley. Thus close
the son)ev;hat meagre annals of an uneventful year,
80 far as internal affairs in California are concerned,
hut there Were measures of much moment beini:
Ibniented without, to which and to a general report
on the conditi(ni of the country the following chapter
will be devoted.""
'"Oil tlio events of this chapter sec Palou. Ifot., i. 180-245, 481-o]3; Jd.
Vida, 134-51.
Ll nskcd K'avo
iLuia ()l>is)m—
Antonio Mur-
Inciuiies. S:iu
Isson as stqior-
Tanciseo Taloii.
Is, and most of
h-os. It is pos-
1 also rcturnrd,
BIO uupoituuco
1 1
! ll
CHAPTER IX.
I
i|i'
FIRST ANNUAL RErORT; SERRA'S LAIJORS IN MEXICO.
1773.
pALOti's Report op December, and Serra's in May — Condition of Cam-
JOKNIA AT Close oi- the First Historical Peuioh — Names Arpi.iED—
PitEsiiiio AM) Five Missions — Haptisms, M.\uuiA(iEs, and Deaths —
Gentiles Friendly — 1'ke-pastorai, Californian \uriiiTK(TruE —
I'ALISADE EncLOSITIIES — AlJKICirLTI'kK AND K lOCK - RAISINd — XkW
TuEHiDio 1{e(;i'lations or Seitember 177- — Father Junipeuo in
Mexico — Memorial ok March — Memorial ok Ai'Uil— San IW.vs
ESTADLISHMENI' SaVED— AcTION OF THE .ICNTA— AlDS AND ReIOKMS—
Reolamento— EuiiiTY Soldiers for California — Ways and M>:ans—
Serra's Report — Provisional Instructions to Fages — Fiscai.'s
Report — Condition of Pkhs Fhnd — Final Ac'tion of the Jinta—
Rivera Appointed to Sicieed Faoes — Instructions — PiiiiPAUATioNd
of Rivera and Anza— Serr.\ Homeward Bound,
'/.
The resolution of the junta de gucr' i y real Itacicnd
dated April 30, 1772, giving the missions of Hk^
peninsula to the Dominicans, required the Francis-
cans to render an annual report on the condition <«f
their new establishments; and on ^lay 12th the
viceroy had ordered such report from the president/
Therefore Palou, president in Serra's absence, gave
his attention to the matter during his stay at San
Diego and his trip northward, devoting himself, on
airival at ^Monteiey in November, to tlie task -if
forming from the results of his observations a com-
plete statement for the viceroy. The document w;is
completed the 10th of December 1773, and was for-
warded to Mexico overland with a letter to the
•Tho first document is given in full in Palou, Not., i. lOO-j; and tho
Bccuud is I'ufciTcd tu iu /(/., ii. t).
V 198 )
FIRST ANNUAL Rin'ORTS.
109
rrn.irdiaii of S;m l'\'riinii(I<).'" Under «l;ito of ^Fay
i;|>( of tliu same year Serni in Mexico liad iiicliided
ill Ills report to the viceroy a detailed stateiueiit
oj" tiio actual condition of H»e missions at the time ot'
Ills departure the precedii;^; Septendier, suj»plemente(l
hv iiilormation deiived IVoi.' later correspon«li'nee.
Tills )-tj)()rt"'' covers substantially the same ground as
tliat of Palou and the t\v<) cond)ined may he regarded
i\fi one document. Later amuiul an«l hiennial rejioits
of the missio!is, ])reserved in my Library, will h"
ii(ih/cd for the most part in local cha[)ters and statis-
tical appeiulices, being noticed in my text only 'u a
j;'cnernl maimer or for special reasons. ]>ut thi iirst
ri'poi't being a very complete statement of (.California's
(•(•ii('ition at t!i • nd of what may be n^gardcd as t1 o
liist period of her mission histoiy, deserves fuller
ii()ti((> huie. Historical items pi-oper respecting the
f xiiiding (jf each mission gathered I'rom this soiu'ce
as fi'om (»thers having been given in the preceding
chapters, I now invito the reader's attention to the
iicw cstal)lishments as they were at the end of 177^,
the fifth year of Spanish ()ccu[)ation.
The *>rew ]!]stablishments,' 'Establishments of San
J)iego and Monterey,' tlio 'Missions of IMontcrey,'
'X{!\v California,' 'Northern California,' 'California
Sii[)(iior,' 'Alta California,' and the 'Peninsula' —
i'ur all these names had been or were a little later ap-
plied, and continued in use for many years — include at
tiiis time five missions and a presidio.* These are San
- Paloii, Iii/orme queporel vies de dk'iemhrc de 177-i kc hlzo al Ex'no Sn'mr
Vini/dd c.-ilud'') de km (.■hiri) iniKloiic^ df Muiil< nii, in I'ldaii, Not., ii. II 4'J.
liiiri'^, iu lii.H VniiiKjc en Cril., a, report iuMrosst'd to tlic VictToy on Nov. ,'!().
177'>, iisiil tliia lir.st report of I'alou, to which he, however, gives tlic thite of
Nov. •2lth, instead of Dec. lOth.
^.V' ;•;•((, /'<:/ircm'iilitci()ii dl P. Fr. Jmif/iero Srrrn ynhrr lux Misioni'^ dr hi
Xni ni aiilii'itniki, L'l d<' Mayo dn 17<'l, MS. 'J'his repi.)rt is in two parts, one
nsiiectin;,' the needs) of the country from a military point i " view, and the
otiicr on the actnal condition of tlio missions.
'it is to 1)0 noted that I'alou in his report does not name San I>ie,i.'o as a
l>r(.si(lio, and there is no evidence that it was in these earliest years (•i)nsi(ier» d
as such excejjt in the sense that every post guarded by soldiers, like any of
tiie niisaioiis, is spoken of as a presiilio. San l)icyo had no lar^^'cr rej,'ular f' ireo
than some otlur missions. It became, however, aregular presidio in 177-i wlr u
tlic uc\v njluiitCiUu went into ell'ect.
ij
■' ■■■ i
i
im
} :
ill'
200
SERRAo LARORS IX MEXICO.
Diego tic Alcalii at Cosoy on tlio port of San Diei^r^
in ^'2" 43', built on a liill two giuisliots from the shore,
and facing tlio entrance to the port at Point Guijarros;
San Gal)riel Arcangel, forty-four leagues nortli-west
of San Diego, in the country of Los Temblores in 34"
10', on the slope of a hill half a league from the source
of the Rio do San Miguel, six leagues west of tlic
Piiver Jesus do los Temblores, and a league and a lialf
east of the Iliver Nuestra Senora do Los Angeles ' do
Pnrciuncula ; San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, about seventy
leagues from San Gabriel in 35° 38', on an eminence
half a league from the Canada do los Osos and tliico
leagues from the Ensenada do Buchon, in the country
of the Tichos; San Antonio do Padua, twenty-tln-cc
leagues above San Luis, in 3G° 30', in the Canada de
los Robles of the Sierra de Santa Lucia, at first on
the River San Antonio, but moved a league and a
half up the canada to the Arroyo do San Miguel;
San Carlos Dorromeo, on the River Carmelo, oikj
league from Monterey and twenty-five leagues from
San Antonio; and, finally, the presidio of San Carlos
de ]\I(jnterey on the bay and port of tlic same name.
The five missions are under the care of nineteen
Franciscan friars of the coWg^c dc i^ropafjanda Jldc of
San Fernando in the city of ]\Iexico, whose names
and distribution have been given,'* and who are sub-
ject locally to the authority of a president residing
at San CMrlos, the cahccera, or head mission of tlio
five.^ The military force to which is intrusted the
protection of the missions is sixty men, thirty-livo
soldadoti de cucra and twenty-five Catalan voluntcei-s,
under a connnandant residing at the presidio of ]\Ion-
terey, each mission having a guard of from six to six-
teen under a corporal or sergeant, while about twenty
^Tliiaia the first application of the namo Los Angeles to tliis rc,';ion, and ii
doubtless the origin of the name as afterward applied to the pueblo and city.
"See note I'i, chap. viii. of this volume.
' A full description of the mission system in all its parts and workings \>ill
be given elsewhere; also of the presidio or military system, and of civil gin-
crnuicut.
CONDITION OF THE MISSIONS.
201
nun garrison the presidio under the commandant's
(liroct orders. The civil and political authority is
blLiidod theoreticall}', for there is no record of the
])i-actieal exercise of any such power in these earliest
days, with the military, and vested in the commaMdant,
who is in civil matters responsible and suboiclinate to
the irovernor of the Californias, rosidinix at ]j(M'eto.
The population consists of military officials and soldiers,
friars and their neophytes, a few mechanics under gov-
crnmoiit pay, servants and slaves — all these of Spanish,
negro, Indian, and mixed hlood — some natives of Baja
Calilornia scrvini; as laborers without other wages
than their sustenance, and, finally, thousands of gen-
tile natives. There are as yet no colonists or settlers
proper.**
lancing first at the mission work par cxcdlencr,
the conversion of the heathen to Christianity^ we find
a total of 491 baptisms for the first five years, 29 of
them having died, and G2 couples, representing doubt-
less nearly all the adult converts, have been united in
marriage by Christian rites." The two nortliern mis-
sionh with 1G5 and 158 baptisms are far above tho
southern establishments, which are 83 and 73 respect-
ively, while the newly founded San Luis has only
twelve converts.^'' It is to be nouxl, however, that
the friars have not in several of the missions baptized
so many as they might have done, preferring that the
candidates should be well instructed, and often re-
strained by an actual or prospective lack of supplies,
sinct,' they are unwilling to receive formal neophytes
whom they may not be able to supply with food.
Again, more than half the whole number have been
baptised during the year and a half since Serra's
departure. The gentiles are now evei-ywhere friendly
*Tliu matter of tho pruceiling paragraph has not been drawn from tho
rt'pni;,s of l',ih)ii ami Scrra.
"Cwiiiploto statistics of baptism;?, marriaiiroH, deatlis, and pojiulation for
t'Vi'iy liiisbiuu aiul uvury deciulo from the bugimiiug will bo given lu ...uii' piopur
plur,.'.
'"So Fiiy tlie f);cncral roports; yet tho mission baptismal register shows a
total of oi baiitisms ni i"7-' and 4 in 1773.
202
SERRA-S LABORS IN MEXICO.
m
as a rule, and liavc for tlio most part overcome their
original timidity, and to some extent also the distrust
caused by outrp<^es of* the soldiers." Only at San
Diego have there been unprovoked hostilities. Near
each mission, except San Luis, is a rancheria of gen-
tiles living in rude little huts of boughs, tules, grass,
or of whatever material is at hand. Many of these sav-
ages come regularly as catechumens to doctrina, and
often those of more distant rancherias are induced to
come in and listen to the nmsic and receive trillin.;'
gifts of food and beads. The neophytes are generally
willing to work when the friars can feed them, which
is not always the case; but it does not appear that at
this early period they live regularly in the mission
buildings as in later times. At San Diego there are
eleven rancherias "within a radius of ten leagues, liviii'jf
on grass, seeds, fish, and rabbits. A canoe and net
arc needed that the christianized natives may be taught
improved methods of fishing.^" At San Gabriel the
native population is larger than elsewhere, so large iii
fact that more than one mission will be needed in that
region. The different rancherias are unfortunately at
war with each other, and that near the mission being
prevented from going to the sea for fish is often in
great distress for food. Here the conduct of the sol-
(liers causes most trouble, but the natives are rapidly
being conciliated. At San Luis the population is also
very large and the natives are from the first iirni
friends of the Spaniards; but as they have plenty of
deer, i-abbits, fish, and seeds, being indeed far better
sup[)lied with food than the Spaniards, it is difficult to
k .
" That the irregular conduct of the soliUcra was one of the cliicf ol\stf.(-lr'»
to missionary success tlicro can bo little doubt; yet it is not likely that tho
coniamlaute was so i^uch to blanio as Serra says. J lis dislike for Fajjea I'oli ir.s
his! rejiort. Have misfortunes of any kind oceiirrcd at a mission, they wiij
entirely duo to tho mismanagement of ' a certain ollicial;' has another mission
been prosiierous, it was in spite of that mismanagement.
'- According to Serra nearly all in the rancheria tliat had formerly attai'krd
tho mission had been converted. Tho 'oQcial ' was displeased that so luany
liad been baptized, and he had wished to remove the natives to a distiiuco on
jtretence of danger to the presidio, but Serru had objected strenuously and
every one elso ridiculed the proposal !
PRE-rASTORAL ARCHITECTURE.
203
render niii^sion life fascinating to them, articles of cloth-
ing- being the chief attraction. They come often to
tlio nn.ssion but do not stay, having no rancheria iu
tlio vicinity. At San Antonio the natives are ready
to live at the mission when the priests are ready for
thcni, and far from depending on the missionaries for
I'odd they bring in large stores of pine-nuts, acorns,
i-ahbits, and squirrels." At San Carlos converts are
iiKtst numerous, but for want of food they cannot bo
kept at the mission. Here and also at San Antonio
three soldiers have already married native women.
•
It is a rude architecture, that of pre-pastoral Cali-
fornia, being stockade or palisade structures, which
were abandoned later in favor of adobe walls. At
cvciy mission a line of high strong posts, set in the
ground close together, encloses the rectangular space
\vliicli contains the simple wooden buildings serving
as church and dwellings, the walls of whicli also in
most instances take the stockade form. The buildings
at San Carlos are somewhat fully described by Scrra.
Tlio rectangle hero is seventy yards long and forty-
tlu'ee wide, with ravelins at the corners. Fw want of
nails the upright palisades are not secured at the top,
and the ease with wdiich they can be moved renders
the strong gate locked at night an object of ridicule.
Within, the chief building, also of palisade walls plas-
tered inside and out with mud or clay, is seven by iifty
yards and divided into six rooms. One room serves
as a church, another as the minister's dwelling, and
anoihor as a storehouse, the best rooms boin'": white-
washed with lime. This building is roofed with mud
su{)j)orted by horizontal timbers. A slighter structure
used as a kitchen is roofed with grass. The (quarters
'^Tlicy liiul revealed, as Scrra says, the locality of the cavr wIutc tlioir
iilol.s wore Uc'pt, so that those idols could be destroyed at any time. Tho
(isM's-iir ol' Monterey County in his report to the surveyor-genei'al, i'.ceording
to an item goiny tho rounds of local newspapers, mentions a laij;c cave in tliis
reu'ioii covered on tho inside witli hieroglyphics and liavinu; a cross cut in ita
\valls tradition, dly i>y the liands of Scrra himself. Xear the cave is a hot sid-
phur spring. It would be ditiicult to prove tho uoii-ideutity of the two caves.
204
SEBRA'S L.VBORS IN MEXICO.
!i !
,11
'!
of the sol(lIcr;3 arc clistiiict from the niis.sioii and arc
eiulosud by a sei)aratu palisade, while outside of b(jth
enclosures are the simple huts of the ranoheria.
Between the dates of the two reports it is found that
the nuul roofs do not prove effective against the winter
rains; and. a new church partly of rough and partly of
worked timber is built and roofed with tules. The
timber used is the pine and cypress still so abundant
in that regl(m. At San Luis and San Gabiiel the
buildings are of the same nature, if somewhat less
extensive and complete, there being also a small house
within the stockade for each of the Baja Californiau
families. At San Diei>-o, where the stockade is in a
certain sense a presidio, two bronze cannijus ai-e
mounted, one pointing tow^ard the harbor, and the
otlier t'jward the rancheria. Hgre, in addition to wood
and tules, or rushes, adobes have also been used in con-
structing the friars' house." Four thousand adobes
have been made, some stones have been collected, and
the foundation laid of a church ninety feet long ; but
Mork has been suspended on account of the non -arrival
of the supply-vessels In 1773. At San Antonio tlu^
church and padres' dwelling are built of adobes, and
the three soldiers married to native women have each
a separate house. The presidio at Monterey is also a
stockade enclosure with a cannon mounted In each of
its four ravelins at the corners. The soldiers' quarters
and other rooms within arc of wood with mud roofs,
except a chapel and room for the visiting friar, whiili
are of adobe, as in the commandant's house and the jail.
I
I
k
^
But slight progress has been made in agriculture;
though by repeated failures the padres are gaining
experience for future success, and a small vegetablo
garden at each mission, carefully tended and irrigated
by hand, has been more or less productive. At San
l)Iego, at first, grain was sown In the river-bottom and
the crop entirely destroyed by a rising of the stream.
'* Scrra says tliat a large part of tlio builJiiiga were of uilobcs.
rnniiTR'E agPvIculture.
•205
Ni::t yonr, it was sown so far uway from tho water
that it (lied from drought all but five or ci'jjht lano^^as
.saved for seed. The river now dried up, aiiorchny m^
miming water as wo are assured even in the rainy
j<o;u()ii, thougli plenty of water for the cattle and for
otlier uses could always bo found in pooLs or by slight
digging in the bed of the stream. Irrigation being
thus impossible tho rain must be depended on, and
wliile Palou was here a spot was selected for the next
cxp(;riment in the river-bottom, about two leagues
fidiu the mission, at a spot called Nuestra Senora del
I'ilar, where rain was thought to bo more a])undant
and tlio rliik of flood and drought somev/hat less."
Hun Gabriel is in a large, fertile, well watered plain,
with every facility for irrigation. Thoug'h the first
year's crop, according to Serra, had been drowned out
and entirely lost, tho second, as Palou ttlls us, pi-o-
duced one hundred and thirty fancgas of maize and
seven fancgas of beans, the first yielding one hundred
and ninety-five fold and the latter twenty-one fold.
Plantiii'j: the next year was to be on a nmch lar<xer
scale with ever}^ prospect of success. San Luis has
also plenty f)f I'ertilc, well watered, and well wooded
land which has yielded a little maize and beans tho
tir.st year, and promised well for the future. At San
Antonio two fancgas of wdieat are to be fown on irii-
gated land. San Carlos has some good land, and tliough
tiiere are no advantages for irrigation, it is thought
maize and "heat can be raised. By reason of late sow-
hig onlv ii u iUnegas of wheat were harvested in 177'J.
Pasturage is everywhere excellent, and tlte little
livc-stockdistributod among the missions has flourished
from the bofxinninof. Each mission has received 18
head of horned cattle and has now from OS to 47 head,
or 204 in the aggregate, with GO horses, 71) mules, 102
swine, and IGl sheep and goats at San l)ieg(j and
'■•/'r('o)^ Nof., i. 240-1. The place must have heon nonr the site of tlie
later inissinn, Sorra says it waa tho crop of 177- that was ilcstioyeil by Uooil,
ouly b faucgub bciiig saved.
200
SERTIA'S LABORS IX MEXICO.
' :■
San Cabriv 1 alone. Some memoranda of farmers' and
moolianies' tools arc given in conneetion with eaeli
mis.sion; but there arc no mcehanics .save at the pre-
sidio. Palou has somcthinj,' to say of the missions to
1)0 founded in the future, but nothing that requires
attention hero, exeept perhaps that the proposed Santa
Clara is not identical with the mi.ssion that is later
founded under that name, but is to be on the Santa
Clara River in the southern part of the province.
10
Having thus laid before the reader the condition of
California in 1773, the end of the first period of her
history, I have now to consider the important meas-
ures for her welfjire, urged and adopted at the capital
of New Spain during the same j-ear. First, liowevei",
a royal order of September 10, 1772, must be brieily
noticed in which the king issued a series of resj^ula-
tions and instructions for the new line of royal pre-
sidios, to be formed along the northern frontier of his
American possessions." These regulations, the mili-
tary law in California as in all tlio north-west ior
many years, will require to be studied somewhat iu
detail when I come to describe the presidio system;
but as an historical document under its own date it did
not affect California as it did other provinces, where it
abolished or transferred old presidios, established new
ones, and effected radical chanijes in their manage-
ment. Its last section is as follows: " I declare that
'" The receipt of Palou 's report was acknowledged by the viceroy in a k'tttr
of May 'J.'), 177-J, recuivod July (itli, and answered July 2Stli; but thcio is
nothing of importance in this corrcspon<lencc. A r(5suin(5 with extnu^ts of
I'alou's report waa published in the S. F. Bnllelin, Oct. I'J, 1803. In S<in
O'libricI, Lib. tie jMi<!o)i, ^IS., 0-S, is a circular letter addressed to the pathvs
of California by Palou, requiring each of them, or each pair of them, at tlio
end of every iJecember to send in full reports of their respective missions to
the president, from which lie might form his general report to tlic viccioy,
Binco it would be impossible for him to visit eacii mission annually. This let-
ter was dated iSan Gabriel, Oct. 9, 1773, while the writer was at work on liia
first report.
^'' y'/r,s((/;o.i, I\r:ilamciito ( Instnircion pnra Iok Presidios que sr han defornwf
en la Vinon, df fr'niicra dc la Xiieva Kspaua. Ue-sutUo jiur el llii) \. S. en vvdulit,
df 10 do Srpt'irinhrc df 177~, Madrid, 1772. Sm. 4to, 122 pages. My copy wns
presented by Viceroy Biicareli to Mclchor cie Perauius. 1 have also the edition
of Mexico, 177:5. 8vo, 1.32 pages.
EEOLAMEXTO DK PRESIDIOS?.
207
the prcsidids C)f California are to continue for ihc pres-
ent on <licir actual ft)otinu^ according tot ho provisions
niadi- hy my vIciToy after the concpiest and reduction
liad been extended to the port of ^lonterey; and on
the suj)posltion that ho has provisionally assigned tlie
jiumumI sum of thirty-three thousand dollars for the
iiocds and |»rotection of that ])eninsula, I order and
(•oiiniKUid that this sum bo still paid at the end of
• adi year I'rijm the royal treasury of Guadalajara, as
has heen done of late; and that my viceroy sustain
and aid hy all possible means the old and new estab-
lisliintuts of said province, and inform mo of all that
lie may deem conducive and useful to their progress,
and to the extension of the new reductions of gentile
Indians."'^
Ihesident Serra, having left California in the pre-
ceding September, arrived at the city of Mexico in
l\'hniary 1773. The objects of his visit were to see
to it that California was not ne<i'lected throuixh igno-
ranco or indifference on the part of the new viceroy,
to urge certain general measures for the good of his
province suggested by his experience of tlie past live
years, to get rid of the commandant, Fages, his bitter
l(n; and the cause, from the friar's point of view, of all
that was not pure prosperity in the missions, and to
procure such regulations as would prevent similar
ti'oubles with future commandants by putting all the
I lower into the friars' hands and reducing the military
element to a minimum,^" He found Bucareli not
less favorably disposed than had been his predecessor
( Voix, and was by him instructed to prepare a memo-
lial, in which were to be embodied his views on the
• [iiestions at issue. Being authorized to do so by his
superi(3r, the guardian of San Fernando, and having
^^ PrrshlioK, Reijlamcnto, 120-1.
"Scfia had received from California a certiQcato from Fafjes dated Mon-
teiTv, Di'c. '12, 1772, to tlic effect that the iiiis-sio'io wore all aiipplicd wiUi
liMih-is an>l that Serra had left on business connected witli liin worU. I'l-'f.
St. l'(i/i., .MS., i. 80. It seems strange that Serni did not (.;ot tliis cirtilicatu
at his departure if necessary, and that Fages should have sent it voliuitaiily,
fur there wua no time to scud back for it.
i, 1?
jf
I'
:l i i
'J.
IE
i 5
:a
fc
il
208
SKRIIA'S LABORS IX MEXICO.
I
hastened tlic sailing of the San Carlos with su^jplies,
Padro Junipero set himself diligently to work, com-
pleted the required document on March 13th, antl
presented it two days later to the viceroy.""
Ilis suggestions or claims were thirty -two in num-
ber, formed without any attempt at classification into
as many articles of the memorial. I shall avoid mucli
confusion and repetition by referring to the several
points in the order in \vhich they were acted ujioii
rather than as they were presented. His first and
second claims were for a master and mate to aid
Perez on the transports, since Pino had leave of ab-
sence, and Canizares was too young to have full charge
of a vessel; and that the new vessel be made readvas
%■'
soon as possible. He soon found, however, that in
order to cut down expenses to agree with the royal
order of September 10, 1772, already alluded to, it liad
been determined in Mexico to give up the San Bias
establislinient and to depend on mule trains for tlio
forwarding of supplies to San Diego and IMonteroy.
Against this policy the California champion sent in
a new memorial dated the 2 2d of April. ^* In this
document he argued that the conveyance of sup[)]ic.s
by land would be very difficult if not impossible, tliat
it would cost the royal treasury much more than the
present system, and that it would seriously interfere
with the spiritual conquest. Besides at least a liun-
dred men and horses, there would be required eleven
hundred, and probably fifteen hundred, mules for tlie
service, which it \vould be impossible to obtain in
time to prevent much suffering in California if not its
total abandonment, to say nothing of the excessive
cost. The great expense of the San Bias establisli-
nient had been largely due to the building of new
vessels and warehouses, not necessary m the future.
There had possibly been some mismanagement that
*"(?«•>•«, Rpprcsnitacion de 13 de Marzo 1773, ^IS.; also in Palou, Xot., i.
514-^8; ami elsewliere in fragments and abridgments.
'^^ Scrrn, MeiHOrinl. de 2.2 de Ahril, xohrc ■mmhuslmciones d loa EstaHecimien-
to8 de California y conduccion de ellas, MS.
MEASURES ADVOCATED.
209
mii^lit 1)0 avoiilcd; in any case some kintl of a niaiino
uslalillsliniout must be kept uj) for the transport of
sn[ipliL'S to Loreto, and tlio nuik'teers would bo <piito
;is liuinorous and expensive as the sailors. j\[oreover,
the oft-repeated passage of large caravans of careless,
rough, and immoral men across the long stretch of
country between Velieattl and Monterey could not
I'ail to have a bad cft'ect on the natives along the
loute. These arguments proved unanswerable, and
th(! viceroy ordered that for the present, until the
king's pleasure could bo known, the San Bias trans-
poits sliould continue their service, with the slight
changes suggested by Father Junfpero, who thus
gained the first two points of his original demand.
Tlie thirty remaining points of the reprcftontacion
wore by the viceroy submitted to i\\o junta de guerra
y real hacienda"'^ — board of war and royid exchequer
— wliich august body on ^lay Gth granted eighteen
of thorn and part of another, denying only a i)art of
article 32, in which Serra asked to have paid the ex-
penses of his journey to Mexico. Thus twenty-one
of the original points were disposed of almost entirely
ill Serra's favor.^^ Four of those bore upon the past
troubles between the Franciscan and military author-
ities, and wore designed to curtail the powers wliich,
as tlie former claimed, had been assumed by the latter.
]^v the decision the commandant was required to
transfer from the mission guard to the presidio, at the
niiiiister's request, any soldier of irregular conduct and
bad example, and this without the [)adre being ol)liged
to name or prove the soldier's offence; the missiona-
ries were to have the rio-ht to manage the mission
Indians as a father would manage his family, and the
'-Thn document had, however, previonslj', iMarch lOtli to April ."itli, heoii
ill thf liaiulsuf the fiscal Arcche, whose report was favorahlo; and liad tlion becu
passed to the proper bureau to be prepared for presentation to the junta.
I'ror. St. /V(y).,MS., i. 88-9.
'"Tiiose were 1-4, 8, 9, 12, 15-25, 27, 28, and .32, leaving 11 points yet
undecided. The junta was composed of Viceroy li\icarcli, Valcurctl, Toro,
Arcche, Ijarroeta, Abad, Total, Vakk'S, Gutierrez, Mangino, Arce, and .lusiS
Uurruez.
IIisT. Cal., Vol. I. U
• i
210
SERRA'S LABORS IX MEXICO.
luilitiiry roinniandaut should l)o instructcil to prc-
survo pcrt'oct hannoiiy with tho |);uli'u.s;-' projK'ity
and lettc!i-s for tho friars or missions wore to 1)0 for-
warded S('])aratt'ly instead of beinj^ enclosed to tlie
])residio commander; and the friars' correspondonco
was not to be meddled with, passini^ free of mail
char,L]fi's like that of the soldiers. IJy the terms uf
the decision on the other points Serra was to recci\i!
his regular pay as a missionary, during his wliolo
absence from California. Contributions of food IVoiii
the Tepic region were to bo forwarded expressly inr
the missions, and Governor liarri was not to hinder
the removal of tho church property at Velicat:i. Sail-
ors might be enlisted at San Bias and employed as
laborers at the missions, receiving raticms for one
year as if on board vessels, but they could not Ijc
lorced to remain after the year had ]mssed, and ilic
I'ogular crews of tho transports must not be inter-
fered with. Two blacksmiths, two carpenters, witli
some tools and material were to bo sent i'roni Guada-
lajara for tho exclusive use of tho missions. Seven
additional bells were to bo furnished, four of tlieni
having already been sent to INIonterey. Additional
vestments were to bo sent to take the place of soiled,
worn, and 'indecent' articles contained in some of the
cases from Baja California. San Bias measures were
to be adjusted on a proper basis and a full sot of
standards sent to each mission. Greater care was to
be taken in packing food for California, where it often
arrived in bad condition. Cattle for tho proposed
missions were to be under tho temporary care of thu
missionaries, who might use their milk. A new sur-
geon was to be sent in the place (.»f Prat, deceased,
and finally a copy of the junta's decision was to bo
■■'* This was hardly what had been asked for by Serra, who wished otlicn's
and soldiers iiotilied that tiie entire management of the Indians l)cli)iigt'd
exclusively to the padres, and that the military had no right to iutcrfLro in
matters of discijilinc or pimishment except in the case of delitos ili' t-uwji'''-
The junta was very careful not to commit itself very decidedly in the (|iiiiiivl
.between Serra and Fagcs. The viceroy, however, in subseciueut instructions
came nearer to Serra's views.
ECIlHVESTirS RKGULATIOXS.
!11
"ivi.n tiiSiTi-a, that thu luissionarios nii'i'lit lieivafter
act uii(kT,stanain<,ny.
Till' i)icsi(k'iit was charged to return as soon as
jMissible to his post, after having made u complete
j(|i(iit on the condition oi'each mission.'^
Sovcial points of Serra's petition connected wiih
tlu; military and financial aspects of the suhject under
consideration had been left hy the junta to be ]»ro-
\iiled for in a new regulntion for the Californias.
This document was drawn up on May 19th by Juan
Jose l']Llieveste, deemed an expert in the matter, since
lie liad siH)oi-intended for some years the forwarding
(»r su})j)lies."^ This plan provided ft)r California a cap-
tain, a lieutenant, eighty soldiers, eight mechanics,
two store-keepers, and four muleteers, with salariis
atnoimting to $08,983 per 3'ear; for Baja California a
(oiuiuissary, a lieutenant, and thirty-four sokliei-s,
witii a governor of both Californias, all at an annual
cost of $1G,450; a commissary and dock-yard depart-
ment at San Bias to cost, including rations for soldiers
and employes in both Californias, $29,809; and a
transport fleet of sxfmf/ata and two 2)C((]uebutcs serving
both Californias at an annual cost for wages and
rations of $34,038, forming a grand total of $119,342.
rayment was to be made, however, to officers and
men in the Californias, save to the governor and com-
missary, in goods at an advance on the original cost
of one hundred per cent for the peninsula, and of one
linndrcd and fifty per cent for New California; a
regulation which reduced the total cost to $90,470.
To meet this expense-' there were the $33,000 prom-
'■'May 12th, the viceroy decreed the execution of the junta's rcsohitions,
the issuance of tlio necessary orders, and the iireparation of records in
•Iniilitate. ^lay 13th, the secretary CJorraez ccrtilies tlic delis'ery of a copy
to Scnvi. ALiy 14th, a certiiied copy was made for the kin;.'. Copln ih- lo
(III niiitutdo ))or la Itial Junta de Otirrra y JUal Ihicicmla, in Paloii, Sot. i.,
04lt-5.'!; a!so in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 89.
'■" llrijlameHto v h)Mriiccioii jwov'iswind jtara el ouxiUo ij coiiservucion dr. Ion
iiKcros II aiithjuiis cstablecimieiUos de la>^C(dij'oru\as con <l dijtariamciUodc Sail
Jllij.'), etc., MS.; also \aPa!oii, Not. i., 5o(>-71. The printed copy ia, however,
full of errors in figures. Also iu Arch. Col., St. Pap. Ben., MS., 1-24.
*• This part of the reglamailo is omitted iu Tabu's printed copy.
SEHRA'S LABORS IX MRXICO.
h ^i
isi'd I)y tli<! IciMff ill liis onlor of SoptomlKT 10, ir7J:
8-;'), 000, cstiiiiiitcd yield of tlio salt-works noar S.ia
I lias, which had, it socius, been assi;^ned to the Cali-
rnnilas; and a probahlo m-t ri>veniie of $10,000 fidiii
the |»ioiis fund, still lca,vinj^ a balance of li?2L',47G to
be paid from the royal treasury.
Kelicvcste added to his plan scvontocn jmntos in-
ftfntcfii'os, suixGfestive and explanatory, from which it
aj^pears that in the author's judi^inent, the state (if
thetreasiu'y and pious fund did nf)t warrant the ^iimt-
inij; of other aid tlian that provided, which nuisttlieic-
forc suffice for now missions if any were to bo founded ;
that the sailors eidisted as mission laborers, aecordiii'^
to the reconuniMidation of the junta, should bo paid
sailor's wa^'(^s for two years and I'eceive rations for li\i'
years; that instead of the previous system by whidi
each mission received a stipend of .^700 and certain
sup[»lies it would be bettor to give a stijiend of 8S0(),
beini^ j?400 for each minister, and double rations \'nv
five years t<^ all the friars, including those waiting I'm'
the foundation of new missions, the double rations
amounting to .^1,779 being charged to the pious fund
as an addition to the stipend; that the commissary at
San l^las should buy maize and meat instead of raisin-,'
it, selling the rancho and sending the mule train to
Loreto or San Diego; and finally, in addition to sonic
suggestions about minor details of business manauo-
ment, that Echcveste's successor^^ should be allowed a
salary of $2,000, thu raising the amount to come out
of the trcasruy to $; t,470.
On the 21st of IV y Serra presented, as required,
a full report on the California missions, giving the
history of each from s foundation and its condition
in September 1772, ■ ic date of the writer's depart-
ure. The substance of this statement has hcvn
already presented to the reader. The writer included,
however, an argument respecting the number of
soldiers needed in California. In article 10 of his
'ill
''^ Exactly what EcLcvestc's office was does not appear.
DISTUinUTIOX OF FORCES.
213
10, 1772;
iHiur S;iu
thoCi.li-
,000 IVdm
•:iI,47G to
f)?n?M.s' ill-
I which it
ic state ol'
tho,i;T:int-
iiisttlicrc-
3 founded;
aoconhiij;
Id 1)0 ])aid
onsfor fivn
by wlilch
ind certain
a of 5?80U,
rations tor
\vaitinn- for
bio rations
Mous fund
niissary at
of raisin;,'
c train to
on to sonic
s manaL];e-
allowcd a
come out
required,
;iving the
condition
i-'s depart-
has hoen
included,
lumber <>f
10 of his
(trlt;iiial jH-tition he hud demanded om; Imudred men;
liiii that nundiei' had seemed too jL^rtvit to the junta,
whirh had reserved its decision and called for uuno
iiiroiiiiatit»n. ICclieveste, as wo liavc seen, rethiced the
nundier to eighty, and now Serra, by givinj^ up the
proposed mission of Santtj, Clara"-" and redncin;^' the
^iiai'd of San ] Jueiia Ventura, asseiiti'd to the reduction
in the a,:^'givyate; but objeeted to tho disti'ihntion.
Kcheveste liad assigned twenty-five men to each of
the two presidios and a guar<l of six men to each of
tlie live missions, or of five to each of six missions;"'"
liiit Serra would assign to jNIonterey fd'teen men, to
San Ihieiiavi'ntura iifteen, to San Diego thirteen, to
San ( Vulos sevt'ii, and to each of the other missions
ti n. Jle argued that in a country of so many inhabi-
tants with missions so far apart, a guard of live men
was not sufliclent ibr adequate protection. The wily
iViar's policy — or rather, [)erha])s, tho enthusiastic
nii>siunarv's ho[)e — was by securing a double guard
to he enabled to double the number of his missions
without being ob'iged to ask the presidio commandei's
for sohliers allowed them by the regulation. '^^
On May 2Gth the viceroy addressed to Facfes a
series of instructions, provisional in their nature, pend-
ing tho linal approval of the regulations. These
instructions covered tho same ground as the decision
of tho junta on May Gth, but also granted two addi-
tional requests of Serra by authorizing Fages to issue
a pardon to all deserters in California; and to rcjnace
witli now men such soklici's as had families far away,
IVoni whom they had been long separattjd.^^
'•"■' It is to 1)0 noticed that no mention is maile of San Francisco in any of
tlit'sc caleiihitions.
^''ihc iikaof moving San Diego mission was doubtless already entertained,
tlioii'.'li nothing is said of it liero.
•">'')•/■«, Jtcpim. (k L'l lie Mnyo, MS. Also translated l)y Taylor, and
printed in ('((/. luinwr, Sept., Oct. ISlif), and jiastcd in 'I'di/lnr'.'i J>i<ror. <iii<l
I'muil.. ii. 40. This Ucpytseutacion with tliat of April 22d was referred to tho
ilscul (in .Fnno lOtii.
'■ IJiiiyirdi, ProcidoiciaH dc 2G ilf M^ai/o 1773, MS. Seira hud asked for
leave (if aljsenee in behalf of eight soldiers either on account of long : cpara-
tiuu from their wives, or unlitness for duty. From Be\eral of those ho brought
« "11
m
214
SERRA'S LABORS IX MEXICO.
Bucaroli referred Echcvcste's rc:L,ni]ation on ^lay
24th to liis legal adviser, Areclie, avIio in his opinion
of June 14th repeats all the articles of the docuiiieiit
with a c^eneral approval. He calls attention, howevii-,
to the fact that no provision is made for the expense
of amnuinition, nor for the surgeon promised by the
junta. Ho also suggests a doubt as to the ability nf
the pious fund to pay the $11,779 required of it in
addition to the largo sum expended in the missioii-
aries' stipends; and he recommends a reference of tho
matter to the director of the fund before its final con-
sideration by the junta.'"^
In accordance with Arechc's suggestion, Fernando
J. Mangino, director of the pious fund, was c;dKd
upon for a report, which ho made on Juno 19th, show-
ing that the available product of the fund was C'-0,Gt;7,
though a larixe part of that amount bein^: the yield of
sheep ranches, was subject to some variation; that Die
present liability for missionary stipends was 8l4,87li;
and that there would remain but J?5,S08 with whiih
to pay the $11,779 called for; thougli the auKJunt
might be increased by $2,GG2 if the colleges \veio
obliged to pay live per cent on loans."*
On the 8th of July the board met to finally dcM-ido
on the whole matter. The decision was to put Iv lu-
veste's plan in force from January 1, 1774, the only
chano-es beinjx an order that the San Bias mule ir;iiii
bo sold and not transferred to California; a I'cconi-
mendation that the four extra vessels at San Bias iio
sold and not used in the gulf; and some suggestions
petitions which are given in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 87. Those instriictiuiis
jJinhaMy went x\[> on tliu Sdii Carlos to Lorcto ami were cmTieil to S;m l>iigo
liy Piilou, rcacliinj; Fages in Sojitcmbcr I I'D.
'^'^ Anrhv, Paitar mbm licjlam. de C'nl, l.'f tie Jttuio 1773, MS.; alsn iu
PaJov, Kill., i. 57'2-SO. Aieclie made a supplementary report June .'kUIi mi
Serva'.s ri'pirticiitcu'iouoi of April '22(1 and May 'Jlst; hut aihls uotiiiii;,' ti) tliu
subject:) treated, beyo:''d expressing regret that the mission worlv iu Aiueiiai
doe!) not prosper as in days of old, and suggesting that it would ho he', it r if
the California niissuons were not so far apart. Arcchc, lk.tputsta Fitcal ilc JO
dc Junto 177J, MS.
'* Man'iiiio, fk's/)m:tt'r .tnhre Foiidn Piwlonn, ]0 dr Jindo J77.], MS. ; iiud iilso
less aeeurately jn P(diiii, Not., i. TiSO-C). 'I"he report i ontains much aiKlitieiial
information uLout the pious fund which will be utilized elsewhere.
FIXAL RESULTS.
213
respecting minor details of business management. As
to tlie ways and means, however, in view of j\Ian-
oino's report, tlie pious fund was to furnish from
moneys on liand 810,000 for the first year only, and
the remaining expense, $50,470, would be borne by
the treasury, aided by the San ]31as salt-works.''' The
surgeon's salary was also to be paid; but nothing was
said iil)out the expense of ammunition. On July 23d
the viceroy decreed the execution of the decision,
ord(^red nine certified copies made, thanked Echevesto
for his services, and directed him to hunt up a sur-
geon.
Three points t)f Serra's original memorial, on which
a d(>cision had been reserved, were settled by the
board's last action. These were a petition that routes
be explored to California from Sonora and Xew Mex-
ico, not acted on by the junta but granted by the
viceroy; a demand for one hundred soldiers, eighty of
whom were granted by the regulation; and a re(iuest
for Spanish or Indian families from California denied
by non-action. Four other points had been left to
be settled by the vcjlamcnto; the establishment of a
storehouse at Monterey, the right of each mission to
a soldier acting as a kind of majordomo, a demand
for imiles, and a reward in live-stock to pei'sons mar-
rying nat ive women. The first was i)ractically granted
by tlu! appointment of stonskeepers at IMonterey and
8an Diogo, while the third was practically denied by
the order to sell the mule train at San l>his.^^ The
others do not seem to have been acted u])on.
One important matter was still in abeyance, and
this was now settled by Bucareli in accordance with
Surra's wishes, by the removal of ]'\iges and the
apjiointment of another otlicer to succeed him. In
selecting a new commander, however, the president's
^' Hcjlanii iifo, Drfrnn'niarinn f/'.*? dr Julin 177,1, in /^afoii, Xof., i, ."S!)-!)t.
"''^'l■t tlu' viceroy soon ordt'ivd 100 imilos to bo <li.stiil)iit''il iiuiDli;^ llio
iiiir^sioi! ., mill ordcrccl (.'.iptaiii Aii.'.a to opou comiiuinicatiou liy IuikI between
Tubuc uiul JMoiitciey.
21G
SERRA'S LABORS IX MEXICO.
P' i I
elioicG was not followed, since Ortega, his favorite for
the place, was not deenietl of sufficiently high military
rank, and Captain Ilivera y Moncada was named as
California's new ruler. ^^ Ortega was brevetted lieutcu-
ant and put in command of San Diego, which was now
to be a regular presidio.
The exact date of Rivera's appointment I do not
know, but it probably preceded l)y oidy a few days
tliat of his ijistructions, which were issued on the ITtli
of August. These instructions in forty-two articles
are long and complete;"^ and some portions will be
given more fully elsewhere when I come to treat of
the institutions to which they refer. The purport of
the document is as follows:
Copies of the regulations and action of the board
arc enclosed. Great confidence is felt in Rivera's
ability, and knowledge gained b}"- long experienct',
which experience must have taught him how impoi-
tant it is to preserve perfect harmony, so that both
connnander and friars mav devote themselves exclu-
sively to their respective duties. The first object is
of course the conversion of the natives; but next in
importance is their gathering in mission towns for
purposes of civilization. These little towns may !»* -
come great cities; hence the necessity of avoiding
defects in the beginning, of care in the selection <»f
sites, in the assignment of lands, laying out of streets,
etc.
The commander is authorized to assign lands to
connnunities, and also to such individuals as iwr dis-
posed to work; but all must dwell in the j)Uoblo <>!•
mission, and all grants must be made witii due rcg.iid
to the formalities of law. Missions may be eonviitrd
I 4
^
'"In a letter to Scrra (latcfl XoY. S, 1774, tho guardian warns Iiini nn( to
finavrcl villi tlu: new ^'ovi'iMior, wlio doubtless liad secret iustnutions mid
voiild eiiusi; any enutnirietit's to reiiet ujjou the padres. Serrii'swcakness Wii*
iKit unkni>wu to liis sii]ieriors. An/i. ,S7a JliirJiuni, MS,, \i. i'.ll-"-'.
••^ /li(i''ir' /i, Iii.ilniccioii ijHi' i/clic nhf^irvnr <l ('oiinniilinilc iiiniihri(ili> jniiti l".\
J\ /iililcrliiiiciifos ill' (S'(/» J)i(ijo ij Moiilinii, 177.'i, MS., iilso e(i|iy tiuiii tlm
(iri.Li;inid in Mai/ii; MS., \o. IS. Tiausliitid extriiets eliielly on juu IiKls and
coloni/alion in Halliji'L'.-i Ih'imrt, III.']; iJirinvllc's Colon. JiiM. Add., 2.
INSTRUCTIOXS TO THE NEW RULER.
217
inti> pncblos when sufficiently atlvancotl, retaining tlio
iKinic of the patron saint. Now njibsions may bo
luinKlcd by the commander, acting in accord with the
])resi(lent, whenever it can be done without risk to
the old ones. Kivera is to report to the viceroy on
needs of the royal service in his province.
The captain is charged with recruiting soldiers to
(•(inii)lete the full number. Married recruits nuist
take tlieir families, and unmarried ones the jiapers to
prove that they are single* The Catalan volunteers
are to return with their lieutenant by the fust vessel.
Stiiet discipline and good conduct nmst be enforced
among soldiers, employes, and civilians, vicious and
incorrigible persons being sent back to San Bias. The
(•(iiiiinandant nmst be subordinate to the governor at
l^oreto only to the extent of reporting to him and
maintaining harmonious relations. Connnunication
with tlie peninsula by land should be frequent. Good
faitli must be kept with the Indians, and the control,
education, and correction of neophytes are to be left
ext'lnsively to the friars, acting in the capacity of
fathers toward children.
No vessels are to be admitted to Californian ports
except tlie San Bias transports and the Philippine
vessels, and no trade with either foreign or Spanish
vessels is to be permitted. The ca})tains of the trans-
ports are not to l)e interfered with in tlie management
of llieir vessels, but they cannot admit on board or
take away any person without a written re(|uest from
llic connnandant, who is to grant such I'ecpiests only
i'or urgent reasons. San Francisco should be explored
as soon as practicable, and the mission of San J )iego
may be moved if it be deemed best. A com})lete
diary of all events and measures nuist be kept in a
li'nili, and literal copies I'orwarded to the su])erior
U'lNcniment as often as oppertunity occurs. Tlave
emiipU'te inventories are to be made on taking ]m)s-
S('ssi(»n f)f government property, one for the viceroy,
one fur Fages, and one to be kept by llivei'a. All
1
I'
ii-
u
m
H>
t
fp!
218
SERRA'S LABORS IN MEXICO.
records and archives to be carefully cared for, and
finally these instructions to be l;cpt pi'ofoundly secret.
These instructions, with the regulations that precede
and similar instructions of the next year to the gY)\--
ernor, constituted the law of California for many years.
Rivera was in Guadalajara when appointed, though it
does not appear from the record when he had come down
from San l3iego. He went to Mexico to receive his
instructions in person and then hastened to Sinaloato
recruit soldiers and families for his command, fmishliiL,'
his task and arriving with fifty- one persons, gre'iit
and small, in March 1774 at Loreto, whence he soon
started northward overland.^'^ At about the same
time that Rivera received his orders, that is in
August, Bucareli also authorized Captain Juan Bau-
tista do Anza to attempt the overland route from
Sonora to Monterey, and that officer after some delays
bc'T-an his march from Tubac in the following Januarv.
Early in September, after Rivera and Anza had re-
ceived their instructions, the viceroy wrote to Fagcs,
announcing the appointment of Rivera, and ordering
him to give up the command, and to return by tlio
first vessel with his company of Catalan volunteers to
join his regiment at the Real de Pachuca.*^
And now Father Serra, having successfully com-
pleted his task in Mexico, is ready to return home-
ward to utilize the aid and j)ut in practice the reforms
for which he has toiled. Kissing the feet of every
friar at the college, begging their pardon for any bad
example he has set, and bidding them farewell i'nr-
ever, the gootl friar, with Padre Pablo ]\Iug:irtogui,
sets out in September for the west coast. At Te})io
he waits until the new vessel, the Santiago or Nucca
GaUcki, is ready for sea, which is not until Jaunaiy '1\,
1774. In addition to the articles granted by the gov-
"" Letter of Rivera to viceroy, dated Loreto, March 2i)tli, in Arch. Ski Bur-
haru ^MS., xi. ."TS-D; I'ahii, Not., i. (iOiJ-10.
*" Bucareli to Ihv^as, Sept. 7, 1773, in I'rov. St. Pap., MS., i. 140.
FATHER JUXiPERO HOMEWARD BOUND.
219
cnimont Padre Junipcro has obtained from the vico-
rov a Hberal UmoHiia, or ahns, of supplies ibr the
c'xchisivc use of the missions/^ invoiced separately to
^ratily the friar's pride and avoid complications witli
Fages who is still in conunand. The regular supplies
for the northern missions, with a part of the [)ittance,
arc taken by the Santkujo, Captain Perez, who has
orders to undertake explorations to the north of j\Ion-
tcroy. Supplies for San Diego and the southern
missions are left for the San Antonio, to sail later.*"
■" The articles officially granted were: 3 cases of vestments for San Gabriel,
San Antonio, and San Luis, 5 nests, or sets, of measures, (i in each, one foryo
with iippmtenances, and 5 quintals, ,3 arrobas of iron. The liino.-iKi to euliico
for .') years was 5 packa,Ke3 of cloths for Indians as follows: 107 blankets, "J!)
jiic'ccs tiKiiita jHihliina, 488 yds Btriped sackcloth, 389 yds blue baize, 10 lbs
bhio niiiLjucy cloth for little girls; also 4 reams line paper, 5 bales red pepper,
100 arrobas tasajo, 10 boxes panocha, 4 boxes beads, 10 boxes hams, boxes
chocolate, 3 bbls lard, 1) bales lentils, 1 bale and 9 ju<^s olive-oil, 4 bbls Ca»-
tilian vine, 3 bbls brandj', 9 bales chickpeas, bales rice, IGO bales flour,
UOO faiiegas maize, UjO fanegas beans. Paloii, Not., i. G03-5.
'-liespceting Scrra's work in Mexico in addition to the authorities cited,
pec Pal u, Vidi, l.")0-9. It is related that when Scrra arrived in San Bias
from Calil'ornia and saw the tSanthKjo in the dock-yard, ho remarked that ho
would return in her, a remark that excited sonic riiticulc, because everybody
thought the San Bias establialuucut on the i^oint of being abandoned.
CHAPTER X.
EECORD OF EVENTS.
1774.
Wa>t IN' THE ilissioxs— Axza's Fikst EXPEDITION'— Tiie Oveuland llorTE
riioM SoN'ORA — Retcrx of Padre JuNfrEuo — Eivera Assumes the
Command— Peparture of Faces— ExrT.ORixo Voyage of Perez to
the Northern Coast— San Diego Mission Moved from Cosov to
nipaguay — comino of soldiers and their families — tliird f.xi'ld-
EATioN OF San FiiANCisco IUy' — A Mission Site Selected — Fiiwt Dri-
ON THE Beach to the Cliff and Seal Pocks — Tkuuisles retween the
Franciscans and Governor Barri in the Peninsul.^ — Mccii Ado
AROUT ^..NOTHING — FeLIPE DE NeVE APPOINTED GOVERNOR TO SCCCEED
Barri — Second Annual Report on Mission Progress.
We have seen that Anza from Sonora, Serra from
]\Ioxico via Jalisco, and Ilivera from Sinaloa via the
j)euii)suhi were all en route for Monterey under vice-
I'egal orders in the spring of 1774. California aniKils
for that year may be most clearly presented by fol-
lowing those expeditions, in the order named, as a
thread to which may be attached all recorded events.
Prcvions to their arrival there is nothing known of
matters in the north, save that great want was ex-
I)erienced through the non-appearance of the vessels
due the year before.^
When Galvez was preparing the first expeditions
to tlie north in 17(39, Captain Juan Bautista de Anza,
connnander of the Tubac presidio in Sonora, a brave
officer like his father, as we have seen in the annals
' A 'cnielisima hambre, ' Piilou calls it, Vida, 153, l')9-60, tho greatest ever
oxpoiieiaed. Xo liivad, no cliocolato, only milk and herbs 'salted by tenis.'
Milk bail to bo eaten by all from the commandant d<nvn. They had .sonic
\i ,y stiangc ideas of vhat constituted a famine. Soup of peas oi' lieaiis tonk
the place of tortillas, and cull'ee had to do instead of cliocolato. The nativcti
all left the mission to seek for food. Id., 2\'ot., i. COS.
(22U)
AXZA'S FIRST EXPEDITIOX.
221
of Pimcria, became interested in the scheme, and
oll'ered to make the trip hy land at his own expense
to meet the sea expedition. The I'oute up to the
( '(dorado and Gila junction had often been traversed,
;md it had long been a favorite plan, especially amoni^
tlie old Jesuit pioneers, to reach the northern coasts
fi'om this direction; l)ut for some reason not explained
tilt' visitador declined the offer. Anza, however, re-
newed his proposition later, when San Diego and
^fontcrey had been occupied, and finally Bucareli,
authorized by the king to pay the expense from tho
loyal coftcrs,^ and urged by Father Jum'pero in his
incniorial of ]\ larch 1773^n which he also urged tho
L\[il()ration of a route from New Mexico — gave tho
rcijuired license, probably in September 1773.
Anza obtained twenty soldiers and had nearly
coni[)leted his preparations for departure, when the
Apaclies made one of their characteristic raids, stcal-
iii'jf his horses and killinix some of his men. This
caused delay and ol)liged the captain to start v.ith
loss force than he had intended; but as a compensa-
tion he unexpectedly obtained a guide. This was a
Baja California neophyte, Sebastian by name, who
had deserted from San Gabriel in August, and, keep-
iu'j: far to the east to avoid meetinL!,- soldiors, had
rt, ached the Colorado River ranch erias and had been
hiought by the natives to Altar, thus entitling him-
srlf to the honor of having been the iirst Christian to
make the overland trip.'^ Under his guidance Anza
set out from Tubac Januar}^ 8, 1774, with Francisco
(iarces and Juan Diaz, Franciscan friars from the
Queretaro college. There were in all 34: men with
140 horses and 05 cattle.
lu a month the}^ had reached tlie Gila, by way of
tSuuoita through Papagueria. Palma, a famous Yuma
-Ortega in a letter to Piivera, dated San Diego, May 5, 177'), says that
Aiiz.i's expedition cost from 'J.1,000 to ;5U,(X)0 pesos. Prov. St, Pup., .MS., i.
•' According to one of the two chief mithorities ScO)astian had started from
!^uu Gabriel with his parents and wife, all of whom had perished.
II
!■
*.
Ill^
si"''!!
It
222
RECORD OF EVENTS.
chief, entertained the Spaniards at his rancherfa at
San Dionisio, Isla de Trinidad, a kind of island formed
by a double channel of the Gila at its junction with
the Colorado,"* and received from Anza a bailj^e of
office under Spain. He accompanied the exj^loreis
across the Colorado and some eight or nine leagues
south-westward to the lagoon of Santa Olaya. To
this lagoon the whole party was obliged to return on
the 19th of February, after having wandered for six
days through a country destitute of grass and watir.''
Tkit they started again on the 2d of March, leaving
with Palma a large part of the animals in charge of
three soldiers, three muleteers, and three Indian soi-
vants. The route through the country of the Cojat,
Cajuenches, and Danzarines, cannot be traced exactly ;
but as this was the first exploration of this region and
of the great route into California, I append the de-
tails, confusing as they are, in a note." Anza would
* One of the channels no longer carries water, and perhaps did so then only
at hif,'h water. In Kino's map of 1701 San Dionisio is not represented iis an
island. Emory, Kolcs, i)j-0, in 1£40 noted that the Gila once flowed to t!iu
south of its present cliannol, and says: 'During freshets it is probalilc tlio
livers now discharge their surplus waters through these old channels.' An-
other discovery of Anza is less intolligiblo. In a letter of Feb. 9th from Smh
Dionisio to the viceroy, Prov. St. Pap., MS., iii. 190-1, he says he had crDs^cd
the Colorado and Gila, and had found a branch of the former extending iKjith
and west, and entering probably the South Sea — perhaps at San Franci.sLO
Bay.
'•' Padre Garcds claimed to have been in this region, the north-east soctiuii
of Baja California, in 1771; but the narrative of his trip in that j-ear, in
A rr'ricifa, Crnn. Seruf., 420 et seq. , does not show clearly that he crossed the
Colorado at all.
" The most complete, and indeed the only, authority in print is A rrirlviin,
Crdiiica Smijica, 450 et seq. ; but it is very unsatisfactory. The best account
of the expedition socms to be Anza, Dcscnbiimlciito de Sonora d Cal'j'urni'i'i
alio de 177. 'h ]MS. This appears to be an abridged co])y of the ori-^iual diary
made soon after the date of the expedition by some one who did not accmu-
pany it. The route was as follows, items from the return march being in
brackets: Feb. 9tli. At junction of the Gila and Colorado, near the site of tlie
later Concepcion. Feb. 10th to lith. 51. w. n. (s.) w. and 4.r) 1. s. w. ami
s. to Laguna de Sta Olaya, formed by the Colorado in time of flood. Lat.
32" 34'. [According to the return trip Sta Olaya was 4 1. w. of the river and
8 1. w. s. w. of S. Dionisio, or Isla de Trinidad.] Feb. 13th to 19th. OH' into
tlic desert and back to Sta Olaya. March '2d. 4 1. w. s. w. to Laguna <lcl
I'rcdicador. Mar. 3d to 5th. 3 1. w. s. w. ; 0.5 1. w. K. w.; 01. w. N.w. with
low sierra on left; 3 1. N. w. across the hills; 2 1. w. ; 1.5 1. N. and n. v , in si;ilit
of an estero, to Tozos de San Eusebio. Mar. Gth. 4 1. w. to Sto Tomas. in
middle of sierra. Mar. 7th and 8th. 4 1. N. w. and 1 1. N. e. to Pozos de Ma
Rosa de las Lajas (18 1. in a direct line from Sta Olaya). Mar. 9th and 10th.
ANZA FROM SONORA.
223
seem fit first to have kept far to the soutli of the
iiiodcrii lailroad I'oute, but to have rctunicd to it be-
fore reaching tlie San Gorgonio Pass, whieli lie named
Sail Carlos. Ho crossed the Santa Ana Iiiver on .*i
bridge of boughs tlio 20th of March, and on the 22d
arrived at San Gabriel.
The travellers had exhausted their supply of food;
and they found equal destitution at San Gabriel; but
the friars Paterna and Cruzado entertained them as
best they could after a mass, to dcum, and sermon of
•welcome. A cow was killed, and in ten days four of
Anza's men returned from San Diego with sup])lies
that had come on the SantiagoJ In a few days all
but six of the men were sent with Father Garces
back to the Colorado, having some slight trouble with
the savages on the way, and, according to Arricivitn,
finding that the men left with the animals had become
frightened and retired to Caborca. Anza with his
^ix men made a trip up to Monterey and back from
the 10th of April to the 1st of May; and two days
later he started with Diaz for the Colorado, which ho
reached in eight days. Palou tells us that some of
Fages' men went with him to become acquainted
with the route, and returning reported that they had
been attacked by the natives as had been the men
left at the Colorado. The explorers reached Tubac
on the 2Gtli of May, and in July Anza went to Mexico
to report.
His expedition had accomplished all that it had
11 1. X. to S. Seljnstian Pcrcgrino, a largo c'li'nrqa in tlie Cnjurnclio nation
['11 1. \v. and w. N. \v. from StaOlava]. Mar. 1 1th. 1.5 1. w. on .same citnc;;;!.
Mar. l-2tli. (i 1. w. N. w. to S. Grcgmio. Mar. 14th. G 1. x. [n. w.] to St,i Ciit.'i-
riii.i 1 10 1. from S. Sebastian]. G 1. N. N. \v. to Puerto do S. Cai-los, folIoAving
tlie lafiiida f;>;V A-]. Mar. IGth and 17th. .*? 1. x. w. and N. x. w. to Lagnna
and V;dlcvof Principe [or S. Patiicio, 81. w. x. \v. from Sta Catarinn]. Mar.
iMli. [I I 1. X. and N. X. W. to Valle dc S. Jos(5 [.33° 4(>'j on a lino stream. Mar.
10th. [.")] I. X. w. to Laguna de 8. Antonio do Ikicandi. Mar. iiOtli. 5 1. x. \v.
and '2. ."> 1. \v. X. w. to Rio Sta Ana. Mar. '21st. 7 1. %v. x. \v. to Arroyo de
Osos [or Alisos]. Mar. 22d. To S. Gabriel [10 1. w. and 5 1. w. x. w. from
S. Antonio]. See also, in chap. xii. of this volnnic, the account of Anza's
Etciiiid trip.
'On Mandi 24th Anza was godfather to a child baptized by P. Diaz. iS'.
OaljMl Lib. J/ (■„■., M.S., 7.
II
224
RECORD OF EVENTS.
been intended to do, in showing the practicability ef
the new route.*
President Sorra sailed from San Bias January 21 tli
in the new transport" Santiago or Nueva Gallcla, huilt
expressly for the California service, connnand(Ml hy
Juan Perez, and laden with sujiplies for San Ciirlos,
San Antonio, and San Luis. Serra Avas accompanied
by Pablo IMugdrtegui, a new missionary; and the San-
tiago also brought to California Juan Soler, the store-
keeper for Monterey, a surgeon Jose Davila with his
family, three blacksmiths and families, and tliree car-
penters. After a ■ comparatively prosp(3r()us voyage
the vessel anchored in San Diego Bay the VM\\ of
]\Iarch.^" It had been the intention to go direct to
jSIontorey, but an accident caused a change of phui,
and fortunately, for Serra by landing a small portion
of the cargo was enabled to relieve the pressing need
of the southern missions. He had quite enough of
the sea, and besides was anxious to visit the IViars;
thcjrcfore he went up by land, starting on April (!tli,
having an interview with Captain Anza on the way,
and reaching Monterey on the lltli of ]\Iay Jifter an
absence of nearly two years. On account of ill-healtli
!Mugartegui also landed and remained at San Diego,
Amurrio taking his place on the Santiago, which
tsailed on the same day that Serra started, and
anchored at Monterey two days before the president's
arrival the 9th of May.'^
^^lofras, Erplor., i. 282, mentions this expedition, giving tlic dato of
(itartins incorrectly as Sept. 177.'^. See also brief uecount ia I'cluMu, Stiii'>ra,
150; 1<I., in Snr. Mex. (rfo;/., lUiMin, x. 704.
'•'She is called hoWi fraijula and convta.
••' AeeorduiLT to I'rir-, Hdunon, they reached the S.anta B;'nbar.i Islands on
^rnreh (ith. The northern group arc named from west to oast Santa l!<isn,
(San Miguel), Santa ^largarita (Sant.a Rosa), Santa Cruz (still so called), aii'l
Santo 'j'onij^s (Anaeapa). Thence they sailed .southward between tlio coast aii'l
San (.'leniente, reacliing San Diego March 10th (another copy makes it Mari h
1 1 tin, sailin;_ April .^ith, .-ind arriving at Monterey May 8th. Palon, I 'idu, l.'>o •
02, gives the latter date as May !)th.
" Paloii, 2\oL, i. OOG-8; Id., Vida, 156-61; Serra, in Dandhd Dor. JIlsl.
C'aL, MS., 1.
RIVERA SUCCEEDS FACES.
22&
llini Doc. J fid.
Wo left Rivera 3' Moiirada at Lonto in Marcli
with fifty-ono [ktsoiis, soldiers and their fiiiiiilii's, re-
cruited in Sinaloa for Lis new eonnnand.'^ ]^ientenant
()rt(>L;'a was in the south at Santa Ana, with other
faiin'hes, whom ho was ordered to brinuf n^) to Velieatii
to jnin the rest, and was to remain in. eonnnand of
the cam}) until supplies and animals for the northern
jomiiey could be sent back. Rivera then started
northward by land and reached ISIontcrey on tlic 2od
of ^[ny. Respectint^ the details of his march and the
iunnl)er of men he took with him nothini,' is known;
but he left all the families and some of the new sol-
diers at Velieatii. On the 25tli he assumed the duties
of his new office in place of Pedro Fages,''' who pre-
pai'cd, as ordered l)y the viceroy, to go south with his
company of Catalan volunteers.'* The first oppor-
tunity to sail was by the San Antonio, which, leaving
San Rlas in INIarch under Canizares as master, had
arrived on June 8th, this being the first trip ever
made direct to Monterey without touchmg at San
Diego,
Tlie feeling between Rivera and Fagcs was by no
means friendly, the former having considered himself
ai>L;ricved by Galvez' act in preferring the latter at
the beginning notwithstanding the disj)arity of rank,
and a second time by Portolas choice of a conmiandor
ill 1770. Triumphant at last, he was not dis])()sed
to adopt a conciliatory policx^ toward his vanquished
rival, whom, without any unnecessary ex])enditurc of
courteous phrases, he ordered to prepare his accounts
'- Mnrch 20tli, Rivera VTites to the viceroy from Loreto that he lias arri veil
fiiiin Siiiiiliia and will jiroct'cd by land to San I)icyo ami jciin Anza. Arch.
S'liiid, Biirliura, MS., xi. 378-9; but as wa have seen he was too late to meet
Anza,
'^Tbo viceroy, on J.in. 2, 177'>, acknowledges receipt of Rivera's letter of
•luiic j Itli, .stating that he had taken possession of the i.'oinniand an .May 'J.'ith.
l'r<,t: SI. Pitp.. MS,, i. KiS. Talon, Xo(., i. U()!» -I3, makes tliu date May
-4tli. May 4, 1771, Fages was made a captain. A/., i. 74.
" In addition to the general instructions to Rivera and Fagcs already
notired, there was a special onler of the viceroy dated Sept. .'iO, 1774, tur
Fact's with his volunteers and all of the ciiera company not e\i>ressly (irdered
to rLinain to be acnt to San Bias by the first vessel, tit. Pup., Mi'^s. and Colon.,
Mt>., i. ;jbS.
UisT. Cai.., Vol.. T. IS
220
HECORP OF i;vi:nts.
niid y/'i iwiily to sail on tlic Sen Antonio, tahiii;,' wilh
liiiM all his men t'Xt'ei)t ivw ulio \\v\\\ to bu retained
until (lie new f'or('(!aiTive(l iVoni flie peninsula. Fa<;-(s,
tlioU'.;Ii oj'ionrsc ol)li;^e(l to ohey the vieeioy's ordei.s,
Avas not Ihc nan to nuit the countr\ without inahin"
u show of i'idei)endenc'o and an eflort for the last
wonl. A caustic ooriTspondenco I'ollowed, little of
Mhieh is extant, I)ut in wliieh Rivera with the vanta'^^c-
Urouiid of his superior authority hy no means ciiiiicd
oll';ill the honors. Faojos claimed the right to embark
I'rom San ])ie<^o, Avisliinjj^ to obtain certain receipts}
IVom jyadres and corporals at the several missions,
Ivivera replies, "The viceroy does not order me to
allow the volunteers and you to embark at San Diego,
but t^imily by the; iirst vessel. IJis excelleney knows
very v.'U that this j)residio is the capital where yon
reside; therefore, this is the place he speaks of, and
from this place you must sail." Whereupon Don
Petlro, as be might have done before, showed a i)er-
mit i'rom the viceroy to sail from San Diego, of later
date than the couuiiander's instructions; and Hi vera
Avas I'orced to yield.
A':''ain Fac>-es announced that he had some aninial^^
set apart for his own use which ho proposed to take
away with him to San Diego, and, after Ilivera's
promiit refusal to allow any such outrageous use of
the ]<ing's property, proceeded to prove tliat the mules
were his own. Then he pleailed for more time to
arrange his accounts, which coul '. not be completed
befor<-' the sailini>' of the San Aotfuio; but after <4(,'tting
an i;is(;]ent permission to wail for the Santkcjo, ho
decided to start at once and leave the accounts to a
clerk. Having gathered thus much from Ivivcra's
own letters, it is hard to resist the conclusion that if
Fages' letters were extant they would show the writer,
with perfect mncf froid, if not always with dignity,
engaged in a deliberate epistolary effort to annoy liis
exultant and pompous rival. If this was not the case,
all the more discreditable to himself was the tunc
NOliTlI-COAST KXI'LORATIOXS.
827
nddpti'd ill irivci'ji's ('oiuimiiiications.''' Tlie Saii
Antonio saili'd I'roiii ^lontLToy on July 7tli, with
tliiiticn of the vohmtt'irs, and with llaiiul IViho y
(Jil the new .stoi'e-kec[)H* lor San Dleyo. Fagrs
.starU'd by land with two soldiers on the 1 9th and
sailed on the 4th of Aui^iist from San Diego. Wo
sliall hear again [\'o\\\ this gallant ollieer. Fathers
I'rcstainero and Usson also saileil for San lllas on
the San Anlonlo, being foreed to retire by ill-health.
Perez in tho Santkujo was meanwhile engaged in
another important service, that of exploring in tlui
far north. Tliei-e still existed among Spanish author-
ities a fear of llussirrii encroachments on the l*aeitic
coast., or at least a spirit of curiosity to know what
tlie IJussians were doing. Bucareli had orders from
the hint; to iiive this matter his attention as soon as
it niinht be convenient.^'' It is said to have been
Serra uho first suggested that the California trans-
j)()rt might be advantageously used for pur[)oses of
gfographical discovery, and opening up a new Held
for spiritual conquest. Ho also urged that no man
was better fitted to take charge of the enterprise than
his liiend and compatriot Juan Perez, who had been
tlie lirst in these later times to reach both San Diego
and Monterey. Perez was accordingly instructed,
alter landing the supplies at Monterey, to explore the
northern coast up to G0°, with a view to discover
harbors and to make such observations respecting tho
country and its inhabitants as might be practicable.
The expense was borne by the king.
It was the intention that Mutidrtegui should ffo as
c]ia])]ain, but in case of his illness Scrra had been
i('(HU'sted^' to name a substitute, and appointed Cresj)!
and Peiia to act as chaplains and to keep diaries of
^■' U'lvrra y j)foucada, TcHimonio ilf dUirjcnrias en la fnma dc po-iaion del
WKiiiln, 1774, ^li^M consisting of two letters dated June 'Jlst and '22*1.
'" Ikvdla-diicdn, Jii/onnc de l.i dc AbrU 1703, 117-19.
"Liictiieli's letter of Dec. 24, 1773, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 137-8.
228
RECORD OF E\-ENTS.
,fii
\l !
It
;.|i
die voyaiTfo, as they did, both journals being still
extant. The surgeon Davila went along, the vessel's
surgeon, Costan, remaining temporarily at Monterey.
June Gth everything being ready at Monterey the
padres went on board, and next day the Santiago
attempted to sail, but was prevented by contrary
winds. On the 8th the arrival of the San Antonio
from San Bias, already noted, caused a new delay.
Two days later solemn mass for the success of the
expedition was said under the old oak that had wit-
nessed the rite in 1G02 and 1770, and on the lltli,
just before noon, the vessel sailed from the bay.
Adverse winds still baffled the navigators, driving
them southward, so that for seventeen days they did
not get above the latitude of Monterey, being driven
back and forward aloni; the coast between that l.iti-
tude and that of the Santa Barbara Islands. On the
Dth July, when they were again able to make obser-
vations, tlicy were in latitude 4')°, beyond the limits
of the modern California of wliicli I now write, Tlie
details of the voyage in northern waters, during whi(;h
the Spaniards reached a latitude of 55°, making some
observations and naming some points along the coast,
dealing with the natives, who came off in canoes, but
not landing, belong to another volume of this series,
in which I shall narrate the annals of more northern
13
lands.
Reentering California waters on the return trip
the I7th of August, they sighted on the 22d wluit
was supposed to be Cape Mendocino in latitude 40',
on the 2Gth they saw the Farallones, and next day at
4 P. M. anchored at Monterey. The prevalence of
fogs had prevented exploration of the Californiau
coast, beyond a mere glimpse of Mendocino and tlio
Farallones. It is to be noticed that in s})eaking of
the latter islands as a landmark for San Francisco
the diarists clearly locate that port under Point
'" For a full account of this voyage, with refurcnccs to the origiual diinios,
SCO lllst. Norlhwest Coud, i. 150-8.
MOVING OF SAN DIEGO.
229
I'iuinal diaiies,
Ptovcs, and speak of the other bay discovcrod five
years before as the (jraiide edcro, not yet named. ^'
Two impi)rtant events in California must be added
to the record of 1774 before I call attention to certain
other events on the peninsula and in Mexico nearly
affecting the interests of the New Establishments.
Olio was the moving of San Diego JVIission in the
extreme south in August; the other an exploration
of San Francisco Bay in the extreme north at the
close of the year. The site on which the mission at
San Diego had been originally founded, and the jire-
sidio a little later, had not proved a desirable one for
agricultLual purposes since the drying-up of the river;
and in fact for several vears seed had been sown ibr
tlw most part at an inconvenient distance. Tlie first
})n)[)()sition toward a change of site came early in 1773
1' )iu Fages, who favored a removal of the I'ancheria
coniaiuing all the neophytes as M'ell as many gentiles
fioin the vicinity of the stockade, for the reason that
the huts would give the natives an advantage in hos-
tile operations. Tiiis was not exactly a removal of tho
mission, since it doei^ not ap})ear that tlie friars were
to accompany their neophytes; the fear of danger was
deemed unfounded and even absurd; and, moreover,
tlu; measure was reccmnnendcid by a man whose
a|>})roval was enough to condenm nuy measure in
Seri'a's eyes. Cc^nsequentl^' ho ()])posed the change
most strenuously in his report to the viceroy.""
J;iunie, the minister, however, addressed a letter in
April 1773 to the president, in which he favored a
removal of the mission. Exj)erience had cleaidy
shown, he thought, that want of water would always
]>rovu a drawb-'ck to prosperity at the original site; it
'■'('rpspf in liis li'wr'io mnkcs a loni; and confusing arirumunt to prove (liat
tl)c, /. !/•((/ (K/M Mi'ca at this tiiir; were not tlii'sc scon in 1709, tin; fornn r li.in>;
TiO liMyucs from I't Kcyes, and tho latter much nwiroi-. Tlic reiisca of tho
tiiais ront'u.sii)n is not clear. The anthoritics on this voyaw iiro: ('ri":/n,
h'ftrin; I'ciKi, JJkirIn, MS.; I'cirz, Ueluaion, MS.; und Penz, Tahhr JJruno,
Ms.
-".i'e ;■.'•:.-, Hojyns. J I de Mayo, 1773, MS.
f <
I I
i-
III ii
230
RECORD OF EVENTS.
was always better for a mission to be a liltlc re-
moved from presidio influences; and lie had a report
fi'om the .natives confirmed by a soldier, of a vciy
favorable site some six or seven leagues distant across
the sieri-a.^^ The matter having been referred to llu;
viceroy ho authorized Rivei'a to make a change if it
filiould seem expedient to himself and to Serra.'^ Of
tlie subsequent consultations and explorations which
doubtless took place we have no record; but tlic
change was decided upon and effected in August
1774. The new site was not the one which Jaunic
had in mind, but a nearer one called by the natives
Nipaguay,-^ about two leagues up the valley north-
eastward from Cosoy, and probably identical or nearly
f;o with that of the later buildings whose ruins arc
still visible some six miles from the city and port.
We have no account of the ceremonies by which the
transfer was celebrated, nor do we know its exact
date; but both friars and neophytes were pleased with
the chanfjfe, and worked with a will, so that bv tlio
end of the year the mission buildings were better than
at Cosoy, including a dwelling, storehouse, and smithy
of adol)es, and a w^ooden church with roof of tales,
measuring eighteen by fifty-seven feet. At tlie old
f^ito all the buildings were given up to the presidio,
except two rooms, one for the use of visiting friars
and the other for the reception and temporary storage
of mission supplies coming by sea."* Nothing further
is Icnown of San Diego events during the year, except
th;it Ortega came up from below with tlie rem;iiuiii.;'
-' .Tiuimc's letter of April M (nr 30th), in ^ra;|p>• MSS., No. 18, pp. 4, ,1.
"- Unciirdi, l,islriirr!on ile 17 dc A'juHo J7io, MS.
-'^S;in Diego do Nipaguay — tliat is, San Diego at Ni]iagnay — was si onn-
moil iiiimo lor tlie inibsiou afterwards. 8erra called it so in liia seeuiid auiiiiul
report.
''*S('rrn, Iii/orme ih' f, F,h. 1775, jSlS., 12-1-7. An nnfinishod cliurcli Iniill
four or live feet above the foundations, with .idobes all made re.i-.iy to liai>li
it, v.as also delivered. l:i a letter of Oetober I5d the ennimandant of the piv-
eidio say.s he was uncertain whether to accept the building, for how wis it Vi
lie llnirjlied? /'me. .S7. I'liji., MS., i. ITjO-T. I.asnen in hU rejiort of IT'.'i
says the new site was ))ut little better than the old so far as fertility \vas con-
cerned. Lnsiirii, Jiifonui' de 17^o, MS.; see also .Sena, in San D'ujo, Lib. de
JUUioii, MS., 3, 4.
EXPLORATIONS OF SAN FRANCISCO.
231
force and families recruited by Rivera in Sinaloa,
arriving" at San Diego on September 2Gtli, and dc-
.spatcliing a part of the company to Monterey on the
8d ol' October. The new troops gave Ortega hojiio
trouble by their tumultuous conduct, complaining of
the (juantity and quality of the food.-"
The occupation of the port of San Francisco and
the founding of a mission there, though a matter still
l;e[)t in abeyance, was one by no means forgotten,
and one often mentioned in communications pa•^sing
'vtween jMexico and Monterey. PortoLl and Crespi
■., en they had almost reached the port in 17G'.), had,
u.-. v.e have seen, discovered a large bay before entirely
unknown, and had explored to some extent its western
shore. Galvez and the viceroy on liearing of Portola's
near approach to San Francisco had ordered tlie cap-
tain of (he Sill Antonio, when she brouujlit ten new
i'riars to California in 1771, in case she should reach
San Francisco first, to leave there two of the padres
and all that was required for an inmiediate foundation,
under a temporary guai'd of sailors;-*^ but the vessel
toucherl first at Monterey and Saint Frane-is was
o])liged to v/ait. In 1772 Fages and Cres])i had aimin
atteni[)t! 1 • m reach San Francisco by })assing round
tlie nev;!y ih covered bay, thus exploring the eastern
shore aitliOijgh prevented from accomplishing their
maiii objji t by a great river which they could not
cross.''
In his instructions of August 17, 177n, Bucareli
had ordered Rivera to make additional explorations
of S;Mi Francisco, and with tlie ap])roval of Surra to
Ibund a mission tliere."^ Before either Rivera (!r his
insti'uetions reached California, however, Pahai in
Ills jir t animal report spoke of tlie proposed nii.;sion
of S :.' Francisco "in his own port supposed to be in
''0,i . Rivrra, in Prov. Si. Pap., MS., i. lo4-G.
•';/'fi;o.,, ■',•(,'«, dS-!).
• Sw; (hap. viii. of Uiiii volurno.
".SV. r<iji., MUi. and Colon., MS., i. 333.
!l
E^i
I
n
II
u
I j
232
PiECORD OF EVENTS.
the Enscnacla of the Faralloiics toward Point Ruyes,'
of the attempt recently made to arrive there, of tlie
obstacles in the way, and of the determination thiit
had been formed. This determination was to explore
the country northward from Monterey, and to estab-
lish the proposed mission wherever a suitable place
could be found, since it could not be exactly known
where the port was until explorations were made by
sea; and later, if the port were found on the otlur
side of the new b.iy, another mission might be estab-
lished there."'^ li . ' ^ ^e borne in mind that the nanio
of San Francisco i not yet been applied to the
newly found body of .* ater, although the latter was
by soPiie vaguely supposed to be connected with tlu!
port so long known; neither had the bay been explored
as yet with boats so that it might be known whether
it contained a 'port' at all; or if so, in what part of
the broad expanse the harbor was to be found.
In obedience to the viceroy's orders,''" and with a
view, perhaps, to test the necessity or cx])edieney of
Palou's plan, a new exploration was undertaken by
liivera as soon as his new recruits arrived at jMoute-
rey, which was early in November. Ife took with
him sixteen soldiers, two servants, and a mule train
laden with supplies for a journey of forty days. I\dou
accompanied him, by order of the president, to perform
a chaplain's duty and keep a diary. ^^ Setting out on
November 23d the party followed Fagcs' route of
1772, via what are now Hollister and Gihoy, until,
on entering the grand valley about the bay, they boio
t(» the left instead of to the riuflit as Fau'es had done,
and on the 28th encamped at the very spot wlure
Hi vera had spent four days in 17G9, that is, on what
is now San Francisquito Creek below Searsville.^" The
^■'P<il,ni, Xof., ii. .32.
5" Those ordura had, it seems, been repeated in a letter dated May 2o, 1774,
and directed to Pidoii.
"' J'dtoii, EtjK'dic'ion y Rorfhtroquc xe hizodelns ccrcavian del piierto dc Ain'i-
tro Scrajirn Padre S<tn Fraiicificn, in Id., Xot., ii. 4;!-U2.
"-'Ah di'^tiuieoHai-e not given in this diary it is of little or no help in (ixiri.;
exact loeatiuns. Tlie party was now about one league from the shore, about a
UP thp: leacii to the cliff.
238
t Reyes,"'
re, of tlio
itioii tbut
;o explore
to cstab-
iblo place
:ly known
! made by
tlie otber
, be estali-
b tlio name
ed to the
latter was
1 witli tlie
n explored
n wliether
it part of
ind.
nd witli a
lodiency of
rtaken by
at Monte-
took with
iiule train
ys. l\d(Hl
(.) perform
u[X out on
route ot
roy, until,
tliey boro
bad done,
iot where
on what
llle;''' The
JMaySJ, 1774,
iicrto (le iVi't"--
lliflpiu ilxiii^'
Islioic, about a
natives wore hospitable and not so shy as they had
been ;>]ong the way. This seemed a fitting- ])laee for
a mission, and a cross was erected as a sign of the
Sjianiards' purpose to locate San Francisco here. I
suppose that i'roni this circumstance originated the
name San Francisquito later applied to the stream.
Next day the explorers started on north-westward,
S(jon crossing the low hills into the Canada that had
been followed in 17G0, to which, or to a locality in
whicli, they now gave the name Canada do San Andres
v.liich it still bears. I'lneherias were numerous, and
the natives uniformly well disposed. On the 30th
they left the glen, climbed some high land, and en-
camped on a lagoon in the hills, not im[)robably that
now known as Laguna do San Bruno. From a lofty
hill Rivera and Palou obtained a view of the bay and
vailey to the south-eastward, but could not see the
outlet, on account of another hill intervening. Decem-
ber lilt Rivera with four soldiers climbed that hill and
on his return said he had been very near the outlet,
which could be conveniently reached from the camp
by follovv iiiof the ocean beach. Delaved for a few
days l)y cold, rainy weather, they started again on
the fourth, proceeded north over low hills and across
canadas, in three of which was running water, and
encamped before noon on a stream which flowed into
a large lake stretching toward the beach, known later
as Laguna do la ]\Ierecd.
Tahing with him four soldiers and accompanied
also l)y Palou, Rivera continued north-westward over
hill and vale into the sand dunes and ch)wn to the
beach, at a point near where the Ocean Side House
later stood. Thence he followed the beach, as so
many thousands have done since in conveyances
somewhat more modern and elegant than those of
the gallant captain and friar, until sto})[)ed by tho
<lii,v"s joiinioy ficmi the cml of {lie rciiiiisiila, nml in "T •!('»' Ijyllicirdwii rock-
oiuii;;. '1 hilt tiny vcio hclow Scaisvillc is bliowii by Uju lact that ou btartiiig
iiortiiwest thuy at first crossed a plaiii.
234
RECORD OF EVENTS.
steep slope of a lofty liill, in si<^'lit of .some pointed
rockfj near the shore, this being the first visit to the
Seal Hocks since famous, and to the site of the mod-
ern 'Cliff.' They climbed the hill and gazed around
on Avliat was and is still to be seen, and described by
Palou as it miglit be described now, except in the
matter of artificial changes. A cross wa-^ set up on
the summit, and the explorers returned by the way
they had come to their camp on Lake Merced after
an absence of only four hours.
It was now resolved to postpone the exploi-ation of
the Eio do San Francisco, the San Joaquin, until
after the rainy season, and to return to Monterey by
the shore route of 17r>9. Three hours' journey soutli-
ward,over grassy hills, brought them on the oth into
the old trail, by which, having crossed the San Lo-
renzo and Pajaro rivers on the 11th, they arrived at
the presidio the 13th of December.^'' On the trij)
Palou had found six sites which he deemed snitaljlc
for missions. These were, in the valley of San Pas-
cual near the moderr. Hollister, in the 'plain of the
great estuary' where the cross was left on San Fran-
cisquito Creek, in the vale of San Pedro Pegalado
and that of San Pedro Alcantara between Spani.-:li
Town and Pescadero, on tlie Kiver San Lorenzo at
Santa Cruz, and on the River Pajaro at Watsonville.
" God grant that in my day I may see them occupied
by missions, and in them assembled all the gentiles
who inhabit their vicinities, and that none of llie lat-
ter die without holy baptism, to the end tliat the
number of the children of God and of his holy
church be increased, and also of the vassals of our
'^TIio laclv of (list;iiiccs in this diary renders it of little iipo in fixing oxnct
localities, !:ltluiu;.jli Ur' route is .somewhat more fully descriljcd iu i;evfii.l
respects t!i;i:i iu the diary of the former expedition. The f.' et tliat tlireo
liourn' journey southward from the head of Lake Meiced hroui'iit llivini into
the oM trail eonlii'ins my former conclusion — see chap. vi. — tln.t the tirat cn-
pedition erofsed from Pt San Pedro rather than from Half Moon J-ay. \o«'
the travellers vi;:iicd a lagoon in the hills near the shore, about a league iibuvc
Vt Angel — probably Laguna Alta.
TROUBLE IN LOWER CiU^IFORNIA.
233
ratliolio monarcli," adds tlie good padro in closing liis
journal.^*
When Paloa loft the peninsula in the sunnner of
1773, he left Campa and Sanchez at Lorct) to r.ttcnd
to tlio forwarding of certain cattle from the old niis-
f^ioiis, which had been assigned to the nt;w ones, but
which he l)ad been unable to obtain on account (;f the
never ending excuses of Governor Barri and President
]\[(ii'n, Vvlio, however, Jiad agreed to settle the matter
(Iciinitely in October of the same year. Nothing being
(l()nc\ excuses followin<_j excuses, and there beinu' f;omo
evidence that the recalcitrant governor was causing
delay in the hope of breaking up the v.liolu arrauge-
iiuiit 1)}' connuunications witli the viceroy, Campa
wrote Palou how he was situated, and sailed on April 5,
1 77 l,for]Mexioo to coiisult the guar<;Han,Sanclicz start-
ing ;ilj<)ut the same time to join Cambon at Vclicatii.
In ^Mexico Campa made but little progress. Some
cattle and horses purchased for the missions the
viceroy had already ordered to be sent up, as they
v.ere early in 1775 ; but the Dominicans had convinced
liini, as v»'as probably true, that their missions had no
cattle to spare, and, therefore, stock for California
must bo souLjht elsewhere.^^
At A\licatd Cambon had been left by Palou in
charge of vestments and other church property col-
led id from the southern missions by tlu; order of
(Jalvcz. The quarrel between the Franciscans and
Parri, for which the removal of this })roperty served
largely as a motive, or at least a pretence, was now at
its height. The governor had taken advantage of the
fact that the agreement l)y which the I'ranciscans
had voluntarily ceded the Lower California missions
v/as not popularly known, to circulate; a ivport that
his own inikience had forced the ii'iars to (piit the
"'Kivor.'i Sunt a diary of the trip to tlic viceroy on .Tan. .">, 177"i, "« ap-
\\ny< tVcini Eiicurcli'B nuknowlcclguicnt ou May •J4Ui, in Proc. SI. I'lip., MS.,
i. 17--'.
•'■'J'aluK, I^'ol., ii. 1:;G-7, 207-8.
23G
RECORD OF EVENTS.
W-i
|!»3l
country. lie labored liard to win over the Domini-
cans to liis side, and was practically succcssi'ul so i'ar
at least as the president was concerned, and lie insisted
that the property in question had been stolen. TIki
details and merits of the general controversy need not
bo rej)eated here. It is evident enough that Bani
allowed his bitterness toward the Franciscans to get
the better of his judgment, and that he neglected no
opportunity to annoy his foes.
From San Diego Palou sent back mules to bring np
supplies and part of the church property, but IJarri
sent an order to the officer in command at Velicata to
load the animals w^th corn, but by no means to allow
the vestments to be taken, pretending that a new
examination of the boxes was necessary. Governor
and president were now acting in full accord and caus-
ing delay by throwing the responsibility of every new
liind(?]"anco each upon the other. Mora claimed to 1 lavo
full faith in Franciscan honor, but had consented to
the jiroposed search merely to convince Barri of liis
error! Cambon was instructed to submit to the senrrli
if required, but to insist on exact inventories and wv-
tificates. Thus things remained until Serra returned
I'rom l^.Icxico with a positive order from the viceroy
for the removal of the goods, an order which was sent
youth and reached Velicata July IG, 1774.
A correspondence ensued between Cambon and tlio
military officer in charge, in which the latter profcf-^scd
to bo utterly ignorant of any embargo on the removal
of the property, and to have received no orders wliat-
ever from Bani on the subject, although the contraiv
was well enough known to be true. Preparations
were mado for Padie Sanchez to take the property
with Ortega's force, but a new difficulty arose; fcr
Hidalgo, the Dominican in charge of Velicatd, bad
])ositive orders from President Mora to stop the goods.
He was in much perplexity, and begged for delay.
Finally, however, after obtaining a certificate from th(j
connnandant that ho would furnish no troops to pre-
ArPOIXTMENT OF GOVERNOR XEVE.
•237
vciit tlio I'cniovnl, ITidalj^o gave his pcrniission, and it
was louiid that after all thci-o wero only three ninles
to ciivi'V the vestments, most of whieli had therefore t*)
1)0 left behind. They were carried up, however, early
ill the next year by Father Dumetz, who came down
from ]\Ionterey with a mule train for the purpose.'"'
Sti
There was now but small opportunity loft for quar-
rels between Barri and the Franciscans, but it seemn
tlici'o were also dissensions with the Dominicans. It
w;is evident to the viceroy, that only harmonious
ivliitions between the political and missionary author-
ities could ensure the prosperity of the peninsula, and
tlint under Barri's rule such relations could not be
iiinintained. Bucareli, therefore, decided, as ho had
(loiic l)eforc in the case of Fagos, without committing
liiinself decidedly respecting the points at issue, to
;ij)[ioint a new governor, as in fact Barri had several
times asked him to do. His choice Ot "a person
cndow^cd w'ith wisdom and love for the service to
establish, maintain, and firmly implant good order,"
fill upon Felipe do Neve, major of the Queretaro
rogintent of provincial cavalry.^' He was summoned
to Mexico and received his instructions September
"''' J''iliiii, Xof., ii. 15S-205. With the first collection of vestments there
v.i'iit \\\) to Rivera n letter from Gov. ]»arri, simply stating that opjiliuatiiiu
fur tlie property, in order to prevent ilelays, shouUl have been nuulc to I'resi-
ik'Jit Miira rather than himself, ami the same mail carried a letter from Mora,
with the assurance that all the blame for delays belonged exclusively t> IJarri !
I'liloii adds a short 'rcdexion' making excuses, as was his duty, for all eon-
iciiiLil. Mora probably was accused of complicity in robbing the missions,
end favored a search in order to vinilicate his own honor and that of the
I'rniieiscans. The viceroy consented from the same motives and to avoid
liti;_'atioii, and Gov. Darri's charges and actions were, iK!lia]is, from ' excess
of zwd' to protect the mi'jsions of ]5aja California. It would seem that there
\va;i ;dso a quarrel betv een IJarri and Riveia arising in some way from the
iilKMiiii ,' by tiic commandant of a desjiatch addressed to the governor. UrtcLfa
in 1. ttiTs of July 18th and Oct. ^d—J'ror. St. /'ap., MS. i. 14S-!), 1.-m— ndvis'es
liiveia that the governor is hostile and disposed to wrangle abont .suiieriority ;
that lie had l>een taking testimony; and that it was oidy President Mora's
cllurts ^vlliuh had prevented Rivera's arrest on arrival at Loreto.
"' 'I'lu' (inly item of information that 1 have found respecting Neve before
lie came to California, is the fact tliat when his regiment was forineil in IT'ili
lit; was sent to raise ii squadron in Michoaenn; but botii at Valladolid and
I'lit/cnaro the ])Coplc resisted the draft, liberated sevei-al recruHs by force,
wiiiiiiiltd a sergeant, mid forced Neve to return. Jiicera, Gob. de Mcx,, i.
407-S.
2.13
RECORD OF EVENTS.
ill
oOtli from the viceroy. These instructions were siiiiilar
in tlu'ir general purport to those before issued to Iliveiu
«*nul nhvady noticed. The only i)oints relating to Upper
(Viliibrnia were those defining the official relations
between Neve and Ixivera, requiring special attention
to tlio forwarding of despatches from the north and
Iv'eeping open the routes of communication, and the
forwarding of the church property at Velicata. The
connnander of Monterey was only nominally subordi-
nate to the governor, being required to maintain har-
monious relations with that official, and to report in
full to him as he did to the viceroy, but not in any
sense to obey his orders. Bucareli was careful to avoid
future dissensions by causing Neve to understand
Rivera's practical independence."^ Neve's appointment
may be said to have begun with the date of his
instructions on September 30th; but his final orders
were received October 28th"" and ho started from ]\Iex.-
ico the next day, although he did not reach Loreto
and assume conmiand until March 4th of the fallow-
ing yenr.*^ Of Barri after he left Loreto March 2(5,
1775, nothing is recorded. His term of office had been
from March 1771 to March 1775, but ho had exerted,
as wo have seen, no practical authority over Alta
California.
Scrra's second annual report for the year 1774,
com})leted iu February of the following year, is almost
entirely statistical in its nature, containing in addilioii
to figures of agriculture, stock-raising, mission build-
ings, baptisms, marriages, and deaths, long lists of
church ornaments, agricultural implements, and other
property. Tlie year would seem to have been fairly
prosperous, with no disasters. At San Diego the mis-
sion had been moved to a new site and new buildings
had been erected at least equal to the old ones. It was
l^roposed to move San Gabriel also for a short distance,
'^/liirarfll, Iiislrucciones al Gohernador de CaU/ornias, 30 de Sepliemhre
177.'i, MS.
"•/•/■or. St. Pap., MS., i. 191; Id. xxii. 2.
"yVor. A'cc, JMfcJ., i. 1.
STATISTICS.
239
niid for lluit, r(\nson l)ut vciy sliglit addiiions liacl
live'ii made to the buildings. At the uthei' laissloiis
many .small stnu'tures had been put up for various
uses. At San Luis Obispo a now clunch (if adobes,
ci'4dit by t\V(nity varas, but as yet without a I'ooi", was
t!io most prominent improvement. At San Antonio
nil adol)c storehouse had been built, a boo]:ca;'e iiiado
\\)V a library, and an irrifjjatino: ditch divj: for about a
leaGfue. San Carlos had seven or ciu'lit new houses
oi' adobe and palisades, besides an oven,
Aj]ii<ndtural operations had been suocor^r.rid, and
the grain product had exceeded a thousand I'anogas,
tlioseod having yielded forty fold. San Cabrirl took
the load, close followed by San Carlos. San Luis
raised the most wheat, while sterile San Dic'xo .showed
a total return of only thirty fanegas of wheat. No-
whoi'o was there a total fliilurc of an}' crop. In the
matter of live-stock, horned cattle had increased from
205 to 304; hor.ses from 67 to 100; mules from 77
to 85; sheep from '94 to 170; goats from 07 to ! .»;
swine from 102 to 131; while asses remained only 4.
The mission records showed a total of [!3;"> baptifuns,
rJ4 marriages, 74 deaths, and an existing- neophyte
])opulation of 7yl»; or for the year a gain of 312 bap-
tisms, 02 marriages, 45 deaths, and 21)7 in population.
San Carlos w^as yet at the head with 244 ncoj)hytes,
and San Diego came in last with 97.'*^
*'.SVm7, Informe (Jc los Avfjmfnio.i que han icnido con t'do el ftiio tie 1774 Ins
'■'iif'i mi.<ioiiii< (Id (Jolc'iio Apo.ildfko d<> Proparjaudd I'tdc dc Sun Fcnmudo de
Mi:.,lco dc oidrii de N. i'. S. Fmncifiro y d<l estado itrliial <ii ijue yn lud'un
<i ii!limo:< dc liicii-nibre del ailo de 17!4i ^IS. The report Wiis dated San
Ciirlus, Feb. o, 1773.
n I
i ii
;iii
'ii ii
ill
CHAPTER XI.
NOllTIIERN EXPLORATION AND SOUTHERN DISASTER.
1775.
A CALiFOKNTA-notrNn Fleet — Franciscan CiiAri-Aiss— Voyace of Qninos
IN TiiK 'San Antonio' — Voyacje of Ayala in the 'San C'Aur.os' —
V0YA(iE OF IIeCKTA AND LoDEOA Y ClADUA TO TUi; NoH'lIIKr.S
Coasts — DiycovicuY of Tuinidad Bay — Discoveuy of liouEiiA Bay-
Death OF JlTAN TeKEZ — EXPLOIIAI'ION OF SaN FkANCISCO ]>AY 1!Y
Ayala — Trip of IIeckpa and I'alou to San Fkancisco hy Lanti—
PliM'AItATlONS FOU NkAV MISSIONS — AtTEJIPTED FoUNDINO OF SW
Juan Capistiiano — Midnight Destuuciton of San DiEtio Mission •
Mautyhdom of I'ADiiE Jaujie — A NiiiUT OF Teuuou — Alaiiji at San
Antonio.
ii
I
W' ^1
K
A FLEET of four vessels was despatched from San
Bias in the si)rnig of 1775, all bound for Californian
or yet more northern waters. The king'liad sent out
recently from Spain six recfular naval officers, onu of
whom was to remain at San Bias as conuuandaiit,
while the rest were to assume charge of the vessels.
The viceroy was to supply chaplains, and, no cler- x-
mcn being immediately accessible, he called upon the
college of San Fernando to furnish friars for the duty,
on the plea that all was intended to advance the work
of converting heathen, a plea which the guardian
could not disregard, and he detailed four Franciscans
foi- the new service temporarily, though it was foreign
to the work of the order. ^
' The friar cliapliiins were Campa, Usson, Santa Mari.a, and Sierra. Lit\'
on the ocean wave liad no charms for tlicni, and on return from tiie liist
voyage they askeil iierinission to quit the service and to resume their h'^'iti-
niatc work as niissionaries. The first two were suecessfuL hut tlie cithers hail
to ' sacrifice themselves ' again, and Jos6 Nocedal was sent also as a ooiiiiiaiiioii.
The only consolation of each was the hope of being ahle to take the place of
some retiring fiiar in California. Paloii, A^o^, ii. '21G-17, 'J57-8.
(240)
A NORTHERN FLEET.
2H
All sailed from Sail Bias on the same day, IIk; IGtli
of }ifarcli." Tlu! Sun Antimii) was luidcr Licnite'iiaiit
Frruaiidi) Qiiiros, aiul her cliaijlain was llanion LJsson.
Hiic was laden with supplies I'ur San Dicj^fj and San
(ial)i'Kl. (^uirus' voya<,^u was a ])rosporous one, and
liavinL;" landed the cai'_u;'o at San ]3ieg() lie was hack at
[Sail JJlas hy the middle of June. The other trans-
port, tile Sun Carlos, bearing the sup})lies for ^lonte-
\vy and the northern missions, set sail under the
coiuinand of ^Miguel Maiiri(|ue, but was hardly out of
higlit ofland when ho went mad and Liuuteiiant Juan
]jaiitista de Ayala took his place, Vicente Santa ^NFaria
serving as chaplain. Her trip, though longer I'rom
adverse winds, was not less uneventful ami pros])crous
than that of the San Antonio. Anchoring a< ]\[onte-
I'eyJune 27tli, she discharged her cargo, and after
liaviiig made an exploration of Sau Francisco Bay,
lor which Ayala had orders, and of which I shall
have more to say presently, the Golden Fleece set out
on her return the lltli of October.'*
The other vessels were the ship Santiago, under
C'aiitain Bruno Heceta, with Juan Perez and Chris-
t(')hal lievilla as master and mate, and with j\Iigucl
(le la Campa and Benito Sierra as chaplains; and the
SL'hooncr Sonora alias Felicidad, commanded after
-Vyala's removal by Lieutenant Juan I'l'ancisco do
Bodega y Cuadra, with Antonio Maurelle as sailing-
master.* The full crew was one hundred and six;
men, and the supply of provisions was deemed sufli-
'Some authorities say tlie 15th, and Palou, probably by a misiirint, has it
the 'Jdili.
''.Miiy nth, Ortega writes from San Diego to Rivera that the Sun. CdrloH
v';is stninded in leaving vSan Bias, and tliat tlio cargo will probably bo trans-
furred to the .S'««/(«,7o. This idea probably camo from somo rumor brought
!>>• the Sail. Antonio, I'cspecting the delay occasioned by ManiKjUu's madness.
J'rw. .V. />«;.., MS., i. 1G2.
^llieeta, Quiros, and Manriquo Mere tenknfes de vavio, or lieutenants in
the loyal navy, tho former being acting captain an<l cf)Hiandauto of the
expediUDU. Ayala and Bodega were tcnkntcs di'/raijala, a rnnk lower than
the ]>ieeeding and obsolete in modern times save as an honorary title in the
luevehiint mariuc. Perez and Maurelle held tho rank of aljcir- de fragata,
.^till luwer than the preceding, besides bemg, as was Revilla, inlotos, or sail-
iiig-iausters.
Hist. Cal.. Vol, I 10
FJ ;
242 NORTHERN EXnORATION; SOUTHERN DISASTE?..
dent for a year's cruise. Sailing from San llla.s
March IGtli, the schooner being towed by tlie sliip,
tliey lost sight of the San Cd)ivf< in a week, and wore
kept back by C(jntrary winds at first, only beginning
to make progress northward early in A[)ril. ^^Jav
21st they were in nearly the latitude of Monterey,
but it was decided in council not to enter tliat poit.
since the chief aim of the expedition was exploratiuii,
and it was ho];)ed to get water at the liver suppo-cd
to have been discovered by Aguilar, in latitude ±-'ur
43°.
On the 7th of Jane, in latitude 42° as their oh-
servati(»ns made it, the vessels drew near the sliorc,
which they followed s.:'^ttliward to 41° G','' and found
on the Otli a good anchorage protected by a Liftv
headland IVoiii the prevalent north-west winds. Twn
days later they lanJed and took formal possession of
the country with all the prescribed ceremonial, indu;!-
ino- the unfurllnii" of the Spanish llaijf, a military salute,
raising the cross, and a mass by Father C'auipa,
From the day the name of Trinidad was gi\en to the
port, which stid retains it, and the stream since known
as ^ittle liiver was named Princii)io. The natives
were numennis and friendly, and by no means tiuiid.
They were r[uite ready to embrace tlie padres; tli«v
did not hesitate to put their hands in the dislies; ami
they were cur-ious to know if the strangers Mere men
like themselves, having noted an apparent indiU'eienee
to the charms of the native women. More tluin a
week was spent here, during which some expl')rations
were made, water and wood Avere obtained, r.nd the
disposition and habits of the natives studied, (hie
sailor was lost by desertion, and a new top-mast was
made for the Saidiarjo. Finally, on the U)th, tlie
navigators emliarked and lel't the port of Trinidail
with its pin(!-<ia(l hills, and, nuich to the sorrow of
the savages, bore away northward, in which direction
' ir 8', 41' IS', 4r 7', aiul 4r 9' aro given by dlCfcrcnt authorities. Tlio
tii'e liititudt! is 111011141" 4'.
I f'\
>ste:
EXrEDJTIOX OP IIECETA AXD CUADEA.
San r)las
f the si lip,
aiu
lu
L'l'C
liC'jjinniii'''
[iril. ^tiiy
]Slontei\'_v,
■ til at poit,
.'XploratioM,
;i" suppi>'i'<l
itudo i-J'or
Xr, their oh-
' the fsluirf.
' and I'ouihI
by a Inftv
iuds. Two
lOSSe^^^U'!l (If
)iiial, iiifliul-
iitaiy salutr,
iicr Cauijia,
:vl\-C'n to til''
Isiucc known
The nativis
[leans timid,
ladres; tliv'V
dishes; ana
•s were nini
indiileriiiit'
lore than a
loxph>rati(»ns
led, r.nd tlu'
idied. Ow
jp-nuist was
e li)th, the
of Triirulad
,c sorrow oi
ch dh-eetiuii
Luthoriticrf, The
no more landings or observations were made on Call-
I'ornian territory.
The explorations of Heceta and Bodega in northern
waters receive due attention in another volume of this
series. The ship and schooner, the latter nu longer
in tow, ke})t together till the end of July, when tlu>\
parted in rough weather. Heceta in tlie Smilidn-t
]<(j)t on to latitude 40'', whence on August 1 1th lu;
decided to return, many of his crew being dow-n with
llie scurvy. Tfe kept near tlic shore and made close
(hservations down to 42 80'; l.»ut on reentering Cali-
JMiiiia waters on the 21st, the weather being cloudy,
111 lie was learned of the coast. Passing Cape ^Mendo-
ciiio duriniif the ni<dit of the 25th, the commander
wished to enter San Francisco, but a dense fog I'endered
it unsafe to make the attem[)t, though he sighted the
j'arallones, and the 21)th anchor was cast in tlu^
])(iit of ]\ronterey. Now' were landed some mission
;iud presidio supplies wdiich had come to California by
a roundabout way.
The schooner Sonora, after parting from her cap'i-
f(tii(i, ke})t on up to about 58", and then turning i( 1-
luwed the coast down to ]]odega. l:>ay, so ]>ani<'(l atthis
linie in honor of Bodega y Cuadra,*' though there was
unich doubt ;anon<T; the oflicials at first wdietlun' it
were not reallv San Francisco. Tlu.n' anchored (,)cto-
iirr ;!d, and without landing held friendly interc(Mirse
with the natives, who came out to them wu )-afts.
TIm; harbor seemed at fii'st glance a good oii(>, and
as ill tlie part since called Tomales Bay it extended
iar inland, apparently I'eceiving a large river at its
liead, it seemed likely to have yi)i\^r, comieeticn wit!i
llie !'i'(>at bdhia )r(hntchi, San Pabl(> Jxiv, wliidi had
liirii discovered to the south. Next vlav. howe\-er, ;i
>iidden gale proved the harbor unsafe, bri>aking a Ijoat,
wlii(h prevented proposed soundings. Nari'ov, lyescap-
'^.Mniiy suppose the ii.imc to Lave come from the fact that the nussiaiis in
I.iti r tii'.iis hail their cclhu's — in Spanish, liiiilp(i(iii—hviv. Stranrcly ciiijiii.'h
ix-.HnVLTiiiir Alvaiaild, /llsf. Cal., MS., ii. S, 1(\ takes tills view uf it, auil al.--o
liiiivi.i the name Karallones fium Cahiillcj'.s ] ik)t rcri-elo I
11
M;
244 NORTHERN EXPLORATION; SOUTHERN DISASTER.
iiig Avrcck ill leaving the bay, tlic Sonora Leaded
soutliwaid ; the Farallones were sighted on the 5th,
and on the 7th Cuadra anchored at Monterey, to tho
great joy of his former coni[)anions who had given
tlie schooner up for lost. Nearly all ■\vcre down witli
tlie scurvy, but they rapidly recovered under the
Idndly care of the missionaries and the good-will of
Our Lady of Bethlehem, to whose image in the mis-
sion church of San Carlos the whole crew tendered a
S! Jenin mass of intercession a week after their arrival.
The return voyan'c from Monterey to San Bias lasted
from the 1st to the 20tli of November.'' Juan Perez,
who had been the first in these later expeditions to
enter both INIonterey and San Diego from tho sea,
died the second day out from })ort, and funei-al honors
were paid to his memory a year later when the news
came back to San Carlos.
At the end of 1774 the viceroy writes both Rivera
and Serra, of his intention to establish a new presidio
of twcntv-eight men at San Francisco, under a lieu-
tenant and a ser^-eant. This establishment will seivc
as a base of operations for a further extension of
Spanish and Christian power, and under its protect iuu
two new missions are to be founded at once, for which
Serra is requested to name ministei-s. It is amioune\il
that Anza will recruit the soldiers in Sonora and Siu-
aloa and brino- them with their families, to the number
of one himdred persons or so, by the overland route
explored ])y himself the same year, coming in person
to su[)erintend the ceremonies. The comisario at San
'The authoi'itii's fur tlieso voyages, for prirticiilarn of •which in tho iin''th
sec Jll^t. Xoiiliin.^/ ( 'nils/, i. ]i)8 ct scq,, nrc lli'cita, I'iiijcilc J] ,',7; Jiiitrio il'' I't
Siiiiti'iitr', MS.; Hifli'ja y Ciiwlni, Viaiji' <lc l]7i>; J'iario dr la Soiiura, MS.;
ManriUc, JJinriit ih I Viuije do la Sniinra 1] ^.'i, .MS. (with Itrlli xioins, dili'/i-',
tto. ); lii'diija 1/ ( 'iiii'lra, ( 'niiiciilo dr la NnVf:[i''riiin >/ l>i:<nihriiii.iiaio 1 1 iJ, MS. ;
Jfmla, tSc'/iiiida Kijilomcioii dn la con/a iSijitcidiinind di: Ca'i/oniia J!i'',
jMS. ; Jit rita, K-rpi diciiiih iiiiiri/iiiiii, l'ii<ta 1 1 i/rado ciiicmii/a, y c'liodi'lct cusini
d< I Maf J'licijift), ill Piiloii, Not., ii, •J1!)-.'J7 ; MaiinUi;, dnimial (fa To.'/";/'' "*
Hn'); I'rddii, Vida, KL'-."); Xavarrcti', in Sii/il y J/c.;-., Vii"./f', xuiii.-ix.;
MoJ'ra.t, Explor., i. 107-'J; Orevuhow's Or. and Cat., 117-lJO; Furi-ler'ti JJifl.
Voi/., 4J5-8.
rER.
SAN FRAXCISCO BAY.
245
:( headed
the 5tli,
jy, la the
lad given
Lowii with
nder the
)d-will of
, tlic iiiis-
cndered a
ur arrival.
Uas histed
lau Perez,
ditions to
I the sea,
ral honors
L the news
3th llivcra
iw presidio
der a- Tku-
wiii seiv'o
ension of
protection
for v.lii'h
innouneed
X and Sin-
le nimibir
and ronto
in p(.'r,-iin
irio at San
li in tlio nc'di
\.'i ; JUdriu il'' '''
.Snivrii, 'S\>.\
iXioiltS, lull''!-',
it'/fonii'i' Jii',
[lii><lcl("i (■"■-■■'''■•■
(if a I 'p!f(i:i<' 'II-
|((i/f, xi'iii. -!>;•!
r)]ns has orders to send by the next year's transports
supphes sufficient for the new cok)nY, and tlic com-
mander of the vessel which brought these letters is
instructed to make a preliminaiy survey of San Fran-
cisco llay.^ Details are left to the well known dis-
cretion and zeal of the commandant and president,
wlio are directed to report minutely and promptly on
nil that is done. The substance of these communica-
tions is duplicated in otiiers written at the beginning
of 1775 ;'' one set and perhaps both reaching Monterey
the 27th of June by the San Carlos.
Lieutenant Ayala, as I have said, has orders to ex-
jtlore San Francisco by water. His instructions refer
iiicirc directly to the new bay than to the original San
I'rancisco. As is natural in the case of two bodies of
v/ater so near together and probably connected, there
is no further effort in ^lexico to distinguish one from
the otlier, the lately discovered o'randeur of the new
ahsorhinii" the traditional o'lories of the old. For a
time the friars and others in Califoi'nia. show a feeble
tendency to keep up the old distinction, but it is ])rac-
tirally at an end. From 1775 the newly fouiv' and
gland bay bears the name San Fi-ancisco whirl i has
beiore belonL^ed to the little harbor under Point
Eeycs. Ayala's mission i,i to ascertain if the mouth
s(H'n by Pages three years before from the opposite
shore is indeed a navifjablo entrance, and also to learn
hy examination if the bay is a '})ort,' or if it contains
a ];ort. He is also to search for a strait connecting
tlie bav with the San Francisco of old. Pivera is to
cooperate by means of a land expedition, and tlie two
are to make all possible preparations for the recep-
tion of Anza's force soon to l)e on its way. Pivei'a
cannot send his party till his nie-n return from the
''Letters (l;it('il Dpocmber 15, 1774. Of tliiit to Sena [ li;ive the (irijriiial,
Jiaitlv ill till-' liaiiihvritiiiL;' nf lUicareli liiiiisell'. Arrli. Misi(iiii!<, J\IS.. i. -r)-.')!!;
Ai--h. Suiila lUu-hani, .\lS., i. ll'J-'J-J; Pro<: S/. P"i>. Iln. Mhnl., .MS., ii.
''T,<>ttern (lilted .luKiai'y 'J, 177'>. Original aildressed to I'. Scrra, in l>(i'\
ir.<. <\il., MS., iv. '20-7. beeulbu I'ror. St. I'ap., ^IS., i. liiU-7; J'l-, .\.\ii. li.
2J0 XOKTITllRX EXl'LORATION; ROUTIIEllX DISASTER.
south, wliitlicr tlicy have gone to escort Duiiietz to
\"eHcata and back in quest of church property.
Father Junipero names Canibon and Palou for tlie
])roi)osed mission, and Ayala busies himself in con-
structing a caijuco, or 'dugout,' from the trunk of a
redwood on the llivcr Carmelo, a beginning in a small
way of ship-building on the Californian coast.
Ayala, with his two pilotos, Jose Cafiizarcs and
Juan ])autista Aguirre, and his chaplain Santa Marfn,
sail irom Monterey, probably on the 24th of July,^" l)c-
ginning with the voyage a novena to Saint Francis, at
the termination of which on the 1st of August just at
night the Sfin CYwlos is off the entrance to San Fi-aii-
cisco IJay. The boat is sent in lirst, and as she does
not innnediately I'eturn, the pacjuebot follows in tlie
darkness, and anchors without difficulty in the vicinity
of what is now North Beach. Next morning slic
joins the boat and both cross over to the Isla de
Nuestra Sehora de los Angeles, so named as I sup-
l)ose I'rom the dav, Auiiust 2(1, and still known as
Angel Island." There they find good anchorage,
witli [denty of wood and water. Ayala I'emains at
anchor in the bay for over forty days, making carel'ul
surveys and waiting for the land expedition, which
does not make its appearance. It is unlbrtunate that
neither the map nor diary of this earliest survey is
extant. Cahizares is sent in the boat to ex])lore llu;
noi'thern l»ranch, the 'round bay,' now called San
I'aldo, going up to fresh- water rivers,'- and bartei'iiig
beads for fish with many friendly natives. Aguiin'
makes a similar reconnoissance in the southern branch
"Talon, Xi<t., ii. 218,248-9; Viihi, 201 -.1, tlic only antliority extant, f-nvs
.Tilly 27tli, Imt this I think is ii misprint, since it ■woulil not allow tliu iiucliui-
iiu'f fit Angel Island August 2il.
"The fact that it is called ' la isla que ostA on frcntc <1c la boca' Wdiild
au'i'eu l)etter with ^Vlcutraz, hnt Font, Journal, .MS., a little later mcntioiii-i
anotluT island agre'ing witli Alcatraz, renioving all doubt.
'-As nothing is said of the liodiea of M-;'teri!orresiionding to Suisun Hay and
(^ar(|uines Strait, it would seem likely that the rivers Avei'e I'etaluiiia, ^-oaoina,
(I)' Xapa creeks, and not the San .Toaquin and Sacramento; but in iiis I'i./d,
203, 1'alou says they noted the mouth of the great river Sau Trauciscu foniicil
by Ihe other big rivers.
AY ALA AND AGUIKRE IN THE BAY.
247
of llio bay, noting sovcrnl indentations Avith good
aiic'lioragc; but lie oncovnitcrs only three natives, who
aie we('i)ing on the shore of what is now jMission
]5,iv, called from that oireunistancc Enscnada do los
Jjlorones. Santa jMari'a and the oflPieers land several
times on the northern shore toward l^oint I'eves,
visiting there a hospitable ranchen'a. The conclusion
reached is that San Francisco is indeed a port, and
(iiic iif the best possessed by Spain, " not merely one
I II lit, l)ut many Avith a single entrance." There is an
ahoiii>inal tradition that the bay was once an oak
orove with a river flowing throu<jfh it, and the Si)an-
iards think they find some suppin't for the theory in
till' sliape of oak roots there found." On the 22d of
Scpliiiiber the San CVirlos is back at ^Monterey.
ill the mean time the Sdnfiar/o has arrived irom the
north, and lleceta, who had been unable by reason of
fou's to enter San Francisco l)y Avater, resolves to make
tlie attempt by land. Ho obtains nine soldiers, three
sailoi-s, and a carpenter, ])laccs on a nuilo a canoe pur-
chased from the northern Indians, and with Palou and
Cainpa sets out the 14th (»f Se[)tembcr. Following
Ivivt lu's route of the preceding 3'ear the party arrive
o!i the 22(1 at the sea-shoro, and find on the l)each
lielow the cliff Ayala's canoe wrecked. This first prod-
uct of home ship-building, after fulfilling its destiny
ill the first survey of California's chief harbor, had
broken loose from its moorings and floated out with
the tide to lueet its fate where more pretentious craft
have since stranded.
Oil the hill-top, at the foot of the old cross, arc found
letters from Santa Maria directing the land party to
U'o about a league inland, and light a fire on the beach
to attract the notice of the Scdi Carlos anchored at
Aiigel Island. Heceta does so, but finds no vessel,
and returns to encamp on Lake Pierced, so named
1 10111 the day, September 24th, on which he left it.
Xext day he returns to North Beach, but finds no
^^ Arch. Santa Durbani, MS., iv. 153.
243 NORTIIERX EXPLORATIOX; SOUTIIERX DISASTER.
V '■■'^''
hi
ship; and, supposing correctly that she lias loft tlic
bay, tlo})arts on tlio 24th for Monterey, where lus
arrives the 1st of October." Tlius no buildinus ai'u
yet erected for Anza s expected force.
Before receiving the viceroy's instructions regardiii;;,'
San Franc'sco, Serra had desired to found some new
missions under tlie regulations of 1773; that is, I»\-
diminisliing the old guards and taking a few soldiers
from the presidio. But Rivera declared that no sol-
diers could be spared, and the president had to content
himself with writing to the guardian and asking that
ofHcer to intercede witli the viceroy for twenty nn'ii.
Had he known of the force already assigned to the
new presidio, it is doubtful if even he would have IkmI
the effrontery to ask so soon for a reiinforcemeiit.
Tlie guardian, unal)le to get the soldiers, asked })ei-
mission to retire the supernumerary padres, which was
granted at first but inunediately countermanded; and
Bucareli wrote to both Serra and Rivera, authoiiziu'^
the former and instructing the latter, in view of
Anza's expected arrival, to establish two or three new-
missions on the old ])lan, depending on future arrange-
ments for additional guards.^''
The viceroy's letter just alluded to reached ]\I()ii-
terey on the lOth of August. At a consultation luM
two days latci" it was resolved to establish at once a
mission (/f San Juan Capistrano between San ])ii\'.j,d
and San Gabiiel, under Fermin Francisco de Lasu( a
and Gregorio Amurrio, with a ijfuard of six men. i'oui'
from tlie [)residial force and two from the missions of
San Cilrlos and San Die^-o.^"^ The friars from ?.loii-
tiToy and San Luis, where they had been waitiiiu',
went down to San Gabriel in August, Lasuen con-
tinuing his journey to San Diego, whence he accoiii-
^*PaIoii, Not., ii. 243-8.
^■'I'ahii, Kof., ii. 2.J9-C1; Rucarcli to Rivera,* May 24, ITTo, in Pror. St.
Piij'., MS., i. 174-5.
''' Uivtra aiiiKnuiet'd tliis to tlio viceroy in .1 li'tter of Aug. 2:2(1. /'/')'•. Sf.
PdjK, MS., i. 1!)! -2. (iiiv. Xeve iiotilied" tiie viceroy of tliu'iadre'ti ap[Hiijit-
iiKiit, ou Dee. 10th. Piov. Ike, MS., i. lo(J-7.
TROUBLE AT SAN DIEGO.
240
paiiic'd Ortcp^a to explore a site for the now mission.
This done, Lasiien returned from San Diej^o with
Ortega, a sergeant, and twelve soldiers, sending word
to Auiurrio to come down from San Gabriel with the
cattle and other church property. Lasuen formally
began the mission on the 30th of Oct()l)er." Tlie
natives were well disposed, work on the buildings was
progressing. Father Amurrio soon arrived, and pros-
pects were deemed favorable, when on the 7th of
Xovcmber the lieutenant was suddenly called away
by tidings of a disaster at San Diego. By his ad-
vice the new mission was abandoned, the b'.dls wei'o
Luried; and the whole company set out for the pre-
sid
lo.
IS
Of aifairs at San Diego, before the event that
called the company back from San Juan, we have no
record, save a few letters of Ortega to the connnand-
ant, relating for the most part to trivial details of
otiieial routine. There is some coin])laint of lack
of arms and servants in the presidio. Several muli?
tiains .arrive and de[)art; there are hostile savages on
the iVontier; the lieutenant is sorry because Kiveni
wishes to leave, doubts if he can obtain permission to
rosinn, which is the first we know of anv such inten-
tion on the part of the commandant.'"
At the new mission, six miles up the valley, pros-
pects are bright. New buildings have been erected, a
well dug, and more land made ready for sowing. On
tlie od of October sixty new convei'ts are l)aptized.
Then comes a change. On the niglit of Xovember
4th the mission company, eleven ])ersons of Spanish
i I
Vf
'" Sii s;ivi^ Piilou ; but Oile.^a, in a letter to An/;i dated Xov. ."Otli, .says it
\v:isOet. llltli. Arrh. Cal. Prm-. S/. P(i/>.. /!ri>. Mil.. MS., i. L', ;{.
'"'I'lui.s Aiiza on his arrivid .Ijiii. S, 177'.!, found tlu^ Kite and unfinislieil
I'liildiuu'H unoeeupied. Aii:.a, Dhir'nt, MS., i)0.
'■'/'/•'„•. .S7. Pup., MS., i. U-1 7, Ki.'i-C; /'/•")•. /.Vr., MS., i. 144-5. In oik?
' t his U'tter.s Ortega s]K'aks of the hindin;j!-iil:u'i; of goods for the presidio iis
I'eiii-- at lea.st two leagues distant. It would be interesting to know just
V. acre this landing was and what was the m IlV of landing go(jds so f.ir
I ir. In fnet without crossing to tlie peninsula it W(;uld seem iiupo.s.sihle to
I. 111! a .spot so far away.
250 NORTHERN EXPLORATION: SOUTHERN DISASTER.
11
•^M- .: 1;
M i!
I
blood, retire to rest in fancied security. A little after
midnight they awake to find the buildings in llames
and invested by a horde of yelling savages. The two
ministers, Luis Jaume and Vicente Fuster, with two
boys, a son and a nephew of Ortega,-" rush out .at the
iirst alarm. Jaumc turns toward the savages with his
usual salutation Amad d Dios, hijos, * Love God, my
children.' Thereupon he is lost sight of by Fuster,
who with the 3'oung Ortegas succeeds in joining tliu
soldiers at their barracks.
Two blacksmiths, Jose Manuel Arroyo and Felipe
Romero, the former being on a visit from the presidio,'^
were sleeping in the smithy. Arroyo is the first to ho
i-oused, and thouijh ill he seizes a sword and rushes
forth. Receiving two arrows in his body he staggers
back into the shop to rouse his companion, and falls
dead. Romero, awakened by the cry, " Compancro,
they have killed me I" springs from his bed, seizes a
musket, and from behind his bellows as a barricade
kills one of the assailants at the first shot. Then,
takinii: advantasxe of the confusion which follows, ho
escapes and joins the soldiers. The carpenter, Josd
UrselinO; was in the barracks and at once joins the
soldiers; but in doing this, or immediately after, ho
receives two arrow wounds which some days later
l»rove fatal.
The mission guard consisting of three soldiers,
Alcjo Antonio Gonzalez, Juan Alvarez, and Joaquin
Armenta,^- under Corporal Juan Estevan Rocha, in tlie
absence of a sentinel are aroused from their slumber
by the flames, and by the yells of ihe assailants.
-" These were not the Juan and Jos(5 Maria of the list given at tlic end of
tliis volume. Tlieir age at this time is not stated. The records are strangily
silent about these boys during the resit of this eventful night.
'■" Palou, JVol., ii. 204-71, and Vkla, 17G-87, one of the leading authorities
on this affair, ciToneously speaks of the three mechanics as two carpenters
and one smith, one of the two room-mates being the carpenter Ursclino.
'''' Francisco Pefia, the fourth man, was ill at the presidio. Tlie names of
the guard witli many other Interesting particulars are given in Ortcija, lujorme
de Nov. 30, 1775, MS., this document being a communication addressed to
Lieut. -Col. Anza, and one of the most valuable soni-eesof original information
respecting the disaster, embodying as it does all the results of Lieut. Ortega's
investigations down to date.
TER.
A XIGTIT OF TERnOR.
2S1
ttlo after
in ilanics
The two
with two
)ut at tlio
3 with his
God, 11 ly
y Fustei',
)iiiiiig the
nd Fchpo
prGsi<h(),"^
first to ho
nd riishci^
3 staggers
, and falls
3mpafiero,
[1, seizes a
barricade
'>t. Then,
bllows, ho
ntcr, Josu
joins the
after, lie
ays later
soldiers,
Joaquin
tha, in the
|r shimher
issailants.
at the end of
I are sti-nngi'ly
ig autlioritios
m cinpeiiters
Urseliiio.
JThc names of
Itfija, Iiifonr.c
I addressed to
II information
lent. Ortega's
Rteri forced by the blacksmith, the woimdod carpenter,
and the surviving friar, the Spaniards defend them-
selves for a time; but the fire soon forces them to seek
othor shelter.-^ They first repair to a room of tho
friars' dwelling, where Father Fustcr makes a haz-
iiidoiis l)ut ineffectual attempt to find Jaume.
Thu tire soon renders the house untenable. In
tlicir dire extremity they bethink themselves of a
small enclosure of adobes in which they take refuge,
tliLie to fight to the death. In one wall is an open-
iiio- through which arrows are shot; but the soldiers
croi't a barricade with two bales or Iwxes and a copper
kettle brought from the burning house at great risk.
But by the time the opening is closed, all arc wounded,
and two soldiers besides the carpenter disabled. A
fast of nine Saturdays, a mass for each of the soldiers
and mechanics, and a novcna for the priest are prom-
ised heaven for escape; and thereafter not an arrov/
touches them, though sticks and stones and burning
brands are still showered on their h.eads.-* Urseiino
and the disabled soldiers strain their feeble strenrjth
to ward off the missiles, Fuster covers with his body,
his cloak, and his prayers the sack containing fifty
jjounds of gunpowder, while the blacksmith and one
soldior load and reload the muskets which Corporal
liocha discharges with deadly effect into the ranks of
tho foe, at the same time shouting commands in a
■' It may be noted that according to the last annual report — Serra, Informe,
(k ni.'h ^^'^- — the mission buildings on the new site had not been enclosed
in tile lunial stockade defences. The barracks are not described iu that report,
but ^^x•^o of wood; the church 'was not of adobe; and all the adobe buildings
txcfpt tho granary had tule roofs. The padros' house, or tho smithy, or tho
granary \\ii\\ their adobe walls W'ould seem to have alibrdcd better protection
than the Imilding chosen; but tho progress of the flames or some other unre-
eoriliil circunistancc doubtless determined their action.
■Tor this night's struggle I have followed for the most part Fuster, licfjis'
ti-odel)rJ'H)icione!<, MS., in San Diego, Lib. de Misioii, ()7-74, an original record
by a burvivor of thofiery ordeal left l)y Fuster in the mission register of deaths.
This autlior calls the structure which aftbrded shelter a ' cercadito de adobes,
como (le tres varas,' and docs not imply that it had a roof. Palou says it was
a kind of kitchen with walls but little over three feet high and roofed with
blanches and leaves, the burning of w lich added to the peril. This author
also gives some indications of the pai ^re's bravery which modesty prompted
thu otlier to conceal.
232 NORTUERX EXPLORATION; SOUTHERN DISASTER.
stentorian voice as if at the head of a regiment. Wli.it
a subject for a painting I Thus the hours slowly pass
until at dawn the savages withdraw. The survivors,
or such of them as can move, crawl from behind tlic
adobe battlements, and the Baja Californians and
neophytes make their appearance.
The latter come fully armed with bows and arrows,
and claim to have been largely instrumental in put-
tincj tlic foe to flij^ht. The iirst solicitude of the sur-
vivors is to learn the fate of Father Jaumc, of wlioiii
the neophytes say they know nothing. His body is
soon discovered in the dry bed of the creek at somo
distance, naked, bruised from head to foot with blows
of stones and clubs, his face disfigured beyond rccoL^-
nition, and with eighteen arrow wounds."^ It is siil)-
sequcntly ascertained from the natives that the fiiar
full calhng on Jesus to receive his spirit.
Two Indians wore now sent to the presidio, thoii'^h
not without serious misuivinixs, since it was undd-
stood that one party of savages had gone to attack
the garrison. The force at the time, during tho
absence of Ortega and Sergeant INIariano Carrillo at
San Juan, consisted of Corporal Mariano A'^orduifo
and ten soldiers, four of whom were on the sickdist
and two in the stocks. They wxre found safe and
entirely ignorant of what had happened up the ilvor.
On receipt of the news Verdugo hastened with his
four men to the mission, where he arrived about ciu'lit
o'clock in the morning; and a few hours latur the
whole company started in sorrowful procession back
to the presidio, carrying the disabled with the body
of Jaume and the charred remains of the blacksmitli,
Arroyo, and driving the few animals that were left
of the mission herds. A small band of neophyte^;, !ill
that had shown themselves since the attack, was Icl't
behind to battle with the flames and save, if possible,
something from the general wi'cck.
'^Palou says his consecrated hands alone were uninjured, preserved doubt-
less by God to show liia innocence; but Fuster saj's nothing of this.
DESTRUCTION OF SAN DIEGO.
268
On tlio sixth, after letters from Verdugo and the
j^toic-koopcr, Pedro y Gil, had been sent by a courier
t(» recall the commandant, Faster performed funeral
litcs to the memory of his martyred associate, and
l>uiiod the body in the presidio chai)el. Ho had died
\vith()ut the last sacrament, but he had said mass
tlio day before his death, had confessed only a few
(lays before, and it could hardly be doubted that all
was well with him. The same day Arroyo's body
vas buried."'* In the forenoon of the 8th Ortega
ani\cd, soon followed by Carrillo with the remainder
of the San Juan party. On the 10th the carpenter,
l^iselino, was buried by Fuster, having died from the
ctFects of his wounds the day before, after receiving
tli(j sacrament, and having left all the pay due him to
1)0 used for the benefit of his murderers.
From investigations set on foot as soon as the presi-
dio had been put in a state of defence, some informa-
tion was brought to light repecting the revolt and its
attendant circumstances. Just after the baptism of
October 3d two brothers Francisco and Cilrlos, both
old neophytes,^'' and the latter chieftain of the San
IJicgo rancheria, had run away and had not returned
when Ortega went north to found San Juan. It was
learned that they had visited all the gentiles for leagues
around, inciting them to rise and kill the Spaniards.
Xo other cause is known than that a complaint of hav-
ing stolon fish from an old woman was pending against
them, and so far as could be learned they made no
charges against the friars except that they were going
to convert all the rancherias, pointing to the late
baptism of sixty persons as an indication of that pur-
l)oso. Some rancherias refused to participate in the
lilut; but most of them promised their aid,'^^ and the
^'^SanDirgo, Lib. de Mision, MS., 74-5. Arroyo's widowed mother hail
bitn Iniried here before. Her name was Petroua Garcia.
■■ Sa I'ulou calls tliem, but I think there may bo some doubt about this.
-"Ortega in his Informe, MS., 5, names the Christian rancherias of San
Luis, .Miitiinio, Xamachd, Meti, Xana or Xanat, Abascal, Abuscal or Agiiscal,
aud Muj^tate or San Miguel; and the gentile rancherias of La Tunta, Melcjo,
254 NORTHERX EXPLORATIOX; SOUTHERN DISASTER.
assailants were estimated at from cifjht hundred to a
thousand. Tliey were divided into two hodies and wero
to attack mission and presidio simultaneously; Imt tlio
mission party began operations prematurely, ond tin;
others, seeing the light of the burning buildings,
which they supposed or feared would rouse the garri-
son, abandoned their part of the scheme.
At the mission the savages first went to the neo-
phyte's huts and by threats and force, as tlie latter
claimed, or by a previous understanding, as many
Spaniards believed, insured their silence while tliey
jiroceeded first to plunder and then to burn. About
the part taken by the neophytes in this revolt tliero
is some disaOT'eement among the authorities. All tlie
evidence ujoes to show that some renej^ade coiiveits
were concerned in it; but Palou, reflecting doubtless
the opinions of the other friars,'^^ accepts the i)loa of
those in tlie huts that they were kept quiet by Ibrce,
and that the mass of the Christiai.s were faithrul.
Others, however, and notably Anza, an intelligent and
unprejudiced man well acquainted with the facts, be-
lieved, as there w'as much testimony to prove, that it
was the neophytes who planned the rising, convoketl
tlic gentiles, and acted treacherously throughout tlnj
whole affair."""
Otai, Pocol, Cdjuat, and El Cornil, as among those involved in the niovoiueut.
Cliilcacop, or (JIiocalcDp, of tlio Xamachfi ranchoria, a, Ohvistiau, is said to
have aided in tlic killing of Jauine, in connection with the jiagans, Tuerto and
the chief of the Maramoydos, both of Tapaiiqiio ranchciia. »SV. I'ap. .SVc.,
MS., ix. 7-. Those who led tlie attack were Oroehc, chief of Jhi^tate or
Mactati, M-j;ael, Bernanhno of Matanio, and two others. Zcgotuy, cidcf if
JlatanKi, testilied that !) ranchcrias were invited, and that among the Icndi rs
were Francisco of Cuyaniac, liiniself, and anotlier. The sonthcrn ranclu ria.i
nsscnihled at La I'unta, the mountaineers at Meti. C'liief Francisca iildttid
tlie revolt, and he, Zogotay, had invited 10 ranchcrias. Arch. C\tl., I'mr. Sf.
PajK, MS., i. l2i2S-oi2. V^ery little satisfcactory information can he gatlicM J
from tlio reports of these investigations. Rafael of Xanat and the chief cf
Aguscal were also leaders, according to Ortega.
'■''■' Lasncn, however, in his fiifonne de ItSJ, MS., says tha.t most of tlio
neojjhytes took part in the revolt.
'•'^ Anza, JJlan'o, MS., 90-G. Anza, as we shall sec, arrived early in the
next year. He calls attention to the cool lying of the neophytes with a vii-n-
to exonerate themselves, tliey even claiming' that when liberated from tluir
conlincmeiit they had turned upon the gentile foes, driving them to the moun-
tains. There was evideiico of some understanding between the natives^of
San Diego and those of the Colorado River. Garces on the C'oloi'ado in 1 1 1
DEFENSIVE MEASURES.
Tn insure (Safety at the presklio a roof of eartli was
r;n)i<lly added to the old friars' dwulliiiL'-, to whicli
fitiiiilies and stores were removed. Tlut tide huts
wvw then destroyed and other ]»•( .-autions taken
ji'^ainst fire. Letters asking i'or aid were desi)atehed
t(» Ivivera at Monterey, and to An/a aj)[)roae1iing fronj
the Colorado region, and both, as we shall siv, arrived
Lurly tlie next year. Then parties of soldiers were
sriit out in different dir(;etions to learu something of
the enemy's plans, and several leaders were eaj)tured
aiul made to testify. Thus, in suspense and fear of
luassiuTe, the little j^arrison of San Diego passed the
rest of the year.''^
Scrra at San Carlos received a letter announc-
ing- the disaster the 13th of Decend)er. "Ood hu
thanked," exclaimed the writer, "now the soil is
watrred; now will the reduction of the Dieguinos he
' iiit|)letc!" Next day the six friars paid funeral
)w>' trs to the memory of Jaumo, whose lot, we are
t^ild, all envied. They doubted not ho had gone t'>
wear a crown of martyrdom; but to make the matter
sure, "si acaso su alma necesitasc do nuestros sufra-
u'los," eacli promised to say twenty masses. Sena
wrote to the guardian that tlie missionaries were not
disheartened, but did not fail to present the late dis-
aster as an argument in favor of increased mission
U'uards.''^
la.t most (if llio
lu;ii(l <it' tlic disaster, and from bis intiinato acquaintance with the tvihts of
that iv^^iiin lie ))flievc3 that they wouM haV' j(jined tiic San ?)i('f;o ranclici'iaH
ill a war against tlic Spaniards later, had it not been lor the lavorable inijires-
bioii Icl't liy An/.a. C'curcii, Jliario, 2(34 -'JS.').
"'See also on the San Diego revolt Scrra, iVo^l.s•, in Son Dieijo, Lib. da
Mis'mn, MS., 4; Lasitcn, lufurmi: Oe liSJ, ^IS.; /</., in ^[nh. Scaita /jih-lxira,
M.'t., ii. IfiT; St. Pap., Mix-i. and t'uloii., MS., i. 1(!, \\17; and investigationn
(it'Oitigaaiulliiverain ApriltoJune 177(), in Proi'. St. J'aji., lien. Mil., MS.,i.
'll-',\. Orte;,a cre<lit.s privates Ignaeio Vallcjo, Aiiasta.sio Caiiiaeli", and Juan
ill' Ortega ■with great gallantry in these trying times, liifonnc, M.S., .3; and
Alvaiadu, lli4. (,'(il., MS., i. S.'J, goes so far as to say that Vullejo was tlio
ihi<f cause of the Spanish triumph, thus becoming a great favorite among tlie
)iailres. Glceson, JJitt. Calh. Ch., ii. G8-7(), is somewhat confused in liis
laiiHiiit of this allair, making the natives destroy San Carlos and attack the
invsi(lii) in 1770.
'^- PaloH, Xot., ii. 1T2-'i; Id., Vida, 184-7. Dumctz now went to San
Autoiiio and Cambon and I'icras returned to San Carlos Dec. "JlJd.
266 NORTHERN EXPLORATION; SOUTHERN DISASTER.
Rivera set out for the south on the IGth of Decem-
ber, with thirteen men, one of whom was to be lel't at
San Antonio while two were to remain at San Luis.
In August there had been an alarm at San Antonio.
A messenger came to the presidio on the 2i)th w ith
the news that the natives had attacked the mission,
and shot a catechumen about to be baptized. Rivera
sent a souad of men who found the wounded natiw;
out of clanger. They captured the culprits and held
them after a Hogging, until the conmiandant ordered
them flogged again, when after a few days in tlio
stocks they were released.^^
"Pa/o«, iS^o<., ii. 244-5.
CHAPTER XII.
EXPEDITION? OF ANZ , FONT, ^iXD G.HICES.
177J-1770.
A.NZ.v AND HIS CoLONV — PiiEPAnATioxs IN Mi'.xioo AM) SoNouA — Two Hrv-
nUKLi I.MMICRANTS— OUICINAL AUTJIOIUTIKS — MaKCU TO TIIK RiO CoLO-
UAUo— !Mis.sioNAiUKS Lei'T — Itixeuaiiy^Mai' — A Tediocs Maucii to
8an (Iaekiet, — Anza Goes TO iTK IIeuef ok San DiEiio — Rivera Ex-
coMJirNiCATED — Anza BuiNiis HIS Force to Monterey — IIis Illness —
IiivERA Comes Xo.rni and Anza Goes Soi-tii — A Qi'atiri.l — Rivera
VEUsrs Anza and the Friars — Strange Actions of tii e Gommandant —
His March Southward — Insanity or Jealousy— Anza's Return to
THE Colorado and to Sonora— Exi-lorations by Garces — Ur the
Colorado — Across the Mojave Desert — Into Tulare Valley — A
11eil\rkable Journey- — Dominguez and Escalante.
Captaix Anza, return in_ir>' from his first exploration
of ail overland route to California, M'ont to IMcxieo to
liiy before the viceroy the results of his trip. Very
soon, hy royal recommendation, the projects of estab-
lisliincf missions in the Colorado region and a new
]tresi(no at San Francisco were taken into considera-
i'um. In November 1774 the board of war and finance
tliri i'luined to carry out or advance l)otli projects by a
siiinle expedition to California, by way of tlie Colo-
iadd. I'nder the conmiand of Anza.^ This deterniina-
linn, !is we have seen, was announced to Rivera and
!Serra at ^NFontercy by Bncareli in December and Jan-
uary. Anza was advanced to the rank of lieutenant-
colonel and hastened homeward to raise the required
' Anza stiitos tliat the tlocrcc of tlio vu'croy, iiiidor wliicli lie acted, was
(lutcil Ndv. 'J4tli. (iarcLv) says the expuditioii. oi' his part of it, was (k'ti'iiiiiii"d
nil liy thi' junta (111 Nov. i!Sl!i, was ordered l)y the vieei-oy liy h'tter of .Ian.
-M, and liy tile letters of the ijuai'diuu of Santa Cruz Cjlle''e Jan. 'JOth uiul
ivii. iTti,:
UlsT. Cai,., Vol. I. 17 (237)
' * 1
*t ^ Si
2.-j8
EXPEDITIOXS OF ANZA, FONT, AND GARCES.
force of thirty soldiers with their families for Cali-
fornia.
Biicareli was very liberal with the king's moiKv
v)n this occasion; giving four inule trains and niimv
horses and cattle for the new establishment, and also
providing that families of settlers, like those of tlic
soldiers, were to be transported at government ex-
pense, receiving pay for two years and rations Ini'
five. Tlic expense of each I'amily was about eight
hundred dollars. Anza took with liini from ^rcxiio
animals, arms, and clothing, and began his worl; im-
mcdiately by recruiting on the way. He clothed liis
recruits, men, women, and children, from head to foot,
and allowed their pay and rations to begin with tlk;
date of enlistment. At San Felipe de Sinaloa a regu-
lar recruiting-office was o[)ened, Anza's populaiitv,
with his liberal display of food and clothing, insuring
success both here and in the north, until in Seittciii-
ber 1775 most of the company were assembled at tin,'
a]i[)()inted rendezvous, San Miguel do Horca^itus.
They were ready the 2'Jth of September, all being
united in time to start from the presidio of Tul)ac tlio
2;]d i,rOctober.2
The force that set out from Tubac consisted, fir-^t,
of Anza, conmiander, Pedro Font of the (()ueretai'ti
Fi'anciscans as chajjlain, ten soldiers of the Ibtrcasi-
tas presidio, eight nudeteers, four servants, and ^^a-
I'iano Vidal, purveyor— twenty-iivo persons in all wlm
were to return to Sonora; second, Francisco ({aici'-<
and Tomas J']lxni'ch,"' destiut^d to remain on the ]»i(»
(N)lorado with three sei'vants and three interpreters;
and third, Alierez Joso .Foacjuin ]Moraga, and Ser-
geant Juan l*ablo (Jrijaha, twenty-eight soldiers,
light from the })residio force and twenty new i-et ruits;
twenty-nine women who were wives of soldiers; !:!'•
2 Ariicivitn, Civn. Sn-df., 401, snys tliry left llorrasitas on April 'Jdtli. mmI
TuIkic Oct. 'Jlst. I'lic rcmUv.voiis i>{ tlu' fiiiir.s oniiinji'toil villi the cxiHilitieii
WjiH iit till' inissiiin of Tiiiiiiu'acoii iiciir Tiilmc.
^ Si) I'oiit calls liiiu. (lau'js writes tlu' naiiii.' Kixarth ; Anicivita, Ey;'.ai';h ;
iiiul Anza, EtfiuiT.
tm:\iigraxt,s from soxora.
2.-9
igs nioiK'v
persons of both sexes beloiiLfiiij^to the soldiers' faiiiirk'S
iiad to four extra fainilies of colonists;^ seven mule-
teers, two interpreters, and three \. (jueros — alt()-
ti.tlu'r 207 destined to remain in Cauiornia,'' makinuf
ii ^rand total of 235, to say nothing of eight infant.s
lidiii on the way. The live-stoek of the expedition
niusist- d of 1G5 mules, 340 horses, and 320 head of
cattle."
Ouv Lady of Guadalupe, Saint ]\Iiehael, and Saint
Francis of Assisi were selected as patrons of the ex-
pctlition, and after the celebration of mass on Sun-
H'aloii says tlicrc were 12 of tlu'SC f;iniilies and tliat tin; whole fuivi' fnr
C'.ilii'oniia was 'JOO suuls.
'Tlu'iomay lio sdiuo slight inaccuracy respecting the vaqiuros, niulrtccrs,
ami interpreters, tlio nnnilicrs ^iven being tliosc not otiierwise di-iposed i.f
ileliiiiti.'ly in the diaries. The names are included in tin; list at end of tliia
ns of separating most of .hem from other ]iartie.-
vulunic.
T
Jjl
lero are no mea
(/(/ 'J'vii'k ii/c (/ortiiiil /)<!
,1
I JllUlli''f(l ill .1 IIZ'i, '
I'i
Pn:<''lh> lie Tiih(i(\ Soii'ifd, ilc sii c.rjii'ilir/Dii con faiii'iliii^ili .till', iliiiio i>ir.--i://ii, td
viior'niiii lifo (III jiiirr/o (li; Sail Fraiirisi'o ilc Al/u CaV'j'i.
riiKi; 11 III' s:i nil 'fa
(A s'A' i'.ite /iiii'rfo id Prit>iilio ilc Skii Mii/iiil dc //i)i-c(i<'l-i-<, MS., 'J;!'.'. ( 'om-
|iletedat llni'casitas (jn June l.'-t. 1'his oUieial journal kept by the eonianilanto
;iy to day throughor.t the whole expedition is of course the chief
luithurity on tlio ,sul)ject. Tiicre is ai
isioiial ambiguity of oxpre.-r^lou
iliieli c;!u;:cs confusion, notably so at the beginning wli'^re tiie company in
(Icseribcd; ])Ut otherwise the diary leaves nothing to lie tlesircil. 'J'tie author
was a r.ian of great ability and force of character, besides being \cry popular
with his men. Another original authority is J 'out, Jmirmd made In/ I'adre
Pciirn Font, A/ioslolic Priar/ar of (he Ciilleijc ij' Saiihi Cruz dc (Jiu'vctnrn,
lidrii j'roiii t/ie miiiKhn trnllm li/ hliii on (he road, darhnj ajoannij (hn' he
jiirioniiiil (o Mont'-riij ami (he Port of Sun Pr(uic'i<co, in cnivpninj n-ith Ihm
Jituii /Jdiidtia lie A I
lie., MS., r>'2. ("om]iI(;ted at Urcs, Sc
"I;
.h
.1.
This tran.>^Iati(jn was made from the original in the ]>arocIiial arehivesof < luail-
aiajar.-i, < r, I'.iore probably, from a cojiy of the same. apiiarenUy about l.S.">0,
untlercireunistanees of \\ hieli I know nothing, but evidentlj' with eor.sideiablo
i;ue. 'J'he oi'iuinal, which I have not seen, is cited in Pror. St. Pap., MS.,
xiii. 'JOl!, among other documents as />.'i
'/"« ,/',
it /'. Font.
I Inn
'/"
V eo|iy of tile translation was obtained in Calii'ornia by ]j;;rtlett,
and is cited in tint anther's /
(/ Xi
■iilin
SI).
.\
U'lilUT
ivipy, pr
.b
iiilv iiiai
le f:
t liie 'i'erritoriid 1
li'-lied liv that soeii
rom tliat u\ my ]iosscssion, isprcser\eil ni tlio library
loni'crs ni
T
le ma [IS are not co]
•ty. Ti
I
d I
'an
rancisci>,
d
iin abridgment was jmb
erri/nri d irinei r-i <>
/■ '■»/.. /■'/■v^ Ai
d, SI -107
lied in the tran.slation, t!ioU'.;li there are a fi;w rndi
pel
tlniwings, aiul though the numbers on one of tlus maps, representing days'
j'luriii ys, are given in the diary. Iwntunatily tliis map. a. very iiitei'c.iting
iMiil important one, ' " ' ' '
has 1
iceu loniii
.1, and a 1
ithographic copy of it — tiiouij
Miihr.iany blunders in lettering — pnbli.shed i i ilinlon ,1 I la nl ■ P>iiihoj A rhmfi ,
of which hook, iccently printed, it is the .sole meritorious feature ho far a.'^
listory is concerned. I icprodncu the map, or that piirt of it representing
<'alifo!'ni
I, in I
Ills chapter. lM)nt"s diary, t
hlc
mjilcto and cxt'U.iivc
than that of An.'a, is still (jf very great value as an nntho.ity on thi.i expedi-
tion. iSciil another original aidhoiity is (>'iirei'.<, D'lari > 11 DerrnterD i/ne ..'iijn d
1! M. It. P. i'r, i'rinieiiieit (.larccn cii sn ri'Ji hcr/iodc-iJcOe/ultrcde l!!J hiiyfn 17
I
)
hi
m
^ M
200
]:xi'i:i)iTiON.s OF axza, font, and garces.
(lay. they began tlioir march on Tuesday, tlio 2:3d of
Oct( bur. Details of the route and niarcli, tlirough
Pinieria and the country since known as Arizona,
belong rather to the annals of those territories than
to those of California, but there is little to record
anywhere. Tlie route was by San Javier del ]jac
and Tucson to the river Gila, and down that river
general]}' along the southern bank to the Colorado
junction, a route often travelled in the old Jesuit era.
The march was not a difficult one. The natives wi-ro
unlfoimly hospitable, and ready both to receive trilling
gifts and to have the authority of their cliieftains
confirmed b}' Spanish appointments. The only mis-
fortinies were the death of a woman in childbirtli,
tlic deserti(>n of one or two muleteers brouu'ht back
by natives, and the loss of a few horses from bad
water and excessive cold. The only delays were
caused by an cxaniinatit/ii of the famous Casa Grande,
by an occasional halt for rest, and by other detentions
of a day or two by the birtli of young immigrants.
They reached tlie Gila the last day of October ond
were about a month on the march down to the Col(i-
rado junction.
C*rossing the Gila to the northern bank near its
mouth Xovembor 28th, Aiiza and liis company were
given a hos})itable and even enthusiastic welcome by
the Ymna chief, Palma, whose domain lay, it sccnis,
on l)oth sides of the Colorado, and who had built a
jai'ge house of branches es[)ecially for the use of the
travellers." Four soldiers were met here, who had
been sent in advance, and had been searching dm ing
the past six days, on the California side of the Colo-
</<' Scptirmhrc de 1770, al liio Colorado para rcconorcr ht^ Kncionrs qne hnhiliui
HII8 iixirijcnca, y a /o.t jiHchlofi ihl Mo'inl iff/. Mirro-Mrrifo, in Jhic ll'ifi. M<.i.,
Bcrio ii. tow. i. 'J'J.")-34S. 'J'liis di iiy is nearly ns complete as Aiiza's, ami iiioio
so tliaii Font's, down to the tinio vlien An/ii"s expedition left tlio Colnr.ulu
for the north-west. Otlicr o.itliorities iwo Pnlnii, Xol., ii. 213--1.">, 'J77-'Si';
/'/., ]'l(la, 'JOt-5, iSu-7; Arric'tdta, Vnni. Ke.'uf., 4(Jl-!)0, the last being a.
very full aceount but with sonio errors respecting minor details.
'' 1'. Font's map is iucon-ect in representing tJic ford of the Colorado as
below the Gila, wliiic all three diaries say that it was a little way above.
ox THE COLORADO.
201
rado, for a more direct route than that followed the
year previous ; but with(jut success, as neither vrater
ii(»i' urass could be found. Tlie tirst task, and bv no
means an easy one, was to get the large conipaiiy
v.iili cattle and stores safely across the river. The
Yiiiuas said the Colorado was not fordal)le, and nujsfc
)»(■ crossed by means of I'al'ts, a slow and tedious jiroc-
css, but one whicli Anza was inclined to think neces-
sary for the families and supjdies at least. At seven
o'clock in the morning of the 29th he went down
to tlie bank to reconnoitre. He ordered the neces-
saiy timber for rafts, and then with a sokher and a
Yinna determined to make one fnial search for a ford,
wliicli he found about half a mile up the river, where
the v.ater was diverted by islands into three channels.
The afternoon was spent in opening a road tlirough
tile tliickly wooded belt along the bank; and on tiie
liOth before ni^'ht all the families and most of the
supplies were lauded on the western side, without
the use of rafts.
The travellers remained in camp on the right bank
for thrt'C davs, ])artlv on account of the dau'>vrous
ih .css of two men, and also to make certain needful
])ie})arations for the comfort and safety of the two
Iriais Avlio were to remain here until Anna's return,
leather Garces was requested to select the place where
lie would reside, and chose Pahna's rancherfa about a
league below the camp and about o[)posite the mouth
ot" tlie (^da. So earnest v»'ere I'ahna's assurances < f
friendship and protection that it was deemed safe to
leave the missionaries with their three servants and
three interpreters. Before starting Anza built a house,
and lei't ])rovisions tor over four months, and horses
lor the use of the remaining party, whose pur[)Ose was
to exj)lore the country, become ac((uainted with tlie
natives, and thus open the way forth; establishing of
regular missions at an early date. I shall presently
have more to yay o^ tl.ieir travids in California. Set-
ting out December 4th from l^dma's rancheria, Anza
I
262
expj:ditioxs of anza, font, and garces.
i- (i
marched .slowly down tlie river, the way made difficult
by the dense growth of trees and shrubs, by cold, and
by illness in the company. Tlie first halt was at tlio
rancherias of San Pablo, or of Captain Pablo as Pont
says; the second was at the lagoon of Coxas, or Cojat,
the southern limit of Yuma possessions and of Palnias
jurisdiction; and the third, on the Gth of Decemlxi',
was at the lagoon of Santa Olaya, the beginning of
Cajuenche teri'itory, about twelve leagues below llio
mouth of the Gila.**
Dui'ing the stay at Santa Olaya Garces overtook
the party, having already set out to explore the coun-
try toward the mouth of the Colorado. Anza divided
his force into three parties under the connnand of
himself, Grijalva, and Moraga, who started on tlio
Uth, 10th, and lltli, respectively, and were reunilr.l
December ITtli at San Sebastian. I give some do-
tails of names and distances in a note." I also a})peiul
a copy of Pont's map, su])stituting names for numbers
in the case of important places and where ,spac(.^ per-
mits. The route followed Mas nearly tlie same ;is
in Anza's former trip, and substantially that of tlic
modern railroad through Coahuila V^allcy and Sau
(jiorgonio Pass. The journey, every petty detail of
^Font, Journal, MS., IG, 17, makes the distance 14 leagues with some
winding, and the latitude 32' IVi' which 1 ly the distances is very nearly accurate.
• iai'CLS, J)hirio, 241, calls the lagoon Santa Kulalia. By \m:ii and iont the
name is wiittcn Ohilla. See chaj). x. for Anai's trip of 1774.
"lioute from I'alnia's rancheria on the west bank of tiie Colorado nwir
nioutli of tlie (iila to San (lahricl, The courses are from JoiU's Joiir.al,
cing with them generally hut being less delinitely expressed. Tl
Anza".s w'w
<listanccs in pareutlicscs, diUV.
h
''ucs v.orc about 2 nides.
widely from Anza's, are from Font, Vihciu
mbcrs refer to Font*.'
of San I'ablo, or ('apt. Pablo, 4^ 1. (."i)
4;]. Laar
ip;
Cojat, 'A 1. (4) s. w., Laguna of Santa Ohdla, '.]2' XV, 41. (.)) s. w
'f Coxas, or
i. I'oM
del C
1'
:irrizal, or
Ah
1.
de Santa Rosa de las Lajas, 101. (14)\
X. w. ; 4(1. DryCulcIi, ;"> 1. (7)
41. {■:.) N.; San Seliastian, IV.i'S'. oU. (',
;Lt!»)w.
i.S, Id., HC
N.W.
A
lU.(l)
ri'oyoo
\. W. :
W. N.W.
. X. wl , w. , w. ,s. w. ; 48. Di y ( '
X. X. V.'.; i")!. I'ozo il<' San (ii'c;.
f Santa Cataliua del Vado, Sink, 4 1. n. w."
U. Danzantcsi-ancheri.ii'i samecaiiad
Sun
(4) w. N. W.; San Carlos Pass (San CorgonioV) 2^ 1. (;i) .x. X. w. ; [12.1. I'l
zuelo on return;] TiU. San Patricio Canada, source of stream, ',V.>' o7'; >"'7.
J oso Arroyo, (i 1. (7) x. w. \ W. ; 58. Laguna of San Antonio Bacardi, d(l^^n
San Jose Valley, 4 1. (,")) w. x. w.; Santa Aualtiver, 91. (8) w. x. W.; GO. Arroxo
lie los Alisos, (> I. w. X. w.; 01. Pivcr Sau Cabricl, branch, 5 1. (G) w. x. w.,
Sun Gabriel, 34' 3u'. 2 1. w. h. w.
.RCES.
iiaJo JlfFicult
by cold, ill 1(1
t was at tlii_!
ablo as Fcjiit
:as, or Cojat,
tl of PaluKi's
f Decciiil:)ti',
beginning of
)s bolow 11 10
3es overtook
ire the eouii-
^iiza divided
:30iiiuiaiid of
rtcd oil tlio
ere reunited
vo some do-
also append
for niiniboi'S
'e spaee jier-
the same ns
that of tlie
e}' and S;ui
ty detail of
lagucs with somo
y iiciu'Iy accuHi^!.
i7A aiui i''ont tlio
4.
le Coloraili) near
11 Font's Joiti\.al,
y expressed. T!io
IVoiii Font, Vihoau
Liap: 4;?, La'jiiiia
:uiui of Coxas, ('r
) ,s. \v.; 4,"). I'oM
. (7) w. .N.w.; -IT.
■.;48, UryCrc^k,
^]'~ San (Ji'e;;uriii,
;k, 4Ln. \v/.[\v.;
saineeaiiaili, .".I.
w.; \\-2.]. r.iric-
, ',iT o7'; <"i7. f"':iii
(J JJiicarcli, tlov. a
c. w.; (iO. AiTi-'.\')
5 1. (G) w. N. W;
264
EXPEDITIONS OF ANZA, FOXT, AND G.VRCKS.
which is fully described in the commandant's diarv,
was a slow, tedious, and ditficult one, requii'in^' a
full month for its accomplishment; and the fact that
it was accomplished at all under the cii'cumstaiiccs
speaks highly for Anza's energy and ability. Lono-
stretches of country without water nnist be crossed,
and at first the company must be divided that all
should not arrive the same day at the same watering-
place. It was midwinter, the cold was intense, and
most of the com[»any were not accustomed to a (.old
climate. Storm followed storm of snow and hail and
rain, and an earthquake came to increase the terjois
of San Gor^-onio i)ass. They wore obliu'ed to di<''
wells, and then obtained only a small supply of Wiitcr,
and the cattle were continually breaking away in
search of the last (i(j}u«je. There was much sickness;
and yet, beyond the loss of some hundred head (if
liye-stock, tiiere was no serious disaster, owing to tht?
skill and patience of Anza and his aids. On thf
iirst day of I77r> the new pioneers of California mid
San Fi'niK.-isco forded the liiver Santa Ana, nnd on
Januaiy 4th the expedition reached the mission of
San Gabriel.
Kivera liad arrived from the north the day before,
on his way with ten or twelve men to affoi'd protec-
tion to the threatened presidio of San Diego, and to
punish the Indians who had destroyed the mission.
The disaster and danger at San Dieixo seemed to
justify Anza in suspending his own expedition I'oi'
a time, especially as the season was not favorable
for the inniiediate exploration of San Francisco. At
the request of Eivera, therefore, he determined to
])roceed with a part of his force to punish the soutli-
ern foe.
The company of immigrants was left to rest at San
Gabriel under the conunand of ]Moraga, and, after
religious ceremonies of Platitude for safe arrival celc-
brated on the Gth, Anza set out at noon on the 7t!i,
aocompanied by Font and seventeen of his soldiers in
ANZA AT SAN DIEGO.
265
addition to Rivera's force, ft)r Siin Diego, wliere lie
iinived tlio lltli.^"
Xaturnlly, the coming of reenforcements caused
great relief to Ortega and liis little garrison, who
were in constant fear of an attack from the gentiles.
There seems to have been some foundation for these
fears besides the exaggerated rumors always preva-
lent on such occasions ; but, whatever may have been
tlie [)hms of the savages, their hostile purposes did
not long survive the arrival of new forces. One of
]ii\'era's first acts was to send six soldiers to the
peninsula with communications for the viceroy and a
demand for reenforcements, in view of the recently
developed dangers thrcateinng the permanency of the
Spanish establishments in California. Then followed
investigations respecting the late outbreak, lasting
the remainder of the year; they were imperfectly re-
corded, and of slight importance. Raids v.'erc made
to dillerent rancherias; gentile chiefs were brought
in. made to testif}', flogged, liberated, or imprisoned,
but nothing was learned in addition to what has been
already stated.^'-
It was not long before a difference of opinion arose
between the two commanders which later developed
into a (juarrel. As we have seen Anza had consentetl
to ])ostj)one temporarily the special business llie vice-
roy had intrusted to him, in view of the dan':!'er threat-
enino- hian Dieo'o. lie found the danu'er son?.eVvdiat
less than had been represented. 1 le had come to San
Diego for a brief, vigorous, and decisive cam[)aign
against the savages, but he found liivera disposed to
a policy of delay and inaction. Anza's chief concern
■» Aiiza, Diario, MS., 80-00, says he took 17 men ; Font, Jovr.inl. :MS., 2'J,
Siiys I'O iiu-n ; Palou, A'o^, ii. t27.")-(), juakus it KS men ; and the samo author.
Villa, 18(i-7, iiiijilios tliat there were 4U iiuni. Tlic route i'loiii San ilaln'id
Mn.s: Oli. liiviT Santa Ana (1 1. (lOacconlinj^ to Font); Anoyo tie S:inla. Maii;i
M.iLidiilcna, or La Qucnia, 111. (14); Itivir San.Inan Capi:;trano, 11 1. (14) ; l.a
S.ilclail riUKheria, via San Uieguillo and 08 Agua ilcdionda, 1. (1-); Saa
I'it-o, ;{ 1. (4).
" .\„:a, Liario. :MS., 07-100, 104, lOG; Prov. St. Pcqi., Ben. Mil., MS., i.
'^•-i o; Pivc. SI. Pcq,., MS., i. lilj-3-'.
200
KXl'MDITIONS OF ANZA, FONT, AND CJAIICJIS.
was nntuially the foiiiidiiig of San Francisco, \v])ik' in
liivura's mind the i)rotection of San ])ii'^'o was llic
only sul)jcc't at j^resont to bu tUouglit of. An/a at
iii'st yioltlod to the captain's vic'ws, ivali/in^' that as
ruler of the pn^vinco he naturaDy filt for its sal'cty,
bnt at la^t tidings came from San (/ahricl which turned
An/a's attention again to his own affairs. Five nun
arrived February od with a des})atch I'roni Moraga and
the purveyor A'idal, to the elfc t that the mission
could no longer furnish food i'or the immigrants ex-
cept to the injury of its own neoj)hytes, Father I*aterna
havinL!' distiibuted rations for ei'dit days and i-iveii
notice that these would be the last.
On i'eceii)t of this intelliijfence Anza resolved to take
his military colony witliout delay up to Monterey.
He agreed, however, with Iiivera, to leave ten of his
soldiers at San Ojrabriel, thus relieving a portion of
the old guard at that mission for service at San ])i('go
if needed,^'" and with the other seven, havirig sent in
advance a mule train laden with maize and beans, he
set out on the 9th, still accom])anied by Font, and
arrived at San Gabriel on the 12th. Only one event
occurring at San Diego after Anza's departui'e re-
quires notice in this connection. CVirlos, an old neo-
})hyte but a ringleader in the late revolt, returned in
real or assumed penitence, and, prompted doubtless l»y
the missionaries, took refuge in the church. Illvcra
sent a summons to Fiister to deliver the culprit on the
])lea that the right of church asylum did not protect
such a criminal, and moreover that the edifice was not
a chui'cli l)ut a warehouse used temporarily for wor-
ship. Fuster by the advice of his comrades of the
doth refused, and warned the commandant to use no
force. Rivera then entered the church sword in hand
with a squad of soldiers and took the Indian out, pay-
ing no heed to the expostulations of the three padres,
'M»;a, Dkirlo, MS., lOS. ITc did leave V2 instead of 10. rnlou, AV., ii
275-0; Vhla, 180-7, inii^lies that the 12 men were left at San Diego instoiul
of San Gabriel.
■ '! ; 111
ri
SAN GARIlinL TO MONTKItKY.
207
Fusfer, LnsLU'ii, and Aiiuirrio. The })rii'.sts prococdcd
tu txcoiiniiiuiicato the coimiianTli'r and the Koldiurs
vim liad aided lihn, and ordered tlicni to leave tlie
churcli bc^tore beginning service on the next day of
mass. The friars reported to Scri'a, sending the rej)ort
ii[» io ]\I()nterey by Iiivera liiniself '•'
Arriving at San (jrabriel on Februaiy r2th Anza
found that tlie niglit before three of his nndeteers and
a servant with a mission soldier Jiad deserted, taking
twenty-live horses and other pro])erty, pai't of wliieh
lu'longed to tlie mission and part to tlie expedition.
The colonists proper, however, seemed content and
allowed no dis[)osition to desert. Moraga was sent
with ten men to (^aptnre tl;e fugitives, and before his
ivturn Anza resolved to set out for the north. Leav-
ing twelve men and their families under Grijalva to
rccnloice the mi.ssion guard, and ordering Moraga on
his arrival to follow with eight men, the commandant
started on the 2bst with seventeen men, the same
number of families,'^ the nude train, and the live-stock.
Heavy rains had swollen the streams and rendcrctl
many parts of the route well nigh impassable. (Jb-
servations respecting the natives of Ch.mnel rancheri'as
arc omitted by Anza as having been given in the diaiy
el' his former trip, a diary which unfortunately is no
I mgcr in its entirety extant. Font gives merely an
(Ailliiie of distances and directions.^'' With no other
^■■Pnlnii. Xot., ii. 202-.').
"I'lii; full division of the forces w.as as follows on Anza's departin-e: At
S;iu (l;il)riel, 8 ( 'iiliforuia soldiers, 12 families, Serireiint (Irijalva, and -l soldiers
<'fAiizn"s^ni;ivd -waiting for ^loraga; with ^Moraga, 8 California soldiers (2 of tli(!
I I iiaving returned Ijci'oro Anza staited); witii Anza, 1 1 California soldiers, 17
tainilics, and (! of Anza's men — total 2!) out of the .'iO soldiers ■who were to
remain in ( 'alifornia, one not heiiig aeenunted fur. Tiiis exiilanatiou is neces-
f'.ny on account of the confused statements of Anza, who had no head, or pen
lit Icnst, for ilgures.
'■'•The route wa* as follows; the earlier part to the sea-shore heing n]ipar-
eiitly further south than that followed by the lirst Spanish exjilorers in 17ti!t,
iuid Aiiai's distances l)eing as before eonsiderably less tiiau Font's. The num-
bers refer to Fonts map, q. v.; San (iabricl; IJO. ]!io roreiuncula, 21.; 72.
rnrtezuehi, (J 1. ; V.i. Agua Eseondida, 71. (10); 74. l!io Santa Clara, <Jl. (1."));
7"i. llincon or llinconado ranclieria, past Carpintoria, (il. (9); [1 17.1 Assumjita
]Iivci|: 70. Mescaltitlan ranclieria, 7 1. ('.)); I'lanchei'iaiS'ueva, Si. ('.)); 78. Cojo
ruiicheria, 71. (10); 70. lliver Santa llo.sa, past Ft Concepciou, rauelierias of
s<«i
W8
EXPEDITTONS OF ANZA, FONT, AND GARCfiS.
notable occurrenco tliaii an occasional niirinLf of tin'
train, ill the midst of which it became neccssai'v tn
unload the animals, the women meanwhile bein<jf cdin-
pel
le(
I to
wal
10
the immiLjrants were welcoim d
IS
]Maivh 2d at San Luis Obispo, where next day, ;
shown \)y the mission records, Anza stood a.s n'od-
fathcr to several native children ba])tize<l by Font.''
From this place they passed directly north by llic
nK)d(>rn sta^^'o route to the Salinas Kivei", or l{io d •
]\Eonter(^y as they called it, reaclnnj^ San vVntonio on
the Gth, and feasting on tw(' fat hogs magnanimously
killed for their use l)y order of the iriars. ]N[oreo\( r.
they were delighted to receive intelligence from ilic
south, having been in great anxiety since they heard
of the late disaster. Hero jMoraga car.ie up, having
c.iptured i\\v. deserters near the Colorado liiver, and
having left them tied at San (jrabriel. On the lOtli
all arrived safely at INIonterey.'^
Next morning Padre Juuipero came over from S;i!i
(Mrlos to conu'ratulate An/a on the safe terniinntioii
O ...
of his march, and to assiijt with his three com})ai!ions
at the religious ceremonial of thanksgiving, on wliicli
occasion Father Font delivered an address of encovn-
agement v.'ith advice to the nev.ly arrived company.
Anza and Font went over to the mission by invita-
tion of the pi'csident, where the commandant was con-
fined to Ids bed for more tlian a week by a painful
illness. On the 18th eight of tlie presidio soKHcrs
\vcre sent south to reiinforce Rivera at San Diego,
with a request to that officer to take inmiediate steps
Podernalps nna Espatln, OU. (12); 81. Biidion rnndierf.T, 01. (l.'l); S.iii Lv.U
()l)ispo, ',\'>' ITV, .'U. (4); over luoiiiitaina ami down llio Santa Maigaiila t i
(83) Asccncion on liiodc ^Monterey (Snlinas), 71. (ID); 81. Fi.'st r>)ril of li'oSaii
Antonio, Si. (10); (111. {'aiiadadoltoh'c^:!; SanAntonio, ;!(J' -JV. 81. (10): Mi.
Los OsiloR, on Kio do ^lontt'ioy, past liohlu C^aido (in Canada do S. JSuiiialu)
71. (0); 87. Lo!('!)rroos, ontlio river, 81. (10); [100. S. IJcmube Cauada; lOS.
Biuna Vista ; I Montoioy, 71. (10).
"* Hundreds of travollcrs over the coast stage rente in winter, myself among
the number, have noditlienlty in identifying this place near San Luis.
".9a;t /.ula OUbpo, Lib. dc MIkIod, ^IS., 'M.
'^On the journey to Monterey see AitzcCs Diario, MS., lli.-;M; Foul's
Journal, MS., 25-9.
t;ivi:ras stiianoI': actioxs.
'2(i0
tOlllO (111
In) flic fouiuliiiL,^ (if Sail Francisco. On the 23(1,
ii'.;;iiiist the s^ll•^^(•( Ill's U(lvi(,'o, Aiizii iiisistiul on niount-
lu'j; his hoi'sc and settinjjjout to cxjiiorc San Fi'ancisco
lliiN , i(tuinin_Lj April 8th fVoni this exploration, which
iii.iv he most conveniently described in connection
with other San Francisco matters in the next chapter.
Hack at !^^onteroy the commandant was disaji-
|/(ilntcd in findinij neither Kivera in })erson nor any
iii( ssag'o from him. He accordingly sent Sergeant
( l('>ii!4ora with four men'" south with letters requesting,'
Jiivcia to meet him at San Gabriel on the 25tli or
•JCith lor consultation respectinj^ important matters.
Two (lays later, on the 14tli of Ajn-il, liavinL,' turned
dvci' his conij)any and all connected with the San
I'raiicisco establishment to Moraija, ho bcjjfan his re-
tinii march with Font, Yidal, seven soldiers of his
escort, sir nuileteers, two vaqueros, and four servants.
The |)artin<^ with the soldiers and their families, whom
li" had recruited in Sonora and brought to their new
liohie, is described bv Anza as the saddest event of
tile ex[)edition. All came out as their leader mounted
to leave tlie [iresidio, and with tearful embi-aces bade
liiiii god-speed. Font affirms that according to the
li>t, w hicli he consulted just before starting, then^ were
one hundred and ninety-three souls of the new colony
left at Monterey.
Next day between Buona Vista and San Bernabe,
less than twenty miles from IMonterey, thoy met
< (ougora, who announced that Bivera was close behind
liini, and revealed certain strange actions of this
ertieer. He had met Bivera between San Antonio and
San Jjuis, and in reply to questions had told his busi-
ness ;ind presented Anza's and Moraga's letters, which
the ca])tain refused to take, simply saying "Well,
Well; retire!" Gongora followetl his superior officer
north, keeping at a little distance, and a day or two
lat(_'r Bivera suddenly called for the letters, received
"Two of tlic men were of Anza's guard, and the others of the Califomian
troops. Palou, yot., 288-90, says that Gcingora had but twomeu.
■i
270
EXPEDITIONS OF AXZA, FONT, AXD GARCES.
(■turn
I! ^.
them without hroakliig th.o .seals, and i^avc in i
two letters for Anza wliich the s(>rgeant was to delivn'
in all haste. As Gong'ora called Anza aside and
delivered the letters he stated his belief that liivcia
was mad. Tlie letters contained a simple n'fusal to
effect or ])ermit the establishing of San .Francisco.
Gono-ora ^^•as ordered to <>() on to Monterev, and after
proceeding another league Anza met Rivera on the
I'oad, saluted him, and asked about his health. iJiveia
said his leg troubh^l him, heard Anza's expressions of
regret, and started on, as if it were a casual meeting,
with a sim])le adios. "Your re[>ly to my letter may
be sf'ut to ^Mexico or wherever you like," called out
Anza, and Riwra answered, "It is well." Calling n>i
the friars who accomjianied him,"" to witness what had
occurred, Anza, coiisiderably offended by actions whi-'h
seemed to him attributable to im])oiiteness and a
"great resei've" rather than madness, went on his way,
ai riving at San J^uis ()bis^ui the 19th of A])ril.
In the mean time liivera went on to ^lontercv.
arriving on the lath, and scMiding word to Sena to
come over from the mis, ion for his letters, whicji he
wished to deliver in person and was too unwtdl i.) v'sit
him. Serra came, and tlvught Rivera's illness, v.hicli
was a slight \)ii\n in the leg, gnvatly exaggeiated.
lie found his letters likewise broken open, fhougli
liivera assured l;im it was accidental and they had
not been read. He then told the ]tresident of hi-
oxconnnunicaiioii at vSan Diego, and Serra, altci- con-
sultation wi^h the San C'iirl()s trial's, a[)proved what
Fuster had done, reiusing to grant the captain's re-
quest ibr aI)solution, mitil he should give satisfactien
-"Pifnis was rcttiriiiiig in liis <'(>nip;iiiy to Snii Ainonio. Auzii, liinrin,
MS., IS,"), says ho tuok a Avrittcii uTti catc from the iiadics. ]'"<)nt, •Initi'inil,
MS.. 4.1, says: 'Wo siijiposo.! tliat lie lia<l ivturiKMl to .sjicak w itii Capt. An/a
hffuro liis (k'pavtiirc and tfcut abont liu' allairs (if tlu' cxin'ilitinn, ami that
wv Avn\\(\ j)i(ilial)ly liavo to ictui'u to Nfijiitcicy or at hast stay whiic we
'vcrc; l)nt. we soon foiinil that hisarriviil ilid not oaiiso us any dclentuai what-
cvi'i'. for wluMi wi' fell in with ('apt. liiviT.i, a short tinii' afti'i'Waid, the tHu
■aptains sahitol each otlicr on passintt, and v itliont stojipin^ to spc n'; ahi js
anything ('apt. liivci-a iinn'.cdiatoly ut-nt o'l to Monterey, and \M' eonlinued
our jouiuey toward Sonora.'
return
AXZA AXD rjVEPwV.
C71
io till' churcli l)y return ii)«j;' tlio fndinu Ciirlos to tl>o
sunctuarv, <in wliidi condition the San Diego minis-
ters could grant absolution without necessity of 8er
r;i s iiit'-rference. lie also wrote the guanlian aliout
till' matter, and after nuich. ditliciilty in gLing an
escort from Kivera, who put him oif with fri\H)l"i;s
jii'etcKts, lie sent C'aml)on with the letter to overt-'dve
Aiiza. The next day, Ajiril liUh, Kivera himself
st Mitel south aijain, recusing Serra's recji-est to t-o
with him on the plea of very great haste.
Camhon overtook Anza at San !.■
.)n the 10th
iiiuging besides +hc president's letters for ]Mexic
in which he announced his purjiose to come dow
Olll
v.itji Ivivera if possible, and asked Anza to wait a
littK;; another from ]Moi'a«''a telliiii'- of Iliv(n^a's arrival
at ?donterey, and volunteering the opinion that the
(•(iiiiiuandant was insane; and still another Irom IJiveia,
liiinself announciii'"' his immediate deitarture, askiii'<'
fer a delay and consultation, and ajiologizing ibi' ])ast
(lisconrtesy on the plea of ill-health."' On th(> after-
iioeii of the 21st some soldiers came in saying that
j;i\era had encamped for the night but a little way
ell'. All/a at once sent a messau'e that he would con-
SU
It
W 1 1
lim on matters affectincf the serv
lee
ilia
tall
•ommunication must l>e in writing'
Xext
but
<lav
came hack a letter naming San Gabriel as the; \)\i\(')
ef coiiocdtation. Anza was there on the '20tli ,-■' and
m
'.a, l>iiii'"it
.loin-K'il.
'apt. All/a
au.l that
Wl'.liv v.l'
itioii \x liat-
,1. tliu two
Milk al" ■■'■
contiiUK'il
'■' I'liJoii, Xaf., ii. '21)1- 7. Another rrrioiis c.insn of trouble l)('t%vorn Eivi ni
a, '1 Sniii was tho iiclion of tho foniicr rcspcctiii;.; tlio iiiuk's \\liicli mcic
sc. t for nii.~!sioii use. One liniulrc<l inuli's were sent rid ]!ii jii Califoinia,
aihl S!) wore scut up by <!ov. Jli.rri to liivcrn, ■\vlio, kiuiwiii,!.; that tiny
IkIuh'oiI e.\clusivi'ly t( the missions, distrilmtcd tluiii all tlu' laiiie aiiioiic;
hi^ .'^nl'icrs, cxocjit 40 which ho hroUL;lit to Moiitorcy, ailinittiiitr wlu'ii i|\u-'-
lioiuil hat the imik'H wore not his, but iileadiii;^ military service. Siiii.-e-
i|iiiiitly a h>tter came to Serra for J ti vera orileiiiii; tho (listril...tioii of tlie
iiiils. '1 he letter was open, and was sealed and delivered after bein^i itad,
iiut b'i\ I.' never mentioned tlio matter iiL'ain. /'/.. "JOll 1 1.
--'!'; ..a, A'()^, ii. 'i!>7 '.'*^K says that An/a wa.s inilueed by the- jiacln-: to
nacl th' 1 'tter, but would not an<v,('r it. Ari'cu-diui; to this author J;i\-er.rs
aiiolo^'V , lis in the !iubs(-i|Uint h'tter.
■''Ihis is .\n/a"s own versioii, li'iuno, MS., I,S!)_!)7. Vln^t. JmiriKil, .MS.,
•It, tells 'as that Rivera, eanio to San Luis on tie' "J-M. an>l after sfayini,' a.
Viliile witiiout seeing' .\ny.a starteil foi' Sai; (labriel. I'alou al^o .si.\s that
liivera eanic to San Luis, got auyry because Anza refused to eonnnunicato
K . J
1
■
1
11
i
27-2 EXPEl^ITIOXS OF AXZA, TOXT, AXD CAnCl'S.
found that Tvivcra had arrived two days ])of<)ie liim.
Here the two coininandaiits had no personal interview,
])ut exchanged several letters, Anza sending to Eivura
a description and map showing liis sni-vcy of S.iii
Francisco, and giving him three days in wlilcli to
prepare such rejjorts or otlier communications as luj
might wish to forward to the viceroy. When tlio
time had [)assed liivera was offered more time, Ijut
re[)lied that no more was needed and tliat Jiis de-
spatches would soon overtake Anza."' Tlic latter
linally set out for Sonora May 2d, with the same
company he had brought from Moateroy and the i-c-
mainder of his ten soldiers.
Next day there came from Rivera, not his report
to the vicerov on matters connected with his com-
t.'
mand, but a }irivato letter to Anza in which he said
that he "lacked a paper bearing upon a criminal wlio
took refuge in tlie ])lace where mass is said at 8aa
Diego," and asked Anza to present his excuses to tlio
victsrov. He also enclosed a letter to the u'uardian of
San Fernando. Anza sent back both letters to the
writer, and went on to the Colorado; wliile Rivera
went innnediately down to San Diego. The quarrel
is certainly a curious item in the annals of Califoi'uia,
being a subject which it is difficult fully to compre-
hend. Ivivera was evidently a weak mar.. Whether
he was insane, or influenced solely by a s[)ii'it of child-
ish jealousy, of which we have seen manifestations in
a ])revious quarrel with Fages, is a question. Both
officers were subsequently reprimanded by Bucaieli
('xce|)t in writing, and went on to San Gabriel followed liy Anza. Here nmy
1)0 mentioned a tradition of the natives recorded by Anza a? liaving ]tcvn
told to P. Fitcner, of the arrival and wreek, 'J.'{ yearH liefort". of a vcssil liuiii-
iug 1 "J white men like the Spaniards, who before their death in the wrck had
laniled and ga\ c; the Indians beiids and otlier articles, including the knives
fonml by the Spaniards in 17<i!'. " Que gente seria esta (jUeda al diseur.so ile
iiuien esta mas instiuido (pie yo,' writes Anza, and I can do no better tluui
follow his discreet exainiile.
"* I'alon says that Anza did not stopnt the mission buteneanipecl at a little
distance, fearing a controversy with Itivera; and that lie subscipicntly m nt
back Kivera's letters with the messagi; that ' he was not the mail.' 'J'he cor-
re.spondcneo between the two was sent by Anza to the viceroy but has not, so
far a.i I know, been preserved.
T''
ik.
WAXDEKINGS OF G.UICES.
273
fill' allowing' a qnarrel in matters of etiquette to iiiter-
I'cre Avitli tlie pul)lic service; but Iiivera's eai'ly re-
lunval to Lower Calit'ornia ])nt an end to the matter,
as it (li<l to his quarrel with the friars.
The return march of Anza's party to the Colorado
ni'cscuts nothinjj^ of importance. They followcNJ the
same route as before, except l)etween San Sebastian
and Santa O'aya, \^here they kept mori^ to the north,
ami ari'ived ]May 1 Ith at the l*orte/,uelo de la Con-
(•(■[iiioii, Just below Palma's raiicherfa, and nearly if
not cXJictly identical with tlie site of the modern fort
Yuma. Ileie they found Padre Eixareh in sal'ety and
iidded liim to the company; but of (jrar.-es nothin*^
(juuld be learned exceipt that he had L^^one up the I'iver
to the countiy of the Jalchcdunes, wliither a letter
nt ordeiiu'j him to return. Palma with three
■was s(
( llu.i
natives also joinec
d tl
le par
•tv, b
emu' allowec
1 at
tli^ . ai'iiest solicitation of himself and nation to <^'o
with Anza to Mexico to present his petition for mis-
sionai'ies.
Tl
lev crossec
1 th
.11
le swollen iiver on raits
just below the Gila, followed the banks of the latter
stream for two days, and then. tui'nin<'; to the rio-ht,
returned to Ilorcasitas by way of Souoita, Caborea,
and Altar, arriving the 1st of June.""'
1 liavc now to narrate l>rieiiy the Californian wan-
derings of Father Francisco Garces, whom Colonel
Anx.a had left on the 4th of December IZTf) at
Palma's rancheria opposite the nu)uth of the Gila,
and whom he had subsequently seen at Santa Olaya
"u tile i)lh, the friar beinu' ah-eadv on his way to ex-
ploic the country and learn the disposition of the
nati\-es towai'd the (Christians. This first trip lasted
till -bmuary 3d, and in it the friar wandered with
-■'.h:«, y;/V/Wo, ;MS., IOS-'-'.^-J; Foiii'i^ Joitrnnl, MS., ^T-'ii; Arrith-ifu,
('nhi. Sera/., 4(i4-S, 4!)(). 'J'liu last autJKir alliiins that I'alnia was well ivctivi'il
at .Mi'\icii. but tluTO was some ln'sit'itiini alnnit .sciidiiiL,' iiiissioiiaiii's, as lio
was uliicf of <J1K' laiulu'riaoiily. 1 kIiouIcI aiM tliat oiu' of tiic ilcst.it iiii,' inulc-
toers tMiiiilciniR'<l liy Anza to lomaiii iiiCalifdniia t'sca]icil fidiii San l>i(".'o anil
d'osscil the I'ountiy^ eastward alont^ and nnniolested, joiiiin;,' An/a <iii tlio
(.'"Imado. I'lie name of this first explorer on this route is not recorded.
UisT. Cai.., Vol. 1. 18
.; I
m
:7i
EXPEDITIONS OF AXZA, FONT, AXD GAPXTS.
throe IiKlian intor])roters in all directions over tln^
conntry hetwcxni Santa Olaya and the mouth ef the
Cohjrack),'-" everywhere kindly rc^'eived, everywhere
showing- his hanner with a picture of the virgin on
one side and of a lost soul on the other. The natives
invariahly looked witli jdeasure on tlic former paint-
ing, pronor.ncing it rnuij hiicna, hut turned V\ith horioi'
from the latter as somethiiH'' very had, t'^ th(3 uii-
ceasing delight of Garces, who regarded their ])reibr-
ance as a token '-f predestination to salvation. The
diary <'()ntains nmcli useful information respecting the
ahoi'iLrinal trihes.
On tlie return of Garces early in January tlic two
padres moved tlieir resitlence Iron) I'alnui's I'anelieii'a
to what thty calked the Puei-to, or Porte/.uelo, de
Concepcion, the site, as already stated, of the modern
Fort Yuma. They also examined the I'anchei I'a, or
pucfto, of San ]*ahlo helow on the river, and pro-
nounced it a suitahle site for a mission. Visitors
came in from diti'erent nations, and among othei's
from those dwelling in the mountains toward San
Diego. The people calhMl C^ueuK^'ahs announced that
those on the coast had already killed a priest and
burned his house, that w'ar was exj)ectcd, and that in
case it came all the nations m-ou]<1 cond)ine against
the Spaniards, askin»x the Colorado tribes to i-einaiii
neutral, (xarces paid, howevei'. V(M'y little attention
to this story, knowing of course nothing about the
massacre at San l)ic>go; yet he lost no opportunity
to insist on tin; n(!cessltv of maintaining the most
*■' .
friendly relations with these tribes, in (n'(h'r to nisure
the safety of the coast establishments and connnuni-
cation with them.
On February 1 4th Garces started up the livei',
always to the west of it, with two or three inteipivt-
ers to visit the Yamajal)s, as the ^[ojaves were oii'.;'-
■•''■' Tlio general route is indiontoil 1)y dotteil lines on Font's mnp, Imt must
liavo luen iidikil ;ifter the diary was iini^lied. foi' tlieu Font had lieard iintli-
inj^ of tJarci's. This |iait ot tiio jiadi'c'.s MMnderint's nii,','ht, indeed, lia\e lii a
reported by ICixarch, hut not his northern travels, also shown on the map.
B-i'Sil
t.^iLiii w..
FROM MOJAYE TO SAX GABPJRL.
275
iii.illv calk'd, arrivin<j: on tlio 28tli in their coiintrv, or
I'athcr opposite, for they lived on the Oiist of the river,
1)1 'tween Avliat are now the Xeedles and Fort ^Nlojave.-''
Dui'ing Ids .sliort stay two thousand natives canio
across the Colorado to visit the first white man who
liad rvrv been in tliat region. Here tlie adventurous
JViiir coiiceiveil the idea of crossing the eountiy west-
v,;ii'(! to visit the friars who li\ed near tlu' sea, and
was I'licouraged by the natives, who had traded \\iih
tlu' coast tribes and said they knew the way. Leav-
ing souii' of his not very bulky effects and one ol' hi •!
iiit(i[)i'eters, he started with the rest and a few Yani-
\ijahs ^Farch 1st and arrived on the 24t]i at San
(ial)i'iel.'*' The route was substantially that of the
modern road from Los Angeles to Mojavo, uji tlio
]\i(ijave Iviver and through the Cajon l?ass; and the
jiiui'iiey was without incident re((uii;ingsp(X'ial mention.
( larcL'S was warndy welcomed by the priests at San
(ilabriel, where it will be remend)er(,'d he had \)Ovn with
Aiiza in 1774, finding that estal)lis]inient "nuiy a<lrl-
aiitada en lo espiritual y temporal," and I'omaining ibi-
-' Tills l)ciii_u' tlic first exploration of most of tin's ro'^'ion, or of all ^\l•st ('f
tho river, I ,','iv(j the route in fill. See iil.so I'ont's ni!i]i route marked .
Pu'.rto do lii t'oiiceiK'inn, (!l 1. n. \\\; '2 1. w. n. w. tliroii^'h jtass in Sierra do
Siiii I'idilo to San Marcelo w;iterin,L;-]ilaee; ."> 1. N. \v. in si.L;lit of (.'aboxa del
(lipiiite in the east, (Grande Medanal, and vieiiiity "f San Sebastian, passing
near I'efion de la. Campana; 8 1. N. and N. N. \v. (lirou.!.;li ]ias,s in the siei-ra on
north"! tho Medanal to San Jose watering-place ',h> ~W; ',>!, 1. N. N. w. and K. N.
E., aerosH sierra to a valley; 01. N. n. \v. and ]■;. N. i;.; (il. i;. n. k. and N. into
•Sicrraof Santa Margarita to banks of Colorado, aeross valley to wateriii'^j'laeo
in ',\:y '2'i{':); 1 }, 1. \v. ; or 111. N. w. and \v. n. \v. to Tiuajas del Tezipiien, ono
ilay's journey from river; S 1. (orfi 1.) N. N. w. ami N. across a sierra, t > Santo
An;;rl springs iU' .'U' (in Chemelineve.s eonntty); (i 1. n. i;. and n. \v. : 7 1. n. n.
]:. Jicross a sierra to Yaniajab nation, \vlu>-e ranelierias, J^al'asion, wereaerosa
the river. ('.',3' on Font'.s map. )
'^'I'hc fnll route over a eountiy u hiidi f lareeswas the lirst, as also for many
yav.i the last, to traver.se is worth reeordnig as follows. (,Sec also maj): .'i 1.
N. \v. to ranelierias of Santa Isabel; .'il. N. vv. and i:. .v. \v. (sie) to .San I'edra
de los Vamajabs in Il.V I', still near the river; 'J.'. 1. s. w. (o San ( 'asimiro wells;
X\. \y. \ w. s. w. to M-ell--; .5 1. w., ;n. w. s. w. to Sierra de Santa (' >ieta; 4 1.
V.'. N. \v. aeross sierra (I'rovidenec Mts.) to Canada de Santo 'I'oinas; (i 1. w.
s. \v. to v.ells of Saw Inaw de lHos, wIutc thecnnntry of tin; IJeui in .* Iie;;ins;
•"il. to I'inta I'as.s ii.»<l Arioso de los Maitires (Itio !\lojave); I'll 1. w. s. w. on
same .stream; •_' I. w. N. \v", aixl 2 1. s. w. and s. :ir ."7 ; ■"> 1. .■^. w. up tho
stream; i-\]. up t'le strea«n; .'U. s. w. and s. to San lidiito raneheria; I! 1. .-i. .s.
w. across hierra (Cajon l\iss'. ni si;dit <if si ;i, and :i 1. i.. s. k. to Arroyo d<' hi9
M\a(k-<; -Jil. w. s. \v. i»*v> Aiwvu'h trail, and 81. w. N. W.; '21. w. N. w. to Suu
li.ihriel.
i
i5
i|
.'T'l
EXrEDITlONS OF ANZA, FONT, AND (iARCi:S.
<tv(!r two weeks.'-'' It luul l)een his iuteiitioii tcn'eacli
San Luis instead of San Gabrii.'l, but the natives had
refused to <^uide him in that (hrcction. He now de-
termined to go up to San Luis b}' the highway, a ad
thence to ri'turn eastward to the Colorado across the
iulares. He appHed to the corporal of the mission
guard for an escort and su})plies for the trip, and was
refused, being subsequently refused also by llivera to
whom he wrote at San Dieu'o. The conunandant soon
arrived, however, on his way to Monterey, and a dis-
cussion ensued on the matter, which linally elieiicd
fi'om llivera, after various excuses, the declaration
that he was not in favor of any communication between
tlic natives of the Colorado and those of the missi(jns,
having alreod}- taken some measures to prevent it by
ordering the arrest of eastern Indians coming to the
missions to trade. (}arces deemed Ilivera's views
erroneous, but he was obliged to submit, receiving,
however, from the missionaries supplies which enabled
him to partially carry out his plans, though he did not
Aenture along the Channel shores.
Setting out on t!ie 9th of April, the padre crossed
the San Fernando Valley — I use here fen- convenience
modern names, referring to a note for those applied
at the time™ — and the Santa Clara Iliver; entered
-^ It appears by tlic inissioii record that Oarc(''s on April (itli baptized an
Indian of 20 yeais named .Miguel (iavet's, Sergeant Orijalva being godtatlK r.
San. (I'ahrif/, Lib. do lilisioii, MH., 10, It is very strange tliat neillier Aii/a
nor Font in tlieir diaries mention Oarecs' visit to San Oabriel, tlioiigii llie.
route is indicated on t\w lattei's map wliicli, as I have said, nnist liave been
made after the et)nipletion of tin.' iliaiy.
'"'See also Font's map. Siin (iabriel ; 1 \ I. N. \v. and w. n. \v. ; r-ih 1. n. 'v.
at foot of sierra; '2A1. N. w. to raneiieriii in .'U" l.T (vicinity of San Fernand)
mission); 21. N. to '■'anta Clara. Valley aiul l\\. \v. N. w. to n ririn'iin: !)1. u.
and N'. across (?) tlie Sierra Orande; il. N. K. to a lake where Isiges had b. iii
(Flizabeth Lake?); 51. across valley to Sierra de Sun Marcos; '2}, 1. N. ami '.<'. 1.
\v. across tin.- Sierra to San I'ascual rancheria of the Cuabajaj' nation (in
edge of Tulare Valley, but this nation farther west on map); 1 1 1. \v. n. \v. to
lancheriiv in i)')' !)'; 8 1. N. to Ai'royo de Santii Calarina in c(juntry of t!u;
Noches ; 1 1. K. w. to a great river San Felipe ilowing w ith rapid current from
eastern mountains (Kern I'iver above ISakerslieldVl and M 1. \. w. ami n. to
smaller stream Santiago (Posa CrcekV); 4.\ 1. n.; '2\ 1. s. to Kivcr Santa Cruz
(\Vhite Iviver?); 1 1. k. to rancheria. Piack to San .Miguel at junction of two
branches of River San ]''elipe; back to San Fascual rancheria : '2 1, K. and n. r.
ill sierra to lagoon of ;Suu Aeuuiicio; 3/j 1. K. \v. and s, i;.; IH. s. E. to Arroyo
f.n
EXPLORATIOX OF THE TULARES.
2T7
(lio i^roat Tulare Valley by wjiy of Tuniur's and Tojon
]),i>sis; crossed Keru Itivcr, which ho called Sail
J'\]i[)e, near Bakersiield; wciit up nearly to the lati-
tude of Tulare Lake, nliich he did not see, beinj:^ too
far to the cast; left the valley, prolcdily hy the Teha-
clicpi Pass but ijossibly by Kelso Valley; and thence
v.rut across to the jSlojave, and back by nenrly his
(iii"inal route to the startinu'-i)oiut on the Colorado.
Thus he had been the lirst to exploi'o this broad
region, the first to pass over the southern Pacilii;
railway route of the thirty-fifth parallel. His ]>etty
aihciitures with thccveririendlv natives in the Tulart!
A'alK'V are interestin'jf, but
canncj
t b
ill
e sunicien
tiy
con-
(I( used for insei'tion here. Seven days' journey north
(if the limit of his tri}) he heard of another great
river Mhich joined the San Felipe, and which (iar-
lliouirht niiuht be that ilowin-jf into San Fran-
ce
Cisco
])av, the San Joaquin, as it tloubth
one
.'ss was. At
place the priest was <.^reeted by a native who
ask( il him in Spanish for paper to make cifjarritos, v.ho
said he came from the west, and \vlio was, doubtless,
a I'uiiaway neojdiyte frt)ni San Carlos or San Antonio,
livery N\here the natives were carefid to inquii'e of
the o'uides whether the friar was a Spaniard of the
We ;i ()]• of the cast, the latter bearinu' a much better
re'outatiou than the former.
Dii the Colorado Garce's received Anza's letter
ro(juiriug his n.'turn if he wished to accompany the
jiaity to Sonora. Uut it was already too lnt(>; tliei-e
was much to be done in his favorite work of makini^
peace between hostile tribes, tlie Jnd'ans desii'ed liim
to stay, and there were otlier regions to e.\})lore.
('onscpiently, althoug'h he had once startt.'d down iIk;
river, he suddenly changed Ids ndiid and decided to
visit the ]\loqui towns. l*arting- from his last inter-
<li' 1 1. A-nucion ; i 1
tu iVui Miirtircs ac (
y<mc: -Jl. K. x. K. to
i; N. i:. ti)\vcll of San
yl. i;. :iinl s. K. to S;
.1(1
stiitioi
M.
(liHio;
1 ]'Y'
lipo \
m L
asiiiiir
out of inoimtaiiis nivl ov<r plains; 7 1. s. s. \v.
1 in o4' ;{7'; hack to San .Juan (U- I'ios liy I'M
4', 1. v.. s. i;. aci'oHS .Sierra of Santa Colcta; .'!1.
cri ; .") 1. N. K. ; \\l. N. K. to Triniilad; I ' 1. n. k. ;
II. !:. s. w. (tiic) to ^tarting'i.oint.
■h-if
278
EXPEDITIONS OF ANZA, FONT, AND GARCES.
})ruter lie crossed tlic river uiul started June 4tli \\ itli
a l)arty of ]lu;da])ais lor the north-east, I'eaehiiiL;' tlie
^fo(jiii tow lis tlie 2d of July. Here liis g'ood-lortnuc
di'serted liilii. The Moijuis (hd lU)t liariu liiiii, hut
would not I'eceive him in their houses, wtnild not ic-
eeive his iLjifts, looked with indill'erence on his paiiit-
inj^s of liell and heaven, and refused to l<iss Ihc
( hrist. Ilavin<4' passed two nights in a corner of (Ik;
court-yard, and having written a letttu' to the miii-
istei' at Zuhi, (Jarces turned sorrowfully back and
let raced his steps to the country of the Yani;ijahs,
vlare he arrived on the 25th. He was a month in
going down the river to the Yuma country, and rea<'h-
nig San Javier del Vnxc, on the 17th of 8e[)teml)er.'"
The cxpt'dition oi' Domijigue/ and Kscalante iiiny
bo alluded lo heie as an unsucccssl'id attempt to rcnch
(,'alifoi'nia. The}- went in 1770 I'rom Santa Fe, Xcw
]\Iexico, to Utah Lake. But winter was near, food
became scarce, re[)orts of the natives were nol i n-
(•(Hii'aging, and tluy soon gave U}) thcii' ])lan of I'ciich-
iiig ]\lonterey, returning tt) Santa Fv by way of the
Moqui towns.^"
■"' r,'(nrr.% nUinn, 240-048. Signed at Iiiliiitaina .Tiin. ,^0, 1777. I'Whcs,
IH<l. Cal., ).'>7-(JL', t^aw i\\\s diaiy in MS., at ( Uiai-hi!;!; i.-a. Joiinu'y i:icii-
tioiu'd ill J'rnr. J.W., MS., i. 47-S; vi. .")!J. I'aluii, jS'ot., ii. 'JSl-L', inriitinii.s
ruiiuii'.s that (Jarcrs liad Ikcii iiillcd l)y suvagos.
'■'- JhiijiiixjiNz and l'.-<(<dt(iit<', JJiiirio ij Ihmitit'o, l",",)]. In lii^^ Citrta fh .:S
ih (Jrtiilirc IT! J, iiS., ]-]t>calaiitc favors a iimtc i'rcni .Mmitcny to the .^I' i]ui-i
i'lnd to Saiifa FO. He lias heard of some li;^ht-coloic(l natives soniev.Ii're nii
tlie route, \\lio Lad probably reached the interior fioni Monterey, by i.he irrciit
livers.
ik. 't
CILVPTER XIII.
FOUXDIXG OF Tm: PEE8IDI0 AND MIS.^TOX OF 8AX
rilA.XClSL'O.
177(i-J777.
Anza's Exploration of tite Peninsula of Sax Francisco — Itinerary—
'J'lii-: C'a3ip on Mountain Lake— Sriivr.Y of the I'lCNrNsrEA — Arroyo
Di; Lo.s Dolores — Trii" to the Gukat Kiver — DLUNOtTts of Font i.v
('oKIUX'lI.SU CrESPI— ItETFRN TO MoNTEREY— ORDERS EOPv THIO FofNDA-
TKiN— A Ilrr AT THE Fadres — Arrival of the Transport Vessels —
^loRAOA Leads the Colony to the I^eninstla — Camp on Lakr
I »oloi:es— Coming o-^ tjii; 'San Carlos'-The Presii-io Focnhkd —
New ExPLtlRATlON OF Pa)lNl) ]>AV AND ElO DE SaN FrANCISCO— FlIOHT
OF the Natives— FoR>LVL Dedication of tiif ^Iission— Discfssion of
Dai'i:, Location, and Name — IOarly Puo(:i!Ess— Annals of 1777 —
Visits of Govkrnor and President and Commandant.
The expedition of Anza, described in tlic precediii'j^
<'lia[)iei', was [ilaniied and executed v.itli almost exclu-
.si\«' I'l'fercncc to tlio establishment of a presidio at
Smii Francisco, and of one or two missions in tlie same
]i\ii;i()U under its protection. Though I h;i.ve not found
the text of Bucareh's instructions to vVnzn, it was
I )r(il);ibly the intention that the foundation shoidd bo
accoiiiphshcd ckiring that officer's stay in C'ahfornia,
and lo a certain extent under his supervision. Tiie
'■xpcdition, however, for various reasons, did not i'c>acli
( 'ahi'ornia so early as had been intended. T'he mattrr
was delayed by the critical state of tilings at San
Dii'go, and still farther dclaved bv liivera's idiosvn-
'lasirs: and Anza was obliged to leave thi' counti'v
iH'iore his colonists had been settled in then- new
lionio. Yet he did not go until he had made every
IH).- ilik; cflbrt to forv/ard the scheme by repeatedly
( 273 1
i { i
280
FOUXDIXG OF SAN FRANCISCO.
ur<,nnq" its iiiiportanco U[)(»ii the; dilatDiy and (>l)stliiatt.'
(•(uniiiaiidaiit, aiul l)y making' in pci'soii a ik!\v (.'xaiii-
ination ol' tin; Sau Francisco region. This c\aiiiiii;i-
tioii, iiiiiiutcly <lcsci'il)C(l in tlu> oriL^inal records,' was
omitted IVoin its cliroiiolon'ical place as a ])ait df*
Aiiza's expedition, and must now receive attention.
W'itli Afoia^a, Font, a corporal, and two soldiers
from tlicj presidio, ei^•llto(' liis own men, and provisions
for twenty days, Anza left Monterey for San i^'raii-
cisco tlie L'.'ld of March 1"7(>, haviiiL,^ heeii l»ut two
days from his sick-hed at San Cju'Ios." 'I'he party
followed the route of lAiveraand L'alou in their jour-
ney of j)uceinhei' 1774,'' to the Arroyo de San Fiaii-
cisco, now known as San ]^^'ancis(|uit() Creek, at
a s]»ot \\hero the Spaniards had iiist encamped in
J)eceml>el' 17r;i), and which I'alou had selected two
years |)reviously as a desirable site foi' the mission of
San I^'rancisco. 'I'he cross set u}) in token of this
selection was still standing', but intermediate explora-
tion, as Anza tells us, rel'errino' presumably to 1 leceta's
tri}) of the year before, had shown a lack of water in
the dry season, vei'y unfortunately, as in res[iect of
soil, timber, and fjentilitkid the place was well adapted
I'or a mission.
Instead of enterin<^ tlie Canada of San Andres .\nza
seems to liaye lve[)t nearer the 1)ay shore — thoun'li
neither lie nor Font states that the bay ^yas kept in
sight; but after crossing- the Arroyo de San Mateo,
so called at the time and since, there are but slii^lit
data, save the L;eneral course, between north-west
i./1;/-.f(, J)!'U'!n, MS., 1.7)-7S; lout's. /ounidl, IMS., 'AO-l?,.
- J'alon, A'o'.. 'JS.VT, ."nys tlic .'itart was Mavcli 'J'Jd, ami tli<' total iiiiiiiliirot'
soldiiTs 10. ,\ii/a wislidl I'alun ti)::c) wit!i liiiii, hut .Scrni olijectoil. Two of
tlio siiMit'is, lidwuvi r, liMcl i]i'L'ii (jvcr tlie roiitu lietorc.
^Sio I'liap. X. (pf this viihiiiio. 'I'lio itiiR'iai-y, \\ith T'ont's clistaiii''t'S in
Iiaroiitlicsos. \.'as ns follows: ]''rom Monterey, 7\ 1. (7) to Asinieion or Xativi-
<la(l aei-oss the IJivei- Monteri'y or Santa iJelliiia: 81. (l'_')to \'alley of Sau
Jiernai'dino or Arroyo ile las Llauas (still ealled Llagas (.'reek) across Arroyo
(le San Iknito and I'l'ijaro lliver ('.'); Si. (i'J) to Arroyo de San Jose Cu|)ertiiii)
{'X\ on iMiiit's niaj)) in i-i.,'!it of hay; 4 1. ((J ':} to Arroyo de San Franeisco. At
one place on the Avay the juiles u.sid to sujijiort the altar on a )irevious visit
of the Spaniards were found decorated with oll'erin.i^s of arrows, feathers, food,
etc., recalling the similar oceurrcnce at Monterey in 1770.
^lAi' OF rxri.oiJATroN's.
2SI
iiiif
'III'
5
I'lNiN^iLA <>i' .San FiiANci.-co.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. MSBO
(716) 872-4S03
;<>
282
FOUNDING OF SAN FRANCISCO.
fi-
and north, from wliicli to dutcrnn'no tlic exact route,*
until, (»n ^larc'li 27th, ho cnoani[)e(l at about 1 1 a. m.
on a lahvi near tlic "mouth of tlio port," out of wliicli
vas llo\vinL>' water enough, as the writer say.s, lor a
milh This was what is no>v Mountain Lake, to wliidi
the Spaniards at tliis time gave no name," thouuli
they called the outlet Arroyo del Puerto, now known
as Lobos Creek. As soon as the camp was pitdicd
Anza set out exploring toward the west and south,
8[»ending the afternoon, and finding water, pasturage,
and wood, in fact all that was required for his i)r()-
posed fort exce[)t timber.
Next morning he went with the priests to wliat is
now Fort Point, "where nobody had been," and there
erected a cross, at the foot of which he buried an ac-
count of liis ex]>] orations.*' Here upon the table-land
terminating in this point Anza <letermined to estal)-
lish the presidio. Pont presently retuined to cam]),'
while Anza and Moraga continued their explorations
toward the east and south-east, where the\' found, iu
addition to jirevious discoveries, a ])lentiful su[)ply ot'
oak tindx^r which, though nui'-h bent by the noitli-
west winds, would serve < ane extent for building
jturposes. About half a 1 jie east of the cani[illiry
*From the topography of the region, and from the fact that no mention is
made (jf sccin/^ or Ijcing near cither the )}ay or Lake Merced, it is most liiccly
that Anza followed the rontc of tlie present county ro;;d and railroad fiuiu
San Ih'uno to the vicinity of Islais Creek, thence turning to the Ict't jiast the
present A'n)sh<inso tract.
^Tlii! l.!lc<! is called Lagiina del Presidio on La IVrouse's map of ITS'!.
That tlie lake on wliicli this ])arty encamped wm.h Mountain Laki'. an iiU'ntity
that 11') jn'cviDiis writer lias noticed, is proved not only hy ,\nza"s snlis(i|iiciit
niovenunts. Imt hy t!ie following in Fonfs .ImiriKil, MS., HI: ' 'I'lie coast of
tiie mouth (of San I'lancisco ]5ay) on this sidii runs from n. v.. to s. w.. U'lt
straigiit, hut fonniiig a heiul, on the heacii of wliic'h a stream, wliicii llows
fiom the lagoon where we halted, emiities itself, ami we called it the Aiidvo
del riierto.' No other part of the slioi'i^ coricsponils at all to this statiiiieiit,
•' Misled, pcrha|is, hy this nienlioii of the eidss, I'alou, A'o^, ii. -"'i, says
that AiK'ii followed his, Talon's, route of ITT-t until lie reached the cross
planted at that time.
' Font in hi.; diaiy gives a long and accurate description of San FraiKisco
Hay. He ehaily mentions Alcatraz Island, though without a)iplying any
name. It is to he noted that he mentions I'unta de Almejis, or Mussel I'oint,
Btill m calh'd; hut this was not the original Mussel I'oint of 17(j9, thougli
Font very likely thought so.
m
ANZA'S VISIT.
2S3
act route.*
1 limp (f 17^').
kc, iui iJfiitity
i"s siilisi'i|ui'iit
' 'I'lie riiiot lit
i:. (ii s. w., n"t
a, A\l]iih ll<)«s
it till' Arii'Vi)
ihis stiiliiiiciit.
I., ii. '-'.'■■(i, saNJ*
clad Ww L'los
Snii riiiiK-isdi
f 1700, though
(',11111(1 another largo lagoon, from which was (lowing
cuiisidi rablo water, and which, with some artiliciul im-
]iin\( incuts, they thought would I'urnish a permanent
Mip]ily i'or garden irrigation. This was the j)rosent
^\';l>h^•l•\voman's I^ay, corner of (jlreenwich and Octa-
via streets. About a league and a iialf south-east of
the eaiup there was a tract of irrigal>]e land, and a
jluwiiig spring, or ojo de wjua, which would easily
Mi|i|ily the required water. Anza found some well
(!is|i()sc(l natives also, and he came hack at 5 i*. >i. vciy
iiiiK li i>leased, as Font tells us, with the result of his
(lays search.
Xext morning, the 29tli, they broke camp, half the
iiH II w ith the ])ack animals returning by the way they
lind cniuc, to San Mateo Creek, and the commandi'r
with i'\)nt and (ive n)en takinu' a circuitous route bv
Ar
at tl
rivmg at the sprmg ami rivulet (lis
the liay sliore.
r ivci'ed the day before, they named it from the day
the last Friday in lent, Arroyo de los ])oloies.''
Thc'icc ])assing round tlio hills they reached and
rrcsscd the former trail, and went over westward into
the ( ahada de San Andres in search of timber, of
V. hicli they found an abundance. They followed the
^le!l sdine distance beyond where tlu; San ^Fateo
creek (lows out into the j>lain, killed a large bear,
I Tossed the low hills, and returned northward to join
llicir com})anions on the San Mateo.
The next objective ])oint was the groat Uiv'er San
I'laucisco, which had in 1772 prevented Fages from
* It ii to lip notoil tliat Anza calls it simply nn ' ojo <lo ncjua (i fuoiito ' and
I'oiit im ' •irniyo,' I)iit licitluT liuiitidiiM any la'.'oon. ralmi, liowcvir, says,
■ Mil UMiliiii;,' tlic Iwac'li of t!to liay wliiili the sailms callcil IK; Ins IJoinijoi
(!li:it is .Mis>i(iii 15a\", ca!li><l LliTuiii's liy Ayala's iiu'ii on account of two wicp-
ill,' iiati\('s, SCO cliap. xi.), he ci^'issi'd an ari'nyo liy which iiiiplics a ;t;riat
l.i;;n(iii which ho nanud Itolorcs, ami it sccnu'd to him a ;_' 1 site tor the mis-
.-iiii,' itc. This may lie piiiutuated so as to ajip'y the name to the stream
railier than the laj,'oon ; luit I suspect that the la;,'iHin- snlisei|n.'ntly known
:i> 'I he Willows — w ith its stream was entiie'y flistinet from Aii/a's stream of
jliiluics. Of this nioi-e in note •_'(! of this chapter. Font from an emineiiee
imtiil the liiaiin;,' of the head of the liay I'., s. F... and of an imiiu use sprnee,
or iiilwooil, afterwards found it to lie l.">0 feet hij,diuiid 10 feet ia circumfer-
ence, on llic Arroyo dc Sail rruncisco, 8. E.
284
FOUNDING OF SAN FRANCISCO.
rcacliiniTf Point Roycs." Save that in going round
tliu liead of the bay tliey nanjed Giiadahii)e and
Coyote streams, and further on the Arroyo de San
Salvador, or H lina, there is nothing of vahie id-
interest in tlie (Uaries until Aj»ril 2d when the ex-
plorers reaehed the' mouth of "tljo fresh water port
held hitherto to he a great river," that is, to the
strait of C;u-quines and Suisun Bay. The water ^\;ls
somewhat salt; there was no euiTcnt ; this great
lliver San Franeiseo was apparently no river at all,
hut an extension of the hay. The matter seems to
have troubled them greatly, and their observation-^
were ehiellv directed to learninix the true status of
this body of water. There was no reason for it,
but tl^y were conl'used. Crespi's diary of the foi-
mer trip had described the body of water accu-
rately enough, and had not at all confounded the
strait and bay with tlie River San Francisco, or San
Joaijuin; but, possibly, Fages had also written a
diary in which he ex])ressed the matter less clearly. •*
TJie camp on the 'Jd was on a stream suj)posed t)
bo identical with the Santa Angela do FuJgino'^ nf
Fnges. On the 'kl they continued eastward past tlic
low rariL,e of hills, from the sunnnit of which, near
A\ illow Pass, like Fages and C'respi before them, tiny
had a iiiie view of a broad country, which they descriln'
more lully, but not more accurately, than their prede-
cessors.'-^ The long descriptions are interesting, but
they form no part of histoi-y and are omitted, strange
as it may seem, on account of their \ery accura(-y, as
is also true re'>ariliii''- Font's description of San l-'iaii-
cisco Pay. They described the country as it was and
"It is iKiticcaljlc tlijit All/11 several times implies tliat more than one e\-
]il(iratioii hail Ijeeii niaile in this ilirection, but only oni', that of J'agis, is
I'eecirclcd.
'"Sec aci'oiiiit of FaLre4' tiip in I'liapter viii. Aeoordint; to AffhicUa,
Croii. S' n'lj'., W't 7, l-'onc nanieil the body of water I'lierto l)ulce.
" No. ltK)of I'ont's map.
'-' See also l'\iiit'.s map in preeediii'j; cliapter, on which 'a' in 'the hill to
whieh la.Lfesi arrived;' 'li" a ' rancheria at eil;;(^ of the water;' ' c,' a ' hill from
which we saw the tuhaes;' 'd' the 'summit of the eiifrni;' and 'o'some 'iiiLu-
csal hills.'
IS
MOUTH OF Tin: SAX JOAQUIN.
2S5
is; it is only with the annals of tlioir trip and such
(111 lis in tli(.'ir observations as had or niij^ht have
liad an ert'e<-t on subsequent explorations that I have
to deal. There are, h<>\vever, errors and confusion to
l)c noted. It is evident that tor some reason they had
iiii imperfect idea of Fajjfes' trip. On the strait they
had labored hard to prove it not a river, as it certainly
was not, and as it had never been supposed to be, so
i'ar as can be known. Now tha':, they had reached tlie
liver and were lot)kin<T out over the broad valleys of
till' San Joaquin and Sacramento from the liills back
iif Antioch, they still flatteied themselves that they
wciv coi'rectin^- errors of Crcspi and Faj^es, and they
still laboi-ed to ju'ove that the broad rivers were not
rivers, lait 'fresh water poi-ts' extendi nj^ far to the
iioith and south, possibly connecting by tulares in the
tMiiner direction ^vith Bodega Bay. In all this, how-
ever, Anza was not so positive; but in correcting an
error Crespi never made respecting the Strait of (\u'-
i|uiiies, Font was singularly enough led into real error
left on record for others to correct.
Like Faijes, Anza descended the hills and advanced
siiine leagues over the plain to the water's edge,'''
l)Ut instead of turning back and entering the hills by
tlie San Ramon Canada, as Fages had done, aftc
some rather ineffectual attemi)ts to follow the miry
rivei'-banks, he kept on over the foot-hills, noting vast
herds of elk, or jackass deer, [)assed to the left of
what is now Mount Diablo, and crossed the moun-
lArricifitd,
"Font in one place calls the Iiill tlio terminus of Fages' exploration, and
s:iys; ' Fioni said hill which may lie about a Icai^tuc from tlie -water, Captain
I'iigcs and ]'. Cri'spi saw its extent and that it «as divided into arms widih
liiiiiMMJ islands of low land; and as they hail pieviously tasted the water
en till! road further haeU and found it to he fri'sh. they supposed without
<lii\ilit that it nuist Ije some great liver which divuhd itself here into three
Iniinihcs. , .without noticing whetlu'r it hail any cnrient or not, which was
imt lasy for them to do li'om said liill at siU'li a distance.' Font counted
Seven islands. An/a, l)i<irio, MS., KW, says of the htidy of water 'nos parecio
sir iiiiis una gran laguna (pie rio,' and I7-, 'Me iiizo estii noticia(the stiite-
iiiiiit ijf two soldiers that the tulares were imi)a.s.sal>lr even in the dry season)
y 1(1 (|iu' yo ol)si'rval>a acahunne dc conceptuar (jue lo fpie se ha tenido por rio
I's piu'iinicnte una grun laguna.' Sail liiuurdu was tlio uante givcu to the
niiK'liu'iia in the Antioch region.
28G
rOUNDIXG OF SAN FRAXCISCO.
tains by a fliflioult routo not easy to locate, on Avlildi
lie named tlio Canada de San A'iconto and tlic Sieiru
del Cluisco, iindin<^ also indications of silver oic.
7V]>iil Gtli the party encamped on Arroyo del ("oy-
ote," and on the 8th arrived at ^ronterey. As beloiv
related, Anza started south on tlic 14th, and liis liii;i!
exhortation to liivera on the importance of prompt
action in the Han Fi'ancisco matter was accompaiiit il
by a diary and map of the exploration just descrihcd.' '
With tlic arrival of the colony at ^Fontcrcy fi'om
the south, there had come instructions from Jiivoa
to build houses ibr the people, since thei-e would hr
at least a year's delay before the presi(Uo could \n'
foundtnl.''' And such were the orders in force, not-
withstanding:^ Anza's protest, when that officer tuiiicd
over tlie conunand to jNToraga,'' and left the country.
Ihit liivera, coming to his senses j)erhaps after a litrjc
I'ellection, or fearing the results of Anza's reports in
Mexico, or roally taking some interest in the new
foundation now that the object of his jealousy had
departed, cliangcd his policy, and the day after his
arrival in San J )iego, on ^Nfay 8th, despatched an order
to jNIoraga to proceed and establish the fort on the
site selected by Anza. He could not, however, neg-
l(H't the oj^portunity to annoy the priests by saying
that the founding of the missions was for the ])reseiit
sus[)ended, as j\loraga was instructed to inform the
']n"esi<K>nt. Truly the latter had not gained much iti
the chaniT^c from Fages to his rival. At the sainr
• • • 1*1
time IJivera sent an order to Gi'ijalva at San (Jahi;' 1
to n'join the rest of the colony at Monterey with thf
'*Nf). lOlof tlioiilfip.
'-■'I'lie lonto <;f Anzji's trip is shown, but of course in a pcnrnil a\.i.v, im
rent's limp. ScL' fliiipti'r xii. The natives hail been its nsujil friendly in > vciy
i-anchc! la visi'ad.
"' l'(il<iii, A"'., ii. '2S3. From tlio viceroy Itivera luul iievniispiou iliti'l
Jan. llOlh, to ili'liy the exjiloration only until An/a's arrival. I'riii:. St. I'n/'-,
MS., i. l',);i--4. ]>ul of course the viceroy knew nothing yet of the Sau i>\i"J<>
all'ai r.
"' lY'b. 4t]i, liivera onler.'H Mornj:;ii to take roniniantl of the cxjic liti' a
after Anza's departure. J'ror. .S7. I'up., MS., xxii. I'J.
rnnPAUATioxs.
cr,7.
<\\c1\(^ soldiors ami tlicir faniilios. Anza's dcj^artin'o
li.id, it sL'Ciiis, greatly lessunoJ the tluiigci' at Sail
(Ii'm^'ora brmvji'lit the order to San CJ;d)riel, ami
( Ji'i j;dv;i, setting out at once with his coinjiany, carried
it 1o ^[()raga at ^Monterey. It was resolved to start
iidiih ill the niidcUe of Juno, and though the mission
iiiu-t wait, Serra thouglit it host tliat I'alou and
( 'aiiihon, the friars destined for San Fianciseo, should
iicroiniianv the soldiers to attend to their spii-itual
interests and ho ready on the spot for I'urther orders,
M( aiiwliile the transport vessels arrived on their
ycaily voyagi>, having sailed I'roni San J>las together
on the Dth of ^lareh. The Smi yltifoiiio, ("aptain
J)iego Choquet, with Francisco Castro and Juan J J.
Agniiix', as master and mate, and Friar ]Jenito Sieira
!is rhaplain, arrived ]May 21st, unl(»ading sup[)lies f(»r
Moiileri-y and waiting for some j)iiie lumh'.'r for San
Diego. Tlie San Carlos, a slower vessel, arriv«'d the
:'(l of June,'^ under Captain Quires, ( 'ahi^:ares and
L'evilla as master and iiiate, with Santa ]\[aria and
X()ce;l;d as cliaplaiiis. She brought su]tplie3 for ^Foii-
tiiw and also for San Francisco, and many articles
W( re put on board to go up by water and Mve nude
tiaiispoitation ; but as two cannons were to be takt'U
hi 11 II liie
presidio an or<
l(?r fr
om luvera was necessarv
aiH
1 i!ie vessel was obliired to wait until this order
ciiuM 1)0 obtame(
( )ii June 17th ]\roraga with his company of sol-
diers, settlers, families, and servants^' set out in com-
jiaiiv witli the two friars by the old loute, movin;'
vciv slowly, haltini'- for a day on ["
YdXl
L
rancisco
;cnoriil w:iy, "ii
irii'iully ill 'V'l.v
oiini.-'si'in ilitnl
/',•(,(.■. SI. /'"/'-
f tin; Sun Uicjio
the cxiic.Uti'U
■'.Tiiiio ."111, Moraj^a to Eivcra, .niinoiiiiciii;^ ■nrriviil of tlio tnxnspoits. Prnr.
Si. /'<>/.., MS., i. •„>;!_'-;{.
'■' Alv.iit till' miniln r of sf)l(li(rs there is iiuieli coiifii.sion. Eivoni'.s onler.s,
J'dliiii, Xiil., ii. "CO, liiid hicu to tiike 'JD <if tluiii. luit t!ic sum' ;iiit!i(H- s:iys,
l:i'-(' ."i.T, tliiit Mdijipi iiiiil Hi; ainl elsewliere, I'iilfi, "iu") 7, that there \ver<j
17. Jle f^till clniiiis that ll! of Aua's foiee were at Sail l;io,';(), Imt tlu'ie \a
iiMilniilit thi;t i'll tlie'i!)v>.i<' at Monterey iiiid that .•.her.t L';)/f them started.
'J here V. eie 7 tetllern with their families, ■"> vaipieres and mnleteers, "J Lower
t'aliliirnians, 1 Sun Cirlos iieo^jhyto, a mule train, and '2.'i.) head of cattle.
•288
FOUNDIXO OF RAX FRAXCLSCO.
i
i'
1 ''. ■ M
Im
mm
Arroyo, notinjj tho abiindaiico of door and aiitoldpc,
and linally cnoanipinjjf, Juno 27tli, on tho LiiLTuna dc
lo.s l)(»l()ros in sight of tho Ensiinada do los Jjloronos
and of tho south-oastorn branch of tlio hay. An ahai-
was sot up and mass was said on tho 20tli, as on ovciy
suocoodin<jf day. Iloro Mornjjfa awaitod tho coniinT
of tlio San Ctu'los, bocauso tho oxact location of thu
prositho site was to dopond to soino extent on lur
survey for anchorage. A month was jiassed in ex-
plorations of the [)eninsula, in cutting timber, and in
other preparations of which no dcftailod record was
kept, and still no vessel came. The lieutenant iinally
<lotermin(d to go over to tho site selected by An/,a,
and make a beginning by erecting barracks of tules
and other light material. Thus far all had lived in
the field tents, and tho camj) was transferred on thi;
•Jdtli of July. The first building completed was in-
tended for a temporary chapel, and in it tho first mass
was said on July 28th by Palou."" Tho priests, jiow-
ever, did not change their quarters. They as well as
Anza tliought the iirst camp in a locality better fitted
for a mission than any other part of tho peninsula;
and though by Rivera's orders the mission was not
yet to bo Ibunded, tho spot was so near the presidio,
and tho natives wore so friendly, that it was deemed
safe and best for the two friars to remain with the
<*attlo and other mission property, guarded by six sol-
diers and a settler, who miijlit without disobedience
of superior orders make preparations for tluir i'uture
dwellings. Things continued in this state for nearly
another month.
To their great relief on the 18th of August the Sun
Carlos arrived and anchored near the new cam]!.
After leaving Monterey she had experienced co i-
trary winds and had been driven first down v > ihe
latitude of San Diego, then up to 42,° anchoring <»u
the night of the I7th outside the heads and north of
"" The camp was pitched July 2Cth, and building begun July 27
of Sal to Governor in 1792. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xl. 52, 54.
th. Letter
THE PRESIDIO BEGUN.
280
Y 27th. Letter
the inti.inco. Quiros ami tlio rest liavincf approved
ihc (Ik lice of site.s, work was iimiiediately l)e;^am on
jKriiiMiieiit buiUliiijL^sfur tlie presidio, all loeated within
ii s(|iiare of ninety-two yards, aeeordiiij; to a plan luado
1)V ( "aiiizares. Quiros sent ashore his two carpenters
ainl a s(|tiad of sailors to work on the storehouse, coni-
)iiiiii(lanl's dwellinj^', and chapel, while the soldiers
elected hou.ses for themselves and families. All the
huildin^s were of ])alisade walls, and roofed with
ciirth. They were all ready l)y the middle of Septem-
))(i, and the 17th was named as the day of ceremonial
fouiidiiiL;', l)ein<^ the day of the 'Sores of our seraphic
Hither Saint Francis.'-* Over a hundred and iifty
j)cr.sons witnessed the solenni ceremony. The Smi
Carlos landed all her force save enough to man the
swivil-guns. Four friars assisted at mass, for Pena
had 'onie up from Monterey, and the prescribed rites
of taking possession, and the tc ih'um laudamns,
wcic accompanied and followed by ringing of bells
jiiid discharge of fire-arms, including the swivel-guns
(if the ti'ansport. The cannon so terrified the natives
that not one made his appearance for some days.''*
Tims was the presidio of San Francisco founded, and
ai"t( !■ tlic ceremonies its connnandant, !Moraga, entei'-
taiiK'd the company with all the splendor circum-
stances would allow."'
AVliile the presidio supplies were being transferred
to tlie warehouse, a new exploration of the head <jf
the bay and of the great rivers was made by Quir(')s,
Cauizares, and Cambon in the ship's boat, and by
•' Oil tliat same 17th of September on tlio other side of the conthient Jjml
Jlii\v( '.■, Hessian and British tmojis were revelling in the eity of New York.'
JiUiiit, ill (hi rlund Month'ii, iv. .■!.■?() 7.
•-So ^;ily.■^ Palou, and it reads well. It must he added, however, that
iiccnidin^' til the same author all had left tlie jieiiiiisnla a month hefore.
■'•'Ill eoiinection with the founding of tlie jiresidio it may he mited that
Miiiiira ill his preliminary searih found one or two tine springH vviiieh Anza
li:i.l iifjt nieiitioued. (Jen. Valkjo, in his iJi^curno /Hsfdrico. jirononneecl at
till' ci ntx'iinial celebration of the founding of the mission, notes tliat soiuo
iiiiiarkiilile (jualities were popularly attributed to the spring eulled Kl Polin.
^\'lllnl| drinking the water were, it seems, made more than usually j.iolilii',
t'ivinj.' birth to twins in many iustauees. Several other Califoruians men-
tiuii this old popular belief.
Hui. Cai.., Vol. I. 19
9M
Forxmxr, of sax rnAxcrsco.
li.
^Tor.'V'a witli a iiartv <>f soldiers liv land. Tlic two
cxju'ditioiis Wore to meet heyoiul the 'round hay,' or
at till! mouth of the river, ou a certain day, a[)[)areiitly
Septendu-r iMIth, whence hy waU'i' and land tiiey \\( ic
to ^o uj> the I'iver as I'ar as jtossihle. They starti-d on
the L'.'kl, the land party carryin.if most of the suiiplii s,
vliilc the boat took only enou;L,di for ei<^ht days. On
the 21)tli Quiros returned, lie had reached the ren-
dezvous at the n[)pointed time, hut not meetiiiLj'
^MoraLja, he had been ohlii^ed alter waitini^one day (o
turn hack for want of j)rovisions. AlthouLjh prevented
from exploring- the j^neat river, he was able to settle
another (hspute<l (juesiion and pnno that the 'round
bay' had no connection with IJodega. For Hailiiit;' in
that dirt^ction he had discovei'ed a new estuaiy and
followiMl it to its head, tindin<^ no passage to the sea,
and beholdinj^ a loft}' sierra which stretched toward
the west and ended, as Quiros thought, nt (*a[ie
!Mendocino. This was, probably, the lirst voya^i
ol" Eui-ojH'ans u[> the windings of Petaluma Creek. -
Kesi»ectin<j: the I'ciiion at the mouth of the meat
rivers he had done no more than verify the accuracy
of previous obsi'rvations by I'ages and Anza.
!Mea])while ^foraga, on arriving at the south-i-astern
head of tin* bay, had changed his [ilans, and instead of
following the shore had conceived the idea that ho
could save time and distance by crossing the sierra
eastward. This he accomi)lished without ditliculty by
a route not recoi-ded, but aj)[)arently at an uncxi)Ccte(l
cost f)f time; Ibr on I'eaclung the river ho concluded it
would be impossible to reach the mouth at the time
''* Piilon, yofifin.'), states tli.nt Qtiin'is saile<l two days on tlic new cst<'ri',
nnrl lie nii^lit with uiifavornlilc winds have spent that time on I'ctaluiiiii.
Creek; Ijiit if he w.iitcd a day for Muraga. the two days jnnst inehide the wlmlu
retuiii voyage, lie had not, however, disproved Font's theory that tliehny
coniniuincuted witli llodega l>y way of the great ' fresh M'atcr port,' or lagmii!,
now called tlic Saeraniento IJiver. In his Vitia, '210-14, riiloii gives i.tiur
vaguely additional details. At the mouth of the great river was a fine liar-
l)or, as good as San Diego, named Asuneion {Suisun Day?). The lofty sifii.k
stretehing to Cape Mendocino was called San Francisco. The estnary on tlie
west of Kouud Bay, up wliich they bailed one day and night, was iiuuud
Merced.
■J I
TIIK MISSION AT DOLOURS.
291
Tllc two
1(1 I)ay,' or
i[)l)iiri'iitly
tlicy wt'iL'
started (111
J 8UI)[)liis,
(lays. ( )ii
il the icii-
; iiK'ctlii;^'
me (lay to
[HVVi'lltrd
a to s('t.tl(3
lie ' round
• Hailiiit;' in
stuary and
,o the sea,
cd toward
, nt ( 'a[ie
st voyaL;'e
»ti Crei'k.-'
the great
.' uccuracy
'.a.
th-easleiii
instead of
a that he
tlie sieira
tliculty hy
nexiieeted
lududed it
the time
|c new cst(i'i>,
on l'<'taliiiii;i
[lido tlu' wlmli;
that tlioUny
|)rt,' or liigiiciii,
III gives liitlirr
Ivas a iiiio li.ir-
lie lofty sicriik
^stnary on tlu^
It, was luiiiuJ
fmreed on,an<l resolved to direct his exjtloratioii in tho
(itlur direction. Marching loi- three days rapidly nji
till' river he I'eaclied a |»oint where tlie jtlain ni ail di-
rections If him /i(>n':i>iif<',i\\ai is, presented an unhroken
liorizon as if he were at st.-a! The natives pointed out
a \''Vi\, and Moiaga travelled Inr a tlay in the jtlain
hcynnd tlie I'ivt'r, seeing in the I'ai' north lines of trev-s
iuilicating th<' existence of i-ivei-s. Jhit lu had no
f'uinpass, and fearing that he might lose himself on
tlie>e l)road jdains ho returned l)y the way ho had
(•(inie, arriving at the presidio the 7th of Octoher.
Let us now return to the other camp at the fjagnna
(lelos ]^oloi'es, where since the end ol'July l^dou and
Canihon, reenforced after a time hy Pena a[)pointed to
Santa Clara, had heen making [>rei)arations for a niis-
sinn. Six soldiers and a settler had huilt houses for
till'!:' I'aniilies, and the estaldishnient lacked only cer-
tain dedicatoi'V formalities to be a iVLfular mission.
T
•lie
there w<'ro no converts, even cardidates, hut
tlie natives would douhtlcss conu! forward in <lu(! time.
Their temjtorary absence from the ])eninsula dated from
til-' I "Jth of August, before wITk^Ii tinie they had been
friendly though apparently unable for want of an inter-
pietejto comprehend the aims of the missionaries. ( )n
the date speeitied the southern i-ancherias of San ^Fateo
<a;iie u[) and defeated them in a great tight, burning
their liuts and so tilling them with teri-or that they
iled in tlieii' tule rafts to the islands and confrii cosfn,
niitwitlistanding the ofi'ers of the soldiers to ])rotect
thi in. l"\»r several months nothing was seen of them,
except that a small party ventured occasionally to tlie
lagdon to kill ducks, accepting also at such visits gifts
<'!' heads and fixtd from the S|»aniards. 1'wo children
ef presidio soldiers were l)ai»ti/ed before the founding
ef the mi.ssion.-" As soon as Quir<')s arrived he had
■''Sail FrnniiKro, T/ih. <1c Minion, MS., .1. Tlicso arc the first entries in tlio
iiiissioii IxHiks; the tirst on August lOth was the haptisniof Kraiieiseo.losi' ihs
los Iiiilnri s Sdto. infant son of Ij^'uaeio Soto; the secoinl that of .Fuana Maria
Loviiiza Sanelitz l."> ihiys of age. on Aug. 'J.'ith. I'oth were baptized udiiixluiitem
murUiii without ceremony, the hitter by u eonuiiuu sulilici'.
202
FouN'nixr, OF sax francisco.
'
»
« f
mAi
[,MV«'ii his attention to the mission ns will as tlio ji;v.
nidio, and innnodiatdy Hot six sailors at work to .I'tj
the [iricsts in constructiniL^ a cliurcli and dwi lliiij;', so
tiiat tlio woik advanced ra|)idly.
No orders ranu' troni lliveraantborizinj^ tin* cstaK-
lisliin^ of a mission, l)ut Mora^ja saw no r(>ason I'm
delay and took upon himself the responsihility. A
ehurcli fifty-four feet long and a houso of thirty liy
fifteen fi'et, all of wood, j)last(>red with clay, and pdot'i ;[
with tules, were finished and the day of Saint l''raiiiis,
Octoher 4th, was the time set for the rites of foiitid;!-
tion. On the .'id the church, decorated with hmiti:!^
from the vessel, was blessed; l)ut next day only a mass
was said, the ceremony being j)ostjioned on account nf
the absences of AForaga. lie arrivinl, as W(! have seen.
on th(! 7th, and on October ;)th the sn/rniiic f'i'iH-l"ii
was celebrated in presence of all who ha<l assisted at
the presidio a month before, save only the i\'W soldii is
left in charge of the fort. l*alou said mass, aided 1 y
Cambon, Nocedal, and Pena; the imag(! of Saint
Francis, patron of port, presidio, and mission, was
carrie<l about in procession. Volleys of nuiskctry ivnt
the air, aided by swivel-guns and rockets brought fio!:!
the San Cdrlox, and fin' 'ly two cattle were killid In
feast the guests before i.iey departed. Thus was I'oi-
mally established the sixth of the California missions,
dedicated to San Francisco do Asis on the Laguiia
do los Dolores."'^
-" TIio patron of this inisisiDn, it ia neciUcss to say, was the fonndcr of tlif
FrancisuiiM onlor of friars. He was born in tlio city of Assisi, Italy, in II '-.
in a .staljjo, ami on tlic tihouliler was a birtli-niark resembling ii cross. ^\ iili
a slij,'ht I'lliieation and tjoniewhat dissolute lialiits Jio was cniployeil in tnnlc
l>y liix fatluT until "i.") yciirs of aye. 1'ukcn ])risoni'r in a petty lo<:il war, Ms
captivity caused or was followed hy an illness durinf^ which his future \ ocatinii
was ri^vealed to liini in dreams. Useless thereaftei for business ;ind ictranltil
as insane by liis father, he renounced his ])atrimouy, vowed to live im ahiis
ulone, anil retired to the convent of I'oreiiineula near Assisi, where he laid tiie
foundations of his great <jrder. This organization was approved hy the pn|i('
in l'20!l, and atthe first chapter, orassundily, in 1'21'Jhad over .■),IX)I) nieialiers
in its dillercnt classes. The founder gave up the generalship as an exaiiiiile
of humility, and went to Kgypt in VIV.) in search of martyrdom; but the Sul-
tan, admil'ing his courage, would not allow him to be killed. Amoni: tlie
many miracles wrought liy or through him, the most famous is that ul tlie
till ij mat (I, or Ikitjim ilc JeMia, the wounds of the nails and spcur iuilieled on llic
KAULIKST AXX.VLS.
203
Till' !umal;'« of Sill! Vi-aiicisco for tlic first inonfli-^,
Ml' . \iii years, of its cxistt'iifu ari' iiitaiLfi'c. 'I'lio
IV. Hid is iiidrcd (•(iiii|)l('ti' ciiou;^!!, Imt tluri' was
icilly wry little- to ha rerordi.'d. ()ii Ortolkr 'J 1st
imssioiis,
I't' til
1
)hj,Iv I I' ('liri.-t iinprii:*' I '•;,• iiii nii"t'l on Siiiiit FrimriM nn lie Nlfjit. TIkiiiuIi
ill ImIi..' Iitalili 111' cciiilii. 'C'll I'l'iacliini; ; mil lii.s lUulli on Oii. i, I'J^.i. liu
« :. . .;;i ni/iil in 1-J8, ami ' i ff.stivjil is (•ilil)iiiUil oii llic tiny nf lii.i tlciitli,
OrtolKT-lth.
A t" till' exact ilate of tlit fciiniliitioii tlioro is u ilugri'u of uiici'rtiiiiity, it
l\iii ' 111 twci'ii tlio .'itli mill tl I- !>tli. Ti'iir, I'jilim, Xnf., ii. ."l-Jl), in n ^ tiiti'iiirnt
viliicli tVoui its I'Diiiicrtinn villi tin; <liito of .Moi'ii;,'a'H ri^turn ()>. Jtl.s) raiinot
li. a ■'■'•[> of till! I'l'il or t_viii),riiii!iii':il cirur, is lIu' oiilj- •i''liiiiiiy I'M- llio
fiiiln. i'i!:ilc, V. liiKi I'aliiii liimsi'lf, I'vla, •_'! 1, iiii'' all otiii'rniii' t ii ; (. \c'c]it-
iii;,' III I'liuisc II It'w Very ivcciit writers who I'ullow llio Aaiiri'i. \ i.icltnliiig tlio
aiiiiiial ami liii'iiiiial i-ciiorts of iiii.s.sioiiai'iis no far iis tlicy Live liciii jac-
\ a'.'i'i'c oil Oi't. !)>li. Vet this rviiliinr i< not so ovc'rv, nihiiiii;; in f,i\or
lat tir date iis it koi'Iiih, nini'u all piiiitcd works li v doubli' i.i tollov ni
1": I 1:1'.. I'i'f'i, and it ii iiol i.-' rlaiii that ilic rc';.;iilar w^ ,s alludi'd to .'iu not
full I'.v till- same authority. I havo kci n no ii'iiort jti'i'ri'din,',' I 7s7, tlii' dato
\\\w)\ I'i li .I's v.orl; was iinMishcd, wliiuli givi's the dato ill .li: Oniinaiily
tlio viiLli i of (.|iui;.l i'('i».rts olilaincd inch dates IVom tin' n.is. ion lioi.!>s, on
the titlc-ra;;i's of wliiili the dato of foundiii.i; is in ovi'iy titln 1 mission cor-
rio'.ly giviii; but Ktiangtly enough in tin.-, iiihtaiico iSau rraiiuin'o, J.il>. da
M^riii, MS., -2, tlu' date is ■^ivi'ii in I'alou's own h;indwritiii,L,' as Aiijn.it l.-it,
wliii'li i) not only im'orrcrt hut wholly iininti'llij^ihlc. Luckin;.; this soiiri'o
(it ial' .iraation 1 niiiijiusu tliu fiiar.s may have nsiil ralm's woik, vliii.li wu.t
ill ii:".4, if not all thu iiii.-^.'ion libraries. To naniL'thu writers who Ii:ive given
(lie date or the other would not aid in settling the ijiiestiou, mid it must bo
](ii i.i doubt. Siiiee it is only oonjccturo that the source of information for
uliii i^ 1 I'i'iiorts was Talon's printed liook, the lialanee of evidence is of eoiir.so
ill lavorof Oct. Otii. ViiUejo, in liis />/(ie«/'.io lliMui'ko, MS., Htiites that tlio
fipiiuiliiii,' ■\va:j on Oct. 4tli, but in a note arpeiided to the tran:dalion of his
cliscoin-.ie, Sdii J'nuirisfo, (\ iitiiihittl Mviii.^ lO.'i-ti, as in conversation, lie «',\-
I'lains his meaning; to be that as Oct. 4tli wan the day arrointcd for the cer-
eianny, as it was the day of San I'Vancisco, and as it was the day annually
cell 'li'ated by the ( 'alifornians, it onijlit still to be the day celebrated as ait
aiiaivcr.iary. Vv'hatever may be s.'iid of tlio theory, it bus no bearing on tho
aril! 1 ('aic IS i'.n historical fact. \'alk-jo"8 buggcstion that liotli Oct. 8th and
(tit. Jitli ill i'aloii may be typogrnpliical eiTors is scarcely HOund.
i;cf,j)cclinL,' the locality of the mission there was a theory long current
that it was lii'iit founded on Washerwoinan's liay, the lagoon back of llussiati
Hill, mid snb,se(|iiently moved to its present Kite. Soiile^n AmiaU of S. /'.,
\>\-'\ Titl/iil/'n Hint. Ceil., 85-0; and many other modern writings in books,
111.'. ;a:.iiics, and newspapers. This Kup[io.sition Mas unfounded, except in tho
Ktateiiieiits of I'alou, Viila, 20!)-10, the only authority e.xtant until quito
nreiitly, that Moraga'a expedition cncampcil June 'JTth 'on the bank of a
great la';oim which emptied into the arm of the sea of tiie port which extends
iiil.'iiid I,') leagues toward the .sontli-east,' and that a mission site was selected
'ill tin ; saim.' place at the lagoon on the plain which it has on the west.' To
.John \V. Dwincllc, Colon. Hist. S. /'., p. xiii., belongs, I lielieve, the credit
ef having been the first to show the iiiaccu>-acy of the prevalent opinion as
early/ as l;(i7, ;uid without the aid of I'alou'. Notidnn whfch he had never
seen. ])y the aid of the Vuliu of La I'erouse's map (which I reproduce in
t'lwiii. x.\ii.)anil the tcstimeny of Dona l.'ainien C'ibri.m de Benial, an old
lady at the mission, ho iihiitilied the Lagnna de los Dolores with 'The Wil-
lows,' ii lagoon, lillcd up in modern times, which lay in the tract lioiiiidcd by
ITtli, I'Jth, Iluward, and Valencia streets, diachurging its waters into Mission
294
FOUXniXfJ OF SAN FRANCISCO.
the Sd)) Carlos sailed for San Bias, Icavinjj^ four s;ill-
ors as lal)()ivi"s at the new mission, who eonipK-lcd
the l)uildini4"s and l))'oui(lit water in a ditch Woui tlic
stream, ^leanwhile llivera, having received at San
IJiiy. (!ov. Xcve in liis report to tlie viceroy of Feb. 2ii, 1777, in Pror, /,',,■.,
MS., i. 141, siiys the mission vas 1| li'aj;iU'.H from the foit iiiul mar l.akf
])(ilor('s. V.illi'jo, in lii.s J)!yrii}:-!0 J/isturiro, iidvanced the theory that LaLMina
lie his l)olores Mas ii small lake situateil between two hills to the I'i^^lit ot the
olil road fi'DiM tile jiresidio to the missictn. Jn tlie translation and ae(iini|iaiiy-
ini,' notes, Sail Fntunxro, ('eiiliiiiiifi/ Mem., '2."), 107, the lake is loeated, dsten-
sibly on X'allejo's iinthoi'ity, ' iu Sans Souei Valley, north of tlie .Missimi . ,
and immediately hehilid the hill on M-liieh the IVotestiint Orphan Asyhim
now stands.' Dwinelle in his oration delivered on the same day and ]iiinird
in liie same book (p. 8(i) deehired in favor of ' 'J'iie Willows 'ami maintains his
jiosilion in a siipiilementary argument (jii), 1S7-!)I). 'J'hereean be iiodniilit, I
tliink, that the Laguiia de Dolores of I'alou was identieal witli the imnil i f
the Willows, formerly tht; head of an estuary, aeetirdiiig to the testimony nf
Sra liernal and other ohl residi'iits, tliou;,di fed by ."prings, and iidt with tin'
]ioiid to wliieh Vallejo allmles. The statement of I'alou that the mission was
on the i)luin westwjinl of the laguiia, together with La I'erouse's map wliii h
gives the same relative positiiiii, seems eonelusive. 15ut while |)u iiicllrs
argument against Valh'jo is eoiielii.sive, it contains some curious ei'inrs.
I'ahm, A'o^, ii. JIO!), says the Spaniards eneani])ed on Juiit! "27111 ' a l.i orilla
de una lagumi (pie llaim'i el Senor Aiiza de Xuestr.a Scfiora de los Doluics ipic
esta iV la vista, de la ensenada de los Llorones y ])laya del estero 6 braxu de
mai- (jue eorre al Sudeste,' that is, 'on the bank of the lake which Aii/a
iiametl Polorcs, which is in sight of the iMisenada dc los Llorones and of the
beach of the estuary, or arm of the sea, which runs to the south-east.' Nnw
the ' Knseiiada de los Llorones, ' as Me have seen, was Mission May, the name
having been given by Aguirre in 177,") (see p. *247 '>f chap, xi.) from tliiii'
'weejiing Indians' standing on the shore. Dwinelle, however, tran^lntcil
JJi)riii;r^ tin 'weeping Millows,' which but for the circumstance alhuled to
would b(! correct ; and having the willows on his hands, must hav<' tioli
Water lor their roots, which he obtains by translating i iisviuuld as 'i reek,' and
thus identifying ]']usenad.i de los Llorones with a stream of fresh water ll.i« -
ing from a ravine nortli-M est of the mission and into the bay at what was
in later years City tiardens, a stieani which supplied the mission with «nti'r
for all ]iiirposes, being ' in sight of ' the mu^sion, iind moreover lined in Dv. i-
nellc's own time with willows. Then having fitted the name of one of the
objects seen from the mission site to the fresh-water stream, it rcniaineil tn
identity the other, the ' playa del estero o brazo de mar (pie cone al
Sudeste ' with Mission J5ay, v liich he does by a j)eculiar system of (iiiiwrit-
teii) punctuation and by changing '/c to <I(J, making it re;i(l 'shore of the in-
let, or arm, of that sea which trends to the south-east'! The nieaiiiiig of l!i'^
original was 'in sight of Mission J{;iy and of the south-eastern braiu h of ."^iiii
Francisco l>ay.' Dwinelle's reasoning is a very ingenious escape from dilii-
culties that never existed.
After all 1 have an idea- that Palou iimde the first blunder in this mattn-
himself. ]t will be remi'mbered that An/a ap]i'ied the iiaim^ Dolores to au
oji) ill' (iijud, ;i spring or stream, which he thought ca]iable of iiri/iitiiig the
mission lands, making no mention of awy Imjinut. 1 siqipose that this v.. is
the frish-water sticani alluclcd to by i)winelle which did, as Anza IkhI
thought it might, sujiply the mis.- ion with water. Later when I';iloii (muh'
nji, for some uiu'xplained cause he transferred the nameiif Dolon-s to the ]!• ii 1
at the A\'illows, too low to be used for irrigation and probably at tliat time
connei'ted with tiile-water.
Kespectiiig the name of this mission it should be clearly understood that
RIVERA AT THE NEW TRESIDIO.
SOo
^ four s;ill-
couiplutfd
I from tlic
•c'd at Sail
". in /Vol'. /,'.,'.,
iind near J.^iki;
:)ry that I.aL!iiiia
till' i-i;;lit (it tliu
iiiid aciipiii|iaiiy-
s Inciitc'il. (istcii-
tli(! .Missiciii , .
)rpliaii Asylum
lay and iniiitril
id niaiiitaiiis liis
u In' lilt dni:lit, 1
vith the ]iuiid . f
ilio ti'stiiiKiiiy 111'
111 nut \vitli till'
the inissioii was
isu's nia[( \\ liirli
liiLlo, |)\\inc!!r's
curioiiM ci'iiiis.
'_>Tth 'alaiiiill:i
Ids DoloM's i|ui'
;tt'ri) 6 lirazK do
ikii wliii'li All/a
I'onca and of tlii'
th-cast.' ^■nw
liay, tilt" iiaiiii'
xi.) from tliiri'
vvi; ti'aiislatul
nifo alhiilril to
list liavc fn-h
as ' tivi'k,' aii'l
■fsji \y;\Uv I!"«-
y lit wiiat was
sion uilli watrr
r lined in I'v. !■
of oiic of till'
it ivmainiil to
:ir (]nu cum' al
;cni of (iiiiwvil-
.slioi'i' of till' ill-
nicaiiiiiL,' of till!
liiauili ot Sail
cape fniiii diiii-
in this niattrr
IViloMs to all
f iiri/atilij,' thr
i|' tllilt lllis V..H
as All/a liad
K'U I'aloll calili'
UTS tl'lllO ]!' lid
.ly at tliat tinn'
iidi'l'stood tliut
Dic'ijfo communications from tlio viceroy in which that
ofHcial spoko of the new missions in the north as
]ia\ iiiLC hcen ah'cady fouiuleil, concluded tliat it was
tiiiit' to proceed nortii and attend to their founding-.
On the way at San Luis Obispo lie learned that his
(H'di rs liad l)een disobeyed at San Francisco, and said
lie was glad of it and would soon g(^ in person to
i'liimd the other mission. From jMoiiterey accom-
jiaiiicd by Fella, who had in the mean while I'eturned,
he went up to San Francisco, arriving November
•Jdth and cordially approving the choice of sites and
all that had been done. Three days later he set out
will) ]\rt)raga to make a new exploratiiMi of the gi-eat
ri\ei' and })lain, leaving Fena at the mission, and
jiioiiiising on arrival at ^lonterey to send up soldiers
I'm the founding of Santa Clara. ]^ivera's expedition
aifniii[>lished nothing, for after fording the river ho
(lid not u'o so far as !Moraga had done, fearing that a
rise in the stream might prevent his return. On his
wav back he was met bv a courier Avith news of
ti(itil)le at San Luis, which claimed his attention,
whereupon Moraga returned to his presidio, and Peha
was obliged to wait.
Til ])ecember the self-exiled natives began to como
hack to the peninsula; b"t they came in hostile atti-
tude and by no means dis[)osed to bo converted. They
began to steal all that came within reach. One party
discharged arrows at the coiporal of the guard;
another insulted a soldier's wife; and there was an
atteini»t to shoot the San Cilrlos neophyte who was
still livin<j here. One of those concerned in this
living
it was niniidy San Krancisco dc Asis and ncvor propi'i'Iy anything rlsi\ Asis
was ilriip]i('il in ci iiiiiion nsaj,'i' I'vcii liy tho friars, as \\as llorionu'i) at San
('.irlosand AK'ahi at San ])i(';,'o. 'i'licn J)oloios was addrd, not as ])art of tlio
lialiii' hnt simply as tlio locality, like ( 'armcloat San ( Virlos, and, iiioio rarely,
Nipa'iiay at San IHi'lto. (iradiially, as San I'laiicisco wa.s also the iianie of
the picsiilio, and there was aiiotheiliii.sioii of San l''raiiiisci) Solano, it liecaine
ellstiiiuary among settlers, sohlicrs, and to some cNteiiL fiiaisalso, s|ieak of
tlie Mi.^ioii lll•|ll.^ Ihiliiftii, meaning simply 'lln' mission at lUiloies.' No other
iKoiie than San I'Vaiieisco was employed in ollicial k ports. l)olores\\as in
lull Niicstra Senora de los Dolores, one of the virgin's most comiiiou appella-
tions, yid ti Very coinmuu iiauiu for pkiccii iu all Spauisli countries.
206
FOUXDING OF SAN FRANCISCO.
attempt was shut up and flof^god by Grijalva, wlicro-
upon the savages rushed uj) and discharged a volley
of ai''"OAVs at the mission buikhngs, attempting n
rescue, though they were frightened away by a dis-
charge of musketry in the air. Xext day the sergeant
M'ent out to make arrests, when a new li<>'ht occurred,
in wliicli a settk-r and a horse were M'ounded, while
of the natives one was killed, another wounded, and
all begged for ])eace, which was granted after sundry
tlo!>i>inus had been administered. It was some three
months before the savaijes showed themselves au'aiu
at the mission.
Events of 1777 may bo very l)riefly disposed of,
and as well here rts elsewhere. The natives resumed
their visits in !March, gradually lost their fears, jind
on June i24tli three adults were baptized, the wlmlc
number of converts at the end of the year being
thirty-one.'-'' Some slight improvements were made
in buildings at both establishments; but of agri(,'ult-
ural progress we have no record. Jose Itamon ]»o-
jorges was the corjioral in command of the mission
guard. In April San Francisco was honored by ;i
visit from the governor of the Californias, who had
come to live at Monterey, and wished to make a per-
sonal inspection of the famous port."*^ May 12th the
^Vr^c^/rtr/o, under IgnacioArteaga, with Francisco Castro
as master, and Xocedal as chai)lain, entered the harbor
with siip[)lies for the northern cstablishuients and Sau
Bias news down to the 1st of ]\ larch. This M'as the
iirst voyage to the port of San Francisco direct witli-
out touching at intermediate stations. Ai'teaga set
sail for Monterey on the 27th. In October the good
-'.S'rf?; Fravri-co, Lib. de3fi-'<ion, MS. Tho first convert was nanipd Frnn-
Cisco JMor;ip;t, the luiiiiiiiuulaiit of the presidio staiuliiig ns (.roil fat her. Tlio
first buii;>l of ii iieoiihytc was en Oetolier 20th. Tliere had ah-eady l)eeu tiulit
deaths oi S|ianiard», but tliere were no more for t'vo years. The Iirst iiiairiiiL'o
Mas tliat of ^hiiiaiio A. Cordero, a soldier, anu Juana F. I'iuto on XoNcinlxr
2S, 1770 ; the first burial that of Maria do la Luz Muuoz, wife of J. M. Vakii-
cia, a Koldicr.
•" His rcpoi-t to tho viceroy dated February 25, 1777, isiuProy. lice, M>^ .
i. 140-2.
. FATHER JUXiPERO AT THE GOLDEN GATE.
297
iiM'lii' })resi(U'iito on liis first visit to San Francisco
Mirivi'd in time to say mass in the mission cliur<'li on
l!h' (lay of Saint Francis in the i)resencc of all tlio
•( M rc'^idcnts' and oi" sovonteen adnlt native converts.
]*;is,-.inL>' ovei" to the pi'csidio October lOtli, and <^azinL''
1 I' tiie iirst time on tlie blue waters under the pur[)le
] illaisoi" the Golden Gate, Father Junipero exclaimed:
"Thanks be to God that now our father St Francis
wiili the holy cross of the procession of missions has
iv'iclu'd the last limit of the ("alilbrnian continent.
T(i Lio farther ho must have boats."-'
■'Compn'llc^^^ivc rcfcvc nct'P. on tlic concnil .'i'i1)U'ct of this olinptor arc
I'nl .1!, X(t., ii. ■J:'.3-;M7; Ji'., l'kl(/,2')l-'ll. A fewmlditioii!:! iiMtcs on minor
tii| its lit' ;-;!!i l'''r;UK'i.s(.'o lii.slory j.iv i-.s follows: IVlj'. u:;ry "_"">, 1777, t'.;o j^ovt'innr
ic ;;'irt:i tli;it Moi;i;.^;i liii.s lii'ou orilcu'd to cncloio tlio ]:rL'.-i(lio, iinil li;is l'r;,-iiu
til' Work. TIk! Loiiiiiuiiii!;aitVi hoilso aiul tlio wai'clioi^c are of iulolic, thou;j;U
vivy uusubs'.r.ntial; all tlio other st'^uctinxs avo iinTi' huts. Prar. Un\, .MS.,
i. 1 VI. On .Tinio 4;h tho ;;overnor notes tin.' arrival of ii i>ic'tnro of .'■it Franeia
I'lr the ]irc:;i(lii) elrijiel, /'/., (Jl), whieh it Hienis was sent at Mora.Ljaw renuest.
.I,-./). ,S(i,i/fi J!(' r'mrci, MS., vi, l.'jf). The value of eli'i et.s r( eeiveil in tho
warehouse in 1770 was 81t.('-T. S/. Pap. Sue, MS., vi. (iO. 'J"he expi iis(? of
li;'.ililiiig i!ie ^nesidii^ down to 17''>2 had been in good.s as per Me.\ie::ii invoieo
.*l/i:)i). III., iii. '2'.tO. Ei;,'ht servants at the niis:sion at end of 1777, iiauie.s
fiiveii. /(/., Jkii., i. 11. The. foiee of tho San Franeiseo distriet, ineliidin;.^
San Jose, at the end of 1777, was as follow.s: Lieutenant Mora^'a; Ser;4i'ant
.lii.iu rahio ( iri jaha; corporals Domingo Alviso, Valeric Mesa, Talilo I'into,
(^iibiiel I'eialta, and Ramon Bojorges; 33 soldiers, ineludinj; mis.sion guards
lit San I'raiieiseo and iSnita Clara; .-settlers ^laiiuel (Jonzalez, Nienlas liirrey-
iv-a, I'asiniiro Varela, I'odro I'crcz, Manuel Ami'Zfjuita, Tibureio VaHi|U(z,
I'laneisco Alviso, Ignaeio Areliuleta, and relieiaiio Alliallo; airi if iil (at if tho
]i;e-iilin, iiieliuliii|; meehanies, ete., .Salvador Jli'iiiiosa, Juan Kspinnsa, IVdri)
i.rjii/, I'edro iMJutes, Jnaii Sanehe/, ^relehor Canlenas, Tomiis de la, Cinz,
.^ii•,'Ul■l Velez., rdipu Otondo; nirricii/i-i of tho mission, I)ie[:o Olvera, AUjo
Felieiauo, Vietoriano I'loies, Joar]ilin Molina, An;;el Se;.;unilo, Josi5 Rodri-
piu/, .lo.se t'a.'-'tn), .Jose Gio.s; x'rridifci (tf Santa Clara, II (see eliapter xiv.);
lollies, I'rami.-.eo Ralon, Fedro I'enito (^unhon, .To.se Antonio Mur^niia, and
'i'ljiiiiis do 1 1 Fefia; store-keeper, IIei'iiieiie;.;ildo Sal. Total 80 men. Moraga'a
rciinrt in MS. Morwja, Iii/orme <lc 17'ii, MS.
;
. -sir
CHAPTER XIV.
MISSIOX PROGRESS AND PUEBLO BEGINXINGS.
1770-1777.
Indlw Affuigiit at Monterey — Fire at San Luis Obispo— Affairs at
San Dii:go — River^v and Serra — Reestablisiiment of the Mij^sion—
The Lost Registers — Fol'nuino of San J can Capistrano— Fatiieu
Serra Attacked— Founuino of Santa Clara— Change of Capital
OF the Califoknias— Governor Xeve Comes to Monterey— Riveka
as Lieutenant-Governor at Loreto — Promncias Internas — (lov-
ernor's Reports- Precautions against Captain Cook — Movements
of Vessels — Neve's Plans for Channel Establishments — Plans loii
Grain Supply — Experimental Pueblo — Founding of San Jose- Ind-
ian Troubles in the South — A Soldier Killed — Four Chieftains
Shot — The First Public Execution in California.
All that is known of Monterey affairs during tlio
year 177G has been told in connection with the found-
ing of San Francisco, except a rumor of impending
attack by gentiles on San Cilrlos in the spring, wliidi
filled Father Junipero's heart with joy at the thouglit
of possible martyrdom — a joy wdiicli, nevertheless, tiic
good friar restrained sufKciently to summon troops
from jMonterey; but the rumor proved unfounded.*
Of San Antonio nothinsf is recorded save that the
mission was quietly prosperous under the ministrations
of Pieras and Sitjar. At San Luis Obispo there was
a fire on November 29th which destroyed the build-
ings, except the church and granary, together with
implements and some other property. The fire was
tlie work of mnitiles who discharufcd burnin<jr anows
1 • • • • 1
at the tule roofs, not so much to injure the Spaniartis
^ Pnhm, Villa, .SIS-'JO. Anza in his report, Dkirto, MS., I.S."), rcprcscnttd
San Curios us in u very prosperous condition, with over 300 neophytes.
( m )
FRANCISCAN POLICY.
as to revenge themselves on ^ hostile tribe who were
tile' Spaniards' friends. Rivera hastened to the spot,
cajtturcd two of the ringleaders, and sent them to
the presidio.^ Cavalier and Figuer were in charge,
assisted much of the time by Murguia and Mugtlrtegui;
wliilc at San Gabriel, of which mission something has
been said in connection with Anza's expedition, Pa-
teiiui, Cruzado, and Sanchez were serving.
In the extreme south as in the extreme north tho
year was not uneventful, since it saw the mission of
8an Diego rebuilt and that of San Juan Capistrano
successfully founded. Rivera returned to San Diego
in ^fay, to resume his investigations in connection
witli the disaster of the year before; but he seems to
have had no thought of immediate steps toward re-
building the destroyed mission. His policy involved
long investigations, military campaigns, and severe
penalties, to bo followed naturally in tho distant
future by a resumption of missionary work. Such,
however, was by no means the policy of Serra or of
tlie missionaries generally. Throughout the north-
west both Jesuits and Franciscans had from the first,
on the occurrence of hostile acts by the natives,
favored prompt and decisive action, with a view to
inspire terror of Spanish power; but long-continued
retaliatory measures they never approved. Condemna-
tion and imprisonment were sometimes useful, but
niairilv as a mean? of increasing missionary inlluenco
ougli pardon and release. This policy, tliougli
sttiuetimes carried too far for safetv, was a wise one,
^Pnhm, Not., ii. .339-40. Neve's Ecport of Sept. 10, 1777, in Prow LW.,
518., i. l!(. The iiiinsiou register of iiian'inges waH I ii'sti'iiytd. NoUi t)f Senu
ill S. l.ii'i.t Oljispo, Lit), lie Ml-<ioii, !MS., 07. The luissinii \v;is twice tr^diii on
lire within ten year.-*, wh'ch caused the use of tilc.i for ninfs to lie universally
niluptcil. J'liloii, ]'i<lii, 14-2-3. Alvarado, y/;.s/. ('<(/., MS., i. >s:5, Bays tiia't
l;.'n;;cio Vallejo, the autlior'.s giauJfatlier, was at tlui inteices.sioa of the
inilrcs allowed to (juit the service temporarily to sujicrintend tlio rclmilding
ot the mission and the construction of irrigatiim works; anil in fact N'allejo's
name appear.s as witness in a marriage which took jilace the day after the tire,
lis ' caipeuter aud omployo of tho niissiou." tiun Luis Obhiio, Lib, de Misloii,
iJS., 07.
300
MISSION rnOGRESS AND PUEBLO BEGINNINGS.
t :
and indeed the only on6 by which the friars could
liave achieved their pur[)Ose.^
The viceroy on hearing of the massacre at San
Diego had given orders for protective measures, in-
cluding a reenforccment of twenty-five men; but a
little later he expressed his opinion, agreeing with
that of the missionaries, that it would be better to
conciliate than to punish the offending gentiles, and
that the reenforccment ordered should be employed
rather to protect the old and new establishments than
to chastise the foe.* Bucareli's communications,
though dated in the spring of 177G, seem to have
been delayed; at any rate liivera was doing nothing
towards reestablishment, and the southern fiiars were
becoming discouraj^ed. Serra therefore determined
to go down in person. As we have seen, ho had
wished to accomj)any Rivera, but that officer had
pleaded necessity for a more rapid march than was
suited to his advanced age and feeble health. Now
he sailed on the San Antonio which left Monterey the
last day of June, and arrived at San Diego the lltli
of July. Father Nocedal was left at San Carlos;
Serra took the latter's place as chaplain; and Santa
Maria accompanied the president, who intended to
substitute him for some southern missionary wliosu
discontent might not impair his usefulness, for three
had already applied for leave to retire.®
Serra found the natives peaceable enough; in fact
Rivera had reported them to the viceroy as 'pacified;'
but though the military force was idle in the j^rcsidio,
the friars for want of a guard could not resume their
'In a communication to Rivera Serra urges a suspension of hostilities,
M'liich would do more harm than good, and a light punishment to captives.
Let tiic living padres be protected ' as the apple of God's eye, ' but let the dc.id
one bo left to enjoy God, and thus good be returned for evil. St. Pop., MS.,
XV. 14, 15.
♦Bucareli's letters to Serra of March 2Gth and April 3d, in Arch. Santa
Bdrbara, M.S., vi. l-,3, and Palou, Vida, 187-90. It is stated in the letters
that instructions of similar purport were sent to Rivera.
^ These were probably Fuster, the survivor of San Diego, and Lasucn and
Aniurrio destined for San Juan. Their petition to retire was simply a protest
against Rivera's inaction, and not improbably had been suggested by Sena
himself.
WORK AT SAN DIEGO.
301
work. Tho president at once made an arrangement
witli Captain Choquct of the San Antonio, who of-
ii red to furnish sailors to work on the mission, and
\fn in person to direct tiieir labors. Tlien Kivera,
askod in writing for a guard, could not refuse, and
(k'taik'd six men for the service. On August 22d"
the three friars, Choquet with his mate and boat-
swain and twenty sailors, a company of neophytes,
and the six soldiers went up the river to the old site
ami began work in earnest, digging foundations, col-
lecting stones, and making adobes. The plan was to
erect lirst an adobe wall for defence and then build
a cliurth and other structures within the enclosure.
(nK)(l progress was made for fifteen days, so that it
was oxjiected to complete the wall in two weeks and
tho l)uildings before the sailing of the transport, with
time enough left to put in a crop. But an Indian
WQwi to Rivera with a report that the savages were
})rcparing arrows for a new attack, and though a ser-
geant sent to investigate reported, as the friars claim,
thai the report had no foundation'' the commandant
was frightened, and on September 8th withdrew the
guard, advising the withdrawal of the sailors. Clio
(|Uot, though protesting, was obliged to yield to save
liis own responsibility, and the w^ork had to be aban-
doned, to the sorrow and indignation of the missiou-
aries.
About this time a native reported that Corporid
Carrillo was at Velicatd with soldiers en route ft)r
San Diego. Serra was sure they were the solditMs
l)roniised him for mission guards, and Rivera equally
positive that they were destined to reenforce tho [ru-
i^idio; but he refused to send a courier to learn the
truth until a letter came from Carrillo on the 25th.
"Lasucn in his report of 17S3, in lidn-Hul, Doc. Jflst. Cal., ^IS., 2, states
tliat tho mission was reestablislied in June 1770. Tlicrc may, however, Ijo
ail error of tho copyist.
'The frovcrnor in ji hitcr report says that investigations had proved a
popoiiil convocation of '21 rancherias for liostilc operations, /'roc. /iVf., Jl,S.,
i. 00-1, It is not certain however that the allusion is to this occasion.
302
MISSION PROGRESS AND PUEBLO BEGINNINGS.
Three days later the viceroy's despatches arrived aii<l
proved favorable to Serra's claims, directing tlio
troops, which arrived on the 29th, to be used tor tlu;
restoration of the missions. The president celebrated
his triumph by a mass and the ringing of bells. Rive-
ra was obliged to modify his plans, assigning twelve
of the twenty-five men to the mission, ten to Saii
Juan, two to San Gabriel, and the remainder to the
presidio. Ho also released the Indian captives wlioin
he had intended to exile to San Blas.^ On the 1 1th
he started north to establish the missions near Sau
Francisco, learning on the way, as we have seen, that
one of them had already been founded in spite of his
orders to the contrary."
Work was at once resumed at the mission, and the
buildings were soon ready for occupation. Three friars,
Fuster, Lasucn, and probably Santa Maria, moved
into their new quarters and under the protection of
an increased escort renewed their labors, the date beinij
aj)[)arently the 17th of October.^" Already the lost
mission registers of baptism, marriages, and deaths
had been replaced with new ones in which the miss-
ing entries were restored, so far as possible, fioni
the memory of priests, neophytes, and soldiers, l)y
Serra himself, who added some valuable notes on the
past history of the mission, at various dates from
August 14th to October 25th; Fuster also added an
interesting narrative of the tragedy of November 5,
1775. These records, which I have had occasion to
* But this release would seem not to have been immediate, for the gov-
ernor in a letter of Feb. 27, 1777, says that there were still 13 prisoners iit
Sau ])ie;;o implicated in tlie revolt. Prop. lice, MS., i. 143. In a letter i if
Juno .'"(l he states that on receipt of the viceroy's orders of Feb. 2d, the tr(ioi)3
wcro drawn up, the prisoners called out and harangued on the ennrniity of
their oli'tncc meriting death, warned that if they abused the present ehiii-
cncy tluy must expect the severest penalty, and then they were dismissed
with fin exhortation by the priests, both soldiers and criminals uniting in a
cliecr, and a salute from two cannons celebrating this termination of a pain-
ful matter. /(/., GO-1. One of the prisoners had strangled himself on Aug.
1 .'jtli, the anniversary of the day when six years before he had attempted to
kill Father Sena in the first attack on the mission. Palou, Vidn, 87.
Tiilou, Not. ii, 325-37; Id., Vida, 191-3, 196-7.
»" Ortega to Rivera, Dec. 3d, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 151.
rOUXDING OF SAN JUAN CAriSTRANO.
aos
use frouly In the procudiinjf chapters, arc anionjr the
)ii()st viiliiablo original authorities on the early history
of California." Palou asserts that progress in the
Avork t)f conversion was ra[)i(l from the first, wliole
raiicherias coming in from far away to ask for ba|)tism.
The only additional record for the 3'car at San J3iego
i.s in letters of Ortega to Kivera complaining of some
minor )natters of the presidio routine, among others
of want of clothing and tortillas.*'
In the last days of October, leaving San Diego
affiiirs in a satisfactory condition, Sorra started north-
wai'd with Gregorio Amurrio.and the escort of ten
soldiers" to establish the new mission of San Juan
Ca[)istrano," on the site abandoned the year previous.
Tlie buried bells were dug up to be hung and chimed;
mass was said by the president, and tlius the seventh
mission was founded the 1st of Xovember^' on or near
the site where stood the ruins of a later structure
a ci'iitury after,'" near a small ba}- which offered good
anchorage and protection from all but south winds, and
Avliich long served as the port for mission cargoes. La-
Kiieu, originally assigned to this mission, had remained
".Verm, Notns, JIS. ; Fiistcr, Iie<jhtro<1e D('/iii)rionr.i, MS.
'-Oitegii to Kivera, in rror. St! Pap., SJS., i. 1.-2-,'}.
'■'Tlie mission gutiril umlcr Corporal Xicolas (^ii-al)anas includcil tlie
soldiiiH .lauiiito Gloria, Jos(5 Antonio IVfia, Francisco I'fua, I'io Quinto
Ziifiigii, Xieoli'is Gomez, Matias Vega, .Josi; Dolores Doniingucz, .Julian Aco-
IiiiIm, Mini .Tosu Joaquin AniK'nta. It is to be noted that many early C'ali-
f()nii:in.s wrote their names 'Joaoph' rather than Josi?.
' ' 'I'ho patron saint of this mission was born nt t'apistrano in the kingdom
of ?\:ip!es in lUSo, was educated as fv lawyer, became a judge, and in 141 j
tiiok tlie habit of St Friancis. He was ncjted thereafter for his austere life and
his zr:d against heretics, occupying high positions in the LKjuisition. He also
ti-iivi'lled extensively in F.urope on diplomatic business for tlie pope. lie took
piut in the crusades, and hated .Jews and Turks no loss than heretics. Jle was
priiiiiiiKMit in tlie siege and Christian victory of IJclgiade in 14.j(), and died in
Uitolicr of that year, to be canonized iu IGOO. Ho was the author of many
ecclesiastical works, and his festival is celebrated by the church the 31st of
Ott';lier.
' .S'. Jnnn CapUtrano, Lib. de MLsion, ^IS., title-page; Orte'ja, in Prov. St.
Pnp., MS., i. l.'il. " ^
''' According to Los Aiifjdcs, Hist., 5, the fii'st mission was located some
iiiilcu north-easterly from the present location, at the foot of tlie mountain,
tlic jilace being still known as Minion Vi'ja; but this can hardly agree with
rnlmra stiitement, I'ida, 197-200, that the mission stood half a league from
tic bay, on a stream i-unniug into it, and in sight of it as at present.
so*
MISSION PROOnESS AXD PUEBLO BEGIXXINGS.
in tTauine's place at San Diogo, and Pablo Mugilrtocjui,
«})jK)inte(l in Jiis place, soon came down from San Luis.
A i'ew days after the founding Serra made a trip to
San Gal>ricl. While returning in company with a
pack-train and a drove of cattle he went a little in
advance with a soldier and a neophyte, and was nut
on the Trahuco stream by a horde of painted nnd
armed savages who approached with shouts and
hostile gcistures, but were induced to desist by a few
judicious falsehoods applied by the San Gabriel neo-
phyte, who afHrmed that there was a large body of
soldiers close behind who would take terrible vengeance
f(L)r any harm done to the friar. ^'' There were no lurthcr
demonstrations of the kind. The natives near the
mission were not averse to Christianity, and Amurrio
administered baptism December 15th, and Mugiirtegul
again on Clu-istmas, the whole number during the yvixv
being four, and during the next year forty. The
native name of the mission site was Sajirit."^
As so<m as Eivera arrived from the south in the
autumn of 1776, he gave his attention to the two
new missions which the viceroy in his late connnuni-
cations had spoken of as already founded, and wliidi
the commandant now realized to have been too loiin'
neglected. One of them had indeed been established;
Tomas de la Pefia and Jose IMuro-uia had long since
been assigned to the other; mission guard, churcli })aia-
j)hernalia, and all needed supplies were ready; and
Peila had already been over the northern country and
"Nov. ]*2th Corporal Bcltmn reports tho hostile demonstrations njiainst
SeiTa and the soldier Pena, and adds tliat the natives are at tlie mission ready Id
tight. Nov. inth Ortega reports having sent Mariano (,'arrillo to inv(!sti,i.'at('.
He a<Ids that two soldiers and a servant liavo deserted from the new nii^simi.
Nov. '2.^d Carrillo reports that all isqniet sinee tho original demonstratimi; iill
round tlie mission were peacealde, and two pagan chiefs hadcomoto ask ])i'r-
mission to settlo at San Juan. One chief complains tliat a soldier lias tiiki'a
his wife, but the soldier will be sent to San Diego. St. Pap. Sac, MS., vii.
C-13.
^^San Juan Capis-frano, Lib. de Minion, MS. In several of tho mission
registers the aboi'iginal name was written Qitaim-Savit, which was, in all hut
one, erased uud Sajirit substituted.
GS.
FOUNDINf! OF SANTA CLARA.
:in.-
!>aii Luis.
a trip ti)
y witli a
1 littk' in
was iiu't
lutcd iiiid
outs and
, by a luw
briel neo-
3 body of
^'enjjjoanco
no liirtlur
near the
I Amurrio
Aigarte^ui
g the yiur
^ty. 'The
IS
itli in tlic
the two
coninuuii-
ukI will eh
.1 too long
tablishoJ;
long sini-u
prch para-
.>a(ly; and
luntry and
itions a.caiiist
BssiiiiUTadytit
[o iiivi'nti,L:atc.
new iiii:-.'*i"ii-
Imstratioir. mU
liicto a^ik ]"'•
JliiT has takiu
\ac., MS., vii.
tlic niissiiiu
t-U8, ill all lait
niado n]> liis mind about the mcyst desirablo site. Si't-
tiiig out in November to inspect tlie establishments
jit San Francisco, and accompanitMl l)y IV^^^ia, liivera
vi-iti'd on tbe way thepro[)osed site near the; banks of
th«' (Juadalupe Kiver in tiie broad San liernardino
jilain, since known as Santa Clara A^'illey,** Subse-
(|U('ntly Friar Tomas was left at San Fiancisco with
ihe uinlerstanding that Rivera on his return to Afon-
tcnv should send up the men and supplies, with the
ntlit r priest, and orders to proceed at onco to the
foundinu;. On account of the alarm at San Luis
Oliispo already noticed, these orders wore delayed, but
ihcv came late in Decend)er, and on the (!th of Janu-
aiv 1777, ^loraga with Pena and a company of wol-
dieis-" started southward.
A cross having l)ccn erected and an enramada pre-
jiaivd, Father Tomsls said the first mass on January
I'Jtli, dedicating the new mission to Santa Clara,-'
virgin, on the site called aboriginally Thamien, among
the natives known as Tares, who had four rancherias
ill tho vicinity.^ in respect of agricultural advantages
tills valley was thought to be hardly inferior to the
country of San Gabriel, but it was feared, and with
iiason as it proved, that the mission site might be
liable to occasional inundations.-^ The work of build-
"I'alou, Not., ii. 341-3, implies that the site Avas fonnally selected by
Miirai;.-! later; Imt this is not pii)bable; at any rate the site had doubtless been
]hii^ l.if()i-c tixcd upon more or less deliiiiti'ly by the priests.
•'" '{'he soldiers destined for tlio new mi osiou were the remainini; ten of
.\iiza's ciiiupany wlio had lieen all this time at Monterey. Paloii, Vitl<i, 'JKS-
- 1. iiiiiilics that these soldiers witli their families came up to San Francisco;
whiih may bo true, but it seems more likely that they met Moraga at the head
ef the bay, the latter taking with him a few men from his own pnwidio.
'-' Santa ( 'lara was the daughter of a rich and noble family of .Vssisi, Italy,
bnrn in 1 1!I3, and wholly devoted to the fashionalilc frivolities of her class,
initil at the age of 17 she was converted by the preaching of Saint Francis,
ictind to the convent of Porciuncula, and l)ecamo ns famous for tlic austerity
iinil ]iict y of her life as she had Ijeen for her wit and beauty. She founded an
order of rdhj'tosas named for herself, died in 1253, and was canonized in \'17)T).
llei- (hiy is celebrated on the !2th of August.
•'■ I'efia's Report of Dee. 30th, in Arrh. Smitn Ihirharn, MS., ix. ."lO.Vf).
Tarcn was the native word for men. A newspaper scrap says the ]ilace v.as
lalliil Surnl.fiika from the abundance of laurels. The governor on Feb. i'lth
writes that the mission was located on Jan. 4th. Prov. /'ec, MS., i. 111.
••" In .January and February 177'J the mission was twice ilooded. Several
Hut. Cal., Vol. I. 20
TOO
IMTSSIOX PROrnESSt AND PUmLO PEriTXXIXOS
iiiL,' wns !it oiicc l)(>f^'ini witliln n, s(ni,'ii'(> of srvtuJv
ynrds. Fiithcr Mm-L^iiiunrrlvcfl with c.-itllr and ot'id
iiiissicM property <>n tin* 21st, ,'iii<l Mora;^;i went liack
to San I'^raiicisco. '^I'lio lattci* liowcvor was soon
r'^"all( (I, i'or the natives, tljoun'li fVicii(lly at first, sn,iii
developed a taste i'or ))eef', wliieh lIo:Lji;iii^'; and cni n
the hilliii'^ of llir(>o of their inunluM' did not eiilin Iv
er.'uliet'de.^' In jNTay an epidemic carried off in.iiiv
children, most of whom weri' baptized, and niissioiiarv
■work ])roper Avas thns beL^un."
Accordinj^' to the minister's report at the end of llic
y(\nr there had been sixty-seven baptisms, inclndini^'
eii^ht adults, and twenty-five deaths. Thirteen Chris-
tians and t(Mi catechumens were livinuf at the mission,
and the i'(>st at the rancherias with tlieii- parents, in
the Avay of material improvements the new estab-
lishment could show a church of six by tweiitv
varas, tw(^ dv(>llini]fs of six by twentv-two and live l.v
thirty-one varas respectively, dividi'd into the; neces-
sary apartments, all of timber plast(>red with clay and
roofed with earth. There were likewise two corials
and a bridge across the stream.""
Since March 1775 Felipe de Neve had been rulinc;
at Loreto as <j^ovornor of the Californias, thou'di his
authority over Upper California had been nuivly
nominal, the connnandant of the new establishiaoiits
limisps foil and nil hn<l to bo moved to ln^ler ground. Governor's ropnit of
Aiu-il 4Ui, ill /'■ >r. J,W., MS., i. I'i.VO.
-Mldv. Xwc n 11 report of Sept. 19, 1777, in Prov. AW., MS., i. IO--JO.
^'^Smit'i t'/ai Lih. (It; Mifiioii, MS. The first ijuptisin of a cliild i/c i-'i-jt})
on July , Slot \\ lliat of an illcuitiuiato son of Jose Antonio (Jonz.ili/ aii'l
of a v.oi.ian \v. • niarriago with nnothor man t!ie next year is tin' I'l-t
recorded. The <t death was that of Jos(5 Antonio (iarcia in J.in. \"x.
lioth liiinion J]o [^ch and Gabriel Peralta are named as eorjionils of tliu
mission f/nard du i; the first year. Prov. St. Pap., lien. Ml/., MS., i. II.
'■"' jMtn'ijitia an Pcun, lii/orme de Santa Clara, 1777, MS. Tim nirrifiifii
of the mission— n' all 'scivants'as wc use the word, but including mecliauirs,
v.'upieros, etc. — v -ro Francisco Ibarra, Cristobal Armenta, Ac'u.stin Solieiaiic-,
Antonio Romero (1st and '2d), Joaquin Sanchez, Manuel Antonio, .louipiia
I'nga, Cirilo Gonzalez. Aloraga, in Prov. St. Pap. licii., MS., i. 0, and (;ici>.iii,
Hint. L'afh.Ch., ii. SO-2, say the founders reached Santa Clara Jiin. 1st. SImii,
Cath. M'.fi^., 100, tells us the mission was founded. Ian. (Jth. For acooiuit of
founding from I'alou, sec UaWs IJkt. Sail Jose, 41G-1S; T/ic Owl, Jan. ISTI.
st;<»
TiiK r;ovi:n\oi{ to ltvi: at MoxTnuEY.
no7
»r scvnity
iind ol'icr
went It.ick
was Siinll
first, soon
and i'\i !i
ot cntii-ily
(»ir many
uiissioiiaiv
ond of flic
, iiicln<lin;4
teen Chfis-
iio mis-iioii,
:ironts. In
new estalt-
l)V twenty
\nd iivt' by
the neccs-
th clay ami
;wo eoi'iiils
)een rulinj^
diougli liis
leu merely
^lisluucnts
i-nors ropnrt of
LcinL;' directly rcsjionslhle to the viceroy and suhordi-
iiate to the ;^'overnor only in beiiij^ i'e(jiiiie(! to report
I'iillv to that odii'ial. Soon however a change was
ordered, du(i largely it is hclieved to the inllneiiee of
Jusu du Galvez, now in Spain and iilling the high posi-
tion el' minister of state tor the Indies. The KJtIi of
Au-u^t IT".! the King issues a royal oi'der that (Jov-
einoi" Xeve is to reside at Monterey as cajtital of the
]iro\ince, while l\ivera is to go to Lureto and rule
JJaja California as lieutenant-governor. At the same
time, })erhai)s, Xeve'.s cwinmissi(3u as governor is for-
warded, for his oflico down to this time had been
men ]y provisional under aj)nointment of the vicei(»y
i((|uiring the king's approval. A second royal onU-r
(if .\pril II), 1770, dij'ected the change to he made
iiiiiiiediatelv.'^ ItisditKcult to ascertain in the absence
el" tiii-'inal instructions of kmu; and viceroy exactly
vvh.it ellect the change of residence had on the respec-
tive powers of Xi'Ve and IJivera, es[)ecially tliose of
the hitter. But it is evident that while Ilivcra's au-
thority as lieutcnant-g(Jvernor on the peninsula was
loss absolute and his subordination to the goveiiior
<;i'eater than in Upper California as commandant,
N'eve's authority in the north was j)ractii"ally the
same as Ilivera's had been; that is, in California the
only change in government was in the title of the
lull r. The new establishments were recognized by
(Viilos III. as more important than the old. In six.
years the child had outgrown its parent. Monterey
was to be capital of the Californias as it had always
been of California Setentrional.-'^
I
'•' Tlic order of Aug. IGth is mcivly I'ofrrrcd to in a list of documonts in Pror.
Si. /'h/i., Ms., xxii. l\, and may iiossiljly be an error. Tlio order of Ajjril l!)th
is rt'firred to in a letter of the viceroy in /(/., i. '203. Xevc'.s commission aa
iveiimr was forwarded to him Ijy tlie viceroy on Dec. '20, 1775. Prov. J'ec,
M.S., i. .'iO.
•"Tho formation of the I'rovincias Intcrna.s dc Occidente under Teodoro de
Croix AFf connnandant general with viceregal powers was nearly simultiiireoua
witli tlie ciiange in California; and to this new otiicial (Jov. Neve hccaino
vcsiKinsililc instead of to the viceroy as Rivera had been. Marcii S, 1777,
(Viiix writes to Xeve that Art. '20 of royal instructions renuires the frovcrnor
ami ullicials of California to render individual reports of acts and events to
\l
308
:\ii.ssio\ i'ROORE>;,s and pueblo beginnings.
For the first time so far as tlio record shows, V'wi'-
I'oy Bucureli transiuittod tlio king's orders to Xisc
at Lorcto tlio 20tli of July 1770. "During this month
and the next a correspondence took place between tlio
two oliiciah/-" which, fi'oni its I'ragnientary nature ,is
preserved, is unsatisfactory, Init from which it ajtpeai.s
that l^ucareli was desirous that Neve should start as
soon as possible, that orders to Rivera were enclosvd
to the governor, that a herd of live-stock was to ho
taken I'roni the peninsula, and that twenty-five sol-
diers were sent by the Convcpcion to Loreto to accoin-
]iany Xevc northward. Though Bucareli had nothiiiu
to do with the change in rulers and capitals, he coiild
not fail to be well pleased with the order received iVom
Spain, since it came just in time to relieve him lVo]ii
the untk'sirable task of deciding several quaricls.
Rivera's troubles with the J^"'rauciscans and witli Aii/a
are I'resh in the reader's mind, and Neve's relations
with tlie l)ominicanswerel)ut little less uncomfoi'tahlr.
Com})laints to the viceroy were frecpient, and it was
an easy I'eply t(^ say that the imi)ending change wcuild
}»robal)ly remove ail reason for dissatisfaction and pre-
vent the necessity for any specific measures.'"' Had
]vivera's peculiar conduct been known in Spain it is
not likelv that he would have been retained in otlico;
but the viceroy ho[)ed that in a new field he niiglit
succeed better.
The troops referred to in the viceroy's coinmunica-
lions were ])robably tliose whose arrival at San Diego
in September 1777 lias been alread}' notic;ed, since tlieio
liini. Prov. ,^!. Pap.. MS., i. 'Jt."). Dec. 'J."), 17T(>, tlic viwroy iiotilio.l Xcvo cf
t'lc iiiijidiiitiin'iit of t'l-oix, t') wliDin lie is i,, cojiort diri'ctly on ociMirri'iiccs in
Cililoiiiia; Ixit for siiiiplics, etc., Ir' isKtill to c(jiiiiinniii'iit(^ witii the \i(Mio\.
Prov. Itii'., ]\lS.,i. t)(i-7. Nuvi' liail ^vrittcn to llio viceroy for ci'i tain iiistnu-
tions:, mIiIiIi were triiiisniitted to Croix. TIk'. latter write.s to Neve Aiii,'. I.i.
1777, tliat Iiis ill! ties in other jiroviiieea will jii'cvent his atteiitiou toCalilorniii,
anil ho hi- tlu'rel'orc tnrn'!<l tlio whole matter over to the viceroy for the
]ivesent. Ife, however, asks foi- Nevt^'s sn^L^estions ies[)eetinL' ri'fornis, etc.,
for a new •/•(•//»/;)(///() for (^ilifornia. Pr<n\ SI. /'a/i.. AIS., i. 'J.Vi-.'}.
■»/'ror. ,sy. /•((/)., MS., i. -JO;! 7.
'■" J iiirareli m rote on 1 >ee. "Jo, 177li. tu Serra, announeing the change orilen il.
Piuuii, \''da, 1114- 5.
i ; :1
INGS.
lows, Vico-
[•s to Xf\c
tills luoiith
jctwei'ii tlk'
)■ naturo as
1 it appeals
Lild start as
src cnclosv'd
c was to lio
ity-five sol-
,o to aceoiii-
had iiotliiii'^'
lis, ho could
iCoivod from
liini irom
111 fpiari'tls.
1 with All/a
/s rolatioiis
L'onifortalilt'.
, and it was
iaii:L>'c woulil
ion and pif-
uvs.'"' Had
S])ain it is
ed ill ollicc;
il ho might
'onininnica-
San Diego
I, sinco thoio
•iiotifu'd Neve nf
li oi'c'nrrc'lR'rs in
Ivitli tlio vici roy.
•ci'itaiii iiisti'iu--
f) Xcvc Aii.l;. I.I.
on t()('alit'>nii;i,
vict'i'oy fill' tin;
jiLT ivfonus, cti'.,
L'liair_'o ont<-i''il.
XF.VE IN" CALIFOEXIA.
is no rocon
I of
ai
'J
.1(1
souiiors iiavinLi' oonic \m wi
"P
iih N
.109
ovo
( xiipt an escort of six who i-c^tui'iiod with l^ivoiTi."*^
Imhed, i'es[)cctino- Xcivo's journey to California noth-
ing is known heyond the facts that it was in;idi> hy
land I'/'d San Diego; that ho made close observations,
as shown by his later reports, of the condition and
needs of each ostablishinent on the way: and that ho
airived at Monterey Fel»ruary :>, 1777.^^ His Hrst act
altera I'oviow of the troops and a consultation with
Sena, was to fiend to Mexico a report on Febi'uaiy
L'.itli that the now presidio and the four now missions,
inehiding San DicL^o, had been successfullv founded
and wer(> in a condition more or less satisl'actory/''
In March l^ivei-a started ibr IJiija (California, '^riieii
in April Xevo made a tour in the north, visiting San
Francisco and Santa C'lai'a. It had been proposed by
1'i\(ia to move the ])residio of ]\[ontei'ey to the river
cilice called Salinas, chielh'bcM'auso of the insullicient
ilv of water at the oriuinal site
ajijiro
expre
The viceroy
ved the mcasuro;'" but the royal orders to Novo
■ly forbade the removal, declaring that the })i'e-
sidio n.nist bo maintained where it was at any cost, for
tlic I'l'otection of the })oT't. Still another matter had
heeii intrusted to the [tatriotic zeal of the new lader,
iliougli one that did not prove a very sovcn'o tax on
eithei' ability or time. ]le had an order from (he king
to lie on the watch for Ca}>tain (*ook's two vessels
tliai had becij despat(died Irom JMigland on a Novago
of (hscoveiy in the South Sea, and by no me;uis to
Ai'i'Dnliiii^ to a coiniiumicatioii of somo otlicial on Im'I). 10, IT7<>. in /'rm:
/,'..•„ MS.
I."!',), tlio cattle from tlic olil iiii<.-.ionM aniountcd to l,'_'l)l>.
]>i
ire to lir sent .'p to tlio frontier, ■with SO innlcs and ;!(» horses for tin
o ri'i'iiiits.
I.ctUrof Nive t. vicerov, Im'1'. '2(lth, in /'
A'.
MS., i. Ki'.l-iO, ill
.■ondition in uhirh ho found the San 1 )i(.'Lro f
M lii.h li(- notes th(! had
rc'speet of elothinLT. arn
liasL'iven Jiivera full instrni'tion.s. .iinl the latter w ill depart ton
and
horses.
M;
oree iii
lewiiti's, /,/. i. ,")!•, that luj
writes Teh Cith, that Neve ha
s arnvei
it he isalioiit to retire to ],i
/'/•"■. St. I'ap.. MS., x\ii. '20. See also I'aluii, N«l., ii. 'MA-:
IVera
>leto.
.v.
Idi'i
,/.■
lie I\Ik /;
MS.
r.
140-
I'Veral other minor eoinniiinieations of tlu
governor written al.out thi.i
till
'Letter of .Ian. 1', I77.'>, in P
SI. I
;ip.
MS., i. lOl).
ill
f
310
MISSION TROGKESS AXD PUEBLO EEGIXXIXGS.
permit tliut navigator to oijtcr any Callforninu p )it."'''
The transports of 1777 were the San AnUiuiu aii.l
the Santiago, The former under Franeiseo A^illaioc],
witli 8erra as chaplain, arrived at San Diego in ^.Tay
with snpphes for tlie south, and having unloaded (-aikd
at once for San ])las. The latter, whose arrived at
San Francisco has already been noted, came dov.u to
JNFonterev and sailed for San Bias the 8th of Jiiiu'.
By her Neve sent a report on the Santa Bai'bai'a
Channel and its tribes, giving his views of what was
necessary to ])0 done in that region to control and
convert a large native jiopulation, that niiglit in tliu
future l:)ecome troublesome by cutting off laud com-
munication between the north and south, which from
the p(>cuHar nature and situation of their countrv tlicv
could easily do. His plan included a missi(,)n of Sau
Buenaventura at Asuncion at the southern extremity
of the channel, another of Purisima near Point Con-
cepcion at the northern extremity, and a thii-d of
Santa Barbara with also a presidio in the central
region near Mescaltitlan. The military fijrce required
for the three establishments would le a lieutenant
and sixty-seven soldiers. This report was dated JaiKj
nd, aiid next day the governor wrote ashing permis-
sion to resign and ioin his family in Seville whom ho
had not seen since 17G4, bein<>' also in ill-health - Tovr-
iuLi' out of seven years' service in administering llio
lleu'cs of Zacatecas.
college
80
The shipment of grain from San Bias for the raill-
tary establishments of the Californias was a wvy
(•xn(Mr;ivc and uncertain method of supply, and (gla-
cials liad been instructed from the first to suggest
some practicable means of home production lo hj
'■' Royal ordor, July 14, iTTIi; sent hy viceroy Oct. 2,1(1. Pmr. !?(•".. }V<.. i.
1.3; I'roi: SI. /'«/>., MS., i. '2V,]. 'i'lio governor ncknowledgea receipt ef tiio
onkr o'l .lime OLli. /'ror. /,',.■., 'MS., i. 70.
^"Therc ai'c '22 eonininnications of Novo to I'uoarcli, written diiri'i,' tlio
fn-Ht lii'.lf of 1777, ]ire.-crvcil in J'rvi'. I!<r., MS., i. ,"l)-7!>. His euni-. ^' .I'ii mu
£ur the lust bi.x nionthy had lor the most part been lost.
FOUNDING OF SAN JOSfi.
3)1
iiitr<»Jncecl as soon as poss^Iblo. In June 1 770, before
It'iaing Loi'cto, Xuvo in a coiimiuuicatloii to tlio
viccioy proposed an experimental sowing for aeconnt
of government on some fertile lands of the nt>rlliern
iiuiuier, both to snp[)lj the usual deuciency on the
pt'uiiisula, and esj)ecially to fnrni.sh grain at redueed
co.st for the new (establishments. IJueareli in August
ai)[>roved the proposition in a general way, but SLateil
that in view of the proposed change in the governor's
rcslacnco it would be impossible ibr Xeve to attend
pei'sonally to the matter, and suggested that tlie
scheme might be eari'ied out Vvith even better chances
of success in the fertile lands of Iv^ew California,
referring also to Anza's favorable re[)ort on the Colo-
rado Itiver region as a source of grain suij]>ly in ease
of special neecl."'
Accordingly Neve kcpt the matter in viev/ duilng
lii.3 trip nortliVv'ard, closely examining the dlu'ereiifc
regions traversed to fnid land suited to his [)urpo.se.
The result of his observations was that theie were
two ;-pots eminently fitted for agricultural ()])eraLions,
oiii' ])eing on the Ilio de Poi'ciuncula in tlie sjutli,
and the other on the Ilio de Guadalupe in the north;
and he also made up his mind that the only \v'ay to
uiul;:e the advantages (offered was to found two pueblos
oil ;!io rivers. To this end he asked for four laborers
and f>oine other necessary assistance.''^'* V/iLhout wait-
ing, ]iov,'ever, for a reply to this communication, and
jio.s.-^llily liaving received additional in.sti'Uc'Jous IVom
^lexico, the giivernor resolved to go on and make a
•'" Xi.V(.'a letter of Jiiiio '21:it is not extant, but i.s rcfcrrcil to with ii 'ysunn5
cif it ! L'lT.itcnt.i ill t!io viceroy 'a Icttei- of An';iu!, i;i Pror. S'. P"p., MS., i.
•J(r,-(i.
' ■ I'l'Ve'.i lettei' u mh.Awg ns before, but is .';l!ucli'(l t^ > iu ;>.. tjiiLasqu' at letter
of Ainil 17TS, in Prnr. />-•., MS., i. 7-0. Iu jiimtlier lette;' vS .T.';,c ■IMi. tlio
il;iy iiltir the ihyt, Novo s:iyn tliiit lie liiis niiulo no fonivl ciiUribiiiion of
1 :. I i toeil'.itr Get'Jer.i or ujU'.iei-.-;, e.veept to me :;o!i!iL'r {ikitro.i'.') 1.) whom
I'ivera in \\\\tX ye.ir.i lunl yiveu a title to u lot of land n'v •■.• S:'n C ■.:'I ) ir.n.i.'iioti.
.Msii lh;it U3 tliere iii'o no suiuible laml.s neiiv the ])rijiibo lie ciuiaoo foi- tho
jii'esent carry out tlio flowing order. /(/., i. (IS. '.'roni tlii.i it would seem
111.' ly tlvil. he hud received bunie nioie dinrt order I'lOiU i>uea.ieli to ;;jw neur
till' i!re.sidio.
'I
i
|.-:i
:v H '
-i' I
31-;
MISSION PROGRESS AXD PUEBLO BEaiNNINGS.
l)OL>"inning of the nortlicriimoet of the t\V(.t jiucIjIc^.
He selected for this purpose nine of the presidio
soldiers of ]\foriterev and Sail Francisco, who kiicv.
soiiielhino' of farininj^, and five settlers, wIk^ had tninc
to California with Anza,'"'* and the fourteen with tluii'
families, sixty-six persons in all, started on Novemhcr
7th I'roni San Francisco under Moraijca for their iir\r
home. A site Avas chosen near the eastern bank of
the river, three (piarters of a league south-east of
Santa Clara, and here the new pueblo, the first in
Californin, was founded on the 29th under the ikiiih'
of San Jose de Guadalupe, that is San Jose on the
lliver (Juadalupe. The name was apparently selected
by Xeve as an honor to the original patron of the
California establishments, as named by Galvez in
The first earth-roofed structures of jJastcred pali-
sades were erected a little more than a mile north of
the centre of the modern city/^ The settlers received
^'•*Piiliiu, Xot., ii. .'!4S-,")0, saj'a that all were of Anza's conipany, lying iiUo
at Sail I'raiK isco. Xcve, letter (if April 15, 177^, in Pror, lire, MS., i. s,
.s:iys ln^ tdoiv 3 (if those who had conio as jioliladores and 'rcoruitod' "J nmre,
fivmi wiiat bource itd(jea not appear. We have no list (jf the Sau.rosr.si.'ttK'n
nntil the more formal di.stri))iition of lands in 17SI, wjien the nuinlior v,:is
instead of 14. The n.anics of all the first scttlci's of 1777 cannot thei^lore \v
given; hut from Moraga"s list of all the pobladores in the San FraiuisL'o tlis-
trict in December 1777, in Prov. Si. Pop., M.S., i. S, 0, and from iin e\aiiiiii;i-
tiou of the Santa Clara records, Santa Clai-'i, Lih. i/c Afiiioii, MS., I conchido
tiiat 4 of tl]e ") original poljhulure.s of San Josii were Josi5 Ignacio Arehid(.'ta,
^hitniel l"'rancisci)Amez(piita,.ToseM;uiu»10on/alez,and.ToseTilmn ioA'asiiaiv.
wliile tlietiftli was not improbably a lady, (Jcrtrudi.sreralta. Of Dsoldierscttliis
I e;ni give the names of oidy 4; Valcrio Mesa, corporal in connaand, ,'-'et\riii.>
Lugo. .Inan Manuel Marcos Villela, and .ToS(' Antonio Romero. ( labriel l'er.ilt:i,
Mas the corporal in 177!). Romero was the only .soldier whoi'cniaincd, and tlic l
jiobladores nientioucd make up 5 of the 9 names on the list and ma]i f:f .Viivil
17S1. See Sf. Pap. .!/;.«. and Caloii., .MS., i. '24.'}. Of the other 4, Cliiudio .\1-
vires was a servant before 17'S0, while llernardo Ro.sales, Seba.stian Alvilrt', a
soldier iu 17li'*-74, and Francisco Avila were new names.
'"Sic ch.'ipter iv. of this vohune. In tli(! heading of one docunn nt in
the archives I find the pueblo called San.los('' deiialvez. This name — tiiougli
jierhaps ;i copyist's error — would have been a most appropriate one. In la'nr
times an eli'ort was made to christen tlie town Sau Josi'^ de Alvarado, in limmr
of the governor; but it was unsuccessful so far as connuon u.sagc was ccm-
cerned.
" Xcai' the little stream crossed by the first bridge on the road Iciidiiig
from the city to Alviso. Ilnirn IHaI. San Jo-i'. 14-i!), 4(1. Tliis modern woik
CO -tains a tolerably accurate and complete history of .San Jose. Document^
(in the early years are not numerous, and the author seems to have con-^nhid
luostof tluiii. There are a few errors in names and translatiou, but the huuk
EARLY ANNALS OF SAN JOSfi.
313
cncli a tract of land tliat e<nil(l bo irrigated sunieicnit
I'oi' planting about tliroo bushels* oi" niaize, with a
]i()iisi'-lot, t<jn dollars a month, and a soldier's rations.
l^ach also roceivcd a yoke of oxen, two hoiscs, two
(■(iws, a mule, two sheep, and two goats, together with
]iires.-.ary implements and seed, all of which Avere to
Ihj repaid in products of the soil delivered at the royal
warehouse. The mission of Santa Clara being near,
t!ic ministers consented to attend for tlie jiresent to
tlic settlers' spiritual interests, and accordingly the
nanus of the latter are frequently found in the mis-
sion !)ot)k entries. In April of the next year Xeve
reported to the vicero}' what ho had done.'*'^
The lirst"\vork in the ncwpueblo after building houses
to shelter the families was to dam the river above,
bring down water in a ditch, and prepare the iieldsfor
sowing; but the attempt was not successi'ul, and the
s )wing of over fifty bushels of corn was a total loss,
since it was necessary to change the site of the dam,
aiul tlie new one was not completed and water brought
to the Melds till July. The second sowing yielded
lit-'tween six and eio-ht hundred ])ushels. A second
(lam was built above the first to protect it in time of
freshet, and the irrigation system thus com[)leted was
planned to siippl}^ thirty-six .s'^cr^.v, or sowing-lots, of
two hundred varas each. As early as 1778 the gov-
ernor complained that the lands were nearer those of
tlie mission than he had intended, and badly dis-
tiibnttd. In 1779 much damage was done by high
water both at San Jose and Santa Clara, among other
i' t'.ir jiliovo the average of ■what lins Loon given to tlio Califoviiia puhlic as
history. Ildll's Sdit Jose, from tlie <S'»)t ./our I'ioiic<r, Jan. |SV7, lieing au
^l'llln.^.,■^ liy tlio autlior on July -Itli, is full of errors, many of which are donht-
li'ssdiic tothe new,s[ia[)or anil not tlu^ wi'iter.
^'Aiiril l."),:li, I'rm: AV''., MS., i. 7-S. A dnplieate was sent to General
Criiix. /'/., f), )(). See au Knglisli tran.'<lationof this report in y-'"'."/(('/A''s' o/do.
/(''•■.'. S. /'. a<Klenila, 8. Tiie viceroy's acknowled-nient of this I'eport and
apl'rovalof Neve's aetswas dated July '-'l', I77S. St.l'ap. M'iKyt.aii(lCo!nii..'S\S.,
i. 'JS-O. J[y mentions i\ servant liesides tlie Ti settlers, and mikes the wiiolo
I'lii'ilMtion OS instead (if OI). Ite also siieahsof a. dam ii.it alluded to liy Neve.
(Vni\"s aclino\\lcd'j;iiient and aiijiroval was dated July 1!>, I77i', and iiiehideil
that uf tile king datetl March Otli. Jlall's /liil. SaiijU', 14- U).
1|
li.
^!.
ft
« i
ni
r, Hi
km
314
Mir-^iox rr;or;KESs and ruEr.LO eegixxixgs.
tliiiijTfs tlio ]ic\v dap.i at V.iq pueLlo l)cliii^' Avushccl awa}".
At tlii.3 c';ii']y <!ato also tlio governor notes the in-
flueiico of tlic friars as adverse to pueLlo }irogre.s.s.
Before founding San Jose lie had considered the
prospects of obtaining su])phes from the nii.ssions, and
had concluded lliat for some years, at least, the prod-
ucts of tlio nnssions would not increase faster tliaii
the nioullis of neophytes to be fed. The missionaiios
well knev,' that such v/as the prospect; but on geneivd
principles thej' v/ero opposed to all establishments iu
the country siive their own. The presidios Vv'ere a
necessary evil, i;nd the soldiers must be fed, therefore
the iiovernmcnt should feed them until the mi.'sious
coultl do so. As soon as Serra realized that Xevo
was in earnest about founding pueblos, he began to ho
very certain that his missions could have ..applied the
presidios; "but he forgets," says Neve, "tli;;t tliii
would not people the land with Spanibh subjects."
There is nolliin;,>' more to be recorded concernin:'- Sau
o o
Jose for several years, and down to 1781 the estab-
lishment may bo regarded as to a great extent provi-
sional or experimental.'*^
Certain troubles with the southern savages, durin;;'
this year and in the spring of the following, remain
to Ije noticed in this chapter. They seem to have
begun iu June 1777 wlien the Alocuachomi rauchcii'a
threatened the neophytes of San Juan Capistrano,
and Cor])oral Guillermo Carrillo was sent with five
men to chastise the ofcenders, wh.ich he did bv killing'
three and wounding' several. Seru'eant Acinar was
sent by Ortcrj-a to invcsti!]fatc, and his re;;ort showed
the existence of disorders among the soldiers, m then'
relaticn to the natives, by no moans creditable to
Spanish discipline in California. A native chieftain
v.'ho was in Ictigue with the ofienders and who I'r.r-
nished women to the guard, was deemed to niciit
■'■'^'ovoV, crniniT'r.iralioiis in Prov. Sec, WS., i. 10-2, 12.")- (J, ii. 21-2;
Prov. iSl. J op., iii. 143.
INDLVX HOSTILITIES.
315
^cs, diiviiv:'
U"', remain
lu'UIcU' Nvas
nrtocn lashos and an admonition from tlio minister;
and two cul})rit soldiers wore taken south to San
Di^'j-o. It was, perhaps, in connection v.'ith tlieso
(!is{urhance3 that the Indians of San Gabriel came in
anns to tlie mission to aveni'-o some outi-aivc : but tliey
were snbvlued, as by a miracle, when tlie friavs held
u[« a shininfj imaj]je of our lady, hneeliu!^, weeping'', and
embracing the missionaries." Hardly liad the ex.cite-
iiniit of tlie disturbances alluded to died out, when
1,11 .\ufni:-.t 13th four soldiers bearin<»' desin^.tches from
(JciK'j'al Croix to Xevc were surprised at midiiiglit,
at a })laco called Sati Juan just above San Die-^o, by
a ir.n'ty of savages who hilled the cor]joral in command,
Antonio Brioncs. The rest escaped with their liorscs,
af'tin" having repulsed the foe in an hour's flgh.t. Ser-
geant Carrillo was ordered to make a I'etaliiitoiy cau)-
paign, b'at tlie result is not I'ecorded beyond the
statement that a chief Avas arrested. In February
(if 1778 Carrillo was obliofed to make a ncv er.iiedi-
tiou to San Juan Capistrano, where several rancherias,
Amangens, Chncapamas, and Toban Juguas v.'ero
asMrmblcd and threatening. A chieftain's wife had
clopc>l with a Lower Californian, and the outraged
]i\\: ' -iid made his grievance a public one by appealing
to t!^o natives to avenge the deatli of their comi'ades
.'^lain t !io year before; also charging that the Spaniards
wii'o really devils couic to destroy the ci'ops by
drou'.dit.
In 3Tarch it was reported that the people of Pamo,
on(> of the San Die™ rancherfas, were makir^'i" arroM's
to ijc used agamst the Spaniards, counting on the aid
of three nei'i'hborinii' bands and of one acro.-s the
f^iorrn, and having already murdered a Gan Juan
lin'.ian. Ortega sent a message of war-.i'.iig and
Aaaran sent back a challenc,^o to the soldiers to come
and l;c slain. Cari'illo's services were n'>ain c;dled
into requisition and he was sent with eight soldiers to
*'TI.i'; f-',ory i^ tc.M by Hugo i;.-.! nii.l rviijnnin Ilryc^ r.iv] it ii uh> Uic
BuLjtct of ii ^vjcni by Mi^s M. A. litzgcriild. ihnjcs' Mission Luok, i. hu.
■,'H
316
MISSION rROGRESS AXD TUEBLO BEGINNINGS.
! '•
-'fi
cha.stlso tliis insolence, capture the chiefs, and to rrivn
thirty or forty lashes each to such warriors as inii^lit
seem to need them. In carrying out his ordei-s tin;
sergeant surprised the ibe at Pamo, killed two of tlie
numlier, and burned a few who refused to come out of
the hut in which they had taken refuge. The rest
surrendered and took their llo^'ofin"', wliilc the four
eliieftains were bound and carried to San J)ieg().
Captured in this battle were eighty bows, fifteou liuii-
dred arrows, and a larijc number of clubs. Tlio lour
chiefs, Aacliil, Aalcuiiin, Aaaran, and Taguagui were
tried on April Gth, convicted of having plotted to kill
Christians in spite of the mercy shown them in the
king's name for past offences, and condemned to death
by Ortega, though that officer had no right to iiillict
the death penalty, even on an Indian, without tlic
governor's approval. The sentence was: "Deeming it
useful to the service of God, the king, and the [)uhH(;
Aveal, I sentence them to a violent death by two
musket-shots on the 11th at 9 A. m,, the troops t*) he
j)resent at the execution under arms, also all tlie
Christian rancherias subject to the San !^)iego mission,
that they may be warned to act righteously." Fa-
thers Lasuen and Figuer were summoned to prc'])aro
the condemned for their end. "You will coopeiate,"'
writes Ortega to the padres, " for the good of their
souls in the understanding that if they do not accept
the salutary waters of holy baptism they die on Sat-
urday Tiiorning; and if they do — they die all the
same!" This was the first public execution in Cali-
fornia.*^
Illli
■■•'' On these Indian troubles sec reports of Ncvc and Ortega in Sf. Pci/i. Ski'.
IMS., vii. ()l-.% viii. .Sl-5--'; Prov. lire, MS., i. 19, UO-7; P'rov. tit. Pu^., MS.,
ii. 1-(J; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., i. 41-4.
;rii
CHAPTER XV.
A DECADE COMPLETED— PRESroENT SERRA VERSUS
GOVERNOR NEVE.
1778—1780.
A ri;r,ioD OF Preparation — Schemes for the FrrrRE — Government Re-
1 (iKMy— Pi'Er.LOs — Channel Establishments — Neve Wants to Resi(;n
ANM) la made Colonel— Sacrament of Confirmation — Episcopai,
rowEiis Conferred on Padre Serra — Tour of the Missions— Qfar-
rel with Neve— Ecclesiastic Prerooative and Secular Authoritv
—A Friar'h Sharp Practice — Serious Charges by the Governor —
^lovKJiENTS OF Vessels — Arrival of Arteaga and Bodega from a
Northern Voyage— The First Manila Galleon at Monterey —
Local Events and Progress — Presidio Buildings.
The years 1778 and 1770, completing the first de-
cade in the annals of Alta California as a Spanisli
jiidvince, together with 1780, formed a period rather
<it' |)reparation tlian of accomplishment, of theories
rati It r than practice, in matters aftecting the general
intiic'sts of the country ; though there was a satisfac-
Imy showing of local progress at the several missions.
One of the most important general subjects which
(laiuied Governor Neve's attention, was the prepara-
tion of a new rcglamento, or system of militaiy gov-
crunicut for the Californias; the new establishments
liavin»>' in a ijeneral sense outijrown Echeveste's rcLju-
lation of 1773, and some articles of that document
luiviiig in ])ractice proved unsatisfactory. The king's
order of March 21, 1775, for the reform of the sys-
ttiii was, on August 15, 1777, forwarded by Gen-
eral ( 'roix to Neve with a lettei' in wliich he savs :
"Lacking knowledtj^e on the subject, I need tliat vou
lepoi't to me at length and in detail what are the
( 317 )
i
il
M
»
!!( If
I ^-t ,!
318
A DECADE co.MrLi"ri:n.
fiiults that Impair tlio usefulness of the did rcgulalinn,
.'iii(! wliat you doeni ueccssaiy for its relorin, so tliat
1 may 1k^ (iiaMod to decide ^vll(!n consulted about lliu
country." This request came l)y ti)e Santid'j) iu
June, j'ud on DcwMuher 28, 1778, Neve dated tln'
requii'ed report.* We hear no more of this suhjrct
till the aji[)earance of the regulation itself, full Iled;;c(l,
and with nil its reforms, accredited to Neve, as
anther, under date of Jane 1, 1779."
Th.it the preparation of so extensive and imiioitaiit
a state paper, and especially of those portions relating-
tt) colonization which was a new and difficult suhject,
should have been intrusted hi foto to the g'ovcrnor,
seem;; straiig'e, and equally so the fact that no coi'i'c-
s[)ondence on the subject has l)een jn-eserved; but both
Croix and Galvoz in sis^nifviniTi: the kinii's ai)i)i'o\al
accredit Xeve with the authorship. It was certainly
a mark of !>-reat confidence in his abilitv, and a si 111
greater conqJiment was the adoption of his plan willi-
out, so far as ai)pears, a single modification. Septnii-
ber 121, 17S0, General Croix writes to the govcnmr
from Ari;qic that the plan has been forwarded by tlio
viceroy to the king, and that provisionally, pieinliii'^
the royal ap[)roval, it is to go into cflect in Califiniia
from the beginning of 1781.*'' The subject-matter of
the reglamento, and the new system of govermmut
resting on it, may be properly deferred until the bc-
gimiing of the next periodj^ when the changes went
into ])ractical etlect.
An inqwrtant and new feature of Neve's plan was
that r( ];;ting to pueblos and colonization, enibrced in
connection with the redistribution of lands in the
hitherto informal pueblo of San Jose, and the found-
ing of a new^ pueblo of Los Angeles on the Ivio J^or-
ciuncula. It is therefore in connection with these
> Xcrr, Iii/ormr sohre nqiJamento, QS de Die. J77S, IMS.
'^ Xerc, J,'( ;:litii)r)ilo r f ii.tt rtircion jiara las PrcthViO'i <le hi r'cn(n''iih( iJr '"'•
iforvhi, Errcrioii de A'ic-cos JIi-<ion<n y fomento del pueblo i/^et!tciii<ion (/■ l"i
Estnlih'Ciiiiii lito.-f dc Monterey, MS.
H'roix to Neve, Sept. 'i\, 17S0, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., ii. lit.
NFAT/s rnaiKf'Ts.
319
(A lilt-, wltidi took place in 17S1, tliat tlu' ^ciioval
siihject may l)u best coiisidcrc!!. An')tlu'r inattoi*
pending was tlic occnpatioii l>y Siiain of llic ii;-1i and
(hiiscly populated central region along' Die . Santa iMi'-
li.ira I'lianiit'l. From observations made during liis
tir-t tri[) nortliwai'd Neve had sent in a report in .June
1777, urging tlie importance of sneli occupation and
till' dangers of itspost])onement; also giving liis views
as to the liest methods of its accompli. dinient. He
liivored the establishing of thi'e^o missions jind (»f
a ci-ntral presidio, recpiiring a force of .sixty-two men.
Cioix approved his views' and tluy were embodied in
tlic ]>1;ui of June. A correspondence respecting de-
tails f)llowed during 1779-80. ]^.leanwhile, liivera
was sent to recruit settlers in Sinaloa and Sonora, as
Well for the Channel establishments as f(!r th.o pueblos
d" Los Angeles and San Jese; but of tiiese special
|iivparations I shall sjieak as befiTe !tatc;l in tho
cliMptcrs devoted to results. At fh'st, as we have seen,
Xi've was wearied with long service or di:isati,siied with
liis position, and had asked leave to retire and go to
Spain. On January 14, 1778, the vicci'oy v.'iites that
till' request has boon forwarded to the king aiid will
hidhahlv l.)c entertained with flivor. At
ei
id of
Mav Xcve sent in his formal le.. ii;i;at:on, and in
August thanked Bucareli for a favorable report
t!u'r{M)n; but in October he requests the viceroy to
1^1 ip back his memorials and petitions respecting ros-
iLjiiatioii, The reason of his change of purpose is
]Mi'!ia]!S to be found in anotlier letter of the same
(late, in which he thanks the kin-j" ibr ivi-omotion to the
ran!; of colonel in the Spanish army, he having been
«'iil\- major before.^
Tlu' right to administer the rite of confirmation be-
jnaged exclusively to bishops, and coidd l»e exercised
cNcn bv the highest officials of the religious orders
'Sri.t. 1778, Pror. J?,r., SIS., ii. Ct, 7.
•'Pror. /.'.(•., MS., i. So-'M; Prov. St. Pap., M.S., ii. 8. 0.
if
I
\l
r
K'l' «
320
A DKCADK COMPLKTRn.
<>!ily will) spccinl aiitlioriz-Jitloii fi-oin the jjopc. Tf;
Mas of roiirsu (Ic.'sii'uMu tluit mission ncopliytos shouM
ii(»t !)(' (l(![)rivtMl of any privilet^rs and coiisolntion.s
jiertaiiiiiiuf to thiMU'W i'aitli they had cinhraccd; hut
ill isolated provinces like the Cahl'ornias, episcojuil
visits must of necessity he ran*, so tliat most nm-
]»liytes, to say notliin^' oC (/ciifc de razon, must ]\\\;
an<l die iinconfirme<l hut lor some special exercise of'
tlie ]);ij»al powei'. In fact Alta California, tlion;_;li
included successively in the hisho[)ri<*s of I.)uniii:;o
and Sonora, never was visited hy a hislioj» until it
had one of its own in 1H41. When Father Juni'[)( lo
first came to Lower California he found in the Jesuit
archives a hull of Po])e iH'nedict XIV. concedin;;- the
power of confirmation to ndssionary officials of tin;
company. Anxious that the net)phytes sliould lose
nothinn' of their i)i'ivile<Tfes under Franciscan manauv-
ment, In; soon forwarded the old l)ull to the j^uardiaii
of San ]*\'rnando, with a request that a similai- fa\()i'
he ohtained from the ]io])e in hehalf of himself and
liis Hock." The Franciscan authorities exerted them-
selves in hringing this matter hefore the po[»e, and
ohtained under date of July 1<), 1774, a pa[>nl d
ci'ee, a])proving that rendered hy the sacred vonyj
Illation ()f propaganda fide on July 8th, which au-
thorized the comisario prefecto of the colleges lor a
])eriod of ten years to administer contirmation and to
delegate his power in this respect to one friar con-
nected with each of tbo four colleofes in America.
Jjoth church and crown in Spain were zealous de-
fenders of their rcspt.etivc prerogatives; and as n<>t
even a hishop could exercise the functions of jiis o!'-
lice until his appointment had received the royal ap-
2)roval, of course this s])ecial concession of e})isco[)al
'■'Pakm, I'/'./o, 22G-8, is careful to explain that Sen-a was too ImiiiUli' to
have soii;j;lit tlio episcopal power for the dignity involved ; in fact lic.iiin:,'
that a great lionor waa in store for him he had made a vow to acci I't u>
h(jnor that Mould separate him fiom his mission work, and had directed tlio
influence of his frijnds in Spain toward tlie obtaining of tliu episcopal puucr
in behalf of his neophytes.
e-
e-
EITR OF CONFIRMATION'.
321
iiMWcrs must be suljinittod to tlu" kiiii^'s royal roiiiicil
(if tin' Indies. It was so .subinittod, and received tliu
.>;iiir(i<ni of that body J)eeend)er 2, 17"4, bciiiLf alscj
ii|i|iri)Ve(l by the audieiicia of Xew Spain Sejjti inbei"
L'7t!i, and by Viceroy Bucareli October 8, 1770."
On October 17, 1777, tlie eonnnissaiy and prefect of
tlir American collei^es, Futlier Juan Doininn'o do ,
Aiii<i\ ita, well known to my readers as the chroiii-
(■]( !• of his collej^re,'* issued from Quert'taro in pondei'-
(iiis lalin the desired 'faculty to coniii'm' to President
.liiiiipero Serra. The patent with instructions came
lip i>n tlie Saiifid'jo and r(;ached Serra's hands in tlie
iiiiildle of June 1778. No time was lost in exercisini^
tlic ncwl}' ac([uired power, and at different dates from
the L'Dtii of J unc to the 'JHd of iVui«'Ust, the president
ciiiifiiiiicd one hundred and ei^ht3'-one persons at San
Cuius. Then, notwithstandiu'L? his infu'niities, he em-
liarkrd for San Diego, and i'rom the 'J 1st of Se[)tend)er
tit the l.'jth of Decendier aihninistered confirmation,
witli all its attendant solenniities and ceremonies, to
llic ii(M)})li3'tes at each of the five missions on his way
liack to ]\lonterey, resuming the work in the north at
till' licgiuning of 177D and extending his tour to Santa
Clara and San Francisco. Two thousand four hun-
(livd and thirty-two persons in all received the rite
ill 177s 1), about one hundred of the number being
iji'hfi' <h' razonP
lint now the president encountered obstacles in his
wav. As we have seen, the aitostolie brief conceding
I
f
a
'' Furiilfii'l (h Confinnnr, 177-4-7, M!^., cnntainiiiL; the Decrotmn Hurrm
Coii'jri'jiilidiiU (i'c)ii ralln dv. I'ni/Ki'iuiiila Fhle liiil/ilc die S JiiliJ, etc., willi
tlic i)lh( r iliicuincnts rc'foiTcd to anil much additional cjrrj.'spoiidL'nco on thu
saiiU' siiliji'ct.
'' Arririr'ilti, Cruiiica Seriijirri dil Cdlcijio dr Sdiild Cruz dc (Jiii rttaro.
■' Jli'.;istf'r()f coniirinations in San ^VoAjn, Lili. dr M'ls'nm, MS , '.Q-M, ■with
fill \iiliiiiatiiin of til'-' anthoiity to coiilirni mid oitiitiou of domnifiits ri'L-ordcd
I'.v S'iiM liinisL'lf, and in tlio books of thu othui' missions. It v.ill ho rcmom-
l"-'|-((| tiiat one ncopliyte, Juan I'lvanijclista, ^vas cariicd to Mexico hy 'f^^inix.
ill ilT^iand ifccivod the rito of confinnation from the Archhishoii of .Mcxiea
"u Aii'jus: 4th. iSiri'a entered tiiis fact in the l)<)ok of coiilirniations ac San
Cirlus when .such a l)Ook was ojiened in 177''^. In a letter of March L';5, Hbl,
Faciilind di' (Uwjirni'tr, ^hS., '1~(). Scira say.s lie had coniirmed "J,!."!,"! before
tlif [luwc:- w;iH susjiended, and tliu mission Ijooks make the number '_',457.
IIisT. Cal., Vol. I. 21
322
A DECADE COMPLETED.
the rii^lit to coiifinu liad required sanction of tiio
ri)yal council, a requirement wliicli tlie Franciscan
authorities understood perfectly, and to whicli as an
unfortunate necessity they had submitted. Wh-jtlicr
this approval of the secular authorities was ceitilicil
in due i'orm in the document forwarded to Serra in
1778, and from which he derived his powers, tlitn'o
are no means of knowing; l)ut Xeve, as re})reseutativo
of the crown in California, had a right to know whether
the required formalities had been observed, and it was
clearly the duty of Serra to satisfy him on this }»oiiit
before exercising his new power. Serra, however, liad
no idea of huml)ling his pride of ecclesiastical preiuga-
tive bei'ore any Californian representative of royalty;
in fact to him secular authorit}' in the province was
somethiuix to be used rather than obeved. ICxactIv'
when or how the inevitable quarrel broke out tlio
records very strangely do not show; but it would
seem that in the middle of 177'.), soon after Sena's
I'eturn i'rom his first tour of confirmation in the soutli,
the governor summoned him to show the authoiity
under which he was acting.
Whetlier Serra from pride, or knowledge of their
defective nature, refused to sho^his pnjiers.or wliethei',
being shown, they were i)ronounced insulKcieiit l)y
Neve, I am not sure; neither is it certain tliat the
governor ordered an absolute suspension of coiitii'uia-
tions;^' but the indications are that Sei'ia refuse'd to
show his papers, and that Xeve to save his responsi-
bility ordered confirmations to cease, and refused to
'"111 fill o]iiiiion on tlic matter dati'il April 17, 17S0 — Fumllail dc ('i<i>-
jJrmrir, MS., 'J.")9— it is st;iteil that Serra coiilirmt'il in all the. iiiis-sidiis ixrtpt
(Sail I'laiuisLO ami Santa Clara, in which places he diil not, lieeaiis(> Nivo
rtfuseil him an escort and roqiiireil him to suspend conflriDat ion until he could
show the papal hull ajijiruved hy the Council of the Indies, which ScrnicoiiM
not tlo, since lie had no document to iirove it. The same slatiinent in iiuuh' in
a coniiminication from Ijonilla to Croix ou Apr. 'JO, 17S0. S/. I'fiji. Stf ., MS,,
viii. ."i."!. This is however partially erroneous, for Sena did ^n to Slu ( laia
and San Francisco with or without an escort. Tlieyiiardian siiiiiilysays, J'L,
2o'A, that Neve had raised a doubt whether the apostolic liiief has tlie jnn]" r
Biinctions. Ihid Sena's papeis lieeu defective he w(Mild h;ive laiov.iiil :iii',l
would have hesitated to administer a sacrament which laiglu jmxin c illegal.
NEVE VERSUS SERRA.
323
ii>n of tlio
Franciscan
rliicli as an
AVli'.'tlR.r
!is cci'tificd
to Surra in
wers, there
rescutativc
)^v^v]l(•tIK'r
, and it was
I this })()iiit
iwevcr, liad
•al }iror(jga-
ot" roj^ilty;
'oviiici' was
]']xactl\-
vo out the
t it would
ter Scri'a's
the south,
authority
;'o of tlicir
)r\\li('Tlii'i',
IHciciit hy
1 that th'o
coiilii'ina-
rof"us(,'(l 1o
rusponsi-
rc fused to
nil till] do <'.ii>-
lissinllS I'Xct'pt
ln'ciUlsc Nrvo
until lu'oiuld
I'll Si'ii-.i I'diil'l
nit is inii'li' ill
,.. ,W., MS.,
to Sta * iniii
ii|ilys;i_vs. I'l.,
lias till' ]ii('!i' r
kiiiiv.u II .iii'.l
ixivc illiiral.
authorize a continuance even by supjilying tlio escort
(liLiaiided, but did not of course attempt to enforce
his order, I'oferring the whole matter to General Crt)ix:
ia Sonera. At all events Serra paid no heed to Xeve's
orders or protests, but went on confirming through
the year, even administering the sacrament to twenty-
four or twenty-live persons in 1780, In October 1771),
liuwever, he reported from San Francisco to the ct>in-
niaiidaiit general, and also to the guardian of San Fer-
iiand(-), taking the |>recaution to forward to the latter
all the documents he had bearing on the matter in dis-
pute, having d(jubtless a shrewd and well Ibundc'd
suspicion that an order might come to deliver the
paj)ers to the governor.
Croix on receipt of despatches from California,
Y.liieh had been forwarded by Arteaga's explorii.g-
fleet to be noticed later in this chapter, referivtl the
subject in dispute to his im'nor, or legal advisei-,
Pedro Galindt) Navari'o, in acc(jrdance with whose
counsel ho sent April 20, 1780, an order to Xeve to
tiike possession of the original patent and instructions
which liad been sent by the guardian to Serra and
nmst still be in possession of the latter; and, further-
hioie, under no pretext whatever to permit the })resi-
dt'iit to go on administering the sacrament till new
orders should be given. The papers were to 1k' sent
at once to Croix, ^^ ho would communicate with the
vicoro}' respecting tl •-; original concession by the }io])e,
and would settle the matter as soon as ])ossibh'. To
Sei'ra Croix conununicated the})urport of the order to
Xeve, "charging and entreating" him to ol)ey the
Older punctually Ijy gi\ing up the pa[)ers."
The details of what took place between Xovo and
Serra on recei[)t of these orders must be left t;i the
'. igination of the reader. The ])residcnt could not
give up the papers because he lu'd taken fhe jaeeau-
" 'I'lic (.idol- to Xcve is not oxtaiit, l)ut its ]iiuii<iit is givon iv. Iho conimiini-
Mitiini to Sc'iTa in St. l\qi. Hue, .MS., viii. liS; ami F'f:,i'Utd dc Vuniiniuir,
MS., :20i>-G0.
]2t
A DECADE COMPLETED.
ii'" i
tion to get rid of them; and he suspended ronfirnm-
tions, as he flattered himself, at the 'entreaty' nf
Croix and not the 'command' of Neve. The 20th <if
J uly Scrra rephed to the letter of Croix "about a con-
tinuation of administering the sacrament of contirina-
tion wliich I sohcitcd." Ho has the day before
received Neve's letter containing the general's onh r
to sus])cnd confirmation, \vhich of course ho will clicer-
fully obey; though lie regrets that the legal ad\iser li;is
not ii'iven more weii^ht to his argument on the ccossii)
and wonder that a suspension of the power toconiinu
will cause among ignorant })eoplc. In order, however,
to prevent this gossip as far as possible, he will .'d)S('if,
himself on some [)retext or otlier, when he hears that.
the vessel is coming, though that will be just the time
when his presence will be most needed. As to th(.'
|>apers, he has sent them nine months ago to his col-
lego, and as a tribulation sent upon lihii by an all-wise
(;iod, the vessels arc late this year and tlie doeuuiciits
have not come; but they will soon be here and will
bo delivered to the governor for the puiposes iiuli-
eated, thougli with a little delay they miglit be deliv-
ered in a more complete and satisfactory state.-^"
'- Farifliad dc Coifrmar, !MS., 2G0-0. There nrc tvo copies of the letter,
Jioth ill Semi's liamhvritiui;. ))ut dilleriiig sumowhat in the elosiiiL,' J);ji tiuiis.
'J !ic variations are not hnWfver in MibstaiK c essential. It in hut t'air tn Ihi;
jiailre to .siy that in speakiii;,' ahout the doennienls his lan^aiage is not elcar,
ami na<,'ht possihly ])ear a diilerent eonstruetion fnun that I liave given in t!u!
ti'sl; that is, he may mean to .say in snhsianee, 'I have sent enpics of my
jiajiers' (thougli it i-eads ' reniitiendo alld todos mis ])a|ieles ([tie haeian i.l
easo') to ^Mexieo for eomiilelion by the addition of missing oih.'m, and liy a
little delay 1 lonld send them in a eonijtkied state; hut as it is I givi; up lh(^
oii;.'in;ds ."s tliey are to the governor. Or he might mean that ho had tivv.t
the inost ini|iortaiit papei's to Mexicoaiid would give up what were lift. Thcie
t. however no evidence outside of this letter that he evei' gave u]iauy iiapc;s,
l.ut it appears rathei' tliat ho gave up none. It is not ini])ossiblo tliat lii.s
language was intentionally maiie vague, tioveriior Xeve in a .sultse([Uint
K;t'r to Croix, ?ilareh '_'(!, ITM, in /'mr. I'lc, ]\IS., ii. SI, speaks very ]ihiiii!y
on tiio sulijeet. saying that Serra el.unied to have sent his patent to .Mexico,
and he does not deem it wise to take jiossession of and '-ieareh his paiiers, hi-
eause if he has not sent the doeument away he will have hid it 'with liis
iins]>eakahle artiliee and shrewdness;' and the only result will he troulilo
with the padres and delay in tlie<'hannel foundations, for which they vid
refuse to coiitriliute su]iplies. lieiiig exasperated tliere is nothing tliese friais
'v.ith their inimeasural>le and inereilihlc |iride'will not attempt, since on
more than four occasions it has reipiired all Xeve's policy and inoderatioii [o
ECCLESIASTICAL TEEROGATIVE.
325
^onfirnin-
•eatv' (if
) 20t]i of
ait a C(.ii-
?onlirnia-
y bi'furo
il's ordrr
ill clicrr-
viscr lijis
ic gossip
3 confirm
llOWOVeT,
11 absi'it,
ears tliat
the time
iS to tlic
J liis col-
i all-wiso
)cuuieiits
and Avill
SOS indi-
te {kll\'-
12
tho Ipttrr,
portiuns.
iur t(i tin;
lii)t I'lrar,
ivcii ill tho
i<'s of my
hiici.iii iil
and liy a
i\l! iij) tlu^
had si'iit
:l. ThcM!
I y iiapcr.s,
o" that Ilia
il)se([iu'iit
ry |il:iin!y
(1 Mi'xii'o,
apui's, lii-
' with iii-i
IC trouhlo
they will
lu'su friai'S
, h^iiii'i.' I'll
L'fatioii to
Tl:o eoiumandaiit general, on recei])t of Serra's kt-
ti'i', sinii»ly repeated on Xoveniber 2!)tli his previous
ordir tlitit the papers were to bo given up at onee.
This brought out from the venerable friar under dale
(if ^[nrch 2^), 1781, a letter in which he protests that
his ptitent is not in his iwsscssioii nor indeed in Cali-
f(!iiiia, but was sent to Croix by wa}' of Mexico, since
Xcvo was absent in IJaja California and the date of
his return uncertain, lie swears in verho sacerdotls
iiiid tadl pedori mcerdotali that ho tells the truth,
;t!i(l wonders greatly that Croix has not received fronj
^.Ii'xico all needed pa[)ers and proofs to settle tho
v.liolo matter permanentl}'.'^ For an explanation of
this extraordinary reply it is necessary to turn back a
little. The guardian, llafael Verger, on receipt (»f
Serra's first letter of October 17"!), had written to
Viceroy ^layorga — l:>ucareli having died in April of
the sjinie year — stating the case and instituting pro-
cctidings to obtain certified copies of all documents
bouiing on the subject of confii-mation.^'' This was on
December 17th; tho required certificates were ob-
tained without difiiculty, and on Februar}' 16, 1780,
the e-uardian sent them in duo form to Serra, to In;
shown to Xeve, at the same time f;icilit;iting a settle-
iiie'it of the matter in dispute by forwarding a co[)y
! > Uoiieral Croix. The president received tho papers
1 V ■ ..e vessel which arrived at ]Monterev Oct(jber (ith,
■■'r\ ill the confident expectation of an order from
C. ix t ) resuh-C confirmations, felt very independent,
so i.iich so that he deemed it safe to disreo-ard tho
ortlers both of Croix and of the guardian requiring
tlio delivery of the documents to Neve. Cireum-
tiini them from pnrrcptition.s conspiring aLrainst the govcrnim iit. At a, iiioro
)itlin;j; tiiiic it v. ill )»' well to carry mit certain incasurcM which he has dcci.ic<l
it hcst for the present to defer as the only means nf briii'^ing 'this president
t) ;i [iropor ackiiciwledgnieiit of the aiithnrity v, liich lie eludes v hih; prctc'inl-
iiii; til dlicy.' 'i'liis is very strung language from a man w ho was not [none to
txcit iiioni; or exagi;eration.
'• Jhrnl'ri.l ,lr '(\„iii,-iiit(i; ?ilS., 2(U)-T1. This u tho tii'st use, l.y the way,
■ ' th" name ]>aia California that I have noticed,
'■ 'I lie triiiirdian nays nothing of having receiveil any jiapers from Serra ;
Lilt cf couioc this is not very sti(jiig evidence tiiul he did not j^ct them.
V>
n2n
A DECADE C0:MPIETED.
w
stances favored his plans, for Novo wns at the time
absent from the capital on a visit to tlie frontier mis-
sions of the peninsula. Accordingly, appreheudin'^'
the receipt of more positive orders I'rom tlic goiioi'al,
and resolved to take no risk of eventual discomfitiuv,
the venerable friar despatched his patent forthwitli t(>
Croix, via Mexico, probably by the very vessel tluit
luul brought it.
Soon the governor returned to ^Monterey and on
December 30th demanded the documents in oi-ilcr
that '■ might forward them as ordered to Ci'^ix.
Serra ui . deign to say whether he had the pa[)fis
or not, bi., Jolly replied on the same date by saying;'
in sul)stancc: 'The whole matter has been settlud liy
liiglier authorities; the papers proved to bo all riglit;
I have written to General Croix, and he will doubt-
less be satsified with wliat I have said. You and T
have only to wait f)r orders." Neve for reasons
already mentioned did not enforce his demand, ami
Serra was hajipy in the thought that he had snulilud
his enemy. Then, as the president had anticipated,
came the order of Croix dated November 29tli, and
•^vritten before ho had received despatches from ]\T('x-
ico. Serra's reply was an easy one and has Ixeu
alreafly given. Meanwhile, Croix on recei[)t of tlio
^Mexican despatches, sent as a matter of course tlio
corresponding instructions dated the 23d of ])ccoii!-
ber. They were received by Neve at San Gabriel,
wlienee in a letter dated May 19, 1781, he inf unud
Scri'a that as the apostolic brief had been shown to
have the requisite approval of the council, there ^\as
no longer any obstacle to his administering the sacra-
ment.^''
During the continuance of this quarrel the [)rosi-
dent took advantage of another op[)ortunity to show
his independence of the government. The govern' ir
had been ordered to send in connection with his aii-
'■'All ilic coimnuuicatious referred to are fouiul in tho Facullad iIc Cuu-
Jii'iiuir, MS.
FATHER JUNfPEROS MOTIVES.
327
'.lual rcjioits inventories of the lni^ssions; but Serra
roi'usod to render any account of the missions, claim-
in;^' lliiit lie was acting according to orders from tlio
ciuudiau, and would send the inventories direct to
5le'.\i''(..^\
This o])isodo of California history, now for the first
time niado public, exhibits the character of Junijiero
Sena in a new and, considering the previous char-
acter of the man, in a startling light. And though
from tliis distance nothing can be seen in the contro-
vei'sy which might affect the interests of Christianity,
of the Franci! 'an order, or of the California missions,
we must conckuie that Serra was conscientious in his
belief that ])rinciples of the gravest character wero
involved or he never would have manifested the firm-
ness and the stubborn pertinacity he did from the
Ixgiiming to the end of this dis[)ute with the gov-
ern* >i'. Tlic great battles between the royal prerogative
and thofucro edcskistico had been fought in S[-ain; it
eeitriiidv could have been no t''i(iin<i' matter that would
induce this man of peace to renew them in California.
On the other hand Xeve claimed what he reu'arded
as a well known right, nothing in the slin'htest deo-reo
liuniiliating to the president, and so far as can bo
hnowii he urged his claims in ;i courteous and re-
.-■[u'etlul manner; and when obedience to his demands
was refused nothino- but his moderation and cool-
nmided patriotism prevented a scandal which would
liavo been unfortunate to the country, and })erlia[»s
(Hsastrous to the missions. No ardent churchman
enteitaiiis a more exalted o[)inion of the virtues (»f
•lunipero Serra, his pure-mindediiess,his self-sat.-rilieing
(lev()(ion,his industiy and zeal than myself Xor would
1 w illiiigly detract from the reputation of a man who
has been justly regar<led as an ideal missionary, the
lather of the church in California; jjut I am writing
"'Xcve to Croix Jnno 4, 1770, in Proi'. liCC, MS., i. 1"_'7-S. Tlic govornor
.«;i,ys lli:it till! iiativrsiiro tnufrlit tluit tlio padrcsi tiro supioiiic iiiul tho sLLiilia-
ollieials aio to bo i'u''tu'clcJ Mitli iudiQcrcuce.
r
3-28
A DI'XADE COMPLETED.
history, and I must record the facts as I find thorn
and leave my readers to form their own conchisions.^'
The Hcense to confirm for ten years expired with the
life of Serra in 1784, before which time he had con-
firmed 5,309 persons. The privik-gc was again given
at Home in 1785 and forwarded by the bisho[) of
Sonora in 1790 to President Lasuen, who conlirnic;]
within five years about 9,000 persons. The llcen>;e
was never ai^ain renewed.
The transj)ort vessels of 1778 wore the San Carl on,
which arrived at San Diego in jVIay, returning ;it
once to San Bias; and the Santiago, under Captain
Juan Manuel do Ayala, pilotos Castro and Aguirre,
and chapUiin Nocedal, which anchored at San Fran-
cisco June 17th, one hundred and five days out from
San Bias. Besides more material supplies she l)ronght
an utmsu.il budget of news. An exploring fleet for
the northern coast was fitting out at San Bias; Teo-
doro de Croix had l)een appointed commandant gen-
eral of the Interior Provinces; a change was proposed
in mission government, making California a custodia,
thouu'h tliis was never carried out; and the riu'ht to
confirm had been granted to President Serra. The
tSaitti(((/o on her return touched at Monterey at the
end of July and at San Diego.
The Santiago returned to San Francisco in 1770,
but we have no further information about her trip
than that several of her officers served as godfathers
at the baptism of natives on the Gth of July. TJie
officers included Captain Estevan Jose Martinez,
Piloto Jose Tobar, and Chaplain Nicolas de Ibera.''^
'" Fiilou, Viiln, 23.J-0, filluiles to the fiiiarrel very briefly, admitting that
Novo ua.s not actuated hy malice. In liiis Notlcldn ho dues not iiieutioii tho
sidjjict at all. Shea, <'nf/i. J/'',<s., 100, saya that Serra was for a tiiiK^ in-
vented by the government from exercising his right. Taylor, iJl-'coc. «/'■/
Foi!ii(l< rx, ii. No. 2S, allirms that 1'. Junipero had a serious fright socju after
beginning to conlirm on account of a rumor from ^Mexico that there v as soiiu-
tiling irregular in his j)a]iers; but ou assurance from, ill the pronunent men aci'i'<-
sible that there was nothing wrong he was comforted ' Cdeeson, JH-it. < 'alh. C/i.,
ii. .S4-(), attributes the hindrance tu the Chevalier de Croix who was opiuisc.l
to tlie missions, and would not; allow 8ei'i\'i to conlirm until the viceroy was
apiK ide<l to and told him to let the pailres alone.
''*(b«>i Fnuuisco, Lib. ik MiAuii, MS., 10. She came back next year m iih
EODEGA Y CUADIL\ AND ARTEAGA.
329
Entered San Francisco Bay the Favurita September
1 4tli, lollowed next day by the Priaccsa. They were
cxiiloring vessels commanded by lieutenants ]Jodeo-a
y Cuadra and Ignacio Arteaga respectively, the latter
"hclng chief in command.^" They had left San 131as in
I'VbriKuy, and had been up the coast to latitude GO",
and on the return had explored the old bay of Sau
Fi-ancisco under Point Reyes whore the San Ayuxtlii
was cast away, this being the first visit since the time
of Vizcaino. The men were many ( -f them sick with
sciU'N y and the ships remained for six weeks in jiort
f»r their benefit. In Cuadra's possession was au
iiiinge in bronze of Nuestra Scnora do los Hemedios,
[)ied from the original in Mexico, which ho presentetl
00
to the mission and which was placed on the altar with
])r()])er ceremonies the 3d of October. Next day the
festival of the patron saint was celebrated, and in
connection with the ceremony three natives brought
from the northern coasts were baptized. Seira could
not come up in time for the festival on account of
d'aiuetos with Neve; but a little later he was met by
the naval officers at Santa Clara and came to San
Francisco to administer confirmation as we have seen,
insisting on walking all the way and refusing to have
liis ulcerated leg treated after arrival. A courier now
arrived overland with tidings of Viceroy Bucareli's
death and of the war with England. This hurried the
vessels away, and after hasty j^reparations in view of
possible hostilities on the high seas, they sailed Octo-
ber 30th, bearing important despatches from Serra,
and leaving Matias Noriega in place of Father Cam-
bon, wlio retired on account of ill-hcalth.^'^
; I
the siimc officers, except that 'Misjuel Davalos wns olmplain, entering Mon-
terey in Oetolicr nnd unloading tlirte, to tiu.' greii'^' inconvcniunco of San I^i'an-
ii.-<(u, wail her the cargo had to be carried bv la: d. J'rdoii, Xol., ii. oGS-O;
J'ror. j;<r., MS., ii. :\2--x
'" Accurding to S. /Vn??f(.-TO, Lih dc ilA'sjcff, !>,IS., 11-12; Pnloii, Vhia,
2.11-1!. Lieut. Quirc'is y Mii\inda was cue ol' Lj! u oliiccrs. Canizaivs and
JIaiiivllc ^\•ere also on the vessels.
^'Siiii Fnninncv, Lih. ik Mix'ion, !MS., II: .'iQi'' :/n >/ C'uadm, Xarajririoii,
etc., 177!), MS.; Ai'kaija, l\rcint Ejciiloraciou, 2,70, ^IS.; Jlaurilk, Aute-
4
i|i
330
A DECADE COMPLETED.
There is yet another iiuiritiinc event to be inchulcd
in tlie annals of 1770, namely: the arrival of the first
Manila galleon. OtT Monterey harbor the 11th of
Oetober arrived the San Jv.se, and the coniniandei-,
Joso Iniparan, sent a boat ashore asking for a ])ilot
and that buoys be i)laced to mark deep water, alluding
to the royal orders for the galleons to get water and
food here."^ Neve's reply- the records fail to show.
Palou states that the ship's boat took off a sheep and
basket of vegetables from Carmelo Bay, while the otK-
ccr went across to the presidio. There a bull was
given and the key of the storehouse, also the required
pilot, or a soldier who knew the harbor; but the boat
was upset just as the men boarded the ship and a sud-
den wind forced her to depart without anchoring,
taking the soldier with her to Cape San Lucas." l\n-
paran was however blamed subs^^quently for his action
in this atfair; for General Croix writes to Neve on
July 17, 1782, that the king has been notified of Tni-
paran's refusal to anchor at INIonterey;-^ and indeed
Minister of State Galvcz writes in February of the
same year that thouiih siijfnal fires were lit at Monte-
rey the galleon paid no attention, sailing for Cai)e San
Li'icas in defiance of ro3'al orders; that the ki'ig is
much displeased; and that in future galleons must call
at Monterey under a j)enalty of four thousand dollars,
mdess prevented by contrary winds.
Besides the arrival and departure of vessels, and
Father Junipero's visits to the different missions for the
gacion, ^NFS.; I>oih')a y Cucidra, Seqimda Sal'ida, MS.; Pyov. lire., JTS.. i.
U2-4; I'ror. St. J'f(p.\ MS., ii. 4!)-.")0; Pdhii, Not., ii. ;W;-(i4; Id., Vhhi,
1G")-71; Bustunuiidc, Stiph metdo, 34-3. There arc some iliH'eieiiees aliniit
the ilate of ile))artiu'e. The rumor of wnv with England e.aiiscd the two ( 'ali-
fornia transports iSVn) Ch/'/o.'J anil Sun Aidoulo to bo sent in the autniun of
1771) over to ihuiila to give notice of danger and carry .S;{(>0,000 i:i money
l'a(h'e Font went as ehaphhn on the Sen Cdrlon. Cunilwni recovered his
health, resolved to retnrn, and Ixjught maize and snj:ar with his earnings as
chaplain. The fsupplies he sent up on the Saiifiaijo, hut he way obliged iiini-
self to make a tii)) to Acapnlco and perhaps to Manila under Heccta on the
Priiirctri. P(dou, Not., ii. .'iO.j-7.
'^ lm])anin's letter in I'rou. St. Pap., MS., ii. 38.
'^-Pidoti, i\o/., ii. 3()3-4.
»' Prut: St. Pap., MS., iii. 228.
LOCAL ITEJIS.
331
purpose of administering confirmation, there is but
little to be noted in the way of'loeal events. Neophyte
alcaldes and rcgidorcs were chosen in 1779 for the
older missions; two of each for San Cdi'los and San
Diego, and one for San Antonio, San Luis, and San
(iabiiel.fv Neve at his coming had found the so-called
lU'csidios to be mere collections of huts, enclosed in
slight fences of sticks called palisades, altogether
ina(U'(juate to purposes of defence, even against the
poorly armed Californians. He gave special attention
to this matter and with such success that on the 3d
of July 1778 there was complctccl at Monterey a wall
of stone 5-37 yards in circumference, 12 feet high and
iour feet thick, enclosing ten adobe houses each 21 by
24 feet, with barracks 13G by 18 feet not quite fin-
ished. At San Francisco walls were also being built,
but of adobe, which the rains of January and Feljruaiy
of 1779 undermined and destroyed, showing that hero
also stone must be used. At San Diego stones were
being collected for foundationp in 1778, but we hear
nothing definite of progress for several years. At
San Francisco presidio a new chapel was in course of
erection at the bcu'inning of 1780;"' while at San
Diego mission a new adobe church, strengthened and
rooft'd with pine tindjers, was this year completed. It
was ninety feet long by seventeen feet wide and high.
The farmers of San Jose M^erc prospering in a quiet
wav, vaisinof over 700 bushels of orain in 1780, and
lui\iug at that date nearly GOO head of live-stock, largo
and small. San Gabriel and San Luis had some
2,000 bushels of surplus maize."''"'
At the end of this first decade of its history the
Spanish settlements in California consisted of three
])resi(Uos, one pueblo, and eight missions. There were
at these establishments besides the governor, two lieu-
-' A limiso was burncil at tlio presidio Oct. 1 1, 1770, ami with it tliu Ims-
pit;;! tiiit of tlio two vessels Pruicimt aii<l I'ururVa.
^M)ii local matters 1778-80 sec Arch. St<i UarUura. MS., x. 40r)-."13; Proi\
}!■<:. MS., i. ISI. -,1, 83, 80, 104, 117, l-'O, Vl'l-o, l'J7-8; ii. •-'l--.'j I'roc. St.
I'cp., MS,, ii. ;ji)-7.
I
sn-j
A DECADE COMPLETED.
J 1
■ I
tenants, tlirco sergeants, 14 corporals, about 140 sol-
diers, 30 HU'cioiU'ss, 20 settlers, live niaster-niechanics,
one surgeon, and three stoi-e-kcepers, IG Franciscan
missionaries, and about 3,000 neophytes. The total
])opulation of Spanish and mixed blood was not l;if
iVoni 500. The annual expense to the royal treasury
ol'kceping up these establishments was nearly $50,000,
or some 610,000 more than was provided for by tliu
regulation of 1773.-"
"For a list of male iuhabitajits of California from 17G9 to 1800, see end of
this volume.
1800, see end of
CHAPTER XVI.
A NEW REaLA:MENTO— COLONISTS AND RECRUITS -LOS
ANGKLE8 FOUNDED.
1781.
NEVI;'s RKfiLAMENTO IN FoRCF,— INSPECTORS OF PRESIDIOR— ScrPI.Y SVSTKM —
I!ai;ii,itai)0 — Tuk Santa Uart.aca Ciiannkl to iik Occupikd — Coloni-
zation Systlm — Mission Extension— Preparations for New Estaii-
i.isiniENTs — Rivera's Kecki-itino in Sonora and Sinaloa — Plans vmi
Tin; ilAucH — CoMiNd OK ]1ivera via tuk Colorado, and of Zl.nkia
VIA Loueto — Arrival / • San Gaiiriel — Fol'ndixo of Los ANt;ELEs —
Neve's Instrfctions — Names of the Oricinai. Settlers — Early
ruooREss— Final DisTRiiirTitiN of Lands in 17SG — Map of Scrvev-
San Jose DisTuinuTioN in J7H3 — Map— Local Items — Lavinc; the
Corner-stone of the Cuurcu at Santa Cuvra — Movements of Ves-
sels AND Missionaries.
At tlio bcijiniiiiiG: of 1781 the new rcsfiilation for
tlie ij;'ovoriiiiieiit of California went into ofteet pro-
visionally by order of Coniandantc General Croix of
the Provincias Internas <le Occidente, receiving the
fuiinal approval of King Carlos III., October 24th
(•t'tlio same 3'ear/ but dating back to the 1st of Juno
1771), in its original drawing-up by Neve. Echevcstc's
ix'g'iilation of 1773,^ resulting chiefly from the labors
of President Serra in behalf (jf California during his
vihiit to Mexico, had been designed as a tenipoiarv
<-\}>L'(lient rather than a permanent system; and liio
;i.iiii ill preparing ihe document to supersede it Avas to
Iji'iiig the Californian establishments, so far as possible,
' V( (V, Ii('(]l(tmen(o 6 InMrucdoiu MS. For the Rcglamoiito in print see
Arriltd'jd, U<coiiihmou, IS'JS, li!l-7o. Orders of Cioix of Sept. •_'!, 17.S0, in
I'riif. SI, Pap., MS., ii. 1 14. Neve aekiiowlcdged receipt uf preceding (irder
•Ian. '-'(I, 17S1, Id., ii. 38-9. Sec iiist i)ages of cliapter xv. of tlii.s vo nine.
■ I!' [ilatthnito (le:.'.'f ilc Moijo lllJ, and /</. , Ihliriiiinucion <!r S di- Jul'o, MS.,
■i; /'"/•'(, Xot., i. 550-71, Ot5'J-l)4. See chapter ix. of this volume.
334
COLONISTS AND RECRUITS.
i
under the £>'eiic'r;il syfstein jir'uvalciit in tlio (iIIkt
interior provinces, anil cmlxKlicd in the rf)yal i'eL;ii-
lation for frontier presidios,^ with such luodilieatioiis
us were rendered necessary by the distance and pecnlinr
cii-cunistan(.'es of Cahfornia jis shown ]>y t^xpiritiicr
under the old system. Elscwliere in this series I
devote some space to a carefid study of the presidiij
system in all its workinn's and details. Hence to enter
here mto tbe minutiae of the new regulation avouM
.serve no usc:ful ])ur[)ose. I therefore notice the docu-
ment hrieily in its main features as the beginning' of
a new e[)och, its practical workings will in a general
way be apparent in the course of events from year to
year. Tlio reader will thus be led to peruse with
interest, (jualitied to study with profit, or enabled {o
omit altogetluvr the later analysis necessary in a woik
of this character for purposes of reference, but net
interestintjf to a larLre class of general rcadeis.
The distance and isolation of California prevei
regular visits of the royal inspector of frontier ^
si<hos, the governor was made provincial inspeeti)i',
responsible by virtue of this new commission for the
enforcement of the reixulations. But that the duties
of the new position might not interfere with other
official duties, the actual work of inspecting the \nv-
sidioswas given to an adjutant inspector acting under
the inspector's orders.'* Supplies of all kinds were as
before to be shi[)ped from San Bias, being j.urchased in
accordance with annual memovias of articles required,
forwarded through governor to viceroy, and delivered
to soldiers and servants in payment of their wages.
There was, however, an important change in one re-
spect; for the former profit of a hundred and fifty pir
cent was relinquished hj the government, and sup-
l)lies were furnished to the men at their cost in San
Bias, no addition being made for transportation by
' Presidios, lifrjlamaito ( Ivstrwcion de 10 dc Sept. 1772.
* Nicolas Soler iirst held this iJosition from November 17S1 under Inspect-
or Neve.
NEW REGLAMKXTO.
3.n
sea. As an olfset to tlii.s reduction the pay of soldiers
uas reduced al>out forty per cent,'' tliey were oMii^ed
lo submit to losses and damage incurred on the voy-
iv^v, .'Uid tlicy Were obhged to pay two \n;v cent to an
/i<il)i/i/(i(Ii). This hist named oflieial tcjok the place
(if the old f/uanla-<dniaccn, or store-keeiier, and had
cliarL^e, subject to the ins[)ection of his conuuandant,
el" the reception and distribution of j>ay and rations
and tlie keeping of company accounts. The liabi-
litado was chosen from among the subaltern ollicer.^5
by each presidial company, and the com[)any was i-e-
.sjionsible for any deficit in his accounts." While sup-
plies were yet to bo imported from aln-oad as a mat-
ter of necessity, the habilitado was authorized to pui'-
cliase California productions whenever offered, and it
was exitected that all grain consumed would soon bo
i^rown in the couL'try, or in 'the j)eninsula,' as even
L'i)]>er California was still called.
Tlie new regulation provided for the occn[)ation of
tlie Santa Barbara Channel region, in aci-ordanco
with Neve's oriu'inal idea, by the foundin*'* of a
nrw })residio and nnssion of Santa ]3ai'bara in the
centre, and two missions, San Buenaventura and Pu-
ii^iina. at the extremities of the Chamiei coast. It
also made j'l'^^vision for two jjueblos, the one al-
ivady founded at San Jose, and anotliei- to be ostab-
lislu'd on the Rio Porcii'mcula and called Xuestra
Srnora do los Angeles. For the lour ])residios, and
tlio eleven missions and two pueldos under their [)ro-
tcc'tion, a force of four lieutenants, four sub-lieutenants,
or alfereces, six sergeants, sixteen corporals, one hun-
dred and seventy-two soldiers, one surgeon, and five
niaster-nu^chanics was allowed at an annual ex[)enso
lur salaries of $53,453. Froui this force a sergeant
ader Inspect-
* A ser.'paiit's pnywaa reduood from ^tOO to 82C'2,: corporal, 8400 to B'-2:r,
soliliw, s;{tJO to 8^*17. oO; inccluiuic, .S300 to$180. A liculciuiiit uas to get
^■jM instead of .*!:">00 ; an alforez §400; and iv surgeon .'?4r)0.
'The lirst liabilitados, in 1781, were Mariano Carrillo at Monterey, Iler-
iiKii('.riiii,j ,sal at San Francisco, Jose do Ziiiiiga at Sau Diego, and Josu F.
Oituga at Santa Barbara.
II
m-i^
III
i
I
i;
sno
COLONISTS AXD RECRUITS.
and fourteen men wore to be stationed temporarily
at San Buenaventura and Purisiina; a corporal and
five men at each of the other missions; four soldiers
at each of the pueblos f(.)r two years; and the rest t(j
be retained for presidio service proper.'^
Section xiv. of the regulation deals with the new
and important subject of pueblos and colonizatir»ii. As
the foundation of pueblo land-titles this section Iia;-;
played an important part in the subsequent litic^'atioi is
of (.'alifornian courts, and has often been repuldlslied
and translated.'^ The system of distributing puelilo
lands, left somewhat vague at first, not reduced b) au
exact science in the pi'actical a])plication of ];i(er
years, and nlniost inextricably confused by tlie volu-
minous explanations of lawyers since 1849, need not
be cl(.)sely analyzed hov. It was only in its strictly
lesjfal asi)ects that the niieblo sv^tenv was va-'iie oi-
comjdicated. Historically all was (dear euougli. Ac-
cordincT to the ricw reLjulations settlers v.'ere to In;
(detained from the (dder provinces and estaldished i:i
California; to be granted each a ]iouse-l<)t and a tract
of la. id for cultivation; to be su})]died at the bv^'ginuiiig
%vitli the necessary livc-stoch, ini'dements, and seed,
which advance was to be gradually repaid witliin live
years from the i)roduce of tlie land; to ])e Daid ("iich nu
annual sum ^IIG.50 for two 3-ears, and of -VGO f )r tli ^
next three years, the payment to be in clothing and
other necessary articles at cost prices; to have as
c;)nnnunities the use of government lands for pn^tur-
a'jfe and the obtaininuf of wood and water; and, tinallv,
to be free for five vcars i'rom all tithes or other taxes.
Government aid in the way of moiu-y and cattle was to
bo given only to colonists who hd"t tlieir own country to
come to California; but in respect of lands other colo-
'Tlii.s loft '27 iiipu to S.an Diego, 2^^ to Santa ]5dil)ai'a, 27 to Mdiih'ny,
mul 1!) to San Franci.sco.
"For translation koc Ilalhrk'.'i Hr/mrf, Sl.ft Coinf., Itt Smu., I/. Kr. J>>":
17, Y>. I'M: Join's' l?i/iort. Xo. 4; U. S. Sup. Conrf' I'r/ilx., i., llockwull, 4k i;
Dirjiirlk'.i Colon, llixl. S. /'., addenda, ;i ; //«//",•< /lis/. San Jo-^v, 40U-7;ii
bubidos rcfcreucca more or less complete in many \c^\A biiefd.
PUEBLO REGULATIONS.
337
iii>t?,.-LK'li as discliargcd soldiers, were entitled to equal
tij ^iIonttTt \',
i)nviJe<i-es.
In return for aid thus received the colonists were
hiii)|>ly required to sell to the presidio^ exclusively
the surplus prtjducts of their lands, at fair prices to
he fixed from time to time by the fjovernmeut, in
accordauccwith market rates in the southern p''ovinces,
111 the total absence of other purchasers this re(piire-
lueiit would for many years at least prove a decided
IniieHt rather than a burden. Each settler must keep
liiiuself and horses and musket in readiness fin' military
service in an emergency. Other conditions were im-
posed, l)Ut all more directly advantageous to the set-
tler than to the government. Thus the jx^bladores
must take their farms together within pueblo limits
((f four square leagues according to the Spanish law
and custom; they could not alienate their land, nor
in any way encumber it with mortgages or otherwise;
tliey must build houses, dig irrigating ditches, culti-
vate, own, and keep in repair certain implements, and
maintain a certain number of animals; they could not
kill or otherwise disnose of their live-stock except
under certain regulations to insure its increase; neither
could one person own more than fifty animals of a kind
and thus monopolizo the pueblo wealth; and finally,
each pueblo must perform certain community work in
the construction of dams and irrigating canals, on
roads and streets, in a church and the necessary town
buildings, in tilling the iwopioi^, or pueblo lands, from
the })ro(luct of which municipal expenses were to be
paid. ^Municipal o.ticers were at the beginning ap-
pointed by the governor but afterwards chosen by the
people. This system of colonization was in every
respect a wise one and well ada[)ted to the needs of
the country. If it was not successful, it is \o tlx;
character of the colonists, the mildness of the climate,
and the opposition of the missionaries that we must
look for the causes of failure.
The regulation provided in its last section for the
Hist. Cal. Vol. I. 22
338
COLONISTS AND RECRUITS.
9 H
3 ^ !■ :
establislimont in the future of now missions, in addi-
tion to tho throe to bo immediately founded. By tlic
line of eleven missions located alon<^ the coast at in-
tervals of from fourteen to twenty-five leagues, with
four protectinj^ presidios at greater intervals, commu-
nication would, it was thought, be sufficientlv secured;
and new nu'ssions should be located on a second line
farther inland, each new establishment being as far
as possible equidistant from two of the old ones, and
from fourteen to twenty leagues east. Two ministers as
before were to be left in each of the old arid of the
three Channel missions, but the places of those mIio
died or retired were not to be filled so long as one
padre was left at each mission, except that at presidio
missions there were to be two friars until some other
provision should be made for cha})lains. New mis-
sions were to have but a single minister with an
annual stipend of four hundred dollars; and tliis sum,
with the $1,000 allowed each new foundation, must
suftice for all needs both religious and temporal. The
old establishments Avero, however, to contribute ani-
mals and seed, and they might also supply a compan-
ion minister for a year. No necessity for an increased
military force was anticipated, since the temporary
pueblo guards and the extra force at San Buenaven-
tura and Purfsima would provide for at least four
new guards without diminishing the presidi.il gan-i-
.sons. It will be noted that this section of the regu-
lation shows less indications of missionary inllueiice
in its shaping than did Echeveste's which was in-
spired by Serra; but we shall also .see that most of
the ])resent prf)visions were of no practical effect until
modified by Franciscan influences.
!;f?
Meanwhile preparatiims for the proposed ne\. ostah-
lishments were going on slowly, preparations that had
iK'gun with Neve's arrival in the country, his reiioit
of ,)une 1777 on the means and importance of con-
trolling the eight or ten thousand natives of the twenty-
PKErAr.ATIOXS AXD INSTRUCTIONS.
339
10
one Cliannel lanclierias," and liis provisional foundinc^
of San Jose. General Croix approved the governor's
sL'henics for new cstabliyliraents in Septend)er 1778,
;iii(l sonic correspondence on minor details followed.
Xcve as we have seen included his plans in the regu-
lation of June 1779, which Croix approved in Sep-
tcm1»('r. Actual operations toward a carrying-out of
tlic plans were begun at the end of the year by Rivera
V ]\l<)ncada, lieutenant governor of Lower Californi;i,'^
will) at Xeve's order crossed the gulf and went to
Ari/.pe to receive from Croix certain instructions which
liDi'e date of December 27, 1779, and by which Rivera
was intrusted with the recruiting in Sinaloa and Sonora
(if soldiers and settlers for California;^^ the former for
tlic Santa Bdrbara presidio and missions, the latter
fur the new pueblo on the Rio Porciiiucula to be called
Oucen of the Anfjels.
111 a preliminary letter Rivera's attention is called
to the importance of his mission and he was flattered,
ns was the custom in such documents, with expres-
sions of confidence in his ability and witli prospectix'e
njiproval by tlie king. He is also reminded of a pop-
ular idea that Californian wa<jfes, while looking well on
pajxn-, are liable to a woful shrinkage in actual priic-
ticc; an idea that of course will seriously intnfero
with recruiting, and must lie dispelled by a careful
('\])lanatioii of the exact terms offe'red, without ex-
ii'><>eration. The settler must understand that he is
to recei
ten dollars a month and regular rations for
V/w. TZ^-c.MS., i. 70-3.
'" i'rov. St. Pap., MS., ii. 0, 7; Pmv. 7?.v., MS., i. 12-2-3. Xcvo rm Sept.
'2'.\. 177s, iinnouiKX'il to tliu kiii^' what lie Imil doiio, iiml tiic kin^'".s appinval was
fnrwanlid ],y Croix .Tnly 1!1, 1770. Pmr. St. Pup., MS., ii. 47.
'' ' liivcia y Marcado, Comandaiito of tin; presidio of Monterey,' is m hat
Ifall calls him. ll'ist. Sun Jos''\ l'.(-'J4. This is a fair .sample of the w.iy in
»hi(!i ( 'aliforniaii alVairs are treated hy liioderu writers, llall as I liave .'<ai<l
licJM^ al]cjvo the avcratjo of his class.
'- ' ■/•(*/(•, In4nir''loii qiw d hr (ilmrrnir < I Cfiji'ttdn l>. Fi'vimvilo Jtin ra ij Mon-
ciiihi piirii la irvliild 1/ hd'iUlricioii de /ainiliitx, polihnlord^ // fro/fi, aropi'i ili>
inii,iliirii.-<, Irrt.ipoiir <lr l0'la-i 1/ ih iwih (iii.iilius que Im .sollcitdilo ij .-c rnnciil' 11 al
Cnr'HK I 1). J'dipi' (If .Xcrt', (luliirixiilor lit' I 'iill/oniin", para 1 1 rcsijiirtnlo, lum -
til i'l >/ f()u»n'(ir'ion lie loi nitcrus 1/ aiitl(jiiO'<cMahla:liui(jiitoii ilc aquilla Pniiii-''i'la.
.NhS.
340
COLONISTS AND RECRUITS.
n\si
, I
tliroo ycars/^ beginning with the date of onhstnioiit,
and subject to no discount; but the advance of cloth-
ing, live-stock, seed, and implements must be gradu-
ally repaid, not by a discount on wages, but from tlic
surplus products of the land. Soldiers on the con-
trary, having a permanent and larger salary, must
lepay by 'prudent discounts' the sums advanced in
aid of themselves and families.
Coming now to the body of the instruction, wo
learn that the subaltern officers required for the in-
creased force of California, with one exception, liad
been selected and commissioned,''* and that twcutv-
live soldiers had been selected from the volunteers of
the presidial companies of Sonora to serve out thiir
time in California, their service beginning February
1st when they were to assemble at Horcasitas. There
were to be recruited twenty-four settlers and fii'ty-
nine soldiers, and to obtain them Rivera was alhnved
to go beyond the limits of the Provincias Internas.
as far as Guadalajara if necessary. Twenty-fivo of
the new recruits were to fill the places of those taken
from the presidios, so that ordy thirty -four soldiers
were to go to California. These and the twenty-lour
settlers must be married men, accompanied by their
families, healthy and robust, likely to lead regular
lives, and to set a good example to the natives. I'he
settlers must include a mason, a carpenter, and p.
blacksmith. All must bind themselves to ten years'
service. Female relatives of the pobladores, if un-
married, should be encouraged to accompany the fam-
ilies with a view to marriaixe with bachelor soldicis
:i 1^
"This, strangely enough, does not agree exactly with the regulation,
vliich ollors Jjllt) per year for two years anil §00 for the next thi<;c, thcso
KuniH including rations; neither was the pay to begin aeeordiug to the rcgla-
niento, until tlie grant of a lot in one of the pueblos.
"These were lieutenants Alonso Villaverde and Diego Gonzalez, ••uid
alfereecH Mariano Carrillo, Manuel Gareia Ruiz, and Ramon Lasso de l.i
Vega, one alfuiez remaining to be appointeil after eonimltation with (inv.
Ni!ve. Lieut, .lose Ziiirga was a little later substituti^d for \'ilLiverdi', who
ni'ver came to California; Alferez Jose Dario Argiiillu was also sent in |ilaco
of Ruiz; and Josii Velas(£Uez was appointed to iill tl)e vacant place of tliu
fourtli alferez.
ENLISTMENT IN SINALOA.
341
already in California. The rendezvous for the whole
company was to be at Alamos, except such as niijjjht
bu obtained in Guadalajara, who were to go by st>a
from San Bias. From Alamos the recruits and their
Ijimilics were to be forwarded by sea or land as might
bo decided later. Nine hundred and sixty-one horses
and mules were to be purchased and were to go by
way of the Gila and Colorado.^'
On February 10, 1780, General Croix sent to Neve
a copy of his instructions to Rivera, with the informa-
tion that the latter had already begun his work, that
tlie recruits would probably come in three divisif)ns,
and that the land expedition would start, if nothing
luippcned, in September or October.^*' The general
also enclosed copies of his communications to the
viceroy on the same subject, from one of which it
apjK'ars that the plan of obtaining volunteer soldiei's
from the Sonora presidios had been a failure, so tliat
all the new recruits must go to California. In another
couuiumication Croix called on the viceroy for various
measures in behalf of the new^ establishments, includ-
ing a resurvey of the channel with a view to find a
suitable landing-place for supjilies. He also called
attention to the fact that for tlie three new missions
six I'riars would be needed, four of whom should sail
from San Bias and accompany the land expedition.
San i)uenaventura had already an allowance of iij; 1,000,
and the same sum should be allowed the others, being
cxj)('ndcd in sacred vestments, vessels, and utensils to
be shi[)pcd from San Jjlas. Six peons with ])ay and
rations for three years should also be furnished to
cjicb of the new missions.
JJy the 1st of August Rivera had recruited forty-
tivc soldiers and seven settlers, and thouLirht he would
nave to go to Guadalajara; but l)y the 25tli he had so
noarl}' completed his full number at Rosario,in Sinaloa,
'■"Atthc end of the InHnicrioii (pp. SO-4) arc given full lists of the fiiti-
cl("<, chitdy of elotliing, to he fiirnislieil eacli recruit, soldier or poblador,
man or woiiuiii, l)oy or girl.
'' Crui.v to Neve, Feb. 10, 1780, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., ii. 89-9D.
•:.■'
ir'
ii
|i|
i'
i
i
%
ii
• ■::i-
t.:;
'^:|
•i^'
fi
■i'-j* '
lili-
f
:m-2
COLONISTS AXP RKCRUITS.
that lie tlioui^ht it lu-st to uhandon tlie southern ivi^),
iiud ivturned to the iiortli." Mc obtained, lio\V(*vii',
l)ut little more than half the fidl nund>er of settlers.
In a letter of Deeeniher IHth Croix eKi)lains that one
party un<ler Gonznlez and Lasso will cross over in
L(»reto, proceed to San Luis Bay hy water, and theiicc
hy land to San Diego; while the rest, forty-two sol-
diers with their families, will march l>y way of tlic
(N)lorado under ]Vivc!ra in person, escorted above
Tucson by sixty-five men from the Sonora presidios
under Lieutenant Andres Arias Cahallero, This escort
was to be sent back Irom the Coloi'ado except such a
detachment as Kivera might deem necessary to go
i'arther, under Allert'z Cayetano Jjimon.^"* The date
when liivera and his land expedition Ivi't Alamos in
Sonora is not exactly known, but was probably in
Aj^ril 1781. With it went also ]jieutenant GonzaK'z
who had been transferred from the other party, and
AHerez Jose Dari'o Argilello. Thirty of the soldiers
w'ere accompanied by their families, but tlun-e were
no settlers proper with this expediticMi. Of cjvents
along the way there is no record. Progress was very
slow, in accordance with the orders* of Croix, to axcid
needless fatigue and hardship to lamilies, and also to
keep the live-stock in good condition. Neve, hearing
of Rivera's approach, sent Sergeant Juan .Fose llobles
with five or six soldiers from San DicLi'o and ^r(>nterev
to meet him on the Coh)rado. Joined by this guaid
Rivera sent back most of the Sonora troops; de-
s})atched the California-bound company — except fi\c
or six men whom he retained — to their d'-stination
under Gonzalez escorted by Limon and nine sokliers;
'' Croix to Neve September '21st, iiieiitioiiint; letters frnni Rivera, in Pror.
Sf. Pn/K, Ms., ii. <S!)-<(!). Xov. Intli, (luvoriinr Neve asks* tlie vieeroy fur
?:},0(lO with wliiih to piircliafie yraiii I'roiu Sau (Jabriel and San Liii;''. 'Jlie
>/(r;/(o/v'«s asked for Sant.i Barliara amount to iJl'JjO.VJ, niueh of tiie amount
lieiiiii ill implements, etc., to tie eharged to settlers. I'ruv. /iVr., MS., ii. .")•!•
'Troix to Neve, December IS, I7S(), in /'for. Sf. Pu/)., ii. I17--o. I'mlia-
My 4"J soldiers — possibly one or two less —did start by this route as intendid,
and 17 by the other route, completing the full number of '■>'.). The settlers all
sirm to have come via Loreto, and so far as the records show there were
only 11 of them, two of whom ran away before i-eaching California.
ARRIVAL OF SETTLERS.
313
uhilc lio witli Rubles and nine or ton men oncanipud
Ileal' t]i(^ river, on the eastern or Aiizona l^ank, witli
a vit w to aH'ord needed rest to a part of the live-stock
and tlien resume Lis journey wi'stward. (^lonzalez,
LiiiioM, Argiiello, tliirty-five soldiers, thirty families,
and tlie Sonora escort arrived at San (Jahriel the 14tli
ol'.luly. As it was deemed impossible to transj)ort sup-
]»li(S .'in<l complete other preparations Ix^forc the rainy
.season, Neve decided to postpone the Channel founda-
linns until the next year.^" Limon with his nine; men
soop started back for Sonora byway of the Coloi'ado.
]\leanwJiile the rest of the recruits crossed tlie gulf
i'lniii (Juaymas to Loreto, luider connnand of Lieuten-
ant .Fose Zuniga substituted for Gonzalez. Seventeen
men, i)rolja]jly soldiers, with their families, left Loreto
^[arcli l"2th under Alferez Lasso and reached San
}a\U Bay by water April 24tli, soon followed l)y the
]est under Zuhiga, this last division including nj)par-
ently ele\en settlers and their families, two of the
original number havmg deserted and one remainin<if
for a time at Loreto. All were en route for the north
(in May Kith, when Neve communicated the preced-
ing' I'acts to General Croix,^'' and all arrived August
LSth at San Gabriel, where they were obliged to
riicamp in (juarantino for a time, at a distance of a
li ague from the mission, some of the children having
I'econtly recovered from the small-pox."^
That section of tlie regulation relating to pueblos
and eolonizalion had already been made public in Gal-
it'ninia in a special haiido dated March 8, 1781."
'■'Nuvo to Croix, July 14, 1781, in Prov. Her., M.S., ii. S7-8. .Some otliur
lining], ]it;iut corresponilcnco on the goiienil .sulijcct of tlio iiuw foumlalioiis is
f'Uiiil inJil., ii. 11, 40-1; Piov. ,St. Pup., Ben. Mil., MS., ii. 41 ; Pror. SI.
I'll I'-, MS., iii. 'lijo.
-"Xfvc to Croix, :\ray IG, 1781, in Prov. Per., MS., ii. 82. In tlii.s letter
Xevc jiiinoiuiL'e.s Inn intention to .send Itohles with I'J men to meet Kiveni. I
luive iihcady sstatetl that he sent only .'> or (> n\ili. I'iiloii, Xnf., ii. lis], ways
tile luiniljer Mils ■"). Rivera certiiiiily had 11 or ]'2 nun and all may li.ive Leen
tlio.e l^(.llt M ith ltoljle,s; but if he started witli 42 and only !i5 arrived, ralou's
vir.siun aeeouiits for the diserej'ancy.
;;■ Xeve to Croix, Oct. 29. •'; ', in Prov. Per., MS., ii. 89-00.
'■'S/. Pciji. M't)<n. and Colon., MS., i. 105-19. This doc unient is literally
ideiitiLul with section xiv. of the rcylumeuto already referred to and found in
\%\
344
COLONISTS AND RECRUITS.
Thougli for reasons already given the foundation of
the Channel missicnis and the Santa Barbara presidio
was postponed, there was no reason for dela}' iu estah-
lishing the pueblo, since the site was near at hand and
the settlers had arrived. 3^]ven when Linion arrived
unexpeetedly at San Gabriel late in August with seven
survivors of his nine men, himself wounded, bringing
news of the terrible massacre on the River Colorado
in which Rivera had been killed, as will be related in
the following chapter, the residting excitement fur-
nished no motive for delay at Los Angeles.
Governor Neve issued his instructions fur founding
the pueblo of La Reina de los Angeles from Sun
(Gabriel on the 2Gtli of August. While au'reeiu"-
with, or literally copying the clauses of the regulati^u
which I have translated in the jireceding note, this
document contains many additional particulars rc-
1(1., 200-24, and clsewhci'c. The clauses relating to tlio distribution of lands
arc as followf!: 'The sulnrcs (huutiodots) granted to the new settlor:; must lie
designated by the government iu respect of location and extent aeeoiding to
the gronnd on wliicli the new pueblos arc established, so that plaza and stiicts
be formed as prescribed ])y the laws of the kingdom, eonforjiiabjy to m liiih
there shall also be designated for the pueblo a suitable cj'td'j (communs nr
vacant suburbs, to be divided into additional house-lots and given t > new
settlers if ve(iuircd) and diJusan (outside ]tastni-e-grounds iise<l in conniuin by
the settlers) with the sowingdands needed for jirnjihi-^ (lands rent( d for a
revenue to pay municipal expenses). Each siiuie (planting-lot) cf Inml,
wliether irrigable or depending on rainfall, nmst ])e 200 varas long and wide,
this l)eing tlic area generally occupied hy -a j'aia<ja, a bushel and a ha'f, of
maize in sowing. The distrilnition of said ntK rlcx, which like that of the .sol'.ifi -i
must lie made in the king's name, will be made l)y the government wiih
e([uality and with proportion to the irrigable land, so that, after making th<^
eoi'responding demarcation and after reserving as liahtiiiK, or vacant, one fourtli
of tlie numl)ei' wliicii results from reckoning the number of settlers, tiny
(.iitrrtcs) sliidl bo distributed, if there are enough of tiiem, at the rate of two
niii'rtrH of irrigalile land to each settler and two more of dry; and of tiie irtil-
eiKjax (royal lands including the lots left vacant as aljovo) tlicre siiall lie sit
apart such as may be deemed necessary for the pueblo's projilo't (nuuiieipal
lands as above), and from the rest grants shall ))e made by the governor in
the name of his majesty '.o such as may come to setth; later,' especially to dis-
charged soldiers, etc. 'I'hc original is somewhat vaguely Mordcd and badly
punctuated, hardly two of the copies in r.ianuscript and print, or of the many
translations extant, being punctuated alike. The above is (lie meaning of tlio
clauses as clear as I can make it. I see no good reason for reproducing the
original vaguenessof expression wliere the meaning iselear, and in my opinion
the sendjolon objected to by ^Ir ])winelle, ('oloii. Jii<t. S. /'., adden('a, No.
4, brings o\it the signilication better than a comma. In learning the mean-
ing of a sentiiice even so frail athing as Mexican punctuation may be studied;
liaving discovered the meaning, there is no further use for the stops.
to wiiii-h
ninons i>\'
I t ) new
iimnou liy
till fur ;i
f Inii.l,
and wiik',
ha'f, of
i\\V HOldl-l.-i
liii'iit villi
ikiug the
one foui'tli
iT.s, tiny
a
it<
f two
the /•(«/-
ill
L't
iniinii.ii)al
ovLTimr in
lytoilis-
ind liatlly
till! many
lin.i^iif thi3
hu-in,^ the
ny (ipiniiin
Uiu'a, No.
the iiiean-
)c atucUcil;
FOUNDING OF LOS ANGELES,
845
s])ict'iiii^ the siirv(>y and distribution of lots."^ Of
.siihst'ijiK'iit proceedings for a time we only know that
the pueblo was founded Septenil)er -ith, with twelve
settlers and their families, forty-six persons in all,
whose names are given and whose blood was a strange
mixture of IndiaJi and negro with here and there a
trace of Spanish."^ Two of the original recruits, ^Miguel
A'illa and Rafael Mesa, had deserted before reacliing
the country, one was still absent in the peninsula, and
■^Xevr, Tmlrucc'wn para la Fimdacion de Los Awjdcs, /?6" <}i' At/of/o ITSl,
MS, After ticlecting a spot for a daiu and ditch with a view of irri'.-aun;.; tho
largest jiossible area of laiul, a site for tho pueblo was to lie seleeail on lii;,'ll
giuiind, in hig'it of tho sowing-lands, but at least '200 varas distant, near tho
rivi'i' or tho main diteh, with snllieient exposure to tho north and soatli winds.
Jhre a plax.a of "JOO x 'MO feet was to be laid out with its eornerH I'aiing tiio
lanliiial ]ioints, and with three streets running peipeudicularly from laeli of
its t'lar sides; thus no street would be swept by the wind, always sii])po.sint;
thiit the winds would eonline their action to the cardinal point-, b:it I lliinlc
till' Angeles winds liavo not always been well behaved iu this resjieet. Tho
lioiiselots arc toheeaeli '20 x 40 vai'as, and their number is to be eipial to that
lit' the available KKcrUs of irrigable ground, tliat is, more tliau double tliat of
till' ]H(sent inhabitants. Tlie eastern fide of the plaza is to be re^:e;■VL■ll for
]nililic buildings. After the sun"ey and reservation of ri rdi ;/;/'(.sas ]ireseribed,
the settlers are to draw lots for the ««trtc'.<, beginning with those nearest tho
pueblo.
'" Ja>s A)i:i(lcf<, Padrondc llSl, MS.; Ortei/a, hi Sf. Pap., M!n-^\ and Culoii.,
i. lO-t-o. The settlers were as follows: Jose de Lara, iSpiniard, T/J years
i)f age, wife Indian, A children; Josi5 Antonio Navarro, iue.-,tizo, 42 years,
wile luulaltiess, ;t children; Basilio Ivosas, Indian, (i!S years, wife jnulatUess,
(jcliildriii; Antonio .Mesa, negro, III] years, wife niulattress, "2 cliil livn; An-
tutiio (Felix) \'i!lavieeneio, Spaniard, 30 years, wife Indian, 1 child; JorA
\'aiiegus, Indian, "28 years, wile Indian, 1 child; Alejandn) Ilo.sas, Liilian, 19
ycar.-i, v.ife coyote (Indian); I'ablo liodrigucz, Indian, '2.') years, wif> Indian,
1 chilli; -Manuel C'amero, mulatto, 30 years, Mife mulattres.-<; Ijiii.i ;1r.in)oro,
negro, ,")j years, wife niulattress, 5 children; .Jose Moreno, mulatto, '22 years.
Mile inulattrcs-i; Antonio ^lirauda, ehino, oO years, 1 child. 'I Lo la;. ',-n;unci.l
was at lirst absent at Loreto. He was not a Chinaman, nor (-veu born in
(,'liiiia, as has b. en stated by some writers, but was the olispii!!g prolji'i;ly of
an Indian mother bj- a father of mixed Spanish and negro blood, rrom a
later paihon of ITS,'), Prov. St. Pap,, MS., xxii. '20, it appears that N;ivarro
v.as a tailor, and the age of several is given diU'erently. I'rom Jji-< A n'jt !(■•>,
y/(-'., 11, 12, we learn that two were born in Spain, one in (Tiiiia, a;.il tho
rest in Sinaloa, Sonora, or J5aja California, a very mild ^\ay of putting it,
though true enough except in the ease of the ehino; but the same woil; eiro-
neiiiisly states that tho 12 settlers had jireviously been soldiers at San ( labriel.
Ill the same work the plaza is located lietween Upper Main, -Maiilic, ault,
and New High streets of the modern city, the N. i:. jjouiid not bein,' i::jned.
'llie goods delivered to settlers on government account to the end of 17>SI.
amounted to ."-M, 1',;]. Prov. >St. Pap., MS., iii. •2(l.")-7. According to accounts
in Prov. ,S7. i'ap., Jkii. Mil., MS., ii. 4-7, 21-2, the eontracu of 11 l:;id been
made in 17.S0, and of one in February 17iSl. Tlicy v.ero engaged at ijlO per
iiionth for 3 years, and rations of one real per day for i'> ye;u's, though this
does not agree wiih tho rcglaniento; .?2,,")4G was furnished them in l-iiuoia and
?oOO ill (.'alifornia, an I there was due to them December 31, 17t>I, 62,303.
See also Jd., iii. 13; 1 rov. Ike, MS., ii. 05.
m
1' 1(5
!ff
fj
940
COtOXISTS AND RECRUITS.
throe wore tloscribotl as usoloss. But the rest went
to work, and soon the governor reported satisl'uetory
progress in their irrigating ditcli and mud-rool'ed huts
of palisades, the latter before the end of 1784 Ijoiiig
replaced l)y adobe houses, the needed public buildings
liaving also been erected, and a church begun of the
same niatcrial.'^^ Some changes also took place among
the settlers during those few years.-"
I have recorded the preceding items of local Angeles
annals beyond the chronological limits of this chapter
because they may as well bo iccorded hero as elsewhere,
and because a still later event of 178G seems to belong
hero properly. I allude to the formal distribution of
lands to the settlers. Some kind of a grant in the
king's name must have been made at the beginning,-'
and there is nothing to show that the survey and dis-
tribution made at that time were not permanent.
The fact that formal possession, or renewal of pos-
ses.sion, was given in 178G, just five years after the
founding, when accordinnc to the roLjulations govern-
ment aid to settlers was to cease and advances were
to bo repaid, has probably some signiiicance, though
there is nothing in the regulation to show that iuU titles
were to be given only at the expiration of live years.-"*
"For sci\ttprc(l references to buil<lings, see Prov. Tlcc, jMS., i. ITo-G, 184;
iii. '23; I'ror. St. Pap., MS., iv. Ul .
"" Ivirly in 17S'2 Lava, ^Mosa, and Quintcro, a Spaniard, and two ncgroo.-,
were scut iiw.xy as useless to the pucLlo and themselves, and their property
va;j taUou away \<y order of the governor. The reeord does not hiKjw that
Miranda, the 'chino,' ever came to Los Angeles at all, unless he he identical
•with anotlier 'useless' settler said to have been sent away in 1783. Jose
I'raneisco Sinova, who had lived along time as a laborer in Califoniia, applied
for admission as a settler in 1783, and was admitted, receiving the same aid
as the original colonists in the May of inipleiiienta and live-stock, save in
respect of .sheep and goats, ■which the government had not on h.unl. One of
the deserters, Rafael Mesa, seems tct have been caught and biought to Cali-
fornia, but there is no evidence that he settled at I^os Angeles. Two grown-up
sons of Basilio Ro.sas appear on the list of 1 78.'), as does also Juan Jose l)(Miiiii-
guez, a Spaniard; but all three disappear from the next yiar's list. Pri.r.
y.Vf., ii. 7!»; iii. IS-.; Prov. St. Pap., ^lii., v. 144-,j; xxii. '-J!) 30; Prov. St.
Pap., JJni. Jni., M.S., iii. L
'-''111 fact the titles given to settlers seem to have been approved by the
comni;iJulaut general on Feb. G, 1784. Pror. St. Pap., ^IS., x. 1.V2.
-'Art. 17, sect, xiv., simply provides that tlie governor or his ''omisioiia-
dos shall give titles and cause the same, with register of brands, to be re-
corded luid kejit in the archives — impliedly at the beginning.
DISTRIBUTION OF LANDS.
347
irdwovcr this may liavo l)ocn, Governor FagcK, i»f
wlxisr aecossioii to therulo iiioro liorcafter, on August
II, 1780, witliout any preliminary correspondent so
lar as the records sliow, as if this was un(|UCstionably
till' natural and proper thing to be done at this par-
ticular time, connnissioned Alferez Jose Arguello to
• '■o to Angeles and put the settlers in possession ol'
tliuir lands in accordance with section xiv. of the
regulation.""
Argiiello accepted the commission September 4th
and on the same day appointed Corporal Vicente
Felix and private Roque de Cota as legal witnesses.
On the 18th he reports his task completed and
duly recorded in the archives. This was [)erhaps
the first important public service rendered by a num
vlio was later governor and father of a governor. In
the })crformancc of his <luty Arguello with his wit-
nesses summoned each of the nine settlers in succes-
sion and in presence of all granted first the house-lot,
thou the four fields, and finally the br-anding-iron by
v,hich his live-stock was to be distinguished from
that of his nei^jlibors. In both house-lots and fields
the pretence of a measurement was made. In each
case the nature of the grant was fully ex[)lained, the
grantee assented to the conditions involved, and for
cacli of the twenty-seven grants a separate document
was diawn up, each bearing, besides the signatures of
Argiiello and his witnesses, a cross, for not one of the
nine could sign his name. I give herewitli a map
showing the distribution of lands,™ Argiiello's sur-
^■ey of the various classes of reserved kuuls is not
Aery clearly expressed; the pro])'u)fi. however, are
said to extend 2,200 varas from the dam to the limit
'^^1
o\(-il l)v tlie
■■'•' LoK Auijoh'fi, Ucpartinon df Soltnrs y !^iirr'i'.<i, 17S(!, ^IS. The dDcuniont
tuiit;iins Aigiicllo'a aiipoiiitmciit, his iHL't'pt'iiici', tlic aiipoiiitiiiciit of two
M itiirsst"<, throe nidns dc diliijciicias, or rcieonls of m'aiitiiig lunisu-lot, liehl,
anil 1 r.ni(liiig-iroii I'e.speutively to each of !) Kcttler.s, one tnito of .survey of
imiiii(.i|ial and royal laml.s, ami a final certilieate of having completed his task
and di |Mjsited the records in the archives.
'■'■' f'ror. S/. P(tp., MS., iii. .V); /<!., Jlfii., ii. 2; .signed l»y ArgiieUo Deo.
-I, IT'Jli. The map of tlie pueblo i« on u scale live times larger than that
S48
COLONISTS AND RECRUITS.
of distributed lauds, and the royal lauds were <mi the
river's (>[)p()site bunk.
At Suu J(we de (luudalupe, notwitlistaudiug tlio
iiif'onnality of its orij^iual foundatiou, uothiufj Mas
done under the now reiiulation until 1783, or five yens
after the bej^lnning, as in the south. Some of tho
settlers, not havinyj been anionjj the orijjiual foundi-is
in November 1777, were still receiving rations from
.'
■nH
LJ"^ N-
N P N
Y
'
J
4
' K
. Y
M
bTbTa"!
<
o
z
-I
<
UJ
a.
L
F
G
J
K
M
H
D
E
Los Angeles in 1786.
of tho fields. The distribution is shown hy the letters as follows: A, guard-
house; B, town-houses; C, trozo del posilo: D, Pahlo Rodriguez; K, .los6
Vaiiegas; F, .Tost' Moreno; G, Felix Villavicencio; H, Franciseo Sinovu; ^^
Vacant; J, Basilio Rosas; K, Alejandro Rosas; L, Antonio Navarro; M,
rUEBLO MAPS.
349
V'o Hovcrnmont,''* In Doouinl)or 1 782 Governor Fa^^es
(■oiniuis.sioued Moraga of San Francisco to put tliu
settlers in formal possession of their lands.^- Alter
Maniul (\iinero; N, 0, streets; P, Plaza. Two other maps nru given— ,SV.
I'd/'., J/(.<.s. and Col., MS., i. lOH, 307 — one of wliich I rejiruiluee. For tlio
thiiil transfer 1 to 2; atki a lot at H; and move 4, 5, (i, 7 one tier to the east.
I siiiiposo those maps to have been of earlier date than 17'S<>.
■" Aicordiiig to docuuicnts in I'ror. jSV, J'aji., Jten. Mil., MS., iii. •!',], the pay
(ir nitidus of (lof the 'J settlers eeased ISov. 1, 17(S-; one had latimis to .Nov. .'iil;
iiMil "J had rations all the year. Aceordin'; to other records in I'ror. St. J'd/'.,
.MS. , v. '_'.)-(!, "JS, 4 had rations during; 1 ~b',i, and 'A at begiiinini.; of 1 7'S4. In Jd. ,
iii. -14-7, ^loraga says that from June to Dec. I7S1 three settlers hud jiay
ami r;itions, while 2 had rations only.
''- In I'rov. Uc.c, MS., iii. ].")4-(i, this docinnc^nt is given under date of
I'eo. '2(1, and is jireeeded, /'/., l.")I?-4, liy a. letter of instructions ilated JHr.
1-tli, iind oiilering that the «ir(/((/«/;((V///ti (the ddciiment (jf I>('e. '_M)lie ])iaced
iit tile hiad of each title. On Jan. 4, J7^l>, M(n-aga writes that he eannot
iiltciid to the distribution at once as onlereil Ijy the governoi' in letter of
I'tc. (Ith, but will do so at an early date. Slii.1. J'cip,, J/rv.s'. (aid ( 'atoii., .MS.,
i. .")<•. In the regular reeord, however, Jd., -44-71, Moraga"s appuintnient as
cuiiiisioiiade, dillering very slightly from the doe. of Dee. "Jd, is dated \)ir.
-4;li, being followed by Moraga's auto dc ohcdicimicido dated Maj- l.'Uh and
luiitaiiiing most of the land elauses of the reglamento, and this by tiie 27
ilili'juiiria.i (/(' po.Hi'nion by which the !) settlers were granted their lots, fields,
iiiid hianding-irons; then conies the measurement of public lands, and linally
Jluiaga's linal ccrtiticate of Sept. 1st at San Francisco.
350
COLOXISTS AND RECRUITS
some delay Moraga appointed Felipe Tapia and Juan
Jose Peralta as witnesses and began his task at Sua
Jose May 13, 1783, completing it on the 19th. The
proceedings and the resulting records were like those
already noted at Los Angeles, save in the settlers'
names and in the fact that the location of each man's
land is given. In the matter of education San Josd
Avas in advance of its southern rival, since one of its
citizelis, Jose Tiburcio Vasquez, ancestor of the fa-
mous bandit, could write, though the alcalde, Arcliu-
leta, could not. Here as at Angeles all four of tlio
fields granted to each settler were on soil that could
be irrigated, and here also a map is given in connection
with the records which I reproduce.^"
14 Way to Misiion
15
13
17
lb
12
11
9
10
3
4
FUEBLO
-J-
Map of San Jos£.
".S'^ Pap., Ml-^s. and Colon., 'SlU., i.
243. On the original the names are writ-
ten on their reispectivc lots. I refer to
them as follows: a, a, a, Realeii^ras;
1, 2, Mam ol Amezquita; ',i, 4, C'lamlio
Alvirus; ;, (5, Sebastian Alvitie 7, S,
Manuel <ioi zalez; 9, 10, Beriianl" i!o
sales; II, 12, Franciseo Avila; LS, It,
Jose Tibureio Vas(^uez ; 15, IG, .\iiloiii.i
Romero; 17, 18, Ignacio Archuleta, As
I have before noted, four of these names
diCcr from thoscof the original foumli i-;.
Alvitrewasapioncer soldierof tlieearlii r
years ; Alvires had beena laborer ur serv-
ant before 1780; Avila and IJosalis :\\i-
pear here for the first time. 1'liis map
in the archives is dated at San rraiuisco
Jnno 1, 1782, and contains a statement
by Moraga that he distributed the lots
on April 23, 1782, all of which is ait i-
gether nnintelligiljlo. Evidently Imw-
ever the map was made before 1~M since
it shows only two lields for eae'' man.
Here as at Los Angeles there is i.dtliiii,'
toshowtho t at this linaldistributieii :':y
change was made. The map so fui'as it
goes agrees witli Moraga's loeatimi of
lots, anil tlio new lots seem to liave ex-
tended in difl'crent directions from t!;o
original. Hall, Ifist. San /o«', 2(!-.'ii,
gives a ^iretty f-dl account of Mor.iir.is
proceedings, and alludes to tlie map :i i
being dated April 23, 1783, an<l as show-
ing l'Js»';-fe,s-. Aftei granting t lie Tuiv.iJe
lands, Moraga went, apparently, to tiie
west bank of the livjr, wlieic lie iw^ny-
urcd 1,!)58 varus froin the dam down to
:'i
LOCAL ITEMS.
351
A Vila; ly, It,
L), Ki, Aulouid
Beyond wliat has been recorded in connection witli
tlu' new establif^linients, there is very Httle to be said
of the year 1781. The natives were troublesome on
the frontier below San Diego, and Neve had planned
t(» niai'cli against them with forty men, but other
(lutiL's prevented the campaign.^^ Father Mugartegui
also wrote from San Juan Capistrano that there were
reasons to fear d rising of the gentiles reenf )reed from
the Colorado, a-^id that two of the six soldiers on
gu;u\] were unfit for duty.^^ At Santa Clara August
Vitli tliL' festival of the patroness was celebrated with
the aid of Dumct'c from San Cdrlos and Noriega from
San I'^rancisco. The latter, after accompanying Serra
to San Anttjiiio, took temporarily the place of Crespi
at San Carlos while Crespi went with Serra to San
Francisco on his tour of confirmation, this being the
venerable friar's first visit to the northern missions,
and his last journey on earth. Itcturnlng by way of
Santa Clara, they officiated with ^lurguia and l*eua
ell Xovember 19th in laying the corner-stone of a
iK'W church dedicated to "Santa Clara de Asis,
virgin, abbess, and matriarch of her most famous re-
ligion." The soldiers (»f the guard were present, and
Alfcrez Lasso de la Yega from San Francisco acted
as secular godfather. Under the stone were placed a
cross witli holy images and pieces of money.''" The
huilding was completed in 1784.
The supply-ship did not arrive this year, because on
account of trt)ubles with England^'' the Santunjo was
ohlig(,d to make a trip to Lima for quicksilver. A
small transport was laden at San Bias, but proved to
111
■'Ml
Vm
tliL' Saiit;i Clara boundary, ilcsiLjnatiiif,' half tlio sjiacc (no vitltii i.s j^'ivcn) i\n
pruihtii ami tlio rust as :ya!i iiijus. 'i'lini the njidu.H 1,500 x TOO varus wcro
lijcitirj (111 tiic ciniiicnco ■whcio tho inieblo Btood.
" /'ror. ,S7. r,ip., MS., iii. KIO-I.
"'Letters of Sept. '2r>th and L'Stli in Mimtfri^ij Co. Arch., IMS., vii. .S, 4.
"'',^"11/11 <'hn-i, I'll), lie Mls'mii, MS., 1(1, 'll; /•((/(»', Sol., ii. ;t(i!»-TO;
Af'-h. Kill. Ilih-liiini, MS., xi. l.'!l ; I'afoii, I'id", '2'M')-~. A .seiap in Ln'^N's
.v/v(^.,./,(,f,/j ^'ly^ the site was called liy the nati.es Oergiicn.siii, or 'valley of
theoaks.' ■
'■• Ordei'.s fur a war tax circulated ))y Gen. Croix and seat to California.
4f'//. MisloMii, MS., i. 5U-70.
Ii
I'll I
«. 1
852
COLONISTS AND RECRUITS.
bo SO worm-catcii that she could not safely be trusted
to sail. In December the San Carlos tie Filipiuas
from ]\Ianila touched at San Diego. The old >SVi,;
Ctuios had remained at the Philippines and the now
vessel had been built to take her place. Father Caiu-
bon was on board as chaplain, and being unwell was
alhjwed to remain at San Diego. He had some vest-
ments and other articles for San Francisco which lie
had boLKdit with his wages, but thev were invoiced
for San Bias and could not be unloaded.'^^ Caml)()u
brought by a roundabout course the tidings that six
friars had been appointed for the three Channel mis-
sions, at which Serra rejoiced greatly, but about which
there is more to be said hereafter.
**Pulou, Not., ii. 309-73.
I : m
be trusted
FlUpltms
3 old Sa:t
\ the new
ther Caui-
nwell was
jonio vost-
wliicli lie
3 illvoi(;ed
Caiul)()ii
js that six
annel iiiis-
lout which
CHAPTEK XVII.
PUEBLO-MISSIONS ON THE RIO COLORADO.
1780-1TS2.
rKi-MMrNAiiY Resume— Reports OF Gauges andAnza — Palmain Mexico —
Akimcivita'.s CintoNTt'LE — YrMAS Clamouot's roil Missionahiks —
OiiDEKs ofCiEnekal Ciioix — Padres Garces and Diaz on the Colo-
KADo— No Gins FOR the Indians — Disgust of tue Yumas — Mission-
ITKllLOS FoiNDED — A NeW SvsTKM — I't)\VEUS OF FuiARS ClIITAILKD —
I'liANcisLAN Cui ricis.M— A Danoerous Experiment — I'VtrNi'iNc ofL'on-
CEi'cioN AND San Pedro y San Padlo — Names of the Colonists —
Spanish Oppi:ession — Foredodinos of Disaster— ^rAssAcuE of .Ti'ly
17, 17S1 — Four Martyrs— Fifty Victims — Death of Rivi:i!a — Fisuit-
less Efforts TO PuNisHTiiE Yumas— Captives Ransomed — Expeditions
OF Fages, Fueros, Romeu, and Neve.
TiiK reader of Sonora history will rcineniber the
expeditions of Father Kino and his companions to
iioitliern Pinieria during- the Jesuit period, their
tlatteiing reports of prospects both s[)i ritual and
teni[)t>ral, and their eiforts oft repeated but always
unsurcessful to establish missions in the Gila and
Colorado region. The natives were always clamorous
Inr I'linrs; but the necessary condjination of cireum-
^taln•cs could never be effected. The requisites were
a favcn'able dis[)ositionon the part of the governuKMit,
a favorable condition of European and ^lexican alfairs,
iDoiiey to spare in the royal treasury, and (juiet among
tlic Sonora tribes. What Kino's zeal in time of peace
could not do, was imj)ossiblo to the comparative luke-
warnmess of iiis suc>( ssors in limes of constant rebel-
lion and warfare with the Apaches. The Franciscans,
it' somewhat less enthusiastic than the earlier Jesuits,
and notwithstanding their greater difficulties, never
niar. Cal., Vol. I. 23 (iSi)
m
354
rUEBLO-MISSiONS ON THE RIO COLORADO.
allowed the matter to drop. The record of thcii* efforts,
as of earlier attempts, belongs in detail to another
part of this work; but there was little or no actual
progress down to the time of Anza's expeditions, niado
with a view to open communication by land with Cal-
ifornia.^
With the second of these expeditions in 1775-(j
Francisco Garcds and Thomas Eixarch had gone to
the Colorado and had been left on the western hank
of the river with a few Indian attendants and under
the protection of Palma, a prominent Yuma chioftiuii
noted for his friendship for the white men. Both friars
were Franciscans from the Queretaro college. During
Anza's absence in the west, Eixarch remained on the
river, at or near the site of the modern Fort Yuma ;
while Garces travelled extensively down and up the
Colorado, west and east to San Gabriel and the ]\rorjiii
towns, well received by all natives except the IMoquIs.
So well were the Colorado Indians [)leased with An>:a's
treatment that, as Garces was led to believe, tlicy
refused aid to the hostile San Dio^'o tribes. The
onl}^ source of possible danger was l)elieved to be in
Rivera's tendency to ill treat those who for one pur-
l)ose or another visited the coast establishments. ]n
their explorations the two friars fixed upon the Puerto,
or Portezuelo, do la Concepcion and the Puerto, or
Panclieria, de San Pablo as the most desirable sites
for future missions. The former, Concepcion, was, as
I liave said, identical in site with Fort Yuma, while
the latter, San Pablo, was eight or ten miles down
the river on the same side in what is now Baja Cali-
fornian territory.^ Eixarch went back to Sonora Avith
' Sec rlijiptcrs x. and xii. of tin's volume.
''I 8ii]iposo that Sail I'aljlo was i'lontical with the Ranchcri'a or Lac;inia of
San I'alili), or ('apt. I'ablo, 4^ or 5 leagues lielowl'onoepcion, visited liy An/a
and inentionei] m lii.s diary and in that of 1'. Font. Arricivita gives the <lis-
tance hetwcen tlie two as three leagues. Taylor, in Uroiriir'.-! A. (V(/., .")!, 71,
dou))tless f,)llowing Arricivita, says the two were !) miles apart. 1'. Sales, in
liis A'o'/' (ff.-' (/f ( Vr/. , earta iii. (i.VT, says that the Friineisean luissioiis weri^
on terv:tory coneecled to the Dominicans, so that they were even then in a
Kciiso considered to be in Lower California. The author would seem a'lnost
PLANS OF GAUClllS AXD AXZA.
3o5
An/.a, and Garces followed a little later. Palma also
at'coinpaiiiod Aiiza to Mexico to present in person the
petition of his peo[)le for missionaries. All the rc-
tnrniiig travellers were impressed with the feasibility
and great importance of founding on the Colorado
0110 or more missions under the protection of a strong
presidio.^
The viceroy favored the views of Garces and Anza.
Ho [H'omised early in 1777 to transfer northward the
])r('sidios of Horcasitas and Buenavista as a protec-
tion to the proposed missions, and recommended the
wliolo matter to the favorable, consideration of Gen-
eral Croix.* Palma in the mean time was kindly en-
tertained; and after being baptized as Don Salvador,
lie was scut home with promises of friars and other
favors to his country and people.''
Croix it is said entertained an idea of D'oins: in
pei'.-^on to the Colorado and to IMontcrcy, but he was
detained by illness in Chihuahua and had, besides, a
broad territory to attend to. Colonel Anza was about
tliis time sent to Xew ^Mexico as governor, and tlius
the northern enterjn'ise lost one of its most effective
su[)porters. In Marcli 1778 Palma, seeing no sign
that the promises made him were to bo fulfilled, came
down to Altar to ascertain the reason. lie was more
or less satisfied with the excuses offered b}' the pre-
to ('ntcl•^inn tlie idea that tlic Franciscaiisi, in tlicir zeal to get tlio rcwanln
('ti'or<'il, liiuiiglit u[iou themselves the resiiltUig misfortunes by intruding on
])i)iM'nio:i:i (^Tonnd.
^(larets tiu,!,'gested a route by water by way of tlio gulf and river, or by
tiie ( (.'f:!!! t:) San ])i.'L^'i). lie also reonnuncuded (hat San IHcgo bo sniiject to
tlie Cii'iiiailo ]ii-e,-;i<Hi) instead of Monterey, s;) as to proteet conimnnieation
and invvent eonilicts with the ( 'alil'orni:!, aatliorities. Tims his views in lie-
halt ct lii.s college wen; .suniowhat andiitiou:H. \\'hethcr they resulted in some
(li 'ii • from his own treatnK-nt by Itivera, or whether Rivera's poliey wasin-
tliuiiei'd by the \ iews of Ciarees, tliei'c is no means of knowing.
' In ITi'ii Ci'oix writes to (lalvcz on the iinportanee of coneiliating the ( ol-
orad ) and (lila tribes, and of founding settlements on the route to California.
I 'fJ !r^ DoritiiHntin<, ^MS., a.
•' Arriclrita, Cfiiiiica Scralica 1/ A/ioxtiillrn ihl ('olnfio (h Prnjm<i(infl<t F'"h'
<!'■ la iSdiild I'niz ilf (J'H'irtdro, 4"' -oil. This important W(jrk, the ollieial
eliroaide of t!iu Qi'.cr. taro ("oUegv. i.i the leading authority for tlu! eoulcnts
of th;,; ehapter, iu fact tlio only eoa'iinuous narrative of the whole subject,
thnii ,li as will bo seen there are other authorities that throw nuieh light 011
ecrtalu parts of it.
m
■■ill
I
v:i
'
3.-)G
rUEBLO-MISSIOXS ON THE RIO COLORADO.
, tiiii
fiidio captain aiul went Ijack to wait. Still no Span-
iards came, and Palina's people began to taunt liim,
and to more than hint that all the stories he had
brought from Mexico were lies. Palma endured it
for a while and then went again to Altar and then lo
Horcasitas to explain his difficulties.
General Croix, still at Cliihuahua, hearing of Pahna's
visit and knowing that his complaints were just, wrote
in Fobruar}^ 1779 to the president asking him to send
Garces and anotlu;r friar to the Colorado to begin tlie
work of conversion, at the same time ordering the
authorities of Sonora to furnish supplies and soldici's.
Juan Diaz was selected to accomjjany Garces. The
governor gave an order for supplies, but the com-
mandant could not furnish a proper guard, for his
force was small and the natives were unusually bitter.
In obedience to orders, however, he told Garce's to
select the smallest number of soldiers that would meet
immediate necessities. The friars realized that in
establishing a distant mission under these circum-
stances there was danger. But delay was also for
many reasons undesirable, and the early establisli-
ment of a presidio was confidently hoped for. There-
fore after much discussion, includint; a reference to the
viceroy and college, the two friars chose seventeen
soldiers from Tucson and Altar, thoutjfh when they
started in August for their destination tliey had l)ut
thirteen. After passing Sonoita in the Papago coun-
try, they were forced to turn back for want of water;
but Garces with two soldiers soon continued and
reached the Colorado at the end of August. He
found Palma and those of his ranchei fa verj- friendly,
but other Yumas considerably disaffected, the Jalclie-
chmes and other tribes bein<x also somewhat hostile to
the Yumas.
On September 3d tho two scddlers were sent bade
witli letters for Diaz and fi^r Croix, leavino' Garces alone
Avitli the Yumas. Rumors were rife of hostilities on
the part of the Papagos, and the soldiers at Sonijita
A NEW SYSTEM.
3.-.7
were disposed to abscond. Fatlior Diaz sent to Altar
I'or aid, and received from a new commandant a letter
advising the friars to abandon the enterprise fjr tJie
pivsL'ut. Diaz declined the advice. He succeeded in
i\iiioving the soldiers' fears, and joined Garces'on the
■Jil of October. The two friars with their guard of
twelve men and a sergeant now found themselves in
ail embarrassing position. Promises had been lavishly
bestowed on Pahna by the viceroy and by Croix in
^lexico, promises which had not lost color in transmis-
sion, and which had roused expectations of lavish gifts.
TjDiig delay had lessened somewhat the native faitli in
raliiia's tales; but even now the contrast between
ixpectation and reality was great, and at sight of two
IViars bearing trinkets hardly sufficient to buy tlu'ir
dail}' food, the natives regarded themselves as victims
(if a swindle. Nor did they take pains to conceal their
disgust. The two padres could ])arely maintain them-
scKes in Pal ma's rancheria, that chieftain's authorit}'
proving to be limited, and his position being hardly
mure acjreeable than their own. Entreaties for aid
wore sent south, but the soldiers so sent were usuallv
ictained in the Sonora presidios on some excuse, thus
kssL'uino: the escort and increasiuij: the dancjer.
In November Croix arrived at Arizpe, whither
Diaz proceeded to report in person, and Juan Antonio
])arreneche was sent as companion to Garces. The
gt'iicral listened to the padre's report, and resolved on
tlio establishment of two mission-})ueblos on the Colo-
rado, in accordance Avith a new system devised for this
oi-easion, the formal instrm^tions for which were issued
!March 20, 1780. There was to be no ])residio, mission,
or [lueblo proper, but the attributes of all three were
to 1)0 in a manner united. The soldiers, under a sub-
lieu'ionant as commandant, were to protect the settlers,
Vvlu) were to bo granted house-lots and fields, wliile
the friars were to act as pastors to attend to the
spiritual interests of the colonists, but at the same
time to be missionaries. The priests were to have
m
m
111!
Ml
■ \
3oS
rUEBLO-MlSSIONS ON THK P.IO COLORADO.
i.'U
nothing to do with tcmporul nianagoiiicnt, and nati\'o
converts wore not to be required to hve in regular
mission communities, but might receive lands and hve
in the pueblos with the Spaniards. Each pueblo was
to have ten soldiers, ten settlers, and six laborers.
This was certainly a change in the mission system.
Palou italicizes it as a nncvo modo de conquistar, and
passes on without further connnent to relate results.''
Arricivita denounces both the system and its authoi',
charging Croix with having been influenced hy polUin.ix
I'.rhitristas who knew nothing of the subject, and l)y
false notions of economy. And further with having
paid no heed to the advice of the only men who were
(jualified to give it; with giving instructions to the
friars in matters entirely beyond his jurisdiction; with
direct opposition to the laws of Spain, esi^ecially in
uniting Spaniards and Indians in the same pueblo,
and with having in his stupid pride and ignorance
exposed over fifty families to sure destruction. A
large part of the bitter feeling exhibited by Fran-
ciscans on the subject may be fairly attributed to the
tragedy that followed and to the removal of the tem-
])oral management from their hands, a matter on which
they were very sensitive; yet it must be admitted
that Croix acted unwisely. The time and place were
not well chosen for such an experiment. Anza, a
warm advocate of the Colorado cstal)lishments, a man
of great ability and experience, and one moreover
who had seen the Yumas and their neighbors at their
best, had expressed his o])inion that missions could
nut safely be founded in this region except under tlie
] protection of a strong presidio. At the time of Anza's
return it would have been hazardous to try tlio experi-
ment, but in the light of the friars' reports it was
a criminally stupid blunder.
As soon as he heard of the plan Garces sent in
lepeated protests and warnings tluit the aspect of
atfairs was worse then ever, but all in vain. The
'^ Palou, Not., ii. 374-S8.
rURfSIMA AND SAN PEDRO.
colonists roacliocl their new liomcs in tlio autumn
of 1780 under tlio coniniand of Alfurez Santiago tie
Islas. The pueblo of La Purl^sinla Concepeion was
;it once founded, and the adjoining lands were dis-
till )uted, Garces and Barrenechc being its ministers.
Very soon the second pueblo, San Pedro y San Pal)lo
do Bicuner, was established under the care of Diaz
The Colorado Missions.
and Matias Moreno. The names of the twenty sol-
tlicrs and of fourteen settlers have been preserved.^
' Tlicy fire as follows, those of persons who escaped from the subsequent
iimsiunc being italicized: P. Francisco Garcds, P. Juan Diaz, AllVrez San-
tiago Islas, (Jorpoi'al Pascual Mivera, P. Juan liaiTencclic, P. Matias Moreno,
Scr-t. Josi' (or Juan) de la Vega, Corporal Juan Miguel I'alomino.
Soldiers: Cayetano Mesa, (iabricl (or Javier) Diaz, Matias de la Vega, .lose
Ignatio Mai-tinez, Juan (Jailardo, (iabriel (or Javier) Komero, Pedro Kunpus,
i/cwr /,V//(.s" I'achcfOyJnan Martinc^z, (Jabriel (or Javier) Lu(|ue, Manuel Duarte,
IVnianlo ^lorales, Ignacio Zaniora, Faustino Sallalla, I'cdro Soldix-f, M'ujuil
Ani'iiiio Jioincro.
Sctller.s: ^'anucl Barragan, Josf; Antonio Romero, Juan Ignacio Roiiu^ro,
Jose"; Olgin, Antonio Mendoza, Ignacio Martinez, Matiafi de (.'nnlro, Carlos
(l.iUcgo, JiKin Romero, Josu lOstrvau, Jnsto (irijalva, (Iabriel Tcbaea, Nico-
l;is X'illalba, JikuiJosc Mirumln, J(Mi' Iiiii'icio BoKjarlirn, servant, ./o.<(1 Urre",
interpreter. Tliese names come cini'ily from the subse([nent exandnation of
survivors rceoidod in Prov. St. P<t/>., MS., iii. :{l!>-8'2. So far as soldiers and
settlers are coneerned the list is probably complete. All, or nearly all, had
families.
f ■
J! I
il
■l
ii
i a'
y ;•
I-!
(
liHr
1)00
rUEBLO-MISSIONS OX THE RIO COLORADO.
Tlic ooinim^ of the colon'sts luiturally afforded tempo
rary ivlief to tlie friurs, for a small stock of article;
suitaMe for gifts bro'.iglit a brief renewal of S[)aiii.sl.
popularity; but even at the beginning Garces and his
companions seem to have foreseen disaster, though it
is hard to tell how nnich was foresight and how much
may be attributed to the despondency of the fiiars
when their privileges were curtailed. In addition to
the old causes of disaffection among the natives, new
and more serious oner began to work. In the dis-
tribution of lands along the river but little attention
was paid to the rights of the aborigines, whose little
miljxiK, if spared in the formal distribution, wci-e
rendered useless by the live-stock of the Spaniards.
This great wrong, added to the ordinary indiffei-eiico
of soldiers and settlers to native ri-jfhts, and their
petty acts of injustice, soon destroyed any slight feel-
ing of friendship previously existing. The friars with
ditticulty and by patient kindness retained for a time
a doLjree of inlluence even in the midst of adverse in-
flucnces. They established a kind of missionary sta-
tion at some distance from the pueblo, where the
natives were occasionally assend)led for religious in-
struction. Some of them were faithful uotwitlistand-
ing the unpopularity brought upon themselves by
friendship for the friars; but their influence amounted
to nothing against the growing hatred among the
thousands of Yumas and nei<>'ld)orini>' tribes.
After the provisions brought from Sonora had
been exhausted there was much suffering among the
families, the natives refusing to part with the little
corn in their possession and asking exorbitant prices
for the wild ])roducts gathered. In their great
need they sent over to San Gabriel for succor and
were given such articles of food as the mission could
spare.** We have no chronological record of events
Talon, Not., ii. .'57o, says tliat in asking for this aid they (k-clnrcd that if
it woi'o not sent they wouhl havo to ahaiKlon the (Jnhn-ailo cstalplishnients.
Neve reports on .Juno 'J,'}, 17>S1, having sent the succor asked for Ijy AlfCrez
Islas. I'lvi: Ji'cc, MS., ii. 85.
rREMONITIOX.S OF DISASTER.
3G1
dining'' tlio wiiitoraiifl spriii!;^ of 1780-1. Tlie .settlers
lived iiloiig in the lazy iinj)r<)vi(Ient way peculiar to
Spaniards of that class, attend! iili^ chieily to tlieir live-
stock. Xeith( r they nor tlic soldiers had any I'ears
(if inipendin;^^ danger, and rarely had either of the
jiuchlos more than two or three soldiers on iluty.
TJiey found time, however, to administer an occa-
sional floo-ging or confinement in the stocl: ; to ofK-nd-
iiig natives. The friars went on with llieir duties,
aware that trouble was brewing, and perhaps rleriving
a certain grim satisfaction from their prospect of be-
ing able to prove by their own death that Croix was
:vi<)ng in interfering with missionary prerogative.''
^Foanwliile a few leading spirits among the Yumas
were inciting their people to active hostilities, \\ ith a
virw to cKtcrminate the intruders. Palma himself
was among the nund)er, as were one or two of his
brothers and several chieftains who had accompanied
Iiiiii to j\rexico. Francisco Javier, an interpreter, is
also named as having taken a prominent part. Ig-
nacii) Palma, Pablo, and Javier were tlie leaders.
With a viev.' to conciliate the disaffected Aliei'cz Islas
made Ignacio Palma governor of the lower Yumas
about San Pedro y San Pablo, and a little later ar-
rested him and ]>ut him in the stocks, thus adding
fuel to the flame of the revolt.
Late in June Pivera y jMoncada arrived from
So'K.ra with his comjiany of about forty recruits and
their families bound for Los Angeles and the Santa
P;ivbara channel. From the Colorado he sent back
most of liis Sonoran escort, and after a short delay
for rest, despatched the main c()ni[)any to San Gabriel
HUiler the escort of Alferez Limou and nine men.
Having seen the company started on its way, Pivera
rc(Tossed tlie Colorado and with eleven or twelve men,
" Accoviling to Arricivita the priests for uiiiny days devoted almost their
mIhiIu atiL'ntioii to liibor ainoii!^ the Spanisli jiojmlation, striving to reawaken
interest in religious exercise;) and thus to prepai'o the souls of tlu; unsuspecting
null, women, and children for death. In these cll'urts they were also said to
have Ijeen remarkably successful.
I
!!■
3C2
rURBLOMISSIONS OX THE RIO COLORADO.
iv
A ■ -; ill
incliuliiiLf Scriroant TloMcs and five or six men .sent <<»
meet luiii lV(»m the California presidios, encamped
near the eastern ])ank ()[)posite Conct'peion, wliere lu'
j)i«)posed to remain for .some weeks to reston; liis
horses and cattle to a proper condition for the trip Id
Sail Gahriel. Iliveras eomin<' eontri!)iited nuthiii"-
to the pacification of the natives, hut had rather tlu;
contrary effect, for his large lutrd of liv'e-stock {V'-
stfojed the mcscpiite plants, and he was hy no nM>aiis
liheral in the disti'ihution of gifts. "^ From his clioicc
of a location for his camp it is clear that he attaclieil
no importance to the friars' ai)prehensions.
Early in July the natives hecamc somewhat moris
insolent in their actions, often visiting tlie towns in
a quarrelsome mood. On Tuesday, July 17th, the
storm hiu'st." Early in the morning the lower vil-
lage of San Pedro y San Pablo was attacked hy the
savages, who, meetinu: no i-esistance, killed the two
j)riesta, Diaz and jMoreno, besides Sergeant Vega, and
most of the soldiers and sc;ttlers. Only five men,
including two Indians more or less in sympathy with
the .savages, are known to have survived. Tiu^se
were made captive as were all the women. After the
Indians had taken everything tlu.'y desired they burne(l
the buildings antl destroyed all other property. Tl it-
bodies of the victims were left to lie where they fell,
except those of the friars, which, as there is some
reason to believe, were buried. ^■-
'"Ncvn in a letter to Croix of Nov. 18, 1781, says that tho Jnlclicdiuies
BCiit word in I'liveru that ii.s no gifts were niado, they did not wish to ivtani
tlie l)ad;^'e? of olUco formerly given their eluefd by Spaniard:!. Prov. Ua-.,
MS., ii. (it).
" Arrieivita, followed by other writei.'-., erroneously states that it was on
Sunday. Tlie surviving witnesses testified that it was Tuesday, and the 17th
was certainly Tuesday.
'■-Arrieivita, .■")J9-.')4, gives some details respiting the lives of the mis-
sionaries. Juan ^larcelowas boi-n in 17;^;) in the city of .Vlajar, Spain, takiiii^
the name of Dia/. \vh(>n ho became a Franeisean. ilQcamo to Mexico in 170;!;
in i70S became minister ai Cai)orca mission in L'ii.ierla Alta; and aec')m]ia-
nieil Anza as we liavo seen on his lirst expedition to California. .Jose ^Litias
Moreno was born in 1744 at .Mmarza, Spain; bccam..^ a Franciscan in 170-;
and came to Mexico in 1700. His first missionaiy service, save as superini-
nicrary, was at the place of his death. Francisco Tomiis ]Icrmene>;ildo
Garces •was born in 1738 in Morata del Conde, Aragon; came to thu Queretaro
MASSACRE OF niVF^.RAS MRX. 3fl8
0(1 f1io same day jind at alxnit the same lioiir wIkmi
rutlici' (jraroL's was sayinjj^ mass," tln> lowii <>(' Coiuvp-
cioii was invaded and tlu; coniniandant, Islas, and a
(Diporal, the only soldiers tliorc at tin; time, were
killed, as were indeed most of the unarmed men scat-
tered in tlio adjoinin.'Lj fields. Some of tlu) houses
wore sacked, but the fi'iars were spai-eil, and a i»;nt (if
the men were not fouiul, the ravages heinL,'' sus[)ende.l
iiKout noon. Next mcjrniiiLf the sava<ges attacked the
(•;iin|) across the river. Rivera had hastily thrown up
seuiesli^ht intronchments and his men made a •^•allant
<l(it nee, hut the numbers aLjainst them were too L;reat.
One bv one the soldiers fell under the ari'ows and
(liihs of the foe until not one was left." Thus ilied
Captain Fernando Javier de Rivera y Moncada, one
nC the most prominent characters in early Californiau
annals, who had come in the first land expedition of
I7(i',), had been military conunandant of the Monterey
cstalilishnients, and who at the time of his death was
lieutenant-governor of Baja California. All that is
kn<»\vii of his life and character has been recorded in
tlu' preceding cha|)ters. lie was not the equal, in
ahilitvand force, of such men as Fa'^'cs and Xeve, l)ut
lie was [)0[)ular and left among the old Calilbrnian
stjldiers a better reputation pi'obably than any of his
<'()ntemporarics."
Ciil!(.'i,'o ill 17('I^; ami became minister of Sun Javier ilcl Bac in 170S. IIo
tiiivilh >t ('xteiisiv(^ly among the gentile ti'ibes, from his tirst eoming toSouoi'ii,
down to the time of liis dcatli. Juan Antonio Jjarrcneche was lioiii in Jjaca-
/iir, Navarre, in 1710, and came ■when a child to llaliana. Ue heeamc x\,
IVimcisean in 1708; joined the Qucrt'taro ( 'ollege in 177.'i. His first niission-
iiiT Work was in the Colorado i)U(,'l>U)a wiiere he died at the early a;;e (pf ,'iJ
years. Tlie author in connection with these f:icts ri'peats inueli of the liistoiy
told in this chapter, and adds many details of tlie lives and Christian viiluea
of these four martyrs for which 1 have no space.
'■' It is not im[]0.ssiblo that Arricivita draws on his imagination fur details
aliimt the religious services, supposing the day to have been Sunday.
^\\\\ Pmv. Hi. Pap., Ucn. Mif., :MS., iii. 1!>, 12:2, are ;r»-:s7«.sof 17.'<- f-howing
the following soldiers of the San Diego and Montei-ey company who liud died
liesides Sergt. lioblcs; Manuel Caiiedo, Tomas .Malia Caniacho, Ital'ael }ilar-
i|Uez, ,loa(ii;in (JueiTcro, Josi' M. (iuerrcro, Nieol;i.s iJeltran, Ji:an Angel
Amarillas, I'rancisco I'ena, Joarjuin Lope/, Joarpiin I'Npinosa, .Vntonio l].-^]ii-
imsa, and I'uldo Victoriano Cervantes. Those 12 names doubtless include the
Colorado victims.
''Fatlier Consag — ZcvaUox, Vida dc Konxaq, 14 — writing in 17o.> of his
tiiiid expedition says of Rivera: 'Xo pcrdouo ninyuu trabajo personal do
'■\
nu
H •
'
it
P.
V-
■4-. !
1
all'
ll .
1^ ■
■1 -i
3C4
rUEBLO-MISSIONS OX THE RIO COLORADO.
The natives roturiicd to Conocjieion the same al'tcr-
noon. The priests on tlieir approach escaped with
tlio famihcs and took refuge with some of their con-
vert friends. The buildings were sacked and burned
as at tlio lower village, and next day the two priests
were killed notwithstanding the efforts made by certain
Indians in their behalf. Only two men are known io
have saved their lives at Concepcion, and the whole
number of the slain at the two pueblos and Rivera's
camp was at least forty-six, probably more. We Ik ar
of no killing of women and children. The captives
•were made to work, but no further outrage is rc-
corded.^'^
Alferez Limon after cscortinij the California c( lonv
to San (jabriel started back for Sonora by tlb) old
route with his nine men. Drawinof near the Colorado
lie Avas informed by the natives that there had beeo a
moilo que al Padre ya Ic faltaban palabras y trazas paraquc so cincsc A trali.i-
jo.s pi(i|iurci(iiiuilog a sii cariictur. ' Hi.s wife was Teresa de Ddvalos. A hdii,
Jiuiii j;;uili..ia J'rancisco .Maiia, was baptized Oct. 5, ]7')f>, by lather Iji.st'linlf
at I.oreto; another son, Juse Xicohis Maria. -May 8, ]T.')8, Ity Fatlicr A'cii-
tma; and still aiKjtlier March 1), 1707. Lorc'o, Liliro lu Minion, !MS., 174,
177, I'.T). Alvarado, ///VV. ('«/., MS., ii. 100-7, sny.s that his nieuiory was
Ion ,' honored by annivcrsai'y funeral masses at San V)icgo, and that Oov.
Eclieinuha in lb'2') proposed a nionnnient in his lio-ior
"'Tlu! infonnation that the hostilities lasted three days comes from Arri-
civita. ilost other arthorites staij or imply that the liloody work vas begun
aiid ciuV'd on July T/th; but Croix in a note dated July 17, 17S"J, and in cor-
re;\! in of a re]iort from Xcvo that I'ivera dieil on July 1st, states that it was
oil Jrdy bsth, thus sustaining Arrieivita. Pror. Sf. I'ap., lien. Mil., ^18., iii.
10. Xevc ill a h'ttcr to Croix of March 10, 178-2, Pmv. l,W., MS., ii. 70-S,
s:iy:j that the savages attaii^."d thr two villages and Rivera's eainji siunil-
tr.neiiusly and by 8 o'clock had completed their work at the former; tliat tliey
fouiii!. Uivera's men scattered and at lirst entered the encampment as friends,
{itiJK'king beforo the soliliers could be gatliered, aTid killing the last man at
iii'ht after ligiitiiig all day. In another letter of Sejit. 1st, J<L, 8S-!), Xcve
mentions a report brouglit by I.imon that Corporal I'ascual J'ailon (this
Ballon is mentioiii'd I'V others, but I suspect that he ami I'ascual Rivera, an
the sanu' person), witli soldiers, one settler, and a muleteer, was killed while
bringing sujiplies fi mi Sonora. Sales, Xofiria.-:, Curfa'n. (i.")-7, tells us tlic
ass 'iliMits were'2(),0l)(Mn number. Velascn. Sou., l.")!; iS'oc. ^Fe.r. 'iVo;/., /lolitiii.
X. 704, gives tlie nuniSer of killed as .");?. Taylor in Jjroirnt'\'i L. ('(iL, 71, says
the mas;:ici-c took place in the fall of 178-j. Rartlett, /'< r". Xar.. ii. l8;!-'4,
tells us that a mission establisiie<l by 1'. Kiiio at tlu; mouth of the ! la was in
existence as late as 1770! also that (larees established a inissioi- among the
Mofpiis which was soon destroyed ! See further foe brief mentir.i of the sub-
ject, ^f(lJhl.^l, L'.rplor, i. '284-(!: Hi'i-illn-aiiiido, Iiiformc '''' /; 'If Ahril /',''.',
\11; E.<nidiro, Xot.,Chih.. 'JJI>: dlnxoii'fillist. Catli. <'li., ii. 87-1*0; Taijlor, \n
Veil. Faniur, iMarcli 7, 180:2; »y/ttrt',s Cat/i. Mii^.i., )01 2.
iry was
-tt Gov.
An-i-
ill cur-
it was
iS., iii.
70-s,
iiuul-
ittlu'V
irmls,
liiiii at
), X.'VC
)ii (this
•r,i an
(1 \vliilo
lis tiic
/lol.tliu
I, sav.s
18:! 4,
was in
tho
ho suli-
;/ 7, ';/.',
i/lur, ill
PRErARATIONS FOR VENGEANCE.
365
massacre; but, doubtiiii^ the report, he left two men
in charge of liis aiiinials and went forward to recon-
111 litre. Tlic blackened ruins at Concepcion nnd the
dead bodies lying in the i)laza told all. His own party
was attacked the 21st of August :u.d driven back by
the Yumas, one of whom wore the uni'orni oi' the
(lead Rivera. Linion and his son were wounded, the
two men left behind had been killed, arc! the sui'vi\-
(irs hastened back to San Gabii; i with news of the
disaster. Governor Neve sent Litnon and his })arty
to Sonora by waj' of Lorcto with a report to General
( Vnix dated September 1st.''
^leanwhile the news was carried by tliu Pinias of
the Gila to Tucson, and by one of the captives who
managed to esca})e to Altar, and thus reached the ears
nf Croix in August.'^ On the 2Gth of that month
Croix wrote to Neve of the reports that had reached
him, warning him to take precautions. The 9th of
Scptonber a council of war was held at Arizpe, ari'l
decided that as the Yumas after urging the estab-
llslnnent of missions had risen without cause, they
must according to the laws be proceeded against as
apostates and rebels. A sufficient force must bo sent
to tlic Colorado to investigate, ransom, and punish,
and peace be made on condition tliat the nati\'es vol-
untarily submit, and deliver the captives and their
property; the riiigleaders should then be put to death
on tlie spot. If they would do this, well; if not, war
sliordd follow, and the neighboring tribes might be
employed against the foe. The commander of tlio
I'Xpedi'ion must report to Neve on arrival at tlio
Colorado.'^ In accordance with this i-esolution the
'■ Pro,: ncr., MS., ii., SS-0; Pror. Sf. Pap., IJai. Mil., MS., ii. 2?<; Pnh.n,
Vi'l'i, '2i± Palou, Xol., ii. .'>77, say.s that Liinoii waiitcil ti) talci' I'O men iiiul
(.'11 to chastise tho Yiunas, hut Xcvc iliil not appiwc tho jilan. The iiuthoi-
is incliiu'il, npjiarcntly uiijiistly. to lihuin' tho piovcrnfir foi' hi-; iiuKtioii. Tliis
Limon was .a soldier iit Altar in 1700, when hi.s daughter %\aa hajili-a'd hy
radrc Pfe'Terkorn. S. I'r.nifisi-o il I Ai'i, Lih. Ml.siaii, y]>>.
'*.\ri'icivita, yiiv^o 500, says that at tirst the rc|iiirt was not helievod and
tliat .1 sdldier ,<ent ujt to the ('ohn-adu to leurii tho tru;,li was killed.
■'■' sf. Pap. 8<u\ , :*is. , vi. 1 -jo-sa
I
:I::i
Vt
m
i ^!
'ki
rUEBLOOillSSIOXS ox THE RIO COLOP.ADO.
; t:i
j]fcneral dcspatcliod a force to the Colorado under
the coiniiiaud of our old fi'ioud Pedro Fage.s, aljout
whose life since he sailed from San Die^'o in 1774 wo
know little bc3"ond the fact that he left California a
captain and now returns a lieutenant-colonel, lie
was accompanied by Captain Fueros of the Altar
presidio.-''
Fnges and Fueros marched with a hundred soldiers
of their respective coni])anies and many friendly na-
tives to the Colorado, and forded the river to tlio
ruined villages. They buried the bodies of tlie vic-
tims which were found lying as they fell in the plaza
and in the fields. The Yumas had abandoned the
vicinity, but were found some eight leagues down
the liver in a densely wooded tract where it was
deemed unadvisable to attack them. All or nearly
all of the captives, however, were ransomed,"' and
both they and the natives stated that the latter liad
been frightened away by a procession of white-robed
figures that with crosses and lighteel candles had
marched through the ruins chantmg stran<>'e dirtjes
each night after the massacre. With the rescued
captives Fages retraceel his steps to Sonoita, wlioru
he arrived late in October.
Here '.vere found orders from the general, given at
the petition of the father president, to recover and
bring back the bodies of the slain friars. These
orders had been intended to reach Fages earlier and
not to necessitate another journey; but as he liad
made no special se^arch for the bodies, he eleemcd ic
best to return." Before setting out he lielel an exaui-
m-'-
^"Iii a vocoi'il of certain California documents existing in Mexico in IT'.''.
Prof. ,Sl. I'ctj)., MS., xiii. '20.-)-0, is nicntioncil tlio original acccuint of tin;
expodition. JJ'inrio (Id vhije dr t'tcrrd /ic-hn al J'io Volorado <le op/ai (Id
CoDKiiulmitr U( ncnil, El Calinllcro dc Croix, al vinndo thl Tcnunlt; ('oruii'l J>.
J'cdro /Vr;/<'f, etc., dateilat Altar Sept. 10, 17SI (it Khould probably bo Souoita
l)ec. 'JOtli), a dociunent I liavo been unablo to find.
'-' I'alou, Viild, '247-.')4, who saw the ori,yinal narrative, seems to bo thu
authority for the finding of the Yumas down the river. ]Io is ([uotcd by
Arrieivitii, who, liowever, implies erroneously that the ca^jtivcs were ran-
Bonird on a s;ubse(|nent visit.
^- Arricivita is the only authority who direetlj' mentions this Bccoud e\pL^
re:maixs of the aluityes.
367
lll'|.;'cs
rlioi'o
u at
ami
ajitl
l.a.l
d it
jxaiu-
II iT'.t.-.,
jf tlio
•lit a (hi
Suiiuita
1.0 fhu
)ti;il by
'I'C raii-
il expo
illation at S(jnoita October 31^t and took the testi-
inoDV of .six men who luid survived the massacre,
inairria.l which I have already utihzed in describing
that event."^ At San Perlro y San Pablo on Decern-
her 7th the bodies of Diaz and jNIoreno were discov-
ered ill a good state of preservation, thongli tlie head
of j\L>reno had been cut off. At Concepcion the
remains of Garces and Barrenechc could not bu found
at first and some hope was felt that they had not been
killed; but in continuing their .search at a distance the
soldiers finally saw a bright green spot in the desert,
ami there, marked by a cross, under a bed of ^-erduI■o
and ilowers, they found the giave where the tv.'o
iiiartvrs had been buried by some of their converts.
Respecting this miraculous verdure, the su[)ernatural
jirocession at the ruined pueblos, and the uttt-r blame-
lossness of the fi'iars before and during the disaster,
pro[)erly attested certificates were drawn up and for-
warded to the Santa Cruz College in Queretaro by
Croix at the request of the Franciscans. The remains
of the four martyrs were carried south and buried in
one coffin in the church at Tubutama.
On September 10th Croix had forwarded to Neve
the resolutions of the council of the day before, to the
end that he, as the proper official to direct all mili-
tary operations in California, might on hearing of
Fages' arrival at the Colorado send orders or go in
]ierson to ti\]io connnand. Neve did prepare a force,
coinposod chiefly of the men waiting to found Santa
Barbara, v.diich ho held in rendiness; and he seems
also to have sent AlfL'r<v. Velasquez with a small
party to }nake inquiries about Fages' coming, lint
A el;is(|uez brought Ixiek nothing but an imintelligible
ruiiii,]' iVom the natives about some white and black
(litiiiii; lint liis stntonioiit is jwrtijilly coiTol)(ii';)'c'(l by ccrtaia circunistanlial
eviilcnue in oliiciiii ('onniinnii.'ali(ins in tho arclii\ cs.
••' Jitrcstiiiufliiii sijjri' la iiiiK rh' df Ion ri:li(jiofi--i, dr., ciirUuhi.t <i hi riilxfrinn
(I' !"i iji )/tl('loi (Id Co'unv/o, 17X1. -MS. Ono of tho witnc.'-sfs was an Indian
iiit(r|iiot('r nanii'd Unxa. mIkiui Anioivita nai.ios as a traitor tu ulioni tlio
uiunlur of the padiva was largely due.
'368
PUEBLO-MISSIONS ON THE PJO COLORADO.
'}'
n i
liorscmcn who had come four moons ago to burn
and kill."* Fagcs' diary of liis expedition was dated
Sonoita, the 20tli of December.
Another council had been held at Arizpc the lotji
of November, on receipt of news respecting the first
return of the expedition to Sonoita. Fages' report of
October .3 1st was read, announcinuf his intention to
retui'ii to the Colorado on the arrival of certain pack-
mules with supplies. His action in ransoming the
captives and sending them to Altar was aj)proved, and
lie was instructed to march without delay to attack
the Yumas. He was to announce his arrival to Xevo,
and if his first attack on the foe were n(jt decisively
successful in securing the death of the Yuma leaders
and establishing a permanent peace, the command was
to be transferi-ed to Neve, and military operations
were to be continued. After the enemy was fully
conquered the governor must select a proper site fir
a presidio on the Colorado, which would ail'oid ade-
quate protection to future settlements, and re[)ort
in full as to the number of men and other help re-
quired. Government aid was to be furnished to the
families who had survived the massacre.-''
These resolutions of the council not havin-'' 1»een
received by Fages until he had returned from his
second trip, or at least until it was too late to carry
theni into execution, the same body met again Jaii-
uar}^ 2, 1782, and modified somewhat its past action.
Fages was to press on as rapidly as possible witli
forty men to San Gabriel, where he would recei\e
instructions and aid from Neve. Meanwhile Fuero.s
with a sufficient force was to arrive on the Colorado
l)y A})ril 1st at the latest and there to await orders
from Neve, holding himself meanwhile strictly on the
defensive unless some particularly good o})portunity
'■"Croix to Ncvc, Sept. 10, 17S1, in Sl.I'ap., Sac, ]MS., vi. 120-2; Novo to
Croix, iSov. IS, 17S1, 1111(1 M.ir. 10, 1TS2, in J'ror. JUr., MS., ii. US, 77-S.
" /'we. -S7. ]'(ij>.. Sill-., MS., iv. 21 S; (luiiliciitc in A/., xv. 5 10. "N'cvo
iicknowlc'd^'cd the icccipt of the dociinicuts of Nov. l,")tli, on !MarLli 2, 17^-,
aiao that of tlio subst'niient uiiler.s of Jan. 2d. Pruv. live, MS., ii. uG.
FIX;.L CAMrAIGX.
869
the
and
1 )Ocn
II his
caviv
Jaii-
ti(»n.
with
occivu
iiei'o.s
orado
Kjrdei's
III the
unity
Novo to
). X('V<:
•J, 17N-',
should offer of strildng a decisive blow. The gov-
ernor was instructed to take all the available troojts lu
California, suspendini^ the Channel foundations teni-
jiorarilv for the purpose, and to begin the campaign
by the"' 1st of April.-"
]''ages seems to have arrived at San CJabri^d late in
]\[arch and a messenGfor soon brouLiht Xcve back from
the Channel, where he had gone to sui)erintend the
new foundations.-'^ Ileceiving the desjiatehes brouglit
]>y Fages the govei'uor decided tliat it was too ca;-ly
in the season f(n' effective o})erations on tlie Colorado,
liy r(\ason of high water, and postponed the campaign
until )September, when tlio river would be Ibrdablo,
;ind when the Yuma h.arvest would be desirable spoils
I'lir native allies. Faf>'es was suiit to the Colorado to
give the corresponding instructions to Fueros, who
was to proceed to Sonora and v/ait, while Fages re-
turned to v.'ait in California. C^'oix seems to ha\e
;ip])i"oved the change of plan, and on ^lay KJth the
council met once more at Arizpe to issue thiiteeu
I'csolutions respecting the fall campaign, the substance
ol' which was that about one hundred and sixty men
wore to be on the east b;ink (^\' the Colorado on the
morning of Septend^'r Ljth to meet the Calil'ornian
troops and sliow the rebellious i'umas the [lowcr of
S[!anish arms."'^
The I'esolutions were to a certain extent carried into
eil'cct, but about the result there is little to be said.
,■
■'■Proi: St. Pap., MS,, iii. '2.%-!).
.1;ni. .'1(1 ami .Jiiii. (iUi. /(/., 'J;!*;, Is-J-.'?.
/'/•'/(■. Her., MS., ii. 57. Maicli ISlli
iii:iix'li. l'rot\ Si. Pup.. Ms., ii. l,s.').
lagc's liad anivoil at San (lahiicl a
cmatiy and ictifcil io that 'A tin- Y
^l;u-( li 'J'.lth Ik' !ia;l \vi'itt('ii in answrr
iiii; a iiij.^tpouemciit uf llio canipaij;n
MS., ii. .-si
■'■ IM.m, Xof.. ii. .^"<3, sav.s tlmt th.
t!i'' -;- V (lav lie liad left Sa'n (ial.riL'l
■ 'V(-/\ St. Pnp., .MS., iii. l!JS-'3
IHfW ci)!iniu»uifa; ing t'l Nt'vo tlio
ii'K.jicing Uio i^'iidiiii: of 'J(K} liorsca
tl'ilDJlJ.
HXBT. Cal., Vol. I. 24
Croix coinniunicatcd the jilan to Xcvo
Ncvo ackn )\vk'dL'i-'d rccciiit .Man-li "Jd.
Croix annouiu'i's that Fages i.s on tlic
.Ajiril ;S(»lIi Xcvo wrote t.) Croix that
nd that the Ymna.s had left tliiir <]U,i
aniajaljs. /(/.,•_'.'>.'{. And still lar'.iir on
to ( 'mix's letters of .lanuary, annouie-
until September. /(/., I'.tS; Prvr. J'lC,
> inrssenTer oveiLiok X'evo March '2(ith,
to t'oiind San Ihu iiaventura.
)',, ineliidini; a letter of Croix of .May
jnnta":* action, and another lettiu' eii-
and 40 mulc:'! to mount the Ctiliforuiau
;i5
III
370
rUEBLO-MLSSIOXS OX THE RIO COLORADO.
Ca[itaiii Josu Antonio Ronioir^ with a force of mu-
liiUHlrcd and eij^lit nvjii rcaclicd tlu; ^^cat of pro{)n>c,|
Avar at thti si)ecilic(l time. Novo, having intrusted lii>
adjutant inspector, Xico];is 8(,)lcr, with the tcnij)()r;ir\-
jy^ovornnient of Cahfornia, do[)artod from San Gidjiii I
Au<_--ust 21st,"" witli Fa<;es and sixty men. Souk.'
three days' journey before reacliini^ Concepcion a mes-
senger met the party with despatches for Fages wliicli
caused liim to return and assume the governorsliip «il'
Cahfornia/'' while Neve proceeded and joined llonuu
on the IGth, not returnin!>- to San Gabriel, but ji'oiu""
to Sonora after the campaign to assume his new
otHce of ins[)ector general of the Provincias Interiias.
About the campaign we know little save that it was
a failure, since the Yunias were not subdued, peace
was not made, and the rebel chiefs Palnia and the
rest wei'e not captured. Yet there was some liglit-
ing in which a few Yumas were killed.^- The nation
remained independent of all Spanish control, and was
always more or less hostile. Neither presidio, mission,
•*Ron)eu, .iftcrwanls governor of California, had been A\ith Fueros on the
Colorado (Milior in tilt' year, and liad M-ritten n diary of that ex])i;dition, \\hii.h
by re^olntiou of the junta \v;i.s sent to Xevi^ for liis instrnetion.
""Neve's iiismietions to Soler, July 1-J, l7Si2. I'roc. S/. Pup., MS., iii. I'JO.
Ncvo to Ci jix, Aug. .'{, ITSl', reeeipt of letter aniKninciug aj^proval by llie
junta of tjic suspension of Ynnui eanipaiLjn. I'rov. Iter., MS., ii. (J.T (i. >,\ ve
to Croix, Aug. 1"J, 178'2, announeing nuii'eli of troops on Aug. "Jlst, and Iiis
own di'parturo on Aug. '-'."ith or 2(itli. 1<I., 47.
•'' I'dloii, Not., ii. .'}90-'2. More of tliis ehange of governors in a later
ehapter.
■"-'In Prnr. Sf. Pap., MS., xiii. 'lQTi-i\, there is mentioned as existing in
Mexico in 170.") a l)iai'i» <}<• hix miirflaiK y oriirrciic'iux . . .dcsdi' i!l i/c Aijusi:)
i/<s'..', which my seareli of the archives lias not brouglit to light. A short let-
ter of Xeve toV'roix dated Souoita Oct. Wiih—Pmr. /.'.r,, MS., ii. ."):1— is tlic
only original account extant. He lays he scut an all'crez with 8 men to I't'con-
noitrc, heard tiring, and hurried ui> to supjiort thealfei'ez, but tlie enemy ilcd.
Then liiiuieu attacivcd a ^'unui raucheria and inflicted some loss, ha\ing l i-ol-
dii' v.'iviudcd lie vaguely states that ho should have subibu'd the Yuiuus
anil left cninnumieation by that mute .secure, had it not been for di.-ti'ust
eau.'cd partly by the imprudent actions of pi-ei'ediiig expeditions. Arrieivita,
('run. Si nif, ~>\4, says lOS natives «ere killed, S."> taken prisoners, 10(Jlnisti;iiis
freeil from ca[itivity, an<l 1.0 IS horses recovered, but all without iiaeii'yiug
the foe. I'alou states thataftir receiving his appnintmeid as inspector, Xcm?
did not care to march against the ^'iimas. The enemy, howevei', came out
boldly io taunt and challenge the Sj>ania.i(ls until one of the Sonoi'a ca|itnuis
(Ri'lneu) could endure it no longer, and obtained Xevc's permission to puni>li
the Viima insolence, wiiieh lie did in three days' lighting in whieh man;
natives tell.
THE FIELD ABAXDOXED.
371
iior piul)l() was ever ag*ain established on the Colo-
i;ul(i; mid coimiiunicatioii l)y tliis route never ceased
t(j 1)0 attended with danger. Truly, as the Franciscan
cliroiiiclcrs do not fail to point out, tlio old way was
lest; the innovations of Croix had led to nothinu;- but
disaster; the nuew modo de comj^aistar was a failure.
,3 ;■
Nl
'I
CHAPTER XVIII.
FOUXDIXG OF SAX BUEXAVEXTURA AXD SAXTA BAIIB.UIA
PRESIDIO— PAGES GOVERXOR.
17S2.
Reahy to BEfiix — Missionaries Expected — Xeve's Instructions to Oi;.
Ti;<iA — I'ltECAUTIONS AGAINST DiSASTKK — INDIAN PoLICY — RaIUCAL
(.'iiAN(ii;s IX Mission System— San Ik'KNAVKNTCiiA Estauusukd— I'uk-
siDio OF Santa Barbara — Visit of Faoes— Arrival of the Tkans-
PORTS — X^'ews I'lioM Mexico— Xo ^Iission Stpplies— X''o rnii;.sTs—
Viceroy and Gcardian' — Six Fkiahs Reitse to Skrve— Control of
Temporalities — False Ciiakges against Neve — Changes in Mission-
aries — FACiES appointed Governor— Xeve Inspector General— In-
STKUCTIONS— Fl'GITIVE XeOPIIYTES— LoC'AL EvENTS — DeaTII OF ^IaKI-
ANo (Iarrillo — Death ov Juan CrespI.
The now cstablislimcnts of the Channel, of wliicli
•so nnicli has been said, were not yet founded. The
required force liad arrived late in the sinnnier of 1781,
but it was deemed best to delay until tlie rainy season
had passed, and moreover the disaster on the Colorado
liad resulted in orders to suspend all operations and
settlements that miijht interfere with measures atjainst
the Yumas. The forces had therefore remained in
camp at San Gabriel, where some sliglit barracks Iiad
been erected I'or their accommodation,^ under Ortt\^a
who had been chosen to connnand the now presicHo,
Lieutenant Ziinii'-a takint!^ his old command at k?an
Diego.
'Oct. 20, IT^il, Xeve -writes to Croix that he lias taken a corporal iiml 7
iiK'ii tVoiii MiiiifiTcy ami the f-aiiie imnilier from Sail ]>ii';'o to roiiii a hasis fur
tlie Santa ll.irhara ciinijiany, and also tiiathe has Imilt-lO small huts to shelter
the men and their fiinnlies (lniin_q the rainy season. I'ror. /'ir., AIS., ii. 8!),
91. Iteviews (hiring tiio ^vinter show a lieutenant, Orteua, an aliere/, ArLtii-
cllo, .'{ srr,i,iants, '_' eor)ioi'als, and 4'J or oO suidieis. I'i'uc. SI. I'up., MS., iii.
201, 204; at. Pai>., Miss, and Colon,, MH., i. J04.
m'
llU'll
Tlir
•ason
ra(li>
and
linst
ill
liad
i»li(),
Sail
mill 7
sis fill-
icltir
ii. S!»,
Ariiii-
S., iii.
PRESIDIO IXSTRUCTIONS.
373
III flic sjirinj^ of 17S'2 it siMMUod t<> tlio o-ovt'i'iior
lliat liu might proceed in the matter \vit]i()nt prejudice
to (ttlier iiit(M'est^, and accordingly in l^V-bruary lie
wrote to President Serra, announcing his intention
and asl<ing for two friars, for San lluena\-entura iind
Santa Barbara respectively. Serra had l»ut two super-
iiiiniciary friars in all California, one of whom wa^
needed at San Curios during his own occasional
absence. ]3ut lio was extremelv desirous that the
new inissi(Mis should bo establishetl, and he exj)ei'ted
six; new friars by this year's transport; so he went
south himself, administering confirmation en route at
San Antonio and San Ijuis, reaching Angeles on
]\rarcli ISth, and San Gabriel the n(,'xt day. Here lie
lie met Father Cambon, who at his order had come U])
IVdiu San Diego, and the two aijrocd to attend to the
spiritual needs of the two now establishments till the
oeniing of tho six missionary recruits."
Meanwliile on ^farch Gth Governor Novo had issued
Ills instructions to Ortega, indicating the lino of policy
to \h; followed at the new presidio and the missions
under its protection and jurisdiction.^ Like all the
jii'o(hictions of Neve's mind these instructions were
models of good sense in substance, though difluse as
usual. The first duty urged was that t»f vigilance
and precaution. Late events on the Colorado would
liave suggested extraordinarj' vigilance anywhere;
l)ut tile comparatively dense native [)opulation in the
( 'liannel country rendered it especially necessar}' there.
Tlic erection of dtd'ensive wi)rks must be the com-
mandant's first care, and lieyond a few tem])orary
shelters of ])i'Ushwood for the families, and a ware-
lioust! for the sup[»lies, no structures could l)e built
''I'liUw, Xot., ii. .380-0; /'/., Vhin, '24;?-7. Ftbruiirv S, 17S-_', ^riiiistcr
Halve/, (■niiiiiuiiiic.'itc'd Ut Cn>i.\', \\\w fcrwanleil it cm .luly '1\{\\, tin; i-oy;il
iinlcr iipprnviii;,' Xov(.'".s Jicts (iiid pnipDsitioiis fcspcctiiiji tlit' three new fdiunla-
tiuiis iis niailc known to him in ivttei'aiid documents (if IVbruarv "J.'i, 17S0. St.
/•iij: S.ir., MS., iv. :]0-|.
■' A' *v', lii-^ifxi-rioii qui' ha dc (j.ihrrnnr ul (\n)iri}i'frn>fr ihl }>rr<'ifl}i) ih' Saiihi
Ik'irhririi, \~S-1, MS. Thi.s doeunient was exaniiiied liy l'"a,L,'es at Santa Ilailiaia
on U'tulier l.st, and Ortega was or<lerud anew hy him to obey its reiiuirenients.
■i; I
;. I
.'!7t
FOUNDATIONS; FAGES GOVERNOR.
uiiiil tlio square was safely enclosed 1»\' a line uf
eai'tliwoiks and palisades. The natives were net \n
l)(! allowed within the lines except in small nunihtrs
and unarmed. The utmost efforts were to l)e nmdc
to win and retain the res[)ect and friend-hip of tlir
native chiefs, and to this end a policy of kiiKhicss .ind
strict justice must be observed. Soldiers must he
restrained by the strictest discipline from all outi'ai,'e,
o[)pression, or even intermeddliuL^. They were not
to visit the rancherias under severe penalties, such
as fifteen consecutive days of guard duty wearing Wnw
cucras, unless sent with delinite orders to escort a
friar or on other necessary duty.
The natives were to l)e interfered with in their
rancheria life and gf)vernment as little as was possi-
ble. They were to bo civilized by exani[)le and pic-
ce[tt and thus gradually led to become vassals of tlic
king; but they were not to be christianized by i'ovc(\
Any outrages they might connnit must be ])unisli(d
firndy by imprisonment and flogging with full e\-
})lanation to the chiefs; but to remo\e the strongest
temptation to Indian nature, the soldiers could at
the beginning own no cattle. Trade with tlie na-
tives was to be encouraged by fair treatment and fair
prices. In a word they were to be treated as human
beings having rights to be respected. In that part
of Xeve's instructions relating to the friars and the
missions, however, there appeared a palpable trace of
the policy inaugurated by Croix, on the Colorado,
with the most danu'erous features omitted. In tact
I am inclined to think that the Colorado experiment,
so far as it affected the relations between padres and
the temporalities, was largely inspired by Xeve, an
intimate friend, whose advice had great weight willi
the general. In the Channel missions the priests
were to be virtually deprived of the temporal man-
agement, because there were to be no temporal intei-
ests to manage. They were to attend exclusivcdy to
the instruction and conversion of the natives, and tu
NEW MISSION REGULATIONS.
HTJ
tliis did were to bo iiflordrd every nicilily l)y tlie iiiil-
il;iiv; but the iiativis iiuist not be tukcii Iroiii lliilr
raiicheria.s or re(jiiir(^(
I to li
\'o ill nu.ssioii eoiiiiiiiinltic
•\<(|)t a lew at a time, who might be persuaded to
live tein})oi'arily with the missionaries for iustruetioii.
The reasons given I'or these regulations wens the
siiudl area of liHable land in pidpoitidii to the ninii-
hcr of inhabitants, I'cndcring agrieultural mission
(■(iiiiniuuities iinpracticabK', and tho great danger that
wiiuld be ineui-red b}' any attempt to break ii[» or re-
iiirange the numerous and densely populati'd native
tiiwns or raneherias alon*'- the Channel. Without
(l(Mil)t also another motive, (juite as powerful, was a
(loiie on the part of the governf)r to })Ut a curb on
iiii>.--i()nary authority. The new system whieh it was
iiiiw jiroposed to introduce was a good ouo in many
]'t'>|»ect?
aiK
I was at least worth a trial; but it ^va^
nc\ertheleHS a complete overthi'ow of tlu; old missi(»n
system in one of its most important (eaturi'S, and the
Wonder is that it did nc/t jji'ovoke a general and im-
iiiediatc outburst t)f Franciscan indignation through-
out the whole jiroN'ineo. No such denioiisti'ation,
liowHiver, is I'ecordt'd, thf)Ugli much was written on
tlic subject later. It is }>robable that the I'riars, at-
tiibuting the proposed innovations to the local au-
thorities, strong in the result of recent ex})eriinents
on the Colorado, and believing they could intei-pose
such obstacles as would prevent any very brilliant
succi^ss of the new ex[)eriment, determined that (piiet
and j)i'olongcd effort would be more effective than
open denunciation, trusting to their influence in ]Mex-
ico and Spain to restore the old state of affairs. Their
practical success was rapid and not very ditlicult, as
\\c
snail see.
All I
jeinii rea(
ly tl
10 company
sot out from San
*Tlioi'e iire throe copies of tlicso instini'tions, in one of wliicli tl\oy iU'o
]ii'cc((l(j(l by some jircliiiiiiiary leliiaiks of .-i guneial iiatuie ruspuetiiij,' past
i.iti'iviiurso with the Channel ti ihes, thtir inteitrihal (luaii'els wliicli will
lavcir the Sp.nnish settlement, and the j^'eneral poliey tu he followed.
^I'aloii, I'idu, L'45, says it 'was the largest expedition ever seen in Call-
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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(A
1.0
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»<j? 112.0
1.8
1.25
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■» 6"
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Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80
(716) 873-4503
/%
370
FOUXDATIOXS; FACES GOVERXOR.
■ I ; 1
1, ' M
'r 'i^'. -s
Gal>i-icl tlio 2Gth of March. At tlio first cncanipmont
Faj^cs' oouriur arrived with ordci's i'or Novo, wlio was
obh't^ed to roturii witli his escort; but the coinpaiiy
(•ontiniU'<l and arrived on the 29th at the first ran-
cheria of the channel, named Asuncion, or Asuin[)ta,
hy Portola's party in 17G9. Tliis had long aj^o been
selected as a suitable locality for one of the three niis-
si(^ns. A site was chosen near the beach and adjoin-
in;^ the native town with its neat conical huts of tule
and straw, and here next day a cross was raised with
t\\v required shelter of bou^dis for tlie altar. With
the usual ceremonies, including a sermon from Serra,
on the 31st of ]\Iarch the mission was finnided and
<ledicated to the 'seraphic doctor' San Buenaventura,"
in the presence of a large attendance both of Spaniards
and of natives, the latter expressing much ))leasure at
what had been done, and cheerfully aiding in the work
of building.
About the middle of A[»ril Xeve came up from
San Gabriel and expressed his satisfaction with the
progress made.' Cambon remained in charge of the
nc;w mission until the coming of ])umetz and Santa
i\[aria, assigned tt) S.-r ' iuenaventura as renular
fomia, including besi'les oflicera To ■ liora with their families, to say notiiing
of X eve's escort of 10 men from Monterey. The 70 should however inchiilu
tlio 10.
''Siin BiiPiiaventiira, Lib. ile Migmi, MS. On the day of foundation Serra
writes to I.sKsucn expressing his yiy at witnessing the fonndatiitn. Ar/i. Sin.
Hiirhiirn, MS., ix. '^88. Gen. Croix congratulates Sena in letter of .Inly '.'■_',
1 78-*. /(/., i. 'JOI-"_'. April li4tli, Xevc writes to Ooix tiiat hy April IJtii tlio
eiiL'lusure of 40 liy .")0 varas, of palisades 4 vai'as high with two ravelins, a
gate, .ind a small warehouse had been completed. Facilities were good for
inigalion and for obtaining building material. Pror. Hn-., MS., ii. (Jl.
<liovauni di l'"idanxa was burn at Bagnarea i:i Tuse:.ny in \'1'1\. St l^'raucii
of Assisi, meeting liini one day and foreseeing his future greatness, e\elaiined
'<) buona venluia ! ' and the iianic, Ihicnavcntm'a in Spanish, clung to liini.
He became bishop, minister-general of the Franciscan order, and caidin:d.
Mis title of seraphic doctor was founded on his skill in mystic theolngy, to
\s liich a large part of his numerous writings was devoted. He dietl in I'JTl.
liisduyis July 14tli.
' I'alou, Vhla, •_'.'i4-r), says that the nusaion had been established on the old
footing though Xeve luul entertained the idea and had been instructed, as
it afierward proved, to found it on the (,'olorado jilan; but late events had
ilianged his mind and he nuide noobjection. Thisnoui; 's soniewhat strange,
in connection with the instructions already noted. Possibly the nature nf tlio
iusiriictions was not made public at tlrst, and tlita accounts for the (juiet of
the pricata.
FOUNDING OF S.\XTA BARBARA.
377
iiiiiiistcrs ill ^r.iy. Only two adults received tlio
ritf <«r haptisni in 1782.''
Al>»)iit the middle of April the governor, pivsident,
coiuinandant, and the whole company of soldiers,
(■\(t|it a sergeant and fourteen men left as a guard
fill- Ihe mission just founded, started up the coast to
otaltlish the presidio of Santa 13arbara. The site
clidscn was on the shore of a small bay afibrdinn- tolrr-
jihly secure anchorage, at a place said to have been
ralltd San Joaquin de la Laguna in the first expedi-
tion of 17G9," and near a large native town, which,
like its tciiii, or chief, was called Yanonalit. Xear
the lagoon were found springs of a peculiar water,
and an eminence suitable for the fort. The formal
otalilishing was on April 21st, when Serra said mass
and clianted an alohado. The natives were more
IVlciiilly than had been anticipated, and Yanonalit was
wilhiig to exchange |)resents. AV\)rk was at onco
begun and oak timber felled for the requisite shelters,
and })articularly for the palisade enclosure, sixty vara;^
^(lu;u•e, which was later to be replaced l)y a solid wall
t'ucjinsing an area of i-ighty yards scjuare.'*' The natives
were hired t(> work and were paid in articles of f(M)d
and clothing. Yanon;dit ha(l autliority over some
thirteen ranchcrias, and his friendship proved a great
aiKaiitage.
Affairs }>rogrcssed favorably, and Ortega even
I'liuiid time to construct irrigation works and pre-
jiai'e lor farming on a small scale. Seri-a, on ascer-
taining that there was no immediate prospect of
I'ouuding another missit)n, wrote to Fuster at San
.lu;;n Capistrano to come uj) for tenq)orary service at
* Til Dcccnilier 17S'2 a Fi'onchiimii, I'uti-o Ri>y, was a mrriciiff at tin; mis-
fion. N. Hill iiiirr iihirii, L'lh. M'l^idii. MS., 'J.
°Tliu (ifiyinal diary {/avc im such naiiii". Sco oluip. vi. of tliis xoluinc.
lint tin: j)lauu was callid I'luljlo <li' la La_'Uiia iiiul Coiiccjiciid) I.a','iiiia.
'"On fiiiiuilatioii of Santa IWrliara lutsiilio sec li'ttcr (if Ncvi- (o Croix
Aliiil -.U, ITS-.', ill J'nii: J,'cr., MS., ii. (Il-'J, (it: Sena, A])ril 'Jil. )7S-.>, in
Anh. Sunlit, liiu-hdrn, MS., i.\. •J!)I{-4 ; liaptisinal liook of jticsidio in A/.,
vii. ."'J ;!; Croix to Neve, .luly '2'2. \~S-2, r.i>iirovinj; fonmlation, in I'ror. >7.
/'"}>.. MS., iii. •_>:]•_'-;{; JiL. iii. i-_'S-!); iv. .'18; vi. 1 ?-»:{; Nfvc to Fagis August
iV), 17,S3, in SI. I'ajK, Sac, MS., .\v. IS.
878
FOUNDATIONS; FACES GOVERNOR.
Santa Barbara," and liimsolf returned to ^Monterey.
During the montlis of May and June Lieutenant-
colonel Pages made a tour of unofficial inspection
from San l)iego to San Francisco, including in his
route tlie new presidio of Santa Bilrbara.^'
Just l)efore Serra reached Monterey from the south,
May 13th, the transports Favorita and Princcsa, under
captains Echeverria and Martinez," brought full ear-
goes of supplies for the three presidios and also fur
the old missions, together with Cambon's gift for Saii
Francisco, purchased in China, as already related,
with his earnings as chaplain on the San Cdrlvs.
There also came by these vessels many items interest-
ing to the friars, with other unrecorded news d()iil)t-
less of equal interest to other Californians. There
came tlie report that Antonio Reyes of the Queretaio
college had been made bishop of Sonora and Cali-
fornia; tliat Rafael Verger, the ex-guardian of San
Fernando, had been also made a bishop in Spain:'* and
that it Mas again proposed to divide the Franciscan
missions into lour independent cu.stocUas, a measure
that was never carried out.'"
What the transports of 1782 did not bring, greatly
" Palnii, r;r/rt,2.M-0. The same author says, Nof., ii. 388-9, that Cainhon
was to come to th(! presidio while I'^ister was to take his place at San Bueua-
Veil Linn. It is not cii-taiu that i'ustcr ever came.
^- I'll Ion, Sol inns, ii. .■?!)()• 1.
'■•Tliti oliicers of tlic riirorita were At^istia de Eeheverrfa, captain; Jose
Tobar, sucoiid; and .Io.~:>.'' Villavcrde, a clorf,'yman, as chaplain. Those of tlio
Priiiri'Kit were Kstevau Martinez, captain; Juan I'antoja, second; and Miiriu'l
l>;iviiloM, also a cliriijo, tv.i cliaplain. IJoth vessels lia<l left San Bias tlie .same
day, and, tliouyli tliey anchored the same day at Monterey, had not .slmii
<'aih other after the I'lrst few days of the trip. /*o/o«, AV., ii. .SSG-0. The
two ves.sels were at Sta. Daibarii, Aug. 4. Prov. St. Piijk , Bin. JUL, MS. , iii. 17.
"Vcr/.'cr was bishop of Nuevo Leon in 1785-7. Letters in Piitaif, Cut.
JJor. V,.,:, MS.. 1.-);!--).
'■"' i;i»hop Itcyes was con8rcratc<l at Taciibaya on Sept. \!i, 178'2. lie ic-
inaiiK'd for some time at tlie two colleges, where there was much discussina
about his future plans and I'onsiderablo opposition on the part of the colleges
to fiviiig iij) the iiii.-'sions to ciisti>ilio.-<. The bisiiop iinally proceeded north to
establisli the cii.stoiHa of San (Viilos de Sonora, and proposed later to go over
and establish tiiat of San (Jaljriel de California. In connection with this
movement tlie Dominicans were to give up Lower California. Siicli was tlio
news that came to California in.Iuno 17S;J. Poloti, Xol., ii. 31)4-5. Bishop
licyes was vicar general of the Californian troops. Proi\ lite, MS., iii. 1S3;
Pr'ov. St. Pap., MS., iv. 121.
COXTROVEnSY IN MEXICO.
370
to tlio surprise of all, was the six oxpocted friurs, and
sui>[>lies for the missions of Santa Barbara and l*uris-
iiiia. The reason of their non-arrival came, howewr,
and that carries us back to an intcrcstinjjf dispute and
corresitondenec in ^Mexico. Viceroy ^lavoioa at the
re((uest of General Croix, Decend)er 7, 1780, called
on the college of San Fernando for six friars to serve
in the tlu'ee Channel missions about to be established.
Four of the number should be sent to San I>las to go
by sea, while two should proceed to Sonora to accom-
jtany Kivera by the Colorado River route. The vice-
I'oy announced his readiness to furnish such aid as
might be required.
The guardian, Francisco Pangua, replied December
IRth by stating that the aid required for the new
missions was the same as that fui'uished the old ones,
tli;it is, a full complement of church vestments and
utensils including bells; a proper sup[)ly of live-stock
and seed grain; an outfit of im[>lements for house,
shop, and iicld; and one thousand dollars to be ex-
])«'nded in clothes and various articles uscfnl in attract-
ing the good-will of the natives. A full list of t)ic
ai'tides needed was annexed. A year's stij)end must
he paid in advance. The friars could n(jt walk eight
livmdred leagues, nor were they accustomed to ride
on horseback, and the viceroy was entreated to per-
mit that all mi'''ht <j:o by sea. It was iiho sULTnested
that if tluM'o was any doubt about the trnnsj)orts of
1782 being able to carry supplies for all the new
I stablisjnnents, it would be better to attend to the
wants of the old missions and let the establisjiing of
new ones be postponed. Al'ter tliese preliminaries
the guardian named six friars selected for duty in
California,^" who M'ould be ready to sail from San lilas
with the supplies asked for and expected.
Mayorga's reply was dated April 5th, and in it he
""'Tlio friai'R were Antonio A/nar, Diego Nohoa, .Iii;m I'iolMio, Maniu'l
Ati'viilo, M:!tf() I'eavidu, and Josii Estevcs. Only the sucund und third ever
wiuic tu Cuiifuniiii.
m
3S0
FOUNDATIONS ; FACES GOVERNOR.
declines to furnisli either church para^jheriuilia or tlie
implements of house and field as requested; the f(jrni( r
l)ecausc tlK!y had already been ordered as a matter of
course for the new missions b^' General Croix, w ho aloiic
had control of the matter; the latter because neither
jfeneral nor governor, though well acquainted witli
the country, had indicated that any sucJi imi.lenients
were needed. If after the friars have begun work
they find that the necessity exists, they can re[)ort,
and the subject will receive due attention. The vice-
roy not only consents to an advance of stipends, but
authorizes the payment of two hundred dollars to eacli
friar for travelling expenses. He urges the guardian
to act with the least possible delay. The Franciscan
authorities now saw clearly what they had previously
more than suspected, that an attempt was to be made
in California to overthrow the old mission system.
No imrilements of house and field sionififd no agrieult-
ural and mechanical industries, no communities of
laboring neophytes, no temporalities Ibr the friars to
control. Pangua notified the viceroy on April 7th
that, while the right to the inq)lements in (piestiou
was not relinquislied but would be pressed at a future
time, he wouhl despatch the missionaries on the terms
proposed. This signified nothing, however, fjr the
guardian was not inclined to take ventures; and two
days later he sent to Mayorga a communication from
the six friars, in which the}' tlatly refused to serve in
Califoi-nia on the proposed basis, Pangua exjiressing
his opinion that no others could be induced to go in
their place, but promising to write more fully after
easter.
The promised communication was dated the 10th
of April. In it the writer, after calling attention to
the fact that under the laws no friar could be com-
pelled to serve as a missionary against his will, pro-
ceeds to justify the refusal of tlie six. The argument
is that onl}' by gifts can the missi<3naries gain the
good-will of the savages as shown by experience; that
C03HPLAINTS OF THE GUARDIAN.
381
<n) ill
after
lOtli
on to
ooin-
pro-
inoiit
. tli'j
that
tlic only way to the native heart is through the na-
tive stonuK.'h and pride of personal adornment; that
not only are laborious habits essential to eivilization,
l)ut such habits can be formed only under the friar's
influence based on their havinjf the exclusive riLjht to
distribute the fruits of neophyte labor; and that while
at best the work of conversion is difficult a!id dis-
courairinc;, without the old advantaires of inateiial
rewards to native faithfulness coming exclusively from
the padres, permanent progress will be impos>*ible,
friars' efforts will amount to nothing, and their sup-
])()rt will be a useless expense to church and crown.
The soldiers are not only fed and clothed but armed
and equipped for their work of conquest and defence;
why should the militia of Christ be denied arms and
aiimumition for spiritual warfare?
Yet another point de no menor consitlcracion is
hrought forward in this document, which is signed
not only by Pangua but by the other five members of
the colleije (h'i<crcton'o. This is the "irreijular manner
in which missionaries arc regarded and treated in
those establishments" of California. So pronounced
is Neve's aversion to the friars that the soldiers are
warned not to become fmUeros, not to perfoiin any
service for the missionaries, and not to aid in briiiLriii'''
back fugitive neoph^^tes. The natives lose their re-
spect for the priest when they find he is not supported
l>y the civil and military authorit}^ and the result is
of course disastrous. Again, subaltern officers and the
soldiers under them, encouraged to disregard alike
the teachings and chidinjjfs of the ministers, form scan-
(lalous connections with native and other women, and
tlius, with the tacit approval of the governor, they
intirely neutralize all missionary effort and teach the
natives to despise Christianity.^' It is impossible to
arrive at any other conclusion than that these charges
'' Tlic pricstH go so far na to charge tlint on o:ic occa.siiin tlio gnvoriior nntl
his osciirt (ju the inarch from one iiiistsion to aiiotlicr (lohhi'.nitcly (^101)1)011 aud
waitt-il vliilo one of the iiuiiibi'r «e i<ciiur(i jmra ir d sun liviandudis.
I =
n
-: i
FOUNDATIONS; PAGES GOVERNOR.
a«,^alnst Governor Ncvc, resting on tlie bare assertion
of llic auiliors, were in part exajxgerated, and in pait
false. There is nothing in Xeve's j)reserve(,! writuigs
or in the annals of his time to show dislike to tlie
friars, disinclination to aid them in their work of con-
version, or a tendency to overlook inunorality on the
part of his subordinates. He favored a change in the
mission system because he believed the missionaries
were inclined to abuse the powers given them under
the old rejime, and this to the prejudice of the royal
authority which ho represented in Callfornia.^'^
The viceroy allowed the matter to rest here but
reported to the king for instructions. Such were the
facts that came to the knowledge of Junipero Serra
at IVIonterey in May 1782. Clearly the proposed
foundations nmst be postponed; in fact, instructions
soon came from the college that neither Santa Barbara
nor any other mission must be established excejit
in accordance with the laws, that is, under the old
system.^' San Buenaxentura, however, need not be
disturbed, for it had been provided for long ago, and
the supplies of different kinds had been in readiness.
Neither Xcvc nor Images seems to have made any
special eftbit to enforce the new regulations here.
Like the viceroy, they were content to await the
decision of the king. Fathers Dumetz and Santa
Maria w^ere appointed to the new mission; Canibon
returned to San Francisco; Fuster went back to San
Juan, or possibly had never left that mission; there
were now just eighteen padres for the nine missions;
and Santa Barbara presidio had no chaplain.-*^
'"The preceding correspondence is found in Arch. Santa Bdrhara, MS., i.
2.']l-4(i; vi. 200-71. It is a fact worthy of notice that Palou, j^'o^, ii. ;{S8,
does not argiio the case, and that while opposed to Xevc'.s poV y ho niakis
no charpo a^'ainst him cither of immorality or of bitter fecliiij^ a'rainst tlic
friars. Glccson, Hid. Cath. Ch., ii. 93-4, tells us that Governo' C"oi.\ of
California wanted to found missions on the Colorado plan, but I'lo priests
refuscil to serve.
'"Guardian to Serra, Jan. 8, 1783, in Arch. Sla. Durham, ?*IS., x i. 158-0.
'■"'July '21, 1782, (icnoral Croix refers to Serra '.s request for Ii 'e-.stoik,
Bervants, and other aid for the San Buenaventura padres, and sceuis to favor
giantiny the rerjuest, although contrary to the reglamento. Prov. A". Pap.,
END OF NEVE'S RULE.
3S3
Oil leaving San Gabriel for the Yuma canipaij^jn,
Xtve left Captain 8i)ler, his a<Ijutant-ins|»ect(>r, in
coiiniiand. Ills instructions to Solor as teni|)orary
ruler were attached toothers of July 12th relating to
liis duties in connection with the presidial ins[)eetions,
and tl ley contained but little beyond the teelmiealities
nf loutinc duty. They enjoined care and kindness
ill dealing with gentiles, but discouraged the use of
force in bringing back runaway neophytes.'*'^ Neve and
Fages, as wc have seen, marched together from Sau
Gabriel on or about August 2 1st for the Colorado.
Whctlier either of them anticipated an early change
ill his official position I have no means of knowing;
hut shortly before their arrival at the river in the iirst
<lays of September they were met by a courier, who
uiiiong his despatches bore a promotion for both, from
Croix, who had appointed Neve inspector general
of the Provincias Internas, and Fages governor of
Caliibrnia."'" At the camp of Saucito September 10th
the office was formallv turned over to Faues, whoso
governorship dates from that day."^ Neve's instruc-
MS., iii. 231. December 30tli he writes to Seira that beyond the six sailor
sirviciitca allowed Ijyliim to the Channel nuayions and the £<1,0;;0 uUowod by
tlie junta for live-stoelc and implements, no furtlicr aid can be granted— not
even raLions to the padres. The s;tipead i.i Hulileient and older missions eau
help llic new. Arrh. Santa /Idrharn, MS., i. "JTT-S.
'-' jV' re, Jnstriiccioii id Ayudanti- Iiixjwvtor Nh-olun Solir, 1,1 ili' JtiHo 17S,1,
MS. At the Ijcginning of the year Soler had been in Lower (Jalifoi'ni:i as sliowii
by letters of Ncvo in fd., '2-'J0. Anj-f. 7, IT'i-, Xevo announces to Croix that
biilcr will come to >San Gabriel and take his [ilaee. J'ror. lice, MS., ii. oO I.
-'-'Tiic appointments, both provisional or rc(|iiirin,',' confirmation from the
kin;,', were dated July 12, 17>S2. Pror. Her., MS., i. 179; ii. 4S. Neve an-
nuu.icrs tlienews of the appointments Sept. 4th, v>hich was perliai)s the date
tlicy v.eie received. Pror. St.. P(i/>., .MS., xxii. 20-1. Also in Sept. Croix
aiiniiunced tliat by a royal order Nevo had been rewarded with the cross of tiio
Older (f San C.irlos. Pror. l!cc., MS., ii. 4'>-;); Pror. St. Pap., MS., iii. 224.
'-' Xevcto Gonzalez Sept. 10, 17;i2, in /'/•(//•. Si. Ptiji., MS., iii. ^^-(j. Faijis
to r. liidalvjo Dec. 0, 17'S2, in Pror. lar., MS., iii. (ii), 72, nnnouneii;',' his
takiiiv; jiosscHoion, and his salary of ?,^2,."0;), which he thinks will be .V 1,000
\vli( n it i:i eouiinned. Sec also Pror. J'ir., ^IS., ii. 92, an<l Id., iii. 227, in the
licUer <>i which Faj^'cs seems to Hay that he took poysession on Sept. 12tli.
lib. 2 ith F;;;;c3 thanks Xevo for hi -i inlluence in ;jetting his pa.y inerea^ud to
f 1,000, and also thanks Gov. Corbalan of Sonora for his inlkunc;' in his favoi'.
Pror. I'ir., MS., iii. f>~>. The royal conlirniation of I'a ;es' ap'xiiatnu nt was
•laud .luIyO, 17S3. Pror. St. Pap., MS., v. 247. Aug. 19, 17:i;{, i'ages is
grunted by royal order the subdc legation of the r'rc cf'/w jiatroiniln. Id., xxii.
"). IV'b. 1(), 17^.,'], Fa'jen orders Xevo to be proclaimed aa Luspector-gencral of
all troops in California. /(/., iv. 3'J.
■Hi
I -1 .
1:
3S4
FOUNDATIONS; FACES GOVERNOR.
tions, or memoranda, for the guidance of his successor
liad hceii dated at Saucito three days earher; l»iit
there is very httle in tlie document that recjuires notici',
save that lie repeats the advice ahvady <,nveM to Solcr
respectliiL^ the necessity of taking every precaution to
mamtain friendly relations with the gentiles, and dis-
n[)proves the use of soldiers to bring hack fugitixc
converts, who should rather be persuaded to retuiii \>y
the friars and by Christian Indians. In this last of
his official papers Neve shows more opposition to the
friars than ever before, for he implies that they are
•wont to ask for escorts on frivolous pretexts. Ife
thinks that a priest actually going to administer sac-
raments should have a guard oi' two soldiers, who
should, however, never pass the night away from the
mission, and no friar should be allowed to acconqiany
tlio soldiers on their expeditions to the rancher fas.
jMoreover, care should be taken to enforce the laws
forbidding missionaries to board the galleon, slKjwiuL,'
that even at this early day they were suspected of a
willingness to indulge in clandestine trade. If tlie
governor was somewhat severe at the last, it must he
admitted that his j)atience had been sorely tried. All
the varied interests of presidio, mission, and pueMo
are commended to the watchful care of his successor.''
Governor Faeces returned westward to San DicLjo,
and during the month of October made another tour
from south to north, visithig and studying the inter-
ests and needs of each mission, personally exhorting
the neoj)]iytes to good behavior, promising pardon to
such runaways as would voluntarily return to duty,
but threatening severe punishment to those who
might refuse. His eftbrts in tliis direction, as Palou
asserts, were successful, most of the fugitives return-
ing. At the end of October the governor reached
San Francisco, whence he turned back to Monterey,
'^* ycrc, Instniccion que da sohre (fohierno inferino de la pciilnsrda , 7 dr Si t.
li'fii, MS. Neve speaks of the instructions as secret in I'rov. li<'<'., MS., ii.
4;i Solcr wa.s still to beayudante inspector and coniandante de annas. I'ror.
auPitp., M«., iii. 20.
'I
y-i I
CHURCH AT SAN FRANCISCO.
3So
flic cMpital. Tt must Imvc Imhmi a scvorc Mow to Scrra
til stv liis old eiHsinv, whom lie had worked so hiird to
iiinove from tlio command whtii ho was hut a sim|)lo
liiiitt-nant, ivturniii^ as hcutenant-colonul to assume
the iLfoveniorsliij) of the [H'ovuico. ^lucli as tho friars
hated Neve, a change in favor of Fages can liardly
liave l)een weleomc; hut their feelings on the suhjcct
iit this time are not on record. So far as Faiji's was
(itMcerned his pohcy respecting runaway iu-oi»hyles
>Ii(»wed a disposition on his part to let the old (|uarreU
(Imp.
Oh tlic 25th of April there was laid at San Fran-
cisco mission the corner-stone of a new church, with
all the ceremonies [H'escrihed for such occasions hy tho
Koman ritual. Murguiaofiiciated as })rester, assi.sted
liy Palou and Santa Maria and in the presence of
lieutenant ^[oraga, his son Gahriel, Alferez Lasso do
la Vtga, Surgeon Davila, the mission guard, and a
hddy of troops from the presidio. "There was enclosed
ill tlie cavity of said corner-stone the image of our
holy father St Francis, some relics in 'he form of
hones of St Pius and other holy martyrs, five medals
of various saints, and a goodly [)ortion of silver coin." "'
In May of this year the old presidio church at San
Biego washurned; and in Novemher fire destroyed a
laig(> part of the mission huildings at San Luis ()bis[)o
with some six. hundred bushels of maize.-" At ^lon-
ti ley in January there occurred the death of two
pi'oiiiinent men. One was ]\Iariano Carrillo, a picmeer
soldier of 17G0, who from the first had been Ortegas
most elficient aid as corporal and sergeant, in the miii-
taiy service required for the jjrotocticni of Spanish
interests in the south, and who had latelv been trans-
Iriied to tho north and had been given tho commis-
sion of alferez."' The other death was that of tho
".•?. Francisco, Lib. ih MUwn, MS., 10, 17. There is no evidence that this
oonuT-.stone Ii.-is ever hecu disturbed.
■'■ Mnii/<-iri/ Co. Arch., MS., vii. 11; Prov. lice, MS., iii. lJS-9; Pror. St.
/'-//'.. MS., iv. l»a-l.
-' Cunillo w.is a. native of Lorcto and entered the service oa a private in
Hist. Cal., Vol.. I. US
886
FOUNDATIONS ; FACES GOVERNOR.
I *
'!**
vonor;il)l(; niissioiiMiy Fatlicr Juan Crcspf, whose jicn
Ijhs kit oii^'inal records of the first exjilorations liy
land of (Vdil'ornla IVoni the peninsnlar Irontiei' to the;
Strait of ( 'arqiiines. It is as the chronicler of thosu
iirst exixiditions that his memory will live; ot'hissiiK-
fscfjuent lile as a missionary, chiefly at ^rontoicy, wo
know hut littlo save that ho 'vas a faithful worki r,
beloved hy his neophyte flock and by his conii)aiiinu
friars. ] n the disputes between secular and missi( )ii;iiy
authorities his name never appears. He died at Sun
Carlos Januaiy 1st at the age of not quite .sixty-ono
as (I
llo
years.'*^
the i^rcsiilio company on July 20, 1750. He camo to San Dic^o in IT'!!)
coriKiral; wns iri;;<lo ticr^funt in Aju'il 1771; and alftTc/ in IVb. 17J0.
was «il;'o li;il)ilityilo of tlic Monterey company at the tinii' of ills dcatli, wlii.li
occurred on .I;in. 'J7tli, litin^' Imricd liy 1*. Scrra on .Jan. 'JStli. ll\-i linj.i ,li>
mrvhlo, ,'!/. J'(!j>. <V(/\, M.S., i. lOS-9, represents him as of 'medium' valur,
upplic:;ii()n, and capacity, of good conduct, and unmarried.
'-".) u:;n ( 'rcHi;l~lhcrc i.i a uluidow of doubt wliether it shoidil be so w rittcn
and prjuor.uccd, or without the accent — was born in 17-1 on llie i.^hiiiil of
MallorcM, v.-'icrc lie \va ; alio educated, bcinji.'i sdiool-matc cf Fr.UK'if^c ) I'alnii.
Ho Wiia di iliu',r.i.;lied iVom the Iirst lor humility and piety, if such expns.-^icii.H
from a i).ic.;Jy biu^^'nijilier and eulogist mean anythini;, iiml >\as .sipiiictiiiics
calkd Ijy fe'low-rtiid'iily 1]1 IVato or El Mistico. Flo came t" San I'trumulo
do Me:.iL' > in 1711) and was sent two years later to the I'ame missi(in:i ui the
(Sierra ( lorda, where he licrved over sixteen years, particidarly ilislin'^uisliin^'
himself l,y llio erection of a large .stone church iu the Vallc del Tilac.i, tlio
nunal decor;'.'. ions of vliich he paid for out of his own scanty salary, lie
arrived in li.ija C'.diforuia in April 17(>S, ami served on tlie peninsula at l.a
I'uri iina. ]Iuaccom;ianicd the lir t land expedition which i-ea( hcd Sail llie;_'o
in May IIC'J, r.ud a lii^tlo latia- wa.. no of tlu; ))arty that searched lor Muntiny
and di..e,)Vored San rn:neiico L!a ^ . His diaries of both these trips are o.lant
and Ik'.vo be: n utilized in my narrative. Jieturiiiujr from San l)ie;to to Mna-
tcrcyiii lV7^Jlie;w rioted i iifuiindin,^ the missionof, San Carlo ; in. June, and served
there !M i.iiiujter until M;irch 177-. Then he went with J>ieutenant l'a;L,'es to
tho {■•an .Jo;;fir.ia lliver, of which exploration his diary i.s the only record. He
was novi' uen i tiJUtli to : erve with Jainne at San l)ieL;o from May to .Septembi r.
and r<. '..uni:r,' re uiiied lii.j duties at San (Virlos, where M'ith tlie exception of
two I'-iort p; ri,)d.j (,f a!) enee, he toiled until his death. l''i'om.June to -Vu ti^t
l"7i lie ryrveil a;; clu'.plain on board the Sunlhvjo in northern waters, writing
a diary of t'.ie voy;!;.fc; au'l in the autunni of 17>Sl he aecomjianied Serra to
iSaal ra!!el.:co and Santa Clara. On his return from this last journey lie v.as
attached by a fatal illness. It was from his ohl fiiend, com]rani(ai, and
snpcri r T lilier .Ju.iipcro, that Crespi I'cceived the last consolatory rites of
Ilia rcli'^ion, and hia body was interred in tlie missi(jn clnueli within tlai
presbya'vy on t'le {gospel side, with tho assistance of commandant and garri-
son, ;,n 1 amid tears from his flock of neophytes, who lost a true friend iu
IVlie Juan.
t ■■ 1
IliT
CHAPTER XIX.
RULE OF FACES— (iENERAL RECORD.
1783-1790.
Av UxEVF.NTFni, Decake— Statistics op Pkooress — .Mi ^^roNs, Presidios,
AM) rUEULOS— Poi'ULATlON, PAMIES, AND XeOPIIVK.. -PeDIK) FaOES
DuiNGS HIS Family TO Camfounia -DoSa Eulalia — A Jealoi-s Cata-
lan—A MoNTEKEY CorUT ScANDAI.— F.yCES Avn iSOLIU — InsI'EC^IOS
cir PJiEsiDios — SdLEu's pKoroHEi) Refokms- !' ijriiLES with ? aiii.i-
TAIiUS— (JoVEUNOKAXO FRANCISCANS— A NeVEU ExUIN(i ('oMKOVEKSY —
!;• ,EU\L llEl'dUTS OK PALOU AND I4ASIEN — CUAIIi,E> AND Coi'NTER-
CIlAIUiES — FllANKIXCi PniVII.EdE — CuiELTi' TO I\\T1VES — CllAI'I.AIV
Si:i;VH'E— PATIIONATO-PIIICES Foil MISSION PuoKICTS — In VENTOItlES —
License to Retire — Natives on IIouseback — Mission Escorts-
Native Convicts and Laborers.
The rulo of Pedro Fa^ros as governor (if Calii'oriiia
cxttiuk'd from 1782 to 1 71)0. It was an uneventful
jitiiod, the annals of \\liic-li include little beyond }H'tty
jncal ]iiii)[)enings; yet it was u period not of stagnation
liiit rather of silent unfolding, as may be seen from the
filhjwing statistical view. The nine missions* were
increased to eleven before the close of Pages' rule by
the founding of Santa Barbara and Purisima. In
round numbers tlu^ neophyte ]iopulation under mis-
^i()nary care and living in mission eonnuunities grew
fi(.ui 4,00(3 in 1783 to 7,500 in 1790, this being an
average gain per year of .')00. In the mean time
2, HOG had died, 0,700 liad been bn])tize(l; while about
400 liad a[)ostatized and iled to the old delights of
savagism. In temporal mattei's jirogress had been
yet more pronounced. The mission herds of hoi-ses,
' Tlitso were in tlioir onlir from south to north: San Picgo, San .Tuan, Sjin
Oahiitl, S;iii IkiLniivcutura, Sua Lnis, San Antonio, S<- a Curios, Santa Clara,
San Francidco.
(387)
. l\ :
388
RULE OF FAGES-GENERAL RECORD.
imiles, and hornod cattlo multiplied in the sevi ii
years from 4,900 to 2'2,000 head, while sheep, goats,
and swine inereased from 7,000 to 2G,000. Agri-
cultural ])roduets, chiefly wheat, maize, and barK v,
amounted in 1783 to 22,500 bushels; in 1790 tluiv
M'erc 37,r)00 bushels, though these flgures give no
accurate idea of progress, since the harvest of several
intermediate years had been larger than in 1790.
Improvement in buildings, corrals, fences, and irrigat-
ing works was constant, tliough not to be so briclly
indicated in figures. Several new churches were
erected, few of which, however, were the permanent
structures still to be seen in different stages of ruin.
In 1782 tliere were nineteen friars in charge of the
nine missions — the full complement of two to each
establishment, besides the president. Before 171M)
sixteen new padres came, five retired, and four died at
their ])osts, leaving twenty-six .still on duty.^
Xo new pueblos were founded, nor did any new
immigration of settlers take place. A few pobladores
left the country; a few soldiers became pobladores,
and a few boys growing up adopted an agricultural
in i)reference to a military life. Hence the united
poitulation of San Jose anil Angeles varied from 18.')
to 220, men, women, and children of scvcalled gente
do razon. The pueblo herds increased from 750 to
4,000 head of cattle and horses, while the small stock
remained at about 1,000 head. Agricultural products
were 3,750 bushels in 1783, and over 0,750 in 1790,
' The 10 serving in 178.3 were: (vambon, Cav.allcr, Crcapf, Cnizado, Dumetz,
Figuur, Fuster, Lasiien, Mufrartegui, Murguia, Noriega, Talou, I'at.'iiia,
IViia, I'icras, Sanchez, Santa Maria, Sirra, and Sitjur. The I(i new-cimioiM
>vei'e: Arroita, Arcnaza, Calzaila, Danti, Oarci;', (liribet, Maiinei', Noliiia,
Oniinas, Kiuhoo, llnbf, Santiago, .Sefian, Sola, Tajjis, and Torrente. J.ctt
< 'alifoniia; Mugartegui, Pahjn, Xoi'iega, Sohi, and Rioboo. Pied: Cavallir,
Fignor, Mnrguia, Sei'ra, and Crespi. In ITS."), Ang. 2()th, Father Saneho, the
guardian, made a full report to the viceroy on the Californian missions. iSdiiclm,
lii/nnm', I'lSo, MS. It was largclj- devoted to a description of tlie sy-tciu
and routine to be ntilized elsewhere ; it predicts that 'many years' will ela])se
l)oi'ore the Indians will be fit for any oflier sy.stem ; enters somewhat into
the controversies to be noted presently; and stiites that up to date there had
been "),S08 baptisms, .5, .'JOT eonlirmations, and 1,1'J'J marriages. Iliere were
I2,'JS2 head of livu-stock, ui>d I'J, ll'J funegas of grain ut the loat harvest.
\\.m 'Si
II,: I 1 • ....
illii'lifli
STATISTICAL VIEW.
880
more than the average at the missions; while in 1790
Aiijjjiles produced more grain tlian any mission except
San Oabriel. But the puehlos were not yet on the
wliolo a sueeess. They were far from fullilhng tlio
liiL,di expectations with which they had been foundtnl;
tluy liad l)y no means repaid tlic government i'or
tlicir cost. At the four presidios there was no change
lliat can be statistically expressed. The regulation
allowed a military force of 205 men for garrisons and
mission guards, and the ranks were generally full,
never lacking more than ten men. The places t»f such
jis (lit'd or served out their term, were fdled for the
most part from boys who became of age in California,
iuid thoui»h individuals were doubtless recruited from
other ))rovinces and from the transport vessels, theie
is no record that any body of recruits was i>ver sent
to rej)lenish the ranks. INfost of the soldiers Mere
UMirried men, and their families, added to the j)Ueblo
inliahitants, the priests, and the sirvientes from other
[irovinces, made the total population of gente de razon
ill round numbers one thousand souls.^
] laving thus presented a statistical view of the
jieiiod under consideration, I })ass on to a study <>f
eeitain events connected with the provincial govern-
ment and its officials, which have something more
than a strictly local signification.
]"\igcs came to jMonterey as we have seen late in the
antmun of 1782; but in the spring of 1783 he went
south again to Loreto to meet his wife Dona ]']ulalia
(lt> Callis and his little son Pinlrito whom he liad
left heliind in Sonora. The ladv ha.d consented at the
solicitation of General Neve and Captain ]iomeu, and
on theii assurance that (California was not altogether
a land of barbarism, to live at Monterey.* ]je'aving
' Aceordinp to .a Itrxfimrn ih' Pvlilnnon for 1700, in St. Pdj),, MiiK., MS.,
i. T-, llic iii(i])liyti's Moi'c 7.3.".'?, im<l tlio {^'rntt- tk' liizoii !'7(^.
' l>(i'. !>, 17S-. Fiigt'.s Miitrs to liis iiiiitlicr-iii-ltiw l)iiiia Itusii CiiUis, (li.at
Neve li:!M iindcituktn to attend to liis wii'c'.s dtjiiirtiirc; iiiid nii l>oi". "Jlut lio
asks Kumuii to use his uiUuuiicu to induce Dona Lulalia to come. I'rov. Jkc,
\m
I I M
ll
-If!
r '!
f If
390
RULE OF FACES— GENERAL RECORD.
Monterey in March the Governor reached Loreto Iii
May. He set out on his return in July, and on Xovt-in-
ber 13th was congratulated by Palou on his safe ar-
il val with wife and son at San Diego/ and by tlio
middle of January was back at Monterey. The jour-
ney was delightful. Everywhere along the rout^',
writes the governor to his wife's mother Rosa, padics,
Dominicos and Fernandinos, troops, settlers, and ovcii
Indians vied with each other in showering attentions
upon the travellers. "The Senora Gobernadora is
the Benjamin of all who know her; she is gettiiiL,'
on famously, and Pedrito is like an angel; so rest as-
sured, for we live here like princes."* Dona Eulalia,
a native of Catalonia, like her husband,'^ belonged
apparently to a family of considerable position and
influence, a fact which I suspect had something to do
with Don Pedro's rapid promotion and invariable
good-fortune at court. She was perhaps the iiist
woman of her quality who ever honored California
with a visit. It is related that on arrival she was
shocked, and at the same time touched with pity, at
the sight of so many naked Indians, and forthwith
began to distribute with free hand her own garments
and those of her husband. She was induced to sus-
pend temporarily her benevolence in this direction l)y
a warning that she might have to go naked herself
since ladies' clothing could not be obtained in the
country. Nevertheless after a long residence at ^len-
terey she left a reputation for her charities and kind-
ness to the poor and sick.*
MS. , iii. 72. For further correspondence on tliia pnljject sec Id., SO-0, flO, 10".
It seems that Captain C'afietc was sent over from Loreto to escort the luily,
MJio, as the fond husband atiirmed, was to have in California a reception belit-
ting a (|ucen.
^ Palou writes from Sun Francisco Nov. 13. Arch. Arzoh., MS., i. 7. There
are however some documents to show that Fages was at t>'an Ferr.an<U) ile
^'elicat:i in Deeemlwr, the lady being delayed by a niiscamac,'c at ^IuIcl'o.
See also Fages' trip. Prov. live, MS., iii loi, 108, 111, I'l'l, 1S8, 200-2o, •J4'J;
Proi'. St. /'<!],, MS., iv. 04; Pulou, Xvi., ii. 392.
«iVoc. Per., MS., iii. \'27.
' San Fmiicinro, Lili. dc Mishn, MS., ^0.
* VatU'Jo, lliat. Cal., MS., i. DO-L
A JEALOUS CATALAN.
891
It would be pleasing to record a continuance of
tranquillity in domestic life at the gubernatorial nian-
hlon; but the archives contain records revealing the
presence of a skeleton in the household, a court scan-
dal at Monterey which cannot be passed over without
notice. At the end of a year's lll'u in Califoi'iila the
'seuora gobernadora,' having in the mean time borno to
Ikt husband a dauijhter, whose birth is recorded in the
luisslon register of San Francisco under date of Aug.
o, 1784, expressed herself satiated with California,
and wished to leave the country. Don Pedro was by
no means disposed to give up his lucrative and hon-
orable position for a woman's whim, and a quarrel
ensued, during which for three months the governor
was exiled by his spouse to a separate bed. Finding
tliis treatment, however, less effective than she had
anticipated in ov^ercoming the executive obstinacy,
Dona Eulalia set herself to work to learn the cause
of Ills lonely contentment, and found it as she sus-
pected in the person of an Indian servant-girl wlioni
her husband had rescued from barbarism on the Colo-
rado and brought to the capital. On the morning of
February 3, 1785, the irate gobernadora followed Don
Pedio when he went to call the servant, accused him
of sinful intent, heaped on his head all the abusive
c[)itliets in the vocabulary of an angry and jealous
Catalan, and left the house vowing divorce, and ring-
ing out upon the wind her wrongs.
The governor went over to San Cdrlos and en-
listed the services of the friars to briuijf his wife to
reason, but she was not to be moved. All tlie more
she scandalized their reverences by ikitly declaring
that the devil might carry her off before she woukl
live again with her husband. The padres examined
witnesses and decided, so says Fages, that there was
no ground for divorce; but sent the case to the bishop
and ordered the ladv to remain meanwhile in the re-
tu'ement of her own apartments, separated from the
gubernatorial bed and board, and not at liberty to
802
RULE OF FACES -GENERAL RECORD.
repeat her charges througliout the capital. Tilings
remained in this state for a week, when the govcrnoi-,
obliged to go south on business and unwilling to Iviiw
his wife alone in the casus realcs, wrote to rather
Noriega, who had acted as ecclesiastical judge in thi;
{)ast investigations, asking him to remove the lady to
tlie mission where she might be kept in the seclusion
customary in such cases. Noriega sent an alferez on
the 12tli of February with the proper documents to
effect the removal; but this caused a new outbreak,
for Dona Eulalia not only refused to go, but shut
herself up with Pedrito in her private apartments.
The door was forced open by the husband, who after
threats to have the lady tied, carried her to San
Cilrlos. At the end of the month he set out for
the south taking his son with him to be left at San
Antonio."
During the governor's absence Captain Soler was
applied to by both parties, by the wife to defend hei-
honor and innocence from outrage; by the husband
to effect a reconciliation. Soler's letters are not alto-
gether intelligible, but they show that tlie priests had
found the lady by no means an easy subject to nian-
ai^-e. There had been new outbursts of furv and food
for scandal, occurring apparently in church, and the
prisoner was threatened with flogging and chains. He
warns Dona Eulalia that she nuist moderate her
actions and restrain her wrath; while he urges Don
Pedrt) to return as soon as possible, and claims that
the lady wliether guilty or not should not, in consid-
eration of her position and breeding, be subjected to
sucli indignities. Fages writes from San Gabriel in
Ma}- that, while he admits the superior station and
birth of his wife, he cannot forget the outrage and
contumely slie has publicly heaped upon him. Sub-
sequent links in this chain of family discord are miss-
* I'nrTs to liosa Cnllia, Fd). 8, 178.'); to Gov. Corlialan of Sonora, saiiio
•lato; U> r. Koii(gu, Feb. lltli; to V. I'ulou, Feb. 'Jlst, iu J'lvv. Jkc, MS., ii.
lOJ-0.
GOVERNOR AXD INSPECTOR.
393
inn'; l»ut on Se[»tcniber Lst Fagcs M'vites to Bishop
]ioyos that his wife has rcturnod to liini, satisfied that
the charges against liini wore unfounded. It must
IK it be supposed, however, that Doila Eulaha gave
up lior original scheme of quitting California and
Inking the governor with her, for in October he wi'ites
that she has sent to the audiencia a petition asking
Ills removal on the plea that the climate was injurious
to his liealth. He begs a friend to interfere and jire-
■vent the document from being forwarded to S[)ain."*
We know n'»thing further of Don Pedro's domestic
affairs; let us hope that all quarrels ended with the
year 1785.
There were, however, other difficulties in the ruler's
jiatli, though none of them assumed serious pro})or-
tions. Among these minor troubles were the actions
ot'Soler, the inspector of presidios. When Xeve de-
jtartcd from San Gabriel for the Colorado he left Soler
as temporary governor and inspector, and a little later,
(111 Fages talking the governorship, Neve wrote to Soler
that lie was still to retain the military command. Wliy
it was tliat Fages, especially when his a})pointment had
leceived the royal confirmation, did not become, as })re-
scribed l)y the regulation, conmiandant inspector, I
Jim unable to explain; yet he frequently admits that
he has nothing to do with the military comman<l,"
(iiily claiming a kind of civil jurisdiction over Soler as
a fitizijn of the province which he ruled. Tlie two
■were personal friends and compadres; and, so long as
their jurisdict'ms were separate, seem to have made
an earnest eftbrt to avoid an open quarrel; yet all the
SM
RULE OF FAGES-GEXERAL RECORD.
Im
same neither was ever entirel}' satisfied that tlio oilier
was not eneroacliing on his prerogatives. Xo one of
the petty disagreements is of sufficient importance to
be noticed here.
At last the respective powers of the two dignita-
ries were fixed by an order of the connnandant gen-
eral, dated February 12, 178G, whicli arrived August
8th, making Fages commandant inspector as pn-
scribed by the reglamento. Late in the year Soler
accordingly turned over the office to his chief and re-
sumed his old position as ayudanto inspector, in which
sub»)rdinate ca})acity he still ventured to disagree
with his compadre to such an extent that on one oc-
casion he was jjut under arrest at jNIontero}' with
orders to go on with his duties, but to enter the
presidio always by the little door, and to pass back
of the church to liis office!^''
In November 1787 Soler made a long report to the
general in reply to a request of that officer for Lis
views on needed reforms in the administration of Cali-
fornian affairs.''* The author was not a man overbur-
dened with ideas, and such as he had were pretty
eftectually suftbcated in a mass of unintelligiblu verbi-
age, but the leading points in his proposed reform
were as follows: The presidio of San Francisco should
be abandoned and its company transferred to Santa
Barbara, whicli, as well as San Diego, should be imder
a ca[)tain instead of a lieutenant. The missions should
furnish supplies to the presidios at fixed prices, and
thus the expense of the San Bias transports be avoided,
since articles necessarily imported could be furnished
at prices to include freight, the missions and presidios
being equalh' benefited by the change. Garrison
soldiers should be relieved of the care of live-stock,
" Proi'. St. Pap., MS., vi. 21-2, 136, 138, 154, 189-93; xxii. 31; Prov. lice,
MS.,i. 30-1, 'JOO-'i, ii. 137.
'^ Sulir, Iiifoi-inc ill Comandante General nohre Policla y Gohhriio, 3 tie Xov.
1787, MS. At tlio l)e}2;inning tlio author says, 'I cotifcss, Sefior, tlmt I havo
Lail no head to pre.-eiit any project or circumstantial ]ilau,' which may bo
taken as a resume of the whole document with its 'Jo articles.
!,
f! m
*P
CAPTAIN SOLER'S PLAX.
/.V
nnd thus be loft free to master the duties of their
iir(>})c'r service; and to this end the presidio stock
Mh<iuld be greatly reduced in numbers, and the [)ractice
dj" sui)j)lying cattle to the southern frontier should bo
st()i)i)cd. Some adequate provision must be made for
the (K'scendants of the present population. The gov-
trmncnt can furnish no increase of military force, anil
it is useless to found new missions which cannot be
])rotccted. The ]>rohibition of killing cattle by private
individuals, established by church influence in the
iutcrestof the tithe revenue, ought not to be enforced.
It would also be better to grant grazing-lands, recjuir-
iiig the grantee, if necessary, to pay the natives for
daiiinge to their food supply; since under the present
system soldiers who have served out their term leave
the country for want of facilities to establish tliem-
si'lves in California. The natives have been neophytes
long enough; they are fitted for civilized life, and the
government has spent all the money on them that
can be afforded. The pobladores have more land than
tlioy can cultivate; the ])Ueblo rcaleugas' should be
gantcdto nativ'e families; Spaniards should be granted
lands at the missions, and the military escorts should
he withdrawn from both missions and pueblos. Then
tlic gentiles will be attracted by the good fortune of
tlio old converts to follow their example, the v^ork
of the priests being thus simplified and promoted.
To Soler therefore must be accorded the authorship
of the first direct proposition to secularize the Cali-
fornia missions, although some of Neve's propositions
had tended more or less in the same direction. Soler 's
l)lan involved a complete overthrow of the old mission
system, putting Spaniards and natives on the same
footing as citizens, dependence on persuasion and good
example for future conversions, dependence for sup-
]»lies on home products, and restriction of the soldiers
to garrison duty proper and the keeping in check such
gentiles as might fail to appreciate the advantages of
civilized life. Whether under his plan the new con-
806
RULE OF FAGES— GEXER.YL RECORD.
i !■: ' i
verts were to undergo a preliminary training as neo-
phytes under the friars' care, or were to pass dii-ectly
to the state of citizens and hmd-owners, does not
clearly appear.
This scries of recommendations was sent to tlic
general through the governor, who witli them for-
warded also his own comments. I have no need to
say that Fages opposed any plan suggested by liis
compadre." There is no record respecting the fato
of the propositions as annotated after they left Cali-
fornia; but they at any rate were not adopted as tliu
law of the province.
Soler had other troubles besides those with the
governor, especially with the habilitados, few of whom
escaped his criticism and few deserved to escnpo it.
It was very hard to find officers with sufficient (piali-
tications for keei)ing the not very complicated presidial
accounts, and it took time and patience to distribute
the abler ones, Ziiniga, Sal, Goycoechea, and Argucllo
in the four presidios, especially as Argucllo was the
only one in whose ability Soler had confidence, and as
it was well nigh impossible for him and Fages to
agree respecting the merits of any one. Though l)y
the regulation the soldiers had a vote in choosinLir th(!
habilitado, for whose deficits they were responsible,
yet practically the governor and inspector gave the
" FmjfK, Comoitarios sobre Informe dd Capitan Solev, S de Nov. 17S7, MS.
While fipproving Soler's views respecting tlic cxistciico of certain minor evils
in tlic present sjstcm, and claiming to have .already suggested measures for
the removal of those evils — for instance, annual slaughters and exportation of
meats to San Was to reduce the exccsRivc number of presidio cattle— he de-
clares that it would bo folly to abandon Sau Francisco and leave the northern
missions unprotected; that there is no reason for transferring the Loreto cap-
tain to San Diego in order to get rid of Ziiiiiga, wJio cannot bo spared; that
tlic soldiera' work in earing for cattle, though considerable, is exaggerated hy
tlic adjutant, and the existence of wild cattle would be a great evil to the
iountry; that the cattle of settlers as yet do no h.arm to the natives; that
iiiducemcnts to remain in the country are good, and more discharged soldiers
n'uiain than go away; that the natives arc kept in order as neophytes only by
the unremitting cfi'orts of the friars, and are as yet wholly unfit to become
eiti/cny; th.at the pobladores can and do cultivate all thelanda given them and
(il'lcn more; and finally that the introduction of Spanish settlers into the
iiii.^.sions would interfere with the laws of the Indies providijig that the mis-
Bion lands are to belong to the natives eventually when they shall be fitted to
profit by their possession.
FINANCIAL TROUBLES.
39?
apjioiiitmcnt to cither tlic Heii tenant or alfercz of tlio
i(iiii[)aiiy accorclini^ to tlio relative fitness of tliosc
otlicers. They divided all the officers into two classes,
til.' intelligent and stupid, according to ability as
accountants, for as a rule there was no question of in-
t('L,nity, and were careful not to assign to any presidio
two iVoin the same class. With all j)OS3ible pr-ecau-
tioiis deficits occurred frequently, as we .shall see in
local annals, and Soler was always ready to suspect and
cl large irregularities, sometimes where none existed.
At last the inspector and his aid could no longer get
alcii''" tofTcther; Fajj^es asked for Soler's removal, and
Sdltr demanded a court-martial and a full mvestiga-
tion, being unable to discharge propei'ly his duties
under the govei-nor's onlers. The result was that the
office was abolished, Soler was summoned to Arizpc
ill 1788, and was made commandant of Tucson, dying
about 1790. Strangely enough after all his fault-
iinding and his constant search for defalcations on tho
part of others, he left California with a deficit of
about $7,000 in his own accounts; that is, ho owed
that amount^^ to the presidios, and it is difficult to
'^Oii troubles with litibilitadus' iiccounts see chapter xxi. of thia vohiinc ;
jilso l'ii>r. St. I'tq)., MS., vii. 114-1(). Fages Miitcd to .Sokr that lio waiitd
111) lli^;^'ns.sion to embitter friendly intercourse, but prcfera to leave all (jiics-
tions to superior authorities. Jd., vii. 14;{-,"). July M, 1787, Soler, who has
liLcii accuseil by Fages uf earelessuesa, del'euda himself with uiiintelligiblo
virliiagc made worse by Latin. Iil., vii. i'il. Ijeforc coming to Cali."orni;i
Suhr had served aa lieuteuant-governcr at El Paso, Chihuahua. I'ror. liir.,
-MS., ii. 7."). lie was only lirevet captain, for the general roconimenda Juno
•Jl, 1 7S7, that he take connnand of a presidio in ease of a vacancy if he ranks tho
iillicr lieutenants. I'rov. iSl. I'd/)., MS., vii. 5(i. Being sick in 17bG he induced
t'le captain of the Piiiinsii to leave his surgeon, Carbajal, for his eon\ rniencc,
at which the Mexican antlioritiea lind fault and order the surgeon back to
San i!!as. Jil., vii. 2, 108. llis private troubles with Sal arose from thu
jealousy of the latter who suspected hiui of an intrigue with his v, ile, and
threatened to kill him. Soler w;ui arretted by Fa';es to protect him from Sal'a
v.ratii. /(/. , vii. l'J4-r). About his relations M'itii tho padres we have only
Ids own remark, ' suelcn (lo:; jiadres) criar nuiy nial huiiior y mi naturalei-a
cs nuiy propensa al conta';io. ' Jd., vii. l.Ti. A[)ril 17, 1788, ho writes to tho
general demanding a court-martial, ilay '2()th he aclinowledgca rcceij)t t;f
t'lder to proceed to Arizpe. August Dilth he writes to Fagcs announcing his
il(]>arturo and tlie end of the inspectorship, and referring t.i slurs ca^it upon
liis character. Id., viii. 50, oG-Ol. June IS, 17!'0, (ien. Ugarte writes to
I'age.s that the king has approved the suspension of tho ins].cctoral!i]i; that
Soler is to be eai)tain of Tucson; and that the governor is hereafter to inspect
tiie troops, going down to Loreto once iu two years for that purpose. J J., ix.
i
. •.,
i , •
Vj ;*•
v'Ib
;,vr ii
pi
-; 1 1 (■
} ■ i
■ ,;,; 1
t'l
ti
Ijip.l
RULE OF FACES-GENERAL RECORD.
account for sucli a debt except on the theory tlmt lio
took improper advantage of his official position. The
debt had to bo paid out of his half-pay after hia death.
The controversies between church and state were
never ending, and though not particularly bitter dur-
ing this period, ever require attention as a leading
feature in early Californian history. The regulation
of 1781, it will be remembered, provided for founding
the Channel missions on a new basis very unfavorable
tt) tlie fiiars' plans; but by refusing to serve in Cali-
fornia the Franciscans carried their point and the new
missions were put on the same footing as the others.
The number of priests was to be gradually reduced
to one for each mission with certain exceptions; but
after several emphatic protests this regulation was
also rendered of no effect.^"
Thus the features most objectionable to the priests
were eliminated practically from the law, but there
S'll-S. Faqos alludes to Solcr's death in letter of Feb. 20, and Gen. Nava on
June '2')th. Id., x. 115, 1G4-5. Kis debt caused some trouble before ho loft
("iiliforiiia, niid tlio matter Wix" not settled until long after his death. Three
tlioUKand live lumdrod dollar3 of his pay Mas bj' order of the viceroy on Jniio
8, I7f''7, socnrod for the btncllt of hi:? wife Dona .Josefa Rodriguez (fo Vargas".
Jil., vii. ((, 10. A large part of his debt ivas owing to the presidios and mis-
pioiirs. /^Kiv. St. I'ap., Pirsiil/ijx, ^IS., ii. 51-.'l. March 4, 1797, the governor
rociivcd 83,Ci);) on the dobt. J'rov. Her., MS., iv. 209. Nov. 7, 1797, tlio
liabi'.itado general pronounces the decision in favor of Solcr's widow unjust,
but xays an ap; c: 1 to tlie king would be very costly. /(/., iv. 103. Finally in
lM-.;0 ('apt. Ziiiiiga of Tucson i-i ordered to pay. SI, 002 of Solcr's debt to the
San T)i;'g() eo!!ip:',ny. J'ror. >S/. Pap., MS., xix. l.'iO, l.")3.
''Jan. i\ \~t.'3, the guardian writes to Serra complaining that the govern-
ment in the i;(v/ roglamonto seems to aim at the destruction rather than sup-
pert of the mi. sioua. Xo more missions will be founded till the regulation is
inndiliod. It i.i bettor to abandon a mission than leave it in charge of one
priest, and any priest left alone may refu.se to serve without fear of conse-
f|ucncerj. Arrh. iSaiitu liiirham, ^IS., xii. I.'m-S. I have an original letter of
]/;suen to the gnartlian, apparently written in 1784, in which he prot"sts mo;:t
carnchitly against tlic reduction, explaining tlie difficulties involved, and
declaring hi.! intention to rcyign his position^quit California, and if necessary
sever his connection with the college rather than serve alone; for nothing save
tlie commir-^inu of sin could lie so tcrril)le. The author of the project must
h;ive misunderstood the king's intentions. La>ii:eii, Carla de 17\^.'i. MS. In
hi i report of Oct. I7S7 he says 'no one can convince me that I am bound to
icni;,iii solitary in the ministry.' Arrh. Saiit't liiU-hara, MS. viii. 01. Aug.
10, 17!'!), the guarilian writes t'> the president that he has reliable iuformatidri
that the oljectien.'.ble clause in the reglaniento is aboli.-lied. [d., xii. ;.7-t".
I'alou, ill Id.. \\\. 40, .says tii' clause was annulled by ilie king'.s order of May
20, 1762, providing that cuch mission nmst have t\vo priests.
CHURCH VERSUS statr.
899
were left .still some f^rouiuls on which to hase a qiiar-
iv\. Fages on assuming connnand anil during his
whole term of oftico .seems to have made an earnest
liJort to conciliate the priests and prevent a I'eopiMiing
of the old troubles. Considering his rather irritahio
nature and the bitterness of the old feud with Serra,
he was not altogether unsuccessful; still he was tho
successor of the hated Neve, the originator of tho
nylamcnto, largely committed to Neve's policy, and
icsponsible to the king for the execution of the laws.
IVil'ect accord was impossible, and causes of conjplaint
on one side or the other were not infrequent.'^
l*ostal charges and especially the franking privilege
<)[' tlie friars furnished occasional matter for dispute.
'• 'Es ya (loclrtrnda la opof-icion tlcl 1'. .SciTa il tod;i providcncia {jubcnia-
tiva, si.'jiiiiicuila no snlo <•!> ]);ilabi'aH sino con Dbras y por CL-crito,' Mys r;i;'c:i to
the in. pL'ctor general on Mui'uli 1, 17S.1. Ho cliai'yc:i the (resilient witii too
great fjeverity not' only toward Indiana but the pailres. J',oi'. I'a:. MS., iii.,
87. On Sept. 1"), /(/. I'Jl 5, he siiys that Serra 'traniph m Tipoii tho uieaMii-cs
of the government and bears liiniscU' with much drKji.t'rj'KZ and total indif-
ference.' Tlie padrea eommir many abuses in oppouti(j;i to tlio jiivcnmicnt.
Id., ii. lli.S. Sept. "JO, I7S,">, Fages writes to tho bi.sh(i|> cu the [ludre.",' neglect
of eliMplain service, and avers that they cannot be ipolan to on the most
trivia! matters wit' lut .showini.,' disdain. /(/., ii. 109. (!u the ramc d;py to
till' viceroy ho protests a;,'ainst; the fatal eonsoipicnecci ( f the mis.-,ionai'y policy,
vliicli i;' (li:inietric;dly o])pos( d to the rcglaniento. Ji/., ii. {)."). l-'ee. 7, i7'">»
IVigcs complains to (.'ambon of Palou's sullen and cold l)eh,:v!(jr, and of tho
jadrcy at Sisn l ';';r!os u ho have tv.ice received him (Iho ;over:ior) Avilh dis-
re^•;lcctfr,l cries and stanipin,'^; of feet. Yet ho Ikis I)c n so devoted to tho
]i:ulrcs as to have drawn upon liini'^elf the name of ^/'/c'/cro. Several friars
liave (old him to his face tliiit they doubted liis word, TjiYjotting tho respeet
(hie him (IS /governor. Letters are written him wi.hout ]!ro;)er polit"nes.s.
]io will no longer endun^ this, even if he be termed a jx-r/ccitor ( f friars;
yet he V. ill novcree.nse to vonc r;it(! them. A/., iii. <!!)-;]. Jr.l;/ 'JlIumki Iflth, Fages
jjives iinlrrs forbidding public murmurs against the p^.dres jnd i rders tlio ar-
icj't of .soldiers who make public comments on their eonilnct. Pior. .'.7. Pap.,
JIS., vi. ]*;■>; x;;ii. '1\. Aug'. 10, I7;i(>, the guardian iniuniis tho presiilcnt
IIkiL projects for tlio weal of (.'alit'druia have been pi'ts; nlcd to thc^ vicii'oy,
find the opinion of tho liseal and his agent is that the proposals .'Iionld bo
tarried out and the govei-nor restrained. I'agcs is warned tlir.t he must havo
a ciire and that on the lear-t complaint of tho ] adres lie v.ill lo;;u his position
find honors. Arrlt. Santa Hih-hara, MS., xii. ;i7— b', Aug. 1^.3, I7H7. ]''age3 to
I.asiien, regrets that he can m.iho no ]>rovision without being HUsiicetcd. '([ue
i!o se haga niistcriosa.' Proi\ l'<'<\, MS., iii. CA-'t. Nov. 10, 17:K», L;isi:en
to the padres, a secret letter referring vaguely to a hi'ido v.hicli I'lo p.a.'.rcs
must obey because they can't help themselves, iho'igh b.o Ikis n jiresontaii) on
the subject. Arch. Ar::il''s/iailo,'Sl:-':,i. I."), iii. ^lay'J'!, 17')l, lag'; i recounts
the trnnbles to liis suecessoi'. He ,says quarrels with tin; I'ernandinos have
been frecpient, since tlu'y are very much opposed — ajiin f^.'i.^iiiiv-' — to the max-
ims of the reglamento, wishing t'> be wholly indepemient. At .San lluciia-
VMitura it even came to blows with I'adre Santa Jlaria. J'roi\ S(. Pap., MS.,
X. 14U-oO.
f I
I
J t .;
,'Wm.
,11 ,
Pi
400
RULE OF FACJES-GEXERAL RECORD.
Oiu' of tlio i)ri\ ilriTfs (>l)tiiiiio<l 1)V Seiiii for Uk; ini'^-
Hioiiaiit-'s i;i ]77;i wuh that of Hcmliiij^ IctUr.s to tliu
collo*,^' flic of cost, and certain otluir letters to and
from the }>iesident were also exempt froni [lostuj^fe as
official coniniunications. The friars were iiulined to
include much jtrivate correspondence in the jtrivile^fd
mail mattei", and not much attention was given to the
subject ordinarily. In these later years, howevci-,
officials hy the <j^overnor'8 orders became more strict,
imposing on the missionaries what was deemed by
them a heavy and unjust burden. Hence much dis-
cussion without i)raetical result, since the law was
clear enough, aiul was not changed, the strictness of
its enforcement depending on the dis[)osiiion of the
local offici.vds. As a rule the friars gained nothing by
agitating the subject, though in some instances they
obtained a decision in their favor from ^Fexlco or
Arizpe.''' In real or affected ])ity for the natives, the
governor complained of ext-essive severity on the [)art
of the missionaries toward their neophytes. lJ;»u1)t-
less there were instances of cruelty, but not many
could be cited in these early years.'
10
'" Jauuary \2, 17S3, FiiTCa writes to Sal that Serra's claim for free scn(liii,f»
of lii«i k'tti'ivi to co1!cl;o anil to tlio padres cuuuot Ijo granteil, i\ icn iuy to iM\al
t'L'tlula of October '_'.'>, 1777, and viceroy's instniciious of Ai)rii l';) 17^1*.
Serra picailcd [loverty aiicl told Sal to keep his letter.-) if hu would not lurward
tluiii free. Snlitieijiieutly, ho\ve\er, I'ages conaeuted to liavo the Icili^j for-
Vardeil, and an acconnt kept of them until KU})e'.ior insiruetlon;* e aid lio
received. 'J'lio expense seeuia to have been iiually ehai'Hcd to the /government.
J'ror. /.','•.. ,MS., iii. SO-I, 88, lii'.i; .^^ I'd,". -S'-fc, MS., i. l-JS-l), 1;;!; I'nu:
(SV. /'((/'., MS., iv. .*)_', \'22-'.\. Augu.st 1(1, 17S(i, the guardian iuiya the junta
real has alicnved letters between padres nd the college to pa: .< free. 'J liey
must be in a ; jiaiato i)acka<,'C and dii'ectcd 'Contador (Icneral de Curreus. '
Arr!i. SdiiUi Bi -/irni, MS., xii. ,'}7. July '2:2, 17!M, rrcsident La..uen i :sue:i
a circular sstatii that last year the formalities were not obs^rvud, and tlio
result wa.s a e( of ^.'!S for postage. Jd., ix. oM. October '2.2, ]~'.,o, ho issues
onother eircnl;! > the cllect that private letters had been sent in the padres'
package, aud Ih must be stu] ped, for there is a danger of losiiig tlio franking
jirivilege. /(/., i o'Jo-G. See also y«/., ^i. 104; xii. ID- -1; J'uloii, yol., i.
f)3-_'.
'Tutting nei -hytcs in irons and forced labor very frequent in all the
missions, and p; iciilarly at San Carlos. Fagcs, 17S.3, in J'lOr. ]'(<■., MS.,
iii. 87. June II, I7.S,">, lagcs writes to Noriega that the natives accuse him
of beating tlicm with chains for trilling faults, charges which ho has investi-
gated and found to be true. Implores him in the name of Innnanily i'.ud of
the king to change his course. /(/., iii. T)!. Lieutenant Zuuig.'K-omi.lained in
1788 that the natives of Sau Diego were overworked and too severely pun-
ro\Tr,>)vr:n';Y with tut rniAiis.
401
Fiij^i'f^ Ht'iit ft (locniiK-ni to tlio vio(M-<»y tlio 2C,i]\ of
Sipti'MilxT 178'), ill wliicli he lundo a iuniiiil cniintlaiiit
im-'iiiist <li(^ ])ri('stM for llicir opposition to the law, an
wo
(iiipoNiiioii wliirli was injiiiious to tlio I'oyal sciv
nnd to tlio spiritual n'ooil of tlio troops, lie oiiuinoi''
ntofi li^o ;4roniuls of complaint wliicli T shall noti
itivsfiitly.""" ]>y tli(^ govornnii-nt tho niattor was ir-
forrod to tho colloii;o of San l'\'rnan(lo, and a i-onoit
was iiiado l»y (Juanliaii l*alou, who (Icniod all tho
allo'-ations and pri'scntod conntor-charLifos in holialf
of tho niisHionarios
21
Tl
10 audioncia was iiiiz/
dod I)
cuntradif'tory ovidoiK^. A fow roconiniondatioiis woru
iiiado on dilforont points, and on Jaimniy 1-, 1787,
tlio ( . pcdlc nt(.' was sent to Coniniandant (loiioral
V<'arto y Loyola Avith iiistrnetions to niako I'urthcr
iiivc^stigations and pacify tho ooiitondin.ij^ partios as
best ho could.-" (jloncral Uj^arto wroto t»n April 2"Jd
to Prosidc'ut Lasuon, ordering coniplianco with tho
sn""'es
tions of the andicMU'ia and oalliii'': for a full r<
port on the disputed points, which was rondorod oii
tho 2Jth of October.-'
23
From Iho documents just mentioned wo learn tho
foU) dation of tho controver.'^y. Fages' first chargo
was that the ])residio of San J^Vancisco had been de-
prived of mass for three j'oars notwithstanding tho
obligation of tho friars to servo as chaplains. Palou's
rc[)ly was a denial that the i'riai's were required to
serve gratuitously as chaplains; a claim that such
service if I'liidorod was to be voluntary; and that tho
article treating this point, also reducing the number
i'ihcil. /(/., iii. 07. Fiiljcs lifis soon P. Perm draw 1)lootl l>y pulling; a l)oy's
car, iiiiil the natives accuse liiiii ot liiiviiit,' killed one of tlicir miiiilicr. J'n>i\
Kt. /'(ip., MS., <. J(17. An <iiisiL'iH'(l scrap of 17S."i .sjicaks of irreyiilar coii-
tliict of ii padre and ohject;* to mode of cliastiseiiieiit. /'/., v. '2.T.
-'' F'l'jiM, Hvjifi « iitiicioii miifm Ion Frai/is, JO dr Sit. J'!S.', MS.; alluded to
villi miieral stiiteineiit of its purpoi't ill /'/■()('. I'cr., MS., ii. t).").
'•' I'dloii, liifnritif Kohrr (Jiirjiis il< I Otjhi niaihir, J7S(j', MS.
•- A'.i-pi'iiii'iifc nfihrc rccijifociin (/ni jn-i ihl (liilnrDdilor dc ('njijbriiri'^ y ni'H'.l-
ioxox ii/iahiirrns, /7S7, MS. Addressed to (!eii. Ugaiio on Jun. I'J, 17^7, l»y
Jose Antonio de Urizar and other oidores.
^'' L'i<iii->i, Jiifiirnu- y siiiixi'mrion id .S'/'. Comnitdank Gevcralsohre qnejan del
Goix nittilnr, ..',j ilr (Jrf'. i:s7, MS.
Uisi. Cal., Vol. I. 20
402
RULE OF FAGES-GEXERAL RECORD.
of priests, liacl been annulled by royal ordei. l^nsiinn
.states that the padres have never refused oi- hesitated
to attend to the spiritual welfare of the sohHers; that
ho personally served the presidio of San ])iego wluii
a minister of that mission, tliough six miles distant;
that at Santa Barbara the missionaries of San Bncna-
ventura served though eight leagues distant; and that
the laek of service at San Francisco was becauso
there was until recently no decent place for it, nnd the
mission was so near that the soldiers c(nild easily go
there for spiritual care. The friars, h<jwever, w»'iu
offended because the soldiers insolently claimed their
service as regular cliaplains, when it was really a mat-
ter of voluntary charity. The viceroy's order on this
subject Avas that a proper allowance bo made to the
friars for their services at presidios.-*
The governor's second charge was that the padres
refused to recognize the govei'nment in n)atters per-
taining to pi'operty and the patronaio. Lasuen states
that th.o friars manage the mission tem})orali^'es by
order of the kino- thoucjli the manaLi-ement v.as at
first reluctantly assumed; that the vice r('(]iop<-tri>iifito
has little or no ap[)lication in a country like CVilireniia,
but that they will gladly observe any rules that may
bo prescribed. Palou charged the govei-nor vitli a
disposition to interfere illegally and despotically in
the management of tempoi'alitics, and declared that
{■■■I .1
*'Iii a corrcspnirlonro lietwccn Gen. Ucr^rh; ami I.asiuii in Marcli ITSH,
tlio latttr makes tlio same rejily on the S:in Fran-isco matter ai in his
infonue. Arch. S'lifii BdrJiura, .\|S., i. 'JS.') -7. Maivli .'), IT'%'', t!ie patlrcs of
Sau J"'i'aneisco to l'"a;,'cs excuse themselves lur failure to say nuisM o.i the plea
that ti;e jdaee is iinliealtiiy, there are no proper impleinents, the solilicrs have
IV) i-eu:aril I'^ir the missioiiarits, ami stitrniati/.o tiicir trier'<li ixi^fnu'vfti.x. The
corporal liiiil eveii ordered that no soldier must ajiproaeli the pa:lre i' honsc.
Fages (lire(.'tn the connnaiidant to Ije indiliercnt uuiil oider.s como fiom the
general. /'/'•'■;'. /.'ic, MS., iii \)\-l. Several communications resjiocting fail-
ure to say mass at San Francisco in Pfuv. Jtrr,, MS., i. lll'J; iii. "Jl, 1('(), '2'M,
nil written liy Fa'_;es. Orders from commandant that the re;j:lar.u nto r.iuut ho
enforced. Pn.r. ,v/. P(ij>., MS., vi. Uo; Arch. S/ct. ]l>nh ■m, M.S., viii. l.TJ;
xl. ',\~,')-l). In these orders it is eha%'ed that fees are ))eiiiy collected liy tlio
friars; and Fages makes the same stitement. Proi: lire.. y['A., iii. i\~. The
governor also com])lains on several occisions that the other jiresidios aro
iicglefted, and the jiueMo (tf San .losi'', wheri? 1*. I'eua lia.s rofuscil confession.
Id., ii. lOU; iii. 171; <V. Piqi. ''^^(c., MS., ix. S3-4.
:!!"
CHARGES A\D COUXTKRCIIARGES.
403
]k' luul no pi'opor uiulorstaiulinix f>f tlio jxtfroiiafo,
tlaiiiiin^' the right to require or permit work on days
of Irstival.
Thirdly the padres were accused of refusing to sell
mission produce at the prices fixed by the gove'i'n-
lucnt. Palou claims that there is no j)ro()f' that tlio
ti>iill' rates have ever been aj)proved by the kinn' ;
that those itrices ouu'ht to be reofulated bv scarcitv
(ii abundance; and that the president should have a
vc'icc in the matter. Lasuen, however, knows of no
instance where the missionaries have refused to sell
at tlio prescribed prices when they had orain to sell
at all; tliouL>'h durinj^ several years of scarcity- the
|)ii((s have been ke[)t down to a figure barely endiir-
ahlc in years ,of plentiful harvests." Tiie next causi*
(if complaint was the refusal of the friars to furnish
inventories (^f jiropeity, yearly increase, and the dis-
position made of mission products. Lasuen in re})ly
says that the reports furnished to the governor are
exactly the same as those rendered by the padres to
the president, and by the latter to the c(»llege; that
until now these reports have been satisfictory to all;
and linally that there are no laws recpiiring tlie mis-
t^ioraries, who are not mere treasury oilicials, to render
itemized accounts of what has been dime with each
bLushel of uiaize,'^''
■-'L.T-nea ndiiiits that P. IVn.-i sncrgcstctl an increase in price, forAvliicli lio
Mils (Iiil> rcinovcil; and lie says that tlic ■ovcinor himself increased the price of
cnin, wliiuli is shown to bo true hy a letter of Fa;,'es in I'lr,!: ,S7. J'a/)., MS.,
vi. 10,>-1, in whicl) Sal is ordereil to pay two reah's extra for ni;ii/,e from S.
(Vii'lo.-,, Sta. Clara, and r-'an Jos . Ah-n ."lan. -J, 17S7, Fai.'es niodiiies l!ie tarilf
prices. /</., vii. KiS-'i; and July '2U, 17S7, lie ask.s l.asiien for harvest retm'ns
tliat he may regulate jirices. Ai-i'h. Sta. Li. rharci, :\IS., vi. 1!». J'a;;es eoni-
li!;:iiis of IViia't! refusal to furnish grain on Xovendier S, 17S,"), and .Mareli T,,
17M!. Arch. St<i. liiirh'irii, MS., x. •-'.'>-.'!'.». ],asuen"s r.pli-s l)ein>; that lie is
^■■^yjlnd has I'eproved 1'. I'ena or will v. rite to him. Fa-es alo siiy.-uiii Si'pt.
-<>, I7>>"), that a mule train was sent back from San Carlos uithout mai/e.
Vi-i,.: lki\, .MS., ii. l-..'S-!».
-''.May "J, 17^<i, I'ai.'es eomplains to tlie ;.'(<neral that the ]>ailrcs are I'cluc-
tant to siiow theii- inventories, do not nia!;e tlieni out aeeordiuL: to ruk', ami
omit liie register of iiihahitauts. I'rm: ];,,•., MS., ii. l;!(i. Feb. 7th he eoni-
I'lains to tiie iire-ident that 1'. I'ena ri'fnsed his aid .•iiid (he nnssion lioohs for
aeciiiu.s. 'J'lie president eNplains tiiat the ennimandant had ii<jt aske.l in a
piejicr nnniier. ]{e has reipiesled all iiudres to give the re<piired aid. Anh.
Hill. Ikiihuru, MS., .\i.
404
RULE OF FAGES-GEXERAL RECORD.
Finally it Avas alleged that in defiance of the law
tile FraiK'iseans insisted on retiring to their eollego
Avithoiit obtaining permission from the governor.
Palou replies that by an (»rder of the viceroy dated
jMarch 2!), 1780, afi'iarhad only to sliow the govei-imi'
a license I'roni his prelate. Lasuen goes more fully
into the snbject. In Xeve's time, he sa3's, a pric-t
I'etired with his prelate's license and the viceroy de-
cided that there ^\•as no law to })i"event it. Palui
dei)arted in the i)resencc of Fages, who is I'esjxinsi' '
d
P
uc
f >r any irregularity in the })roceeding. The next year
I'ao'cs on being considted made no (jbiection to the
(le})arture of liioboo; but tinally there came adecrci'
of Viceroy Galvez, forbidding the entry or depart ui<
of any friar Avitltout his li
ceijse.
Tills order has 1
X'cll
obeyed in the case of A'^oricLj'a, and it M'ill be obeved;
l)ut tlic president goes on to argue earnestly against
the justice and ])or!cy of such a requirement, sub-
jt'cted to v.diicli the friars %vill serve only with reluc-
tan
•27
I'^igcs had also found fault, though ajiparently not
in his f )rmal comjilaint, because^ neopliyteswerc allowed
t) ]'ide too nnich, the ])oli(y of tlie g(jvei'nment being
opposed to this, in fear that like the Apaches the (';d-
ifornians miu'ht become skill'ul warriors. The friar.s
admitted the danger, declared that their interest Mas
ideiitit-al with that of the government, but claimed
'-■'Tlin viceroy's communiv-ationa of ^lar. 20, 17S0, wliicli aropvcn in.l/v7/.
Sid. jHfrlicrii, ^IS., vi. -7--'i, ."i. 'J.VCi, aie nut coiroctly fiti'il hy I'alnu, 'J he
viecniy, \\ liilo fipprovin",' tlio claims of tlio coIIcl'c. turns; tli<> iiialtcr over to
ll'.o co!iiin;m<laiit general. ■\vlu) lie f<ay.i inay liave liad yooil i'ea,;(ms for liis
orders. ']'\\v drcrec reiniiriiitr tlie viceroy "s perniis.'siou for any ji.idrc! to come
or go WIS dated Dec. 7, 17Sli. I'n^i: ,S7. VVf/i., MS., vi. •JO'J:!. In April 17s7
the lisc'd of tlie roj'al treasni'V explained that as the movements of the jiadrcs
vere ji.aid from the missionary fund, their .troing toCalifoiiua if not needed or
ij.irint,' for a. mere whim would euns(^ useless I'Npense; tliei-ofore, the go\erH-
imnt had a ri;;ht to kmav the reasnns. April 'J:!d the audiemia decreed in
eonfornnty to the liscal's opininn; May '21st the arcldiislwip ■■omnninicated tlio
d"cision to 1'alon ; and .liine '2'2i\ and 'JSd Fai,'es isiixo correspondin^' orders,
tlioiij;h tlie president of lia ja. ( 'aiifornia, prote.ited that tills was eniitrary to
loyal orders. Jrrli. Arrjihi^/ifi'/n, ^IS.. i. S, !(; Anh. Sfn. Jli'a-h.u-it, .MS., \i. 5,^.
.luly !'. nSS, the viceroy infoi'in.s the ;ioveriior that the viceri-Ljal authorities
J lid not the .Lfcueral \y\\\ determine tli ■ sending and recalling of friars eei n if
the eonuiiiiiKl becumey independent of Mexico. I'loc. St. I'l'p., MS., viii. l-o.
yiTTX^ OF FATHER LASUEN.
405
't)^
lliat tlicro wore none l>nt native's to serve as vaqiiei
;i;i([ that the woric could only 1k' done on liorseback.
]Iaving re])lle(l to tlie governor's s[)eeitle charges,
Lasucn proceeds to hiy before the governni(Mit certain
C()ni[>laints on tlie part of tlic niissi()nari(\s, namely:
tliat the soldiers, being occu])ied largely witli matters
(lutside of their projjcr duty — that of aflbrding jiro-
te^ tinn to the Iriai's in their work of christianizing
the natives — neglected that duty; that in consequence
dl" a long peace they were 1)ecoming careless and neg-
lecting precautions against disaster; that an insuili-
cient guard was given to the missions, the most useless
;ni<l the worst e(|uipped soldiers being detailed ibr that
(hity,and only one soldier lacing allowed to escort the
friars on Ion'.;; journevs;""' that the soldiers of the
guards kept much live-stock to the ])rejudice of missi;';
interests; that Indians were condenuied to work as
'J'liis suliji'ct (if mission
''u.'inls ;iii(
I til
.lut
ics ^\■nH n'allv oiu; ^i
if til
most serious in tiic wliolo eontrovi'i'sy. I'lii' pfi(ircs wisiiod I'utiro coiitidl of
tiio soldiers to uso as tlioy ik'snied lust, and |iaiticidarl\ in puisuiii!,' runaway
cuiivorts. Ntivo iiail opjiosvd the cnijiIoymLiit of suldiors to linnt lugitivos in
(ji'diiiary cases, bi'L'ausi; lie dicnii'd otiicr iiiwiiis liottcT iitttil foi' tin' iiuriiosc,
and lici'uuso incii cnougli could not lie .spared foi' etlectivo and safe service,
I'li/i: Sf. /'»'//., MS., iii. rj;i-4. 'J'lie Frencli voy.i.;er La, I'ei-onse pr;iises
Neve lii;;ldy tor Ids jiosition on tliis ]ioint. Ld Prr^iiKi', Veil., ii. t.".)7-'S. In liis
instruetions to Fa^'t's, Sejit. 7, 17S"_', Neve advised that not more tlian two
s(il<liers should ineoin|>aiiy a jiadie to eoid'ess, etc., at a I'ancheria, anil th.it
tlit V .should not lie alisent ov( rni','lit. 'J'lie Inilians must not learn to lijht
.SV. /',//,.. MS., iii. i:!S !). Vet Fa-is did not rely
fii;^i lives, lint lavoii'd a I'csort to amis
1 us ]it rsujisions hy jiadres, seiidiii;,'
V. itii Jind kill. soldiers. /'
iiiiiiely on ]le^sua.■^ioll to biiiig ha
eiily alter all other means had failt
• if lienjihytes, ai)|ieal to eliiet's, (jller of Jiresents to gentiles, etc. .Sec F,l-t
iii<tiueiions to soldiers sent aftt'r runawavs in
lt>
MS., iii. l.-)l-'_'. "Ii
17s4Fam
s reliea
its tl
i(! on
ler f<irl>id!
in
III escort of nioi'c tl
t\V(
I) sohliers.
st not lie aliseiit over niulit. 'J'
rty of the mission di'inands th
]iixsencu (
if all.
and the kin
■h
as eoiilirniecl oiiler
to tiiat ell'eet. /'
-MS., iii. 47-S. 'J'lie latest orders do not jn riiiit him to let the troojis ])iirsuo
eiiininoiii I exeejit in extreme eases.
/.Vc, MS., ii. KKi-i Oct. r
,S.>.
to I)unietz. .Ian. .">, \~,S7\, in /'
to.S.ii
X
o eseo
ii t to lie L'
iveii to
]':idi-es except uhen they go to say in;:
!i'. I'
iilii
it ))
lios. or to coiifos or li.-iiiti/c,
'iji.. line, MS.,ii. .")1. ]'!scoltas refusi'd, exeept as aliove. at San Antonio
.'Santa IJiirli
/•
.v. /'
'/'
MS., V. 1 !•_'. I(i7. ]'. Pumetz at San
]!aeua\entura Ik in^ refused an escort to go to .S.m ( Jaliiicl s ivs, I'eli. 4, 17Sd
m su
list,
mice:
I er\
well,
' are to lie thus ri'strietei' tooin-i
y
'■/'■
t th
.MS.': vi. 4.'>-(l.
can no lomicr visi
iiicsidio, which is In
cvonil
our .iirisi
licti
Mi
.'(, I7S(), however, I'.ige.s orders
iiissioiis \',e
/'/•«/■. SI.
cort til lie
fiiniislied wlieiitli" jadresof San riiU'navcntuia wish to visit San (laliriel and
Santa Ikirliar.-i. /'/., vi. 7-. Aug. I(i, 17SS. i'. .a long letter to F<asmn Fagea
e\i.l.uiis the policy of the gov( rnment respr.'ling isnn'ts. and the forcilile cap-
tuiu of cinianones. Airh. Sic. Ui'irliant, M.S., i. l(J7-7«i.
|:l#
0t
'I 1 ;
400
RULE OF FxVGES— GENERAL RECORD.
l)t'on,s at tlio presidios for stealing cattle and for otJK r
offences, the punishment of which should rest c^xdu-
sively with the friars, tlie sole ohject being to get fiv.-
laborers;'"' that the settlers of San Jose employed
jtagans to do their work, demoralized them by b;,d
example, and even persuaded them to avoid Chris-
tianity and its attendant slavery; tliat the disposition
to make mission alcaldes independent of the I'riars in
jumishing offences greatly impaired their usefulness,
tliL' law having been intended only for curates and not
for missionaries; that illegal and unequal measure-;
were used for mission produce; that the raising (;('
Ccittle by the presidios and the jnvfereiice given to tlio
pueblos in buying supplies would soon deprive tlie
missions of all means to j»rocure needed articles inr
the neojihytes, especially as i\\o articles most needed
wei'e ol'ten refused by tlie habilitados, or prices made
too high in pro})ortion to those of mission pnxlucts,
and yet the [)adres would submit humbly to the deci-
sions of the connuandant general.
Palou in addition to the preceding charges, declares
that the regulation was never proclaimed in Calif )rii!a
until September 1784, and was not really in force.
that of Echeveste being nuich better ada})ted to llie
needs of the countr}'. He says that the regulatimi
was not carried out, the articles on the inspection <>('
presidios and on pueblo management being notably
disregarded, and that not only were the [)Ueblos iu a
sad state of decadence, but that San Jose, on tlie rapid
I'oad to ruin, was by its a<>'<>'ressions under tlie li(i\-
' t' "
eiiior's i)olicy draLrLiiii'>' the mission of Santa Clara to
luiii with it. Finally, the governor, instead of obey-
ing the law, had not given the missions the slightest
"'•'Tlic sfoular iuitlioiitk'.s, in tin- liglit of pnst cxpr'tiencc in dtlicr provinros,
PCM in to liiivr tTi;<U(liMl tlio stcjilintr of c:ittU' a.s a iiincli inot(! serious oHi'iici",
iiiiil one much more dangerous to S|iaiii.>li tloiiiinatioii in Califoiiiia, tlian did
till' ])adres. It was liy no means one of the trivial faults in wliieh the friars
h::d exelnsive jurisdietion. Fai^es has sonietliiiiir to say on this siihjeet in llic
li'Uer last iilhidi<l to. Still tliero is no duuht the military authorities ilid
uliuse their pow er in this diieelioii w ith ti view to yet workmen free of cost.
GEXERAL REPORTS.
407
ciioonragomciit or aid eithci^ in spiritual or temporal
atliiirs.
The reader wlio has followed this and precedinj^
quarrels between the political and missionary aiithor-
PALoa's Map, 1TS7.
itic;-; iu California, will have noted that they were
ul'tni petty in all their pliases, and such as mi^'lit
easily have been avoi(K."d by slight mutual ('one(^ssi(ins
and ellorts to ])romote harmony. It is not neeessary
In decide on the mei'its of the rt'spective }>arties in
eacli dis[)ute, even if it wei'e possible; yet it is apjiar-
«iit (hat the friars were (U'termined not to \\v\d a
single point of their claimeil jirerogatives until I'orced
to do so, and tiien to yield onlv to the highest auth(»r-
itics, to the king if possible, or to the viceroy, but
k
408
RULE OF PAGES— GENERAL RECORD.
never to no iusiijfiii^.eant an official as llie i^ovcrnor.
whoso presence they regarded as an oiiti'age it" lie liad
a will of his own, and whose authority they practically
disregarded in a way very hard to bear. Yet in his
general report on missions rendered in 1787;"'^ (Jon-
ernor l^'ages speaks in the highest t(,'i-nis of the zeal
and eiliciency t)f the missionaries, and his personal re-
lations with them were for the most })art i)leasant.
It was only as governor and president, as re})resenta-
tives of Carlos III. and St Francis, that the}' (piar-
relled, save in the case of a few individuals or in the
ruler's irritable moods. One of the friars, however,
in an interesting report on the missit)ns in 1789 cunld
not deny himself the satisfaction of stating that while
the kiuLc's i)rovisions had been all that they could
desire, there had been great and cveri ulpable remiss-
ness on the ])art of the royal i-epi'esentatives, or
agents, in California.^^
3« /'rtr/r.-!, htformr Oanrol dc ^nsioiic", J7S7, ^IS. This is nn c::'jclleiit
r^'suiiu'' (if the i)iist progress and present ('(iiiditioii of the ("aliforiiiau cstahli.-h-
nients, fontaiiiiiiL.' a sejiaiato notice of eaoli mission and some general su',;-
gestions of needs, hut with no referenee to eurrent eontroversies. A statistical
jiresentation of the sulijeet seems to have aeeonijianied the original, \\hii:ii
^^as iiiatle in answer to an order of the general of Deeendier 1, ITSIi. The date
ill 17^7 is not given, and it may hav»! Keen aft i' the receipt of the king's order
of Mai-eh'_'l, re(juiring governors to render such rejiorts every two or tiireo
years. Of this ee(lnhi I have an original in print with autograph siirnaturcs
in J)or. J/isl. Oil., MS., iv. .SI- 3.
^^ liij'itnnc lie lo 5/;«.'i jxriifiar ilr hi ^Tiirrri Cnl'iforu'ifi, J7S9, MS. This
report was prohahly ilireeted to the bislioj) or archbishop, lint there is noth-
ing, in my copy at least, to indicate the author. The document contain';
general information ahout the Indians and thu mission system, without much
of chronological auuals.
CHAPTER XX.
RULE OF FAGES, DEATH OF SERRA, AND MISSION PIIOCJRESS.
1783-1790.
riiKsrDJ'.NTSF.nrv.v'.s Last Toms — Ti,lnf.ssandDkati[ — ■Bi'iiiALANiiFrNKKAL
]I(,iN()HS~niS Lll'K AM) ClIAKACTKR— SrcC'llSSION HP 1'aI.OU AM> l.ASIKV
— MtJGAUTE«ui AS Vice- PRESIDENT — Confirmation- —Notre of I'ai.oi's
Htstokicae Works— Viua he JrxirEuo— Xuticfas de C'ai.ifouma —
^Iap— I'uorosELi Erection' of the Missions into a Cfstohia — Xi:\v
Missions— FouNDiNd of Santa Darkara — Innovations Defeated —
Five Years' Progress — Mission of La rcRisiiiA Concefcion FonNDED
— Early Annals.
Ix 1784 tlio Californian missionaries wore called
U]»()u to lose tlioir well beloved master. l*i'esi(K'iit
-luiiipero Serra died at San Ciirlos on tiie iZHlh
fit' Au^'List. In January he had returned from his
last tour of coniirmation in the south, during whidi
lie visited every mission from San Diego to San
.\iitonio. In June he came home I'roni a last visit to
the northern missions of San Francisco and Santa
Clara. He left jNEontercy by sea for the south so ill
tliat all, including himself, deemed his return doubtful.
He was near death at San (labriel, and when he left
Santa Clara it was with, the avowed intention to pre-
])are for the final change. He had long been a suf-
I'frer from an affection of the chest and ulcers on the
li'i'-s, both a'Ji'lxravated if not caused b.y self-iiiilicted
liardshi[) and a pious neglect of his body. The slcalh
of his old companion Cres[)i had been a heavy blow;
his sorrow had been dee[) at p; rtial failure in his
elforts to ])lace California cxclusi/ely under mission-
ary control, and to revive under better auspices the
Jesuit epoch of the peninsula. 1 he return of Fages
( WU )
.1.1
410
DEATH OF SERKA; MISSIOX rROGRESS.
to [)owcr was not oncouraging to liis plans nnJ liopes;.
His license! to confiiiu, unckT wliicli ho had achuinis-
tered the sacrament to over live thousand persons,
cx[)ired in July, and discouraging news cnnie at tlie
same time from jMexico aljout the prospect of obtain-
ing new friars. The death of Father Murguia broke
another link that bound him to this world, and the
venerable apostle felt that his work v/as doae, his
reward was near at hand. To all the Franciscans was
despatched a letter of eternal forewcll, in every word
of which seemed distilled, drop by drop, the very soul
of the dying man, while from each of the nearer mis-
sions a padre was summoned to take leave in person.
Palou from San Francisco, the only one wli(3 arri\ed
before Father Juni[)ero's death, was obliged to say on
August 19th the regular monthly mass in honor of
St Joseph, California's great patron, but in other
religious services the saintly sufferer insisted on taking
liis usual ])art. Irritants were ap])lied to his chest by
the presi.lial surgeon on the 2;3d without any bene-
ticial effect. On the 2Gth he made a general confes-
sion, and next day walked to church to receive the last
sacrament in the presence of friars, officers, troo[is,
and natives, having ordered the carpenter to make his
cotHn. The night was passed by the dj^ing man on his
knees, or a i)art of the time reclining in the arms u\'
his neophytes. Having been anointed, and I'ecitcil
with tlie others the litan}', toward morning he re-
ceived absolution and the plenary indulgenc(^ of his
order. In the morning of the 28tli he was visited l)v
Ca[)taiu Cahizares and other oflicers of the vessel in
port, and he asked that the bells might be tolled in
honor of their \isit. Then he conversed with his old
frieml Palou, requested to be buried in the churcli
near Crcspi, and promised to pray for California when
he should come into the presence of the trinity. At
one moment a fear seemed to oppress his mind, but
soon all was calm, and he went.Oi;t of doors to gaze
for tlie last time upon the face of nature. Iveturning
w
mi
LURIAL OF FATHER JU^'iPERO.
411
at one p. >[. lie lay down after prayci-s to rest, and was
tliouu'lit to be sleeping, but within an hour Palou
fdund tliat he was dead. The bells announced tho
iiKiurul'ul inteili<4-eneo. Clad in the iriar's simple robi.-
in whieh he died and wliich was the only ganiKMit lio
over wore, save when travelling, the body was ])la<'(,'d
in the coffin, with six candles beside it, and tlie weep-
ing neophytes came to cover tlie remains of tlieir
beloved master with flowers, and touch with tlieir
iiiedals and rosaries the lifeless form. Every article
of cluthing save the one that served as a shroud was
distributed in small fragments as i)recious relies amoiiLr
the pople, and notwithstanding all vigilance a part
of the robe was taken also. On Sunday, the 2'Jth,
the body was buried in the mission chnn.'h by Palou in
th
pr
es(.
ince of all the inhabitants of jMonterev, and
with all possible ceremonial display, including military
honors and the boominu' of o-uns from the fort and
anizares vesse
lat
ancnor m
the bi
^y-
The life of Father Junipero Serra is so closely
' A full account of Scrrn's sickness, tloatli, and burial, much lon';;rr ami
more (lotailc.'tl than I Lave space to icprotluco, is given in P<ilo>i, I'itla, '2l)\~
',]'Xt. Anitl'cr qoixl autlioritj-, incluiliii;,' a sketch of Sci'ra'.s life i.-i Pdhm,
])i ni)ir!':ii (hi n. P. /';•. Jiniijxro Srrra, ilS. ; translation in ^\rch, Mi.-i'ioiii's. i.
";>-(). There arc some slight <lili'erences in the two accounts not woi ;li noticing
here, except p('rlia):.s the statement in tlie latter that Scri'a ilicil just lieforo
4 r. M. (lov. Fa','cs was not present at the funeral, lieiuL; ahsent from Mon-
terey. Capt. Soler \v:!s the hi^^iiest ollicial wlio took jiart in tlse ceri'monies.
I'almi was aided by I'l*. Sitjar and \(jrie;_fa, and by Dia.'; the chaplain < f tho
S/iii I 'diioii. On Se|it. 4th tlu.'rc was a renewal of funeral honor,! with tho
sanie crowded altencUince as before, and with the a(Mition;d assi^itancc of 1',
I'aterna (^f San Luis. Now the relics were blessed. The crew of the ptiijiwhiit
see\n-ed Serra 's tunic which was made into sciipularics; the small clothes were
di:-h i!i',:tcd by lilt among the troops aM<l others; and the surgeon oiitaincd :k
lianukei'chief, which cured a sailor of a headaclie, as <lid a girdle cure I'.
I'aterna of tiiecnljc. 1'. Serra's boily was buried in the )n'esliytery of the
church on the epistle side befdi'e the altar of our huly of Dolores. \Vheii llio
new church was built tlie remains of bc^tli Serr.i and ('respi were probably
transferred, but so far as 1 know there is no i-ecord of such transfer or of tho
]ilace when' they finally ivniidned. Taylor, in Ifnff/ihiy.-i'' M<i<f., ^lay ISiiO,
ami in f V(/. Farmer, Xov. "JS, ISii'J, ;-ays that the body lies near tho altar
covered by the debris of the roof, wliich fell in ISo'i. The pari.h priest made
-ii.,
II'-
an unsuccessful search for it in bs.'i."). Visclicr, Jl!<.-<iniis (•/ ('a
saysthe remains are su])posed to have been taki n to Spain, shortly iificr 17' I;
and that t!ie priest in his 'anti(iuariau mania' found tin- remains of anotlicr
fri.ir which believers sei/cd upon as precious relics. 'J'here is no doubt tl'.o
bodies still rest at S:in (Virlos, and in ISS'J they were identilied to the satis-
luction of the parish curate.
i\ i
412
PEATII OF fERKA; MISSION PROCKESS.
Ui'ii(k';l witli tlio first (irtucii years of Calif" )niiii mis-
sion history that any attempt to [Ji'esi'nt it ho-c would
result in au iiniieeessai'V rcsunuj of tlie pi-eeedln;^^
chii[<ters. I suhjoiu however in a note" for convenient
'-Mi;,'iul .Fos(' Sfi'in, son of Antoiiii) Scrra mid Miii'u'ai'ita Ferrer, vas Ijurn
iit Fctra (;ii tliu i.-^lauil (if Mallmca Nov. '21, ITI.'t, tuck tin; I'raiici.si'aii Italjit
at l'ali!;a Scjit. 1 1, I7.'>(), ami iii:hU' lii.s luolcssioii Si]it. l.">, ITiil, on ^^ liii !i
(nL'asioii he assiniicil tlio iiaiiic .)iiiii|icr(j. Jn early IiovImjoiI lio mcivuI a.s
chorister ami aeojytu in tin; ]iarish ehureli ^'reatly to the ileli^'ht of his ]':ireMts,
a ( lod-feaiiiig ooii])lo of lowly .station. The li\es of the .saints were his favorite
ieadiii;4, and his fondest and)ilion was to devote hi.s lifi^ to reli,L;ious work.
He \v;is an cirnest and wonderfully jiiolieient .student, and tan;^hl iiliilosMpliy
for a j'oar Ixfore his ordination in the ehic f convent of I'alinn, then olit:iiiiini.;
a deirree of S. T. ]). from the fanio\is i..ulliau University with un apixiintnient
to tiieJohn Seotn.s chiiirof jihilu.sojihy which hi; held with great sneees-i until
he left Sp.dn. Ho was also noted for iiis <loctrinal Icarnin;,' and still more ."^'i
as a .sensational preacher, lie was wont to imitate San Francisco Solano mid
(iften hand his .shoulders and .scoui';;ed Ii'iuself with an ii'ou chain, extin-
gnishe<l li'.,'hteil candles on his llesli, or |)i;unded his breast with a lai'.ice stniio
a.s he exhorted hi.s hearers to peniteneo. Thus he is represented in the
engraving.,' which I'alou has attached to hi.s life, but which lui.s probably little
or no merit as a portrait.
March .'>!), ITii), after repeated apiilications he obtained his patcntf: to juiii
the college of San Fernando and devote himself to mis.sionary work in
Anierii'a. With Palou he left his convent April l.'lth ancl sailed v'ni M;il;i',M
to ( ';idiz where In; ariivcd May 7th. On the way to M;ila;;a he maint.iir'd
a continuous disputation on doj^matic thcoloiiy with the hei'etie master <if the
ves.scl and would not yii Id even to the somewhat forcililo tlioULih heteroilux
ai'guments cf a da'.'ger at his throat and repeated threats to throw him o\ i r-
board. Sailin;.; from (':idi/ Au,^'. -Sth, he touched at I'uerto Piico where ho
sjient 1.") days in preachiuL', anehoi'ed at Vera Cm/. ])ec. Otli, and walked to
.M'xioo, rcjiehing the college .(an. 1, 17")0. Assij.'ned the same year to the
Sierra ( !orda missions of (Jnerctaro ami Sau Luis I'otosi, he made tin; journey
(in foot.'ind reached Santiago de.lalpaii on June Kith. l'\)r nine yeai-s he served
here, ] .-irt of the time as president, devoting himself most earnestly and sue-
oe.ssfnlly to the conversion and instruction of the P.uncs. In 17"i'.> or ITiiH he
\\ns recalled tmil appointed to the so-called Apache missions of the IJio S:iU
Sab.i in 'iVxiis; but the plans being ihanged he was ri'tain"d by the coIU .o
and employed for seven years in jircaching in ^Mexico and the surnuiuiling
bishoprics, in college service, and in jierforming the duties of hi.-' oliicc of
coiiii.sario of the inquisition held since; 17.">-.
.Tidy 11, 17117, Scrra was named president of the Pi.nja ralifoniian missions,
arrived at 'i'epie Aug. 'Jlst, sidled from Sau lilas March VI, 170''^, iind ivaclud
Loreto .V[iril 1st. March 'JS, 1700, he started — alway.s on foot — for t!ic
north, founded Sau Fe;'iiando de Velicita on May 14th, reached San ])iegi)
duly ist, and foundcil the lirst California mission .July Kith. Ajiril \C), 1771',
he saile<l for I'le north, leached Monterey May .'Jlst, and founded Sau Carlos
Juno .'id. .Tilly 14, 1771, he founded Sau Antonio. Aug, '20, 177-, he
starti/d south by lan<l, founded Sau Luis Sejit. Ist, and reached Sau ]>iego
Se])t. KUh. On'Oet. 'JOth he .sailed from San l>iego, reached San ISlas Nov. 4,
and M'xieo I'eli. (i, 177.'{. Leaving ^Mexico in September, he sailed from S.iii
Jilas .Ian. "24, 1774, ariivcd at Sau l)iego ^larch Kith, and went ii[i to ;\Ioii-
teiey by land, arriving !May llth. I'rom .Tune X), I77l>, to .Tnii. I, 1777, he
v.as ab.jei't from San (Virlos, going down to San l>iego by water, retnrniii;,' by
land, and founding S:in .Tuan C,i[iistrauo on Xov. 1st. In September and
O-tidier 1777 he visited San Francisco and Santa Clara. I'k.iii Sejit. 1 ">,
1778, to .Jan. .">, 1770, he made another trip south, eouhvming at all the mis-
LIFK ()F .TUXil .•IKO SKRRA.
413
rffrrcn^c nn outline of dntis witli some iti'iiis Illus-
t);itiv(! of his cliiUMcU'i' and liaiiits taken iVoiu liis
niisnii Iris wiiy liJH'k: ami in ( tctulior mid Xdvciiilit r Ihm isitcil Siiiita ('l.iuk
il San I'laniisiM) nu the .siiiii: ii
'nil
Ant
iinii). San
]'
In Sijiliiulicr iiml Octulur IT^^^l !■
(1, and Santa ( 'lain. In . March 17^-
lii'Wciit ti) Los Anu"'U'.s and San Oiiliiicl, fdimdcd Sun lincnuvrnturii Miiiili
id
nil
iiLfaiii visiter
IJlst. «as iirr.st.iit lit tlit! luundilu,' of Santa Jlarl ara iiii
rtiiint'(l to San ( Virl
Ai,
.uis and San Antonio aliont tlif niidi
.liinc. Ju Aiij.'iist \'s:\ lie saiii'd for San J)iL';,'o. arii\ inj,' in Scjiti'mlit r. rotuiii-
in.; Iiy land, xisitini; all the istaMishnR'nts, and ai'iivin^'at lionii' in .'annaiy.
I'.ctwicn till' end of Api'll and the early part of June 1784 he visitt'd Sail
I'liimiHco and Saiitii I'laia.
Ill tlic last ihaotir of liis Mo;.'ia]!liy I'alon icH'apitiilatcH ' tlio virtues* ulii'h
vei'' es]ie(ially lirilliant in tlie seivant of (lod, l'"r. .lunijiero,' declaiini,' that
'his
IS ialiiiiion.s and exeiniiiaiy luo i^ nutliin
ev( I V c'ass ot llowers ot I'xcc
■Hint virl
liut a heautitul Held tlei'lied w itli
l'"iist ill the list was his |irofonnd
hniiiility, as shown by his use of sandals and hisalaieuationof self. We. always
(Icniiid liiinself a useless servant; deemed other missionaries more sueeessfiil
than himself; and rejoii'i d ill their sueee;-s. Ife av(.ided all honors not arliially
fonrd uiion him, shniiiied liotiee and ]iraise, sou;,dit the lowest tasks, kisse<l
the leet of ill! even to the lowtot
jli 1
ea\in^' >^|iain am
I ^1.
Xlro, I'aii
liw.iy tVom the ollice of ^Miardian, and was in eoiistant fear of honors from his
oiiKr or from the elinreh or kin^'. Then er.me the cardinal virtues of piti-
liee, justice, fortitude, and tem|ierui;ee, resting like eoluiiins <in his liumil-
itv as a
Il'i
id
'|ioitii
th
1
iimptuous fahi'ic of Christian perfcetion.'
til
]'indenee was shown in his )>iana.u'ement as jn-esident of the missions,
i()UL:ii he was always mmU
st and
dy to
lit with the 1(
st alioiit
liiiii; iiis jiistieo was shown liy his kindness and charity to all, his exact oliedi
totl
le commands of sujicrior;
tied i^artieiilarly in his \iri;ii
only I'lur days liefore liis dea
lett
d liis iiatience \\ itli enemies
er in fa\dr i
•f J"
I'Xem])
1 to the yicero\ ; and
he {rave a blanket to an old Woman wiio at tlie
fouiidiiijl,' of iSaii Carlos hail induced a, lioy to kill tiie friar's only eiiicki'ns.
His liii titudi! apjiearcil in his re-istance to phy,' ical pain and constant reiusal
of medical trciitmcnt, in his self-restraint, in his steadfast adhercncp to his
purposes, in liia resolution to remain at San ])ie^'o alone if need he when it
■• propose!
lit-
;don tl
le I'oiHiuest, in his eon
illict %\itli tli(! indiirereiicc or
oi'jiosition of the military authorities, and in his conra.u'e in the presence of
hostile Indians— for he only feared death or ran from dan''er liocausc o
f th
vtn^'cance that would be taken on the jioor Indians; and linally his tem]ier-
niie; was such that he had no other ])assion than that for the pnipa^jation of
the faith, and constantly mortilied the lic.sli by fasting', vi,L;ils, and scoin'/.'in^u'.
On t in sc eolunnis rested a iuperstrueture of theological virtues, faith, chai-ity,
iion, of Mhich a nieiiti
>illjt
'J'hc author, how ev( r.
I not
claim foi- his hero the gifts of contemplation, of tongues, I'cvelation, ]'roiiliec_\
miracles 'and all that a|i]iaratus of the ;//•(■"■/./,■,■;//•
aiile and stiikiuLr the saintlin
r((Hs (/rf/c/.; which 1
iiiaUe iKlnnv
if some servants of Cod,' but Avhich are not
essen'.ial to holi
Di
h
itiate I'adre Jim
was small ami sickly, but he
'wiih the profesi-ion 1 gaimd heaUh and streni;th and gritw t
statuie.' Of onc^ of his sermons an able critic said: 'It is worthy
says,
o nu'diuni
ininted in I'.itcry of jrold.' A MoUian lul
« shouted duiin'' tine of
;;e;inons.
v.as excetdint
'th.
halt not lini.-h tiie lenten season,' auil then the jiadre
f
or or courte
the fa
ilher ot lies could insj
truth
Sullering from want of water on the voyaue to Mexico he said to eoliiplaincrs,
'the best way to jiieveiit thirst is to eat little and talk less so as not to w.-istc!
the saliva.' In a mutiny and a stoiin thieuteuiiiLt death to all he was jicrfcetly
calm, and the storm ceased instantly when a saint chosen by lot hail b< en ad-
dressed in prayer. On the way from Veia Crux to ^fexieo Kuveral miruelea
; f
(V
U\
DKATIT OF SKRRA; MISSION PROflRESS.
lti()UfriH»liy l)y Padru Palou, juid lils k'ttcrs in tin-
mission mvliivt's.''
Sori'ii (I()ul)tK'ss owes imicli of liis faiiio to liis posi-
tion as (ii'st jti'i'sidcnt of the ("alilornia missions and
to tlic puMication of a hio!j;rapliy l>y a warm personal
iVit'iid. ]]ut it did not rcv^ lire Palou's eidogistic pen
vxTo « rouglit ill his favor. Contiiig to a swiilk'ti stream by a town in a ilin 1;
iiiirlit tlitrc \\;in a inim <in tlic ntli
ik t.
til.
(1 iinil ,
ill
liiiii t<
Inil'.'iiii,'. A ni.'in, jicrliiips tin' same, nut .Innfjiero ami liis t'oiiiiiaiiidti next
iliiy mill j^iivu till 111 a i)iiiii(';,'iiiiiat(!
•ll llilil a ruflutillill;,' i'irci:t,
SllU
1 ill r 11 ni.'ui 1,'iivi' tlicni ii Mt of inin-bivad of cxcelli'iit Havni'. It wim ini tii
jimnn'y tliat liis le;'H iirst 1 ami! swollen, fioiu tin; itl'uits of iii()si|iiitii-liitrs)
(IS Man ;uiiiii()sc(l, nsultiny in ulcers that lasted all liis life. 'Oil, fur a fmest
■f .1
UllIlM
eM'laimed a liiar
at th
.11,
wlieii Sena ariived. In one of
Ids revival nicetiiij.'s in lliiasteea lie was beating liiinself witli a chain, wlnii
man took the ehain from hit
d with it beat himself to ileatli as a in
.' tile thinner in inesinee of tiieerowd. Sixty jiersons who ne^rleeted to atti'Uil
Ids meeting's were killed by an epiili'iuie which diil not cease until ielii;iiius
duties Were ^^eiierally atteiidid to. (Jii his way back frem lliiasteea he v.as
well Icid ,i'd and entertained in a eottaLie by the way; but later he leariieil
tiiat there was no sinli cottai,'e on the road; and of course coneliideil that liis
( ;itiitaiiurs were .losiph, Mary, and Jesus — in fact he had noticed an extia-
nrdiiiary air of neatness about the ]ilace. Poisoned oiico in takiii;:,' the eoiu-
)imiii<iii he refused the antidote and was cured by a simjile dose of oil, jieihaiis
isly as he thought. It was at V'elicata in May 1701) that he lirst
nuiaeii'm
saw and baiitized pagans.
Si I ra, ( 'ornsjjdiii/i iichi, 1777-^-, MS., is a collcctifjn if his Ictter.s to dif-
L'i'ent mis. ioiiaries and ollieiab
It
is llJlllOSSlll
le 1
IV means o
f e.xt
racts to
m
j.'ive any ]iroper idea of these lol'g, ramliliiig, and ])eciiliar epistles. I'al
has selected the very best of his letters for publication, if indeed he lias not
cli.iii'eil and im]>roved them. I.arge jiortions of some of them are utterly
U!iiiitelli';iblu and were ap])arcntly intended to be so for the ordinary reailer,
/-„/(>
/""'
jj;
whether the sub
nut siuiuar pious ixpiessioiis are useil m gi
lea
tl
irotusinu
iiii])ortant or trivial. To Picras he gives the most
niiiititc directions how to answer the governor's letter and how to make out
nianuer or matter to tin
lui.sion rc]iorts and inventories, leaving nothing in
padre's judgment. JIc wishes all made ready for signatures because tlie
most serious part of it is to feed the governor's agents while doing the business,
deep pity for some condenined criminals, and directs a padre to
itual need'-. 'It w.ll be some work, but very holy and
III
Jitteiii
e expresse:
to tl
leir spill
liici itoru.us.
I'l
'J'o 1,
iMiiii, iini'ouu- lu'' .lie
cort, he .«ays
g'>
•'s refusal to iiicrca
d thi;- till I'.siil'. of all niv eilbrts and all a vi
loei'oy s rec-
om.nieiiilations, and in response to. ■> a alTcctionatc and humble suggestion made
wTi.i a
II til
c iioney my mou
til
aid hold. IJelievo me, of all the drau;'lits
I have to swallow none is so iiil'.er.' 'I and your Reverences — for this once
I naim; myself tirst.' In the matter of rsriiZ/nx, however, he directs the padres
to 'go on as if they had a legion of soldiers; punish whoever merits ehas-
tisinient; and if in the exact performance of the holy minis ry troulile
all cs not to be reiiressed with the force at hand, then retire to tie piisi<li
wn
te me the facts in detail; then iH
niii !i (/iri'iiiox
He writes a long letter
to induce I'lguer to give u]i his intention of retiring, reminding hiiu that
r
h
ilieiice and suH'eriiig are the inheritance of the elect, the coin with whicli
bought.' fie begins by an anecdote of a friar at matins who
ishcd to retire to his cell not feeling in a
replied that if such an excuse wen
good -humor, ami to whoai th
imitted all would retire, 'and I
among the lirst.' Then he compares Sa.a Diego life with that at other mii
SKRRA'S CHARACTER.
415
to j)rovo Iilin a <4r<';it iiiid a ri'iiiaikaMi" man. Yvw
\\\\n caiiit' ti) C'alilnriiia <liiriii_!jf tliu inissioiiary re^iiiiu
\\t'ii' liis v(i\\a\ ill (luvotiou to ami hucccss in his woi'k.
All liis i>nt'i<4'V and iMitlnisiasm wci-o dircctiMl to tlio
|u'itorma!ico of lii.s missionary duties as outlined in
the regulations of his f»rder and tho instructions of his
superiors. Lim[)ing from mission to mission with ;i
liuno foot that must never l)e cured, fasting nnieh and
jKissing sleepless nights, depriving liimself of eomfort-
iihle clotliing and nutritious food, ]io felt that he was
imitating the saints and martvrs who were the ideals
(if Ills sickly hoyhood, and in the recompense of ahsti-
iiciice was happy. ] It; was kijid-liearted and chaiitahlo
t ) .ill, hut most sti'iet in his enforcement of i-eligious
It never occuried to liim to douht his ahso-
(liit
le.-
luteri^'ht toiloo'his neophvti'sfornny sliu'ht neu'riL''eneo
ill matters of the faith. His holy desires tromhled
within him like cartlujuake throbs; in his eyes tliere
was hut one object woith living for, the performance
(if I'eligious duty, and hut one way of accomi)Iishing
that object, a strict and literal com[)lianco with Fran-
ciscan rules; he could never understand that there
•tl
w.is ;uivtnuig hevont
d his narroN',' field, of vision. 1
u
an eminent degree he possessed tho faculty of apjily-
iiig spiritual enthusiasm to the [)ractical affairs of life.
Tn'cause h
e was so irrand a nus.sionar
,']
10 was none tlio
th
lc>s money-maker and civilizer, yet monov-making and
ciNJlizing must ever bo subordinate to missionary
wcik, and all not for his glory, but the glory of (Jod.
A St Aii'.>ustine in his relinioii, he was a Juvenal in his
])liil()sophy. "He manag(,'d wisely the mission interests
hntli spiritual and tciujioral; and his greatest sorrow
was that the military and iwlitical autlioritie
.>s Were
sinns, sliouiiig that cacli liris its iiihant.ngcs niul disailvantagcs. lie suggests
K' <nu'.-;ti(iii vliicli is wiiisu 'to l)o liuiiuiy aiul liavf udtliiiig tn cat or iilfiily
tl:
' lat anil
no a]ii:('tito.
Wli
icn Sail FraiKisco ami SiiiitaClar
ll llDtlllllg
it tlii'y attiilmtcil to this Mant 'cl no liattT j)i
)i'uili';uis tlo coiivc.sioML's;
liut now that thuic is food there is iioliody to eat it. 'Tliereforu, my bi uiiicr,
ht us go oil with otir matins to the ■■^luiifo siiii'-toir.'' 'Adondu iia el Kney
my
ijur iM.> are? sino va ;i C'anipechc?' Soino who have gone away would j^terliaps
gladly take \\hiit they left.
41G
DEATH OF SERRA; MISSION PROGRESS.
II III!
not BO easily managed as padres and neophytes. In
liis controversies M'itli the governors he sometimes
]uished diplomacy to the very verge of inconsistency,
but all apparently without any intention of injuring
them, though he knevv' he was dealinij: witli men who
cast obstacles in the way of his great work. His let-
ters wore long, verbose, and rambling, but left no
minute detail of the subject untouched. The loss of
a sheep from a mission iiock evoked a communication
of the same stylo and length, with the same ex])res-
sions of trust in heaven, as the conversion or destruc-
tion of a whole tribe; and it is to be noted that in
Avriting to his friars, especially about his political
quarrels, he adopted a peculiar and niystcrious stylo
wholl_y unintelligible, as it was doubtless intended to
be, to all but the initiated. On the whole the pr<>
ceding remarks fail to do him justice; for ho was
a well meaning, industricnis, cntlinsiastic, and kind-
hearted old man; his faults were those of his cloth,
and ho was not nmch more fanatical than others of
his time, being like most of his Californian compan-
ions a biilliant exception in j^oint of morality to friais
of some other lands and times.*
Ill
At the death of Serra the presidency of the mis-
sions naturally fell temporarily to Palou as the senior
friar in California, who had also held the position
hf.L
^ Xcavly all tlio books tint have been Mritteu .about C.ilifornia have some-
tliiiig to stiy of Jtinipcro Sori.i, and it is not necessary to ruf or to tlio loii;^
li.^t. It in KonicAvIiat I'eniarkaJjlc, liowc'vcr, that there are very few .if any
oliieial eonnniinieations respecting; his death preserved in the arcliives either
secular or missionary. Hittell, 7// ,'. S. /'., ;{;i-',), gives a very good account of
the jiadro'.s life, coneludin;,' tiiat 'his cowl covered neither cried, guile,
hyjiocrisy, iicjr ])ride. He iiad no ([uarrels and made no enouies. lie sought
toheas;m|ile friar, and lie; v.as one in sincerity. I'loljab'.y few have ap-
proaciicd nearer to tlie iileal pcrfecti)n of a monkish life than he.' I liavo
his autogr.iph signatures in N. Aiilouio, Ihjc. Sial/u--^, !), VA, 17. See a poem by
M. A. Fitzgerahl on hi.s death in J/(nii n' Mi.i^. lUiok, l.">2. I'alouV. V'tdii i->'\\-
tains a portrait more likely to Ite like the original than any other extant,
(fleeson, ///-7. Cd^h. Cli., ii. fi-ontisp., lias one copied from a painting in tli'J
library of the California pioneers, aborit the authenticity of which nothing is
known. Dr 1'aylor, ])iKri>r. and Foinider/i, ii. 41, claims to have olitained in
ISoI} a photograph from an original painting at tlie college of Sau Fernando,
of which a caricature was published in Jlutrhliiyti' Muij. in I8G0.
I 'k1i\
PRESIDENTS PALOU AXD LASUEN.
417
avc some-
tlio loii:j;
l;\v .if any
cH cither
ICUOUlll lit'
m1, K'lii'^'
losoULii.t
Ikivo iqi-
1 Iwno
I ))<)ciii I'.V
1- CXtilllt.
iiig in til'!
urtbin.i: i-^
taiiiL'il ill
'"crnamlo,
Ixforc in Serra's absoneo. Palou at first declined to
iu't as president, partly from real or afl'ectod modesty,
l)iit chiefly because lie desired to leave the country as
soon as possible. lie had, however, to yield to the
unanimous wish of his companions, who claimed that
a vacancy would prove injurious to mission interests,
and reluctantly assumed the duties until a successcjr
could be appointed.^ The choice of the college fell
on Fermin Francisco Lasuen of San Diego; his pat-
ent was forwarded February G, 1785; and he took
possession of the office probably in September. Fa-
ther Mugartcgui was named to succeed Lasuen in
case of accident, and August IG, 178G, was appointed
vice-president of the southern missions." By a later
patent of March 13, 1787, issued in accordance with
a decree of the sacred congregation at Home, March
4, 1785, which extended the i)Owcr to administer the
rito of conlh'mation for ten years, Lasuen received the
same powers that Serra had held; but he did not ob-
tain the document until July 10, 17U0, and had con-
sequently less than five years for the exercise of his
privilege. During that time, however, he confirmed
10,13!) persons.'
Ill connection with the departure of Palou, the
com})letioii of his historical writings on California
deserves notice as a prominent and important event
ill the country's annals. The notice however need
not be long, because tlio reader of the preceding chap-
ters is already tiiniiliar bv constant reference with tlie
•''Tluj rocovds arc very mcaL'ro on Palou's term nnd I find no official act by
liini iis president, rayeras, writini,' in IMIS, j^dves sulistantially tiiu vei'siou
of luv ti'xt. Arr/i. Sfii. Ji'iirlinra, ^la., xn. 4^i:i. Mng:irti'i,'ui m rites Maieli
5, l7S,"i, tliat Palou deelined to serve. J)or. IIU. rV(/.,"'MS.; iv. 'J'.t. May -JK.
ITS'i. raises urges I'alou to aecejit fur the f,'uod of tiio conntiy, r(.'L;rettinL;
Ills illdiealth. Prov. L'cc, MS., iii. ."iO. See liiograpliy of Tulou in next
cliaptt.'r.
*'Arrli. .S7(7. lidrharn, MS., ix. HOO-O; xii. .Vi-O, eontnining the patents of
I.a'^nen and Mng:irtc;;ui. l.asuen's Tn^t record as ]ii-e>ident was .liin. "27,
ITMi; Imt he seems to liave serveil froui I'alou'.s depai t'.u'e, wliieh was proh-
alily .11 Septeniljcr or a little later. Prov. y.Vc.'MS., -. IM) ii. 1-J8 !l.
'•'S. rW/ Ai.v, /,;/). Mish'ii. MS., (iO-8; .S'. /A'(</o, Uh. .¥/«;■(.». -MS., 4J. March
-, 17!<(), (len. Ugartc orders Fagcs to interpose no ol»:taclos, Proc. Ht. Pap.,
Ms., ix. ;i5(t.
UisT. Cal., Vol. I. 27
418
DEATH OF SERRA; MISSION PROGRESS.
.lit!.
scope and contents of tliis author's literary works.
There was no man so wc'i qualilied by o])portunities
and al)ilit3'- to write the early history of California as
Palou, and he made excellent use of his advantai^cs.
As early as 1773, and probably before that date, lio
began the accumulation of material by copying oriuf-
inal documents and recording current events, without
any definite idea, as it would seem, of publication.
He continued this labor of preparing careful historical
notes down to 1783, devoting to it such time as could
be spared fi'om his missionary duties at San Fran-
cisco. During the years 1784-5, having apparently
suspended work on his notes, he gave his attention t(.
the preparation of a life of Serra, his prelate, foi'ia' v
instructor, and life-long friend. This work he com-
pleted in February 1785 and carried it to Mexico
later in the same year, where it was published in
1787. It was extensively circulated for a book of
that epoch, though since considered rare, and it has
been practically the source of all that has ever been
written on California mission history down to 1784.
Very few of modern writers have, however, consulted
the oriu:inal, most contenting themselves with a weak
solution of its contents at second hand; hence the
numerous errors extant in books, pamphlets, and iiows-
papers. The manuscript of the historical notes after
lying for some years in the college vaults, was copied
into the ]\Texican archives and finally printed in 1 8r)7,
though it was utterly unknown to writers on Caliior-
nia until 1874, since which date it has been as care-
lessly and superficially used as was the life of Padic
Junipero belbre. The Noticiu.-i is far the more exten-
sive and complete work of the two,^ though both cover
^ Pa/on, Jichirinn Ilhttirlra dc la V'ula y AposUiVirnx Terras <lrl Vnicmhlc
Padre Frail .Jinifpi o Serra y dc laa Jlisioiirs (/iie j'luidd in la California St'p-
trntririiiid, ;/ ninro-i ('ulrdilichiiiiii/on de Mmifi riii. LWri/a por fl If. /*. /'. /''.
I'ranc'iACO Pidoii, (Jnard'ian nrtnal del Coli'i/io Aprmfoliri) ile S. Fernaiulo <h'
iMi'.rifo, ij ])<Mijiiil<) d<l VvncraliU'. Finidadnr: diriijif'ad sn Santa I'ror'niria d<;
la Iteijnlar Olfirranrlade Xro. S. J'. S. Franrlsro d,- la l.-la de Mallorra. A
erprn^an de hail Miiiticl Oiinzidi n (Jalderim, Sin<liei> dc diehn Apoxldl'ieo ('oh'-
yio. Mexico, 1787, Svo 14 I. 344 pa^L's, with mup uml [loi trait. TLo uuthur'd
PALOU'S HISTORICAL WORKS.
419
substantially the same ground. While my researches
anioiij^ original manuscript authorities have brought
to light a largo amount of material not given by Pa-
le )ii, yet his writings contain a few diaries which I
liavo not found elsewhere. I have sometimes been
(Itdiratory letter nnd protesta is dated San Francisco, Feb. 28, 17S5. Tlie
liiciiso of the audicnciu to print is dated Dec. 7, 173U; and the latest of tiio
v;:rii)ii.s apiirovals of Franciscan autliorities on March 12, 17S7. In his j)r(i-
liiLruc tht! author, afti r exjilainiiig tliat the work, written for the province of
^Malliiica, is published at the urgent request of certain friends of Serra who
l)c:ir the expense, goes on to say: 'I well know that some who read new
thing's expect the historian to indulge in theories and to clear up all difli-
culJcs. 'liiis method although tolerated .and even applauded in profane his-
tories, ill those of saints and servants of (!od written for edification .'ind to ex-
cite imitation, is deemed by the best historians a fault, the which .^ '..:vu
aimed to avoid. As the soul of history is simple truth, thou canst have tho
.listinincc that almost all I relate I liavc witnessed, and the rest lias Ijcen told
me liy otlicr padres worthy of faith.' On Aug. IG, 1780, I'alou Avrites to
Lui-iHu, AriJi. Sla. B<tvhuru, M.S., .\ii. 41-2, that everything is going well with
the book, which ho is told will circulate all over Europe, where all are curious
ti> Icain about California. He tliinks it has been heard of at court, will send
some copies to California, nnd asks Lasucn to pray for its success. It was
Pint to California, wJiei'c each mission library bad a copy. The work has be-
loiiic less rare and costly of late years than formerly. I have three copies,
till' iiio.-t expensive of which co:t less than .?2o, I have also the editi.iu nf
Mixiei), IS.VJ, in which it was published with Clavigero's history of Lower
Caht'iiniia in a vdlunic of the JJililiofeca Nuciomd ij E-itmiujcra. It was also
np; lilted in a newspaper of southern California and in the form of scrai)s is
fotiiid ill Ilni/e-i' MixtJon Booh, i.
/'i luK, Aotk'ias da Iti (Aiiliijiia y) Niiera C<diJornia. Escritas por cl li. V.
Fr. F J'alnit (torn. i. ii.l, in Dor. Jli-t. jl/c'.r. , i;cric iv. tom. vi.-vii. ]Mexico,
1S,".7, Xvo, 088, liWi pp. Tho latest date mentioned is in .July 178;t, about which
time it was doubtless concluded. A passage in tom. i. 2li!), shows that chap.
V. of |iait ii. was written as early as 1773 at Monterey. It is evident that
the autlior collected material from his first arrival, and wrote up the rccipnl
to date at intervals as allowed l)y his duties. The original manuscript in tho
CI l!o!:o of San Fernando has disappeared; but by royal order of ]7!IOuc(ipy
was made under tho direction of 1'. Francisco Carcia Figueroa, who certilicil
to its accuracy Decenibcr K and 4, 1702. This copy, a duplicate of which Ma.j
scnc to S|>ain, has .since been preserved in Mexico with otiier ducunicnts
i'f"i(icd unc r the h.iwa order, whicli form the lirst .'52 volumes of the Aixliiri)
U'riic -ril, an iiivabuib'i! collection, all tiie volumes of whicli (except tom. i.,
v.hich has liecn lost from the archives) are in my Library, sonx' in print,
otliers copied for the ^laximilian Imperial Library, and the rest copied
f •qii'cs;;ly for my collection. I'alou's work formed tomes xxii.-iii. of the col-
li'ilioii. In 18.")7 (not i84(i as Doyle says), it was jirinted in the form of ii
j'o'h'iii of the I)iai!() Ojiciid, forming the last two of a set of 20 Noliinus of
lAx'ur.K'uts for the History of Mexico printed in the same way and selected
largely from the same source. This collection, thougli badly printed, is tho
most iiunortant source of information extant on tiic history of Soiiora, Clii-
iiu:'.!;i;a, and Xt'W Mexico, as will as California; but it is very rarely to bo
foiinil complete, find has been utterl.v unknown to modern v.'riters on histoiy.
I'alou'N M(jrk i.i divided intti four parts. I'art I. includes the annals of llaja
I'alifornia, under tiie Fninciacans froni 1708 to \~1'.\, and extends over 24.5
pa'jcsof the llrst volume in 40 eiiapters; I'art II. descriljes tlie expi'diti<ins to
Jlonterey and the foundation of the lirst live missions, extending from pago
420
DEATH OF SERRA; MPSION PROGRESS.
tempted to entertain a selfish regret that Palou wroti\
or that his writings were ever printed, yet all the
same he must be regarded as the best original au-
thority for the earliest period of niission histor\'.
I have copied his map of Upper California."
The missions had a narrow escape from ruin or from
v.diat the I'riars believed would result in ruin, in the
form of their erection into a custody. Sonora and tliu
Californias had been formed into a bishopric in 177'J,
and Bishop Reyes came in 1783, with full authority
2-17 t'> il' 8, in 59 chapters, an<l covering the period from 1709 to 177;^; T.rt
III. is , un of original documents ou events of 177;}-':, not arrangeil in
ehaptciv 'ling 21 1 pii'^es of toni. ii.; and Part IV. continues the narra-
tive in 41 ■^rs. pages '2l3-."!1(i, from 177."» to 17S3. At tlie lieginning of
torn. i. the u..ch-jr gives tlic following prefatory notice: 'Jesus, Mary, and
.Tosepli. Summary (of tlio aniial-;) of Old California dui'ing the time th;it
those missions were a Imiuistered by tlio missionaries of tlie Regular Olisci v-
ii lice of Our Seraphic Fafher San Francisco of the Apostolic College of San
Fcruiindo in Mexico — and of the new missions Avhich the said niissionarii's
founded in the new estahli.slnneuta of San Diego and Monterey, written Ijy
l!ic least (the jnost unwortliy) of said missionai'i's, wlio worketl in Old ( 'aH-
fornia from the time it was intrusted to said Colle^'o down to its delivery to
the reverend fatliers of the sacred religion of Our '• Clierubie" Father Santo
])(iiningo, and who later with other missionaries of the same C'ol'e;;e of San
Fernando went up to Monterey, having no other aim in this material work
v. hich I undertake tha!i that alUnvcd mo by the apostolic ministry, wliieli is
t> leave on record all that has hapiicned and nny happen while (jod gives mo
life and health to work in this new vineyard of the Lord, so that when tlio
ehronieler of ov.v a^>ositoUc colleges may demand from that of San I'ernundo
nutes of its apostolic labors I may have them e!inl])iled in a volume, (U- moio
Biiould there be 'Miough to note, leaving it to the skill of the ehronieler to put
them in the style for publication, and to his prudciiec and " religiosity"' to
leave to the secrecy of the archives those whieli arc written only because tlity
jiiay be needed to shut the mouth of those rivals in the apostolic ministry wlio
are never lacking in new conversions, so that if tliey should talk some day of
DU.'isionary achievements there may be had in readiness all th>! events as tiny
really oceiu-re J in ('alifornia, both old and new , all of whiv')) with all siueeiity
and truth I will narrate in this sunnnary. di\ ided into four parts,' etc. Tiiis
j;ives an idea of the authoi''s purpose, but hanlly of his style, which was ti^l-
erably good. The book has many typographical defects, but few or noiio
wUieh may not be corrected in substance from the archives. I have refcrnd
constantly to this original edition, using for convenience torn. i. andii., instcan
the torn, vi.-vii. of the ( ollcetion. In lK74-r), Mr.lohn'J'. Doyle issued in
San J''raneisco a reprint of I'alou's XoHi'iun in four 8vo volumes, one vo'.ume
to each jiart, well ]irinted on good paper, and with a few corrections of typo-
;4raphical irrors. The prefatory notice just (pioted is omitted in ilie reprint;
there is a transfer of a diary from one jiait to another; some ])liotograiihs ni
mi.ision liuildiiigs and other Californian scenes arc adde'l; aiul the whole is
jjiui'aeed by a long and a'dy written note by Mr Doyle on I'alou's life, the niis-
liion ; ystem, the jiious fund, etc.
^('ali/iiriiuis. AiitiipiuiiNvcvA . . .Longitmle reckoned from San I'las. Diego
Fraiiciseo, sc., JI"xieo, 1787. Many strangu inaccuracies will be notiecd,
e^ jieeially in the location of Santa Clara, San Antonio, and tlie Colorado
luitebions. For map see p. 408, this vol.
CUSTODIES PROPOSED.
421
froir tlio king and the Franciscan coniniissary general
to make the clianu'c, Avliicli tlunio-li it was to leave the
iiiars in control and give the l)islu)[) but little if any
incrrased authority, was doubtless iiitended as a step
toward secularization. By it the connection Ix'tween
missions and the colleges was to cease; the missions
were to become hospices and puehlos de visitd, tbe
president would bo replaced by a custodinn, who with
liis eouncil oi dcfuudores took the place also, in a cer-
tain sense, of the college guardian and r/(i'.vcr(Vf)r/o; and
the system was to be suj^poi'ted largely by the beg-
uiiiLT <^f all. ,s. The colleq;es naturally i)rotested acjainst
the ehani^c, e.aimini; that new friars would have to bo
brought from Spain at great expense, since the old
luissienaries would not sever their comrection with their
colleges; that the new system made no provision f >r
new conversions; that, in California particularly, there
were none to p-ive alms; and that there were manv
of'tlie custody regulations which it would be absolutely
iin})Ossible to enforce in these provinces. These pro-
tests were of no avail so far as Sonora was con-
cerned, where the custody of San Curios was formed
ill Octtiber 1783; but the collenre of San Fernando
.succeeded in posti)oning acti(Mi in the erection of San
Gabriel do California until the practical result else-
where could be known. As the system proved to work
very l.)adly in Sonora, Calif )rnia escapeil the experi-
iiieut which would almost certainly have provecf de-
structive of mission prosperit}'. I hear nothing of
the scheme in California after 1787.^"
'"For a full account of tlio experiment in Sonora sco Arrir'vUa, f'ron.
{■'"i-i'ij. , .";i)4-7'>. The royal order in f;ivor of custoiV's was dutod -May "JO, I T'-"-.
Aug. 17, 179-, aftor numerous petitions, Die kin;/, on advice of genciai, jrov-
tranr, liislK)p, and audiencia, issued an order which rcstoreil the old sysu :ii.
•hui. S, ly.Sli, theguardian sends t') S"ri-a the Init f ami liiw.i for custndie.H wi.h
t!ic' remark that iiicy contain many falsehoods and iiujiossihilities, Raying, 'v.o
Work iierc with ;ill our might to ovcrthrovi- these projeil..iu thelii";inniiiL', re;'l-
'y-''nvj, that merely to attempt them will cause ;^'rcat niiscliief.' The l)iihr,:(\ iil
try the experiment in Sonora, and ^^ e Khali he Irl't in peace foraw liilu at ;;:,y
late. If yon got orders from the lji.-'h"p you nnist rep!y that yor.r i;ii[!erior i Tio
he consulted. Arrh. Sl<(. liurhar". MS., .\ii. l,")(i- S. Fcli, ;i, '\'i':,\ the g:'arili;ili
of San Fernand;) and a;;(nit.s ff Santa (.'ruz and (luad:'.!:ii,e eiil!eg(-s n'.iit(! iu a
prutchit to the viceroy, hi, .\ii. 21'2-i;i. Jan. 1-1, 17S4, (ialvez informs tlic
422
DEATH OF SERRA; MISSION PROGRESS.
! i:.'
Xot 011I3' did tlic missions escape separation from
the control of San Fernando, but their number was
increased by the foundin*^ of two new establislmients,
Santa Barbara and Purisima, the long-talked of mis-
sions of the Channel. In 1782 these establishnionts
had been suspended as will be remembered because df
a plan of the secular authorities to break up the old
system and take from the friars the management of
temporalities, and the consequent refusal of the friars
to serve. The matter was referred to the king, but
I Ihid no record of definite action thereon. The guai-
dian instructed President Serra and his successor
Lasuen not to allow any new establishments excejtt
on the old basis;" a good excuse was accordingly ready
Avhenever any suggestion w^as made by goNernor or
general; and finally by the tacit agreement of their
opponents the friars were allowed to have their own
way. In April 1786 the guardian informed the pres-
ident that friars will come to California this year, and
Santa Bdrbara may be founded, if the old system bo
allowed, but not otherwise.^"
viceroy that notwithstanding the opposition it is the king's -(^ill that tlic cus-
todius b( ^iromotcd. April 12, 178.3, gnardiau informs Lasuen that there is
nothing for it but to be silent and cautious. /(/., 214-15. It seems tliat gen-
eral Neve had favored the eustody in California. Pfov. St. Pup., M.S., vii.
1;>-11. March 21, 1787, the kingordered that if there were not enough friar.s of
Sau Fernando for the California missions, others might be taken from Michuii-
can. Airh. Sin. Burbara, MS., x. 287; Poc. Hid. Ccd., MS., iv. 32.
"April 1, 1784, the general Avrotc to Fages authorizing tlio founding of a
mission at Montecito near tlie presidio of Santa Barbara. The governor noliiicd
]'re3. Seriu on July 27tli from San Francisco. Arch. S/a. Hiirhura, ^IS., vi.
1!)4, xi. T). Is'o notice seems to have been taken of this. March 9, 178.'), ( leii.
lieiigel, presuming tliat the padres sent for have arrived, orders Fages to jno-
cced at once to found a mission at ^lontccito. Instructions have been f.';iv eii
tu jiay tlie $1,000 allowed each new mission. <S7. Put)., Sac., ^IS., iv. ;i4-."i.
S-']it. IiOth Fages notifies Lasuen that in company with 1*. .Santa Maria he lias
o.plored the Montecito site tliree fourths of a league from tlic presidio ainl
fountl it suitable for a mission. He has informed tlic general wlio orders :iii
inuiiediate foundation. Prov. Pec, MS., iii. oo. Tlie same day Fages al.so
writes to Lasuen tliat as tlie two padres (Noboa and Kioboo) have arrived, lie
hopes he will proceed atonce to found the mission. Arch. Stn.. Burbara. .M.S.,
xi. ;KSli-7. Lasuen replies that the padres are destined elsewhere and there
can be no foundation yet. Id., 389-90. Pi*. Mariner and Giribet came in 178."),
but still nothing wa ; done.
'-'Guardian to Lf suen April 1, 1780, mArch. Sta. Burhnrn, MS., viii. Kl.'i-
4; xi. 214. thi the same date he forwarded instructions, not extant, and directs
Lasuen to show them to the governor if necessary, but on no account to allow
FOUNDING OF SANTA BARBARA.
423
Prosicleiit Lasuen went down to the presidio at the
end of October with two of the newly arrived friars,
and suporlntended active preparations for the new
iiii.s.sion wdiich was to be formally dedicated the 4tli
of Doccniber.^^ On that day the cross was raiscxl and
l)li'>,sed, and that day, the festival of Santa l^arbara
Virion y Martyi',*^ is regarded as the day of the niis-
bioii's reLTular foundation, thouijh the ceremonies were
not comj)leted on account of the governor's absence
and his order to suspend operations until his arrival.
Possibly Fages had some thought of insisting on the
innovations which had caused so much controversy,
but if so lie cbanged his mind, for after his arrival on
Dcccuibcr 1-ith the friars were allowed to go on in
their own way. On the IGth the first mass was said
by Father Paterna, a sermon was preached by La-
suen, and thus the foundation was completed.''
Fatliers Antonio Patenia from San Luis, and Cris-
tobal Oramas, one of the new-comers, were tlie miais-
trus faudadores, the latter being replaced in 1790 by
Jose de IMiguel.^*' The rainy season did not permit
niiy i'.ifrinr;cnicut on the old systom, or any experiments like those on the
('ij1(ii;k1i) liivei', which ho fears iire still intcndcil. Id., xii. 24-."). April Utli
he Lduiiuiiuicates the royal orders that older missions arc to cuntrilmto stock
;nid </.vinn for 8;inta ]>;'irl)ara. /(/. , xi. (i. The new padres, six in niiuihcr, were
Arciiaxa, Arroita, Ordmas, Santiago, Sola, and Toirente.
" Oct. '27, 178(1, the connnandant writes to Fages asking him to he present
!i( the ceremony, an<l stating that the president and j)adres arc a))out to arrive.
Nov. loth, he writes that timher has becu cut and prejjarations have been
riadt! for sowing. Prov. St. Pu/i., MS., vi. .51, 58.
" Santa B/irbara, the virgin and martyr, is a saint whose existence is tivi-
ilitionary and very doubtfully authenticated. She was the diiu;;hter of one
lUoscoro who lived once ujion a time in Asia Minor, a cruel idolater who gave
his daughter to be tortured for her adherence to Christianity, and cut oil her
licail witli his own hand after she had borne unflinchingly tlie most cruel tor-
ments. Slie was and still is the patron saint of artillerymen in tlie Spanish
army, and the powder-magazine on men-of-A^-ar often liears her name.
''Title-pages of nii<sion-books signed by Lasuen in Mf(. Ilnrliani, L'lh. de
Mis'ioi}, MS., 4.1; Arch. Sla. Jldrhcmt, MS., xii. .'1, 4, 1.V17. In the (ir.st
annual report of the nii.ssion tlio date of tlie first mass is given as l)ec. ITith,
mid the site is called Peilragoso, one fourth of a league from the presidio. Jd.,
V. ,'{, 4. Dee. lltli Lasuen writes to the general aiiout tlie governor's order
siis[;cndiiig the foundation. Jd., xi. 7. April lltli the giueral aekiUAvledges
receipt of news of founding, and in June of progress. I'lVC. St. I'ciji., MS.,
vii. 4:1, r.8-9.
'''See lists of padres at Santa Bdi'bara from the beginning, conipikil from
the records by E. F. Murray, in Arch. Sta. JJiirlara, MS., vii. 8-10, 'Jj-'J,
oU-4:3, 08-70, 7^7.
424
DEATH OF SERRA; MISSION TROGRESS.
fr <"
w t
the erection of buildings at first, and the first bap-
tism on December 31st was administered at the pie-
sidio. On account of the proximity of the pi'esi(ri(»
only the ordinary guard of six men was allowed.''
By the end of 1787 there had been 188 ba])tisms,
which number was increased to 520 in 1790, wilh 102
deaths, leaving 438 existing neophytes. At this time
large stock numbered 296 and small stock 503 head,
while products of the soil amounted to about 1,500
bushels. A church 18 by 90 feet was com])letcd in
1789, and by the end of 1790 other mission buildings
of adobes with tile roofs were sufficiently numerous
and in good condition.^**
Respecting the founding of the third Channel mis-
sion little material is preserved in the archives. As
early as 1779-80 it had been determined to locate the
mission at the western extremity of the Santa Bar-
bara clianncl in the region of Point Concepcion, and
that, not improbably with some reference to the name
of the cape, it should be dedicated to La Burisima
Concepcion, tliat is, "to the singular and most pure
m^-story of the immaculate conception of the UKJst
holy virgin INIary, mother of God, queen of heaven,
(jueen of angels, and Our Lady." The foundation was
suspended like that of Santa Bilrbara, and operations
were resumed when certain restrictions obnoxious to
the friars were removed. In June 1785 Governor
Pages recommended a site on the Santa Bosa Biver,
now called the Santa Ines; and in March 178G General
Bengel instructed the governor to proceed with the
establishment.'" At last Bresident Lasuen, doubtless
" Fancii, fii/oniio (h MisioncK, MS., ]3")-G.
'*" Full sUitistics of b.'iptisma, deaf lis, etc., with inventories of mission prop-
erty, aiid lists of l>uil(liii;j;.s n.s completed from year to year ill J'a'crmi, fii-
j'iiriti<.-< (If 1 1 Misioa til' Santa BuHiuni, 17S7-9,J, ilS. Want of water ii great
(li:\\vl)ack in ayiiciiltural ojieratioiis. I'lf/i'K. Infonnc dc 2J iaiuio i, l.JJ-7. !• ir.it
sowing' of wheat did not eoino up. Prov. St. Pup., MS., vii. (io. Owing to
lack of mcaiLS to support Indiana only voluntary converts were admitiod at
iirst. /(('., vii. Til).
''•'Fa-cs to Rcn,!,'cl June 2, 178.'), in Prov. Pec, MS., i. 1 1)2-0. Rengel to
Fagcri March 24, 1780, in Prov. Si. Pap., MS., vi. 112-13. lie calls the site
FOUNDING OF TURlSIMA.
425
accompanied by a military guard, went up fnim tlio
i)rcsidio of Santa Barbara to tliu site sselected, called
1»y tliu natives Alg!>acupi, where on December H, 1787,
he blessed the spot, raised the cross, celebrated mass,
and preached a sermon. Thus the mission was nomi-
nally ibundcd, and the day was afterward given iu
mission reports as the anniversary date; but there
Avas in reality no beginning of the mission worh proper
jit this time. The day was that of La Purisima Con-
ccix'ion and was therefore selected for the ceremony ;
Ijut the spot was subsequently abandoned for several
months, all returning to the presidio on account of
the rainy season, as had doubtless been the intention.
In the middle of ]\Iarch 1788 the mission escort,
probably under Sergeant Pablo Antonio Cota, with
a band of laborers and servants, went up to pre|)are
the necessary buildings, and early in April President
Lasuen returned wdth the two Qiilnistros fundadores,
Vicente Fustcr from San Juan and Josd Arroita a
new-comer of 1780.-° The former was succeeded late
iu 178D by Cristobal Orauius from Santa Barbara.
As early as August 1788 seventy-nine neophytes
were enrolled. In September Corporal Jose M. Or-
tega took command of the mission guard.'* The site
we shall see was changed in later years.^^
iis
S( Ipctcd Santa Rosa dc la Gaviota, and says ho will apply for the $1 ,0(H)
allowed each new mission.
■^'TiUc-pngo of l);tptismal register signed by Lusiien, in Piirinimn, I.'ih. ilt>.
2Mi.-:i"ii, ^IS., 1-3. Fiii^cs' instruction to tiio sergeant in conimnnd are datcil
at S;m Gubiicl on April Ttli. They arc very complete and carefully prcpareil,
cujoiniii'; j_'re;it caution, kind treatment to the natives, and hanuoiiiouji
r('hiiioii.< with the missionaries, the conversion of gentiles being thoeiiicf aim
of tlie e(in(ju( st. J'aijrK, Orilciia (jenvruhft que thhc oh'^frvar cl San/cnlo oirar-
ij(i'l() (If la E.irolta di' In Xvcni Mi.tion tie la Puria'nrta Coucrprloii, //Xs', MS,
'i'lic scr'_'«int is ordered to explore for the shortest way and best road lo tlio
Lji;; iiiii Larga.
■' frni: Sf. rap., MS., viii. 87, 110. Ey the end of 1790, .301 natives 1-id
lic'^ii l)iiptized, 2'.\ had dieil, and the number exi.-.tirii; was "J.'M. Small sv. k
li;i(l iiuM'ea.'ed to 731 and large to 2o7 head. Th^ mission crops in 1790 wero
!,7<t() bushels.
--List of over 50 rancherias in Purisima district, in Puris'ima, 1/ih. M'tnioii,
:MS., 10,
CHAPTER XXI.
RtrUE OF FAGES; FOREIGN RELATIONS AND COMMERCE.
1783-1790.
No Fears of Foreigners — Isolation of California — War Contributiosh
AGAINST England — Visit of the French Voyager La rEitorsE— His
Instiicotions — An HosriTAisLE Reception — The Strangers at .San
Carlos — Fate of the Expedition — Orservations on the Country
and the Mission System — Commerce — The Salt-trade — Tiu; Yin-
TRADE— VaSADRE'S PROJECT — A FaILCRE— ThE MaNILA GaLLKON —
Current Prices — Arrival of Transport Vesskls — Xorthi.rn Xhy-
ages of Martinez and Elisa — General Washington's Ship tuk
' Coi.rMBiA ' — The Chigoes — Ex-governor Neve and the Provinci.vs
Internas.
yi
.a.^■
Although fears of foreign encroachments had been
a principal motive for the Spanii^h occupation of Cal-
ifornia, and these fears were still entertained in Spain
and Mexico respecting the far north, there was littlu
anxiety on the subject in California. I'ruc, ordcis
had been received occasionally from the king rocpiir-
iiig precautions in view of special dangers real oi-
imaginary,^ and such orders had been made public with
'July 2G, 1778, Croix to Neve, strict neutrality to be (il).scrvcil in tlic
Anglo-Freiich'Wiir by royal order of March "22. Prov. St. Pap., ;MM., ii. "Js.
Aug. G, 1771), Gen. Croix forwards to Gov. Neve royal orders for dcfouci' uiid
reprisals against the English with whom Spain was at war. Pror. Sf. Pii/'-,
MS., ii. 49. Feb. 11th and ISth, Croix to Neve forwarding ordei'S for n<iii-
intereourse, reprisals, etc., /(/., ii. 102, 108. Aug. 2,"), 17SI), Croix to Xevt.'
warning him of Admiral Hughes' departure from England in March 177!) with
n fleet to operate on west coast of America. /(/., ii. 112-13. Sept. 22, 17'S<),
Croix expresses to Neve the remarkable, not to say idiotic, opinion that to
stop the breeding of horses in California and otlicr frontier provinces would
keep foreigners away 'pues dificilmcntc lo emprcnderan (intcniar.se) faltaiido
los au.silios principales para transitar los desiertos ijue promedian.' Pror. SI.
Pnp., Pen. Mil., MS., iv. 14. March 22, 1781, Neve orders CarriHo to drive
away the live-stock incase the English Occt should appear, inon'er to be free
(420J
wm
WARLIKE PRECAUTIONS.
427
fill due formality, but always without producing tlio
^linhtcst ri})|)lo of cxcitenicut. There was not even
tliL' oocaHional a|)i)earanc«.! of a strange sail off the
coast which ])rochiccd such a ttanpest in a teapot at
the south. No foroijjfncr was sccmi in California dur-
iiig the first sixteen years of her history. Knowledgo
of curient events was limited a})parently to the names
of ruling king in Spain and pope at Home. If they
knew more the records do not show it, and there is
no evidence that the great conflict on the Atlantic
side of their own continent was beard of until long
after it was over.
Yet iu the war between Spain and England, lasting,
so far as knowlcd<xc of it in this far north-west was
I'onccrned, from 1780 to 1784, the Californians were
called upon to aid their sovereign with their money
and their prayers, antl they responded very freely to
tlio call. In 1780 Carlos III. called upon his American
subjects for a donation, fixing the contribution of each
Spaniard at two dollars and of each Indian vassal at
one dollar. A year later General Cr 'x forwarded
this order to California with instructicus for its pub-
lication and enforcement.'^ Nominally the contribution
was to be voluntary, but in reality was so managed as
to leave no convenient method of escape. All pci'sons
under eighteen years of age were exempt. Neophytes
niiglit contribute produce which was to be sold at
tarilf [)rices; but it was of course a mission contribu-
tion made by the friar in charge from the connuunity
property in proportion to the number of male neo-
phytes. Places that had suffered from epidemic or
other special disaster might be declared exerinn ; but
to (Icfiiid Monterey. Pror. Sf. Pap., ISIS., iii. .SO,"), llardi 17, ITSi, treaty
of ]ieucf lietween Si)ai!i and J]n'jlai;(l sent tu California. J'r(,i'. St. Pup., .MS.,
V. .'id. Nov. ]."), 17M4, Fages to coininandant general, lias learned that a for-
ei!,'ii power intends to send dis;^nised eniiHsaries to Mexico; v.ill ane ;t any
.sueli who may eoinc to California. Pror. llci'., MS., i. IH'i. Xov. lotli, Id. to
id. tuideistands that no foreigner."? nui.st be allowed in the country, ci-.^jecialiy
at the ports. There arc none here now. liL, i. 181.
^lioyal order of Aup. 17, 17S0. Forwarded by Gen. Croix Aug. \'2, 17S1.
AitJi. St:i. B(r-liaro, JIS., xii. 'J"2:?-0; vii. 147-'^3; Cfo'j:, Inntruccioa sobre
Donativo en L'alij'ontia imra la ijutrra con Liijlalerru, 1781, MS.
428
FOKEION RELATIONS AND COMMERCE.
ifl' i
I ,:*
full lists and records of the contributors in each cstal)-
lisluncnt were to hv niadu Jind forwarded to Sjtaiii.
It was the o[)inion of (Joncral Croix that the soldiiirs
should not bo required to aid in the donation, hut
might do so if tlujy wished. The missions of Saa
Diego and San Juan Capistrano [)l(iade(l poverty at
Hrst,'"' but seem to have borne their part of the burden
at last, since for any missionary to refuse was to i>ut
his mission in an unfavorable light for the future.
The whole amount raised was over four thousand
dollars, of which the governor personally contributed
two thousand.*
The first intercourse of the Californians with sub-
jects of a foreign power was with Ihc French under
Jean Francois Galaup de La Perousc in the autunni
of 1780. Tliis distinguished navigator had sailed
from Brest in Auijust 1785 on the fricfate Jioiissole
with the Astrolabe under M. de Langle, on a scient"'^
cxploi-ing expedition round the workl, fitted out
despatelied by the French government. A full Cw. ^ o
of scientific specialists accompanied the expedition;
Uiinute and carefully prepared instructions were given,
accompanied by reports and charts of all that had been
acconn)lished by the explorers of different nations; tiio
connnanders were carefully selected for their ability
and experience; and in fact every possible precaution
was taken to make the trip a success. In the king's
general instructions dated June 26, 178o, occurred
3 A rrh. S/a. Burharn, MS. , i. 2o9-G0; xii. 230-2. President Scrr.a approval
the plea of San Diego. According to I'rov. lice, MS., iii. 132-3, several mis-
eiona .sought exemption.
■■The sums paid by each CF,tab)ishment were as follows: San Francisco
presidio and two missions, .?373; Monterey, $833; San Carlos, $10lj; S.iii
Antonio, $ll'2; San Luis, §107; Sta. Barbara presidio, §249; Los Angeles, .*l"i;
San (iabrid, 81.'i4; San Jnan and San Diego, §229; San Diego I'r., $.')l."i;
toLal, !i:-,()S3, but tlicrc is some variation in tlic records. Dee. 7, 17''i2, (Sin.
Croix names tliu total amount as !?4,21G. Besides Gov. Neve, Ignacio Valleji),
ir.ajo. dun'.o at Sun Ciirlos, is tlic only contributor named. He gave i 10. San
Jotii would seem to have done nothing. Sec Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS.,
ii. 5, iii. 11, 27-9; viii. 4; Prov. St. Pap., MS., iv. 70; Pror. L'ec, MS., ii.
70. 74-5. In accordance with a cijdula of June 15, 1779, received in Cali-
fornia June 13, 17S0, ^irayers both public and private were ordered by the
padre presidcnte on June 24tli. Arch. Slu. Barbara, MS., ix. 277-80; x. 273.
¥
VISIT OF LA PitROUSE.
429
I'ancisco
Olj; Siui
lcs.)?l.');
., r-i"-;
i2, {Irii.
Viilkjo,
0. Siiu
/.,MS.,
M.S., ii.
ill Cali-
liy tliu
x." 273.
soino passages relating inoro or less directly to Cali-
toniia.''
La Perousc brought with him, besides the historical
\\(»rk of Venegas, a printed account of the Spanish
(■\j)e(litions of 1709-70," and other narratives in nianu-
Miipt or print of subsequent Spanish voyages u|» the
coast, several (jf which are ti'anslated and published
with the journal of this expedition.
Having doubled Cape Horn, visited Easter Island
and the Hawaiian group, the Boussole and Astru/ahe
crossed to the American coast, anchoring July 4, 1780,
ill the Port des Francais in 58" 37'.' The naviii'ator's
instructions had been to visit Monterey first and tlienco
to explore the coast up to the Aleutian Isles; but a
knowledge of the j)rovaiIing wind had led him to a
liigher latitude; delays at Port des Franyais left no
time for a northern vo^-age; and it .\as decided to run
down the coast without stopping, ()l)tain supplies at
^lonterey, and hasten back to the China coast, where
the expedition was thie in the early spring. On the
vova<»e southward no observations were made on the
California coast ou account of tlie dense fogs, save
tliat one night there was seen what seemed to be a
'•' ' If in the survey wliidi lie is to make of tlie nortli-wcst coast of Americii
lie t'aiils at iiny points of that coast forts or tradinu'-posts l)eloiiginy to ^i^^
Ciitiioliu Majesty h(! will scrupnlonsly avoid cvorytiiing which might givo
(illiiico to the coinmandants or diiefs of tlio.se estaldishnients; hut he will u.so
with thcni the ties of l)looil and friendslii[) which so clo.sely unite the two
sdViii igiis in order to obtain hy means thereof all the aid and refre.-shnuMit
which he may need and which the counti'y may l)e aide to furnish. . .So far
as it is jiossilde to judge from the relations of those countries which liavo
reached Franco, the actual possession cf Spain docs not extend above the porta
(if San Diego and Montciey, where she has built small forts garrisoned by
(litiichmcnts !'rom California or from Xew Mexico. The Sieur do J^a IVrouse
will try to learn the condition, force, and aim of these eshdilishments ; and
to infoim hiuLself if they are tlie only ones which Spain has fnunded on those
coasts. lie will likewise ascei tain at w hat latitude ii beginning may be made
of ]irocin-ing peltries; what (piaiitity the Americans (Indians) can furnish;
what articles would be be>t adapted to the fnr-trade;' what facilities there
might be for a French establisinnent, all this relating of eouiso chielly to the
noilliern coast. La J'troiiKC, Vdijajc ib' (Jean Fr.iiK^thn G'lilnuii) dc la l'< rouse
tiiitoiir (ill maudc, puhlir coiij'ormi'iiii'nt au <t'rt /(/' da J^ A rrU I'l'Jj , it /■«//';/.' fmr
M. L. A. Md('t-Mur<au. . .Paris, 170S, 8vo, 4 vol. with atlas in folio, tom. i.
'JS-il. It does not seem desirable to mention here the various translations
and abridgments of this narrative and its accompanying documents.
'' !>oiibtIcss the Moi.li ir;/, Ei/rnr/u di- Xoti(ia<, or dcildiisii, Ijiavio Hint.
' On the northern explorations sec Uht. Xorthwe/it Coast, i. 17-1-7.
!
i 1
W
r
430
FOREIGN RELATIONS AND COMMERCE.
volcano in active operation below 41", until tlioy
entered Monterey Hkiy September 14tli, aneliorino-
next day among the whales which came boldly witliiu
pistol-shot to spout vile-smelling water round about
the vessels.
The French navigators had been expected. The
authorities had received orders to accord to the foreign
ileet the same welcome as to vessels of their own nation,
so that La Perouse had little need to show his open
letter from the minister of Spain. The transports of
this 3''-'ar, the Princcsa, Captain Estevan Martinez, and
the Favorita, Captain Jose Tobar, were now in port,
and their boats were promptly takim out by their ca[i-
tains to pilot the visitors into the harl)or, seven guns
fron\ till fort saluting them as they dropped anchor.
Don Pedro Pages not only carried out the orelers of
his superiors, but says La Perouse "he put into their
execution a graciousness mid air of interest which
merit from us the liveliest acknowledgment. He did
not confine himself to obliijfinij: words; cattle, vege-
tables, and milk were sent on boa'xl in abundance.
The <lesire to serve us well nigh caused a disturbance
of the harmony between the commandants of fort and
corvettes; for each wished the exclusive right to sup-
pi}' our needs; and wlnni it came to settling the score,
we liad to insist on their receiving our mo'iey. Vege-
tables, milk, poultry, all the garrison's labor in helping
U;i to wood and water were free; and cattle, sheep,
and grain were priced at so low a figure that it was
evident an account was furnished only because we had
I'igorously insisted on it. Isl. Pages joined to his gen-
erosit^'tlie most gentlemanly demeanor; his house was
ours, and we might dispose of all his servants."
"The jiadres of San Carlos mission two leagues
from i\[oiiter(>3' soon came to the presidio; as kind to
us as tlie officers of fort and frigates they insisted on
our going to dine with them, and promised to ac-
quaint us in detail with the management of their
mission, the Indian manner of living, their arts and
RECEPTIOX OF THE FREXCmiEX.
431
tliov
11'
ciistoins, ill fact all that might interest travellers. We
accepted with eagerness. . .]\1. Fages wished to ae-
foinpanyns. . .After having crossed a little plain cov-
ered with herds of cattle. . .we asccudod the hills and
heard the sound of bells announcing our coming. We
were received like lords of a parish visiting their es-
tates for the first time. The president of the mis-
sions, clad in cope, his holy-water sprinlder in hand,
received us at the door of the church illuminated as
on the grandest festivals; led us to the foot of tlic
altar; and chanted a to deum of thanks!.>ivin!»' for
tlic happy issue of our voyage. Before entering the
eliiirch we had crossed a plaza where Indians of both
sexes were ranged in line; their faces showed no sur-
prise and l(>ft room to doubt if we should be the sub-
ject of their conversation for the rest of the day."*^
After leaving the church the visitors spen!: a short
time in examining the mission and in making a careful,
tliough necessarily brief study of the Franciscan
rcgiiiie and its effects on the natives. They probably
visited San (*arios more than once.
"As the scddiers had rendered us a thousand little
services, I as!ced leave to present them a piece of blue
cl'ith: and I sent to the mission some blankets, stntls,
beads, tools, etc. The president announced to all the
villa'jce that it was a uift from their faitliful and an-
cieiit allies who professed the same faith as the S[>an-
iards; whicli announcement so aroused their kind
feeling tov/ard us that each one brought us the next
day a bundle of hay or straw for the cattle and sheep.
Oui' gardener gave to the missionaries some potatoes
iVoiii Chili, perfectly sound; I believe this is not
one of the least of our gifts and tliat this root \,'.\\.
Mir-ceed peri'ectly aro;ind ]\Ionterey." j\I. de Langlo
also presented San Carlos with a han<lmill for gi-ind-
iiig grain which would enable ibiir of the neophyte
women to do the work of a hunth-ed in the old wav.''
"All Pcrv.tixi\ Vdi/aijf, ii. 291-4.
"/(/,, ii. -Mo, 'JUl).
432
FOREir.N RELATIONS AXD COMMERCE.
! i-
!-.f
I ;
l|i
,j. ,..
Durincj the brief stav of ten days the crew were liiisv
O V t.' »,
in obtaining wood and water; while tlie botanists,
geologists, and olher specialists pursued their studies,
made drawings, and gathered specimens. Three shoit
letters were written by La Perouse and one by !M. dc
Langle, to be sent to France by way of ]Mexico,'" On
the 22(1 all was ready for departure, and fai'ewcU wns
said to fifovernor and missionaries. Next dav tlio
winds were contrary, but early on the 24th tlie navi-
gators parted from INIartinez, who came oil' in his loiiir-
boat, and set sail for the far west. Then Calilbrnia's
relations with the outside world were for a time sus-
pended."
'" /f?., iv. 17G-S6. In a note of Sept. 14th (?) the commander says: 'Xns
vaissiaux out Otc rcciis pnr los l''S|.agiiols coinincj ol-ux do lour propro nation ;
tous les scoours possibles nous out etc pro(liijru(''.s; los )-eli;;lc;i.\ L■llal•^L•s di's
missions noua out cuvoyc' uno (piantit6 tros-eousidcralilo ilu provisions do tui'te
espi'cc, et jc! lenr ai fait prosont, pour leuis ludion-., d'uuo iuliuito de poLius
aitioles q\ii avaieiit eti'' ('inl)nn|U(''S h Brest ])our ect objv. t, et qui leur sennit
de la, jilus ;;raiulo utiliti'.' Again Sept. lOtli: 'Xous soir.iues arrives a .Mon-
terey le, 1.") septoinhre; les onlres du roi d'Esjiayuc nous y avaieut pr; ciMks,
et il eCit <^\.'i impossible, dans nos jiroprea eoio-.iies, de recevoir un uieillrur
uecueil.' JI. do Lauglo .says on Sept. "JiJd, of ('apt. ^lartinez: 'II a pruvenu
nos besoius avec uu zMo iufati'^able,' et niuis a rendu tous les .services qui
dt'pendaient de lui. 11 m'a ebarj;6 do vous .supplier do lo recoi.imauder a sun
miuiitre. . ..Je pais d'iei saiis avoir uu uialade.' A.;o'i from .Maeao .Ian ;M, 7'/.,
iv. 'J.'!.'), La I'erousc writes : 'I semi the ebart of Monterey made by ourselves ;
I have met at Monterey oliiecrs of the little San Lias establishuu'ut w iio cei--
taiidy are not without ability iind who seemed to me very capable of making
charts with exaetitude.'
" La I'liouse's visit left but a slitjht record in the Ciliforniau arehives, yet
it is alluded to ii; several ollicial eommuuieations. Sec Pi-ow St, /'"/»., JJ'ii.
Mil.. .MS., viii. IL Piov. St. Pap.. ISIS., vii. (!, 42, l:i."i; letter of (iovernor
I'nges of Septendter'iSth.in^i'c'V'aiA' .)/(./■., ii.'JSO-S, Sei)temberbStli, I.', ij.'isuea
writes to l,a, Lc'rou-ie seudin;.,' him three jiici'cs of reed and a sfiiue worked by
tho Santa, l>arl)ara Lnliaus. Will serid 7<* fane'.'as of frr.-dn. Arch.S'd. Iliir-
fiKft, MS., xii. ."liiL 'I'aylor. hi^foi'. (tiid /■'-/'//(/., No .SLii. )!).'!, tells us that
il, pietui'e of La, I'ei'ouse's vessels by one of Ins ollieers was preserved for many
yeai'S at Sa.n ( Virlos, but dis;i]ipeared after is;!,'}, having lieeu eai'riecl away as
the old si^ttlei'i isay by I'ctit-'I'lioiiars. This writer is very liki'ly wroiii,' about
the sidijectof the ]iieturc. An anonymous S[ianish \xriti'r in l.SI.'i, ('. S., Ih-
gfri/ici(jii. T<ifi<iijn'(i!i'fi <lr hi^ Mixhiiic!*, Pn<hl<:.<, ij /'ri.<hli'>-< il< i Xortc i/ ih- hi
Kuvrn-l'ulij'dri.'iii, iu A'cc/V/rt Cirnfnica ;/ L'l/., i. .'{'JT-!*, F=:i.ys that (Uie of l.a
I'erouse's ollieers made a sketch of his reception at San ( '.irlos by I'alnu (La
suen) and two pailres, which was kept iu the missior l-iriilorio. Caplain
r>(-ecliey wished to )iuy it, but P. AbeUa refused to ]iai with it. When I'etit-
Tliouai's came it iiad disniipeared, 1"!.^; m riter made every ellbrt t) llud it,
olVeriu',' as hi.-h as .Sl.OOO, but iu vain, it was thoULjlit to have been sloKii.
'J'he writer found at San (Viilos (no date) two Lxlians who remcndieied all
about I,,a I'erouse'.s visit, l-'inally Mrs Ord, Oci'm iiri'ix rn ('uUfdrnUi, .MS.,
fiT-O, says that P. Nbireuo, soon after his arrivjil (IS.');!), ;;ave the paintin.j; t i
her brothel-, Juaa tic la ( iuerra, who on his death-bed presented it to her. in
OBSERVATIONS OX THE COUXTRY.
403
Crossino^ the Pacific the Frenchmen visited tlie
Phili|)[)iiio Islands in February 1787; then tliey coasted
Japan and China, and reached Kamchatka in Septeni-
Itor; at the Navigator Islands in December, ^l. do
LaiiLrlc, with eleven of his men, was killed bv the
Indians; and the last that was ever known of vessels,
c;)nnnander, or crew, they wx>re at Botany Bay on tlie
coast of New Zealand, where La Perousu'.s jouinal
vAuh witli January 24, 1788, a subsequent letter being
dated Ft.'bruary 8th, at the same jJace.
Tliough the stay of the ill-fated navigators at
]\[()nteiey was brief and uneventful, I have deemed it
worthv of somewliat extended notice, not onlv as the
iirst visit of a foreigner to California, but on account
of tlic remarkable accuracy, comprehensiveness, and
kindly fairness of La Perouse's observations on tlic
province and its instituticjus, "His account of the
natural resources of the country and its character-
istics," sa^'s a modern writer of scientific attainments,''
'' was never surpassed in fidelity by his successors.
His ol)servations on the adnnnistration of the missions
especially arrest our attention as tiie testimony of a
Catholic concerning people of his own faitli."
The navigator's observations can be only very briefly
alhhlcd to here, since they are in part scientific and
beyond the province of history, and because many of
thc^ institutions mentioned have been or will be fully
treated elscwliere in this work by the aid of this and
(•tlier original testimon}' ; yet a general glance at those
impressions of an enlightened traveller seems appro-
priate, l^a Perouse's geograpliical explorations on
the Californian coast tiniount to nothing. His atla ;
contains the whole coast laid down ironi S[)anl>!i
sources in his general maps, showing little detail and
IS^S or IS.'ID it wna atoKii from Ikt trnii!i. !iiicl in spite 'pf all her efToi'ts lias
never lieen reeovcreil. She desei ilies the jtaiiiliiiL; as showing I'. Norie.L'ii ami
two other friars at the iloor of the eliui'eli, naked Jn<liaiis riuL'iii.L,' the l)v'l!s
anil lookiiii,' on as .sjieetators, and J^a I'eroiise, u tall, thiu guutlenian, willi
loni; ^vny hair in a uneiie, \vi>h some ollieers of iiitj suite.
'^iS'/ ;//;;(,/,/, in >)n rinii'l Monlhli/, n.'2o'-S.
Hiur. Cal., Vol. I. 'Jtj
434
FOREKiX RELATIONS AND COMMERCE.
■*i
:■
not I'oquiriuuf notico, yet copied hero bocauso of its
date, being the first to show certain parts of the sea-
board. Additional charts are given of San Diego,
]\roiiterev, and San Francisco, that of Monterey oul)-
pai'lially fi'oni original surveys, the first from Si)anish
sources and accui'ate, and the last a rude sketch which
is )'e[)roduced in the following chapter. The featur(,'s
('C.Rond
3.
C Pcrpetua
C.BIano
J Port Trinite
l4o:.
Cfhiniovhio"
\Pte. Dcluadu
) '' Pt. St.Frangoii
'-' MON
^-..V... \.
TEREY
■ ''\K^Pte. Conception
l,s^E.c»-Hc^l^l:'^ oP(. SM.D/caa
La I'liKousE's ]\Lvp.
of the country round ^lonterey with its plants and
animals, aie liowever fully described, and a page in
the atlas is devoted fo an excellent engraving of a
pair of California, quails.
Of tlie countiT anil its resources La Perouse speaks
in tlie most tiattering terms, as also of its ultimate
prospects, though he believes that under Spanish con-
trol its progress will be slow, the fur-trade being the
ri
To the
most promising interest in the near futuic
'^ ' TIio siihiliiilv of tlic (lir, tlio fertility of ;li(> soil, tiio nlmiiiliiiice of sill
kindi^ (if iicltiit'S give tliis jiiirt of Anieriea iiiliiiite jKlvjiiifaLiis nver tlic old
Ciilifoujiii.' 'IS'o eoinitry is more nVmmliiiit in (isli iiiul giiiue of all Kiiuls.'
'I'liis land is also of an iuex^ncssiblc Icrtilitj ; vegetablea ol every kind sue-
LA PEROUSE ON THE MISSIONS.
435
alt »i'iuinal i nimbi tan 'j'< he mvcs much attention and
iiiids in them physically, mentally, or morally hut
little to praise. The author is in error when he state.-^
that these Indians cultivated a little maize before the
Si)anish settlement. A vocabulary of the IVEontercy
laii'-uaii^es is included in the iourn.al.'* A brief but
accurate account is presented of the military and
political government with some items of history and
general statistics; and in fact the only element in the
Californian system that this writer failed to notice
was that of the pueblos. He evidently did not hear
oi" San Jose and Angeles, for he states that there
were absolutely no Spanish inhabitants but the sol-
diers.
But what more than all else attracted the attention
of the Frenchman was the mission system, respecting
which he made a wonderfully exhaustive and accurate
s and
e in
of a
cccd perfc>.tly. Crops of maize, biirloy, wheat, an.l peas can be comparcil
only to those of Cliili, wheatyiekliiigouan avcrago 70 to 80 fold. Tlie Llimato
(liilers little from that of our soiitlioni provinces in France, hut the lieat of
siiniiiior is much more moderate on account of the constant fogs which will
give this land a moisture very favorable to vegetation.' California ' wouh' be
iu no wise beliind Virginia, which is opposite, if it were nearer Europe, out
its pioxindty to Asia might iiulemnify it, and I )>elieve that gooil laws, .-.imI
especially free trade, would soon bring it some inhabitants; th(JUgli tlie p(i>;-
scssioiis of Spain nw so broad that it is inij)osyib!e to think that for a lung
time jiopulatiou will increase in any of her colonies. 1'he large number of
celibates of both sexes who as Ji princi[ile of jn rfection have divoted theia-
sclves to this condition, with the constant jiolicy (jf the government to admit
hut one religion and to employ the most violent means to maintain ii, \\ ill
ever oppose a new obstacle to increase. M. Monneron, iu a note on Monterey,
toui. iv. 1"J2-I{, says: ' A century will probably pass, and ]]erliaps two, before
file Spanish establishments situiited to the north of the Californian peninsula
Clin attract the attention of the great maritime powers. That which is in
]>osscssion will not think perlia])s for a long time of I'stablisliiiig colonies sns-
ci'ptilile of great progress. Yet its zeal for the spread of the faith has already
founded there several missions; but it is to be believed that not even the
)iii:i'Lcs will interfere with the friars.'
"'i'lie nund)er of natives in both Californias is estimated at r)0,000.
''i'hcse Indians are small, feeble, and do not show the love of inde]Kndenie
which characterizes the northern nations, of which they have neither the .-irts
nor the industry; their color is very similar to that of negioes, with stiaiglit
li;iir.' The governor said the Iiid'ans plucked out tlie hair on face and body;
while the j)resident thought it was naturally laiking. They are very skilful
hunters. M. de Lamanon obtained the vocabuhiries chielly from two Indians
who spoke S|ianish. M. lloUin. surgcon-in-chit'f of tlu^ cNpedition, wrote a
Ml iiliiirc j/hl/s/(il(iillqiiril ii(tt/i(i!oilii/llc, .-•■(/;• /^sy I //)(■;';>« (;/,s, joined to La 1 '('rouse's
journal, tom. iv. oU-TT, which relates largely to the natives of California and
is of great importance.
ft
43G
FOREIGN RELATIONS AND COMMERCE.
stiuly, considering the brief time at liis disposal. Doiiln-
less the fact that he represented a CatlioHc nation ditl
niucli to open the hearts and mouths of the friars, wlio
seem to have held nothing back. The author not oul y
presents a general view of the system, and of the mis-
sions in tlieir material aspects with statistics of the
condition of each establishment, but he gives an excel-
lent i)icture of the neophytes and their routine of
daily life. Of the missionaries personally, of their
character and tlieir zeal and their motives, he speal^s
in terms of the highest praise;^^ but their efforts for
the civilization of the natives did not seem likely to
succeed. The neophyte was too much a child, too
much a slave, too little a man. The mission regime
was not fitted to dispel ignorance, missionary eii'orts
were directed exclusively to the recompenses (jf anotlirr
life, the present being disregarded. The community
system based on tlie prejudices and ambition of the
Jesuits was too servilely imitated. "The government
is a veritable theocracy for the Indians; they l)cliovo
that their superiors are in immediate and continual
connnunication with God." " The friars, more occupied
with heavenly than temporal interests, hare neglected
the introduction of the most common arts." La Pe-
rouse saw in the tout ensemble of the Franciscan
establishments an unhappy resemblance to the sla\o
plantations of Santo Domingo. "With pain we say
'^ 'La piC^to espagnolo avait entreteim jusqn'an present, et h gi-anda fnii:;,
ces missions ct ccs ]nvsi(lios, duus ruui(|Uo viie ili; coiivcrtir ct du ci\ iliscr ic-i
Indiciis do cuH cimtrucs; f-y.stC'ino Lieu plus diijuo dVloffc (jue ooiui do oe.i
hoimuos avidos ()iii .scmblaieut iiV'lro rcvctus do rautoiito natioufilo i^uo pour
commottro iiiipuiioiiu'nt lus ]ilus cnioUos atrocitos.' 'It is witli tlio swoitost
satisfiiction that I shall luako known tlio pious and wise ooiiihii't of those trials
who fulhl so poifoctly tho olijoct of thoii' institution; I shall not conooal \vh;it
has soourmI to mo, ropi'ohonsililo in thoir intorior ri'ginie; but I shall aniiouiR'o
tJKit iudividujilly good and hunuuio, they tonipor ))y their gcntlonoss ai;d
oharity tho harshness of the rules that have been laid ilown by their superiors. '
'I have ali'oady made known freely my opinion on tlio monks of (Jliili, whoso
irrou;ulai-ity soeniod to mc generally scandalous. It is with the same trutli
that I shall paint those men, truly apostolic, wlio have abandoned the idle
life of a cloister to give thomsolvoa u]) to fatigues, cari'S, and anxieties of os cry
kind.' 'Thoy are so sti'ict toward thoniselvostliat they have not a single rouiu
with fire though tlie winter is somotinios risorous; ami tho greatest anchorites
have never led a more etlifying life.'
THE MISSION SYSTEM CRITICISED.
437
it, tlic rcsciiiblancc is so i»oi'focttliut. \vo liavosoeii iiuii
aii'l vroiMcn in irons or in tlic stocks; and v\\:\\ lliu
si'imd of the lush nii^'lit liave sti'uek our cars, tliat
punishment hcing also admitted, tliough practised witli
little severity." Like (Governor Xex'e, s[)eakinn' of llie
custom of liuutiiig neo[)liytes with soldiers, he"thou::;lit
tliat the progress of tlio faith would be more ia})id,
and the prayers of the Indians more agreeal)le to the
supreme being if they were not under constraint."
'• 1 confess," to give a final (juotation from the
I'lvnch navigatoi', "that, i'riend of the rights of man
rather than theologian, I should have desii'ed that to
pi'inciples of Christianity there might be joined a leg-
islation which little by little would have made citiziiis
of men whose condition hardly ditfei's now from that
of the negroes of our most humanely governcvl colo-
nies. I understand |)erfectly the extreme difficulty
of this new ]»lan; I know^ that these men have feu-
ideas, and still less constancv, and that if thev arc
not regarded as children they escape those who have
taken the trouble to instruct them. I know also that
reasonino-s have almost no weight with them, that it
is absolutely necessary to strike their senses, and that
corporal punishment with rcH.'ompcmse of double I'a-
tions has been so far the only means ado[>te(l l)y their
legislators; but to ardent zi'al and extreme patitincu
\\'oul<l it, be impossible to make known to a few fam-
ilit s the advantages of a society based on nnitual
rights, to establish among them a right of propeity
so attractive to all men; and by this new oider of
tilings to induce each one to (,'ultivate his field with
enndation, or to devotee himself io some other class
of work? I admit that the progress of this new
('i\ilix;ation would be very slow; the pains whieli it
v.oidd bo nccessaiy to take, \ery hard and tii'esome;
the theati'es in which it would be necessaiy to act
very distant, so that a|>plause would never make itself
heard by him who might consecr'ate his life to being
woithy of it; and therel'ore I do not hesitate to de-
4ns
FOREIGN RELATIONS AND COMMERCE.
clarc that human motives are insufficient for such a
ministry, and tliat only the enthusiasm of rehgion
with its i)romise(l rewards can compensate the suci i-
liees, the ennui, the risks of such a life. I have only
to desire a little more philosophy on the part of tlio
men, austere, cliaritable, and reliL^ious, whom I have
met in these missions." M. de La Perouse lonj^id
for the existence of qualities and views that liavc
rarely been possessed by missionaries in California or
elsewhere.
,i U
Previous to 178G California, beyond furnishini(
occasional supplies to the Philippine galleon, and
sending to San ]il;is by the returning transports now
and then a cargo of salt,^" exported nothing; and little
or no advantage was taken of a royal order of this
year by which trade with San Bias was made free for
eiglit years, and duties were reduced one half for live
years more."
The publication of Cook's voyage of 1778-9 on the
Northwest Coast first opened the eyes of Spain to
the importance of the fur-trade and led to some feeble
attempts on her part to prevent so rich a treasure
from passing into the hands of foreign nations and to
utilize it for lier.self A scheme was projected by the
government in 1785 for tlio opening of a trade be-
tween California and China, the intention being to
exchange peltries for quicksilver, and to make the
fur-trade a government monopoly as that in quick-
silver had always been. With this view Vicente 13a-
'•^ The records .ni'c meagre about this salt supply. There are sevei'al orders
ill the archives rc(|uiriiig that salt be shipped irom Monterey, and some indi-
cations: that it was so ship])ed. Sept. 1, 17S4, Capt. Cafiizai'es at ^lontcny
informs (iov. Fages tliat he has orders to load with salt. Prnc. St. Pap., ^IS.,
iv. lol. Order of the commissary at San JJlas to same eflcet. Id., l.'ri. July
2, (rcu. Neve onlers Fages to liavo'the salt ready so that no detention nny
occur. /(/., V. i'vl. Order given by Mexican government March 8, 17^4, and
repeatetl .Ian. 11, 17^7. /'^, vii. II, \'l. Nov. Id, 17S4, governor undeistauds
that salt must be collected at Montiu'ey. /Vor. /.'cc, MS., i. IS'J. Sept. 11,
Fages tells Canizares that as sailors are refused to get the salt none can be
furni lied. Id.,\\. M'l. As early as 1770 the .*>«» .h/Co/fw was ordered to load
with salt in California. I'fov. ^^ /'«/'., MS., i. 71.
" /bwACCrt and Urrutia, lUxt. Goi., ii. 84.
\' ,1
BASADRE'S PROJECT.
430
sadro y Vega was sent as a commissioner to California
to investigate the matter and to make a beginning of
collecting otter and seal skins.^*^
])on A'iccnte came up on one of tlic transports of
1780 which left San Bias in June, bringing with him
his ercdentials and instructions to Fages from Viceroy
Galvez, which were made public in the governor's proc-
lamation of the 29tli of August.''^ The skins were to
1)0 collected from the natives by the missionaries, who
were to deliver them to Basadre at the taritf [)rices
ranging from $2.50 to $10, accordino- to size and color.
NcDphytes must relinquish to the friars all the skins
ill tlieir possession; skins obtained from neophytes
by soldiei-s or settlers were liable to contiscation, the
informer receiving one third of their value; tlioso
legitimately obtained from gentiles nuist l)e sent at
once to the nearest authorities; all trade by private
persons was prohibited; and any skins reaching Sau
]^las throuti'h other than the reixular channel woukl
bo confiscated. The aim was to make the government
through the commissioner the sole purchaser, though
peltries were to be received and forwarded by com-
uunnlers of presidios after Basadrc's departure. The
friars favored the scheme since it put into their hands
a new branch of mission temporalities.-^
'^Agooil account of tlie project and its results is givci) in FouKtca and
Umiihi, lli.it. (_,'c:i. Rial Jluciciu/a, i. 37--81.
'^Tlie r(jyal ccJula was dated June (July ?) 2, \'S'>; the v cci\jy's letter an-
lioiuu'iu^ Jiasadre's eoiiiiny to Fages, Jan. '2'i, ]7S(i; vice; oy's 'cttcrto J.a.sui n
on saiiie .suliject Mareli 1, 17S(i; Fages' |)r»clainati()u Auj,'. 'J!), 17f>ii, including
VLgulutiuns fcir the collectiou of skins. J'roi'. Sf. I'uji., MS., vi. .'^S !), ;">_', I 10--
5, ■JO-l-(i; Arch. St(t. Burliar<(, MS., i. 2^3-4, x. !S-IO. (.'uriously tliu earliest
dcKUiiient in the archives relating to the otter is dated Oct. 'l-\, \~f>'i, after
tlio king's order was is.siied but hefore it eoulil have reached Caliiornia. It ia
an order from Fages to Jgnaeio Vallejo at Sau Jo.se that if any one goes out (o
trade wiih the Indians for otter-skiu.s ho is to be punished. iMjil. St. I'up. S.
Jvsc, MS., i. (J, 7.
-"^iarcli 8, 17S7, the aiidicueia eomjilained that the prices were too higli,
siiU'«; i^kins could fonnei'ly be bought for from one r"il to .SI each; besides
oltii', iitlierskius .sjiuuld beeollec'.ed. Ari-Ji. S/(i. Jhirhuvu, ^IS., x. 1. '_'. Sept.
-llli, J..a:-'ueu leiilies tlmt the former cheapue.-^s resulted from givat abundance
and no demand; eomjie'daon ( !) reiluced the t)tters and tailed [nice-^; if the
niissiims Mere allowed to tiade with China the prices .-ould be ^'jll hi ^her; hp
intimates that the missions slamld have ."i ;ii;;:!opoly of the catch; i^Kl states
that there are no bcaversor martens. /(/., x. 3-7, ^3-10. Sept. 1 jth and liOtli,
440
FOREIGN KELATIOXS AXD COMMERCE.
s =
f: •■'
rv-i
AVc liavo scon that La Peroiiso had Ix'oii insciMiftiMl
\)y tlu' l''r<,'U{'li <j;-()Vc'i'nnK'iit, |)r<)iui)t('(l like the Spiiiiish
])y (Jook's nari'atl\'i', to make a special iiiNcstii^'aiiim
ot' the fur-trade and its |)t)s.sil)ilitic.s. When lie ar
i-ivcd at Monterey ho found Basa(h'c ah'cady there
and tlie country considorahly interi'stod in the suhjuct
of liis coininission, Don ViecJiite is spoken of as "a
young man of intolHgonco and merit, who is to depait
soon for China for the purpose of making there a
treaty of connnerco in otter-skins." La l*erouse l)e-
heved that tlie now branch of trade niiglit prove to
the Sj)a!iiar(ls more protital.)lo tlian the richest gold-
mine of ^lexico. Fages told him he could furnish
20,000 skins each year, or by moans of now establisli-
ments nortli of San j^'rancisco many more.'' Yet
notwithstanding the tenijxjrary cntlmsiasm of all eon-
cerned, this attem])t of Spain to buihl up a proiltable
peltry trade in California was a failure.
])asadre, though complaining of obstacles thrown
in his way by Fages, obtained 1,G00 otter-skins, wi'h
FaiifCH issued a decree f>roliibitiii<{ gentc do razon from acquiring otter-skins,
giving t!ic right cxclu-iively to tlio Indiiiiis and missions. LI., xii. li; Pic>\
J'c^., ^IS., i. ;i.")-(j. .luly ."JO, ]7<SS, Liisuou coinjilaias to tlic viceroy tliut
priocH are too low, and on Sept. 7ih Eages seems to have issued a new t;iri(I'.
Air/i. Sill. JJdrhiini, :MS., i. liSU-JiJ, ii. 'l. Maroli IS (or iKissil.ly M:iy IS),
17.)0, a new pviee-li it Vv"itli reguLilions in detail was issued in Mexico. Tlu:
pvieef* were to r;ingo fro:ii i;''2 to .S7; ;ind neither soldiers nor settlers wi'vo pro-
l:i')itL'il from jjatlieiingiikins provided they dispose of them pr(j[ierly; Imt tliese
l'e''-ulatious prohaldv had no (;li'cet iu Califonda. /(/., ii. 4-S; Ilcjif. St. I'Ltp.
;■.•;./„>.!, MS., i. ;!]-.-).
-' 'We e;'.nnot fail to he a'tonished that the Spaniards, liaving so eloso
and freijueiit intereourse -with C'una through ^Manila, should liavo lieen i'.rno-
r.int uuLil now ol' the value of this p'.eeions fur. ]]efore this yt.ai' au otter-; kia
\va.3 worth no more than two I'aiilnt-skins; the Spaniai'ds did not suspeet
tlicir value; they had never sent any to ]']unjpe; and Mexico was so hot a
cor.ntrv it was supposed that there could lie no niaiket tliere. I tliink th(,'re
v.ull he ia a few years a great revolution in the Russian trade at Iviatcha from
the diliicilty tln'3' wid have to liear this competition. The skins in the south
arc Ui liLile inferior in quality, bat the ilill'erenee is. . .imt nion: than ten per
CLiit in the sale price. It is almost certain tliat the new ^lanila (Ainipnny
will try to get po.«scssion of this trade, ■which will he ii lucky thing for the
Rus.jian3, hccause 't is the nature (;f exclusive privileges to carry ih'atli or
sluggishness into all hi'.anches of commerce and industry.' La J'iroii.'<r, ]';/.,
ii. .'Ju',)-ll. The Spaniards 'do not cease to keep tlieii- ej'cs open to this im-
portant hranch, in which the king has rescrvecl to himself the I'ight of pur-
chase in the presidios <jf ( 'alifornia. Tlie most northern Spanish estahlisinuent
fr.rni:dies each year 10,000 otter-skins(?); and if they contimio to lie sold
advantageously to (,'hina, it wid he easy for Spain to obtain even ."0,!iOO, and
thus to destroy the conuuercc of the Russians at Canton.' Jd., iv. 177-S.
THE SPANISH FUR-TRADE.
441
AVi;
aiH
:;li lu' ivtunicd to ^Mexico at tlic nid of tlic year
I ;)rocoi!(k'(l to Manila early in l7iS7. Jn't'oic 171>0
tlu' whole ninabor of ottt'i'-skins IVoiu hotli ( 'alilornia.s
.sunl to]Manilaon account of tlie I'oyal treasury under
llisadre's system \va8 1),721), the total cost at Manila,
i;!cludiii,n" ]>asadre's salary, beiny; .':<.S7, '!'.)'.).'""" In I7S()
lh(,' l*hilii)[)ino C()nij)any liad u[)])lied thi-ouu'li the
huiist; t)t' Cosio for an cxchisivc jtrivilei^e of tlu' I'ur-
tiadi;; and the j^'overnnient had been willinn' to n'l'ant
it (in condition of ])ast exixMiditnres hein<j;' reiinhuised;
hut, the conijiany did not aci-e[)t the terms. JJasadru
relumed to S[>ain, and the Lfovernment iinally de-
(i'kd in 171)0 to drop the project and pay money lor
(iiii'-ksilver, leaving' the fur-trade to i)ri\'ate enter-
1>
il'ise
"-' Fiiii~i'cii .and Urrut'in. ll'i-^t. f!i
Tlr
■(l^^ of tin.' fikiiH ciillectcil .nro
l!U':i'.;rc' iui<l i:Hi,iii[>lotc. (M. ,,\,
IVMI, J-itiit. /
iini'^ii <
■ t Sii
! iii'i;(
iUn of
liiMili,' sonic lime in the ]i;ist shipiied .'r'_',OUO-\vi>rtli to .Fosi' .Mmihi, Arcc. I'riii,
SI :l. I''l]>., ^I'^., vi. ;iS. Sipt. !•"), I7S7, -iosc'^ Soliel.ilicn rli:il';ci| iyCt foi' dlVSS-
in,' !)."» oiteixikius. I'rov. Si. J'tip., Jim. Mil.. MS., i\. (i. Oct. <i. IT.sT. thero
\Vi r!'.-!ii;ii)eil (111 tlu; <SV<// ' Vo'/os- iiud /•uro/vVa '_'o7, of wliich !t7 In lou'^cil to
ji I iilio of Moiiterej', O'J lo Lieut. ()iteg:i, ."i() to Smi Cdrlo.s, iuid ."rj to Siiil
.\ir..)iii.). 111., i.\". 14. .Inly ol), 17"^)^, I.MSiieii .'^iiys tt) viceroy tluit I'liis.idri- col-
ii'o'.u tiie missio:
(M otter-^fkiiis worth .^10,"). Arch, iil'i. Hurl"
-MS.
■J :i. X(
!), 17«!».
e( iiiiMiiiuliiiit of .Santa IJarliara to j
(ovenior.
lie
r.l-
(l tle'ivercil to ( 'afiizaies of the J
;Yor.fC.7 (
1 ottel•-^^kins from i'
.1 iVoiii ."-^aiitii Jj.ir'oa
SI h\
'Mil line
naveiitnra, besiiKs ;{i2
to.K-skms.
Pr>.r. St. P<(j>., MS., ix. no. AiiL,'. K), 17!>1), t!ie I'rociira''
i])el.iyi
il for t)tter-skiii.s remittetl 17S(i-!», .^l.-fT^ on Iti!) .skins t(j kin''; ^\',
IS to l!;is:iihi'. Arrh. Sla. Jliirli(
i;
^hircli -JiJtli, Prov. Sf. /'
•7'
MS., .\ii. 4, .").
-MS., ix. 144. Tin; following' note.s
ini I'.se an hives are all I have fcjund for the ])erioil of 17!>;)-lM)!t, and sonuj
t!i<:n inilicale that notwithstanding,' the royal onler of 17110 some skins
1 re ; ;iil Ijiiu.'.'ht ou goveinnient account. Auj,'. J!, 17!H, Sal to Itomcu asking
l.ir<.>7
Me
/'
.SV. ]
ti/'
MS.
1711-'. 1
reasury
■\<
i'J for .".!) skins from .Santa 15:irhara Company. /(/. , xxi. .SO. Dei
lieeroy to court of Spnin says some otter and s'al skins are sold to
itin;
111.
l"
,S7. J\
7'
Mi
(ir
MS.
i. i:
1m
17:u,
V orH.tr o
^■:ii. 141
f viceroy <ii,ter-skins may he ex|iortcil free of duty. I'rov. live, .MS.
■rov
SI. J
('/'••
M.S. . xi., l."i!t. .InneS, 17!'."), ;.;overnor tf) eomman-
(kint. Ivinu allows Nicoh'is ,N":an/anili of Sau IJl.is to take otter-skins to
China from> California
d trade f.
ds. J'r,r. It:
^\r
IV
i:i4. l\
17!!."), the governor ex|)lains that the jirivilege of t.akinjj; <jt(eralon'4 the
is to nothi
they
fiiast amonii
■ moi
■'eously take uu the fur-trade. It is kn
t l)uy (,'hina uo(jds at Canti
pnvi;e,L;
aiivanta
ii:(ri;;uii
t!'.<
'polk^cd liy the I'hilipiiine Company ; yet that ef)mpany miuht
that the Jhi'^lish arc
:,' for it. ]'>y the treaty of Oct. '-'S, 17!l(>, iMtween Sp.-dn and K
ir power was prohiliittd froni takin.i; otter within ten lea;.^ues
] a: 1: i.'f the coast occupied hy the former — that is, all of ('alifornia In
.-•1:,
ea;.^ues of ;iny
1'
id from cn,L.'a,uin,i.' in illicit trade with the .Spanish cstahii.sh-
iiiculs. C'aloo, litcutil compkt lUs TruiUs, iii. ;]oG-U.
442
FOP.KIflX RELATIONS AXD COMMF.RCR.
^m/I^'
The causes of fiiiliirc, without .i^^f'in^j; into )»cHy (K'-
tails, WL'iv uiaiuly as follows: the I'urs ()l)taiiH.'(l in (jili-
foriiia wei'u less iiuiiierous th;u» had liccn cxjiccti'd, tiit;
iiatlNcs lackiiii^ hoth skill and iuiiilcnicnts for ottcr-
iiuntiii'L;-; thu ((uality was not cM|ual to that of tlie furs
hronn'ht to China from the Northwest Coast; tlio
tarilf of prici's lixcd hy l^asadrc at first was thou^lit
too hiiuli; the I'oyal fur-traders were not content with
a fair pi'olit; Hie Soaniards hud no experience or skill
in [)re[)arin'L,^ assortinn", and selliiiiL^the I'urs; and there
wore some diplomatic (obstacles to ho overcome in
China. No private company ventured to engage in
the trade thus abandoned by the crown; but skins
in small quantities continued for many ycais to he
collected by natives for the friars, who sent them by
the transports to San Bias, whence they found their
way to the I'hilippines. Later the American smug-
glers afforded the Calilbrnia traders a better market.
In other branches of connnerce there was no develop-
ment whatever. Tlie Philii)pine galleon was retpiired
to touch at j\[outerey on ea .h eastward trip, and was
furnished with needed supplies on account of the
royal treasury; but the conunanders often did not
stop, preferring to pay the fine imposed;""* but all trade
with this vessel by the missions or by private persons
was strictly forbidden and, except hi the form of
occasional smuggling, prevented."" Governor Neve
when he left California had in mind a project fa-
trade with the u'alleons, which was further auitated
by his successors; but after unfavorable reports had
'-' ' Dims la viic. r;iiis doute, do favorisor Ic ]M'<!siilo do MontiToy, on oblige
depuia plu.-:it'ur.s jiiiinV's, lo j,falion I'evi'iiaiit do .Manillo ;\ AcajiuKM, do i il,i>ln r
dans CO port; iiiais cvtto I'oiuclio ot cot attcrra'/o no sont pas > i nooo.~iiiios,
que, nunio oi tonips do paix, oc vainsoati no protoro ipulijuoiois do contin'.nr
8:l I'onto, ot d,' payor uno oortaino sonnno, par fornio do di'donnuaj^iinoiit c!u
bien (|u'il aur.-.it lait on y ■■( laohant. ' Munui rati, in J,n /'('■/•'■ii.-<c, I i//., iv. I'J-.
-'i'ur ordors a,i,'ainst trado witli tlio galloon in 1777, 17^1*, 17'''."!, and 17.'i7,
8ve Prni: L'n-., VlS., i. 0t~5; /'/v<c. .s/. i'.;<., MS., iii. loM); iv. D',) KO;
vii. liS-!). \(jv. I."), 17SI, tlio govoraor asks lor int'onnatioii on tlio oliai';o
that a i)adro and other persons wont on hoanl tlio j.^dloon and hidu.'lit oil'
four halos of yoods. J'rov. J'er. ]\;s., i. JM,'. in lioiiid)oi' I7'"i.") I'. Noiio'.'a
denies that thovo lias been any trading betweeu ini.5sioi)s and j^alleoii. Jio.f-
tciTi/, Parroiju'iU, MS., 'I'i.
PRICES crRRRNT.
44S
Ix'i'ii received fi'om ln.iU Soler juid Fnj^es, tlie iifeiHM'.il
ilecidi'd to coiitimie llie j)r<>hil)iti(>n.^" 1 annex in tlio
loiiii of a iioto ji list of tliL' piiees ciiiTent in Culi-
1' uiiia at this epoch. -^
■•'" Sol^r, /'(iriri )• Kiilirr rnmirrlo rail 1 1 /liitjuc dc C'hlnn, 1 '/ f/i- IJnrro 17,^'T, MS.
/'(;/'.-■, Iiifiiiiiif siihre ('oiiicn-iii run. I'l jinn ilr C/iiiiri, IS dr I'rhii ro J!'!!', MS.
Till' iciisoiiM iir;,'eil a;:aiiist I'reo tiailo were, that n) far as (lu? wnlilicivs wrvu
iniucriH'd lit ttcr gonda wi'io ivrcivcd with f,'rt'ati'r rcj;iilai it y aiiil at ilkho
iitiil'iiiii iniccs liy tho iircsciit Hvstciii ; aa tho gallcini tdiilil ii'it tipiich at
all till' j>ri'.'iilioH, 11 iiiniiiiiiiily and iiici(iiality vould liu caiuscd; tin; suldicrs
lii'cuiiiin;,' tiadciH Would liu distiacU'd fitjiii their li'^'ular diairs ; a\ai icn aiiil
|iiidi) Would \)v I'li'/cndi'ivd in California; CIdnii goods wcro not littid for tho
i'ldiioiniii tradf; and there wan no money to pay for them, ^t■t Soler
fiivnriil till! trade it the barter of peltrii s could l)u inehlded; ami FagfM \\i\n
(lisiiosLcl to favor takin;,' no noii>;eof the l)arter of ti'illin;^ artielcs hy indi-
viduals, duly 14, 17'S(>, Cen Uy.irto asks Fagcs for hu views on the matter.
J'lof. Si, J'(I/i., MS., vi. l.'M-,'. June'J.'J, 17^7, having received tiie reiiorts, ho
renews the •Ad jirohihition. ft/., \ii. ;tS-!).
■Man. 1, i7iSl, <<ov. Nevo lormed :i new (irniirtl in nccordanee with royal
onlirof M irch '_'!, I77">, and deereo of andiencia of Jan. II. I77IJ. I'rov. ■' t,
I'd/I., MS., \ i. 11, I,"); niinouneed to Cen. Croix March 4tli. /'/■")•. Jlir., MS.,
ii. 41 ■_'; apinoved by Croix Jidv -7, I7'SI, and by king I'eb. 'J'J, I7'-'-, anil
loyal approval published by Fages tian. I'J, 1784. I'l-w: S/. J'a/>., MS., iv,
|.")i;-S. 'iliis a'':uieel given in full uniler date of Aug. I'J, 17''i-, in Artinrd de
J'lVfio.-i, \~S'2, .MS. Jannai-y '..', 1788, Cov. Fagea issued a new ara^ircl which,
li(j\vevei', oidy included live-stock and agricultural iiroducts, or articles likely
to bo purchased by the government. AnuirrI dc I'rcridn, 17SS, ^IS. Manu-
.script copy eortilicd by Gov. l>orica, in L'stiidilh, /Joe. IJist. ( 'at., i. 7; Sai-ni/o,
Iiiy. Jli.il. Cid., MS., 2; Pror. St. I'fip., MS., viii. ."JU-H. Li tlie followi'n;;
list the prices of 1788 are given in parentheses — nalri expressed in 'cents':
Horses, .SI) (-S-'i-yOl; asses (iii(i-.S7); calves (iJb.jO); bulls (.S4); sheep (7r)C. -?_');
swiu(! (.Sl-Sl); cocks (l'_'e.-'_'.")c. ); quail, per doz. (•2.')e.); hares (1-V.); mnlcM,
.S|ii-.SJO (;?14-S'20); horses (unbroken, colt.s, mares, fi'.i); cows (sl); oxen (6">);
g lilts (7oc.-.Sr,; hens (•J.")e.-;i7e.)'; ipigcons, per p;iir (^.-ic); ralibiti (l-c.)
1! ■( f, j'rkcd, per ■_',■) Ujs.'(7r)e.); I^ccf, fresh, perl'.') Itis. ^l.^"le.): e;.";f, p:.rdoz. 'Jlc;
hides, untaniii'd (.■I7e.); hides, tauned, ^2.7'> (•'?-.-">); wool, jicr 'J.i Win. (.si. •_',")-
>•_'); tallow, ])or "i.') lbs. (.'i?l.'J.'5-8-.'>0); candles, per "Jo Uis., .s;{ (SJ,.")!)); lard,
per "J.") llis. .S;i (•>{); shecp-skin, r>Oc.; ileer-skin (J.'ic); dog-skin, 7'c.; luuk-
sl;in, or antelope, tanned (.sl.'J.l-Jl.aO) ; cheese, per lb., 0[c. Win at, per
fanega (S'J); barley, per fan. (.^1); lentils, ])cr fan., !ir-.50; mai/c, per fan.,
SI. .")(); bean.'*, per fan. (§•_'. 50); peas, per fan. (.iiil.-'iO-ii?;!); llour, ]m r '_'.') lbs.
(sl.il")-.^!'J); .s-J per 'J.'t Itis. to .S(} per fanega. Sugar, lb., 'J,")C. ; iianochu, lb., — ;
biauily, pt., 7"ic. ; sallron, oz., oOc. ; olive-oil, jar, !r''4..'i7; ligs, lij., Il'c; gun-
powder, lb.,i?l; soap, lb., ISc. ; chocolate, lb., ;i7c.-r)(ic. ; cloves, oz., 0'_V'. ;
ciimamon, oz., 02e. ; cumin, oz., .'ic. ; red pepper, lb., 18e. ; pcp;ier, o/.., Oi'.;
t^ibacco, ill., .Sl.L'.j. Anrpicra, .sl..")0; awl, l-'c. ; shield, .s_' ; kettle.! (calde-
retn), SI; stirrups, woodei^ 81 ; gun-caso, .'i<i ."JO; saddle-iron?i, SI ; lance, f-.7c.;
penknife, 'J.jc; earthen pot., iL'c.-lSe.; jilatcs, 4c.-1;h;. ; comb, (;c.-5;)c. ;
rosary, .'le.; ear-rings, pr.,75c.; saddle, .sl'J-.s|0; punch, *J,")o.; cnp, IKc;
dagger, '2'Je. ; anqucra tra]ipiiigs, ^'J.TiO; earthen p::n, ISc; wooden spoon,
(Jc; spurs, ])r, .SI ; rnvord, .V4..')0; gun, ^J.uO-JsKj; bridle, li,d ; lior.;e:i!ioes, ; et,
^'1; jiocket-knifo, ."lOc. ; rax ir, lijc, ; coppijr pot, C\i.."0; paper, '[uire, 'I'lC.;
needles, paper, .sl. "28; needles, per'Jl, Il'c; bridle-lines, ,") 'c. ; Ib.ly Clu'iji',
^M-""); chisel, I'Jc; seis.sors, ;i7c.-l)2o.; screw (jf gi'.n, "ioc. ; y.'.j, I'Jc. 13:;i;:e,
yd.,."Oc. ; CO.: rso linen (CoteiLSe), yd., .'>7e.-7"'C. ; gold-luc, oz., vl. (.■!;; lilve;'-
1 ice, oz., .S|.()2; ribbon, yil., I'Jc.-T.'^c. ; cotton clot!), yil., •J';c.-;'7c. ; yiirA 1 v.i i,
10c. ; linen (I'lutilla), yd., t)2e.; Uritanuia (liiieuj, yd., U-Jc.-§l.'ir); Lrainaut
444
FvORrJON RELATIONS AND COMMERCE.
m ;
E;i'']i yviw two of tiK' four transports arrived from
Sail l>las with Hunitlics for proyidios and missions, one
iisuallj visiting' San Dicg'o and Santa Inirbarn, and
the otiier San Francisco and I\[ontcrcv. TJie Jamr-
h(
f fi'oiu 17^;! to 1700 made tivo trij)s; tlic Pi
'IIIA-CS<t
and Sen Carlos, or Flit pi no, each four trips; and the
Araii'jcii tln-ee. The commanders Avero Martinez,
Aguirre, Camacho, Tobar, and Cahizare.^i. These an-
imal voyages present nothing re(]uiring attimtiou,
save that in 17S4 alter tlie luicoiita had sailed from
San Francisco rumors weiv current of a wreck and
four or live men killed at tlie n,K)U"h (jf the JMjaio
River, rumors Avliich ]»roved unfounded. The Manila
o-alleon tom-lied at ]\ionten'V in l/8i and 178."); and
in 1784 the Pn'iicc.^a arrived from the Philipiiines
under Ca'pt. ^Nfaurelle.-'^
In 1788 Martinez with the Pn'itcesa and the San
Carlos made a voyage to the Alaska coust and on
his return touched at ^Monterey, where he remained
M-ith one vessel from September 17th to October
14t]i, the S(()i Carlos having gone back to San
Bias without stopping.-'' In his northern voyage to
Nootkpv the next yeni', in Vvhich ho captured several
I'higlish vessels and vi-ry nearly provoked a ]Miro-
pean war, ^Martinez did not toueh on the (.'allfoi'nia
coasts; but in 17U0 ^iie S((ii Cdrlos and Priiicisa,
u
nder Fidalgo and (juimi)ei-, touched at MontiM'cy
on
theii- return from Xootka i
n
."1
•tend
)er,
ant
1'
)erlu!ps brought the Calilbrnian ;/
wniortas by iii
by til
(linen), yd., S2t'.; I'nc'.e (jcrtrn), yd., ."7i'.; silvcr-tlirciul, oz., f-.-.'i; liii ii,
d'jnir.siic, yd., (iL'e. ; liiicii (vlii/tdj, yd., .'iTc ; idolh (ordiuiiry wonUcn), yd.,
$1."J."); ijilk Iwifit, 8'_V'. ; wiclulotli, yd., 'J.le. Slnit (oroa), .S'$.7o: ; Iiiit (Ihun),
S'li.OO; Mimkot.s (pji.><t()i'iis) i,<\ ; liljinkct.s (canicr;;!-), Ji^-J; incdul.s, ov.. , I'Jc. ; isilk
shawl, ^-(i; hat, !*l. I'J; hanidvcifhirfs. silk, SI. ,",(». stuckings (thread.), ftii. Till ;
slockiiigy (wodlk'ii), T-"'!'.; htuckiu-H (.'^ilU), Jj-l-^H-"!''; ssIkic.'*, 7'ie.
''^''' I'm' r('co\ils uf arrival imd dej artiive of tliu Ycsscl.s each year si'c /';•"'•.
.SV. /',(/.., MS., iv. (ii), i;i;!-4; V. Kit-."), 1(H, ICi); vi. f)(), .-),•}; vii. 4, 70; Mii.
li^, «!),!) 1-1 \!0; ix. lOO, -4;!-4 ; //or. /,'<--,, IMS.,!. )77-S; ii. !)."■>; iii. I- I,
•JOi); Pror U. Piii>., Ihii. Mil., :S1S , iv. '.1 ; S!. /•<•/:. So':. M,~'... i. .VJ, ii.
1(1, 17 ; iS'. Jlitivdit'iiluru, Lib. J/i.-ii^n, .^iS., 4; (n.a/i; ilc JJi.r., i. ii.; I'<iliiii,
^'ol., ii. ;hkm;.
'•'"See //ii^f. JS'orlhti(.<t CdiuI, i.; i ;.d JJi.-l. AiutLi. r i.e ;.!.-u rei'eienees of
^ireceding note.
WARXING AGAIXST THE 'COLUMBIA.'
443
I'om
iitori'V
•, and
y tliis
.■; lili 11,
Inn yil.,
1 MilU'lM,
!■_',•.; Kilk
'), ?<l..'>li;
scv /"/•../;.
7</; viii.
; iii. I--I,
i. ;.-'. ii.
.; full III,
1 ;i luis of
somowlint rouiiflabout coiirso."" The Nootka voyages
\\\\\ (U'liu'iid our attention in a subsequent volume
of north- western annals.
As a continuation of Californian maritime history
for this period the following order issued by Governor
Fiiges to Connnandant Jose Arguello of San I'rau-
cisco ]\lay 13, 1789, ex])lains itself, chronicles Cali-
foniia's iiist knowledge of the United States, alludes
,i) wliat n ight have been, but was not, a conflict be-
tween the Pacific province and the infant republic of
tJK' Allnrtic, and indicates the foreign policy of S[>ain.
"Should +bere ariive at the ]tort of San Francisco a
ship named CofuivJ)ia, which they say belongs to (jlen-
cral ^^ 'ishington of the American states, and v.'hich
under tlie connnand of John Kendi'ick sailed from
])(iNton in Septend)er 1787 with the design of making
(Ijscovories and ins[>ecting the establishments which
the Ivussians have on the northern coasts of this pen-
insula; — yon will take measui-es to secure this vessel
and all the [)eople on board, with discretion, tact,
cleverness, and caution, doing the same with a small
cvatt which she has with hei' as a tender, and with
every other susjiicious foreign vessel, giving me
]irom]>t notice in such cases in order that 1 may take
such action as shall bo expedient."^'
But Kendrick, in the (J<>hiinJ)i(i, had sought a more
iiorthei'n port than San Fi'ancisco, and no narrative of
a naval conilict has place in this chapter. Kendriek's
associate', (»ray, in the L<uhj U^ts/i/'in/foii, however, had
si'>iited C'alilbi'nia in latitude 41 'Jts' in Auu'ust 1788,
•'"IPs'. XorlI,ir,'<t Cons/, i. '2?,<), ct.'.; Fidnfi/n, Vin<ip, 17!I0, .MS.; 1,1.,
Tiih',1, ^IS. ; (Jul III /n r,Si'(/iiiii!ii Ii\<:nii,, MS.; yiirarnlc, in iSiilit 1/ Mi .c, I'iioii',
Iiili-fiil., cNii.
^'('iiliy oi'i'l'llcd l)y Aruiii'llo .filly It, ITs!), iiiW, /'n/i., Jfi^x, nml Cnloii.,
Ms., i. ,">;<-4. Also |irintcil ti';iiisliitiniis in /.'rn.i/n'/ili's Onilinii; Hiilvliimjn''
JA'I/., V. ;U(»; Klliut, in (h-irluml Mmiilihi. iv. 'XV, ; S. /■'. /■.'n tii,i;i /'<..</, .Tilly
'Jl, ls77. A tiiuislaticjn in tlii' J-ilir;iry of the ('iiliforniii, I'ldnccrs himmiis to
Iwivi! liven t'ollowid Ky nil uriliTs, who hiivc cojiicil tlu' I'l'i'oi' liy which tlie
Vi'liihili'u'n tenili'i' is t.'ikin tor the lni.it of the luisiilio hy the iiiil ot' whirh
.\i'4i'R'llo was to I'lroct the riiiitiire! Siveriil writers, iiiehidiiiLr Kaniliiljili,
Tui!ii',l, //;,s/, <'iil., 117, and J''ii;:net, i'ulil'uniic, Wl, have also Kut'teiied the
gii\enior'.s tern deeiee in(o an oiiKr merely to 'examine delioutcly ' or 'le-
ccivu with great reserve' the sus|iieious iialt.
446
FOREIGN RELATIOXS AXD COMMERCE,
and passing nortliward had strangely identified a cape
in 43^ with Mendocino.^^
Similarly ineffective though well meant was an or-
der that came all the way from the court of S[)aiii in
1787, to be published in all parts of California, piv-
scribing an application of cool olive-oil as a remedy
for nifjuas, or chigoes, sometimes less elegantly tcruied
'jiggers,' a troublesome insect of tro[)ical Americn;
but the chigoes, like the Yankees, avoided Calilbinia,
and the order of Cdrlos III. remained a nullity in this
pait of his possessions.^^
A birth, marriaijc, or death in the royal family was
usually announced with all due formality in this re-
mote corner of the world; and on one occasion a de-
serter at Monterey, whose descendants still live in
California, took advantage of the general pardon ac-
companying the news of the happy delivery of the
princess.^*
The death of Carlos III. was announced in Febru-
ary 17S!), and orders were issued for tho salca fi'iaehr''
and other lites at the presidios, with prayers by all
the padres.^^
Felipe do Novo, ex-governor, went to Sonora in
the autunm of 1782, as we have seen, to take tho posi-
tion of inspector general with the rank of brigaiUer.
Early in 1788 he succeeded Don Teodoro do Croix as
conunandiint general of the Provincias Internas, a
jiosition second only to that of viceroy among Spanisli
officialts in America, though Neve, like his prede-
^' rfnsin!/'.-! Voyarfe, J 787-9, MS.; /fhf. Xorf/urest Coai^t, i. \^7.
"A luvul ( rdrf of Nov. ;2(), 17S(j, forwardtd by coiimiuudiuit goncral,
Apr. -i'-', rs7. ,V. /',(/*., .)/;,s•^•. ami ('<ihii., MS., i. 51-2.
'■''* Priiv. /icr., Ms., i. 1.")!!. In 17S4 tlio I'riinrn'i. vrna illumiiiatoil ;it
liowa that rosal t\\ ins iiad lucu born; and tlie iircsidcnt wan ordered to an-
noiuKi! till! birth and give thank.s therefor. I'nji'. iS'/. I'a/i., MS., v. 117;
Ai' h, Sfji, I'.iirliinui, .MS., .\i. .'is.'). Aui;. 1st, Faycs notilios eouunand nt.s tliiit
(•iiiii;ratnlations ni.;y bo .si'nt in. I'ror. SI. J'(i/>., MS., iv. Id."). Oct 14,
17S."», the kinj; order.s thanks;.'iving cverywliero for bhth of I'l ine<! I'cinando
Maria. .S7. /'"}>., Siir., MS., .\v. '2(i. Nov. ', 17>>(), Santa liarlKua ordeied to
lire 21 gnus w'tli 'J.*? lbs. of powder on San ( Virlo.s d«y. /'rm: iSi. /'«/>., MS.,
viii. 8!(. Oet. l.'i, 17>S"), ;.;cneral ]iardou pubUslied in California on aeeoiuit uf
birth of twins Don Ciiilos and l>on l''elipc. St. Pap., Sac, MS., iv. .").
'''Arch. tiia. Uurbura, MS., xii. 300.
DEATH OF EX-GOVERNOR NEVE.
447
a capo
rossor, was indepoiKloiit of viceregal autliority.^'^ The
clioicc was a ineritecl recognition ot'Xeve's abilities, but
liis I'ule was cut short by death at the end of 1784."' All
that is known of Xe"* c' - life has been told in the pre-
ci'ding chapters, and tue reader is already aware of
what manner of man he was, able, patriotic, and dig-
iiilled. Devoted to the royal service and to the true
interests of California, he formed and followed a well
dctined policy, rising above the petty obstacles thrown
ill liis wav by the friars. The dislike of the latter
was caused almost wholly by Neve's ureat influence
ill ^lexico and Spain, and by his op})osition to their
far-reaching schemes of unlimited contrt)l. Personally
he \\ as courteous and agreeable, more so than many
other oHicials; but while others followed more or less
faith I'ully the policy laid down in superior instruc-
tions, he largely dictated that policy. Finding that
the iriars would not submit to amicable recoLjnition of
the secular autliorities he proposed to restrict their
control of the mission tem])oralities and of the natives
ill tlio interests of colonization, of real civilization,
and the riglits of man. Whether his system or any
^'■Oii np])oi)itmcntas i inspector see cliiq). xviii. yiiulv coiniu.'iiul.int u'ciu nil
Fc'l). ]."), 17.".;i. AeUii<)\vIeil;;i's l'aj,'esi' eoiiLrnitiilutioii.s I'vh. (I, 1784. April."),
I7>'''4, I'iiges lenriis ilmt Xcvu lias lioun giuiitt'<l !:-S,(X)l) s^jilary as coiiiiiKiiiilaiit
int;pi.ctor. .July IJ, 17«i^, royal ei'ilula fiinlirniini,' Xevi's .".i))")iiituieiit dituil
Julv 1'-', 178;). Sec Pfov. J.'a:, x\]S., i. liKi, 188; iii. 18-2; St. Pup., Sue, MS.,
XV.' 18; Pi-'.r. Sf. Pap., MS., iv. (;_'-4; v. 12.'), SS.
"•'Ho dicdproliably o'l Ncnciiibor Dil, amllii.s death Avas aiuiomiced to Gov.
Facjes on Nov. ;X;tli. Pri>V. si. P<i/i., ^IS., v. ti:5-4. la-es spv,aU.s of his
deiTlh on IV.,. 1, anil April 'J-J, 178."). /'/■(;(•. Ihc, .MS., i. 2!)!, ii. 'Xi. Don
Felipe de Neve waM a major of the (^hieri'taro leL'imeiit ' f provincial <avalry
i'loiii it.s ()r;:aiii/;ition in I7ii'i until yepternher 1774, vlieu he was ki lected liy
Viceroy Ducareli to Hucieed ( lov. llari i in tlie California^, lie nssnnied tlio
titlico at J.oii'to on .March 4, 177">. W'Ikii tl'c capital Mas chaii:;ed ho cain;!
to Monterey, arriving,' on Fcl>. .'{, 1777. He made a lie;ciniiin'C of coloiii/alio'.i
ill 1777; oiicred his resignation, and was made colonel in 1778; jnepared in
I77llhii new re.<j;lamento; and had his c|uarrel with Serra in 17''(). Sulise-
(liuiitly he sjicnt most nt his time at San t lahriel t^u]H rintiiidin;,' the founda-
tion (f I.os Anjicles ami midciiij,' picjiarations for tliu ( 'liaiiiicl missions, (hi
All;,'. 121, 1782, ho .startttl for tlie Colorado River on a cainjai.L'ii a'.:ainst tlin
mui<lercr.s of River.i. hut on the way, unexiicct<}dly as it woidd scciii, he ic-
eci\cd notice of his ] loniotion ilaled .luly I'Jlli to he inspector j.'eiiri;il. Jn
Septcniher he received tlie cross of the order of San Carlos and at the sjiiiio
time or ii little later the rank of liri;.^adier jreneial. lie was made coimnand-
iuit geiKial l"el). 15, 178;i, probably; «as confirmed .Inly 1-. I7''.">: and dicil
Kuv. 3d of the ucxt year.
448
rOREIGX RELATIONS AXD COMMEPvCE.
■\ U:.
.. \ V.
possible system could have been successful, considerinn^
the class of colonists obtainable, the character of tlic
natives, the isolation of California, and the general cui-
rent of Hispano- American affairs, I seriously doubt;
but unlike some Mexican governors who affected a likcj
position in later times. Neve was honest in his views
and worked cahnly and intelligently for their realiza-
tion. Such men would have tlone all that it was])0,s-
sibleto do with half-breed colonists, stupid aborigines,
and opposing priests.
At Neve's deatji Jose Antonio I-iengel M'as aj)-
pointed by the audiencia of Guadalajara to the teni-
pt)rai'y comn)and; and by royal order of October (!,
irSf), General Jacobo Ugarte y Loyola was phiced in
comniand,^^ wliere he remained until 171)0. lytn-in;;-
this period there were several subdivisions of the ii!-
ternal provinces, but Ugarte always possessed power
over those of the west, includino- California. ]Jurii!>'
the term of Viceroy Galvez, 1785-7, he had authority
over the commamh^nt general, who had before been
in(le|iendent; and after his death tlie de[)enden('e c(i!\-
tinued, though not very clearly defined, until 1788.
In 171)0 Ugarte was succeeded by Pedro de Nnva
undei' whose rule all subordination of the command
was I'enioved, and in 171)2 or 171)3 all the ]>rovinces
were reiuiited in one inde[)endent command.'"'
Vieerov Flores in his instructions to liis successor
^iPror. S/. P<ip., MS., iv. l.")4-r); v. Ca-4 ; vi. lOG; On/rez, Itistrucdoit
formiida il< rml unloi, j;S'!, jip. 1 -.■)(!.
•''■' I'giii'ti' cDiuiiiaiiilcd ill ]iL'i>iiiii ill Sonora iind California; liiul a siilionli
nati^ in N.\ izciiya and Now .Mexico, and aiiotlu r in (Aialiuila and 'IVxas; v.a:)
subiii'dinalc ti) \'ici-'i'(iy( lalvi'z; lait bccniiu; indejicniluiit at ins dcatli. Iiis/riir.
cidiii'i </(' IV/v.'/'N, ]'J4-."); Midjcr MSS., No. ,S, Fubniary 10, i7'S7, I'vaito in-
forms l'"a,'.( s lliat liy diatliof ( lalvi'z his command au'ain liocomcs indrjitiidcut.
Pror.St. /V/i., MS., vil. 4;i-."). MaivleJ, ITS", r{)yal<irikTja;iviii.i,'Vie''r()yl'l<'i's
tlio .saiiin aiitliority that ( iahez had hold, lil., vii. .".I, viii. 40-1. Doei'iiihor
3, 17S7, comaiidancia dividod into eastorn and wcstorn )ii(>vin(;c!s. Si. /'";'.,
Mi^.f. anil (Joliiii.. MS., i. ."S, (il. May (or March) II, I7.SS, kinL; f;avc \i.<-
I'oy iuciv;><cd and full ijowors over I'rovincias Interna.s. M<i;/<r MS'<., No. I:
Sim Miriiil, Htji. Mv.c, i;j. July (t, 17N!^, \icoidy Mores jjives Ui;arto luil
Iiowci'-. /'/or. <S7. Prtj)., MS., viii. 5, (i. March 7, 17!'i', I'garte snuco'dod
by Kava and Utraldo (in eii.sterii jirovinces) by J{ciigel. Mmfo- MSS., No, J;
November l'S, 17!'U, Nava announces his apiiointment. Pror. St. /'»■■.. MS.,
ix. .'US. 17!'-, all jirovinces reiiniteil. UnciKh ro, Ao^ Soiii I'li, 71. 17'.'.">. ^■'■
tilriocloius lie I'iiri/iS, •201.
M
MEASURES IX MEXICO AND SPAIN.
449
rievilla Gi<^cd() in 1789 flevotod coiisidertiMo atten-
tion to California and to tlio iniportanfo of itn deilnco
and further colonization, recommend ini;' war-Acsscls
to protect the coast, since an attack hy loreioners
was ])ossil)le and the reconquest would he exticmdy
(litiicult. A reenforcement of soldiers vho wonM later
ijcconi''. settlers was likewise proposed I'or considera-
tion; i nd the viceroy had also asked llie kiiii;' lor a
fi-w families from the Canary Islands to ta1<e caie of
a lai'u'e nnmher of foundlin<ijs whom he intended to
send to California/*^ Dui-ing the period, howcvei',
tlu're was practically nothing" done in helialf of 'mIo-
iiization, beyond allowing discharged sailors in the
ports to he enlisted as settlers or soldiers; yet Fages
rcport(!{l strongly in favor of coloni:'.;ilion, since the
missions with their increasing nnmher of neophytes
could not bo depended on to supply grain for the pre-
.sidios."
The old desire for overland comnumication with
California had })retty nearly died out. F;igcs at the
ln'i., inning of 1785 proposed to lead an (>x[)euition and
to open comnnr.iication with New ^Mexico; but the
scheme met with no favor, and was positively for-
bidden by Yicei'oy Galvez in his instruction;, to Cen-
cial Cgarte in 17i-U), on the ground ^diat snui'l [jaities
Would be exposed to great danger on the route, and
large ones couhl ncjt be spared.''-^
*" fi!>'(nicrion"-<i (Ii'V!rr>/<:<, i:W-40; Flnri'n, fiiffnirrioti, MS., '2:2-").
"yv..('. y.'rc, MS., i. '•J0;j-4; ,S7. I^np., Sac, ii. 17; /*/■'.(•. .SV. Puj)., .M.S.,
V. Ul-i. Feb. l."t, ITS."), (Ion. Keuf^cl I'orwiUilb onliia of kiii;.; f r v.t:;ulur
luporls t.vovy (i lauiitha. S(. I'dp., .SVc., MS., xv. 'Ju. Peo. ol, IT'S sthc^jov-
ci'iiur iciitlor.-i llic only ixport cxtiiiit lor lliis iliK'nilc, tk'sci'ibiji;? t!io clii.iate
;is cold iuid luiliiii], cr.prcaliy at San FraiiiM^fo, hut hcittr for '^ji.iiiiaii'.i llian
natives; yet tlic re;'iuii i.3 fci'iilo and at'i.i;;etivc Willi ani' Ic reuou iei lo.' col-
<inii'.<. 'J'iie spiin;; niinsare i-.n in S| :iin, and tlii.s year liavo been very i.bundant.
llildi'inii ill' Tc,il/<(:iU»ir.:/<J lio.J, J\;S.
*- laves to (!en. j;en;:;el, .Jan. 14, ]7S.">. J^ar. /.'cc, i, 1,('., ii. ]()'-."i; Ren-
gel to IVi-jes, .July Ist. .sV. Pup., Sa<\, MS., xv. 'ill: (,''tlixr., Jush'wr o,i, r,\S(),
^1S., .'il; J^srintiru, I\'of. So:i., 70; JIai/i r MS,-!., Nu. 8. In t!io di.iry ut" i.u
<\l)editioa to the 'i'ulure rigion in ISOIJ 1'. Muno,'. mentions a vepuit !iy tlio
c'liief (if a S'li .Ii)ai|inn ranel' ui tlii'.t some twenty _\eii!3 bui'o'.i;— 17')()- — i^
I'aity of Koldieis iiad arrived iron\ tlic other side, killed Sdine oi the liaiives
Mlien atlaihetl, and retired. ']'lui padro tliink;s this uui«t have been a party
from New Mexico. Arch. S/<i. llurlmru, iv. 'Ji") U,
Hist. Cal.. Vol. I. 'iO
CHAPTER XXII.
ri
t' i
•n->&
Uk
RULE OF FAGES j LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS,
1783-1790.
Plan of Locai, Axnals— San Biec.o I'rf.siuial District— Presidio Ofpi-
ciALS — Alferez Jose Velasqi'ez — Force and Poitlatiox — Urii.D-
iN(!s— Garrison Life— Indian Affairs — Explorations — San Dieiio
Mission — JrA\ FicrEROA — liionoo — Material and Si'IRITcal Puou-
ress— San Juan Cafistrano — Gregorio Amurrio — Paulo Mrcvu-
TEuri — San Gabriel — Pceblo of Los Angeles— Settlers— Fei.ix as
C'o.AUsioNADo— Presidio of Santa Barraka — Plan of P>riLT)iN(is- A
Volcano— Soldiers Killed While Prosfectino for Mines— San
Bpenaventura — Presidio of Montehev—OfficialChances— Sii;i;i.(iN
Davila— San Carlos — NoRuxiA — San Antonio — San Li'is Or.isi'o —
Josi; Cavaller — Presuuo oi' San Francisco — Lieitenants ^Iokaiia
and (Jonzalez— Lasso de la Yfma — Presidio Chapel — The Mission-
Francisco Palou — Map of the Bay — Santa Clara— New C'hui!CU—
Mdrguia — Pcerlo de San Josii — Vallejo as Co.misionado.
During the era of exploration, conquest, and foun-
dation, wliieli was for the most })art ended soon at'tei-
the heu'inning' of tlic second decade, the local liistoiy
of each new establishment has been a liidc in the
chain of provincial develojiment so closely united with
afi'airs oi" government and the general inarch of events
as to be susceptible of strict chronological treatment.
Local annals will be to the end an imj)or(:ant and
deservedly prominent element in Californian history,
as in any pro\incial history properly so called; but
hereafter it will be best, tliat is, most coiuhicive to a
clear presentment and easy stud}- of the subject, to
group these annals in decades, or other convenient
[)erioils, and to jircsent them side by side witli and to
H(«me extent independently of the more foiinal and
( 150 )
AFFAIRS AT SAN DIEGO.
461
general narrative which they support and illustrate.
The present chapter I devote to purely local annals
of the missions, presidios, and pueblos during the rule
(if Pedro Fages, from 1783 to 1790, a period which
may, however, be regarded practically in most respects
as i>eginning a year or two earlier, and thus compris-
ing the second decade of Spanish occupation.
To begin in the extreme south ; the presidio of San
BicLTO i'rom 1781 to 1790 and for three years more
was under the command of Lieutenant Jose de Ziihiga,
who, as habilitado, was also intrusted with the com-
pany accounts. So far as the records show no com-
plaint was ever made against him in either capacity,
and lie not only enjoyed the entire confidence of both
governor and commandant general, but was popular
with his men, and efficient in kee])ing the savages
quiet.^ Th(! second officer was at first Alferez Jose
A'elasquez, who like Zuniga was one of the new ofiicers
sent to California under the regulation of 1781, who
(lid good service among the southern and frontier sav-
ages, some of whose ex[)lorations I shall liave occasion
to mention later, but who died at San Gabriel Novem-
ber '2, 1785.^ During 178G the position was vacant.
^FiV'Sn to Gen. Ugartc Nov. 8, 1787, in Prm: Sf. Pap., MS., v. 4, urges
that it would bo unsafe to remove,' Zui"iiL,'a. in view of his fsueeess in ruling tlio
luitivea. C';;pt. lUjler wished to put him in eonniiandat Santa jlarhara.so that
under hi.s Hiipervision a stupid alferez mighthe utilized as lial)ilitiulo. /</.. vii.
IM-Ki. Lieut. Ortega, Zi'liiigas predeee.ssor, h'.d praetieally eommnnilcil at
.^au l;iog<i oineo its foundation, at first as .sergeant in eharge of tlie (■•icu la. and
afti.r ?.;ai'eli 1774, hi., i. 141(, as lieutenant and eoniniandant of the presidio,
liafj'.cl J'edro y ( HI, who as ijiiar<la-itliii(fcc:i had eharge of the aeeounts before
Ziii.i;;a's time, gave them up on Oet. I'J, 17cSl, and went to San Bias niidei-
arrest to aceount for a delieit of .s7,(!00. /-"/y/c. /,'«<•.. .MS., i. IIS; ii. 7(>-l.
I'tih'o y(lil^^■as .i native of liai'oea in Araj^'on, married to I'oua Josefa de
Clicvira y Lerina, a native of .laiiseo, by whom he had several ehildreu. tlneo
of tin 111 'born at San Di-go. S. JUkjo, Lih. tlr M'l^'ion, MS., !•_>, ]S, '20. Ho
cwww. i'.:i ,s'i.oredcecper in 1774, a.sked to bc^ relieved the ;:ame year, had a delieit
of .v;;ri:! i:i 177.'i, and a:~!ied again for dismissal bi.fore he was I'uined. Pivr. St.
yV/;/., ^;S., i. llo!-."), 'JliS. In 17''i'- his delieit was .'•,';),';(;0. MoiiIiti ij Cd. Arrli.,
Ms., vii. (i. In I7'.>1 he was a revenne-oliieer in llt/atl.in, Jali-soo, and again in,
ilebt to the government. Nm ra JJs/iaiiii, Aciu ribui, MS., !(!.
- lie was buried Xov. .'?d by Sanehez in the mission chureli. ,SV//( (tiiU/id,
Lih. lie .l/;,s.o/(, ^iS., 8; Prov. 'Sf. P,ip., lim. JJ!I., MS., vii. '_'. Ilis deal.'i was
caused by a sore hand. Pruv. St. Pup., MS., v. lliO. In Pror. live, MS., ii.
402
LOCAL EVENTS AXD STATISTICS.
but early tlio next year Sergeant Pablo Grijalva of
the San Francisco company was made alfurez, or sul)-
lientenant, and sent down to take the place, whicli lie
held for the rest of the period.^
Grijalva, it will be remembered, had come from
Sonora with Anza's San Francisco colony in 177G.
The serijeant of San Diefyo Jiad been Juan Jose Robles,
a victim of the Colorado River massacre, and after
his death Guillermo Carrillo served for a time, but
died in December 1782,* and after a vacancy of two
years Ignacio Alvarado was promoted from among
the corporals to fill the place from 1784. The pre-
sidial force under these officers was by the regulation
to be five corporals and forty-six soldiers, and tlio
ranks never hulked more than three of bcinGf full. Six
men were constantly on duty at each of the tlnve
missions of the district, San Diego, San Juan Capis-
trano, and San Gabriel; wliilc four served at the
pueblo of Aiigoles, t1nis leaving a sergeant, two
corporals, and about twenty -five men to garrison the
fort, care for the horses and a small herd of cattle,
and to carry the mails, wliich latter duty was the
hardest connected with presidio service in time of
peace. There were a carpenter and blacksmith con-
stantly employed, besides a few servants, mostly
natives. The population of the district in 1790, not
including Indians, was 220.®
l.'?2, it is implied that Velasquez hail heen habilitaflo, that tlie office fell to
Zuni;;;i at hin <leath, and that IvaimniKlo (Jarrillo was to be sent to aid Ziifiig.a
in lii mow duties; Init this is ecvtaiidy an <iTor.
'^ 1 lis coiinui-;.- ion as alferez of the San Dic'^o company was sent by the gen-
eral lYI). !), 17>'i7. I'rnr. St. . 'riji.. MS., vii. 4.j.
^Soil JJiri/o, Lib. til' Miyiiiil, MS.. 7!'.
'•" (.'ompany rosters, eoiitaininif the names of all ofTieers and men, were
made out nioutldy lor each pret-idio. In the early year.? only a few of tlieso
rosiir.~i f<ir each year liave been preserved; but in later times they are nearly
complete. Tlie reqlamento fjavo San Die;'o lii!l'>,()00 per j'car; but the avcr-
a.TC annual e.-cpen.sc as shown by tlic company aceount.'j was about .Sbi.OOO.
The .iverago pay rolls were !;d"_',000,; ilexieo ■)iii-iiior!a-\ vS.OfU); and SanDIas,
fe','5,."00. In 17h"(» supplies to tlio amount (;f .\"!,(rs"} were bou^^lit of the mis-
8ion=i. Between ^?UK) and i^'M) v.erc relaine<l Irom soldiers' pay eacli year for
t\w/oiido <lc rdciiriuii. Jlilitary accounts in Prov. Si. Pup., lieu. Mil., JIS.,
ii. •_']; iii. M; vi. 4; v. 9; viii. JJ-H; xx. (!, 7; SI. Pap., Mins. (ind Cu/oii.,'M^.,
i. l(;;)-7<); Mf>ri!cr(ii Co. Airh., MS., vii. (i. For lists of arms and amnnmi-
tion see St. Pap., S'lic, MS., ii. "20-7, v. "23; Pfov. St. Pup., MS., v. 1HJ~'J.
BUILDINGS AND INDIAN AFFAIRS.
453
Hespoctinj^' the presidio buildings during this period
the records are silent; but in view of Governor Neve's
ctibrts in this direction, of the fact that the work of
collecting foundation stones was begun as early as
1778, and especially because the correspondence of
the next decade speaks of extensive re[)airs rather
than original construction, I supj)ose that the j)ali-
sades were at least i'e[)lacetl b}' an adobe wall enclos-
ing the necessary buildings, public and private. Here
on the hill lived about one hundred and twenty-iive
persons, men, women, anil children. Each year in
summer or early autumn t)ne of the transport ve.'-sels
entered the harbor and landed a year's sup[)lies at the
cnibarcadero several miles down the bay, to be brought
up by the presidio nudes. Every week or two small
parties of soldier-couriers arrived from Loreto in the
south or Monterey in the north with ponderous de-
s[)atches for ofiicials here and to the north, and with
iti'Uis of news for all. Each day of festixal a I'riar
came over from the missit)n to say mass and otherwise
cyi'C for the spiritual interests of soldiers and their
families; and thus the time dragged on from day to
day and year to year, with hardly a rip[)le on the sea
of monotony.
There was an occasional rumor of intended hostili-
ties by the natives, but none resulted in anything
serious, most of the trouble occurring south of the
line in Baja Californian territory and retjuiring some
attention i'rom Fages during his southern trip in the
s[)ring of 1783. Hero in the south, as in fact through-
out the country, the natives M-ere remarkably quiet
and peaceful durinu" Eases' rule. This is shown by
the meagre records on the subject m connection with
the V, ell known tendency of the Spaniards to indulge
in loi;g correspondence on any occurrence that can
})i)ssii)iy be made to appear like an Indian cam[)aign.*'
I
"Juno .^0, 1783, Ftiges to I'.-i.hv Sales, in Pror. r<r., MS., iii. 218, wiys
that luHi:!'i onlcivd ii ; ally ;!.%'>.in;,t tlii.' (.'oluvado Iinlian;-; ;:ii(l Oct. "Jo, /</.,
201, hu oidurs IScryt. Arou villi ii guard of 4 or 3 men to watch tliosuliuliaiis,
in i^
i !
|l+i> V-
454
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATLSTICS.
Neve's instructions on leaving California had included
a recommendation to open a new and safer route fr >m
San Diego to the peninsula. The exploration seems
to have been male, and the result, saving ten or
twelve leagues of distance and avoiding some danger-
ous bands of coast natives, was approved by General
Eengel in 1786J At the end of May 1783 AlFerez
Velasquez made a reconnoissance eastward from San
]3iego with a view to examine a new route to the
Colorado River recorimcnded by Lasuen. He went
no farther than the summit of the mountains, found
tlio route impracticable, and returned by another way
after an absence of ft)ur days.* In CJctober of \hv.
same year Velasquez had instructions from Fages to
visit the Colorado, to examine a ford said by the
natives to exist near the mouth, to recover as many
horses as possible without using force, and to keep a
full diary of the trip;" but it seems that no such ex-
ploration was made. In 1785, however, Fages in
])erson made a similar reconnoissance accompanied by
Velasquez, whose diary has been preserved.^" This
trip was made from the frontier where Fages had
been searching for a mission site, the outward march
being in what is now Lower California, but a portion
the guard to be relieved every 15 days. Aug. 21 st, Zi'ifiiga to Fages states
that the Serranos have killed a neophyte and threaten to attack tlie mission.
Ho has taken steps to keep them in check. J'rov. Sf. I'nj)., MS., iv. 77.
Nov. 15, 17'^4, governor to general, that a deserter, Ilermenegildo Florcs (an
Tn<lian probably) has been killed by the Indians. J'rov. Ike, il.S., i. ISl-'J.
Oct. 7, 17S0, Ziifiiga to Fages, that he has sent 7 nien to reconnoitre Toni-'a-
yavit. I'r«r. ,•<(. Pup., MS.", vi. 38. Dec. '21, 17.S8, the soldier Mateo Uiiliio
seriously injured while loading a gun. Id., viii. (iS.
Trov. St. Pap., MS., iii. KJl 3; /(/., Ben. Mil., MS., iv. 18; vi. 113-14.
Some details respecting the new route are given.
'' Velasquez, JJiarioy Mapit ilcnn Rrrniiorhnienfo desile S. Dierjo, 17SJ, MS.,
with a rude sketch of the route, which although the earliest map of this
region extant, I do not deem worth reproducing.
'■>Proi\ nee., MS., iii. 188-00.
'" ]''(l'iH<jii(~., llilminn (/el Viajfi que. hho el Gobrniador Fcu/es, 17S5, MS. .V
continuation of the title exjilains the document: 'Diary made by order of
Gov. Fa'.;es of the exploration made liy Iiini in ]icrson from tlic frontiir,
crossin;.' the sierra, wandering from the mouth of the ( 'olorado Diver to the
gulf of California, jiassing through tlie cfiuntry of the Camilli;re^ Cucupacs,
(luyccaniacs, Cajuenches, and Yumas; and liis return across said sierra to
this i>residio.' Dated Sun Diego, April *27, 1785. The trip lasted from April
7tli to -JOth.
119'
SAN DIEGO MISSION.
455
<){' tlic return north of tlio lino across tho sierra to
Sail Dioj^u. Tlicre was one fight in wiiieh the natives
ucic punished tor liaviu^- killed a horse as well as tor
|iri\ ious otrt'iiees with which they wore chari^ed. The
narrative is long and tilled with petty details, without
vahie ior the nu»st part, hut which might he (»t' some
L;('()nia[)hical interest it' pi'esented in full and studied
in connection with an accurate topographical niaji, did
such a thing exist. It may be noted ' .re that Fages
in 1782 had crossed di recti}' from the (Jolorado to San
J)iego, the tirst recorded trip over that route I ap-
pend a chart made by Juan Pautoja in 1782, which
was co[)ied l)y LaPerouso in substance.^^
At the mission six miles up tho river there was a
total change in the missionary force about the middle
of the decade, caused by the death of one of tho
ministers and promotion of another. Juan Figuer
after seven years of service in this field died ]Jecem-
hcr 18, 1784,^^ and was buried in the mission church
next day. For about a year Fermin Francisco de
J^asuen served alone, until in November 1785 tho
duties of his new position as president called him to
San Carlos, and his place was taken by Juan Marin< i-.
Juan Antonio Garcia Rioboo was associate until Oc-
tober 178(), and was then succeeded by Hilario Tor-
",V//'(7 y Mexicana, Viaije, Atla/<; La Pcrouse, Voy., Alius. I omit tho
soundings.
'-<S'f/;i D'i€(jo, Lih. de jtlinioti, MS., 80, containing his parlidn iIc cnlirrro
figncil hy Lasncn. Figuer was a native of Anento in Aragon, ami hccanic a
Fiiuicisian at /aragoza. Of his coming to America and to San J''crn uido col-
lege J have fiinnd no record. With '21) comjiauion fri.'ir.^ fur the Cidiroiniim
lie arii\ed at Tepie from .Mexico at tho end of 1770, and willi al'out J'l of tho
nuinlii'r saih'd for Lorelo in Fehruary 1771. The vessel was dviveii down to
.\cM]iu!r(> an<l in returning was grounded at Manzanillo. Most of the padres
retiMiied to Sinaloa liy laiul, hnt Figuer and Serra intrusted thenu'clves again
to the .sea, when the Sun Cdrlnti was got oil', iind after a tedious voyage
re;iehe<l Loreto in August 1771. Figuer was assigned to the 15aja t'iilil'oniiaii
mission of San Francisco de Borja. In Xovemher 177- he was sent up to
San l>iego liy ral(ju in company with Usson, Ijoth heing intcndid for the
]iro])osed mission of San IJuenaventura ; In i, that foundation lieing jiostponed
I'iguer hecame minister of San (iabriel in May 177.'!. lie served at San
• Jaljriel 177'VI; at San Lnis Oliispo Oct. 177t to.June 1777; and at San Diego
until his death in D<'c. 17iS4. He was buried in the mission ciuuvh on Dec.
ItKli. liy his associate Lasuen. In 1804 his ri'mains, with those of (he martyr
■launie and of .Mariner, were transferred with all dm; solcnniity to a new sep-
ulchre under an arch between the altars of the new church.
m '\
I!
i
P'
4o0
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
ic'iis. Till' lhrc'(> last named fiiai's wcic iicw-coiiicrs,
liiohoo liuviiitjf hecii si'iit u|) I)y llu' yuai'dian in tli.
vussrl ol' ITS;') at Scira's r(.M|U('si \\n- su]i(iiiuni<'rai'i(s,
and the (ithci- two liaAinn' ariivrd in ITSaand ITsCi,
HlMlundl' H.DlcKOi
Mai* of San Diego, j7S2.
doinjj," tlicii' ilrst work at San Dic-:^o. Rioboo is not
hoai'd o[" ailcr lie left this mission, and I suppose him
to have retired to his college at the end of 178G.'^
'^.Tii:m Aiitciiio fliiicia Itiobno, vlio hIkhiIiI iiropci'ly l>c Hpokcn of ii'<
Gurciu-liiobuo, whose lust uauio should perhaps bo written liiobo, ami nf
%.^.
LASUENS RErOUT.
457
III Juiu; I7H;} Lasiicii si'iii t<» Scnii a rcjiort on tliu
iiiissiiiii ol" Sum Dicj^o, wliicli iiicliuU'd jiiioiidiiK! ofits
|>;isl history, alri'iuly utilized in the preceding' ('liap-
'( ><>'■
(lis, and a statistical statoincnt of agricultui'al pi
iTss, intciuK.'d to show that the jtlaci' was wliolly nntit
I'or a mission, although the spiritual interests of tin;
<niivei'ls made it necessary to keep U|> the establish-
nitiit, there Ijeinj^ no better site available. A <U'-
s<'ri[)tion ol* the mission buildings then in existence;
d t
11
TI
lere were
at tl
us
a< coiii]>anie(l tlie otiier papei
time 740 neo|)hytes under missionary care, and Jjasuen
otiiiiali'd the n'eiitiles within a radius ol' six or eiiiht
Ici^iies at a somewhat larger number. In 171)0 the
coiiverls had increased to HilO, ol* this number 480
lia\ing been baptized anil 278 ha\ing died. J^arge
stock had incicased IVom 054 to 1,7l!1) lu-ad, small
st(.fk IVom 1,:>1)1 to 2,110, and the harvt'st of i7'J0
had aggregated about 1,500 bushels. In his general
I'epeit ol" 1787 on the state of the missions Fages,
i'e[)eating the substan<x' of Lasuen's earliei- statements
resp( ctiiig the stei'ility of the soil, atiirms that only
about one half of the neophytes live in the mission,
since they cannot be fed there, that the gentiles are
vliosc" oiirly life I kiuiw iiotliin/T, ciinic from S;in IVriiniulo colU\f;(! to Tepio
pi'iluiMy in tlio suiic ciinipjiiiy jis Fi;;iU'i- (sec i'ot<' )■_'), in October 1770. llo
cnissod over to tlio iiuniiisulu with (iov. IJairi in .lanuary 1771. J.nd wns jmt
ill cliiir/^c of llict\\<i puclilos 1 It'll 1' t 'ape Sau Li'iuas. In May I77.t li<' siiiitd
fioiii Loivlo on Ills way to liis college. We li'^ar notliiii;,' more I'f liiin until
lu; \vii:i ah^sitim-il to tlie Santa liaihara Clianiiel missions, Imt rel'used to .serve!
iiiidcr liie new sy.sKim pi'o[(osed. l^ater, liowi^ver, he \v;,3 Kent up witli \olio;i
ii.s siipeinniiK'iaiy, aniving at San Francisco .Innc '2, I7''i;>, and s[ienilii g his
tiiiio at San Fraiieisco, San Juan, and San (ialniel until lie came to Saa
Dicuoi:i 17;^.'). It is pnihahlo that even iiere he wa.s not ie;;ulai' minister.
^^ Ijimuii, Iin'(,ni.e <!<■ H'S'l, MS.; //((//'■■>' Jli-Kinn IJoofc, SD-iS. The report
wa.s lii;.t (hited May lOth, hut Serrii having ordered it kept l)ack -jMohably
in the U':.v that lu^ might have to show it to the secular antliorities — the
iiutlior made some additiiin.s under date of June iMst. The Imilding.s wen':
(hureli, '.'>{) X .">.") varas; granary, 25 x ij.5 varj's; storehouse, .S varas; house
for sick women, varas; Ikjusc for men, varas; shed for wood and oven; "2
padres' houses, o.ii varas; lai'der, 8 varas; guest-room; Iiato; kitclien. Tlicso
were of adohe .nr.d from ."] to rt.'} varas high. With the soldiers' barracks
tlu'se liuiidings lilled three .sides of a scpiare of .","> varas, jaid tlie fourth side
was an adnhe wall 3 varas high, with a lavelin a litile higher. Outside, a
fnimtaiii for tanning, "2 adobe corrals for sheep, etc., and one coi'ral for cows.
Most of tlie slock was kept in San Luis\'alley "J leagues away, protected by
palisade corrals.
i
458
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
numerous and daufTjC'rous, and tliat it is onlv 1»v tlio
O ' t.' t ■
unrcniittiui;' toil and sacrifice of tlie [)a(lres in coiiiu'c-
tiou witli tlio vigilance of g-overnor and connuaiidaiit
that this niissiou has manag'ed to maintain a ])i'eca-
rious existence. He adds, howevei', tiiat notwitli-
staiidiipjf all dilHeulties San Dieofo was the lirst mission
to register a thousand baptisms.^'"'
Of San Juan ra[)istrano there is little to be said
beyond naming its ministers and jiresenting a lew
statistics of conversion and of inchistrial progress.
Lands were fertile, ministers faithful and zealous,
natives well disposed, and progress in all respects sat-
isfactory. Fages in his report of 1787 alludes briefly
to this ostal>lishment as in a thoroughlyprosperous con-
dition. The number of converts was nearly' doubled
prior to 1790, and an occasional scarcity of water was
the only drawback, a])parently not a serious one , to
agricultural onerations.'" Of the oriLjinal mii.i>;fers
who servL'd at San Juan from the founding in I 77r),
Gregorio Amurrio had left the mission and [)robably
the country in the autunni of 1 779/' and had been suc-
ceeded by Vicente Fuster, who it the end of 1787
was tiansferred to Purisima, his place being filled 1)y
Juan Jose Xorberio de Santiago, wdio had come- IVoni
Mexico the year before and from Spain in 178J.
'"/rr^/(S, I iiforme (>)\er(il sobre Mhhniei^, 1787, MS. Owing to pcculiurtrai's
of the S.'iii Dicyo Jiiiliaua t'.icy wcro loft more completely iinlci- inidsioiKir'
control tiiau at other mis i );iis, there lieing no alcaldes. Id., 77 f"!.
"'t'Mverta ii 17':'>, ;!;i;i; iu 179;), 741"; new liajitisms, .'Oil; ileatl.s, 14!).
Large stock had inereu'eil iVom 47l( to •2,47:«; and Miiiall stock from 1,17") to
5,,')(l(). A ;iicnltiual proiluctc! for I7II() \\ ck; o\-er .'ijOOl) IjuslieLs.
" Aniiini.i v,ao one of the p;;rty who with i'i^'uer (see note 12) was iTLckcd
ut Manxanillo i:i alli'mp'Jnj; to cross from San IJlas to Lorelf) ia 17;'l. lie
came hack to ^■inaloa liy hind, reached Loreto in Novendier. and t\ervcd i:'., Santa
(Jerti'udisi dui in;i; Uiu inief occupation of the ]ieninsula Ijy t!io IVaiii. scans.
At the ce:T:-i(ii Ik^ eama with I'ldoil to San Uiej^o in Aii[;il t I77;i. Here he
remaiiied itnti. Aprd 1771, ^^ hen lie sailed fur Mimtci-ey, yulisenncally Kcrvin;,'
most of the time as supernumerary at San Luis Ohiopo r ..' il tho nt'.emptcd
foundaticm of San Juan in Octoher I77">. 'i'lie next yoa' lie r.peni ehielly at
Siin ])ic;;o, was jiresent as minislerat tlic succcssl'ul founi ationof ;jan.lii:ui on
Nov. I, I77i'; and lii.jhi:;t ealry iu tlie l';)iil;s of Mint u 'o.iion v.as ia Si'pU-ndju'
of 177!). 1 tliink he :^ailed in the transport of tnat year 1' '<■ Sau liitiH, retiring
on account of iiiipaired liealth.
AXNALS OF SAX GABRIEL.
450
Palilo <le !Mugdrtej^ui, the other founder, left CaVi-
foiiiia at the end of 1789/'* Faster having returned in
September to serve with Santiago during the last year
of the decade.^'*
At San Gabriel, the third niisf;ion of Uk- San ]^iego
military juiisdietion, Antonio Criizado and ?.i.iguel
Sanchez served toixethei throuij^horit this decade as in
the next and a large part of rhe precednig, the former
havinu' Ijeu'un his service in 1771 aid th(.' latter in
177."), while both died ni. their posts after 1800. Tliey
had Jose Antonio Calzada as a supernum-jiary asso-
ciate fi'om 1788 to 1790. They l)apti:: 3d on an i^vei-age
a hundred converts each year, lialf of whor.! soon
(lifd. In neo])hytc nambcs Han Gabrit.'l was second
only to San Antonio, while in live-stock and farm
products this mission had in 1790 far outstiipped all
the rest."" The governor alludes to it as having often
lelieved the necessities of other establishments in both
Callfornias, and as having enabled tlie goverinnent to
cai'ry out important undertakings that without such
aid would have been impracticable. Prosperity did
net however carry in its train nnu-h excitement in the
way of local events, and the calm of this mission of
'' I'alili) (!'- ATnplrtetriii came to Cnlifoniia \ i^^li Sei'ra on tlint i'l iur's ivturn
from Alcxii'o, rn; vinj,' iitSiiu Diot^o March I'A, I77t. Ijt'in^' in jirioi- lii.viith lie
n'liiiiiiRil fur Boiiu: time iinatUicliod to any iiiis:'-.:;, lirst wrviu;,' r.s Kn]H'r-
luinniary at S.iu Antonio fnnn Jauuiiry to 'Inly l77-">. lie was in nistcr at
Siui I '.'i-s Oliispo from Auf^nst 177"> iiniil Novcnilur 177<>, ■"■nil at San Juan as
w( li;;\i !c\n fmni Xovcmlicr 177<»until Xoviinln r I7S!). lU'wrifcsl > Jjisucn
iM> Jan. .'SO, 17'JJ, fiuni tlio college, that ho hail lircn very ill luit v :i ■ now out
of ilaii'^cr. ]''r<>ni Au%'. I'i, 17>^<>, lie Inlil the olUco of vice-prcs!i1' iit of the
California. nii;:sioi!-t, Iiavinj:; chargu of tliu southern (listrict. Tayl.M, in <'(./.
fariiii r, .Fuly -U, ISO;}, says, erroneously I suppose, that he ilieil nn 'Jareli (1,
180.1, i'.t San liuenavcntura.
''■' },Iueli of tiio information rcspcctini.,' the friars in charf?c< I Inn'o olitained
innn Sthi, Jii'ii! ('n/iis/anin, Lih, <lf Mia'ii) MS. Ainon;^ the vi il:in;c jiailrcs
wlioiilliciateil here (lurini,'tiH! )iorioil and ])efore were Serra, Oct. 177 : l''i:;uer,
June 17S0: Mi.'.nul Samlie/, May 17.S-; Lasuon, Oet. l7'-i:'>: liiolioo, lYI). 'l7Sl;
.Mariner, Oet. I7>i."): Jos • Arroit.a, ] >ee. l7Mi: -lose .\ntiiniii< 'alzaihi. A) 'il 17S'h
Torrent, (Jet. l7;iS; anil ( 'ristnlial Orama.s, ])i'e. 17'SStoJan. 17'i". 'Ihu.swu
see that San Juan for sonio not very clear rea.son was niueh less itMilaieil in
respect of visators t!ian San Dieyo.
■'''Xei.p'iyLes in I7s:t, (i;!S; in I7!>0, l.OtO. Uajitisms iluiin;r perind. ,slS;
ileatlrj, ■)>'(). Inerr,-i e of larire stock. StiO to ■\:11\: Muall .siock, •_',U70 to
{>,Oi;j. Harvest ill 171)0, 0,150 bushels.
]
If
i'r
is
m
! i^i
*|l
l!l =
4G0
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
the gi'oat aicliaiigel on tlic river of eartliqualcos was
(listurljod only by one or two slight troiibl'js, or niiiioi's
(.)f' trouble, with the natives. In October 17>':;a tli(3
neoj)li}ie.s and gentiles were tempted by a woman, so
at l(>a:it said the men, into a ])lan to attack the mis-
sion and kill the friars. The corporal in command
prevented the success of the scheme without blood-
shed, and captured some twenty of the conspirat(.)rs.
Fages hurried .south from the capital, ])ut the four
ringleaders in prison to await the decision ef the
conunandant general, and released the rest with lifteen
or twenty lashc;, each. Two years latei' came ^.leneral
Ugarte's order condenming one native, Nicolas, to six
years of worl; iit the presidio followed by exile to a
distant niis^ ion. The woman was sent into perpetual
exile, and the other two were dismissed v/Itli the two
years' imprisonment already suffered.-' Ag;un in July
178G a gentile chieftain was arrested on a chjir; y pre-
sented by the chief of another rancheri'a that he had
threatened hostilities, but the accusation proved to
have little or no foundation.-^
The annals of the adjoining })ueblo, (^ur Lady,
Queen, or 8aint Mary, of the Angels on the I^io de
Porciuncula have already been brought down in a
general wa}' to the distribution of lands in the autunm
of ]7y().-^ ]]y the end of the decade the niunber of
settlers had becMi recruited, chielly frc^m soldiers v.ho
had served out their time, from nine to twenty-eight,
who with their families made up a total [)')|)ulation of
oiui hundred and thirty-nine.-^ All of the original
pobladores who received a i'ormal grant of their lands
in J7!)G remained except Rosas.^' Sebastian Alvitrc
■■"Fii.'H^M to (Icii. U;^•ll•to Dee. T), .TO, ITS."), in f'ror. /!,<:, MS,, ii. i:',l--J;
Ugurte U> I'agivt. Dec. II, I7S7, in Arr/i. S.'d. JJiirhnni, -M i., vi. ll(i-17.
■"Z.i.i!".i. t ) I'ii'^L'.s, Au;;. 1.-), 1780, in Prof. Sf. I'aji., -Ms., vi. ;!,")-(;.
'''See ehujiter xvi., lliij volume.
^* All <■.:'„,/ > of Au;;iu;L 1 7, 17!»0, makes the total Ml . M:ilc-i, 7.': females
GO. Uimianinl, '.H; married, 4-1; wiiloweil, 0. I'lnlir 7 ypars, •17: 7 to 10
years, ',]',,; 10 to •_':) yeai.s, ]2; "J!* to 40 years, 'J7 ; 40 to !\) ye.'is, Kl; over
0.) y<.':'.rs, 0. Eiiro[iL-';i:is, 1; Sprniards, 7"2; Indiann, 7; iiui!; ttoe.:, 'Ji; iaesi,i;;os,
39.' /'/•<;(•. .S7. /'. /i., MS., ix. l.-)_».
*•' Tlie "JO new seltler.i Were; Domiiigu Ani/, Jiiaii Alvarez, .(oa[iiiii Av-
HAPPEXINGS AT LOS ANOELES.
4G1
]\i\(\ proved iinmanageal)lo at San Jose and after four
or live years of convict life at the presidio li;ul been
scut to Angeles for reform. The settlors vrcrc not a
very ordei'ly connniinity, but thej^ seem to ha\'o given
some attention to their fields, since tlie pueblo ])ro-
duced in 1790 more grain than any of the missions
e vcept San Gabi'iel, its neighbor. Th(;ii' dwellings,
twenty-nine in number, were of ad(»bes, liK'e th- puljlic
town hall, barrack, guard-house, and granaries; and
all were enclosed within an adobe wall, there bein'j:
also a few buildings outside the wall.-"
Vicente Felix was at first corporal of llio puel)lo
o'liard furnished bv the 3an Diego presidio; but he
soon dcvelo])ed s[)ecial ability and intcMi-t in general
management and was made a kind of direct(;r before
1784. Thouo'h sonic con snlaints were made ao'ainst
him by the settlers, and Zuhiga at one time favored his
removal, the governor's confidence Avas not shaken,
and he finally made him coniisionado, intrusting to
him the management not only of the pnel>lo but of
its alcalde and reo-idorcs,^^ he being resoon:;ible to the
!>'overnor throuo:h the connnandant of Santa B;irbara
i'or any failure of those officials to attend pi'operly to
their duties. Fages' instructi(ms to Felix were dated
Jan. 13, 1787, and required the latter to see that the
Tiioiitii, .Tiiaii namiro:'', Aivllano, Sebastian Alvitrc, Fiotjuo Cuta, FaustirKi Josi;
( Vii/, .Jiiaii .I(iS('' l>(iniiii;,'Ut'Z, ^lamu;! Fi.LCiicroa, ]''cl'|io S;:utiay') (iai'cia,
.liia([uiii llicriK'va, Juan .lusu Lolw, ,]oh6 Oiitivcros, Saiitiaj^o <le la Crti;'. I'icii,
l'iaiici:co llcycs, Martin IJcyi's, PcmIto Joso Konioro, Jlli'u'nio Jliii/, Mariano
\ c'filu^m), ,]u:>Ci Villa, l)L!siil('S X'iix'nti; FiMix, riir])(iral (iiul ojijii:-; jnado. lii
ITMt there had liecii .") n<lilitiiinal names: Jdso Silvas, Jlcji:, HM), Franeisco
l.il;,'M, ,Mi!eeio \'alile.s, ami Rafael Seprilvcda, or at least la'.id:f wore ordered to
111' j,'ranted to these men. Xino (iid\' drew i)av ami ratioti s i:i ]~n'.). f'roi'. Sf,.
I'a/i., MS., V. l29-;}(;; ix. FJO, l."i!)-tj:i; I'ror. St. I'ctp., Jivn. .U/., MS., x. •_'-0;
N'. J'<iji., J/('.s.s'., i. Oi)-7-. Lar';e ylmk had increased I'nin olO to '..'.n'-O Iiei'.d;
t'liiall stoek from "JiO to-l.'iS; and the eropsof 17!ta amounted to'l,.")!);) Imsheln.
-'' /'ror. Sf. Prji., JliM., M.S., i. (IS, 71. iVug. 10, 17. r>, ,",■) i)oum!:a jiowdcr
:iiid SOO bullets .sent to An;i(des us reserve ammunition for sr-ttlers. J\\,r. /t'cc.,
MS., ii. 7. Xov. ',), 17S(), Uoycoechea, to F.i.ttes, will take Htcps to sto]) ex-
cesses. Pior. St. J'fi/'., MS,, vi. ■")7. May S, 17S7, conraand.ant f cner.d con-
gratulates Fa^fca on pro/xress re[i()rted, Ii/., vii. 41. Piu hlo called Santa Maria
de l(is An'^eles. S>. J'ii/>., .l//^•.■^. and Colon., MS., i. lu'").
'-' Prue. J!,::, :MS., i. 1(;:F4; Pmr. St. Pap., v. ISII; ix. lO.", 110-'.:',). -jr. (i.
■hiS(^ V"ane!,'as was the lirst alealile In 17SS; ,Tose Siuova (lie fcoonil in 17^!),
uilh I'rlipe (larria, and flannel Camero as rcLjidores; a.nl Mariano N'enlu^'o
tliu third in 171)0.
■M'
4G2
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
settlcr.s pci'tbrmed all the duties, coiiiplicd witli all
tlie conditions, and enjoyed all the privileges enjoined
by the regulation; to watch and instruct and cooj)erate
vith the alcalde in his efforts to insure good ordir and
justice and morality; and to attend to the carrying-
out of some very judicious regulations \vhi(ih aie
included in the document respecting the treatment
of the natives and their employment as laborers.*
23
At the Channel presidio of Santa Barbara the f )rce
maintained was from fifty to fifty-four j)rivates, two
cor])orals, two or three sergeants, an allerez, and a
lieutenant. Of this force fifteen men at first ;ind
later ten were stationed at San Buenaventura, filteiii
at Burisima, and from three to six at Santa Barbara
after those missions were founded, and two generallv
at Los Angeles. The so-called white population of this
presidial district was about tw-o hundred and twenty,
or three hundred and sixtv with Los Anixcles."''
Lieutenant Jose Francisco Ortega, the original
conmiandant, retained his position together with that
of habilitado, until Januar}^ 1784, when he was sent
to the peninsula frontier and Lieutenant Felipe d(!
Goycoechea came up to take his ])lacc, which he held
until 1804, Ortega was removed by the general at
the request of Soler, who alone fnmd fiult with the
lieutenant, and who as we know was a chronic t'aulf-
finder. Soler subsequently complained of the new
commandant's lack oF a])plication, and wished to put
in the place Zuhiga with a stupid habilitad'- ov Ortega
"^ Fil'ics, IilKlnicrioil piirad riiho (Ir fit E.-trnllil ihl puchlodp Z(W Aniichs roitio
C'on>i'''iiii"ili> /lor 1 1 ifitili ri:o /xtrd iliriijir al nlvnhfc ;/ li Iok rciiiiiuri-f, J !:'i \ MS.
-"The ^-ilulil Liirlijirii .s7/»(f/a liy tlio rc^'laniciito \viis.Vl4,-17-; iivirn'^c jiay-
roll, .^? I. "i, Til 111; iivi'i-ii/'.o j^fmo/vV/-.' (if sii]ipl;eH, .vl -J, ")()(); .'ivi'i'a'.ro iota] ci liabiii-
tach/.'i iiL'fiiiuits, .sj(i,000, (if which aimiit .V((,(!()i) was ii halanco of irdi^dsim
liaiid ; j'liiii/o (/(■ iir(ilill<'rtrioiiy .SJ,(I()(>, and j'oiiilo (h' irlmr'ioii, .Si, (;;;;( in 17S4;
/'iiiiilixli' '(iinUiilosnwd Mmifi jiio, .S'4'i7 in ITf'-. C'('Miiianvacc(ji:n;s in /'nn: <V.
'P'lp., Pnsii/lus, MS., i. -J, !)0; J'r<,r. ,SV. Pn/)., JJ,,.. J//"/., MS., ii. I, N, •JO-'.',
.'{S-!); iii. 18; iv. 'J'2; \i. Ii; viii. 115: ix. I?. 4; xiv. (i, ?. luvcntiiiicH of .•iinia-
inont in Pror. St. Pap., .MS., v. l)(i-!l; vii. 8(i: Sf. Pap., Sac, 3IS., i. (!, 7-
A list of inhaliitants ^\ith fanulics, ago, etc., showiiij,' ((7 male heads of fami-
lies, dated Dee. 31, 17S.">, in Si. Pap., J//.«., MS., i. 4-1).
SANTA BARBARA RRESIDIO.
463
witli ail able one, but Fatj^cs could not spare Zuuiga
iVoiii San Diej^o. In 178G, however, in consequence
of the vacancy caused bv the death of jNIoraiJi'a at San
]''rancis('o, the governor ofibred Ortega liis clioice of
the prooidios, and he at first chose Santa ixirbara, l)nt
iiually took connnand of Monterey. J(»se Argiiello
was company alferez from the l)egimiiiig down to
7\.pril 1787, when he was promoted to the command
of San Francisco, leaving a vacancy not iilled until
after 1790. The sergeants wcr(3 l*ahlo Antonio ( 'ota
and Ignacio 01i\x>ra, with Ilaimundi; Carrillo alter
1781,^' p<jrhaps from 1783.
Work on the presidio buildings m.is pushed for-
ward, in the Iiispano-( 'alil'oinian sensc^, tliioughout
tlie [)eriod, and tlie couunandant's connnunications to
I'ages t>n ])lans antl ])rogress, on delays and accidents,
ou the making of adobes and tiles or llio ix'ci'iiit of
l)cams, on laborers and their wagi's. and on other
matters connected with the structine wore very nu-
nici-ous.''^ Tile buikling material was ehieily adobe,
though moi'tar, or cement, was used in some build-
ings, and the outer or main wall st(X)d on a I'ounda-
linn of stone. Koofs \\v\\i for the most ])art of tiles,
su[)})()rted by timbers which were brouglit down by
the transports from the north. The laboifi-s were
■'"Ortiv'ii fippointcil oomnianiliint of Sta. B:iil)ina Sept. S, )7SI. Prni\ St.
Pdji., J'n niili.g, ^l.S., i. 1, 2. Ortcfra rciiKivcd I'ur iiii.'iii;i])i tciuy, not luicU'r-
stamliu;; liin own accounts. Solcr, .lunc 7, 17>7, ia J',(ii'. ^'. Pup., ^lS., vii.
ll."i. (/■.•ii"'a !Ui(l (loj'cofi'hca onki'i'il to clian^i' jilaccs. Solcr to 1 a;.;cs, May
I I. 17'ii!, in Pror. Pic, MS., iv. 1"_'()-1, l.'i'J. (ioycoic'u'.-i'.s coiniiiissinii .sent to
liiia .).i:i. 17, I7'''.>. Id., i\\. .").">. (loycccchca airixcil at San Dic;;o cii route
iiorlli Aui;. '1\, \',^'.\. Pi-ar. Sf. Pn/i., MS., iv. ~s. Ortc'ja jravu up coniniaml
J:iii. lV), i7;'4. Pror. Pre, M.S., i. Iti-J; ij. 4, Oi't.-.ca. thanks l'ii,:"u for oll'i r
of any JMcridio. ainl sclcct.-i Santa IJarliara .Tun. .">, 1';..7. i'rat'. St. J'n/i., MS.,
vii. ]i.i. S('l i-'s oon!]il:niit.s a;,'aiust ( Idycocclita and su ;;;c;.;io:i of c!i.'in;.'cs
Marcli and June, 17S7. J'l., 1I4-I.">, l.S."). Ar.iiiiillo lift f.-r Man Fi-.uici.-jco in
A]i!il, I7l>7. 'llure «as souio coi'rcsjiondoncc Jilioiitt loycocclica ^iviuLC u[> the
/('/W '('.;.</(. I,/., .")!>, (17. V'::ai'tc to I'agcs Oct. "2."), ]'i'o~, Tlu; viceroy will
lill t'.io vacant jilace of a!f( re/.. LL, I! I. llcrnK ue.jiklo Sal \v;* one of the
S(>rj!i':nts at the foundation l)ut left thi^ company vciy soon. /'/•'/('. St. Pu;i.,
lill. .!/■/'., MS. It would si'rvc no useful purjiosc to ref<r here to th'' liiui-
d reds of company rostcn-i^ and isiinilar ilocunient;-; se:it^ered through dillcrint
archives an<l v,hieh have aH'oi'dcd nie inueh infornuriinn.
*'/VoA .SV. /V(/>., MS., iv. 14:! -44: v. l.V>. 107: vi. 4S, ."H), .V), ol), (jj-;}, li>;,
72; vii. *i, 7; viii. 00, 114; ix. lOS, 1(JS, 17.!; xii. <k» I.
s
l-i
i
i.jij
'.. ki.
W
rrifiiin
\ i
4(U
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
tlic solJiors tliomsclv^es, some tliirtv sailor^^ ()1)t;iiiiod
jit (lifibrt.'iit times I'roin the San IJIas vessels, and na-
tives who were paid (or their v/oi-lc in wlieat. The
soldiers and ollieijrs eontrihuted id)Out -s 1,200 for tJie
work fi'oni 178G to 171)0, an amount wdiieh seems
however to have been returned to them later as ,1
17
18< >18
-a 1-
1:
i 1 9
-+■
..3-.
PLAZA
auo I'lL't Scjuare
3--
3-.
3-.
3.-
3
t3"T
ZT
nn
14
E]
19
16
I'l-AN oi' Santa 1'.aui!ai;a I'ur.siDio, I7S8.
ij-ratultv. TIkj ht'st description of \\\q result is the
annexed plauwhicii was sent hv ( Joyeoeehea to i^ aj4'es
in September ITTS. At that time the western line of
JKmses vrere not roolt'd and Vav outtT walls were net
vet he-^'un; hr.t heibre tlie end of 171)0 at least three
sides of l!ie main wall had been built."^ Idle natives
•■'■'L eliii'f ciilviiiu'.^. !•_' ft.; '1, stoivlioiiscs, Ki x (U ft.; .'?. IS finiiily lii'tises.
1.', X 21 ft.; -1, lalsf .l.ui', r.jufc.l. i) tt.; .">, .•lunvli JixOOfi.; (i, .•^acllsty, 12 x
EVENTS AT SANTA KALBAKA.
4C5
n> liiied ]a1)orcrs worked well, ;iii(l the ti,rain raisod at
tlir I'lX'sidio to 1)0 dealt out in waives was so ahundaiit
that in 1785 orders came IVoiu tiie "general not to sow
any that ycar.^^
The diseovery of a so-calI('(l volcano in 17S4 was
the source of some locad cKcitement, and was duly
icjioi'led to Mexico and Ariz[)e. Tlu,' volcano was ii
Ica^^'ue and a half west of tlu' presidio ;it a heud or
hreak in the shore line, and ahout a thousand \aras
in circumference. The _L;')"ound was so hot that the
ceiitre could not be approacln^d ; lire issued from thirty
difrcrent ])laces with a strong' iume of suljihur: and
the heat el' the rocks caused the water to boil wlicu
the s})ot was ct)vered at ]ii'.;h tidt;. There was no
crater })roper, or ratluu- it was covered up with frng-
nicnts of rock and with ashes. Fauces went in person
to examine the sul])hur<'us phenomenon and learncil
from tlu> natives that the volcano had been long iu
operation.'^
I'he alioiiofines in this district i^'ave the Si^aniards
veiy little trouble beyond the occasional thcil of a
cow or sheep from the mission herds, engagin.u' in
liostilities among themselves, or rarely committini^
outrages on neophytes which called for Spanish inter-
ference. In Aun'ust 1790 Sei'u'eant Olivera with ei<>dit
men went in search of an Indian deserter, and were
instructed also to prospect for mines. While tlie force
was scattered somc^what in the search for mino'als,
tlu^y were attacked by a large numl)er of Indians
of the Teno(|ui raucheria and di'iven away with
the loss of tv,o soldiers killed, Espinosa and ( ar-
lon. Goycoechea' was blamed by Fages for having
l."> ft.: 7, alf^'rcz' suite, 3 rooms; S, cnninuiinlaiit's suite, 4 rooms; 0, 1.") fjiniily
liiiiisi-;, l."»x"J7ft.; !() cliuiiliiin's '2 riiiiiiis; i I , sci-L'i'uut'.s liou.se, 10 .\ l.'i it.;
I'-', (iViiii tei'S and guard lonui; \'A, coiTals, kitclu'ii, ami ilisj:(iifi i of alter, x;
14, eoriiils, kituliLii, and i/i.i/iriis'i of eouiiM.iii'iauv; I"), cliaplain'.s eoiral; 10,
wosteru liastion; 17, eastern Iw.stinii; l.s, eoirals.
^■'/V../-. St. Pfip., MS., V. 1.M4: J'n.,'. U,<\, MS., j. 171, ]-,-,. In lVs7,
liowi ver, the wheat erop V as destroyed liy rain ami !^uo\^■, whieli rausid Iho
seed to rot. I'ror. SI. I'l'p., MS., \ii. (».').
^'Pnr. I!,:, M.S., i. l,si; ii. ni)-2U; SI. I'kjk, Sac, MS., .\v. 10.
UiBT. Cal., Vol. I. 30
■i.'- !
^!r
n f
I i
4UG
L(JCAL i;Vi:XT,S AND STATISTICS.
cn,ii:;!,n-o<l ill iniiiinn- ojjcratioiis at the risk of his s<;]-
(;it'i>
l\-i.';S.'-'
At Sail Ilucnavciitura, tlio soutlienunost of the
CJiaiiiicl laissioiis, ]JiniK-tz and Santa .Maria, tlie iirst
regular ministers, served wilh much zeal and success
t!irniioli()ut tjie decade, increasing the list ()rii('(.j)liytes
I'rom -l-l to ;J8S, hapti/.ing .t'JS, and losing 1 1 5 hv dJaHi.
Large stock inci-eased from 1U;J to DGI ; small stock
li'om 44 to 1,50:]; and the crops of I7;)0 wwva over
0,000 hiishels. The surrounding geni ill's werealwavs
iriendlv, hut on account of their large niiml)ers'a
larger guard was stationed there tliaii at other mis-
sions, la men at lirst, and later only 10. Sergeant
I'ahlo Antonio ('(4a commanded until the end of '7 ;\ss,
wli.'M on complaint (.f (lu' padres Sergeant llahuundo
Carillo vvas [)ut in his j^ace.'^^
The missions of Santa IMi'bara and Puri'sima, he-
longing to this military distiM(4, as new estahlishmcnts
have been disposed of in the preceding chaptei-.
The regulation calJed Inr a ])residial force at
llonterey (4:' lii'ty-two men under a lieutenant and
_ ■■■■*( loycocclica to Fngos, S<p(. 2. I7!)a, in Pr. i: Si.P,!,,., 'kn J/,7 MS
IX. (;-;.; lagoa to Koiiicii, in Pmv. SI. J'a/,., .MS., .x. ].;<. Sept. 17 ' l7S;i'
At^tiick on Coiicjo iiiul Eocorpion liinihei ias, wlio ]i;ivo stolcu uattle, to l,o
dc.fciTc.l J'r<.r. Per., .AIS., i,i. Kit). In.lum ( iiptuu (Inc,. hijlr.l by c^iiitain
ot_.si',|::hiyo.;i!i r;uiLlHTi;i iind oUior.s Mav '27, I7;i.'.. l\or. St. J',//,.', MS v
'■.'V. ''l"-Y •''''' i;"iii'iH'opIiytrs lleil iind witli pa-un.i a'chickcl a, ram-lic'iia
r ,"'';.■; "' '■'■'''''"^'"» *"'"• ""-■ Ivil!i'l-nf l;! „f thrlv kinsiurn. J /., vii. 'J'
.Inly 2nh, liayanofi have ki'lcl some cattlo at An-cfe, l.ut MVkncs.s in tli.^
lyuipaiiy pi'cvwiw cIia.nisfniL'at at pivdont. /-/., G:.<. Oct. ;k)t!i,AV:icii i.icut
(.om.a,o;c i>a«:.;.c,l tlir,>ngh Kapaili ranrla-ria a woman wis cut in picxv.s m-
porliaps m «cv( ral piiMTS-fm' ixfasing to yiel.l to the wi-^hcs of u ,sol,licr. / / ,
,y)-f, .)!. In August 1 ,s7 (]„,,, ^a.s an cxpudiiion to punish i.a-ana lor out-
rages on i.eophytcH. Several arre.sts were nu-le an.l .onio fngii'ixv, '.rmfht
u\. Jhe Uua!iu,is:it ranehena was the priueiiiul one involved. I>1., 7(i-7
Jan. l,)vS, Seiv.-t. ( ota went to the Ta.'hieo^ raneheria, in the mountains to
eaten a neophyte tliiet, hut was atttieke.l and liad to kill {$ and woun.l S. J,l
MM. i-;{. . '
■■"I'agcs in Ids report of 17S7 refers to San Ihieiiaventui'a: as havin.r
iiuu.e very satisfaetoiy progress in e.ll respects except e,at the church i- a very
poor al.an'. ,y A;/.. !//,«, .,„,/ (<o/o,>., MS., i. I;i:U-,. Seven huu.scs for
ianidies completed by May J-J, I7SS. Pror. Sf. Pap., MS., viii.. lo!) jiivciii
replaced by ( ,mllo, (Jet. 178S. £,/. US. 122. See S. Uu-,uu-a,tara, Lib. de
Mtsioii, M.S., tor names of soldiers, chUdn e, etc.
ANNALS OF MONTERF.V.
•u\-
.-iHrrcz, and tlie imiulttT duriii'j; llii.s (K'cacK' iicvt'i' it !l
l/c]()\v iil'ty,tli()U^li, iiiflu(liii_n' invalids, it wasHoiiU'tiiiu's
as Iii_i4li as sixty-two; and tlieiv were, besides, a surncnii
I two or llu'ce meohaulcs. A uuard of six nitii
aiH
w as
San
];('[)t at each of the three iiiissidns of San Carl
(),-
A I it
OHIO, an(
I Si
m
jUIS
01
)1S1)(I
aiK
I i
our men
were rurnislied for San tFose pueMo Ijeyond the limits
ol' the district, wliidi had in l"l)() ;i })(>|)ulali(in of"
ite d
e razon nunihennu:
tw.. 1
nindred
At 11
ic same
time the presidio herds numlxn'ed I'our thousand head
of live-stuck tj;Meat and small. ^'
Lieutenant Diego (ion/alez, like Zuhii^u one of tli.'
n''\v ofHcei's who came under the re^'ulation ol' 1781,
was connnandant until July 1785, when he was sent
to San Francisco. The connnandant at ^lonterey
] laved a less prominent ])art in history, er at least in
(Is. h
llic records, oy reason or tlie goN'eruors presence, an
1
Ltle is known of (jlou/.alez' acts here save that he
v.as arrested at the ^•o\-ernoi-'s orders for insuhordiua-
tion, i;'aml)lin^', and snuin^ijlini^'; but we shall hear of
him au'Min. The aherez o[' the
comi)anv
P
ane
I al-
:0
]i;l:ilitado, was 1 [ernieneu'ildo Sal, who had come t^
(
lUori
nia as a private with Anza in 1770. Sal I
jecami
•ling connnandant on tlie departure of ( Joiizale/, and
■Id that j)osition until 17S7. He would probably
:ive
'I
itth
i<! command had it not been
Ibrh
us (piarri'
ah'i'ady alluded to witli ('aj)tain Solci', wliosc ill-will
mcui
red and who claimed to ha\(! diseowi'cil
serious deiicit in his aecounts. It was in August I7.'';7
tiiat the charge was made, and Sal was [)laced undi r
ni'i'est by order of the governor, his pro[)erty being
ii'itached and two thirds of his ]>ay be'ing kej)t baelv
at llrst, and later all but two reals per day. ('orre-
s[»ondence on this uiatter was (piite extensive,'"'* and
=• Sihimlo !il!o\vc:l l>y r<\','lamL'iit:<), 817, 7!'-; p.-iy-idll, about §13,000; totiil
I'f li;il)ilita(lo"H yearly accounts, s.'(."),U;)(). Cniiijiaiiy accounts in A it fi. <'"/.,
li:is iui.
^- Letters (if Sal, Solcr, ami I'a,'.'. s in I'mv. ,s7. /',>/,.. MS., vii. (;n 1
'II
I.I. i;:i, 1()7-S; viii. 41 -J, :A-.'>; ix. 110 I: .x. Hi.' :i; J'ror. S/. J'u^'., L"','.
:jtt., MS., X. 10, 11; iii. !»; I'ror. Ike, MS., i. ;{;i-l.
"
tt I
i;
4r)S
I.OrAL F,V i:\TS AND STA'llS'rrCS.
sliowM tliat tlinuu'li Sal M'us ])f'rs()iii»lly soincwlial
iii\t»lvf(l ill (l(.'l)t, the cliai'LTt! <»t' dctalcatioM in
(•nil •
licet ion With till' coiiipany accounts was nuloiiiHlcd,
Instead of owiii^f the (:()in[)any S;'), ()()(), the coinpaiiy
owed liini ahout SOOO, It re(|uired three years to set
Doll lleriueiioi»'ildo ri^litjand in ilw mean time Ortega,
wlioin it had been intended to restore to his old |iic-
sidio of Santa ]>;irhara, came to take the C(»niniaii(l
and the olHee of hahilitado at ^Monterey instead, iVoiu
Sc|)lemher 1787."" The serij^caiit of the company w.is
Mariano A^-rdu^o until 17S7, succeeded l)y jMaiuul
A'ai'^-as. "^I'lie surj^eou was Jose Davila.'"
])ey()n(l matters comiccti'd with the L^'ovcriuneiit,
Avith the visit of J^a IV'rouse, and with otiier cwnts
of oeneral interest recorded in jirecedinu^ chajiters
thei'e is nothing' to he said of this presidio excejit to
note a conilanration that occurred Aui^ust II, I7M».
^\i firing' a salute to the Sail Carlos on her nrri\;d in
])ort the wad of the cannon s(.'t lire to tlu; tule roofini;',
and ahout one half of the huildinns within the ,s(|uarc
were destroyed. Ile[)airs were i'ar atlvanced hy the
end of 17yO>
3 !'
1^1
P(;
At the three luissions of this presidial district, San
Carlos, San .Vntonio, and San Luis Obispo, there is
nothinu: in the way of local events to bo noted duriir^'
the period covered by this cha[)ter; but the statistics
""OrtcL.','! pivn lip his onmmniul on tlio fi'oiitiur to Gonzalez M;iy .'M. left
San Mi;,'iR'l in May, w as at San Dif^'o on .Tuni^ ."itli, arrivcil ah Santa 15;irliaia
,)inii' "JTlli, ami started north Aiil:. "-'Lst. J'rar. Sf. I'<i]<., MS., vii. 71, 7(i, 7 v
Si, !().■)(). At'tur his accounts AVi'iv si'ttluil S,il iliil not ivsuni(^ tlu; \^\;\w. of
hahilitado at Monterey, l)iit was sent to San Francisco in April 17(H, Ar,L;iie!lo
coniinL,' to tiic cajiital.
'"Surgeon D.ivila came to San l^iego in .Fuly 1771 and to Jlontereyiii
Doccniber. As early as 17S1 < !ov. Xevc favored grantiiiL; liis jwtition for lea\ e
to quit tlio coiuitry as heing iuconipetont and cajitioiis. Pror. lire, MS., ii.
(iS. The exact date of liis departure does not jippear. hut it was before Deec in
her 17S;!. Pnn\ Si. J'aji.. MS., v. .")7-S. I)fivil;i"s liist wife, Joscfa (^^arhajal.
died at San Francisco in Xovenihcr 1780. San Firiiiri.-'ro, L'lh. dv MUhni. MS..
I'J, i;[, and in .Tanuary 17S'_' ho married Maria Fncarnaoion Castro, a daughti r
of Isidoro Casti'o, Sin. Clnfd, Li/i. Ic Mis'oii, MS., 40,
■^ /'ror.S/. /','/)., MS., i.x. I, -J: X. Klil: xiii. l!tl; xxii. 87; /'I., n,)i. MU.,
i. II. 'I'Ik! old presidio chapel stood in the middle of the square, and April 14,
17MI, Fagcs had ordci'ed adobes made fur a new one.
MISSIONrS or .MON'Tl'-llFA' DISTRICT.
■ji;!)
as <j:
r..ih
ivcii ill coinun'tiiiii mIIU otlit-r missions ai'o jis
»\vs: At Siui (Mrlos .luiiiiitri) Sci'ni mikI Matias
1(! Santa Cataiiiia v X<>ri('n'a scrM'd until
AnlDhio <
Au'^iist I7.SI, when till' lonnri- lia\iiiL;'(
,S('1'\('<I
Oct.
I .■^/
I »Sl'
raiila Soi'i-iii iVoui that liinc oii, liuvini;- 1. ascu
li.'.l,
1
h.' latl.T
I'aiicisi'ii (iii
M
ir
tint'/ dr Ari'iia/a as associalf iVoni !7S'.), ami Lasiu-ii
as president IVdui I7'.)(). The iViars nanicd wciv tliL-
liar luinistiTs so lai as tlif records show, hiitol licr
irsis ari'ivm''' l»v sua, li'oni oau
lili
IS oi' coiiinin' m
Iron
I (jthcr missions ot'ton spent .some hnie here
>()
thai there were neai'ly ahvjiys two and ollen niorr.
At San Antonio d<! IMdna the foimdi'rs ol' 1771,
Mi^-nel IMeras ;ind l>uena\'ent ui'a. Sitjar, serv.d
Ihi'oU'^ho
.!iv
ut this (ku.-ade, liaA in'-' at its close 1 ,0/ ('. n.'o-
!rs nndcr their cliar^'e — th(Jar^•est nnssioii comi-
iiiiinity in Calil'ornia." At San Luis ( )I.Isi)o .hV^
C.valier served continuously lV<>m the loundution in
to liis death on Decemher i), I7s;).
ILi
to was Antonio Paterna until J)ecenil)er i
when he wen
t to found Santa 'IVirhara, and ^lli^^uel
Ciri
bet
came m
1)
ecem
her I
]
>etwe(
I hiid that ^^•ulstino S(jla, liad cliari;'
II the two
the mission
■ Mati;is Aiit'iiiii
Smita Ciitariiia (written also Catharina and Catatiiia)
\
. .()rii.'.i,'a, who w.ms lirst known liy tliv naiuo N.jtie,'-'a. c'aniioii)aHoiiiqiUun on
tlu transport of ITTH, ami tooli Canilion'ii jilaio at San I
\h
I thoro until IT^Sl, and tlii;n served at San Curl
til n
WlicU lio
dtolr
ncroa'fc o
!lo-c.
f
1
larLto stock, (JJS to 1 .
converts its;! to 17!i:>, HI t to T.'i.")-. bapti.sms, 0:!',l: deatlis
I'fcs 111 his I'L'iicral rcpor
iS; :^nia
1
U Sti)
U:> to l.'J(i;{. ('ropsin ]7!i:>.
Mlihli'll I
iiiii.a'.ity. (Vop;
a pt wt 1)0011 foni
liaiiucs of heat aii'l colil
have Mceii ,u'oo(
rt of I7S7 alludes to tiio eliinato with its
tiling to i\(> with till' Lrreat
n'cmrut.s for irri.ijatiuu liavo
IS havuiL' .SOllK
plot
CI I
,S7. /'
/;».,
1, t!
Mi
louuli arraii
v. 'ni(
y\^
iicrcaso in ncop
■12.) Ui
lylcs, .'iS.') to 1.071!; baptis
i:!IM!).
IcatliM, :i
,-J.._'; sma
11 St.
a','os says
il is lolcialilv
4(!i!to I.flS4; oroiisin l7lli>oiiIy Klol) Imslicl
id tl
loujili irriLf-i
tioii is dillicnlt,
1 t!
lia I tl
lias raised onoil.uli for In r o vn use aiulastiri)lus for sale San Ant'
best eiiiirch in (.'alifoiiiia cxci'ptin^, pcrliaiis, Santa Clara. .SV. /'(
Cavalier
i. MS., 1 1"
native of till! town
.f 1"
■t ill C'atald
11.
ft
le collc^'o in Mi'xieo ill October 177v>. sailed from San litis in .lauuary 1771,
•aelu'd iSaii Ui.-'o in Man^li and Monterey in May, reniaiuiiiL; there .'n siqier-
iiinuerj'.vy tin
til 1
le, W'elit to loan
jaiis in Sept. I77-. liis remains
led in the mission cliurcii, and he left tlie re]mtation of a zealous and
oflll
iinssioiiai
y. ,S'. L
l)iK. SadluK, M.>.
Hl-i OhlDpO^
Lih. dr Mi
MS., :1S; autoL;rapli in -V
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
.„. ^ ■■•" <ie Jf^
y.
t/j
&
%
1.0
I.I
11-25 llu
25
1.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
k
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(7)6) 872-4503
^
^
4^
4^A
%> ^^
£.
!
I :
470
LOCAL F-VEXTS A\D STATISTICS.
for a few months, but am unable to completely fill the
A'acancy even with one padre.*"
Lieutenant Jose jMoraijfa was commandant and
habilitado of San Francisco until his death, wliich
occurred on July 13, 178;"),''' from which date (;!(>n-
zalez, transferred from Monterey, became comm;ui-
dant for two years, and Jose llamon Lasso dc l;t,
Ve;;^a, the alferez, served as habilitado. Duriiii^^ lh<'
two years tliei'c was troubh; with both these ollicials.
]]efore leavin^,^ ^Monterey (lonzalez had once bt-i'n ])Ut
under arrest for insubordination, <.^amblini,% failiiiL,^ t*
prevent i^amblinL'', nnd f)r tradiui^ with the jL^alleuii.
At San Francisco his irre^'uLu" conduct contiiuied in
spite of warninufs and re-arrest; and in 1787 the gov-
ernor was obliu'ed to send him to the frontier, lie
never returned to California.''^
^"Increase iu lu^opliytc's, 4!»2 to QO't; baptisms, ■'{Hi; deaths, I.^D; larm'
Btock, SI.") to;{,81(); .small stoi-k, IXiO to .S,?.'."); crops for M'J'K '2..'A\i Inisiicis.
^Vallt of water was tiie eliief lU'awliaek at'coiiliiig to Fai^e.s' report.
orau'a, or aa lie alwaj.i siL'Util liis name, .Josseph
mil what has heeii t ild in tlio text, lli^ eaniu
eommaiiilaiit of San rraiieisco from the lirst,
I tlio piielilo of Sail .lose. lie
Ih
' Of J,
>a(iuiit
M
Mora.U'a,' little is known h
Wltll
Anzii in 177<
I /<>, an
foiiudin,!,' the presidio
was t,'odfatheiof the h
wo missions, am
[iliyto at Sail r raneisro, whorereived hi4 name
d he was secular spousiir at thi- la\ Iml; of t!ie eonier-stoiie of the iid^si iii
elmnh still standiiiLT, as also at the dedieati(»n of the Santa <'i.;ra ehiiiili.
is \\it'o was
record as an otlieer was au h
il.r>'
ud stainless (m
11
■1 I'
de L
oil y l>ai(i'l(
I, who died iu Oetoher ls;»,Saiiil
was 111 rem
d
Hi
Man;
in Ui<
II.' Iiiiiiii'it a son < iahriel to ("dilornia who aflerwards luiaaio Ji lieutenant,
ii hiiiious liulian lighter, .nnd the auctstiT of a family still miiviv iiig. !)• ii
m Fiaiieiseo eeineterv. her hush,
reiiiMiiH resting iu tiie <hiiieh.
ise s nieee
.Mil
I.
a, was the \\ ife of .)i
idK
Tl
le eoaimam
is deserihed as having lu'eii .") ft. '2 inein s and J lines iu hci'.
Irit
liat the'o is
ira.on t i saj^iose tiiat tlie /lir i/cl riif ined i.i measuring tliu heightof s ildlers
was longer than the ordinary Spanish foot, which was S per cent shorler tii;;u
our loot.
''"(lonzalez' arrest at Alontercv in Ai
st I7S1. P
/."'<•., MS., i. ISC.
l(t-'-;i: J-
.S7. J'
'/>■
II
MS.
41.
,h
hides to his
iiiiicliii ri ■
II, IT''^!!, ami proposes Argiiello as a sneecssor. I'mr. St. I'
'!>■
M-
vi. i;iS; vii. Ill-Mi. ( ion/alez arrested at Sail Francisco hv La -;so at Sole's
J'
l''el>. 4, ITS?, and sonfc son
ith tl
•t V.
M;
h iSlh. /./., vii. !!• '.I;
A'.
MS., iii. .'ill. Fages tells the stoi'y to his sneecssor, llomeil, Fih.
'Jii, IT^'I. /'''lie. .>V. /'((/)., Ms,, X. ll)2 l{. Oeneral approves measures against
(lon/:de/. J(/., vii. .")(). (loiizalez was liorn ."<, Ceste del Caiiipo in S|)iiii, ami
enlisted as a jirivate at atioiit the age tf 'J(i in IT'i
]1(
e .'•ei'ved it years as ii
]iii\atc, 2 Ills eoi'iioial, lo as si'ig-eant, and a little over one yiiir as iilfi'ie/,
ll;i\iiig seen iniich service in indiaii caiii)iaigiis iu the I'roviiicias Interna-', he
was ladniotid to he lieiitcuaiit ior( tdifoinia service' in I)ecenil)er 177!' //':/" ''''
/'
SI. i\
J!>
Mil., MS.
1-J-lM; iv. K
:i''es .savs el
SAN FRANCISCO OFFICIALS.
471
Lasi=o tli(> ]uil)ilitn(l(> was a stupid fellow, tlioUL;li
ii(itlicr lislioiu'st nor dissipated, always in trouMc
with his accounts, and always ivconinu'iidcd to the
executive cleuiency. J)uring- his iirst hiief term in
1781""J he managed to leave a deficit of ahoiit !^800;
and eaily in 1787 Cajitain Soler discovered a still nioio
Miious and inexcusable del'alcation. I fis usual excusi'.s
of i()]-L;-e{ fulness, stealinijf l»y soldiers and conxicts. and
ihe nieltinLi-away of sugar (huiiii;' tianspojt at ion v. on Id
no
M'^er save
hini:
lie was susncMH
P
ik-d f
roui oincc
placed under arrest, and ohlig'ed to live on twenty-li\ e
ceiit>. a (lav, the rest of his i)av as alferez beinn* reserved
to make up tlu> deficit in his accounts. This state of
thin^^s continued lor over lour ycais, and then, tlu.i
amount havinn" heen in great [)art rej)aid, he was <lis-
missed from the servict;; hut the king suhseipn ntly
!ian
ted!
um retu'enient an(
1 half
iiav
Jose .Vi''ii'
was tak(,'n from Santa iJarhara and proniotetl to h
liim nftcr lie m;is sfiit to the finiitici' 'no ticnc iiaiizcs iii ■■isiciitn. ' ]'n,r. Si.
J'(i/i., MS.. X. I4S. Jll Nov. 17111 the kill!.''.-! ]iC'llllissiiiU Wlis sent to tlio ^'i)\-
rnior t!> I'lit (Iniizalrz on tliu ntii'fd li.-.t. /</., lU. Ilf iitirxl jis inrtdi-ln to
liii^iirio ill Soiioiji, iiiiil Ills iiiinii! Wius (Iroin.id from tlic i iiiii]piiiiy rolls al'tur
.Jim. 1. ITJCi. /'
Hi
MS.
I.-.7.
'On IjiissDs San Franfisco troiilik's .si'c corit.'v]ioniliinc in /'
i. i;!(;~!l; ii
ll-'J; viii.
;): xi,
17!l; .x>
St. P
I.-
MS., vi. !l;!-4; vii. 114 17, l.'l
MS.,
, l-'s.
r
SI. i\
/;.
.)/'/., Ms., Niii. |(».
Ni'|it. Iii, 17">'i, Fa','tM H|)c;iUs of tlii' a]i|iointnii'iit of Script, .lo.s,- 1'
I'Mian-
(Ic/ as iiliVi cz of .S.ui I'laiK
l>iit it
1 not doiii' l)'.'foii' I7'.><>. (In .-anil' <1 iti;
lie oiilcis tiic (klicit iliaij^iil to tlic <oni)iany. .Inly (i, 17s7. Fa,:ji's Manns So|
rr
for not liaviiiu; Ijfin nioro sti-iit lu
,Sol
It J.
cr wi'iit iij) to stiaiuliicii
isso"rt ai'i'oiints, but liiinsclf niailc ii Miiiidi'r, (iroliaMy iii 17>i-. An;.;, '.i.
17^*^, tk(
171»l,(;ov.' i;
111 orilt.'
L
;is.-^u s (li: nil
-sal u
Kll
Uh
lIclKlt IS |)i
d. Dv
I.
!i-'l)('iiil.s liim from rank and jiav. Ijis.so was rommi-'sioni d
iiUVrcz 1-VI). Ii), 17S(). I'n,,:. St. J'a/,., /.'<//. J/-/.. ".MS., iv. I4-I.">. lu I7'.i()li
was.'!! vuars
mil i-inuk'. St. J'
,l/(.sy., .MS., i. S4. tlioii.-li li- had waliti d
to iiiari'v in 17iSl. and (lov. Nivu had ln'c n ordcrfd to dismiss liim froiii tli
sirviii' I
f lie Jll
<Ui\ in kit infi'iitioii. /'
/.'i
MS.,
.s4. Al
\~>U in tliO midst of his (nmlilfs l.c w i.-lnd to take a v ifc, ln.t his |i(lition U
dl-vL
nil was n fnsid. Arr/i. Slu. llirin
.MS., xii. ;Hi4 .".. 'J'!n'ro\.d
oMJur (if ritirciiiiint was forwaidtd hy tiic vicrioy, aiijilitd lor in 17!I4, vitTioy
to F
/'
.sv. /'.
Am,'. -•4tli. rn.i: St. /'
'/'•
.MS , \i. I7'.i, Ai.iil II, I7'.i-'. and 1)V tiieyovcrnor
MS.
Xlll.
KI.V, I'rur. /.'.
M.S.
V. C
d A.
'I'V.i (in; ;,'o\»'rnor writes to Anilla".a 'our | oor Lasso has rcciivnl lii;i n linnieiit
Wltll
hah-
A'l
pay as alien/, as jietitioiiid hy you, for v liieli may ( Jod re wan
\
Iv.
Jiarte
(If c.Hiiiiun
- /'
;v !. 'II
,sv. /
loiiL'h 'i|Uiso i,i natiirali z 1 ne'.'aile una pieei ■.•i
"/•
MS.. \ii. Ill — vet hvl'irlh levas eiili-
111 il to I'e called '1*( n.' ] K' Was of ,S|aiii.--li Mood and a lalive i f t hiliiialiil:'
It
v,a;i iii-liool-master ut San .Iom' in 1 ,
.1 (), as
to ]iay a lial;
inei' .siill <lu(
y
y.'i
.MS.
lat.
Al
d
!!•, Ii
diid Nov. :,(). IN.'I,
at the aire of 04, heiiiL; buried at San liafael. Anh. Mi
MS.
1. 'JO.').
Ml
it
472
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
lioiitonant from June 17.S7, takinijf diarn'i' at tlio same
time of the accounts.'"' Juan PaI)lo (;liljalva was tln'
(•omj)aiiy',s ser^'caut until 17s7, when he was sent as
alfei'cz to San Diego, and IV'di'o Amador was promoted
to ill I his ]»lace.
Tlu- prcsidial force was thirty-four men besides tlic
officers, from liftcen to twenty of whom served in the
{^•arrison wliile the rest did iruard duty at the mission,
at Santa Clara, and at San Jose. With their families
they amounted to a ])oi)ulation of ahout one hunch'ed
and thii'ty. Oi the })residio l)uildini;s there is noth-
in*'' to Ite said l)evond the fact that from want of tini-
ber, bad (juality of adobes, and lack of skilful workmen
no permanent ]»ro!^ress was made during' the decade.
Some ])ortion of tin; walls was generally in ruins, and
the solchers in sonn; cases had to erect the old-fash-
ioned palisa(k' structures to shelter their families.'^
Local events as n-corcU-d were neither numerous n<ir
very exi-itini*'. The natives gave no trctnble save by
tlie raiv thel't of a horse or cow, for which ojleuc^e
tl
lev we
re chastised once or twic(> in 17S.">: and
17yG neo})hytcs were arrested and Hogged for ra\a
among the soldiers' cattk'.^
Tl'S
Tl
lese ca
ttle 1
)eeame so
numeious as to be troublesome, and slaughter was
begun as early as 1784 to I'cduce the nundtcr to eight
or nine hundrt'd.''^ Ca)>tain Soler complained nuich
of the bad climate of the place, and even advocated,
IS We Jia\'e sei.
n, its abandonment; but in tl
le e\'es ol
higher oiiicials the importance of the location on San
F]an<isco l>ay, and the duty of protecting the mission,
outweighed the peculiarities of the })eninsula climate.'*
•''" Af^'ii<llo'.s f()!iiinif:si(iiMViis forNMUik'd liy tlu; gdiciiil ]V1). !l, 17^7. /'ri>r.
,S7. /'<!/,.. MS., vii. 4.'.. ]lc left Siiiitii Jliirlliira Aio-il l-_'th. Id., 07. Tn,,k
I
loississiiiii (if oilici' .'it Situ l'"riiiKis(.() .(iiiic I'Jtli
/'roi'. St. J'(ii>., MS., X. )(i(i: xi. .".:{. lit .1;
prcsiilio was lildv. ii d iwii in a jinle. J(L, v. U'.t.
'y
I7si t
ic ruilR'l' o:
f til.
'Scix'i
r. S/. I\
'I'
M
.•>.. IV
•Jl, .S(l; /'
iis., ii. i:u.
iiut Urijiilvji liail ipVci- ."lO li(a<l, .mikI was (irdcicd U> loiiiovi' tlio sur-
plus \\ liLit' liny wiiiild not inti'itVri' v itli tlic niissinn luids. J'n.r. y.'c., MS.
1. 17^1, If^I. .lanuar.N "J.'i, 17^S, l'a,:;<s savs tliat lii'Mdl siiid nun to Imild
(•(inal at San Malio and tluic to /.'atliiT sfoek llom Sun Jliuno to SiUitii Clalii
it' jasti
61
' ^'I'dWs staiic. /'/., iii. 10.
I'iul: at. I'ui'., MS., vii. 117; v. 4, 5.
AFFAIK.S AT SAN FRANCISCO.
473
Tlirrc was some trouble about tlio ]ioi-(<irnianco of a
< liaplaiu's duties at the presidio, and i'oi- over two
vears the soldiers heard no mass unless at tlic mis-
n; hut in Fe'jruary a chapel was comi'li'letl, after
which time the friars madi; occasional visit:
Sau
I'i.'incisco was honored hy scvei'al visits from tlu; gov-
cnioi', and in Au^'ust 1784 was the hirthplaci; of his
dau!j;hter,'''*' A sailor from the Pn'nccsa, who had
scr\ed out his time, remained at San Francisco in
17h4, intending to establish a school; but it does not
iijijiear that he succeedc.'d.'^'
The mi.>si<')n ol'San Francisco in respect of neophytes
wa-i the smallest of the old establishments, havini^
increased in llie ei^ht years from 21.") to 4."5H. ]]ap-
ti.-iii.s had been a.j I, and deaths 203. '"^ T\ui inci"<'asc
of herds was, of lai^u stock from 554 to 2,000, mill of
small from 2S4 to 1,700. Notwithstanding' the small
aiea and barren nature of the soil, which, as Fan"es
States in his |i>"eneral re})ort, had yielded but Muail
cr(»ps, wetind that the yield in 171)0 was ;.),700 bushels,
excelled by only four in the list of missions. ]t ap-
pears, however, that the 8:>winu^ Mas done mostly
at a s[)ot ten or twelve miles distant down the penin-
sula.'''
In the ministry Pedro Benito Cambon, the foundei',
sci'vc'd thi'ouj^'hout the whole ])(.'riod; and l''i'aiieisco
I'alou, also a founder, until 1785, when he I'ctired to
his colh'ge at a ri[)e old age."" Miguel (jiiribeL waa
•J'rrr. St. Pap., :MS., vii. 0!); Prov. ItiC, MS., i. I'Ji
',S'. J'niii'inco, Lih. (/(> Mialuii, MS., 'JO-1.
•/Vo/'. y.Vf., MS., i. i,s:{.
-ill 17S4 the govfiiior I'uports italsoas having one of the poorest cliurchc:!.
.1/;,
'I'l
.1/;
I'al
'/(/ Ctiloii., MS., i. 14.")-7.
<l ('o/<in., MS., i. 14.^
raniisco I'ahni, s mictinu's written with an acci'ut l',il'>n, Mitlmut any
Ml reason
far a-i 1 1,
now, was h'lin
it I'ahiiii in the Island nf Mai
[niilialily in 17--. Mr I'nyle in liisintiMilui'tinii to tln^ reiiriiit ef /'
(■■■"<, i. iii., iiifer:< that the tlate was
iit I7n»; lint in a Icti
it.il J7S:J,
J.'af. Mdi., iv. (17-8, tiie jiailio ealls liiiiiMlt' (il years (if a:,<'. 'J'akiii..; the
liaMtof San Francisco he entereil the laiiuip;;! convent of the city, ami in
17-i>) liee^iiiie ailisriple of .)niu|ieid Sena. ^\ ith \\ lioni ami with Juan ( 'respi of
til
e same ei:n\eii
Xo'.nnteered f .r l!
t h
Ai
intiacled a lile-loii'_' li ienii;-ln|v
Willi
iK 1 lean inissiuns in
v.).
It
■ \\
(VmI;
August, and luudcd at Vera Cruz in DeceiiiLier. Joininy the college of iSau
!, i -.'
*'
Ui
474
LOCAL EVENTS AXD STATISTICS.
stationed luiv in ITSf)-?; Santia'L^^o in 17Rn-7; S-.jla
and (larcia in 1787-1)0; and Danti iioni 17i)U.
IJcrore Icavinu;- San Francisco 1 present a map wliidi
l)elonL;s to the period under consideration, liein^' ;i,
copy of a Spanish cliai-t pnhlislied in \ai J/erousc's
atlas and ])rol»ably obtained l>y that voyayer at r^Ioii-
torey in 1780.
At Santa Clara Mission the nc>w adobe cliurch was
dedicated on Siuuhiy, ^lay la, 1784, by Serra, J'aloii.
and l\ua, in the presence oC Faires and ]\[oi'a''a, tli.'
Fi'i'iKiiidii, lie \v;iM iitJ.si','iR'(l ti) till! Sicrni ( Innlii iiiissicii'^, wlicri! lie ;i( i\t il fimii
IT'iO to I7"i'.l, H.il(oi'i|n(.'!illy liviii:,' at llic ii)llci,'o for S yiiii-s. Aj>[>iiiiit(il tn
l':ijii( 'alil'd'.iiia hi! ;>riivcil iit Lorclo in A])ril 17*>S, touk t'!iar;;e of Sail iVaiiciscu
.Javior; and in 17t>!t al'.ci' Suii'a'.s ilciiailiii'c for tlic liorili liiraiiio avliii.; jii'f. i-
(Iviit. Ill May )■
lie luirn iii'.iTcil till' iiiissioiiM to tliii l>.iiiiiii
Irani am
80011 jstarteil iiortli, aniviiit' iit San l>ii'oa
it 111
if Au'.i'.ist aii'l at .Ml
t ri'y ill Xovi'iiilii T of tlii! saim: yoar, .sniiling in the lirst aimiial ri'iinrt on tlit-
inii-sioii.-s and ait in;,' as ]ii"sldi'!it until Si rra's ivtnin at tlio lii'^inniiij,' nf
1771. l'"or two yi'aivi ;;iid a half hi! ki'ImmI at Sail ( Vulos, and in .lunu I "(i
vunt to foiinil the San Franc
stahli
L'lltS, 1
lavinif liii'VK
^ly
iti'.l
t!ui ]K'niii.siila twice, in Nov. 1774 and Sc)it. I77(>. His lirst entry in the
mission ri'^iistiTs bens date of An;/. 1(1, 177(1. before the nii.^.sion wai fonii-
Jilly founded, and his h^st was on duly '_'."), I7sri, and not July 'JO, 17Sl, as
J).i
says.
S. J\
l/,h. <lr M)
MS.
'I'
lero IS I'.notuer
entry of .July l.'S, I7N'>. About 17^0, by reason of illdiealth.
sked le
to retire, \vliieli was panted; but wliieh he eould not jirolit by at tiist for
want of tiausporlaf ion, then for want of a mb.stitute, and linally on aceonnt
of new in-triietioiis eoiineeted with the foundation of a eustody; but in 17s;j,
feaiiii;,' by lousier d. lay to be ineapaeitaied for so Ion,' a voya;,'e, he w iiite to
]).in .lose lie (!, he/ to obtain from the k
in
«'f Aim. lo, 17Ji.'f. in lll.-t. M
(Kt. 5. 17^4. and
'/;/., ly. ()7 !•.
iiiL,' new jie'.iiii.-sion to retire,
Letter
t'i:'t Faloii return to his eolh
I eiinespi.nuinu; decree o
Tl
.f tl
result was a royal order of
lieiiii.i of l''tb. IS, 17s"),
le am
A/., Hit. Meaiiwli
l)li
lie Sena i
-t h
lied
17S1 and I'alou aa senior nii^.;ionary was obli;,'id auainst his own wishes to
ill;,' jiresideiit, rcsidiii;,' part of the time at San C.irlos, but eliielly
61 rye as art
il Sa
111 I raiieiseo eie'aL'iil in wri
itili!.' his Life of Sen-
I, nil
til L;
isiieii riceiyiM
!0 ap;i iintiniiit la Sej
t. I7S.'
I'al
on was now frei! to iro, mid sailed, I ;
pose, on llij lar-tfi/d late in .Seiitrmber, which touched at ;-aiita
ivith ii lend of himlicr, /'roc S/. l'']i., .MS., vi. biti, and arriyed at
l!dil);'v;i
oil Noy. 1 1. (/
fVn (/<■
Th
lire i.-i, lioueyer, a i
lillielllty;
or the
rifa torched ut Saiila Jiarbara Oct. 1st, and FaLjes in Monterey wrote on Oct.
3d.
1
^ylolllll;4 thejiailn
l^li
:isant voyaj,'e.
y '/•«(■. Jill-., MS., iii.
'I
lere may
)e an error in one of thef~u dates, or else possibly i'alon departed in the
Manila [ralieoii .'•>'((/( ,ii.,i ' \yliicli touched at Monten y iu Noyember. /'/•..(•. Ihr.
MS., ii.
Burt a V
11. !i.1
li
uiy
e he reaeliei
th
■re on Feb. •_'!, 17s;i. An-h. Sl'>
jS.. xii. '2'.t; and oii.luly 1st was elected L'uatilian. Iil., \\. '.'l t-l •").
Sometime befon: .Ian. \1, I7S7. he ]irisented;i report to the .u'oyii-jiineiit 'U the
Btaio of tiil'airs in t'alii'oi;iia. Id., yiii. .'$:(. Nothiii;; further i-i l;iioy,n of him,
bat he txei.iS to baye In ed only it few years. I think l:e died b. fore I7'.l'*.
The >;iiarili,in in I7'.IS, mentionim,' the death if X'iceroy tlalyex, wliieh occurred
in Xoy. I7>''(>, tay^i that I'alou dieil 'a lilt'e latii,' aiid imi'liisthat it was
before IJomeu's rule which bef.:aii in 171(1*. St. I'nji., ^l.'.w. (iinl Colon,, MS.,
i. 4S. The earlie.'.|, eoiiiiiniiiic.'.tion that I
liayc Keen .'•■,iL;nci
1 b\- his srcce'-
us guar
iliuu is (kited IS'oyeiiiber 17t»-*, thouyli it is of course possible that
SAN FRANTISCO AND VICIXITY.
475
La P^nofSE's M.\i- i>v San Fi:ANcisto.
476
LOCAL KVnXTS AXD STATISTICS.
I'oi'incr scrviii;^ as jxulr'nio, willi all tlio solcinnltics
prc'sci'IlMil li\ tho lilomaii ritual."^
Tlii.-^ •liurcli was the liiu'st yet ercctt'd in Calitnniia;
vi't its (li'vlicatiou was a sad occasion, since uiidcr tin,'
c'llilicc lay tliu liody of its architect and hiiildt r. tin'
l')ii]idcr<»t' tho mission, FatluT A[urL>iiia, who had died
only I'onr days bci'oro, a missionary well beloved and
motirned hy all."" His comi>anion lounder, Toiicis dc
la I'eha, served until 171)4, althouj4'h tlier(> were c'liu-
ilaints a'-ainst him lorcrui'ltv to the neo|ih\les under
h.is chai;;'e.'''' ^lur^uia was succeeded hy J)ie«^<) do
Noboa, and I'l'osideut Lasuen seems to have resided
I'nlou resi'.'iicd. Taylor, Diiroi: ami I-'mntil' ry, ii. Xi>. '_'S, 17I, sjiys In' stems
to linvo (lit'd iil)i)ut IT'Jii. F
villi: lie (if liis Im
Bi;;iiatiii'»' NCI' S. Ai:l<iiihi, Doc. S.iillus. ^JS., 1,'J.
luhviiting wiili aiitDuiiilili
It i
■s cliu ;:y
through liis \viitiiiL'.s, tlic Vida ih: Jimi/.n-o N< /•/•■' inn
Kolir'dx ill' CiiHh ruin, liotli of which have licm iiotic;i
I fnll\
1 t!
li
cliiii(t( r, tli.it I'lilou's fame will live; yet as u liii.ssii)iiary iiud as a man
111 II iiieiHilini;
Ic
(Icsei-yco a very liig'l jilaeo anion
the ( 'aiironiiaii friar.-
I
bat little inferior to Serra in executive alaliiv and in de\otioii to his \Miik
.h.ilc
e HI e-.'eiy other resjicct, save )io»sili!y in
theoh
d ami doL;iiiatic I
tam-
ing, he wa.-i fully hi.< eijual. His views as j-xpressetl in his \\ riliiiLS art; nota-
bly broad, iiiactieal, and liberal. 1' '
lion, .^cira,
d ('
1 iirescn
I'ooi
U\
-f tl
u-' niissionary.
iii cliaract'-r, but rather f
frienilship did not lesuli froiii ;
I 'tl
riini tipiiosite (]Ualities; and their rei-i|irocal coiih-
ted three
■iieila; iiy
il
• Icnee aiu
1 /cal for a eonnnon oljjeet.'as ])oyle remark
hi not fail to
nrove most beiicliciiil to the enterprise in which tiny all Idl, the greatest
interest
11
<((,//'( CI ira. Arch. Parroq., MS., 1'2. Hoof of beams 'labradas y ei
lo i)jsil)le.' Fa 'es to general, in /';•■
M,-
V,
llali'.'i lilt. X. .lu
AVo-'l\)\ LcvitlnScraii Bui'k. The date has been incorrectly giveiias May hit!
Poliij
'-.b)se]ih .\ntonio de Jesns Alalia de .Miirgiiia was born J)ec. 10, 171">, at
iva, Spain. JIc came tt> Americii as a layi
but became a
Franciscan at Sau Fernando college .Inne l2!>, 17;i<i; was ordained as a juics^t
Fame missions of the Sierra (iorda in 1 7 If*.
ill 1711; and was assi
Jlcrelit^ tnihdfor l!»'ve
d to
the
years aiii
1 built the I'rst
t'.'.at of San .Miguel. Transferred in 17lJ7 tt) IJaja Calif
(iiiry church in the distiict;
oriiia
he It
d J
ore to
A;)ril 1, 17'iS, and was assigiietl to Santiairo mission, wiiere he seivcil uiuil
>■
I7i)'.'. Ill June he was at San .losil' del ( 'alio wailiii'' to eiiibaik for ( al-
ii iinia: Imt sickness saveil his life by ]ireveiitin;,' liini from sailing on tli
f ted Sn II Jb
lit
e subseijUeiitly sei vi
d at San .1;
lint
j iiictl I'aloii at Santa Alalia and 1
Hiaiiied him to San I)iego, arriving -Au;.
th. licsidiiig for a while as supernumerary at San .\iitonio, ho bec.imc
luiiiister of San Luis Obispo in Oclolni' 177;!, and in
Santa ( lai'a M here he served continuoiislv until his deal
\}
iov tit
ai y 1777 foiiii ieil
ilictl while pre-
lication the church on which he had workc. so hard asarchiicct
tlii'cctor, and even laborer. He wa;
tlie iii>w eili ice by I'a'oii, Siuifri < lit
Inuicd on May I'Jtli n the [ircsbyti ry of
(/-■ J/;
.M,^
:! 4, 1.
y Sena anil ollit
had
leea rcgart'.ei
y wliom as
L'l friar. J'ul'ni, IV(/((, 'Ji > (i.
that
I''a,a's in a. leport to tlie;:eiieral in l7''<ls|ie;!ksof these complaints, stai
or tvm hiili
d from thiullecli of liij wverity, ami that Ir
will be retii'cd to his college. I'ruV. Si. I'ciii., MS., ii. liiO.
PUEBLO PROORESS AT SAX JOSft.
477
lull' imicli of tlio time from 1780 to 17S0. There
were no serious troiiMes with the natives, though the
IK ■< 'I iliytes were sometimes inchned to taiie part in tlic;
jietty wars of the "^entiles."^ In agricultural advaii-
t;ii^('s Santa Clara was deemed su[)eiior to any otlui"
mission exeept San (Jahriel, an<l erops of i>rain and
fruit were usually lar<je, althon''h in 17!)0 the harvest
nf L'jSrS hushels was less than that of San Francisco,
l^ar^'o stock had increased since 17.s:{ IVoui 4<K) to
L'.S I 7, and small stock from ')P)4: to H;]G head, ilapt isms
had heen 1,-70, many more than elsewhere, hutdeatlis
had heen (531), a pi'oportionally laruje tiiLnu'e; yet with
ail increase from .338 to 027, Santa (^1ara stood thinl
iu the list in respect of the number of converts.
Of the nine settlers of San Jose to whom lands
were formally distributed i?» 1783, but who had be-
come settlers in 1780 or earlier, the term of the last
one. Claudio Alvires, ex|)ired in August 1785, and no
rations were subsequently supi)lied by the <;()vein-
nient. Sebastian Alvitro had bi-en expelled i'or bad
conduct; but in 1780 ei^ht of the or;,;inal nini; I'c-
luained, and ten new names had been added as sol-
diers or (f (J )'('(/(.« I OS. Ten more wT're added before
]7'.M). This latter class was composed of discharu'ed
soldiers who became settlei's, ditl'ering irom the pol)la-
(lon s in receiving no pay or I'ations, The soldiers of
tlie guard were practically settlers froui the iirst, men
being selected for the duty usually whose time of dis-
cliai'ge was near, and who intended to remain perma-
nently at the pueblo."'' In 17l»0 the total populati; u
•"'^Two or tliro'^ neopliytos woro cliastiseil l)y tlic padres for liiiii^' pvosciit
at a L'liitilo figlit, ami Scrj^t. Amador was sent to warn tliL'pa.i,'aiis not totfiiipt
the converts. A paj.'an laborer ef San .losi' was lloLTged and imprisoned for
iiKitiny hostilities. This in 17'Sti. Ai;,'iie]loto l-'ages, in J'nir, ><. I'a/i., MS.,
viii. 7'i-7. Scrgt. Cota ordered toexjilore from Santa Clara to Santa Ro:;a on
the other side of the siirra, May "J, ITS.'). J'ror. I'k:, ^IS., ii. ".
■"The ten names of 17<S(5 were: M muel Diitron, Ignaeio Castro, Manuel
Higiiera, Ignaeio Linaies, Sefcrino Lugo, Milario Mesa, XasarioSae/, Ignaiio
Soto, Felipe Tapia, Ataiiasio Vaz(jue:'. I'mv. Sf. /'«/)., MS., v. 'J4-."), JT-H.
Four received rations during the year, doid)tless as invalids. See also St.
J'(q>., •S'((C., Mis., i. 30. Mauucl Valencia Mas a settlor who died iu 1768. I'rov.
478
LOCAL EVENTS AXU STATISTICS.
i<\
Hi
', i t
Mas iil)()utc'i»;lity. Aijfrluultui'ul prodiK.-ts iuiioiiiiitd to
ul)i»ut 2,"J;30 laishcls; wliilo lariife stock had iiicivascil
from 417 to 980, and shi.'e[» liad decreased IVoiii ,S(ju
to COO.
San Josu was less prosperous than Los Anjj^elts, .it
least during tlie first lialt' of the decadi'. Seveial
causc!S cf)ntributetl to tiiis result, one of \vliich \\iis
inellicient inanaj»'enient and local y'overnnient. Tlic
regulation allowed the governor to appoint alcnhhs
tlie lirst throe 3'cars, after wh id i time they were t«> ho
elected by the peo|)le. Fages, however, permitted an
election, Ignacio Archuleta was chosen for I7S:!, and
]\resa, corporal of the guard, was i'emov(Ml iir Se[>leiii-
lier of that year for inharmonious relations with tlie
alcalde. Who held the position of alcalde in 17S4 the
reconls fail to show; but by reason of irregularities
and slow progress the governor was obliged to resume
the power of a[»pointment, naming Manuel Cjonzalez
as alcalde I'or 178.") with liomcro and Alvires as
regidoi'cs, and also appointing a eomisionado to man-
age these otKcials. C^trporal Jose ]Jominguez, the
successoi- of JMesa, M'as at lirst made eomisionado but
died ])rol)ably before the a]»poiiit'ment reached him.'"
Ignacio Yallejo, who had been sent to San Jose in
January to make a survey for a new dam or rcservoii',
remained as corporal to succeed ])omingue/,, and in
^Afay was appointed eomisionado by Fagos, with duties
St. I'np., MS., viii. 71. Mesa, Tapia, Ifigncra, niul Lugo were soltlici-s in
]'^'l nud tilt" (Hicstioii came ii]i wliotliiT tliiy ouyht like tlie oiii;iiial .scttlui-f
to lio t.'.\(iii]it tViiin titiii'H fiiiici.' tiuy cnUiviitcd lamls like tlio rtst. /'/vt. J!ic.,
MS., i. l(i;{-4. .Inly .■{!», IT.'iN, Ar'ticlli) iT'ixirts having gone tn San .]iis('' tn
put iguacivi Castro ami Sefciino J.i!:^i) in ii'iMscssion of Lmds, lait did not du
K') liccan.se tlicy claiiiiod pay and rations, only allowed to the oiigii:al settlers.
.S . i'fi/:, J/Zw. (ti.fl Ci.luii., MS., i. .■,0-1. 'la the list of ITiK) the liaMie vi
la'cia diNajiprrr.s a.id ther;' appear those of .Toa<|uin Castro, .\ntoni;> Ali'grc,
..Viitoiiio Aceves, l;'naeio Jliguera, ami I'eilro Cayiit'las, ";/(■(;/'(•'"■'■■.■ (!alirirl
Prralta, L'ainoii I'ojorges, ami .Inau Antonio Ainez(inita, tuvtU'do.i; and
J'acario Custro, eorporal of the gnard. " Argiiello'.s report in <SV. ]'fip., Jliat.,
MS., i. IS, (;o-;i.
•'•'Kaj'es to general I'Vl). 1, 178.', in I'ror. Pur., MS., i. IST S. Ho
nnnounees the eliange.s mentioned in my text, ami asks if he eaiinot reajipoint
(ion/alez the next year. The record.s do not show if this was perniitled, the
next alcalde mentioned being Antonio Koniero in 1790. Dominguez dii^d on
,lan. Hist, tiie day before the date of Fagcs' letter. Sta. Clara, Lib. dc
Minion, MS., 3o.
I< •
OFFK^IALS AND EVEXT.S AT SAX JOSi':.
470
llkr those of \'i('(Mito I'Y'lix at AiijL'vU.'s."' Vall'-jit liud
^.llllt• N]K.'cial litness lor <lii-cclin<^ a;L,'iiciiltin"al opera-
tions, was allowed to cultivate vaeiiiit lauds on his own
iiccouiit, and held his position lor seven years tliou^LJfh
ioL withtuit opposit ion.
Tol
uni, or latliiT to t lie wist;
iii.>trU('lions j>iven him, Faues attributed the puebl
us
i'
lo s
latei' pros})enty
The jiuehlo did not luako umjc''. advance in the
mat lei- of huildin,L;'s, since notliin;,^ hut |>a1isMde struct-
ures with roofs of earth were erected; hut theie was
ydod I'eason for this. The s'ite at lirst selected foi*
tlie house-lots proved to bo too low, and e\|iose(| to
inundation in wet .seasons. 1'hei'e was a ])rojK)siti(»n
W) to move the town a. short dist.ince to a hi-'her
in
.t. In I
/ i^t
(jieneral L",i4aitu aut!iori:'.ed the ti'an.-
I'cr,an(l it was made soon after, certainly bclore 17'.)i,
the sliu'lit nature of the buildini.M makinj^ the opera-
tion an easy one."*
( );!e of Fa'^es' ilrst acts on t:dciii!jj command was to
iiiai'ch in January ]7s;^) again t t!iu gentiles of tin.-
S.ui Jose region who had stolen some hoi'ses Ironi
MS.
\';ill(';i)'s iipiKiiiitiiii'iit fliiti'il .(u1y IS, lys.'i. JustriK'tiniis in /'
rji-;
an.
Mill, V
voir. JJ'j't. S/. /'.'/-., .S". ./'.
alU'io ii:nii('ii
, MS., i.
I ti> iiiiikc cNjloratidii.f tor l\w w^vv-
'Fa'xs t.) Itonicii, Fil). •-'(!, I7!)l,iu I'rov. St. Pa/:, MS., x. l.-.-X In
OitulAi' 1787 ('apt. iSdiiT WLiit i'> Sail .Jut^u it iiivL'sti;;ato LLTUaii ili.irycs of
tl.f p ■( pF,' aL'ainst tln^ cm
iii.iaiiailo.
AH that tlic taiiU-fiMilin;^ ill :pc(;t(iro()ulil
iiml n;ain:;t V'alli'J!), in his ollicial ca]i.aity at Ica-t, Mas a nia:r':i i.i.ii/iitt'i,
\,liii'.evL'V (hat may hu. He ivcDiiiiiuink'.l that he liu put tu pfi'.soiial lahor iu
till' luLlij; Imt iiothini.; was dune in tlic^ inalicr. lit., vii. \V,2.
'"Hall, Jii.<f. S'lii ./.«••, 4:i-.");), irronr.)ii.-ily .states that there vasalonfj cor-
lespfiiiik'nce on ihu .suljcct in 17'.>7, aiul tliat tho roiKisal v.ai cu'i'i'icil i.i that
i:;dj
I.ut tlie
pi.;i
iloftl
at year vas aljcmt
(la
;l);t
1, ami ni the ocrrcsiioniicnco the
Mit; I
■f l!
tl
woi n nil ^.-i in iuu
jwu' i 1 niuiitiont"!
i.iurcuvLi'
1'
:ir:i;:i 111
lii iiistriu'tions of I7!*l lo I!
;;( c
f tl
lu ciian''j
10
Irciuly flioctcd. Pi:,r. St. P'l/i., .MS., x. \o2. N'allojo liitit urged tl
'V;^l on Fell. "JO, 17;i"<, in a e jniliiiinieatiun ti» .Moivva. I'lr..' la.t. ;• I'ouii
i ui...ealt to decide liee.
!■' ia'!V
ited to settlei
Hi
,1
the land on Ui<' prop.i-id fiito li.-.d iiheady luen
dii"'lv addl^■.s^ltd Fav.e i on .\ii; 11 Ist. /'
MS.
V. -Jii.
On .Maivh 'Itli F,
:;c.s wPKc;!
ill iiie.
id^
Ihi
Pi'/'f. St. Pep., ,s'. ./o.vr, MS., i. -J.")
)f San .rosi!! that lliey shall Ih! at no expense in t'io reniovr.l, and tliat
to \':.l'
J,;ly
e, I i'.p|ivoVili^,' tll'3
7Ui lij ii.isur'.s
1'
ill F
wo no l,-,nil -I'or it .secnis tliere v.\im a fear that to move t!ia
1 wo'.ilil also move thi' houiidaiy lielweeii ihi; pU'.hlo and Ini.-^ioii land
1'..
}.h<., iii. I)l)-1, J'a'.'ea icfer.s the matter to I'
ii. 1-(J
:)n Auu. ."itl
(I that I'liieial
.h
!1, 17S7. [;Taiits i:
le ]e,icion <
f th
and order.s I'lat there be no cluuigu in the buundary lines. St. Pctp.
id Culo.i., MS., i. 274.
m
LOCAL FA'EXTS AN'D STATISTICS.
the Rottlcrs. Th(? warliko jj^oviTnor killed two of llic
t'lit'iny, IViLrlitc'iM'd tlio rest into compUto Kulmiissioii,
jiiul for yrais al'tcr attributed to this campai^ai the
prevail iiii,' (jiiiet ainon;,' <,a'ntiles. ]Jut a<^ain in I7ss
it W'iXH iie('(!ssury to iilace til'teen natives, inelu<liii';
three ehiels, at w.)rk in the presidio, for horsi'-
stejiliiiLj.'" I'lu-re is little more to he said of loc.il
happeniiijj^s at San Jose for this period. Sonu' of
the settlers were imprisoned and put in irons f(»r
refusiiiLj to work on a house for the town eouiicii,
I<^nacio Archuleta, ex-alealde, heintr ringleader. Tlie
river hroke through the old dani and tlu; <^overnor
r(>solved to huild a new one of niasonrv. I'wo ho\s
drowned an Indian to amuse themselves, hut in eon-
siiloration of their tend(>r years were dismissed with
twenty-tive lashes administered in presence of the
natives. All this in 1784; the tithes for which yea
amounted to .^1"J8.'"
^T,tln„, X„t., ii. :JI)2; Prnv. /.Vc, MS., ii. 9S; I'l., iii. 9S, 170. Tliiily-
five ll(s. jxiwilcr, S(K) biilli'is, mid \i)') flints sent to San Joso as ruserve ainiiiu-
nitinn in Auu'iist I7'"^">. /'/•. iii. •!'•
" /'/•()/•. Ji'ii;, MS., i. KIS, 17-; iii. 22-:i. A wooden ffrannry liad )m"1i
completed ill i'l'ceiiilji'r \'^'2. J'n.r. St. I'ltp., MS., iii. |(;(>-7. A Kettler juit
in tiie stoeiiM in 17f>''< for assuultiny liia coqjoral, and corporal reprini.auded
for bia violence. Ii., vii. 131.
CHAPTER XXIII.
RULE OF ROMEU.
1701-17fi^.
RkHIH NATION fiF pKnUO FaOES — TUANSFEK oF THE OnirK, AT I.nltETO —
InsIKIC TIONS T(t TIIK NeW (JdVKUNOi; —LAST A( rs (tK FACliS - I, Hi; AND
ClIAltACTKIl — AUIMVAl, i)F lloMEf I'AII.ISr HeAI.TH .iiil K". 1;Y Tci MmN-
TEItEY— I'liLlCV WITH THE FllL.. ..J— KdMKU's T^UATII — Vlsll' «>1 M VI.AS-
IMNA IN THE 'l)i:S( IIIIKKTA' AND ' AtKEVj i'A '— TlIE Fl ItsT Am I.Kli AN IN
CaIIIOUMA- F' EI'AliATIONS Toll Nl'V Ml.i.iMVS— LasI|:\"s lllliiUTS—
EsTAiii.isHiNd <iE Santa Curz — Annals of Vdist J)i;('\1)I. Imuan
Tuoi'iii.Es— Statistics— CHriicu Dedicated — Fi.oritiNd Mii.i. Mis-
FOItTlNE— (^t'AUUi;I„Hl>ME PADIIKS — Al.oNSO IsiDKU SaI.A/AI: -I>AI.1><>.
MEiu) Lopez— Manuel Fernandez— ForNinNo and Ivm.i.v A- naus of
SoLEDAD Mission— Immoual Fuiaks- Maisiano Ilinf— Statistics.
Pedro Fages, worn clown b}^ work, and more by
tlie nnxieties imposed on a nervous teniiK-rament
growing; out of the responsibilities of liis position Jis
governor, asked to be relieved of the oflice iuid ti) bo
{^'ranted leav(> of absence that he nii^lit revisit S[)ain.
In ^iay 1790 his resii^Miation was accepted byA'^iceroy
Ikcvilla (jiii-edo, and lie was ordered to IMexico to
receive twehe montlis' advance pay as colonel witli
wliicli to defiay his ex[)enses in Spain; Jose i\nt >ni()
]h)meu was named as his successor. Tiiis inlorma-
tion reached Fages at iNIonterey in September, and
Mas all the more agreeable from the fact that IJomeu
was his personal iViend. In Febiuary 17'.) 1 I'ages,
who had awaited letters announcing liis snccessoi's
coming to j\ionte"y, received orders from the viceroy
1)V v.hich, after setting tl)o connnandants an<l habili-
tados at work upon their re pective presidio accounts,
he was to proceed to Loreto and tliere make ibrmal
BiBT. Cal., Vol. I. 31 (4tjl)
1^.
uriS
IB''
IS'-' '
ill
is;.
IH
• ;■■
III
1
M
482
RULE OF ROMEU.
deliver}' of his office to Romeu; or, if not able to do
this, lie Wiifi to send orders to Arrillaga, tiie command-
ant at Loreto, to surrender the office in the govjrum's
name. As the state of Fages' health would not })er-
niit a journey overland to the peninsula, he forwarded
the necessary orders to Arrillaga, lieutenant governor
of the Californias, who accordingly transferred the
conmiand to Romcu at Loreto on April IG, 171)1,
which is therefore the date when Fa<jes ceased to
rule.^
With his orders to Arrillaga under date of Febru-
ary 2Gth, Fages transmitted the instructions which
it was customary for a retiring governor to prepare
for the use of his successor, outlining the country's
past histoiy and present condition, and endxxlying the
results of his own experience in recommendations re-
specting future policy. The historical portions of this
important docunient have already been utilized largely
in the j)receding chapters; but a brief consideration
of the paper as a whole, will throw light on the con-
dition of affairs at the time of llomeu's accession.
The development of the two pueblos, says the retir-
ing governor, and the settlement in them of retired
soldiers, has received and still merits the deepest
attention. Their products are purchased by the pre-
sidios and paid for in goods and drafts. The distribu-
' The viceroy's order granting Fagcs' request and appoiiitiii'^ Romeu, dated
May 1(1, 17'.)0. ^J'lor. St. Pa/>., JJen., MS., i. 8-10. .M;iy I'TLli sicenin t > !iavo
been t'lo date of the viceroy's coiiuuunication to king; l)iit of tlie ki.ig's
approval and ccjiifirmation of Jiomeu wo only know tliat it reaelicil Mexico
before ^hiy IS, 17!)1. J'ror. Sf. Pap., MS., x. i;;i). Scjiteml tr 1, 10, i;!,
1700, the viceroy instructs Fagea about the transfer, hi., ix. "OS, ;!i()-7.
September 14, 17iH), I'age.s to IJomcu, expressing his jileasuro at the hitter".s
appointment, de: cribing (he presidio, saying something of the condition if the
country, and saying; 'You will lind in this casa real, which is .sufiiciently
cai)aciou!j. the necessary furniture; a suliicieut .•^tock of goats and slieej) v. liich
I have r.;ised; and near by a garden which I have made at my own t^qjcnse,
from which you will have line vegetables all the y.'ar, and will enjoy the fruits
of the trees whii'h I have planted.' lie asks for information as to when and
by what route Riniu'U will conic. Pror.Sl. 7'«/<.,y^;/.,MS.,i. 8-iO. liomeu takes
possession A])ril 10, 1701. Pror. St. /'up., MS., x. I'Jl; .S7. Pup., S(ir., .MS.,
V. 8(»-7; Arch. Stn. llirhnm, MS., xi. 414-1."). lebruary '2(i, 1791, Fa^cs
notilies Romeu that lie has ordered Arrillaga to nudie the trau'-fer, and has
directed presidial accounts, etc., to bo mudc ready. Pruv. St. Pup., MS., x.
144-5.
FAGES' FINAL INSTRUCTIONS.
483
3C1 to
tlon of lands has been made in duo form, and — together
with certain changes at San Jose rendered necessary
by the moving of the houses — approved by the superior
authorities. It was intended at first to remove tlie
pueblo guards after two years, but they arc to bo
maintained as long as necessary. In the first years,
on account of bad management, San Jose made little
progress; but the appointment of a comisionado as at
Angeles and the subjection of the alcalde to him, liavo
itstored prosperity; and these measures were approved
ill 1785-0.
In the missions great care must be taken to guard
against the increase of veneral diseases which are
causing such ravages in the peninsula. The sending
of soldiers for escaped neopliytes is extremely dan-
i;crous, and should be avoided, being resortetl to only
alter other means — the best beinij: for the friars to
send other natives with flattery and trifling gifts to
enlist the services of chiefs — have failed, and then
with every possible precaution. The granting of
escorts whenever asked for has also proved dangerous
and inconvenient, since only two men could be sjiared,
leaving the mission exposed and the friar only slightly
j)rotected. It has therefore been restricted, and the
soldiers are not allowed to pass the night away from
the mission. This j)olicy, notwithstanding protests,
and in consequence of Neve's confidential reports, has
been approved by superiors and by the king.
In the case of mail-carriers and escorts passing from
one [)residio to another, carel'ul orders have been given
to prevent disaster and at tlie same time to insun;
humane treatment of the gentiles. Each presidio lias
in its archives properly indexed the orders that liavi;
been issued for its government and the prevention of
all disorder. The abundance of {)roducts in proporti<tn
to consumers has led tt) a reduction of some of the
prices aflixed by Neve to grain and meat. CattK^
bi'longing to the crown are kept <rom excessive in-
crease and consequent rumiing wild by annual slaugh-
IttHH
ii!
484
RULE OF ROMEU.
tcrs for the supply of presidios and vessels with beef.
The breeding of horses and mules, just beginning to
prosper, should be encouraged. The fiiars often w isli
to buy these animals, but have been uniformly refused.
All trade with the Manila ship is strictly prohibited;
but trade with San Bias is free for five years fn^ni
October 1786, and subject to only half duties for five
3' ears more — a trade which is bad in its effects, lead-
ing to 'immoderate luxury,' for the inhabitants c;m
buy all they really need at cost prices from the meiiio-
rias. To provide the wasting of clothing and other
useful articles in barter with the sailors, Fages has
forbiddcni the opening of the bales uiitil the vessel
leaves the port.
In articles 21-3 of his papel, Fages tells the talc
of three or four incorrigible rogues, Alvifre and Xu-
vila of San Jose, and Pedraza, a
deserter from the galleon, whose scandalous conduct
no executive measure has been able to reform. Arti-
cles 24-7 are devoted to past troubles between Cap-
tain Solcr and the habilitados, with which the reader
is already familiar; and finally, after devoting some
attention to the condition of the dificrent presidios,
the author closes by alluding to the charges of cruelty
pending against Father Peila of Santa Clara, and to
the orchard of six hundred fruit-trees, besides shrubs
and grape-vines, to which since 1783 he has given
much of his attention.^
"Fanes, Papel cle rrtjvVw pitntoa concpriiicntes al Goblerno de In Peiiiufitla d'
Culljhriira e Iiispecriou <le 'J'rnpui, ipie recopi/n el Curoiiif 1). Pedro Fnijoi id
Tdiiinle Coroiitl l>. Jour Anioiii'i liomeii, M de luhrero I'i'Jl, MS. On Miiy
2Stli ]'ii_;t.'.s wi'dte a;,';iiii to IJoiiu u a most iiitorcstiny letter in which ho gives
his (liiinion of vmiimsi persons witli w'loni his siieeessor vill conio in eontaet.
lie speaks \ iTy Iiiglily of Ai'riIIaL,'ii, Zuf'iga, nnd Argiiello, deems (jloyeocelie.i
Honiewhat prone to earelessness, siiy.i nothing of Ortega, and ]>roin)unec3
(ionzak'z lit only for his pn^scnt position on tlio frontier. Nono of the f,er-
ueants ixro snilalilc for hahilitados, tliongh Vargaa i.s faitliful anil can wi'ite.
NV'itli tlie l)iiminieans there haj liei'n no serious tronMo.iuid I'rejiident (!omez
is disposed to sustain liarmonions relations; Imt Mitli the Fernnndinos (|iiar-
rels have been fie((nent, sin( ,• they arc 'opttexlltihruiH A las niiiximas del regla-
iiiento y /.'ohierno' and insist on lieing independent and idisolnto eaeli in his
own mission. I'ages <lonljts that Itonien uill he ahlo to endure their inde-
jiendent way of proeoedlng. The priests at San Francisco and Santa Clara
are forming separate establislanenta at some distance from the mission, which
r.
hi
\\
LIFE AND CHARACTER OF FACES.
4S5
oiitact.
.^ooclicii
lOUUCC.S
liu Kcr-
vritc.
(Jomiz
3 (|iiiir-
n;;:Ia-
ill lii.s
iiule-
Cliini
whii-h
Don Pedro sent liis wiu; and children .sontlnvnrd in
advanco of lii.s own tle[»Mrture, probably on board the
Sin Carlos, or Pr'uuvsa, which left ]\Ionterey for San
]51a.s in the autumn of 1790.'' lie remained at Mon-
terey, thouj^di ho made a visit to San Francisco in
^[ay/ and still exercised by common consijnt a kind
of superintendence over the actions of his ibrmer sub-
ordinates, tliouj4'h now addressed as colonel instead of
governor. There are letters of his in the archives
dated at ^lonteroy July l;)th.'' His intention was to
reinain until October or Xovend.>er, and I sin)[)oso ho
ciiibarl;ed on the San Carlos for San IJlas November
9, 17DI, tliouj^li possibly his dc])arture was a month
earlier." In 17!)u he made a report on the California
])rcsidios, and in October 1794 was still residing- in
]\Iexico. Of Pedro Pa^'es before he came to Caliibr-
nia in 1709 and ailer his departure in 1791 we know
littk
AVll
h 1
US career in
th
I
th
le province tiie reauer is
dc
familiar/ and will part with the honest Catidan, as 1
do, reluctantly.
matter nccda looklnr; after. Mission stock is increasing too nnicli, and tlio
ncoi,hyLC3 arc becoming' too skilful riders and acijuiring ' Apailn' iuso'.eiiue.'
8tinio advice i;i [jivou about the joiinu'y nortli. AiudUiiseij luado of more
letter:,, ;uid Fa- cs closes by niaUiii;,' a present of his f.-niions orcliard, uell
plea:(.dthat the fniita of his labors and e:;]'.( nditr.res are to Vw ii:j,>yed by
hi* fiic'.d. FaijcK, /j'vntK.i Patii<'>il(.tir< a' O'o' r. I'l.iiicii ,.':' ilc ."/(ijo I'/Jl,
JMS. On ^lay 1st he liad written ti) Konieu Uiat he was jieviniiiid to tako
av.iiy V, iih hi;!i six mules and as many liorsis if the eonnnandi r uf i he vessel
liisl n:) cbjeelions. I'rov. St. I'a/i., >.JS., x. I !7. Theio are al.o eoiniuuidea-
tioiis ( f lagcs t:) llouieu on matters of trilling impoitanee dated ^iay iltitli,
3t;th. June l:,t, July 4di, i:;tli. /./., 111-70.
'In his letteref JIay'28, 17'JI, Fiiges expresses his pleasure that Ronieu on
Iiis journey — probably at San Bias or between tlicn^ and Mexico — hail met his
faiiiily. lie states his intention of staying at Monterey until Uetober or
A'civnuber. Pr<v. St. Pup., MS., x. 1-18, l.")0.
;/'/., X. 44.
''hi., X. 14J-3, ion. In line of the Utters ho says that, snlfering in his foot,
lie \. i;ii;d)'.e to review the troops at Santa llarbara.
'';-;'.i;:ngi.f the.S'((« tV/'/o-Xov. li th. .S7. /V7;., .SVir., .MS., v. !)l. Aecnrd-
ing to,-', Ictterin Prur. Si. Pap., MS., x. \',\\. hov.ever, the schooiii.r .V. ■/«/»/■/(«
firm '.Gotka was at Monti rey on Oct. 1 LIi and ready to lail fer Saa I"l;is, so
tliiit r;'.;jr.'j i.:ay have railed in her; yet il tin le is no error it is .•itn.n.e that
V l.ile the arrival 1 f the Siui < 'i. ;•'(;.; was aiinoiiei d tiiCIcii. Xavacin Xov. .'! 'th,
tl.Jii of the ScUiirii 1 1:11 \\uti not announeid riiitil I'lc. 'JlM. Sf. Prp., S.ic, .MS.,
iv. n.
' I'lilio IVjes, a ni'tivc of ('a. tali iiia, ar.d f'l.t liiuteiiaiit of a C'lniiiiy of
the 1; :,1 alta'.i; n.'.M I c; iiiR'iit.i'f till. (.'r.tr'.aiA'olunteirLi; 111 liii',;iiti\v, pi l.iMy
kit t'paiu with liis battalion iu May 17o7, anil soon alter his arrival in Mexico
48G
RULE OF ROMEU.
He was a peculiar man; industrious, energetic, and
brave, a skilful hunter and dashing horseman, fond ot
children, who were wont to crowd round him and
rarely failed to find his j>ockets stored with dulccs.
Of fair education and executive abilities, hot-temperctl
u\
was sent with Col. P^Hzondo's expedition against tlic Sonera Indiana. In tlie
autunni of 17G8 Ijy order of the visitador general, ( Jalve/, he was sent over from
<iuaynia8 to Lii I'az by Klizondo witli '2'* men of his com/iania J'ruiica for the
California expedition. In January 17(i'J he endiarked witli his men on the S^in
(,Ytrl<i.tuin\ arrived at San Diego May 1st. Fages was military ciiief of the sea
braneJi of the expedition, and eoniniandant on siiore from Jilay 1st to iluiiu
'i'.itii, thus being California's hrst ruler. After I'ortohl's an-ival on June '2!lth.
he was second in command and Capt. Rivera's superior. With seven of hi:)
men, all that the scurvy had not killed or <lisabled, he accompanied the lirst
land expedition from San Diego to Monterey and San Francisco from July 14,
I7G!), to Jan. 24, 1770. He .started north again April 17th with Portolii and
reached Monterey May 24th. When I'ortold left Monterey July Dth, FaLTiM
was left as commandant of the (Jalifornian establishments, a position wiiicli
lie held until May "2.3, 1774. His commission as captain was dated May 4,
1771, and in tiio same year he went down to San Diego by water, retui-niiig
by land. In March and April 1772 he led an exploring expedition uj) to wliiit
are now Oaklan<l, San I'ai)lo Jiay, Caniuines Strait, and the mouth of the San
Joaijuin. In May 1772 he proceeded to the San Luis region and spent some
three months hunting hears to supply the Monterey garri.son with meat.
I'erhapsit was here that he gained the sobriquet of 1"-1 Oso often ap]ilied to
him in later years, though there is a tradition that the name Old JJear was
given him for other reasons. He went to San Diego in August, and tlicre
incurred I'adre Serra's displeasure by refusing a guard for tiic founding of a
new niissi(m. The object of Serra's journey to Mexico was chiefly Fages' re-
moval. The friar rt.'prcsented him as a man hated by all the soldiers, incom-
jietent to connnaiul, and a deadly foe to all mission progress. The cliai'ges
were largely false, but tiiey served Serra's purpose whether believed or imt,
for the government could not allbrd at the time a tjuarrel with the mii'siuu-
aries; and Rivera was sent to supersede Fages, taking command on May 2."i,
1774. Subsequently Scrra M'rote a letter to the viceroy in which he exjires^ed
regret at Fages' removal, commendation of his services, and a desire that lie
be favored by tlie government. Arr/i. Ufa. Biirlinrn, MS., xi. 37()-S0. Tlie
friars I'cgurdcd this as a praiseworthy return of good for evil; others miglit
apply a dili'erent name.
Fages sailed from San Diego Aug. 4, 1774, on the San Antonio with orders
to join hi J regiment at I'aehuca. On the way to Mexico at Irapuato, (luanii-
juatc, he was roblted of a box containing his money, by liis own servants as it
seems. I'ror. St. l'(i/i., MS., i. 1!)0. lie reached Mexico before the liid nf
1774 in ])oor healtli. He dated in Mexico, Nov. .'10, 177">, a report on Cali-
fornia, addressed to tlie viceroy, and devoted ehielly to a description of tin!
province, its natives, animals, and plants; but also giving a tolerably ciiinjilrti!
Kketili of the lir.-it expeditions and the condition of the missions at tlw aullini'.-i
ileparture. This document, of great iiiiportance and interest, v/as tr.iiislatiil
from llie original in tlio liljrary of M. Ternaux-Comiians and publi-.heil iix
Junjis, I'vifdijc vt) Valijhniic, in Noui\ Ann. <h'if I'oi/., ei. ll.")-S2, III I 47. At
the bi.'ginning the author says: ' .Ayant etc cliai'gi'' ;lu connnandcinent niilitaire
du jioiU; de .Monterey, dei)uis le connnencenient de raniire 170!), vt inoli ilnf
don Diego I'ortola (jui s'endjarqna le it de .luillet h bord du paipieliot le Smi.
Anl'inio, niiij'ant fortement rei'ommande de m'oceuj)er ties etablirseliieiils
situi's dans la [lartie se)itintricin;de do la Califuriiii', jo ni'y suis liviv piiulant
plus de qiuitre ans. J "ai rasscmble le plus de renseignements qu'il m'a etiJ
THE OLD AND NEW GOVERNOR.
487
til (ii'di't's
( !u:iii;i-
lii.s lis it
I'lul nf
(111 ( 'ali-
)ii itt tliii
iiliiplrtc
ilUtlliil's
ni.-.liitcil
■■Ju'd ;is
1 ;. At
iiilitairi!
|ii!l I'lll'f
t lo Sini,
I'lllCllts
' n(hiiit
u'ii ito
niul inclined to storm over trifles, always readv to
(jtiarrel with anybody from las wife to tiie padre [»res-
idente, he was withal kind-hearted, never feeling and
rarely exciting deep-seated animosities. He was
thoroughly devoted to the royal service and attended
with rare conscientiousness to every petty detail of
his oflicial duty; yet his house, his horse, and above
all his garden were hardly second in iini)ortanco to his
otlice, his ]>rovince, and his nation. ILi j)ossessed less
lireadth of mind, less culture, and especially less dig-
nity of maimer and character than Feli[>e do Neve,
hut he was by no means less honest and i)atriotic.
Tlie early rulers of California were by no means
the characterless figure-heads and j)ompous nonenti-
ties that modern writers have painted them, and
among them all there is no more orl-nnal and attrac-
tive cliaracter than tho bluff Catalan soldier Pedro
Fages.
Jose Antonio Romeu, a native of Valencia, Spain,
liad served in the Sonora Indian wars with Fai^es in
and before 1782 as captain. As wo have seen, ho
took part in the campaigns following the Colorado
))()ssil)lo 8ur cos pi-ovinccs (^'loipi(''es, siir lea nations qui lea liabitont, la nature
(lu lour turrituiiv, scs productions, los nioours ct coutuinca dn hi popidjiticjii,
ct l)i'iiucoui> d'liutrcs siijets doiit jo traitcrai dans Ic lonis dc cctto iclation.'
Cajit. Fagos was in garri:i(in with his conipany at ( Juadidajaii!, wlicii Iio
was ordered, perhaps in 1777, to the Sonora, frontiei'; and tlieru ho serveil ia
tile wars ayaiiist Apaches and other savages for live years, reeeiviiig in tho
mean time a lieut. eolonel's coniinission. In 17'Sl-'2 he iiiadi^ several exjiedi-
tions from Sonora to the Coloiado to avenge the death of his former rival,
IJiveiis- and visited California twice in 17SiJ liefore he came as goveiiKir, mak-
ing the tirst trip from the ('olorado direct to San Diego. Ho was in the (Colo-
rado regiini when on Sept. lOtli, hy an appf)intinciit of July I'J, \~S'2, lie
took jio.ss(-ssion of liis otliiH' as governor, ami readied .Moiiterev in Xovcniher.
l7Mi was spent ehielly in a journey to l.oreto wlieiue he hioiigjit !iis wife,
Dmia i;iil:di:i de Callis, and sun to the capit.d. lie had at hat two eliildrell
liorn in Caliiornia, In I7''^i'> he hail trouble with his wife, w'lich does not
heeiii however to lia\e outlasteil tlie year. From August 17"'d, by <!en.
I'garies order of I'ib. ilMi, I'ages became inspector of iire-idios. liiseoin-
iiiissiiiii as colonel was datiil Feb. 7, ll^'.K His governui'siiip ended April 10,
I7'.ll, and Iii^ .'ailed Irom Monten y in the aiitiinin ot the .'aiiie year. Taylor,
iJixcdf. mill I'^iiiidi cv, ii. 171*, says he died in Mexico before IT'.'ti, but it is by
no means cei'tain that he had any authority f(.r the ; tatcincnit. -Vug. 1-,
17'.K1, he ma!;es a itjiort on Monterey I'residio buildings at .N.e\ico. /'inr. Sf.
I'd]'., -MS., Niii. l'.)l; and ill Oct. 17'J4 he resided iu tho city of Mexico. Cos-
Utiixu, Jiij'oniii', MS.
HililH
488
RULE OF ROMEU.
disaster. In INTay 1700, when appointed governor lie
was major of the Espaiia dragoon i-cginient, also liold-
ingtlio rank of'Heutenant colonel. He was ])rohal)ly in
Mexico at the time of liis a])pointinent and ])roceed(Ml
to his province; by way of JSan IJlas, since he met the
family of his predecessor and friend on their way
from California. Accompanied by liis wife, Josefa de
Sandoval, and daughters Romcu arrived March 17,
171)1, at Lorcto by the schooner Santa (hninidis. On
April IG, as already stated, he tool: formal possession
(»f the governorship, Caj)tain Arrillaga re[)resenting
Fages in the transfer of the necessary papers.'^ The
reason why the new governor was ordered to assume
his oliico at Loreto instead of i)rocecdin!^ directlv to
the cajjital was that ho might attend to his duties as
inspector of presidios in the south, thus avoi;ling a
useless lepetiiion of the journey, and that he might
make ceitain investigations of pi-esidial accounts.
These Californian accounts had been in sonic confusion
since 17()9. Details it is undesirable as well as im-
possible to explain; but many men had unsettled ac-
counts running back to the earliest period of Spanish
occupation. The treasury officials in Mexico, attrib-
uting the prevalent confusion to the incompetence
of habililados, were themselves greatly puzzled," and
liomeu seems to have been selected with a special
view to his fitness for unravelling past financial com-
plications and effecting a fin.d adjustment.
Whatever may have been his abilities in this special
direction, ho had very slight opportunity to show
theui; for from the moment of embarking on the
Saxta (jciirucUs his health failed ; indigestion, sleep-
less nights, and an oppressive pain in the chest left
* Spc references in note 1 of this chapter. Also letter of Arrillaga to
Fageii March '2\. 17!n,.'iniioiincinjj; liomcu's arrival. J'ror. .SV. Pnp., JIS., x. 3S.
" 'Jhe liiycn.iv Kdhrc Ion (ijiis/.cx de I'ohlntfori'K do la I'< hia di' La Aicjcle-^ i/
dftnan (!(' /iiK I'nir<ii<ian de ('idifornian, MS., a report of the cimtador mayor
dated Mexico, l)te. TiO, ITtiO, and iillinji above (10 pages, is a specimen (if the
many wordy coniimuiicationa on the sul)ject which are extant in tlic archives,
1 have n!ad«! no aiti nipt to reacli the liottom of this iinancial puz/le. Vice-
roy's orde"s to llonieu on this subject Sept. 1, 17'JO. Prov. St, Paji., ix, 313-19.
DEATH OF ROMEU.
489
Th
ling a
liim but little opportunity of Jittondlii'.; to p!il)li<
Il'.tlc;
Yet ho (lid iKjt lose coni';i'.
iUK
I latt
m
the .siiininer, after coinmiinieatiiiii;" liis instructioiis to
pivi-iidul oiiieers and satisfyinj^ liiiui-cir ol' Ari'lllaLCa's
entire eonijietenee, he [troceeded north, reaehed S.m
J)ie^o in Au','ust," and arrived at r^fontorcy Oetohei'
|;ith, doiihtlejss before the de})artui'o of his prede-
cessor."^ Throuijfh the winter his iil-hoalth continued,
and he was barely able to attend to tlie routine duties
of his Oiliee. Jtis oiKeial coniniunieations in the
areliive.s are few, brief, and uniniport int. His cor-
resp;)ndenee with I'resident L;i.ueii b >th at J^oreto
and i*.lonterey, tliough containin;^ little more thau
the foiinal ex[)ressions required by courtesy, indicate
a desire on his })art, such as most rulers entertained
hen they lirst came to California, to pre:ierve hai'
\\
iiionious
ivlations with the missi(»narit
111 fact
u
•ou-
eitlun" by natural dispohition or by reason of feeble
health he was evidently moro J 'rdi/ci v than Fa'>es or
Neve. Un December 1st he received the royal e
tirmation of his appointment as ij^overnor
J^ate in i\larch 171)2 lionieu's condition iK'cantc
critical, and after a series of ccMivulsions it became
evident that ho had but a few days t(^ live. The sur-
^•con, Pablo Soler, made a written lejiort to this ctl'ecfc
on .V[)ril 5th, and the last rites of rel'yion were ad-
ministered by the friars in attendance. He died at
]\bjnterey April Dtli and was buried at JSan C;'u'los
"> Jhm(>ii,Cfirtn al Virrey, 21 de Nov. 1791, MS., in .S7. Pap., Snc, v. 91-2.
"I If was !it Sail Diego from Aug. 'JOth to Hist if not lon^'ur. Prnt; St,
Pup., MS., X. 10-;).
^^ N'ov. :13, 17. )1, the viceroy ackiio\vleil<T('s the ivicipt uf lii;i lett< r of Oct.
Mtli, iiaiioiiiu'iii;; his Jinival on tlic l.'ith. I'r.-r. SI. I'lip., M -i., \. l;M.
^'^ Hotiidt, ('uiiiiii ul Prcsiildilc Ldsiini, r,'jl, MS. Oa .hily KiUi from Ito-
s;irio lie V, rites: 'Aiiii(|Uo mi caudal tie mei'ito no cs oa'o ([uc d icmr luios
hiiiiios y con.itaiilc's descos do llcnar el cuinjiliiniciito »lc mi olili/aci ni, y Mcr
I'ltil y sin (iul)a!';:o de caivcer de a(iiie!!a:j a;;iici;J)!e;j circiinstai;ci;is condii-
ciiites a !.ai lo;;id de <\\\v. l;i bondad de \ . 11. lae ! i;]) aie acowipafiado, espei'o
nii'rccerli> T.e hi piodad del Allisiino al verme au\ili: ilo de la:< frr\ i atcs oiaei-
oiien do V. 1\. y de chos Kll. I'l'. mioionc lo.i ii lo:i (jne de imcv.i me eii-
cniaiiiido eornspondiemlo con igiialea a las cxpnsioaes linas coiljuu mo
lioMian.'
".bV. Pai>., <!>'(jc., MS. V. 02. The cojifuumtioa was dated Feb. loth.
480
RULE OF ROMEU.
» '
tlio (lay followini^. By liis will the widow was made
executrix of his estate and j^^uardiaii of tlu-ir daiii^li-
ters. Dona Josefa eiuharked for San IJlas in Octo-
\)cr. Alfc'rez Sal in a letter says that Califoriiia was
not worthy of a <jovernor like llonieu. At his funeral
all who knew liini displayed deep grief.'^
Local annals as well as certain general topics of
commercial, industrial, and mission dcvulopuuiit, 1
shall treat collectively for the decade from 17!) I to
1800, in subse(juent cha[)ters. Besides such topics
the visit of a scientific exploring expedition and the
founding of two new missions are to be noted during
RcMueu's sliort rule. Tiie expedition refcrrrd to was
that of Ak'jan<h'o Malaspina in connnand (»f the royal
corvettes Ucscubio'ta and Atrccida,^^ the latter being
under tlie innnediate command of Jose tie 1 justamante
y Guerra, and the scientific corps including 13;iu/;i
and Es[)inosa." jVIalaspina sailed from Cadiz in duly
178!), for a tour round the world, and after making
ex})lorations on both coasts of South America, and
from Pananiit to Aca[)ulco, left the latter port in ^May
1791 i'or the Northwest Coast, which he struck a little
above GO^ and carefully explored southward, sighting
^^Proi'. Sf. Pap., iSIS., xxii. 7-9, 14; x. 130; xxi. 71, SO; .SV. /»«;)., Ftac,
MS., vi., 7(3; Proi: I'cf., M.S.,ii. 1.V2; San dir'to.^. Lib. dc Mls'in.), MS.; Tuji-
tor's Diicm: curl Foiinilcf.-f, ii. 179; Va'IrJo, JIM. Cal., MS., i. t).)-7.
'"Tho vessels IkuI, like nearly all in the Spanish navy, each a double name,
beint; called respectively Santa Justa and Santa liujina. St. Pap., .Shc, MS.,
V. 9(5.
" A full list of oiaccrs made at Monterey, is as follows: Ciiptaim Alejan-
dro Mal.siijiina and Jc.k'' di! 1 Justamante y (Jucrra; lieutenants Dioiiirio (lali-
nno,*.b): e l].spi!i().sa, ('.'lyelatio Valik's, Manuel Kovales,* i'eruandu (^>uiiitano,
Juan lieniaci, iScer.ndino Sahiiiianea, Antonio do Tovn, Jn.-.n ('oiic!!ii. Josi^
I'cibredo, Arcaco Zjbalios, Traneiiico Viana, and Arcadio I.incda;* ait'ercces
Martin Olavide,* Felipe liiuza, I'lavio Alcponzoni, and Jaeob:) Murphy; cou-
tadores l;:i.;i'l H)dri ;;ie/ dc Aria:i and Manuel Ksipicrra; c'.Kiplaiu:! .b):;!' ilu
Mesa ;ind Fr;uui uo tU- I'aul.i Ai'iino; surgeons Franciseo llore;! iiud I'edro
(lonzak'x; pilotus .Iu:in Dia.-: .Maqueda, Jose Sanchez, (jleroiiiuio l!el;::tdo. .luan
Inciarte y I'urtu, ;iu t .J(ia(|uin llurtado; apothecai'y Lain Nee" mid Tadeo
Ibicnek; pintor do pcispecliva Tumiis Suria; disecailor y dibnj;:nte ile )il:intiis
Jose dc (luio.* The n;;in('s marked uitli a star rcinaincl bc'iiiul i:i Mexico.
J\f(il(i'!/iiii(i, A*o^( lie (/ii'i-iafci (Ip Uiivrra y J/i)i/riri.i, A''.'"/v,'/,'.'-/r/,s, JJcli'uih'o.-i,
J)ibiiJ(niti .<, 11 JJi-icr(i(l(iri:f, i/i«' tiencn (Icntino <n las corl^iiat i!r S. M . iiouihrn-
ilti-^ Ih-xciili'niiit fi Ahrridii, que, ilan cudta al Globo. . .ijitc stdkron dc CiidL tn
00 dc Julio lie 17S'J, MS.
MALASPINA'S EXPEDITION.
401
Capo ^rendocino September Gth, bcini^ off San Fran-
cisco the 10th,"* and ancliorinjjf tlio 13tli at ^lontercy,
whore his vessels remained till the 25th, tlienco ron-
tinuinj( the survey down to Ca[)e San Li'icas, San
Bias, Acapulco, and returninof to Spain by the Phil-
ippines and Cape Good Hope.*"
or the stay at Monterey, of scientific observations
there, of Malaspina's impressions of California and
its people we know little. The archives contain only
tlie merest mention of the arrival and of courtesies
exchanged between the visitors and LasuoTi, who
aided in gatherinjjf specimens,'^^ ISIalaspiua seems
entitled to the honor of having brought to Cali-
fornia the first American who ever visited the
country, and he came to remain, his burial being
recorded on the mission register under date of Sep-
tember 13t]i, and name of John Grt^em, probably
(jlraham, son of John and Catherine Groem, Presby-
terians, of Boston. He had shipped as gunner at
Cadiz.-* The reports of this expedition were never
])ublished. The commander was imprisoned for cer-
tain crimes or irregularities, and it is only through
Navarrete's brief resunje, and an abridged narrative
by one of the officers, that anything is known of
results."
As early as 1789 it was determined to found two
new missions, in honor of * our lady of st>litude' and
"At least 4 or 5 shots were heard from a fojj-hiddcn vessel ou that date.
Ijuatamaiitc, in Caro, Trei^ Sifjloii,m. l(Uj-7, says lie left Noolka Aiigust 'ioth,
and i'uelioreil at Monterey Sejitcndjci' lltli.
''•* For aeeoniit of ^lal.ispina's cxploralioiia in the north, see //(.s/. X. IT.
Cod.st, i. 2-1!); and ///••■'. Alashi, tills serii's.
^"Sept. '-l, IT'.'l, Maliisiiina and lUi- taniantc to Lnfuen thankin;^ him for
aid. L:',Rnen in reply j;i\eH thr.nks for jiresents. 'J'iie lelteni are full (;f !l;it-
teiin;,' oxj re; sions, s'.nd the voya^'er.s iiromiseto nial;(; Iho Inn;; i'nd Ihc «drl(l
aefjiiuinted v,i;h their favmalili! inijnessions of Calilornia and v.itli the siic-
eoa and ;:eal of the ]);idres. Maloxiitiiit vw\ l!iixfaihiii:ti' — Cart' al /'. LdsiK ii
y ri:<jjii)'.-,>(i. I'l' il'fl.o J'cilrc, Sept. 17!)1, MS. ^'allll '..7, 171'-*, *<tn. >,uva hiid
learned of !Midaspina"H vi.-it. Arr/i. An.tlii-jKnld, MS., i. I!).
-' Tuijlur, in I av'Jic Motttldij, xi. tJ-i'J-.".0, frem Smi Cdrlon, Li'i. ile
'■-Xcraircti; Vlarirx Apdrnlh-", (14-8. 2(;S-70, .lin-'JO: ///.. in ,s'('/7 // M,.ri.
caiiu, ykije,IiUroil., exxii.-iii. 'Jajlor, hiJ'ac/jicJlonl/iti/, xi. C4!i, and L. Cut.,
RULE OF ROMEU.
m
m
II
of tiu' holy cross. Tlio necessary prcTmiiii.'U ies were
arrai).i;(xl l)y torrespoMdeuce between jiresident, guar-
dian, Jiiid viceroy, and four new I'riars wei-e sc'lcctcd
to take eliari,;e, or enable others to tlo so, of llu^ new
establishments^'' Tlio information ivachcd ("alifornia
at the end of Jnly 1700 toi^ether with ihe lii;irs,
J)anli, }»ii^ii<'], liubi, and Tapis; and all the necess;ny
etlects except the church vestments and utensils,
'i'his omission caused delay, for the j)riests were not
disposed to take anythint^ t)n tri'.st in deiilin';' v.ilh
the governnic'it, and it was not until duly 171)1 l!iat
a ponit'.e assurance came from the \ iceroy tliat the
sacred utensils woidd be sent, to'^ether with nn (!r<ler
to proceed at once, borrow i n;^' tlie need».'d arti'-K' ; fiom
the oiliei' eslal)lishments."' Subse'pient |:rcliniiiiary
Avork is best described in the words (A' Lasiien, v.lio
writes the '21)ih of Sei)tend)er: "In vic^w of the
superior order of his excellency I at once n;nned the
niissionariis, I asked and obtained I'rom t'ae com-
mandant of this presidio the necessary aid lor explor-
iivjc anevv' the reiiion of Soledad, and tliere was eliosen
a site having some advantages over the two previously
considered. 1 apj'lied to the missions for veslments
and sacred vessels; and as soon as the commandei' of
the AriUi'xr.n i'urnished the sii'vientes all:)\ved rt)r the
new establi;;hnients I proceeded to Santa Clara in
order to c-xamine anew in person the site of |-'anta
Cruz. I crossed the sierra by a long and rough v.ay,
41, says thiit Malasjiina, tlirouj.;h tlie jealousy of (loiloy, was imprisoned U>r
14 yea'.H iiud ihialiy liberated wlien Marshal Soult took Ci<nifi:i i;i 1: 0.).
^••(iiuiiditin Xorie!^;:i to viceroy, Sept. 'I'l, ITS'.*; vieeroy to j-uardi:iii, Oct.
31; fTuai(!iaii to La:iiieii, l)ee. 10, in Airh. Slit. Ih'.Hicnt, JlS., vi. '_. .)-'!.
Two llidusaiid ei;;!.t lumdnd <lol!ai's was to bo paid to tho iindieo, 01, C" >) iov
eaili iiiisoii, and !iO()() for travelling expensrs of eaili friar. A] iil I, 17!'»),
the siudieo, l"r. (ler< niiiio de Saiiipelnyo, sends iiri'M::ion;? and tools lor Santu
Cruz to value of Sl,OJl. Sla. I'riiz, Lih, tie Jlisioii, MS., .'J.
'■"An;.'. I!, l7'.'->, Liisuen to I'af^es, announces arrival of padrrs; nol'.iing
lacking Imt for the j.'ovcrunient to deliver the facred vc'sjiis; ho is ready.
Anil. A r.oh ',.<■! Kill I, ^iS.,i. I!); .Ian. '20, IT'.U. Viceroy to L;!s;:cn and lo;;ov-
einor, (jrncin' i.li-s, etc., will lie sent; let the old niisf.ionn Imd. July l..ili,
I.a.suen rejiKeo: n'l ri;.;lil:. Arc/i. S'a. JJilrlxira, MS.. .\i. 8 IC; Pn r. .SV. J''ij>.,
MS., \. i;.,S. .lidy '__'. 17!'l. l.asuen issues a circular 1 > the pailrc;.; i.ia'.ing
known viceioy'ij crders; 1. 1 each padre mark on tlie margin the urticlcs that
he can lend. Air/i. tSiit. lUirbani, MS., i.\. ol(J-17.
PREPARATIONS FOR MISSION'S.
403
.111(1 1 found in tlio site the same c-xccllcnt flincss fljjit
liiul boon rtj)()rto(l to mo. I found, hosidrs, a stivain
of water very near, copious, and iniportiint. On tlio
(lay of San Agustin, August 28tli, I said mass, and a
cross was raised in tlie spot where tlie estaMisliment
is to 1)0. Many gentiles came, largo and small, of
liotli sexes, and showed that they would <>la(ll\' enlist
under that sacred standard, thank (UnW I returned
to Santa Clara by another way, rougher but shorter
and more direct. I had the Indians im])rove the road
and was perfectly successful, because for this as for
evi'rythingelso the commandant of San Fr.tnciscc*, Don
Jlermeiiegildo Sal, has furnishe<l with tlio greatest
uctivits^ and promjitness all the aid I have asked for.
1 oi'dercd some little huts nuule, and I suj)posc that
by this time the missionaries are there. I found hero
in ^lonterey the two corvettes of the Spanisji exjK'di-
tioii, and the commander's power of phasing ol)ligod
1110 to await their departure. I endeavored to induce
tl m to transport the Santa Cruz sn[)plios l)y water,
but it could not bo accomplished. ])ay before yester-
day, however, some wore sent there by land, and with
tlitin a man from tho schooner which canio from
Xootka under Don Juan Carrasco.'® Tho plan is to
SCO if there is any shelter for a vessel on tho coast
near Santa Cruz, and there to transport what is left.
To-morrow a report is expected. Tliis means is
sought because we lack animals. To-dny cloven Ind-
ians have departed from hero with tools to construct
a shelter at Soledad for tho padres and the supplies.
I ;iiul the other padres are making pro})arati()ns, and
\\\y departure thither will bo, by tho i'avor of (jlod, tho
(lay alter San Francisco, October 8th, ;it latest." ""^
Tlie preliminaries having boon thus arranged Alftjrez
Sal started from San Francisco September 22d with
"■''Tlii.s schooner was tlic Ilorrnn'itic^, which uiiiler Xnrv:\('Z Ii.'mI taken part
in Klisa'a noitherii explorations. Sec Ui4. X. IT. ('(<r^'.•^ i. •J44-'J.tO. The
Aivir.''Zii had also made a trip to the north, under Malute.
'''Ln.^iien, Carta (d Si\ Goberiuulor liomiu, sohre j'nudaclo,. ue Minioncn,
S'Jdc Sept. 17'J1, MS.
404
RULE OF ROMEU.
Corporal Lui.s Porultu jumI two |)rivat<'s, nnivi!!;^^ ai
Hunta Clara in the af'termtoii.-' Noxt nioriiiiiji,^ lir
])roo(.'t'(U'(l to Santa (Vuz, hisforoc l)oin;^ inorcastd l»y
I'athois Alonwo Salazar and I3al<lonicro l^opez, wliiic
the rest of the mission t^nard with six or sovon scrvaiiis
were left to hrinrj HUi)[)lies and cattle. On the 1141 h
Bonic Christian Indians of Santa Clara were set at
work cuttin;.,^ timber and building a hut fur the friars,
■who busied themselves seeking a spot for sowiiii^-
twenty-five fanogas of wheat. A fine ])lain was found
Avell ada[)tc!d for the j)urposc, capable of irrigation
from a small stream called by the exjdorers of 17(i'.)
Arroyo tie San Pedro Ilegalado. The mission sitr
was about five hundred yards from the Kio San
Lorenzo, also named in 17(JU. The chief Sugert came
in with a few of his followers, and j)romised to become
the first Christian of his tribe, Sal agreeing to be
godfather. On Sunday, September 25th, as soon as
the soldiers and horses arrived from Santa Clara,
Sugert and his ])eople having been fortified by assur-
ances against the noise of exploding gunpowder, and
the friars having donned their robes, J)on Hermene-
gildo took formal possession as he says, "in such M'ords
as m}' moderate talent dictated," and at the conclusion
the guns were discharged. Five more salutes were
fired while the padres said mass and chanted a te
^'Se])t. 17, 1701, Sr' to Romcu, excusing himself for sending, without
liaviuy iiwiiited KoiiuHi's arrival or oi'dciii, at Ljisucn's request, a yuard ami
iiiulo train for the ni!\v mission. St. /'aj>., Sm:, MS., vii. 18-i!l>. The corporid
of the inLssion f^'uard was fully iiistnioted respecting iiis duties under (hite <if
Supt. 17th. .S'((/, Jiintnirridii (il Cdha Liiix P< niltudl cdiyo (/c la K.i'dl(t ile In
Mixioiidi' Sfiii/a Cnr., jy.il, MS. Tlio general purport wa.s, constant pre-
•autions, kinihiess to ^.'entiles, hai'niony with paih'cs, strict performance of
I'lijiious duties, and the details of routine. The details wore niueli tlie same
1 all missions. Jt is to l)e noticed, however, that in the matter of escortini,'
.10 jiriests the soldiers were strictly limited, and were not .illowed to pass
lie iiigjit away inun the missiim. If a j)ricst d(^sired to go to a di.;tant niis-
««ion, word must he sent to San Fninciseo and a guard ol)tained from the
jiiesidio. On the 20th or 30th of each month a report to Sal must he sent l)y
two soldiers to Santa Clara, where the two must wait till two Santa Clara
men carried the dcsj;atch to San Francisco and returned. As the rainy season
was drawing near, the gentiles might be induced to work on the warehouse
and guarJ-Uuuse by presents of food, etc., even against the wishes of the
padres.
FOUNDIXO OF SANTA CRUZ.
405
(Ictnn, niul thus tlio iniHsion of Santa Cruz wan
Lociil annals of Santa Cruz to 1800 are host |nv-
sciitod licre and may bo briolly roconlcd. Often there
wcH! ajiprehensions of trouhle with the natives, but
Ihf fears of the friars rested for the most ]>art on
iKithiii;^ more soHd than rumor, tlie occasional lliu^ht
of a niMtphyte, or the loss of an animal, 'i'o keep the
suMieis of the ^uard on the alert they were once
(iideied t" liunt bears for tarj^et j)ractice."'' The neo-
])hytes numbered 84 at the en<l of the year I~!>I.
Tin y had increased to 224 in another year; in 171X1
the number was r)23, the hif^hest ever reached, and in
ISOO they were 41)2. There had been 1)41), accordinjLf
to the rei,nsters, baptized, 27 1 couples married, and 477
hulled. J^ari^e stock increased durin<^ the decade fi-om
LMiJ to 2,:i:)4 head; .sniall stock from 174 to 2,08."..
Agricultural [)roducts in 1792 were about 050 bushels;
■^Snl, Dliirlo ill I /'iroiiiirimifii/o ih In MWinn dc Savfn Crin, JT'lf, MS.
Cirtirn':;te oil t'i)Uiiilati(Jii of tin- mission, diitod S^^\^t. 'J'Mi, t\ni\ sijiiii'il liy Siil,
('ni(i. i\ I'lilt,), iiimI cDldiurSiilvadDr llij;iu'ra. S/. J'k/i., Siir., y\>>., ii. 1,'>7. Sal
ii tiuiic'd ti'Si.nta ( Ijiia Scjit. "JOtli, and San FianciscD Sept. 'JTtli. Stjit. 'J.")tli,
till' I adri':i iiiui'jinii'C! tlio funndation to-day in a Iclti r to IJonicu; situ line anil
|i|(i!-1i(c'l.s llattLiiii;,'. /,('/«; and Nidautf, i'drin ilr hix /'(n/rm i/r Santa Cruz
III 11, ,'ii'r, .ador, HUI, MS. Titlc-i)a;,'is of nii.ssioii n",'istei-s. Santa Cnr., l/di.
ilr Miyini, ^'lS., "iS. Santa Clara funii.slicd for Santa Cruz 04 cattlo, '22
liorsL-;!, 7>i fanc'as of >/raiii, and '-Mi loaves of liicail; San Franei.sco, ■") yoke of
oxen, "0 I lieep, inid •_' Inisiiela of barley; San (lii'los, 7 liiule:i and S liorses.
'i'lie j/uai'd fu'.iii.-lied tlio jiadi'es .*>4'_'.r)0 wortli of iirovi.-sions, to 1h^ repaid. A
li>t i<f tlic ehuieli vistinenta and sacred ves.-iels is also givi'n. C'o]iy from
Miis:-iiin reeon'a in Vidlrjit, J)nr. Ui<t. Cat., .MS., .\xviii. lO^'-ll. See also
ir.7/ v".< ( I iitciii'iid Shitih cf Santa Cruz, II, I'i. Simla Cnr. Sriilinil, An;j;.
I'J, l:(;.'). Antnlier record makes the eontrihution of Santa (Jlara l.'d eattle,
III liurses, 18 faue^'as of grain; San Franeiseo, (i yoke of oxen, lOO hogs, CJ
iiimIc:;; and of In r missions 8 heasis of burilen. Sidiizar, ('ondinon uctuul di:
Cid'h n^ii, nu!, MS.
'•"•■iliia was in I7!)7. Pror. Hrr., MS., v. lOfi. .Tan, 1704, Mission Rnard
iui'ie;!. ( il to f> men, lint reduecd to f) hi'fore Mi'V 17!>.'i. I'ror. St. /'a/)., MS.,
xiii. ■j;,M;xii. 77. April I7!I'S, ilO fugitives gatlured in by Cori). Me.sa. /'/.,
xxii. lul. Jtoad from Monterey tlireatened; a soldier //rfr /•///. 'iltaeked in 17!!-,
St. I'liji., .'r;r., MS. vi. 70-1. I''el). I7!K<, it neophyte:) brought in !• pagans.
Mountain Indian:-. f:aid to be making arrows. I'rur. St. I'n/i., M.S., xi. l.'i'J-.'!.
I'ee. 170.'), the eorjiorr.l and a soldiei' wounded; two paities sent from San
rr:nR-i.;eo to ].nn!Hh tlie natives. Id., xxi. I7(i. .Tan. I7!).">, Ser'ut. Amad(jr
sent to eapturo "ilni^iaiis who were makim.' trou1)le ois tin; l!io rai.ii'o. /V'<c.
St. I'aii., lU'ii. Md., MS., i. 47. Mareir7, 17!)(i, 1'. Sanehe/ asks for aid.
Indians t!ire:!tenin',r. St. I'ap.. Sac., MS., viii. ;t. Feb. '29th, Amador sent to
investi'.'ate a rumor that the Iiuliaus would rise and kill the padrua. I'roc.
mi. Pap., MS., xiv. 18.
496
RULE OF ROMEU.
H
m
3,400 in 179G, and 800 in 1709; in 1800 wore 4,n00
buslielis; total yield of the decade, 17,590 bushels.
The church, whose corner-stone had been laid with
due ceremony on February 27th of the preccdiiii^r
year, was fonnally dedicated to its holy use the lOtli
of May 1794, by Father Pena from Santa Clara, with
the aid of Gili and Sanchez, besides the ministers of
the mission. Alferez Sal was present and as godfatlicr
of the church received its keys. Ail the ceremonies
prescribed by the lloman ritual were solemnly per-
formed in presence of neophytes, servants, and troops,
and next day a mass was celebrated in the new e(h-
fice. The church was about thirty l)y one hundred
and twelve feet and twenty-five feet hi'jfh. Tlie
foundation walls to the height of three feet were
of stone, tlie front was of masonry, and the rest of
adobes.'"''' There is some evidence tliat the site of the
mission had been slightly changed in 1792 to avoid
danu'cr from inundation. ^^ About the mission build-
ings but little is recorded except that tlie last two
sides of the square were completed in 1795; and a
tlourinij-mill was built and beijfan to i-un in the an-
tunm of i 79G, but was badly danjaged by the rains of
'"A full ncniint <if tlic ceremony and of the Imildiiig, sifjncd hy tlio six
pei'soiiK iiiiiiiuil ;;iiil liy Francisco (loiiicz, Josc .Mariii J.ojicz, J:;ii;uii) Cluiniii-
zcro, luid .li)S(! Antonio SljicIkz, i> given in .SVk. Cni-., Lih. dc Mis'n.i, MS.,
38-40. Mr V.'illt y, ( '>,il, inrnl Sbtrh Sta. ( 'ni~, ]-2, pivo.i ti.e d;ito ti < .Mauh
lOtli, and this in:',y jioasilil , ho correct, as it is often dillieult to di.stinnni li in
old S|)i;ni.-<li manuscript J/V(/;j> from Maiio. J'ro^ress made on eliu;'c!i in 17!'.'!,
and ic vaa linished in 17!'l. N'. Pap., J/i'f'^., MS., i. 1'22; ii. 17. 15ein_L,' dani-
a.tjcd liy rainnin i'lUl. /'/., ii. \'22. Account of dedication in .SVa. CnzSin-
liiid, An;;. IJ, KS.;,'>. Accordi;iL,' to a scrap in llfiijc-i^ J/iss/nii J!,io/,; i. \'.',{\
some coins and relics dp^)0' itcd in tlio corner-stnno ga"j rise to I'nmov.s of
treasnrc lor which searcli was madu wheu the building fell in isr»li; hut not
oven t'le .stone ^\aj found.
^'Scpt. 1-J. \1[)2. Letter of the governor in Pror. /,Vr., IMS., ii. 1,10.
Iidiahitants ill l7!"'o: Corporal Josi' ^Viitoiuo Sanche;'.; soldier.! Joaiinin Li'inal,
Jose Accves (whoso n)arv:a;;c with a neo])hytj Moninu was the lirst nconliil
at Santa (;rn.; on March ;!,''171)4. SUt. Cruz, L'Ji. ili- Misioii, MS., -J!)), lliinum
Linares, ,loa(|uin Me.sa, and JosO Vi/.eari'a; sailor sirvienles, J.,opez, (^a-.ri'.lo,
Arroyo, IJaraji's, l!odii."'Uez, !;nd Soto; and tlie artisan Antonio ]Icni-i(picz.
All hut tlio Hailcr.s h,;d fauilii a. J'ror. N/. P(>]>., MS., xiii. ■J:i4. Nov. I, \7.H,
the jiadres conijilain that the Kailoi' laborers linow notiiin.LC of their ■\\("k and
should be ti;!UL-i'en'i'(l to the presidio. /(/., xii. -lO. Sr.pplies to iiresidios in
17!)o-(l, about SJ,(Jm,>. //., .\vi. -Jii;!, 'JUd; J'rnr. !,'(<•., MS., v. 70. Due from
l)residio to uiibsion in Itiut), ijltill. Sin. Cru~, Lib, de Jlmiuii, MS., ID.
i:
EARLIEST ANNALS OF SANTA CRUZ.
497
December.^- The annual election of mission alcaldes,
which was required by the regulation, but had been
for a long time neglected here as elsewhere, began by
l^orica's orders in 1797.=^''
Ill these later years the mission prospects were far
from encouraging, if we may judge from the tone of
missionary correspondence. At the beginniiig of 171)8
Fernandez writes that everything is in a l)ad way. A
lumdred and thirty-eight neophytes have deserted,
leaving only thirty or forty to work, while tlie land is
overflowed and the planting not half done. The
church has been damaged by the tiood; the live-stock
is dying; and a dead whale on the beach has attracted
an unusual multitude of wolves and bears."''* The es-
tablishing of Banciforte across the river, of which I
shall speak in another chapter, had nuich to do with
the friars' despondency.
The missionary founders, L-^ipez and Salazar, serve 1
here, the latter till July 1795 and the former to Jul}?
17SJ(), at or about whicli dates they departed from the
country to seek the retirement of their college.^^
^■' III ^larcli artisans were sent to build the mill nntl instruct the natives.
In Auj,'u.st a smith and miller were sent to start the mill. I'rdv. I'c-., MS. , iv.
'li'A -Jli-J; V. 50, 08, (jJ-G, 118, llo; vi. 08; Anfi. Sla. Udrhnra, .MS., ii. TS; .S7.
Ptili.. Sar., M.S., vii. 30. Four niillstone.s were ordered made at Santa Cruz
fill San ( 'lirlo.s. A house for the mill wi.s also built; a;id in I70.'> a gnuiary of
two stories and a house for looms had been iinishcd. St. I'up., Minn., !M8., ii.
17, 78.
^■^ Saiifa Crux, Parroqnin, !MS., ir>, 10.
^* Frni'iiidtz, C'ltrtd del I'adrc Mhustro unhrr la eoiidirion de Santa Cnn,
17'JS, MS. Aug. 1, 17li8, Engineer Conloba reports that Santa Cruz has
.■{,4.'ir).(!0() ! (|. vaias of irrigalde lands of which 1,1'20,()()0 are xin ahiir. I'as-
tuic's 1.5 .\ 8 or y leagues witli seven permanent streams. I'rov. i/tv., MS.,
vi. !»!>.
''''<)f Al'jnso Isidro Salazar we know nothing till he became minister of
Santa < 'ru/ in Sept. 1701, having jjrobably arrived from Mexico a littleearlier
in the siinn" year. Jle and Lopez did not get along amicably togctiicr, and
tlie archivi'S contain an order of the guiirdian to tlie ])rc.iident to send Salazar
to some other mission since he ami his confrere would not 'listen ti) reason,'
iiudmordcr ' to reduce theii- pride' Arch. Sla. Bdrlmra, MS., xi. 'i.'il-'i. He
nc\cr served at any other mission, and his license to retire, dated by the vice-
roy .hiu. 'j;!, 170."'>, reached him Ijitore.Tune lOtiiof the same year. I'rur. J'i'r.,
MS., vi. 17. St. I'ap., Sac, MS., i. ,')(). \o reason foi' his retirement isgiven.
He (loiditlesa sailed in the transport of tliat iiutunni; and nn Miiy II, 17!1(),
lie urote at tlie collegi' of San Fernando a long report on CMlif'irnia, nf wiiich
1 shall iiave something to say elsewhere. ( '(nidirimi Ai'tiud ,1,' ( ',il,, M.S.
Ijuldomero Lopez, I i lie Salazar, camo to California in 1701, like hini served
lliHT. Cal., Vol. I, 'ii
498
RULE OF ROMEU.
They wore succeeded by Manuel Fernandez and Jose
de la Cruz Espi, the latter beinjjf rei)laeed in May
1707 l)y Fi-aneisco (;ionzalez, while tlie foinier left tlic
country in October 1798 and was replaced by Domingo
Carranza,^"
We come finally to the other new mission of 1791,
La Soledad, True to the condition expressed in the
name, 'Our Lady of Solitude' has left but a meagre
record either of foundation or subsequent career. As
we have seen, Lasucn had personally selected a site.
The 29t]i of September a party of natives departed
from San Carlos to erect a shelter. The friar, delayed
by Malaspina's visit, intended to go to Soledad again
by October 9th at the latest.^" He did go on that
date or perhaps the day before, for on the 9th witli the
aid of Sitjar and Garcia, and in the presence of ]jieu-
tenant Jose Arguello, the guard, and various natives,
he spi'inkled holy water on the site, l)lessed and raised
the cross which all adored, and performed all the nec-
essar}' rites by which the mission of Xuestra Sehora
de la Soledad was ushered into existence. The site
was called by the natives Cliuttuso-elis and the rci-iun
only at Santa Cruz, ami like him was ill-tempereil to sueli an extent that his
constant 1)it;keiings with his companion received the reproof of lii.s sujx'rinr.-i
His teiii]ier was, however, hirgely the result of ill-health. Ife wns the vii'
tini of liypoelidnilria which nnlitted him for missionary duties and he retired
in August ITDli. Airh. S/.i. Udrlmm, MS., vi. l2i\S, xi. .")(j-7; I'rov. lln:, MS.,
vi. l(i;t. in .Mexi"o it seems hi.s health was restored, for on Aug. 8, KslS, lie
was elected guardia:. of San Fernando.
'"' 1'. .Manuel Fernandez was a native of Tny in (Jalicin, Spain, horn in
IT'iT, \\Iii> liecame a Franciscan at ( 'oinpf)stela in 17^4. and juined tliecullegc
of Sau Ftinandoin I7'J.'{, hcing sent to Californiain 17!'4. Arrh. Sin. Jliir/i/irii,
MS., xi. 'JKS. Jle was (ine of live priests who came rccommendecl liy Mug:ir-
tegui as of a dillcrent kind from .sevci'al who had exhausted l.asueii'siiatici'. e,
these being in fact niodil missionaries. Miiij(irti';/iii, Cartit, nl J'. Laxmn .m <!'■
L'liiro I'i'J.'i, MS. \n original letter. He was impetuous, vioh'id, cruel, and
a had manager of neojiliytes. J'ror. JiW., MS., vi. lO.'i; or at least over-zcnl
ous in con\ Citing pagans, and was admonished l)y the ]iresident to nioilerate
his wal. J'rur. Sf. I'oji., MS., xii. I'Jo-.'VJ. 'i'liis was at Santa ( lara wheie lie
Rci-ved in I7!I4. lli^ an as nnicli at San I'raneisco in the early jiart of I7!i"'.
]>uriug his service at Santa Cruz in 171>o- 8 we liear no complaint against him,
and in ()ct<d)cr 1 7!'S lu^ obtained licen.se to retire on account of sickness. Anii.
Ar-iihinjitulii, MS., i. ."I'i.
•■' See p. 4113, this volume.
I I ; t- 1
FOUNDING OF SOLEDAD.
409
had boon known to tlio Spaniards as Soledad since
tlio first occupation of tlie country. ^'^
]3oyond the names of officiating missionaries and
the usual statistics Soledad lias no recorded history
for this first decade. One entry in the mission books
liowever deserves mention, by which it appears that
on ^lay 19, 1703, there was baj)tizcd a Xootka Indian,
twenty years of age, "Iquina, son of a gentile father,
named Taguasmiki, who in the year 1781) was killed
hy tlie American Gret (Gray) captain of tlie vessel
called Washington belonging to the Congress of Bos-
ton.
Fathers Dieijo Garcia and ^Mariano Rubi were the
first ministers of Soledad, the former being present at
tlie foundinif and the latter arriving; shortlv after.
l\uhi left the mission in Januaiy and the country in
F(.'hruary or ^Nlarch 1793. Garcia left Soledad in
February 1792, but he returned, serving there from
December 1792 t<^ March 1796, when he was trans-
ferred to San Francisco. These two wei-e of the
ckiss alluded to by Muufarteoui as havinn- exhausted
tlie [)residcnt's patience. They were even worse than
Sala/ar and Lopez at Santa Gruz, for llubi was an
immoral man, while Garcia, if not ])artially insane,
was unpopular and disol)edient.*" After the terms of
^^Solcilrifl, Lih. ^fisioi), MS., 1, 2. XiUT.'itivc siL,'n('il liy L.asucn. Itdinen
to viceroy Deo. ), 17'.)1, in iSV. J'ap. Sac, MS., v. It.'f. The lirst luiptisiii of an
al)(iri,ninal was uii Nov. 'Jlld. Tlie fnUow iiig names ficm the nii.ssioii iceunls
ai(> tlio.se of the sohliei's and sirvientes during the decaile: Soldieis, Macai'io
Castro, eorjioral in IT'.t-. Jynaeio Vallejo, eorpoi'al in 17!'.'{, Jose Dioni.sio l>er-
nal, l.coeadio C'iliiian, T('<i(loi() (Joniez, .Iom'! Jgnaeio Mesa, Antonio J>iiehia,
Mareos Villela, Manuel .Meiuloza, Salvador Ks|i\no.-ja, .Mi;,'Uel l^spiiK^a, < 'a-
yt'tano lOspiiiosu, Mareos 15riones, JSai'toionu'! ?Iateo Martinez, Jose .Mai-iii
Snlieraiies, .Jnaii Maria Pinto, jind .Maniul lopdriLriiez. Servants: .Viilonio
Santos, Leoeadio Martinez, Matias Sohi.s, Tedic- liautista Leonardo, Josii
Jirrnardino I'hires.
■•\Snl.,/„>/, L;h. Mlgio»,yii<., 4.
*".Nhiriano Knlii was one uf the four pp'lrri wlin arrived in ralifon'ii:i in
.Iidy I7M> sent expresslv fur tlie iir"- estalili.>liments. }Io her\ ed at San
Antonio 17!)() to Sept. l'7!ll. and firm Oet. 17!ll to .Ian. i7!«. He relin'd
undi r a ]irovisioiial lieense, hein^; '.i iilduaitli. Arch. A r.<ihi>^iiiiilit, MS., i. 'X.\\
/'r:.r. /,'m'., MS., ii. KiO. Jn()''>. I7!>;tand a^aiu in I'el>. I7!U tii.' >.';iardiaii
wrnti' to liie president askinj,' for detailed reports on liulifs eduduct and
e\>(sses, and an ollieial eertiheate on the nature of his diseasi, wliieli wa.s
doubtless venereal, lie was to he e.xpelled for the honor of tlie eoUege. J n//.
500
RULE OF ROIIEU.
m
those first ministers the followino; missionaries served
for brief periods: Father Gili, like Rubi more miKjv-
rierjo than was well for his reputation and health, in
1793, Espi in 1794-5, Martiarena in 1795-7, and Cai'-
niccr in 1797-8. At the end of the decade the min-
isters were Antonio Jaime and Mariano Payoras, since
March 1796 and November 1798 respectively. In
neophyte population Soledad counted eleven converts
only at the end of 1791, but 493 in 1800, the baptisms
ha vine: a2:i;reo:ated 704, deaths 224, and marriaijes 1G4.
Large stock gained from 194 to 1,383 head; small
stock from 213 to 3,024. Agriculture yielded 525
bushels in 1792; 350 in 1794; 2,000 in 1797, and
2,000 in 1800. Total yield of decade 14,800 bushels.
In 1797 this mission possessed an adobe church with
roof of straw.*^
Sla. Blirhara, MS., xi. 229-.31, 255. Of Carcia's sViortcomings I sliall have
more to say hereafter. At Soledad he once neglected to sow graiii on some
frivolous pretext, and the neophytes were near stai'ving in consequence.
"*'«. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 120. Supplies to the presidio in 1796 §418.
Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 203.
ti!
-1
l^'r:
.-,•! X
CHAPTER XXIV.
RULE OF ARRILLAGA— VANCOUVER'S VISITS.
1792-1794,
Council at Monterey to Appoint a Temporary Governor— Arrillaga's
Accession — Arrival at Monterey — California Separated from
Provincias Ixternas — Arrillaga's Policy and Acts — The Jordan
Colony — Maritime Affairs and Forekjn Relations— Northern Ex-
plorations — Spanish Policy — The Nootka Qi-estiox — Voyage of thk
'Sutil' and ' Mexicana' — Boundary Commission — Vancouver's First
Visit — Reception at San Francisco, Santa Clara, and Monterey —
English Deserters — The Governor in a Dilemma — Precautions
against Foreign Vessels — Revilla Gigedo's Report — Attempted
Occupation of Bodega — Vancouver's SecondVisit— ADisgusted Eng-
lishman — Suspicions of Arriliaga — Hospitalities in the South —
End of the Nootka Settlement — Vancouver's Last Visit — His Ob-
servations on California.
In view of the governor's illness a council was held
at Monterey April 5, 1792, by call of Lieutenant
Argiiello/ to decide on whom the command should
fall in the event of Romeu's death, which Surgeon
liable Soler pronounced to be near. The council con-
sisted of ArgUello, Ortega, Goycoechca, and Alferez
Sal. The decision was that according to the regula-
tion the governorship ad interim would belong to
Captain Jose Joaquin de Arrillaga, connnandant at
Loreto and lieutenant-governor of the Californias;
that the provincial archives should be kept tempo-
rarily by the council, and that Arrillaga should be
notified at once of the state of aftaii's. Goycoechca
and Sal should return to their presidios, and Ortega
• Argiiello had succeeded Ortega in the spring of 1791, and Alf<5rcz Sal had
been put io commaud at Suu Francisco.
( 601 )
i I
I
i
'■;'>
B
502
RULE OF ARRILLAGA.
on Romou.s death should proceed directly to Lorcto.''
This decision was communicated on the same day to
Arrillaga and to the connnandants not present at the
council. The date of Arrillaga's accession may there-
fore be considered as identical with that of llomeu's
death the 9th of April. On May 4th Arrillaj^a an-
nounced his succession to the viceroy, and on the 7t]i
to the officials in California, who acknowledged the
receipt in June.^
Arrillaga chose to take a modest view of his own
abilities and a rather exalted one of his new duties,
askincT for counsel and sujxijrestions from his subordi-
nates. "From this moment I unload my conscience
upon each, and hold him responsible for results," writes
the new ruler, "since an officer must be directed in
his acts more by his own nonor then by fear of
authority." Viceregal autliority for his exercise of
the chief command bore date of the 8th of July. It
was his intention to remain at Loreto; but on Sep-
tem1>er 28th he was ordered to Monterey, where he
arrived early in July 1793, soon visiting Sail Fran-
cisco and returning to the capital the 17th of Sep-
tember.*
Arrillaga's attention was given almost exclusively,
durinix this first term of office and lonsT after, to the
inspection of the presidios and to the adjustment of the
old presidial accounts in continuation of the task that
had been intrusted to Romeu. He worked diligently
^ Junta <le 5 de Ahril de 1791 en Monterey, MS. Arguello's letters to coni-
manilants Zurni;;i and (tonzales, same ilato. Prov. St. Pap., JI8., xxii. LS-IT).
^Prov. Si. I'ap., MS., xi. 4, 7, 8. May 4tli, Arrillaga to viceroy. Id.,
xxi. 71. May 7tli, /</., to lioycoocliea ami Argiiello. /(/., xi. 25; St. Po/t.,
(SVtc, :MS., i. 115. May 7tli, Id., to Lasuen, and tlie padre'.s cougratulations
on June 25111. Arch. ArzohiKjiado, !MS., i. 27-8. May 10th CJen. Xava sends
to the governor a copy of Xeve's ])rcvioiis instructions to Fages ; but tliis
ilocuniont was jirobably intended fi>r Komeu since Xava first announces knowl-
edge ot liomeus death on June 17th. S/. Pup., Sac, MS., i. 72-.3; Prov. St.
Paji., MS., xi. 59.
*June 8, 1792, Arrillaga to commandants in St. Pap., Sac, MS., vi. 76-8.
Viceroy to governor, July 8, 1702, in Pror. St. Pap., Ben. Md., MS., xx. ,S.
Sept. 28, 1792, Arrillaga ordered to ilonterey. lb. At San Diego in March
179;{; at ^loiiterey, before July 8th; went to San Francisco July 27tli;
returrod Sept. 17th. Prov. Si. Pap., jSIS., xxi. 92-3, 101, 109, 110. His last
conmnnii cation from Loreto is dated Dec. 29th.
A ^W GOVERNOR.
C03
to Loreto.''
anio day to
;sont at tlie
may tlicrc-
if Komeii'.s
i-rillaj^a an-
on the 7 til
'ledged the
of his own
new duties,
lis suboi'di-
conscicncu
ilts," writes
directed in
by fear of
exorcise of
f July. It
»ut on Se[)-
, where ho
San Fran-
th of Scp-
xclusivcly,
;er, to tht;
ent of the
task that
dih<]fcntlv
letters to com-
, x.\ii. l,S-].5.
viceroy. Id.,
25; St. Pap.,
ongratulutioiis
n. Xava iseuds
es; but this
ouiicOH knowl-
2-3; Prov. SI.
MS., vi. Tfi-S.
, MS., XX. ',\.
icgo ill Maicli
;o July 'JTtli;
IIG. His lust
at tlie comphcated task and with much success, though
niJMiy years passed hefoi'o it was comph^ted. Beyond
the details of this adjustment, and tlie ordinary routine
of oftieial correspondence with commandants, general,
oi' viceroy — for early in 17y,'3 California became by
rovid order separated from the Provincias Iiit(.'rna!4
and sul)ordinate directly to the viceroy" — the archives
contain but little on this administration, which con-
tinued until 1794.
Airillaufa carried out conscientiously the instruc-
tions of general and viceroy on the strengthen iiig of
coast defences and assistance to north-coast establish-
ments, lie met the English navigator A^ancou\ er on
his second visit to jMontercv, leavini*' a not very favor-
able impression on the mind of his visitor, and urged
the viceroy to put the presidios under cajitains, who
should have nothing to do with the financial accounts.'"'
He granted lands provisionally to three or four men
in the Monterey region," issued in the interests of
agriculture a proclamation forbidding the natives to
kindle fires in the fields, and in the direction of ])ublic
works opened a new road and ford at the Piijaro Iviver.
By Ariillaga's advice the proposition of the clergy-
man, xVlejaiuho Jordan, to found a colony in Califor-
nia for the supply of San Bias with products at clu^aper
rates, was declined by the king in 171)4.^ Besides
■''The king resolved in council of Sept. 7, 1702, on making the Fnivinciiis
IiitcMiiis iiKkpendciit of the viceroy; but the Califoniiiis and sonio lasti-ru
)ii()vint','.s were excepted in military and political matters, lit v'llla^ di'i/f''),
ii'ii)tlo-<, (jl!. Feb, ]•_', 17n.'>, viccrry gives corresponding orders to the go\--
einur. I'mv. St. J'd/i., ;^|S., xxi. 100.
Muly It;, IT!)!.', y n,c. ,S7. 7'-ri,...MS.,xxi. lOS-O. Inl7()l tluMilliicdf haliili-
tai1i> geiirrul ul' the ( 'alilornian I'resiidios had been created with ]\lanuel (':;r-
(alia as Ih'st iiicumbrnt. /</., x. l,'J(!-7.
' An illa:M Hr.y.'i that bis [iredeci'ssors liad not granted any lands, he favois
it and has granted ranches to several invalids on the river .'J or -I Ica'.'ues frum
Abiiiti 'ey. /'*■',)•. .SV. J(tji.,\n, 4.j-7, I!"!'; xxi. 1I!"2. It was in his rule, 17'.'.'!,
that ( leneral \ava's ordi r, allowing eoujinandants of presidins to grant lant^.a
witliin 4 leagues, was app.oved by the viceroy. S>. J'o]'., J/m.~'. '/;"/ Coloi.,
-MS., i. :!-jo-i, :!n--j.
'' ArriUaga to vii'emy, November S. 17!'l?, in Prov. Si. J'ap., MS., xxi. S.Vli.
.Tordaii is s^iid to have t^unt 8 niontlis in Alta Califoniia at some jrevious
time, and to have caused yonio dissatisfaction by his intrigues, tliougli I lind
no other record of his presence than Arrillaga's statement. Jonlan a;iked for
504
RULE OF ARRILLAGA.
ordering the appropriate nianifesstations (jf rejoicing at
the queen's liappy ilehvery in 1798, the governor con-
tinued the collection of alms for the Capuchin nuns of
Granada authorized before his accession, and in 1794
had tlio pleasure of forwarding California's contribu-
tion of !?154 for so pious an object."
From what has been said it will be apparent to the
reader that little occurred to distract Arrillaga's atten-
tion from his figures. The period was one of quiet
prosperity for the missions, and no new establishments
were founded. The governor was liked by the friars,
with whose management he made no attempt to inter-
fere. Ko had no quarrels ; introduced no reforms ; met
with no disasters, but regarding himself as merely an
accidental and temjiorary ruler he was content with
the performance of routine duties until a successor
could be selected. We shall hear more of him later.
Local events during this and the preceding and fol-
lowing administi'ations I shall group into the annals
of a decade. General topics of provincial progress I
shall gTou[) practically in the same way by attaching
the little that belongs to Romeu and Arrillaga to the
much that is to be said of Borica's time.
pi;
Maritime affairs and foreign relations, or the dread
of foreign relations and consequent precautions, form
the only general topic of Arrillaga's term which <lo-
mands extended notice. The subject is somewhat
closely connected with the annals of the Northwest
Coast, fully recorded in another volume of this work,
§4,000 salary, 18 men, an<l a, supply of implements. Arrillaga thought tliat
the expense of a colony woulil outweigh its advantages, sinee the supply-
ships might take south produce ol)taineii from the settlers. August 7, 1T!'4,
the viceroy communicates to the governor the king's decision against the pro-
posal, ou the ground that free trade witii San ]>las would of itself accomplisli
t[uite as satisfactory results. /(/., xi. l!f2-.3; I'rov. Kcc, MS., viii. 14."). Tlie
king's order was dated Mfircli 7, 1704. Niicva Etpaiia, Acu(r(h.-<, ^IS., 170.
"May 8, 1703, order for te deum on queen's delivery. Prov. Uic, MS.,
i. '210; Arch. Ar~Mhi.<pii(lo, MS., i. 34. December 1, 1701, authorization of
Capuchin collection by generu\ Prov. Si. Pap., MS., xi. '23. June (i, 1704,
viceroy acknowledges receipt of $104 collected at Monterey and San Fran-
cisco. Id., xi. 17'2-3; §32 at San Francisco. Id., x. 14, 40; Jtxi. 110, 132, 104;
Provliec, MS,, i. 213.
THE NORTHWEST COAST.
SOS
and therefore briefly referred to here,*" Spain no
longer attached the same importance as in former
years to her exclusive claims in the far north, now
that the geographical relations of America and Asia
were approximately known, and the occupation of Cal-
ifornia had furnished suitable ports for the Philippine
trade. After the explorations of 1774-1) to latitude
G0° nothing was done for a decade. Had it not been
lor the possible existence of an interoceanic strait and
tlie ever present fear of foreign encroachment from
the north, the Spaniards would have given no more
thought to these far-off" coasts. Xcw rumors came,
however, that the Russians were advancing south-
ward, rumors proved to be of no serious im|)ortance
by the expedition of 1788; but this expedition brought
the more alarming report of a British plan to occupy
Nootka. Therefore Martinez was sent in 1789 to pre-
vent this step and establish a Spanish post at that place.
In th(^ execution of his duty Martinez seized several
English vessels as prizes. This led to com|)li'- itions
between the two nations which nearly [)lunged Europe
in war, but were settled by a treaty of 1790. ]jy this
treaty Spain virtually relinquished all her claims to
exclusive sovereignty on the Northwest Coast, the
right of navigation, fishery, and settlement being made
common to both nations.
The establishment at Nootkawas kept up, liovv ever,
from the spring of 1790, before the date of the treaty,
and was regularly supplied from San Bias by the Cal-
ifornia transports which often went direct to the
northern post and touched at Monterey on the return.
Xootka was simply an extension of the (*alit'orniau
establislunents. Spain had, as already explained, no
desire for northern possessions, but she maintained
the post for five years for two reasons — first, because
if a strait or an inlet leading to New Mexico could be
found it would be important to hold it, and to that
end exploration was zealously prosecuted; and second,
"See Iliat. Northwest Coast, i. chap, v.-ix.
:
i'
iU i^r T?^
806
RULE OF ARRILLAGA.
because if tliero were no strait the position could be
used ill tliploinatic negotiations to secure a favorable
boundary further south, such as the strait of Fuea,
the main object being to secure a broad frontier be-
tween San Francisco and the first fortngn post. It is
only certain voyages connected with the exi)lorati()ns
and negotiations refc^rred to that have a bearin<>: ou
California history. The touching on the coast of
several Nootka vessels connected with the oxj)edi-
tions of Elisa, Fidalgo, Quiniper, Saavedra, INFatute,
and Malaspina in 17D0-1 has already been noticed.
In the s[)ring of 1792 three vessels sailed from San
Bias for Nootka, oao of tliein bearing Juan Francisco
do la Bodega y Cuadra as Spanish connnissioner to
settle certain questions still pending with England.
At Nootka he met Vancouver, the British commis-
sioner. ]>y the treaty Spain had agreed to restore all
lands of which England had been dispossessed. Cuadra
claimed, as ^\•as indeed the fact, that there were no
such lands and therefore proposed to fix a boundary,
offering to give up Nootka and make Fuca Strait the
line. Vancouver demanded the unconditional surren-
der of the port, and declined to treat on the boundary
question at all. The commissioners not being able to
agree, left the matter to l)e settled by their respective
governments, and soon all the vessels, Spanish and
English, sailed for the south.
The Sati/ and Mexicana had been sent from Aca-
pulco in ]\rareh under captains Dionisio Galiano and
Cay eta no Valdes to explore the strait of Juan de
Fuca and the coast to the south. After exploring the
sound in company with Vancouver's fleet the two ves-
sels i-eturned to ]\Ionterey^^ where they arrived Sep-
tember 2'Jd and remained till the 2Gth of October.
'* For northern explorations sec JUi^t. N. W. ConM, i. 270, etc. Previous
nrrivals of 17!'- hiul ]j;'oii tlie Vowrprioii, ('!i])tiun Klisa, frtini Xootka, ll'uviIl^'
supplies at Monterey .1 uly !Hh, at Santa IJarhara, Sept. Stli, and at San 1 )iegii,
Oct. SlIi; \\wSaiitn (A /■/;•(((//'.'<, (,'apt. Torres, from Nootka, toiieliiuj,' at M(jnterey
Aug. 1 1th to Oit. 'Jitli. en route lor San IJlas; lunl the, S'«/*' ;•;;/((«, ^vllieh arrived
from Sau lilas at San 1- laneicieo Sept. lOih and at Monterey Oct. 1 7tli. For urri-
i\. ■ : ;"
•SUTIL' AND 'MEXICANA.*
807
Tlio author of the diary devoti's two clmptcrs to Cul-
it'oiiiia, which contain a (IfHcriptioii of Alonterey and
its surroundings, a somewhat oxtondud account of
ahoriginal manners and customs, and a supeilicial l)ut
nut inaccurate view of the provincial esta!)lishments,
iii(lu<hng a table of mission statistics, lie speaks
highly of the country and of the missionaries; hut
there is nothing in his observations on California that
j)()sscsscs any special value as throwing new light on
her condition or institutions. He presents, however,
the following not very wc^ll founded comjjlaint: "These
(U'serving soldiers, and )iot less useful colonists, live
with the atHiction that when with failing strength they
can no longer supj)ort the fatigues of their })r()fession,
they arc not permitted to settle there and devote
themselves to agricultural occuj)ations. This prohi-
bition of building houses and tilling lands near the
presidio seems directly opposed to all the pui'poses of
utility, security, and prosperity of those establish-
iiKuts, and contrary perhaps to what good jiolicy
sliuuld dictate. Were the soldiers permitted while in
tlic service to em[)loy their savings and n)oments of
leisure in forming a hacieuda and raisini>: cattle, both
for their families' convenience and as a resource
against poverty. . .it is very likely that within a few
ycais there would be plantetl a Ihjurishing colony most
useful for its inhabitants and of great service to Span-
is] i navigators." After leaving Monterev (iJaliano and
^ 'aides sailed down the coast, making some obser-
vations without anchoring, and conununicating witli
the transport Conccpcion as they ])assed San J)iego.
^[ost of tlieir sta}^ in California had been spent in
preparing their reports and charts of northern re-
gions.^' I reproduce the general map of the Califor-
nia coast.
vals and cicpnrturcs of vpssols see Pror. S>. Pup., MS., xxi. ".Vfi, R8-9, l.")0,
ltVJ-:{; St. Pup., Sac, MS., iii. 17; vi. (iS, ~-2: ix. S-_' :!; Pror. Jlcc, MS., ii.
141, Ij"; Navurrete, Introd., cxxiii.-xxxi. Tlicre is some confusion rcsptct-
iiiy duties.
'- SiitU y Mfx'ienna, R'Jnc'uiv <lil Vlaur hfrunynr ht.^ i/olclnx SiitH y }[e.vicii)iii
en d uilo de 17'JJ para reconocer el L'ntrccho dc Fuca; con una liUruduccion,
608
RULE OF ARRILLAQA.
w
Map of 1792.
TllO pr
cominissic
t!u> Calit;
tain l>y 11
liospitalit
jinivcd at
iiliiit, iK'ai
lyiiiLij at }-
us s(»()U a>
in accord;
iiistfuctioi
was not t(
i)ro[)()se(l.
tlicro was-
yi't tlicy
the IIot'C(
thvowAi t
AranzazH,
the north.
I'tf. Miulriil,
(in f';iliforiiia,
iiicliuliiig Ciili
fliiu't of San 1
iiml a map of
vol. I The moi
cidii in que xc (
I:'.-<li(iiiol< s en h
ttliirli has oft
inya','i;s oil thl
iftc, whoso iia
thu hfst, by i\
cliargc, Or. iii
.staiiifs, ivspt'i
tln^ truth,' lia
w lio \ isitotl ^
Trafalgar. Tl
I'xiikiration. /
MS., xi. 40.
'■' Arrilhigii
jiiaiiilaiits on !■
i. 4-.'-;i. Oidi
icci'ptioii and
never arriv(,'il.
to <lov. Ai'rill
\»ant tlio niou
nil. Sept. J)t
vessel off tiic
night about a
ARRIVAL OF SPANISH VESSELS.
SOD
Tlio probable; arrival of thu Spanish and Eni,'Hsli
conimissioncrs had bceu announced in ailvancc, and
thi' CaHt'ornian authorities were instructed to niain-
tiiiii l)y a cordial reception the S[)anish reputation for
hospitality.'^ Cuadra on the Activa from the north
jirrived at ^[onterey the 9th of October. The Safitr-
iiiiHi, beariui^ important despatches for him, had been
lyini; at San Francisco for a month and came down
as s(»(»n as his arrival was known. Tliese despatches,
ill accordance with a late royal order, contained new
instructions from llevilla Gigedo by which Nootka
was not to be surrendered as the viceroy had at first
|)roi)osed. Since the proj)osal had not been acci'ptcd,
tlure was no sjtccial haste about the new orders;
yet they were sent up to Fidalgo at Nootka l)y
the Ilorcasitas,^* and Cuadra remained in California
through the winter. Before the end of October the
Araii'.o:K, under Caamano, arrived at IVIonterey from
the north.
vh: ^hulrid, 1802, 8vo, 71. clxviii. 18.5, 20 pages with folio atlas, riiaptora
(in Califoniia, 157-77. Tho atlas contains a general ina|) of tlie whole coast,
iiicliiiliiig California, ami a chart of Monterey, made hy the.sc explorers; a
eli;ut of San Dieyo, made by Pantoja in 1782 (given in eliap. xxii. tiiin vol.);
and a map of tho coast from Vizcaino's survey of l()(>2-;{ (sec; cliap. iii. tliis
vol.1 The mo.'ft valuable part of this work, however, is Xniyinrlf, In/roiliic-
rioii III qiK- Ki' (la iiotiiid tic liin E-rjifdic'ioitcs fxfriifiii/ftn uiifi'ri(>riiii n/r jmr las
K.iji(tPii)l( s en hitsra tlvl Pano del JS'irociti' ilc. In A inirifn, i. clxviii. This woik,
which has often been cited by nie, is probably tlie best ri xiiiin- of Sjianish
loyjc'cs on tho I'acilic coa.st. Itwa.s written by Martin Feinandi'/. de Xav;ir-
rete, wiiose nanio does not appear a.s tlie author, but whose facilities wen; of
tlie bist, by reason of access to Spanish ai'chives and of ability. < Irccnhuw's
ciiiHL;!', Or. mid <V//., 241, of 'gross and palpable niisstatciucnts nf cirtuiu-
stiiiiccs, ivspccting uiiich he undoubtedly possessi'd the means of arriving at
tlic truth,' has, I believe, no just founilation. (Jaliano, Valdcs, and Alava
who visited Monterey a little later, all fell at tho fiinious naval battle of
Trafalgar. The vicercjy had at iirst intended Lieut. Maurelli- tu make this
exploration. Rci'Ula-< I'ojedo, laloriiu' d<l,' dv AlirU 17'J-'i, 141; Pn'f. Sf. Pd/i.,
MS., xi. 40.
'■■ Ari'illaga. still at Loreto, communicated this ordci' to the presidio I'oni-
luiinilants on Sept. Ki, I7!»2. i'ror. St. I'ap., MS., xi. .T); Si. J'h/j.. S'n-.. MS.,
i. 4_'-;i. Orders had al.-.o been given in the spring of I7!>2 fur tin- friendly
reception and aid of the French ex])edition in search of La reronse, which
never arrived. Pr<,v. Si. /'(!/>., MS., xxi. 7.'!; SI. /'a/i., N^c. MS,, i, 112.
^' Itirll/fi-diiifdo, liifiiriiif ill' i; de Ahril l^'.il, V.\~. Oct. ;!lst, Sal writes
to <luv. Arrillaga that he judges from ('nadr.a's remarks that the hlnglish
want the mouth of .San Francisco IJay for a bonndary. St. I'ti/i., Si' ■ MS., i.
ll!l. .Sept. ((th, Sal had written to Arrillaga that he had .seen a .sii. p/icious
vessel nil the port on the 7th, and lired (5 shots at her. She anchored for tho
night about a league from Mus.sel Point. /(/., i. (j'J-71.
510
RULE OF ARRILLAGA.
i) I
M : B !
Ill April of this year Captain George Vancouver
in the Dlscorci'ij with the Chatham under Lieutenant
Broughton, on a grand cxph)ring voyage round the
world, liad crossed over from the Sandwich Islands
and made observations on the California coast as lie
sailetl nortliward from just below Cape Mendocino.''
Now six months later, coming from Nootka, tlu
Eniiflish navijxator sailed down the coast without
anchoi'ing, and on November 14th, in the Discorcri/,
entered San Fraiicisco Bay at nightfall and anchored
in front of Yerba Buena Cove, having received a salute
of two guns as he passed the fort.'" Next day he was
visited in the morning by Sergeant Pedro Aniadoi'
and l*adre Laiulaeta, and later by Conunandant Sal
and ]''atlier Danti; while on the Kith bv advice of the
S})aniards, Private Miranda serving as pilot, the JJi.s-
cocertj was transferred to the usual anchorage nearer
the presidio.^'
Vancouver's reception at San Francisco was most
cordial and satisfactory. ]']very attention was shown
and every possible aid furnished the visitors by Com-
mandant Sal and his wife and the IViars at the mission.
Couriers were despatched to Monterey with a messages
for Cuadra. Facilities were alforded for obtaining w< xkI
and water; feasts were given at both presidio and mis-
sion, and meat and vegetables were sent on board the
vessel. Indeed everything the Spaniards had in this
the most poverty-stricken of theii" establishments was
at the disposition of the strangers. On the HOtli of
November A'^ancouver and seven of his officers made
an excursion on horseback to Santa Clara, being the
first foreigners who had ever penetrated so far into
'■' Vaucourvrs Vo'iage, i. in()-200. For hia northern explorations with
niii]i8, sec H:st. N. \V. Ciififif, i. '274, ct scq.
'"/(/., i. 4:!-.'; Sill to Arrillnua Nov. 14, 1792, in St. I'<ip., Sac, MS., i. 1 i.V
17; /'/. to /</., Nov. .'iOth, in A/., iii. •-'•-'. It ii^ »triin,:.'u tli::t Sal iiiikos the day
of arrival Nov. 1,'StIi, while the voyager's diary lian it Nov. 14tli. The same
(liMcrc'jnHR'v i\ist;< rcsiiciitiiit,' tlio dale of I'liaiiLtinganchorayo. On the loralioii
of Verba liiiena. .see < haji. xnx. of tliis volume.
''The eouiniaiider of the Sdiitd (IfrlrudiK iiad left a note fur Vaneouver. and
a liorseniau liad th.-refore lieen .stationed at tho head.s to give uotieo ui his
approach. St. J'tqi., Sac, vi. 7-.
VANCOm'ER'S FIRST VISIT.
511
the interior. Tliey were escorted l>v Amador \vitli
ii s(jiiad of five soldiers, and were delighted with niueh
of the intennediate country. After most lu)s])itable
treatment by lathers Pena and Sanchez at Santa
Clara, the}' returned to San Francisco on the 2'2d.
The Cliafham had meanwhile arrivi^d, and jireparations
were hastened for departure. For su[H)lies furnished'"*
Don Ilermenegildo would take no pay, actinij^ as he
said under instructions from Bodet^a y Cuadra; but
he accepteil from Vancouver some imiilemeiits and
ornaments besides a hogshead each of wine and I'um,
all to be distributed to tlu; presidio and two missions.
The two vessels sailed away the 2Gth and anchored
next morm'nij: at Monterey.'"
Vancouver found lying at anchor in the harbor of
^[onterey the Ihvdahin, his store-ship which had
joini'd the fleet at Nootka, the Act'tra bearing
Cuadra's l)roa(l pennant, the Arn)iZ(r,n, and the llor-
oisifKs. The presidio and Cuadra's flag each received
a salute of thirteen guns and each returned the com-
}iliment. From Cuadra, Ai'gilello, (\iamano, and all
the S[)anisli oflicials the Englishmen n-ceived the
same courteous attentions as at San Francisco, and a
series of social entertainments followed on shore and
on deck which were mutually agreivible and j)roduc-
tive of i>'ood-feelin<jf. Orders recentlv received fi'om
S[)a!n ! ot to molest English vessels but to ca]>tnre
iill the c of other nations led both connnanders to
hclle\'e that the Nootka ditticulties had ln'cn settled
by thi'ir respective governments: conseipiently \^an-
t-oiivei- mad(> arrangt'ments with Cuadra to send
Jh'oun'hton to Euixland ria San JJlas and ^Fexico, to
1
r. ami
A lib
Tli^
icsi" HUpplics wore, iicconliiig to n
lis!
Ill
,sV. !'<
■t. of Ciuuh
-II
I slH'l'p,
1(1 :iiriil)a
'/'■
r'., MS.,
tl'cf lliplii Sii
lives, 4 blii'cj), 1!)() piliil)pkilis, 10 liaskrts vciftalilr.-i,
1 -2
It -load of
iliUo. '.).') foul, .|(K>e;
'Oil \'aiii.'oiivi r's stay at Sjm l^'rancisco. visit to Santa Clara, ainl voyai_'('.
•ii/i'jf
ii. i-:si). \vs<
it tliu Jhiiliihlti (111 till' -2il ' coll
v
its (o Ai
,M.\ (I
ma on
N.
;)t!i, till' iii-rivii
Anson,' iintl of tlu' J>
i.<niri nj
ami ('/i!i//i'(iii on llir "J'tili, one day liofuro N'iinooiiviT'.s date, as at San I'M
.SV. /
'dp., Sue, MS., V. 97. Tho dutc ifs given as Nov. 'JJtIi iilso iii
I'rui: at. I'ltp., M.S., x.\i. U3.
■^ir
II
1
as
512
RULE OF ARRILLAGA.
which end the Spanish commander offered every fa-
cihty. The Discovery and the Chatham remained at
Monterey for about fifty days for reloading and
repairs. A tent and observatory for astronomical
observations were set up on the beach, and the Da'-
dalu.f sailed in December for New South Wales with
a load of cattle and other supplies generously fur-
nished by the Spaniards.
Vancouver and party went over to San Cdrlos the
2d of December, and were hospitably entertained, as
La Pcrouso had been six years before, by President
Lasuen and the other friars. The nativ s .^,ci\e an
exhibition of their skill in killing deer by r';" ^agem.
Back at the port a dinner was given 'Mj 1r ;-d the
Dificoi'eri/ which proved agreeable until Se-.ioia Argii-
ello and other ladies as well as some gentlemen were
forced by sea-sickness to retire to tierra firme. A pic-
nic dinner at the presidio garden several miles away
was another day's progrannne. Subsequently a dis-
play of fireworks delighted the Spaniards and aston-
ished the aborigines. When this pleasant intercourse
was over and the day of departure drew near Bodega
y Cuadra, who in addition to constant kindness had
prolonged his stay at Monterey for no other jnirposo
than to carry Broughton to San Bias, refused t j take
pay for cattle or other stores supplied to the fiei^f;
and Vancouver was obliged to be content with a uvw
distribution of such useful utensils as hisvesf.els Jisihi
supi)ly.-" At last January 1 5, 1793, after an ineffectr.ii
[)ursuit of two desei'ters^^ and the reluctant acceptance
'-"Rt'villfi-( !is;('(lo, Iiiforr"' ih 1,2 ilc Ahril, 130, says Vancouver's gifts wcro
MTirth iil)()iit .*!J,()()<). Salazai', ('onillrion itrtiin} ilc Cal., MS., (17, cstiitiati's
all (if ^'aln•l^uvl■l■ -i ])i-esi'iit.s in liis tiireo visits at )?10,(HM), ami ssays tliat Santa
( 'niz nii'ivcil ,SI,(K)() witli wliit'li a mill was built. 15y the viccniy'.s unliT nf
Si'jit. .'{(), 17U4, any doKts on Vancon vol's account i'xcc])t cxjicnscs for secur-
ing t'.esoitors were cliargeil to the San Bias departnieiit as exiicuscs of the
houndiiry cnmmi.ssion. I'rur. SI. "u/i., ,MS., xi. '_'(K).
-'Aliont tiiesc (le.scrtei's tliece is no lack of information in tlio ai . ves.
Besides tile '_' from the f 7(f(//(r(;/( there were U from the J><v<l(thiA. (;•>' .!ii>r
to viceroy March Id, WM, says thiit :< are t'atholics and deserted bcci'i, ' v. t
allowed 1o attend mass; the otliers desiie to liecome ('atholics. They ..re
prisoners at Monterey. C'nadra on Jan. Httli had (n'derid Ihcni sent. A
caught, to Nootka mt Lorcto. I'ror. SI. J'op., MS.,xxi. 1(4-7. Ciov. to Ar-
VAXCOLTER'S DEPARTURE.
313
by Vancouver of the only smith at the presidio in
place of the lost ai'niorer, tlie fleet of live sail, two
English and three Spanish, disappeared in the; south-
west behind Point Pinos and lei't to jMonterey its
usual solitude.^"
(Governor Arrillaga was not pleased when he heard
of the excessive iVeedoni that had been allowed Van-
couver, and especially did he disap])rove of the I^ng-
lishnian's visit to Santa Clara. He felt that a kind
i'e(;eption to the boundary conunission according" to
viccrc'gal instructions did not include such extraordi-
giiello ?ir;iiTh U'Ttli, ] )csci't('rs not to lie (Icliverud to iiiiy I'lnglish vessel except
X'iiiR'oiivL'i'H anil tlic'ii only on liis jiayiiig tlio oxjn
adiiiittcil to (';it!ioliij fjiitli until furtlic onlcis, excojit in
'i'liu 2 not to lio
ilwitli. To li
supi
ilicil iit rate of 18 cents jier tlay for r.ilioi
ml elotlies.
May 1)0 eni]iloye(l at their trades. Arrillajra (lisapiirovt s .snnliiiL,' tliem
L
to
MS.
jreti
,SV. ]'
iS(ir
MS., i. 107, 10!» 10:
vii. S_>:
/'
l(!l-
Aujr. ICtli, 'J'liey nnist l)e given np to an lui,
d
or t*i'nt to San I'las. Clothes furnished to he cluirgcil to account of Ixnuidary
commission. I'rm'. St. I'aji., MS., xi. !),")-(>. In Sept. 17!W the ■") di serters
were sent to San IJlas on the J'riiiri'Mi. P
St. 1\
MS., .\xi ii;
!), 17!)4, viceroy tells gov. that they vill be sent liack for delivery to Vai
couver.
•J-.'d, Vai
icouver IS eliarLteil wi
th i^r.^
•xpcnsts at San
lihi
He must returu the three borrowed .sailors. A/., xi. I,").'?, itiS, xxi. \\1. May
lOtli. viceroy to gov., 'J'hc "> have been sent by tin; ('•
oiif<'iiciiiii :
largcs ."^r-VS
to b(! ]):iid liy Vancouver; else tiicy arc to be sent to ISOotUa for diii\ery to
.souK^ Kngiish vessel. /(/., xi. 171--. June !)th. Id. to Id. Another <leserti«'
taken atSan lliego is to ln' given up. /</.,xi. 17.'>-4. June ll.'th.< iuv. to vireroy.
As \ani:ouvir had no Sjianish money he has presented the amount in tiiii
if the Spanish nation. /'/., xxi. 144. Se]it. i'-'lh, Arril!a;.^a t) Aruiielln
il (if the (i in ('•
amtouvei'.
d
1,1.
11a
IIICI'jiClllll.
the 8'.iSS
niKl lauons
to be ciiUectcil from
xii. UJ7-!>. Sept. :$Oth, Ai
■Uo t(
.\rri
k
miller surveillance; w l
to a Siianish ves
ill deliver them to N'ancouver, ti
!■
lIL'llsU VC.-
the (i
icl, or
db^
louiid for Xootka. Some want to be C.itiiolics and some
di.->t. III., xii. 14S-!). Nov. r.th, .\rgiiello toCajit. I'ligetof </,(i/l<,
iiLT '-'of t!ie (1. Total bid !?747. /'/., xii. 170-1. Xi
1(11!
to f'llV.
!••
that :i of the (i
it Uritisli subicets iind Mill iiol claim
thi'in. Has no instrnclions to jiay the bill but will lay tiie accoiiiit before
theaibniralty. /(/., .\ii. I.M-.". Xov. Kith {"V 17th;, < iov. to \'aiicouvcr inter-
I'ciliii'.; lor
tin; 'A dcsci'te
rs j'lveii lip am
I cIiaiLiing .*:>•_'.") fore:
nse.i. 'Ilie tli
ri e
it given u]) were '2 l'iirtu"ilese and one Oane. /(/., <ii. 17-'-:{. The iiurport
ivecndmi; coinmr.iiii'MiMMs r.i I iiiicdiiV'I
of
I7'.!4," I'idalgo'takes th<
tiie.Sl-M of eliargcs. /(/., xii. 171
uaining deserters on board his vcssi
nl/iK/c, 111.
h
4. Xi
idtl
•-'0,
lilt
174.
^1 I'dild'/r o/' J)
Kriiv, rij
^l (he North /'(iri/irO.
''(fill, lllllf I'lliU !•
,1
l!if Wiirlil. . .17'J(l-~i. Loud ill. 1 7'.IS, ;i vols. 4to, and folio atlas. On this visit
to Ml
mterey
see vol. ii. •j:)-4!l, '.)!)-l(»."i. Other ed
iiiiiiis iiin
1 translations of
coiivcr's voyage witli numerous aliridgeil
Iroin this ori'.
iiial
nan
I do Hot diem it
iitivts and refi
er llces a
I
Ucc. !,"., 17'.t-', l/mien wri
thissioiui. Arili. S,'ii. Jliir'.
^ary to notice here.
Sc 1 to N'aiicoiiv r tliankiu'.; Iiim fur his gifts to tlio
MS., vi. 2(10-1. .Maivli bi. I7;».f, Vicroy to
neatest
ivcr, ha.i ; iveii Lieut, i'.roughtoii all possible aid, and with ll
pleasure.
/
ror
.SI. J'i
'/'■
MS.
U3 4.
UiBT. cal. Vol.. 1. ja
514
RULE OF ARRILLAGA
nary license to a foreign power. He was only tem-
porui'y governor and he entertained a. nervous dread
of overstepping the Hteral instructions of his supei'iors.
He feared that wliat had taken place would he disap-
proved, and that he would he held responsihle. His
trouhl'j was increased by an order from the viceroy
dated November 24, 1792, to be on his guard against
English ships, and especially to prevent the weakness
of the Spanish establishments from becoming known
to I'oreigners.^* No wonder he was alarmed and that
n his way up to Monterey in the s[)rin', of 179;5 he
-'rote to chide Sal for having permitted Vancou\er to
gain a knowledge of the country, at the same time
instructing him and other commandants to limit their
coui'tesies to foreign vessels in the future to the mere
granting of needed supplies as demanded by the laws
of hospitality."^ The presence of two Englisli vessels
on the coast in March did not tend to allay the gov-
ernor's lears.-'' Sal humblv confessed that in permittinsf
the visit to Santa Clara he had connuitted an iuex-
cusalile I'ault. " I am human and 1 fell into an error
which I cannot mend," says he. But he claims that
with Father Landaeta ho endeavored in dissuade his
guest from his pur})ose, thus exciting his disi)lensure,
and that tliere was no other wavto iirevent tlu; intru-
si(^n but to remove the horses. This diffei's materially
from Vancouver's account, where no trouble is hinted
i. ;
^= Pror. SI. Pap., lini. J/;/., :\I,S., xix. 1, 2; xx. 3, 4.
^'Afi'illaga to Sal, ALirch •2!i, IT.''!. Only t!ic oininnimilor or his represent-
ative iim.st 1)<! iK'niiitted to land. J'rin: l!i<\, .MS,, ii. 14'2-4. ]Miiy "Jd, Arri-
llagii say* ho has given order.s not to let any JMiglisli land. Pror. St. P((j>.,
MS., xxi. !l8-!t. April 1st, meat and veyetahlcs to he snpplied sparingly aa a
niattei' of ])o!iey (inly. /'ror. //re., .MS. , ii. l()-2.
-•' Martli l(i, \~',i'.i, Sal to i^oveinor, ainionncos the arrival of an I^n^'ii.-iU
vessel undui- ('a])tain Jhown, a.^kin;' for water, wood, ;ind nie.it. Siie I'.ad a
snspiriiiu.s ajipiarance, .said she eanie from Monterey and was honnd fur
NootUa, and was said l>y the nativis to h 'vo been lianL^inu' about the eo. ; t for
two niiintlis. ,SV. J'n/i. , Sac. , }il!>., ii. l;!l-'J. 'l"wo Ktiglish vesseL-^, one of (hem
the /'rhiccyn, obtaincil wood and w.iter at Monterey early in Mareli. /'rnr.
J'lr., .MS., ii. Hii. Mareh or February, an En;.,'lish ve:;sid at nioulli < f San
]''raueis('o, and anotluT at ]>odeL,'a, wiih gnns landed. 'J'he presiiiioM i.re unde-
fendi'il and the Kni;lish have nolieed it, saying that pirates -.wc innnri'ons and
iin invasion not unlikely. So sii s the governor to the viceroy. J'ror.Sl. Pa/i.,
MS., xxi. 'M.
COAST DEFENCES.
5U
at, and it is only said that in consequence of despatches
received by Sal, and tlie indisposition of one of the
Iriars, they begged leave to decline the engagement.''*^
Together with his order requiring precnutions
against the English and other foreigners with a special
view of keeping Spanisli weakness from their knowl-
edge, and subsequently, the viceroy announced his
intention of remedying that weakness by strengthen-
ing the four presidios and by the immediate occupation
of Bodega. The IGth of July Arrillaga sent in a
:'"port on the state and needs of Californian defences."^
A an<x)uvcr, unwisely permitted to investigate, hatl
been surprised to find California so inadequately pro-
tected, and tho Spaniards seem to have idealized the
utter insuiriciei',cy of their coast defences at about the
same time; but nothing was accomplished in 17i>;j
beyond an unsuccessful effort to occupy Bodega Port.
Their Bodega scheme and the whole project t>f
st lengthening the Californian defenses were devised
by Viceroy Itevilla Gigedo, and urged most ably in
his report of April 12, 1793, a document which covers
tlie whole nortliern question from a Spanish st;ind-
j)()int, and although little consulted by modern writers
is really a most important authority.-'* After giving
''■' Aiiril :jn, nn.S, Sal to Arrillaga in Sf. Pa/)., firir:, ?,IS., v. 0; Vanro'n-fr'.'i
]'oi/afjr, i'l. Hi. 1 susjxH't that a iii';Iit"s s'.cup oaliucd tlic SpaiiianlH' cntlmsiasiii
fjouxnvliat, ami showtil tliciii that they wvw j.'.n'iwj too i'ar; tluMvfoic-' tiny
niailo cxL'UKcs intfiuliil as a hint whieli the l^n^iliyhniaii iliil not caro to t.-kc.
"' Ari cUkju, Jjij'iirme at I'ini/nihri' d<j'i)isa <lv luCos'a, 1!9.j\ MS. ]"(li.
IC), 17!"), viceroy to governor, ajiprovi'n fortiliuation < f the iircsiilios and has
(T.^rcd i'.rlilloi'v and olhcr material .sent. /'/., xx. 4. The governor .say:> tliut
Mentcrey han H gnus ami '.'< ];eclr(res; Sau Franeiseo '2 nselcys gnns; Sant:i
Ij.irbara ■_' j'Uns and a i:i driro v. ith jiohody to niaii.".ge tlnni; and San l''it".'o
;i giun disnionnted. The i:oniin;il foree free for aei ion in the 4 jiri^idioM i ■; '.',r<,
lir.t ;.ft(.r dediie'.ions only ene or two men to each fort, lie reeoinmeiids n.
foreu of 'J;,'4 men; want:i a vesi>el at Monterey or San Francisco; andappro'es
the oeeiipalicn of liudega.
■"* /i'< (■('("« t/.i/i'i/o, ] ii/t.rmo (h- los Siirr-iny omrr/dos en hi Pcniin'nla ilc Cult-
j'irii;(:.-< it il< /iitrtuiiK iifo dc Sun lilan, d< ilr i ! (ifm </'■ J",(iS. Mi j'lcn 1 : dr Ahrll
dr y,'',<, in Jjiiti/aniindf, Sr]ilni,rid'i li la JlisI, di: lo" Tn •! S/ij/nn ilc M(.,-ii-n. lii.
IIJ C4. Another im;:ortant ".t)ilc Ijelongin;,' to this year and written liy tlio
s:'.i!io j.iithor ia Ihrdia O'iiinio, < 'iir/ii dh-iijiild li In coiir de J.'s/tiii'm routi-<t'ni(to
li ft riirt didrii H'jhri' ri!l<d)liriiiiii'idos dc iiii.'<ioiiin, J/uiri}, „'7 dc l)U-'i'i:ilrr i!e
JI'JJ, in jUiccioiiario Univermt, v. 4'20-70. I'he part relating to the California
nio
RULR OF ARRILLAOA.
a complete liistory of lils subject the distlngnislu'd
autlior argues that distniit aiul costly outposts in tliu
north are not desirable for Spain; and attention
slioukl bo given exclusively to the preservation and
utilization of the establishments now existing in Ci\V\-
fornia, and to the prevention of too near approach by
any foreign power. To this end Bodega should be
held and the English plan of making a boundary of
San Francisco Bay be thus defeated. Probably tliis
one measure may sufiice in the north; Nootka may be
given up, and Fuca, and also the Entrada de Hcccita,
or Columbia River, unless it should prove to afford a
passage to the Atlantic or to New Mexico. Mean-
Avhile the presidios should be put in an effective con-
dition; a new one should be founded on the Bio
Colorado, and an able successor to Bomeu be selected
as governor. The department of San Bias should ])e
transferred to Acapulco, and certain reforms be intro-
duced in the management of the pious fund and of
the salt-works.
Because of its supposed excellence as a harbor, and
because of its vicinitv to San Francisco, niakingf its
occupation by England equivalent to an occu|)ati()n of
that harbor for purposes of contraband trade, it was
decided to found a Spanish settlement at Bodega.
Moreover there were rumors that foreigners were
ah"cady taking steps in that direction.-' To this end
the 10th of February the viceroy announced the giving
of orders to the conmiandant at San Bias to despatcli
a schooner and long-boat for the service, and Arr'-
llao-a was directed to jzo to San Francisco to meet tlie
vessels
He gave orders the 20th of March to have
missions is found on pp. 427-30; and this portion in manuscript is nlso in Sf.
Pap., Miys. iiikI Colnn., j\IS., i. 'J-'2S, See iilso extracts in Joncf' liriiovt <iii.
Lniiil TUIi'fi, No. 0; llai/i'.i' Mission linok, 1 7(). Tliis re]iort is .n. careful statement
of the- mission comlition and sj-s^tcin r.t tlic time, and is used in another chapter.
""Oct. 8, 17!'-, Sal informs tlie jrovornor that according to Indian reports
two vessels — presumably l^iglish, for tlie men wore red — were at llodega, got
wood, water, and deer, and asked tliC natives to get cattle for them. <S'/. I'd)'.,
S'lC, MS., vi. 07-S. Jan. 1.", \~'.)'.\, two I'lnglisli sliips said to lie at IJodega.
Five shots heard off San Francisco on Kith and 17th. /(/., vi. J)8.
imi
ATTEMn TO OCCUPY BODEGA.
517
a roiid (»[)cncd fVoni Sun Fiaiu-isi-o atToss t<) Bodega.
I'licse instructions came up on tlie Aranzazu, wliicli
arrived at San Francisco the 24tli of July."" Arrillaga
ohtained boats from the vessels, set across some thirty
liorses, and on the ath of Aujjfust Lieutenant Govcoe-
choa with a sergeant and ten men set out to open tne
rmul and to meet at ]]odeu'a ^NFatute, who with the
Sut'd and Mcxicana had probably been sent direct to
that [)ort from San Bias. Unfortunately I have not
I'oiinil C^o\'coechea's diary which was sent to ^[exico,
ami we know al)solutelv notliini>; of either the e.\])l(ira-
lien by sea or land, save tliat ^latute returned to San
Francisco on August 12th, and five days lati'r Arri-
llaga inibrms the viceroy that the occupation of ] lodcga
is [»ut olf for this year. The postj)onement proved to
be a permanent one, for some unex[»lained cause, and
tlic ten soldiers and five mechanics with some stores
intended for Bodega were retained by Sal at San
Fi'ancisco."^
n .9'.
<-t on.
lliriit.
|itt'r.
"XH'ts
L'l it
'(II:,
Coming from the Hawaiian Islands Vancou\'er
touched ao'ain the shores of Calitbrnia, or of New
Albion as he is careful to call it, in tlie spi-ing (»f 17'.>;5.
Fi'om the 2d to the ath of May the Discoceri/ was at
^'Tlic Princcm, Fiilalgo, from Xootka, .irrivcil iitSan FrinKisLo.Tuiic'Jl.st,
S^.ii ])ic!;o, Oct. '24th; Arti^rMzii, ^Icnuinlcz, from San ]'>la», .'•-iiu Fiaiici-sco,
.lulVllt'li, MoiiLcivy, AiiL,'. L'.-.tli, San Dic-i), Oct. -J-IlIi-, Art:r>i, llli.a, fn-m
S;iii VAr'.i. Sail lVanci:-t;o," Aug. iltli, Saii^Diogo, Oct. •J4t!i; ,SV/.7 and .l.'i.---
i'-iiiiii, ^latiitc, fnmi San IJlas, San Francisco, Ang. I'Jtli — Oct. liitli; \'au-
CMUvi r's vcs-scl.s, Trinity l!ay, May '2d, San Fruici.ico, Oct. I!)tli, ^Moiiti rcy,
N'wv. 1st, Santa ]';': liara, \ov. Olli, San J)ie"0, Nov. '27th. On Uio arrivals
iiiid dcp..rtnrca of vessels fur 17".'5, thcro hcing as usupI sonic confasion in the
dates, see I'roi: St. Paj>., MS., xii. lO;!; xxi. 101, 10!), HI, 121-2; Si. J\i/>.,
Sue. MS., i. (!1; Pn.v. J'n\, MS., ii. I(,2.
■'" Governor to viceroy, July Kith, Au;;. 17th, '2()th, in Prov. Sf. Pti/i., !MS.,
X'i. iri7, 111, ll.'i. Aug. lid, gov. orders Sal t') receive the men jnul itores.
/'/O''. /i'<r. , ^.IS., ii. 141-5. Aug. 4th, gov. instructs (!oyc(jcchea t ) ii: e ean-
tiiin, treat tlie Indians well, etc. /'/. . i. 2:i(i. Sej)t. '24tli, gov. to viceroy,
i'sking for a lioat for IJodcga to carry linibei-; so that the j.rojcet was not
}\t quite rliaiahiKd. Pror.Si. Pcj)., J!S., x:ci. 117. Feb. '^S, 17!M, viceroy
has h(:'rd that tin; /S'((/,7 and M(\r'c(ni<i have .sailed, Ic.ivin.i; Uu' 1 ) suUlic.s and
a liricl;! :yor for Bodega. LI., .\i. UiO. As late as .luly (i, 17'";>, tlio viciroy
repeated t!io orderi to open a road. /(/., xi. 02; but June !), 17'.'4, lie au;;v.era
tlie iXMiuc'jt for a li;iat by saying that it will not bo needed, as the new es.alj-
b liiiu nt is susiieiided. Id., \l. 17"). .Iuly2."i, 17'.)4, Sal mentions the suspeli-
bijii. Piw. St. P(q>., Ben. Mil., MS., xix. 5.
51S
RULE OF ARRILLAGA.
-*l
jtiK'hor in Trindad Bay, whore Vancouver founrl tlio
cross set up by Cuadra in 1775 with its iiiscrii)ti(m
Carolus III. Dei G. Ilijspaniorum Rex. ObtaiiiiiiL,''
water, surveying and sketching the region, after some
intercourse witli the natives the voyagers departed
with a very unfavorable idea of the harbor, and sailed
northward.'*^
Returning southward some months later the /)/.s-
covo'ij anchored at San Francisco the 19th of Octo-
l)er.^^ Commandant Sal came on board, courteous
as before, with welcome European news; but mindful
of his former indiscretion®* he sent letters asking a
formal statement, for the governor, of Vancouver's
object, the length of his stay, the supplies needed:
also making known the current orders respecting for-
eign vessels, and politely informing the visitor that
only himself and one officer could be permitted to
land and visit the presidio. This restriction seemed
to Vancouver "ungracious and degrading, little short
of a dismission from San Francisco," due as he was
given to understand to "sentiments apparently not
the most favorable towards foreign visitors" enter-
tained by "a captain named Arrillaga," who had taken
command the preceding spring, and whose orders Sal
seemed to obe}'' with reluctance. It was a chilling
reception certainly in comparison with that of the
year before and with the Englishman's glowing ex-
pectations. But ho complied with the formalities,
and on the 24tli as soon as ho had been joined by tli(3
Cliiitham, which had been exploring Bodega and had
obtained a sup[)ly of water, he sailed for Montei-(>y.''
Having anchored at Monterey November 1st, A'an-
'- Vanconver''s Voyarje, ii. 240-50. Hist. X. W. Coat, i. 291, for nortlni ii
■voyii,ti;c.
^■' Strangely enough in this case as in that of the former visit the Spniii.^li
rce'ords nialvo the arrival a day earlier than the voyager's narrative.
'*' C)et. 21st, the governor had ordered Sal to fiuni.sh \'aneouv<r wliat In;
nbsolntely needed, and to insist on his sailing at once without visiting any
other port. J^ror. licc, MS., ii. 1 tT)-!}.
'■'■' Vdnroiivi )•'■•* I'oi/a'if, ii. -l.'VJ-S. Pnget in a slight examination of Jjodegu
had understood from the natives that the Spaniards M'ere tlic>n in pos.sessii.n
ol a [lart of the bay. Just out of San Traueisco the Dadalns from across
VANCOUVER'S SECOND VISIT.
619
ig a
c'ouvor licld a slioi't intorvicw with Arrilla^a, and a
writtuu 0()i'res|)()iKlenco t'ullowcd, in which the j^'ov-
ornor cxjilainud tlie hospitahtios to which ioi'ciij^n
vessels wei'e enti'ded in Cahloj'nian ports, asked tor
a formal statement of the voyager's aims, and, while
desiring harmony, insisted on the enforcement oforders
that only the connnander with one or two otli(;ers could
land. Vancouver replied exjtlaining the scientific na-
ture of his voyage, and the benelits to he derived
irom its r<>sults by S[)ain as well as England, alluding
to his kind reception of the year before, inclosing let-
ters of the viceroy which approved the attentions j^re-
viously shown him, and stating his desire to retit his
vessels, transfer stores, make astronf)mical observa-
tions, and give his men some tixercise and recreation
on si lore. Arrillaga's answer was that the viceroy
had sent no orders respecting a second visit, that there
were no royal orders in Vancouver's favor as in the
case of La Perouse, and that Cuadra even had left
instructions thr' the former attentions were for that
time only and need not be repeated.^" Yet as he
desired to render all possible aid to so worthy a cause,
lie would permit the landing of stores, which might be
de})osited in the warehouse at the landing under lock
and key or elsewhere if the warehouse were not deemed
suitable, in care of one or tv*'o men from the vessels
and protected by a Spanish guard ; but on the condition
that all the rest of the Englishmen retire to the vessels
at night. Astronomical observations must have been
well advanced during the former long stay, yet an
observatory, to Yh) used in daytime only, might be
tlie occiui joined the fleet. Mention of arrival .intl (li;|)iirture from Sau
Kraneiseo in .S7. I'n/i., Sur., MS., ii. !»:)-l, iv. !); I'ror. ^V. />,,/,., MS., xi. KKt;
xxi. l'_'l-'J. A I'lmitli ves.sel, the I'urfiK, is mentioned. Sn]iplietf amounting
to.S7.'>7 '.vere funiislied. Sal says the vessels left on Oet. '-'Jltli.
^''I'licso instructions or similar ones dated .laM. ]'2, ]~U'.). anil addressed to
Ar;,diello are in /'n>r. S/. /''iji.. MS., xii. Ki.'i. Tlie letter of the viceroy to
\',uicouver ilated l''eli. IS, 17!l.'{, in answcn- to N'uncouver s letti'r of >)au. I.'itli
is found in Id., xi. 1 1'J-IU. lu it tlie writer says : 'I am i;lad that as you say in
your letter of .laii. KUh of this year all the siilijects of Mis .Majesty under my
ordirs and rcnidiug in the rc^gions of New Orleans (sie) of this America wlioro
you liiivu been have treated you witli the greatest liosiiitulity and frieudahip.'
! I
\
».
1
ki
.'.1 •
I* •
jl,:
Si- i
i
B20
RULE OF ARRILLAfJA.
erootcd near wlioro tlie ciiri^^o was deposited. Tlit*
naturalists iiiiL,dit inakc^ their iiivestinatioiis and tlu^
men iniglit take exercise on ioot in the vicinity (d'tht;
]>resi(no. Water and wood might he pi-ocured witliout
restiiction save that the men must not pass the night
on sliore and tlie work must he com[)leted with all
])ossihle despatch. In his official capacity this was,
he said, as tar as he could go; hut to ])ersonal ser-
vice he i)laced no limit, being desirous of proviiig his
regard."''
The governor thus courteously tendered to A^an-
couvei" all the; hospitalities that he had a right to olt'er,
or the navigator to expect; hut the contrast was so
great between them and those previously tendered
by Cuadra in the absence of any res})onsil)le author-
itv, that A'ancouver was oflended. "On due con-
sideration of all these cii'cumstances," he says, "1
declined any further correspondence with, or accept-
ing the inconnnodious assistance proffered by Sehor
Arrillaga; and determined, after finishing our investi-
gation of these shores, to retire to the Sandwich
Islands, where I had little doubt that the uneducated
inhabitants of Owvliee, or its neiohborinnf i.sles, would
cheerfully afi'ord us that acconnnodation which had
been unkindly denied us at San Francisco and Mon-
terey." ^^
He did, however, here as at San Francisco accept
some live-stock and other supplies, ]iayment for which,
aceordini>- to the records, he was obliijed to defer until
^' /l/-;'.V/r((/(', Borrnlor dc Curia ol Capifaii Vanrnnvi r, Xov. 17'J.i, Ms.
I have /civi 11 tlu' ]mij'.()rt of this letter somewhat at Uiiyth l>ee itise Vraioouvcr
iiiisreiiresiiit.s it liy stating that there was no elioice oU'ered of a spot to
<h'i)o^:it tlie lar^'o, the phicc sutigcsted lieiiig the slaughter-house in the niiilst
of ]mtricl otl'al ami ineonveiiient on account of liigh-ruiiiiing surf; liy (iniitting
to state that an Kii'dish guard for tiio stores was jieniiitted; and liy ether
slight ehaii;res not favorahle to the Spani.sh governor. IMotters <if Ariilliiga's
and translations (]f \'aiu;ouver's other letters in Pior. St. I'lip., ^IS., ,\i. I()!» 4.
'■^'^Vaiii-ounr'tt I'vi/tojc, ii. 44'2. In other jiarts of his narrative the ;iiitlior
treats Arrillaga very unjustly, accusing him of having misre2)reseiited the
vieeroy'.s orders, iiiul making him resjxjnsihle for matters over which he had
no control. In a letter of Feb. "28, V794, the viceroy fully approves Arrilhigas
policy and orders a contiiniaiiee of it, though he desires harmonious relations
vith Vancouver. I'rov. St. I'ttp., MS., x». lG'J-3.
VANCOU\"ER AND THE GOVIT.XOR.
521
.-(uric moro coiivt'uiL'nt occusioii ;'" mikI om the r)tli of
Xovrinlxr \\v sinlvd H(jiitli\vat'(l to iiiaki' t'urtlicr cx-
|il(ti'ati()ii.s oil tliu coast of this inliospltalilo proviiicu
l)( Inic lie df[)arte'(l to take advantage of baiharic lios-
|iilality.
]f Vancouver was ofteiided at AnillaL^a's antions,
the U'overiior had his suspicions aroused hy tliose of
his visitor in departini,^ without water and leavinjjf
some supplies tliat liad heon ])re]>are(l foi- him. It
sii'UuhI to liini that A'ancouver's disph.>asure was ex-
a,u;L;'erated, and he feared that liis ohject was not so
much to ol)tain necessary su])phes as to make; ol)ser-
\ations respecting tlie Spanish estahhshments. Ac-
cordiii'^ly he despatched onk-rs to tiie commandants
f ])re.4(ii()s forhid(Un!^'' the I'urnisliin^' of aid or fac-ih-
ties f>r ni vest ligation
40
ancouver contmuec
I 1
ns
I)servations ah)ng the coast southward, naming' Point
Sal and Point Arjjfuello in honor of his I'riends, re-
ceived visits from the Channel aborigines, and ancliored
November iOth at Santa I'l'irbai-a. Here he found
(Joycoeclia very friendly, . >v at iirst he had not re-
reived ArrilUc'-a's strict orders and was inclined to
construe preceding ones liberally. Hence as Van-
^•Xov. ."til, Vannonvcr to Arrillnga, regrets tli,?t Ik; has to depart MMtliout
paying i"V supplies (>l)t;;i;ie(l at Monterey ami S:iii l''raiieiseo. Jli' may I'e alilu
to get tiio riidiiey fioiu some English vessel. J'lar. >/. J'l'p., MS., xi. !)S.
.\!iil!;!ga to \'aneouver, urges him to feel no anxiety alxiiit leaving tlie deht
niinaiil ; ri'turn« the iliaft in favor of .Sal ; and asUs him to aeee[>t .some ealves
asiijTesent. /(/., .xi. tliJ-KK).
■'" While the ves.iels were in port Arrillaga sent to the eommandants an
order i:i whieli he says : 'I i^avo ofl'ered all the aid they nei' I to nn<lertake
their voyage; tliereforoif they toucli at any of the ports nnih r the jiretext
of getting food or water their reijuest is to be 'lenied, and with ])oliteness
they are to 1/0 ni:i<l(! aeijuainted with the order' t'a' reijuire them to I'eliie.'
/'/■"(•. SL Pup., ?vlS., xi. {)7. Attaeheil to th.'* ■■•,er is a doennient whieli
seems to lie t;eeret -rf'.>r/vv((//.'.7"//(((.s'— instructions to th<^ goxcrnor from the
viceroy reiiuiriiii; him in the most jiositiv e terms to allow no iut'reour.^e with
any foi'eign ves-el exeept to furnish, in eas*' of urgent ne<'d, sucli lelief as is
demanded hy the hiw of nations — ami es]ieeially to ]ire\ent any knowledge
of the eonntry Ik ing aei(nii-ed. 1'here is little doulit tlierefoi'e, tiiou"ii this
]i'!per is unsigned auil umhited, that ^Vrrillaga, aetfd umler direct order.-; fidm
hi 1 superiors. S'.e also LI., xxi. I'JI. .Ian. l.">, ITi'l. Ai'rilla'ra fays to the
viieniy tluit Vaneouvei'appi'.rently did not want.^uipplie ; I mt merely toexjilore,
:;nd he \\v.^ v.-anii d the eonnnandants aeeor.iingly. A/., xxi. VM Nov. 14,
17'.';), .Vrrilla'.a. to (Joyeoeeliea of Santa Jjai'liara, Vancouver is to lie nfuLCil
supplies since he has declined thcni at Moutcrcy. I'roc. liic, .M.S., i. "JOT.
'\l
r
I:
,i
f '
C22
RULK OF ARRILLAOA.
couvci's .anticipations wore loss liij^h tlian forniorly
tlio J'^ii'^lisliinan was in jLJood-hunior, True; (loycoo-
olica, ]'o(|uii'c(l tli(^ nu^n to rotiro to tlioir ships at Jii,!j;'lit,
and Vancomrr hinisolt' ordorod Ids nion to kocp al-
M'ays in sii^Iit of tlio piosidio in their rooroations ; and
though poi'sonal kindness from otticials witii pei'niis-
Bion t<.> ohtain wood and water an<l moat and vegetal >los
woi'o the oidy hospitalities extended, yi't the visitoi'
was dehnhtoil with Ids reception, and it never occurred
to him that it was not so very different from that in
the north. F;ithors Mij^uel and Tapis were very kind,
tlioui^li it does not quite appear that they entertained
their ij^uost at thonussion; and Santa Maria hastened
lip from San IJuonavcntura with a ilot.'k of siioep and
as many vegetables as twenty mules could carry.
After spending a most agreeable wock the navigators
sot sail on the IHtli.
Santa ]Maria returned to San T naventura in the
Discorcnj, and A'ancouvor sjiont ; at that mission,
where he had the good fortune to intercept a courier
bound for Monterey with the latest European news.
Naming on the May points Felipe, Vicente, Dumetz,
Formin, and Lasuoii, he arrived at San Diego Novem-
ber 27th and was kindly welcomed by Grajera and
Zuhiga, who had, however, received from Arrillaga
"many sovoro and inhospitable injunctions" which
they were obliged against their inclinations to obey,
though they ivceived some packets to be forwarded to
San ]^lus and ^Mexico. Lasuen arrived from San
Juan Ca})istrano just before the departure of the ves-
sels, too late to bring su])plies from San Juan as ho
wished, but in time to receive a handsome barrel-
organ as a gil't for liis San Carlos church. Vancouver
left the port of San ])iego December i)th to cross the
Pacific. During this second visit to the coast he had
learned nothing respecting the Nootka question;
neither had he recovered his deserters, who had l)eeii
Bont to San Bias as already related.'*^ In ]\Iai'ch of
*'Oii tliia voyage after leaving Monterey, sec Vancouver's Voy., ii. 443-70.
MAUITIMR AFFAIRS.
523
tliis year Don Juan Francisco do la Bo(lot,^a y Ciiadra,
cominander at San Bias, and discf)veivr of tin; Cali-
Ininian l)ay that boars his nani(% dicul, an<l was suc-
cot'dod by General Jose lilanuel do Aluva.
()iic(! more did Vancouver visit the coast, and be-
sides his visit there is not n»ucli to be saiil of mari-
time affairs f»r foreign relations durinijf the year 171)4.
TIk^ viceroy approved Arrillaga's ])olicy and acts
toward foreign vessels.'*' A report was receivd from
Saavi'dra, now commanding at Xootka, that a forty-
gun slii}) was coming from England to relieve \'an-
couverand settle the northern question; but Arrillaga
replied that a treaty had been formed and no danger
need ))e apprehended.'*'^ The dniecpclon, jNTenende:^
in command, brought up the supplies and five [)adres
to San Francisco in June, and during the year visited
all the Californian ports. Two Manila vessels, the
Viddes under Bertodano, and Ilorcasitas, under Mon-
dojia, touched at Monterey in July and August.'*^ The
A)'<uizazu made two trips down from Xootka arriving
in July and September. On the former voyage slio
was under an American conunander, John KcMidrick.
He came for supplies and also for. the men that had
been destined for Bodega; but the latter had ah'eady
been shipped on the Conccpclon. Father jNIagin
Catala caujc down with Kendrick and refused to re-
turn to Nootka, though the president had no author-
ity to send another chaplain in his place and though
the pious captain vowed he would hold the ])a(lres
I'osponsible before God and the king for the lack of
spiritual rations on board his vessel. TIk; diiliculty
.seems to have been settled by Gili going on board the
*'-June 11, 1704, viceroy to ;_'ovrnior, .appioviiig the n'oejition of Viiii-
couvcr iuid orders given to coiiiiiiiiiichiMLS to i)i'evoiit an exiiiuiniitioii of tiio
country nnil the shipment of cattle to foieiL'n estiil)lishnu.'nts. I'rur. Si. /'(i/i.,
MS., xi. 177-S; linr the ilay before lie Irnl forwaniitl ii royal onh i- of Mnrcli
•_'.j, 170.'?, frrantini; shelter to Mnjiiisli vessels in Spanisli ports. /(/., 17(>.
^■'Saavethii to Arrill:i'.:;a, .liinc^ 1.'). ITOl, in J'ri,r. ,S/. I'ap., }.!.-;., :;ii. •J07.
Arrilla-ii to Saavedra, July l.",'h. A/., 'JOS.
" On move nients of vessels for 17i)l see Prov. St. /''■/>., ?i!;-^.. si. iiil>, H'.')-
G; xii. 12, U, l()(J-7, 121, I.VJ-1, liiS, iOl-i, 1211; x.xi. 140-7; /'/"C. AV-'.,
MS., vi. -JS, 30, 43; viii. 14U.
I
524
PwULE OF ARRILLAGA.
Conccprion, whose rci^ulur (.•liM.plaiu wa.s transferred to
tlie .\,\iii'm:.u. Keiulriek was luialJe to obtain ali
the sui)])hes ho desired, especially in hogs and medi-
cine; neither were there men enough that eoidd be
s[)ared as sul)stitutcs for the sick he brought down,
thougli two or three were sent.*'
xVljout the Nootka settlement ni connection with
California I have only to say hero that the reasons for
itij maintenance by Spain had ceased to exist, and bv
the terms of a treaty of January II, 1794, it was
al)andoned by both powers in March, I7i)5, California
obtaining apparently a few of the retiring soldiers/"
m
Vancouver came back across the Pacific and ai-
rived at Nootka in September J 71)4. He found thei'e
Alava, the successor of Cuadra." Alava's instructions
had in it however arrived, and after waiting till the
middle of October both commissioners went down to
jMonterey, in the Pn'ncc.sa, J)/scorrri/, and C/«if/ioin,
arriving on the 2d, (5th, and 7th of November.^" The
old slights were still weighing on the Englisli com-
*'' Keii<lr'i''l\ Cnrrenpovilenna con el Golicrnadar ArriUafin xohre cosrt.s de
Kixitbi, ]~'M. .MS; < 'af(i/(i, < 'aria sohrc Kodt/.d, 1704, MS. Soe !:l.'o7Vor. .SV.
/-'(/.., AIS., xii. I!IS- !), 'JlKI-i;}; xxi. 111."). Tliei-u luiil been sdiiio minor lorre-
spomk'iRto Ll;:'.t liiisiiot lit'i'ii iiicntioiit'd .iboiit snp) lies, etc., for\<)olk;i in 1701.
Sia. Ihn-hiira. .MS.. .\i IIS; /V./c. .SV. Pup.. MS., x. 1, •_'. 4.V(i, 140.
■"iSoi! llisl. X. ir. C()a>~;,\. ;i(iO-l, tlnn sirin. Doc. 10, 1704, ;,'(,vonioi- to
viceroy iisUin^' that tlio unniarrioil soltlii'is from Nootka lii' ictaincd ti liU
Viiwniuiis iu Calilornia. J'rar. Hcc, MS., vi. ',V2. (Iranted ilaicli II, 170.">.
I'rar. St. I'fi/i., ]MS., xiii. \'2'2~'.\. Tlio Ar.li'a, ("apt. licrtodano, airivi<l at
Jlontcroy, lob. I.'i, 17!).">, and sailed March l'2th, having; on hoard Pit ice and
Alava, the. l".ii;;li,-h and Siiani.sji commissioners for tiic 'disoocuiiation.' Tlie
PriKCCKii. iiiid* r ridaljrii lel t .Mrmtcrey for San lUas Ajiril 8lh. The San ( 'I'lrlas
uiidei' Saa\ ttira, arii\ed from Nootk.i ^lay I ■Jtii. and sailed forSau l!lasin.lune.
Saavedra- liron^lit down '21 natives nom Nootka wlio were l),i|)ti/;cd at San
(.'.'irlos t\.i 17 otiiers had heeii iu Xo\-einl>er 1701. ilnrila ,li' Mi.r., vii. 2ti(j ;
J'roi: ,SV. I'(i/i., -MS., xiii. SO, S!»; I'rur. Her., MS., vi. ;;7. 41); 'laiilnr'.-< hU-
V(tirirrf!(ii,i.' I'iKuiili r<, No. 12."), ]i. 141, No. 'JS, p. 177; /'/., in I 'aK /■'irnn r, A]iril
20, ISi'O. 'J'ayliir repeats a groundless .^tory tliat th<' Nnotka chief Miii|uinn:i
came down witii a siu and (laughter; (Jregorio and .Jo.^e Tapia, living at Sanla,
Cruz in i(i.".4, ))( ing his caainlsoiis.
■" May 10, 1704, viceroy to governor, Alava to ."ail iu tlie Prinro'^a and to
receive all aiil and attention in California. Prov. SI. Pu/i., ]MS., \i. 171. Aug.
'JO, 1704, thi.-i onler cuhimuuicated hy governor t(j comniauc'auts. J'rur. Jiic,
MS., iv. 117.
■"•Xov. .'id, .Argiiello to governor, aiUKJUncing the Chatliain'.-i arrival on
Nov. 'id and Nov. 7ili, that of tlie ])i.<n,ri rii on Nov. .")tli; delivery of desei't*
er.s; tiuuding a courier to San Diego. Proc. St. Pap., ^iS., xii. 144-7.
VANCOU\'ER'S THIRD VISIT.
525
uiandor's mind; but ho wai< comfbrtcxl by loarninir
I'lom Alava that tlio viceroy's "very liuuianc and
hberal intentions had no doubt been materially mis-
understood b}'- Scfior Arrillai^a;" and still nnn't; uheu
he knew that, "Arrillajja liavinLf boon ordered to
some inferior establishment,'' ArgUeJlo Avas tem])o-
])orarily in command until the ^'overnor should arrive.
Argliello placed everything at his visitor's disposal,
and as the latter had now learned not to construe
Spanish expressions of courtesy too litc?rally, all went
well.*'^ No instructions for either Vancouver or Alava
luid arrived, and a courier was sent to San Diejjfo.
On November 1 1th Governor Borica arrived to con-
linn and continue the courtesies olfered by the com-
mandant. The same day despatches came ibr Alava,
who ooniided the information tha! the Nootka (pies-
tit)n had been amicably adjusted at corut, and that a
new connnission had been issued relieving A^ancouver.
Borica received similar information IVoni the new
viceroy, Branciforte, with instructions to receive the
new commissioner.^"
Beniainiii<j: at Montercv till December 2d Van-
couver was chiefly engaged in preparin.g his I'eports
and ''liarts, a copy of which was sent to ]Cngland
thi'ovinh ]\[exico. In the mean time liis (h^sorters were
recovi'retl, the vessels were overhauled, and an exeur-
^' \ov. lUtli, the governor writes to the viceroy that wliili' liiirmoiiy was
pivserveil, X'aiu'oiiver was j^'iven to iiiiderstaud that lii ; adiiiissi'iii to the tort
wan a N|'i'eial favor, ami adds that on aeeouiit of XanconveiV past i'liriosity
]>i'eeantioiiary orders had Iieen f;iven to eoiniiianclaiUsaiid |iiidres. /';■',■•. A'(<-.,
MS., v". ■_'!). Dee. "JOth, the governor says \'aiieoiiver was .satislied witli Ids
treatment, hut was noc alh)wed to make observations on those matters that
Were to lie kejit from him. I'lOi'.S/. J'a/i.. .MS., xxi. "JlO-li. .V eireuhir order
dated Nov. I'Jtii was sent to the missions fori lidding' tin- ' lUneoursi^ \t-itli
foreign vess' is, or any fnrnisjiing of sii|i]iiii's, exeept in eases of nrgent neees-
sity. when the co.'poral of the guard may furnish w hat is ;di::o!ute!y neeessary
and (U'uiandeil hy *he laws of !ioS|iitaiity. Vaneouvcr has l)i rMi .supplied aiid
must reei'ive nothing more. Arrh. J r.iJiiiiifi /i>, .MS., i. 41, 4:!; I'lor. lUr.,
MS., vi. l4l-'2. The p.idres ]'ronnsed oliedieiiee; at least all but those of
Siiledad, who .said they ivould he glad to eariy mit the govi'm^r's iiistrui'tious
'sliould it ever plctihc divine jirovidcuce to favor theii inland niissioM \iiliia
port!'
•'^ May 1(5, 1704, viceroy to governor, mentions a))pointnu!nt of a ni'W
^'iimi.v- ioner. I'mr. SI. /'n/i., MS., xi. 171-
aeknowleilgcb receipt. Pivv. lice, MS., vi. 2D.
Nov. rjtli, gov. to viceroy,
j:
\ Ml
i >
620
RULE OF ARRILLAGA.
sioii Avas made into what is now known as Salinas
A'alloy. A large amount of supplies was obtained
from Monterey and Santa Cruz.^^ This done, and
having left on the beach certain articles of iron-ware
M'hich the governor had refused to accept, the p]ng-
lish naviijator bade adieu to California and sailed for
England by way of Cape Horn, giving the comman-
dants of presidios no occasion to exercise the precau-
tions still ordered in case of trading at any other
port.'--
Captain Vancouver was an intelligent and honest
Ih'itisli sailor, a good representative of a good class
of explorers and writers, i)lain of speech, and a reliable
witness on matters which fell under his personal ol)ser-
vation, and in which his national pride and prejudices
W'cre not involved. His statements of the condition
of the (liiferent establishments visited have a special
value and will be utilized in my chapters on local prog-
ress. His geographical and scientific researches, much
*' Vancouver snys that Swaine was «oiit with three boats to Santa Cruz
Nov. 27th tor garden stilll', and v.;w toleralily successful. Tho archives eon-
t;iin, however, hcveral (htcuinents on tlie suhjeet. Xov. 2."i, 171I4, governor
to padres, \'ancouver liaving sent thi'ee boats insto/id of one the ))adres must
not visit tlieni i)ut send su{)jilies liy Indians and wagons. I'rnr. 7iVc. , ' 'S., vi.
]4"2-;^. Mov. 'J.'jth, gov. to i'or]>oral iit Sta. t'ru/, 'J hree lioats will eonio for
suiii)li('s; (hin't let them l.ind, for the I'adres \\ ill send luiUans v. ith the ru|)-
j)lies. /(/., v. '2',i. Nov. "Jltth, ('orporal Siiiiehoz to gov., he ordered the llnglisli
conunande,' not to It t any sailor.s go to the mission and ohedienec was pioiii-
ised. The natives lirougiit tiie supjilies and the, lOnglish di'parte(l in |»eace.
7Vo". /S7. /'.(/'•, M.S., xii. 43. X'ov. .'iOth, Sal to gov., Xov. -Jiitli, the cor-
jKiral reporied tho l-Jnglish lioats ajiproaehiiig, an<l .'^al sent live men from San
l''i.nici ii'o, v.ho returned saying that tlie foreigners had retired Nov. ■J>tli
Mithout ilisorder. The soldier who brought the news was put in irons for
reporting ineorreetly. /(/., xii. '.\--',i.
■"'-' l)ec. ."!, 17'.'4. governor says that Vancouver left o!i the short" .^oO.') worth
of iron-ware. /'rir. llic, ^IS., vi. ',V1. Jle left well supplied and emitented.
/'/., vi. .Tl. Pij. 1st, .Vrgiiclli) cci'tilii's a list of goods including "Jt hlaiiUets
left in .';pite of governor's excuses. I'rov. SI. J'n/i., lUii. Md., MS., xxi. o.
])ee. I7!'4!ind I'eh. 17!)"i, some not very cle.ir comnniniuitions of the com-
mandant of ^^•lnta I>;irl)ara ahcnt the gifts made. J'ror. SI. Pap., !MS., xii.
87; xiii.'J;!. Dec. 1st, gov. to Sal, I'epeats '''.e old orders forliichling intercourse
with foreign ves:-els. I'rov. /,'ir., ^MS., v. *Jlj-7. Feh. -.'!, 17!>'', viceroy to gov.,
approving tii" restrictions imposed. Vancouver should regard his admission
«s a special f.ivor. /'roc. .SV. /'(//*., MS., xiii. II. April II. I7'.l"), viceroy for-
wards rovid decree >'oinmending the governor's acts in not allowing \"anciin\ er
to examine the country or to take breeding cattle for lOnglisii colonies. A':in-
c'ouver is alluded to as having >isitetl Siinta I'iirliara ami San Diego ' luulei'
pretence' of wanting wood and water. LI., xiii. 103 4.
VANCOUVER'S OBSERVATIONS.
527
jor^s extensive In California tlian in the far nortli, need
no further attention hcre.'^^ His persistence in ignoring
the name California and extending New Alhion down
l)eyond San Diego by virtue of Drake's so-called 'dis-
covery' is an amusing and harmless idiosyncrasy. His
ignorance of the Spanish lanirua<jo and the i)ecnliarlv
delicate position in which he was placed on account
of international jealousies led him into many errors
respecting matters with which he became ac(piainted
hy conv'crsation with the Spaniards, his narrative in
this respect presenting a marked contrast with that of
La l?('rouse; yet his errors are mostly contined to
names and dates and minor details, and his general
statements are more accurate and comprehensive than
might have been expected. With the natural advaii-
tages of the country he was favorably impressed, and
of them he lei't a fair record. Of the Spanish j)eople
Avith whom he came in contact, always excepting
Arrillaga with whom he was unjustly but naturally
offended, he speaks in kind and ffattei'ing tei'ins,
though ciiticising their inactivity and iiulisposilion
to ta!-:e advantage of tlu' possibilities by which tluy
were surrounded. The natives, exci>pt some in the
Santa .l>;irbaia (^hannel, seemed to be a race of the
most miserable [)eings ever seen jtossessing the faculty
of human reason, and little if any advantages had
attended their convei'sion. Yet he tcstilit-d to tlieir
aflectlonate attachment to their missionary benefac-
tors, wliose ain)s and methods, without attempting a
discnssioii of tlie mission system, ho njipi-oves, look-
ing for gradual success in laying foundations for civil
society. For the friars personally he had nothing but
enthusiastic [)raise.
What was needed to stinudate true progress in
California was a friendly conuiiercial intd'course with
foreigners, to create new wants, intrt)duc(( new coni-
■'■'' Viiiii'duvcr's (itlas contains a caivfully prf'p.'ircd ninp (in ii ]:\v^f sonlti,
lic:ttur tliiin liny of carliui' diitc, of the wholi' Califoi iiia ito.ist, wl.icli I repro-
duce. Tin re iiru eliartrt of 'I'rinid.ul V>:\\. San lUeL'o, and tlio entriince to San
Frunciseo, and seven views of points along the coast.
w
i
I'
f mill
Ml 't b
m
Li. i!
41
528
RULE OF ARRILLAGA.
Vancoi vi;u's Map, 17!)4.
AN EXGLISH VIEW OF CALIFORNIA.
620
forts, give an impetus to Industries and a value to
lands and produce; this and a proper decree of atten-
tion from the court of ]\Iadrid. For with California
considered as a Spanish ])ossession the English navi-
gator was greatly disappointed. The actual condition
of the pco[»le "ill accorded with the ideas we had con-
ceived of the sumptuous manner in which the Spaniards
live on this side of the globe." "Instead of finding a
country tolerably well inhabited and far advanced in
cultivation, if we except its natural pastures, Hocks
of sheep, and herds of cattle, there is not an object to
indicate the most remote connection with any Euro-
]»can or other civilized nation." At the weakness of
C'allfornian defenses Vancouver was particular!}- sur-
])rised. "The Spanish monarchy retains this extent
of country under its authority by a force that, had we
not been eye-witnesses of its insignificance in many
instances, we should hardly have given credit to the
jiossibihty of so small a body of men keeping in awe
and under subjection the natives of this country, with-
out resorting to harsh or unjustifiable measures."
The soldiers "are totally incapable of niiddng any
resistance against a foreign invasion, an event which
is by no means improbable." "Why such an extent
of territory should have been thus subjugated, and
after all the expense and labour that has been bestowed
on its colojiization turned to no account whatever, is
a mystery in the science of state policy not easily to
be expkiined." '* I shall chronicle in the succeeding
cliai)ters a series of cfibrts, not very brilliantly, or at
least permanently, successful, to remedy the evils
complained of by Vancouver.
■''*For ijenernl rcmnvks. in atlditiou to those scattered tlirougli the narra-
tive, sec l'<i;iai,i(\ ii. 4S()-,")()4.
Hist. Cai., Vol. 1. Ul
CHAPTEK XXV.
Ifr"!-
RULE OP BOIIICA, FOREIGN RELATIONS, AND INDIAN AFFAIRS.
1704-1800.
Diego dk Borica — Akrival at Loreto— Branciforte Viceroy — Borica's
Journey TO Moxterev — Arrillaga's Instructions — Ciiar.ms oe Cali-
fornia— Resume of Events in Borica's Term of Oitici': — Coast
Defences— Promised Rienforcejients— Fuencii War Contrirutkin
— Foreign Vessels — Precautions — The ' Pikexix' — BiiouGimi.s's
Visit — The 'Otter' of Boston — A Yankee Trick — Arrival of
Alberni and the Catalan Volunteers — Engineer Cordoba's Sur-
veys — War with England — Coasting Vessels — War Contribution —
Distribution of Forces — Map of California — The 'Eliza' — Tin;
'Betsy' — War with Russia — Indian Affairs— Minor Hostilities —
Campaigns of Amador, Castro, and Moraga.
" The new governor whom his Majesty is to ap-
point in place of the deceased Lieutenant-colonel Don
Jose Romeu must have the advantages of good talent,
military skill, and experience, robust health for the
greatest hardships, prudent conduct, disinterestedness,
energy, and a true zeal for the service; since all theso
he needs in order to traverse frequently the broad tei-
ritories of the peninsula, strengthen defences, regulate
the prcsidial troops, prevail by skill, or if that suffice
not by force, over the ideas and aims and pnyudiciid
introduction of the Enfjlish, and contribute to tlus
advancement of pueblos and missions." Such were tlio
views of Viceroy Hevilla Gigedo;^ such were the qual-
ities sought in Ilomeu's successor, and believed with
much reason to have been found in Licutcnant-colon(>l
Don Diego do Borica, adjutant-inspector of jiresidios
in Chihuahua, who early in 1794 was appointed g<»v-
^Jievilla Gigcdo, In/orme de 12 de Abril 17D3, 152-3.
(630)
COMIXG OF THE GOVERNOR.
531
ornor, political and military, and comTnaiidant-inspcctor
of tho Califoriiias. He took possession of his oflico
at Loreto the 1 4th of JNIay, having arrived two days
l)of()re bj^ sea from San Bias accompanied by his wife
and daughter. On the same day he communicated his
accession to officials in Alta California and sent Ari-i-
llajjfa instructions to continue actinix f^s Qfovernor until
ho should arrive at Monterey.^ Shortly after Borica
jissumed office his friend the viceroy, to whom proba-
bly he owed the appointment, was replaced l>y the
Conde de Branciforte, who on July 12th took posses-
sion of the office. His succession was announced in
California in November.^
Borica remained two months and more at Loroto,
attending as may be supposed to aflairs of state, but in
the mean time by no means neirlectino; the friends left
in Mexico, to whom he wrote long epistles narrating
iu a witty and jocose vein, for he was "a fellow of
infinite jest," the details of his journey to California
with its attendant sea-sickness, which had rendei'td
the mere mention of the ocean a terror to tho kuUes.
At Loreto, where the governor represented liimself
as " haciendo en esta Barataria mas alcaldadas que
Sancho Panza en la suya," health was regained and all
went well. The 1st of July he sent to the king a
lietition for a colonel's commission, which he received iu
the autunm of 1795.* It was his intention as announced
in several letters to complete the journey to Monterey
by land, but as the ladies regained their health and
^Letters of Borica in May 1794 to various persons in Prov. St. Pap., MS.,
xxi. 190, 198-"20."); xii. 174; ProL'. A'c., ^IS., iv. Il,j-1G; vi. •J.S. Tlicrf .sceiiia
ti)l)o littloornodoubta])ontMay 14tli as tho date of taking possession; biittliu
(l;iy <if arrival is given by Uorica himself in ilillerent letters as May lltli, TJlh,
inid IlJtli. Miiy ;jlst, Lasnen from Santa Barliara congratulates tlie new gov-
(inor. Arch. Artoh'iniiadn, MS., i. ."(i. July Hist, Conimamlant of San Oiego
lias received the anncnuicement and proclaimed it in his district. Pnv. SI.
J'l'li., MS., xii. 20. Arrillaga to same elleet iVug. 4tli. Iil., xxi. 19(J. \ivv
riiy has received the news Aug. .")th. /(/. , xi. 190-1. Aug. '2d, Argiiello orders
Uorica proclaimed as gov(!rn()r at .San Jose. (SV(/( Jd.'k', Arch., M.S., iil. •J.'i.
■'July T), 1794, Uevilla (iiyedo amiounecs tlie arrival of ids successor, llo
will he glai' to keep up a private ci>rrespundence witii Uorica. Proc. SI. /'ii/>.,
M.S., xi .... July rjth, ISranciforto announces Ills accession. /</., xi. iSi).
' J'mr. St. Pa)>., MS., xi. 197; xiii. bo; xiv. "29; Pruv. lice, MS., v. 71;
vi. 20; at. I'lip., Hue, MS., xvii. U.
032
RULE OF BORIC A— FOREIGN RELATIONS.
! U" ]
courage, and M'crc made acquainted witli the prospec-
tive difficulties of the peninsula route in time ol'
drought, the plan was changed. All went on board
the Saturnlna July 20th, and four days later set sail
for San Luis Bay far up the gulf. The winds and
other circumstances seem to have been unfavor.'d)le, for
on the 28th the governor decided to land at Santa
Ana and make his way to San Fernando and across
the frontier by land." With the exception of sonic
correspondence about the furnishing of escorts and
animals by the different commandants along the way
we know nothing of the journey until he reached San
Juan Capistrano in the middle of October."
Here he met Arrillaga, who had left Alonterey in
September, and spent four days in consultation with
that officer, starting northward the I7th of October.^
Here I suppose were delivered by Arrillaga the
instructions left by each retiring governor for the
guidance of his successor, though the document as
preserved bears no date. It was intended to acquaint
the new ruler with the condition of affairs in the
jtrovince; but it is devoted almost entirely to local
and minor details, containing nothing of general in-
terest with which the reader is not already acquainted,
*Oii embarkation and voyage, see Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 75; Pror. Rir.,
Ms., vi. 134. July 10th, governor writes to viceroy on the dillicultics of llic
l;ui(l jciirney. /(/., vi. 'J(i. I think the name Santa Ana niaj* ho an ornn-, or
tliat there miiy have boon a locality of that name north of Loreto; for it sccnis
hardly probable that the vessel was driven far south, or that Lorioa visi'ad
Loroto a^'ain on his way north. Vancouver, Voyaijc, iii. 330-1, tells us that
Lorioa had come all the May from Mexico on horseback.
•^.Tuly 28th, Borica to 1'. Calvo, asks for 24 mules and 2t natives, for his
journey to San Fernando. Prov. Per., MS., vi. l."4. An';ust (ith, (.!r:ijcia to
iJorica, Has sent 2'J mules, 35 horses with 8 soldiers under Corporal Olivcra
frnm San Diego. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 10. Sept. 8th, 'N.' from San Fer-
nando to commandant at Sta Bdrbara, asks for 10 men and ol animals to lie
pent at once; similar demand enclosed for commandant at ^ilonterey for escort
to be sent to San Luis. Prov. Pec, MS., iv. I. Sept. 15th, LToycoeclica
Avi:ihes a pleasant journey and a safe arrival to Borica and ln"s wife and
dau-hter. 'C. P. B.' Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 102. Oct. 1st and 2d, Ar-
giiello to Borica and to Arrillaga, Has sent CO animals with 10 men to San
Luis. /(/. , xii. 147.
' Arrillaga was at ^lonterey Sept. IGth, and left before Sept. 22d. Pmr.
Si. Pap. , !MS., xii. 152-3. Oct. lUth, Boi'iea to viceroy announcing conference
with Ai'rillaga and intention to stai-t next day. Pror. I'ec, M.S., vi. 2.'>. l)ec.
17th, viceroy's acknowledgment of above. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xi. 207.
A CONVIVIAL RULER.
633
tluTcforc I do not deem it necessary to reproduce it
liere even en resume.^ Arrillaga proceeded to Loreto
to resume his duties as lieutenant-jjovernor: wliile
JJorica contnuied liis journey northward to the capital
where ho arrived the Dth of November." With Mon-
terey the new ruler was delighted, deluging his
friends and relatives with letters in praise ot' the
country immediately on his arrival. *'To rivir miicho
and without care come to Monterey," he tells them.
"Tliis is a great country; climate healthful, between
cold and temperate; good bread, excellent meat,
tolerable fish; and hou hurneur which is worth all the
rest. Plenty to eat, but the most astounding is the
general fecundity, both of rationals and irrationals.
'J'he climate is so good that all arc getting to look
like Englishmen. This is the most peaceful and quiet
country in the world; one lives better here than in
the most cultured court of Europe." He was busy
with routine duties at first, but he found time for
convivial pleasures with Vancouver, Puget, Alava, and
Eidalgo, all jolly good fellows, and not one of whom
was more than a match foi* iJorica "before a dozen of
Ivhine wine, port, or Madeira. "^*^
The Spanish authorities were now somewhat aroused
to the importance of strengthening Californian coast
defences, and this subject was therefore still more
l>romincnt in Borica's term of office than it had been
• hnin<jf Arrillacja's administration. To conniensate
the soldiers for labor begun on the presidio ))uilding8
in Eages' time an appropriation of §5,200 had been
made from the royal treasury to be expended in sup-
l)lies.^^ In the middle of 17Do some guns and work-
^ ArrUhtfjd, Papcl de Pinitoi^ ])ara conodnuento del Gobernador de In
P'uhisida, ho.',. MS.
"ill three It'ltors Boiica says he arrisoil on Xov. 9th. Prov. S(. Pap., MS.,
Nxi. 'J07-S; Vmt VniKouver, y<iiiii:jv, iii. .'i.SO-l, tiHirms it was on the 11th. It
is diliiiult to miiUrstund lioweiihcr could mistake.
"]'.orica,'s Letters in Nov.-Dcc. 1704. Pioi: St. Pnp., M.S., xxi. 207-1'-'.
"Oct. '2(i, 17'J1, viceroy to governor, Has ordered the ST'.SOO paid to tlu;
habililado general; §1,000 for Monterey, and §1,-00 for each of tlie otl.er
■'■'•'I
634
RULE OF BORICA-FOREIGX RELATIONS.
H -'i
men liad been brouglit up from San Bias, and at.
Borica's arrival in the autumn of 1794 work had been
«4<jin_i^ on for over a j'ear on the San Francisco defences,
Ix.'sides some slight preparations at jNIonterey and San
])icgo. Details of })rogress at the different presidios
may be more appropriately given in connection with
local annals in another chapter, and it is only in a
general way that I propose to treat the subject here,''
Viceroy Ilevilla Gigcdo earnestly recommended
the fortification of the coast in his instructions <»f
1704 to his successor Branciforte," who called uj)on
(/olonel Costanso, the same who had visited Califor-
nia with the first expedition of 17G9, for a report on
the sul>jcct. Costanso's report was rendered Octo-
ber J7tli of the same year, and was to the effect that
the difficulties in the way of adequate fortification
were insujierable. The author had no faith in forts
situated in a distant province without home resources.
The only way to protect the country was to encourage
f^ettlement and commerce.'' In this report, however.
presidios. Jan. 15, 1702, V. R. to gov.. Gen. Cnrcnba snys that .?."), 200 i.s not
cnmigli, since Fiigcs liad ustiniated .^12,000 for three presidios. The \'. IJ.,
however, chiiins tiiat Fagcs' estimate \va.s on the basis of l.")()percentadvaiu'e
oil goods, or §5,200 without that advimce; though Fages later raised the esti-
iiiati; to li,>12,000, but tids had no approval of general and Iving. He therefore
rrfuses to give more tlian tlio §."), 200 with 8-100 for iiackage an<l fivight. S/.
J'ap., Snc, MS., i. 40-7; I'rov. St. Pnp., MS., x. 112. Some details aljout
the tlistrlhution of tlic uniouut among the presidios. Id., xi. 54, 57; xii. 57-0;
I'rur. Ji'cr., iv. .S, 4.
'-licginning of work at San Francisco .".anounccd in August 1703. Pror.
A/. Pnp., MS., xxi. 113. !Mareh 18, 1703, commandant of San IJhis writes
t'lat lie has ordered fortification of Uodega and the presidios (except Sta ]!ar-
bara, .supposed to lie already in good conilition). The vessels will bring the
needed aid and the work is to begin at San Francisco. July Sth, governor has
lieard of the viceroy's approval and order for vcssids to carry material. Pnn:
Si. Pup., MS., xxi. 100-7 Jan. 22, 1704, V. R. to gov., says the Juntii
Superior, after consulting the fiscal determined on Dec. 28, 1703, to conclude
tlic presidio works, the cost to be paid from the tobacco revenue. Tlie gov-
ernor must form estimates and finish the work fis solidly and <!cononiically as
possiiile. /(/., xii. 180-1. The documcntof Dec. 2Stli, in jXiKvaEs/iafia, .Icii-
irliiK, MS., 13, 14. June 9th, V. R. to gov., has ordered BUj)ply-vessels to
transport timber from Monterey for the southern defences. Pnu;. S/. Pap.,
MS., xi. 175-0. Arrillaga, Papdih Puiitoi^, MS., 102, explained his plan that
tiie workmen at San Francisco should come to Monterey to prepare timber
for that place and for the south.
"y.Vc(7/a (Ivji'ilo, Instrucdon, MS. i. 530.
" Ci,n(an,s(), Iiijorme ■^ohrr d l^rni/cio (li'for'ijicar los Presidio^ ih' hi Xmvit
Calfj'oruia, HO.}, MS. Tliis ollieer seems to have been prominent in his pro-
COAST DEFE^•CES.
635
and in anotlier of July 1795 made l>y a ooniniittco
composod of Costanso, Fidal^o, and Sanclie/, bat-
teries of eij^'lit twelve-pounders were roconuncnded
with ci^rhty guiniers for the ports, with a view solely
to protection against corsairs. Defence against a lios-
tile squadron was pronounced impracticable, and in case
of attack nothing was to bo done but to withdraw tlui
])eo})lo and live-stock to the interior. Vessels should,
however, be furnished for coasting service, for which
])urposo three very small ones were available at San
J)las.^" As we shall see it was decided to send rciin-
ibrcemcnts.
During 1795 while some slight progress was being
made with the fortifications, the war in France was
inciting the government in Spain and jMcxico to still
llnther measures of defence. 13orica had asked early iu
this year for armorers, guns, and munitions for the bat-
teries being constructed; and on July 25th the viceroy
replied, promising not only what had been asked but
also a strong retinforcement of troops. He announced
that a con)pany of seventy- two Catalan volunteers
under Lieutenant-colonel Pedro Alberni would soon
embark from San Bias, picked men, robust, well
l)ehaved, and for the most part married, with the
best arms and outfit obtainable. With this compaTiia
franca there were to be sent seventeen or eighteen
artiller3'men and three armorers. The commandant
general had orders to furnish needed aid from Sonora
and the commandant of San Bias to send up the re-
quired armament. Moreover two small vessels were
to run up and down the coast to bring news every six
months. The viceroy concluded by a repetition of tho
old orders respecting foreign vessels visiting the coast,
]']nglisli ships to be treated more hospitably than
fussion. I have before me several originiil rcportd on government ^\■orks in
tlitlercut parts of Mi'xi(.'o from 17S8 to ISOO. He is inentiontd by Viceroy
A/anza. Ynstrmnon, MS., l.")!). Ho reported on tlie fortilicatious of Vera
Cruz as late as 1811. Mixko, Mem. Oiurra, IS.'/O, 20.
^^ Saiic/icz, Fidithjo, anil Costaiis6, Infonne sobre auxilios que se propone
euciar u la Cali/oriiia, IJ Julio, 1705, JI8.
i
S36
RULE OF BORICA-FOREION RELATIONS.
otlicTR, l)ut none to be pcrn»ittccl a long stay or any
insjK'ction oCllie country.^"
The news that ^var had been declared between
Spain and France came to California in Octol)er 179;?,
with a decree of the viceroy calling on faithful sub-
jects of Carlos IV. for a contribution. The decree
being duly published the Californians responded with
!ir740, as was announced by Borica in March 171)4;
but the amount was declined with thanks by the
viceroy in June, and thereupon redistributed to the
donors.^' In April 1795, however, thin;.;-5 in Europe
assuming a darker aspect for Spain, Branciforte again
chancjed his mind and indicated his willinofuess to
accept the Californian donation, and even urged iu
June a special eflbrt on the governor's part to increase
its amount. Borica publishcid the api)eal, and calling
on officers, friars, soldiers, and neoj)hytes to assist,
headed tlie list himself with $1,C00. The missionaries
still ])rofessod their inability to give anv but spiritual
aid; but (jtlier classes responded generou ;} , and con-
tributions reached ^3,881. In the early spring of
1797 tlie return of peace was made known in Cali-
foi-nia.^^
'" Drandfortc d Uorira nohre/nrtalcer Jas Baterina tin !>rm Franasco, Montr'
rnj, etc., Il'^J, ^IS. On «!inic il;itc, July 'Jotli, viceroy toj'ovonior, of Banic pur-
port, nu'i lioiiiiif^' the sending of an engineer, nnd iilso deelaring it inipossiljlo
to fortify iind ilefenJ the whole coast a,i;iiinbt superior forces. In eniergiii-
cies aid ) v:.:t lie kcjik;!;!/ from Sonura. I'r'iV. St. Puji,, MS., xili. o?>-4. 'I'lio
actual force in (.'aHfornia %vus '2'2o men; Arrillag.a's plan called for 271; and
l'>orica'.s, X)'). I'n.v. St. /'(tji., Leu. J/(7., JIS., xix. ."J, 4. Hept. 22, 179.'), the
V. R. announces that tlie company of volunteers -was inspected at Mexico on
8ept. lltli by Col. Sah'cdo, and found in good condition. Pioz'. Sf. Pep.,
xiii. S.'l; Xov. ] 1th, he speaks of the artillerymen, ami says the royal treasury
nt Vera Cru/, pays the expense to the end of 17i)a. /(/., xiii. 74; St. Pap., Sac.,
MS., vii. 4t-.").
".Tune •12, 170.1, viceroy's <lccrcc. Prov. St. Pap., MS., \i. 120. Oct. Oth,
Arrillaga to commandant of Monterey, mentioning decree of June lOtli. St.
Pdji., Skc., MS., i. 111). Oct. 2Sth, Lasueu says the padres v.ill contrihuto
what they can — that is their prayers. Ai-ch. Arzohisjiado, MS., i. 30. l)''c.
7lli. decree hiis been published in l.oreto. J'rov. St. P((p., ^18., xi. 14!).
March 4, 1704, (!ov. to V. R. announces §740 as the amount. Id., xxi. i;i;>;
xii. 03; Pror. J.'cc, MS., vi. 31; dncrla dc Mrx., vi. .">78. June 20th, V. K.
declines with thanks in the king's name. Id., xii. 3o; xi. ISO, 1.S2; Pror.
ItiC, MS., viii. 144. Xov. 11th, (Jov. announces the restitution. Pror. Ilcc,
MS.,iv. 120.
'''April 4, 170.'), viceroy to governor, accepting the donation. Pror. St.
Pap., MS., xiii. 114-15. June 17th, V. R. to gov. and other later corrc-
THE 'PIICEXIX,' CAPTAIN MOORE.
687
Th(! orders rospectiiiGf precviutions UL^aiii.st f(>roii>;n
vessels wore duly prouml^ated;'''' Imt opportunities inr
e;irryin,L( them into execution were rare in 17!)"). The
visit of tlie English merchant vessel PIkcuIx, Cap-
tain jMooi'e — if that may be taken as a satisfactory
average from the j\Ior, Mayor, INIoor, Murr, and ^lorr
of the archives — was the only sensation of the year,
and was indeed a mild one. She touched at Santa
]>iirl)ara in August from Bengal for supplies, affording
ilie pi-ovinci;il authorities an excellent opportunity to
ri'pi.'at tlie old orders, and the local powers to carry
out the hos])itable hut strict policy in such cases pre-
scribed. They were fortified with the treaty of 17*J0
and otiier formidable material for a discussion on inter-
national ohlirations; but the Pli/cnlx was content to
receive a few needed supplies and sail away. jNIooro
left with Goycoechea a Boston lad who desired to re-
main in the country and 'become a Christian;' but ho
was sent to San Bias a few months later."" Six letters
spondcncoon subject. St. Pap., Sac, MS., v. 99-105. July lOtli, Oct. r2tli,
lOtli, CIov. tocf)::iinaiiil!int3aiHliia<lrpa. /Vor.yiVc, .MS., iv. ;j()-l, \',)'>, i;>7; vi.
l.")l. Oct. lSt!i, Lasiini tof^ov. explaining (lio poverty of thopndrcs, the front
st'fvice.i tliey are n ndering the king, and their inability, with the beat Mislies,
to give anything but their prnvers for the victory of Spanish arms. Arrh. Sla
JUU-hftm, MS., xii. 'J.')-!; St. J'fip. Sac, MS., i'x. 88-9.'}. Mardi I'J, 17!»(i,
announcement (f results, bliowing that San Francisco gave JjTOT ; .Monterey
and San .lose, i;!''"!; Santa, li.irliara and Angeles, >r'!)SO, and San Die-'o, .*().",!l.
St. Pap., Saf., MS., V. 98; viii. 7"); Prov. Her., MS., iv. LVb .)an. 17, 1797,
\ iceroy';i tlu'.iik.i for aid, ineluding the prayers. Arch. Slu Ijurhura, MS., xii.
'2;!i; Prov. J.'rr., JiS., vi. 181. I'eaee announced by V. 11. Nov. i:9, 179.">,
and solemn mass Cif thanksgiving ordered. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 7.'1.
ruljlished by gov. Feb. '29, 1790. J'rov. LW., MS., iv. 144. Original letter
of Lasucn afking ] adres to f-ay mass at each mi.ision. JJoc. ll't<t. (,'(tl., MS.,
iv. C,")-7. (icaeral amnesty and panlon on account of peace, and of marriage
(jf princesses. I'ror. Pec, MS., vi. S'J; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 40.
'* Jan. (), 179.'), gr-vernor orders tiiat oven in the case of San lilas vessels,
tlic first perrons hauling must bo closely examined to bo sure they are really
Spanianl.s. Prov. St. Pap., ^iLS., xiii. 10-17. Nov. '2d, Sal to coniisi(jnadi)
of S. .lorse urging itriet compliance with the V. \Vn orders of July ■2."). N. ./oxj
Arch., MS., iv. "Jo. Nov. 14th, tToyeocehta to IVn'iea. No foreigner.s will ))0
allowed to visit tlic country on horseback or to get breeding animals. Prov.
St. Pap., MS., xiv. 29-:]n.
'■'" I'ortrait of Thomas Murr sent to viceroy (?). Prov. liec. !MS., viii. KiO.
Sept. .'')th, (loycoeclica to lloriea. Says tlic boy's name was Dostones and ho
was of good parentage, a pilot and carpenter. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. 09-
70. Cai't. Matule is asked to cany the young IJostonian to San IMas. A/. , xxi.
'2;)0. His naiKC v.as .loscph O'Cain, an Irishman, an<l he »vent in the Arnir:a:.ii
(perhaps in 179(j). i^rov. 7.Vc., MS., iv. 22-,1,.']0-l. 'This Englishman isanativo
of IrckuJ and liia parents live now in Boston.' Frov, St, Pap., JJcii. Mil.,
538
r.ULE OF BORICA— FOREIGN RELATIONS.
IV m
M'itli English addresses were taken from the mail tliis
year and forwarded to the viceroy by B(jrica's order.-^
Throughout the year 179G precautionary orders
against foreign vessels continued to bo issued, pre-
sentinnr no variation in matter or manner from those
of former years, yet it may be well to notice an order
of Borica to the effect that large war-ships, able to
seize San Diego, were not to be permitted to enter
the port, supplies being sent out in boats. Just how
they were to be kept out does not clearly appear,
since no such ship came to that harbor." In July a
I'oport reached INIonterey ooming from an American
captain at Nootka, who je?eived it fi'om an Englisli
captain at Botany Bay, that the Englishmen had
orders to attack Spanish vessels; but the report did
not receive much credit, and the viceroy's orders dated
November 30th to make reprisals on all English craft
entering the ports, did not reach Califoi'uia till the
next year."^
Only two foreign vessels made their appearance on
the coast this year. The first was the English man-
of-war Proridcncr. under Captain Broughton \A\o had
visited California before with Vancouver. She anch-
MS., xxi. 11. Tlicro is a Josi! Burling also mentioned as an Irishman ■hIio
finived in or ahoiit this year. St. Pap., Sa<'., MS., xix. 8,0. See also on the
visit of tho I'/iu II ii\ Piov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 17-tiS; xiv. (i7; St. Pap.,
Sue, ]\]S., xvii. 1; Pmr. L'cr., ^IS., iv. '22~'A. Another hn-lish vessel, tho
J'cuoliilioii, (.'apt. liOciii (Loeko?), vas; reported by (Irajcni of S;'n j>iego as
having tuuehed at Todos Santos Bay in A'.sgust. Pror. St. Pep., MS., xiii.
(i(5-70.
^' /Vor. St. Pup., !MS., xiii. 17o. Tho only S]ianish vcsi;els of tho year
«eem to have lieen the Coiiccjicion, Melendez, and the AruuMiii, Jlatute,
uitli the inciinr'taif.
--'Jan. 17ntJ, viceroy to governor, no person from a fn-eign vessel to ho
admitted into California. Pior. lltc, MS., viii. MS; ;^t. Pap., Sac, .MS., x\ii.
7. Mai-eii ,'?Ot'.i. Sal to I'driea, fur ,'<uji[)lies fnrnis'ied a leeeipt to bi: taken anil
sent to gov. I'rav. St. Pap., ^IS., xiv. 104. Xo goo<la to bo taken in letnrn
f ir supplies. St. Pap. '>'«,-., MS., iv. ('9. April 7th, ]]oriea to eoiiimanil.iut i-f
San l>iego, war-vessels n(,t to ]ic admitted into the ports. Piov. I'lC, }dS., v.
i.'4'_'. April It-ith, Indi;nis to be sent to liodtga to look out for foreign vessels.
J'ror. St. Pa\, Jlr-ii. Mil., I\IS., xxi\, 11. Nov. 'Jd, Borica to \'. 1!. St. Pap.
Sac, MS., iv. (il. Juno IStli, viceroy orders strict ))recaiitions. Prvr. .V.
J'ap., MS., xiv. l.".l,
"JxUv IT), 17!)'>, governor to comiT.andant, private. Prov. Hcc, ]^IS., iv.
M!t. Aug. '.V.th, (irnjera to gov. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. liri. Nov. liOth,
viceroy to gov. /i/. , xiv. 17.'?. Oct. lOth, a eonrier arrived at Monterey from
Sun Diego, uunouneing that 18 sail had been sighted. St. Paji.ySac, MS., vi. b'J.
THE 'OTTEH,' CAPTAIN DORR.
dsa
oroJ at Monterey, obtained some needed supplies, left
some instruments wliicli had been intended ibr IJodeLra
y Cuadra, but whieh L>orica received and paid for, and
then sailed away. It is recorded not very clearly,
that Broughton after raising his anchor attempted in
boats some exploration of the Rio San Antonio, or
Salinas, and that his boats were fired at."^ The (jther
vessel, the first from the United States to anclior in a
Californian port, was the Otter of Boston, conniianded
by Ebcnezer Dorr.-"' She carried six guns and twenty-
six men, arriving at IMonterey on October 21)th, after
Jinving cruised in the vicinity for nearly a week.
] laving obtained wood and water, freely supjilied by
the Sj)aniards on sight of her passport from General
Washington signed by the Spanish consul at Charles-
ton, she sailed on the Gth of November. Dorr asked
permission to land some English sailors who had
secretly boarded his vessel at Port Saxon. '^^ His re-
(jucst was refused, but he landed five men on the
beach at niuht, and tlie next nii^^ht five more and a
Avoman on the Cavmelo shore, forcing them from the
boat, they said, by the use of a pistol. Dorr's conduct
naturally seemed to the Spaniards ungrateful; but
his position was doubtless a difiicult one, and the nec-
essity of getting rid of his convict passengeis was
uvLient. Governor Borica rcj^arded it as a dislionor-
able trick on the part of the Yankee; but he had to
^'Scpt. 10, 1790, vicci'oy to Borica, approves of his liavitig fired at tlic
Ijoats, suspecting that the aim was to exphiro the siiliiitiif, ami ho will hcitI n
vessel to irevcnt such attempts. St. Pap. , Sue. , MS. , viii. 71. The I'riti-hlcm-c
lii'ed a salute of 11 guns on entering and the battery rcpjiondod. Aeeording
ti> /(/., vi. S.VO, she sailed June l,Sth; but according to Prow St. /'ii/k, Jlcti.
Mil., MS., xxiii. It, •"), it \vas.July Sth. The instruuunt.s left were wurih t'2.">().
Aei'drding to /</., xxiv. (!, the ves><el aj'pear.s to have been !it San I'nuieisco
(inJunuiOtli. Alberni iij tirdertd not to kt Broughton land. Unleni \\ ero
Stilt to other ])orts n(jt to permit a landing or to fuini.sh any nmre sup|)lieM.
J'rnr. Ji'ir., MS., iv. (17. Supplies fiunisheil anmunted to !?oOS, the l<ill being
Sent to Mexico. /(/., iv. ilUU. The instruments were sent to S;in Bias. Pmr.
SI. I'll,,., :>is., x\i. 'ivi.
-■"'She iscalled by the Sjinniards the O/lcr Boston, El otro PfiKloii, and Lntir
Jliisli.ii; and their eaptain, l)ow, iJour, jiur, l>;uir, l)uoi'. and Ixre.
■''Herbert C Borr son of tlu.s eiiplain, a veil known H'l /7/'< cy residing
ill San I'laneiseo, tells me ihiit the.--e niiuwere ennviets fniin Butaiiy l!ay,
and tliat he has often heard his lather tell the stoiy of this voy;i^e and of hia
'•
>':1
■1}
f
540
RULE OF EORICA— FOREIGN RELATIONS.
!i
provide for the new-comers. They were se!; at work
as carpenters and blacksmiths at nimitcen cents per
ckiy, and tliey prov^ed so industrious and well behaved
that Borica would fain have retained them in the
country; but in obedience to royal orders he was
obliged to send them the next year to San Bias eu
route for Ctkliz."''
On ]\Iarch 2 -3d and April 1st the Valdcs and San
Carlos aiTiAcd at j\Ionterey and San Francisco re-
8[)eclively with most of the compailia franca, and of
the artillerymen, the rest coming up the following
8[)ring, and the military force in California being thus
increased by nearly one hundred men.'^ Lieutenant-
s'* >
:;h :!
tror. bios with tlic'sc reckless men who used the Offer aa a means of escajio.
'llic Dorr family furnishtil several masters and owners of vessels engaged in
the fur-trad'j in )iortliern ^^•atcrs, as will he seen in the Ilitit. iV^ W. Count, tliis
Berics.
■*'Nov. ."), 1790, Borica to viceroy, announcing arrival and stating tliat
no in'0.':ularir,io ! have hcen committed by tlie Americans. St. Pap., Sw., !MS.,
iv. (!J-,'>; vi. 8(!-S. Nov. 10th. Borica to V. R., dcscriliing the sid)ser|npnt
' irrc^iiluiLies.' Id., iv. G.'J-4. Dec. Gtli, ILis received order to send the irisli-
ni;;.i iJiirling and all other foreigners to Cadiz, will therefore send by first
ves.el the men left l>y Dorr, /(/., iv. (i8-0. Dorr obtained supplies to the
vahicof ylST. Proc. Ii\c., MS., iv. '2SS. Five Englishmen kept as prisoners
nntil the Aranzdzii arrives. Prov. tjt. Pap.,'M'i.,\\i. '241. Aug. 17!)0, V. R.'a
order to send Burling and fnrcigncrs to (,'adiz. Prov. I'ec, MS., viii. IG.'i; iv.
117. I suppose tins Burling and the Boston l)oy, and O'Cain to have Ikou
i)o:';iibly tlic .same pers(jn. Oct. 0, 1797, Borica toV. R., sends the 11 to Sun
Bias. Pi-oi'. Il(C., JNIS., vi. oO. Oct. 19th, Boricaasks Capt. Caamafio to take
them. Pr<v. St. Pop., MS., xxi. 270. Feb. \\, 3798, V. R. approves. I<l.,
xvii. 17. Oct. 2nd, a strange vessel ancliorcd off Santa Cruz. Prov. lice, MS.,
V. !"■!. Doubtless tlie (JItcr. The Spanish vessels of the year were the \'iildi'.<
and Siin dir.'o.i which brought troops, etc., from San Bias in April, toucliing
at ikm Frinicisco, Monterey, and Santa B;Ul)ara; the Sut'/l, Capt. Tobar, from
a lour in vho nortli; tlie Conrcjtcioii, Capt. Salaair from Manila at Santa Bar-
hiVM i'.i Ajiril; anJ the Aruiizcr.ii, Capt. Cosmo Bertodano, with tlia iiiciioria^
at ^.loutcrcy and San Francisco in July, and at Santa Barljara in September.
Pr<.r. 7;«'.,'MS., iv. (JO-1, 7-1, 77, US; Pror. St. Pop., MS., xiv. 24, W), l.Tl;
x:;i. 2;!(i; St. Pap., Sac, j\IS., xvii. G. According to the Jtclacioii (!<' /"■•»
IJiiihcrcarioiiei que hiin rondachlo ios Situailun dc Ion.} prenldios d<' lo, Kmvii
C'.d'/.ini!i;, con cnpvrx'ioii dc lo.^ nomhrcx de siis comunilanfes, dcnde d tiuo de.
li.'l, hmhi 170(/, MS., it appears that since 17S8 only one vessel caeii year
liiul c'imc especially with the regular mc»)o/-/V(.»( of supplies, though aa we liavo
Been several vessels arrived for one purpose or another.
'''■" Airival of the vessels. .SV. I'ap., Sac, MS., xvii. G. Arrival of Conrrp-
c/oti, 17'.)7, witli Lieutenant Scarez and 4 privates. Pivv. St. Pap., MS., xvii.
14 !. 'i he con)]iania franca of Catalan volunteers consisted of captain, 2 lieu-
ti i';!iits, ;'. sergeants — .Foatpun Tico, I'rancisco Cutierrez, and Juan Ifiigues —
8 corporahi, 2 drunnners, and '>',) privates— 7-") men in all. Full list of names
in / nr. St. Pap., lien. Mil., ]MS., xxiv. 1-4. Tiie artillery ik'taeliment con-
eiiit: d of a sergeant — .lose Roca— 3 corporals, .and 14 privates — IS men in uU.
Toa.19.3. /(/., xxiii. 11.
REENFORCEMEXTS FROM MEXICO.
C41
colonel Pedro Alberni, captain of the Catalan volun-
teers, became at once coniuiandant at San Francisco,
^v•llcre twenty five of his men were stationed. Twen-
ty-five were , at to San Diego under Lieutenant Josd
Font, and eight under sub-lieutenant Simon Suarez
remained at Monterey, a sergeant and thirteen men
being scattered in various duties. The artillery de-
tachment under Sei'geant Jose Iloca was also distrib-
uted between the three presidios.-" With the troops
came the lieutenant of engineers, Alberto do Cordoba,
who proceeded to make an inspection of the coast de-
fences. In September he reported to the viceroy,
chiefly on the works at San Francisco, which he found
exceedingly defective and well-nigh useless. The bat-
tery at ^lontcrey was also useless so far as the de-
fence of the port was concerned, since vessels could
easily anchor and land men out of range of the guns,
Cordoba believed that effective forts and enough (jf
them could not be erected except at an enormous
expense, and he favored rather an increase of troops
and one or more cruising vessels on the coast. He
subsequently visited the south, and found the defences
n(jt more effective tlian those in the north, as the
governor informed Branciforte at the beginning of
J 797. Borica, however, found some comfort in the
tliou^-ht that the foes from whom attack niiulit be
I'cared v/ere probably igncjrant how weak the fortifi-
cations reallv were,
30
'".July 8, 170.3, the presidios had 101 muskets, r>0 pistols, 177 swords, 2'23
Innccs. J'ror. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 150-;{. July 10th, received from S;ui 15!as
loH imiikits, lt'2 sv/onlf!, !)(! Inucis— viiliic .'^'L'.Oi'O. /</., xxi. KM; rrur. St.
J'lip., lJi)i. JUL, MS., XXV. 1. Sept. 1."), 17!'.'>, 170cAVt. powder sent. J'rur.
St. I'„ii., MS., xiii. 81. Dec. 17Wi, 1\1). ]7!)7, l-'O!) imi.kcts, iOO y.i^tvh, -JCO
cnrtridg.s, '200 musket-ciises, KsCO;) Ciiits. J'rov. /.'.'■., MS., viii. 170, 17:); iv.
137; vi. .'■jS; I'rov. St. Pa/,., :SIS., xv. '2i.':}; xvi. '240; xvii. IK); xxi. •2-'/,',.
"" ( 'urdoha, liifonnr al I'in 1/ so' rr (hj'ci/.m.t tic < 'a/j'ciniin, IIVG, MS. Dec.
27, 17!H!, viceroy to uov. has received Cordoliii's jdausof Sun Fraiicidco, Mon-
terey, arid Santa Cruz, luis cudei'ed Iho littiii'.r-out of two cruisers, and has
tidicu liieasnres for the ]iroi!cr f-tn ii'^tiieniuLC of Sau Fraiicisco. St. !'•■ p., Sue
MS..
5. Jan. '20, 17!i7, Lorica to V. R. Pnn: Pre., MS. vi. 7H.
(.'urdoha's first report was sent to JIe.\ic(j hy IJorica wif'i h'm conunuuiealiou
of Sept. '21st, onclosinff live )ilans and approvin;.; ('(irdoba.'a t u;^[!;e:.lion:i. St.
P' 7;. , Sac. , MS. , iv. .")(l-7. ]5oriea's inNtruetiona to ( '.'inloba for h\.i uoiithern tri;>,
Oct. 8, 170(3. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xxi. "210-7. lie w:i3 to gather inr.lerial for
•' ' !
il
■f*(!!:l- ■
'1
642
PwULE OF BORICA-FOREIGN RELATIONS.
The transport San Carlos, Captain Saavcdra, arrived
at San Francisco Marcli 11,1797, and probably broii^iit
the news of actual war with England, though the
communication of the viceroy does not appear in the
archives;"^ for the 13th of Marcli despatches began to
circulate throughout the province, ordering the seiz-
ing of English vessels, instructing commandants to
redouble their precautions, and calling upon friars to
give not only prayers but Indians if needed. On th(j
lirst alarm of invasion notice was to be sent to !Mon-
terey, the military forces were to concentrate at the
threatened point, and live-stock was to be driven
inland. Men were drilled in the use of arms; messen-
ger's were kept in constant motion; Indians wore
harangued on the horrors of an English invasion;
sentmels were posted wherever an anchorage or land-
ing was deemed possible; able-bodied men were
gathci'od at the presidios, while the disabled ones
were detailed to protect women and children; and
strict economy was practised, since a non-arrival of
the supply-ship was feared. This state of things
lasted several months, but the popular excitement
was considerably allayed by the arrival c" the Con-
cepciou and Princcsa in April and May, and by tlic
delay of the English invasion, nothing more alarming
having occurred in the mean time than the rumored
llnding of some bodies of white men in the surf at
Point Ilcyes.^'
a general mnp of California. Dec. lltli, Cordoba arrived in San Diogo. St.
J'np., Ha<\, vii. 53.
="Anival of Sun Cdrlox, Prov. St. Pap., IMS., xsi. 249; Pror. Si. Pa/'.,
Pen. Hill., MS., xvi. G2. There is a letter of tlu; viceroy to I'oriea daliil
Jan. 2.'i:li, in Mliicli ho aHndea to some vague rumors of trouhlc v;ith Knglauil,
and rceominends prceautioiis. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. '218-10.
^^ J'^areli l.lth, JJoriea to Lasuen, Prov. Pec, MS., vi. IS.'?. Boriea to coiii-
niaiidaiits. Jd.,'\\. \oo. !Mareh llithto 14tli, Lasuen to jiadres ordering prayers,
litany on Saturdays, mass onee a month, and exhortations pueli ns Maei al:etM
gave (Ir.riug t)ie canipaigu against Nieaiior. Arch. Sta Parlmra, MS., xi. 111-4;
J'of. Ui^t. Cid., M.S., iv. 8Ii-4. March 17th, liorica to comniandants. Pror.
Pre, ytS., iv. ]:..">-(;. Mnrcli Mith, 24th, Sal to B. Prov. S.'. Pap., MS., xvi.
220-22. March 22d, B. to eonmiandant S. F, Cautious witli i^traiigi' vessels,
v.ar-f.liinu to bo menaced. Pror. Pec, MS. v. S2-3. Marcli 2Sth, .\inil lOih,
2d, (ioycdecliea to B., Saiita B/irbara defences in a very bad st:;te t(] re^i^■l■
attack. Id bUKpicious of tlic Indians to whom the British have yivcu Ijcad:^.
ALARMING RUMORS.
543
During the mouths of July, August, and Septcui-
1»lt all soeuis to have been quict,"^ but in the niiddlo
of October there came a report from the peninsular
mission of San Miguel that five, ten, or even sixteen
vessels had been seen making for the north. The
falsity of tlic report was ascertained before a week
liad })assed, but not before it had been published with
all the precautionary orders of old tln-oughout the
province, and had been sent to Mexico.''^ This emer-
gency elicited from Governor Borica peremptory in-
structions which went all the rounds, to tlie etfeet
that in case he were taken prisoner l)y the English
no attention was to be paid to any orders purporting
to come from him, whatever their nature; but the
(•(jnnnandants were to cjo on in defence of Calirornia
as their duty and circumstances might dictate."^ A
riiinilica to bo frrnchi.tlly rcnioveil to Angeles. Pror. St. Pup., ^IS., xv. 40,
4)i-,"i, ISS-'J. Aliii'cli IJIst, Sal to 1>., all caro tiikon. rrovisions to l>o
(U'.--ti(.>y( il iuid iii/t !;lluwcil to full into the liiinils of the foe. /(/., xvi. L'vlO.
^lurcli olst, April Ctii, May Iltli, (liajera to U., a sentinel on llic luacli .-it
Sail .luuu t'aiiistr;:iio. Invalids of Angeles*, San Galiriel, and Nietes lanciio
ready. If tlie Trcsidio has to lie aliaiidoned, shall it lie destroyed or not?
/./., xvi. •KuA), -Jll-l-J. April ."th, Fidalgo to 15. from San VAiix. Tlie Ojh-
v< jich'ti, t'aptain Jlanrinue, and the Prhitu.^a, I'ajitain Caair.afio, -will ]irotect
IheCalifc
sliriot
V'.nii eca:;
t. /./.
u;
inr,' every
Si'.ndi
AprilL'-lth, i!. to (ioycoetlr
Mf'et-
Indians n\iist he indiued ■\vitli anti-l''n':lish f^enti
mints, taniiht that the foe are hostile to reliLiiuii, violators of women. 7',
/.'.
:\hi
MS.
April
th, 15. t
o eoniniant
lants
ecfinonii;:e,
for the
plies of 170S eannot come. /(/., iv. I."i8. Ajiril .SOth, Alberni to ]>.
reftiro to j;o to I'odega fr(
fe;i
/'
s7. y-
^u
i:
5th, I
d. /(/.,>;xi. •_'()!-
viDCffd at Sta ]>;'ii'l)ara with supplies. AVill reniain as a eoa.'^t-
.Tuno Sth, 15. to commandants.
If 1'
•esulio IS !iiian-
d, guns to 1)0 spiked and powder hurned. 1
i-df.
I'indin'' of liodi
Vt Reyes in .'\pril. /*
St. J
•op.
M.S.,
MS.
)-l-.-)
ik;
'i'wo yiars later it was learned that San Diego Ray had been surv< yed by tliu
Kiiglish in 17^7 on a moonlight niglit. I'rov. ISt. Pup., Jl<ii. Mil., MS.,
xiii. '20.
aj
t)et. 1st, Vallejo, writing; from San Josd, mentions the
il .if
;in
I'jii:li.';h sih.ip at 'ianta Cm/, Pruc. St. Pop., MS., xv. l.").'), but nothing moru
)'i Ileal
d of the matter.
'Oet. l.:th, (;
ra.ie
ra to Roriea. Oct. ;2flt!i, contradieti
SI. I
op.
MS., xvi. HW-1. Oct. l!)lli, 15. to all, Sjiread (he news in all directions d
itn-caha'ln. Virilancia !! Pr"
MS., iv. Klv); V. i:."9. Dee.
4th
viei roy to 15. lii; doubts the accuracy of the repoi't, since the 6'.
d/'
'/"
MS.
' came down the coast without seein ;an3 vessels. Prov. St. Pop
, XV. •_',
' Oct. 'Ji
Alberni to eonii.sion
Roriea to comniandauts. /'
y,
MS., iv. Kil. Oct. 2'Jd,
of San .il St'. Son ./o-r, Arrh., Ml
:.s. X.A-. :{.i
(IiiyciHclK^a to 15. Pi-uv. St. Pap., MS., xv. 1.0. Nov, !)th, <lrajera to 1$.
hi, xvi. I'Jj-G.
IBl.
M
644
RULE OF BORIC A— FOREIGN RELATIONS.
largo war-ship arrived at Santa Barbara on Doc. 17tli,
but slio proved to bo the Spanish j\Ia<jallancs, Caj--
taln Espinosa, from Manila, and had couiu to protect
ratlier than to invade the country. Findiiii; no i'oes
in Cahfornia waters, she sailed for the south, as the
Conccpcion and Princesa had done a little earlier."'^
The only subsequent events of the v/ar, so far as
California was concerned, were the contribution for
the relief of his IMajesty's exchequer, called for by
Viceroy Azanza through bishop and governor in the
fall of 1798 and paid in the summer of 1709,"' and a
Dcw fright, also in 1799, resulting in the u.sual precau-
tionary orders, and caused by the report ol' from fifteen
to nineteen English frigates in and about the gulf of
California. ^^
i:i I
'" Of the jS'on Carfo« we know nothing beyond her an'ival on March 11th
at 8un Fruneisco. Tlic Cuncepcioii left San Bias in ilaich willi §1,088 of
j.rovisiona; she broii;;lit alno !) settlors, 2 yiniths, 4 solTicra, aiid 11 ]iailics,
I'.aving on board Alfcrcz Liijan and Lieut. Suarcz; arrived at San FrancisLU
A])ril llt'ii; was at Jlontcrcy June 2Sth; left Monterey .Sept. 4Lli; kit San
l)ie;',o Nov. Sth; arrived S. Bias Nov. •22i\. The J^riiiccsi arrived at Sta
Barbara jNIay "J/th witli 100 men, many sick with scurvy; was at San IJiugo
from June to (Jctober; and trailed wiLh the Conccprton. The Moijal aiua ro
inaiiicd only a few days at Sta Barbara and sailed for Acapulco. The only
other vessel of the year was the Activo, Captain Salazar, from ilanila, Vihitli
arrived at IMouterey Sejtt. 27tli, and sailed Oct. 7th. The vesscLs of 171*8
were the Concvprion, Caamauo, and the Activo, Leon y Luna. The former
arrived at Santa Barbara in May with 8 jiadres and 'J-t convicts, and left
Monterey in June. The latter arrived at San Francisco in June. Oii niovc-
incnts of ves-sels : Proi\ /.Vc, M,S.,iv. DO-1, 04, 10."), 157, K'-'; vi. 5-2, i:4, 5(i,
70, 87, 'J--'-4, 104, '1:M; St. Pap., ,V«i'., MS., viii. 7o; Pnv. Si. J'< jk, -MS., -W.
f.-J, (3S, IKVll; xvi. r>4, G2, 17."), 102, 107; xvii. 1; xsi. '2J0, 2:,r>-:>, L'^l.
3' Oct. -20, 1708, viceroy to pov. J'rov. Sf. Pap., MS., xvii. {-2. Nov. Kith,
bishop to padres, and Lasuen's refused. Arch. SUi Jiuiljnri, MS., x. 07-72;
xii. 2.')5-7; vi. '20(1-7. Jan. .'ilst, Borica to V. 1'., sends v!l,OfX) as a personal
contribution. /*i'Oi". /iVc., !MS., vi. US. Same date to eonnnandants, /»/., iv.
170. June '2'.'), account of results. Settlers and Inrliaus of the mi.'isions (per-
haps an error for Montcrej' including Borica's amount?) C'1,8.");!; San Fran-
cisco, .9242; An','elcs, )i;!l75; S;i!ita Barbara, ^'3~~>; San i)ie;;o, §.ilO; Catalan
volunteers, ^:•2:)7; artillery, $;iO; total, 8;i,400. Pror. Sf. ^Pop., L'cii. Mi'.,
MS., xxvii. 7. Another account makes ^l,So.3 the total. Proi'. P(c., MS.,
vi. 1-28.
^''' July 4, 1708, Borica to commandants, 10 frigates in the Facific. Pivr.
Per., JIS., iv. 17'2. J\;Iy 12th, ir^th, Sal to comisionado cf San Jose, for-
warding orders and 1,000 cartridges. .V. Juxr, Arch., MS., vi.48-0. July lOtli,
15. to eonnnandant Sla Barbara, a place to be prepared at San Fernando fcr
archives, rescive arms, and church vessels. Prov. Pec., JIS., iv. 112. Aug.
3d, v. Iv. to r>., the Manila, galleons must remain at Monterey until tlie v.ay
is cleared of privateers. Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xvii. 2,'!7. (iovernor's oi'dcrs
in acuordance. Pror. Pec., MS., iv. 17(i; vi. l.'U. Sept. Uith, two Spaniih
vessels reported as captured, not in Cal. LL, iv. 173.
AMERICAN SAILORS.
545
From 1707 to 1800 the military force and distribu-
tion remained })ractically the same as in 179G after
the arrival of the Catalan volunteers and the artil-
lery. In April 1797 Borica asked for twenty-live
recruits per year to fill vacancies and for an increase
(if thirty infantry and fifty cavalry, besides three war-
vessels. At the beginning of 1799 the total expense
of the military establishment as given by the gov-
ernor, was $73,889 per year. In March Borica urged
an increase of §18,G24 in the annual expense, by the
addition of three captains and an adjutant inspector,
niid the substitution of one hundred and five cavalry
ior the Catalan volunteers. Nothing was acconiplislied,
liowever, in these directions until after 1800.^''' In the
mean time some slight progress was made on local
fortifications, and the engineer Cordoba, having com-
pleted his surveys and made a general map of Cali-
fornia, had returned to Mexico in the autumn of
1708.**'
At the end of 1798 four sailors who had been left
in Baja California by the American vessel GaUaiit
More brought up to San Diego and set to work wliile
awaiting a vessel to take them to San Bias." In ^Fay
1799 James Rowan in the El'na, an American ship,
anchored at San Francisco and obtained sup])lies un-
der a promise not to touch at any other port in the
pi'ovince.*^ In August 1800 the A.merican ship Bdsij,
'^^ Pi-ov. liec, MS., vi. SG-8; Prov. Sf. Pap., Mii., xvii. 180, 188-9.
'"Oct. 17, 1705, viceroy to I'oiica, .«iiicaks of Ci'udoba'.s iipiiointnicnt.
■ ■ ■ " Pup.
Ho
IS iiljle, veil behaved, and energetic. Prov. St. Pup., MS., xiii. 40. Jan.
IT'.iy, Cordoba at work on a map of California. Proi: I'cc, ^IS., vi. IS. \ov.
'Jii, 1797, IJorica forwards the map to the viceroy; received in March (or
Nov.) 1798. LI., \\.(\-2: viii. 18!); Pror. ,S7. J'ap., MS., xvii. 3. Xov. 27,
1797, Ci'irdoba ordered bj- V. 11. to return to Mexico. He sailed in October
170H. /</., XV. '272-A; xxi. i.',S(i.
*^Proi\ Pec, MS., V. us;}, 1285; vi. Ill; Prov. St. Pap., :MS., xvii. l!)7-i!02.
They wen: examined carefully but no information of importuneu was elicited.
"\Vm. Katt, Karnaby Jan, and John Stephens were natives of Bo.ston 'in the
American colonics.' ( iabricl IJoissc^ avms a FrcMichnuai.
^-May 'J7, 1799, Rowan to cnmmandant. (iives the pi'omiso i-eqnired; will
pay cash; W(juld sail to-day if it weie less foifgy. i'rar. Sf. Pap., MS., xvii.
'J'J((-8. June lid, ISorica to vicenjy. 1'ho Elirji had \'l guns; gave a draft ou
I'.oston for $!'J4. Prov. Uir., MS.,'vi. llM-d. Auj,'. Hd, V. R. to 1!., Appn ves
his course; names John Kendriek as supercargo, and bays hov/islicd <ovv inter
at Monterey.
Hist. Cal., Vol. 1. 35
540
RULE OF BORICA-FOREIGX RELATIONS.
Captain Clnirlcs Winsliip, (obtained wood and water
at San I^ieufo.*'' In Oetohor there anchored a hirjxe
vesse], of suspiciously EngHsh appearance and cai'iy-
'm\f twenty-six guns, off the nioutli of tlie llio San
Antonio in Montcro}^ l^'iy; ^"t she sailed without
conunitting hostilities."
In the spring of 1800 there had come news of war
between Spain and Russia. This brought out the
usual orders for precautionary measures and non-inter-
course, but it failed to arouse even a ripple of excite-
ment. An invasion from Kamchatka seems to have
had no terrors for the Californians after their success
in escaping from the fleets of Great Britain.*''
Precautions taken to guard against invasion by a
foreign foe having thus been narrated, it is necessary
to give some attention to the dangers that threatened
from within at tlie hands of the natives. Although
tliis subject of Indian affairs, in this as in most other
periods of California history, is prominent n; the
archives, I do not deem it necessar}^ to devote much
space to it here. The Spaniards, few in nund)er
and surrounded by savages o[' whose numbers and
disposition little was known, were peculiarly situated.
*^rrnv. JRcr., MS.,viii. 132; xii. C; Proi: St. /^a;?., ISIS., xxi. 4t; St. Pnp.,
Sfic, ]\IS., ix. 12, 13. She arrived on thc'2.")tl» and sailed Sept. 4tli; she liad l!>
men and 10 guns; she asked aid later at San lUas, Ijut was fri^ditened away
liy t!ie approach of Spanish vessels, leaving her supplies, papers, captain, su-
]i"roarg(), and some sailors.
■"Nov. 'M), ISOO, gijvernor to commandant. Prnv. J?ec., MS., xi. 14(»-7.
( ! IV. to viceroj'. Pror. St. Pnp., MS., xviii. 07. Dec. 18th, V. R'.s order.s to
look f)ut for returning whalers. >S'/. Pa])., S(tr., MS., ix. oO. The Coiireiicinn
linnight tlio UK iiioihi.i with nine padres to San Francisco in May 179!t, lieing
kept in (jiuirantine l.'l days, and not leaving (\difornia until .Jannary ]S()().
Coming hack she arrived at Monterey in August ISOO witli supplies, pa<lres,
and children, convoyed l)y tlie armed Pr'nirAj.m, Capt. Vivero. They were
at Santa JJarhara in Septt inher, ar.d left San Diego in November. Pror. St.
P,:p., MS., xviii. !», (it); xxi. 30, 43-4, 4S, 54; Pru'v. Pec, MS., ix. 1'2; xi. 84,
144; St. Ptij)., Sac, MS., iii. '.'0; vii. 70-7.
^■' Doc. 21, 1701, viccnoy to lioriea. New.spapcrs announce Avar. St. Pa/i.,
S.ir., ,MS., ix. 54. Felt. 8, ISOO, li. to connnandants. War not certain;
hut the province nuist he ready for an invasion from Kamchatka. Pruv.
S/. Pap., ]S1S., xviii. '23; Pror. ]!cr., MS., x. 5. March 31st, declaration
of war known at Monterey, lntcrcour.se witli Russia forbidden. /(/., ix. "2, 7.
Oct. 9, 180"2, muss ordered for peace. St. Pop., Sac., MS., vii. 1.
INDIAN AFFAIRS.
647
They fully realized the dangers to Mliicli tlioy would
Ite exposed in case of a general ujirising among the
natives; and the consequence was tliat any unusual
action on the part of the aborigines, the rumor of
impending hostilities, gave birth to long investiga-
tions and a mass of correspondence out of proportion
to the cause. Nine tenths of the rumors investiij^ated
CD
|ir<)ved to be groundless, and the few that had real
I'oundation rested for the most part on petty events
of no interest save in the mission or pueblo wliero
tliey happened. Therefore I shall have something to
say of these matters in connection with local annals,
hut in this chapter shall enter but slightly into the
details either of events or correspondence.
In September 1794 fifteen or twenty neophytes of
San Luis Olnspo and Purfsima were arrested with
some gentiles for makinii; threats and incitlnof revolt
at San Luis. Five of the culprits were condenmcd
to presidio work. Throughout the year there was
some apprehension of trouble at San Josd and Santa
("lara, caused mainly by the natives suddenly leaving
certain rancherias. Lieutenant Sal went in person to
make investigations, and the natives disclaimed any
idea of revolt, but Fatlier Fernandez was admonislied
to be somewhat less zealous, not to say cruel, in his
treatment of the natives.*^
In Mareli 1795 a party of neophytes were sent
from San Francisco across the bay northerly in search
of fujTfitive Christians. After marching two ni<^hts
and a day in that direction they were attacked by
the Q'cntiles and oioht or ten slain. The friars were
l)lamed for liaving sent out the party, and tlio gov-
ernor deemed it unwise to avenge tlic loss and make
enemies of these warlike and hitherto friendly tribes.
]n the south Alferez Grijalva had some trouble with
the natives on the frontier between San Diego and
San IMiouel. Tliis was in June and one or two sav-
ages lost their lives. Near Santa Barbara there was
*\rrov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 33, 49-53, 100-4, 124-32, 194.
US
IIULE OF BORxCA— FOREIGN RELATIONS.
.ii I .
xH
81 U
a fi<rlii III October botwccn pa^^an'. and iieopliytcs in
wnlcli lives ^vcre lost on both side ^/^
In June 1707 thirty neophytes were sent across tJie
bay tVoni San Francisco, in a direction not clearly
indicated, in search of fugitives, and they were rath«r
I'ouj.ddy treated by a tril)e of Cuchillones though none
were killed. This afl'air caused a long correspondence
and finally brought positive orders iVoni the viceroy
forbiilding the friars to send out such parties. In July
after many preliminaries Sergeant Amador made an
expedition against both the Cuchillones and the Saca-
lanes, mIio had committed the outrage of 1795. lie
brought in nine of the gentile culprits and eighty-
three fugitive Christians. The savages are said to
have dug pits which prevented the use of horses, and
obliu'ed Amador to tiixht on foot hand to hand, seven
or eight of them being killed. At San Luis Ol)ispo
a neophyte was murdered by a gentile and there was
a temporary excitement and fear that the mission
wouVl be attacked. Depredations continued on the
southern frontier and San Diego as usual was deemed
in danger.*^
In 1798 the savages are said to have surrounded
San Juan Bautista by night, but they retired after
killing eight Indians of an adjoining rancheria. In
the resulting expedition to the sierra under Sergeant
Macario Castro, one chief M-as killed, four caj)tives
were taken, and a soldier was badly wounded. There
was a false alarm of impending attack on San jMigucl,
San Luis, and Purisima by the Tulare and cluumel
Indians. Around San Francisco Bay and especially
at San Jose Mission there were constant rumors of
preparations for hostilities that never occurred.''-'
m
" Prnv. Ri'C, ]\TS., V. 1227-S; iv. .S5-0; vi. 48-r)0, 50, 14(J; Prov. St. Par-,
MS., xiii. 82, 177-8, '21,'>-1(), '241-2, 27J-G; xvi. 71. Accordm<i io Cal'ija,
J'cy/iiics/a, MS., 12, the ranchos of four men in the Monterey district were
destroyed by Indians this year.
**l'rov. S/. Pap., MS,, xv. 19-27, 122-.-), 173-8, 282-3; xvi. 70-.3, 90, 2.39,
249; Proc. Hoc, MS., iv. 88; v. 20(i 7, 207.
"•i'/oc. y.'n-., MS., iv. 285; v. 210; vi. lOG-7, 100; ix. 9; Prov. St. Pap.,
MS., xvii. 97, 100, 100-7.
INDIAN AFFAIK.S.
CtO
Tlic only rocorcktl event of 1799 was an expedition
of IMacario Castro in June to the various nuielierfas
of the j\r(»nt(;i(}y district. His ohject was to collect
fugitives fi'oni San Carlos, Soledad, and San Juan
llauiista, and also to warn the jLjentiles aufainst har-
boi'int^ runaways. Fortified hy l(jn<i' and explicit
instructions from Borica, and accompanied by thirteen
soldiers and as many ii.,iives, Castro was successful.
In ^lay 1800 Pedro Amador made a raid from Santa
Clara into the hills. He killed a chief, broke many
weapons, and took a few ca})tives and runaways. The
native's again committed some depredations at San
Juan ]jautista, and in July Sergeant Mornga, march-
ing .'igunst them, cnpturcd fourteen.'"'^ From the pre-
cethug [)aiagr.'iphs it appears that Be rica's rule was a
j>eiiotl of peace so far as Indian hostilities against the
Spaniards are concerned. Naturally there were con-
thcts between neophytes and pagans, especially when
hands of the former were sent out by the friars to
scour the country for fugitives, and here and tho'e a
tliei't or other petty depredation was conunitted; but
the natives were not yet hostile, tLou-h they resisted
the soldiers on several occasions in the hills, and
showed that in case of a general war they might
prove forniidable.
•''>Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. .T25-.30; xviii. S.*?; Id., Dm. Mil., MS., xxviii.
10-12; I'rov. lice, MS., ix. », 10; St. Pap., Sue, MS., viii. 70-1.
CHAPTER XXVI.
RULE OF BORICA— EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS.
1794-1800.
Search von Mission Sites — Exploration of the Alameda— San Benito—
Las Pozas— Entino— Pale— Lasuen's Repoht— FonNnATiox ov Mis-
sion San Jose at the Alameda — Local Annals to 1800 — Mission San
Juan Bautista at Popeloctciiom — Earthquake — Mission San Mkuei,
AT Vahia— P/.due Antonio de l.v Concei-cion Hokua— Mission San
Fkknanho on Reves' Ranciio, on Aciiois Comihavit — Mission San
Luis Rey at Tacayme— A New Pueblo— Pkeliminaky ConnESPONi)-
ENCE — Seauch for a Site — Repokts of ALrKRNi and Cokdc a— San
FUANCISCO AND AlAMF.DA REJECTED IN FaVOK OF SaNTA C'l:rZ— Alt-
RivAL OF Colonists — Founding of the Vill.v de Bbancifoutf— I'uo-
TI'.ST of the FliANCISCANS — PLAN TO OPEN COMMUNICATION WITH Xi.W
Mexico — Coloiiado Route to Sonuiia.
It had long been the intention to found a scries
of new missions, each equidistant from two of the old
ones, or as nearly so as practicable, and all somewhat
farther inland than the orij^inal line. The friars of
course were familiar with the general features of the
country, and had made up their minds long ago about
the best sites. In 1794-5, however, explorations were
made by the priests, assisted in each instance by a
military officer and guard of soldiers. In some cases
this was a reiJ search for new information; in others it
was a formality, that the choice of sites might be offi-^
cially conlirmed. This matter settled, the necessary
correspondt^nce b.'tween governor, president, viceroy,
and guardian took place in 1795-G, and in 1797-8 the
new missions, five in number, were put in operation.
In 1794 the eastern shores of San Francisco Bay
were almost a tierra incognita to the Spaniards. It
I 550 )
THE ALAMEDA SHORE.
8S1
M'ould j)L>rli!i})s 1)0 too mucli to say tlint tlioso slioi'rs
liad not hcoii visited i'or nearly twenty years, since;
the time of Anza; but there is no record of any i)r(^-
vioiiH raid ajjcainst the wntiles in tliat re'^ion, nmcli
less t)f any explornij^ ex|KHlition. In Xovendx-r ot
(his year, four natives were sent across to work with
the pagans, hut one of tlio two tule-rafts composing
this annada was swept out and wrecked on th(3 Fara-
llones, where two of tlie navigators were drowned In
ilui same month the friars wished to go with a small
guard up the eastern hay-shore i'rom Santa (*lara to
conquer the gentiles, taking advantage of their short
siij)ply of fi)od resulting from drought, but the com-
mandant at San Francisco refused, because the coun-
try was "almost unknown," the natives perverse, and
tlie adventure too hazardous.^ Before June Sergeant
l\'dro Amador visited the southern nart of this ter-
ritory, and in his re[)ort used the name of Alameda,
still a}»}>lied to county and creek." November 15, 17!);"),
in accordance with Borioa's orders of the 9th, Al-
ferez Sal and Father ] )anti set out from Monterey.
On the KJtli they exi)lored the San Benito region, on
the stream of the same name, where they found all
that was required for a mission; and next day they
found another suitable hx-ation on the edge of the
San Bernardino plain near Las Llagas Creek, or what
is now the vicinity of Gilrt)y. Having arrived at
Santa Clara on the 21st, they were joined by Allerez
]»aimund»^ Carrillo, and started next day to examine
the Alameda j)reviously explored by Amador, whose
thai-y tho}^ had. The river of the Alameda was also
• ailed by Danti Ilio de San Clementc. The ox})lorers
continued their journey up to a point which they state
to have been opposite or in sight of San Francisco
>Xov. .30, 1704, Sal to Governor, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 28-9.
'^Amador's report is not ':'xtaiit, Imt the governor's ackiio\vleil,<_'nient fif its
roceijjt is dated .June "J, ITfl.'). i'loi: Ucr., ^IS., v. 54. I suiiiio.-^^e ii<' ai:|ilie(l
tlie name, or it liad been iiii])lied Lefoie, to a grove on tlic htreani, >\ut.'v it is
so apiilicd a little later. Alameda vas suljse(|iiently used for the soiitlieiu
Buctiou US was L'outra, Costa, for the aoitlieni, though much less commonly.
n
ii
m
■m
652
EXI'LORATIOXS AND Xr.\Y FOUXDATIOXS.
Mission and Ycrba Buena Islaii'l^ nearly or quite to
the site of tlie niodern Oakland ]>erliaj»,s, and tlim
turned baekward, discovering- some important salt-
marshes, and finally erected a cross at a spot some-
what south of the Alameda and called San Francisco
Solano, arrivino- at Santa Clara, well soaked with the
I'ain, on the 2rjth of Novembor. Both commandant
and friar kejit a journal of this expediti<jn. The docu-
ments still exist and contain many interesting^ local
details, but are somewhat vaguely written. At all
events I have no space for their reproduction, and the
still longer explanation that would be required.^
In August 1795 Father Sitjar of San Antonio maiU'
an examination of the country between his mission
and San Luis Obispo, finding no setter place for a mis-
sion than Las Pozas, where faniiing-ground for three
hundred fanegas of seed might bo irrigated from the
arroyt)S of Santa Isabel and San Miircos. lie was
accompanied on his trip by Macar.'o Castro and Ig-
nacio Vallejo.'*
^ Sal, Informe qhp hare de los Parogen que .■<e hem rerojwidoen la AhunaJa,
J79,'i. MS. Dated San rranciseo, Xov. ,'K)tIi. Left San ]'"iancisco, (Jet. IGtii.
Sf. I'lip., Mis-i., MS., ii. fiO-1. j'Jaiilt. JJlario dc ini Urconoritiiii'iito tfi' la Ala-
1/ii-fla, 17'j5, MS. ])ato(l Siiu Franeisei), Deo. 2, 17!)."). It may he noted
tiiat Macaiio t'a.stro, of Sail .fe.se, had a lierd of mares at tlii.s time in the Ala
niechi. Also tliat one of tlie n irtherii streams vi.sited ■was; ealhd San Jiuni do
la Cruz. »>«/, Iiij'nrme en. el eiial maiiijwHalo (jiie ha ad'/ii'tridodc rurioti kiiiii/os
jiara cumio/irar/o at ijoheiitudor, ,]l de J-Jiier., 1700, MS., eontains the toUow-
ing geo,L,'raphieal information about the great interior valley -unintelligiiile for
tl'c nio.st part: About 1.") leagiie.s north from Santa Clara is the IJio del IVs-
cadi^ro where salmon are eaught. A quarter of a league further the Rio San
l''ranci>'eo Javier still larger. 'J'wo leagues beyontl, the Rio San Migu(l,
larger than either. 'J'liese three have no trees wiuro tliej cross the ItduV' n
valley. Five leagues farther is the Fiio de la I'asion. 1 ctw 'en the last two
is an ftir'nial in thiit j art of the Siei'ra Madre vhieh stretch 's north imd is
called the Sierra Xevada. Keeping in the eiiehiat and leaviig the t'dfrm
to the le't there is a legion of fresh-water lakes. The four ri\"rs run fr-in
east to west and empty into tiio eiifienada of the port of San Fra. 'isco. tide-
water I'unning far U]). The Sierra Madn^ is about eight leagues f nn liio de
la I'asion. Before coming to the "ivers, on the right is the Sierra ol San .hum,
II -hort distiinee fi'om tlie Sierra Xe\ada,and in sight from the ]irc i lio. Tlie
fiiur rivers werr' n;iniid by C;iptain liivera in December 177*i.
An Inilian saiil his jieoplc traded with a n.'ition of black lndi;u s wlio had
padri's. AnotluM- s])oke of the,Jul]iones, () o 'enscat, Taunantoe, aj ' <j'Misitiie
nations, the last bald from bathing in i)o ling lakes. An Indian v ^i.nan said
th.-it live d.'iys beyond the livers there wjrc soldiers and iiiidres. Loxcrs of
mjstery will liinl food fur rellcction aii : theory in the ))rceeding reiiiaiks.
*S/'Jar, ll(ciiiiiifiiiiitiit(ideSiliii)iar<ihii\ i.- ra Mit'inn di Sail M 'kjiicI . JVJo, M^.
Dated Aug. 'I'l th, uudaddrcssed toLasueu. See uXaoSt. I'up. ,MUs. ,ls\.ii. ,u.. M-',,
NEW SITES IX THE SOUTH.
653
The region between San Buenaventura and San
Gabriel was explored in August 1795, in accordaneo
■with the governor's instructions of July 2ljd, by
Father Santa Maria, Alferez Cota, and Sergeant
Ortega s- ith four len. The Eneino Valley, where
Fianeisco Ileyes had a rancLo, was the spot best
suited for a mission among the iij?ny visited, but the
gentiles being attached to ijie ])ueblo of Los Angeles
or to the privat-j ranchos, showed no desii'e for mis-
sionaries. ° In thv; preceding Juno Sergeant Ortega
had exploi'i'H ihe country northward from Santa
IJarbara and found a fertile vfd.Ly on the Ilio Santa
llosa, jjrobably near where SanL^ Int's was founded
in later years." In the southern district Father
^Fariner \> ith Alferez Grijalva and six nun started
iiom San Diego on August 17th to search lor a mis-
sion site between San Diego and San Juan Capis-
trano. His report was in favor of the valley of San
Jose, called by the natives Tacopin, a league and a
half beyond Pamo toward the sierra.''
The results of the various explorations were summed
up by President Lasuen in a report of January 12,
171)(), which was incor[)orated b}?^ Governor I^orica in
a report to the viceroy in February.** The sites ap-
"^ Santa Maria, Ifrri'islro que hho de lo« Para'jri' eiitrc Snn Guhrhl ij San
niit'iiaiviifui-a, 17'Jo, MS. Dated Foh. li, \~'M. Thu jjiuho xisit.il in this
tuiir Cayt-'uiK's rancliLiia, Siini \'alley, Triuiifo, ("iikiliazas, Knciiu) Valliy
with raiifhi'i-ias of (,hiapa, TaciU'iiiia, Tnyniiga, ft;i(l Mapipiiii'a, J.a Zaiija,
iicail (if Itio Santa. Claia, ami Muliii niin.lR'iia. Tho iKicunicut is badly
wiitti'ii, and also I susjicct liadlj' copied, and the : anics may lie inr.eeni'ate.
Ill soniL spots tho paj^'ans culti\att'd tho hind on tii. r own aecotint. (.,'oi'poral
Widugo owned J,a Zanja ranehn. (Joveriior's ord.- i f .luly 'J.'Id, in I'nir. /'<■■.,
MS., iv. l!t. In .^7 /'(///.. J/i.sN., .MS., ii. 5j-G, it it stateil tliat Santa Maria
made an inisueeessfnl survey.
"O/Vi ;/(-(, JJiariu ijiic forma FtTipe ^farid Oe Or/ .'/«, Sun/r iifo (A- In Cmn-
'j<iifiiii di' Sidila JJiirliiira en (•v)iijiliiii'n)ifo d la comlaUui (jin' ithhiro dr J), Fi'H/ie
(/(' (idi/caci/iiu falifiido < i Inn li<.iid>rt.-- <i ri'coiion r lo.i I'llio.i jior d riiiidni dil
iKirle III el dia 17 a lu--< S dc In inaimiia ihl mrn dt' Jindo, y c.s i-i,iii(i xi jiif, 17'J,'i,
MS, Tho same diary inelmhs an examination of tho Mojomra region ou
.lune 'Jlilh to'JSth. Some exiilorations in 1 70S will bo given later in connect ii a
villi the foundation of Santa liu's.
".Inly •-'.■!, IT'J.-), gdveiiwir's order. Prov. J,'n\, ^]^., v. -J-JO-.-iO. Aug. 14th
luid 'JStli, Sept. Iht and !)th, oomnuuiications of Mariner ami (Ir.'ijcra, /'ror.
SI. Piiji., MS., xiii. 1!)--J(); -S7. Paj>., .V/>., MS., 5:}-.-).
^ Lamini, Iiij\,riii<' niiliiv Sdio.< jjiira Aicvnt tMisioiics, J7'J<i, MS.; Uoilcu,
Injur me de Kui-fus Miiiioncs, M dcFib,, 7750', MS.
M
i J
5o4
EXrLORATIOXS AND A'EW FOUNDATIONS.
proved were San Francisco Solano, seven or eiglit
leagues north of Santa Clara; Las Pozas, equidistant
between San Antonio and San Luis Obispo; and Pale,
fourteen leaGfues from San Dieti^o and eisxliteen from
San Juan. The other two required additional exam-
ination, since two sites had been reconuiiended be-
tween San Carlos and Santa Clara, and tliat between
San Buenaventura and San Gabriel was not altoijether
satisfactory. Borica hoped that by means of the new
missions all the jjentiles west of the Coast Panoe
might be reduced and thus $15,0G0, the annual ex-
pense of guards, might be saved to the royal treasury.
He did not deem it safe to expose the friars witli a
small guard of soldiers east of the mountains. The
viceroy if he consents to the foundations should send
friars and the .^ 1,000 allowed to each now establish-
ment; but no increase of military force will ' needed,
since the presence of the volunteers and tl. ;<.' lillery-
men will release some soldiers, and the guards of some
old missions may be reduced. The saving of $15,000
and the unusual circumstance that no additional force
was needed, were strong arguments in Mexico, and
on the 19th of August 179G the vicero}', after con-
sultation with the treasury officials, authorized the
carrying-out of Borica's plan.'' On Septendjer 20t]i
Nogueyra, the guardian, announces that he has named
the ten friai's required. He asks for the usual allow-
ances, and begs that a vessel may sail with the mis-
sionaries as soon as possible, but protests against any
reduction of the guards at the old missions. Borica
received the viceroy's orders before the end of the
year, and on May 5, 1797, Lasuen announc(,>d that the
fiiars were coming and all was ready. ^"
^Bnntciforti', A tdnrkarhm <hl Vlrreij para la/iimlarion de chiro viicmn )»/<-
ioiicn,J7i>0, MS. Sept. 'J!)tli, guardian consents. Pror. St. I'a/i., MS. , xiv. I'JS 0.
'"])fc. '2'^, 17!1(i, Uurica to viceroy, .S7. /'«/)., .S'.ic, MS., iv. 71-'-'. Miiy
t'), 1797, Laam'n to B., hi., vii. 'iS-Iil. Lasuen says it will Ijo hard f<ir the
(>1<1 niLssiona to contriluito for so many new ones at tiie s;nne time; yet he w ill
do his l)cst. San (Vulos, Sanla Clara, and San Francisco will lie called u|i(iii
to aid the two norllKin cstablishnioiit.s and to lend Indian.sand U»iU. J.ivc-
Ktock ninst lie f^iveii oiitrii^dit. Santa Cruz certainly antl Suledud i)roLaIjly
,iuui>t Lu excused.
FOUXDIXG OF MISSION SAX JOSt. 5J5
Prolimlufiries bciiiLC thus arrauu'cd, I come to the
actual I'uumliug of tlio iive missions, clirouolou^ical
order in this instance aiiTeeinuc with that of locahties
iVom nortli to south. Desirinu: to avoid anv umieces-
sary scattering of material I shall join t(j the estab-
hsliing of each mission its local annals to the end of
the decade, as I have done before in the case of new
establishments.
Borica sent orders to the commandant of San Fran-
cisco, the 1.5th of ]\Iay, to detail Corporal Miranda
and live men for the mission of San Jose to be founded
at the Alameda. On June 9th the troops under
Amador and accompanied by Lasuen started for the
spot,whei'e next day a temporary clmrch, m cni-a iik i(.hi,
was erected. The native name of the site was Oroy-
s<nn, and the nauio of the mission, San Jose, in honor
of the patriarch iiusband of the virgin Mary, had
been included in the orders from Mexico. On June
11th, Trinity Sunday, the re^'ular ceremonies of
foundation — blessing the ground, raising the ci'oss,
litany of all saints, mass, sermon, te deum, and the
burning of one pound of gunpowder — were performed
))y or under the superintendence of Father Lasuen,
the only friar [)resent. The same day all returned to
Santa Clara leaving the new mission to solitude and
the gentiles. Five days later Amador and his men
came back to cut limber and prepare the necessary
liuildings. ]Jy the 28th this work was so far advanced
that the guaid, as was thought, could com|)lete it.
Water was brouglit to the plaza, and the soldiers, all
but ]\Iiranda and his five men., retii'ed to the presidio.
Tlie same day the ministers, Isidoro IJarcenilla and
Agustin Merino, arrived and took charge.^^
^^ Aii'ndnr, DUu'io dc la Expeil'icJon puni /".'•■hir Ja Mi^'mn deSfin ,A-».-V,
/r.'C MS.; Amiiilor, l'reirnrloiiff><dCahi)il<'la('fiilt'i<l('SiniJn^i,l^'J7y MS.
J';itiMl .Iiiiio 'Jstli, Still. Jii.<v, Lib. dc Mision, ^IS., tiLle-iiiiucH. Miiy l.'itli,
.!.'nvcrn(n''8 ordur to coimiiaiiilaut. Pror. Itif., MS., v. IU7. .Irno Illli,
!.:isiu'il to L'ov. A/i'h. iSIa IJurlnu-ci^yiS.. vi. 'Jl J; .S7. i'lip., Snr., MS., xviii.
•J'.l :;0; J'r^r. live, MS., vi. 1!K). .luly.M, ( lov. ,o\i,vroy. A/., vi. 1)L Juno
-!Hli, Miiaiula to ((iimiiaiiiliint. /';o/\ ,S7. /'((/»., .MS., .\'vi, !)i. 'I'lii: Indian
luuiii; of tiic bito id uUu u liUcu Uroj juii, Oruy-soii, and Urj sou. L'uiiliiLiulioua
i 'ijiii
HI ll
jiJG
EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS.
In July 1797 there were rumors <jf impendinr,^
attack \>y the savages, and sucli rumors were prevalent
to the end of the decade; but there was no disaster,
and I shall have occasion elsewhere to speak further
of Indian troubles round San Francisco I}a^^^" The
first baptism was aihninistered September 2d by Father
Catala. B}'^ the end of 1797 there were 33 converts,
and in 1800 the nundjer had increased to 28G, the
baptisms having been 3G4 and the burials 88. Mean-
while the larije stock came to number 3G7, and there
were 1,000 slieep and goats. Cro[)s in 1800 were about
1,500 bushels, chiefl}^ wheat. Total for the three years
3,900 bushels. Padre Barcenilla, a man who, by reason
of ill-health as was believed, was extremely irascible
and always in a quarrel with somebody, particularly
v.ith the corporal," remained at San Jose till after
1800. Merino was replaced in 1799 by Jose Antonio
Uria. All three were new-comers, and none remained
long in the country. A wooden structure with grass
roof served as a church. Miranda was re])laced by
Luis Peralta in 1798.^'
from the three northern missions for San Josd were 12 mulcn, 39 horses, 12
yoke of oxon, '242 sheep, and 00 pigs. Arrfi. Minloiies, MS., i. ,')".
'-Sec Chapter xxxi. of this vohnnc. July 15, 1797, (.'orji. jNIiranila to com-
nianilaiit, says tliat on acuouut of tlic danger, the padres wished to abandon
the n.i^siou, ))nt he lias dissuaded them. J'ror. <S7. J'<(j>., MS., xvi. !)(>. Aui;.
17, 1797, Ania<l(n' to 13orica. Some gentik-.s ■want to eonu^ ncir llic mission to
live beeaiiso llu; Sacalanes tlirenten to kill tl\eni for their iVii'Uihliip to th<'
Christiana. /'/.,xv. 17.'i -4. AprilO, 179.S. Argiiello to 15., Indians makingarrows
to attack tin' ndssion. lieenforeenients sent. The coriioral has orders not to
force Indians to eonie to the mission. /(/., xvii. 97. April 17tii, Amador says
20 Indians consented to come and he made Christians. /»/., x\ii. 101. Tin;
making of arrows seems to have been for linnting pnrposcs. Jd, xvii. 100.
June 0th, (!(iv. to Corporal IVndta ord"ring great caution and pnidence, but
the Indians must be ])unis]ied if fair words have no ell'ect. I<1., xvii. Kit! 7.
'•''Sept. 27, 1797. IJarcenilla writes to the connnandant tiiat tlie sohlicrs
will nut h lid a hand even in eases wliere 'the most barbarous Indian would nut
refuse his ai<l.' Private Higni'r.idoes nothing but Mag his tongue against such
jis assist the. padi'es. Corp. -Miranda is much changed and will not work e\cn
for ]iav. Miranda explained that the padres were angry because the sohlirrs
Avoiild not act as vaqueros. /Vol). St. I'ap., MS., xvi. 47-8. Details of tlic
trotilile in /(/., xvi. .'J.VS, 40-7.
",S7. l'fii>. J//.SV., MS., ii. 122. Soldiers of the guard before 1800, aecord-
ing to S. JnMi', L'lh. ill' Mis'mii, ^IS., .luan Jos.' Iligiicra, Salvador Higucra,
Ju.in (iarcia, (,'ornelio Kosales, Rafael < Jalindo, .luan .losi'' Linai^--;. Uamnn
Linares, l'"raiieiseo I'lorcs, .bjsi' Maria Castillo, iligucl Sala/.ar, liilaiio Mi
randa, and Hcrmeiicgildo liojorges.
//'«
FOUXDIXa OF SAX JUAX BAUTISTA.
667
COIll-
aiiilim
An-
ion to
i> the
TdW.S
lot, to
SlIVS
i. loo,
llUt
/ •
licvs
(I not
. snrli
c\('n
if I ho
.1.1-
anion
Ml-
For the second mi.ssion Borica instructed the coni-
niandarit of Monterey on May 18th t(j detail Cor-
poral Ballesteros and a guard, ot five men.'^ Next day
Merc issued IJorica's instructions lo the corperal, simi-
lar in every respect to documents of the same class
already noted in past chapters. It is to he noted,
Iiowever, that the matter of furnishing escorts to tho
friars is left more to the corporal's discretion than
l)cforc, the al>sence of soldiers at niu:ht bciinL"- declared
inexpedient but not absolutely prohibited. Sending
soldiers after fugitive neophytes was, however, still
I'orbidden. These instructions, though prepannl es])c-
ciiilly for this new mission, were ordered published at
all the missions.^"
The site chosen was the southernmost of the two
that h;id lieen examined, called by tlie 8[)aniai'ds for
many years past San Benito, lint by the natives
]'*opel()utchom.'' Here as early as June 1 7th, Corporal
Ijlaliesteros liad erected a church, missionnry-house,
granary, and guard-house,^'' ari<l on June '24tli, day of
the titular saint. President Lasuen with the aid of
j'athcrs Catala and ^Martiarena founded tho new mis-
sion of San Juan Bautista,^'' the name having hcvn
'i Pror. St. Pap., ■\[S., xvii. 144- '>. A list of supplies funiishod tlio
osfoltii is givL'ii !i.s follows; l'_' f;in. niai/o, 4 fan. licans, 1 liuttof fat, 1 Knrcl,
1 pot, 1 pan. i iron laille, 1 nictato, 1 cuitlicrn pan, 1 fi-ying-pan, 'J Ijiiivos, 5
axes, ;$ lioc's, 1 iron liar, I inaclu'te, (i knives for outtiii<,' j.mmsh ami tiiles, 10
hiilcs, ■-'muskets, 1,000 cartridj^es, Xo. 14, 1 .000 lialls, 'JOO Hints, ."(» Ihs. pow-
der, 1 ]iair of shaelcles, 'J fetters, 1 door, 1 padloek, weigiit.s and measures.
List also in S!. f''i]>., .1//.«. . MS., ii. ijl-'j. ]Ma\- UHh, lioriea gives sonic gen-
eral orders about tlic two new missions. Pnii'. >'/. /'(■'/>., MS., xvii. 1.S7.
^'^ llorica, Iiiti'mcc'ciii /.<ir<i <f Ciiiiifunlaiifi' il<' In K.%-ollii (./(•.■^/intnla li Id fun-
darntii ill' III Minimi ilr Ni//; Jiirin Uniit'ista, 1VJ7. MS.
'"Written also I'oiipelonteliun and I'opelout. The '2H raneberias lielong-
ing to tliis mission were Onexta'-o, Alisayrue, ^lotssum, Trutca, 'relioaltac,
Xisca, or Xixeaea, '^ligu.'xy, Tipisastac, Aus.iima, I'oytoqiii.x, (luaeliurrones,
I'agosines or I'ayeines, ('alendanie, Asystarea, Pouxouoina, Surieuiiina, T.i-
niarox, Tliithirii, I'llijaima. Ciiapuna, Slitaldejama, Keliantae, and Nclnius.
"*/Voc. 7,V--., .MS., vi. 1!I0 I.
'* Lasuen Loth on the title-]iage of .s'. Jumi /itiiiH.s/ii, J/ih. ilr Mi.-^ioii, ^IS.,
and in a letter of .Iiiin' '21l\i. to the governor, An/i. Sfa Iitirlmra, MS,, vi.
•JJ li, eoniniits the strange error of making the foundation oi\ June '21st. In
another letter dated . I line '21th, he gives tlie date eorreetly. iSV. I'lip., Siir.,
MS., xviii. "JS- 0. .luly 'Jd, goveriKir aniiounees th(^ foundation to viceroy.
J'rur. I\d\, ^IS., vi. !)4. Sec iilso Id., iv. "JoO; Arroijo ik la Ctiealn, Grain.
Mutsuii, p. vii. viii.
|:iiii
I'
5JS
EXrLOr.ATIOXS AND NEW FOUXDATIOXS.
indicated in tho orders of tlic viceroy, and the day
having l)een selected jis appropriate.
Jos6 Manuel Maitiarena and Pedro Adriano INIarti-
nez were the first ministers, both new arrivals of 1794
and 1797 respectively, the latter serving at San Juan
until the end of 1800, the former leaving the mission
in July 1799, and Jacinto Loj)CZ coming in August
1800. The first baptism took place on July 11th, and
before the end of the year 85 had received the rite,
as had G41 before the end of 1800, G5 having died in
the mean time, and 5 1 G remaininnf as neoi)hvtes. Live-
stock increased to 721] large animals and 2,080 small;
agricultural jiroducts for 1800 — much the largest crop
that had been I'aised — amounted to about 2,700 bush-
els.''^" A mud-roofed wooden structure was the mis-
sion church hefore 1800.
Beyond the statistics tjiven there is nothing to bo
noted in the local annals of San Juan Bautista except
certain Indian troubles and the earthquake of 1800.
The Ansaimcs, or Ansayames, were the natives who
caused most trouble. They lived in tlie mountains
some twenty-five miles east of San Juan. In 1 798
they are said to have surrounded the n)ission by niglit,
but were forced to retreat by certain ])rompt measures
of the governor not specified. In November another
band known as the Osos killed eight rancheria Ind-
ians, and Sergeant Castro was sent to ])unish them.
Tliey resisted and a fight occurred, in which the chii'f
Tatillosti was killed, another chief and a soldier were
wounded, and two gentiles were brought in to be
educated as interpi-eters. In 1799 the Ansaimcs
again assumed a threateninjTf attitude and killed five
jloutsones, or Mutsunes, who lived between them
and the mission. Acting under elaborate instructii)ns
from Borica, ( 'astro visited several rancherias, i-ecov-
ered over fifty fugitives, administered a few floggings
'" Tlie soldiers uaiiicd in the mission-books before 18(X) were eorpnml .1 ..an
Italli'stcids. .Vntoiiiu iMiiitiiu/, .Tosi' Manml Ili^uoin, .JiiseCtUiKlalupr llaiiiiivz,
Matian IJodrii^an'z, Manuel ISiioncs, Liicas Altamirauo, Isidiu ikiics, and
Jose Iguacio Lugo.
FOUNDING OF SAN ]MIGUEL.
569
\vitli no end of warnings, found some <»f tlie prevalent
juniors of past niisdeeds to Ije unfounded, and brought
in a few captives for presidio work. Again in 1800
the Ansainics killed two ]\tutsunes at San Benitt)
('reck, l)urned a house and some wlieat-fields, and
were with difficulty kept from destroying the mission.
Sergeant Gabriel Moraga marched with ten meji and
hrouglit in eighteen captives including the chii'ftains
of tlie Ansainu! and the Carnadero ranchei'ias."^
There were shocks of earthquake from the 11th to
the 3 1st of October, sometimes six in a day, the most
severe on the 18th. Friars were so teriificd that
they spent the nights out of doors in tin; mission
carts. Several cracks appeared in the ground, one of
considerable extent and depth on the [tanks of tlie
Pajaro, and the adobe walls of all the buildings Avere
cracked from top to bottom, and threatened to fall.
The natives said that such shocks were not 'ncom-
Hion in that vicinity, and sp(>ke of subteri-anean ils-
sures, or caverns, caused by them, frum which salt
water had issued. "
The site of the third mission, between San Antonio
and San Luis Obisjto, was called Las Pozas by the
Spaniards and Vahid l)y tlie natives.-' "I[ere," says
^' /'roc. R<c., MS., ix. 0-11; vi. 100-7; Borica, Iih<tn(rcioh "/ Sdrijuilo
('(intro xohir rccorrrr lax I'diichcrias dc O'liilikx, IIW, ^IS., in f'ror. Si. /*"/'.,
xvii. ;i'2.1-8. l)atc'<l Monterey, June Ttli. (!untro, Diario dc mt Expcilii'iiiii d
I'ifi Ildiichi ria<, It'JO, MS. l)iited June '2'Mi. It .seiiiis tliut llie Spauiunls
Were in the liubit of goiiii; to the Ansaiiiic country after fi'/ni>tjiiiif, or salt-
IH'tre. Besides thope nauied in the text the Oi'estaco and < luapo raneheria.s
are mentioned. Seealso.S/. J'd/i., Sac., MS., viii. hO- 1 ; Prur. S/. /'.';i., MS.,
xviii. I!3. In ISOO the San Juan Indians .scut 'A wagons, yoke of oxen, !>
hiir.se.-*, and I.") Indians to Mimterey when an attach from foi'cii:u vessels was
feared. I'or this they were n luuuerated hy onh r of the' viceruy to encourage
zeal in like<ase.s. Jd., xix. 7.
2-Coniandante Sal. to governor, Oct. .'il, 180(), in .?/. P(i]>., .l//>^. and ('olim,
Ms., i. 40-'2. Nov. llllth, governor aeluiowledges receijit. /';■(. c. /,'<(•., .M.-n.,
XI. 147. Dec. Sth, governor to viceroy. Prar. St. I'd})., MS., xxi., .")!. Feh.
Kith, v. II. to gov. Id., xviii. 09. This earthiiuake liai? l)een noticed also in
/,''iiidn'/d,'.'< OniHoii; Vdlijo, ]Iht. Cid., MS., i. I(i7: T'lll'dr.-i /l!st. Cn/.. 11(1;
Triisk, in t'(d. A''iul. Xid. Sricmr', iii. 1,'!4. On Nov. 'JJd a, sIkk k was felt in
the e-itreme south. Pror. Sf. Pa/i., MS., xxi. M.
'•''I'lierc i.s nnieli <lou1>t al>iiut tjiis aiiorigiu'd nanip. Tiill'i'rent cdpyist.s
I rom Lasuen's original 'ettersand entries in tlie niissioud)oiiks make il; \'iitie;l,
Havaijc, in title-page of S. Miyiul, L'dj. dc Misioii, .MS.; Vahea, another fronj
I
i.' a
■J-f
SCO
KXrLOP.ATIOXS AXD NEW FOUXDATIONS.
U'^
M" ■%-
Lasuen on July 25, 1797, "with tliu assistance of tlic
liuvcrend Padro A])osto]ic Pruaclier, Fr. Jjiionavcn-
tura Sitjar, and of the troop destined to guard the
new estalihshnient, in presence of a great nuiltitude
of gentiles of both sexes and of all ages, whose i)leas-
ure and rejoicing exceeded even our desires, thanks
to God, I blessed water, the j)lace, and a great cross,
which we adored and raised. Immediately I intoned
the litanvof the saints, and after it cliant(;d the mass,
in which I preached, and we concluded the ceremony
by solemnly singing the tc deum. May it all be
for the greater honor and glory of God our Lo)'d.
Amen." Thus was founded the mission of San Miguel,
ill honor of "the most glorious prince of the heavenly
niihtia,"' the archangel Saint Michael, for which Sitji.r
and Antonio de la Concepcion Horra, a new-comer of
J 790, v/ere a[)pointcd ministers. Jose Antonio Ro-
driguez; was corporal of the guard.-*
A beginning of missionai-y work was made by the
baptism of 15 children on the day of foundation; at
the end of 1800 the number had increased to 385, of
■whom 53 had died and 3(52 were on the registers as
neoj)hytes."''' The nundjer of horses and cattle was
372, while small animals numbered 1,582. The crop
of 1800 was 1,900 bushels; and the total product of
the three years, 3,700 bushels.'-^ Sitjar left San ^ligiul
and returned to his old mission of San Antonio in
sanu! f)ri.eiii;il; Vahirt, Murray, from Lasnon's letters of ,Tuly 2r)th, in Arch.
Slit Udrhiirri, JIS., vi. 23-4; \'ahc;'i, Pina, from ]5oi'ica, July 31st, in J'ror.
n<c., IMS., vi. 04-0.
■-'.SV(,( Mlt/iicl. Lll). (If ;V;.sv"o», MS.; Itodiiguez' letter of .July 2r)th. Si.
Pup., Sitr., ]\1S., xviii. 27-S; Lasiien's letter of Ai'g. Tith, referring to the vn-
iisualiy favoralile disposition of the native.^, l)Ut suggesting eaution. Id., vi.
0(1-7; Pror. h'lc, MS., vi. 103. See also refoienees of preceding note. Con-
ti il)\iti<ins from San Antonio, San Lui.s, and I'urisinia were S mules, 23 horses,
8 yoke of oxen, 12S eattle, lS4sl'eep. Arrli. Mi.ii(iii(:s, MS., i. 2(11.
2' I give the ligures as they stand on the records. The sum of the deaths
and rx>-l<iit( >^ is rarely the same as the liajitisms. When less, the delicioiKy
may he attril)uted to runaways; but when greater it i.s inexplicable Sixve oil
the theory ol an error in the registei'.
''"The soldiers of the guard were .Tost'' Antonio Rodriguez, corporal, Man-
uel .Montci'i), Jose Maria (iuadalu])e, and Juan !Maria IMnto, according to liie
niission-linok. According to the report of 1707-8, the bell iit San Miguel was
soon litter its hanging found to be cracked and worthless. Arch. Sla Barbara,
MS., xii. G(J.
FOUNDING OF SAN FERNANDO.
Ml
August 1708. Juan ^lartiii Ix'g'aii a very long tei'iii
of niinistiy in So{)t(iiilx'r I7*J7, and iKtltasar Car-
nicer a short ono in ^fay J 71)0. Iforia, l)L'tt('r l;iiown
l)y the name of Concupcion, served only ahout two
months, Avhen, being' charged with insanity, he ^^■as
enticed to visit ^loiiterey on some }>r*'ten(led Imsi-
ness of ini[)ortanoe and sent to his college l)y order of
.Ijasueu and c(jns(Mit of tlie governor, sailing on the
Conccpcioi) or Prlnccm, which loft Monteicy in St'i)-
tenil
)er
II
IS sai(
1 t(» 1
lavc been a \(i
y
d^i.
anc
1
worthy fi'iar Leforo he came to Calilbrnia; and in
])i'oof of his insanity notliing more sc-rious is rei'oi'ded
than baptizing nati\'es without sutlicient preparation
and neglecting to keep a proper regist<;r. ""I'liere is
no special reason to doubt, however, tliat the chai'ge
was well founded. After his return to the college,
on July I'l, 1708, lie made a long report in which he
rharii'ed the CaHfornia I'riars with gross mismanau'c-
nient, with cruelty to the natives, and with inhuman
treatment of himself. Tliis report I shall have occasion
to notice more fully elsewhere. In tin.' mission-books
of San ]Miguel tliis padre's signature a}t])ears but
once — on the title of the death-register, where his
statement that he was ono of the founders was sub-
sequentl}' struck out. The original mud-roofed wood-
en church was not replaced by a better structure
until after 1800.
I'iltllS
For the fourth mission, between San Bnenavcntura
and San Gabriel, additional exploration revi.'aled no
better location than tliat of IleN'es' rauclio in Encino
A'allev, called bv the natives Achois Comilunit. A.
([uarrel between lieyes and the friars respecting the
o\vnershi[) of the land W(jul(l be an aj)])ropi-iatc intro-
duction to the narrative of this foundation; but no
-' Aiig. 20t]i, Lasiicn to ;,'overnor in St. Pii/i., S'lv., MS., vi. !)3-4. Sept. 4th,
gdvev'-oi- to viceroy. /'/.,viii. 4. S('i)t. 'Jil, ( lov. to LasiU'ii. Proi: lu'., MS.,
vi. UK), llorra scomsto liavo jjcen tran.--fciTi(l sulisi'(|iuiitly to tlic Qucirlaro
iiillegc, for wliii'h tlio iniai'diau thanks (iod in u letter to La.suen, May 14,
17'J'J. Arrh. SM /,'-;/•/„;,■,/. MS., xi. '2S0-1.
IIlHX. (.'AL., VUL. I. 3li
*
W2
EXPLOr.ATIOXS AND XEW FOUXPATIONS.
siicli fontrovcisv I>< rcf'oi'dcd, tlioiiLili ihv I'.'inclici'd's
lioiiHC was a])[)r()|tiiatt'(l as a (l\vc■llill^• lor the iiiission-
arics. Jjasiicu liad gone down fVum 8aii ^li^^ucl to
Santa Barbara, wliencc ho started at tlic end of AnjLj'ust
Avitli Serjeant ( )hvera and an escort. WItli the aid of
Father Fi'aneisco ])unietz, on the 8th of Sej)teinher, in
the pj'esenee of the troo[)s and ii great crowd ol'iiatives,
lie |)erf()rmed the usual ceremonies, and dedicated the
new mission, as required by instructions from ^lexico,
to San Fc rnando, liey de Fsj)ana.-^ Francisco Javier
XTri'a was tlu; associate of iJumetz, and botli served
until tlie end of IHOO and later. Ten cliildi'i'U werel)aj»-
tized the first day, and thirteen adults liad been added
to tlie list early in October. There wej'e 55 neophytes
at the end of "l?!)?, and 310 at the end of 1 SOO, i)a|.-
tisnis having anioimted to o52 and deatlis to 70. Five
liundred and twenty-six was the nundjer of cattle,
nudes, and horses; and GOO that of sheep. l*rodncts
of the soil in 1800 were about 1,000 bushels, thongh
tliey had amounted to 1,200 bushels the year before,
the total yield for three years being 4,700 bushels.
V\ \l>
The fifth and last of the new estal)lishmcnts was not
founded until the next year. In October 1797 a new
exploration was made between San Juan Capistran(»
and San Diego by Corporal Lisalde, with seven sol-
diers and li^'e Indians, escortin<jr fathers Lasucn and
-*St Fcnliiiaiul was Fernando III., Kinj; of Spain, vlio roigncd from I'JIT
to li!.")!, luidri' ^\ liosc! rulo tlic crowns of (.'astile and Leon wuri; united. Jlr
was canonixud in 1071 by (,'Ionient X. Aug. "JMtli, (Joycocclica to IJorica uu-
nouncing Lasuen's departure for Iteycs' ranelio. J'rui: Ht. I'dj'., MS., xv.
fi'2. Sejit. Sth, Lasuen's report of foundation. .S7. I'd/)., Sn'-., .MS., xviii. "Jll-T:
Arrh. ,S/a Jldr/iara, MS., vi. '-'4-5. Sei)t. Stli, eertitieate of Sergt. Olivera; iif
calls the site Aehoie. I'ror. Rrr., MS., iv. 02; vi. ]!)!, l!)(i. Out. 4tli, (loyenc -
elu'a to Ijoriea, sends Olivera's diary. (Juarddiouse and storediou.' e linislu d.
Tv.T) house!-- hegun, clnireli soon to bo begun. Pror. St. P<y., MS., ■ i. "itl! 7;
I'ror. J't'c, IMS., iv. !l'2. Contributions fi'oni Santa ]5;'ubara, San onenaven-
tiira, San (labriel, and San Juan were IS mules, 4(j iior.ses, ](i yoke of oxin,
.T 10 cattle, oUS sheep. Arrh. Mi.<im>f:s, :MS.,i. 'J02. 'riii; niissiond)ooksof Sim
Fernando I examined at the nussion in KS74. They consisted of l)aj)ti.<ni;d
register 1 vol., 17!)S-18,J'J, 1st entry April 'JS, 179S, signed by l>umetz; mar-
riage i-egister, 1 vol. 1797-1847, iirst entry, Oct. 8, 1797; and tlie Lihra <!■'
Pufcufr.-! y lie fiirriitdvlo.i. In the legal ditlietdties that followed the deatli uf
Andres I'ico the books disappeared and could not be found by Mr Savage in
1877.
FOUXDINT; of SAN LUIS UFA'.
B63
Saiitiaufo from Sail .Fiian. Tlio party so]>arat(Ml to
ii.lurii north and south at the old Capistrano, wliich
thoy douhtlcss selected at the time, Octohor Gtli, a.-<
the best mission site, for we h(.'ar no more of the I'alu
of former exj)editions.-'' ])nrin;^ JJeeember there was
a eorrespr)nden('(^ lietwecMi ])orica and Lasuen on the
subject, 1)}' which it a[i[)ears that the lai'gt; nunii)er
of docile natives was tlie chief inducement to ibund a
mission in this re<j^ion, l)ut that a^n'icultural and other
advantai;es M'erc believed to be lackinijc. The ij-ov-
I't'iioi" insisted on the f tuiidation, and projthesied that
diili(,'ulties in the futui'o would be less serious.^"
The u'overnor issued ordi'rs the 'J7tli of Februarv
1798 to the c(^nnnandant of San Diej^o, who M'as to
furnish an escolta and to recpiire IVom the soldieis
pei'sonal labor in erecting' the necessary buildiii'^s,
without nuH'muring at site or work, and witli implicit
obedience to Lasuen. ^^ The records show no subse-
((uent proceedings till the ICtli of June. On that
(late at the spot called by the natives Tacayme, an<l
by the Spaniards in tlie lirst expedition of 17G!) San
•Juan Caplstrano, or later, Capistrano el Viejo, in the
jiresence of Caj)tain Grajera, the soldiers of the guard,
a few neophytes from San Juan, and a juultitude of
o'cntiles, and with the aid of fathers Santiai^'o and
Peyri, President Lasuen with all due solenmity, su])-
])lemented by tlie ba})tism of fifty-four childi'i'U,
ushered into existence the mission of San Luis, ]iey
do Francia, it being necessary hereafter to distingui?- h
"" Lixahic, Rfconor'nnicnto dc lets tkrras para sitiiar la Mis'ion iJ'- San Lnii,
11U7^ MS. Tlic pliiccs iianifd nrc Ins Aiiimns, Las Lai<iiiiitas, Teuii'ca laii-
tliciia, raniiia, I'llllala, ami San .luaii Caiiistiaiif). lu (Irijulni, Jii/'i,riii(i
I'fJii'e Idn ruiif/n-riiiH (pic .-c hulliin <ii lai I'li rrnn v.rjilnrnihis yur tl l^ailrt Marl-
?"';■, llU.'i, MS., tlicre art! iiaiiRd the follow iiit,' raiii'licrias; Mcscuaiial, I'o-
iia|ia,( iaiial, Mocoqiiil, and Ciianii, ina littlo valley called J'lseli.'i; I'auui.f lante,
Algiialcaiia, Cai)ata_y, Tarupin, (^'iiLriias, C'alagua, Matagiia, and At;i, in
iinotlier valley tlifee leagues distant; Cnrila, Topanie, Luquc, ('iipaine,
J'aunie. and I'ale, tlireo leagues frcini fdrniiT \alley, and sjieakiiig language
(if San Juan; I'alin. Panianie, I'anuia. and A^iihiijines, lower down; ( liae/ipo
anil I'anianielli in Santa Mai'garita Valley; Chunielle and (ihusini)le in Las
riores.
^"Ijas\icn to Borica. An-li. Ai-r.oh\^i>udu, MS., i. 44; to Lasuca, Proi\ Jhc,
MS., vi. -JOl.
"'yVut'. y.Vc, MS., V. ■-•73-4.
] '
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33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4503
<° ^^
7.
664
EXrLOPwVTIOXS AND NEW FOUNDATION:^.
l)i't\vo('n tlie rstaMishiiR'nt of Sail T-iuis, kiu^", and
San liiiis, l)ish(»j).^' All was i>ro.s[»L'iily at first. Jn
a week Aiitt)ui(i» l*<'yri, tbo uiiorgetic fouiulcr, liad
seventy -seven children baptized and twenty-tliit r
catt'chuniens under instruction. By tlie first t>f .July
lie had six thousand adobes made ior the niis^ioii
buildings. In July he -was joined by Jose Fauia,
M' ho was succeeded in the autumn of 1800 by Jose
(jiarci'a. Jose Panella was assiijjned to this nilssinn,
and served for a short time in 1798, durin^j^ the ab-
sence of one of the ministers, who went to the bat lis
o
so
f San Juan Caj)istrano for his health. Panella iiuuK
hiinsi>lf unpopular by his harsh treatment, and
great vwis the discontent of the natives and the claim ir
for a chanci'e, that Lasuen was obliiJ'ed to send him
away and promise the return of the other padic,
jn'obably P<'}ri, who was greatl}* Ijeloved.^ The ba[i-
tisms in 1798 were 214; before the end of 1800 there
neophytes, 371 having been baptized, and
were
.).)/
50 beinir the number of burials, Thei
e were
Gi:
horses, mules, and cattle in 1800, besides 1,000 shei j>
Products of the soil were 2.000
.le
Is of wheat, i-JO
of barley, and six of maize, tlu' , .tcr being just tlie
amount sown, while eight bushels of beans produced
nothing. Tlie mission-books of San Luis Ivey iwv
the (.tnly ones in California which I have not exam-
ined. Their whereabouts is not known.
It had long been deemed desirable to promote
colonization in California, and tlie prevalent fears cf
forei'jfii aggression did much to cause definite actif'ii
"-S.iint Louis was Ldiii.s IX., kinj^ of France, who ixigiied fiviui l-'Jd to
1'270, Jiiid (•iuni'il liis rc]iutiitioii for jiicty l)otli at Iiuine and in tlio 1.111. ;iili h.
•luiK' nitli, I..iisiu'n to IJdiioii n'liorting the founihition. An/i. >Va lUrhnnt,
MS., vi. •_'.') T: xi. 11; J /•■//. .l/-;..///.>7*f(./(., MS., i. 47-l». Julyl-Jth, li. toLafiiun.
/'ror. I!,r., MS., vi. -JlS 10. Auu. Ist, 15. to viciroy. /<'/,, v. -JT'J; ^i. !;s <(.
('onhihiitionM of Saiitii IJarhani, San (JaljiicI, San .Inaii, Sun I'ioyo, ami Sai.
l.iiis l!(V; <i4 horses, •_'.S yoke of oxon, 31U luad of cattle, 0O8 bIu p. .1/vA.
Mis:„ii<s, MS., i. -JOJ.
"■'Tlic governor in a eo'iiniunication to Lasuen on the Huhject calls Ihc uli-
Kent niissionary .liiiin Mai Mm/, luit there was no such jadre in (.'uliioinia.
J'riii'. /,*..■., MS., vi. •J-JJ-."!. Dee. 7, 17!W, lioriea also writes a letter of warn-
ing and advice to the friar. Id., 'J'J7-8.
A NEW rUEBLO.
50.-)
to 1)0 tnkoii at tliis epoch. TIjc coinplctcd liiu' of
iiii>si(iiis as |>lanii((l was rapidly to civilize the natives,
it a larger Spanish poi)ulation was desiraMe and new
swell
•hided
]uui>h»s of <jr(.iite de razon were ia he founded a
;is new nussions.
Tl
ihiect
ns suoject was doubtless iiu
htl(
ill a <]jeneral sense in IJoiiea'sorit^inal instructions; hut
llic lirst definite action is seen in a report of the loyal
trjhunal of accounts to the viceroy, dated Xovt'nil)er
IS, 170."). In this document it is reconnnendtMl as ji
iiidst important measuiv for the wi-lfai-e and pv<itcctiou
III" the S])anish possessions in Califoi'nia that the ^ov-
rniDi', with tlu> aid of Engineer Cordoha and other
I Dicers, proceed to select a site and to found a jtuehlo,
ill' villa, to he called Brancifoi'te in honor of the viceroy.
This estahlishment as a coast defenct' should he put
oil a military hasis, securely fortified, and settled
with soldiers as pohladorcs. The site must he stilected
and the lands divided accordini^ to existinL( puehlo
rciiulations and the laws of the Indies. Each ollicer
and soldier is to have a housedot, and hetwecm those;
of the ofHcers lots are to he assioiu-d to chieftains of
rancherias who may he induced to live with the Span-
iards, thus assurino' the lovaltv of their suhjects.
Live-stock and imiilements may he lurnishe<l hv the
i;i>vcrnment as hitherto. Insti'ad of an hai»ilitado
lliere is to he a town-treasurer; and Alherni may com-
mand, actinu^ as lieutenant-_i;'»»vernor. As the time
of the infantry soldiers e\]>ires tluy are not to ho
icenlisted, hut new recruits ohtained from New Spain
will cr(\'ite an immi'jfration without the hcivy co^t of
liiino'niijf ui St
■ttl
ers as stich
It is to he supi)osed that the vicel'oy ap[iro\'ed this
plan in its main feainics at least, and sent corr»s]tond-
I'llers to ]»orica, though no sut-h order aj>pcars
^ archivi's;''' Jt had l»t'en indicated in the plan
til
■"' l!riuii'i/(irfi\ Iiiforinc <hl Heal '/'rlliininl saliri' I'lniildcinii ilr uii ;.
I'„i
I
iiKirii I'miiriloi'li',
/.:, MS. T
•(■]i(irt M'.is j)icj)arcil hy l>iltr;iii k
Niiv. ITtli, 1111(1 aiiin'iivcil liy till' trilmiiJil Nov. Ist
^■'' The order (lati'il Dec. It"i, 17!'"', ini'l iin lo.'-iiig tlic iiiu]it.ir's ivport j.'iv(i
iiliovo is jilliitk'il to liy IJoriea on June 10, 17'JO. ^''. l'ni>., Mii^x. unil Colon.
M.S., i. 304.
600
EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS.
tlmt the nt'W cstablislimcnt should bo on or near S;iu
Fraiiciseo Bay, and in the spring of 179G, on rociipi
of tlio viceroy's instructions, wliatever tlicy may luac
been, tlic governor began to move in the niattci',
though in January 1795 he had instructed the coni-
niaiulants to rcjwrt on suitable sites for new pueblos,
and though Sergeant Amador seems to have explond
uith the same view as early as July of the same year
the coast region from San Francisco to Santa Cruz."
On May 2 1st Borica requested Alberni and C6rdt)l»ii
with an escort of six men to meet him at Santa Cruz
on the 28th. During the next few weeks, the thne
made some personal explorations not described in
detail, and June IGth the governor asked the others
to report on the best place for the town, and to give
their ideas generally in connection with the plan of
foundation. Private letters of similar purport weic
written on the 17th and 18th.^'
Alberni's report was dated at San Francisco July
1st, and that of Cordoba the 20th, the two being in
substance identical. Three sites were considered: the
Alameda, San Francisco, and Santa Cruz. The first
was pronounced unsuitable for a pueblo, not only li»-
cause the bed of the creek was so low as to prevent
irrigation, but because there was no wood, timber,
stone, or pasturage, except at a great distance. San
Francisco was declared to be the very worst place in
'"Jan. 9, 1795, Borica to commaiulants. Prov. Ifec, iv. 12(>-7. Ainwl"r,
licronochiikiifii dc Tcrrcno drmle Suv/n ('niz hnsta San I'riniciKCO, i;.7.j, MS.
Dated July 4th, he describes particiihirly four fertile spots witli more m- Irss
advantages for settlements at distances of 8, \'2, loS, and 20 leagues from Sini
Francisco, the last Ijcing 5 leagues from Santii Cruz. July '2',k\, lias i-crcix* il
the report of .July 4th, and orders Amador to improve the road with the .liil
of commandants at Santa i'niz and Santa Clara (San Francisco ?). Prm: Hi ■•. ,
MS., V. .'j7-(S. May 11, 179(i, Salazar in his report to tin; viceroy mentiniMd
a spot suitable for a pueblo about midway between San Francisco and Sjiiita
Cruz where there is an anchorage. ,San Benito was also a gooil site, buttlitii'
were many Indians retjuiring a mission, as there were not at the fonm r
spot. Arch. Sta lidrhnra,'Sl>''., n. "liy-l.
'^' Prov. St. J'a/i., Jliii. Mil., MS., xxiv. 6, 7; Si. Pap., il/ws. ami Colmi.,
MS., i. 304-5, 374-."); Translation in Sl,i Cniz, P<<p, T)! ; Prov. St. J'n/'.,
MS., xxi. 241. In his letter t<)(.'6rdoba, Borica says tliat the viceroy ciiiiihit
entertain the request of tlie Catalan volunteers to have lands granted tluin,
but instead will foun<l a new town and give them luuds therein ua a rccom-
peuso w lieu thuii' term cxpiics.
A SITE FOR THE VILLA.
867
;ill ralifornia for tlio j)urpc)so in view, sinro tlio jicn-
iiisiila aiVoi'dod ncitlu'r lands, timber, wood, n<»r water,
iiotliinif l)iit sand and brani1)le.s and raij^inii* winds.
Tlie Santa C^ruz site, across the river from tlie mis-
sion, liJid all the advantaj^es wliieli tlie otliers lacked,
;ind had besides ])roximity to the sea, atiurdiii;^ facili-
ties for export, plenty of tish, witli an abnndanc-e of
stone, lime, and clay for building. The establishnuMit
of a town hero could moreover do no jiossilde harm to
the mission. The settlers should Ite j)ractical I'armers
from a cold or tem[)erate climate, and should have
jiouses and a granary built for them at ex})ense of the
L2()vernment in order that thev nii!»ht apply tliem-
selves at once to aixriculturo. The soldiers and inva-
lids arc entitled to more assistance than other settlei-s
by reason of their past services. The scheme of add-
ing Jndian chiefs to the town is impracticable, since
there arc no chiefs; some mission Indians, however,
might be j)rofitably attached to the settlement to work
and learn in company with Spaniards.^"*
August 4th B<)rica transmitted tlu'se reports to the
vicei'oy with his own enthusiastic aj)proval, jir'fnounc-
ing the Santa Cruz site the best between Ca|)e San
Lucas and San Francisco, and giving some additional
jiarticulars about the anchorage. He recommends
that an adobe house be built for each settler so that
tlie ])revalerit state of things in San Jose and Los
Angeles, where the settlers still live in tuh^ huts,
l)eing unable to build better dwellings without neg-
lecting their fields, may be prevented, the houses to
cost not over two hundred dollars each."'^ On Sc])-
tcmber 2;3d another communication of the gf)vei-nor
^^ A^hrrni, Ptiririr nohrc cI ni/io rn ijiiP (hhr finnhtrsc el iillrro Pmhh) ill'
Itraiirl/nrtr, J7!ii!, MS. A Y'.nt is traiisliiti'il in J)iriiii l/i\i Col. lll.^f. S. J'niii-
l■i.^<^l), Ai'j). IS. Curiloliff, /iil't>r>ii)' unrcir ilil r^itio ilr llniiirijnrli', J7!H!, MS.
\'vvy iiiacoin';iti.'ly transhitrd, niul ilatiil ,Iuly -M, in Sla Cnr., P<ip, ;>.'l-.">.
r>ii(f iiicntioii lit' the (K'cisiiiii a'.'aiiist Sail Fiaiu iscd in Itdiid'i'/ili'.-i (truiimi,
;«l'.l: Tiilliiil's J/i^t. Ciil., UKt; L'lllof, in Ofrlfiinl M,,ii//ili/, iv. :t:t7 s.
'•'■'S/, ]'(!]>., J//S.S'. mill Ciiliin., MS., i. 'J.")S-(i(). 'I'li(> vcltiiiticrs kIioiiM lia\n
;i year's pay, ami as a ri'hiinjro, '1 mares, '1 chwh, 'J slii'i'jt, '1 ;,'iiatH, a ynko uf
iixi'ii. iilough, liaii'Dw, lioc, iixi', knifo, imiskct, and "J lior.scs; otlior aciiios
besidt'd the huuse, stock, tools, etc., jiud ^'lO per month for a year.
508
EXPLOriATIOXS AXD NEW FOUXDATTOXS.
to the viceroy contained surrf,'estioiis of siinilai" pur-
port, and as];cd for (ourclasses of scttlcj-s: iiist, )'(»l)Ust
countrv [)('()j)li' iVoni cold or temperate clinies; second,
carpenters, sniitlis, stone-cutters, and masons; third,
tailors, tannei's, shoemakers, and tile-makers; an<l
f'ouith, sliipwrights, and a few sailors, to take advan-
tage of the ahundancc of wliales.*" Ifavini^ received
]^orica's re])ort and also the opinion of the le^al
adviser of the royal treasurv, the viceroy on Januaiv
25, 1797, in accordance with that opinion, ordered
liorica to proceed innnediately with the foundation.
II(^ had already sent a list of eight men who hail
volunteered at Guadalajara as settlers." The begin-
ning was to 1)0 made with such settlers at San Jose or
Anijft'les as had no lands and )ni<>ht he induced to
change their residence to J3i-anciforte. New settlers
and artisans were to he sent as soon as possible: in
fact, orders had already been issued for the collection
of vagi'ants and minor criminals to be shipped to ( 'ali-
fornia. The pi'esident of the missions was oi'dei'ed to
render all possible assistance; and IJorica nnist for-
ward at once an estimate of cost and a memorandum
of ne(;ded impU-ments and other articles.^'
The recei[)t of the viceroy's orders was acknowk!dg<'<l
by Borica on April 20, 1797, and three days later lie
sent the necessary orders to the commandant of Santa
Barbara and the comisionado of San Jose in order
that recruits for the new establishment miirht be oh-
tained iVom the settlei's and rancheros at and neartlie
two old pueblos. At the same time Lasuen directed
liis friars to allbrd the required aid, though he had
received no instructions on the subject from his collegi>,
and deemed it strange that the king should have oei-
niitted the foundation of a villa so near a mission
<"w. p„p., f;ac., ^rs.. iv. r)7-8.
<'()ot. --'i, i7!)(j. r.n,'. St. Pnp., MS., xiv. ion.
*'■ JlitiiKijof''!', J):rf(uiirii ihl Fkcnl di' liml Aiidipiiria mhrr In fuinhv'nm ih'
In V'illdtlr linutiifiiitc, AjirolxK/o par cl I'irn;/ ai ,.'.'> ilc L'lit ro /,",'',■", MS.;
inaccurate' triiii.slition of cupy ciTtilk'd by liorica May Oth in S'a Cnir., I'njt,
Cl. Mention in Dipt. St. I'ap., S. Josv, M.S., i. 70-7.
FOUNDINf; OF BRANCIFOIITK.
cst;il)lisl)C'(l witli royal .ij>i>r«»v;!l/'' T1k> O^nrrprion
arrived at ^[oiitcrcy May li'tli uitli ;i party <»t' col-
onists on l)oai'(l_ in a pitiaMc i^iiitv. of (K'stitiition and
ill-lu'aUli."" It was necessary to provide some kind
of a liome for them; and before the vnd ol' ^Fay (Ja-
hriel ^loi'a^'a was sent Jis oonnnissioner to wvci Imi-
j)orary shelters at IJraneiforte, sinee Cordoha, who
was to superintend the I'ormal estahlislnnent, had other
duties which woidd keep him busy for a time. Jt is
impossible to give, the exact date when ^Moiai^a be_^^all
his woi'k, when the first settlers took jtossession of
tlieir new homes, or when the formal foundation oc-
curred.*'
Tlie 17th of Jidy, possibly at or about the time
that tlie st'ttlers left Monterey for Ih'anei forte, lioiica
issued instructions to Comisionado ]\lora;_;a for the
internal uianaj^fenu'nt of the villa. The town.^ men must
be made to live in peace and liarmony; no concubin-
a'jfo, <>'and)lln'«", or drunkenness, which oilViices, like
'en'
43
April 20th, Roriea to viceroy. Pmv. J,',r., MS., vi. !M -J. M:iy '2<\. 15. to
i-oininiind lit. A/., iv. 8'.t-!»(». 1'.. t
l> Cdllll.-iKlIlill
May nth, LiisiKii to 15. St. /'«/»., Sn<:, MS., vii. 'JT-.S,
do 8. Josi-. /./.
T
icy Mi'ic
,l(
) l{ii))hs, Fiiiiiiii Cordcro. .Tosc' N'ici'iitc ^^)ji^■a
(or M()rir(i\ wilV ami live chilili'iii, .lost' Maria Arcco, .lu !• I'.^iilio a and uifc
Ant.
Jiisi'' Silv(■^;trc .Miichnca ai'.d witV
.F<
•do, .Tdsi'' Mi'.'iK 1 I
A''ii.stiii Xarvaiz. 'J'
dilU
fi'i'iit lists I.I' arrival, di|iartui
.losti
I'ttlcIlK'Ilt
rioi^
dillcr KOHK'\v!i;it. 'Flic lirst huU.-i the la.st four iiaiiics i.iid lia<<la!iari
mil
(lit/nian whicii iiovor appear «;;aiii. Tlic iiiiio colonists vitii their fauiilie.<<
17 [lersons, wen; of t'lo vapdiond and eriininal class, lint tliey dilieieil Iron
the (iist .«cttlcrs f,f the oti
]illelil
IS III lielll'_
for the must part
alh'il
.Spaniards. Tliey iiicliided 'J farmers, '2 tailors, 1 carpenter, 1 miner, I mer-
chant, 1 ciii,'ravi
I with no trade. ,V/. I'ai,. Mi.i.<. ami < <.lo,i., MS., i. VM-
r.; /'
/,'
8!l-!>0; xxi. uViC.
vi. <)2; I'
.St. J'(i>)., MS., xv. ^'S.iA: xiii. 'J77-S: xvii. 31,
^■'M:.vl"J. I7!I7. P'oriea to commandant. When the .settle
forto, cattle, iiiipl' inents, etc., iviillie furnished. an i
.tor
each. I
•ri)i'
SI. I\
after completin',' t!
'/'
, MS., xvii. :{1. Mav I.'itii, I'.. tiiC
ICCollIlt hcingiipcneil
ranci-
itU
It S. !■
rancisco, thi' shim
,r til
oha. 1 >ileets hii
<t:l (
\,
efiil
ami
dary, ;ind tha' for a removal of S. .losi'', to (.'o to Sta Cniz and make
survt'ys and jihiiis for the town of Uianciforte ;ind its huiidin'.'s piil
I'livate, M'ith ;in i' tiinate of expenses, hi., xxi. '21 in 1. M.iy 'JiiMi, l>. to .Mni:i;.'a.
Jnstriietions t"i hiiild some temporary huts for himself ;ind the '.'nanl and to
take his fninilv (here to live; then to Imild snme lar';e hiit.i to aeeomiimdatu
I.-
:i» f
imilies each, also temporary.
Th
irs must woiU and th
o
cohinists al o if they arrive liefore the woiiv is dmie. Iniplenieiits. stoeU
ill he S'llt hv ,Sal. (Ji'irdolilV irs to Im olievi d V hen lie conns.
etc., \\ i
Cnr:, Arrh., MS., OT-S; /V-
Slu
MS.
IV,
M7;.SV-( Cniz, I
'J7th, Sal actiie'
Vr/,,
M.
en tary for I'orica forwards hhmk-hooUs, j.apcr, and mu-
tcrials formaUin'' ink. Sin Cruz, Arch., MS., G'J.
'i
S70
KXI'LOUATTOX.^ AXT) XEW FOUXPATIONS.
neglect of puMic work, must l)e piinislud. Mass must
l)eiitteii<k'(l on liolidays, on penalty of tliitc liouis in
tlie st(»eks; prayers and tlie rosary mn^it close tlie day's
labor; and certificates of eomi)liance with the annual
<'ommunloi! and confession must be forwarded re<iu-
larlv t(» the (governor. All intercours*; with the uiis-
sion Indians and gentiles was prtiliibiti.^d; and the most
friendly relations must be maintained with the friars
of Santa Cruz. T\\e greatest ])recautions iiuist be
taken to insure proper care of the colonists' clothing,
implements, and other ])roperty, and to prevent sales,
which were to l)e void. And Ihially all labor, before
( \)rdoba's arrival, was to be directed to tlu; i)reparatioii
of the nct'ded shelters for men and animals, monthly
reports of ])rogress bi'ing sent to the governor.''" ].>y
August 12th Cordoba was on the spot, had surveyed
the lanrls, done some work on the temp<)rary houses,
begun an irrigating canal, and was in search of suit-
able stone and timber for the permaneut edifices, lie
also furnished Borica with an estimate of cost, !?-•'>,-
405, which early in October was forwanled to the vice-
roy, and a little later by order of October 24th, the
work at Branciforte was susjiended for want of funds,
Cordoba retiring to the })residio.'''
Thus the proj)osed greatness of the Villa of Bran-
ciforte was indefinitely jiostponcd; l)ut there remained
the tenn)oraiy huts, the nine pobladores, the comi-
sionado, and the military guard. The colonists, though
not convicts, were of a class deemed desirable to get
rid of in and about (xuatlalajara whence they came.
They had bei-n aided at the bcL'^innini'- to the extent
of from .$20 to .$25 each; and they were to receive
from the government .$11G annually for two years,
*" Ijorira, Tiixt merlon dr dirhjir lafiindwion ile la Xiievti Villa (/'• llniiici-
forte, 1707, MS.
" Aug. \'2th, O.nloba to IJorica. Pror. fi!f. Pop., MS., xvii. 149; xxi. "JCm (i.
The irrigfiljle laiuls were 1,.100 x 1,.")(X) vara.s; thoso (U'liemliiig on rain 'J. ()()()
to ;{,0()0 varas. Oct. "tli, (<<>y. to victroy witli estimate of cui^t. Prm: /I'r.-.,
MS., vi. "lO. Oct. '24tli, to C('i>«l()l)a onk'i'ing snsiiuiisinu of works, tliuiigli lie
is to k'ave the inissiou mill in good .shape. Pror, S/. P(i]>., xxi. '_'7-. Aug.
2-d, Boiiou orders a ' model fence ' to be erected at Biuacilorte. Id., xxi. iiUlJ.
PROGRESS AT BRANTIFOIITE.
CTl
and ^C)C) for tin.- iK-xt tliroo years/" Ijcsldcs tlu' livo-
^totk aiiil im[>leiiu'iits for wliicli tlu-y wiTc »)l»liL;t'<l
•gradually to pay. Tluy wci'e thus (.•iiablcd to livf altrr
a fasliion, and they never became noted for ilevotiou
to liard work. There was no change in the nunihcr
of regular jtohladores down to 1800, thoui^li lialf a
<lozen invahds and discliar<^ed soldiers wei'e adtk-d to
the settlement/'' perhaps more, for the I'eeords on the
subject are meagre. Corporal ^foraga remaint-d in
charge until Xovend)er 17'J'J, when Ignacio N'alK'jo
was ordf.'red to take his place as comisionado, arriving
about the 20th.'''" Tiic settlers raised in ISOO about
1,100 1)Us1r'1s of wheat, maize, and beans; and their
horsi's and cattle amounted to about 500 liead. I
aj>[iend in a note a few minor items which make up
all that ]>rancirorte has of history down to the end
of the decade and century.'^^
<f Prov. Sf. Po/)., MS., xvii. 31, 41, 80-90.
*" Fil). 1, 17IKS, tlio govuriior statis to tlic viceroy thattlu'ii' wire, hfsidcs
tlio it. two invalids tiiid Olio discliai'^joil soldiur. /'cor. AVv., MS., vi. (i.^. li
list of 17!t!>, P
>SV. Pup., xvii. •i()4. six invalids; Marcrlino liiavo, Mar-
fu.s liiioms, Marcos \'iIUla, Josc'^ Ant(jiiio Rodri^'in/, .liiaii .lose l\ialta, .loa-
i|uin Castro. Tlio iiojuilation tables niako the nunilicr of imiiiu ls()(». 17, or
()(» persons ill all ; but I ku])1)osc tlii.s may have included be.sidis those jn.st
nieiitii>nid t'ldUi ;{ to ."> soldiers of the 1,'uard with tluir faniilic-:. ^'et I'l .set-
tlers, <ine an Indian, are reported by Vallejooa Dec. .'il, 17'.)0 St. Pap., Mi-m.,
MS.
51
i'ror. J?>'r., MS., iv. 302; Savt,f Cruz, Airh., MS., fi.-..
The work called S'n Cruz, A Pfcp into the. P'i>it, 'J'/ir Eni-hj Drii/x oft Zip.
ViUitiji' if /Jrinicl/orlf, should be noticed liere. It is a seriis of articles pub-
lisliert in tlio S/n Cnn Luciif Itan from •Inly ls7(i to An;,'. IS77, wliicli I h;ivo
i-oUeeted in a .scrap-book. Each of the 4'i articles contains the translation of
an o)i;.;inal document from the archives with preliminary remarlisof consider-
able interest by the translator, Mr Williams, iin old nsideiit of S.aita Cruz.
d till' result so far sujieiior to
'I'l
,f tl
10 jilan or this work is so jiraiscwortliy, a
th
what newsp:ipcrs usually funiish in IIjc way of local history, that the numer-
ous inaecurncies of detail may almost lie panl'incd.
Ill the fiilhnvinjj I omit many itemsof no iiiiiK.rtanco or interest. Dec. 14,
ll
Sal to MoraL'a, SiiuL; (i v;iras of
for each setlltr f'r bedclothes.
Sffi Crin, A )•'•/>., MS., »;;*. .Tnii. '28, 171'S, jiorica
toM.
r.'iL'.'i, .Must teach the
Oui
dal;
iiari'iios a''ricu
Itur
,d sti
inst tluir iiiitural l:i
treat
tlieiii with charity ami love, but punish j.'rave faults ami malirious failure to
rk. /'/., 71; -S/fi Crin, l',rp,
•I; /'
/.'.
MS., iv. 'J(i4. March ;id, I'.o-
rica says the community iiuist till the field of .N'arvaez if be is ill. /'/., iv. tlWi,
May 3(illi, cows a nil .slut p jiroini i 'I. Each self ''.'got three cows. /(/.. iv. "271,
274, Jiily27tli, a settler to attend to no other vork tliiiii tilling his own lields.
Sin Cruz', Arch., MS., 70; S/n Cnr., Pvcp, 11. Oct. 29tli, Cordcio and Arceo,
rumiways, if caught must work in irons. ]il.,'i\ and 13. Oct.2Stli. r.orica orders
Moragu to iiis])ect the wardrobe of settlers" wives and r"port vliat is needed.
Prof. I've, MS., iv. 282. E.xpense for wages ami rations to cud of 17!'8,
'I
I
g
I ' '» '■
I ■!
: ■'
M
'xa*.
673
F.xri.onATioxs axd new foundattoxs.
^rc'iinwliilc ill ^Fcxioo Au«,aist .']0, 171)7, the San
Fcrnaiido cdllc'ru scut to tliu viceroy a protest against
the choice of a site so n<';M' that of the mission. The
utihfy <»f the new estahhslmient was not to be (jues-
tioncd; l)nt the villa site was on tlie j)asturage-;^roun(!
of till' natives; troubli's would surely result; the laws
allowed a mission at least one league in every direction ;
and, according t<^ a rej)oi't by Father Seiian, there
were good lands nearer San Francisco. The only
result of this protest before 1800 seems to have been
a icjily of the governor dated February G, 171)8, in
whi'/h he gave statistics to show that the mission had
more land and raised moi'e <;u;in than could be attended
to; that the neophytes were dying off and there were
no more pagans to <'onvcrt; and there wa-^ no betti'r
site b(;(Aveen Santa Cruz and San Francisco than that
at Branciforte.^-
81,7-0. J'no: SI. r,tj,., MS., xrii. 41. Fvh. 4, 17!)0, a close watch to ho.
ki'lit (111 t!io const. SidCnn, /'i<'/>, IIJ. ^loiiii,'ii must ^o on>vit!i lii.s ilutiix,
for liirt fliancc of iir()inotion dcpeiKlt on it, IScttcr times ooming if tli'" wiiiat
crop is lart'd for. 'J'lic king will send Jiis troops where tiiey firu noedcd, not
wlii'M- tiny wisli to go. S/aCniz, Arch., MS., iVZ-'.'i. Marcli (itii, I'orica wants
infonnatiou aliDut a .site for iiraiioho for iioi'scsand eattlciieartiio villa. Mai'iii
•'J7lli.il llie i-et tiers olijeot, let notliinfj; i>e done; tliconly ohjeut was toaid them.
77.. (il- 2, (':i; /' »,', IT), 1!). April .'Id, iJoiiea constnts to divi<ling of sowiiiji-
lands. Will hold Moraga res|)onsil)lc for i-emissiiesa of any settler in earing
for his land. Sial'niz, Arch., M.S., (i-. May I'Jth, the settlers' two years at
f'!l(> ))( r year cxpiic; to-day. St. J'a/i., ^fi■■i<. timl Culoii., MS., i. .'ISO-l, ;js,'i.
( >et. Kit !i, two s( ttlers may f,'o to San .lose and return on a fixed day. S/n ( 'rir.,
Airh., M;?., (i.")-(i; J'kji, '2',i. Nov. 'Jlst, Sal notilies Moraga that Vallejo will
supersede him as eomihionado. IJ., '2.'t. Dee. 'Jdtli, Sal to Vallejo, LiUfls of
the lattery at Monterey to ho lired. I)on't he alarmed. /(/., '2.">, 127. l)eu. Jllst,
Sal as.-ures Ci i lea that Vallejo will pelfol'm his duties faithfully. J'ror. Sf.
J'li/i., MS., xvii. "JsO. Settlers must not make ]ileasure trips tcj San ,Io.se.
,S'((;( ,/u.i\ Arrh., MS., iii. .V,); Sta t'ntz. Arch., MS., 18. Jan. .'{, ISUO, .set-
tlers in iieid of eorn and heans. The eomisionadu of San Jose to make a
coiitraet with some jierson to furnish these .supplies at the expense of the gov-
enitiieiit. S(ni J<i.<i' Arch.. MS., iii. iw. Feb. lOth, Sal to Vallejo, at the end
of 17!'!* t!ie !-;etllers owed the treasuiy )?.V)S; the a])proi)riatiou fur ISOO is
§!"i4!>, so that receiving ni)thing they would still ho in deht. The delivery of
cigairitos and other articles not I'ations and tools has been suspemhid. Slii
Ciiiz, Arc/i., MS., (;.3. Oct. 9lh, aid to be furni.shed to the jiadres it asked for.
S/aCriiz, I'lip, ."Jl. Dee. Tith, governor to viceroy, the ISraneiforte settlers
lire ii scandal to the country by their immorality, etc. They detest their
exile, and render no service. Daily complaints of disorders. Prov. St. I'fiji.,
M.S., xxi. ."iO-l. Dee. lllh. death of Comandante Sal announced at liranci-
fovte. Sla C'riir., Pup, 45. The nine jiohladorcs received in 1800 rations at
^10 each. Piov. St. Pnp., llni.Mil., M.S., xxvi. 10.
■ -/iriiirl/'irtf, L'l /linnrturin </.- Sun Fnu'iiulo nl Virrry unhre vl xitio ilc la
Xuecu I'llla, 1','j7, MS., Feb. Uth, liorica to viceroy, hi Piov. lite, MS., vi. 70.
COMMUNICATION WITH NEW MKXICO.
r.73
Tii(l('{i(ii(k'iit of tli«! ('\[>loi'uti()ns umuV' \vitli a \ icw
to iH'W I'stiiblislinieiits, Jioric.-i luid a sclii iiir of (ijn'ii-
iiiL^ ('(tiniMUiiicutioii with New Mt;\ic(», mIk re, as Im;
liad licard from CJovornor Concha t]iidiiL;h (hinral
Nava, tljcrc wire liftcL'ii l»U!i(hv(l j^i'iitc do razoii with
iR'ithrr lands nor occupation. ]!<' sent io >[i\ic(t
caily in 17J)r) lor cojiics of (jtarct's' diary and n':t|>.
Jla\in<'' obtained these lie instructed (-It'VcoecIica ol'
Santa JJiirbara at the end of the y<;ar to make in((ui-
j'ii's ahout the eastern country and to sugije.^t some
way to send a letter aeross to the governor c»f X<.w
^lexico l»y the natives, who could at tlie same time
explore the route. In January 17i)(5 (joycoerhea sent
to the cfovernor such va<jue and unrellaMe rmnors as
he could {gather from the natives (^f the channel re-
specting^ the country heyond the Tulares; and in
Filjruary he informed ]^>rica that ]\o had made;
arrangements with the native chief, Juan ^Fajia, and
four com.i)anions to carry the letter, but that ]''at!ier
Tapis had forbidden their departure, at least until an
Older could be obtained from Lasuen.''^
This state of the matter was reported to the vice-
roy in ]]orica's conununication of Octobe^r l2d,'^ and
the attorney-general having ie[)(>rtedfavorai>ly on the
scheme of interconununication as useful to Calitor-
nia's connnerce, development, and defence, the \ Ict'roy
recjuested Borica to send to 3Icxico tlie maps and
papers on which his prctject rested; that the jiioject
be also sent to the cc»mmandant general for his in-
s[)ection; and that ]iasuen forward his views about
the employment of the Santa IJarbara Indians. This
was in January iri'T, and in .Xjtril l^asuen aiiswered,
' April '29, 170.">, Jjorii'a to viuiidy. /
MS., vi. -14. Di'o. Mtli.
liorica to (loycotoliL'a, /</., iv. 41. 4o 7. .Ian. IStli, tJuvciHch-ja to iJiPiiia.
/'/•«,(•. S/. Pd/K, MS., xiv. l(i, 17. Fil.. lOtli, LI. to Id., ,S7. l'(!/i., Siu., MS.,
iv. 74-7. Sept. 'JStli, r>orit'a oriki-.s till' i«ulr(-i to uso f,'ciitlo iiKasuri -i willi
till' Tiilan! liiiliaiis so that tliiri' may I'o no lUlliculty on llic piojiusiil iciiitc.
/'/•')('. l,'(i\, M.S., vi. 174. .Sals re)iort of .Ian. olst, alivaily ailiidcil to, was
in()iiii'ii s sint liini
■iiiiniiii<(i(iiiii fun
l.v tl
le ji(jvi rnoi-,
[H'olialily ill an.swor ti
•'' Jlurlrx, liifi
similar conirnunicatiuii dated Uotubi-r 5th id givoa in Ai\li. SUi. Udrbuni,
M,
i:ur,, MS.
M.':
73 (i.
1
r.Ti
EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS.
ar^j^uiiiL,' tliiit it was dangcrouH to stinl a party (if
iiativfs so far ainoii<^ forci^ni and hostile tribes, siiici'
on oii«! side or the otlicr excesses would sun;ly In-
eoiiimittcd. Moreover the chief it was proposid to
s( iid was very useful to the luission and any accident
t(» hini would lead to trouble with his n(!0[tle; and
finally Tapis had not forbidden the expedition, but had
simply refused to urge the neophytes to undertake it."'^
Ifere, so far as the archives show, correspondence on
this matter ceases. It is probable that more was
written, but not likely that any actual expedition wjis
made, and certain that communication was not opened
with Xew Mexico. Neither was there anvthini-
accomi»lished toward opening the Colorado liivcr
I'oute l)etwe(>n California and Sonora, a subject slightly
ag
itated during this period.'^^
''"'.Tim. 11, 1707, viceroy to I^asiicn. Arch. Stn. Bi'irhnra, MS., x. 7^ 7.
Apiil -IMh, Lasucii to V. It., Id, 77-H3. Im'1). 14, 1798, V. K. calls for Aiii-
lla;.'ii'.s iiliMs on tliu i)roject ami the best way to exccuto it. Pvov. St. J'nji.,
MS., xvii. !t.
^'"Ajiiil 10, 17!'"), IJorica to viceroy, asks to have Fagcs send his i)ap( f.-i
rclatiii!,' t') liis <-'.\iicilition to the Colorado. Prnr. Itiv., MS., vi. 44. S( jit. I,
17!l7, IJoriia lliiiik.s no party of less than .*?.■» can siifely pass to Sonorn. /</.,
vi. .'»;i. Dec. 'I'l, 171I7, ri'fers to Arrillagc's report anil sciienies of Oct. "Jti,
17!»<>; 1st, a presidio (,f 100 men at Sta ' lya with 'JO at S. Felipe and "JO :it
Sonoita; 'Id, a jncsidio on California side .t mouth of Colorado, to lie crossed
in lanoes. IJoi ica prefers the latter, and advises that all attention he f;i\(ii
at jirtscnt to jiacilication of the Indians between Sta Catidina and the Culn-
rado. /';oc. AVc, MS., vi. (Ja-O. April 24, 1798, Amadorsays that the padiv
of Sau .)os('' went to the Colorado, and that the Indians iled, fearinc enfnrct d
liaptittni. I'rov. St. I'np., MS., xvii 123. Iicfercncc to the general topic in
A:.aiaa, YitHlruccion, MS., 90.
CIIAPTiCli XXVII.
MISSION ruoonKss.
1701-1800.
AliUIVAI. ANT) T)i:rAl!Tri!K OF rAUKKS— (I K.NKUAI. StATISTICAI- VuV— TiIP
ri;i:siin:N( v • Ili-iscopAi, I'owKits — Tiii: iNytisiTioN- l!r.V!i,i. ; (iicKHu's
RKPnIiT— VllWS OF SaLAZAII — CaUMKLITE MOXASTKI:- I'ldl s FrMi
HacIKNDA — ("oNTIloVK.liSlKS— TlIK ()l,l> (^tlKSTIoSS 1)I>. ISSlIi .A S KV
Ki:i)rrT|ri» JN NiMllKK OF FuiAlW— llKTUlKMKVT— TlIAVI.I I i ■ (i Kx-
I'KXSE.S— I IIAl'l.AIN lilTY— (iLAltUa — IlUNAWAY NldllUTI -MIS8IOV
ALCAt.M'.S - Isid ANS CiN lIoIiSF.IiACK — LoCAl, Ql'AliKl.l .. — ClI \ liliF.S OF
(.'oN<-i'i'(iii\ m; IIdkka— Invi:sti(;atio\- IIoimca's Kiiti.i;n (Ji-ksti-'Ss —
ItKl'I.IlN of ( 'uM WOWTKS AM) FuiAliS— I'UF.SIDF.XT LasIEN's l! KPOUT—
Tin: .MissKisAiius AfyciiTKU — Ecclfsiastical AIiscki.i.anv.
At tlic luniiiiiin!;^ of this dcoiidc tlio iiiis.sioiis M'tTo
L'lovcn in miiiiljci'; at its end tluy liad been increased
l)y new estalilisliiiicnts, as reeordcd in tlu^ i»)'ef'edin^'
chapters, U) ( inhteen — \\itliin three of the ]li^•hest
number ever reached.^ In 171)0 there were twenty-
six friars on duty, liefore 1800 there came up from
the colle<^(,' thirty-ei^ht new missionaries; twenty-one
retired— some on the expii'ation of their r<\L>ular term
of ten yciirs, otlierson account of faihnu' lieaUli, f(»ur
virtually dismissed for l>ad conduct, and four sent
away moi'c or less aftlicttMl with insanity; while three
died at their ])osts. This left forty still in the ser-
vice, or two ministers for each of the einhttH'U missions
and four sn|!tMiiumeraries. Six of the old jtioneers
who had come before 1780 were still left.''^
' The sevi'ii mw missions in tlic ordci- nf tlicir tiiiivling wci-o: Santa frnz,
Solodnd, San .l«isi\ San Juan IJautista, San .Mi;-ucl, San rcnamlo, and San
l.uis ]{t'y. 'I'lirio wdv siiliscinicntly fuumli'd Santa In' s, Sai- K.. "ad, and San
Franc'ist'o Solano. Vur n ^'ciu'rul statistical view of the missions in 17!M)
Ki'o fliajitfi- xix. (if tliis volume.
'■'The ori^'inal •_'(>, the names of pioneers Ix iiij» italicized, were: Arroita
Ai'cnuza, t'al/ada, Cambou, Cruzado, Duinetz, l>auti, Fustcr, (lania, Giiibet,
I 075)
I Kuil
ill'
676
MISSION r-ROGRESS.
Tlic average of integrity, zeal, and aLility among
tlie new friars was lower than in the ease of Junipero
Serra's eonipanions, sinec a tlt)zen or more were either
refractory, innnoral, inefficient, or insane; yet the Hst
inchuled such eminent names as Pe^'ri, Payeras, Via-
der, ^Fartinez, and Catala, together with many laithfid
and efficient Christian missionaries.
The eleven old missions in 1790 had in round num-
bers 7,500 converts; in 1800 they had 10,700, a gain
of 3,200 for the decade, 320 a year (jn an average,
or about 80 a year for each mission. During the
period the pi'iests had baptized 12,300 natives, and
buried 8,300, leaving 800 to be regarded as approxi-
mately the number of deserters and apostates. 5lean-
while in the seven new establishments bai)tlsms had
been 3,800 and deaths 1,000, leaving 2,800 converts on
tlie rolls. Thus for old and new missions toirether
La-'iiini, ^rarincr, Miguel, Xobon, Onimas, Patcrna, Pciia, Picras, Piiilif,
Huiic/itr., Saiila Muria, Santiago, Soiian, Sifjar, Tapis, ami Turrciis.
The new-conuTSJ, I5S in miinhcr, were: Abclla, ]5arccuilla, IJarona, Car-
iiiocr, Carranza, Catala, ('atalan, Cipn's, Corti'a, Iv-pi, Esti'vaii, Faura,
I'c'rnaiiilt /. (;'), (Jaivia, (!ili, Guiizalez, Ii(jna, Iturrato, Juiiiie, Laiulaeta,
I.opez ('.2), ^ilartiruTiia, ^lartiii, MartiiU'Z, Merelo, Merino, Panella, I'ayeras,
Pcyri, I'uyol, Salazar, Uiia ("2), Viailf-r, and Viilals.
The deaths were Mariner, J'al' nia, and Fi(n'<!i\ There left California, "21:
Arroita, Arenaza, Catalan, Danti, Oninias, E.^pi, Fern;uidez (2), (Jareia,
llnbi, Salazar, Giii, Girihet, llorra, Lopez, Torrens, Canibon, Nolioa, I'eiia,
I'leras, ^lerino. Lists of friar.'i in difi'erent years, with f^cneral flatenicnts of
inniihors, in S/. Pap., JA/w., MS., ii. 4, 7^-8, 100-2, 107-8; iii. .1-."); Anfi.
(SVft liiirhara, ]MS., xii. O.l-O, 01, 00, 08, 'I'.io; ,Sf. I'np., Sac, MS., iv. 14-17;
J'ror. Sf. J'aji., MS., xvii. 8.'>— 1. These lists, however, aiford Ijut a very
small part of the data from whieh I have formed my loeal tables and l)io-
graiihit's of padres, ddia which I have had to collect littlo by little from a,
thousand siuirees.
Arrivals in 1701 M'crc Gili, Landactn, Baldomcro Lopez, and Salazar, in-
tended for Santa Cruz and Soledad, or to replace others who were to be sent
to those new missions while Cambon retired. In 179- eame Lspi; and in 17!'.'!
Catal.i, the latter as cliaplain on a Xootka vessel. This same year Orainas
and Itubi— the latter a black slutp of the I'raneiseaii iloel; — departed, and
I'aterna, an old pioneer, died in harness. In 1704 live new priest:i \tcre sent
to California — nu'U of a diflerent stamp, it was thoufsht, from those who liad
givin tlie 1 resident so much trouble. Minjc'rtojui, in Doc. I:l<K ' c/., MS.,
iv. ,'fO-40. 'i'hese were Martin, Martiarena, Ksti van, ^laiiuel I'ernande/, and
(Ire^'orio I'ern.uidez. The dejiartures were Xoljoa, I'ieras, I'ei'ia, and (lili —
the latter another source of scandal — who sailed on th^'Ctjiici iic'oii, \\v\. 1 1 tli.
J'roi: St. Pap., MS., .\i. lo?, 17.'), 'JOi'; xxi. 1 4-_', 140 7; Arch. Arzoi,t<i>udu,
MS., i. ;iO. A'ieeidy"s license dated Jan. 10th; governor's, ^lay .'Ust. In
170."> .lainie, Cijil'i's, and Tnyol came; while Salazar and Sefii'.n I'etired, the
latter ten, jiorarily. SI. P,ip.,Sn<\, ilS., i. .",0; Pruv. /.Vc, MS., vi. 17; /Vw.
ISt. I'iqi., Sis., x.\i. "JoO. Danti, Lopez, Culzada, and Arroitu sailed in July
ar, 111-
SCllt
iiiias
rai.l
V f-l'Ilt
, had
MS.,
. au.l
nth.
. In
1. tlic
I'nr.
July
STATISTICS. 577
we have a total population of 13,500, a gain of 0,000
in ten years, during- which tinio the baptisms had been
i(;,100 and the deaths 9,300. There is no doubt tliat
the deaths W'ere largely in excess of the births, though
there are no available means of accurately estimating
the latter.^
The mission herds and flocks nndtiplicd about three-
fold during the decade. Horses, mules, and horned
cattle increased from 2'2,000 to 07,000; small stock,
almost exclusively sheep — goats having diminished
very rapidly antl swine being comparatively few —
from 20,000 to 80,000. Agricultural products had
been 30,000 bushels in 1790, the smallest subsequent
crop being also 30,000 in 1795, and the largest 75,000
in 1800. ' About three fifths of the whole croj* in 1800
was wheat, whicli was less proportionately than usual,
one fifth corn, and one tenth barlev, the remainder
being beans, pease, and various grains. Wheat yielded
or August 1 700. Other priests wished to retire, but the guardian thought, as
they had been eager to conic to California, it was best nut to iierniit them to
leave without the most urgent reasons. Arr/i. Shi ll'nlxini, MS,, xi. .")(}-7,
'J74; ,St. Pap., Sac, MS., xvii. S; J'rov. Sf. Pnp., MS., xxi. ■J4(i; Proi: /.Vc,
MS., vi. 103. The now-eoiners of 1700, arriving in June by the A lairMzn,
were: I'ayeras, Jos(5 Maria Fernandez, Peyri, Viadcr, and CortLS. /'/•(/(•. .S7.
Pap., MS., xiv. 130; Pmv. Sf. Pap., B< n. Mil., MS., xxiv. 7; also Catalan
and llorra. In April 1707 the Vonceprion is said to have brought 1 1 priests.
Pri'V. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 145-0; xxi. 'J54; but there were really only 7:
IJai'cenilla, Caruicer, CJonzalez, Martinez, ^1. lino, Uria, and I'anella. The
same vessel carried back to San Bias in September, (Jareia and A.reiiaza, who
were ill and luul served out their term; anil also the insane priests Jos6 Maria
Fernandez and ( 'oncepcion de llorra. Prov. Per., JIS., vi. !)4, !)8, lO'i; Prov. SI.
Pap., MS., xxi. *J(i4; Areh. Sta linrham, MS., xi. 57-8; St. Pap., Sat-., MS.,
vi. 107-S. On her next trip the Coiicepcion brought to Santa Barbara in May
17il8 Scii:m and Calzaila, returning from a visit to Mexico, and also llie si.K
new friars: Banma, Faura, Carranza, Abella, Martinez, and Viilalcs. Arrh.
Ar.ol<is}>a(lo, MS., i. 47; Prov. Pre, MS., vi. 75-0; J'ror. St. Pap., MS.,
xvii. 1!(; xxi. '27!); St. Pip., Sar., MS., viii. l.'{. ^lanuel Fernaiiclez and
Torrens retired this year, i.s did Tl'. Landaetaand Miguel teni]wraiily. Arvh.
SI, I ndrbam, xi. 00; .S7. P(.p.,Sac, :MS., vi. 107. /Vl/r. ,SV. I'ap., .M'S., xvii.
■J, n. In 1707 Merelo, Jaiinto Lf>pez, and Jose Uria arrived; while Fspi,
(iiribet, Merino, and Catalan, the last two alllieted with insanity, obtained
leave to retire, sailing in January 1800. This last year of tlie decade Fuster
and Mariner (lied; Landaetaand Migutd came back; and Carcia and Iturrate
were added to the force, soiiic of them api)arently against their wishes. Prov.
/.'m'., ]\IS., vi. 1-27-0, '24;}; ix. 12; xi. 144; xii. 1; J'ror. SI. Pap., :MS., xxi. 30,
44, 202; St. Pap., Sac, MS., vii. 77; Anh. Sla. linrlmra, .NiS., ix. 24; xi.
01-2; 281 -'2, 284.
' The governor in a report of 1800 states that the number of deaths is ul-
niost double thnt of births. Bandinl, Doc Hist. Cut., MS., No. 3.
Hist, lal., Vol, I. 37
i'il
II
-.78
mSSION PROGRESS.
on an averairc fiftocnf'old, barley cightccnfokl, and corn
iiinety-tlireetbld for the ten years.
Forniin Francisco Lasuon remained at the hvad of
the Franciscan community as president, perlbrniiii^'
liis duties to the satisfaction of all classes, loved and
respected by friars, officers, soldiers, settlers, and
ne<jphytes. He received no pay for iiis services, beiiiL^
a suj)ernunierary friar, and no stipend being allowed
except to the two regular ministers of each mission.
Tlie duties of the supernumeraries were as arduous,
and tlios(i of the president more so, than those of the
ministers, yet though petitions were made and the
viceroy was disposed to grant them in Lasuen's favor,
tlie attonu^y general always interposed objoctidiis.
])umetz and Peua held patents after jNIugdrteguis
depaj'ture to assume the presidency in case of acci-
dent.* The power to administer the sacrament nf
confirmation, grajited by the pope In May l?."^."),
cxpiied ^Tay 4. 1795, althoiigh Lasiien had actuallv
exercised it only since 1790, or half the full period.
The privilege; was never renewed, and there wei'c no
more conlirmations until California possessed abishoji
of her own.^ Tiie ordinary episcopal powers of ad-
ministering sacraments other than confirmation wciu
conferred on the president by the bishop of Soiiora.
As vlcdt'io foirntco Lasuen exercised those powciN
toward the civilians, and as vicario castrcnse towanl
the military; that is to say, as a kind of chaplain
*Arch. S/n liiirhini, :MS., xi. 220, 2r.0-.1. Vicorny Rcvilla C;i,^(Mlo in
liis rtport of ITIKi, St. J'dji., JZ/'.^v. ami Co/oii., MS., i. IS, 21, iiiiiilu's tluit
iiii.ssioniii'ios iirc! (iftcii rcin.ivcd iiniR'ccss.iiily l)y llicir prolate; Ijut it il'n-<
not doarly fiiiiii'jir tliat lie icfcr.s particularly to ( 'alifoiiiia, \vlicn; lie .^-lys
till' friai.s ))i'it'iii'iu tii( ir dntifs in a ino.st (.'oniiiiciulablo inaniicr. Soo iiopcV ilr-
cri't'S(jf.J,iiy 8, 1701, ami 1 )(•(.•. 12, l7!l7oii (lualiticalioiis, <lutios, In mors, etc.. <'f
friars of tlio l'r(iiiai.'aiiila ride c(illc'j:;os, in ^IrcA. tiiu Udrhara, M.S., x. \W-
:i(i; ix. ;{7-40; /Voc. ,S7. /'((;)., .MS., xiii. 272-:i.
''Sept. 0, 17!)2, pope's license forwarded from ^'.xico. Arch. Sta Uilrhiu-d,
MS., X. 2S;); yet I.a.suen say.slio ie(eive<l (lie power on .Inly l.'i, 17'.I0. .S'. J)hji>,
Jj'ih. <l<: Mi.-^inii, Ms., 4'). Kxpires May 4, 170."). Arch. SI a lid r'na fit, MS., >.i.
2:i;t; I'rnr. St. ]'(i/>., MS., xx. 2St. April ii, 170.'), Uorica to Lasiien, leiirii;)
that tlie president is liurrying tlirongli the province to use liis priviKgo
%\lulo it lasts, /'yor. y.'i(.'., MS., vi. 144-5.
VICEROY'S REPORT.
579
o-cncral. The new Ijishop renewed the eoncci^ision
ill 17!)G, and Lasuen .sul)delcgated the authority to
liis subordinate missionaries.'^ Lasuen was also coni-
issary of tlio holy inquisition for California after ITl.T),
but so far as the records show his oidy duties in this
capacity were to receive and publish an occasional
edict on general matters.^
In an exliaustive report on the missions of Xew
Spain Viceroy Revilla (Jigcdo presented to the king
in 179.'3 an liistorical, descriptive, and statii^tical view
of the Cahfornian establishments, which is an inter-
esting and iinj>ortant document, though e.\pr(>ssing
only cii rcstoiic what I have presented in detail i\\n\i
the same original papers on which tins re])ort v.as
founded. An effort was made also about this time
by the Spanish and ^Mexican authorities to insure
greater regularity and thoroughness in reports of
missionary progress.*^ Father Salazar having returned
''Sept. .SO, 1700, Insliop to Lasuen, confirming faciiUii's. Dec. KItli,
Lasuen to hit-hop, cxpressinp thanks. MareJi '_'(), 17i>7, Lasuen tal;es the
(i.ith as vicario loraneo heloro P. Arenaza. June IDtli, liisliop reserves th<i
ri^ht of granting ilivoix'c and sonic (itlier episeojial faculties. A nil. Sl<i ll'tr-
liiint, MS., xii. l!)i2-8. Dec. 18, 17!t(>, Lasuuns eircuhirto llie padres. 11.,
\\. i;!'J— tl. Mareli *20, 1707, Lasuen notifuH IVirica. Is only iiwailiiig tlio
license and hlessing of tlic guai'dian. Arch. Ar.iJ'iyiiiido, ALS., i. 4'), Mareli
-2{\, ]5. to Lasuen, will proclaim him juez vicurio celesi:istic(j in tin; jnc-
sidios. I'ror. L'lr., :MS., vi. 1S4-.:'). Juno 'JOtli, 15. sjiys tiic title of vicar
must ho ju'csented to the government. /»/., vi. 1!("J-H. It appears tiiat '•«<-
In iini' powers were conferred hy Lasuen on only seven friars. An:h. Sla Udr-
Inini, ^IS., xi. 14.")-(i.
"Oct. lo, 17!'."), Lasuen's jirifeiitc ih Comhion dfl Santo Oficio pent from
Mexico. An-h. Sl'i Durham, AhS., xi. .Ki. Several edicts of 17!'.'), 17117, and
lS();)in.ln/i. J/^s■;o/H.^, MS., i. 1S7-8, 'J-JS; Dor. J/isl. C,,!., MS., i\'. (;7 8.
In ollcuces of wliich the inip.isition had cognizance tlie natives were nob
<lirectly snhject to that triiiunal hut to tiie ]irovisor cle Indias, « ho, with the
Kiiowh'dge of the in(|uisiliiin, acted as judge, /•'/•/'(•'/'.'/''ox ///• /mlio.i, MS.. (5.
Some ad'iitional itemson C'cele^iastical matters ;i re given latei^ in tliischapter.
* III rllht (liiirdii, Citrhi :.vhn' nii-i'Oiir.-^ </<:,.'! ilf Jj/riiiiilirr <fr /,'.'/./, in /'''■/•.
Uiiir., v. 4_'7-lill; also MS., i. Seo also chap. xxiv. of this volume. Oct. 'J:2,
I7!!4, viceroy to governor, urging eumpliancc willi rnyid order of ^I;;rc!l ■_'!,
17'^7, which rcijuired attention to mission welfare; and re])orts eveiy tw" or
three years on mission progress. /'/■/(/•. <S7. J'tip., MS., xi. '20'.>. .luly 'JS, I7!'"i,
llrancitorte sends I'mrica ;i eo|iy of his predecessor's report of 17I''! to r.rrx e an
a guide for new rc))orts; and also calls fiir su;.';';estions. S/. /'//;/., ,l//w. ini'l
fill., MS., i. 1. .Ian. '_', I7!l'>, Lasuen in !i circular says the council of the
ludies have read the mission repiirt.s ;uul than'; ul o> king's nani'^ hjr progi-iss
niaile, which is great comi.ared with other missions with heltci' advaula jcs.
The guardian sends tho thanks of the college. Anii. Sta liurhara, MS., ix.
580
MISSIOX PROGRESS.
from California was called upon by tho vicerojr for ^
report on the condition of the country, which was
rendered ^lay 11, 179G, but contained little of value
respect ing the missions. Salazar estimated the wealt 1 1
of the Franciscan establishments at $800,000 in build-
ings and chattels ; but he complained that progress was
impeded by the excessive labors imposed upon the
friars; also by the preference shown to settlers in tho
purchase of supplies."
On the subject of secularization, not referring par-
ticularly to California, Revilla Gigedo expressed his
dissatisfaction with the condition of such missions as
had been given up to the clergy. He would take mt
steps in that direction without a better prospect of
success. Curates could do no better than friars in the
instruction and improvement of the natives.^" In a
letter of 179G Governor Borica says that accoivling
to the laws, the natives are to bo free from tutelage
at the c'ld of ten years, the missions then becoming
(loctrinas; "but those of New California at the rate
they are advancing will not reach the goal in ten
centuries; the reason, God knows, and men know
something about it.""
Two s|)ecial projects for the advancement of Cali-
fornian interests were devised in Mexico durinsf the
decade; and both, being opposed by the Franciscan
authorities, seem to have been given up at the end of
1797. The first was to establish a Carmelite monas-
tery at San Francisco, wliich was to consist of twelve
friars, and cost from $25,000 to $30,C00. It was to
be supported by an agricultural establishment, become
the nucleus of a settlement, and thus promote both
the colonization of the country and the civilization of
the natives, to say nothing of the usefulness of tlio
monastery towers to navigators as landmarks. This
matter was referred to two friars who had been in
' Salazar, C'ondicion Actual de Cat., In/orme General al Vircy, 11 dc Jlai/o
179G, MS.
'"/.V'ivV/fr, Gifjrdo, Carta de 1793, MS., 25.
"Aug. 3, 17'JO, Borica to Albemi. Prov. St. Pap., Ben, Mil., xxiv. 7, 8.
PROJECTS DEFEATED.
581
Calirornia and who roportod adversely. The seooiid
j)n>ject was to estahhsh a hacienda of the pious fund
in Jacoj)in Valley near San Diego, but the guardian
of San Fernando pronounced the sclienie iiu[)ractica-
hle if not absurd. The ijfeneral ariJiunent of the-
Fi-anciscans on these questions was, that so far as
the conversion of the natives was ct)ncerne(l the old
methods were sufficient, and any iiniovation would be
dangerous; and that for the promotion of settlement
ly gente de razon the new establishments would luive
no advantages over the old, which were far from pros-
perous.'^
The regulation of 1781, as we have seen, provided
for the sjfradual reduction of the ministers to oik^ at
each mission. Until this was effected friars retiiiiig
or dying were not to be re})laced. This regulation
was disregarded by the friars and the secular author-
ities made no attempt to enforce it. The subject came
up and was discussed during this decade, but nothing
was effected. The law renjained unchauLred, and was
jtractically disregarded as before." Respecting the re-
iM."'. iliU rL|)UlL, llilLUU \JK\:. -.Ill, IS limilj IIUVIIIIII lU illUHlUl SUIIJLLl, I'l
wIiIlIi iiKirc anon. It is iiuticualilc that tlie p;iuiri)iaii sjuak.s very ironica'.ly
of tlic 'ilaiiicsticated' gun(ilus whose scrvict's it was juiiposcil toiitili;:e in Iho
nt'W cstaMishiiiunts, greatly cxaggeiatin!^ the ilaiigcr of the old missions and
imehlos from the natives, and innilying without iiitendini; to do s.) that nt.i;
imuli ha ' l:'i'n e'l'ected liy ni'arlv 3(/ years of niissionarv worlv. Ijorioa also
l;ri>n e'l'ected liy iii'arly 3(/ years of missionary worlv. Ijorioa alsi
disapprj'. the iiaeienda beeausc there would i^e no marUet for
Vr^.r. I!t;., }.!S., vi. (il.
'^lluvilla (ligodo, Crirfii do J70J, 24, disapproves the reiluetion, anion;
other reasons beLau-;e it would favor inniioraiity on the ]iait of the friars.
Api'il .'k), I7y(>, the trnardian writt's to l,asnen that the ti-eal wants to Ui
reasons for non-coniplianee witli the reglanjenlo; eonsri|uentiy ail th(^ a
' produee.
illoU' till!
d'nii-
than tli;;t on themselves. Pror. J,',r., MS., vi. CO 1. .Sept. :t, lO'.lit, I'adni Lull,
IJ.'jiOf-ii'ioii. ltd tludidinii xohrv In rcdnci'iuii ilf Mlxioi/ii'ii>< fii ( 'fl inriiin, /,',''.'',
MS., pi'esc nts the usiud arguments against redueiug the ninnlter of missiim-
nries, and also opposes Ilorica s scheme of reducing the kiikjiIo, not only iieeausu
it is contrary to tlie king's intentions, but because, while, us lioviea nays, tho
o8u'
MISSION PROGRESS.
tircmcnt of fi'iars to Mexico tlicro M'as now no conti-o-
versy between the secular and Franciscan authorities,
because the latter were consi(leral)]y troul)led to keep
the missionaries at their posts, and welcomed even
secular interference to aid in the task. In 1795 there
came a royal order that the governor and president,
mi<dit urant license to retire for duo and certiiicl
cause without waituig for a report from Mexico; huo
before the end of this decade this rule seems to have
been modified." Since 1787 and down to 1794 friars
cominu' to or rcturninij from California were allowed
two hundred dollars for travellini^ expenses on land
and ninety-tlv^e cents per day v.iulo on the water.
Subsequently their stipends wore allowed to cover the
time consumed on the journey provided there were
no unnecessary delays.^''
two priests spoiul k'>3 I'.iria ('lOO on thcmsrlvcs tlioy spend the remainder for
tlic natives, ;!';:1 Ll.i'3 ii pnicticdly the only wiiy of obtaining ncec'-s;irv iirli-
eles liinee tlicrc i:-i no market for mission produee. In ISOO, or perhaps laiei',
Lasiien i;i i'- Liter to the guardian argues the same .side of tlie eayo liKi.-t
earnestly, .'.'.i.eaks rather bitterly of any ^ehemo to econiimize on the I'lsy of
pO!,v over-Vidrked fri:ir.s when the king is so liberal in other expense;;, and w-
I e:: lS his old determination to retire if tlie eliango be insisted on. Lamu ii, ( 'or-
■trN/iniiilnici'i, MS., ;jj:)-3.'!.
"17i>.'>, a priest retired on a provisional license of the comamlante at Mr.a-
terej'. Afr/i. Arr.ohtsjxido, ^IS., 1. S.'?. 17i>4, the lOyearsof Gcrviec to count
from the date of cniljarking from Spain. Arch. Sta Barhara, MS., vi. ■_".14-
."). Roj'al oi'ders referred to in my text dated Sept. Ki, 171)4. Sent from Mex-
ico .liuioS, 171)."). Pniv. St. Ptiji., !MS., xiii. J"J4-."). Just before the uccipt
of this order lioriea refuses Danti'fi petition to retire until leave is obtained
from Mexico. Prov. lice, MS., vi. 149. I)ee. !), 17'.I7, viceroy to the ; r.av-
dian, friars must not go to ^Mexico to Bolieit license to retire to I 'pain. .I/'' .'/.
Sta lidi'hara. MS., xi. 59. Sept. 1, 1^0!), governor to viceroy, luider.-taaile
that no leave to retire is to be given, even on expiration of term, until ;r.;l ;i-
tutes eri'ive. The pri'.'sts are not pleased at this. Prur. Sf. Pap. . M;i.. xxi. !-'.
'■'On measures adopted I7S0-8, see Arch. Sta IJdr'iura, ^IS., x. 'J, 17 V'.';
•J41
xii. 40-1; Pror. St. Pap., MS., vi. •2;)l>-.'?; viii. I-!).
It
XI. .)!
Beems that the .'>J(*.) vas to be paid, like the stipend, horn the pious lunil. wlnoU
in 17t>7 vras charged with .S'^944 for friars' travelling expenses f rthc j a: t 'JO
yeai'S. In IX'eendi;r 17!'3 the guardian attempts toseenrc travelling expeii.es
for sp.pernumerary fiiars going to C'alih:rnia, and succeeds after come e:: re-
Kp-.judenco in getting aii advance of thiir stij^eud to jay these cxiea e:,
thou; li their stipend would eeaso on arrival until asi-igned t) a minion, rr.i'.u
this i-orre ■ponde'.iee it appears that by royal order of April '20, 17!'.t, the i ;i-
jiend began on the ihdo of departure from ]\Iexico. Arch. Sfa JJilr/iara, }.;S.,
xi. "240-. d. ]>y order of Sept. K?, 1794, ilic stipend was extended to date cf
arrival in Mexico on return and all gratuities for travelling exj.enses wee
abeli.^hed. I'rov. St. }\i/>., 'Mt<., x'ni. l'24-.j; Arch. St'i JJ-rfiara, MS.. i\.
'.i-2l-r>; Va'fcjo, J)oc. lli^t. Cat., "'S,, xxviii. date .July '20, 171).'i. 'i'lie friars
subsequentl.v had nmeh trouble on account of the naval authorities v. Iio
demanded li>'.'2j i)erday instead of 95ets. Jloreover the government in :'c'iiO
MISSIONARY ESCORTS.
583
IMany of tlic old :n;ittors of dispute still rcniiiinod
o|)L!ii, but as a ride tlicy gave risu ttj no very bitter
c-oiiti'oversv durinu^ this pei-iod. No regular chaplains
were appointed, though liorica made' an ellort to
secure such a[)[)ointinents; neither dt)es it appear that
the IViars got any [i;iy for attending to the sj)iritual
interests of soldiers and settlers."' In the niattei' of
mission escoi'ts and their iluties there were no radical
changes and few disputes. The soldiers were in-
structed to treat the padres always with respect and
evilently did so, the chief complaint being that they
would not always serve as vatpieros and servants of
all work, a rclusal the padres could never (piite un-
derstand. The guard furnished to a friar engaged in
his several duties abroad was still regulated by the
governor's or commandant's instructions, or in some
cases left to the cor^toral's discretion. The b'iai's
desirud discretionary powers, but submitted. The
strict rule of Fa'jfes that no soldier on cscf^rt duty
should sleep away i'roni the mission was relaxed some-
v.hat in urgent cases by the viceroy's orders; but the
order that no stjldier should be sent after fuiritixe
natives or allowed to visit the rancherias of gentiles
without superior command was strictly enforced,
and the friars, now that their temper had cooled a
little, doubtless recognized the necessity of such a
rule. The instructions of Borica to the i>uards show
an earnest desire to maintaii; harmonious relations
with tlie missionaries, as well as a prudent and wise
})olicy toward the gentiles. Doubtless the fKitience
of the friars was often sorely tried by tlic indolence
cisps when the return voya;,'c was very long 1)y no fault of the piii'.sts refiiseil
to pay the i'uU btipeud as pur royal orilir. Arch. SUt Iklrharn, MS., ix. 41-.'i,
''' Sept 20, IT'Jn, governor to viceroy asking for a friar for each presiilii',
ii9 the niisKionavie.s have too niiicli to attend to. Pror. SI. I'liji., MS., x\i. 117.
.Iiinc 18, 17!)i, viceroy must liave more infurniation before decidimr. /</., xi.
h'^l-'J. Novcniher 'JSth, gov. eireidates nine (lUcstioiiH on tlie perf(jrinan(;c of
ihapLiin's duties liy padre.s; and A]iril li, IT'.T). explains more fully to the \".
1!. asking again for eiiaplains at a salary of .SiOd. I'ror. I'tr., MS., iv. Vll;
Ai. 41-'J. ^Nothing more is heanl from Mexieo. June 17. i7i"i, Coniandanto
• ioycoeeliea eoniplaiiis of the padres having deuliutd to hear eunfeasioni. St.
Piq'-i Suf., Xm., ix. 73.
■I!
'li' !
584
lilTSSIOX PROGRESS.
and insolence of individual soldiers, but of the govern-
ment they had no cause to complain. The guards
were reduced in n'.ost of the old missions on the estab-
lishing of new ones, and this brought out a protest
from the Franciscans, which was in some instances
successful.'^
Desertion of neoph3^tes became prevalent, especially
in the northern missions, the pretended motive of the
fugitives, and in some instances the real one, being
ill-treatment, overwork, and hunger; l)ut oftcner tlit-
true cause of apcwtasy was a longing for the old free-
dom and dread of the terrible death-jatc in the mis-
sion communities. As we have seen, the soldiers of
the guard were not allowed to })ursue runaways;
neither was the practice of sending neophytes after
them, ap|)r()ved by Fages, allowed during Borica's
rule. Gentiles might be bribed to bring tlieni in;
" Ilnncit, IiiK/riirfion /larii hi Enmltn dp Snn Junn Baiil'tstn, J'i'J?, MS. Tliis
iliicuiiKiit was orduri'd to he posted in every mission for tiio j;uiiliiiico of tlic
corporal. Snl, Iny/nirrinn ul dtho dc Sta Cruz, l'"i, MS.; /I/'/c.-,', fiiftnir.
para In J:'si-t,l/a do /'iiri-<!iiia, l^SS, M8.; Id., Jimlnir. jmni S. M'njittl, J7S7,
MS. ]'i-oliil)itioii of I'SL'orts for long cli-stanees, ajipi-oved liy Idni.', .Ian. 1."!.
1700. Juii/m, Pa/Ill de J'liidos, MS., !.").">. 17'J4, soklicr.s to liu alturnatiil in
oscolta anil ])i'fsiilio mTvico. Proc. St. Pap., MS., xii. 8; Proi: ll<<\, MS.,
V. 4S. Muskets to lie 11 red and reloaded once a week. Some com|ilaiiit nf
failuic to keep wateli at night. No e.scorts for long distances. Arri/liKj'i.
PajKl d<; Pitiifo.'f, MS., I'.Mi 7. May IT), nOi"), escorts of pailres must return
to mission same day. I'rov. Jtcc, ^IS., iv. llV^. .June .'Id, Doriea to viceroy.
The padres still ask for escorts to visit ranchcrias; Ijut I attribute present
tranipiillity to the measures of my predecessor and refuse. We nmst not risk
our peace in the hands of a careless soldier. Pror. I'a:, MS., vi. 5'i. Oct.
5th, approval of ^'. ]{. J'ror. St. Pap., MS-, xiii. i'l-'.\; but on Nov. 7tli the
V. R. , on petition of tlie guardian, reconnuend« concessions in uigent cases,
alwa.ys with due piudence. /(/., xiii. (M-Ci. On tliis ground, Lasuci-, March
5, 17!)G, informs the jtadres that the old restriction has been removed, the
matter never having been jn'operly understood in Mexico before. l>uc. lli-^l.
Cal., MS., iv. ii(i; Arch. Sta lidrliara, MS,, xi. 137. Corporal at Soled.id
had to give monthly reports on manufactures, etc. Proc. Iti'f., MS., iv. \~'\.
Must keep a diai'y of events to be sent in every month. St. Pap., Sar., MS.,
vi. 1. Escoltas to build themselves houses to save paying rent. Pr^r. Si.
Pap., MS., xiv. 17r). .June J>, 1790, padres to have escorts on journeys, or
on going to confess, etc., but not to pur.sue fugitives. J'rnv. /Ac., MS., iv.
(M; v. S{>. No aid to padres to punish Indians unless two agree; Init to alle-
viate sufTcring the reipiest of one to suUice. LI., v. 8!). April 'J'.l, 17!I7,
Argiiello reprimands a corporal for having furnished only one soldier to escoit
seven padres. J'roi: St. Pap., MS., xvi. 57. Lasuon, Jiij'inne BUmd, J7U7-S,
MS., (')7-8, objects to the leduction of the guard in the old missions. Oct.
11, 170!J, the guai-dian complained to the V. R. ihat the escoltas were too
small; and the report was sent to Rorica on Dec. 17th. Prov. Ht. Pap., MS.,
xviii. 148-0.
1
REOULATIOXS.
685
and occasionallv an expedition of presidio soldiers wati
sent out to make a wholesale collection ol* apostates,
but such raids were not yet very frequent. Kintl
treatment of returned fu<,dtives was required by the
oovernor, and was to a larjjfe extent enforced. Neo-
j)hytes sometimes stowed themselves away on the San
Jilas vessels, or escaped by land to Sonora.'^
The laws required an alcalde and several regidores
to be elected annually in each mission, a policy which
had in earlier times met \vith considerable opposition
from the ptJ,dres, who insisted that the natives w'ere
by no means fitted for S(;lf-government even to this
slight extent. After 1792 those elections ceaseil alto-
gether until Borica brought up the matter in 179(1
and insisted with the viceroy's approval on the en-
forcement of the law. President Lasuen obeyed,
but in his instructions to the padres he clearly indi-
cated that the election was to bo a mere formality
and the autliority of the native officials merely nom-
inal, the whole system being intended simply for tlie
instruction of the neophytes in the forms of civil
government with a view t(j the time w-hen the missions
sliould be secularized. After 1790 the elections wei'o
regularly reported to the governor each 3'ear, and the
padres sometimes caused the choice to fall on a
trusty neo[)hyte wlio could be allowed to exercise
slight authority as a kind of overseer. The
gov-
'" 1701, Fagcs' policy of sending neophytes. Fiirjrx, Papel dc Piiiffnn, ilS.,
I.')!—"). Jjiii. 1."), 1704, govoinor to viceroy. I'rogrcss has liccn niiulo in llio
rodiK'tion of gentiles and fugitives by gentle measures. A chief has even
l)rought in fugitives voluntarily. Proi: Sf. Pap., MS., xxi. l.'Jl. 17'.)o, lio-
riea approves siiiding pagans after fugitives. Prov. Pec, MS., v. (i!). 171Mi,
fugitives to 1)0 treated well. Pror. si. Pap., MS., xix. 17<!. 1707, vierroy
forbid* any Indian being taken to Mexico. J'ror. I'cc, !MS., vi. 1!)."). 17'.)N,
ninety fugitives (if Santa Cruz reeoveved l)ysoldiera. I'rui'. Sf. I'ip., MS., xvii.
101. Kov. S, 1708, viceroy to Lasuen, disapproves the sending of neoiihytes
after fugitives, except in extreme eases after consultation witli tlie governor'.
Arch. Sin Jiarhnru, MS., vi. 73. Mar. 4, 1700, Lasuen instruet.s the padres
accordingly. /'/., xi, 140-7; La-suen's original order in Poc. Hi t. Cal., MS.,
iv. 7l-;i. July 'J2, 1700, governor to padres of San .Tuan. Tlicy may send
Indians after fugitives to peaceful ruueherias. /'roc. Ji'cr., MS., vi. '2\2.
I'iight of Indians to San Lias and Sonera. Pnn: St. Pup., MS., xi "iOO; xxi.
1S.~); I'lvr. Jt(C., ilS., iv. 58. On fugitives from San Frunei.-ico v here tlio
most trouble occurred sec chapter xxxi. of this volume.
586
MISSION PROGRESS.
friHiiont (lid not choose to interiei'c so lonj^ {is tlio
prcsciihod I'ornialitics wore complied witli." The ^sec-
ular authorities still found fault because tin; nc;o|ihytes
were j)erniitted to ride and thus fitted to he formi-
dahle I'oes in the future; but the friars, while appreci-
atinix the dantjer and adniittini^ that one white man
was e(]ual to six or eij^ht Indians to care for their herds,
claimed that as there wej'e no Sj)aniards to be had
even if the missions were able to pay for their services,
they must necessarily employ natives as vaqueros.-"
In two" local controversi( -* elsewhere narrated, that is
to say at Santa Clara respectinii;' boundary lines be-
tween missioTi and pueblo and at San Francisco
respecting the establishment of the raneho del rev,
the friars were victorious in the first and defeated in
the second, receivini^ strict justice at the hands of
the authorities in California as well as in Mexico.
Indeed, throughout this decade there was an evident
disposition on the part of viceroy and governor to
j)romo(e friendly relations; while guardian and presi-
dent, especially the latter, were much more disposed
than formerly to conciliatory methods."^
"On mission alcalilos before 1790 sec Prov, lice, ^IS., i. 1'20; iii. 71, 170;
Arch. Sta lidrliurit, MS , x. !J4-(J. Sejit. '22, 179(i, Borica to Lasuen anil tu
till) paih'i's, requiring' coniplianco with the law. Prav. Pec, MS., vi. 17.'); Sfn
Cruz, J'(trroi/iiia, MS., Hi; Arch. Ar:.nlii.</in<lo, MS., i. 44. Nov. '2, 17!'!!,
Lasiieii'.s circular to tlic pailres. Arch. Sta JSurlntru, MS., xi. lliS-t); vi. IIS-
I'.l. Xov. 19, 1700, Tiorica to viceroy stating his action in the matter. S/. P(ijk,
(SV(r., MS., iv. G()-7. I'ce. "20, 1707, vii'croy to Lasuen. Arch. S/n JJdihnrd,
MS., X. OO-.'l. Dec. 2, 170(), ]5(jrica to Lasuen, ap])rovin:,' the election <jf neo-
phyte alcaldes and regidores who arc to act generally under the padres' direc-
tion, hut in criminal matters under the corporal of the cscolta. Prot: lice.,
^IS., vi. 17S-0. Jan. 7, 1707, Borica orders padres of San Diego to depose a
l)ad alcalde and elect a new one. hi. Jhirch .'10, 1708, Borica tells padres of
Soledad they were wiong in changing alcaldes without subuiittiiig the case ti(
the government. Prov. lice., MS., vi. 210.
'"' Tills matter was pretty well settled before 170G so far i\n t!ie mi.ssions
were concerned. Prov. 7iVc.,MS.,iii.(i4-."), S7; Arch. StaJj(ir!iura,}>lH.,\i.'){>'2-
fi; viii. (jo. jNlay 28, 1701, the governorsays the Indians an; getting too nuich
meat to eat, are becoming too skilful ridei's. and are acrpiiriug the insolence o*
Apaches. Pror. St. P(i]i., MS., x. 1.jO. Strict orders against any gentile or
any Indian servant of soldier or settler being allowed to ride or to have anu>.
iV. Jo^c, Arch., MS., ii. SO; iii. 05.
'■" For the controversies at Santa Clai'a and San Francisco see chaptir
xxxi., this volume. Revilla (iigedo, Carta ile 170J, MS., 21-."), dwells en
the importance of pti'omoting harmonj' with the friars. Jan. 2, 170">, Lasui-n
in a circular ordur.-j the ]jadrcs to forward to him uU consultations of the gov-
IIORRA'S CnARGES.
:.S7
The leadinuf controversy of the deoaclo in Frnnciscaii
circles resulted from certain char<>-es made aLjainst tho
missionaries by one of their own number, thoni^h in
subse(|uent investigations tho secular authorities be-
came involved. The results of these investigations
])resent the best information extant I'cspectinuf the de-
tails of the mission routine in certain of its phases,
and they will be used elsewhere in a cha[)ter ilevoted
to the subject; but here I present the matter only in
a g'eneral way as a prominent historical event and as
illustrating the missionary policy of tho time. In 1 71)7
1 *adre Antonio do la Concepcion Ilorra, who had come>
to California the same year, was sent back to ^lexico
by Presid(!nt Lasuen on a charge of insanity. Back
at the college on July 12, 1708, Horra addressed a
memoiiai to tho viceroy in which, besides complain-
ing bitterly of the treatment to which he had been
]»ei'sonally subjected on a I'also charge of insanity, ho
made some serious charges against the Californian
iriai's of cruelty and mismanagement. There was
nothing in the document to indicate that the writer
was of unsound mind, unless it was his closing re(juest
to be sent away because his life woulil bo in danger if
it were known that ho had revealed prevalent abuses
to the viceroy."'^
rnior. Arch. Stn Bdrhnra, xi. l.^.l. Ciita!:'i'.s reported liostility to sottlora
ril)iiktMl. y'roi'. ViVc, MS., vi. l(i!)~70. li: ciiso of iiiuovntions the padres to
li;' caiUious and consult the president. Lusmii, ('ornsjji,i/il< iirict, M.S., ;ilS- 1!*.
])(•('. 14, ITOo, IJuiica to Ooyeoeeliea, ho must give tho jiadres all nec'led
aid hy vieeioy'3 order. Pruv. Jkc, MS. iv. SO. Jan. IT!'", eorporals Mo-
r,i'/a iind \'allejo forced to apologize to (.'atala for tiieir rudene.^s. /(/., vi.
17!!-S;); iv. 'JO-i-,j. A padre must .settle Iiis troubles v. itii a conipaniim nr
ajipeal to the prelate; the governor will not interfere in such niuttei-s. A/.,
vi. li)7.
-"■' Jf'irrii, Itfpn'tentaclon al Virnj roulr<i lo!< Miskmi'rfmde (^(ilil'uniat, 17')S,
MS. Sitj.-ir, Lataun, and Miguel were? the jiarticuhir ol)ject.s of llo:'ia".i
■wrath. Sitjar, oliended at I'adre ( 'cincejciun's criticisms, went to his inti-
liii'te friend Lasuen, who believed the -ihsurd story of insanity, and .sent
Mi'ruel who treati'd him as a maniac, even layin;,' violent hands on him and
nialtrtatin'; liim all the way from San MiLjuel to Monterey wluie he was
tlaown into a fever, all of which could be proved by I'cyri, tho soh'aei's, ancl
tlie surgeon. He cites many witnea^■,es ineludin,' (Jov. l)i)riea to prove tliat
he \A not mad, and others to prove his past services; but lie can j.ct no jus-
tice at tho college because all tliero arc frieniLs of l^asuen. isec also chapter
x.wi., en Tadre llorra's life and experience ill Culiioriiia.
I
5S8
MISSION PROGRESS.
On Aiiujust 3 1st tlio viooroy sent tlio rcprcsonta-
tions of Jlorra to li(»rica, wlio was ordered to investi-
gate and report on the truth of tlio chariLfes. IJorjci
uccordini^dy des|)atclied pi'ivate instructions to tlie
four eonmiandants to send in answers t(» fifteen r(U('s-
tions pro[)ounded on the manner in which the IVi.irs
were discharging their (hities.-^ This was on I )ecenihrr
(kl, and before the end of tlie month tlie required rep(»rts
were made hv Argiiello, Goycocchea, Sal, and Actiii"-
Comandante Rodriguez; while Crajera sent in liis
reply in March 171)!). These replies, especially those
of (jroycoechca and Sal, went iar to supjxirt some of
the mad friar's accusations.^* The report which Jjorica
jtrobahly made to the viceroy on receipt of his subor-
dinates' statements is unfortunately not extant.'-' It
was not apparently until this report, including those
of the connnan<lants, reached ^lexico that anything
whatever was known at the college of liorrti's repn--
sentation against the friars or of the resulting investi-
L^ations. In February 1791) the guardian sent Lasueii
a statement of the charges,-" and a little later copies
of other documents which were lost in crossinuf the
gulf of California, and Lasuen did not receive the
iifteen (piestions and the connnandants' rej)lics until
Septend)er 1800. In October Tapis and Cortes of
Santa Barbara sent in to the president a long and
com[)lete rejily to Goycoechea, wh-^sc statements had
been more full t lan those of the others and sliiihtiv
^'Aui;. .list, viccro_ o Eorica, in Pror. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 40; Borim,
Qithire /'/•''(/itiita-i "of/rc imo.i dc MiHioiirroH, 1708, MS.
•^ Arn'udlo, Uc'imeslu la.i Qui lire Prcijitntwi mhir Ahiinofi (fc Jflnioiirro^,
1708, iMS. Diitc'tl San F ucisco, Dec. 1 Itli, nml more favorable to tin- ])ailris
than tlic otliiTS. lloi/ron a, I'r-^jnicclu, etc., MS., Sta Iji'irbaia, l)uo. 14tli;
Sii/, ltc-<j>ii(stii, etc., !MS Monterey, Dec. l.")tli; Itoilr'tiiiu::, L'ly/nicsla, vie,
MS., San Diego, Dec. 19v ; C'rajera, IteypucMa, etc., MS., San Diego, ^larch
21, IT'Ji).
''■'On Oct. .to, 1708, liowcvcr, Borica in a letter to the viceroy expresses
his opinion tliat tlie best way to insure the advancement of the natives wa.s
to form a re;j;lamento for the whole mission routine, inclniling instruction,
food, dnss, (iwcllin.L's, care of sick, labor, punislnneuts, and amu:;emeuts,
and to hold the president responsible for exact compliance with the rules; tor
at present his authority is sometimes disregarded. Prov. AVc, MS.,vi. IOj-Ci.
^"Feb. ti, 1800, guardian to president, in Arch. Sta Uurbara, MS., xi.
2S4-7.
LASUEX'S RnroKT.
fiSO
less TiivoraMc to the friars," And filially pjv; MiMit
Ijasiun (li'votcd liimsflf fVoni NovciwIht \2, IhOO, to
.luiio ID, I HOI, to tli(! juvpaiation of a coinpiclu'usivo
r\|M»sitioii of tho whole suhjoct, which is not only the
hiulinn' production of the vcnorahlo authoi-'s pen, hut
till! most eloquent and complete defence and present-
ment of the mission system in many of its phases
wliieh is extant."'* It is in a chapter on the mission
system and routine that the details of all tliese docu-
ments must he chieily utilized as already intimated;
i)ut it seems necessary to present here a general view
of the questions at issue, which difficult task 1 pro-
ceed to perform as brielly as possible.
It was tho policy of tlie government and tho duty
of the iViars to introduce the Spanish language in place
of the vernacular, thus fitting tho natives for future
citizenship. Padre Concepcion accused the friars of
an almost total neglect of this duty. According to
the commandants religious services and some teachings
of Christian principles were conducted daily in the
north in Sjianish ; in the south the natives were taught
in their own language, thoujjjh the doctrina was often
repeated to them in Spanish. In general intercourse
the vcrnacularwas used wherever the friars had learned
it, and in some missions exclusively. Nowhere were
the natives compelled to learn Spanish, and every-
where tho friars were more or less inditierent on the
subject. Padres Tapis and Cortes affirmed that at
Santa Barbara the doctrina at mass was taught in
Spanish and in the afternoon cither in one language
or another; but ^hey admitted that the natives were
not required, only persuaded, to use the Spanish.
And finally Lasuen, while maintaining that it was usc-
*' Tapis and Cortds, lifplira de los MinUtron dc Sta Bdrhara d la llei^pnexta
ijuc. did (I C'omandaiile Clorjcoechea a las quince ])rc<iuu'u8 dc IJorica Kohre (ilntsoa
dc MisioiicroK, ISOO, MS. Dated Oct. .'iOth. Other padres, not unlikely ouo
from eacli mission, sent in similar reports on the subject, but I have found
none of the documents except this.
^^ Ldsucii, Ikpreufntachm sohre los Punfosrepresentadoa al Superior Gohicmo
por cl P. J'l: Aiitouio dc la Concepcion {Ilorra) contra los misioneroa de esta
Xacvu Catlfornia, ISOO, MS., with autograph signature.
IJI
I; .1.1
coo
MISSION PROGRESS.
loss to preach to the natives in a languar^e they did
not understand, claimed tliat an honest eftbrt was niadu
to teacli Spanish, that exercises were conducted in
that lanLjuage once a day, that the natives were com-
pchcd to use it in tlieir petitions, that premiums were
olFered for acquirini^ it, and moreover that the nativus
were inchned to learn it."*^
Respectinj^ Ilorra's statement that natives wui-i!
baptized without sufficient instruction in the faith, and
then oi'ten allowed to return to the forest, to be w-
haptized })erhaps at a later date, the commandants
thought the preliminary teaching of eight days' (ir
more and rarely less might be sometimes too littlo,
some padres being more careful than others, and that
rebaptism might occur, though they knew of no in-
stances where it had occurred. The padres claimed
thateiji'ht davs was the minimum, tliat the instruction
was am}de, and that a second baptism could never
happen under their system of registers. Lasuen knew
of but three cases of rebaptism out of 27,000 con-
verts. All but Go^'coechea agreed that neophytes
were never allowed to return to the woods and moun-
tains except for definite periods and purposes. In
answer to the charge of insufficient food many details
weie given of the rations actually served, which
though insipid and unvarying in quality seem to have
been sufficient in quantity. Sal and Goycoeclua
deemed tlio amount of food too small for laboring
men; but Lasuen affirmed most earnestly that tin-
natives had all they wanted, not only of the everlast-
ing afofe and pozo/c, but regular allowances of meat
and milk, with fish occasionally, and always a plate
'•^'Ttfivilla Cli'.'oilo iimlerstaiuls tliat tlic natives permanently Hrttlcd uso
Spanisii; liiit tlio tVinr.s Kmi'u the veniarular to advance tlieir iustnu tinii.
Carta i/e n'.U, MS., 11, l,"). Rl). 1!), 17!),-), I'.i.iica to president, eiKLi>iiii^'
ro\;d order tliiit native.-! lie tau^dit S[iiinisli. l'r>iv. lli<\, MS., vi. M.'i. Fel).
'j;!d, eircidar (if president reipiirini; padre.s to promote learning; S]i!inis!i aud
forliid tlie use of vernacular. Airli. Sla Hdrlidta, MS., xi. l'Ji>. Dec. ITi'i^i
]k)rica says that Sitjar of Sau ]Mi.LCiiel tea-lien in the vernacular. Vroc. Jin'.,
MS., vi. ...■>. March •_'!, 17'.)!), (irajera says tlic natives !.t i^aii l)ie;.'o aro
taught the doctrines in their own laiifzuage 1)V educated iudians, no cH'uit
being made to teach Spanish. J'roi; .bV. J'aj>., ^IS., xvii. 11)2.
TREATMENT OF INDIANS.
r.O)
from t]io padres' tablo if asked for. The inissi(Mi
Indians were always latter than the gentiles, their
work was easier than that required to gain a subsist-
ence in the old way, and the gentiles gi'eatly preferred
tlie Spanish grains to their wild seeds and fruits.
Still, as the president admits, the neo[)hytes did desert
and plead hunger, and they were always glad to get
permission to go to the moiite for a time to live in the
old way. Such pennissions were given more freely
in times of short supplies; but no Indian was ever
com])elled to go. As to the clothing of the neophytes
there was a substantial accreement on the one or two
l)laakets, breech-clouts or jDctticoats, and shirts given
to each native every year or two, iftid no expression
of <)].)inion that the supply was not adequate to their
wants, exce|)t by Sal.
1'he dwellings of the neophytes were, as Lasuen
admitted, in many places like those of the geniiles,
but cleaner, better on the Channel than elsewhere,
and in some missions already replaced by adobe houses
■with tile roofs. These dwellings like the presidios
and other buildings went througli successive stages,
and were improvetl as fast as possil)le. Unmarried
females it wa.^ found necessary to lock up at niglit
and to watch closely, but they were given generally
tlie best room in the mission, and subjected to no hard-
ships, Ti\ only "<; few missions were bachelors loclced
up or forced to sleep in the mission. On these p(jiiits
llorra liad made no special charges except as thty
w<'re included in the general one of ill-treatment.
On the subject of labor tliere was a radical differ-
ence of o[)ini()n. According to the connnandants
the -working hours were i'rom six to nine hours p^r
day, varying with the season, with extra work <»n
sjiecial occasions as in harvest-time. Task worlv was
also eoiiunon, 1)ut the tasks were so heavy that tin'
time was not materially reduced. Wonu^n nmst cai'ry
adobes, stones, and l)ricks, and wlien with child or
giving suck their tasks were not suiiicienlly dimin-
I il
692
MISSION PEOGEESS.
ishcd. Children were employed at driving away birds
or at other lii>hter labor: the aged and sick wore
exempt. The I'riars on the contrary aflTrm that work-
insjf hours were from four to six hours; that not moro
tlian hair the natives worked at tlie same time, the
rest escaping on some reason or pretext, for they wcn-e
always excused even when their plea was doubtful;
thnt many did little even when pretending to work;
that tasks were assigned whenever it was possil)le,
and so light that the workers were usually free in the
afternoon or a day or two in every week, and finally
that all proper allowances were made for women in
their various conditions. Lasaen compares the mis-
sion tasks with those imposed on such natives as were
sent to work at the presidios where they were obliged
to toil from morning till night; and he ventures to
doubt the sincerity of the commandants' compassion
for the poor overworked neophytes.
The commandants in answering Borica's questions,
and indeed the governor in asking them, touclied on
several points not included in Horra's accusations.
One complaint was that too short a time was allowitl
to the neophytes for gathering wild fruits. The
answer was that at Santa Barbara one fifth of the
whole number were allowed every Sunday to go to the
moide for a week or two, and elsewhere a similar sys-
teni was adopted. If the converts ai'o to be freed
from every restraint like the pagans, says Lasuen,
when are they to become civilized ? Another charge
of Sal and Goycoechea was that the natives were
carefully restricted from all intercourse with the geiito
do razon, and were not allowed to visit tlie presidios
or to afibrd any aid to the soldiers, the missionaries
being afraid of losing their services. These state-
ments the friars denied as false and cahnnnious.
There was no effort to restrict intercourse except in
special cases with vicious persons; any neopliyte was
free to visit the presidio on holidays or with leave of
absence, and none had ever been punished for helping
CRUELTY TO XEOriTYTES.
50?,
the soldiers, except sometimes tor abscondinq-. ]\rore-
over the })residios had always been supi)lied with
servants of all kinds for no compensation save; what
the employers cliosc to pay, and neither missions nor
natives h;:d ever been l)enefited by this intercourse.
The alxn'iqines did not like to work at the presidios,
where tliey were ill-treated and often cheated out of
their pay; yet most of tlie work on the jn-esidios had
be(!n done by laborers furnished from tlie missions.
'' The treatment shown to the In(Hans," savs Padro
Concepcion, "is the most cruel I have ever read in
history. For the sliixhtcst things they receive heavy
|lo<jroiiiM-s, are shackled, and put in the stocksj and
treated with so nuich cruelty tluit tliey are kept whole
days without a drink of water." The con)mandants,
witliout expressino- an opinion as to the })ro])ri(>ty or
undue severity of the punishments inflicted, sim[)ly
sjiecity those punishments, administered by the padres
at will, as tlog;L:,ing, from fifteen to fifty lashes, or
sometimes a novenarv of twenty-five lashes per day
for nine days, stocks, shackles, the covma — a kind of
h(jbble — and imprisonment in some of the mission-
rooms, for nciilect of work or reliixious duties, over-
staying leave of absence, sexual otlences, thefts, and
([uarrelling auK^ng tliemselves. Ilarely or for seri(tus
oifcnces were the natives turned over to the military,
nr assistance asked from the soldiers. The friars ad-
mitted all this, exce[)t that they denied that more than
twenty-live lashes were ever given ,^° affirming more-
over that only at Santa Bdrbara were M'onien put in
the stocks, and that they were very rarely flogged.
Til'}' claimed that according to the laws they stood
/// loco pare»^/.s' to the natives, must necessarily re-
strain them by punishments, and inflicted none but
proper penalties, pardoning first offences, and alway.s
inclining to mercy and kindness. The soldieys were
■'"Sept. '20th, 170fi, Borica saya to a padre that only 2') lashes may lio
f,'i\i'n ; heyoiul this the matter belongs to royal jurisiUctiou. f'ruv. Jicc, MS.,
vi. 174.
Hist. Cal., You I. 38
1 1
594
MISSION PROGRESS.
not asked to render aid because Governor Neve liad
opposed It; and natives were not sent to the presidio
because tliere they were ill-treated, used merely as
peons, could easily escape, and always came back
worse than ever. Lasuen admits that there mav haw^
been instances of undue severity, and that one niis-
sionarv had been removed; but he denies the charnfcs
of cruelty at San Francisco, which had had most
weiti'ht with Borica, and insists that for cverv instance
of apjjarent severity there have been many where tlic
commandants have blamed the friars for excessive
tolerance and yielding."^
Father Concepcion renewed the old complaint that
the padres in selling mission products to tlie presidios
disregarded the tariff of prices established by tlie
government. Although the president indignantly de-
nied any variation from the legal rates, and altliougli
the different statements arc somewhat confusing in
detail, yet from the testimony of the officers and
from the admissions of Ta[)i3 and Cortes it is evident
enougli that, except in the articles of Avheat and corn
in ordinary years, and in the more oi'dinary qualities
of animals, little attention was paid to the price-lists
either by missionaries or any other class in California.
It was easy for the friars l)y jjleading the needs ot"
the neophytes or the choice quality of the article
desired, to avoid selling or obtain an extra price; but
grain and ordinary live-stock they were almost always
olad to sell, and sometimes at less than the leo'al rates.
That wines and liquors werci bought by the friars at
high [)rices in addition to the quantities obtained in
^lexico, was unsu})ported by any evidence. Finally
the missionaries were accused of havinix accumulated
wealtli, though the}' pleaded poverty. To this the
connnandants re})lied that they knew nothing of tlie
^' Soo chapter xx\i. of this vohiino for tho charj,'c of cruelty at San I'l.in-
c'isi'o, wl.iih l>oriia l)tlie\c'(l to lie well foinidi'd; al-so Prur. Jlic., .MS., v. •JiKi;
vi. !)7-8, ll.j, 172, ITii; PrM-. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 8S; /</., lini. Mil., \\\'~ .
8-10. liistnictioiis of t!io viceroy in \'\y>\ and 1797. in favor of kilulne^i and
uierey to tlie Indians so fur as justice and caution may allow. ,S7. Pap., Mi<.-<.
add CoL, .MS., i. 'J3-4.
THE rPvESIDEXT'S COXCLUSIOXS.
503
mission wealth, beoausc tlic fi-iars Iccpt tlic matter
s('eret,an(l simply gave some figures respL'ctiiiL;- amounts
paid and due ibr mission su])plies to the pii'sidios
during the past year or two. The- padres made no
reitlv to the main charge, thou!>h announeinu: their
readiness to repl}^ when lecpiired to do so hy tluir
sU})('rioiTs; l)ut they indignantly repelled the insinua-
iiou that there was anvthinu; in their iinaneial manai>'e-
nient or condition kept secret from the government."''
' Such was the controversy and such the statements
presented on the leading points hy hoth parties, though
the resinne does but scant}' justice to the subject, and
(Specially to Lasuen's report, many of the minutiiv
being necessarily omitted. The author manifests some
dissatisfaction that the charixes of ji man who left Cal-
iibrnia under such peculiar circumstances should huvo
been made the basis of this investigation without a
] preliminary taking of testimony as to the state of
ill-; mind. He is indignant at the conmiandants, not
only ibr \\hat he I'cgards as misstatements on certain
details, but cliiefl}' ibr what they failed to say and I'or
what their silence implied. They had failed to rei'ute
"'Of the Rupplii'S fninif^lic'd liy missions tn ]ir<'siili<)S the accounts prcricrved
!nc vtry iiic;;;n'e :\w\ i'uvnitntary, soiiio of tl.n in licing prc.scnt'il wiili l.ical
.•inn:il.;. IVrliaps an !ivcia;;e of .Sl,'Ji;o per ytai' i'or e;;cli niiriK-ioii durinr; tliis
<lrc::(Ic wouid he a. fair CKtiniuto. This amount and the ^^tipend of '"■SCJ for
ci'.eh r.-ir:.' ion was; ;'ll the revenue of the j^adres to snipport theniHclvca and
Keep their chureiies in order. So far iis can Ite ji:d;;ed Inni the p;;rtiul
accoi'.nts (,f the proeurador extant, the annual imnn.r'u^ <.<{ supplicM ord(n'e(l
hy tl:c iiiai'S were fully C(pial to tiieir ereilit?^. I th.iuli there v.;!'! little
foundation for the eharj.'c tliat the padres were accunmhitin;; money either at
the rui^iiiion:) or in Jleideo in these early years. ];;:'aiiee a,'-i:inr>t the missions
Sept. G, 1;'(.!0, t?!!. rretcurador's accounts in .SV(( (V/'", Pan-oijH'fi, JIS., 18.
M;y 11, 17Wi, Salazar e:;tiinatcs the mission wealth, in l)uildin"3, etc., at
S'v.\C.id. Si:la:.ar, Cuiid/duii dcfiial dc ('(tl., .MS., G(-)-7. l^cc. 171^8, Eoric;^
to viceroy, he never interferes in mi.SLsion linanees, and is merely inl'ormed
at 1 ud of each year (li produce exislinj;. ]3olh he and the couimandants
luliivc the j^idres to h;.vo largo surpluses it Mexico auil in the coders at
S.tn I'ic o, San .Tuan, ( 'aiiistrano, and .San (labriel. lie advises investigation
ill Mexico. The president aids 7iew niissioUH ahundantly. 'i here are com-
plainl.'iof not f(H(,v.iiig the tarill', hut I'.oriea e:;] rei^ses no opinion. ]'roi\
l!<<\, ^iS., vi. 110-17. Aug. U), 17!'r), Lasiun to ISorica. repre eiiling Iho
iiijui.ute < f liceping /. rain at the same low pi ices as in yti-is ( f pluity. Arrh.
>'7 l,i'rl,ar(i, ^iS., vi. !i7-l(>l. In 17!>;'. I'lclio A. de Aiitepaiiduccta, canon
of ruehhi, left a legacy of -SoOO to the Calii'ornia niisi-ioiis, i;;:i(i apiiee wiih
SK) f ji- Sta IJaihaiii and Soled.ad, and !:(;() for Sta < in::. /</., xi. '2:.r>. On
luissien trade for this peii(.d :ee next chajiter. Lists ef iiii rea.se in church
\cstnients, etc., 17o4-o. iSV. rcji., JUnti., MS., ii. 15- 'J7, "iH-'J.
C96
MISSION PROGr.r:.^:=l.
the stati'incnts of cvcr-coniplainhig no()pli3'tcs \vi:f:i:i
tlicMi- ov.ii observations nm.st liavo .shown to he uiiic-
liahle witnesses; and because of certain petty quarrels
about the services of tlie natives as peons at the foi ts,
tliev hnd u'iven weiu'ht to the charo'e of a nia(hu;;ii
and had done ijreat wron!jf to the missionarv cause.
Lasuen chunicd tliat he and his band of friars were
working- lionestly for tlie conversion of the natixH.-;
accor(hn_L,' to the v.ell known rules of their order and
the reiiulatioiis of the Spanish !>-ovcrnnient, b^' wliidi
they stood in the ])ositiou of parents to tlie aborigines.
He admits that, being but men, they chffered Ironi
one another in judgment and patience, and conse-
quently that errors were couuuitted; but he aflhrns
most earnestly that the natives were shown all the
kindness that was consistent Vvith the restraint implied
in the missionary and ])arental relation. The venei'-
able i'ria.r's words and manner imju'css the reader
most forcibly, and a close study of the sul)jcct has
convinced me that he was right; that down to 1800
and considerably later the natives were as a rule most
kindly treated. We are by no mear.s to conclude
that tlie friars were now free from all blame in their
([uarrels with the secular authorities, or that they
had lost the arbitrary spirit that had distinguished
them in the davs of Serra and Fages. Xeither are
their protestations of a scrupulous regard for the wij;-
idation in the details of business management to be
implicitly credited; but in the matter of neo[)liyte
labor at ])residio, [)ueb]o, and rancho the friars hero
as elsewhere wei'c usually right and the military
wrong; and so fir as they touched this point, cruelly
to natives, or accumulation of wealth, Horra's charges
must be regarded as for the most part unfounded.
After I'cference to the fiscal and the usual delays, in
April 1805 the viceroy i'cnder(>d Ins decision, coiii-
j)letely exonerating the missionaries."'^
"•'' April 10, 1805, viceroy to governor, the padres .ire cleared nnd arc to
,contiuuc ill Ibo same course of zeal aiid brotherly love, etc, Coiuiiwialauli
ECCLESIASTICAL MATTERS.
597
Tlioro arc a few inisccllniu'onstopit^s conncctod with
the cc-clcsiastical adiiuni.stratioii of the province that
may appropriately receive hriet' notice hero. There
were as yet no regulaily appointed clia{)]ains, and the
i liars continneil to care for the spiritual interests of
soldiers and settlers, a]ipare'ntly without any compen-
sation. An income was, liovvevei", dei'ived IVoni the
saying of masses for souls in purgatory, some soldit.-i's
leaving a large i)art of their small properly to he t:l^^5
cxitended, or durino* their own life iinviii''" i'ees lor
niemhers of their families."^ ]\lo,-.t of the mission.^
If >ii';,'c'(l to jnomotc liiin
s/. r
ap.
?kIS., xix. 2, X Saiuo dati:
\'. J;. ti> yiuirdian to same oh't'ct, tiio fiootl jiaiuc t.f tliu jiailiv.; iu iio\vi.;ij tav-
(Oi'i du.
1 l.v 1'. C(
(jiici'iicioii tj cliai":i;;
;1 (li;
;-tlr
10 cnianatuiiia of nii nusoiind luiiiil.
•uuiciit i.i lay collection, ivt'creiieu
cal's ()iiiui(ai is alr.i) extant. J',
MS.
lo:<t.) Ail
. I :5. lie i
';r.Rnt of tl;u l!wi-
hisca tliat t'lcio
lo .';v;ce]aii',f deeiciou liecausc a few points may be pi'oved. Tlicrc i
i a
natural e-juiiictof iutcre.st.-i between patlrea and eoniina
liave to tome to the forinei' for s "
.sliict dcali
[ppl:
id til
ince tlicLii;:er
jfr.l niana.'fciner.t iiiul
jf tlie friars arc attrilmlcd to
iiioa.nnes.s or
then
rpi;;
(1i:j..enh;ioiiti Ijetweeu the Iiidi
(1 .soWi
d'
r:pite
iloivover
the re;;orl.j of
pnr.i hnienta are inllieted ■\vliie!i seem to tlio pailiva too tcverc. It
is dillieulfc to olitain testimony from di:uiitereKted parties i:i California. It in
1 i;y the poor India.ii l:as to ):e all his life in the
J otii
eis, lleVi-r
(nvns aiiyiliin^r, and is fed on ra.tions. yet it cannot now lie lielred.
Iti
ip:
tha
th:
Iriar.i th
tl
rlvin the decade there had Letu an iitleniV-t to take from
10 ni:!na';cnicnt of the tcniiioraliiies, c ri'";ir.at<'(
L'h
(1 l.y !;oi!.c tf
to I, a
:;0, 171)4, I'. Miui'irte.^nd, f(;rmc;ly(,f Cii'.iioiT.ia, w
■; iea
iiien e,\preu.iiiig in slron;
la
■d liy tome iiu n
.f t!
lie
^e hid opi:o.sition lo the j n j o;:iti! ii
;e efille^c
to ! JVC ii;> the ten'.; <
n
lid 1)0 ii ]:ity 'for the disconnected reaooniir.s of two
'.la! l!>rean c;;;;rl:vtati3
to stop t
lirojcets o
he \\oi
f the V
k Ijeynii by a holy Maliore:iii.' I'(.Ltiin;iteIy, however,
loiilddie n foniieiM meet wiih but little ciiec/i'.ra'feine'.it,
the hamo may lie .'aid of the eoiii])l:.iiits (.f two oilier pa<Iref!, Cili and JIubf,
who have spoken a-jaiiut the ('
y;.V^ .A]S. April ;;0, 17!!1, the b
liiornia n:l.-;;j)oiialKS.
i llijU
jf Sonorii eall.j L;;l!
';/'■',
Utcniir-ii
the ri'Val order of March (i, IT'Ji', .'.raiitiii!' an eeelo:jiaKtic:d tax on ail ie\e-
iue'.lldin'' till
of mi.-^sionr.rica
; l:s liini ti;
V) I tr ce:
.t. f.r
fi'ur yea.rs (ii the : tii:(iids of all the friars and all other rcvcmies. Lasrcii
replies that the California i a.dres have no revenue, except the sti;;end of ^-l.-O
la..';:, j-nd even with that they have iiotliin^;
eaeii, jiveu as a
name the articles needed for the eluircl
to di:
•.tt:.
Mild I CO a
ilk
e colicr'o collcc.ci
1
th.
I pel
1 v.illi thcni paid for llic invoic
If the kin' v.-
to re
UCJ
the !-,;ipeiid l)y a tax, let the inattir Ijo arraii;;ed a.t the erllu;e; rrauci
fii
lars lu.vc no^
liin;' to do or say about rev
.statement, tlioiiijh rej^rettin^' that his word di;e.s i:
lirn-<i, ^!S., X. (d-S. I liear no more of this r.ia.ttei
eiir.e niat.ers.
ot EV
11
fV.OVU
lace. . !/•<•/(. ,S7; /.'
;e:;t. 1!), ]?.,0, Eo!
says that a royrd order decides that temporiditics are to !;e ii:corporated
m
the royal hacienda. /
of teniporali'd
'2y{). 171)-', 17'J(
(lor
Ai
J,\
MS.
IV,
171. i;
17'J"S d'y.-i
•cctor-.',Tuera
ippoint- (1. /'
S\ l\
:m:
stipends.
Arrh. Arr.,!:,
i, roxenior si; lis cirlilicates f( r the jadres to <.xt their
do, Jl;
P
tl ('.
Mf
VI.
^' Sant-i Eirliar.i .Misdoii receive 1 alms f^
1800. Arch. ,SOi lidrl,
ir /.-( masses sai
Ii
1 fr
!ll ti:
rhiiri(.
MS.
\',\\. Tiie fiiar.s had al.-o mai-scs to tay
' ¥i
508
MISSION PROGRESS.
liad now a palisade or adobe enclosure serving" as a
cemeterv. No pueblo, and of the presidios oiiiy San
Diego, liad a cemetery. It was customary to buiv
jj^ente de razon in the churches or chapels, but the
I'riai'S made an efl'ort to break u[) the [)ractice.^'' ]v)t!i
soldiers and natives often esca[)ed a tloyging by takin;;'
advantage of their rio'lit of church asylum, and occa-
sionallv this taking refuge in the sacred edilice led 1;)
j)etty misunderstandings between the officers and
iViars, though there were no notable instances during
this decade.''^
The perl'oi'mance of religious duties by the })e(>|i]c
was rigidly enforced, as is shown by many orders iu
the archives."' Papal bulls or indulgences were sent
to California every two years, and such as were imt
sold were burned at the end of a specilied time. Tin.'
habilitado of ]\Ionterey was general administrator of
this branch alter 1797, and each commandant attended
foi" ineml)ers of t'.icir onV'v abroad. Oct. 2'J, 1705, L.isiion says in a ciicular
that tlio iiuni'.'n.us ik'atlis of friar.s at San Fernando ami otiicr i.'o!lc;;<s ami
(■.:/ routf, Ikivo liuiduncil llic i-onnnunity with over 7,000 uiawsus. Jlauh ] aih'i;
i.i to say liow nuiiiy !k' can take. /./.. i\-. ,';i2.'5-4. Deo. 7, ISO!), Lasucn oiiiirs
mass and Ic <lLiun on tlu; accession of J'opc. Pius VII. hi., xi. 14S-!).
''>l)(c. L'i), 170-_', Lasucn to AiTiUa^L^a. Arh. Ar.<jl,if^;.(i<l:,, .MS., i. '1^ \).
17ni), ScAan l■cfu^^('.'^ to liury ^Maria del ( 'dnncn .-Vlviso in the in'cwidjo eh;;;.i 1.
J'rnr. Sf. J'tiji., J'lin. Mil., J\1S., .\x. ,5, (!. Two soldiers Ijuried ia the cli;:;;cl
at San l)ie,i,'o. Pn,i\ St. J'n])., J^re-ililios, MS., i. 5;}, CO.
^''' JiUy "JO, ]~',)i. .uovernor order.s an Indian cnlprit to 1)0 taken out of the
church at Santa Chira by foi'ce since his oii'cnce was not subject to ccclcxiiis-
tical inunmiity. J'roc. Itvr, MS., ii. 1,")0. l>ee. 0, IVDS, l.asuen ccrLilie ; that
he found a soldier in the church claiming asylum for having struck a ■\vonimi.
lie was ordered on .L';uard, and as there wa < no one to ri'placc him Lr.aaen ;:ivo
liiui ;i2'"/"'f/'' i'jli.'i'ii toi)rotcct his right of asylum. Ai-rli. Ar.o'il'ijiif'n, }.1S.,
i. o;). ^lar. "Jit, l.'iOO. commandant of Monterey orders a soldier to 1><' given
\\\t for trial on Ix'.il. Id., ii. 5-lJ.
"' Maich i!S, 17"'l, Arrillaga to commandants. All oiriccrs and men 1 y ;!il
day of Pentecost are to show cer'ilicates of h.'iving compiled wilh e!:!;;'i.h
rules. .S7. I'd])., Sac, MS., i. li;i. April, 171)'i, Padres of Sta Cvvy., Siii
Clara, und S. Fninciseo certify to those who have eonip'.reil with the aii:iU:d
jireeeptof coufe:;: ion and connnunion. Pror. SI. Paj'., IMS., xiii. 'J.'M— !i, '2t2 4.
S'ept. 'J;', 17I'.">, J"'.'! K) couii.iionr.do of San .lose. T(;har is ;-ent to the piicUu;
if he doe.i not confess williin !.'> days he is to he sent to Monterey in ir. :i.;. Pe
must also go to work. San Jom-, Arch., ^IS., iv. '27. Jan. 14, \7'jo, 1.;'.: .na in
a circular rc;a"et:i the c:uvlessness of many. All must ■oninni;;c on c:;tcr
«n<l he exaniineil ia the doetrina. Atr/t. Sla Jidrlidr >, M.-^., xi. 141-,'. dune
(jtli, ( 'orpond I'erulta is to ai'rei't any of the San Jose Mission j'uard ;;nd l:cv.i>
them so initil they perform their duties, /'nw. .S''. ]'a/i., MS,, x\ii. 1('7.
li'.iman, the tailor, nnist he kept handcuiled until he eonii>lies. Pior. Ji'a:.,
ilia., iv. 1)0. Arrellauo to be shackled. Prov. St, Pup., MS., xxii. 24.
IMAGE OF THE VIRGIX.
599
to his own district. Some statistics on tlic sul)jcct Jiro
oivcn in connection with local annals. So far as can
1)0 deternuned IVoni the records the annual I'evcnue
from this source was from fifty to a hundred dollars."**
A sacred imago of our lady of Guadalupe sent to
California in 1795 was hy license of the highest
ecclesiastical authorities allowed to be touched hv tlie
original picture. In one instance the soldiers estah-
lished a kind of ranclio where was raised a herd
devoted to decoratintr the iiuao'e of the viru.in.^'^
^^Prm. nee, IMS., iv. MS, 290; Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., ix. 241; xv. 42-.1,
4S, 77-K; xvi. !)S, 2J0; /,/., Boi. MU., :MS., xxviii. !); Si. Paj>. .!/;,«., MS., ii.
(i.'>; .S'. ,/(>/, Arch., M.S., vi. 42. The bulls scut sold from 2 reals, or 2.5 cunts,
to §2 each. Tho iliilfcrunt kinds woro vivos, latichdos, composicioii, und
di/itnld.'i.
•'"J'rou. St. Pap., MS., ix. 194r-5; xiii. 79.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
PUEBLOS, COLONIZATION, AND LANDS— IXDUSTRIES
AND INSTITUTIONS.
1T91-1800.
PPEBLO PnOOUKSS — STATISTICS — JoRDAN's PUOPOSED CoLONY — EFFOnTS OF
GOVEIINMKNT — MAltUIAdK EXf'OUKAfiEI) — InNS — ViEWS OP SaLAZVU,
SkSaN, AM) COSTANSO — Wo.MEN WaNTKL) — CoNVlCTS — FOLNDLINll.S—
TeNTKE of LaM>S — rt'ElSLO AM; MISSION SiTF.S — C'lIUoSOLOCU'AL .STATE-
MENT, 177;;-!!0 — PllESIDIAL PlTEDLOS — PliOVISIOXAL GllAXTS — LaNU-
TITLKS AT I'^XI) OF C'ENTrilY — LaBOU — IXDIAN LAIiOREItS — SaILOHS—
AkTISAN IxsTlUCTOns — MANrFACTUREIlS — MiXIXO — AoUICULTLliE —
Flax and IIkjii-— St'orK-iiAisixo.
The missions, as may be seen from the prccediiiif
sketch, if \\c regard only tlie primary object ibr wliicli
they were founded, were successful and prosperous.
Given a band of earnest and able missionaries, a
friendly native population, and a military force for
protection if needed, there was nothing to prevent
success and pros])erity in a land so blessed b}' nature.
The p'overnment had nothin;*' more to do in the matter.
If the towns were less successful in their efforts at
colonization and progress it was not because they were
deemed of less impoi'tance or received less attention.
Nor was it because the colonization system was less
judiciously managed by the crown than the uiission-
ary system by the Franciscans. It was because this
problem was more complicated than the other. It
would not solve itself, and faithful provincial office is
with wise regulations could not solve it. It is not
necessary to claim that tlie king's officers were as
devoted to the welfare of the towns as the friars to
(COO )
PUEBLOS NOT rnOSPEROU.S.
001
that f)f tlicir missions, for tlu'V liad otlior diitles und
lacked the iiiccMitivc; of holy /I'al; hut had their oppor-
tunitu'
th
d 11
leii' authorit\\ and tlicir enthusiasm corri'-
th
^pon
led t(
o and exeeetleil lliose o
Ith
tl
lo missionaries, thev
never could nuve ma(
1 h
de tl
le
1
hl(
>uei>l()s
prosj
)er.
T
wo
CO
i'atal ol)stacl(?s to success were the worthless character
of the original settlers, most of them half-hi-eeds of
the least enerL;"etic classes of Nueva A'i/caya and
Xueva (hdicia, and the lack of provincial connuer
to stimulate industry; for before 1800 the settlers
c<juld not have sold additional jiroducts of their lields.
I ij^ive elsewhere the local annals of the three ( 'ali-
fornian j)Ueblos, San Jose, Los An^'eles, and JJranci-
I'orte — tlie latter honored with the title of villa -during
this decade.^ The united p()[)ulatiou of the three
towns in 1800 was about oaO in something over ;i
hundred I'amilies, including a dozen or fifteen men
wJio raised cattle on ranchos in the vicinity and v.hose
families i'or the most part lived in the [)Ueblos. About
thirty families had been brought from al)road as set-
tlers and had been paid wages and mtions and (other-
wise aided ibr a teiin of years; while the ino'ease
came i'rom childi'en who gi'ew to manh(!od and from
sokliei's Vvho had sirxcd out their term of (.Milislnient
ami retired, oiten with pension^
Tl
ies(>, although
;enera
iiy
(.Id n)en, weic as a ru
letl
U! most succe>-
4ul
iarmers. The onlv industries of the settlers wer(i
Iti
aericulture a
did stock-raisinu'. Thev had 1(;,50() head
o
f catile and horses, about 1,000 she
ei>
!•'
an(
I t!
lev
raised about !),000 bushels of grain each year, suiplus
jiroduets being sold to the presidios. Each settlei' had
liis lield which he was required to cultivate, and he
had to contribuce a certain quantity of grain each
year to the conunon fund from which municipal ex-
})enses were jjaid. Each pueblo had a small guard of
soldiers, who were practically settlers also; and each
m ad(Ution
liti
to its alcalde and reuidores had a comi-
m
* See cliMptev xxix. of this volume for Angeles; ebapter xxxii. for .Sui
Jose, mul eliaiiter xxvi. for lirancifoite.
C02
INDUSTRIES AND IXSHTUTIOXS.
sioii.'ulo, gi-'iicrally oorpDnil of Hk; muai'd, wlio rcpi'o
f-H'iiti.'d th(j governor luul reported directly to tlio
eoiiiiiiMiidaiit of tlic nearest nresidio. Labor was
largely doiK' by lilivd gentiles, j^os Ang(des was more
pojiuloiis and prosperons than either of the otliei's,
Mhile Jh-aneiforto was as yet but a burden to the
ijoverinnent.
A Si)anisli visitor in 1792 stated in his narrative
that sohhers in California ^vhen too old for service
Avero not allowed to settle as farmers, and he eiit icised
this state of thin^i^s very unfavorably; but needlessly,
I'or no such conditions existed. jManv of the invalids
went to live in the pueblos, a few obtained ranchos,
and others remainctl at the presidios, performin;^" a
certain amount of military service. It was even per-
mitted them to settle near the presidio but outside
the walls, though it does not appear that any did so
at this early period." Ak^jandro Jordan's [;roject for
a colony to be established iu the interests of trade
under govermcntal protection and with somewhat ex-
travagant emoluments for himself, was disapproved
by the king on Arrillaga's advice, as already noted,
after neo-otiations lasting fi'oin 171)2 to 1704.'' Revilla
(jiigedo in 179o favored the settlement of some Span-
ish families at the missions, though he admitted the
great ditliculty of iiudin;j: families possessing the re-
(juired moral qualilications.* Costanso in his report
of 1794 f-ays: "The lir^t ttiin<j: to be thought of, in
my opinion, is to people the country. Presidios to
support missions are well enough for i\ time, but there
seems to be no end of them. Some missions have
been lor a hundred years in charge of friars and pre-
sidial guards. The remedy is to introduce gente de
razon among the natives from the beginning. Cali-
^Siittly Me.rirana, Vhirjr, 102-.3. Oct. 24, 1792, governor orders tluit no
quiet rccliio is to lie prevented from settling at ilie presidio of Monterey.
J'rov. ]l(C., .MS.,ii. MX). V.inconver p:ives it ratlier .niperlicial and inaccurate
account of the ].ueI)los, which he did not visit. Voyaijc, ii. 49j-G.
''See chapter xxiv., thi.-i vohinio.
Uiccilta (Jhjcdo, Carlu de 17D3, 23-4.
srKciAL rnojKCTS.
003
foriiiMiis iiii(l(i'st;iii(l this, iuid clunior for iiidiistiinu.s
citizens, Iv'icli sliip should carry u iniiiihcc of taiiiiru's
with !i |>roj)(i- outiit. Tlic kiii_n' supplies his soldiiM'!
with to(»ls, why noi. the larnier and niechaiiic as \V(
Tl
K'V sliould l)e St
■tiled
near
the 1
■IH
Missions and ininulo
with the natix'es. I'hus the missions will heeonio
towns in twenty-live or thirty years.''
In 171);') ]]orica made some special efl'orts to pi
mote marriai^o among soldii'rs and settlei'shy iavorablo
ren'ulations, and lie even discouraij'ed tlu; enlistment
es
(»t' the sons of settlei's in the ])residio com])ani
hut an ahsurd pro})osition Ironi AEexico tt) establish
imis for the convenience of travellers at ten suitable
s[)ots in C'aliiornia met with no favt)r from Boricii
and tlie pi'oject died a natural death.''
In J7!)() u sp(M-ial agitation of this subject of colo-
nization began in ^[exico, with the founding of Jh-au-
<-iforte as a result, as ("Isewhere narrated. Father
Sala/.ar, lately fi'om California, was calli'd U[)()U for
his views on the condition of the country. His ie|/ort
on the jtueblos was not an enc()uraging <;ne. The in-
habitants were idlers, paying more attention to gam-
l)ling and playing the guitar than to tilling their lands
id edueatinu' their children. The pa'jf'ans did most
ai
P
6 Costcuisd, I:>fi,rmc, V.'^U MSi.
"April i;i, ITD's Jjorica tu eoniinaii<laiits, nmiTia2;cs to bo promoted by
all lur.iorablo lucaus. Soldiuis to bo aided with anearsof p^'y, with what
they have in thu./oy.'i/y-', or even by an advance of I^'IO. Parent.s of enutraet-
iii;,' partie.i to be aided with sueli ell'eetb as can be paid for from their erop^i in
a year. L\^/h,I:IIo, Due. lli.^t. CuL, MS., i. II ; /Vor. /.Vr., MS., iv. bJlJ-.-JO;
J'if.r. St. J'<i/>., ^bS., xiii. 'J27-S. (loyeoeehca'.s reply. May l.")th. /(/., xiv.,
T'i. Xov. I!), ITDli, V>. diieets the coinniaiidant of San I'raueiseo to try and
]ire\-ail on Maria .'-imonaOrtejra, a v.idow, to nniain in tin country; for sooner
or later sunie i oldier or civilian will ask la r hand in man i:\iv. l'r,i'. SI . I'li/i.,
Jirii. J/,7., ?iIS., xxiv. 10, 11. Feb. It, IT'.lo, (ir.'ijeva has received n.'.scjnler
not to accept ajiy recruit from An;,ales, "in order that the pop ilation may
not be ies.icncil.' /(/., xxi. 7. March b_', 171'."), 15. to viceroy, explaining that
the popnlalion ef Calirornia, \\hieh he p,iveH as 1,'J7">, !■■* luiieli too KiaaU for
the lv)inn'i propoKcil; also that travellers have to sleep out of doors to caro
for their animals, etc. .S7. /'«;<., Sar.. MS., xvii. ;]-(». Oct. .".tli, tlie U-ViiinuL
lie rijiitwlih id atlvises the V. It. to subnut the scheme, recouunenileil by IJel-
tran, to a coureil before adopting it. J'ror. St. Puji., JiS., xiii. Ili7-!'. Oct.
l.'>, 170('>, ];. asi;.s for a, list of settlers living on ranchos and for an opinion
whether they should be allowed to do so. Dec. 2i)tli, he decides that r.nless
tile lanclicros will keep slicep they must live at the pueblo. Proc. Jhc, MS.,
iv. ~i), 8tj.
604
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
of the worlv, took a large part of tlic crop, and Nvoro
so well supplied thereby that they did not cai'e to
be converted and live at the missions. The fiiars
attended to the spiritual needs of the settlers free
of charge, and their tithes did California no good.
Young n)en grew up without restraint, and wandered
auKjng the raneherias, setting the Indians a bad
example and indul<>:in<'' in excesses that were suic
sooner or later to result in disaster. The !>reat
remedy was to build up connnerce and give the colo-
nists an incentive to industry. Now they could not
sell all their produce; they obtained a small price lor
what they did sell, and often they could not get the
articles they wanted in payment, or had to pay exces-
sive rates lor them.
Without the encouragement of trade the country
could never prosper; but other reforms were alsct
needed. There should be a settlers' fund similar to
the military funds, in which each settler should de-
posit annually a sum varying according to the size
of his i'amily. In tlie sale and purchase of su[)plies
an oi'icer should stand betwei'U the settlers and the
habilitados; each pueblo should moreover support a
j)riest and a teacher.'' Father Jose Senan was teni-
])orarily in ^Mexico, and a rep(-)rt was also obtained
from him which agreed with that of Salazar in most
res[)('cts. This writer, however, attached special ini-
j)ort;aice to the introckiction of a better class of set-
tlers. Mo would appoint to c>ach pueblo a diroctoi',
or comisionado, of better abilities and not j'elated t.»
the inliabitants, and he would enlbrco residence ofisll
settlers in tlie towns, and not on distant ranches out (»!"
I'each ol" .''.plritual care and exposed to dangers. Abo\ e
all, toVv us should not be placed too near the missions.^
' Suluzur. Cf)i:il!r
julvouatcfi llu' lr;ni:'rc'r of
Ar'nal </.' Cal. 17U(',, MS., T:'.-S-'. The iuitlior also
Sim ]jla.s r.aval slali(.
oil and slii[i-y;',ril
I'raiii'i. CO Of }.I(j:i'(nvy. Tliio woulil lie for t'lu iiitfiu^ t if tiio (Ic'pr.i'tiuint
siiu'o v/a'ca ami food woul
ilevi'loii tliu iiiiaiHtricH o
f Cali
cheaper tliaii at San JUa
!;•
')"
,./« r/(/ yV/i//r (il \
II'' u
Jiff I 'i.ini
'■lOII (
h' r
and it wouli
CiiH,
Ilia, 1700, MS. Diiti'il at college of Sail lenmiulo i\lay 14, 17Wi. Jlarcli I'J,
CONVICT vSETTLERS.
605
In Ills coiTcspondonrG of 1707, Borica si ill ureses
colonization, substantially approving the ideas of Sal-
azar and Scuan, and issuing orders which conipelleil
retired soldiers to live in the pueblos.'' We have seen
that nine persons, though lather of a woi-se than l)et-
ter class compared with the rest, were obtained f)oni
Guadalajara and settled at Branciforte. In 1797-8
an eHbit was maile to obtain a reenforcenient of mar-
riageable women, in which the governor v as seconded
by the viceroy, but in which he does not seem to huvo
been successful. ^°
There was another class of colonists much more
casil}' obtained and by no means beneficial to the
country. Unfortunately California was from this time
to a considerable extent a ])enal colony for ]\Iexico.
(xovernor Fages was perhaps responsible fur the be-
ginning of the })lague. In 1787 ho proposed that
artisans imprisonctl in ^Mexico and (jiuadalajara shouM
have their sentence commuted to exile to California
on condition of woi-king out their term at the presi-
dios or missions, and subserpiently remaining as set-
tlers. Nothing was done on this proposition; but in
l7i)l three ^>rc.s^/t?/rtr/(w, or convicts, were sent up to
1707, P'orii'a to viceroy, refers to voluntary eiuolment of settlers at Cuaxla-
lajani. I'ror. He, vi. S3,
"Xiiv. 1(1, 17117, liorica to viceroy, iavoring commerce and admitting; that
tlio jMnliliis luive a Rurjilus of 12,000 l;i".!_'as of grain for which there is no
niiirk't. Twelve sailors from the ('r»>ri /ir'idii and Sail Cur/on have vnhmU'ered
to remain at M.>:itercy. /'/•'»•. ],; ■., ?,!S., vi, OI-_'. Oct. loth, ]!. to eom-
mandiuit nt Monterey, invalided or disehav.'ed snldiers niu.st live iu the tow iis
auil not on ranehos nor in tlie ]ircsidio. indci-s fhey v. isli to continue niilitaty
^<erviee, Cmrnt, Dor. ]li<t. Cnl., MS., i. 10'.)- 10. ' Miiy I7i>!>, Setller llosales
petitions tlie viceroy for permission to lr:-,ve ( 'alifol•nia^\ itli his finnily. I'mr.
Hir., MS., vi. li!.'), Ihancit'oite in his Iii.ilniri\oii, MS., oJ-S, speaUs of Cali-
fornia's need of colonists, and of his eH'mts in her hehalf.
'"Sept, 17, 1707, lloiic.'i to vieei'oy, wants good wives, stroni; yonng sjiin-
sters, cspec!""y for criminal scUlers, since tlie ])adres ohjected to the nativu
women i m .ng such hnshand.s. IJesidcs good lieallh tlio girls must hring
good clothes, so that they miij- go to chmcli and he improved. A shii' ijiia
mill of a (.'alifornia fiiualo colonist must iie a si'ri.'e pett'ooat, .a nlnr.o mr-
rii'iitc, a linen jacket, tv.o woollen shit'ts, a pair of stoeUiii,';s, aiid a pair of
strong shoes. Hror. l!(i\, .MS., vi, ("."i-O, .Jan. 'Jo, 170S, viceroy .says iir'K:«
have liecn given to procun^ young, healthy, single women fur the ]V)lylad(ir.s,
hut the ta.sk )ircseuts some diiliculties, Prov. St. Pap., I'.!,*-'., xvii, lO-'-'O,
June !; 17'IS, liorica says one lumdred women arc wanteil, Pruv iicc, Mc}.,
vi, 7o.
COG
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
Montoi'oy to labor with sliackled foot for rations; and
the sainu year wo licar of a convict blacksniitli tcacli-
ing tlio natives at San Francisco.''- In 1798 tlic Con-
ccpeurn brought twenty-two convicts, of various grades
of criminahfv, sonic of them merely vagrants like
those formcily destined for Branciforte. Tliey wen;
set at worlc by Borica to learn and teach trades, a
saving of nine tliousand dollars beiniif thereby effected
as the governor claimed.'^ Three convicts had arrived
the year before, and subsequently such arrivals were
of iVequent occurrence. Some artisan instructors
sent to tlie country by the government will be noticed
a little later. In 1800 nineteen foundlinos were sent
from ]\Iexico under tlio care of Madrc jMari'a dc Jesus,
nine bo^'s under ten years of age, and ton girls soiiu'
of them already marriaixeable, wlio wore (hstributed
in respectable himilies in the difierent })residios.'''
TIk'1'0 wiis a royal order forbiddiiif; convicts from scttliii;^ in piiuliloa
tintil t!i( ir sci
l)roi'o:ili( n ill !;is
<;f I7!)l v.er.' 1l;iki
v.iio served (lUt. /'
.S7. J
■np.
.M:
VI. !>S.
Iij'annf (I'lii. ilr M/s'io>i(.<, MS., I.")-!. The three jir"siili:iri()H
•uenz, l{;it',>el I'aeheeo, and Felipe Alvarez, sent iiji l)y
IJdiiieu from J^oreto. J^roc. SI. J'aji. ^IS., xxii. 1."). Smith lit Sun Fraueisei
J</., X. 11.
'- The three of 170" wore l^afael Arriola, Tomas l^seamilla, and Je
IT!*.'
•is.-.:
,s/. /
«/>
MS., x\ii. I.'U. t'orrcsjidnderice
/'
<SV. /'-//).. ,MS., XV. '24!t-r)0; xvii. 7, SS-i), IS-'; xxi
I?<r., MS.; vi. !)!-•' J()!-'J; S/. J
the '22 .''ent in
-., L\SO.
7.~i-(i. I'oiir (irlivo liht.s ai'o }:ivcn, the IV
'(ij>., S(ir.
viii. n-i;t, OS U; Ix.
intrhein'' the names: Jose iK
llevos. .Tuse !Maria I'ere/, Jose X'aziniez. Juan Hernandez, Jo.se ^'ehls(|ucz, Cor-
lielio l[
IJalderr
Jiradeia
Ciiavez, Jose Salazar, Antonio Ortega, .Itli:
L
la, Pedro Osorno, .lose Calzado, Jt
Aviia, Jose J lei
|iez, Josi5
dez, .losi^
J.
1!
JiisC' lio.sa.s, .id.stj C'havira, C'asiniiro (onejo, I'ali
Franeo, Maria IVtr^i Arand.'i, .Inse iiareena, Felipe Ilernundcz, Ivaiail (!
Juan lil.ineo, 2V) in all. tiiou^h the nnnd'er is sp(jk<'n (if a.s from 17 to 'J I, and
:.re said io have laniled. They arri\i.'d in August. The expense of smidiiiu
them \\as :}i()'>. Tl
lere \vere ,5
hattei
miners.
1 .sh
1 sil
verslinili.
1 tr;ide
tiade, I
l.akeis, I tailor, I hiaiiket-niaker, I laborer, I overseer, ."{ without
<1 1
Tl
lero were
4 S
jianiaids only.
There wvix
a saddler
iiid 2 earpenti I's, not convicts, perhaps included in the list I
Sever.il I'
liars ai.si) came on
the same vessel. After tile arrival of these cme
vielsall ].erson:! not lia\ ing jiass; orts were orderid to be arrested. I'rur. lli
MS., iv. bid. ]Vb. •-'(•), r,!)S», I
>orii,'a
■ul
jlisiies a ser
ics of 1 :\vA for the
duet of the ciinvict workmen. They v.ere subjected to stiiet surveillance an i
iil(
.1 f,
w
liande:; alio
jprivilcf^;!
r
ri>i\
S/. I'd/'., ^IS., xvii. -Ji:)-!. August iSO.t. lb r
Nov. ls;„t, J,
t> 1
MS., XN
o\v( il to c.'U'n wages liy
hist
rade as siidiller
/'
A'l
MS.,ix. \:
Vis. Simelital sentenced tod vear.s iis .settler in ('alilorn
le acconi!iaiiu
4.
d by his wife. Si. /'((^>., .SVfc, MS., ix. ")7-S; J'rci: S/. /''//■,
Tveiity-one children left Mexico f(ri' San Was and one died on the
voyage. The expense is aaid to have been §4, 703. There
, pl.'ii. to tie. Hi
I
TEXCRE OF LANDS.
C07
The toimro of lands i.s an interesting topic of Cal-
ifornia history, botli in it.solf and especially in view
of tlie litigation of later times. In its earliest })hases
the suhjcct falls more naturally into the annals of this
decade than el.;ewhere, though a general statement
Avith hut i'evv details is all that is re(|uired here. As
soon as the territory was occupied hy Spain in iTGi)
the absolute title vested in the king. No individual
ownership of lands, but only usufructuary titles of
various grades, cxisted^i Califin-nia in Spanish times.
The king, however, was actually in possession of only
the ground on which the presidios stood and such
adjoining lands as were needed in connection with the
loyal service. The natives were recoi2fnized as the
ownrrs, under the king, of all the territory needed for
their subsistence; but the civilizing process to which
they were to ])e subjected would greatly reduce the
area from that occu[)ied in their savage state; and
thus till 're was no prospective legal hinderance to the
establishment of S{)anish settlements. The general
laws of Spain provided for such establishments, and
the assignment to each of lands to the extent of Ibiu'
S(|uaro leagues.'* Meanwhile neither the missions,
nor t liC IViars, nor the Franciscan order, nor the church
own-d a)iy lands whatever. The missionaries had the
us(. of ^.U( h lands as they needed for theii^ object,
u .)!< 'i w.-'S to j)reparo the Indians to taki; possession as
indivio' '.ais cf the 'ands they now held as connmmities.
When tins was acconn)lished, and the missions had
become jRieblos, the houses of worship would natu-
rally become the i)ropei'ty of the church, an<l the Iriai's
would move on to new spiritual concjuesls. Jvich
mission ;md each presidio was at the ])ropei' lime to
become a, [)Ueblo; other pueblos were expected to be
'JO' .y;i(iii'l tlic wir.io iimiilK'r of girls. Two of the jiirls wi-rr ni.-ifiinl hctdi'u
tl.. I'ld (/f llic yiar. .SV. /'"/)., .Sar., MS., iv. 71; vii. "i-C; /'n.i: .V. J'n/i.,
MS , iii. !>, IH, :il; Nxi. ;U, 47: /,/., JIni. M!/., MS., xxviii. •-'-'; I'ror. /.',.•.,
-Ms., ;. 11, I'J; .\r/i. .SVft /l'<r/),irii, MS., xii. ;{U7; Jlii.-i'nuKiii/f, Siijilrnn iilo,
i.^i. J■.((//;^ /,i..lr:i'-cloii, MS.. SS--).
^^ l!(ci,i,i:u(i )i( (If l.iil'iin, lili. iv. <it. v. ley. vi., x. I intentiouully avoid
couditioiia ami details in llii.s chapiter.
COS
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
f'ouiRlcd from time to time; and four square leao-uos
of land was flie area to be assigned under oi'diiiary
eircunistances to each; but the fixing of boundaries
was tacitly left until the future increase in the niunber
of establishmeiits should render it a necessity, noth-
ing in the mean time being allowed to interfere with
the area to which each pueblo would be entitled,
though the missions in their temporary occu})ati(jn
were not rest'icted.
In his insti ; ,' * • • of 177-3 Viceroy Bucarcli author-
ized Captain Iii to n)ake a beginning of the I'utuie
])ueblos by distributuig lands to such persons, either
natives or Spaniards, as were worthy and would dedi-
cate themselves to aLTriculture or the raising of stock.''
liivera did grant a [)ii3ce of land in 1775 to ^fanuel
Butron, a soldier who married a neo])hyte of San
Carlos; but the land was subsequently abandoned, and
if any other similar ij^rants were made by Rivera there;
is no record of the fad,. In November 1777 the
pueblo of San Jose was founded and a somewhat in-
formal distribution of lands to settlers was made by
order of Governor Neve. In 1781 Neve's rcLrulatioii
went into effect, and one of its sections regulated the
distriI)ution of pueblo lands; prescribed the assign-
ment to each settler of four Yields, each two hmuhvd
varas square, besides a house-lot; specified the lands to
be devoted to various uses of the conununity; and
made jtrovision for the gradual I'xtension of the town
by the granting of new lots and fields. Under tliis
regulation the itueblo of Los Anwles Avas founded in
the same year of 1781. The formal distribution ef
lands, however, and the giving of written titles toek
place for San Jose and Los Angeles in 1783 and I7S(!
lespectively.^" These titles were the nearest apjn-oach
to absolute ownershij) in California under Spain; b'lt
the lands were forfeited by abandonment, I'ailure to
cultivate, and non-compliance with cerlain conditions,
^'•BiicareU, Iiistriicrinii th- 17 dc Agosto dc 1773, MS.
'"On foiuulation of San .los^' and Angeles and the distribution of lands,
SCO chiiptLr." \iv. and .wi. of tliis volume.
tllC
>S(. P(,p
PRIVATE RANCHOS.
COO
Tlicy could not be alienated; and one instance is
recorded of lands being taken for hemp culture from
a settler, who was given others in their place. New
grants of pueblo lauds to new settlers were of con-
stant occurrence hereafter. Neither in the regulation
nor in the proceedings under it was any attention paid
to exterior pueblo limits, save the vague establishment
of a boundary, at San Jose at least, with the adjoin-
ing mission. This matter was practically and natu-
I'ally left to bo agitated by the crown should there
ever in the distant Tture be danixer of the town
exceeding its four leagues, or l)y the pueblo itst'lf in
case of encroaehments by other towns or by indi-
viduals.
In 1784 application was made to Fages by private
individuals for o'rants of ranches. He <>'ranted written
permits to several men for temporary occupation of
the lands desired,^' and wrote to the conniiandant gen-
eral for instructions. General Ugarte replied in 178(1,
on the recommendation of his legal adviser, Galindo
Xavarro, by authorizing the granting of tracts not to
exceed three leagues, always beyond the four-league
limits of existing pueblos, without injury to missions
or rancherias, and on certain other conditions includ-
iiiuf the buildinsr of a stone house on each rancho and
the keeping of at least two thousand head of live-
stock.^^ The instructions required the inniiediatc as-
signment by clear landmarks of the four leagues to
each pueblo; but there is no evidence that au}^ such
survey was made, that any documents were given in
place of the temporary permits, or that the few pro-
\isional grants subsequently made differed in any
respect from those [sennits.
^' The ranclios since known as Los Xictos and San Rafael were thus Rrantod
to Manuel Nicto and Ji)S('' Maria \'enltigo in ITSl. In the case of Xieto his
lung possession until 1801 and that of liis eliihh-en after liim vas ui'i^ed aa
iilfording presumption of a complete title; l)ut the supreme eourt hehl that
lages' written permit destroyed this presumption. Tiie land conuuission luid
aheady taken a, similar view. Nieto vs. ('(trprulir, 21 Cal. 4.")(i.
"* Fagea' report to Ugarte Nov. 20, 1784. Xa»;arro's ojiinion, Oct. 2", ITS.").
at. Piqi., JlisK. ami Colon., MS., i. 3-5-7. Ugarte's order June 21st. Id., i. 343.
Hiai. Cal., Vol. I. 3»
CIO
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIOXS.
Til 17S9 ti series of instructions was irsncvl \vit!i
royal a});)rovul I'or the c>stal)lishnicnt of tliu Villa of
Pitic in kjonora since called Ilennosillo, instructions
wliicli were to be followed also in the founding of
similar esLal)lishnients throughout the northern i)ro\-
inces. Omitting details unimportant to my jiresent
])urpose, each pueblo was to have as.signed to it with
tiehnite bounds four square leagues of land in rectan-
gular form; the land given to each settler to depend
somewhat on his character and needs, but might be
fifty j)er cent larger than that already given in Cali-
fornia; aiid after four years the ownersliij) might be-
come absolute. I do not lind that this regulation cvei'
had any chect at Los Anwles or San Jose.'" In l7i)0
a pensioned corporal, Cayuelas, who had married a,
neophyte of San Luis Obispo, asked in the name of
his wife for lands at Santa Margarita belonnimx to
that mission; but the grant was opposed, probably
with success, by the friars, on the ground that the land
was needed I'or the community, to which the neophyte
in question had I'endered no service.-'
A beginning of the presidial ])Uel)los was made by
General Nava in 1791, when he autliorized com-
mandants of presidios to grant lots and fields to sol-
diers and settlers desiring them within the prescribed
four square leagues,"^ but there is no clear ovidoncu
'"P(7«', hiH'rmx/nn aprohdda por S. J/', que fcforwd para <l estnhlrv'imU'nlo
dc la wti-ra V'd'a dc I'ilir, // nt'Uid'ida (tda/ihir d hi.i d< iivis iiH(;r((>; jtohlaeloiKS
jiruiiiiiddu.-), 17i>'d, MS. ])iito(l Cliilai;i]iu:i, Xov. 14, 17^1).
''"yl/r/f. ,<ln JJiirhara, j\lS., xi. .'iaS-!), 40l)-J; J'nn'. St. Pap., MA., ix
]().']-(». This instiiiicc ami that of ]>uti'ou are tho ciily ones rin'ovdcd <if hud
bfing asked for liy iic'()]!liytes hoforo 1800. In faet only '2i ni'iiphyto -WDnirii
li'>(l niaiTiud gcuto do lazoii since 170!). Lafiien, in Arch. Sla liurbara, MS.,
ii. 1!)-'.
*' Xava'.s (loerce, dated Oot. 22, 1701, at riiihualina, and approved ])nivi-
.«ionally I)V tlio viceroy liefoio .Jan. 10, 17!):$. .SV. /''//)., J/;,sv. and i'olou., MS.,
i. :\-10--l, :U1-'J; Prol: St. Pap., MS., xi. 27-8. This deeroo lias l)een often
translated and referred to in legal reports, i*onietinies erronconsly under the
date of March 22d. AccordinL; to tiie Ordciiair.a (!'• [idrmlcid' " of 178(1, the.
royal intendentcs had l)een intru.stcd with tho <listril)ution (if royal landN;
but this order .'ihows that tiio four leagiics belonged to the pueblo and were
not included in tiic king's lands. I)iriiicll(\i Colon, llisl. S. P., VA-'>. In C >.
Slip. Court Hi pl.t., !» Widlarr, OHO, it is stat<'d that tlie words ' tho extent of
4 leagues inea.sured from tho centre of the plaza of the jnvsidios in eveiy
direction,' foun<l in an order of Xava of .lune 21, 17!)l, and in other ]iapeis,
cuuscd Los Angeles to claim before the land coniniiissiou 10 square Icagui.s
LAND GRANTS.
611
<liat any such iG^rants were made. Arrilla_i2;'a reported
to the viceroy in 171)3 that no grants liad heeu made
by his predecessors under the oider of 1780, and that
on account of this failure to act, and because of the
ultimate riujlit of the natives to the best sites — •
although lie was constantly asked for ranches and
believed that it would be well for the country to
grant them — he would not act witliout further in-
structions.--' Yet early in 1794 he reported that ho
had permitted several persons to settle on the Rio do
Monterey from three to five leagues from the pre-
sidio, the ])ermission being only provisional."^ In
April 1795 Borica sent to the viceroy his views on
the subject. He did not know why his predecessors
had failed to grant sites for cattle-raising, but he did
not favor such concessions. It would be difficult to
tell what lands the missions reallj^ needed, since new
convei'ts were C(3nstantly made. Troubles between
the owners of ranchos and ranchcria Indians would
lead to excesses and war; the animals of the settlers
would do injury to the food-su})ply of the gentiles;
the rancheros would be far removed from s])ii-itual
care and from judicial supervision; and linally the
province had already live-stock enough, there being
no ex|)ort. Borica therefore proposed that no ranchos
should be granted for the present, but that settlers
of good character be allowed to establish themselves
pro\isionally on the land asked for near a mission or
pueblo, to be granted them later if it sliould prove
best. In fact several ranchos already existed under
those conditions."*
instead of 4. This wiuilil literally Ijo CA square leagues; but the ori;,'i"al
'■4 1. ineasiiriMl from Uie ecntro of tliu i)laza, - in each <lircction,' might— like
the corri'spoiiiliiiL; di'llnitiou in tlie Jircopilncion tic Jiuli(i.-< — bo inicrpn-tod
naturally KJ sipiaro Icauues. It is a curious comi)Iic ilion; but that an artUi
of 4 siitiaro lca;irue.s, either ill aquarc or reetan;:nlar form, was what was
intended, and in hundreds of cases actually surveyed for each Spuuisli puebhj,
tlu re eiu be, I suppose, no doubt.
*■-' I'lV. St. P(i/>., MS., xii. 4.J-7. This report was sent back to lioriea
for his o[)inion on Au.^. '!'>, 17'J4. Arrillaga recognizes the four-lcayuc limit
even in the case of nussions.
^■'/Voc. ,S7. /'«/)., MS., xxi. \n-2; xii. 189.
2' April ;$, 17'JJ, Uurica to viceroy, rruv. Rec, IMS., vi. 30-41.
Cli
INDUSTRIKS AND INSTITUTIONS.
There was certainly a degree of force in sonic of
Boriea's arguments, though most of them were quite
as conclusive against his substitute for lancl-L>rants.
Indeed there is something mysterious about the pref-
erence of successive governors for provisional ])erniits
of occupation over the regular concessions authorized
by superior authority. I suspect that the preference
ma}" have been largely on the part of the settlers tlieu)-
selves, who did not like to comply with the conditions
attached to a regular grant. There were some sixteen
I'anchos in the retnons of Los Angeles and Monterey
thus provisioiiall}' held by some twenty men in ]7t)5.
Two and doubtless more similar permissions were given
l)efore the end of the decade."' In 179(J a part of
the land which Fages had allowed Ni»jto to occujiy
was taken from him, on the claim of San Gabriel mis-
sion that it Avas needed by the natives. In 1707 the
Eneino Kancho, held by Francisco Heycs, was taken
from liim, and both land and buildings were appro-
l)riated by the new mission of San Fernando. This
same year the Villa de Branciforte was founded, pi'e-
sumably on the plan of Pitic, though there is no [posi-
tive information extant respecting the distribution of
lands in that famous town. In 1798 Borica gave
some kind of a confirmation to the title of Verdugo
at San Ilaiael, but we know nothing of its nature.
The condition of land matters in California at the end
of the decade and century was then briefly as follows:
There were eighteen missions and four presidios, eacli
witln^ut settlers,-" but each intended to become a
])ueblo, and each entitled to four square leagues of
land for distribution to settlers in house-lots and sow-
ing-lands, or for other pueblo uses; three pueblos of
Spaniards already established, entitled like the })ros-
^*Sec chapters xxx. und xxxi. for lists of the ranchoa ^vith adilitioniil de-
tails. ]>oiica, wliatovcr nuiy have been his real motives, opposed even Ihu
provisional conccssiou.s iu several instances.
^"It is noticeable, however, that some of the tracts occupied near Monte-
rey under the jirovisional permits were probably within the limits (if the
prospective presidio-pueblo, where there was uo legal authority for grauthig
lands for stoek-riiisuig.
MAXUFACTURES AND LABOR.
613
pcf'tlv'o ones to four leagues of land, tlioni:(h like tlieni
as yet without lixed boundaries, inhahitod by o.ver
one hundred settlers, each of whom held about four
acres of land still subject to conditions and not to
be alienated or hypothecated; and linally twent}' or
thirty men raising cattle on ranchos wlijch thoy occu-
])ied temporarily by ])erniission of the authorities,
without any legal title, though some of them or their
children subse(j[uently became owners of the land.
Besides the missions and pueblos, conversion and
colonisation, there are various institutions and indus-
tries of the province whose progress during this peried
merit brief notice here; though in most i-espects that
})rogress was great oidy in comparison to that of otlier
epoclis of California history. The oreler in Vvhich tlie
several topics are treated being a mutter of no mo-
ment, I beii'in w'ith that of manufactures and labor.
At tlie lirst occupation of Upper '^^Vdifornia soiue
Christian Indians I'rom the peninsula; the oidy per-
sons lor many years who were honored witli the name
of Califoi'nians, were brought north as servants of all
work in the new missions. The presidial com[)anies
usually had a few smiths, armorers, and (•ar[»entcr.s
wliose services were available at times, as well for the
j'riars as ibr the sokliers; the soldiers themsdves
were oljliwd to render assistance in buikliu''- and
some other kinds of work. Gentiles were hired iVoiii
the rir;>t, especially on the Channel coast. After 117 -^
men were enlisted and paid as sailors to serve iu Cal-
ifornia as laborers, and amoni«' the settlers at the
])Uc'blos were persons of various trades, on which,
liowexi'r' none seian to have dej)ended for suljsist-
cneo. This was the condition of mechanical indus-
try down to 1700. Besides the rei)airs executed on
arms, ir(ij)lenK'nts, and articles of clothing, there
were rude attempts at tanning and various other
simple and necessary processes suggested by the
needs of the soldiers and ingenuity of the friars ; but
111' I
C14
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
progress in tlii.s direction was sliglit uiid is but vagiu-ly
recorded.
During the last decade of tlie century all tljo classes
of laborers mentioned continued to be eni[)loyed, except
that no new natives were brouglit IVoni l>aja Cali-
fornia, Neophytes were extensivoly hired i'roni the
iViars for all kinds of presidio work, the mission and
not the Indian receiving the pay, and there were lew
Spanish families without a native servant. This (jues-
tion of neo})liyte labor was, as we have seen, a I'luit-
fid source of misunilerstanding between friars and
olfieers. Gentiles were also hired in larue nuuibcrs to
wark botli at presidios and ])ueblos, being paid cliielly
in grain, but also with blankets and other articles of
elotlilng. Neg(jtiations for laborers were made for
the most part with chiefs who contracted to supply
the required number. It is not improbable that the
chiefs were already so far advanced in civilization as
to make a profit on the contracts. Spanish regula-
tions required kind treatment and fair comi)en.';:ili;)n
to all Indian laborers, and any notable or liabitual
abuses in this respect would in these eai"lythne,; have
largely cut off the supply. The friars eomplaine I I'lat
the ijentiles earned so much grain and clotliiu''' tliat
one of their ciiief in(;entives to become Chrisiians v.'as
lost.-' The sailor sirvlentes, several of whom Vvero
'^'Xov. 10, 1701, Scr'^t. Orte'^ja wanted men to build a house, etc., r.t ^■;m
Gabriel; but the ^^(h'cs rcfuKud to furnish any even for v/agcs. Pr >r. ,''!. Prp.,
^IS., X. 4, 5. The f^enliles, t!iouf,fli la::y, oIHt thcnisclvcri t.) v,-ork ic.v ;i ,.:<::it(i
and ild'.y ratior.3 of meat antl boiled maize. The best are cho.:cn, v.!; )t:d;o
their lihmkclj, l:;y dov.ii their arms, and go to work brin^;iiH; builili;i;;-;:uito-
rials. 1SV/.7 // M<.c., Vhij', l(U-j. (Jrcat caro taken in eniployi;ij i;:d'r.r.s,
and a daily nwv.x of money raid. Vduruiii.rr's I'l'i/afU', ii. 4D7. Jd::y 7, 171)4,
governor to Sal, if padres want a gratuity for Indiana al)ovo wa;:c:i ii r.i;;st
1)0 refu:;ed. At Sia, 13:irl)ara liiey L;vt I'.) eents per d:;y, and an rJ..ii!:l cf cr.'ii
per week. S::n Ant.rnio Indiain at tlie l!anch:> del lley jL^et a c:.to:> an 1 'avnda
jier r.iurdh. liven if eontent v. ith little they should bo given all they dc.-.crve.
/';•»'. />('., M.v, ii. 147-Ji, b>;5. Dec. 17t'4, at San Diego Indiuua rot (no
real and ration".. /Vjc. Si. J'uji,, MS., xii. 7. Inilian:3 must bj (rc;;l.:d v. dl
and v.oik erinally. i'mr. 7.Vc.. jMS., iv. l.j, 1(5. Ajjril, 17!H5, Indian 1., borers
not to be oblaineil widiont governors permission. I'ror. Sf. Pap., MS., xiv.
17t). 17!Ki, Sal semis ;;;> blankets to San Jose witli whieli to hire ',',i Indians.
They wi.l bo trcr.ted \-,ell. Any cipUaivjo helping to get them maybe given
n. iji:it'li-ar'o!i. Travelling e.-vpcnsea pai(b Later some invalid; are i.cnt to
lo(jk after the oJ; who were to be treated with (tljumt coitusirac'iod. S. Jii<c,
ARTISANS FROM MEXICO.
015
furni.slu'd id each of tlio new missions, did not in ninny
instiuu'cs oivo Hati.sihctiitn. There was also some diHi-
('ultval)out tlieir waives beinii' paid by tlie royal treas-
uiy, and they were all sent baek to San IWha in 171);"),
lliou^li sailors were sLdjse(|Uently allowed to remain in
California as workmen at the presidios and as settlers.-"*
In the promotion of manufaetures, however, a de-
cided eil'ort was made in this decade, and with consid-
erable success. The ])lan atlo]»ted was to send skilled
artisans from ^Mexico under government pay to ti-ach
their trades to neo{)liytes and to white aiiprvntices.
About twentv of these artisan instructors were sent
to California, chic-lly in 1792 and 17'J5, a few of whom
remained ])ermanenlly as settlers, but most retired on
the expiration of their contracts before 1800.-'
Airh., MS., ii. T."). W.'i':;cs paid to niission, not to Tiidiiins. Prov. S/. Pap.,
^IS., .\xi. \7)6. li^O;"), iiiijsiou liuU;;ii3 got two reals ]iur day, one in extra
fo(xl and eiic in cloLli, or Koinetiiau.! money Ironi jiresidiu-s. i'livatc persona
jiay ill corn cr meat. Arch. Sla Hdrhiini, .MS., ii. 11!).
-' Prov. St. P.:p., :.!S., xii. l!)3-4; xiii. GO, VIWA; xvi. 'J; Prov. Rrr., MS.,
iv. 2'.)-; V. 5. The fjailur «.';•(•/( ;(^s j.'ot.t'^U) per nionlli and lit ctii' rations.
One slave i/> ine!!li;;ned dn!in,%' tl:e decade, lie was owned liy > i. Albcrni,
and wa;i tried I'l.r robbery in I70S. Pna: Per.. .NLS., vi. 102.
-''i iieir niiiiKS v.eie: Sa;itia;_;o l!uiz, Manuel 1). liuiz, Toiibio Ruiz, Salva-
dor li;v(ra, Jcacje.in liivcra, and I'edro Alcihitara, nia: on:;; .^i;lrianf^ Tajiia,
potter; C'ayctinioLope:^ mill-maker; .lose \. Ramirez ;nid .''■alvador Vejar, car-
penter;-:; ?,.i;:ucl Sa.!:,qi';:dor, tanner and shoemaker; .loa([nin Avalo.s, tanner:
^iariano Taj into v.wA .leamiin IJotello, tailor.s; IV'dro (Jon/alez (iarcia, .lose;
Arroya, ar.dJosJ F. Arriola, Maeksmiths; Antonio l)(jni. llenriipie;'. ;.n<l -Mari-
iino Joiio Jlendoza, weavers; Manuel Munoz, lii/oiirro, ribhon-nialcer; Joso
dc Lcii Reycb and Ai;tcnio Hernandez, .saddlers. One or two of tlie^e names
nay have l;ccn ther.e of settler-s who had trades; and one or two of convicts.
A few of tlie VKicn/rox u'ot td,0(.)i) per year, and the journeymen from !?.'iOU to
SjOO. The con.ti'acltJ v.crc for four or li\'c years. Sept. It), ITHO, rai,a's speci-
fies ol mechanic:! ncoded, besides teachers, millers, and a surveyor. <S7. /'"/'■•
,S(f., MS., XV. l;!; Sf. J'f//>., Jilix., MS., i. 8-J. 17!K)and 17l/J,'lists of trades
cxistin^'r. /,/., i. 'J:;, !)S, l(il-'_'. Salvador Rivera, the stone-cutter, v.as at lit t
left at Xootka in 1701. SI. Pa/>., S'o-., yi>^., y. <)."). l''our mechanics arr'.' I
in Dec. 17'.)1. J'ni: S/. Pep., JJi ii. Mil., ^]S., xv. 0. Viceniy s:iy;!ii carx^ei.;. r
mu.st tcacli his traile to at least 1:2 Indians in the four years. I'rur. St. Pap.,
MS., X. i;!7. In 1701 tailor at ?.lontercy tlid .^-Ki-j v.orth of work for ))riva;o
jiartie.'j. Prcjv. Si. I'i'p., Ji<ii. JP/I., ^iS., xiii. 11. June •_';», 17'.'-, opinion of
the l:..;c;!l on the project, includin;; provision for grantin;.; the i!rLis::ns land anil
makini; pernianeut: eltlers of tlicni. The en;„'ineer Mij'uel ('(istansi'i appears as
one of the r.dviotr:j in tlie matter. -SV. J'(i/>., Sar., MS., ix. (V2-H. Mai-eh 170.'!,
three arii;an:i sent back as useless. Pror. J!(r., MS., ii. IV)'.]. .Jan. 1704, no
visible pro;;res3 ma.de thou^di the artisans work well. I'rov. .SV. I'(tp., MS., x.\i.
178-0. Uf the value of work done by the artisans half goes to the tn asury, one
third to apprentices, and one sixth to artisans. /</., xi. l.-).Sj /'ror. liic, MS.,
viii. 149. April 'i!), 170o, V. It. wonders that tliou;.di wa/res have been paid,
§10,000 ia yet due the artisans. Id., iv. 227. July 19, ]VJo, new opinion of
1
III
CIO
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS,
At first tlie artisiiiiH wore distributed in tlic missions
and presidios, or in some cases travelled from one place
to another .u'ivinijf instruction. Tlie i'riars were of
course pleased, for tliey thus received almost withnur,
cost instniftioMS for themselves and their n(M)ph\ies
which in the i'uture must contribute huj^cly to the
prosperity of their establishments. But they were
«lee])ly j^rieved when they found that the kind's
mechanics were by no means disposed to rcLii'ard them-
selves as mere mission servants to be utilized aeeordiiii;'
to the orders of the padres, and at the necessity of pay-
inii somethin<x for the work done by the artisans in
the course of their teaching. As usual they wanted
all the benehts of the entei'priso and its mana'>'en)ent,
but pleaded poverty when payment was asked. T\\v
Movernnient was not willinuf to do so much for the
missions, and after J 795 the fi'iars were obliged to ]);r
for the Work done, to pay the artisans' salaries, or
send their neophytes to the pn.'sidios to be tauj^ht.
In many eases tlu^y refused to do either, and ([uite a
controversy ensued. But the dilliculty settled itself
as the terms of contract expired, and before 1800 the
neopliytes had acquired a stock of instru(.-tion whieli
it was thought would suffice for the ujission needs.""
the fiscal on dctnils. Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xiii. .')0-C0. Av.g. 24, 170.'), B. says
\ . li. liiis onlci-od work of ;irtis;ins to cease lit missions. Priv. I'cc., MS., v. (Jl.
I'liy bcgiin ^\]im iirtis;ins left Jlexico. Si. Pap., Sac, MS., vii. 41 .*!. I'iity
dollars adviiiued for travelliiii^ expenses. The nianied ones to I)', ^.iveii in
California a male and female Indian servant for eacli faiiiilx', to he feil ami edu-
cated. J'rcr. S'. Paj,., MS., xiii. -KVl-A; Piov. lUr., MS'., iv. 1.S4. j)ee. 4,
17'.)."), liseals rejiort, witli details of contracts. Jd., xiii. .■!4-4"2, .Tan. 17'.><>. the
missions must he ."sked to .'Uipport tiie new ai'tisaiis ex]iected. J'roi'. J'cc, M^.,
V. 7N. 17!l(l, ciloit to oi)taiii Mhitc apprentices. I'ror. pif., ]MS., iv. ."i:?-4,
7li-3; V. 'IV.); J'rov. St. Pa]>., MS., xiv. I(i. Jidy 17iHi, l.mds ordcied -ranted
(in puchlos) to seveivd arti.^ans. J'roc. Pec, M.-^., viii. Hit. 17117. the l)asis ef
jiay was chaiiL;cd in later years, one ei ;hth of the value of wo'k done I'oiii'i t^i
the aiti-an, and se\eii eiglitlis to thi treasury. Prov. Pre, MS., vi. !)U-1 (and
inany other rifercnces). See also for voluminous coirespondence on this siih-
ject--eliietly on tlie names, salaries, en;;a!finj,', distriljulinn, arrival and dijiart-
me of the artisans — Pror. Si. Pap., JLS., x. 41; xii. 10:2-;); xiii. 40-"-', .ii! .'!,
00, 107, l-JlJ-7; xiv. (i; xvi. -J;).', •_>!;]; xvii. 40, l.'!."); xxi. :{0-7, 44, 7:1-4. Wl-Hd,
'2-J!t, -JiK). 'r.S, 'Jo.'J, -280, -287; /'/., Uen. JPiL, MS., xxi. 0; xxiii. ;!; A/., /V-
fiiiHu.<:, MS., ii. 4,."), S2-;i; ,SV. J'ap.,Sac., MS., ii. 9, 10; iv. •_', (i-2; vii. 47 '•>;
xvii. S; J'rov. P,r., MS., ii. 137; iv. 190, 210; v. 14; vi. 32, 35, 70; Arrli.
Arzoh'ispado, MS., i. ;>,3.
30 Dec. 21, 17'J2, Lasucn to Arrillaga, some of the artisans show a ten-
WEAVIXr, AND TAXXINO,
017
Soino wliitc apprentices were olitaiiied and taujj^lit,
tliouj^li instances were not \vantin^L( Avhci'u ])areuts
deemed it de^radinin' to i)ut their sons to a trade.
The results of all these eflbrts were that heforo
1800 rude looms were set up in many of the mis.si(>ns,
on which hy Indian labor the wool of the country was
woven into blankets and coarse fabrics with which the
net)pliytes were clotlied;^* hides were tanned and made
into shoes, some of the coarser parts of saddh's and
other leatlier i»;oods bein']f also manufactured, thou«ih
ilfury to •.\ct i\» iijjlci ri< rt\.t\n}V iUnn ! ii>itrucfon<. The tailofsdfin'tiiiiiouiittoimich,
ill fiR't t::il(irs tuv not iiuK'li muduil in a coiiiitry wlieru tacli nativu i i tail'ir f(,r
liiiiisclf. Jt i.^ iHjt well to send tlio liiitives to tlio in'usidio.s for instnu'tioii;
)iut it would lie a i^'ood idi'a to let certain artisans tiavel from niis.icjii lo mi ;-
sion. Arr/i. Ai-.iihi!Hi<iil(t, MS., i. 'M-2. 17'JU— t, several Sail t'arlos ludiaiH
iiistiiicted in Htone-eiittin;,', ln'icklayinj,', etc. Arch. Shi ll'lrhnrn, MS., xii. .!>.
I'ee. I7!'."i, l)Oi ica, oi'der.s mis.sioiis to .'■ieiid eaeli foil!' or 11' hidians to i)i'csidio.-<.
'I liiy will lie .supporteil and will liave a soldier to tearli them relii;ion. I'lin'.
Ji'cf., Ms., V. 'J,'i.)-(i. July 'JS, I7!l(i, J>asiien in a eireular le.i.'rets the restric-
tions, but orders the jiadres to send the neoiihyte.s to the [)residi(is, not how-
( \'r e.speetini.,' any good lesult.s. Ai-f/i. Sta JJarlnira, MS., \i. i;;S. Aug. S,
ITIHI, 1>. says to Lasuen seven eiL;hths of iiroduet.s of work must go to Ireas-
ui'v and one eighth to artisan. An Indian hoy and girl must he suiiidied, tin
servants, or a]>]ieal will lie made to the viceroy. J'ri'i: Her., MS., vi. l(i(i-7,
jii."! 4. Dee. 'Jil, 17!i<), V. Iv. pays th:;t the artisans arc eng;aged to teach tho
natives and not to .serve at missions. Tho missions nmst pay. Arch. S/a
Jliirlmrc, MS., ix. 1()7-S. .Vjiril •_'(!, 17!I7, J>asuon to V. IC. jrotesting against
giving the artisans one eighth of the value of their work when the mission
furnishes all the material, and also ag.'iinst sending Indians to the ]>resid.iiii
as being suliversive of all.suliorilinalion. /'/., ix. l()!)-7-; J'ror. S/. I'd}'., MS.,
XV. i'Si-'J. Xov. I'J, ]7!!S, 1). bus given a mission the free use of a smith and
ei'.rpenter for a year. I'nn: l.'cc, JMS., vi. 'JJO. Sept. 'Ji, 17!t!l, ^'. 1!. to gov.
iind president, asking them to eomo to some eoncln.-ion how bi st to instruct
neophytes witliout li.ik to Christian duties. Arch. Sin, Hnrlicrii, MS., ix. I7.'i-
-1; I'ror. Sf. Piif., MS., xvii. n.",!); Vror. ]!rc., .MS., viii. I',):!. Jan. -I'l, ISCO,
l.asuen to V. 11., neophytes ought not to be sent to the piesidi(js where they
ar(^ nr.ed as peons and often run away; still S'lmething may be eli'ected by
sending docile youth and rctpiiring a stiict watch over them. Tiie ohjectinii
to the artisans coniing to the missions, is tho re([uired payment for theai-tieh a
niade by them which the mission <'annot ali'ord, especially after funiishiuj^
servants and material, and as the oljjects made are not sold. Arclt. Sla IJur-
bara, MS., ix. 17')-M).
•'"For items about weaving sec I'ror. Ucc, JFS., ii. I(i2-(t; iv. OH-'), "J.'il,
:!()0; V. '_'()(;. •J45-7; vi. ;i, 7!'', SI, 117, -'30; ix. .->; I'rov. .SV. I'n/,., MS., xii.
•_'l; XV. (;7-S; xvi. '2?,■^, '2i)]-2; xviii. IS, 10; xxi. 1SI»; /-/., Jlcn. Mil., xxv. 14;
S/. Pdj,., J/;.-w., MS., ii. 100; ,SV. Pap., S'ic., ^LS,, vi. 103-:); Arch. St.i Mr-
l)'trit, MS., ii. (iS, !)i;-7; ix. IdS-'J; ]'inicoun r.'! I'oi/a:!'', ii. ll-l.'i. Mo blanket.H
wei'o broight from Mexico after 17!)7. A little eottori cloth was wo\en from
material brought fiom Sau Lias. Tho Indians had soin(! naturrd skill at dye-
ing. 'J'he ribbon-maker was found to bo of no use. Tlieic was a prop(Jsitioii
in 17!t7 to nudce the learning of a trade obligatory. \\'eaving was a failuio
at jMonterey. Some lump was used lor neophytes' garments. I'. l']s|)i
wanted to establish a fulling-mill, but the governor di<a]>iiroved the scheme.
The pueblos ^ot none of the instructors, but some weaving was dune there.
618
INPCSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS,
not enough as yet to avoid imjjortation from jNToxico.''''
Soap Avas nuulo of suitahlo quality and rjuaiitity to
su})[)ly lioiiic needs after 171)8 ;"'■' coarse jtottcry \v;is
])r()ducod at San Francisco and several other places;'"
ai]d water-power flouriiio'-niills were built at Sai)tu
Cruz and San Luis Obispo, possibly also at Saii
Gabriel and San Jose, which with the (ahonas worked
by horse or man power and the mctatc.s of tli(^ nco-
jiliyto women, supplied the province with ilour.'''
Some details of these different branches of manufac-
tures will be found in local annals of the dill'erent
towns, missions, and presidios.^'^
In the way of jjublic improvements, repaiis were
several times ordered to be made on the roads, espe-
cially at the crossings of streams where couriers were
liable to be delayed. There w^re several supp<jse(l
discoveries of rich mineral deposits, including one of
quicksilver in the black nmd at Santa I^arbara in 170G.
In fact Father Salazar reported that the province Wi\s
.supposed to be very rich in metals, which were not
developed for fear that foreigners would rush in, but
actual mining operations were confined to an occasional
tiip after t('qitcs<ju>te, or saltpetre, and the extraction
of hrca, (n' asphaltum, from the pitch- wells of tbo
Channel coast, used to some extent i'or roofing."''
^".^ Pap., Bnu, ]MS., i. 4G-7; Piov. Hoc, MS., iv, 50, 220; Arh. Sm
Ldrhnnt, MS., ii. 72-H, 129. Some 2,000 hides were tninicd iit Snnta Clara :is
early as 171)2, luit very few of tlicm coulil be sold. At Sta Barbara the em-
poral of the i;u;iril was paid Sl.'O per year to attend to the tannin'/.
33/Voc. y.'<<\, MS., iv. ;);{, JS, .-,0, Kk H;.", •M.\; v. 211 ; i\. i"; Pro,'. Si.
Pap., MS., xvii. 111). Abont .'?l,00() worth of soap was rocjniivd ciieh yeai'.
There w-.m a niaiiufaotory of this artiele at the raueho del rev in Mimti'rev.
= '/V(w. .sv. P,//,., MS., xvi. 2.j; xviii. 2o0; J',ol\ AVc, MS'., iv. 7.'>; v. W:
Arrli. S/fi. Iliohant, MS., ix. ;{i:{.
=■■' Pn r. /,•>,:, .MS., ii. 1(;2-;5; iv. 177, 1S7-S, 221, 2:V2, 2.V., 2^,",: v. .^0: vi. ('.,
()S; Ari'lt. Sla JUirlmra, MS., xii. o!); Lo'i Aii'/cioi IPt4., 7. Jldlin Hid. S.
Joxc,l\4.
"'See also /general eonnnnnieationson the prosressof the various inditstri s
between ^Mvernnr and viceroy in J'rur. h'rc., MS., vi. ()7-^', t'D-DO, 117; S!.
i'«y)., J/;.«. and Co/., :\IS., i'. 70; Uc/'t. S/. Pup., S. Jo.--;', MS., i. 4(1; St.
J'lip., il/;.s.><., MS., ii. 0,
" J'rov. Sf. Pap., MS., xiv. 107, 17."); xxi. 170 7; Pror. P,r., MS., iv. .-.7-^:
'.irfi. Sill, lii'riiufd, !MS., ii. M-T\. The only ship-bnildin;.; in<lustry reeorde 1
U the buildin'j; of a large boat by the sailors left by Capt. L'orr in 1700. Pro ;
lice, MS., vi. 79.
AOEICULTUEE.
C19
32
t(.
Agricultural statistics arc given elsewhere in cliap-
tcrs devoted to missions, puel)los, and to local prog-
ress; but it is well here to give the giand total of
produ{!ti()n, which was on an average 50,000 bushels
ot" grain per year during the decade Of this yield
3G,000 bushels were wheat; 11,700 bushels, corn;
5,400 bushels, barley; 1,800 bushels, beans; and 1,200
buj.Lcls, miscellaneous grains such as pease, lentils, etc.
Of other crops no statistical records were kept, though
each establishment had a vegetable L,nirden, a fruit-
orchard, or a vineyard, most having all of these in
ji prosperous condition supplying the wants of the
country. There have been some interesting discus-
sions in modern times I'cspecting the dates at which
gra])es, oranges, and otlier iruits were introduced in
California; but there are no records whicli can throw
light on the matter. INIany varieties of I'ruit, includ-
ing j)robably grapes, were introduced irom the penin-
sula by the earliest expeditions between 1700 and
1770; nearly all the varieties were in a nourishing
condition on a small scale before Junfpero Serra's
death in 1784; and very few remained to bo introduced
after LSOO.''"
Lorica gave and reqrnred his commandants to give
nnich personal attention to the ad\'ancement of agi'i-
cultural interests, using various ex[)edi'jnts of reward
iind threat to accustom the settlers — for there was
rarely any occasion to interfere with the friars and
tlu'ir subjects — to habits of industry and to precau-
tions againr-.t possible I'aniine in years of drought.
''■' Tiifi)rmiititiii (ni tlicsc inattcrs is very iricnjTrc ruul of ;i f'cncnil imtiu'c.
Viilli jii l;;isi licaril from Iii.s fullicf aii'l oUicrs of ihf J'liinliii/iin -i Ur.-.t viiua
were Lroi'.'ht u;i in ITfiO, ami [ihintwl at Sail Oicijo. Tc/.V/o. Doc. Jtisf. ('a!.,
MS., xNxvi. 'J: iS. raloii, V'ala <li' Jinn'/nri Strm, IflO, 'J-0, eti'., incntinns
}.'r;'.l)<.M, vc/'cUillc's, fruit?,, etc., as lIuiiiisliiiiL; in 17S4. Yiild of MouttTcy
gavilcu si'.r.ifici.t to j)ay for.apu'diiL'r ill 17S4. J'lor. .V/. /''''/'., MS., v. .')4. I.ii
I'li'oiK.ii Ici'l; tlm llr..L potntoi;; in (,'alifoiiii;i in 17N!. TIhTi: arc oonio traili-
tioi'S of wild I rapes foiuul in tlic country mar San Antonio, and inijiroxxil liy
cuhivalion. ii'oiiif-., Lo (/tie naf.c, }i\^., lU.'i-O. I'agcs' (.ankii in IT'-iMH witii
'JOJ fr;!iL-irc'c:'., vines, etc. Pior. .V. J'ii/>., MS., x. KiT. Ve.ncoiiver naim .s
iiii ny kinds if fruit raised in 17!'-. \Vine inannfaetnred in llii' souiIk rii
mis.' ion ; in 17! 7-'l Arrfi. Xt JJarlxmi, MS., .\ii. (Xi, 70, 17!"'^ Tlic culturo
of \ inc.s ;.n.l ulive.i niu.it bo eiicourugcd. Proi'. Jive, MS., iv. IGU.
m
620
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
Regular weather reports were insisted on, though very-
few of th(nu liiive been preserved.'"^ T]ie hardest years
for the provinee were 1794 and 1795; but even in
those years tlie drouglit (Hd not extend over all lli«'
territory, so that more than half the average erop was
])rodueed. In 1793 the governor seconded by l*resi-
dent Lasucn prohibited the kindling of iires by nco-
})liytes and gentiles which had in several instances
caused considerable damaixe in the grain-fields/" In
1795 owners of gardens were required to fence theiu,
or at least to make no C()n![)laints of ravages by cat-
tle." The chief enterprise, however, of an agricult-
ural nature in which the government took an inter-
est was tlie attem])t to introduce the cultivation of
flax and hem]). The establishment of this industry
in the American colonies oF Spain had been orden;;!
by the king in 1781, and tlie orders had been jjroniul-
gated in California as elsewhere, without receiving
any practical attention; but in 1795 special or. Icrs and
a ])acl\age of seed having been sent U]) to ]),I<)ntercy,
the experiment was undertaken in earnest by I>ori(a's
directions, San Jose being selected as the spot and
Ignacio Vallejo as the su])erintendent, with the aid of
a soldier who knew sometliing of llax-culture. S<^nie
tletails of the e\])eriment will be found in conntction
with the local history of San Jose I'or this period.
There were some iailures of crops, and others ivsidt-
ing from inexperience in the various processes to
Mhich the product was subjected; but sev(>ral lots of
the staple sent to jMexico gave satisfaction, and in
1800 the prospects of the new industry were consid-
ered encouraging, and ]ireparations were made to send
Joaquin Sanchez to sujierintend it in California,'' '
'^ MiiHir ofmnmiiiicuticiis of tlio povcniorou nsriculturc. Pror. Hrr,, ]\!S.,
iv. 'y2-:i, (i!l-l;,(i; v. (i;!; vi. 07, SO; J/<j.f. >7. I'ap. S. Jo>i(!., MS., i. .VJ. J5uri.a
oU'i'itil ,1 jiiviiiiiim cf S'J,") till- tin- Imv.'i'st crdii in 17!H(.
'Tnr. S(. /'((y,.,.AlS., xii. IST-S; /''., Jltn. Mil., xx. 5; An/i. Jo./,;.-
;)«(/<>, MS., i. ."4; Arr/i. Sin Jli/rh/u-a, MS., vi. "JIO 14.
" /',■<, r. y.'rv., :\1S., iv. Ill, 17, 'Ji), ;'.:J-4, '27'J, 'J'.KJ; /Vol', f:i. J'np., MS.,
xiv. 77.
^-Nov. i;!, 17S1, lojiil oiik IS iniblislicd by Ncvc. Pror. S(, Pup., MS.,
STOCK-RAISING.
621
The companion industry to agriculture, and tlio
favorite occupation of Californians from the first, as
requiring less hard work than tilling the soil, was
stock-raising. California had in 1800 in round nuni-
hers 187,000 animals in her herds and flocks: 74,000
cattle, 24,000 horses, 1,000 mules, and 88,000 sheep,
not to mention the com])aratively few asses, goats,
and swine. Of the total number the missions had
150,000; the presidios 18,000; and the pueblos 1G,000.
The increase had been uninterrupted from 17G() except
in the year 1794-5 when there was a slight decrease.
The king's rancho at jMonterey witli branches at San
Francisco and San Diego furnished to the presidial
(.'on)panies a very large jiart of the meat consumed
and nearly all the cavalry horses emjJoyed in the
service, the ])roceeds of sales on royal account varying
from i;iU,000 to .^3^000 per year. The missionaries
always looked with much hostility on these establish-
ments as depriving the missions of the best and almost
the only market for their produce; but liaving founded
iii. 2-17-."r!. 17S">, other orders of the iuidiciiL'ia published. //., v. 2.")0-l.
!pt. 115, ITS."), .JosL' de (ialvtzto ]''iii.'os on aiding' the ciitcrjiiiMu. iSV. I'op.
Sac, ?,1S., iv. ;!."). Sept. (i, ITH^!, vieei'oy onlers lliix-enltni'e to he jiromoteil
ill iill the missions. Arrh. Std Dnrhdru, .MS.,xi. "ili!!— 1. Sept. Ttli, ;,'n;iidi,ni
al.-jo reeoinmends the mutter, siijiii;.; that a wihl iiax is found on tiie (Jali-
foi-ni.i eoaiit. Yi/., xii. 11,1,'). A\v^. l.'i, IT'.M, two faiU'Lras of hemp-seed sent
to J^asuen. I(l.,\{. 2(i7-S. Instnietioiis for hemp-eidturo. Instruments sent
171)o. ,sv. />((/.., Sac, MS., XV. 15-17; Diji'. St. /'up., S. Josi', MS.,i. ,'h\ {>;
I'l'iir. !,'('(■., .MS., iv. lie. See eha])ter xxxii. for experiments at San Josi'.
.Niay'Jl, I7!'li. 'iax find iiLiVip to ho free of dutv, aurl implements free from
(axca. dii'ila In ,1/r.,., viii. '.),V8; I'roi: S/. /'(■///., :MS., xiv. 1!)4. Dee. I!»,
1 790, ]-orica to V. ll.,'M fanegas of seed harvested. Missi(jns as a rule will not
1h; fihlo to raise hemp. No success yet in working the inatei'ial. .SV. /'«/*.,
Sit''., MS., iv. 7>). lleni[) e\])orted in 171)li-7 of no use. Pror. ]'■<'., MS., iv.
'J7iJ. 17il;\ samjdea sent to .Nlexieoand a]ipioved. 7.7., vi. 1(1.'!; viii. 1S!)-!I!).
I'm,: St. I'ap., MS., xxi. 272, 2.S7. May :!, 17!»S, hemp sent to V. Viader
to try experiments in spinning. I'ror. It<i\, MS,, vi. 21:>. 17!)!l, 2.") arroha.i
<'f hem]) sent to Mexico. I'riee $l$oO. I'lospects favorahle. Prov. St. Pii/>-,
MS., xviii. iSli-4; xvii. 2111. Culture mn-t he introduced at lil•ancifort(^ A/.,
xvii, ;U4-1."). San Carlos using hemp lor oi'dinary cloth for neophytes.
/';■()'. JiW., vi. 117. l!'.(X», crojis not good. /(/., ix. l."i; S. Jo.ti! Arr/i., MS.,
iii. 70. Ariangemcnts in .Mexico to continue to cncourngc the new industry
and to send Joaijuin Sanchez to California. .S'. t/o.sc', Ari/i., MS., v. 'M; St.
J'fi/K, J//.s,s'. (ui:( i'»l., MS., i. 5.V7; Si. Pup., Sue, MS., ix. 102-4. I'.y
tlicse arrangements the mcinorki ships were to take Iiax and hemp in good
condition and pay for it in cash. Sanchez ilid not sail for Califoinia. (I'ln rru,
J)iii\ Wit. ('((/., MS., iii. 17(>-!). Vague indications that cotton was also
tried. Prov. lice, MS,, iv. lOS; vi. 201); ix. 0.
C22
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
tlie ranc'lios at a time when the missions bad no live-
stock to sell, tlic government was not disposed to
abandon tliem later; and indeed it was claimed that
only by means of tlie rancbo del rey and of the fixed
tarilis of prices were the friars kept from maintaining,^
an oppressive monopoly."
In l7'JG-7 Borica made a special effort to promote
tbe raising of slicep in connection with tlic mauiifae-
tnre of cloth. Statistical reports do not show that
the increase in the mission llocks was much great.-r
in those than other years, though it was uniibrnily
rapid; while in the pueblos, to which Borica gave liis
attention more ])articularly, very little was accom-
plished.^' The Calilbrnian cattle were very prolilic,
and, under the carl}^ regulations forbidding tlie
slauglitcr of cows, multiplied with wonderful rajiiib
ity. The pueblos were not allowed to let their large
stock increase beyond fifty head to each settler; the
rancheros had no very large herds before 1800; and
in the missions durinuf the last decade efforts wwc
directed rather to restrict than encourage further
incre;ise; yet in s|)itc of all restrictions, and of the
ravages of bears, wolves, and Indians, and of tht;
constantly increasing slaughter for meat and tallow,
c.'.ttle were becominix too numerous for the needs ut'
*^ Prov. St. Pap., MS. x. 01; xii. .-^O, 07; xvi. 02; xvii. U-IO; /r/., Uni.
MIL, xiii. 1-7; xvii. 1; xviii. 4, f); xxv. "2-4; Prov. Hie, MS., i. 2().S; iv. IC,
117, i:;4, 2.V)-(!, 27:!, 2S.-,; V. 04, (!S, S,"), 2(!0; vi. 100, 104, 100; St. Pup., J/Zs-.,
MS., i. 7.")-4; .SV. /'"/>., Misx. and Col., MS., i, (58-78. Soc also cluiptcrs \w.
{)iiil xxxii. for locril items rispcctini; the raiicho ilol rcy. 170."), ctittlc lost on
tlic! roiid were cliav(;c(l to the eoiisumptiou of the troops. 1700, 4,000 ciiUlu
l)eloiiu'iiii4 to the leal liaeieiula, fi'oiu which many private ])er.soii.s were ^^iip
plieil. 170."), each soldier inight have two miich cows. There seem to li:.ve
l>eeii .soiiio siieep 011 the raiieho. After 1707 an account was made of tlie
liides, which hetore had hceii left to the soldiers.
<' J'^IIort.s at Sta IJarliara. I'rcv. Per., MS., iv, 00. liancheros must keep
shwp or live in the ]nielilos. /</., iv. 8(i. Introduced at Angeles, S. ilose,
an<l San Francisco. Jil., vi. 70. livery settler should have at least 1! .-.'iee;<,
tor Mhiili Ihey may pay in grain. /</., iv. 147. ]>reedln;;-slieep t'^ he iiur-
chased and .sent to Monterey. /<(. , iv. 02. Six hundred and tourt<'on slirep
at 7 ''eals, wethers >"-2, received from San ])ie,i;o. iSV. J'oj)., iS.'C, MS., vi. (1.
\Vool iit S. (laliricl 20 reals per ari'oba. JiL, vi. (i. Two hundred slucp dis-
trihuted at Aui^'eles Aii,i;ust 1700. /(/., vi. 1. Every settler a'., San .lose iriust
keep ;{ sheep for every larger animal. JJqit. St. Pap., S. Joii', MS., i. 7i> 4.
Tlie liiced at San I'rancisco was merino, and better than elsewhere. J'ror. SI.
rap., MS., XV. S, !).
■^
HORSES AND MULES.
G:3
the country. Horses, not being used for food, nor
as yet stolen extensively by Indians, were largely in
(excess of all demands at four or five dollars each.
Mules at iiftccn dollars were generally in demand,
com[)aratively few being yet raised. Tithes of all
live-stock except in the missions were branded each
year in October or November and added to the rancho
del rc}'.'*'
*^1701, mission stock should be reduced to prevent dispersion. Tlie
Indians cat too iiuieli meat. Missions not allowed to buy animals from tin;
troojis. Tlio rai.sing of horses .ind mules should bo promote<l. Yearly slaughter
for meat ordered. Fa,"es to liomeu, in Prov. SI. I'up., !MS., x. 15'.). \'u, 170.
17!'-, no more fat to be shipped from San Bias, ami 'J'lO ccjws to bo killed
each year. It is Ijetter to make monthly <listriljations of meat. Arrillacra, in
/'/., >:i. 1)7-8; Prov. J'cr., MS., ii. l.Vi. VanetJiiver took some eattlc away
for ISiitany I'aj- and the Sandwich Islr.ndH. V((iirouv(r'.'i I'n;/., ii. 1)0; /•/•()(•.
St. PdjK, MS., x.\i. ]22. 1791, no market for horses. Mules promise bettei-.
I'ueblo SLoek nnieh exposed to Indians. Soldiers allowed only three or four
cows. King's SLf)ek not much all'eetcd by the removal of females. Adobe
houses built for soldiers guarding stock, in place of huts of hides. j\rr/IUt;in,
J'((/iil i/ij J'nii/i-n, MS., IbiU-'Jl. 17!)r), rancheroa have but litilc stock and it
nmst not incn^a.sc. Prov. SK Pcip., MS., xiii. 'HY.), 210, Si'l-,'). 170(1, wild
Ix.'asts troublesome, jirevcnting the increase of tithes. A lion attacked a cor-
poral, soldier, and Indian ^\oman at Kancheria Xueva. Prov. l!<r., MS., ix.
(I, iv. (ilj. 1707, no settler to have over 50 head of large stoelc, for each of
which three head of small stock must be kept. /(/., iv. "204, '284; />('///. SI.
P(i/i., S. Josf'\ MS., i. 7.'!-4. Two reals to be paid on each heatl of cattle
killed, f^. Jnsr, Anh., MS., v. .31. Tithe cattle to l;c brandc I with royal
rancho brand applied crosswise to prevent confusion. /(/., v. .'11. Over I2,U(K)
horses on the .\lonterey ranches in lS(K)(evidently an error). Arrtlbtja, L'atado
ill'. JSOU-1, MS., in Duiaiini, Doc. UUt. Cal., 3, 4.
CHAPTEE XXIX.
IMDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
1791-lSOO.
CoMMERCR — Trade of the TRANsroRTS — Otter-skins — Projects of Mar.
Qi'EZ, Mamaxeli, Ixciarte, Ponx'e, Mexdez, axi) Ovixeta — Provixcial
FiXAXCES — IIabilitados — Factor axd Comjhssary— Complicated
Accounts — Supplies axd PiEvexues — Taxes — Touacco Moxopoly—
Tithes — ]STilitary Force axd Distrip.utiox — Civir, Coverx>[ext —
Ppoposed Separatiox of the Califohxias — Administratiox of Jus-
tice — A Cause Celebre — Executiox of Rosas — Official Care of
Morals — Use of Liquors — Gaiipxixc — Education' — Rorica's Efforts
— The First Schools and School-masters.
California had as yet no commerce. Not a tradinQ:-
vessel proper touched on the coast before 1 800, tliough
there had been some Httle exchange of goods for meat
and vegetables on several occasions between the Cal-
ifornians and such vessels as arrived for purposes other
than commercial. " It is sad to not see a single shi[»-
owner on the Pacific coast," wrote Costanso in 1794;
no trade in the South Sea, and therefore no revenue,
a lack of population, and great expense to the crown.
The Cadiz merchants from mistaken motives stifled
the coast trade in its infancy. A grand commereo
might be developed, affording California colonist", a
market for their products, including fish and salted
moats.^ The Spanish laws strictly forbade all trade
not only with foreign vessels and for foreign goods,
l)ut with Si)anish vessels and for Spanish- American
goods except the regular transports and articles
l)roughf^ by them. At first the transports were for-
bidden to bring other goods than those included in
the regular invoices to the habilitados, and great prc-
" Coslansd, In/oi-me de 170.}, JIS.
( C24 )
TRADE WITH THE TRAXSPORTS. G25
cantioiiR were insisted on to prevent smui^t^liiig iJy
friars, soldiers, and sailors. After 178;"), liowevor,
trade was Tree on the transports except that I'roni
1790 to 1794 one half the regular rates of duties must
be jiaid, and that at no time could foreign goods he
introduced. The methods of conducting tliis traf-
fic are not clearly indicated, but apparently the olil-
cers and even sailors of the transports brought up
from tSan Lias on private speculation such articles as
they could I)arter with the soldiers. In the absence
of money this trade could not have asstuned large pro-
j)ortions; but the soldiers ibrmed the habit of exchang-
ing the regularly I'urnished sjfoods needed bvtlKirfam-
Hies I'or liquors, bi'ight-colored cloths, and worthless
trinkets. To prevent this the gov(>rnor sometimes
dela3'ed opening the regular su])i)lies till after the v(!S-
sel had departed. The supply-ships continued during
this decade as before to take an occasional small quan-
tity of salt or salt meat to San Bias, besides receiving
the needed supplies for their retui'U trips. The iin-
jiortation of mission produce from Lower California
v\-as allowed, but naturally little was done; in this
direction, thouu'h one or two lots of brand v, ii'>s, and
raisins for the liiars were sent up overlan(h-
'Fcli. 2n, 1701, Tugrs (lisafiprovcs tlio froo tr.'iile \vi(Ii S:in IjIms hccniiso
tlie polilicis f::i(.i'i;ice I'.scfut iii'liclcs in liai'tcr fm- luxiiiics iiiid li(]iU'v. J'njiil
tia Pini'i K, Ms., ITiS-O. 17!'.'$, the viciroy thinks no ln-jinrh of (nnnn'Tfc is
lil;t'ly to sni-C'tnl unless it nuiy )»o thi,' shijinuMit of f^rnin to San lUa'^. It' rill'i
ii'i'jcdii, Car' I, (Ir J!',/.!, MS. 171*-1-, (lov. allows iniixji-tation I'ioui liaja Cali-
fovnia, cxct'pt of mescal anil f)f her licpu-.rR. J'ror, S>. Pap., .MS., xii. il!) II.
Xov. 17r4, jnihlifa; 1(11 of till' kin^Lj's renewal of iici'n.su (i.f I'd), l'!, 1701), for
free trade v, i Ji f an lilas for 10 years. J,/., xi. 1^(1-7; xii. 0, l'>, 177-«. .May
'27, 170"), v. li. has learned tliat the hahilitados have ) aid the half diitie.s on
S.ui r.'.as imports down to Nov. '.!l, 1704. This would indicate perliaps that
tliis duty was j^aid i;n tiic regul.';r iiiciDorri^, a.s well as on extra (joods. /'/.,
xiii. 01-2; xii. \'>~k .luno S, )70.''>, all foreign floods except sneli as are in-
eluded in the rc'oiLir invoices of the hahiiitado ;reiieral arc to he eonli ■cated
hy v. R.'.s or. er. //., xiii. I'DS; I'm: AVc, .AlS., vi. 47; <S'. ./'«'•', Arch.,
MS., iv. ;!1. July 7, 170."), f'erez Fernamlez of San Francisco wants instiaie-
tiona how to cany out this order. .S7. /'«/)., S<tr., .MS., i. '_'!-■_'. I70i'), loyal
order not to admit goods frf)ni foreirai vessels, /ror. L'lC, MS., viii. Iiio.
An.L'. 17, 170(1, \'. 1;. transmits loyai order of May Hth approving certain
restiielioii.'j imposed on the leaving ■ . ^ititli, etc.. in payment fn- supplies hy
captains Mooi'c ! nd Locke. I'nglish cunning and pretexts fur traiio must
l)evatcli((l. :/. I'cji., Site, MS., v. HO 1. 170S 0, Ijiandy, llgs, and ruisiua
sent xij^i fr( ni llaja ('a'.iforiiia. Prov. lice, MS., vi. "JIU, UoS.
Ui»T. Cal., Vol. I. iU
l!ll!
Ill
626
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
Witliiii the limits of California trade consisted in
the delivery of goods from the presidio warehouse to
the soldiers for their pay and rations and to the set-
tlers in [)aynicnt for grain and other supplies, the ha-
bilitados being required to purchase home productions
rather than to order from JNIexico. Money was ])aid
but rarel}^ but goods were delivered at cost. For
the benefit of the pueblos Borica urged not only the
exportation of grain that the settlers might have a
market, but the sending by the government of special
invoices of goods to be sold to them at a small advance
on cost, in order that they might not be compelled to
purchase inferior articles at exorbitant prices from the
San Bias vessels.^ The missions also sold supi)lies to
the presidios, and sometimes received goods in i)ay-
ment; but they preferred as a rule to keep an oj)en
account which was settled once a year by a dral't oi'
the habilitado on Mexico, with which special invoices
of articles needed by the friars for themselves or their
neoi)])ytes or their churches were purchased and sent
to California free of all duties. The friars still scut
a few otter-skins to Mexico, and an occasional carn'o
of tallow ft)und a market at San Bias.*
^ 1/04, orilcrs to try nil possiljlc lioine products, paying in goods nt cost.
Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xiii. 10;)-4; xii. 01, 00; xiv. 70-7; I'rw. V.Vc, JLS., ii.
r27-8; i\'. lis. 170(), care uuist bo taken to prevent the si'Lllcrj fjulliiijj; too
iiuich of tlitii' grain, and keeping none for seed. .S'. Jour, Arch., JiS., ii. 7;>-4.
Correy;iondence hetween governor, viceroy, and iudjilit.ado geiieiv.l alioiit tiie
prcjject of special invoices of goods for ilio puelilo trade. 'I'lic! nialter was
taken under consideration. St. Pup., Sac, MS., ix. IS-'JO; Pror. P.rc. MS.,
vi. 7, l;),'>-4. Tlio settlers were disposed to cheat the government liy selling
damp Hour. S. Jour, Arch., ilS., vi. 4G.
* Till! only eoinnninication which I find respecting tlio fur-trade in tliia
decade is a somewhat remarkable circular of I're.sident Lasucn dated July 'Ji,
1701, iii Arch. S/u Bdrh(tr<x, JIS., ix. HM-l."), 317, in whieii ho says that
advices from Mexico promise better prices for otter-skins, which r.iay there-
fore be aeeuniulatcd. They ct.n be sent to the Mission sindico so ]\ieked and
mixed wi^h other goods that the contents of the packages may not Ijg appar-
ent; liiit the guardian or procunidor should be notiliud as to the detr.iis of
marks, etc.! Lasuen in the same circular, /(/., ix. .'iJ.VlO, s;iys that too
much tallow 1 xs l)ecn sent to San IMaa and the price is lower; therefore the
remainder may be disposed of to pWvate persons. 1704, the guardian ;;ivcs
the bad quality of tlie tallow as the reason why the ships have rei'uocd it.
1'hey will take 500 or 000 arrobas yearly at §2.r)0 if well pre; ared. IIo semis
direclions for preparing it. Doc. Jlixt. t'a!., MS., iv. al-'J; Arch. Sin r.ar-
(iiira, MS., xi. 'i.'iS, '204-7, 271-15. Salazar complains that ]uiel;l(;s have the
preference aa sellers, and also of tlie long time that the missions have to wait.
COMMERCIAL PROJECTS.
C27
In 1793 the king granted to Roman Marqucz of
the Coniercio do Indias license to make an experi-
mental trading voyage from Cildiz to San Bias and
California, with the privilege of introducing Spanish
goods free of all duties, though foreign goods must
pay seven per cent. Californian products exchanged
for these goods might also be exported free of duties.
Due notice was forwarded to the viceroy, and by him
to Borica and Lasuen, who notified friars and com-
mandants to bo ready for the expected commercial
visitor. It was announced in November 17D4 that
the vessel, the Levante, had actually sailed. A year
later came the notice that as jMarquez had failed to
carry out his enterprise it would be undertaken by
Ignacio Inciarte. Here the matter seems to have
droj)ped out of vicw.^ Meanwhile the king and vice-
roy in 1794-5 approv^ed the petition of Nicolas Ma-
maneli who proposed to make a trading voyage from
California and return; but nothing more is heard of
the scheme.^ Permission was also granted to Antonio
Ponce to build a schooner and open a trade ])ctween
San Bias and California.^
I have alluded to Borica's reconnnendation in favor
of the sending of special invoices by the government
for pueblo trade. In May 1797 the habilitado gen-
eral made a long report in favor of the project, ex-
plaining that nothing but a market \\)r produce could
arouse Californian industries from stagnation to pros-
perity; enumerating the facilities for a profitable
exportation of furs, hides, fish, grain, llax, oil, and
wine, and especially sardines, herring, and salmon, and
insistiui; that the u'overnment must take the initiative
in ()[)ening this provincial commerce, since the pros-
Coiiil'ii'ion Actual <h CuL, MS., 71-3. ITOrt, contract.s not to 1)o mnili! with
Missi(!ii nin jofilomoH without consent of jjidic. .S'. ./o.sv', Arch., MS., vi. 40.
'' \'ii;ci(iy"H (.oiuniiuiiiation of Ai)iil "J, IT'.M, ciicl' ::i:;i,' royal oi(\r of Out.
1, 17!;:5. find otlicr pajurs. Prov. SI. /'a/K, MS., xi. lOS, isS-O; xii. '2] -2;
J'ror. />(■., MS., iv. lllJ-17, 111), 140; Arc/i. Arzoln.^i'Uilu, MS., i. 40; Cntu-
laro. MS., i. '240.
Til). '28, 1705, viceroy to governor, in Pror. Si. Pap., MS., xiii, 12.
' j\'«em Espunu, Acucrdos, MS., y'2-3.
628
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
pccts ot tlio first were not sufficiently flattoriiig to
attract private companies. Ho ur^ved the sending of
an experimental invoice of .$G,000, and gave many
details respecting the management of tlio business.
Here so far as the records show the matter ended
without practical benefit to Los Angeles and San Jose."*
Two other commercial schemes in behalf of Califoinia
were devised in 1800 and were still in abcvance at
the end of this decade. Juan Ignacio Mendcz, wlio
had brought some goods to California for sale on the
su])ply-ship in 1798 and had worked in the country
as a carpenter, asked for a license to export California
proikictions on private account by the same vessels.
Juan Bautista Ovineta asked for the approval of a
contract which he had made with the settlers of San
Jose and Brancifortc for one thousand fanegas of
wheat each year at two dollars and a half a fanega.
The viceroy and fiscal were disposed to favor l)ot]i
projects, but called on the governor for his opinion.''
^Ctircaha, hiforme del IldhUitado Oencrnl sohre la rcmis'ion de memoriae de
E/crtm para Ion Pwhhn dn ('ali/oniia, 179T, MS.
"Oct. .'], 1800, viccioy to ;,'ovi'raoi', on tlio Mondcz proposition. <S'^. Phik,
Sac, ^18., ix. 104-(!. Doc. IS, 1800, fiscal to V. II., on Ovincta's contrai t.
Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 12-'i. Viccioy Azanza in his yiisfniccloii, Ms,,
91-2, speaks of a proposal of Tcpic merchants to supply California with in r-
clmniliso. On prices 1 .nppciultho fol'owing items: Feb. '20, 1701, Fiij^es su;,f-
gests a reduction in soino of tlic tarilF prices for grain and meat. Pror. S/.
7\(/)., MS., X. l.'()-7. Prices at Sta Barbara and S. Ijucnavcntura, 1704 (d
ls-_'l. Arrh. Sla Barbara, MS., vii. 44-Oli, 80-111; ix. 48,j-7. Sei.c. 22,
170."'), liorica gives a list of articles which could be advantiigeously sold iu
Calilornia, including hats costing S22 and scllingat §.30 per dozen; stockiii.--.
?9-§ 12 pur dozen; handkerchiefs, §i;i-§18 per dozen; gold lace, §2S-^,.C)0 jur
pound; chocolate, 1.7'> leales to 3.5 rcales per poun'.l. J'ror. St. Pap., Jim.
MIL, JIS., xxii. 2. 1700, cojiiiU/o-i, saddle-pads, 50 cents a pair. Prov. /.'<'•..
MS., vi. 100. Wheat, §;{ per fanega. Ihpt. St. Pap., S. Jose, MS., i. (;ii.
Freight on grain from Angeles to Sta Barbara 7 reals. Prov. Pec, MS., iv.
82-.'J. 1797, wool 18 reals per arroba (9 cents per pound). /(/., iv. 01; i-'i
at Monterey. Drpt. Si. Pap., S. Josr, MS., i. 78; Prov. Jlec, iMS., iv. 21 I.
Lambs olFored, 7 reals; asked by padres, §1. Prov. St. Pap., 5IS., xv. SO.
1708, tiles S20 per thousand. /(/., xvii. 97. Bulls, 8-1. A/., xvii. 103. Calves*,
f!4; cows, §.'). Proc Jier., MS., iv. 102, lO.'i. 1799, blankets .?4.r)0; brandy,
J! 1.07 per ci/fr»'^7,'o; Tigs, .SO cents per pound; olive-oil, 40 cents per pound.
J'rov. lli'C, ilS., iv. 110; vi. 233. Chickens, 50 cents per dozen. .S'. ./oni',
Arch., MS., vi. 41. June 20, 1799, Borica favors reduction iu pric(! of horses
fr(jin .i;'9 to .'?7; marcs, .?4 to §.'); and colts, .§5 to §3.50. Other tariff prices fair
enough. Prov. Pec, MS., vi. 120-7. Soap, 15 cakes for §1. Tithe wheat
niaj' be sold for 13 reals for cash or on 4 months' time. S. Jose, Arch., MS., vi.
48, 41.
TROVINCIAL FIXANCE.
G29
Till! matters of provincial lii)an('i\ pn'sidial sn])j»li(^s,
and habilitjido's accounts aiv closely allied to tliat of
coniinorcc, since the distribution of su[)|)lics consti-
tuted for the most part the trallic of the country.
Tlun'e were no ladical chani^'es in the system of hnan-
cial manai^ement during this decade. ]Cacli year an
a|)[)ropriation from the royal treasury was made in
ISIexico to cover all Californian expenses, according to
the pay-roll of officers, soldiers, artisans, and settlei's.
Ijelbre 179() it was about i;iUU,O00; subse(iuently by
reason of the reiinforcements of Catalan volunttsers
and artillerymen, of artisan instructors, and of the
settlers of I)rancif>rto, the amount was raised to about
$81,000.^*^ ]']ach year in !March or April a list was
sent from California of all the articles which v/ould
be needed for the following year and which coidd ii<»t
be [)urchased in the |)rovince. From the a])[)n)[)ria-
tion was cleducted the amount of drafts on 3Ie\ico
with which supplies obtained in California had been
paid f )r, and also the amount of various royal revenues
iitained in Calilbrnia and represented by drafts.
Then there was added the amount of su[)[tlics furni.slied
in (Jaliibrnia to vessels oi by (hie authority to native
laborers, or othei'wise jiroperly disposed of ]''inally,
the mcmorias of needed articles \\'erc purchased at
j\lexico and San ]jlas and shl})})ed regulai'ly to tlie
north. The accounts of each presidial company and
of the vohmtecirs and artillery were kept separate, and
tliere was visually a balance of a few hundred or a few
thousand dollars for or against each company, accord-
in<>' as the memorias were less or greater than the net
ap])ropriation. The ]ial)ilitados were not allowed to
include in their lists articles of luxury. Some coin
was sent with each invoice, enough to pay the salaries
'" For sopunito iircsiiliiil iiccouiits sco cluiptcns xxx.-xxxii. Th.a fdllowiiig
rc'foi'ciic'H arc soincwliiit i;ciu-i'al in tlnir ii.'itiu't', I'lnbraciiiL; accounts aiiil iVag-
iiicuts iclaliiig to all tlio prcsiilios: ,SV. /'«;<., Sw., MS., i. 47-'s ii- •>•>, -W; vi.
ll.'i; ix. 4S, .iS-OO, T-Mi; xv. li) I'J; Pror. .SV. l'<i/>., Jh'ii. M,/., MS., xiv. 8;
xix. ."), ?-!•; xxvi.."); xxvii. ■'),(!; xxviii. '2\-2; Prm\ Her., MS.,ii. IG;); v. ii, 7,
10; vi. rj;)-l; I'rvv. SI. rap.,Uii., xvii. 3o-Ul; I'roi: St. !'•'}>., J'n.'iidtos,
MS., ii. 70-68.
i
;
I III
Ill
1 i
I ii
fl
630
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
of tlio pfovcrnor and one or two otlicr officers, witli a
Hinall iiiDount for tlie soldiers. There was at one time
an order that all balances due the conii)anies be s(!nt
in coin, but I find no evidence that anything of the
kind was ever done."
Until 171)1 the purchase of supplies and j^^eneral
management of California business in Mexico was in
the hands of a i'actor, Pedro Ignacio Ariztegui being
tlie last to hold that position, preceded by Kan ion
^Manuel de Goya from 177(5, and his place taken by
Jose Avila from 1785 for several years. Francisco
Hijosa as conmiissary attendetl to the business at
'•From the voluminous correapondcnce on tlio topics treated in tliis and
the next pjiragriipli I present the following items: 171M), full details on
forniH of aeeounts. Prnv. Sf. Pap., MS., ix. •JSll-O'J, .'JO"). Viceroys orderij
for rejjorts, etc., to aid llomeu in his) investigation of presidial accounts. /(/.,
ix. 3i;{ I!). Sept. 2(1, 1790, Kevilla (jigcd(j'.s letter to court recommending tlio
appointment of Carcaha as hubilitado general, and explaining the desira' il-
ity of the new oliice. EdndUlo, Doc. Hid. (Jul., MS., i. 8, !). May 14, 1701,
royal order creating the ollicc. Pruv. St. Pop. Bin. Mil., MS., xxv. 2. Oct.
',), 1701, viceroy communicates royal approval of (Vircaba's appointment to
governor. Pron. SI. Pop., MS., x. lI}(i-7. Sept. '20th, habilitado's di.licits
to be charged to the company pro rata, and he is to live on 2.5 eta per day under
arrest, his property also being sold. /(/. , x. 7(i. Some clerical fees Irul to l)o
paiil from (California on statements of account. /'/. , xii. 10,'). Damaged ellects
ehai'geil to tho factor; expenses to company. Prov. I'cc., M.S., ii. \'>S, .Ian.
4, 170.'}. Sending of supplies suspended until accounts arc cleared up. Pnn'.
Sf. Pup., livn. Mil., MS., XX. 4. Jan. 23, 1794, habilitado geii':ral, his appoint-
ment, accounts, etc. Altera Efipailu, Acii< rdos, MS., 40-.'{. May 12tli, guv.
complains to v. U. of lack of system in tlie accounts. Pron. Si. P(tp., Al>.,
xxi. l.')S-40. 17!'4, Col. Alberni was refused 50 arrobas of flour, because^ it
could be bought in (Jalifornia. St. Pop., Sac, MS , ix. 41-2. Article:! of lux-
ury not to be included in niemorias. balances in coin, one fourth in small
change. Prov. liec, MS., iv. 124-,"); Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 182-3. Dec.
170."), 10 ])er cent advance to be charged on goods distributed to In<lians. A/.
The habilitados had to send wi!h their memorias .in account of tiie conditiuii
of arms, dress, and other kinds of property. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 01.
.Jan. 1, 170,"), liorica to Qft'caba, complaining of the inellicieney of liis olliciis
especially as habilitados. Orajer.a is named as an exception. Prov. >/. /'c/'.,
MS., xxi. 21.3-14. April, S!(i,o'0O in silver coin sent to CaUfornia. I'ror. Si.
Pap., JJc/i. Mil., M.S., xxi. 10. Report of Feb. 10, 179."), on tho accounts of
the expedition of 1700-74. Prov. SI. Pap., MS., xiii. 5-0. Haliilitadu ^.'iii-
eral eonsiilered as agent and apoderado of the California Indians. Pror. /'"■.,
MS., vi. 2. (,'ompany accounts must bear th^ signature of conunaiidant and
altVrez l)esidc3 that of the habilitado. .SV. Pap. Sac, MS., vii. 4',). 17!i7,
precautions a;;ainst counterfeit money, '.vitli inilications that some of it was
in circulation in (Jalifornia. Prov. J!cc, MS., iv. 154; vi. 7<S; Prnr. St. /'";'.,
MS., xvi. 245. j\Iarch 10, 1707, Borica asks for a release of habilitad(n Irum
some duties, and the appointment of administrators. Prov. Jif., ]\iS., \i.
8.'! -4. (jov. still at work on the accounts of 1781-02. I<l. Care dja succrcdid
by (A)lunma. C.'iierro, Dor. Hid. Cal., MS., iii. IGS-O; I'ror. St. Pap.. MS.,
xvii. 200, .322-3; Pror. LW., MS., iv. 112; viii. 224. Arrears of pay at S.m
Diego. Prov. St. Poj)., MS., xxi. 34, GO-3.
HABILITADOS.
C31
San Bias until 1795 and pcrliaps throuu^liout the
decade, in 171)1 jNEanuel C.ircaba, at the leeomnien-
(hition ol'Kevilla (iiL,a'do, was put in possession «»t'the
newly created office of habilitado <i^eneral with the
rank of captain and the jiay <»f !i? 1,200 a year. Ue
was to devote his whole attention to (Jalifornia busi-
ness as the factor had not done. The office was to
he elective; and in 171)0, Ciircaba ol)tainin,ijf leave of
absence, Eucario Antonio Cohunna was appointed to
succeed him ad Intcrua in ^lay, and the choice was
duly ratili'^d by the presidial companies in August
and Scpteinoer. It is not certain that Cohunna ever
took possession of the office, there l>ein«jj souk; indica-
tions that ('arcaba held it again in 1802. Through
want of skill on the part of the habilitados the a(!-
counts were always in confusion. IJelicits during this
decade are noticed in local chai)ters. In 171).) the
J forwarding of sup[>lies was once suspended till the
ii accounts could be adjusted. In 171)5 the final orders
Mere issued for settling the old accounts of the ih'st
expeditions of l7Gl)-74. Manyof the soldiei's were now
dead and their descendants scattered. Whenever the
sum due was large, the heirs were to be sought;
otherwise the money was to be spent in masses for
the souls of the dead pioneers. In 171)7 ]]orica in the
north and Arrillaga at Loreto were still at woi-k on
the accounts of the past decade. There had been
$12,000 due the presidio of Santa Barbara in 171)2,
and in 1801 the governor expressed doubts whether
a settlement would ever be readied. Truly there was
little inducement to the soldiers to live economically
and to leave large balances in tlie hands of the ii'ov-
ernment. The procuradores at San Fernando college,
charged with the transaction of business for the (Jali-
fornia missions, were Jose ]\[urguia and Tomas de la
Pena, whose duties were simply to collect the friars'
stipends and drafts sent from California, and with the
proceeds to purchase supplies for shi|)ment accord-
ing to the orders received. Of the pious fund, source
632
INDUSTRIES AXD INSTITUTIONS.
of tlie stipends, nothing In particular is known pertain-
ing direeUy to this epoch ; but Rovilla Gigedo in his ro-
l)ort of 17'J3 represents tlic fund as rajiidly lunning to
decay, and precUcts that the royal treasury wi 1 liavc
to make new sacrilices in behalf of the missions.^-
The Californians were free from alcabahis, or excise
tax, on articles bought and sold for live years I'roni
1787 to 1792, and again for ten years from 1794.
From 1792 to 1794 one half tlic regular tax of six
per cent was paid, but statistics are insutlicient ti)
show the revenue from this source, which was very
small. There was also a tribute of one fanega of
cori) per year paid by tlie settlers, which yielded to
the king something over 8t00.'^ From 8 100 to .s200
a 3'ear resulted from the sale of papal indulgen^-es, an
ecclesiastical revenue, but nianao-cd bv the treasurv
oilicials.'^ Another ecclesiastical revenue belonging
to the bisho[> of Sonora, but by him sold to tlK: royal
treasmy, was tliat of diezmos, or tithes. 1'his tax of
ten per cent on all products must be [)ai(l by settlers
after live years and by the ranclio del rey, only
the missions being exemj)t. The treasury gained
live ])er cent by the purchase from the bishop, the
habilitados received ten per cent of gi'oss re('ei|)ts for
collection, an<l it was customary to sell tlie tithes for
a year in adviince at auction whenever a ])ui'chaser
coidd be found, the p)'ice being the probable proceeds,
and the purchaser making his profit l»y a more careful
collection than the officials would enforce. This tax
was collected in kind Jbr grain and even for live-stock
when the animals could be used at the [)residios. The
net proceeds, paid by drafts into the branch treasury
at llosario, or at Guadalajara after J 795, were over
$1,200.1"'
''^ L'criHa Ghjrilo, Carta <h> 179.1, MS., IS, 10.
'^7Voc. .SV. J'lijK, MS., X. ITS; xi. S, !); /'/., Jicn. jV/,'., xviii. (i, 7; x^^'-
0, 7; S. J(i.sr Aiih , MS., iii. '.M. TrUmtiM i)iii<l iit ^^I'litorcy in i7'.Ki, «in^
SI-. mill ill 17'J4, S--. Ill 17!)7, ~\ mim paul S;)7. Alati.iilui at MMiiluiry in
I7'.i:!-i, ■'?j;;o.
" Sc(.' chapter xxvii.; also local itcm.s in diaptcrs xxx.-xxxii. lliis \oliiiiii'.
'•' 17'Ji, titlius i)aitl iuto real caja ilc liosaiio. I'rov. >St. I'oj)., MS., xii.
P'
REVENUES.
633
The largest item of I'oyal roveiuie in Califoniia, as
in all other Si)aiiisli provinces whore no rirh mines
weie worked, was that prodnced \)y the sale ot tobac-
co, nhvays nR)nop(jlized by the government. The net
])ro(hict of cigars, cigaritos, and snuff, little or no
tobacco l)eing used for chewing or smoked in })i})es,
was not less than ^G,000 a year on an average.^*'
Postal revenue amounted to about $700 a year, the
liabilitados serving as post-masters at their rospecti\ u
presidios, and receivirg eight per cent of gross re-
ceipts as a compensaLion for their services.'^''
ihe management of all branches of tlie revenue was
1.'!."). St;i Di'iiliiir.a titlics for 1704 were 8*i"-S. Tlio governor .nntliorizcs tlm
eoimiiaiKUuifc lu f cU tlmn for two years iit$4!,'0. J\-or. J'er., jNIS., iv. <(, 10,
2Ct. (.'ajit. OitcL.a Mil J^-J(10 {|ier year) on eoiulitioii that tlie pi-csiilio iiiircliaso
grain iiiul eattlo at tarill' ]iriecs. Pn.f. ,V. />«;■., ]\IS., xiii. IT."!-!. (Kt. I7!l.'>,
ti-iu -i £ iid (juick^ilvcr revenue of California tianf;l'erreil to (iuadalajaia. /(/.,
Mii. U~r,; xiv. 5; J'ror. Uec., IMS., iv. M.'i; SI. Pn/>.,Siic., MS., xvii. 'J.
ll'.'i't, items 'bov.iiiij that tlic tithes on live-sto<k, when ]iaiil in money or
grain, v.ero hoiu )() to 25 eents jur liead, or for ninlis i>0 eents. I'rov. iSV.
/'(//'., MS., xvi. 17.S, lMI; 1,1., 1',-rMio^, i. S; S. ,/.,.« An/i., M^.. v. '_'!).
llalalitaiK s iilhnvid 10 jier eeiit. I'ror. St. Piiji., ^IS., xvi. 178, Xo ofl'era
toreiitt::c titb.encf Sta Darliara in I7!I0. J'nr. /,'<•-•., MS., iv. 109. .Tan. 'Ji.',
]S(iO, Sal i > comi:;iona(]o of Saii.IoHc', nr.Lring liiiu in no gentle tei'iiis to hasti'U
the biaui'ing. JOxeoiiniiunication is tlii^ ].eiialty for faihiie to ])a3' tithe.s. S.
J'.y'. Anh., ^.IS., iii. .'"17. Twenty-live ewes elaiine<l oi;t of every tliousaiifl
killed, S'. J'liji. J/(.^■. and t'utoii, MS., i. .38. Tithe eattle sold at Sl.'Jo eaeh.
A. Jos-', Arch., .MS., iii. (Ki.
'''Troiluet iii 17''0, ir'D.OlO. Consunii)tion in 1700, 7,7")I ]iek;rs. oigarn,
7i.;'.2l> jiekgs. cigai'itos, and Hi llis. of snull'. Sf. I'cjk, Sih\, 2*iS., iii. ,'{, 5, 7.
Kcveiiue ill 17..';), !: 1.0 IS. Pruv. St. Pa^>., :MS., xi. I;.;i; x:;i. V:,V>. ^n 17!l<i,
87,!)1S. Prr.i\ rt. Pftp., Prcsidio/t, MS., ii. 8'.)-()0. In ISCO, tT.OSl. J'r<>r. SI.
P('}i., ]'-ii. Mil., ^iS., xxviii. 8. The hahilitndo.s receivixl 5 jier eent on
gro^.j ^a'.^.s, and tlie habiiitado of Monterey as administrator got S")4.") a year.
Id., wvii. 8.
"Ill t!ic nnmcrm'.- eommunieations in the archives respecting the luanage-
nient t.f ilie niai!;i d'.ring thi.s decade there i.-i very little matter of interest or
v; Inc. 17'.'0, .^'jrA) jiaid for a siieeial exjiress from \ootka. ■ 7'/'oc. iSV. Pap.,
Pick J/.7. , MS., xi.v. 10. 17!)l2, eourier.s to leave Sail I'raneisco on 1st of
eceli n;o;itli, Picir. Per., MS., ii. l.^i^, 17'.t.'k a courier sent from ^Muiterey
Nov. Kith, arrived at San liicgo Xov. 1?A, and at Loreto Dec. 7lli. 'J he day
and hor.r c f arrival an I depariuro at eaeli nii-isioii r.re given. The .stay at
each station was gcnendly an hour. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xi. 77-^il. In
]71'4a. eh.iiij.e v,;'.:i made in route, mails going via Chihuahua and liuen.-ivista
initcad of yManios and (luadalajara. I'rur. Pc-,, M.S., vi. "-'•'i; viii. 14.1 (I;
/ )•■ r. St. P(ip., MS,, xi. 1!)4. l^m^li.di letters taken from the Ice s and sent
t<^ .Mexico ill 17i:4-.">. Prov. /.'.v.,\MS., iv. <l, l-.'h /'n r. .SV. P,i,':, MS., xii.
];M; xiii. 17">. 17'.i."), liiail.H have Mnnttiey on 'Ad of taili inonili fur' south,
/■'/•('('. /,'((., MS., V. ;'iC4, Xet jnoeeeds in 17'.)<l-7 were .v7o8. Prnr. Si, Paj>.,
Jii'ii. J;//., J;S., XXV. 14. Xew niaildiais in I7'.»7. /'/(/c, -S7. Pa/t., MS., xvi.
1!".".. Adniini^lratois of 1'. (). got 8 jier eent. J'ror. SI. P'lp., Ihn. :.lll.,
MS., .s.wiii. 11. Ve;;:;el carrying the mail aero.ss the gulf lost ill 1800, y'/'i<c.
St. Pap., MS., xviii. 80.
iii::
''^!ii
634
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
in the liands of the liabihtados for their respective^
jiirisilictioiis, the aecouuts beini*' sent to ]Montei'ey
for transmission to Mexico; until in 1799 ITerniene-
gildo Sal, as hahilitatlo of Monterc^y, was formally
appointed administrator general of royal exchecjuer
revenues for New California. ^^
The military force maintained in California during
this decade was 280 men of the presidial companies,
besides governor and surgeon, and 90 Catalan volun-
teers and artillerymen after 179G. There wei'o 12
connnissioned officers, 35 non-commissioned officers,
2G0 })rivate soldiers, GO pensioners, and four (;r livi'
mechanics. Grades and salaries I append in a note.'*
In 1799 an effort was made by the officers, supported
by the governor, to obtain an increase of pay to tlie
extent of $150 per year. It was claimed that the
sum I'eceived was insufficient to supply food and elf fil-
ing to the ofiicei's family, his children going barefoot
and ill rags, while his wife had to take in Vvashing and
sewing. No innnediato result is recordetl. With
tlieir ]jay the cavalry soldiers must buy Ibod, elothiiig,
arms, and horses; but the latter were taken back and
'»Nov. 7, 1700, Sal declared administrator. Pror. J?,'r., M.S., iv. 17G;
Pror. St. P<'f>., MS., xvii. 'J<S,">, ;H5. 17!),"), tobacco accounts pent to linhili-
tado of MontcM'oy, as also catUc accounts; tithes to Itosario; mail accounts to
administrator ^ tnoral iit Mexico; huhs to tlis respective branch of the treas-
ury. I'tor. St.'^Pfip., MS., xiii. I'O; Prov. Pec, MS., iv. i:!;S.
'"^■ala 'ies paid were as follows; governor (lieut. -col.), ^H,000; captain Cat.
vol., CW;;); a]fi'i'c;;or sub.-liont., ^;:!|(;();alferpz (,'at, vol., .SIW-l; ser-eaiit, !;.Oi2..'il);
sei'iicaiit artillery, -..^U); ser,<;eant Cat. vol., .^1!)-; .soldiers, .'i. _'l7.'i!'; fioldieis
Cat. Vol., >^\'.)2; coldier;'. artillery. .^dSO; invalid aU'ercz, !;?2>X); invalid ctnjMind,
$!l(i; Rur;;to!i, iJti-iO; liculenaut, ii-.VjO; lieutenant Cat. vol., .'vlSO; bleeder, .':"!()tl;
eorjior; 1, C--''! eorpoi'id !ir;illery, iir-lM; corporal Cat. vol., (i;d.*(!; r-uchanir-'.
^b'.Ct; dnuntner Ciit. vol., ^l-M; armorer, .S'J17; invalid sergeant, .'^IJ ); i;ivaliil
fjoldii r, i'. (i. Nov. "), 17.'~, Arrillai'-a, to viceroy, iir^riii;,' a ]irovi ion for .siiid-
iii;; the f;(jldiers' pay in advance, as was done in some otliir iircsiuios, tlmimli
<'ontrary to the re;;!a;(ieiito. The delays, es|iecially in tittin;; out new re-
cruits r.nd in pay in;; of) .soldiers whoso term had expired, cau.sed ; reat hard-
ship. J'rar.Si. y*(i//., MS., x.ii. SO-t. Oct. 'J, 171'.'!, vicei'oy orders tuo ]]ay-
nunts in advance t(j litntena.nts ( Irajera and I'arrilla fur travellin;; expenses.
St. I'dji., .SV(r'., MS., ix. 71. 1T!)7, sailors employed in defeniivc duty L^it
'J.') cents per day. I'l'or. S/. Pun.. MS., xxi. 'J."i(i. 17!'!), corres]iondence he-
tween c i,iman<lanls, ;:overnoi', and viceroy respectin,i; an increase of |!;iy tor
the jircidial ofiicers. SI. /'</;*., iS'((f., M8., i. l'2'6-i; Proi: /iVc, MS., iv. ll.'i;
vi. li'J-1.
MILITARY FORCE.
638
credited at the expiration of the term. The Catalan
volunteers received less pay, and had no horses to
buy. For them and for the artili*. 'ymen separate in-
voices of eftccts were sent from Mexico, to the amount
of about .$15,000 per year. This infantry company
was i<.'>t deemed a very useful addition to the foi-ces
of the country, and it was hoped tliat most of the
raenibers at the expiration of their term might be
induced either to recnlist in the cuera companies or
remain in the country as settlers. "^°
I explain elsewhere the military and presidio sys-
tem. Here it is my purpose to note brielly the con-
dition of military affairs and the slight niodlfications
that occurred during the decade. The regular term
of enlistment was ten years,"^ but at least eighteen
3'ears' service was required for retirement as an in-
valid on half-pay pension, and the pensioners wore
often retained a long time in the service for want of
recruits to fill their places. From the pay of each
'" The compania do voluntarios dc Cataliifia was also railed the coriipiiriia
de fusileros do iiKintaua. Prov. St. /'ap., MS., xiii. 180. Dec. l~'X>, t!io j)eti-
tioii of the volunteers for travcllmg expenses denied. I'r a\ J'cr., MS., viii.
I.^S: St. Pup., Ml-ix. and Colon., MS., i. .Sti.'J. June IT'.'T, vohmteers may
enlist in the eoni)ianies on expiration of their term, but not Ix'foie, end enjoy
the !idvantni,'ea of their previous serviees. They were enconiaiced to marry
eiii-isliani:a'd natives as a. means of retiiininj; theiu in tlio eountry. J'roi'. St,
Pnp., MS., XV. iV.'-;?; Prov. lice, MS., viii. 17.'). July ], n'!)(i, Albei'ni
(irgurs that the volunteers desiring to heeonie settlers should reeeivo douhlo
allowances, on aeeomit of their lo or 'JO years of service and lieeause it i.i liard
for an old soldier ti) bend his body to the axe, iioe, and )'.iow. <S7, Pup., Jlisn.
anil Ci'loii., MS., i. ll()S-9, olU. Marcli 17!'!', llorica favors an iiu-rcase of
cavalry in place of infantry. Pror. J'rr., JNIS., vi. 121-2. Auj;. 17''!>, 1'. f^ays
tlie artillcry-nu'n live at the liatterics and altei'uate with tlio infantryuien in
their <hitics. Vt'lun I'ree tin y promenade about the presidi(w. >.'o com-
plaints of injustice heard. /(/.. vi. I'JS.
'^' 'i'heni are nu records that any recruits were obtained from abro:;d dur-
inj.; tiiis dcciule — certainly there \\erc but very few; neilliei' do the i-.rcliives
sliow \ut\v many recruits were i)l)taini'd in California to keep llie coui[:iinics
full; but nianv of the young nun elmse a military ea!'c( r. 'i'here v.'a'i no
Inmuty ))aid. Pror. St. Pap.', .MS., ix. 1!)'J-.1; Vallrjo., J)<r. //:st. (<:l. MS.,
XV. ,")--()(!, <;!), 7~', ■''•">, !I2, Jan. 15, 17''4, governor says li ■ f >un t laany I'.selcsa
men at tlie presidios and tried to promote leeruiting .so iv.i to bll t'.io \.'ie. neies
with ^;o()d nicn. Pror. St. Pup., .MS,, \xi. IliJ. .Marcli. 17!''', Cov. ordeis
conHn:indantofl'r(jnteras to enlist b'lor'J )yiiunL,'men. Pror. J:,c,, y..-i., v. ,';!0.
I>ec. 17'.i7. eorpoial f^ent to .Vmjeles to recruit (i youths so t'.iatuiKKusv invalida
may be released. A/., v. 201; ^Pror. St. P.'ji., MS., xvi. l.M. Ju;)e'l7il!). Sal
wants a healthy robust man from San Josii to fill u vacancy. Not a widow's
son. .S'. /oac', Anh., MS., vi. 47.
636
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
soklicr was kc v)t back a certain suiii coiistitutiiiL;' the
Joitdo ilc rcfciicion, to be paid iiim on bis cli.scliargo.
Tbis was fifty dollars till 1797, wbcn it was raised to
one liundred dollars, to be made up in four aiuiual
retentions.--'
In niilitarv discipline tbere was notliinix notable at
tiiis time.-'' In 17SJ;3 tlie governor rcconunendcd that
San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and San 23iego be
commanded by captains wlio should have nothin^■ t<»
do Vvith the presidial accounts,"* but the supf^'estioii
was not I'ollowed, though several of the lieutenants
were brevetted captains before 1800. In 17'.)4 the
presidios v.'ero reported to have no Hags and no ni;ite-
rial with v.liich to make tliem; accordingly one ilag
for eacli estaldishnient was sent from ^Mexico the
next yeai'. ' In the matter of unifoi'm and e!jui]»-
ments buckskin cliiipas, or jackets, and breeches were
allowed to be worn on active duty, and anquoxi.K,
heavy leather covei'ings for horses' haunches, were
prohibited in l7i)4.-^ In 1795 the royal tribunal,
■■^2 Prov. St. Pa})., MS., xvi. 03, 223; xv. 50. The other militiiry 'funds'
were the jOiulu dc 'jnii'ljicucioii, an allowance of !;:!lO fur each luau in tliu
companies jier year l(jr luiseellaneous eompany expenses; t'av. jhii'lo de hiciJ-
lido-', a Kiuad ili.seount on Buldiers' ■vviii;e.s, 8 inaravetlid on a dollar, for the
payment of pensions; and the ,/'(i/((/o dc inoidc/iio, a discount of ol'.ieers' ]i;iy
lor Kimihir jiurjxjses. Feh. 17'.'->, the king oi'dered !:o )ier nionth as ahiis
paid totiieold ci.rpenter Lorenzo J ".sparza. Prur. S/, Pu]k, Jl< j. Jld.,^!.'-., xxv.
Ui. This yinn \vas laid to IJsparza nntil his death. April ITUo, 7v) pi rsons in
the for.r j lesidius entitled to reurenient Init no reeruits to replace tlicin.
Prou. St. Paji., 2*18., xxi. Vl'21-l!. Dec. ti, IT'Jti, royal order le ;ulating de-
tails of jiension.s. Proe. Pec, MS., iv. lol-'2. Oct. 171)7, invalids dee.iiiiiig
to live in tlio laieblos nuist stand gu.u'il at the presidios. Pivr. St. Pap., MS.,
xvi. 80-7, l;;-l; xv. U!)-]00; Piov. Uvr., xMS., iv. KV.MIO. Oct. \',.)S, retired
oliicers who held governnieut positions get no half-pay. Prur. Pec, MS., \i.
104.
^^ 17!/.->, Ser!.^t. Ruiz reports that the .soldiers at Sun IJnenaventura iiave to
be treated with severity. Their iiisuhordination has reached siudi a iioiat
thiit they liavc to be threatened with kicks. J'mr. St. J'lfji., MS., xiv. ■!■").
Dut Rui/. was arrested tor ollensivo language to private i.,ugo. /(/., xiii. II.
Albino Toljar sent or.t of the countiy for bad eonduut. /'/l/C. L'fr., IM.v. \.
(J2. Two soluieis given two hours of extra ).:uaril duty ]j(r day, weaiiug
their riirrtt.<, fur < i;.ht days, having allowed some Indian pristmers toesca^'c.
.S7 J
P
up.
M:v xvi. 173.
/. PftiK, A;S., xxi. lOS-0.
Larl
eant.nn also
ia I7i)!). I'rov. J.\
MS.
121.
[tropose
l1 for Santa
.S7. /'(»//., MS., xi. 2(10; xiv. .'iS: xxi. I!I0.
Pr
St. J
up.
ll>
xu.
i4;i
xvu.
AS. S. Jv^t, Arrh., M;
or.
MS., iv. S; V. 24.
GOVERXMENT.
637
tbroufrli Contador Boltran, reported io the viceroy
that the Cahf'ornia soldiers had too many duties not
belonging to their profession, servirig as vaqueros,
farmers, couriers, artisans, and butchers, so tliat but
little time was left for rest or for their proper duty of
protecting and advancing the spiritual conquest.-'
The governor also urged the necessity in 17\)3, and
again in 1799, of appointing an adjutant-inspector to
relieve him of some of bis duties.^^ In coimection
with the apprehensions of attack by foreigners in
1797, a slight attempt was made to organize tlie militia
of California, and a distribution of arms and annnuni-
tion was made among the settlers, the emi)l()yment of
the natives as auxiliary forces being also contem-
plated.^^
Civil and political government had but a nominal
existence at tliis epoch, consisting mainly in the facts
that the comandante de armas was also political gov-
ernor of the province and that each pueblo had its
alcalde. This is not the j)lace to attempt an analysis
of the relations between military and civil authoritv,
in which there was sul)stantially no change I'lom tlie
beginning down to the end of Spanish power i'l Cali-
fornia. The only topic that requires notice in the
annals of this decade is the proposed separation of the
two ( alifornias hitherto forminLT a sinG!;le i)rovince
under one governor. This separation was recom-
mended in IMarcli 1790, by Beltran of the court of
exchequer in i\Iexico, who based his argument on tlie
great distance between Loreto and j\[onterey, and
the consequent delays in the transaction of all public
Ijusiness, Arrillaii'a at Loreto could Uikc no action
until he had communicated with ] >orica at ^lonterey.
Orders from ^Mexico for Loreto nuist make the jour-
" Pro,: St. J'(ip., MS., xiii. lSr)-(;.
28 April;?, 17!r>, March 18, I?.)'), ISorica to viceroy. Pror. /,Vv., AfS.. vi.
I"_'l; Pr">\ St. Pciji., M'., xxi. '2-1. Tlicrc liiul bociuio such (jlliccr since the
tirnr of (..'.•ipt. XiodLis Solcr.
« /Voc. li'ec, MS,, iv. 87, 93, lC>r>; Pixr. St. Pap., MS., .\v. lUl-'J; xvi.
CSS
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
ney to ^Monterey and back, and reports from Loroto
made the same circuit on their way to Mexico. The
inconvenience of all this was apparent, and the separa-
tion in military and political rule was greatly iaeili-
tated by that alread}'' existing in mission affairs.
Borica made a full report in favor of the change in
September, declaring that the interests of both parts
of the province could not be properly attended to by
a governor at Monterey, favoring in connection with
the change a transfer of the capital of the peninsula
from Loreto to the frontier, expressing the greatest
conlldence in Arrillaga's ability, and sugg'esting an
increase of his salary. No one had anything to say
in op[)osition to the separation, which we shall see
was accom[)lished during the next decade.'""'
On the administration of justice, we learn that in
1794 Ignacio Rocliin was shot for murder at Santa
Barbara, on a sentence coming from the audiencia of
Gua(lal;\jara.^^ A soldier was sentenced to ten years
public labor at San Bias for incest in 1791), wliile his
daugliter and accomplice was condemned to seclusion
for two years.^' There w'eru six or seven cases of
murder among the natives, the culprits being con-
demned by the viceroy to terms of four to eight years
of presidio work or imprisonment together with llog-
gmgs
33
3" March 7, 1700, Bel Iran's proposition. Prov. St. Pap., :\IS., xiv. 140-4.
Marcli l,Mst, vicLroy to Ikirici), trausmit'Lin^? the proposition. /(/., J 10; I'ror.
y.Vc, Mo., v. .'vM; viii. l.">!». .Inlylltli, lioriua to Arrilla^'a on the iiubjeut,
in wIul'.i ho calls Loltran 'J:;i Tiurto.' /</., v. 84;?. Aug. ISJi, Aniilaga
f.ivora tho clian!;c. /r/., iii. '208. Sept. lltli, Borica's icpoit to viceroy.
Jlori'Ci, J'ro'xrto .-uhrc dirisioii dc Ian Lurfondun en dos jirorui'ii!!<, l!'j:J, ^IS.
"' .Seo chapter .\.\x. In l! 01 Cri-stohal Siiuental is nieiitioudl ;. i liaviiii,'
arrived at Monterey for tlic audiencia of (Juadalajara; l)ut nuthin,;,' i.-i liiiowu
of Inn hu.siness. J'ror. Ilcc, MS., x. II.
3^SV. J\i/>.,Sar., MS., i. I'J-J; Prov. Per., MS , iv. lOt); viii. 1S7.
'^ 17U0, four natives for nnn-der of anotlier, fou" years of ])riaon with oO to
1 00 lashes. Proi . Jv'c. , M S. , iv. 43-4, 84. 1 797, Indian who un( Icrtook to punisli
his wife and throuyli ignorance 'overdid it,' four yearson jHiliHo v.orlcs. Pruv.
.S7. J'up., y.^., XV. '.^77. 17'J!*, wife-nun-derer at Santa Ijiirijara, ci'^;I.t years of
liard lub(;r in eliains. I a]ipend some minor eases of iuterett: UC), Kafael
(Jouie;!, apparently for lying, condcinncd hy P. Catala, conmiis ioncd by
Lasueii, to sweep the church daily and attend mass, besides aalang a p.adrc'a
jiai'don, being ]>ut in irons to await tho governor's approval of thi i ; enlencc.
Hun Jos-l, Arch., MS., iii. oo-l. IIO'J, no cases peuiiiug which belong to the
,««»».,s.v«*i>M«ft(»;i:
I to
ish
CRIMINAL RECORD.
The most striking criminal case of the jieriod, though
by no means a pleasing one to describe, was that of
Jose Antonio Rosas. He was a native of Los An-
gelo.s, only eighteen years of age, and a ])rivato soldier
in the Santa Barbara company in the guard of San
Buenaventura. In June 1800, while in charge of the
animals at La j\Iesa, he was seen to commit a crimen
iicfando by two Indian girls, who reported the mat-
ter. Criminal proceedings were at once instituted by
order of Comandante Goycoechea, Alferez Pablo (^f>ta
being prosecuting attorney, the cadet Ignacio ]Mar-
tlnez actiu'j: as clerk, the soldier Jose jNIaria Domin-
guez as interpreter, and the retired sergeant Joso
]\Iaria Ortega as defender of the accused. liosas
made a conlession, ])leading only that ho was tempted
by El Demonio. Cota demanded the death pc>nalty,
Ortega made an eloquent appeal for mercy, and in
July the case went to the viceroy. The sentence ren-
dered in September, after consultation with tlie audi-
tor de guei'ra, was that Bosas must be hanged and
the bod}' burned together with that of the nude, "eji
quien cometio tan horrible delito." Tlie execution
took place on Feb. 11, 1801, at Santa ]]arbara presi-
dio in the presence of the whole garrison; but there
being no hangman in California, tlie boy had to be
aiulicncia. Pror. Si. Pa/i., MS., xxi. 200. 1707, iiiilivcs for assnult on iieo-
pliytcs sciitnici (1 to work on presidio in .'OiackKs I'ur a month i.v two. Priii\
■^t. Pdji., !MS., xvi. 77-S. J79(!, carpcntor Martinez exiled to San .losi' for
eiyht years furas. ault an<l wouniliny. J'rin: /I'l'C.jMS., iv. I'.iS. ]7I'7,('rist('il)al
]!(.'y prcseenU'd for assault, witJi some detailsof proceeding's. Pror. Sf. P(ij>.,
MS., xvi. 2,d-'2. Natives .seiiteneed hy IJoiiea to from 10 to DO lashes for steal-
ini,'. /(/., lUn.MlL, MS., xxvii.4. 17!)!>, slave Mi'ixinio senteneed to fonr yeai'S
servieo on the royal ves.^els for stealinij silver-\v:ire from his master Alherni;
and the soldier Ose^aiera to live years foi'reccivin;; the goods. I^rov. Prr., MS.,
vi. I Ul. lour hundred doUars stolen fmm the wj'.rehouse at Monterey. liL,
iv. 171. 17i;H, tv.o soldiers at San Franeiseo i)ut in iron;i for st alii:;,' a eidf
and .sheep from the mission. Pruv. St. J'c])., MS., xvii. III. 17!).">, I'wenty-
live la; I;es and thi-ee months' work in sliaekh's for stcalin'.,' clothes. A Sina-
loa Indian at San .lose. Pror. I!<i\, ^IS., v. 40. 18C0, two soldieis sentenced
to a year'ij presidio vrork foi- breaking' ojien a trunk. Pri^r. SI. J'l'ji., I^rn. Mil.,
Ms., x;.ix. 1. 17'.!<i, viceroy scuds scntcneo of i"0 lashes and 4 years' lalior
against thi'ee neciphytes and a pairan. ^V. Pup., S(U\, MS., xiv. l.'i. A settler
• if San Jose leeeived "2,) hlows with a stick. J'rar. SI. I'ti/K, Jirii. Mil., MS.,
xxvi. II. ( '( ri'.eio, a settler of liraiicifortc, sentenced to a montli of liaril
Work forstrikim: the eoininaiidaut, \vlio was rejjrinianded forliLs hasiy action.
SaiUa Cruz, Arch., ilS., 09-70.
mill
C40
IXDUSTRIES AXD INSTITUTIONS.
sliot after rccciviiif^ from Father Tapia the last com-
forts of religion and reciting the service in a firm
voice. On a burning heap of wood near at hand the
rest of the sentence was carried out, and the charred
nnnains of the victim, fitted by the purification of
Hame for rest in consecrated ground, was buried in
the presidio cemetery.^*
Thus we sec that the morality of the Californians
was somewhat closely looked after by the authorities.
The settlers at the pueblos gave more trouble tlian
any other class, being free fr'om military discipline and
enjoying greater facilities for sinful dissijiations. Se-
l)astian Alvitre of Los Angeles and Francisco Avila
of San Jose were usually in prison, in exile, or at
forced worlc for tlieir excesses with Indian women and
with the wives of tLch' neighbors; and there were otlier
settlers wlio were scarcely less incorrigible. Concu-
binage and all irreuular sexual relations were strictly
]>rohibited and the authorities seem to have worked
earnestlv in aid of tlie fi'iars to enforce the laws.^'
'< nosa.i, Causa Cnmhial, jSIS., 1800-1. Certificate of cxocution. Prnr. St.
Pup., Jifii. Mil., xxviii. 17. (Joy cocci lOii 1)cl;s the governor for a postpoiie-
uiciit on uccunnt of a prevnilin.i,' illness wiiicli i-euders it (lillicult to s[iaro
a man. A/., xxi>;. 4. JJnrial. Sin. JJ/irhirra, Lih. J\/isiiui, MS., 2'^. Aiij,'.
11, 1S04, governor says a mule is to bo given to the owner of the one
liurned. /'ror. Ji'cc, ^IS., xi. Id'-'. The author of lioiiKro, MemariiK, M.-v,
was ])resent at the execution, lie .says the hoy's Ixnly was mei'ely passed
tiirough the Haines as a formality of purilication; while the mule was entirely
consumed.
^j .Shortcomings of AlvitJ'eand Avila. Pror.Sf. Pup., Be)). J\Fil., MS,, xiv.
f); Prov. SI. /'";).. ]\1S., i\-. •JI.VKi; x. Kil. Navarro exiled from Los Aii'.'el.s
to San Jose'', and relajising, to Sau l''rauci>'eo. /</., x. 1(!0-1. 17!'.'5, Higncra
living iniprnperly. Men in such cases to lie handcnH'ed; women must not go
to the ]iuet»lo ^\•llen theii' hushands weri' ahsent; men and women \\ ho go to
the mission v.ithout leave to sleep to he ]mt in the stock. Si. Pap., Sue,
^18., iii. 2. 179.", < loycoeehea to lioi'ica, 'Como solo so castiga a los hondircs
amaneehados, que se ha de liacer eon las mngcrcs fpie haecn gala dc ello'.''
/'mr. S/. /'tip., MS., xiv. ,'?.'!. lUirica replies — warnings, thri'ats, cxposnic
to hus)i;inds, and finally seclusion in res])ectalile housi's M'ith hard wmk.
i'lor. I!('-., MS., iv. .'JS. 17!t7, concnliinage strictly forliiddcn. i"-!. J'"/'-.
J/f'.sw. and Cd/'in., MS., i. ."(iO. 17!.W, adulterers to be warned .and then pun-
ished. 'J'he governor ■will decide about the women. J'rnr. J,'i(\, MS., iv. '277.
1700, .'iO lashes for a man who abused Indian women, hi., v. 1 14. Adultery
case at San ]\Ii;.ruel. Pvar. SI. I'ap., j\IS., xvii. -."lO. IJuiz found in bed with
his corporal's wife at San jiiego. l*nt in irons and the woman sent to l.os
Angeles. /)/., xvii. 'J."i.">. Investigation of the ease of an Indian woman at
San .luan Capistrano who gave birlli to a dog. /(/., xvii. 'J30; Prov. lite. -MS.,
V. 280-7.
SPIRITUOUS LTQUOIIS.
041
Tlio ])C'()|)U; \vc'i'(! also rloscly ivstricted in <lic use
of iiitoxieatiui'' li(|Ui>i's. Ijorica net only cKi'icisc'd his
uutlioiitv tbroiii'li his coiiiuuiudants to pivNcnt and
punisli excesses and (h'unkenness, hut restric-ied tlio
intro(hiction and sale of rKjuors so lar as was po.ssililo
un<ler national conuneivial regulations. Wine and
biandy made in either Up[)er or Jjower Calil'oi'nia were
of free sale. Then,' is no positive pr(Jof that any
hrandy was nianui'aetured in l"j)per California Iteforc
LSOO; hut Ortega liad a still, and it is probable that u
bc^innini;- was made inthisdeadly industry. Toward
the close of the tlecade it was decided that the intro-
duction of brandv and mescal from abi-oad could not
be prevented, l)ut the n'ovi'rnor could still re^'ulate the
sale to soldiers and others undi'r ^'ovi'i-nnient ])ay.'''''
(^ambliuL;' \\as another weakness jirexalent in Cali-
fornia as elsewhere in S[)anish Aniei'ica, and reipiirin;^
frequent attentit^n from tlio authorities.''"
^'' 1704, no mescal or oven iicmiitted lic^nors to Ije iiitro(liKi'<l 1)y tiailcM
who hai'tir at tliu missions, /'mr. S/. J'ap., MS., xii. 111. IT'.t.j, two liairrls
of wine Immglit from Santa ]!;iil)aia to Monterey. /'/•.(•. Jt'rr., ;MS., iv. i;l.
liorica to eoiiiinandants, ilfiiikiiii; ami ^'amlilin'j; must lio stoiijied. /'rur. St.
Pciji., MS., xiii. 'J40; Sun Jos", An/i., MS., iv. '-U. I7!i<), sergeant at Mon-
terey liaa .some Spanish biamly for sale. Can only .sell two reals worih in
mornin;; and one real in evening to one ]ieison, to he drunk in iiis ]>;esei;ee.
I'ror. J'lr,, MS., v. ;>l).'i. I7i)7, edmm.ind.mis mu;;t ]iromole maniiiae'ture of
liraiidy fn ni su'rar-cane. /'/., iv. !i(). Frci' inlrodnelion sinee Ndv. 17'.17 of
home-maile Ii(|Uors; Imtno deltt ean lieeolleeted for lii[iior fiirnisiied to troc)}s,
etc. I'l-or. S/. Pap., MS., xv. Ill'; xvi. IS!); ]>i:.r. Hir./w. \{\;\. ,);iii. 17. i7,
;;( ncral i)ardon to all inii)risoned tor contrr.haiid making of i/i'iii[n:ri/o, ]i!(>l)-
alilv of no ellect in (-'alilornia. J'ror. St. I'up., MS., xv. IS, 1217 1'^. »\pril,
17!)7, Diandy 'es de venta luita.' J'mr. Hie., MS., iv. l.'iS. Oct. I7!IS, I',,)-
rieii solicited ;i jirovision fcirhidding tlie introduetii)u of mescal on accoimt of
the iiiro.fciii' nil .i 1/ (.<c''//^/f/Aj,s resulting; ln»l; the viceroy in ^lay 17'.)!' declared
tliat trade in mescal and ag'Ur.iiiirntc (( 'alifiirnian aguardiente was hrandy; hut
tlio imported article may have been — thougli it. jiriil)al>]y wns not — ru::i, v, Lis-
key, cir other alcoliolic liquor, the name heing eonnu<)n to all I was free. !nd
therefore other ways must he devised to stop druidienness. I'mr. St. Pep.,
MS., xviii. 300; xvii. 'JOO; I'roi: /iVc, ;MS., vi. 104. 1700, some wine made at
southern missions, and soon hrandy enough will he produced for mo<leriite eon-
sunrptioli. Pror. I!(C., M.S., vi. KJO. I'adres rec ive from San lih.s tiie me; eal
they need. Proi: St. Pup., MS., xvii. 7.S-0, l».">. Sept. ;t, 1700, liorica prohihits
selling' mescal. Dijit. St. l'(ip.,S(ni Jok'', MS., i. Oo. Aug. 'l'.\ IJorica a; k.; that
only two barrels of me.scal \y imported foi' each n.ission. Eighteen 1, arrets (pf
agnanlicnte from IJi.ja, California ini[ir>rtcd this year. Pror. l!rr., MS., vi. KID.
^' ]\".isee!laneous connnuiiicatiiins, nothing imjiortant. I'rur. J.'ir., MS., iv.
I'J'-';,^ ■»./'«-■, Arrh., .MS., ii. 7.'i;iv. -j:!; Pmr.St. Pap., MS., xv. 1-27; .'V. /'«/-.,
;!/;».■. (niiK'iiliin., M <., i. Wi'u). 170S, Hurica granti'd the petition of eiiixens of
Sun Jose to he allowed t> \i\ay inalUla on Sunday. s in the guard-house. J)viit. SI.
Hist, Cal., Vol. I. -11
842
INDUSTRIES', ii.ND INSTITUTIONS.
There were no schools in Cahfornia before I3orlca
came as j^overnor, at a time when many natives, of
Spanish blood, had become parents of children grow-
in*^ up as they had done in ij^norance. Few of tlie
soldiers could i-ead or write, and in fact this continued
to be the case throughout the whole Spanish peiiod.'^
Officers tauLjht their children, and occasionally a
woman acted as amnja, and instructed not only lier
own children but those )f her nei<^hbors, oi even iin
ambitious soldier who aspired to be a corporal. In
1793 a royal order was issued and published in Cali-
foinia requirinj^ the establishment of a school in each
]>ueblo, but rcferrinnj ap[)arently to the education of
Indians only. Nothing was done under it, excej)t to
render a formal promise of compliance"'' at the end of
1794.
Borica began to agitate the matter by making
inquiries respecting available teachers and sources of
a school I'und. liefore the end of December the
retired sergeant ^lanuel Vargas had started the first
school in tlie public granary at San Jose.*'^ The gov-
ernor's connnunications continued througli 1795; the
old aherez liamon Lasso do la Vega was sounded as
to the terms on which he would become a teacher;
Pap., SnnJosf', MS., i. 1.39. Tlictv.idcrGallcgo forbidden to liold raffles. Pro?'.
JiC(',, -MS., iv. 108. 179i(, ?««//■//(« and/fovo'H to be played only on feast days; no
player must lose over i?2; and no credit is to be jrivi n. Jd., iv. 'JDl. Gov-
ernor orders a sum lost at (illmir-i to be returned to Larios. llebukes Comis-
ionado of San Jose for habitual gambling at his bouse. /(/., iv. '2!),'3~4. I'l'f-
rir.o, fiinini, viuHlla, and ficiilo-s may be played Sundays, if .stakes arc not
over .*!1, iind tlio sexes are kept .separate. /</., iv. '2di. Cliildren gand)led fnr
buttons, some of tlicui eutting otf the buttons from their clothing. I'rouii-
iient men often bjoked on and made bets on the children's game of tuiKjano.
Aniiiilor, Mciiionn.-i, MS., 'J"_'7-S.
■'"' IT'S I, alcalde of San Jose un.iblc to write. P'tco, Doc. Ifi.it. Cal., JIS., i.
l.'i. IT'S."), only 14 n>it of .")0 of the Monterey company could write. I'rov. St.
Pdji., lien. Mil., M.S., vii. 1. ITSd, seven out of 30 at San Francisco. /'/.,
vii. -. ITl'l, two out of L'S at San Francisco. /(/., xv. .'{. IT04, not a man
at San Francisco can write. The connnandant asks that one be sent from .Santa
Biirbara. Prow St. Pap., MS., xii. 41. 1800. many soldiers acting as e.'V-
poials could not be promoted because they could not read. Amudor Mem.,
M.S., •->!!».
^Anh. St,i. Pdrhara, j\lS., vi. 203-4; J'rov. St. Pap., IMS., xiv., (iO;
P)oi\ l,W., MS., iv. 1-2'S.
*''JMj>t. i>t. Pup., IS. Josi; MS.,i. 45; Prov. lice, MS., iv. 210.
EDUCATIOX.
Ct3
Jost' iSIannol Tocn, nppaiviitly a (/ninirfr, or slil])-h()y,
from one of tlio transports, arriveil at Santa JUuhara;
Vai'Ljas was olforcd .s2r)0 a year contributed 1)V citi-
zons to _i(o to San Uioj^o; coni])ulsory attendance and
a tax of tliirty-ono cents a nioiilli [)er scholar wei-e
ordered at San Jose; Santa Ijiirhara was re(|uired to
pay 6l-a, oacli soldier [)ayinj4- one doll u*; soldiers,
corporals, and sej'gcants were ordered to j;-o over their
studies and prepare for promotion; and [)rimaiT teach-
ers were asked for from Mexico." No (loul)t hefore
the end of the year Var<»'as was teachin<j at San iJien'o,
Lasso at San Jose, and Toca at Santa Barbara. The
doctrina cyistianawas first to receive attention by the
governor's orders, and afterward reading and writing
weie to bo taught. Paper was furnished by tlui
habilitados, and alter beinu: covered with scholarly
])othooks, was coll(!cted to bo used in making car-
tridges. In 171)G the above-named teachers continued
their labors. Corporal Manuel Boronda, si rving also
as carpenter, taught the children of San Francisco
gratuitously; the soldier and carpenter Jose Ivodri-
guez (.lid the same at Monterey, and ]>orica continuiul
to interest himself greatly in the schools, recpiiring
fi'equent reports to be sent him with copybooks for
examination.^^
In 1797 Toca was called awav from Santa Barbara
to attend to his duties on board ship, being re[)laced
by Jose jNIedina, another grumcte; and Boronda was
*^Prov. JRec, MS., iv. ."^1-2, 1,10, 2-21, 220; Pmv. f!f. Pop., MS., xiii. 10,
M-'t; xiv. 27; I<1., IJnt. JUL, MS., xxi. 11; Dipt. ,'it. P<i:;., ,Sau ^o.v, .MS.,
i. 50.
*- Feb. IS, 1700, 27 cliiklrcn attending Lnsso's school at San .Jost?: funr ]>:\y
iiotliiiii.', and tlie nst two find ont^ lialf rcids yur nioiitli. Pror. !■•'/. /'"/'■• ^'S.,
xiv. 101. I'cli. 20th, lioiieato La.sso, uvifoa gic."*^ care. His pay will l)c ad-
vanced from lliu tiiliacco revenue and coliected from tlie .sctth/rs. A house to
lie furnished for L. and family. J'mf. yiV'.-., MS., iv. ISl. l"el>. 2.")lii, children
attendin^r S.inta I'.iirliara .school, ;?2. I'lor. ,S7. J'ajK, MS., xiv. 101. May Otii,
]>orica sjic'dis of Ikiromla and ]{odrigue/ teaching at San Francisco anil Mon-
terev. Lasso at San ,](jse, a teacher at Santa IJarhara at ^['2.'> [nv year, and
Vargas at San Diego at .?100. Pn>v. lUr., MS., v. :J3S-0. Sept. 20th, San
Diego school ha.s 22 pn]iil.s. Prov. Sf. Pciji., Presidios, MS., i. tii. (iovernor
orders reports, cojiyhooks, etc., to lie sent liini oveiy two, three, or six months.
Prov. lUc, MS., iv. 50; ist. Pup. Hac, MS., vi. 7.
eu
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
Kuopccdi'd at San Francisco by the artillcrvmati Josu
Alvarez, who lor his services received an addition of
two <lollars per niontli to liis pay. Evidently the
schools went on with coiisideiahle p)'os])ei'ity this
year/'* but of their [)ro!jfress for tlie rest (d' the tlecade
wv know little or nothing.''*
" /'rnv. St. Pup., ]MS., xvi. 41, 108-0; xxi. 2(;-2-.1; I'ror. lire., :\IS., v.
101, lOiS. liiiiidoiiili, Oralinn, hijcuIvS of cnjiylxioks Kunt from Siiiita li.ir-
luiiii, Im'1). 11, 17117, wtill ]>ii'scrvi;(l in tlui uiciiives, tliu Hiimpltn liiing .SLiiji-
turo ti'xts in m, full' I'oniul iiaiiil.
^'Duc. 17!'\ N'iii^'.i.s tiunsferrcil to Sta IWrhnru. Pr<>v. ],',.•., MS., iv.
10!). Uiiricii coiniiliiiiis tliat few imjiils iitti'ml at San niciro Tari'iits must
l)(j Htiiniilati il. /'/., V. L'li.'l. iSdl, coMiplaints of cliililiin {.'row in j,' up in
i;_'noran(.'t', ami ot' ^ivat ncccl of tiaclicrM. /'/v.r, ,S7. J'li/i., MS., xviij. Tit ."i;
xxi. ()."> Says .Tu(l,';(: Si'inilvcila; 'Tlicy couM learn very little in those days;
Hcliools were few, linoii.s lare, and tlie iniisiiits of tlie jk^ojiIo rei|iiiicil nut a
Very extensive lioiik-learniiiL,'. \\'li<n any wiitin;,' was neiv^ed tii(y ennlil
(Msily aplils' to tile few mIio were the deoositaries of lej,'al fuini or i'|iistolary
lihility.' S< /ii'i/rid.!, Ili.<t. Mt m., MS., ,'{, 1. Many mis.^ii n lihraiies had
I'alou's Lif,' of .Serra and jiiTJiajis one or two otliel' histoi ical works lieforu
ISOO, l)eni(hs a few theolo'.;ieal liooUs. A few Frencli hooks v.en^ j;iven to
]jorieii hy Capt. Don".-; I'rencli i)ilot in 17'J7. I'rov. j'lVc, MS., \i. 70 7.
CJIAPTER XXX.
LOCAL F-VEXTS AND PROGliliSS-SOUTHIiRN DISTJJICr.
1701-1800.
SanDiKCO rUKSIDIO— LlErTENANTsZrSldA AND riKA.II.li A -Mll.lT AliV FoiirK
— I'olMI.ATKIN- I'ANCno DKI, Hi'.V— l'"l NANCr.S - I'llISI I)II) I'.r 1 l.l'INliS —
Vancoi'vuu's J»i;s('iiii"i'i(tN — Fokt at 1'uint ( lii.iAuium — Imiian Ak-
FAiits — I'ni'.cAriioss acjainst J-'ukiicskus -Ai!1;ivai,s ok \i;ssi;i.s -
MissH.N San I)iK(;n- 'I'ouiiKNs am> MAitrNKi!- -Stati.-tics - San l.ris
I{i;v— San .Iian Capistkano -l'"r.sT!;it - liiii.niNcs- I'ri'.iii.o dk I.os
Ancklks-I'isivati'. IIanciios— San (lAiiiui;r.--()uAMA.s— San I'kiin ando
— l'i;i;sii)i(> (II- Sania ])AI!1!AUA — ()i'i-iri:iis, l''()U(r..s, and roi'ii.ATioN -
l!rii.i)iN(is AND Indi'stiuks— Ijdt'Ai, J'lvKNTs — I''ii:sT MxKri TUiN in Cai.i-
I'liiiNiA — 'I'liK 'I'liiKNix' — A (,>iu'ksii.vi:r Mink— Waui.iki; I'ui'.i'AiiA-
TKlNrr -DlCATlI (IK OUTKC A — MiSSIoN Ol' SaNPA 15aI!1!AI:A — I'ATKIINA —
RANCIIKliiAS OF TIIK t'llANNKI,— XkW L'UUltt'lI — SaN BuKN AVKNTCllA —
La I'liiisiMA Co.NCEPcioN — Akkoita.
LiKL'TEXAN'T JoSE DE ZuXIGA roiliailicd ill coniin.'lIl(l
of the; San Diego |)residi(j^ till ( )('tol)er 17!);]. I n May
of tlie preeediiii^ year ho had been promoted to (•a[»-
tain and appointed connnandant of Tucson in Sonora;
hut he was ohli^'ctl to wait the arrival of his successoi-,
who iissuined the otiices of eoniandantc and hahllitado
on tlio JDth of Octolx^r. Zuhi_n'a was })re])arinL;' for
departure in Xovend)er when A'ancouver visited tliis
port, and but little is known of his sid)so(|uent ciueei'.
He had been a i'aithful and oMieii'nt ofhcer, one of the
lew who in the performance of military duties, and
especially in kee[)in:L,^ pi-esidial accounts, had given no
cause of com[)laint.^ His successor was Lieutenant
• F'(ir tuuiiils (if San Diego from 1780 to 17!K>, wliu'Ii I Ian; coiilimn' to 1800,
SL'o cliaii. xxii.. this volume.
■^ .lo!-(5 ilo /liriifiii c;nli.ste(l as a iw/'/ftf/o iUt<fhi(i>iii/() i)cU>hiv IS, I77"-3| went
through the grmk'S from corporal to alfcrcz iu 1778-0; was nia>lo liuutunaut,
(CIS)
C4«
LOCAL F-VEXTS IX THE SOUTH.
Aiiti)iii() ( Jrajci'ii, of" the ]']sj)an;i dragoon ron'imiMit,
who had ani\('d at Sail Francisco iVoin San Jilas in
July, and wlio assunitsd tlic duties of his oliice on the
day of his arrival at San JJiego.
'I'hoii'^h (il'tecn years a soldier Grajera had seen no
active service, Ijut he was an ahle and iaithful man,
and |Kiiornicd his official duties to the satisl'action
of all during' a term of six years in California. His
private and social record is less favorable. J le had
no family, and it was not low^ before his liaisotis with
ANonieii of the ju'csidio uave rise to scandal. Jiis
excessive use of intoxicating li([Uors finally atlected
his mind, and broke his constitution. He gave up
his oiiice temporarily in August 1791), and ne\er
resumed it, ha\ing, however, been made a brevet ca})-
tain in 1 7!)7. Oiitaining leave of absence to visit
^lexiro ne sailed on the (Junccpc'wn and died two days
out of port JaiHiary 18, 1800.^ From August -J:!,
Apiil 121. 17 .i>: (■(iiuiiiMiKlaiit <if S;in l)i(\i,'o, Sept. S, 17SI: liahilitailo, Oct. l!i,
17^1. Ilc'iiri' ciiiiiiiiL; to ( 'alifoi'iiia liu liad seen niiicli .si,'r\ ici; in Jmliau cam-
jiaiuiis ill Si'iiDi'.'i and ( 'liiliualma. J'rur. Sf. J'<i/>., Jl'ii. Mil., MS., viv. !); wi.
I. la \~'.y-\ ho wa.s i^qautcMl Icavodl' alisciire on jii'titioii oflii.i nio'lior to visit
Aii'Nico ami 'it tern I to a k\^'afy; liut sct-nis not to liavo lift liis jiost. He sliowcil
niurli i tli'ntion to Xaiiconvcr, who named I't Zi'ifiijiii on the 1 a\ci' coa t in
his hoM'ii', and v. ho .^puakM of slioals in San Diet^o ISay <;alk,Ml on a Sjiani.sii
chart of 17''-' ' l!:irios(l(!Zoonij,'a' ( l!ajios (U' Ziiiliya). Scu 1 autoji'.s map, li.4~i(i,
this vol.; i'diicdiiri r'n I'o//., ii. 470, 47.'{, 4'-''..'. Letter of viceroy aiuimnicin!.'
liis apjHiiiitnicnt a.s ia[itain oi 'I'ncson (hdcd Maj' 'ilt, 17!'-. J'lur. Sf. /'"/'•>
MS., .wi. 7."). I'.y a h'ttcr of ^hiy :{i», ISIO, io appears that lie still licld the
sanii^ position, and ha<l licca iiiado licutcnaiit-eoloiiul. ProO. iSV. I'n/i., Jim.
MIL. MS., \\\s. I.
•' .\iitiinio (Irajera, enlisted as a private An;,'. 1.'!. 177-; served 4 years as
))ri\ate, 4 as corjioral, 7 as serLreant, and I as lla^-ln arer; was made alierez
Apiil 1."), 17S!); and was aiipoinled lieutenant to eoiuniand San i)ie'.;o Jiil,v
14, 17!)-'. /'"■(-. SI. /'.'),.. .MS., xsi. Kll. 174; St. I'li/,., S,ir.. MS., iv. |S;
I. 1)4. lie aiiivtd at r ,n I'raneiseo .Inly"-"), 17!'!!, and at Sau l)ie.',f<) Oct.
L"). Cliaij^es of lieeiitioK.siu'ss and drunkenness liy an oliieer on the ('mi-
(•(•l>r!on Nov. 17!)!. J'mr. .sV. /'„/,.. .MS., .xii. 11, Vj; xvii. •J,')!---'. I7!I7. a
corpoi.il asks for transfer on aeioniit of 1 Jrajera's dis^'iaeeful connection \\ith
his wife. /»/., xvi. l!),'i. h.'yal order of pionintioii to hi'evet captain, .lime
I'J. and viceroy's des)iatcli Oct. "Js, I7!l7, ackno\vledL;i'<l hy i>onea I'eli. 'Jii.
I71»S. //., XV." •_'(!.■>; I'm,: h'vr., vi. 70-1; Afth. A>z.[M:<.,\. -Ml. No\. II,
1711!'. peiniission from ilorica to j,'o to .Mexico. I'ror. /Ac, .M.S., \. •J.'lii 7.
Oeparlure .Ian. Kltii. and death .Ian. IS, i8(H». /(/.,v. xii. 1.; J'ri'i . SI. /'n, .
Ms., xxi. ;t!), ;!.'>. Feh. II, l.SOO. decree oi V. i{. to put Crajer.i, on 'i..:
retired list, and nainiii'' Alfiie/, Manuel l!odri<'Ui'z <if the San I'r.imisco c piii-
paii,v to replace
/Voc. SI. J'lij'., IS, II. Mil., MS., xxvi. |s;
'/'■
<S'"''., MS., i\ , 7- li; J'ror.S/. ]'ii/i. , 'S\ii.. wi. .".(i. N'ancomcr in Noveii ' • r
1711.'! was \-eiy Kindly treated hy Orajera. ard applied his name to a p(iint
below San Die^'o. Vuiicoiicur'ts \'oijaij(, ii. 470-1,478.
SAN DIEGO DISTiaCT.
on
1799, l)y onlcr of Jioiiea, Alic'ivz !MaiiiU'l Ti<)(liiL;ik'/
(liuit of the ('oini);uiv, Avhilo
ocame actinsjf foiniiian
LieiitciKUit Jo.se Font of tlu' Catalan volunteei>, j-ank-
iiig lio(lii«4'uez, ^^'as uiado temporal;.' coniaiidaiite of
the niilitaiy post. Jvodi'i^uez liad been lial-ilitado
since the middle of 1798 and luul really perforn ed
the functions of connnander; aid hi.s regular :ip[)oint-
ment, dated in ]\[exico Feb. 11. 1800, reached San
!)
U'l^'O
in ]\Iav, thoULih Ins commi-M )n as lieutenant
did not leave ]\[exico until Julv isui.'
Pablo Grijalva was alfeiez of the company tu'til
December 1790, when he was ictired, after thiitv-
thrce years of service, on half-i)av of alferez and with
}
rank of lieutenant, s|(cndin<'' the remaining twelve
years of hiy life in California. Jlis successor, who
served throughout the decade, was Alferez Jose JiU-
ui, a new-comer
J
the C(
from
it. 1
:\[
exico.
Lii'nacio
Al
varado.
om[)any sergeant, Jiavmg become a. pensioner o
f
tlio Santa Barbara company, was ]'eplac(;(l in 17i)(t by
Antonio Yorba, one of J'\ii'es' ori<>inal Catalans and a
son-in-law of Grijalva, who was retired as an itualid
and succeeded by Francisco Acebedo in 1798. The
corporals and privates, with generally an armorer and
car{)enter, \aried but slightly in mmd)er from lifly-
seven duriii'jj the t^n years, not ineludinn" the rellrcd
soldiei's, or invalids, who gi'adually increased I'rom inur
in 1792 to fifteen in 1800." Fi-on-. this force iroiii
If!
I
w\
niodrigupz hiiliilitado from .Iiilj' :U, IT'.tS. J'ror. Sf. Pap., Jim. M,l.,
Ms., xvii. 1. I'dliaps ii)i]i(iiiiU(l ill .M;iy. /'/oc. /.'cr'., M.S., \-. "jyil. I'loric.i .s
ordur of Xwi. 'IW, \~\)\). hi., v. 'J't,'!-!. liudiiiiuc/,' ;ipp(iiiitincnt ii.s coiuiiii-
diiine l(y viofioy I'lli. II, l.sO;). /';•((•. St. i'dji., Jlni. Mil., .MS., x.wiii. I 'i.
lic'cainc fidl (iimMiiiliiiito M.'iy -I, ISOi). Jil., xx\i. I.S. CVjniuii.s.siuii ;i-i liiii-
t iniiit sint tiDiii MixicD July 17, l.SOl. /'/••(/•. Sf. J'nji., .\I.v, xviii. !iti.
Ki»liii,'iU'Z liiid lu'Vor Wl-l'Ii idlVi'u/ ot Uio .S;iu iJicyo l in[i.iiiy, li«l(.n,L;iii^' iiond-
iwilly to that of .San I'raiuiM'o.
'I/niacio Italaid Alvarado, not an iiiu'csttir of tli<! l.'itcr ^'nvfrnor, cidistrd
in 177') at tlu' ai^o cjf '!'.]. ]|c canio tu .'-^aii Dirj^o in I77t, \v.'.s made a, inrjio-
lal in 17'il, and .'<i'i;,'('ant in 17 li. In i7l'."> tlif f.!<iV( iiior ('((n^iilaini'd of lii.^
L'lrU of icsoliUion, and in 17117 lii.s odula ilt iurd'.ihi was icccivid. \[v. uas
Rtill on the li.st of jiCMsionci'.s in l.SO.'i.
'' '1 liu Loutr ( 'alil'oiiiian mission of ,San Miu'ntl htloii^'( d at thi.-i jum iod to
San l'it'j,'o, as did Los .■Vn;4ult'S as late as \~/M\, at Ic.ist ^o far as (lio niili'ai'y
guard was (.(jneerncd, thoti^li in other ies[i('ets the ])uelilo was s!d)j''et lo.San-
ta Darbarii. tiau Liabriel had its guard from Sau Dieyo tlirouyhout the di:i^-
?
C48
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
t\vent3'-scvcn to tliirty-three nion wero roiistantly
tlotaclied to form tlie fivo or six guards of the juris-
diction. After 1 71)G Lieutenant Font witli twentv-
five Catalan volunteers of the new reenforeeincnts
was stationed here, as were six artillerymen undn-
Sergeant Jose Koca, increasing the effective force to
nearly ninet}^ men.' The white })oj)ulation of this
southern district, consisting of the soldiers and their
families, was ahout three hundred at the end of the
decade, or two hundred and fifty exclusive of San
(jabriel and Los Angeles, more conveniently classed
with the Santa Barbara district.** Ahout one hun-
dred and sixty lived at the presidio; and the rest
wero scattered in the missions, or lived as pensioners
at the laiehlo. Ei^ht foundhn''' cliildren from ^NFexiro
were sent to San .Diego to live in 1800.'' The native'
ne()[)hytc ])opulation, excluding that of San Gabriel
and San ^NFiguel, was not quite three thousand.
There is no I'econl of any agricultural operations
whatever at or near tin; presidio, nor were there any
private rancho;-- in the whole region before 1 HOO. That
some of the sfJdiers came down from Presidio ILill
and cultivated small patches of vegetabli's would seem
not unlikely, but the archives contain nothing on thi;
subject. There were kept here, however, from DO!)
to 1,'_'00 head of live-stock, including the company's
liorses, from oO to 50 nudes, two or three asses, pos-
sibly a few milch cows by the soldiers, and from ;U)0
to 700 liorned cattle in a branch of the rancho del ny
iulc. l\ni\ ,SV. /',(/)., MS., xvii. \\)1. Feb. 1, ITIKi, llorica ordered oscolt:is
til 1)0 iis I'lilldw.s: S;iii Miguel, S; Sun ])ici,ni, ,'!; S;iii .liiiiii (';ii;istr;uii), S; S;;ii
(^dirid, 4; J-(M An.u'rles, 4. /'/v.r. /.Nr., SlS., v. 'IM. San Luis Jlcy, founded
in IT'.'fi, ju'dlialily li.''d (i men iit lirst. AecordiuL,' ti) onlei's, /'/-oc. Si. I'nj'.,
MS., xii. S, it WHS uustoniiuy to have snldiei-s serve iilternately in eseoltiis and
pi'esiilio, t!i()UL;ii it eiiuseil uineli inconvenienee on aeeount of their t'aniilies.
' (,"i)inpa!iy rostei's ami staienient.s of fcji'ce ami distribution si-atten d in
the arehives. ehi<lly in Pint\ SI. I'l'ii.. Ii< n. J/e'., MS., xiii.-xwii., and SI.
Pup.^Siir., MS.,i. vi.
•■ hi the various rejiorts on the population df the sontliei'ii distriet in ITl'It
and hitei'. tiu' ( seorts and families are credited to the mis^^ions iu.-.tead of the
presidio as liel'ore and as in other part.s of the country. List of rank and Ide
of the presidial company in iTi'S. in Prtiv. Si. I'aji., Ben. JUL, MS., xvii.
lt-l(i.
^J'lot: SI. Pap., h'cii. Mil., MS., xxviii. 'Jl'.
nil
E;|
thi
fit
onl
a
\\\
ye;
'^11
AFFAIRS AT SAX. DIEOO.
CAf)
inaiiitninod liere durinuf tlio Inst ])alt' of the decade.^"
Each year iu Mexico an a})])i'<)i)jiati()ii was iiiado from
the I'oyal ti'oasnry for the prcsicho expenses, vaiyinuc
from si 4,0U0 to Sly, 000; ami inv(tices of ooods, has(.'d
on the lial)ihtado's estunate of needs, were sent with
a small amount of coin bv the transports from San
J-Jlas, varyiiiL!^ in amount irom >*?! 1,000 to si 7,000 per
year. San J )i(.'L»'o usually had a credit halance of tVom
i^l,000 to s:;,000 in its lavor. The si/mnlo, or allow-
ance, for the yolunteers and artillerv was not included
in the amounts ahovo mentioned. Su[)plies to llie
amount of about i?15,000 ])er year were sent to ('ali-
f'oriiia I'oi- them, and San J)iei.>(» recei\'ed not (juite one
third." There! ai'e no I'ecoi'ds of the anmial suj)[)lies
obtained from missions, but durinij;- tlie last thive' years
of tlu! decade the presidio was indel)i'j(.l to the mis-
sions about SI 0.000.
"The J'rt'sidio of St Dic'^o," says Vancouvei', wlio
visited it in Xoveml)er 17!);>, "seemed to be the least
of the Spanish establishments. It is in'e^ulai'ly built,
on very iuie\en o-rouiid, which makes it liable to some
inconveniences, without th(' ob\ iousaj)i)earanco of any
object for selecting,' such a spot. With little ditH(;ulty
'"The ri'ijiinls are fraLtiiU'iitary ami coiitraclictury. Statistii/al ri']xiit.i
.'«iim'tiiiii'S ii'.rliicle tlio kind's cattle aii<l Minietimi's not. 'J'liei-e is no evi-
(lenee l!:at t!ie iaiielio at this jieiiocl iiKhnleil any linrscs; in fact it liail \fin
estal/.i.shcil to ;;voicl driving cattle from tlie iioith. In ITi'T it containi il CiSl
cattle; increase for the year \',i~ ; sak'H, .'!0; killeil hy natives ami wihi heasts,
'27; ]iroeee<!.s lif s.;les, Si-."); tithes i)ai 1, .Sl'd; net ]vr(>lit to tie,i:-nry. f '.)'.). J'rni:
>/. /'"/I., Ill II. Mil., MS., XXV. 4. 1'iie total amount of titiies in the jurisdic-
tion \\as.'^;!4. /'/■(//'. ,S7. /'ii/i., MS., xvi. ]~S: and this dillcrence of .SS is the only
iniliealiou 1 lind of the ])ossilile existence of a. private rancho. Cattle at end
of ITi)', .Va ; jiroceeds of sales. .^•.");{!l. /</., xvii. I. TSdll, cattle, ()!)(); i)roceeds,
$:'A-2. hi., .will. .".,
" S.iu l>i(';;o ('oni]iany accomits in l^iar. St. Pii/>.. MS.. \iv.- xxxiii.: Sf.
/'i()>. S<i-\, y\S., i. ii. vi. ix. J.oss sustained on tlic '/ovcrnment for;'(' and
carpeniers shoji lor 170T, STC J'l'ni: Si. J'dji., M.S., wi. IT'.'. I'muld ilf
iiriilijiriu'ion for I7!'7: income .*;t,()7"i, cX|>elided SJ. (141 . /'/'■ '•. .SV. /'"/). I'l-fi'l.,
MS.!i. 1(12 .'i. /'o/cAi,/, /,'-/,./„;o/( for ISOO: .s:!,7'><t. J'fi: St. /'n/i.. j!< ii. Mil.,
.M.S., xx\ iii. IS. Invi'iitoiy of eH'eets in ^^arehou^e 17'.'.S, ."^-1 ;!,!!'. 12. /i/., xvii.
4. I'ajial hulls on hand Nov. 17!''', •'■■4,l!li!». //,, xiii. .">, nccivtd from /ini^ii
vith the ollice liy (ii'ajera. I'rur. Ji'c., MS., \-. '227. JJuUs neediil for
l7!tli-7, UiOat "2.") cents for /v'co.s,' 101) at 2.") cents lor ilij'iiiil>i.t; ,'>{), In, /irinio:
2 or ',i rdiiijinsiciiiii. /'ror. St. J'l'/i., I'm., MS., i. 12. Net I'.venue of Sail
Dicijo iiost-olliee for I7!)4. 871 ; lor I7!)l>. S'.lo. /'/•'„•. .S7. /'„y,.. I'„,i. Mil.. MS.,
xxi. 2; xxiii. S. Accounts of ])residio witii missiun.s 17'.*7-lyUO. /i/., xxxiii,
i;j; /'/■(.(■. St. J'~ijK, MS., xvi. 2(m; xvii. I'Jo.
k^
650
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTIL
Mai* of San Diego District, 1800.
rnESIDIO liUILDINCiS.
G51
it miglit be rendered a place of eDiisideraMe Ht!'eiiL;l]i,
by establisliiiiL;' a small I'oree at the entrance of the
port; where at this time there Mci'e neither works,
guns, liouses, or other habitatit)ns lu.'aier than the
]?resi(li(), five miles from the [)ort, and where they
have only three small pieces of brass camion."'" In
August of the same year I^orica had infornu ;l Hk;
viceroy that three sides of the jiresidlo walls wire; in
a ruinous condition, owing to the bad <|uality of the
timber used in the roofs, though .^M,20() had been
sj)ent in re[)airs since the establishment. '!'he w. ire-
house, church, and oftici'rs' houses lbrmin!>: the Ibnrth
side of the square were in good condition. Workmm
were at once set at work to (^ut timber at ^loiiterey
which W71S shipped by the i'*r//Hv.sv^ in ( )ctobi'r to be
used in I'epaiis and also in the construction of some
new defensive works in connection with the- old ones.
What ])rogress was made in these imjjrovcmcnts on
Presidio Jlill we oidv know bv a vai-tu' I'cconl that
esj)lanade, })owdei'-maga/ini'. Hag, and houses for the
volunteers were blessetl by tlu,' IViars iuid dedicated by
a salute of ai'tillery Novend)er S, 17;);!.'' At tlie end
of I7'J4 tlie ^•iceroy expi'cssed a desij-e to have a fort
built similar to the one just comphted at San I-'raii-
cisco, but without cost to the king. "]'erha[)s he'
wishes UK! to ])ay the expenses" wi-ites ])orica to a
fiiend. J'^arly the next year J'oint (uiijarros, (.'obble-
stone point, was selected as the site of the fort wlios(!
absence \"ancouver had noticed, and prepmat inns were
at once begun. Two di' thri'e workmen, and the nec-
essary timbei', wi'i'e sent down by tile iiaiisports from
^lonterey. Santa JJarbara fmnished tla; axle-trees
and wheels for ten carts, while bricks and tiles were
'M'ffHrowivc'.'j Vwifaije, ii. 495, .")01.
"•All'. -i», 17!'.">, govi'iiior to xiocroy. /'/'■'•. Si. /'"/-., MS., xxi. ll.'i,
August istli, litiilKi- til 1)0 cut at Moiitcny uiiil t;ikin scmlli hv tlir I'riiir, sn.
Ifl., x\J. ir.'; rrur. /,W.. MS., ii, 1(1.".. Oct. 1 Itli, liic vo.ss.l'jiiis .s.-iikd w itii
tiniliMT. J'iin\ St. /*►»/>., Ms., xi. If)?. Stjit. KJ, I71U, ;!')Vi rnor to .\i'i;(ioll(i,
onlciiii'.; liim to m.'1h1 tiiiilHT in tlic Anth-.Tji foi- ('.s|itiii;nU' iiiiil Itastioii.-.;
Imt nunc vn^ st-Mt. A/.
50, l.VJ :i. Nov. 17. I7'.'<>. 'ovuii.-r to Uw
friai«, l)l> "tiiui; oi the woik.s. I'roi;. A'tc, MS., v. 'J471j.
C.-,-2
LOCAL I'^VENTS IX THE SOUTH.
lijuilinl from tlio ])r( sidio to tlic 1)e;icli and tulvon across
to tlic point 111 a llathoat. In JJeccmlier i7'J() tlio
(jiiiiiiiocr ( 'ur(!()l)a anivccl to inspect the Sau Die<jfo
detbnees, in wliieli he loiind no otlier niei'it than that
an enemy wonld ])erha})S he ii;'norant of their wealc-
ncss. l)Ut the I'oit liad eviilently not heen huilt yet,
f'oi'euily in 17i»7 JJorica a})proved Cordoha's idea that
the lorni sliould not he eircuhir. Nothing- more is
known of this foi'tilication tiU ai'ter 1800, save tliat
it was intended to mount ten guns; that on hatteiy,
magazine, hai'nick, and ilathoat Sl),()-_:o liad heen e\-
jionded hel'ore ]Mar('h I "1)7; and that in 171)8 tliere
was a project under considi'ration to oj)en a road
round the bay -to connect Point Ouijarros with the
presiiho.'-
The natives gave the commandant and pe()])le of
San ])iego hut little trouble, the few de[)re(l;u!oiis
committed beinu' chiellv directed au'ainst the JJomini-
can establishment in La. Frontera. In 1704 three na-
tiveswere lidd ;:s ])i-isoners, one of w horn, a iieii])hyte,
had been leadc'i' in a })roposed attack on Sail 3di;_;iU'l.
Scvei'al baiids had ap])roached the mission l)y night,
])ut finding the guard moimted and i'e;idy liad )■(•-
treated.'' In ^.la}' or June 171);") Alfc'rez (Jiijalva.
Mhile returniii;;' IVoni San Miguel wi(h throe natives
arrested on a (■'!• vge of mui'der was attacked by some
two hundred savages, on(> of whom was killh'd and
two were wounded in the skirmish, (Jrijaha having a
"/Voc. .SV. /V/;<., M,S.,.\iii. 0!), Km; xiv. lOS; xvii. !l, 10; xxi. il-J, -JKI-i;
24S; /V„c. />•., .MS., iv. ±) \; v.
•_'7.S; VI.
:>. Wiitrr lia<l to
In' carried from V.ir. jiw-idid, Mhcrf a well loiii; iiliaiicldiuil A\'as rudju'iicd.
One liuiidrcd and (.liin' plauUs, '_'_' t'c.'t Iniig, were jniion^' the; t.hilx'i' sliippi'd
from .Moiitrrcj-. A i'vw iiHJusti-ial items arc as t'ollows: I'ur u time alter
Way 17!)i' Iki'o was no annniiT, llic old mie lia\ in.,' jcit after a service ai \H)
years. I'nir. St. /'dji., .MS., xiii. .")(!-S. In IT!*') the niis:-i()iis of t'.iis di triet
were rei|iKs'a(l to »eud eaeli four or )i\e lixlians to the |residi.) to liarn .stone-
euttin;,' and Iiriel:layi;i". /';•'.''. /.Vc.,^lS., v. 'Jli.Vd. .Jan. 17;' >, .", weaver \v;is
ti) go to San JJio;'(j to teaeh. Jil., V. 7^. 'i he conuuidante tried to imliito
Spanish youth to learn trades, liut without success, souie of them deeniiiij^
the rei|Ue;:t an insult. Pi-'n: S/. /V(/)., MS., xiv. l(i. 'I'lic forre and carpenter
shop dill y'J'.] wortli ef woik for soldiers ami missions in 17!)7; out as e\[)enKes,
iueludin;,' t'.'. o appreniiees, were .V'l(i:>, llie King's exchequer w;;si not pereiptii)Iy
lienelitL'd. I'l., xvi. 17.'.
I"' J /•/•;//!;;/,(, I>,ip,l <lr I'uitto^, !!).">, MS.
FOREIGX VISITS.
GS3
horse killed under Iniii. Tliis idlair caused soinc fear
and pi'ecau
tiuns at .Si'.ii J)it'L;"o, rcdoultlcd a \\'\v days
later on rumors uf new hostilities; hut (j!rijal\:i went
Koutii. and {'ound all quiet, llaids on llic cattle of San
jSliguel aj^'ain rc(|uired the attention of a sergeant and
oiylit men in Apiil l/'J?.^**
San J)ieg<j did not come much into contact with
the outside world. The lirst foreign vessels that over
entei'eil tliis line harhor were those of the I'^iiLrlish
n a VI ''"at or v ancouver, w
hich
1 remaniedat anclior some
three miles and a half i'roni the |»residii) frDUi Xovei
n-
her -JZtli to 1)
court eou
^v
ecember Oth 17'.):). V
I hv (
mcouver was
recoive(
jiraiera ano
Zi
nn-'a, a\-
h;»\\e\er, en account i)f Arrilhu
as s( vere a; id nilios-
pital/le injunctions" were
not
ai)le
to
a I
ei:4'ners sucii l)rlvde^•es
as were desired. Th
e Eirrlish
man, thou-^'i he visited the ])i'esidio, spent most of his
time on lj(.)arvi in preparing joui'nals and despatches to
he sent to ]']ngland by way of !^[e\ico, having littlo
ojiport'dnity tor observati*.)ns." In t!ie early j)art of
17'J7 an ICuglish invasion was supjx^sed to he innni-
nent, and all possible prej)arations wei'e made byCJi'a-
jei'a. Gi'eat reliance was placed on the batteiy at
l^oint (Juijarros; l)ut Grajera was also cai-eful to
obt;
I instructions res[)ectinu" what was to be (ha
le
should the enemy succeetl in entering tlie bay, oi*
.should it be necessary to aliandon the jiresidio. In
case of juich disasters it was decided to spike the guns
and ')urn the powder and j)rovi.sions, but to leave the
buil
dmg.'
m
tact. A
reser\t
of
anunumtion was sioi'e(
I
at San fJuan, whither the sacred vessds. ar(hi\es. and
otiier val;!aldes were
tob
e carri(^(
lif
necessai'\'
Th
IV
]aig!ish did not a]i|)ear; the armed frigate Priw
in port iVoin Juui' to ()ct<ib(>r; and San 1 )ieg(> escajx-d
desl
rue
ion.
At tl
le end ot
:»;
11.
to
I't w;
SC'Ol
/'
d
visit
ed
liv foi\ iiiiiers, this linn- b\ four
n<r.. MS.
•2J7-S-, iv. SS; VI.
■■0; /'
St. I\
2ia-r
>;vi.
Vti.'CDin'i r* Voi/fii/r. ii. ((i!l-T<i.
'I'ror. licr., MS., V. -lo-l o; I'roi: SI. Pojk, M>
117, •-■!
654
LOCAL EVENTS IX THE SOUTH.
Boston sailors who liad been left on the lower coast
and weie ]»ut to work in the presidio to earn iheir
living' nntil a vessel came to carry them to San JJlas.'''
Yet onee more was the port visited by the Amei'ieans
duiiiii;- tills decade, when in Angust 1800 the Jidsi/,
( aptain ( 'harles Wiiiship, obtained wood and water
liere, I'emaininn' ten days in the bay. Later, on Xo-
veml^er 2L*d, there came an earth(piake which in six
minutes did moredanuiixo to the adobe bniI(Un<''s than
had l)een done by either the British or Yankees.""
At San Dioi^o mission Juan Mariner and JTilario
Toi'rens served as associate ministers nntil the last
years ot'tlie decade. The latter left (VdiCornia at the
end of 17'JS, dyinu^ early in the next year; while
the Ibrmer died at San ])iego on January '29, 1800.'^
Their sucessors were pach'es Jose Banella and Jose
Baroiia, both I'ecent arrivals who had lived at San
Dieoo, the former since Jun(; l7i)7, and the latter
^'■> /'ror. ];,,■., MS., V. '2K\, 'JS.->; vi. Ill; Pn.v. St. Pup., MS., xvii. ]!)7
2()'J. 'J'licir iijiiiRs -wire \\\\\. ]\;itt, lliirniiliy .Inn, .loliii Slt]'lit'iis, ainl (i,i-
l)ri( I lloism'. 'J'lie ciiptoi's of a Spiuiiisli ^■(■.s.■^l■l in 17l'!( I'liiiiiu il tluit sdinedf
tJKir iiit'ii, lii'iii}.; (Ill tlio cimst in 17l>7, a.s piirt of tlio crew of two (iui^Lrlish)
.sjiips Liul t'utficil S;in Diego jiiid iiiiide soiiiidiiign by iiiooiiliglit. I'mr.
SI. I'li/K, Bill. Mil., .MS., xiii. 'JO.
'"J'l-or. !!(('., jMS., viii. YM; xii. 0; Prov. Hi. Pup., MS., xxi. 44, ."il;
xviii. 07; AV. Paj'., iSnc, MS., ix. I'J, lU. The iaitii(iiiake oeuunvd at liliO
r. M., and tJic soldier.s' lionscs, warehouse, and tlio in \v d willing of thi; vol-
nnteiTS were oonsideralily eraeked. 'J'lie drought of 17!'.") and an i'|iideiiiii!
diarrlio a in 17US ar(' the only other natural ulUictions noted. J'ror. Si. J'c/'.,
MS., xiii. 4; xvii. G!».
'' Jlih.iio 'J'orrens — thn.s he .signed liis name, but liy his eoinpanions ii was
IViore freijiuntly written 'J'oi rente or Torrent, to say nothing of several otiier
variiitions — was a native of ( 'atalouia, wliei-e he was for a long tiiiie jirer.ii-a-
dor, lor three years guardian, and also viear. lie came to Califurnia in 17'^i>
with the highest reeoniiuendatious fi'oin lii.s eolli'g(> for tak'iit, cNiierieiu/e. and
rirciiii.^/iiiiriiis. Serving .'it San 1 )ii'go from Xoveinber 17MJ to Xovendicr I7!''^,
lie hail but slight o|)portuiiily to distinguish liiniself save by a faiild'id |iei-
forniaiiee of Ids missionary iluties. His license to retire v\as signed by tiie
viceroy ?tlar( h 17, 171)'S. lie sailed in the /'riiiiisii on Xov. cStli and May II.
]7!l!t, the guardian wrote that he had died in a convnbion. Anh. Stii. Pnihin-ii,
MS, xi. '.iSl ; xii.'Jd 7; Prar. SI. P(ii).,w\. 187. Of Juan Mariner .still less is
known. He eaiiie to California in i7>S,'>, .served at S;iii Diego lioiii Xoveiiibei'
of that year, made a trip m itli (irij, ha in July t7'.l") to explore for the new
mission site of San J.iiis ]i\ y. ]le tlied Jan 'J!l, iSOO, and was buried in tiie
in'esbytery by I'adre I'aura on Jan. .">Utli. Finally April 'Jti, ISIM. his ri mains
Mere removed and placed, together with those of .iauine and Figuer, in ;i se[i-
ulchrc constructed f(jr tiie jiurjiose under the small arch bet\\eeii the tv.d
altars of the new church. San Jjkijo, Lib. t/c JIt<ioii, .MS., bl, S'J.
lis
1' '
lu'
SAN DIEGO MISSION.
Gd5
since May 1708. Aiiotlu-r suponiumcraiy was Pedro
(le San Jose Estevan, (Voni April I7!)G to July 171)7.
The only one of the missionaries with whose eondiu't
any fault was found, so far as the records show, was
Panella, who was accused of cruelty to tlu; neojihytes
and was reprimanded hy Pi'csideiit Lasuen, who de-
clared that he would not ])ermit one of his suhordi-
riates to do injustice to the natives.'^-
13ui'inL( the decade the neo[)liytes of San ])ie,LCo
intMoased from 85G to 1,523. There had heeii ] ,'.>'20
l)a])tisnis and (528 deaths, San Diego had thus passed
San Gabriel and San Luis Ohispo, and now was the
most ])opul(>us mission in California. In the number
of b;n)tisms ibr the ten years it was excelled only by
Santa Clara. The baptisms in 1707 were f);)-!, the
lariicst si)iritual harvest ever fjatherod in one year with
one exception, that of the year 180;] at Santa IJarbara,
when 8;31 new names were added to the re,L,dster.
The deaths moreover at San Diego were less in pro-
])ortion to baptisms than elsewhere except at Purisima
and Santa liarbara, tliough the rate was iViglitfully
large, over lifty [)er cent, even here. The greatest
mortality was in 1800 when 9G natives died.-^' This
comparative prosperity was, however, more ap[)arent
than real in some respects, since the San Diego con-
\erts were left more at liberty in their rancher/as
2- Sept. 30, ITOS, Lasuon to r.orii.'a. Arrh. AnohUpu<h\ MS., i. 51. .July
14, ITil'.l, Lujan iiistriictotl to ri'iioit coiifnientiiiUy on tlio trealiiiciit of tiio
iiatiM'S. Pror. St. I'liji., MS., xvii. 'J47. July 17, ITOT, (liajcra oxiilaiiis liis
tii'atincnt of the natives. Douh not allow thuiii to have imicli iiiti'ivoiir.su wilii
tlio.so of itlior iiiissiiiiis, to invvciit illicit iiitiTcoursc. Id., xvi. 17-. 17'.''>.
padres to ilu]iose inislicliaviii!.,' alcaldes and appoint otliois. /'/•■.(•. /•"■., MS.,
\i. I7S-!). .laiiiK^ Saniii[) and Auloaio I'cllau wcic alcaldes iu 17'.'!'. .1/' •'/.
Ar~.fhi-''hui!o, MS., i. 'J_'0. Time ncopliyto stowaways were fmind mi tlse
ro,(r(7<(7'ort eiirlit (lays out of port in I7!lt. 'J'licy did it, they ^aid, in sport,
and Mere .sent liaek from San Ulas. /'/oc. SI. I'aji., MS., xiii. ■21i)-l7; /'/c'.
//(.'., MS., V. '22i>; \i. "JdO. Aj;ain in 171IS a runaway neojihytc was .sent
I'aek from Tei)ic. I'mi-. Sf. P(i;i., MS., xxi. 'JSll. In tlic iai:-sion rc^^isteis
appear tlio names of f.atliers Cayet.ino Tallas, M.iriano A[io!inario, .Idsi-
Ciin.anse. and IJanion Lopez, IVmiinieans from the ]ieninMila who oliiciated
here at (lill'erent times; also ]iresliyt-ers Loesa and .limenex. eh:ip!.iins of San
IJlas ves.sels, and a dozen Franciscans fnim diliVri nt inis.-inns. Sau I ih ijn, l.'ili.
(h: Mi.-<i(tii. MS.
-^ Lasuen confirmed C>.JG persons hetween 17'.iOand 171.'o. S. iJU'ju, Lib. da
Mmon, -lo.
n
m
11
Wi. a
030
L(JCAL KVEXTS IX THE SOUTH.
tlinu In otlu'i' cslaMisluDciits, Cliristiaiiify Ix.iiiLj
Ihcrrroic soiiuraliat less a Itur'dt-ii to tluiii. .Mraii-
uliili; tlic iiii;-isioii lu'i'ds multiplied iVom I,";!') to C./.n".!)
head, and its Hocks from L',1()0 to ('),00(). Tlu- liarvest,
(i|* ani'ieiiltural [U'oiliicts in ISOO was '2,('A)i) luislicls,
the lar;.'('st eixips havinjjf been i),4j0 hushels in I7'.)'>
and 17'.)'.), sni'iiasscd only hy those of San (Jahriel and
San JiuenaAcntura in 1800, and the smallest (iOO
liusliels in iri)."), a Year of drouuht: averaLi'e eroos
l.C.OO hi^^hel.-;.
Ives; lectin' »' material imiirovements in and al^Mit
the mission we have hut iVa'^'UHMita ry data. In 17'.':!
a tile-i'ooibd ^Tanary of adohes, ninety-six hy twenty-
i'our i'eet, was huilt. In I7'.)4, besides some extensive
^epai^^^ one siJ.e of a wall which was to enclose and
]ii'oii'ct till- mi: sion was constructed, and a ^■ineyard
v/as surrounded hy ii\e hundred yards of adohe w.ill.
In 17*.).j work was heyun on a newly <liscovered sonicc
of water-sui)i)ly for irri_L;'ation."* Whether tliis was
tlu! hej^'inniuL;' of the extensive works whose ruins are
still to be seen, and which Hayes sui)[)oses wiih some
plausibility to have been constructed before li^OO, 1
know not, f )r there arc no i'urther ivcords extant.-'
Of manufacturing- and other industries durin;>" this
period nothing' is known, nor are there any me.ins of
a.scertainin<jf if the teach in <jrs of the artisan i]is(i'uc|t>i's
sent by government to California penetrated to llus
southern establishment. In res[)ect to connnerci'
nothing i'urther appears than that there was clue the
'".SV. Pap., J/;.v.-'., :MS., i. ll.-J; a. 20, 20. The iieopIiytM' lints at San
Diego ii:i late as 17;'!:* wei'o like those of the gontik'3 of -Hdiid iiiul g as.s. ciJii-
■■'■'■ reil liy tlie cuiiiaiKlaiite an sullicieut protection a^wimst the \\e:.tlirl', if
not against lire. /'rev. >^ P<i/i., MS., xv
Xanus of lanelu'iias in thi;
not against lire, j rar. '^r. i tip., .ms., xvii. /.i. ^Naiius or laiieiu'i las iii iiu^
L'.l). M/.'ii'iii, MS., ;!. 4: Cosoy, San J'ranciseo, Sole<la(l, S. Antonio or J.a.s
Ciioyas, Santa Cruz or foajian in San Luis \'al]ey, I'm isiiiia, or Aiinoi|iirli',
S. Mi;;iU'l, or.Tanat, Sin Jocoliie de la .Maiea or .Jaiiioeha, San .Iiian ( aiiis-
trano or Matanio, and frn Jorge or Meti.
'■'■' llinjdi' Ktii'i'jr>iHt Xiii<.'<, I.")."!, 477, til).'!. Hayes gives from personal uli-
scrvatiini a most iiiti're-<ting deseriptioii of tjiis diuii aiiil a(HU'diiet, ^\ liii ii I
sliail niitiei! in a. siibseiiueiit chapter, as I am inclined to tii in); wiilioiit having
any very strong evidence that the Avorks were laiilt or com] le-.ed in the next
dccadi'. In a report of Marcii 17!)!) (irajcra sjiealcs of an at.unpl to hi ing in
v.ater, at wliich the Indians hail liecn overworked, but which was not a !?uc-
,...L.^. /_'....:...,. ;> (., Aic !("> I
tess. O'nijmi, Ju!<puc!<'<-i, MS., l!/!J-4.
SAN JUAX CAPLSTRANO.
Co7
mission .'it tlie end of each of 11 u: latiM' yrars a) tout
J?;},r)0() I'oi- supiilirs ti) the- presidio.-''
San Luis Itcy, a iii-w rstablisliincnt of l7t)S, where
Padre JV'vri was at work liuildini;' u|> one <4" the
grandest of the ( "alifornian missions, has heen (li.:])osed
of for this period m a jireeiMlin^,'' <'ha])tei'.-' A\ San
Juan Capistrano, next northward l''iist< r and San-
tiago were the associate.' ministers until 1 <S00, wlien the
former died,'-' and Jose Faura fi'oni San l^ui s I'ey
took his phuH'. These missionaries 1)a])ti;::t.'d in the
decade 1)40 converts and huried (KJH, the eonununity
being increased from 7H to 1 ,0 It). J lorses .-'.nd cattle
from 'J,r)0() became H.aOO, San dnaii heing tliir I in the
list, while iii sheep with 17,000 it was farahea 1 oi'any
other mission. CVops in ISOO were (),;]()0 bushels: the
average, 5,700; the best croj), in I 7!)-, 7,400, and the
smallest, in I7'.)S, ;),700 bushels. In I7'.)7, there was
due San Juaii for suj)plies furnished to San Diego and
Santa I'.irbara pi'esi(hos over S(i,000.-'*
In 171)4 there were l)uilt at San Juan two large}
adobe granaries roofed with tiles, and fortv housi's for
neophytes, some with grass roofs and others tiled. In
'"'/'/■or. ,SV. Pap., MS., xvi. l!).'), 1!I7, -iU.").
^' Sco chapter xxvi. of this vohuiie.
-^ \'i<_'L'i:t',' Fiister wjis a iiiitivo of Ai'a;^'<iii, who liad «!i;;iiially lel6 Mi'xico
in Octolitr 1770, .inivc.l atLoicto in Xovcniljur 1771, scrvi!!! at Velic.iUi, ami
canio up fiimi thu ]ii'ninsula with I'alon, iiniviuj^at San J)it,^'o Aiijiiwt I5',),
177."{, where lie scrviil \inlil 177(>. Me «a.s willi .laiinie on the terriWe ni^'lifc
of ]S'(ivi!:ilier T), 177"', when the mission was de.s'a'oyeil ami his coir.pani.in win
liiurilcieil. ]lis pen has grapliieally deserihed the liolTors of l.iat ni^'ht.
Aftei' living; at San (Ir.hi'iel ami otiier niiisions as su]iei'nni;H':a;y he was
minister of San .Juan Capistrano from jNoveniher 177!l until Di'ecii.her 17S7,
when he fonmleil i'urisima ami reni.uneil there till An;.'. 17;j.l. Then ho
returncil ty .'•an .Tni.vi and seived until ins dea Ji on Oet. L'l, l;i. 0. lie w.is
hui'ied hy Jv^ti'voii, ;'antia,i_'o, and ]'aur;i in the mis.sion chr.reli. lie had
received the last saeramen!:, writes I'',stevan, ' with the most ]>erfecfc corf irmity
to the divine wid, (giving ns even to tlie last moment i)f his lii'u the nv t iUiis-
tr' IS example (/f iho I'esiguation and lo\e to (ioil our J^oi'd and his h'/!y law
w..k1i lie had preached in his life, hoth hy works and words.' ; cpt. 0.
1800, w itli i-U d;:e sidcinnity I'ustcr's rem ;ins were Iran: feritd to th' ir tiiial
restini,'-plaee in the pre^liyleiy of the new eliuivh on tlie epi,-,tle ; idi. ,Siii,
Jitdii ( iijifs.'i'mio, L'h. (l.r Mislim, MS., 'Js, .'il)~4(l.
■*"■' Due San ,Juan iro:u Sla. P.irbui"i.S| ,(iJS. i'rnr. Sf. Pop., iMS., xvii. v:0--l.
l-'roni San Dicmj in I7U7, .':H,7''^'i; in 17'.IS, .SJ, .-),'>;!. /</., xvi. 1'.)'), •l",'i. Mar.
1."), 17I>7, draft on Mexico in favor of tlu^ padi'es for .V^i.Ow ). /'/• r. I!ir.,
IMS., vi. 1st. July 171)4, draft drawn hyCirajera fur .S_', 000. Pioo. M. Pnp.,
MS., xii. 17.
Hist. Cal., Vol. I. i'i
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33 WIST MAIN STRIET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80
(716) S72-4S03
<^
i.
058
LOCAL EVENTS IX THE SOUTH.
F('1>runry 1797 work wasbui^'un on a now stone church
which was to bu the finest c(Hlice in (^alil'oi-nia. A
master mason was obtained from Cuhacan and the
sti'Uitnre rose slowly but steadily for nine years.^'
^[arlaiio Mendoza, a weaver, was sent from ^[oii-
terey in the summer of 179(5 to teach the natives. If
he neL;l(!cted his business, he should be chained at
niiilit, for he was under contract with the ufovern-
ment at thirty dollars a month. A loom was set n[>
M'ith other necessary apparatus of a rude naturt',
witli wliich by the aid of natives coarse fal)rics and
blankets were woven. Ivirly in 1797 the friars were
iiotiiied that if they wished the services of Mendoza
for a loniLjer time they must pay his wages; but thiy
thouglit his instructions not worth the money, espe-
cially now that they had learned all he knew, and the
wea\ing industry liad bei'U successful!}' established.
IJesides home manufactures San Juan supplied frijm
its lai'ge ilocks quantities of wool for exi)eriments at
other establishments.^'
Vancouver, sailing down the coast in the autunm
f i79;5, noteil San .In u as "erected close to the
o
w
ater-side, in a su sandy cove; very pleasantly
^" S/. /\i]>.. Mi.'i.'i,, MS., ii. 20. A nmsoiiscnt iipby Arrilliiun, who ifpnrts
to llic \ii-(i"y .1.111. II, I7!'!t. J'rnr. S/. /'ii/i., MS., x\[. \r>. Ijiskcm in i'r|"iit of
ITll'.'-l""'*) sMy.H till' ('luiruli liiis Ik'i'Ii ))uili|in,i; tour yi'.irs. .I;v7/. .s'/ri llirlnirn.,
MS., \ii. US. liiiti; of lu'L'iiiiiiiiLr, «S'. .hi'Ui C'l/i., Li'i. </<• Mis'i'iii, MS,, •_'(!.
Di'o. ITS'", tliinii of luasourv Mill; iiivlics Ikmiii,' i>uilt .").'{ x lOviUJi-i. .SV. /V//'.,
M'c-x., .MS., ii. no.
^' Miiy IT'.'fl, ii wc.'ivcr {f'Jnhf <h- anrhn] scut. Prnr. J!i'i\, MS., v. T!',
24."), '_'17. Aiiiil li!, IT'.'T, I'cilro I'oyorciia's iv]iort to (li;i jcr:i. ULiiiUi'ts,
wiilo \\oiilliii cloths, ■}H<ui[ia-< tor Viii|Mcros, ;)() yiiid.s of VKd./n, J!0 y;irls of
liiii/t' sii((('s.-;fiilly wivi'u. Not so |nricc't fi.s .M( xicaii iroocls. hutuooil oiionL;h
for tliis coiiiitry. Tho ii.itiw woiiicii spin ami jiick wool ainl lotinn, iiiiil al.so
<lyo tolci.ilily well. J'ritr. ,'S/. I''i}<., .MS., xvi. •illU-J. .\|iril ITtii, nport of
jadrc.-i oil ]iro:,'r('ss. 'J'lic wciivir'n attiiiiptti at ilyoiiii,' with vini':r.ir, etc., not
t'i|ii,!l to what the natives louhl do with ('aiiipnlii', lir.i/il, ami /acata^tal
wooils. St. /'fi/>., S,:r., ,MS., vi. 10:)-.">. April 'J.stli, < ir.ijcia to Jloiica. tlii!
rariiiiitcr ( Jutiem/, the only man who can ]mt up looms, /'rur. .sV. /'«//.,
M.S.. .xvi. '2(!l. .\pril 'iDth, lloricii topadri'H. May.'ilst, l'"iistir to IJoi-ica. .N'en-
dtp/.a'.s KiTvicL's ill the (la.'it not worth nuich, lint he A\ill ]),iy what I.asiien
deem.s just, .lime ".Jdth, Jioriea to eoinniaiuliint of Monterey. Make an
nrran^'enicnt with Lasiien mid p.iy one eighth to Mendo/ii ami si'ven (;i;rhtlia
to royal treasury. J'mr. .Si. /\i/>., II' ii. Mil., MS., xxv. 1.".; I'mr. i;<:,
MS., vi. l.S.VCi, IS!). ^Vool pureliusud for Mouturey and SauUi Uailjurii. Id.,
ix. o; St. i'lip., Sue, M.S., vi. "J.
LOS ANGELES.
CTJ
situated in a strove of trees, wliose luxuriant and
diversilied foliage, wlien contrasted with the adjaoiMit
sliores, gave it a most romantic a[)j)eai'ancc; having
tile ocean in front, and being hounded on its other
sides by rugged dreary mountains, where the vegeta-
tion was not suHicient to hide the naked I'ocks. The
buildings of the mission were of brick and stone, and
in their vicinity the soil seemed to be of unconunon
and striking fertility. The landing on the beach in
tlie cove seemed to be go(jd."^^ In the fear of Eng-
lish invasion which agitated the whole country ia
]7S)7 a sentinel was posted on the beach at San Juan
to wat(th for suspicious vessels, since it was notd()ubted
tliat England had her eyes upon the cove anchorage.
Whether a four-pounder was mounted here as recom-
mended by Ca})tain (Jrajei-a does not a[)pear. The
arrest of a neophyte Aurelio for the murder of his
wife in 17!)7, and the earthquake of November 'll,
1800, which slightly cracked the rising walls of tiie
new church, complete the amials of the decade.
33
llespccting tlio pueblo of Los Angeles from 17'.) I
to I SOU, tiie information extant is exceedingly slight.
The number of families residing here increased friMii
thii'ty to seventy, and the white })opulation from 140
to ;)ly, <'liieily l>y the growing-u[> of children and the
aggregation of invalids from tlie <litl'erent jjresithos.
Ibirses and cattle increased I'rom .'>,000 to 12,500, ;i
larger number th;in is accredited to any other Cah-
f tiiiian establishment. Shee|) numht-red 1,700 only,
thougli a s[)erial eilbrt liad heen made since 17'.).") to
increase the [)Uel)lo Hocks with a virw to the industry
^2 I'micmivi r'x Vniiwio, ii. 4li7. Tliis iloscriptioii scciiih to loojitr tlio iiiis-
Bi'in iiiiuli iiciin T tlic .shore tliiiii it i-i'.illy is, liiit it cyiilil lianily liiivo lucii
iii^i\( il lirl'oitj 17117 uiicii the new cluu'eli was l)e„'iiii, uinl eertiiiiily not later.
(See (■!i:q)ter xiv. tliia vol.
'^^'rov. St. I'ti/i., MS., xvi. in.Vd, 170, '.MD-r.O; x\i. ."il. The lii'liiiii
Aurelio W.as not sevei'ely piillislieil. Jn .a tit of jealousy In; ]iin(i eili'l to
ai'.uiiiiister some eohjuj.'al diseipline, niiil in his zeal oviriliil tlie duty as he
iratiUy eoni'e.s.seil. llr hail no intention of Uuling her. The uuthoriliis de-
fidud it not a matter for criniiuul iirocuss.
660
LOCAL EVENTS IX THE SOUTH.
t)f weavinj^. Crops in 1800 were 4,000 Imshels, tlio
largest luiving been 7,800 in 1790, and the smallest
2,700 in 171)7. Seven eighths of the entire harvest
was usually maize, though the inhabitants offered in
1800 to contraet for the supply of 3,400 bushels of
wheat per year at $1.00 a bushel for the San Bias
market.^*
Map of I^iis Ancjklks Ukimon' j>f 1800.
'* From to 1'2 jioliL-idorr s in 17!'"'. I'^xponso of pay .ind rations 81,.VJS.
/Vie. .S7. /'(F/i., lUii. Mil , MS., iii. |(i. J>i<t(it'4'J iiiiiiu'a of nuilo settlers in
17l>!>. 'SV. I'dj:, Mh.f., MS., ill, it, 1(». Two iiiiii.livil slu-ep .listrihutiMl in
Auirust, 171HI. /V'/i'. /.''■<•., ,MS., iv. 74; vi. 7!i; St. Pup., Nrc-., MS., vi. I.
17!'i!, lioricii onh'i's that lainl In; jrivcu to luiiils of families who liavc imiu',
but tlii'V Miust eiiltiviite it. I'ror. AVc, MS.,iv. -I i-o. 17!l">, coi'respoiiilenre
Jind iirdirs recniirini; needed lauds to lie fi'ueed. Jii ono ease a willow feiii'ij
is uKMitioned. i'ror. /,'<r., MS.,iv. I'J, 111, 17, -!>. J'mr.St. /Vi/i., MS., xiv. 77.
Till- same year es|ieeial elliirt was made liy tlie ?mV( ruor tliroUL'li Cumuiaudiint
Goycofchua to eucouiayc tho sutllura to raiso guoil crops iu view of tlic gciKial
AFFAIIIS AT THE PUEBLO.
COl
Vicente Felix reiiuiiiUMl in cliarne of the pueMo ms
|)t ])erliii])s
e, exei'i)
conii.sionado tliiounliDnt the deead
for a brief period in ITD.Vd wlicn Javier Alvaiado
seems to have held the oili
ee
'J'iie snccessivc aleald
cs
we're Mai'ianc* A'crdn^'o, elected in 171)0; I'^rancisco
lleyes, irD^J-f); Jose Yanei«[as, 170(5; ^laniU'l Arellano,
171)7; Guillernio Soto, 17U8; Fraiicisfo Si'rrano, I7l)l);
and Joaquin Iliguera for IHOO. The puehlo was in
the jurisdiction of San\a liarbai-a, the coniisi(»nado
receivin;jf his orders from tlu; commandant of that
|)rL'sidio, though as we have seen the small military
j^uaid was i'urnished hy the San Diei^o comjiaDV. ( )f
local events I'rom year t(i year tliere is practically
nothing- in the records.'"'
It is in eonnectioii with the puehlo of l^os .Vn^cles
that the most interesting' to[iic of eaily land-grants
ni this southern central rej^ion may most conveniently
be noticed. In Februai-y 171)."; there were live ranchos
in private |»ossessi()ii, held under provisi(»nal n'riints
and sup[)orting seviral thousand head of live-stock.'"'
The iirst was San Jkafael, granted by I^'ages October
20, 1784, to tlie retired corporal of the San J)ie
conmai
pany
lose
M;
uia
Yerd
U<'().
Jt
io
was also l<nown as
diouu'lit. /f/., xix. :?S-40; /'roc /I'c'., MS., iv. 1."). i'io|i()s;il to fiiniisli -wlii-iit
fill- tliu San IUjis iiuirkct. /'/• i\ Sf. J'ii/>., MS., xviii. ;")(). 17^7, ^'uiiii sold t<)
Siiiita U.irlijira, .t'lUS. J'rufi. SI. P(i/>., Ilm. J/,7., MS., ix. 4. Kmh scttltr
liiilsL give anmially two t'iint'L'iis of iiiai/e or w liisit i'of a JuikId dc /irnjinns to
Itu siieiit tor tli(' gooil of the coniiiinnity. /'/v*c. /Ac, MS., iv. !)S-!».
''•'' AiTilliit;a n polled tliat Lou Aiigtlcs was in ijiiiut in 171'-', but certain
Hnnily pc :i3 were ordered to leave, and tliouyli they did not ;.;o, tlio warn-
ing' ]>roveii elleetive. I'idi: Sf. J'(i/'., MS., xii. INS. Oct. II, I71'"», IJorica to
coiuandante, if tiie eoniisionatlo is not active enouj^li lie niu.st lie reiiio\('(l.
/'(•(.(•. J!,,:, MS., iv. 'JD :U». .Mvarado conii.sionado l7!'.V-(;. /-/., iv. :i!»;
i'l-i r. Sf. J'fi/i., MS., xxi. •J:M; //., /,'./(. Mil., xv. 7. 17!)(i, Francisco .\vilii
drowned in the tiilares. Su-> icions of murder proved j.'roMndIess. i'mr. /,'..■,
Ms., iv. (i(i, 71. I'ec. 7, 17!'7, the settler.s .\vila and .\reli.ino must l»o
eli;istis(<l and turned out if they coiitinno to distiiili thi' imihlo. Jil., iv.
i).'{-4. I7'.'f^, allusions to .speedy coniplelioii of a jiil. I'niv. L'tr.. iv. IdS.
I'ailro S;i!ay.ar rel.itis thai \\ hen he v.as here in ITs'oaman who had 1.(100
mures and c.ittle in iirniiortioii came to San < J.ilirii 1 to lieu' I'liilli for a sliirt,
for none could In: had at piulilo or piesidi(j. Arih. Sid Unrliiiiti, M.S'.,
ii. 77.
•''L'"'l>. 24, 17!l">, floycoechea's re]iort to Boiica in J'ror. Si. I'nji., /l<ii.
Mil., x>.ii. 7, H. Apiil, I7'J.'>, Horica to viceroy. I'rnr. /,',,-., vi. 40-1. 'i'ho
I'ormir important report seems not to liiive been seen by either writers or
lawyers in tlic past.
602
LOCAL FA'ENTS IX THE SOUTH.
J^n Znnjii, (lesc'ril)oil as across tlio I'lvcrniid loiirloac^iios
IVoiii Los Aii^vles, and was coiilinnod by IJt)! ica
.January I'J, 171)8."' The second ranclio was that, of
]\lanucl Xicio, lu-ld under Fai^'es' permission of No-
veniher I7S4, the largest and best of all, sujijtortinL;'
l,lUUliead ol" cattle and lai';4e enoun'h t'oi- a pueblo,
.since Well known as Los Nietos, and t'ornierly gi-anted
in several tracts to Xieto's heirs by Figueroa in 18;54,''"'
The third was the I'anieus San I'edrt), or J )oininn'uez,
rancho, occu})ied by Juan Jo.se L(jniin_L^uez with ai)out
a thou.sanil head of cattle under a permission given
very likely by Fages, but the date of which is not
known. It was regranted by Sola in 1822, and is one
of the few Califoi-nian ranches that have remained in
the i)ossession of the original gi'antees and their dr-
sceiidants."^ Fourth in the list was the rancho at l*oi--
te/uelo, smaller but fertile and well watered and stocked
with cattle on a small scale, situated about four leaniies
fi'om Los Angeles on the main road, and occui)ied by
the old veteran Sei'geant ^lariano de la Lttz ^'erdu-
The iifth and last was the Lncino rancho, where
li'o.
"" AccDnlitiu; to /i';/. Jlmud", M.S., IV2-X F;i,','f's porniittcd Wrihi^'o on
Oct. '-'Otli til kt'i'ii liis c.ittlc at Arifiyu Hondo, one iiiid ii liiiit li'agiics iVoiii " ;iii
i !;ibrii'l on tlic loinl to .Monterey, on eondition tiial no liarni was dono to niin-
sion or jinelilo, and tare taliin witli the liativt's. Jan. Il', I7!'^>, in aii.swer to
jelition of Nov. 4, 171*7, Uoriea jierniitted liini to selile witli liis ianiily, rtla-
tixc^, and jiroiierty, nnder likt: eondilion.s, and the new one ol raisin:; ulieci", at
Lr. Z:injii. 'i'liisjanelio was visitt d in -Vnyust ll'Jo liy the party tseekin;,' a nii.-i-
sion «ite, S/n Maria, ItiijiMio, M.S.
•'"In 17!lo-(i the mission of .San ( !a1)riel laid elaini to Xielo's land, ealli il
at thi' time l.a Zanja. After an investi;;ation Boriea allowed Nielo to reinin
^\llat land lit' had aetnally nnder cultivalion and in u.se, the rest to Ic u.sed
liy the mission without iirejudici! to Nieto's Ic.^d ri,.;hts. i'lor. J,'ir., ^i.S,, iv.
4), .M-'J, (il-l!. It wimld seem that other ]iersons hesidis Nieto were liviu;.;
hei'c in 171'7, w hen the inhahitanls were ealled ou to Lo ready to resist l]n,L;li li
invasion. J'ror. St. J'<iji., MS., xvi. 'JI!)-.">(>. This grant eame lietoru tiie I'. S.
land eomissiou in h;,ter times in live separate tracLs: Los L'errito.«, Los Ceyutes,
Las ISoi.sas, Lo.^ Alamitos, and Sautii (jei'trudia, aggregating .'to wj. leagues.
J/iij!'iiiaii\i Land ('((HIS.
"'•Mi ran ted iiy Sola Dec. .SI, IS'JiJ, to Sergt. Cristiibal Doininguezas ne[ilie\v
and heir of .hum .losi'. AV;/. Braml.'i, MS., 35. 'i he author of Luk A,:iit!<i>,
Ji'isl., S, {>, supposes this irrant to ha\c 'lecn ori;;inaliy made hefore 1M,0,
eliiellyou the testimony of ,\hini;el l)omin;:ue/andoll,er old .settlers. No (-ne
lias until now siiowii any doeuiiu ntary proof.
*'' N'enlngo enlisted at Ijoretooii llee. !.">, 17tJ<i, .M'rviii;; as ]iiivati\ oorporai,
and sergeant, seven years in each ea]iaeily. lie eaiiiewiih t'.ij.t. Li\eia y
Moiieada in the lirst e\i ediUon of I7ti'.>, and s.rvdl in sevnal Lidian e.iiii-
paigns. iiis name apjieais among the godiuthers at the first Lapti.sms ill .'--uu
EARLY LAND-GRANTS.
603
Alcalde Frniu'isco Ixevos had a house and wlioi'c! ho
kept liis own livi'-stock as well as that of C'ornelio
Avila and othui-s. This was wIkti' San Fernando was
estahlislu.'d in 17'.)7, the i'riars taking' possession of
lieyes' house, a i'aet that illustrates the sli^lit t( nuii;
by which tliese early jjjrants were lu Id, Between I Z'.i.")
and ISOO tliere wvm |)erhaj»s ^rantid two other ran-
ches within this jui'is(hction, San Jose de (Ji'acia, do
Sinn' to Javier, l^atricio, and Miguel Pico in orahout
171).'); and El lu^ru_i:;i(t to Captain .Fose Francisco
Orteo'a or his sons a yeai' t)r two later."
San Gabriel, belonginir throuj^hout the decade to
Dic-i
1(11
II, jiiKl li<; conimam
1.(1 th.
(1 at San L
Ol
iis|i() in \ 1 1
1773. H<
tuniiiorarily in ciinunanil at San l>i('L,'(jin Xnvcniln'i' I77'>at tlic tiinc of t!io
Iiiassaoro, licin;,' tlm iir.st ti/ vcaoli tlio niissi(jn ami i('i)()it the iv
<
iK'eiiinnann
.[<
l)V
Xrvi; to till! Colorado in I7S"_'. lii
|)r
event.
Maria,
inadauiiK
Ln
o, was I in
lied liV i.l\i-
it San IHeu'o Al>iil j.'i, I7N0, and liu
8ulpse'|nently iiianird (!ret.'()ria Ivsjiino-sa. l''roni alioiit I7.s(l lie was ser.L'eant
if tiio Moiiteivy '(inniaiiy till 17^7 n\ lien he was ])idliiilily ietiix'(l arf ;
St. r
J!<
.1///., MS., ii. 14; viii. S, <»; .\iv. I,
XXil. /
7; /•
did.
r. S/.
J'(i/i., MS,, i. 1', 4. ."i; .V. JJieijo, Lib. de J/wkh, MS., 10, 77; Sail Luis OltUiio,
L,l>. <lr Mi
MS.
'rill? Siiiii Itaiielio, ai'cording ta J't'j. }>rfin(l.<, MS., ."3, and Ilofmnii'i^
d (•
was LCiaiiteil by IJoriea in I7!l'), Ixiint; rei'ianted,
petitioiKMl for, in IS.'I, and also liy Alvarado in 1S4"_'. .\(
lirdiiil.i, .MS,, Wl, VX ]{,efuL;i() was j^T.-mted liy I'.oriea, tliereforc In
at least
ill',' to Hcj.
isoi).
to t'apt. Orteira, tlierefore liefort; 17!'S when Oitoj:a died. 1 think there is
room for doi'.lit ahout one or liothof these j;iants. Jlespei.'tini; liotii it ni;iy lie
said that Jl
does not S(>elii to lia\e fa\(ireil siicli L'lalits. As to Si
wiieii ail exiiloiiii'' part vvi>iteil the v
illev 111
A
111,'llSL !7'J-") tiieV did not lliell-
tioii aiiv lanilio as tliev did Jicves" .miiiI \'erdiii.'o"s; and not oiilv this liut in
Ainil 17i"i Ii
to le
ive tJK
lea exiiressly retllsi
. lilo and settle oi
d to grant I'ieo (no j:'ven name) |ieniiis>ioii
1 a raiieho. As to I'il JiifiiL'io, we know tliat
()ite,L^,i. ill 17!Hi w;is in troilMe alioiit a delieit in his J^nrelo aeeumits. /';■■<(>.
lice, MS., iv. (is, 7-, M-'_', SO; his son .lose Maria wished to take a land-L'iant
(111 whhh to woil
id
advised him a'.'ainst tiie seir
iiay Ins f
^tl
ler s )l|(l>
litedi
and allhoii'li 1
.on. 'a
still a L'raiit was ordereil to lie inade to him
(if the /.I
iija, it
(_'ola lands if iiiii
T
le author o
if y,.
S, !), lliiiiks tiiat Saiitia^'o de Santa A
/I »;/./'.■■, //;./,
iia was one i
if the
se early j^rant-
lli
reasons a re: A po|,iilar liilief tliat this w.is one of the oldest raiuhos; te-liinony
iutl
K' district I oiirt that tli
e oriirinal oei'ii
[laiit was < Iri jal\
the prolialiility
that the f^lant to Vniha, in ISIO was a re:.'raiit to (Jiijaiva's .sun-iii-lau; and
finally a reeojniitioli hylhe eoiirt of the I'eraltas' elaiins as deseeiidaiits of tiiu
ori'^inal oeeiipaut. Tlii.i is fiu iii.Ljenioiis Iiiit probably erroneoii.s arL'nmeiit.
Lieut. <!iijalv.i was a- jiensioncr of the San Die^^o eompaiiy atter 17li!ias was
Serf.'t. Vorba, his .son-indaw, after 17'.'^; but Oiijalva, dsiiiL,' at San l)ie;,'o ia
mil nioreovor ho
18()(i, named no land in his uill tlioti','li he did name iratll
refused to !,'ive his daiiu'litel's aiiytiiiii;.'. on the i;riiiind tiiat tliey had been pro-
vided fii
it tl
leir mariia'_'e — one wiUi
111 V.
in \~W1 and ll
le ct'.ier
with
IV.'i'alta in I7~>."). reralta's elaiins resulted from the fact that .\riil!aL'a's j:rant
of Julv 1. ISiO, was to Vurt
.1 1
Nov. '1\, ISO.I, Yoiba sav?
'eralta in eompany. In hi< ]iefition of
olh
A'.;/. U
ih, MS.
s notluiii,' ol any previous uucupaney by liiiiuse
.;lf or
G04
LOCAL KVPIXTS IN THE SOl'Tir.
lite jiiris(lIc<iori of S;m l)i('t^f>, was oiio of tlio most
flnurisliiii'^r of tlic missions, l»ut its iiimals may '><' very
luiclly (lisjioscd ol". Cnizado and Saiiclicz still Inllcd
t(tL;rl Iicf as ministers. ( 'alzada remained niitii I7'.)J.
( Visl('-I)al ( )r;inias served liei-e in 17'Jii :!;''' Juan Mar-
tin in I7l)l r»; ,lnan L(»|K' Cortes in I71)'i-H; and
J'edro <li^ San .los*'; I'^stevan to IHOO and latei', so tiiat
the mission had always three j>a(hes. TiKfy ha|)tizt!(l
1,2(57 natives, hut they hiiried I, I lM,*'' so that tlu; coni-
mnnity was inei-eased only from 1,040 to 1,140, stand-
int;' now tliiid instead of sec(»nd in the list. Jn lari^'e
stock San (-laiiriel stood lourth, with a ,nain Irom 4, 220
tt» 7,0'.>0 hca<l; while in shee]) it was second to San
.Inan oiiiy, its llocks ha\inu^ increased from (i,00() to
I2,.">(i0. In a'4iicnltui'al ])roducts San (ilainiel was a
tieViiih San Ihienave'it nra in ISOO, with a ci-op of
i), 400 hiislu Is, tlie smallest having been ;J,000 in i7*J;;,
and the a\(ratjje al)out (5,400.
Jose Maii'a ^^'l•duL^•o, owner of a randio in the
\icinity, was cor|>oi\il of the mission ouard much of
the time down to I7'.)H, and his successor was iV-dro
Poyonna. Jose ^ligiiel Flores, a dischai"jj;'ed soldit-r,
was majordomo down to his death in 1 7l)(5.^* A
stone church was half linished in 17!)4, hut in ISOO
it had net yet heiMi completed. Thei-e is no record
of maimficturiii'jf industi'ies save that a little cotton
oht;;ini'd from San JMas was woven; hut 1 sujjpose
that a hcLiinninsi' of wcaviiiix woollen stalls or of aonie
geai
♦•'Of ('risNil):il ()i:iiiiaa wo only know that ho liad l)oon for fivo yo^irs
assi;it;iiit iiiiiili' Mini ln'iaiiic ii friar only a yoai' lirfoiv coiniiii.'' to ( 'alifornia,
« liillu r he liiMn;;Iit ill I7m> a most llattoiiii;,' lTi>utatioii from tlio j^aiaidian
for ^'('iiiii;< ainl iMiii'ilarv coinliiit. Arch. S/.a /liirhdin, MS., xii. "Jli-T. Ho
Ki'iviil at Saiila ll.iiliaia, of w liiili mission ho vas a foiiinlor, fi'om l)oi'oml>or
IT^'li to 1)ooiiii1m- \~ :•'.); at i'uii^ima until N'ovomhor 1 7!'-: aixl at San (.-ialiiiol
tintil So;itoiiI)oi' ]~'.K\. wlion Itrohoii down in lioalth iio ii'iiiod to I'lo ooUoge.
'■''flii.-i iloalli-raio of !K> jior oont of liaiitisms ami doiilitloss h'.) jicr ooiit
and moro of liirllis vra< not causod hy any j^''oat oiiidoniic in ono 'lai", for tlio
dcath.s run i|iiilo ovonly as follows: 104, 84, DS, G."), SO, S7, i'-, '.'(i, i:!S, and
L'oO.
*' Siiii Hnhr'iil, /Jfi. ih' Mi<ilo>i, MS., passim. 'Iho niission-ho( ks oontaiu
but li'.tlo hoyoiiil tlio namos of padros and of persons haptizod. i laniiil, or
bnrit'd. 'I'lu- oiirinal resistors iiro also inipericct, parts of several books
liavinjj' ditappoaroJ.
RAXTA BARBARA DISTRICT.
668
otlicr l)iaiicli of lUMinitivo inaiiuraclnrcs iniist have
liccii iiiaili- at this iktIikI, for Sail (Ja')r!i'l, so lloiii'isli-
iiiL;- aihl so |)roiiiiii(iit in later yeais, would iiat;i;ally
have heeii aiiioiijL? the iirst to make experiiui'iits.
Kveiits iiii|»ortaiit or [^etty thc>r(^ are none to re.-ord.
Sail {•\'iiiaii(lo, the new establishnuiit in I'Jiciiio \'al-
ley hrloiii;iii;^r to the jurisdiction of Santa IVirbaru, 1
have already noticed in another cluijiter.
43
Santa H.irhara presidio remained under ilw, ahle
command of Lieutenant Feli[»e de (jloyeoeehea, who
was also h;d)ilitado, and was in 171).S jiromoted to he
hi(\(t captain. l^d)lo Antonio Cota was |)roniote(l to
iill the vacant post of allerez, and si rved throu'^hout
the decade, dviii-*' at the end of IHOO.'" Jose i\Iaria
Ortega, son of the lieutenant, took C'ota's [)lace as ser-
geant with Olivera and Carrillo; and when the latter
went to Monterey in 1795 he was i-cplaced hy Fran-
cisco ?.raria Kuiz. The ])residial Ibrcj was hfty-nino
men, IVoin which number o'uards were supplied to San
iJueiiaA'eiitura, San l\!rnando, Santa J>url>aia, and
Pun'sinia missions. The number of ]»ensioners in-
creas'-d from one to seventeen, and all, with their
families, constituted a pofiulation dc neon which in-
^■^« lunili-liuildinc;. St. Pap., J/wf., MS., ii. "), '20, 100. 1 10. rottou-wcav-
inj;. /'/., ii. ti, lOi); An-h. A,Z')' i-^j>iiih>, MS., i. .SO-l .luly, I7'.!(;, •_:();» juTnhas
of v.ixil c':iii I'l' li;ul at '20 reals. .S7. Pup., Sue., MS., \ i. (i. l)tn; inis.sioii
fi'Diu jiicsiilio (it San Die^'o, 17!>7, Jji-'.SMl. J'ror. iSV. J':/)., .MS., xvi. •_'!!.'». l'"')r
ITU'i. ■:;-'..i!»7. /'I., xvi. I'J.'t. lluo Irom Sa.ita l!;ir!.ara, 17:»7, .^."t.:!!!. A/.,
xvii. 7S Si. 'J'wo runaway neopliytcs from Si^n (ia'irifl lirouglit in hy tlio
IVipa'nw to TiKsun. /'ror. /'(■<■., MS., iv. .")S.
*' I'mIiIo Aiilunio Cota was horn in 1714, and cii'istcl in 17!'''^, coininL; to
Calilniuia ] ii ii;.lily in I7<i!l, imd oM'tainly licforo 177't. llu .'^i I'lns in lia\u
coinniiuiii' (i l.ii! ':uar!l at San livuMiavi nlura fi-oni i," ; I'lunilalion in 17 >- nntil
17.S7, v.Iun lir Vi:m rcmovi'd on foniijlaiut of tlii' [iidris. Ih; .>ful)sci|U('utIy
connnand-.il at I'lirisinia until rtii'iaciil hy Coiiiiial Oi-t;' ';i in Sf;i;c'nih(;r
17SS. I)iiiin;; thi.s time ho was t'ni:a,','td in one or two niiiior <'X|.liii-,itions
and luilian c.i!ii;>:ii:;ns. His ((ini'uissiDu as allVivz was xi irmI in Mixioo .Ian.
l.'i, I 7' ct. .SV. /'('/(., Sai\, MS., i. .V). His wit'i' wa.< Dofia Mar:.i Rosa dr Lui^'o,
wlio died .l.-n. 10. 1707. N. litunini: iitunt, Lih. dc Mhimi, MS.. "J, .">, 0; Sl(t
]}-',-'iit,-ii, L'Ji (If .MisUiii, MS., ,'{0. In Au'_;iis; 170.) he i'onniiau<li'd th'' jiaity
f\|il' 1 i.: ;• tor tlic mission siti' of San !•'( rn.'iiido. Shi Miirm, Hi j'lsfi-n, MS.
H.' (lied IVc. :;0, ISOO. /',v,c. ,S7. Pap., .MS., xviii. .'.7; xxi. .";.!. <A [.!> misy,
wliieii claiini; thi s e-old niiny winter attacked many persons at Santa liarhura.
J'roc. SI. I'up., Ihii. Alil., MS., xxix. 3.
000
LOCAL KVEXTS I\ THE SOUTH.
('rons<Ml from 200 to ^70.*' Tlio total white i)o])ula-
tioii of this (hstrift, iiichi(liii_t^ Los Aiij^flcs and (he
I'aiicho-;, was (I";'), and n(.'o|»]ivt('s, iiichidiiiL,^ San
(iahiicl and San Ffrnan(h>, innnhci-cd almost I,0<)0.
IlaxinL,'' no tort,*' Santa J>;ii'itaia ohtaincd no part oj"
thf iTLMiritrccmcnt of artilloiymcn and inlantiy .st;nt
to ("alilornia in 1 7!)(J, and was «;ariisoncd hy cncra
('avah-ymun only. The annnal a|)[)roj»riation lot- (his
|)i(jsi(lio IVom the royal treasury did not vaiy nnich
I'rom .sl."),0()0.*'
It lias lu'cn seen that now jjrcsidio buildini^s had
l)e(!n completetl or nearly so hy 17D0; hut sonu; ot" the
I'oofs were constructed of tules; some of the timbers
su|)[iortin<^ tile r(.»()fs wore bad; the {family kitchens
were inside the ]ious(>s and not dotaclied as was best;
a lire (Hd consi(leral)le damaiix- in Auirust 17S'.);and it
S(.'oms that no now cha[)el had been built. Fages in
' Cum pan V rostoi-s in Prov. St. Pop., IJi'ii. Mil., MS., xiii.xxvi.; .5/.
.N'U
MS., i.-iii. l,i>t of alxiiit 100 jieismiH in 17!I7 \\\\^t liave o
l)lioil witli irliuioiis oliliu'iitioii.s. Prov. Si. /'ti/i., MS., \v. Si)-!):!. List of U
y^miiL; imii lit tnr military .sirviix', l)iit wlio.sc |)iiccnt.s nii'il thiir can
.\v. 1()l' -t. I'lill list of (iliicci-s and nii^n i
in ITitS. /'
,S7. J'.
Hi
I'/..
M<l.,
M.S., wii. •_'()!. iMiur l'(i-.in(lli!ii.;.s uanif liiio to live in hSOO. /'/., xxviii. ]>y
lioiica's onlcr oacli nii.ssion csi-iilta was rccliici'ilhy one man in IT'.'J. Prar.
.M.S., iv. •_'.-); /'
SI. I'
'/'
MS., xiii. 171.
■""(Jnc liijuss ()-)i(iiin<li.'r an<l tliri'C .snialit'C iron pieces nt tlio pvpsidio with
four iron j.'un.s at l\w tliree eoa.st missions were the armament in 17!IS. Pror.
Si. J'liji., ill II. .Mil., MS., xvii. ."). raper supplieil to school anil coUectid
aiiain t"r eal'tinl'ies.
P
P
MS...iv. :\-2.
** ( 'oiii]);iiiy aerount.i in Pmr. Si. Pap., Jlrii. Mil., MS., xv. x
xvu.-vni. xxi.
Sxiii. xxviii. ; .SV. Pap.
Snr.,M!i.
'V
!<i;!,(i!;() to .si7.<iu!t. Accoiuit of I7'.t4, cre.iit, !<:;i».
le mciiioiias ot supjilics were Iroiii
.v. /•
/'
d., MS.,i. W. U. for I7!»7. e
r.,**:;,
■Kit. .--.■!s,(i;i». /'
<Ir.,.si;i,0'j.'). .S7. I'd p.,
.MS., ii. (,s.' M. f.,1- I7'.:s, or., .•:<Kt,.V_'(); <ir., .S4i),(US. /';•./•. .V. /V//)., P.ci.
Mil., MS., xvii. !l-ll. 'J'otal I'd'eipts <if siipiilics in n'.'o, iiuluilin:,' !^ i.S.'ii)
n n.is.sioiis, .':r--.".")7. /'/., xxi. !». Waste in List niemoii.i l7!)o. i^'i'M).
in i7'.)S, .S7.-,(i.
1.
I'lOl
MS., iv. 80. :!
!-'sion Slip]
lies in 17i)7, ■'^l,t)
/Voc. Si. pop., Jlfii. .Vi!.,V,S., xvii. 10,11. hiventoiyofj
o'm;s on jiam
J).
J'
M;-
!1, 17!!:^
J,/.
Account I, f I7li!l, or.,.st.
l'(i,>.
V,
/In,.
M.
1. /.
j'.l. Postal
revenue Iroin
r.,si:l.l4H.
d to .^10.").
.1/;/., .NiS., xxi. (!, !); xxiii. S; xxv. II: S(. Pin>., ,SV
01. li
i.ies eolicei
.1 Svi
iiii SL'dO to :'S()() per yc
tl
10 exiieiisc
.f^
ketini; 1h in;^ froui ]■'> to -U per cent. /';•■*(•. Si. Pn/i., P>i ii. .Mil., M.^., xix. 4;
(J; /'
MS., iv. 4.".-(i; vi. •_': />i; I. Si. /'"/»., MS., x. :\,'i;Sf. Pa
Su-
SI. Pap.
MS., i. 1::4. In 17:)-'-:!. the jiapal liiiils soi.l
itctl to .S!)J. Prii
JJiii. Mil.,MX,s\\.(>. From I7ii0 to I7!l.', only !:-S (Mit of .'r;:!,!';
itli sent. /'/., xiii. 4; xxi. !•. In I7!'7. i^-'u worth sold
am
It
in:r onk leil Imimil. /'/'"C.
-MS.
It
hecms t!i;tt tins sa't^ was a
nose I'lin.'inL
1.
Bpeoial one of hulls of the holy orusailo. I'roc. St. Pdji., MS., xv. 7'J-SO.
SANTA BARBARA.
C67
IjIh iiistnu'tlons to lloincti of Fihruiirv 1701 rcpnitt'd
this Mtatr (»r thiiiifs and liopcd all would l)o coiiiplctcd
tliat vi'ar. In Aii'nist 171)."} tlui <n»v<'ni'>»" proiKMiiKvd
till' presidio ImildiiiLC^ the hest in C'alilornia owiii'^' to
(loyiM)oc'hoa'.s activity, hut still some roofs needed re-
jiaiis. All would he done that year except the new
••hapel and a cemetery outside the s(|Uare. A'an-
couvcr in Xoveniher found here "the aiUKNuanee of a
Map of Santa BAnnAitA Dihtkict, ISOO.
far more ci\ilixed ]»l;ico than any other of the S])anisli
estrihlishnients had (.'xhihited. The l>uiltling'saj'[)i ared
to he regular and well consti'ueted, the w.ills ehan
and white, and the roofs of the houses were coveivd
with a liiT^ht I'ed tile, 'i'lie jU'e^idio exc( h rdl the
othei's ill neatness, cleanliness, and other smaller
th(»UL!;h essential comforts; it is placed on an eh \ated
part of the [ilain and is raised some feet iVom the
668
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE .SOUTIL
j^rouiid l)_v a Ijascnifiii story, wliich adds iiiiicli t<» its
plensaiitiuss." Jii Ot'tohiT 171)4 the ('((iiimaiidaiit
i'lTtilicd tliat to conqdc'tu the l)iiildiiii,^s jil'tivii lahoivrs
I'or .six inoiitlis woro necessary at u cost of 6'j''>l.
Tlicn upoii work was stojipcd cxcc'iii n))<>n the cliiircli
and (lie most noci'ssary rcj)aiis; and at (Ik end ol"
I71HJ the vit'uroy declared tliat the sailor-\\diI;nieii
could no Ioniser bo eniployeil at royal expense; hut
the clia[)el was hlessed on (iuadalupe day in i7!.>7,'"'
Though Santa Uai'hara seems (o have had as yet
no hiancli of the rancho del I'ly like IIiosl" at the otiier
])resi(Hns, yt t it is ci'edited in statistical reports witli
from I, ()()(') to 4,000 horses and cattle, and \\-~m\ -JOO
to (!00 she( p. This live-stock is not to he conl'ounded
uith that (il ihe mission, hut it wasprohahly identical
to some extent with that of the randieros within the
jurisdiction already refeiTetl to. 'i'here were also
aufricuUuial operations carried on hv the soldiers dis-
tinct from tliose of the mission neoj)liyt('s. iJecords
of rise.lts ar(^ very mea^i'e, hut in 171)7 thi'V reached
1, (■).")() hushi Is of w heat, corn, and heans.''' (5f niechnn-
ical inchistries there is notliin;'' to I'ecord save that
the attempt to obtain white a])pi'entices v*as more
»"Fr».'/rv, /',i)H'l (Ir PiiiitoM, :\TS., IGO. Au^'. 20. 17!>.^, j.'ov.rnor ti) viooroy.
J'rar. S/. P'l/i., MS., xxi. ll.'>; Vniirniirci-'s ]'iii/iiij<\ u. l.")l,4..'(. Out. II,
171)4, 1.") 111(11 iit Is cnits inT ihiy luul M f;iiu';,';i ; of iiiiii::t' i;t D! ivn'.s, mci's-
Kiry toiDiiiiiliU' till' lmil(liiii.'s. j'rur. iSV. ]'"/>., .MS., .\ii. (ij. Oct. "J-Mi, Imilil-
iiiLj i.'\]iiiisi;i to stoj>. J(l., xii. !KS. iJco. l.'Jtli, IJoriiii isays tlic iliiiicli is to lio
vuhivi.',i^'\ nl ri:nt uf \\\v /(iikIo i/c ijrtitijicdriiiii . /<!., .\ii. ."..S. i;';[iiii i' ; Ironi I7S1
to 17!!4, fir-'. •-.">(). /'ror.'s/. I'np., licii. Mil., MS., .\xi. 1-'. \kr. Ki.li, viciioy
to governor, tin; S i.iiiii-boys and other woikiiicii ciiii no Ion; it l>c iiiiil from
trc.'isiiiy I f Sun Illas. St. I'dji., Sa<\, MS., vii. .".7 ^i. Clnitl to ln' Misscil
r.i ( lii,ii!!i!r.iK' (liiy. /'rav. Iter., M.S., iv. S7. 'I'lif J^J.'J.'id i liiii';.;('il U)j'ini(lo(/i'.
ili-t(tijinii'i'<,ii \>y ordur of Ainil '2H, \'U7. A/., iv. ^!l.
■"'.Ian. I.'), 17^14, governor onlcrs tliat ciuli soMier In' ;i!k)Wi'(l only lour
e>\v.s. '1 lu'sc to 111! luaniled anil tin? rest n!aii;lilei't,'il. J'ior. J'cc, ^i.S., i.
'Ji.S. I7!M ."), eonmiauilaut a.sks for and obtains from governor 'JO) rteer:i for
r,. lions. /./., iv. 1(1; i'mr. SI. Pu;>., MS., xii. !)7. Oet. -JJ, 17!)'>, lA.riea
order.s (loyeoeeliea, Orleg.'i, and iitlier ollietrs to fenec tlieir ganlen.'; .•aid
read.s tlielii ;> leeture for eolii]ii.iiiiing of ijic po.ir soldiir.s' eatLle. Wliy ^ lioiild
so many liiiti'er for the eoi,venieiiee of a few ? I'ror. l!ir., 1.\\'., iv. ',)',)—{. la
I7!">aii ell'oit was made Inre as elscwlure to );roniotu slieep-rai; ing. Let
I'lfia have sumo l:;iiil, .'-ays the governor .luno !>, I7I)<>, if he v, il take I'ieo as
a partner .•iiid raise tv, iee as ni.Miy slieep as otiier .'^toek. Jlaneheros nuiiit go
to the ])Uil>h) to livi' he says, Dec. 'J'Jth, uiilesiS they will raije sheep. I'lOV.
Jiec, M.S., iv. tJO, SO.
SANTA BARBARA.
000
siicoessful lioro than at Sun Dlc^jfo, s'mcc six l)oyn
wore tau;^lit !>>' tliu woavor Enriinuz durinj; liis soutli-
orn tour ill 171)8."
Vancouvt'i-'s visit in 171)8 was first in the sliLflit
chain of local events to bo reconU'd in tliis dccadf.
He anchored hero November 10th and sailed i\\v I Sth.
His reception in comparison with that at MontcMcy
antl San Francisco seemed to liim aureeablf, tlioiii^h
the dillerciice was chielly ima<;inaiv. ( iovcoecliea
was courteous and hospitable, m(I Vancouver had
learned not to expect too much. Little was done
except to ol)tain wood and wuti v, pmchasi' supplies
from private individuals, an<' 'ake r('(juiv ,1 cxtrcise
\vitliin sii-lit of tlu; jn-esidio. retn'in;^ on board at nin'ht.
An excellent sjiriiijjf, said to ha\e 1 '''.n unluiown to
the Sj laniards, was found near the old wells, heathers
Miguel and Taj)is were particularly affabl(> and anxious
to entertain and aid the foreij^^ners, who cariiiMl away
a flattering opinion of Santa ]]arl)ara and its ])eo-
ple.'"' January 10, 179-1, there was a [<ui(li<- execution.
Ignacio Kocliin was shot, there beinu;- no hangman in
the country, i'or the murder of one Alvaro/. Tlie wile
of the victini, Kochin's accom[)lice, was condeiuned to
hard woik as a. servant, the sentences coming finally
from the audii'iicia of (fuadalajara.'*
In August 1705 the English merchant ship P/taiil.r,
Captain ^loore, touched here for supjilits and lel't a
'Boston boy ' who was soon sent to San J Mas as idready
related."' Tlie same year the inhabitants contributed
nearly one thousand dollars toward paying the ex[)cnses
of the war with France.
"r/v-n Ifi'-., MR., iv. no. Jiilyt'l. ITOfi, r.oriia tdflxycorclifa. The snin
of soliliuis niid sottlcis iiaist bi' uru'cil to k'.nii wciiviiiLi', tiiiluiiic. iiinl |H>ttt'iy.
/</., iv. 7--;{. A IjiicUnviT, ii (•;ir[iciit«'r, ;iii(l n roJiji/.-fd. ia tlic lompuiiy iii
17'.<S. /'/., iv. 9.">. liiiiluT foroaix s<'iit ti» S.iii Dic^'o. /(/.. iv. 8S.
f'^ Vdiirn/ir' r's Vcyiijc, ii. -I'm <!, 4!Ki, -litT, r>t)(). Tlic Kiiirli-'li iiiivi:.;at>r was
surprised iit tlic failiiro of tlio Spaniards to fortify so HtroiiL; and inipurtant a
position. Ill' mentions two lirass nini'-poiMidii's iH'forc the jMisidio entrance.
^* SUi J!dr'iririi, Lil). di' Mitioii, MS., "J!*; t'ror. J'ir., MS., iv. ">, 7; /'rur.
Sf. J'dji., MS., xii. 1)2; xiii. 171); /(/., Hai. JUL, xxi. 8; Oanun, llirlioi<, MS.,
1,2.
'*'Sce p. 53U, this voluiuo. Prov. St. Pap., Ucn. Mil., ^IS., xxi. 9.
C70
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
Tile year 17'JG was niarketl by tlio discovery of
wliat was thouLjlit to bo a (juicksilver iiiliic in tlio
black mire at the Puuta del CJerro de la Lacuna. A
load of the metal-beaiiiig mud was taken to the ju'esi-
(lio I'or examination by Borica's orders, but notliinj^-
i'urther is hoard of it.''" In February 1707 a soldier
named Gonzalez is said to have boon poisoned by the
natives, who thus revenu^ed tliemselves for wliat tliey
legarded as cruel treatinent.^^ In INIarch and .\[)ril
came the alarm of war with England. Couriers wcr(!
despatched, sentinels i)0stcd, guns made ready, the
natives exhorted, and abundant reasons given for not
doing more.''^ In May the Princcsa arrived off the
mouth of the Ilio Purisima and landed thirty of her
hundred and sixty men, who were suffering lV(jm
scurvy, l)ut who rapidly recovered.'*" In ])ecend)er
there arrived the M(i(j((llancs, a full-rigged ship of war,
which had anno over from Manila to make observa-
tions and if necessary convoy the San Bias vessels
southward.'* On February 3, 1798, occurred the
death of the old [>ioneer of 17G9, Brevet Captain Jose
Francisco Ortega, former connnandant of Santa Bar-
bara and for several years living as a retired jx nsioner
in tliis vicinitv. lie lel't manv sons and dauiditers, and
many of his grandchildren still live in California."^
''"/'/■oc. /.Vr., MS., iv. :)7.
■>' 'J'lio <l(jatli of liaf.icl ( icranlo ftonzalcz on Fel). ] ttli ia roconlcd h\ Sfa
Ptdrharn, Lib. ilc Minion, MS., ;iO. 1'ln; faut that Ik.' was ]i(ii.<i>ii' il vusts on
t!io statcnii'iit (if his son Itat'ail (lonzaU';', still living; at Santa Ijurhara, dmi-
vili'z, Kx/ii r!ciiriu.<, !MS., I, "J, wlio wa.s lioin a few (hiys after liis faUiiT's
death. Jlo 11ol;;.'ciI snnio boys who allowed tlic crows to eat his eorn, ami the
natives soon iiivitLil him to a feast of jioisoned lish.
■'~ ! love(>eeiK'a to Jioi'ioa, .March "JS, Aj)iil 10, 17!'") iixProv. SI. i'c/'., MS.,
XV. ri-.'s rss-'.t.
•"''•'/'/., XV. iVJ; Prov. /.Vc, MS., iv. 00-1.
«"/',or. .SV. I>„/,,, :ms., XV. li:i-14; xvi. IS."); xvii. 1 , fi.
''' .lose Fianeiseo ()itei.fa was a native of the town of Zelaya in wliat is now
till' State of < iiKina jnalo, where in liis early yontii he Mas enijiloyeil as a ware-
honso ekrk. lliilistini,' Oct. I, ITo."), he served in the cnera emnpany of
l.oreto ten months a's private, two year.s and a half tin corporal, and fourteen
and a, half as ser;j;eant. Some time after he was first madt; sei-ueant he ob-
tained his di.schargeand gave hisattention to mining in iiaja (.'alifornia, \\ hero
lie was f(jr a time a kind of alcalile of all the minin,u-eami)s of the )ieiiinsulii.
\\ lien I'ortohi came as govirnor. Ortega was readmitted as sergeant and for
a year or more attended to the acconnts of the royal varcho\ise. lie accom-
panied the second laud expedition northward iu ITU'J uuder rortokiaud with
CAPTAIX ORTEGA,
671
At Santa Jjuiliara mission adjoininuj tlic [Jix-sidio,
Padrc! AntDuio l^atcrna, the roinuk-)-, and an old
Jmiipiro SeiTii. On the way he rrcL'ivod a letter fioiii Don .To.-tO <le (ialvc/
jMcjiuisiii^ iiini tlio j)liieei)f lieuteniiiit at Lineto on liis reluin. On this march
hodisiinmiiBlied liiuinelf hy hi.s tireless iieti\it\,
the viiN
.•ilways ;.'olll;,'.'llieuil to explore
)l.i
il triivii>.ii]:f tlio routu threo times lieloie ho iiachecl San \>iv'
Tlien lie went on with tiie hr.st expedition to -Monterey, and was i)erhap.s the
first to discover San J-'ianiicico Hay, |nobahly the lir>t to \isit tiic site of the
jne.sent city, anil certainly the one who exiilorid the hay ri'_don most extcn-
6i\e]y on tins tiip. LiacU at San JJicuo he was lor a time in command of the
^uanl, hut ^JOon retiuncd to L
Btant journeys to Sinaloa an
n-eto w here the
I to San J)ieL'o, and
)Viin(ir Uept him
in tx)ilirations.
l)M.-v incon-
JJvl
lis zea
in these early ixpedilions, Ortega made himself a pviil fa\(Jii,i; with the mis-
Bioii.iries ami espicially \v itli Jiinipero Serra, who in ITT.'i ni^'id li
liient as commamhiiit in (,'alilornia to succeed K
>( ;■/•",
'/'
IS ap[ioint-
Sl lltllfillll llli
J. I <!<• M(ii)') J, ',.:, iMS. It is from this docunicnt that we obtain many of the
facts about his larlicr life and services. ^luch is also gatheiid from his own
lati'r narratives. (PiIkju, Mi nnjrial ill < 'tjm<iii(liiilc (Iiik ral Kulirc //e /•/Vo.s // xar-
viciu.i iii'liliiiT^, cV (/(' Jiiiiht I'iSij, -MS., and ()rl''iii, I'rtiijini iito, .M.S., both of
not make him commandant, but he was made lieulciiaiit ami conimauded at
fol-
owcil tiie mas.-^a;ro of I77"> have Ijeen already recordc<l. Jn 17^1 he loiiiided
■which are very important docnments on early history. Serra's ellbits con
not make him commandant, but he was made lieulciiaiit ami conimaiidec'
San J)ic;.'o for over eight years. His services in the exciting times \\ hicli
1 ■ ;
iSanta Ikirbara, jilamiiii;.,' the buildiiij,'s, foriilications, and irri^'aiiii!/ works in a
manner w hi -h liained him ''I'eat ciedit, and .^erviiii.'a* eomiiiandaiitand habili-
tad
o im;i
L I7.'"i4, when he was transferred to the fronlier. Here in 17S(> Ir
petitioned for jieuuidary relief and for retirement, being nnlittcd for duty by
30 y.
rcaisof active ticrviio and by iiicriiising obesity. Jlis jielition was not
luted, but ho was transferred back to Calif
ornia ami was ni eommand at
luiiterey from Se[itembcr 17^7 to .Maich I7'.*l. A jear Liter he went down
during Arrillaga's absence until 17fi'"),
to Li
loreto an
I w;
nianihint th
■when h" Ma.s ivtiri'das brevet captain on half lieutenant, '.s Jiay, attached to tli^
Sauta Jifiibaia connianv. J'ror. iSV. I'dn., li'ii. Mil., .MS., x\ii. 4; xxiii. J
LiU
o most oilier ohicers who .str\ed as habilitailns Oitei-'a w;is in ."^oine
troiib
with hi.s accounts during this last t;'rm at i..oii ;
ill the last years of his life The delicit was .SJ
d Was ojipressed by debt
a. J I
.Nli
Ilia Oricua, his son, as
sked te
o be ilisunai
.SV. /'(
■u'cd fi
,■>«-
il
.MS.
rom iiiiuuirv service
J tired
IS iiivami
to b(
:ra
lited lands that h
:iit
pay oif tiie
delicit.
but
liorica wrote .ii.ly 1 1, 17I">, ap|iroving the sons desire to clear his lather, but
disappr )\ iiig tiio scheme as not; likely to succeed liecans ■ the missions would
L'lling grain, Jle thought the captain would be
I of his pay. Oct. •JMli, he sent the discliarge of
lavc tie prelercnce iii
alhi
oweil to Keep a iiorlioii <
10 ca[itaiirs sons, and ordered tin ir grain to Ik' benight to ]);iy the delicit.
tl .
A strict watch wa.i to be kept on the property to jirevciit o;la;r cicilitors fr(
being favored. 'I'lie sons liiially paid up the delicit. I'r'if. /.'cc., ,NiS., iv.
U;)-7-', S1-.
dl
ii
L IS IIOSSI
ble, ihoiiuh not certain, that i\i'
re was provision-
ireil t ) the I.uiiily at this tiiiie or before I'iUi), the rancho de Xiieslro
ally grai
Seiiora del iicfugio, which remainei
I h
in the f
imily and was t.imous m
coiiiieciion Willi smnggling operations during tin; -Mexican ride. C.ipl. Ortega
dii'd Hnddenly on I'cb. ;!, 17'J>S, at the (Jasil laiicheria while on his w: y to tlr
))residio, and was biiri
,SY. /
d,' Mi
■lip.
h'ni. Mil., -MS,, xxvi.
eil next d.iy in the iiiissi iii cemetery by 'lapis. I'ro
r
j;,
.MS.
!!7; Stj( Ilh-lK
Lib.
'SI-
111. OrteL'as wife was l)oi"i,i .>!;
iria
-Vnlonia N'ictoria (,'ar-
rillo, v.ho died very suddenly and w.is buricil in the jiresiclio ciinreli on
May
8, b'lO.i. /'/., liH. in IMIJ she received a [lensioii of .■:;•, lod. I'l-ar. SI. Pn/,.
Mil., XXX. 4. They had several cliildn^n w hen they came to San Jliego
11
.b
.Mil
de, 1''
Mian,
\h
III. I l.iir-a. am
1 M
inn.
cording' to Tuylur, and there were bora at Sun JJieyo, Jose i'laneisco Maria,
672
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
pioneer of 1771, died in 1793"^ and was succeeded
by Estevan Tapis. Jose do Miguel had served since
1 ''OO, and was succeeded in 1798 by Juan Lojie Cortes.
By this missionary force 1,237 natives were ba[)tizcd,
G34 were buried, and the number of neophytes was
increased from 438 to 8G4 in the ten years.''^ ]Mean-
while liorses and cattle had multiplied from 29(5 to
2,492, and slieep from 503 to 5,(515. Crops were
3,000 bushels in 1800; 5,400 in 1797; and only 150
bushels of wheat in 1795."*
Juan Capistrano Maria HornKigcncs, ^Inria Antonio do Jesus, and Jos('^ Maria
Martin. San Dkijo, JJh. df Minion, AIS., 1'2, 14, 17, 1!>, -7, ~M\ Lonlo, Lib.
Minion, ^iS., I'JS; 'J'ltij/or'n Di,i':ovi rcrs and FoiaidiTx, ii. No. '27.
''-'Antonio I'atorna was a native of .'icville, and served 'JO years in the
Sierra (ii^rda niissiijns liefoi'o coming to California. He left liis eolleiiu in
()etol)er 1770: saikd from San lilnsiu tlie SnnAiilunio.luu. '21, 1771; aiiived
at San l)ieg() March 12ih, at ^lonterey May 21st, and hack at Nan l>iego
July 14th. lie was siipeiiiunK'rary at San tialjriel until May 1772, and min-
ister until Se|itenilnr 1777. During this time he wa.s acting presiilciit in
1772-;! until I'aluu'.s arrival. lie was minister at San Luis UUIsjh) fnim 1777
to 17'S(); .ind at Saiit.i IJ.iihara fioni its foundation, Dec. 4, I7S(!, until his
death on i\lp. ]',', ]l'.y,l. S/a JJiirhi'ni, Lih. dv Minion, MS., 44-."); Arrli. Sla
li'irli'ira. MS., vii. ■">, (i; xi. 221. Ho had been a zealous and faithful Mdrker.
His liody was laniiil in thu mission church on Feh. 14tli. \\liether it was
sul)se(|r,i ntiy tr:,nftVrreil to tlie new church does luit apjjearfroni the lecords.
''•'' Tlu^ discreiKincy of about 200 niaj' result from the hajitism of certain
natives w ho were allowed to remain in tlieir raucheruis and not included on
the mission legislers. 'i'here was some eorresjumdenci! in 1 7!'() about the ran-
eherias of the channel, and their willingness to become Chiisii ins if not com-
])elled to leave their lands and lisheries and live at the missions, lloriea
favored allowing tliem to rem;:in and adding an extra friar to Santa lliirbara
and l'uri.;ini;i, to attend to their instru'.tion, In m.sesoi' stations being establisheil
at suiiable ]ioiniS. SI. /'.;>., Mins., M.S., ii. ()2-S; I'mr. llcf., MS., iv. ij.j-(i.
]n AugU'^t i7i'7, r)u() natives near tlie jinsidio were given over to Lasuen for
bai)ti:;i,i on eondiiion of not leaving their rancheria. /(/., iv. !)2; vi. ■")4-r».
Ai:cording toa re])Oitof (Joycoeehea, March 12, 17!ll>, the rancherias from San
15nenavt:ntura to I'urisinia were a-i follows: Sisolopoiit S;in iiuen.iveiituia: Ml
Uiiicon, o league:^; ].;i I '.upinteria, 11; VX I'arednii, Jj 1.; Munlecito, ][1.;
Vu(.'tu, at presidio, I ', 1.; Sae[ii!i, 2],1.; Alcas: Celijec; tleldo; .Mi\'ui';ui, .'1 I.,
Casil, ;{ 1. ; (^hnuiuhil 1 1.; Caviota" .SI.; j:i Ihdito i;stait. 21.; Sta'J. \as (?),
21.; i:i (,'ojo Sisilo]-o, 111.; Kspaila, \\\.; I'ldernales. 1,11, Total number
of geiitiusj, 17S;!. 1^7. Pitji., Minn., MS., ii. 1)4. Najalayegua, Matita, ami
Somes are also named.
'"We.itlier rej. oris at Santa IVirbara. Much complaint in 17!'-"), 17!!7, and
ISOO. /Voc. Si. /'(:;>., MS., vii. (»,">; x. 117; Arch. S/u Ji-irh^frti. .MS..,\ii. (12;
St. I'a/).,Sar., MS., vi. I(;i»-1; St. I'aj:, .U;«., MS.,ii. |l);;-(;; J'ror.Sl. I'a/'.,
Jliii. J/.7.,MS., xvii. 22; I'ror. Her., MS., xi. l.'ii!. According to accounts in
Airh. Sl<i ;;.('/■/;((,•«, MS., ii. i;>:i-!); i.\. 470 S.'!. 404 (1, the ini.-sion lad in
ISOO a, credit balance in Mexico of ^.li'S; a diaft from the habiiit;i(h> for
i:?l,2(i7; .V'.itiO ill UMiUey a! the nns:'ion: ^i.OCd diU'fi'oni ]ircKidio: and !;'t!(i due
fi'om pri\;ite indivii'ua!:-!; total, •?.'!, .'.'d i!iad<liiii>n to buihliu'.'s, etc. Siqiplies
furnished to jin sldio from 17:Ki to ISOO. S.),170. Otti r-skiu;; .sent to .Mexico,
$!!,<)24. .\ full account of mi.><sion Hni'plies jiurehased in Mexico is given in
Sunlit Itoi'iiira, MiniuriaadelonKjcclon imiilidon (< l<i Misior jiara Ijs uilos
SANTA BARBARA MISSION.
673
Much progress was made in mission buildings dur-
ing this decade. In 1791 a guard-house and three
tool-houses were added; in 1792 two larije stone
corrals. In 1793-4 a new churcli ot" adobes, tiled and
plastered, 28 x 135 I'eet, with a sacristy 15 x 28 feet, and
a brick portico in front, was erected; and in 1794 tiie
improvements were a granary and spiniiery on stone
foundations, a cemetery enclosure 48 x 135 feet, and a
sheep-corral. In 1795 a corridor with tile roof and
brick pillars was added on the side of the square next
the presidio, and another to the spinnery; four new
rooms for the friars were completed; and beams of
alder and poplar were replaced with ])ine wherever
they had been used. In 1797 several rooms for
granaries, store-rooms, and offices were completed. In
1799 there were built nineteen adobe houses for
natives, each 12 x 19 feet, plastered, whitewashed,
and roofed with tiles; and an adobe wall nine feet
high was extended for 1,200 yards round the garden
and vineyard. In 1799 was added a warehouse, and
in 1800 thirtv-one more dwelliuLi's in a row, and cor-
ridors on brick ])illars round the three I'umaining sides
of the square were conqilL'ted; while preparations
were made for the construction of a reservoir for
drinking-water, to be made of stone, brick, and mor-
tar.**^ In 1800 sixty neophytes were engaged in
weaving and other work connected with that branch
of industry. The car[)enter of the presidio was en-
gaged at one dollar per day to teach the natives his
trade; and a corporal taught tanning at $150 per year.
OF the two soldiers tliat constituted the guard one was
em})loye(l by the iViars as majordomo.'^"
17SC Imsla JSJi), MS. 'i'lii'so supplies were purcliiist'il l)y l\w. piidros uitli their
salaries and wiili tlio [iiiMlucts ot' salis of prodiuc. 'J'licy consist of iiii|)lo-
inents, grociiie.s, cluiiih vistiuents, aiwl vi'ssels, elotliiiig, tto. 'J'lie total
ninouiit for Hiis (lefinlc was Sl(l,."iC)l>, of w iiieli Ss,(M)0 was jiiiiil hy tlie niiioihix,
mid the rest liy ihafls from the iialjilitado, Jn |s()0, as I have said, the iiiis-
siou was .S")'J8 ahead; hut hefore it (jwed from SlOO to .'ir'J.OOO.
'Klrrli. Sin liiii-h'tra, NhS., v. -Jd-lilt, .'ilt, A-l-:>, 4',l, UW, 58, CI-'.'; ii. 09,
i;]8-4l); .S7. /',(;,., .l/;,s.v., .N[S,, i. 117; ii. 71, 7!'.
'^Airh. Shi Jldrlxirn, MS., ii. !Mi-7, TJO. i:!7-H. IJefore Octoher, 10.")
na()uas of home maimffteturo hail heen distributed, 800 yds. of cotton anil
HlbX. C.\L., Vol. 1. Ii
674
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
San Buenaventura, the southernmost of the channel
estabhshmcnts, remained under the care of its founders,
Francisco Dumetz and Vicente de Santa ]\Iaria, until
1797, when tlie ibrmer was succeeded by Jose Fran-
cisco de Paula Senan. Thougli its jjopulatiou was
smaller than that of any other mission exce])t San
Francisco and the new establishments, it had more
cattle and raised more grain in 1800 than any other
place in California.*^' Vancouver landed here Novem-
ber 20, 1 71)3, havin<jr brouu'ht Padre Santa Maria from
Santa Barl)ara,and spent a lew hours very pleasantly
at the missifjii, whicli he I'ound to be "in a very .supe-
rior stvle to anv of the new establishments yet seen."
"The g'arden of Buena Ventura iar exceeded anything
I had before met with in these rc^'ions, botli in resi)eot
of tlie quantity, quality, and variety of its excellent
productions, not only indigenous to thu country, but
appertaining to the temperate as well as torrid zone;
not one species having yet been sown or ])lanted
that had not llourishcd. These have principally con-
sisted of apples, pears, plumbs, figs, oranges, grapes,
peaches, and pomegranates, together with the plantain,
banana, cocoa nut, sugar cane, indigo, and a great
variety of the necessary and useful kitchen herbs,
plants, and roots. All these were nourishing in the
greatest health and perfection, though separated from
the sea-side only by two or three lields of corn; that
were cultivated within a few yards of the surf"
The buildings were also of a superior class, a pre-
vious destruction by fire, noted only by Vancouver,
liavinQ- caused tliem to be rebuilt.''^ The church was
tnpamho woven, TOO yd^. of blankctin;,'. One thousand and twenty dollars
vortli of Sdaji fmiilihcd to Monterey, perhaps by the presidio, in l~'JS. I'ruc.
/.'«•., MS.,iv. 10.").
^- Jnereanc of neopliyti.'S, .'iS' to 71'i; baptisms, 737; biiriah, 41"2; cattle
and honsc.",, DGl to 10,(/1:!; i.lieep, K.'jO.i to 4,U2_'; crops in lb,')!*, !),K).) bushels;
1,500 bushels in ]7'.)7 waii t!ie luiallc^fc eroji; twerago yield, -LSOJ 1)us!ic1h;
wheat wi'.'.i n^t largely rai.ied until ITO^i, when it became Uio chief crop, ov<h'
8,000 bushel J per year.
*'" I'liiicoiiirr'.. Wi/'Tjf, ii. -157-01, 404, 407. One reason of Santa Maria
for gouig on board the ship wan to remove a prejudice anion;,' the natives
against loroi^uers. 'Ihey bcyged him for God'd sake not to intruat himself
SAN BUENAVENTUllA.
675
not yet built, but it was begun about this time and
half linishod in 1794, all the rest of the scjuare being
conqtlete. The new eliureh was of stone, and in 1797
is spoken of as nearly hnished. It was not, however,
coniitleted before 1800.®" A fight between tlie neo-
phytes and pagans in 1795 seems to have afforded the
only exeiteniont of the period. The Christians were
victorious, killin<>' two chiefs and takinj>' six or seven
captives, but having several wounded. The leaders
on both sides were admonished or punished, the neo-
phyte Di^mingo being put to work in chains.'"'
Purisima is the last mission of this district. Here
Father Arroita served until 179G when he was per-
mitted to retire, having completed his term of ten
years.'^ Oramas remained until 1792; Jose Antonio
Calzada from October 1792 until August 170G, re-
turning in May 1798; Juan Martin served in 179G-7;
and Gregorio Fernandez from 179G. Baptizing 1,079
and burying 397, the missionaries increased the neo-
phyte eonnnunity from 23-4 to 959. This w;>s the
largest proportional gain and the smallest death-rate
in California. liive-stock, large and small, increased
to 1,900 and 4,000 head respectively; and cro[)s in 1800
to the Rtrancier's care, and were positive he would never return. On arrival
the surf prevented hmdiu^ at the lirst attempt, and the pachv was not a little
frightened as he had nut lii.s prayer-hook with liini. When the natives hrou;,dit
the book hiscouraf,'e returned and he laughed at his former fears as the sailora
had laughed before. On lauding linally, the natives erowded round their
padre to wcleome him home and receive his blessing. Vancouver v,as deejjly
impressed with the missionary's piety and t!ie earnest devotion of his 111:0-
l)hytes. He noted that the natives were always addr<ssed in their own hin-
guaue, !uid thcr is other evidence of this. Prov. St. Pap., ^IS., xvii. 71.
•".SV. Pap., .!//.■>■.<., MS., li. ."), -24, '2'J, 71, 100. In 1701 there were two bells
here belonging to Santa llirbara, which the friars refused to give up. Pror.
,'<l. Pap., MS., X. 171. In Sail Uiicnuri'iiliira, Montirhm de Kj'iclv I'lnlfhlD.i
:i la Mixiiiii, HOU-ISIO, MS., we have the mission accounts of supii'ies from
Mexico, but not so complete nor so clearly stated as in tlie ea-e of Santa
IWrbara. The mission was from iJ-OO to !i>l,"JOO in debt during tliis decade,
but cleared itself early in the next. Due mission from the presidio iu 1707,
gl,(il2. J'mr. SI. Pap., MS., xvii. 78-81.
■"yVoc. liic, MS., iv. :{,-)-().
"Francisco Jose de Arroita came from Spain to !Mcxico in 17S'>, was
appointed U) California in April 1780, ami came to his post with a re|iutation
from tlie guardian of being, like his companions, a good man. thou;'h some-
what lively (viro) and without much experience. Jle served at S;in Luis
Obis])o from April to December 17'i7, ami at I'urisiuia from its establishment
till J une 17i)0, about which time he sailed for 8au lilas.
676
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
were 2,250 l)uslicls, 4,000 in 1799 bcini^ the laro-est
and 1,200 in 1795 the smallest. Wheat and corn were
the cliiefproductions. Mission buildings were of adobes
and tiles, and the houses had after 1794 corridors of
brick. In 1795 the old church M-as in a bad condi-
tion and materials were being collected for a new one,
there being no record of further progress.^^ j^^r^j.!^
and rattlesnakes were a prominent feature in the re-
gion of Purisima. Two of the latter bit a neophyte
at the same time, writes the minister on June 3, 1799."
«4n"'^/; ^"^':', ^ii''-' ^3,' " 2-' 7^- ^"^ '"■^s'on from the presidio 1707
^40.,. Pror. .s Pap., MS. xvii. 7S-8I. List of members of tho p.anl, 1707,
6 marned sokhers an.l 3 bachelors. Id., xv. 93. Antonio Enriquoz, th^
wciwer, tau^'ht the natives at Purisi.na in 1797. Prov. i>t. Pap., JJ'u. Mil.,
MS., XXV. 14; Proa, lice, MS., vi. 18d-C.
'■' Arch. Arzobigpculo, MS., i. 59.
CHAPTER XXXI.
LOCAL EVENTS AND PROGRESS-MONTEREY DISTRICT.
1791-1800.
Monterey Presfdio — Military Force and iNnABiTAXTs— Officers— Leov
PvUiRiLLA — Hkrmexegildo Sal— Peri^z Pekxamjez— Puksiijio Di ili>-
ixGs — Battery — Raxciio del Rey — Piiivate Raxciios— Indc^tries —
CoMrANY AccorxTS — IxDiAX Affairs — San Carlos Mission— Mission--
arv CiiAXfiEs — Pasccal Martinez dk Arexaza — Statisth'^ of Aoki-
CI7LTDRE, Live-stock, and Populatiox — Vancouver's Descrii'tiox — A
New Stone Chlrch — A WiFE-MrRDER — San Antoxio de Pauca i>f,
Los R(jdles— !MiarEL Pieras— Benito Catalan — San Lcis Omsro —
Miguel Giribet — Bartolomij Gili — Indian Trolrles.
The presidial cavalry company of INIontcroy con
taincd from sixty-two to eighty-five men, includini^
two officers, six non-commissioned officers, a surgeon,
a pblebotomist, two or three mechanics, fifty privates,
and from two to twonty-four pensioners. After 179()
there were also stationed here seven artillerymen and
twenty Catalan volunteers of Alberni's company, in-
creasing the total force to about one hundred and ten,
who with their families constituted a j)Oj)ulation th
razon in the jurisdiction of about four hundred, or four
liundred and ninety including ]>ranciforte and Santa
Cruz. About thirty of the cavalrymen were stationed
at the six missions subject to Monterey — San Carlos,
San Miguel, Soledad, San Antonio, San Luis Obispo^
and San Juan Bautista, in which the total population
of christianized natives was four thousand.^
'Sec company mils in J'rriv. S/. Pnp., Dm. M'lL, MS., xiii. 0: xiv. 2;
xvii. (i; xviii. 1; xx. 1; xxi. 2, 11; xxii. a; xxiii. 2; xxvi. .'1, 4, I,"); xNvii. 4;
Si. /'(ijK, iS'oc, MS., i. 10-i;{; iii. 14; iv. 20. Mission.s inohuK'il in llic jiiiis-
(liction. Sal's rciKtrt of \~UH, in Pnn; St, Pnp., MS., xvii. (i:!. Wliitf jmiihi-
lation iu ISOO, 518; ludiuu population, '3,*Ji'J. St. Pup., JJi-'<., MS., iii. 15,
1077)
C.TS
i.oi AT, i:vEXTs MoxrrnEV dtstrk^t.
l)i!'<n» (J«>ii/;ilc/ kc|>t liis placid <»n ilic r)»1Is ns iioin-
iicil lirii<(Mi;iiil(triIi<' Nioiit.crcy (••mipMiiy until An^^iist
I 7l>-, mHIioII'^Ii lie Ii.id loiiL^ Ihm'Ii j»Iis('Ii( ; iilid his ,sil<'-
ccssof \\;is LcoM l*;ui'ill;i, wlio licid ilic pl.-icc lililil
S('|)<ciiil)('i* ITDf), ;il<Ii(>ut;li IVoiii iiic<)iii|)(«t('iH y, ill-
IicmIIIi, iiiid jiarti;il insanity lie ncvor exercised any
audioiily."
Meaiiwliile tlio coninmndanfs wen^ ()rte<;a, of i]\o.
lioi-eto company until ISIarch 171)1, und Ai-triiello of
the San I'' rancisco company until ^larch I7U(!.'' 1'heu
Sal, who in Sej)tt'nd)ei' I7'.>r)ha(l been promoted iVom
allVre/ to lieutenant, took the conunand which lie held
until his death in I SOO,* when ho was s
uccee(
led I
y
Twelve s;iil(iin fi'diu tlie. (
iiin'c/ii'iiiii
iiiiil Sun Cdrliii Vi
lii)
M)i-ers III
!)j
t\V(
.f t
leiii .'IS soldieis.
fiiiiii(lliii!,'s ill ISOO. /'
,S7. /'
remained at Monterey as
AVf., MS,, vi. (;•_>. two
.1//'/., MS., xxviii. '2-2. List of ll>
/'
will kiiieii
\\\
lo eallie m
ITIIS
til(! C
l!» •_'(>. List of
I'oiinniiiy in I ,
IT! IS. /,/., /;,
ilirijiCdil.
/•
•SV. /'(I/)., MS., xvii
;l//7., .MS., xvii. 17 l!l. List of
«'at,il.iii voliiiiteeis ill I71l!t. .S7. /Vf/i., Mis.-i., MS., iii. ".
- l.eoii raniila Was )iioiiiote(l to lie lieutenant of the .Monterey eoli)])any
K, I7!1J
Hi
IS [last servici
il lieeii three veals as ea(ht, three \(;irs
as i^iiichni-hearer, and four years as alfi'i'e/, tiist in the dragoons anil later in
the rev^iiiieiil of Ivspai'ia. He iiad never;
iveii jil'iM
.f of
coiiiaLie <ii' a]i|ilie.illon,
.•ind Ills natural aliilities weri- theined onl\ inediiini. /'nrrilhi, //liti. i/r Si
MS., in /'for. SI. /'-/»., /.'.
.1/;/.
4. J I.
arrived in San I'' ran
.SV, /\
S(i,:
MS.
ciseo .Inly -•>, 17!'.!, and soon proeeedeil to Montirey.
iv. IS. Here he ininiediately lieeanie unlit to ji'iforin liie (hities of eoiii-
niaiiil.'iiit and ii;iliililii
ei
IllilUK
a|i|irov.i
Ml t^
I. /'
ly reason of tits of insaiiily; eonsecjiuntly ;\r;,'iielK)
> iliseliar-'e
A',
MS.
hit I'
le i;overiior s onler aiK
1 tl
!<• vieiToy H
/'
Sf. /■
l.yt
vieer(\v to j,'overiior. A]iril '.!li. I7!'l, in
MS., xi. IC.it. Au,i,'nst i;!, I7!U, Anil
MS.. I!l(
( I , savs
tol!
las to lie eoiiliiied to his I
am
I had to II
itly <leiiiented, and
sonietinies esca]ied at iii,L.'lit
iii;;ht li:ak liy loive. Onee he tried to eseapi; liy se.i in :i
I that I'arrilia is iiieapaMe. aji
lolise Ulliler yr
H>
iioat. Hee. l;t. I7!l I. Sal ]Mdlioiinees liiiii ineapalile of keeiiiiv.; hooks. /'
.S7. /
(iji.
MS.
140. At the end of I7'.I4 llorii a tieelares liini iiseKss for
any serviees. and ]iidiiiises lo send hi.ii away in the lirst vessi-l for .Sail lilas.
•J'l
list
lis was done, am
d apjii
.1 liy tl
le \ leeroy.
r
irrilla, was )iiit on Ihi
rtired
Midi a, pension from .Inly I, 17!l.">. I'lor. SI. J'n/i., MS., xxi. "Jilt; xiii.
r_':!. •J7(); /'/., n,
.)/;/,, MS., xxi. 4.
'Oiti'ta di
I not.
'Ver. leaver Monterey unt ij !May 170'2. Avjiiello in
I7!U \\;is adiiiinistrator of tohaeeo revenues and had a kind of siiperx isioa
ovi r
dl
d
)r<siilii» .•ii'eoiints. Sal in I7!M( was ealled adn
strad
or yeiiera
da for New Californi
SI. r,
•.VS.'>. :!1
.MS.
I7(!
'/'•
MS.
I .-it
)-/ ; xvii.
* ll'inieiii
ilh A
III'
do Sal seems to have ec
ledition in I77l>. 'I'liis won
t I raliforiiia .as ;i private soldier
1.1
I'liiaik.'ilile f(
or a man ol
jdiihty were it not for eertain hints that he eame under ])!ii'd(iii for soiiio
(id'eiiee not s]ieeilied which may have reduced him to the r-inks. I'ror. /I'rc.,
M.S.
San l\
1. Hi
;i native of the \'illa de Valdem
Castilla. la Xm
l/.h. ,lv .]/;.
.MS.. 10; ,S7. I'diL. Siir., MS., iii. I, '_>. He nas
V
ith ( 'a^it. Jiivera at .San l>iejjo iu 1770, I'rot'. SI. /'"i'., MS., i. '_'!!», and
was
IIERMENEGILDO SAL.
(;7!»
llniinumlo C.'irrillo. It must l)o iiotcfl, liowcvor, that
while! Sal and CaiTillo were (loiiimaiidcrs of the jiix-si-
(lial c'())ii|)aMy, Licutciiant-coloncj Alhcnii cuiiic dowii
IVoni San J''i'aii<'isc'() early in I HOO and hy sirtuc; oi'
iiis superioi" raidv bccanu; ooinandante ol" the ])()st.
Iiy tliiit odicpr jmt in <niar^'c of tin; niilil;uy Viaicliimsc of S:iii I'liiiicisco.
Il(!r(; (lov. Novo iiolii'cd liis iiitclli'^'cnt iii:i!i;i'^'iii<'iit of liiiiiiiri.il iillaicn in
M;iy 1777, 'iinl tlio next ycjir obtiiiiic^il liis ii|i[ii)iiiliu(Mt a.i ;,'ii.irilM-.iliii;iicii,
uliirh jHisilion lio lii'lil until I'cliniiiry I7'V-, wlnii lin \v;i;i <;illii| to Monti riy
to sctLl<! tlu'iii:(;ount:-t(;f llio defunct 8tor('-k(jii>ur. J'roi: /.'.'•., .MS., i. (»!l, 1 1!);
II. 4->;
Sit II,
I'l
l/ih. ,!<■ Mi
MS., (i. M;iy 1!). 17^-*, 1
KiTLjciiiit of tin; Sunt I l>ii'l);ir;i. ( 'onip.'inj', iunl in Au'just lictiivicl lii i coniini.s-
hion iiH aUVi'c/ of MontiTcy, il.iti'd .M;iy 'JIHli. His connnission .-h lirutcnant
IH dated Ajnd '..'7, 17'.*.), and \vu;^ r<
d in AuLju^L or Sciitcnilp^
,S7. /',
•]'■
MS.,
lilil; /•
/;,
MS.
II. (i.
\:\i; SI. r
I /I., Site
i'.
MS.
iii. I, •-', ;..'.. He ua.iat .Moiilerov from 17S- to 17!)1, and fiom 17i)l to ISOO,
>ein>; lialiilitailo Imni I 7'
lo 17fS7 and from I7H7 to |S(,'(», and edininam
ant
I'om J I
nd aeti
17n.> to 17.S7
am
1 17!l>i to ISOl). \[l^ waa at S.iu Fr.inei.-ieo a.s
hul
jditado
nnuamlant from I7!)l to 171*'l. Jii iiilditioii to liis otiiir <lntie.s
li
Sal aeied as ;.';overiior"s .secrit.ary diiiiir; ,'i lai';;o jiart of r.oric.i'.s administra
tion. He wait present at tlie founding,' of Santa iJi'n/. in I7UI and at tin; eon
.s<'i:ralion <
.f
is eluireli in
17!)k In 17'.'.'. I
k; aceomnaniei
f.
or
inisKion siti'>'.. l)oii IIernK'ne''ildo liad
Jianl
t in a nearcl
i)od education for Ids fiinc,
V roti! a line hand, and wa.i ])rol)aliIy tlio l)ei,t aecountant and the eleaicHt
lieaih'd liiisincH:) man in ('alif(
Only
\\i\n fault found with lii.s
lecoiint.'^, and an invei-iti'.'atioii .showed lliat^ iii.sle.id of his i
KJ.OOl) as was ehar
,^''
d, t!
k; i;ompaiiy wa
s in <lel>t to him. II
owini:; tlu! company
_ haaty,
(|nick-tem[iere(l man, jironc; as a commander to order .scvci'e i)enaUies for
.!H
inst li
dtl
1th
•d(
n
leiiees aLiainst ni i sirict (iiscipiino, .and ineii lo countermand iiic order win
his au,uor had ])asscd aw.iy. iStiin;.,' liy tin; taunt.s of an anonymous Icttvr
lie once in.id<! a personal attack upon Capt. Xico!;:s Soler, accusing,' him of an
intri;_'in! with his wife. Sal married at San Francisco on May id, 1777, .^Iari;^
Jose Ainezipdta, S'Ui Fniiic'.^ro, L'lh. da jMi.^inn, ^iS., 10, oo, 7-, I>y wlmm he
had sever.d children, kouk; of whom <lii'tl in infancy. \'ancouvcr, who iijxalcs
in tin; hi'^liest terms of Sal and his wife, ^^■.•ls also diliL'hted wilh tiie decoroua
lichaviorof their two dany'.itcrs ami son, and tin; attention that had evidenUy
liecn paid to tinir edne.ilion. \'<iiiroiir /.i l'o>//i;ir, ii. S. One d;'.n,c;hler,
Haf.-iela, was tin; lir::t wife of Lid ; Antonio Ari^iiellu and died at S;;n I'raii-
cisco I'cli. (i, isl 1, as t;houn hy the mi.A.'iion n ccrds. .\iiotlicr, .Josefa. was
thi; wife of Script. Koca who commanded the artillery at San Uic>i,-o, and w;w
left a w idow in ISll. S. niciji), Ij':h. dr .)l!s!oii, ^IS., ',)4. A third, iiniii.irricd,
was tin; •.■.ncst of 11. ('. Hopkins of San Fraueisco in isti,"!, ami died heforo
IS(i7. J>ir!ii( n<'\s Colon. J/i.<t., xvii. Jos.; Maria Amador .spcakLi of a :ion,
Domingo, who v,aH ii K'llilddo (liyliii'iiiii/o in the San i^'ranciseo eoin]iany and
<licd youiicr. Aiiiador, J/od., MS., 1"21. Another ton, Meliton, was htu ied at
San J'ic2;o, Aug. 'Jl, ISIO. Sail J)ir'jo, Llh. dc Mi.s!oii, .MS., 42. .Suli'erinr^
from )i!ilhi3!3 iind iinalilc to di.scliargc elliciently his duties, on Mrrcli 1,S,
LSJt), Sal petitioned tlie liiiig for retirement with rank of captain. The viceroy
granted tlie request jirovi.sioiially on Aug. 1st, with ( ncouragcment to hope
for sncces.i at I'onrt. S'. I'a/i., Sac, MS., iv. ',]-2; i\-. (10. Jn Scpleinlier a
settler named llorhosa aitt-nipitcd lo murder him with a claggcr, Imt v.ij.s j.rc-
vented hy Surgeon Solcr. Pivc. 11(C.,\\. 11. ')-(!. I'iually he ilicd at .Montcrej'.
Dee. S, I.SOO, ami his leiiiaina were interred a.t San Ciirlosinisvion wiih miiitary
honors. His executors were Lieut. Arglielloaud Scrgt. Itcjca. I'ror. St. P(ii>,,
MS., xviii. 10-17; /('., Hen. Mil., MS., .x.xviii. ',]; .xxxii. 7; Pror. lU'c, MS., x.
I). His disease was in thoso days regarded as coutagioii.s, and therefore, at tlio
680
LOCAL F-VF,\TS- MONTEREY DISTRICT.
The position of lijiltilitado accompanied that of com-
nian<lant, excci)t that Jose Perez Fernandez held it
from Aj)ril 171)0 to .) une 1797.° The company alferez
was Sal down to 171);") and Carrillo down to 1800.
Pablo Soler lieM the ])lace of surgeon throughout the
decade. Manuel lujdrlguez was connected with the
company as cadet IVom 1794 to 1797. Manuel Var-
i^as was the sergeant until 1794, when he became an
invalid, and ^Nlacario Castro took the position."
The ravages caused by the fire of 1789 had been
nearly repairetl before Pages left the country, and,
with the exception of the chapel, the buildings seem
to have been completed in 1791,' though another fire
rcoommentliitioii of llio sur^'oon, all his clotliing ami bedding were burned as
■was tho roof of lii.s lioiisc after tlio plastering had been removed from the
walls. St.. I'd/,., Sa:, MS., iv. '20; Pror. lice, MS., xi. 140.
* .To3i5 I'ei'cz Fiiii.iiKJcz wa.s in 1791 a sergeant attached to the Lorcto
company, Iiavini; I'dinc llierc that j'car after Ki years' service in tho Kspafia
dragoons. In ITi'l lie was recommended by tiio governor in a <ffr?Kt with
Carrillo and Amiidor — Imt with a preference by reason of his skill in ac-
counts — for alft'Tt'z of San Francisco. Ho was commissioned Ang. IT, 1792,
and held the jilaco until 1797, being habilitado and acting commandant from
July 1794 to April \7'H'k Then he served as habilitado ut Monterey, though
still belonging to the San Francisco company, until June 1797, and two
months later he was transferred to Loreto. He was bom in 1749. St. Pap.,
S(tc., MS., i. 5."); V. 7(i; Prov. lice, MS., v. 2G8; vi. 78.
* It would serve no good purpose to give all the multitudinous references
from which I lia\'e formed tho preceding account of Monterey officials. The
following arc a ii'w of the most important, or at least the most definite :
Ortega givs u[) habilitacion to Argiiello March 31, 1791. Prov. St. Pap.,
Jieii. Mil., ^(S., XV. 3. Argiiello commandant as early as .July 1791. Arch.
ArzohUjtado, jNlS., i. 20, 03. But in Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xiii. 9,
Ortega is called commandant until May 1792. There are indications that
Parrilla may have attempted to perform tho functions of his office in 1794.
Prov. lire, MS., ii. 152, 105. There is some confusion about the habilita-
cion of Sal and I'orez Fernandez in 1790-7. St. Pap., Sac, MS., iv. 20; vii.
38-9, 47; Prov. /.Vc, MS., iv. 200-7; v. 77, 208; vi. 2, 4. Arguello is spoken
of as commandant in April 1797, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 212. Sal
called justicia mayor of the partido. S. Jos6 Arch., MS., iv. 22.
'' The total cost of the restoration was §2,009, and Fagcs, in a report dated
Aug. 12, 1793, took great credit to himself for having done the work so
cheaply l>y means of voluntary labor of gentiles, soldiers, and sailors. Prov.
St. Pap., MS., xiii. 191. Elsewhere the expense exclusive of the church
is given as .^2.302. Id., xxi. 125. Jan. 23, 1794, viceroy approves account
of §2,009. Id., xi. 1.59. Oct. 31, 1795, Arguello to habilitado general, §1,000
in effects received in 1792 given to persons who worked on presidio to end
of 1792. These were 3 sergeants, 9 corporals, and 103 soldiers, whose
gratuity amounts to §1,181. Prov. St. Pap., Presid., MS., ii. 2, 3. Dec. 1795,
§3,122 paid over for building expenses. St. Pap., Sac, MS., vii. 41; Prur.
It'cc, MS., iv. 182. March 12, 179.5, Borica to viceroy, tho buildings would
have cost very heavily had it not been for the convenient supply of stone,
lime, sand, and timber. The other presidios have not such advantages. St.
AFFAIRS AT MONTEREY.
681
did some dainaj^e in October 1792. Vancouver de-
scribes and jifives a view ot" the j»residio as it appeared
in 1792. It was lilvc that of San Francisco'' exce[)t
that the enclosure was complete. There was a circular
block-house at each corner raised a little above the
top of the wall; there were two or three small doors
besides the main •'•ate-wav, and the eonnnandant's
house had bi^arded iloors. lie is in error when he
states that the square was .'500 x 250 yards, and that
the structure had not undergone the slightest change
or improvement since the i'oundation.'^
According to a report of Carrillo at the end of
1800 each side of the square measured one hundred
and ten yaids, the four walls were built of adobes and
stone, and the buildings were roofed with tiles. On
the north were the main entrance, the guard-house,
and the warelunises; on tho west the houses of the
governor, connnandant, and other olHceis, some fifteen
apartments in all; on the east nine housc-s for the sol-
diers, an^i a blacksmith sho[); and on the soutli besides
nine similar houses was the presidio churcii opposite
the main gate-way.^" All the structures were again
in bad condition; the walls wgre cracked, having been
built on insutKcient foundations after the fire; and
/'«/)., Sac, MS., xvii. 3. Three thousand one hundred and twenty-two dol-
hirs was the total expense down to Die. .'Jl, 171l.'>. I'ror. Sf. J'dji., MS., xiii.
H)0, 201. Aug. -0, \~'Xi, bastions unfniislied, and house of tlie alfc rez necJa
repairs lilvo some of tlio soldiers' dwellin;,'s. 'J'otal cost of repaiin to date,
g:-2,000. /'/., xxi. 115. lure of Oct. lo, 17<J-'. Ji/., xxi. !>0.
"See next cliaptcr for plan and description of San Fiancisco I'residio.
' Vuiironrcr's VoycKjc, ii. 43-4: View of jiresidio, ii. 440; view of seenc in
Salinas Valley, iii. 3o4. Vancouver deemed the site cIkjscu l)y no means the
best in the vicinity. There was low niardhy ground between tlie sijuaro
and the beacli.
'"Aug. 0-0, 1791, instruetions addressed to Argiiello alx)ut building the
church. I'ruv.St. J'np., MS., x. 4i.'. MarL'h 1, 179J, viceroy oidcrs woi'k
suspended until further orders. .SV. I'aj>., S-ir., MS., iv. 1. April 4tli, viceroy
sends a plan for church, made by the directors of the academy of arcliitecturc
of San Carlos, Mexico. Id., i. li'2. Fages .says he followed such a plan, but
this must have been an earlier one. /'rov. S/. Pap., MS., xiii. 1!»1. Van-
couver's picture represents the church as completed. The cost was .*! ,.)()0,
which was refunded to the comiiaiiy by the government, /'ror. Hcc, MS., iy.
20(i; «. /'"/'•. 'SV/r. , MS. , vii. :>^; I'roi'. St. /'iij>., yiS., xxi. 'J-J7. If I 't
]>een built by day-laborers in the usual way tlie expense would have !>> i. at
least $5,000, as 15orica believed. It was done )jy troops, sailors, Indians, and
convicts. /(/., xxi. '207-8.
082
LOCAL KVENTS-MONTERFA' DISTRICT.
further delay would greatly inoroaso the cost of
prosi)Cctivu ie|)nirs." Tlic arniaiiu'iit of ^Fontt^rey
at the time ot" Vancouver's first visit consisted of
seven small t^'uns jtlaiitrd oulsi<lo tin; juvsidio walls
without breastwork or ))rofe('lion IVoni the weathrr.
At the same timr l^odi'^a y Cuadra loll some mate-
rial, and men \vvn' set at work on a hattc.'iy to be
erected on a m.'iijhboriin'' eminence. Accoidinu'ly t)n
VancouverH return in 17'.);^ he I'ound the guns mouiilcd
on a "sorry kind of barbet battery, consisting chielly
of a lew logs of wood, irregidarly placed; behind wliich
those ciunion, about eleven in number, are opposed to
the a,nclioi'ag(>, with very little j)rotection in the Iront,
and on tlu-ir rear and iianks intirely open and exposed."
This work cost ii?4r)0, and, while it might servo to pre-
vent u I'oe irom cutting out vessels at anchor, was
entirely useh.'ss, as (Jordoba reported in 17i)G, ft»r the
det'en(;o of the; port. It tloes not a])})ear that any-
thing was done Ibr its improvement before 1800.'-
Connected with this presidio was the main establish-
ment of the i^ancho del re}', located where now stands
Salinas City; or at least that was its location in later
years, and 1 tind no record of any transfer. At the
beixinniui' of the decade there were 5,000 cattle and
2,000 horses in this royal establishment, and during
the fust half of the period the net annual proceeds
of sales W(>re from $3,000 to $2,000; but subsc-
qucnth' the sum was diminished to but little over
$500, . nd in 1800 the cattle had dwindled to 1,000
" Car 0, Lou Edifrion dc Montcreii, 1800, MS. Albcmi on coming to tho
'Corto C !oriiian;i ' in ISfK) found tilings in a dcplomblo state, and built
four boutst for married soldiers at bis own expense. I'rov. 8t. Pnp., ^IS.,
xviii. 11.
'- 17!)-, igbt description of presidio buildings in SiifU y j\fcxicava, Viaur,
IG'J. C'uai' iH battery oi four guns on tbc bill. I'ror. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 89,
IG'l; Prov ./re, MS., ii. 1,")S; I'aiicourfr'.^ I'oyaijr, i'l. BOO. 1790, buttery of
ten guns of small calibre. Vessels could easily nnclior beyond their range.
Cordoba's report, in Prnr. SV. Paji., MS., xiv. HU. Lists of munitions, 179(]-7.
St. J'ct])., Sac, MS., vi. 91 ; viii. 70-7; ix. .'n. Ksjilanado, casaniata, and bar-
rack cost .?4.')0, biult very ecouoniically. Prov. St. Pu})., MS., xxi. 'J07-8.
Viceroy ordered S41t ])aid in 1797. Prov. /.Vc, AbS., iv. I'O."). Three hundred
and eighty-one dollars spent in repairs before February 1798. Prov. St. Pap.,
MS., xvii. 11.
RAXCIIOS AND IXnUSTRIKS.
683
vliilo (lie liorsos liad iiicrcaMC'd t<> ',000.'^ Ik's'kKs
tilt' kind's llvf-stock the coinpiUiy or its iiicuiIhi-s had
ill IHOO over 1,000 horses, 700 cattle, 'JJO luiilcs and
asses, and 100 sliee|). The horses had iiieicascd very
rapidly :iiid sul)se(|ueii(ly deereascd as al)rui>(ly so I'ar
as we iiijiy ti'ust the lueaj^re statistics. Sheep had
decreased iVoni 700 in 1794, in spite of special ellorti*
made in 1700 tw foster this branch of indiistrv. Thesu
last iiL;ures include, I su[)pose, the live-stock l;e[)t on
the hall'-do/cn pnvatcranchos in the ^[oiiterey region.
These ranchos, liki? those; already referred to in the
south, \ver(! [)rovisionally granted to sitllers and ])en-
sioiiers; l)iit unlike the I'ornier none of them seem to
have heen rendered permanent by suUsefjUent re-
grants.'*
In the early part of the dc^'ade industrial opera-
tions were confined Ibr the most [»art to tin; labors of
(;ar])enters, bricklayers, and masons on the ])residio
buildings; but later, a tailor, saddler, and one or more
"Til ITf^S tlin clmiifrc Wiis still more niaikeil, ulu'ii tlic tc -.wc said to luivo
been 7,4!)! Iior, c:! and 1,200 cal tic. This result wus iiltiilnit d ti) ili(iti"lits,
tlicfta, ixji'ii't (.f IVr.iali.s to IJaja Califoriiiii, lava.ijeM (if liwif.H rud wolves, loim-
(latidii ( f tlio l.i"iu!i at San l'"i;uiei.se(), and the lack ( f ii niarl.et I'di- liuiscs.
Sergt. Miiearii) C:;. tro had charge df Hk; raiieho as luaj )i(Lniiii, with six Bol-
tlicra. Cov. to vici roj-, l)e(,'. .'I, I7US. I'rur. AVc, MS., vi. Ii,4, l^I). Aecounta
of the rnnclio in I'rar. Sf. I'liji., Jim. MiL, MS., xiii. 1, -I; xviii. I, "J, 7;
xxiii. ;>; xxv. 12, .'!; xxviii. 4. 'J'wo hiiiiilred fat cattle t;) lie ki'.hd aumially;
lio tallow to come from San lilas; >Sta l!,irl)ar;i ti> i)j .supjiliud — 171'-. I'ruv.
7iVc., MS., ii. ]."(j. Cattle very iiunierous in 1704. Prir. SI. /'ap., MS., xii.
lcSi)-!)l. i;ea:';s vei-y numerous and trt>nljlesonie in 171)-', d in;,' (axat harm
both to live-: toek i:nd to;,'ardens. I'lVi'. Ji'cc, MS., ii. 1.'.',). Siieep-rai.sing foa-
tered, 170(.>. /</., vi. 70; iv. (W.
"The ninelioa were six in number iu January 170."; r.ucnavista, 5
leagues from Mciilerey, held by .r(jse Soliernnes and Joa'ir.in ('uilro; Salina,
4 league:;, by Aiili i;io Aeeves iind Antonio liomero; j;;ii;iil:i, a llucrla Vicja,
^ league, by Ani niiu ^Montanu; Canada de lluerta Vu ja. .,' lea"ue, by An-
tonio Uudna; M;;i;i de la I'lilvora, a musket-shot, by liii'ienio bo.sali.i; and
(.'huiiadero, 1 mile, by IVrnardo Ibreilia and Juan radiila. 'I'iieie weie on
these ranchos i;7V cattle, 11:2 horses, 110 slieej), and 1) nudes. .MimU nij,
I'iniflioH f.,/.-f<i:/(:i fii J70.'>, MS. J5ut this very year, aieonjih;; to i'lil'ija,
Ji'csjiiiCHtd, ^L'v, I'J, one of these ranchos, tluitof Aceve:< and l;onu'ro, was dc-
Btroyed by Indian^; and al.so another not in the list b^longin;' t ) <!. una and
Ah'gre. Lar.d.i wwe granted ]irovisii)nally to in\alids )ii:d .sittlei : on the
river (Salinas) near .Montei'ey liefon^ I7!i;{. /'/., xxi. ili'J; xii. l.'i'.); /',■•<. r. /.Vc.,
MS., vi. 4(1-1. A 1 niall jiieee of land had been granted liy i:i%er;i in I77"> to
Manuel ISutron; but liutron was now an inhabitant of San .lusc, and tin re is
no evidr'nec of any lands whatever held by the soldiers, exoejit the six or
Bcvcu rauchus mentioned.
684
LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEREY DISTRICT.
weavers were kept at work. The looms turned out
only the coarsest varieties of blankets and woollen
stuffs; and so unsatisfactory were the results, duo
largely to the poor quality of the wool, that Sal in
1800 determined to stop the work, employing the
workmen in sweeping the plaza and serving the offi-
cers.^"
The subject of prcsidial finances and supplies at
Monterey as capital of the province is naturally more
important and also more complicated than at the
other jurisdictions; but unfortunately the preserved
records, though bulky, are far less complete and satis-
factory here than elsewhere. The pay-rolls and ordi-
nary expenses of the Monterey company were about
$15,000 per year; a sum which was increased by the
salaries of provincial officers and other government
expenses to a total varying from .$19,000 to $25,000;
and the annual supplies from Mexico and San Bias,
thoutih varving considerablv, do not seem to have
fallen sluu't of the total appropriation for exptmses,
although supplies to the average amount of $5,000
were obtained from the missions, and others from San
Jose. In fact these supplies ■were purchased with
articles sent from IMexico or with drafts on j\Iexico,
so that in either case the amounts were included in
the mcniorias. Tithes and postage in this district
"Aug. 1701, four inccliank's canio. Tailors cliil 8l'2.j of work for pri-
vate parties. .SV. i''ip., Sac, ]MS., v. 0.'); xiii. .*?. 17'.>-, stouc-cuttcrs and
masons, Santiii'^o ]!uiz, Salvador liivcra, and I'odro Alc;uitara. IiL, ii. !), 10.
Six nK'cIiMni(':4 arrived in July. Prop. St. Pep., MS., xxi. 7.>— t. \7'X], tlio
armorer i'ldro ( ionzalez (Jarcia ordered to remain at Monterey. LI., xiii. ."iCi-S.
17!'i, one l)!ii'Ulayer and a carpenter, also three masons to work <jn ■ hnreli.
Jil., xii. ID'J-;!; xxi. I'JS-!). 17!)((, a tailor and ii lit/oiicro to vunxiun. Proi\
J,'fr., MS., V. 7S. Aleantara left tlii.s year. Prur. .S7. J^(i/)., MS., xxi. '2'Mt.
Salvador li.jnr eu'raged as carpenter in April. /'/., xxi. 'JliS. Antonio ller-
iiandez, a saddler, in August. /(/., xxi. 44. April "JS, 1797, weavers r.U'iidoza
Jind J']ni'ii[iHV, inu.st bo Kent to IMonterey; 'JOO armljcts of wool to bo bought in
the south. J'ror. /.Vr., MS., iv. 89. July 20, 1797, a ninnnfactory of bliudiets
renders iui|;ortatioii uniieccs.sary. Sal to lioriea, in Prvv. SI. Pup., MS., xvi.
2;W. In 1797 the tailoring account was as follows: work done, ■'?.")7.'!; expense
of supporiiii',' .six apprentices, )?29."); paid to the tailor i of proceeds, h'-'A; net
proceeds, §ji4. Pron. St. I'lip., Jl,>i. Alii, MS., xxv. ,"), (i. I'roceeda in ISOO,
§?•_':.'.">. /'/., xxviii. H. The weaver and saddler earned in l.SO:), down to the
time of d'seharge, .Sl.-'H)."). /</., xxviii, (J. Weaving suspuadcd by Sal. J'fuv,
at. Pup., MS., xviii. IS, 10.
y^
$2
$7
fei
Ii
fro
haJ
to
:u
/.a
ill
MIXOR HAPPEXTNGS.
685
yielded to the royal treasury about .$400 eacli per
year, while the toljacco revenue was from .$1,000 to
.$2,000, and the sale of papal iudulj^ences yielded from
$75 to $125. The annual inventory showed the eon-
tents of the warehouses to be usually about $40,000.^"
In addition to tlie forei^oinij statistics jNIonterey ainials
from 1791 to 1800 present nothing of interest whieli
has not been recortled in preceding- chapters devoted
to gubernatorial changes, jirecautions against foreign-
ers, and the movements of vessels. The oidy foreign
craft that touched at IVIonterey during the decade were
those of Vancouver in 1702-4; the English Proc'tdcnce
under Broughton in 179G; the vVmerican Oltei' under
Dorr in the same year; and an unknown vessel that
anchored in the bay in 1800. The only j.ndian
troubles in this district that require notice were thoso
at San Juan and have already been described.'''
The mission of the Monterey jurisdiction, besides
the new establishments, San ]\tlguel, Soledad, and San
Juan Bautista, wore San Carlos, San Antonio, and
San Luis 01)ispo. At San Carlos Father Arenaza
served as minister until 1797, when he left the coun-
try.^"^ Sehan was permitted to retire in 1795 to the
''ilontcrcy prcsiiliiil accounts in Prov. St. Pop., Uen. J[iL, MS., xiii. '2,
20; xiv. 4,8; x\i '>; xvii. 8,0; xviii. 1,5-7,8-11; xix. 7-'.); xxiii. 7-!>, H;
xxiv. 17; XXV. ,'!-,"), 8-0, 11-1.']; xxvi. 5-7; xxvii. 1, 5, (J; xxviii. 0, 8, 0, 'JO;
xxxiii. i:5, 14; .V,'. /''ip.. Sue., MS., i. 1-4; ii. 'M, 04; v. 71; vi. IIS-'JO; vii.
.'JO, 81-Sr ix. 48; Prov. S/.Pup., /{<ii., MS., i. KJ; ii. 17, IS; Pror. S/. Pap.,
MS., xvii 8, 11, .'JG-HS, OS; xxi. ]'20; and Pcnz Fcrtiundiz, Cwnta (niicj-al
ill' la lliihilit<ti'ioi(<lr Miuitorii, 1700, yi^., which i.s ii very conijilctc rcpurt
rcndcn-'l on turning over tlic company accounts to Sal. In 170:! tlio /.(dv-
ci'uor piiinli'd out ail ci'ior in tlio treasury accounts of about 6''>>','X)(). 'I'lio
totals of tlio hiil)ilitaili)".s accounts varied from S()0,000 to $S,"), (>:).). Tlie lial-
ancc dui^ tlic treasury or the comiiany was usually only a few hundred dnUars.
Tlio coir|iaiiy iipplittl to its use the jiroceeds (jf tithes, powta'^'e, and toiiaeco,
uud ])ai<i tlio amounts hy drafts in Mexico, which were charged on tiie next
ini'inoriii. Tlie Iialiilita<l )'s commission in 17'.'d was !?2,7M). Uebt of com-
]>iiny ill 170(i, !;'0,7'iH. In I7II'.( a rohlniy of .ss(i;)froui tlu'warelio.isc is noted.
Tlie./i'("/o'/'' rficiir'inii iwmmwU'A in 1700 to .S,'l.()l«7 alter §r)S7 had licen paid
out. This fund was due to lilt men, or not (piite iislOO to each.
" Se(\ chaiiter xxvi., this volume.
'Taseual M.ntine/, d(> Areuaza ejiuie to !M'xico from his native ljasf|uo
province of Alava in \~S't. He vohmtcred and was assigned tu < 'aliforuia in
178(1, with a good leputatiou from the guardiiiu, tlmugh his expeiitnee wa.s
hmitecl mid his eliaraeter somewhat viro. Anli. Slit Ihii-lnirit, .MS., xii.
20-7. iVJtcr a term as supernumerary hu served as minister at Sau Cdrlua
i:iiiD
CSG
LOCAL EVEXTS-MOXTEREY DISTRICT.
college, tliougli lie subsoquciitly came baelc to Cali-
fornia. Areiiaza was followed in the ministry by
Francisco Pujol who completed the decade; Senan by
Antonio Jaime in 1795-G, j^tariano Payera;s in 179G-8,
and Jose Viiials from 1798, Carnicei serving also for
a short [)eriod in 1798-9. Throughout the decade,
moreover, President Lasuen made San Carlos his
home when not absent on one of his frequent tours
through the province. Although the baptisms, 790 in
immber, exceeded the deaths by 220, yet the neo-
l)hyte population increased during this decade only
from
/J.)
to 758. San Carlos had reached its hiirhest
figure, 927, in 1794, and was now on the letrograde.
Meanwhile horses and cattle had increased from 1,378
to 2,180, and smaller live-stock from 1,203 to 4,1G0.
The crop in 1800 was about 0,000 bushels; the largest
in 1797, 7,-100 bushels; the smallest in 1795, 1,100
bushels;^^ average 3,700 bushels.
Vancouver was at San Carlos on Sunday', Decem-
ber 2, 1792, and while he gives no detailed descri[)-
tion of the establishment, contenting himself with
the remark that the buildings, though smaller, were
similar in architecture and material to those of San
Francisco and Santa Clara previously visited, he pre-
sents a diawing which shows four buildings irreLjularlv
arranged and partially enclosinf>' a s(iuare. The
ig a square.
The old
from 17SS to 1707. On tlic expiration of his 10 years of service he was
grantcil periiii^iSiiiiii to retire on July 8, 17'.'7. Tlie hist ti'aee of his pre:5enee in
Ciilifci'iiia i:i on Oct. ',)d of thv same year when he olliciated at Solcdail, Stili-
dail, L'h. (Ic Miiioii, MS., '2i>. After his arrival in Mexico ho died of phthisis
before May 14, Hi)'.), as we learn from a letter of the guardian in Arc/i. iSVit
liufJmr.i. ;MS., xi. 'JSl-'J.
'"I'larlcy was ii^iuaUy ]iroduccd in as large quantities as wheat, and maize
was not far hchinih In 1705 botli were a total failure. Thi.s year suppUes
had to he ()l)tained from Santa Clara. Arcli. tSta ISarbimt, ilS., ii, "JJiJ-oO.
17'.IG wa; not nuieh l)etter than 17'Jo, and in \~\)- the crops liad lieen very
light. nn<l lu avy rains after the harvest not only injured niuih grain in the
waieiiouiHS, I)iit prevented the hauling of supplies from abroad. St. Pap.,
Snr., MS., vii. 08. April 'J, I'iHi, governor says the troops are snli'eriug
want in eonseipii nee of drouglits for tliree successive years. J^mv. St. Pup.,
MS., x:.!. 'J;!.'). Aug. 12, 17!'7, he rejoices at a surplus of l,7v!!)fau(gaj of bar-
ley and L'wO of pea;je at San CVirlos. Pror. Jt'cc. , MS. , vi. 1!J4. There was a gen-
eral diought in IfiiM), bid S; n (jirlos had good eroi)s. Id., ix. 7; St. P<i]>., Sue,
MS., vii. (it). Sn; plies fnnudu'd to tjie presidio in 17'J''>-(i, $l,7li8 and 1;U,;W4.
iVt-r. m. Pop., 2iiS., xvi. 2U3, -IW.
SAN CARLOS MISSION.
687
I'O
ill
church, partly thatched and partly tiled, stands on
the left of the pictia-o, and probably on the west side
of the square. Three bells hang on a frame raised
on a stone foundation; a lolly cross, bearing a close
resemblance to a modern telegraph -pole, rears its
head near the centre of the })laza, and just beyond,
almost in contact with, and a])par('ntly north-east-
ward from, the old church, are tlie rising stone walls
of a new one. Bevorid, on an eminence, mav l)e seen
a corral for cattle, while at the right are tiie conical
huts of the neophytes. The new church was being
built of a soft, straw-colored stone, which was said to
harden on exposure to the air. The lime used was
made from s<!a-shells. This church, the rnins of
v.-]iicli are still to be seen on the banks of tho Car-
melo, was completed and dedicated in September
1797.^^ Notliing occurred to vary the monotonous
r(.)utine of mission life at San Carlos, unless a rather
curious illustration of the method in which justice
was administered be worth a place in the record,
Estanislao, a neophyte, did not live happily with his
'"There is noinc co;ifii.siou anioiv-; the diflcrciit .iiithoiiiie:! rcsjiectiiig this
churcli. Vancouver, I'oi/wjr, ii. 10, o4-(J, gives the views iiihuled t(j, aiul
saj's distinctly that the natives \\ ere at work on the new ehurcli at tiie time
of his visit in 17'J-, tlie only \i.sit mentioned in his work. ]!iit Fresident
Lasucn, in two letters of .June 7 and Dee. 10, 1704, Arch. Slii lidrhara, ,MS.,
vi. "JID-'JO; Ai-ih. Arzobispudo, MS., i. .'fS, says that the lirst .stone was l.iid
on July 7, 17!tl}, or a year af ter N'aneouver's vi;;it. lie says that the nia.son
Ruiz c;unc to Sau (,';alos in l)eeend)er 179-, hut tliat no uKifenul-i vrrc rculi/,
and he had to wait luitil the rainy season was jiast. It is inipossihie to
reconcile these two statenients; the dihieulty may, howevc'i', he partially
removed hy supposing that N'riucouvrr's picture uas made at his th.ird visit,
in nS'-i. Ta)doi\ JJisror. ami J'oti inters, ii., Xo. "JS, 1(J7, tells us that the new
church was ik'clicatcd L'cl). 'J, 17'j;i; while David Spence, /</., ii., Xo. '21, '.i,
says it was linished in MSiy, tliat it .stood north an<l scuit i, iorining tho
west side of tin; square, and coming up nearly to the west end of the ju'csent
church; that the foundations were stiU visihlc in is.ll; an I that Serra's
remains were removed on tho day of dedication, being hui'.'jd at the foot
of tho altai', 17!'!, masonry church half linishcd; 1707, ' n uj' ailelantada.'
St. Pap., J/;.sv., MS., ii. .1. -Ja, 100. 17'.)7, linishcd, with t;ie roof. ]<t., 120.
Consecrated in Seiitcmber 1797. Lasucn, in Arch, ."^''i lidrliara, MS. , xii.
G(i. In 1708 the Indians still lived in mi.-erahle j:-.ass huts. Sal'.s Leport, in
I'ruv. St. I'ap.. .MS., xvii. U.'). no^)-!, several ] ulians wcrk as cari)cntcra,
bricklayers, and stone-cutters luuler the inst' uction of tho king's artisans.
Arch. Sla lidrhara, MS., .xii. ,"0. 1701, o'.o master of each of the trades
mentioned assigned to San Carlos. Pror. St. J'ap., MS., xii. 102-1]. 1799,
hemp used to some extent for clothing for ueopliytcs. Prov. Ike, MS., vl,
117.
■liii i!i
4
I If
!l
'ii
688 LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEREY DISTRICT.
wife, and finally left her in the woods, after having
administered some severe blows. So he confessed to
his mistress, and so he testified before Sergeauo \'ar-
gas, who was sent to investigate after the dead body
of the woman had been found. But Estanislao's tes-
timony was somewhat conflicting as to the force and
manner of his blows, and he was acquitted on the
theory that his spouse might have been killed by a
bear.'^^
At San Antonio de Padua de los Robles the gain
in neophyte population was from 1,07G to 1,118, with
7G7 baptisms and G5G deaths, this mission thus reced-
ing from the first to the fourth place, behind Santa
Clara, San Diego, and San Gabriel. Cattle and
horses had decreased from 2,232 to 2,217, having
been as low as 1,175 in 1795. Small stock had in-
creased only from 1,984 to 2,075; but 240 goats had
disapi)eared altogether. Crops were 1,700 bushels in
1800, 4,200 bushels in 1799 and 420 bushels in 1795
being the extremes, and the average 2,200 bushels.-^
In 1787 the San Antonio church was mentioned as
one of the best in California; in 1793 a block eighty
varas long and one vara thick was built for friars'
houses, church, and storehouse; and in 1797 the church
is mentioned as of adobes with tile roof. The huts
of the neophytes were of a more substantial character
than at San Carlos."^ The two venerable founders
Pieras and Sitjar served together until 1794, when
''^ Arch. Arzohii^pudo, ^IS., i. 20-7. Estanislao was freed by an order of
Arrillaga dated Loreto, Sept. 13, 1702.
-- NVheat ^\as tlio leading crop, barley and corn varying greatly, but the
latter gonenilly in excess. 1794-0 Averc very hard years. In 1795-0 tlie
Indians killed a good deal of stock, and Lasuen favored severe measures, to
dispel the Indians' prevalent idea that Spanish forbearance proceeded from
weakness. Arch. S(a Ihirbnra, MS., xii. 04-5. Supplies to the presidio in
1795-0, §1,490 and §48;$. J'ror. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 203, 200. Hard times
in respect of church vestments in 1795-1800. Arch, Sta Barbara, MS., xii.
»J2, 04.
■'^ Fa<if'<, I)}formv Gin., MS., 140; St Pap., Mhs., MS., i. 121; ii. 120-1;
Sal's Report in Pror. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 05. The exact meaning of the re-
port of 1793 is not clear. In 1794 an adobe room 14 x 9 varas, and a tile-
roofed pozokra, or porridge -room, were completed.
SAX LUIS OBISPO.
CS9
the former, worn out with his long labors, retired to
his coUc'gL',-* and was succeeded by Jose de la Cruz
Espi in 179:3-4, Jose Manuel Martiarena in 171)4-5,
and !Marc(lino Cipres from 1705. Sitjar was absent
at San ^liguel from July 1797 to August 1798, and
his place was filled by Benito Catalan, who served
here from 179G to 1799."
■ of
re-
lic-
At San Luis Obispo Miguel Giribet contimied as
senior missionary until 1799, when he left California
for his college;-'"' and President Lasuen seems to have
acted as senior minister after Giribet's departure until
August lyOO, when Jose Miguel came. The [)osilion
of associate was held successfully by Estevau Tapis
in 1790-3, Gregorio Fernandez in 1794-G, Antonio
Peyri in 179G-8, and Luis Antonio Martinez, who
began his long ministry in 1798. Bartolonie Gili
spent scnne time hero before his departure in 1794.-^
'* ^li.Kucl Pierns was a native of the island of Mallorca; was ap])(jinte(l to
the Caliloiuia iiiissious in Au;,'ust 1770; kt't the collogo in Octnlwr; .saikil
from San VAaa in January 1771; arrisxil at San lJie;,'o Manli 1-tli, anc] at
Monterey May "J 1st. His only service as regular minister was at San Anto-
nio where lu :<erved from the foundatidu July 14, 177-, to April nr May I7!l-t.
His last siu'.aturo in the mission-hooks was Ajiril •_*7th. IJis lieense from
the vicei(.y was dated Jan. lUth, and that of tlie governor (m May :ilst. I
liavo found nntliing in the reconls Ijearing upon liis character. l'"orliis hand-
writing and autograph sce.SV(« Aiilniiio, J)o<-. Siiflfn.<, MS., IS, •_'•_'.
-■' Notliiiig is known of Padre Denito t'atalan beyond the tact that ho
served at San Antonio, was one of the nnfortunati^ padres alllicted with in-
sanity, Ldsiicn. in Arrli. Anohl^jiwh), M.S., i. jfi, ancl sailed from San Diego
ou the Cona./iriiiii in January 1S()().
'■"' Miguel < liril)et came to California in 178.") where lie served two years at
San Francisco and PJ at San Luis Oljispo. It is noticeable that President
Lasuen in a letter of Aug. l.'J, 171.I9, to llorica, credits (iiiibet witli only P2
years of .■service in (,'alifornia. He was zealous and successful, but as was so
frequently the case his health was uneiiual to Ins task, ills last sign.ilure on
the San Luis Imoks was on Oct. '2, 179'.*. llis license from tlio giivcrnor was
dated Anv'. -■-'d, and lie sailed from San l^iciro on Jan. PI. ISOO. lie died in
lS04atthe eullege. An/i. Sin Jlurlifira, MS., xi. Ol I- 1 , -js:!, •J!)4; Arrh. Ar.o-
biKp'nlo, MS., i. ,)ti; ,S. J'ruiii:if<f(), Lih. (/(' Elision, MS.; S. I.ui-' (Jl)i<jiu, Lih.
(Ic M'isidii, MS.
*' liarti'lonie (Ijli came to Califcjrnia in 1791, and served irregularly, as
supermimi I'ary for tlio mrjst pait, at San Antonio, Sulcdad, ami San Luis,
from 1791 to 1794. lie wascmeof the few l)lack sheep in tlie missiduaiy fohl.
He askeil ](a\e to retire in I79."{ im a ]'lea nf ill-healtli, but his rei|iicstwas
denieil until a fidl re[i(prt could be reuih^rid resjiecting tlie peculiar n.-itiire of
his illness and his imnioial exces,<es for a I'criod of li\e years. 'J'he full nsults
of tile investigatinii are not known; but Ciili sailed as chaplain of the Cuu-
opcimi in August 1794.
Ilisr. ('Ai.., \oL. I. U
:i '1
'IIHlll
600
LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEnEY DISTRICT.
San Luis with G,'5 baptisms and 523 deaths liad
gained in neophyte pojjulation from 005 in 1790 to
720 in 1800; but this mission had reached its highest
figure of population in 1794 with 94G souls. Cattle
and horses had increased to G,500 head; sheep to
0,150; and 2,700 bushels of grain were raised in 1800,
4,100 bushels in 1798 being the largest yield, 1,800 in
1791 the smallest, and 3,200 bushels the average. No
barley was raised at this mission.'^^ A water-power
mill was finished early in 1798; a miller, smith, and
car|)enter of the king's artisan instructors were sent
liere in 1794; and a small quantity of cotton from
8an Bias was woven on the mission looms. ^'^ The
church, of adobes with tile roof, was built before
1793, in which year a [)ortico was a'^dcd to the front.
In 1794 the ministers' house, work-room, barrack,
and guard-house were completed. The native huts
licre were well built and afforded sufficient })rotection
against everything but fire.^"
In 1794 a slight ripple of excitement was caused
l)y what seems to have been an attempt to incite an
Indian revolt at San Luis. Foiu' or five gentile chiefs
were the guilty parties, and they sent agents with
presents to enlist the neophytes of Purisima. Indeed
this sending of agents was ap[)arcntly the only overt
act con.nnitted; but the neo])hytes refused to attack
their Christian friends for any such paltry presents as
were offered, and the matter ended with the condem-
nation of five ringleaders to hard work at the presi-
dios."^ Subsequently in the beginning of 1797 the
natives were in an excited condition over the nuuxler
of a nooplu'te by two gentiles, but the presence of
Captain Ortega served to restore quiet.
'''Supplies to Monterey presidio in ITO.j-G, $2..')04 .and 81,1.'M. Prw. St.
Pap., MS., xvi. I'O.'i, '20(1; "/Vo?-. j\'ie., MS,, iv, '22± The ;,;()verni>i' i,nalito<l ;i
jiieccot land at Sautii Margarita to the invalid corporal Cayiiehi.s in the nanio
ot' his neiijihvte wife, lint J.Msiicn olijected. Arch. S'lt Jliirlmrn. MS., xi. ;}I)S.
-Wi,r, /.'(■(■., .MS., iv. 177; vi. (iS; J'ror. St. J'a,,., MS.. .\ii. V,)2--[i; St.
Pup., MiM., MS., ii. (I, lOS; Anfi. Ar.o'>;.^/,uilo, MS., i. .SO- '2.
■'" .sv. Pdj,., ;l//.ss'., MS., i. 1 1!); ii. -il, l-JO; Prut: St. Paji., MS., xvii. 05.
"'/'/•<„•. St. Pcip., :MS., xii. 100-;}, l'J4.
CENTRAL DISTRICT.
O'Jl
•liicfs
witli
iidocd
)vcrt
attack
its as
idoin-
]trcsi-
tho
ui'dcr
I CO of
'roi: St.
TMlltod il
111' llillllO
\i. ;}!»s.
•_'-;); .St.
ii, 05.
Pta.Cilii :s^:
l!.'>ii;n
P.ta.S,
Mili'll.;!!
Ptit.S.LIlih
M.vr oi- Mo.NTiiiiEV.
CHAPTER XXXII.
LOCAL EVENTS AND PROGRESS— SAN FRANCISCO
JURISDICTION.
1791-1800.
San Franxtsco Officials — Military Forck— Population — Finance — Pre-
sidio Buildings — Plan — Castillo de San Joaqdin at Fort Point —
Cukdoba's Report — Ravages of Elements — Repairs — Battery op
YekbaBuena at Black Point — Vancouver's Visits— Caitain Brown —
Mines Discovered — Alberni's Company — Wreck ok the 'San Car-
los ' — Tue ' Eliza ' — Rancho del Rey— Mission versus Presidio —
Indian Affairs — Runaway Neophytes— Amador's Campaigns —
Padre's Cruelty — San Francisco Mission — Fathers Cambon, Espi,
DANTf, GarcIa, and Fernandez — Buildings, Statistics, Industries —
Pueblo of San Jose — Inhabitants and Officials— Statistics — Hemp
Culture — Local Events— Proposkd Removal — Boundary Dispute —
Santa Clara — PeSa and Noboa — PoruLiVTioN, Agriculture, Build-
ings, AND Manufactures,
The official list of San Francisco for this decade is
confused, though the minor complications arc hardly
Avorth recording. Josd Argllello was the lieutenant,
brevetted captain in 1798, of the company, and properly
its commander throughout the period; but he was
absent in Monterey from 1791 to 179G, during whicli
absence Alferez Hermenegildo Sal of the Monterey
company was acting comandante until the middle of
1794, and Alferez Jose Perez Fernandez from that
time till the spring of 1796. The same persons acted
as habilitados, except that Raimundo Carrillo served
in 179(3-7.^ It must be noted, however, that Lieu-
' These brief statements are made from a careful study of the 05 distinct
references to different archives which are bef re nie, but which it Avould servo
no good purpose to print. About the date ot Argiicllo's return there is some
confusion. May '2, ITOo, viceroy's order t! at Arguello rejoin his company.
I'rov. jS7. Pup., Ms., xiii. 85, 91. Ordered by governor in January 1790 to
(C02)
PEESIDIAL COMPANY.
G93
tcnant-coloncl Pedro dc Albcnii, captain of the Cata-
lan volunteers, by reason of his superior rank in the
army, was commandant of the military post from
April 179G. The alfercz of the prcsidial com[)any
Avas Ramon Lasso de la Vega until the end of 1791,
Josd Perez Fernandez from 1792 until 1797, and
Manuel Rodriguez from 1797 to 1800, although lie
never served at San Francisco, and the place was
practically vacant. The position of sergeant was held
throughout the decade by Pedro Amador.
The company was com[)Osed of thirty-one privates,
besides the sergeant and four corporals. After the
middle of 179G the military force was augmented by
detachments of twenty -five Catalan volunteers and
seven or eight artillerymen. There were also from
three to eight pensioners, making 79 men in all, who
with their familins constituted a population, not includ-
ing San Jose and Branciforte, of 225 within the juris-
diction. With the two pueblos the population was
4G0, and the christianized natives numbered 2,G70.
Not less than twenty of the soldiers were usually
scattered in the mission and pueblo guards, so that
before the infantry reenforcement came the presicHo
had but a very small force, and when parties had to
be sent with despatches, or against the natives, or for
turn over command at Monterey and go to San Francisco. iS'^ Pap., Sti'\,
MS., vii. 38-9; J'rov. Jiec, MS., iv. ITS. Took coniniiuul in April. /'/., v.
85. ]5ut tlierc are indications that Argiiello went again to Monterey to eoni-
jnand for a short time in the spring of 1797. He returned to San b'ranoisco
April 18th. Prov. St. Pap., MS., -xvi. .57, -1"2. Sal g.avc up the comni.md to
Perez on June 30, 1794. Id., xvi. 84; Prm\ n,r.., MS., ii. 149. Perez retained
tlie command until November 179<"), when Sal .seem.s to have resumed it for a
few months until Argiiello's arrival. Id., iv. 237; v. 7-"). But Sal did not
resume the hafiilitarion, which Perez gave up to Carrillo in April 179(», accord-
ing to orders dated Nov. 8, and Dec. 11, 179."), transferring him to Monterey.
/'7., iv. 237; v. 74. Carrillo gave up the liabilitacion to Argiiello on Sept. I,
1797. /'/., vi. 7. Carrillo's accounts at the end of August showed a di;licit of
?1,823. Figures given Pror. St. Pap., Presid., MS., i. 81-2, 84-7. Also stated
to have been 81,42.'), and .i?l,94G. Prov. Her., MS., v. 20,'), 2(17; Prov. Si. P<rp.,
MS., xvi. 80-1. This amount was charged to the com[iany, until it could ho
repaid from half of Carrillo's pay as allVrez. It was a great hardship to tlie
soldiers and their families; and Argiiello thought it particularly unjust tliat
the presidal company should have to bear the whole Ijurden while the volun-
teers and artillerymen were exempt, and also while Lasso de la Vega was re-
ceiving half -pay and was not requii-ed to pay up his old indebtedness. Id,,
xvi. 40-1.
C94
LOCAL F.VEXTS— SAX FRANCISCO DISTfJlCT.
siipplirs, tlio post wjis left almost doscrtod." From
the tVagmoiitaiy company accounts that liavo l)ccn
preserved wc learn that the annual a[>propriati()n for
])ny-roll and contingent fund of San Francisco was
a little less tlian $10,000; supplies from ^Mexico
amounted on an average to about $7,000; and sup-
plies from the missions about $3,000. At tlie end of
each year an inventory showed from $11,000 to $1G,-
000 worth of goods in the presidial warehouse,''
The subject of presidio buildings received a large
share of attention and correspondence between 171)1
'^ March 4, 170'3. Xov. 1, 1704, complaints of coniniamliint. Prov. St. Pap.,
MS., xi. ol-'i, 5(i; xii. 42. Thirty Boldiers were left at .San Francisco in April
ITi'T.'H a temporary expedient, Jd., xxi. 2.")5-(*; Prov. Iter., MS., viii. 178;
and there were also workmen left at other times not included in the statistics
of popnl.-ition. Tlie (.{uard at Sau Francisco mission was four men. I'ror. St.
Pnj)., MS., xii. 2."), 77; xiii. '2'M. List of the cuera soldiers and tiieir fumilics
in I7!).>. Pror. ,St. J'aji., MS., xiii. •J.SO-7, '242-4. List of the artillerymen.
/'/., xiii. 75. List of volunteers. /(/., Bfii. Mil., xxiv. 1,2. List of pi'csidial
coniiKiny in 1708. /(/., xvi. 1(1, 17. Company rolls and statement, in Prov.
St. J'li})., Hen. Mil., M.S., xiii. xxviii. ; St. Pap., Sac, MS., i. v.
^Company accounts in Prov. St. Pajt., Jlrii. .1/(7., MS., xiii.-xvili. passim;
St. Pap.,S<ii'., MS., i. 'yl; ii. 3(»; v. 00, 7.'?-4; vi. 120. Argiicllo's account a.s
iial)ilitado for 1800 is as follows: charges himself with ellects on hand iJec.
31, 1700, S14,74S; .supplies from Mexico and San IJlas, 1800, .S 10,870; balances
duo soldiers, .*!,"{, 200; funds of mniitepio, innilhlns, and rctciirimi, (amounts
held for the soldiers), .^004; proceeds of toi)acco, post-otlicc, aiul tithes, .'?1,403;
diht to presidio of Monterey, !?8S1; supplies received from missions, .'?.'{, 417;
draft on hahilitado general, .S(i80. Total, .S3.'),748. (Jredits himself with:
pay-roll of company and pensicmers, §0,o04; amount paid company on old
account, !?.'?, .")73; other sums paid, S-'iG.'); paid debt of 1700 to Monterey,
f<J,.jO;$; paid missions for supplies of 1790, •$."{,770; amount charged by habili-
tado general, .S3,0S1; eilcclson J)ec. 31, 1800, §12,885. Total, .S35,077. "jJalanco
in favor of ArgitcUo, .§220. The ^b»(/o ile rdoimoii (money held back from a
soldier's i)ay to be given him at discharge) amounted in the early years to
aliont .SI, 200, but later, when added to the j'undo dc uirulldu.i (percentage on
pay reserved with which to pay pensions), and the J'oiido de moiiti pio (per-
centage on ofhcers' pay for their widows), it amounted to only about 55700.
SI. Pap., Sac, MS., v. 00, 73-4; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 202-3. In 1705
the hiibilitado reports only .$3,400 to pay for the next ye.-ir's supplies. St. Pup. ,
Sue. , M.S. , i. u2. Of .SI , 122 in coin sent uj) in 1700, .S200 was paid to soldiers,
.^"lOO to the mission, and .?4(X) to Argliello; so that the sergeant ajiplying for
money was told to wait. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. i. In 1708 the presidio
git §().404 in supplies from the missions. Id., JJeii. Mil., xvii. 12, 13. In
1707 tJie amount was .«!S,073. Id., xxv. 0, 10. In 1709 it was .$3,770. Id.,
XX vi. 7, 8. In 1800 it was §3,417. Id., xxviii. 18, 10. Accounts of tithes arc
neither complete nor .altogether intelligible. For some years the proceeds are
{jiven as !?500 and in otlici's §80, some reports perhaps including the whole
jurii^diction and others not. Papal bulls j iidded in 1797 only §2. The net
pn )cceds of the post-ollice .averaged §83 per year for the decade. Revenues f roni
tobacco sales were from §500 to §1,500, averaging §1,1 00. Pror. St. Pap., MS.,
i;xi. .'9.">; /(/., Ben. Mil., xiii. 7; xiv. 5; viii. 14; ix. 1; xvii. 12; xviii. 2, 3;
xxi. 1, xxv. 9; xxvi. 7; xxvii. 2; xxviii. 14, 15.
TRKSIDIO BUILDINGS.
C9o
and 1800, with but inraj^n; results so far as the
l)r(jsitli() proper was coneenied. On ^lareli 4, 17l)-J,
Conumdaiitc Sal sent the jjfovenior a description
accompanied by a i)lan wjiieli I re[)r()duce.* Three
sides of the S(iuare of 120 yards were occupied by
adobe walls and houses, both of ad(jbes and of rou<,Hi
stones laid in mud; and the fourth side was i)i-otected
by a primitive palisade fence. All the structui'i s
were roofed with straw and tulcs, exi)oscd to fire and
at the mercy of the winds. All, exce])t the coiu-
Plan of San Francisco, IT!)-.
mandant's house lately coini)leted and two or three of
the soldiers' houses, were, throuufh the poor quality
of materials and want of knowledj^e and care on the
part of the builders, lial)lo to fall at any moment, the
church beini;:^ in a particularly precarious condition.
None of the structures were those originally built;
each year some of them had fallen and been restored
in the same faulty manner with the same perishable
*Sal, Informes sobre los Edijidos de San Francisco, 1702, MS. 1. Com-
mandant's house, 4 rooms and yard, .'J7 x (i varas, of adobes. 2. Serjeant's
house, of stopc, without mortar. ,3. Chapel 19 x 8 varas. 4. IJarracks,
guard-liousc, and calabooses, of adobe and stones. 5, G. Warehouses for food
and clothing, of stones and mud. The other structures are tiie soldiers'
dwellings.
COG
LOCAT. EVENTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
matoriiil. Tiinljcr liad to bo broiiLdit thirtv miles, and
tulcs nine miles. The tjarrlsoii was so sniiill and its
duties so many that Sal deemed it im[)ossil)le to accom-
}»lish the necessary repairs. At the end of ihe year
the same condition ot affairs existed, and Sal urjjfed
the jn'overnment to send elucht or ton sailor-workmen
and a bricklayer; otherwise an appropriation of s;l,000
would be required to hire Indian laborers. Mean-
Mhile Vancouver visited and described the ])residio in
November, and he describes it as a "s((uai'(; area
whose sides were about two hundred yards in k>ngth
enclosed by a mud wall, and resend>ling a pound for
cattle. Above this wall the thatched roofs of their
low small houses just made their appearance." Ono
side was " very indifferently fenced in by a few bushes
hei'o and there, fastened to stakes in the or)und."
The wall was ** about fourteen feet high, and fiv(,' feet
in breadth, and was first formed 1)V uprights and hor-
izontal I'aftcrs of large timber, between whicji dried
sods and moistened earth, were pressed as close and
liard as possible, after which the whole was cased with
the earth made into a sort of mud plaster, which gave
it the appearance of durability." The church had
been whitewashed and was neat in comparison to the
rest. The floor in the commandant's house was the
native soil raised about three feet above the original
level. The windows ^verQ mere holes in the thick
walls, without glass^
In 1793-4 conipkiints and calls for aid continued,
but attention vv•i^. given almost exclusively to new
fortifications on the shore to the neglect of the presidio
* Va)ico7irev'fi Voi/ctffp, ii. 7-0. There is a conimunication from Sal to
Arrillajja ilatccl Nov. '20th, stating that worlc on the huildiiiLC was finished,
tile roofrt on the cliurcli, wareliouscs, and nine now liousi.s fiu' soldiers; ]mt
this <loo3 not agree with tlie other recordf, and I am at a loss to know wliy
anch a lettiT was written. St. Pap., Sac, 'MS., \. 118. August '20. 170:t,tlie gov-
ernor informs the viceroy of the bad condition of the buildings, although
$<l,4()0 have been spent on repairs since the foundation. Prov. Sf. Pup., MS.,
xxi. 1 I4-l."i. Dec. '29th, Sal to Borioa, the $1,*200 gratuity for the troops for
buililing the presidio not yet received; nor ai-e there any lists. Hints that
the otiier presidios get §4,000. /(/., xi. 54, 57.
PROGRESS IX BUILDINGS.
007
square." Late in 1 704 Sal proposed removal to a better
site near Fort Point. IJoriea would not consent until
he had made a personal examination; hut in Juno
1795 ho reported in favor of the sclieiue and esti-
mated the cost of the new presidio at .^l 1,7 H5. The
viceroy disapproved so lar^e an outlay for huildinu^s
of doubtful utility, the matter was dropped, and the
rains and winds coutimied their ravaws,' the drirtinijf
sa!id contiibuting to the devastation by coverinjj^ tlio
])owder-manazine, notwithstandinj^ tin; soldiers' efforts.
Quarters of some kind must have been built for the
volunteers and artillerymen,^ but I tind no evidenco
that there was any material ini|)rovement within the
presidio square from the date of Vancouv'cr's visit to
1800.
Still there was some buildinii^ done in the way of
fortifications. lu the general movement already
* Auj;. S, 1704, Porez Fernandez and others state that nothini,' has luen
<1ono, anil the soldici'sarc civcrlmrdenccl with work. The l)uildin,i;s should Iw
Sdlidly lOMsti'iiL'ti'il to avoid later rcjiairs, and lit! and the c(innii:iiidant will
L'uanintci' to foinjilctc tlio work ceonoinically and well if a few inochanii'scia
lu- furiHshcit. ,S7. I'dji., Snr., MS., v, lOS 10. Ari'illai.'a informs lioiica of tlio
needs of San I'ranci.seo in 17!>4. J'ii/.ef. (f<- Piiiih,.-<, MS., I'.CJ. .hm. :il, I7!U,
eonniiandant to L'ovei'nor; honsc of lM oliiccr in a had state; adohes and tiles
melting away; will try to save the tinihcis. I'ror. SI. Pop., MS., xii. (i(i.
I'eh. 1, 17!U, rain eanio near .spoiling the powder, hut hides and tiles wero
arranged to save it. /(/., xii. .")0.
' Nov. 1, I7!U, eonnnandant to governor. Pro'-. St. Pap., MS., xii. .'55-0.
T)ec. 3, Jjoriia"s reply. Pror. lice, MS., v. 28, .54-"). Juno 27, 17n.">, J>. to
vicei'oy, old hiiildings ready to fall; total expenses since 1770, .'JS, KSS; i)resi-
dio, 2,8.n!» vara:! lidin fort; new one, 4S1 varas. /</., vi. 51. Dee. 4, 171I5, V.
ll. to 1)., advises that the new strnctnres he not undertaken, hut wants addi-
tional information. Pmv. SI. /'«/(., MS. , >;iii. .'{2-fi. .Ian. 22, I7!M), a heavy
Lrale did nineli daniajie to ehureh and one house. Pmr. SI. Pup., J!<ii. Mil.,
MS., xxiii. 0, 7; I'lor. 7,Vc., MS., v. 81. June 10, 1>. ealls for a rej.ort from
Allierni. /'/-,,•. ,S7. l>,tp., Ilrn. Mil., MS., xnIv. 7. .Tmie :!(»tli. Alherni to 15.,
lie di.saii]irov";4 the removal, heeause the S;in .hiaijiiin Lill has no water and
is less slielti red; hut the coming rains will hiing the old huildiiiL;s down, and
a new presidio blioiild lie hegiin. Curdoha agrees with Alorrni. St. Pup., Siii\,
MS., iv. ;5t)-7. July 20, 17!l7, Argiiello to 15. The old complaints. Nothing
done yet. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xv. 11, 12. Aug. 8, Id. to lil. Warehonsis
badly huilt and in great danger from lire. /(/., xvi. ;5!). Aug. Ifl, li. oideis
Argiiello to have warehouses of stone oradohe huilt. Prov. lice, MS., v. 207.
In January 18(X) a huricano tore oil' several roofs; SI .7!)!) wei'! sjient in re]\iii-3
during the year; and complaints contunied. Proc. SI. Pup., M.S., x\iii. 24-7;
xxi. 31.
* One liundrod and ninety-two dollars spent on quarters for volunteers.
Expenditure approved by viceroy Feb. 28, 1798. Prov. St. Pap., JIS., xviL
10, 11.
608
LOCAL EVEXTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
noticed towards tlic strcnfjtlicninij of coast defences
San Francisco could not be neglected, since it was
recognized as the strongest and most important natu-
ral position in California. Vancouver as he entered
the bay was saluted by a brass three-pounder lashed
to a log at Fort Point, and he found another mounted
on a rotten carriage before the presidio. There had
been two guns here, but one had burst shortly before
in firing a salute on a saint's day. No wonder the
Englishman was surprised at the unprotected condi-
tion of so important a point. When he returned in
1793, eleven brass nine-pounders were lying on the
beacli, and a number of natives were erecting what
Kccmcd to be a platform or barbette battery at Fort
Point; but this was intended by the Spaniards to be
a much more formidable work, the Castillo de San
Joaquin, to command the entrance to San Francisco
Bay. The guns had been sent from San Bias in the
Aranzazu, and a gunner's mate, master-carpenter, and
one or two workmen had begun work on the fort in
August.'' Thirty neophytes were hired from the
mission, and as many more gentiles from San Jose.
Choppers were sent to the distant forests down the
peninsula; twenty-three yoke of oxen were employed
in hauling the timber; adobes, bricks, and tiles were
rn[)i(ll3' prepared, and the work was pushed forward
until interrupted by the rains. Soon after its resump-
tion in the spring of 1794 tliere came an order from
the viceroy that the works here and elsewhere were
to be constructed of fascines, to avoid heavy expenses;
1)ut so much progress had been made that it was
deemed best to complete the fortification as begun,
' VaiiroHrer''.s Voj/arjc, ii. 9, .WO. Sept. .30, 1792, S.-il reports the bursting
of tlui f;un into 10 pieces, nobody hurt. »S7. Pii)t., Sm-., MS., vi. 74; i. 117.
AItlion<;h Vancouver says .a gun was fired, Sal reports to the governor th;it
the ( 'hitthitm i,'C)t no sahite for want of a cannon. liL, iii. 'l',\. Oct. .Slst, Sal to
Arrillaga. Only one cannon, and that burst sevend years ago. Cuiidra gavo
some powder and prondseil four or five guns. So it seems that tlie presidio
gun was not so efl'ectivo even as Vancouver supposed. /(/., i. 119. Aug. 'JO,
T79;?, Arrillajra to viceroy, announcing tliat \rork had lieen licgnn on a fort.
After eonipl ting it the men will go to Monterey, i'rav. St. I'd/)., MS., xxi.
113. Dec. Hi, 1793, statement of nuinitiona. Si. Pup., Sac, MS. v. 01.
I
CASTILLO DE SAN JOAQUIX.
COO
espccinlly as earthworks iind fascines were tli()nj;'lit to
be useless here. The fort was coin])leted and bh'ssed
under the name of San Joaquin on December 8, 1 794,
the eiglit guns of the l)attery being mounted, the
sentry-box, casemate, and other necessary buildings
being attached, and nothing more being required but
a garrison to prevent any hostile vessel from entering
the port — so at least Arriilaga believed. Wo have
no detailed description of this foi't, iuii its main walls
were of adobes, faced in the embrasures with briejcs.
The annexed plan i« from an original in my possession.
700
LOCAL EVENTS-SAX FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
Tlic Castillo was of horse 'loc shape, about one hundred
by one hundred and twenty feet. Its cost was !?G,000,
which was paid with some reluctance l)y the royal
treasury.^"
The elements had now another object on which to
exert their destructive power, and repairs kept pace as
nearly as possible. The San Carlos brought sonic
new guns in April 179G, and the Concepclon left
twenty-four sailors. Cordoba examined the fort on
his arrival, and in September reported unfavorably.
The structure rested mainly on sand; the brick-fucod
adobe walls crumbled at the shock whenever a s.sUit?
was fired; the guns were badly mounted and fo; ihi.-
most part worn out, only two of the thirteen tw onU-
four pounders being serviceable or capable of sending
a l)all across the entrance of the port. The wliolo
work, protected by an adobe wall with one gate, was
commanded by a hill in the rear, and the garrison of
'"Jan. 30, 1704, Sal to governor, lias begun to fell timber; guns ou tlio
esplanade. I'ror. St. Pop., MS., xii. 47-">l. Jan. Slst, guns in the battery
fiuiiig the harbor. Id., xii. (i7. The padres endeavored to obtain an exttu
blanket and pair of brecehes for eaeh neophyte laborer per month but failed;
],.')()() adobes being n.ade daily. April ItOtli, a .sergeant and four soldiers in
cliaigeof the laborers. Id., xii. 74. T\veuty-t\va Indians ran away in April.
/(/. , xii. r>;i. .lune Otli, viceroy acknowledges reeeipt of advices on measures
t;dien to complete the provisional esplanade. Id., xi. 174. Jan. lOtli, vice-
roy's orders to use fascines and reduce expenses. June I'Jth, governor's
re|]|y. /'/., xxi. 143-4; xii. I'JO. A oindcK/ahte, carpenter, and two sawyers
sent from San Jllas, and a ))ricklayer and tile-maker were also retained. Tho
troops did most of the work. A rrUhniu, in Id., xii. I'Jl-'J. Dec. 1st, eom-
mandant .says the M'ork is almost ilnished, and he sends the wrkmen to
Miintcrey. hi., xii. .'U. l)ec. 3d, governor refers to the tower, sentry-box,
and other buildings as being nearly done. I'mr. I?cc., ^IS. , v. 'J!>. Fort
blessec. on Dec. 8tli. Id., v. 31-'_>; Prov. St. Pap., .MS., xii. -JO. Jan. 1, 17'.>o,
g(i\ernor sends the viceroy a )dan of tho work, and asks for a garrison of a
ca|itaiii. .sergeant, and 11 men. Prov. P<r., MS., vi. 3,"). I copy a plan of
what I su])i)oso to be this fortification from A/ri,w, I>oc. Hist. Cu/., I.jU.
F.lliot, in Orcrlaiid Moiithh/, iv. 344, says be has the phm in his possession.
Oiii' (if the old guns, four of which serv»! as fender-posts of the ])re,sent fort,
biai's tlie inscrii)tion ' li'on niinido /<»• si norm <lc la I'nd A iidiofia ilc IJiiia.'
Cii^t of building tluw«s7;//o, .'i^(),40l, which real hacienda is ordered to pay oa
Ort. S. I7!».'), as V. ]{. inf(.rms the gov. Pmr. S/. J'ap., ilS., xiii. 4.">, Hi-';
Pr,,r. Rci:, MS., v. 3,"). .'?(J,.">()3, according to St. Pap., Sac, iv. .TJ. Dec. 4,
J7n."), viceroy to I'orica, SI,4S'2 have been paid over to habilitado general in
favor of company fund; Prov. St. /'(//»., MS., xiii. ;V2. May Kl, 17!!."), .Iosi5
(iaiaycoechea, rrtiiih stidili' diKt'iiiijiiiilo dc (irt'dlcrld ili' iiKtriiiti, employed on tho
fort, discharged, his work being done. Prar. ]{<•(•., MS., vi. 4<!. Dec. 4th, tho
viceroy complains that a fort, costly and not needed ('.'I, has been improperly
constructed, without iuvestiyatiou or bkill. Prvv. St. Pup., MS.j xiii, 3--C>.
BATTERY OF YERBA BUEXA.
701
a corporal and six artillerymen was altogether insuf-
ficient. There were several places between jNIonterey
and San l^rancisco where an enemy might land, there-
fore the cavalry force should be increased. To repair
Fort San Joaquin would be very costly; but a new
fort should be built on the hill just back of it, and
another across the channel at San Carlos."
Beyond the constant repairs by which Fort San
Joaquin was kept as nearly in its original state as
possible, and some changes in the disposition of the
guns under Cordoba's instructions, I find no evidence
of further progress at Fort Point during tliis decade.
There was, however, still another battery establislied
in 1797. This was to the east on Point Medanos,
later called Point San Jose and Black Point, re-
named Mason, and long occupied by a battery. It was
"fViv/ofiff, Informr cil Vircy. MS., S'2-.3. The point across the cliannd is
called Puuto lie nonetes in 177(5. Arch. Sta li., MS., iv. ir)3. Feb. •2-2, 17!Mi,
•.liiiiiiigo to foi't liy a storm from the north. Pruv. St. Pep., MS., xxi. '2^4.
Mar. '22d, refereiiuc to a sentry-box erected. April, Borica orders mortnr to
bi! used in the looling, and tiio powder-house to have ju new a<lobe wall at
Boi'ie ilistaneo. Proi'. Pic, ]MS., v. S3, S."). Arrival of guns and sailcirs. J'mr.
St. Pop., MS., xiv. m, 17."); /(/., Ui'ii. Jfil., xxiv. 1'2. July !lth, Alberni to
ha'. e charge of the Avork, 41 Indians from Santa Clara at work. Pruc. Pa.,
MS., V. S7-8. .Inly Kith, ('orduba has been at work on repairs. St. Pup., Sar.,
MS., xvii. 8. Ndv. L".)th, 0.000 ball-eartridges being made. Prov. St. Puji.,
MS., xiv. 119. Dec. (ith, Borica to V. Iv., announces damages caused by
rains. ,S7. Pup., Sac. MS., iv. (iO. Dec. •J7th. V. K. to 15., will send tho
needed armament of heavy guns; meanwhile let guns be taken from (ither
])laees m hire they are less needed. /'/., vii. H'i-o; Pruv. St. PiiJ'., MS., xxi.
'Jol. Jan. ■')(), \~U~, Ilabilitado Carrillo asks for reiTidiiu'.scMicnt of S^dS
ppent on casemate, etc. Pror. St. Pop., MS., xvi. (ii). Maich "JOth, Ciirdolia
\vants M ^4-p(mnders; smaller guns of no use here. J'mr. J,'<r., MS., vi.
SO. Aprd •till, ]>. forwards V. It.'s orders for lepaiis, etc. Pror. St. Pup.,
Ms., xxi. •_V(i--J; /'/■(((•. Pre, ]SIS., V. lO.'i. April ."Otii, work on fort not yt
begun, /'/'w, .SV. i'((/i., MS., xvii. 14S. Juno, fort repaired, with guns in
front and 3 on each side. LI., xxi. 'J04. Oct. '24th, L'4 sailor.- left on the
Snu Curlux for S:,n Jilas. Pmr. Pir., MS., vi. Feb. I, I7'.IS. B. asks the
Y. I{. for a new r<irt on the otiier shore, an ini'icuse of armament to '-'(I "-'l-
pounders, an inenase of I'JS infantry and I!) gunners in tiie j^arriMnis, and a
boat witli a pation and 10 sailors. Prar. Jiir., MS., vi. (10. .Nbinli lo, 17!MI,
anotliei' appeal for a boat. /(/., \'\. 120. l>ecend/er Ifl, 170S, tlieievere ;t
iron 24-])ounders, 1 iioii 12-)oun(iii', and S brass S-potindeis. J'mr, St. P<i/i.,
Jldi. Jfil., !MS., xvii. 7. Fxpi nsi s of the yt ar for rejairs ■S(i()l. /r/., xvii. III.
March 2, I7!l'.t. B. informs ^'. li. that a rainstorm catiseil the Malls of the fort
to fall, also the new casemate Mall, and the barracks are thn ati nod. /'rnr.
MS., vi. 1 10. Jidv loth, v. I!, will attend to the matter. Meanwhile
let tlie works be rejiaiied with adoln s, faseini'
d
rth. Pmr. St. P
'/'
M8., xvii. ."41. In January ISOO a hurricime broke the jjag-stair which tell
on the barracks of the L'anison and smashed boine tiles. Id., xxiii. 24: xxi. III.
702
LOCAL EVENTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
Icnown as the Battery at Yerba Buena, clesigned to
command the shore stretchiiij^ westward to Fort
Point, and that stretchiiiijj eastward to what was
called later North Point, together with the body of
water between that shore and Alcatraz Island, already
so called, known as the anchorajjfc of Yerba Buena,
though it does not appear that any vessel excejit that
of Vancouver ever had anchored there. Thus it will
be seen that the name Yerba Buena, while it may
1, \ been given in a general way to the whole eastern
]);,.' he peninsula from Black Point to Bincon
Poii, as applied in these early times particularly to
the North Beach region and not, as is commoidy sup-
posed and as was the case after 1830, to the cove
south of Telegraph Hill. Of the battery we know
but little save that it was a less elaborate work than
Fort San Joaquin, being hastily constructed of brush-
wood fascines for the most part, with eight embrasures
and five eight-pound guns not needed at the fort. No
permanent gariison was kept here, but at least until
after 1800 the works wore visited daily by a sentinel,
and to a certain extent kept in order. ^^
..■IS /
I have spoken several times of Vancouver's voyages
and his observations in California; but as his was the
first visit of a foreigner to San Francisco Bay, as it
'■-TIic battery is (ivst iiicntionod by tlic governor in coninmnications of
April 4, J7!'7. On A])ril littli Argiiello rccciveil IJorica's orders to fiiriiisli
n ill. Apiil SOtli, Cordoba objected on account of small jjarrisons and distiiuce
from tlio fort. IJiit May .'id lie was ordered by Borioa to bosiu work, and in
dune it was almost lini.slieil. J'mr. St. Pciji., MS,, xvi. Tm; xvii. l-lS-lt;
xviii. 2S; xxi. -J.")!--', '2rt(\, '2M; Prov. HiC, MS., v. KKl, 107; vi. oli, ti!».
The iirst use of tlie name Verba IJuena tiiat 1 have seen is in Sal's letter of
Niiv. 14, 17!'-, announein.t; \'aneouver's arrival. IIi^ is said to have aneliored
'eomo i'l una legua mas aljajo del ])residio frente del parage (jue llamamos la
^'erba lUienn.' >SV. /'"/'., iSWc, !MS.. i. IKi. It is also used iu Sal's letter of
Nov. ,'!Ot]i. Id., iii. -1. Vancouver's anchorage wa.s about midway between
])lack IViint ami North Point. I'aiiroinrr'ti idi/difc, W/a.s'. Q'he name is that
of a species of mint. Wliether it was lirst applied to the island and from
that to the eastern part of t'le jieninsula, or ricr rcnsK, I am uncertain. T'-u
name Tsla del Alcatraz is used by liorica in July 17!t7. I'roiK Sf: I'up., MS,,
xxi. "JOl. I mention tliis fact l)eeanse it lias often been stated tiiat tlie orig-
in;d iind correct form was vMcatraces in tli(! pluial. The name is that apiilicd
by Califonnans and Mexicans to tlic pelican, though more properly belonjj-'.ig
to the ulbatruss.
u
'I
MAP OF SAN FRANCISCO.
703
3ASTA
Map of Sax FUiVNcisco Distuict.
704
LOCAL F.VEXTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
was hcic that ho had the best opportunities to make
observations respecting the institutions of the country,
and as liis visit was one of tlie chief interruptions of
the dull monotony of San Francisco life during the
decade, I deem the subject worthy of brief additional
mention here in connection with local annals.
As Vancouver entered the port at nightfall Nov-
ember 14, 1792, he looked in vain for the lights of
the town which he supposed to be planted here, and
next morning the only sign of civilization was tlio
herds seen in the distance. After a quail-shooting
expedition on the hills where the city now stands he
came into contact with Commandant Sal and was
entertained at the presidio, where the wife of Don
Hermenegildo received him "decently dressed, seated
cross-legged on a mat, placed on a small square wooden
platform raised three or four inches from the ground,
neaily in front of the door, with two daughters and a
son, clean and decently dressed, sitting by her; this
being the mode observed by these ladies when they
receive visitors." Then he was invited to the mission
and "as most kindly treated by fathers Landaeta
and Danti. He saw all that was to be seen on the
peninsula, much more than it was prudent to lot him
see, and though greatly surprised at the weakness
and povertj' of the Spanish establishment and the
lack of "those articles which alone can render the
essentials of life capable of being relished," yet for the
kindness and hospitality of the people he had nothing
but words of praise. The Spaniards as is their wont
l)laced everything at his disposal, and he inter])reted
their offers somewhat too literally, making a visit to
Santa Clara that gave Sal many forebodings. He
made no survey of the bay, but found Yerba Buena
a better anchorage than the usual one nearer the pre-
sidio. Every facility was aftbrded him for obtaining
wood, watei', and supplies, though the carts ])laced at
the dIsj)()sition of the sailors were found to be a more
clumsy and useless contrivance on land than the rude
FOREIGN VISITORS.
705
10
lo
balsas of the natives as water craft. Vancoiivor sailed
for ^Eoiiterey on the 25tli of Novenil)er. He cauiu
back in October of the next year, but was obliged to
put up with tlie ordinary courtesies allowed to for-
(iigners in Spanish colonial ports, and so great was
the contrast that ho left in disgust after a few days'
stay at anchor.'^
The 13th of March 1793 a strano-c vessel was an-
nounc(xl at the entrance of the port. A guai-d was
posted and the live-stock driven in. A boat came to
land in the afternoon, with six men who said the
vessel was English and the captain's name Brown, in
need of watci-, wood, and meat, for which he would
send the next day. The vessel anchored beyond Point
Ahnejas, opposite San Pedro rancho, fired a gun,
and displayed the English flag. On the 15th she
was seen near the Faralloncs, and ou the IGth Sal
reported these facts with his opinion that the foreign
craft meant mischief, though pretending to be bound
for Nootka."
In 1795 three mines were discovered somewhere
within the jurisdiction of San Francisco, called San
Diego, Carmen, and San Jose, with the respective
aliases of IJescubridora, Buenavista, and Esperanza.
One of them was expected to yield gold, and the others
silver or cpiicksilver. Specimens of the ore were scnit
l)y Perez Fernandez to the governor, but ^Eonterey
experts failed to discover metal except in one speci-
men.''' The coming of Alberni and his company of
volunteers Avas the event of 179G, but beyond a bai'e
mention and the eiU"olnient of the reenfoi-cements on
the military recoixls it left no trace in local annals;
yet as almost doubling the population of San Fran-
" Vavcovirr'ti Voynrjc, ii. 1-27, ■in.V4. For further .account of tin's voy-
age, and a map puMislicd in Vancouver's Mork, see chapter xxiv., this vol-
ume.
'< March Ifith. Sal to Borica, in St. Pap., Sa>'., MS., ii. i:)i-2.
'^Sopt. 'JS, ITJI-"), I'erez Feniaiulez to P.nrica. ,S7. I'ap., Snr., MS., vii.
(if)-?. S( ]it. UOth, I'.'s rejily autliorizing ore to be bent to San Bla.-j for assay-
ing. Pror. y,'.r., MS., v. 70.
Ui82. Cal., Vol, I. 15
706
LOCAL EVEXTS-SAN FRAXCLSCO DI.-^TraCT.
cisco it merits mention.'"' In 1797 thevu was a propo-
sition to establish a Carmelite convent and hospice at
San Francisco, but it was (li.sai)proved by both the
guardian and the fiscal, and consequently was aban-
doned.^" The leading event of this year was the
wreck of tlie transport vessel San Carlos in the bay
on the night of the 23d of March, No details are
known except that little of the cargo was lost.^^ The
dmcppcion as a coast guard spent a large part of the
year in this port. At the end of May 1709 the
American sliip Eliza of 13G tons and carrying twelve
guns, bound for Boston with hides, under James
Rowan, obtained supplies under the prescribed re-
strictions.^-^
There were two topics of local interest at San Fran-
cisco during the decade whicii affected the mission not
less than the presidio. These were the establishment
of the rancho del rcy, and Indian affairs. The royal
rancho had been founded hero in 1777, with 115 head
of cattle, whicli were pastured on the hills about the
presidio. The animals multiplied ra[)idly notwith-
standing annual slaughters in the later years and the
'Tt is implied l)y Borica, Prov. Sf. Pop., MS., xxi. 2-H, that Albcmi's
men liail Liiiils ynuitod thoinat San Fi'iiiicisco and tlu^ Ahiiiioil;i; but .sucli was
proliably not the case. Allierni and his company iinivcd May 7, 17W>, on
the San r«rA)x. Pror. St. Pap., Ben, JUL, MS., xxiii. S.'}.
"Arch. .SVf( /i(?W>om. MS,, iv. 180-!«; ix. 10-11; xiii. 84.
^<^Prov. SI. Pap., MS., xvi, 57-8, 181; xvii. -J-l-J; xxi. -J^l, '203; Prov. Per.,
MS., vi. S(i, !)_', !),'). Tlii.s was not the original San Car/os of 1709, Init hci
Bticcessor surnaiiicd JJl Filipino. The (Tew were ol)liL;ed to remain for some
time in California. Tl;e oidy stores specially named as Lwt are 4 lioxca of
cigars and I .'> His. of pow der. April 'JOth, Capt. Saavcdra says to Argiicllo that
most of hi.-! men hat their clotlus, tobacco, and soaj) in llio wreck, lie asks
for them the advance of a month's pay, which was granted to tlio anioinit of
f!|,0"2(i. The troops Mith ."if) natives worked to save the cai'go. April 'J4th,
the padres answer the complaint that they failed to render aid, by stating
that Fernandez was absent, but Landaetasent all his dispo.sablo Indians, who
voiked waist-deep in water for three days and nights. SI. Pap., Sac, !MS. ,
vi. lOS-!). April 14th, the finding of a white man's Ijody in the surf at I't
Keyes is i-e])iirted, and tiie mission majordomo had seen a vessel oil' the l'"ara-
lloncs sliortly before. Prov. Si. Pap., MS., xv. 11(5. AUjerni at tjie same time
wished to send natives to sec if there were any vessels at Bodega; but they
refused ivinn fear of their enemies. /(/., xvii. \'y2.
''•* May •J7th, I'owan to Argiiello, will obey the governor's orders to Rail
■as soon as possible and not to enter any other poi-t. Pmv. St. Pup., xvii,
20G-S, -J.'iS; xviii. 20. .Tune 3cl, Boiiea to viceroy, llowan left a draft for §24
on Boston. Prov. liic, MS., vi. 12j-U.
RANCIIO DEL RFA'.
707
rava^'cs of wild Ijeasts,"" so that in 1791 they numbered
over 1,200. At the end of March of this year tlio
cattle were transferred to Monterey, except a few
milch cows which the soldiers were allowed to keep.
This change seems to have been made by order (jf the
comandante general at the petition of the padres
who represented that injury was done to the interests
of the mission. SubscquenJy the garrison was obliged
to obtain meat from Monterey."^ In 179G, at the
sun'ijjestion of Sal, Borica determined to reestablish a
branch of the rancho del rey, and this was accom-
plished in September 1797, two hundred and sixty-live
cattle being purchased from the missions and i)laced
at Buriburi between San Bruno and San Mateo."'
When the news reached Mexico it brought out a
protest of the guardian, in which he narrated the
past history of the rancho, claimed that Borica had
acted in opposition to the king's wishes that the
mission lands should not be encroached upon, and
demanded an order to remove not only the rancho
but the cattle owned by the soldiers. The pasturage
it was claimed was all needed for the mission herds,
which now must be driven far down the peninsula;
and the natives were suftering great injury in their
'"' In the cattle acconnt of 17S2 appears an item of three arrohas (if yrrha
dr. Piic'ila with wliioh to poison wolves. Prov. I'rr., MS., iii. ll">. ^Vpril and
!May 1 7'JO, commandant refers to ravages of bcar.s and sava^'cs. I'rof. S/. i'ftji.,
Ms. , ix. 'Ji;!-14. Bears numerous in 17!)S. /</., xvii. 10;J.
-' Cattle of the rancho in ITW), 1,174 head. Prov. .S7. Pnp., P.ni. }ni.,
MS., xiii. 0,7. Xet proceeds of sales, .<!;)1. Iil. Sales in 1791, .SSI. Iil.,\\.
5. Xumberof cattle at transfer on :\Iarch 31, 17!tl, 1,21."> head. .S''. J'fip.,
Miii^. and Colon., ^IS., i. OS, The rancho was moved hy order of Fages,
/(/., or by onlcr of commandant gcnend at rcrpie.-.tof padres. Proc. St. Pup.,
Ms., xvii. 14-10. Statistical reports show that tin-, soldiers liad frcim !)(i to
147 cattle down to 17U7 and then the number increased to ."lOO or (iOO, not
including the king's cattle. In 171'3 the number was 11."), and the names of
14 owneis, 'J,'l credited to .Tuan Bernal being the largest munber, yri^ given
from an old inventory in llallet/s (.'< iilciininl Y<ar Book of Aliiincihi. Ciiiiiiti/,
27. There is (pute a mass of iuforniation from the arcIiivLS given in this
work, but there are nearly as many blunders as words in tlie translation,
copy in'/, and printing. In 17!)4, 7-'> cattle for food W're .sent up from Monte-
rey. J''roi: S/. Pup., MS., xii. 30.
" Uorica to conniiandants April ."^0, 170G, Aug. 15, Sept. 1, 1707. /Vow.
Pec, MS., v. 8J, 209; iv. 2JJ-G. Argiicllo to B. Sept. 29th. Prov. St. Pap.,
MS., xvi. 92.
70S
LOCAL EVENTS -SAN FRAXCISCO DISTRICT.
natural and legal rij^lits.-^ IJorica, lu'iiig called upcii
lor an explanation, asked Argiicllo lor a re[)<)rt in
Avliieli ilio governor's eleven (question were cleaily
answered. According to tliis re|)ort tlie mission was
in no respect injured l)j the king's cattkvat IJurihuri,
i'redini; on the liills westward to the Canada de San
Andres and south-westward for two leagues, nor
\voul(l it he injured even should its cattle greatly in-
crease, for it still had several large sitios: San Pedi'o,
iive leagues southward on the coast, where horned
cattle were ke[)t; another two leagues to the south,
where Avere the herds of mares; El Pilar,-' wliere
thei'c was ahundant pasturage for the oxen; San
INFateo, five leagues from the mission, stretcliing to
Santa Clara on the south-cast and to San Pedro on
the west; besides the smaller and nearer tracts of La
A'isitacion, San j^runo, and Lake ]\Iorced. Argiiello
also proved that the mission had been accustomed to
sell to the presidio and the vessels cattle about one
third smaller than those of jNIonterey at j)rices ex-
ceeding those of the taritf, besides obliging tlie jnir-
cliaser to i»'o lonii' distances after the animals.'^' His
arguments seemed conclusive to the viceroy, who in
jNlarch 171)9 ordered the ranclio maintained, notwith-
standing the opposition of tlie friars.-"
The natives, Christian and gentile, caused more
trouble in the region of San Francisco than in any
other part of California, the troublesome gentiles
being chiefly those inhabiting what is now known as
'-'Feb. 5, 1708, guardian to viceroy, in Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xvii. It-Ki.
Horses were kept 10 lea^'iies distant; sheep under a salaried man six leagues
.TWi'.y; and the oxen not aetually at work were also pastured at a lonj; dis-
tance.
-* Rut aceoi'ding to Prov. Per., MS., v. 103, Ai-giiello himself had received
a provisional grant of Kl Pilar in 1797.
'■'■Mune 14, 1708, Rorica to Argiiello. St Pap., M'ikk. ami Colon, MS., i.
(')S-70. -1 njidUo, JiiJ'ornie mhrc el J'aticho del Jiei/ y na iiijliieiiria y rdacion cuii
/■/ Minimi (Ic S(i» Francisco, 2.'). ile Julio 17'.)S, MS. Salazar speaks of S. I'edro
or I'unta de Almejas. Arch. Sta Jliirhani, ii. 7.'>.
-''jNIarch l.'{, 1709, Viceroy Azanza to ]]orica. Prov. S'f. Pap., !MS., xvii.
'220. Jiuie r)th, to conniiandiint. Prov. li<r., ^]S., iv. '298. iXc. .'ilst, nuni-
licr of catth? in the rancho, 879. Net yield from sales, §179. Prov. til. Pap.,
lien. Mil., MS., xxviii. 5.
IXDI.W AFFAIRS.
700
Alameda and C'onti'a Costa coiiiitit'S, actiiH^' in coii-
jmir!i'»n with dcst rti-rs iVoiu San Francisco uiission,
l)ut threaten ini;" more seriously ^Fission San -Jose.
All was (piiet, however, until I7!)j.'"" In ^Farch of
that year Father Dauti stMit a party of fourteen neo-
l)hytes to the I'ancherias of the ( 'liadanes, or Sacal-
anes, to hring in some fuLjitives, but they were attack^'il
by gentiles and Christians combined, and at least seven
of the number were killed. The atl'air was re[)orted
to Borica, who informed the viceroy, but ordered no
retaliation as the Sacalanes were a brave people an<l
would be troublesome as foes, and the fi'iars wei'e
directed to send out no more such parties.^"* In Sep-
tember of the same 3'ear over two hundred natives
deserted from San Francisco, dilferi'nt parties in
diflercnt directions, the number including many old
neophytes wdio had always been faithful before. In
the correspondence which followed, 13ori<'a indicated
his belief that the disaster was <' largely to cruelty
on the part of the i)adres. lie ordered a strict inves-
tigation; instructed the soldiers to afford no aid in the
infliction of punishments unless at the recpiest of both
])adres, for it seems that ])aiiti was uiuch uiore severe
than his associate, and finally protested to the presi-
dent that rigorous steps nuist be taken to insure better
'' In Fobruary 1 703 a new convert named Clmrquin nin away ami wa^'cd
var on all aborigines who favored clirisliaiiity, lioldinj,' '20 women and chil-
dren captives in the mountains. Si. P'ly., S(u\^ MS., vii. 21-,"). Jn IVliriiary
1 7!)"> tliu governor re])orted tiio prospects for new converts excellent at Sau
Francisco and Santa Clara, on account of a scarcity of seci' Prof. J!ii:., MS.,
vi. IM.
*' March 3, May.'?, May 20, 1705, commandant to Borica. June 2;!d, li. to
viceroy. J'mr. ,SV. I'lip.. MS., xiii. 2U-2, 27.')-(;; Prov. J!a:, MS., v. ,')(), ■")();
vi. 4S-.'")0. I suppose the Sacalanes Jivecl in wiiat is now Al.uneda County,
somi^wh(.'rc between Oakland and Mission San .lose'. The niessingers arc
said to Iiave travelled two lUL^hts and one day liefort' rendiing tlio lancherias.
Jjorica says tlio Chiincnes dill the kiliin;^ and lived 30 Iwij^'ues froin iiodega,
on the coast. Sulisecpient e.\i>i(litions show, however, that tiic Sacalanes,
tlie guilty jiarties, did not at any rate li\c north of tlie bay. Theconnnandant
charges Danti \\ itli Jiaving at lirst pronounced tlic stoiy of the survivors u lie,
and with attempting later to keep it from the knowh^dgu of tlic oUiccr.i.
July (ith, IJorica to friars, regrets that they continue sending Indians to tho
other side of the bay. It must be stopped, /'rur. A'ic., MS,, \ i. 14(1. Sei)t.
IStli, V. 11. approves B.'s policy of avoiding war. Prov. Si. Pup., MS., xiii.
82.
710
LOCAL EVENTS_SA\ FRANCLSCO DISTIIICT.
f nntinciit and bolter food, to wliicli Lnsueii <^a\o. ns-
scut.""
In Juno 17!)7 Ji now niisliap occurred. A l.ii'ge
\y,\ri of ilie fui^itiveH lu'longed to the Cucliillonos
across the bay. NotAvitlistandin<«' the nfovci-nni's
orders <h(i niissioiiaiies sent onc^ ]\ainuindo, a Califor-
ni.'in -a nmne still apphed cxchislvely to Ihc^ njilivcs
<»r lijija (^dil'ornia — with thirty natives to lninLT l>ack
Ihe runaways. They crossed in balsas and lell in(<> a
dillicult'' with the Cuchillones which is not cleiirly
desci'ibed, though it appears that no life was lost and
no I'lii^itive recovered. I'his allair gave rise to a new
correspondence and to <\U'ncst protests IVoiu the IViars,
who were inclined to think that the (juarrel, if any
occni-red, had been greatly exaggerated.'" Now tho
Sacidanes assumed a threatening attitude toward
^Mission San Jose, and Sergeant Amador w Mit to
invH>s<igate. ] Te found that th(> gentiles wi .reat-
ening to kill tho Christians if tlu^y continued to work,
and the soldiers if they dared to iiiterfere. lie ac-
cordingly I'ocommendod to l^orica that an expedition
be sent to punish them, to collect fugitives, and to
dis[)el tho idea of the Sacalanes that the Spaniards
we!'t! afraid of them. Borica assented and onK'rcul
Amador to take twenty-two men and fall upon tho
rancheria at dawn, capturing the head men and desert-
ers, but avoiding bloodsluid if possible. Thoy set out
.Inly l-'Uh, and on the lijtli tho troops under Amador
and A'^allejo reached the hostile camp. Tho Sacalanes
Mould listen to nothing; they had digged pits, so that
the Spaniards were forced to dismount and attack with
sworil and lance. In the fight two soldiers wore
" Corrcspondcncp on the subject during 1795-0. In Prov. S/. Pap., ;\IS.,
^•iii. M7 S; xiv. 170; /</., J>en. Mil., xxiv. S-10; Prov. Pec, ISIS., v. 0'.), iSO,
!)l; vi. 172, 17(i.
^*' Letters (if Argiiello, l'"spi, Fernandez, and Landaeta in Pror. Si. Pep.,
MS., xv. 1!)-1'.'). July Kith, Ar<,'iiell() afiseinlded the natives and made kiidwn
ti> them the governor's orders that they were not to go after fugitives I'Ven if
tohl to do .so hy the padres. Tlien the padres iveeived a leeturo on tln' evils
th.it might have resulted. Landaeta insisti'd that the natives had gone of
their own accord and had not been sent. Argiiello to IJorica, in JcL, xv. '2o-T.
AMADOR'S ]',XrKlJlTION.
711
wounded iilld seven liiitives killed. Tlie Cueliillolie.s
^V'e|•e slll)se(|lieiil!y ;itl;i('ked iilid I't^t I'eilied idler olio
luid Keoii killed. On the IKlli Aiuiulor retnnied to
San .J(ts(' with ei-jld v-tlnHn; ('lii'istiaiis Jind iiiim tren-
tiles, ineliidini;' lisc Saealanes ini|>lieated in the airair
of I7!)j and three ( 'iiehilloneH in I hat of Jfainmndo.'"
Thc! testimony and ionle-ssions el' I'ourieen of Hk;
captives were tak(.'n the iJth of August, and iiint; <»l
tlieni having heen ])rove<l jL^iiilty, wore suhscMpiently
sentenced hy JJorica <o I'eeeivcs from tweiity-livtj to
seventy-live lashes and to work in shackles at tho
presidio fioin two months to Ji year.''- In Ihis exam-
ination and in anotlu-r held the TJlh of iVu^iist with
a view to learn why the neophytes had inn away,
neaily all ihe witnesses ^;ivo as their reasons exces-
sive lloo«j;in_<jf, hunger, and the death of relatives."'*
l^orica sidiscMpiently announced that in constMjuence
ol'his ell'orts and especially of the kindnt.'ss ol" J'^ather
Fei'nande'z, the natives were treated better than l)e-
ibre; l)ut Jjasueii declared that the charges of ci'Uelty
wer'o uidbunded, as prove<l by tlie large; number of
conversions. The neophytes iled, not because they
were Hogged or overworked, but because of the rav-
"'^ A iii'i'lor, K.rjicilii'ioii roiitrri. Aw iioil'ih's Sdriilaiirs, mil Cnri'i Kjidiiilvnrki
perU'iici-K iiti: III ti,\iiiiti), I'liH'i, MS.; I'rov. SI. /'(ij>., MS., xv. ITii-H; xvi.
."SO, 7(1 I, SS, !MI; J'rnr. /,•(,:, MS., V. 'J()(!-7. Tlir ilijuy i< thdvA Sail
•lose', .Inly l!)tli, iiiiil tlic j),i]His iiRliidc: July (itii, Ai';,'ii<'Il'» to I'diica; July
Sill, Aiiia'.idr to i;.; July lUtli, J'., to A.; July l!)tli, A. to JJ.; July -JlHt, B.
to A. Cliii.stiaus not to 1)1' ]iuni.slu:il, liut /.'ciitilfs kijit at woi 1; on jii'csidio;
July 'JOtli, rccciiit of J';,'<|ii iuid L.imlacta for 7!) n'tnini'il ii('o[iliyti's. Jictui'ii-
iug iiativi'.s liavo ucvcr lu'iin i)uiii.slic(l. July yotli, AryiicUo t(j 1!., has giviu
up tli(! iicojiliytcs and will try tln^ gcntili'S.
'•'- Ariiiicllo, Jitlficiiin tic lo que (hrlanuim lox fi'mti/i'M Sdi'alancK, J7ii7, MS.;
Jioriril, ( 'itxl'nio.^ (jiir lldil lie siij'rir l(in /il(liil'<, J7H7, MS.
''^'■Ki ri/iii l/ii, lt< hu-'iDii ijiir /iriiiO (Ic lii--< i/rr/nrn<:ioiii:i (/<• Ids IiiiII<i'< ('ri/<fiaiion
/iidilon df lit Misiiiii il( Sun, Fniiirltrn, J7U7, MS. 'J'ilmrcio ■was lloL^gi'd livo
times l)y l)anti for trying at tho death of hi.s wifo and child. .Ma;,dn was put
in the stockn when ill. Tarazon \ isited Iii.s country and felt inclined to stay,
t'laudio was heaten by the alculdo \\\i\i ii stick and forced to wurk when ill.
,)ose Manuel w.is ,-;truck with a hludgcon. J. ilicrato ran away to escape dying
of hungi'r as his mother, two lirothers, and thre(? uejihews had done. Otololl
was lloLTgcd for not caring fur his wife after she had siniu'il with the va(|Ucro.
Milan had to work w ith no food fci- his family and was lloL''ed ln-cause ho
went after clams. I'ataho had lost his family and h.ul no one to take care of
Iiim. Orencio's niece died of huj)L;er. Torihio was always humrry. Magno
received no ration because, occupicil in tending ids sick son, he couhl not
work.
•12
LOCAL F.VENTS— SAN FRAXCISCO DISTRICT.
ages of an opidcinic.^ No furtlier troubles occnirred
at San Francisco, but the 8acalanc.<rand other gcntik's
continued their hostile inlluenco at San Josd mission,
several times requiring the presence of Amador, who
in April 1800 made another raid, killing a chief, cap-
turing twenty' fugitives, and breaking all the bows
and airows of the foc.^''
Something remains to be said of San Francisco Mis-
sion, where wo left Cambon and Danti in charge as
ministers at the end of 1790. Canibi^n, one t)f the
few remaining pioneer missionaries, and a founder of
San Francisco, retired to his college entirely broken
down in health at the end of 1791,'"^ and was succeeded
by Martin Landaeta, a new-comer, who however was
absent from October 1798 to September 1800, Espi
serving in 1797-9, and Merelo in 1799-1800. Diego
Garcia remained until Octoboi 1791, and returned in
1 79G-7. Daiiti retired in the summer of 179G ; I'adro
Fernandez took his place in 1790-7 with Garcia as a
su[)ernumcraiT, and llamon Abella came in July 1798.
Padre ]\Iartiarena was also supernumerary from
August 1800, and the names of several others ai)pear
on the mission-books as having officiated here at dif-
ferent dates.""-
'^.Tuly 1, 1708, Borica to viceroy, in Prov. Her., MS., vi. 97-8; Lamm,
Itcprfyfiilarion, 1S(U, ^IS. , in Arch. Hia Barliara, ii. 20'J-r).
'^•^ A}nu(hn\ Saliild raiitraIii<l!risO'fiilil'H, I.'^'HK MS. Alsoon slight jircvious
t"ou1)ltM at San Josc'. I'ror. St. I'aj,., MS., x\ i. 17.'1 4; xvii. 07, 10(1-1. 10(5-7.
^'' IVilro l5onit(t(';niil)(»n, a native of Santiago in (lali;ia, Sp.iin, a\ aw ordered
to Califoj-nia from tlic colloge in .\ugnst 1770, s<(;tting ont in Oct., i^ailing from
San Hias in .lanuary 1771, and aniving at San ])it'go March I'J, ami Mon-
terey ^lay '21st. He wa.s a foniiilm- of San (Jai>riel in Sejilcniber 1771, anil
served there nntil Ajiril 177-. He then PiKiit several years at \'eli('at,i in
ISaja ( 'alilornia f(ir the lienelit of his health, aiid to look after Franciscan
pr(i|ierty. lie v.-ent to San Francisco in Oct. 1770, hut was alisenl, ficni Oct.
177'' nntil May 178'_', (hiring which time he made a trip from San lU.us t()
Manila as ehai>lain of the San ( 'artoK, (h'Voting his jiay to the jmrehase of sup-
plies for his nen])hytes, and also fonnde<l San ]>uenaventnra. in March 178"2,
He was a xealous ana alili: man, lint his lualth rejjeatcdly hrohe dnwn, and
linally in Xoveinlier 1701, atthe reijucstof Lasnen, andon a ceitiiicate signed
hy three sni'geons, ho was permitted to dojiart witliout waiting for tht' vico-
riiy's license. His last signatnie on the mission-hoeks was on Sept. lOth. .''i'.
J-'riuirisci). Lib. Misiiiii, MS., i, 01, (10; Ari-h. Ar.olii^jindo, MS., i. IS, 10.
'''.Tost^ do la Crn/ J']spi, possihly Kspi as written hy Inniself, a native of
Valencia, came to Mexico in 17S(I, and two years latir Mciit to Moolk.'i as
chaplain with the expedition of Martinez, which touched on the California
MISSION STATISTICS.
713
During the decade 1,213 natives were baptized,
1,031 were buried, 203 of them in 1795, and the ne(v
pliytc population as registered grew from 438 to (;44,
from which it would ai)pcar that most v)f the fugitive
cimarrones had been recovered before 1800. Lai-ge
stock increased from 2,000 to 8,2C0, and sheep Irom
1,700 to G,200.^' Crops in 1800 amounted to 4,100
bushels, one half wheat, the largest yield having been
const. lie came to California as a missionary in 1793, serving at San Antonio
from ScptcTiil)c'r of tl^at vear until September 1794; at Soledad until Di'limm-
lioi- 179."); at S:iuta Cruz until 1797; and at San Francisco fioni .liuu; 1797
until Aii','u.it 1799, wjicn ho obtained leave to retire and sailed from San
Diego Jan. 10, ISOO. ]Io had .served 10 years and refused to remain longer.
Ills .'signature ajipeai.s on the Sun Francisco Looks until Aug. ID, 1799. >'.
Fi-iiiiriM'i', Lih. (la Misiiiii, ]\1S., 4-4; Arch. Sta Bdrhtra, JIS., .xi. (i<), 'i-0;
Arch. Ar~.olii-:/i(t(lo, jMS., i. .57.
Of Antonio l)anti wo only know that he was minister at San I'raneiseo
from Oeti)l,cr 1791) until July 179II; tliat he had a fiei-y temiiorainent~-'/('/(/'>
(Id pdlrora, as ISorica ternieil it — and was disposed to lie imdnly severe to liis
Indians; and that lie was linally aliowcnl to r(;tir.', suffering from some trouble
with his legs and with inlhnnnuition of the eyes threat<niing blindness. San
lyaiicisin, Lih. lie ^/isinll, MS., 41; Arch, iila Bdrliard, MS., vi. 'J"J7; xi.
50-7; Pruv. J?cr., MS., vi. 149, l,-)7, 10.'!.
Diego (Iiirci.^ came to California in 17S7, serving at San Francisco from
September of tii.nt year until October 1791; at Soledad until February I79"J;
at San .\ntoiiio ap'il Xoveiiilier 179-; again at Soledad until }ila\'i'h 17l'>i; and
again at San Francisco until May 1797. JIo was generally a snpcrnunieiary
and liis .serviecj as miiiister were not in great demand. One year on some
frivolous pretext he neglected to sow any grain; lu? made liims<'lf oliuoxious
to each succcsi-ivo associate; and once wlien assigned to San Jose refused
obedience. Ka'-inally no objection was luadi; to liis retiring at the end of Ills
term of 10 years, t!io coming of which probably saved iiim fror.i di.;niissal liy
Lasuen. Ilis license was dated July S, 1797; his last .signature at Sau Fran-
cisco was oil 'Sh.y ISth. San Fraiiri.-<ro, Lih. <lc .Mi.-<ioii, ^1S.,4(), 01; Sulaldil,
J/ih. dc Mivuv, ^IS.; Anh. SUt, JJurhara, MS., xi. 'Jl'7-!>; I'mr. J'<c., !MS., vi.
115.
Josi'' ^larfa Fernandez left his college in February and arrived at Sau
Francisco in September 1790, serving until May 1797 as niiiiisli.r, receiving
his liceupo in -July, and leaving Califi)ruia a little later. lie was a very kind-
hearted, nian, and as we have seen llorica gave him great credit for having
.secured better t;e;;tmcnt for tlie natives at Sari Francisco; but a blow on
the head aceiilentaily received all'eeted his lieallli and esjieciaUy hi " .md to
BUch an extent as to i'.icapacitate him for missionary lab(,r .S^, ii Francisco, Lih.
(Ic Misio)i. .MS.; Arch.st,!, ]}drh((r<i, xi. 57-S; 7Vo/-. /.Vc, MS. vi. 9S.
^■'' M:-.y 'JS, 1791, Fages infnrnicd lloun a tliat tlie padres of San I'raneiseo
had formed a ni'W establishment seven leagues away, v here the}' !;< pt most
of their neiipliytis. Pror. S/. I'ii/k. MS., x. 149; but we hear no nioic of tlio
subject. The controversies betw.'en mission and [iresidioaliout [lasturage, and
the alleged inferiority of San Franeiseo cattle, liave bein ahcady noticed. In
Prnr. A'.c., MS., vi. 7!>, it is stati'd that sheeii-raising was inirodueed in
1790, but no .-pecial increase a]i]iears in the sta", isties for that year. May 19,
1797, -Argi'.illo :ay.-; tlie Sau Francisco slu'e]( lu ing of .Merino y-Uttk nu.y li<' i»
little b"tter tli;.n elsev\licre. He wanted to buy H!0, but Lanilaeta refused to
sell. Pror. SI. Pap., MS., xv. 8, ».
(14
LOCAL EVENTS— SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
5,800 l)usli(>l,s ill 170G; the smallest 1/J()0 in 1792,"'
and the avcrai^o .TjGOO bushels. The mission l)uikl-
inu's \vero described by A^aiicouver as {oriuiii!^ two
sides of a square, without any apparent intention of
oom])leting the quadrangle, the areliitecture and ma-
terial being as at the ja'esidio, but the ap;n'tuients
larufer, better constructed, and cleaiu^r. At (bis time
all rools were of tliatch, and the dwellings of (lie Ind-
ians were huts of Avillow poles, basket-work of twigs,
and thatch of I'rass and tules, about twelve feet hisjfh,
six or sev(;ii feet in diameter, and "abominably in-
fested with every kind of filth and nasiiness." In
1793 nine(een adobe houses were built, wiiich number
was subse(iuently increased until in 1798 there wen;
enough for most of the married neo})liytes. In 1794
a new stori?liouse 150 feet lon<x was built aiul roofed
with tiles as were some of the old build ings, and half
a league of ditch was dug round the potrcro and fields.
In 1795 another ad»»be building IHO feet lonu' was
erected; and tile roofs were completed foi- ;ill the
structures, including the church, about whicli from the
laying of the coriu-r-stone in 1782 nothing more is
recorded down to 1800.'"^ At the tinu> of X'ancouver's
visit one large room was ()ccu[)ied by manul'acturers
of a coarse sort of )>lanketing, made iVom v,()ol pro-
duced in (he neighborhood, "The looms, thouirh
rudely wrought, were tolerably well contrived, and
hail biHMi made by the Iiulians. 1'hu ]»roduce is
wholly a[)[)lied to the clothing of the conxirted Ind-
ians. I saw some of the cloth, which was by no
"'•' 'Win re tlio c'iil;i\atc(l ticlda wore sitiialcil iit tlii.s tiiiii? docs not iippi'iir.
In ITO.'i ^:'.l[l[llil's Inrnislu'd to tlio pivsidio iiinountt'd to .'; L',.s;il. I'ror. J,'cc.,
MS., V. 'JO. In J;',iiniiry 17!'."> cold weatlicr i)rcv('ntcd tlio ]i;Hlri's IVoiu nay-
iuii nuiiss. /(/., V. 'lO-l. I'loin 17!>7 to 1800 n';;ular wi'mIIut ivport.s woi'o
rcndiri'd ;it tlio < nd (if I'iU'h yar. 17!>7 wa.s cold, windy and io;r;ry. .S7. Ptip.,
(S'cic, MS., \i. ICO. In 171''^ tlio .-^uninicr licuan A\ iih -tiTril.lc and contiiiii-
ouM wiiul' and I'u;;, and the winter witli fro.st, iic.i\y rains, an<l roof-dania'j;ini;
winds. /V>"-. S''. J'ii/>., /Ini. Mil., MS., xvii. -I'l-W. In I7;)';> liltlc niin,
licavy iKU'lli winds, and nnich iVost. /(/., x.wii. 12. ISOO, heavy niins, soino
I'roMt, stroni,' winds. /(/., xxviii. I'J-IH.
<" r,///(vw(C(/'V Votjwir, ii. 10-14; St. I'op., J/^-s., MS., i. l-Jh ii. l.",, 7S;
/';•(//'. St. I'iip., MS., xvii. .")!•-()(). Faj;e.s .states tliat in 17'S7 there waa hut
a Mnplumcuto du iglcsia, a temporary alUiir, J'lujro, Iiijurim Cut., MS., 140.
AXXALS OF SAN JOSfi.
71S
mcnns dosploablo; and, had it received the advantage
()(' I'liHinL?, would have been a very decent sort of
I'lotl
unjjf.
n
1797 Borica ordercul tliat mission
blanlccts yliould be used at the presi(ho, and no more
obtained from IMoxico; but in 1799 he (hsaj)[)rovc'd
the Trials' scheme of buildinu" a fulhn<»-niill. In 179G
a manufacture of coarse
der Mariano Tapia.*^
pottery was cstabhshed un-
The newestablislnnentsof I^ranciforte, Santa Cruz,
and IMission San Jose having been elsewhere noticed,
there remain the annals of Santa Clara and the juicblo
of San Jose, the former within this noi't'icrn jurisdic-
tion, and tlie latter most conveniently included in it,
though it really belonged to the militaiy jurisilictiou
of Monterey. At the ])ueblo population increased in
general terms from eighty to one hundred and sev-
enty, though the variation from year to year is so
^' White .npin-cnticos were to conic to iSan Francisco to learn to make pot-
tery. /'/•(.)•. J.'rr., ]\IS., iv. 5:5-4: v. 7S, '-'()(•; vi. '_':!0. Some cotton from Siin
Bias was woven before 1707. AV. I'up., iMlsfi., MS., ii. !(!(>. lii 17'JS the mis-
sion conlracteil to furni^li tiles to the prcsiWiu at >,'20 per thousand. J'rov. S/.
Pap., MS., xvii. !»7; xvi. 2,"), -l-i.
Such are the faet^ hriilly istated in 'J.'l jmims that I have to present i-espcct-
ing San I'ranci.sLO from IT'.H to hSOO. iMo^tol' (ln^ facts ai( in tluin.selvcs not
veiy startlini; or im[iortant, but tliey constitute tlic aiin.l; for ten yars of
what is now ;i great city; and they have been recorded nut dilliiscly, 1 believe,
but ^\ illi due i-ondcnsalion. As 1 write, a //islan/ nl' t/ir Ci/;/ nf Stai Fruu-
c'lxci) comes from the ]iress. It was wiitten in aceord.inc(! witli a, resolution of
con;;;ress calliii;^ for a historical sUetch of each town from il.s foundalii>n, as ik
ceniennial memorial; it was written by a \iioncer, i.u editor, tiie acilnir of
•r.'vcr.il j.':ood works, the historian of the Siicii;(y of < 'alifuinia I'iomiis; in
fact by a man .generally supposed, and \\ illi nmeli r. ason, to be better ipi.dilied
than any otln r for liie t.isk, for which ht; was pai<l by the city. ]')i'in\' a his-
tory of a. town the work miijht naturally be expceted to deal lar';ely in local
detail:! v, hose alisenee in a history of California would be exeu.sable. 'J he
Work has received no unfavorable criticism, except for its renderii;;^ of n.odern
events invohing jiersonal and ]ioHlical prejudices. For the Spanish period
there is nothing but praise. Tiie leailiug joui'uals of tlie city credit tim
author with iinmenso research among the records of the past, and with an
cxhauUive treatment of his subject. Naturally, theiefore, it was w itli some
trembling that 1 compared the residts with tliose of my own laiiois; but [
breathe nioie freely and am eucourai;ed, w hen 1 see tliat lespcctiug this dec-
ade the work alhuKd to contains the foMowing, ami notliing nra'c: 'Cauilion
was iroon supcr.cdiil by Danti, and he liy Avclla, who serve<l 'Ji) years, coui
inencing in 17r/7;' the mission had in 'I7!'.">, 704 Indians, 'J, 7''-) cattle, 'J.llcO
8heei>. anil .'III horses.' For four ileeades, frijiu 17^(1 to bS'JO, all tliat tlie work
contains will bai'cjy till one page of foolseai) manuscript. 'I his is but a sample
of i\\v. reeiid of larly ( alif.iriiia events hitherto called history, and yet the
work to w liich i refer i.s one of the best of its class.
716
LOCAL EVE^ITS— SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
great and incx[)licab]o as to inspire doubts of entire
accuracy.''^ Of the nine original settlers six were still
left in I 797, the latest oonipleto rej^ort extant, and
about fifty new names of settlers, pensionei-s, and sol-
diers appear during tlie decade. Ignaeio Vallejo held
the office of comisionado until Noveni1>er 17*J'J, and
from Miiy 1797 to November 1799; Macario Castro
from 1792 to 1794, and from 1799 to 1807; and
Gabriel Moraga from 1794 to 1797, the same men
being coi-porals of the guard. Marcos Chabolla was
alcahh^, in 179G, Jose IMaria Martinez in 1797, Jacobo
A'^elarde in 1798, Ignaeio Castro in 1799, and Fran-
cisco Castro in 1800.
Cattle and horses increased from less than 1,000
head to G,580, wliile sheep, notwitlistanding Borica's
cftbrts, decreased to less than 400.''^ Agricultural
products were 4,-300 busliels in 1800, the largest crop
having been G,700 bushels in 1797, and the smallest
^'^ Accnnlin!^ to the stiitisticsi the [topulation in 1701 vas S2; in 1702, 122;
ill 17!M, SO; ill 179o, 187; in 1700, 20S; in 1708, l.")2; ami in ISOO, 171, from
10 to 20 ii;itiv(^s being includcil in each number. Of the 2(» nanus j^ivon in ;i
former chapter (xvi.) for 1700, tliere (lisap])eare{I before 1707, Antonio J'omero
ami Francisco Avila (sent away in 1702) of the pohladairs; Juan ^Vntonio
Anu'z(nuta, invalid; and Higuera, Caj'uclas, and .Toaf|niii Castro, (iiiirniidns.
The new iianu's that apjiear during the decade, most of tiieni on the list of
1707, are as foUows: Francisco Alvirez, Javier Ahiso, Fniiicisco Ah iso, Jos6
Aguila, iM-ancisco Arias, Jnsto Altnmirano, Jose Avila, Nicolas IVrreyesa,
I'edro Jjojonpies, .Tost; Maria Benavides, .Vntonio Riiclna, Francisco Jii'jar,
Marcos Chabolla, Francisco Castro, Macario Castro, Leocadio Cilnian, Falilo
Cibriaii, Ignaeio Cantua, Nicoh'is Camareno, liernarilo Fl(>res, Reniaido (ion-
zalez, I'r.'incisco Gonzalez, Nicolas (liiliiido, Ijcrnardo Heredia, Salvador
Higuera, Ramon Lasso do la Vega, Jose Larios, Jose ^laria Martinez, Leo-
cadio Martinez, Dolores ]Mesa. .Tnatpiiii Mesa, Cabriel Moraga, Jiiim r^lejia,
Miguel Osnna, Ignaeio I'aclK^co, Miguel Facheeo, Luis Feralta, Jose Fliego,
Peilro Romero, .lost! Maria Ituiz, Juan Rosas, Jose Sacz, Miguel Saez, Justo
Saez, .lose Antonio Sanchez, Albino Tobar, Rafael Villaviccncio, Jacolio
Velarde, Antonio Soto. List of 170!?, in I'ror. L'cr., MS., v. 410-14. List.s
of 1707. in I'n.r. St. J'ap., MS., xv. i:iO-l; LI., B<n. Mil, MS., x.\v. 0, 7.
^' Three thousand three hundred and fort^'-scven cattle, hor.ses, and mules,
tlu! mimber for 1700, m'ouM probably be a fairer estimate, for the statistics
are very irregular. All increase; from 04.") cattle in 1700 to 3, .Til in 1800 is
inexiilicalile. the number given for ISOl being 1,8!1. ,>litip-raising intro-
duced in 1700, according to Pror. I?<"\, ilS., vi. 7ii. IMay 18, 170(1,' Sal to
comisionado, transcribing Rorica's orders. Miny vecinos have not a single
sheep. 1'liis is bad and (contrary to the reglanii'iitcj. Each settler must at
once obtain a ram and 10 sheep, and the government will at once advance the
means to the poor. S. Joyi', Arcli., MS., ii. S7. A settler must not keep moro
than .">') cattle, and should keep sheep in f h( [iroportion of three to one. Prov,
Jhc, J\l,s., iv. 204; Uep. St. Pap., S. JoHi\ MS., i. 73-4.
PItlVATE KANTIIOS.
717
1,800 in 1790.^* These figures include wlieat, corn,
and beans, but not benip, the culture of which was
introduced into California in 1795, San Jose being
selected as the place for the exi)erinient, and Ignacio
Vallejo as the man to su[)erintend it. Small cro[)s of
this staple were raised nearly every year during the
last half of the decade. Some rude machinery was
constructed for its pi'oparation, and several small lots
of the prepared fibre were sent tt) Monterey foi" ship-
ment to San Blas.'^"
Outside of the pueblo limits, there is no evidence of
any agricultural or stock-raising operations in this
region or in the San Francisco jurisdiction, where no
land-grants even of a provisional nature had been
made, except ])erliaps El Pilar on the peninsula to Jose
Arguello in 1797, about which there is some uncer-
tainty ''*' The slight structures of the town had, as
^* Jan. 15, 1795, Boricaiirges increased attention to agriculture and prom-
ises preference in the pureliase of supplies. Dv/it. St. I'up., S. Jim-, .\J8., i.
4.")-(). March 29, 1791), J?orica is glad to know the reservoir is liiiished and
he oilers a preniiuui of if'l't to the man wlio shall raise the liiggest crop. I'rov.
Ji'ic., JIS., iv. 180. Se[it. I79li, Borica congratulates San Jose on her wlimt
crop. Ill Miiy he had soundly rated the coni'sionado foi' not iihuiliiig inorc
corn. /(/., iv. 18S-0, li)U, \H)'2. May ■_', 179(1, 10 sacks seed-ccini .scut froiii
^Monterey. S. ,/osr, Aflt., MS., ii. 87. Sejit. 1."), 1797, ci)in[ilainls of had
(piiditvof San .Tosii (lour. A/., v. ;{'_*. ^lay 30, I79S, IJuriea (>i'dcis the settlers
to enclose their lields. Pror. lln., MS., iv. 27--', 'I'Si. Aug. IJJ, 179',), N'allejo
to r>., very poor Mheat crojis caused liy fhnhuhlc. Asks for time to pay
loans and tithes. Prov. St. ]'<(}>., MS., xvii. 'J'J9.
'•■Dec. '23, 179."), IJorica to Moraga ordering him toaflbrd Vallejoaid in the
way of grain with which to pay native laborers. Pmr. Pre., MS., iv, "Jll.
Dec. '1th, Argiiello to Moraga, transcribes 15. 's note of Dec. 1st, with vict.roy's
order of Aug, 2(Jth, iii reply to Borica's of Feb. 1st, with instructions on picji-
aratiou of hemp, and ]>r(iiiiise of instruments. S. ./o.v', Arch., M.'>., iv. "JS.
Lands of Linares taken and others given him. Pror. Pec, M.S., iv. 177-80.
July 11, 17'.''), 1>. regiets loss of lirst crop; but live fanegasot seed were saved.
J(l., iv. 19'J, 199. August l.'ith, 15. to \'alli>ji', cai-pent(^r IJcjar to make macliin-
cry. Ora in to be sown for rations of native laborers. Jil.,iv. 1!)7. Aljnut liO
faiicgas of seed harvested in 179(!-7. Twenty-live arrobas (l)'J."> lbs.) sent to
San iilas ill 1798. PL, vi. lO.'i; St. J'(ip.,Sin:, MX., iv. 70, Xumcruus minor
commmncations on tlie sidiject during 1707, showing great inti'iest on the
l)art of Lorica and even tlic V. 1\. Prur. St. Pop., M.S., xv. Seven bales
.shipjied ill Septend)er 1800. Crop in lSOO-1 not good. Pfor. Pw., ^IS., iv.
15; .S'. Jusr, Arr/i., MS., iii. .")9, (i(i, 70.
"^ Application and gr.intrecordid in Pror. lire, MS., v. 103; but in 1798 Ar-
giiello himself names 101 I'ilar as ))el(jiiging to the mission. Ari/in l/n, Jii/urmc
t-uhtr UaiK-hri del /.'(//, MS. In his report of 171*4 An illaga says tliat tlie settlers
of San .lose formerly did not possiss their lands in property, and tlii' landannu-
uUyassigiied them by the cinnisioiiadowas not properly cidtivated lit cause liable
lic.'it year to fall iuto the hands of another. The couiisioiiado w as tliercforeor-
718
LOCAL EVENTS— SAN FRANCLSCO DISTRICT.
%vo have seen, been removed before 1791 to a short
di.staiK'o from the oriijiiial site, but there is iiothin<x to
show that the buildings on the new site ^^■erc of a
more substantial character;"'^ neither was there au}'-
tliing noticeable accomplished in the way of manui'ac-
tures.^^
' The settlers showed a spirit of insubordination early
in 1792, owing to popular dissatisfaction with Valkjo
as coniisionado, but on his removal quiet was restored,
not to 1)0 disturbed in the same way until 1800 under
Castro's administration. At this time a gang of idle
vagabonds conunitted all kinds of depredations, and
finally set the con\isionado's house on fire one niufht
when a *'j)eaceable and lawful ball" was in progress.
A detachment of soldiers was sent from San Fran-
cisco to I'estore order, which it is to be presumed they
accomplished, though we have no particulars.'"' Mean-
while in 1794 there had been fears of an Indian out-
break whicli gave rise to much correspondence and
caused unusual precautions. Father Fernandez of
Santa Chira was accused of undue severity in connec-
tion with this afi'air, a charge not fully sustained when
Alferez Sal was sent to make investigations. No out-
(krod to distribute four Dvertes to each on condition of paying a fee of rcoonoci-
luiiiilototlic king, and of not selling -without consent of the authorities. J'rov.
S'. I\(/)., MS., xii. 18S-0. Dec. '2d, 17!)3, governor to coniisionailo, each
lot to lie '2(i0 yards fquare, for which half a fanega of maize nuist ho jiaid.
Js'ew mttlois nnist yny sanio as old pobladorcs, and ■will get a title. After a
year and a day tluy may hold ollice. He who abandons his land loses all
improvements. Itelired soldiers pay no reconocimiento, hut their heirs nmst
pay. LL, xxi. 177-S. Feb. 7, 1800, some settlers disposed to abandon their
lands or part of them. This must not be allowed. ,S. Jon^, Arch., MH., iii.
m.
*' Sejit. 2."), 1707, reference to a bridge over the creek. Proi\ I'cr., MS.,
iv. 'J."i7. A]iril .S, 1700. if the people want a chapel they may use the commu-
nity grain to build it. LI., iv. 'JO'J.
^''.b.n. 170.'), Doriea urges the people to tan hides and make sad<lh'«, boots,
and shoes, etc., which will he purchased at fair prices if of good (juality. lie
will have no idleness. I'nn: live, JMS., iv. '2'20. Leocadio Martinez, I'arpcn-
ter, \ias exiled here in 1700. Sua Jour, Arch., MS., ii. 70. Oct. 'JS, 1708,
Larios and lialestcros allowed to build a water-mill. Prov. Itic., MS., iv.
'JSIi. July 1700, rel'erence to Villaviccncio's weavery at San Jose. Jd., iv.
300.
'» .1 rrlllaffd, Papd dc Punlos, MS., 188. Sept. 30, 1800, Castro to Sal, with
ecrtilicatc of alcahle and Kanjon Lasso. Oct. '2d, Sal to Arrillaga transmit-
ting tlic complaint. Dec. 1 1! th, governor's orders to Sal uud Alberni. Prov.
Hi. PuiL, MS., xviii. 4-8, 10.
PUEBLO VS MISSION.
710
brenk oceiirrcd/'" After 1797 a largo part of the
inililarv t^uard was witlidrawii to provide for the new
foundations.
In 1797 tliere was a proposition to nio\e tlie pnel)lo
to tlio W(>siei'n bank of the river, with a xlrw to
tl
escajie tin; (lant^er or Hiun<
f
dat
ion.
It
fj
was iavori'(
I 1
)V
]\[or;t_tjja, Vallcjo, Ak'alde Chabolla, and in fact l>y all
the settlers except four, Boriea, ordei-ed ('(H'doha to
examine the proposed site and make a })lan for the
town, and Ihc change seemed likely to be eflected;
but a.fter S('plend)er the whole subject was dropped,''^
j>robably in consequence of a controversy between the
pueblo and mission about boundaries. I'his (piai'i'el was
the most notable local event of the decade. In A))ril
1797 l^'atlier Sanchez of Santa Clara coin])lained tliat
the t
OV.'llSliK
II were encroachin<jf on the mission lanck
Borica thereupon sent the engineer CNa'doba to make
a survey and establish the boundaries, taking into
account tlie views of both friars and vecinos and also
the former sui'vey of jMoi'aga. Cordoba rejiorted in
AuQ'Ust that the bound, so far as it could be detcjr-
mmec
•om
TiF
oiairas rf
ather
vague survey l)\' meas-
uring 1,950 vai'as down the river from wherc^ the old
dam was said to have been, w\'is within the mission
2Mtiu'i'<), and that tlie padres refused to accept it in a
represent.'itlou enclosed in the report. In this docu-
)pr
)rica.
es,
ment, addressed by Catak'i and Viader to B(
great stress was ])laced on the i-ights of the nativ
and to the fact tliat some time in the future the lands
must l)e (li\ i;!ed amoniif the 5,000 native owners. It
•''"Convrpoiiilcnco Inhvcoii Mor.i^'n, Arc'i'iollo, nutl S:il in Prov. Sf. Pa/i.,
IIH., xii. ;;;), •!'.'-.".;), ]-2\-:.-2, l,S!)-<)l."]May'l(i, 17!)7, (numl to l.o withdiMwii.
yVoi". /iVc, ^IS., iv. L'l.'i. Aiiir. 2, 1701, troops ordered to lie drawn up iimler
arms, and all ii;i.-"'ii;i t > iissemMe with oIlieialH to formally reecvrnixe I'orioik
us ^'ovcinor. .S'. ./.-s', -I /■'■//., .MS., iii. 'J.'l. May 'JO, 17!)", iSIoraf^a, tr> Vallcjo,
statcuKnt of armament and amnninitioii. There ^vas <ine nioiinted cannon.
Pror. ,SV. J'a,n., J.IS,, xv. ItlS-!); ,S'. ,/.,,V. Arch., ilS., i i. 4S-;).
s'.Ia.ii. 8, 17!;7, Mora' a to IJorica. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xv. 4. -Tan. 10th,
ClmboUa to n. / ' :.i.'l21. ]May 11th, 15. to Cordolia. A/., x.\i. t.V,7. Sept.
7th, Vallejo to li. /-/., xv. 14,'). S. pt. '2<ith, Vallejo say.s the alealdc! luw
directed llie jx'oplc to hnild aeros.s the river. Id., xvii. -41. Xo date, .ros(3
Maria Murtiuez siiy.s the .settlers did not desire the removal. Id., xvii. 241.
720
LOCAL EVEXTS-SAN FRANCISCO DLSTPJCT.
^vas clriiraotl that tho mission had hccii in actual pos-
session of tho lands in dispute for twelve years, and
instances were cited where controversies with individ-
uals had heen decided by Moraga and others in favQr
of the mission. Moreover, the natives, both Chris-
tian and gentile, were beginning to comphihi that they
were robbed of their lands.
Nothing more is heard of the matter for a year.'^^
In July 1708 the guardian of San Fernando college,
who was no other than Padre Tomas de la Pena, for-
merly minister of Santa Clara, and to whom the mat-
ter had naturally been referred by the missionaries,
addressed a petition to the viceroy. !'■ "t he states
that ]\roraga founded the pueljlo nearer the mission
than Neve liad intended it to be. Neve had subse-
quently admitted this and promised to move the town;
but as durinrr liis administration no lands were as-
signed, no landmarks fixed, and no pueblo cattle sent
across the river, there had been no trouble.'"'^ When
ra<>'es came he determined to fjrant lands and fix
boundaries, and lie did so notwitlistandinu* the friars'
verbid and written jirotest and Jinn'})ei'o Serras en-
treaties, to which h(! paid not the sliglitest respect.
From that time troubles were frequent, and Fages,
the arclienemy of the friars, seemed to take })leasurc
in annoying them. In 178G, however, Palou on his
return to Mexico laid the matter before the viceroy
and obtained a promise of relief or at least of investi-
gation; the river to be the boundary until a definite
•settlement should be made. Owing to the death of
the viceroy followed by that of Palou, the promise
'''•'In the mean time, however, the padres of Mission San Jest'; coinplainod of
(lam.-ijfo (lone by pucljlo horses, and Vallejo gave orders to remedy the evil,
though it Avns dillieult to keep the horses ofl' the lands where they had been
horn and raised. Oct. 9, 1708, P. Barccnilla to Vallejo. Oct. IStli, Vallejo
to r.oriua. Proi: St. Pap., MS., xv. l,5G-7.
■''■' Xeve, Iiinlriircioii que da u Fa(ics, MS., 147, seems to have pronounced
in favor of the half-way mark between pueblo and mission as the boundary.
' Dcclaro (jne la guardiaraya 6 lindero que divide los dos terniinos do Oriente
A roaiente es la nicdiaeion del terreno <pic intermedia eutre las dos poblaci-
ones, correspond iendo a la mision la parte del Norte, y al Pueblo la del Sur,
dondu pucdcn poiierse desdc luego mojoncras.'
SAX JOSK VS SANTA CLARA.
721
was not fullillod; but duiinj^ tlio tiino of Iioniou and
Arrillaga, the mission had never i-ecoL'iiized tl)e old
landniaiks, and without hinderauee liad luiilt their
fenees and used tlie land beyond tliose old liouiids.
Now, however, the settlers were encroaehing on the
lands thus occu])ied, and insisting on the lin)its lixctl
by Fages. The petition calls for the river Guadalujie
as a dividing lini;, whieli will leave to tlu^ pueblo laud
enough, and with which the niission will be content,
though its lands be less in extent and of inferior (|ua!ity.
This })etition was referred to Borica, who in ])ecen»-
ber 1798 reported in favor of the padres, but sugg(>sted
that a part of the mountains toward the coast should
be reserved to the pueblo for a source of wood-supply.
On this basis the matter was settled, after some luiim-
j)ortant correspondence between local authorities, by a
viceregal decree of 8e[)tcnd)er 1, 1800, in favor (»f the
Guadalupe as a boundary, with a reservation of nioini-
tain woodland to be agreed upon and dearly maikcd
to prevent future dis|)utes. Ca[)tain ArgiU'llo was
a[)p()intcd connnissioner for the i)ueblo, and I\idre
Landaetafor the mission, and in July 1801 tlu' boun-
daries were surveyed and landmarks iixed. Thus the
missionaries were victorious.'^ 1 a])pend in a nott* a
slight resume of pueblo regulations: at San Jose as
expressed in the correspondence o^' this decade.'"'
^'.*^«/? ./osd, Ciicyfion do Limitcx entrp el Pitrhlo y hi Misinn (h' Sniiln dfirn,
1707-.1S01. Viirhx J'tijie/f.i fo'riiitr.'i al A-iini/o., MS. Tlioso piipois iiK'luilo
Ajiril .'50, 1707, eoiniilniiit </f 1*. Sanclie/ to IJdiica; May lltli, dcoieo of 15.
M'itli iiistructidii.s tn Cunlol).'!; .July '2!ttli, t'Xiiipiiiiitioi'. of witnesses jit San
.losi'; Aii.u. 7tli, Ci'irdolia'.s ii]ioit; Aujf. (Jtli, i'e|irfS('iitatioii of Catalii anil
Viaik'i'tu 1). ; .1 Illy '27, ]'i'^^. I'l I'lii. Piliriiiii lUI P. (hhtnlian Kuhrc litnili ■■< dc Sua
Jiiftr y Siitilii Chii-ii, l!!iS, MS. Aui^. 7tli, A'ii'croy A;:an/ii to 1!.; ])(o. 'Ai\, 15.
to V. ];., iip]iiovinu]ia<lr(,''s tlaiins, in Pror. /,'ir., MS. vi. 110; .Ian. .Sd, ,\|iiil
1. ISOO, Sal to uoniisionado of S. ,Iosu. S. Jo.<r, Arr/i., .MS., ill. ."lO, oli. I'cl).
mil, Oov. to Sal. /'i-iii: /,Vr., ?»IS., ,\i. i:i4. ,So]it. 1st. X. R.'s <U'tivo of scttld-
incnt. ,S'/. Pii/i., S-n:, MS., ix. 10, 11. An;,'. 1, ISOI, Carrillo to Anilla^ja,
lias rccuivi'il Ai'micllo's icjiort of .fnly-'ilst. S/.Pa/i., Ml^n. (tml Culdii., .M.S.,
i. 44. Aug. .'ilst, Oov. to ( 'ariillo, is adviscil > *■ \\w cstaMislinu'iit of flu' line
and of tlic settlers' <liseontent. (lo\cii:oi' to jaesident to same elicit. I'mv.
St. Par., Bfu. Mil., :MS., xxxii. .'i; Pn,r. /,\v., .MS., vi. l.'). Oet. ■_'(», IS(W,
]iadio o.sks jierniissioii to mark the liound.'iiics with trenches. S. Josr, Airh.,
MS.,i\. 100. See also llitll'.^ I list . S. Jus'\ .")7-S0.
"'.InDc \'l, 17fl-, Ar.'.^iiello to uovenior, only soldiers, jii.stiecs, and tiavel-
lers may carry arms; boys must not go into the country without a guardian;
HiBX, Cal., Vol. I. 16
LOCAL EVENTS-SAX FRAXCLSCO DISTRICT.
At the mission of Santa Clam Pcna and Xoboa
served as niinistei-s until August 171)4, wlieu botli
letired ti) tlieir eolleijie, tlie former on account of ill-
liealth, the latter at the expiration of his term often
years."" l*adre Pena during the later years of his
liil siiiL;lc limit's over I'J yeiirs old imist sleep in tlu^ ^;mii(MK)n.si', for tin; ))i'o-
tci'iidii (f family iiL'iic.'e: si'Vlto pniiisliinciit fur gaiiiim;. S/. /'a/)., Sar,, MS.,
i. III. i~'M, ti'oopH liiiil to t.'ikc ciirc of tlu'ir iiiiiiuals or ])ay tor it, tiic set-
tlers objectinj,'. Aiiilhuia, Pdjul ih' I'tiiilns, "Sl^., |S!». J)ee. 4, ITito, lioricil
;iji]ii'oves that no |,'raiii lie f^owu in eonniuinity, hut cai.li settler ennlrilniti! two
fane^jas of wheat anil two of eoi'ii eiuh year. l'i-<ii\ /t'i\, MS., iv. '2'.VX v\])iil
'2iK 17!Hi, neither gentiles nor Christian Imlians must he .•illoweil to ride. ,V.
Jt>.i'\ Arch., MS., ii. (!,">, ,S(i. Xov. T), IT!"!, l>.'s orders that no gallllllin^^
(liinkin;^, or illieit isexual relations aru to lie allowed, and Morai^a must pre-
vent them or lie dismissed. /</. , ii. 7-. Sept. H, ITlMi, no neo]iliyto to bo
nllowed in tlie puelilo without ii paper from the padre. J>('i>t. St. I'd])., S.
Jd.ir, MS., i. ()7. .Ian. .'{, IT'.IS, three keys to eomimmity gianary, one kept
liy eiimisioniido, one liy ale.dde, and one liy senior regidor. I'rur. I'lC, .MS.,
i\ . •-'(ill. -\pril ;i(), I Tits, eomisionado not to meddli^ in administration of jus-
tiec. /'/. , iv., •J(il) 70. Dee. J, 'Ith, eaeh invalid and settler, aeeordin;,' to re;^-
l;;meuto, must keep two horse.s and ei[uipments. Jil., iv. '2S(i. Xov. "Jl, I7'J1*,
Doi'iea's instruetions to Casti-o on reli(!vinj,' Vallejo as eiiinisioniulo. ])('tails
on inventories, tithes, loan of si^ed, and moral supervision. S(in .Am'', Arcli.,
MS., vi. 40. Auj,'iist 'I'l, ISOO, Sol to eomisionado. Xo one from Jiraiieifortc
to ; (iw i^'raiu at San .lose. Alcalde ha.s lieeii instructed aliout those who heat
children. Coniisionadi^ to look aftercrops which are heing neglected. Mules
Won't sell at any ]irice. If i.,aiios will not ]iay tithes he must not sow. Shu
if.)xi\ Arc/i., iMS., iii. (IS. Oct. 4tli, jiatrol after I I v. M. to prevent disorder.s
suid lires and arrest any one abroad without cause. A scouting party to he
oi-.fanized for the ciiuiiiry. /'/., iii. (i.'i. Oct. 7th, if Ueredia refuses to aid iu
lopairs to the ilr/xjullo, give him 40 days to leave tlu^ juiisdiction with all his
family and lieloiinings. Jd., iii. 04. (July those duly registereil as vecinos can
8ow \\ itliout special license. /</., iii. "iS. (.)et. l.'ith, ]ietitions can he sent only
througii the eoiiiisionado. /(/., iii. 4,S. Oct. "Jrith, if Ilernande;: is found with
a knife he is to get 50 laslies; neither must ho get drunk nor create scandal.
7'/., iii. 71.
■''''I'omiis de la Pena y Saravia, a u.ative of Spain, left Aroxico in October
1770, sailed from San J51as in Feliiuary 1771, was driven to Man/anillo, came
li'.ck to Sinaloa by kind, and linally reached Loi'eto Xovember •J4, 1771. being
iissigued to Coinondii Mission. He came n]i to San Diego on Sejiteniber I77-,
.■serving there fora year, and subsecjuently as a supernuinerary forslioit peiiods
at San Luis Obispo and San Carlos. From June to August 1774 he made a
voyage with I'ercz to the north-west coast, keeping a diary of the exjiedition.
Alter his return he I'eniained assupernumorai'y at San (Jfirlos and neighboring
missions until January 1777, when he became a founder of Santa tiara,
fti'ving there until August 11, 1704, when he sailed for San likis in the San-
t''i;!ii. In 170."> he received some votes for guardian of the college, and was
.'■ubseipiently elected, .since ho held the position in 170S. He was also sindic
of the college from ISOO to Feb. !», 1800, the date of his death. I'. IVfia wa.s
unable and .successful missionary, but liot-teinpered and occasionally harsh
ill his treatment of the neophytes. He was accused before 1700 of having
eauseil tiic death of two boys \)v his blows; but after a full investigation tlii!
charge was proven false, the Indian witnesses confessing that they ha<l testi-
li( d falsely, and some evidence being adduced to show tliat Commandant
C Hizalez, whom the padre had reproved for his immorality, had used his
intlueuce in favor of tlu^ accusation. The formal decision was not readied
until 17'Jj) after the padre had I'utircd to Mexico; but be iutoreeded with
AXNALS OF SANTA CLAP. A. 723
stay in Culifoniiu was a, jn"*'}' to that po^niliar liypo-
<'hondria wliicli aftbctcil so many of the early mission-
aries, amountin;^ at the last almost to insanity. It
is possible that in his case this condition was agj^ra-
vatcd by serious Imt unfounded charu'es of haviiiL,'
killed two Indian boys by ill-treatment. The suc-
cessors in the ministrv were IMairin Catala,"' and
*■' ~
Manuel Fernandez, but the latter served only a year,
being accused of excessive^ severity toward the natives,
and then came Jose Viader. For three decades I
shall have no further changes in ministers to record
at Santa Clara.
In 1800 this mission had a larger neophyte popula-
tion than any other in California, showing a gain I'roni
027 to 1,247, baptisms having numbered 2,288, and
deaths 1,082, so that a margin of nearly 300 is left
for runaways. The baptisms in 1794 had been 500,
and 235 in 1796 had been the laigest number of deaths.
Live-stock, large and small, had increased to about
5,000 each, Santa Clara being l)ehind San Francisco
in this respect, and barely equal in agricultural pro-
ducts, which in 1800 amounted to 4,200 bushels. The
best crop was 8,300 bushels in 1797, the woi'st 3,200
in 1792, the average being 4,000 bushels. Wheat was
the authorities in behalf of his Indian accusers, who were released after puh-
licly apologizing ti the ministei's for tlicir attempt to hriiijj; dishonor on the
ordtT. I'lesidcnt Lasucn iu ^lay 17!I4 spoke of his condition as lieing jiitia-
Ide, for lie iuid became emaciated, talked to liiniself, appealed cfnistantly
afraid, and sliowc.'d other symptoms wliieh I'aiised fears that lie niiglit lose
his reason. I'efla had a patent as jne-sident in ease of aei;ident to Lasuen.
See Arr/i. Sta. liirrbani, MS., x. l.H), 'JS!I; xi. .">•_', L'-JO, 124(1; xii. 4:{(i; Std
<'lar(t, L'lh. lie Mis'ion, MS.; <S7rt Crir., Lih. dr M'i<hiii, MS,, 10; Avch. Ai^.n-
his/iadd, MS., i. ;{(); I'l-or. l!i<\, ]MS., iii. ;;.■{-."); iv. 'i:\X\ I'l-ur. ,Sf. /'tijK, Hm.
Mil., MS., xix. (J; and Pti'iii. Carjo ih- //onii'ii/in vmilrii el I'dilrc T<iiiui-i ili- la,
Peiia, 178(1-!)."), ^IS. (>f J)iego de >i"olioa nolhing is known sa\e that he ar-
rived at San Francisco from ]\Iexieo on .Tune 2, 17S."!, reiiiaineil uiiattaclied at
San Francisco and Santa Clara until .Iiiiie 17>S4, when he became minister of
the latter nussion and continued to serve there until he sailed with liis asso-
ciate on Aug, II, 1704.
^" Sept ;■{, I7'.K), Borica says that it is repoi-ted that Catahi has tlireatrned
the comanilante of San .Tos(5 to destroy the houses if he admits Christian
natives to the inieblo. He does not believe any such reports. Mairin is a friar,
not a Kobesjnerre. Prov. liir., MS., vi. l(J!>-70. .Tan. 7, 17'.>7, 15. ordei's
Moraga and Vallejo to give satisfaction to Catalii for their rudeness, and asks
the padre to bear a little with the manners of men \\ ho wei'e not educated 'cu
cl colegio dc nobles ni eu elKomuuo.' /(/., vi. 179-80.
724
LOCAL FA'ENTS-SAN FRANflSfO DISTRICT.
tlio leading prodiu-t, uiid no Inirli'V was riiiscd as a
rule.'^"*
Vancouver describes the mission l)uiIdinL,'s as on
tlie same general |)lan as at San Francisco, I'cu'niing
an incomplete scjnare of about 100 by 170 i'rrt. T\\o
structnrcs were somewliiit superior to tliose of San
I'r.'uicisco, the church being l»>ng, lol'ty, and as well
built as the rude materials would permit. The up]ter
stories, or garrets, of the buildings and some of the
lower rooms were used as granaries, and there wi ro
also two detached storehouses recently erected. ( *loso
to the })a(h'es' house ran a fine stream of water, but
in order to be near this stream the site had l>een
selected in a low marshy spot only a lew hundred
yards from dr}^ and comfortable eminences.'^''' ]n I'act.
this very year of 17'.)2 the friars had been conlined
for a long time to their house by a flood, i.nd it had
been resolved to movelhe mission buildings some Mvu
hundred yards to higher ground."" There is no further
direct record of the removal, and it is not likely f luit
the new church was ever moved, but a report of 1797
that the ministers' houses, guard-room, storehouse,
and soldiers' dwellings had been completed indicates
a transfer of such buildings as were on the lowest
ground."^ The church had a roof of tiles and had
'^'Supplies funiislietl to l^Iontcroy in 1795. $1,430; to R. Francisco, $212;
to Monterey in 1790, 82,147; in 1798, ^SOO. ]n iJuLcnilar 1797 liad a draft
from Argiiello for S1,<»4U. Ordered it Lill of ><oods of ):'4,0(H) from Me.xico.
J'rcr. SI. Pap., MS., xvi. 2();(, 200; xvii. 02; J'r.(a\ 7,Vr., MS., v. 7(). Fur-
nislicd supplies to San Ciirlos in tbe hard year of I79.">. Arch. Sid Jliirlntni,
M.S., ii. 229-;{0. liean crop failed in 179.'), Vaisin;; price from !i<2..")0 to S.">..')0.
I'riii. St. }\ip., MS., xvii. (i7-8. Tlie fcjlhnviiig items are from A'aneonver's
otwervationa in 1792. Many thoiusand Imsliel.s of dill'erent urai\is in utore.
Hemp and flax succeed ■well. M'^heat yields 2.") .and 30 fold. ]5arley and oats
not raised l)eea\ise the superior grain could l)e produced with the same lahor.
In tlie garden were peaches, apricots, apples, pears, ligs an<l vines, though
the latter do not Uourisli. Iiumeiise hei'ds of cattle; 24 o.XlU killed every
Saturday for food. Vfuirniir( /•'.•< I'viiatji', n., 19-24.
''•' I'lnicuiirer'a Vot/ai/c, ii., 18, 19.
•■■"June 30, 1792, Sal to Arrillaga, in .SV. P„p., Sar., MS., iii., 23. May 28,
1791, Fages to Komeu, the padres arc forming a new establishment Prvv,
■Si. J'np., MS., X. 150.
«>Aug. 17, 1790, Amador to r>orica, in Pror. St. Pap., MS., xv., 170-1.
The padres' houses had 8 rooms of 5 yds. each ; guard-iions»>, 8 x 5 ; store-
liouse, 5 yds. square ; 5 soldiers' bouses, each 5^ yds. There was also a corral
SANTA CLARA. 7-2o
been lrii<;(hcnc(l twenty-four feet in 1705. At the
time of Vancouver's visit some of the niitivcs were
at work on tuloho liouscs lor themselves. Fourtc^en
of thc>se clweliiiin's, tli.itched, were coniplcited in I7l);{,
nini^ more in 17*J1, and before 17l).S nearly all tin;
married neo|)hytes were thus aeeonunoilated."^ The
cloth woven at Santa Clara seemed to Vancouver of
a better ((uality than at San Francisco. In 17'.)'J two
thousand hides were tanned, but veiy few of them
«'ould be sold. ^Mij^uel Samirador was the master
tanner and sjioemaker; Cayetano Lo[)ez the master
car|)euter and mill-maker. It does not appear that
there was any water-power mill either at Santa Clara
or San Jose before 1800."=^
Hn y<ls. 8(iii;iro with walls feet high, built of stout tiinhcrs nnil atlobca da
Cdjoii.
"■^ ]»csi(l(>s eiilai';;ing tho church, a trench was diif,' in 170.5, half a Icau'U"
Ions;, nine feet wiiie, lunl live feet deep. iS7. ]'(i/>., Mi^n., MS., ii. 7^, l'_'"_'.
Ailuliu iiouscH for iicoiijiytcs. /'/.,ii. l(i, I'l'.i. la IT'.'S they sccni to huvo liail
tile rodfn. Argiielli>'s report in Pror. St. /V'/'., MS., xvii. .5!l-()(). (liiiuil-
liousi) linislu'd in 17!Hi. I'ruv. Iter., MS., v. !)'J. Vancouver was whown ))y
Pcfia a pouileroiiH l>laek stone which was to liu used for liuilding and for mill
stones as soon as any one could l>o found eapal)le of workiiiL,' it. I o//";/'', ii. .'!.").
'^ An-h. Sla jHU-hurn, MS., ii. 7-- :>; St. J'n/i., Sdi:., MS., ii. it, 10; I'r<,r.
St. Pup., MS., xxi. rJS-1). Auj,'. 1707, '"'/.s^-^,* made at San Jose for siiiudini;
wheat. Priio. Ilir., MS., iv. '2.')l{. A])ril 18, I7!H), IJorica orders \'alieji) to
seek Kiiitalde stones for u mill; but ou Muy 'Jd he Mas directed to suspend tho
work, id., vi. 187- S.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
CLOSK OF IJORICA'S RULE.
1800.
End of a Di'cadi'. am> Cr.NTrnY— Hoihca's I'oi.icv and CirAi!A<'ri;i! - Tsru-s-
TitiAL ]?i;vivAi,— ruriTi,Kss Kffduts— (JovKiiNoit's Rf.i-aiions with
FuiAKa, Soi.iMF.ns, Nkoi'iiytfs, AM) Skiti.kus-^ICffoui's fur I'uomo-
TION — A lvMl!iri'OFSANTl\(l(» — Ka.MII.V Ji F.I.A'lldN.S — LI'.AVK OF A I'.iSF.MK,
DKrAUTruF, anp J)f.ath — Auiai.r.AdA am. .Ai,iii;um in ('om;mami — Lisi-
OF SfJ'ONDAKV AFTIIOUn'IF.S ON I'IaULY CaUFOKNIA lIlSTOliV - l,ISl' of
InIIAIMTANI'S of CaI.IFOKNJA FliOM 17()!) TO ISOO.
TiiK rulii of ]^i('<v() (1(> liorica iVoin 170 1 t(t IHOO
wns ;i jK'i'iod rnthoi' of pi'imri'ss, or ol" (>J]oii toward
])roi^rcss, than of (n'ciits. (iioiiii^ heyoiid (lir routine:
(liitios ol" liis ])ositi<>n, thi) governor <l('\-ot('d liiinsoU'
fait Id'ully and intelliu^ontly to tlic ncni'ial advanciMuont
ol" his province. No one of (JaliloiMiia's i'ew classes of
inhabitants was sho'hted or specially fas'ored. Mis-
sitMiaries, neophytes, ])anans, soldiers, and setllers,
each receivt>d sympathy, cncouraovnunt, and aid from
tlu^ i;'oV(>rnnuMit. No industry or institution was
neiilci'tcd. jNlissions and ]iuchl()s, conversion and
colonization, a<4i'icu!tur(> and trade, civil and iiiilitary
and ecclesiastical _i;'overnmeid., all reci'i\ed close atten-
tion. ^IMio neopliyt'S were the wcakt>st class juid
I'lH'civcd th(> most sympath\ ; the padres were the
stronii'cst and reijuii'ed least ])rotection; the setthn's
were the most dillicnlt to manaijce and I'eceived atten-
tion pro[) /tionatc to the magnitude of interests in-
volved in the future ])rosperity of the country. If
the rc^sults of .l)orit'a's eiforts as presented in the pre-
ceding' chaiiters were sliijht and unsatisfactorv in
( IM 1
Tin-: (i()vi:RXOR's ciiaractkr.
niniiy I'l'Sju-cIs as Nifwcd IVoni an Aiij^lo-iViiicrlcan
staii(l|toiiit, this fact was due to iiilici'ciiidilliciilt ics in
tlic ])r<>I)lrnis ])r('S('ni('(l for solution, to tlic spiiit of
the times, to the iiJituiH; of the raw inuterial hoth
iiat've and foreign, I'athei' than to IJoiica's sliorltcMn-
ings o" to inade(juate royal provisions. J )on l)i»'i;()
^va.s n )t a genius; lir was u ])rrid(!nt, sciisihlc man,
lionest {ind zealous in ilie diseharii't! of his jjuhhc
(hitics.
I ]ia\r ali'eady noted ]]oi'i('a's arrival with his fam-
ily at jjori'to, and in the autunm of J 7!)4,at AIoiitei( y.
Fortunately a quantity of his ])rivate letteis or hlot-
ters o!' tlic same, were left in ( *alifoi'nia and lia\c hccii
])i'('scrvt'd in the arehives t^iNiiiL;- us a, hrief glance at
the man in his jirivatc capacity, as an a^i'ecahlc com-
])anion, a Ixm clrnnt, jovial and witty. 'I'lic letters
also i^'ave us ]>oiMca,'s early impr(;ssions of (.'alifornia,
enthusiastically euloi^i/ed as the hest, country in tlie
world in which to live; loiii;' iuid well.' l^nlortunately
the i^'oveiMior took hetti'i' care <if |>ri\at(^ cori'cspond-
ence in later yeais, and fi'om tlu^ lie^imiini^' of 17'.).")
his individuality is well ni^h sunk in the e-encr; lilies
of ojlicial coimnniiications, which neNcrt lieless con-
timie to show tlu; n'ootl-humor, kindness of heail,
sym[)athy for all sutferint;", in\arial»le coui'te.-y, and
hnsin-.'ss-like n'ood sense which always charactei'i/ed
the man." J lis I'clations \\\\\\ tin; IViars were always
frii'udly and mutually respectfid. At. the lirsj, lie
assured I'resident Lasuen of his desire to a\oi(| .ill
cent I'ovei'sy lietween the seculai" and the mis>i(inary
ant hoi'ities, a, desir(> reciprocated hy J.,asuen,"' and suh-
secjueiitly kejit in view hy both jiarties. Lasuen
* Sec cliiqjtrr xxv. of tlii.s vulniiu'.
'■*< iiiri'iM. ill '/'tii//iir'--< J>i-<riii\ mi'l Foiniil., \i>. "J."), ii. M.">, sikmUs of rmrica
as not liUt'il liy tlic |m(i)i1(' mi .■uiniiiit of liis .still' :iiiil fniinMl iiiiiiiiii is; Imt
tlicrc is nothing; in (oiitciiiiHirjii y records to .sljow tliiit sucli m;is the IVi 1-
iiii; to\v;ir(l liiiii. Itoiiicro, .Miniiiriiis, MS., LS, s|ic;iks of iiiiii ,is iiotcil for
kiiiiliicss iiiid couvti'sy in iiis inti rci iiisc \\ jtli siiiionlin.'itr.s, tlioii^li iir\ cr ]irr-
niittiiiir neglect of iliity to ]i,iss iiniilinUcd.
^Ari-li. .'nrjiliis/iiiilo. MS., i. ,",((. ^■ct in \~'.H tlu' lii>lio|i of |)m;ii;i'o in ii
letter to 1\h' viceroy li:id s|ioUi n \ eiy liitli ily imd wirciisticidly of lloriciiH
iiii.ssioji policy in tliu I'mvinciiis interna^, i'iiiaii, Col. Jjvc, MiS., 7.
728
CLOSE OF BORICA'S RULE.
often <lo(Mnc(l Borica too inucli disposed to lieir and
credit tlie complaints of lyini^ neopliytes, but no
i!oticenl>]t; coohu'ss ensned. Still IJorica's success in
niaintaininnf liarnionv \vitli tlie i)adres should not bo
c()nij)arcd with the failure of his [)redeccssors to tlieir
dis;i(lvantn<ve; for to a certain extent that success
resulted from the fact that Xeve and Fuges had fought
the battle, and the missionai'ics hatl learned iVom ex-
])eriencc that it was not wise as yet to renew the
contlict.
I find no evidence that Borica ever left the caj)ital
durino- his rule of six \'ears, thoutj'h it is not uidikely
tluit he may ha\'e visited San Jose and Sail Francisco.
In -July 17!)4, bef(jre coming north, he sent a petition
to the king for [)romotion, and in October 1795 received
his connnission as colonel of cavalry.* In these early
years he also cherished the hope of still further })r()-
motion to a generalship, or at least to thi- governorship
of Sonora, ]3urango, or Zacatecas. 3\> this end ho
s(Mit large sums of money to Spnin to be used at court,
but his agent ]\[iranda seems to h;)ve spent the money
to no })ur[)ose.'' lie seems to have been a man of
wealth, or at all events his wife, ])ona ]\Iaria ]\Iagda-
lena de I'rciuides, had lari^e estates in Nueva Vizcavn.*'
Bein!>' a kniiiht t)f tlie oicler of Santia^'o he acted on
l\lay a, 179G, as grand master at the initiation of the
Spanish naval ollicer Don Bamon de Saavedia, at
]\Ionterev. President Lasueii served as prelate on
* I'mr. A'"'., :MS.. v. 71; vi. '2(1; Pror. ,9/. Pap., MS., xi. MI7: xiii. .-);.;
xiv. 'J!t: xvii. "_'. I'l'uvioiis to lii.s ;\pi)(piiitiiit'iit as ydvi'iiior lu' li.iil hicu inl-
jutjiiiL-iiispcctor ill (.'liiliiiainui, liis pay in that position luimiug tu ilay i;i,
17SI4. /</., xii. 174.
•' I'ror. SI. l'„i,., MS., xxi. L'OO, LM.VKi. 2-2-2 4. 221.
'' /'/•!//'. J'<i\, MS., vi. 124. lli.s wit'o ami (lauj;Iitci', a bcanty of 10, wore
vi'iy po[)ular. (I'airii, in y'di/lor'-'^ Jtlsror.riiH/ F'iiniil.,J\t}. 2.1, 11. .losr Maria
Koniiro, M< nitiriiis, MS., ])S, i^ay.s ISotiia liail a. son of tiu; aj^o of alniiit I."),
whom ill' kni'W, and wliosi^ nann- lie tliinks \v,is Cosnio. lie may inilcid luivo
1i;h1 a son, for ji-' wrote to tlie jii'esiilent on .liily 2."(, 17'.'"'. tliat liis wife was
ulioiit to lnar him 'iin Californico o una < 'ulitdrnien,' Pruv. Ii'(<\, MS., vi.
1 17. hut lie eould not have lieeii ].") years oM in Califoinia. lie had a sister,
IJernarda de Ijuiiea, m ^'ieforia, proxinee of Alava, Spain, lii.s native plaee;
and he sent her, April 27, 17'.t'"). a hill of exchange fur lOo pounils sterling.
Pror. SI. PuiK, MS., xxi. 210, 225.
rREPAKATIOXS FOR DEPARTURE.
7-'0
that occasion, and It was probably the only ceremony
of the kind that cvn occurred in CahforniaJ
In April 1799 G()vernor Borica applied to tlie vice-
roy for leave of absence to recuperate his health. He
said he had served thirty-six years, twenty-five of
which had been spent in active canii)aigns a^■ainst
Indian tribes and in tours of inspection of presidios,
niining-canips, and other settlements in the Provincias
Internas. Journey inijfs a<_*'i;rc<xatin<jf ten thousand
four hundred and seventy-five leagues almost exclu-
sively on horseback had given rise to a malady which
demanded medical treatment. Either a leave of ab-
sence or a permanent transfer to an easier position in
New Spain would be satisfactory as he had no wisli
to return to Spain. The result wiis a grant of eight
months' leave signed b}' the viceroy in June and made
known in California in September.'^ The document
l)rovided that Arrillaga, remaining at Loreto, should
be governor ad interim, wliile Alberni, presumably by
virtue of his seniority of military rank over Arrillaga,
wns to take the position of comandanto do armas for
Alta California. It was the governor's intention to
depart in October, but he was delayed by new orders
from ^lexico until the beuinninu" of the next year.
The viceroy instrufited him, owing to the hostile atti-
tude of British vessels in the Pacific, not t(» avail
himself of his leave of absence "until the aspect of
things should change."''
The dd of January 1800 Borica announced his in-
tention to depart on the 12th or 15th, and the com-
mandants were notified to publish the accession of
i
' .S7. P"p., S'ir., :\IS., vi. 84-.-); Pnn: Sf. Pap., IJni. Mil., MS., xxlii. :?.
^April 1, 1T»".', li<iiic;i to vireroy, in J'rov. J!er., MS., vi. l'_':;-4. Sept.
loth, ]5. to Arrill,i_a. iMln'iui, iiiul tln' ciiuuiiaiidimts. Pior. Sf. ]'■!/>., .MS.,
xvii. ;il.S; /'/., Jkii. Mil., xxiv. !•_>; Prnr. Uvc, MS., iv. 17+-.".. ^..v. Mh,
Arnll:i(,'a's ivply. Pvor. .V. yV;).,MS., xvii. "JDl.
"■July I!, ]7!H», viceroy to Jiuiica. I'roe. St. Pap., MS., xvii. ;!ll. Dec,
,Slst, tin: \'. Iv. or(li'ri;<l him to use iiis own (lisiictiou as to the nccil ot hi.s
jirusciiL'c ill < 'alit'oriiia. »S7. }'<tp., S<ir , MS,, iv., 7.'!; luit tlii.s coiiiimmication
cotilil not have liicii re ctivid Ijvloru U.'h ili^iarture, ami possibly the preui.'diiiu;
ciiu also laikil to arrive.
730
CLOSE OF KORICA'S RULE.
Arrillaixa and Alberiii.^" On the lOtli of the same
month liu sailed on the Conccpcion from San Diego
with liis family, Captain (jlrajera, and four retirinjji;
])adrcs. Grajera, as we liave seen, died two days out
from port; of Colonc;! ]Jorica after his de[)arturc! wo
know only by a brief note in a subseciuent comnmni-
eation of the viceroy that he died at Dui-ango July
19, 1800/' January IGth, the date of BoriV-a's • de-
})arture fi'om California, may bo regarded as the day
M'hen vVrrillaga's third term of rule ad ihtcrha began.
There wei-e no events connected with his rule fur the
rest of 1800 that require mention here.
A Spanish account of California published in 1790,
though relating chiefly to the peninsula, contains a
tolerably complete and accurate sketch of the nortli-
orn establishments; and the instructions left by A'ice-
roy Azanza to his successor in 1800 contain frequent
allusions to Californian affairs and have already been
cited on special topics.'" It will have been noticed
that my foot-notes form an index of authorities on
each succesive phase of the historic record— 11 lat is
of original authorities in manuscript and ])riiit; but I
have not deemed it best or worth the sj>ace re(|uired
to extend this indexing process to the secondary
authorities. Seven eiu'hths of the events recorded in
'Miiii. .•?, isnn, Borioa to coiiimaiiduits. Prov. liec, Jkl.S., iv. 114. Miiv.li
r)tli, (iuyL'oL'clK'ii tii.\rrilhigii. I'roc. St. l'(tp., MS., xviii. •2;i-4. ^larcli Stii,
AiTillaga and Albcrni ordered to be recognized by Sal. S. Jusr, Arru., MS.,
iii. iTl.
"Departure on tlio Conrcpcioii. Prov. St. Pup., MS., xxi. .SO; Prni\ Iker.,
MS., xii. I. lie seems to iiavo gone to San Diego by land after .Jan. M, or
at least sueli had Ijeen his )ilan in Sejitenibei', w hen Sal had sent an orth'r to
SanJoije for paek-aniinals tor the governor's jonrney. .S'. Joxr An-h.. vi. 4;{.
Notice of lioriea's death in \' . U."s eoniuiiiniiation of .(\ugust 14tli. St. Pup.,
Sac, MS., ix. 70; I'ini/f.t, IitnlnicrUnii:<, "JOl. In a letti'r of Tadro Curti'S
from Mexico ■.iiited April 1st, the \". U. is said to have advised tlie king to
continno IJorica in olli<'e in ('alifornia for live years longci-. Anh. St'i lln'r-
hard, MS., xii. .'JOT. 'J'hei'e is a vague reference to a settler who was seveieiy
piinishi d for an attemi)t to take IJorieas life. (iov. to V. 11., Deo. ■"), 1800.
J'l-or. S/. Pup., jNIS., x;v1. oO.
'■' Cali/aniiu, in l'i(i<iirv (Kl) Uun-irxal, 6 NotUhi. dil MidkIo Aiitiijiiii y
ynoro. Ol/ni irrojiniulu dr /o.t in(jiirf'i viaijcro.i par /). J'. /,'. /'. MadricI,
1700. torn. xNvi. I ISO. See also au article ou California in C'(t/((,c/i('/((, 7'(7c-
<jr(i/o M.-.c, 00-103.
SECONDARY AUTIIOPaTIES.
731
this and the followiiiiL,^ volumes arc licre lueiitioncd for
the first time; but the other eighth liave been often
rc})eatc(l on the autliority of l*ah)u, the old voyagers,
and a few documents, by modern writers. The works
of such writers I have fully studied and utilized, eitiiig
them whenever there has been any reason tor so
doing, but have not, as before stated, gi\en a com-
plete index in ni\' notes. Omitting many books that
contain a superlicial account of i^arly events or a mere
reference to them, I ap})end in a note a list ol" works
that have some merit, many of them standard works
of real and recognized value, as the reader will see at
a glance. They are grouped here as secondary
authorities only because on tlye earliest period of his-
tory they add nothinijc to the oriirinal records in my
collection. ^•'^
Having tlius roachetl the end of the decade and
century, I close my first volume of California's annals
with a list containing the names of over 1,700 male
inhabitants of the |)rovince down to tlie year ] SOO.
Tlie names have been collected with great care and
labor from mission registers of baptisms, niarriages,
and deatlis; from company rosn-rs, pueblo ^>f7(.//'<//<c.s',
and from thousands of miscelltineouw documents in
the archi\es. 'J'hat the list is absolutely complete
and accurate I cannot pretend, for a i'cw of the regis-
ters have been lost, and some names, especially of
'M/rarf(('o, 7//'.-/. Cal., MS.; BarthtCs Pirson. Xai:; Brnivur.i L'^inr
CriL; Jlu.-iii>ii(iii/i',Siijiliiiiiiilo; ('til., J'd.tt, I'itsi nf, dr.; (Jajiron's lli.-'t. Cii/.;
Cniiiisi-'.'i 2\''if. IWali/i; Dicrioimrii) Unlvirxul: J>ir'niilles Cul. Ilixl. S. J'.:
J'iinilia!)i\'< J.ife in ('((I.; I'urlji.s' llittt. dil.; Friijud, l,u ('iififnniic; llmi-
Mdiiii, Cul'forhii ii; J/niii.-i' Ki))i<innit J^vIli; J/<iiii:.i^ Mission Uii'jt<; //"//r-.'
tijira; Jifuiddl/i/i'.i (.h-dlhui; Ii'i/aii, in (lulibii Km; SIhii'k ('tilh. M i ■<■■<}( hik;
S/nicL\-i Col. ,>n-(i/i-liii()l:. ■i'o»/';'.s' ^\ innils cj' .S. /'.; Siilil 1/ .]/< xlniiia, lidif:
'Jtn/lur, in J'riniii )\ jiiid Jiii/li/in; 'J'nylnr'.i J)i.<iir. (iml Jniimli r.i; 'I'lii/liir'.t
Oil'iKi anil Eiiih; Tiilhiir>i Ili^t. Cul.: Viilliju\: llht. Cul., .MS.; I ;>.'■/„ /s
.Mifstoii.'^ ('/ Cul. Alsc) 40 Of ;")() county liistoiiiH jiuMislieil \\itliiii llio piist
ten \ears ; juid iimminux iie\v.s]iii|ii'r unities, os]ii!ciiilly in .V. /•'. Jinlldin,
Call, and Al'ii, and Sdirdiinnli) Uiiiiin. 'J'liiTc is liiu'dly a jiai«r in tin; .statu
that liun not i)uljlit<hcil sunit.'. valualilu uiutttT widi nnicli of no xuliR'.
732
CLOSE OF BORICA'S RULE.
children, in the hiter years, arc tlierefore missing.
Again some of the persons mentioned in connection
with the earhest expedition, especially those to whom
no special occupation is assigned, never came to Alta
California at all, or only came as vaqueros or escorts
to return iimned lately. Another source of error is
the uniformity of Spanish given names and the fact
that men were known at ditfercnt times by dilferent
names or combination of names to avoid confusion;
hence there is no doubt that m}^ list contains a certain
number of repetitions. Yet it may well be doubted
if so complete a list of the earliest inhabitants can be
formed for any other state of the United States or
]\lexico. j\Iy attempts at chronology are limited to
the separation of the names into four classes, [)utting
each person in the class in which his name first appears
in the records. Number 1 includes the earliest pio-
neers who came hi 17G9-73; number 2 those of
1774-80; number 3 those of 1780-90; and number .4
those of 1790-1800.
Inuabita>'t. of California, 1709-1800.
Al)cllfi, riaiiion, pailrc.^
AcL'l)0(lii, J-'nuicisco Ant., soldier.'
AcL'l)oil(>, .](>s('' AutDiiio, .soldier.*
Acelicdo, Julian, .soldier.*
Acedo, Jose, .settler.*
Aeeve.s, Antonio, eliilil.'
Aeeves, JusA Mmiii, ehild.'
Aeeves, Antonio (4)uiterio, soldier.'
Aeevea, I'.ablo, .soldier.*
Aeosta, Ant(jnio, Koldier.'
Aeosta, .Tost'', Cat. vol.*
Aguiar, I'lnneiseo.'
Aguila, Jose, .settler.*
Ayuila, Juan .Tosi'^, child.*
Aguilar, Franeiseo Javier.*
Aguilar, I^uLs Antonio.'
Alaiiis, Antonio, oliild.'
Alaiis, Kugeino ^l'ieolas, eluld.*
Ala- is, Isiilro. '
Alanis. M/ixinio, soldier.'
Alari, .los(', Cat. vol.*
AUieiui, IV'dro, lientenant-colonel.*
Ale;Uit.\l'.i, I'edro, mason.*
Alegre, Antonio, soldier.''
Alegna, Norberto, suldier.'
Alipiis. Juan 'N., soldier.*
Altamirano, Jos6 Antonio, soldier.'
Altamirano, Liieas Domingo, child.*
Altamirano, .loso jMarcos, child.*
Altamirano, J iisto Itobeito, soldier,*
Altamirano, l^ueas, soldier.*
Altamii'ami, ,]uan, soldier.*
Alvarado, Juan J).'
Alvarado, IJeinardino.'
Alvarado, Ignaeio, soldier.*
AlvarT'lo, Franeiseo Javier, soldier.'
Alvarado, .Juan ]>. , eliild."
Alvarado, Fran. Ma. J). C, child.*
Alvarado, Josi5 Vicente, child.*
Alvarado, Juan Jos('', soldier.*
Alvarado, Juan X. 1)., child.*
Alvarez, Juan, soldier.*
yvlvarez, .Joaiiuin, soldier.*
Alvarez, Luis, soldier.*
Alvare-;, I'edio, soldier.*
Alvarez, J'Vlipe, convict.*
Alvarez, iJoroteo.*
Alvarez, Jost"^, artilleryman.*
Alvarez, .Inan. artilleryman.*
Alvarez, Jose, child,*
IXIIABITAXTS OF CALIFORNIA, ITOO-ISOO.
733
Alvirea, riaiulio, servant.''
Alvires, Juan, solilk'!-.''
Alviics, Ivstcxun.'
Alviso, Fiaiii-isco. settlor.'
Alviso, l)ijii:iii;4o, soldier.'^
Alviso, Auastasio tJevuiiiino, cliilil.*
Alviso, FraiicL-iL'o.hivier, soldier.'*
Alviso, Fraiieiseo Solano, child.''
Alviso, (loroni.no Antonio, child.*
Alviso, Jgnacio, soldier.*
Alviso, Javier, settler.*
Alviso, Jost'i Antonio, child.*
Alviso, Jose (ilahriel Jj., child.*
Alvitre, .Sehastian, soldier.'
Alvitro, Jnan .lose Mix., child.*
Amador, IVdi-o, .soldier.*
Amador, Jose Sinforoso, child.'
Amador, .Fost'; Fructnoso.*
Amador, .liian i'alilo.''
Anij'dor, Jose Maria, child.*
Amador, Marros Antonio, child.*
Amarrillas, .Inaii ^Anyel, soldier.'
Ame/<juita, Jose (ial)iiei, child.'
Aniezqnita, .Jr.an Antoiuo, soMicr.'
Ame/quita, Mannel iJom., settler.'
Anu'zquita, Floreiitino, settler.*
Ame/(|uita, (Jrcgorio, settler.*
Anu'zquita, }''ianciseo Ma., settler.*
Amezquita, Jose, soldier.*
Amezquita, .lose' Miguel, settler.*
Amezf|nita, Jose Heyes, settler.*
Amezijuita, Seialiii, settler.*
Aniurrio, (Ircgnrio, padre'
Antonio, ^lanuel, servant.'
Antonio, .Jose Crispin, child.*
Antonio, ^lacedonio, soldier.*
Antufia. Manuel, sohlier.'^
Arana, Jose, soldier.^
Aranguren, .lose, soldier.'
Aroe, Jos(; (!.'
Arcc, Sebastian.'
Arce, Joa(piin, eliild.'
Arees, Jose, settler.*
Arihulcta, .lose Ignaeio, servant.'
Archuleta, Jc se Xoi'lierto, eliild.'^
Archuleta, Minn 1 (len'jniino, child.'
Archuleta, (.'regorio, soldier.*
Arellanes, Teodoro.''
Arellano, Man. .1. 11., soldier.'
Arenaza, I'asenal M., ])adre.^
Argiielles, Francisco, artilleryman.*
Argiicllo, l'"i'aiiei-H'o Rafael, chiM.*
Argiiello, Josi' I)ario, allVrez.'
Argiicllo, .Jose (Jervacio, child.'
Ai'giiello, L\us Antonio, child.'
Argiiello, Jose IgnacioAf., child.*
Armenta, ( ■rist('il)al, settler.'
Ai'iiienta, .loa(|nin, soldier.'
Airiola, Alejandro, soldier.'
Arias, Francisco, settler.*
Armenta, Jost^ Ma., soldier.*
Arriohi, Jose l''i'aneis(o, mechanic*
Arriola, .lose Kafael 15., eiiihi.*
Arriola, liafael, convict.'
Ari'iz, Ignaeio.'
Arroita, Francisco .To V', padre'
Arroyo, Jose Manuel, smith.'
Arroyo, Juan Isidro, eliild.^
Arroyo, Vicente, soldier.'
Arroyo, Felix, cliild.'
Ainoyo, Jose, sailor.*
Aruz, Domingo, soldier.'
Aruz, Martin, settler.*
Arvallo, Fcliciano, settlci.'.'
Avalos, Nicolas. '
Avalos, Joa(juin, tanner.*
Avila, Frauci.sco.'
Avila, Adanto, child.*
Avila, Anastasio.*
Avila, Antonio Ignaeio.*
Avila, Cornelio, settler.*
Avilii, Ignaeio.*
Avila, .lose, convict.*
Avila, .Tosi'. Antonio, settler.*
Avila, .Jose Mi/iia.'
Avila, Miguel.*
Avila, Santa Ana, soldier.*
Avis, Fructuoso, sohlicr.*
Ayala, Jose, soldier.'
Ayala, JoscC. ])., chihl*
Ayala, Jose Salvadoi\ child.*
Avala, Juan .lost- <!., child.*
Ayala, Juan 1'. M., child.'
Baeilio, Antonio, (,'at. vol.'
I'adiola, Manuel Antonio.'
ij.alilerrama, rcjnvict.'
•Jjallesteros, Juan, sohlier.'
Ballcsteros, .Tuan Antonio, child.'
IJallesteros, .Javier Antonio, <hild.*
]}andcras, Jose F. di; la (,'ruz.*
Iiarajas, Jose, sailor.'
Larhosa, Jose, settler.*
15iireena, JoSi', convict.*
Barcenas, .Marcos, settler.*
liarcenill.-i, Isidoro. padre*
IJ.n'ona, .los<'>, I'adie. '
I'.arraza, Macedonio, soldiei'.'
IJarrera, Juan Antonio, soliliei'.'
Barriciitos. .lose, Cat. vol.'
]}asadre y Vega, A'iccnte, settler.'
Ik'len, Miguel, servant.'
Bello, Mateo, Cat. vol.'
ISeltran, I'rancisco Javier, soldier.'
]5eltran, Joa(|uin, siddier.'-'
liclti'an, Nicolas, soldier.'
lienavides, Jose Ma., settler.*
Ijcranzucla, Pedro, soldier.^
liernnnlcz, .lose, soldici'.'
Bennudez, Jose S., child.'
Bcrmudez, Manuel Antonio, child.*
INHABITANTS OF CALIFORNIA, 17C0-180O.
I'crnal, Francisro, .servant.*
lU'i'iial, .liisi' DJDiii.sio, sohiit'i'.^
lieiinal, .liian Fi;iiiuisci), soldier.'^
iSorna], .Manuel llainon, .soldier.''
llt'i'iial, .\|i(ilinari(j, cliild.*
llernal, .Iiian, child. ^
Ucrnal, Itanion, settler,"
llernal, Jiiiino, child.''
])crnal, .liia((iiin, soldier.''
liernal, Jo.si'' .Agustin, child.*
]>crnal, .Jo.sc t'ipriauo, child.'
lU'rnal. Juse C. Cipriano, child.*
I'urnardo, Jose, settler.''
])Uircy(.'.sa, Nieohi.s A., settler.'''
llurreyesa, .Tnan .lose, child.''
Berreyesa, .Josi'^ Nazario, settler.*
Berreye.sa,Josedelos llcycs, settler.*
Blanco, .liian, smith.*
Blanco, Miguel.*
Bojorges, .lose IJamon, soldier.'''
Bojorges, Jleimenegildo, child.'''
Bojorge.s, i'edro Antonio, soldier,'''
Bojorges, Fr.-incisco J I., soldier.*
Bonnel, Kanion, Cat. vol.'
liorica, ])iego i' \ governor.*
lioronda, ^Manuel, soldier.''
]5oronda, Cainito .lose, child.*
Bosch, Buenaxentura, setiler.'
Botello, .Toa(|uin, tailoi.*
J5ravo, .lose .Mari'elino, soldier.*
Ih'iones, Jgnaeio A'ieeute, soldier.^
Briones, .l<ise Antonio, soldier.'
Briones, Jgnaeio \'iei'nte, child.'
Briones, Jos '■ .loaijuin, child. ^
Briones, I'Vlipe Santiago, child."
Briones, Nicolas Maria, child. ^
Ihiones, Marcos, soldier.''
Briones, Manuel, soldier.*
Brito, Mariaiu), aitillcryman.*
Brito, Miguel, artilleryniaii.*
Ih'uno, Francisco, soldier.^
Buelna. Fuselno .Jose J., child. ^
'J>nelna. Jose .Xnlimio, soldier.''
]5uelna, Ivanion, soldier.'-'
Buelna, I'lusiliio .1. ,[., I'liild.*
Ijuelua, .Ids'' ll.'iini, child. ^
I5uelna, )os • Maria, child.'
]>ult'erig, (lei'('ininin. Cat. vol.*
I'nniliau. I'ranriseo, Cat. vol.'
]>ustanianto, .lose, soldier.^
Bustaniante, Manuel, soldier.'
Butron, .Manuel, .soldier.'-'
Butron, Seliastian, settler.*
Cahallei'o, .lose, Cat. vol.'
Calixto, .lose, soldier.'
Calvo, I'^raueiseo, soldier."
C.'il/ada, .J<]si'' Antiuiio, padre."
Calzada, .lose, convict.*
Cal/ada, .losi- T)ionisio, settler.*
Caniacho, Joso Antonio, soldier.'
Canincho, Toinii.s M., servant.'
(.'ainacho, Juan Miguel, soldier.*
Caniacho, Anastasio, soldier.^
Caniacho, Antonio, soldici'.'^
Camarena, Nicohis, settler.*
Canihon, J'edro ]5enito, padre.'
Camcro, Ma unci, settler."
Canipa, I'edro, sailor.^
Canipa y Coz, Miguel, padre.*
Canipo, Jose, Cat. vol.*
Campos, Francisco, soldier."
Canedo, Alliino, soldier."
Canedo, Josii ^Manuel, settler.'
Cafie(U), Jtian Jgnaeio, .soldier.*
Canizares, Jose, ]>ih)to.'
Cano, Jose, artilleryman.*
Cantua, Ignaeio, soldier. -'
Capinto, Josi'; Ma., tiiilor.*
Capinto, ^lariano, tailor.*
Carabanas, Joa(piin, soldiei'.^
Carahanas, Nicoiiis, soldier.'-'
Caravantes, Jose Salvador, soldier."
Caiavantcs, \'entnia, settler.*
Careanio, .lose. Cat. vol.*
C;irdcnas, Mehlior, servant.'''
Cardenas, Cristi)lial, servant.*
Ciii'denas y Jiiver.-i, 'I'adeo.'
Cariaga, Salvailor, soldier.^
Carlon, Jiiiario Ignaeio, soldier."
Carnicer, Jlaltasar. padre.*
Cai'ranza, J>oniingo, padre.*
Carrillo, (iuiliernu>, soldier.*
Carrillo, .Mariano, sergeant.*
Carrillo, .lose Jiiiiniundo, soldier.*
Carrillo, Anasta.-,ii) .los', child."
Canillo, Carlos Antonio, child."
Carrillo, J)oniingo ^\nt. Jgua., child.*
Carrillo, .lose .Antonio J']., child.*
Carrillo, J.nis, sailor.*
Casasallas, Siuion, Cat. vol.*
Casillas, .luaii .ManiU'l.'
Castaneda, .Jose.-*
Castafieda, Jose J!uiz, soldier."
Castelo, Agustin, soldier.'
Castillo, Josi'', pldeliotomist.*
(.'astillo, Jose, soldier.*
Castro, Antonio, soldier.^
Castro, Ignaeio, soldier.^
Castro, Joaipiin, soldier.^
Castro, .lose, servant. -
Castro, Isidro."
Castro, Josi'; .Macai'io, soldier."
Castro, .losi' Simon J. X., child."
(.'astro, Maiiano. soldier."
Castro, Mariano dc la Cruz, eliilJ."
Casti'o, .\ga]iito, settler.*
(-'astro, J''i'aneiseo, settler.*
(.'astro, .los('^ .loa(|uin, settler.*
Castro, .lose S. T., child.*
Castro, Simeon, settler.*
INHABITANTS OF CALIFORNIA, 17(50- 1800.
735
Cavnllcr, .T()s(', padro.'
Caymlas, Fiaiicisco, ("at. Vol.'
( '.lyuflas, Kraiifisio, .soldier.'
(.'ayiu.'la.H, I'l'ilro, sidilioi'.'
(.'urvaiitoH, .Juan I'ahlo.'
('LTvantt's, « liiaclaliipo, soldier.*
< 'cTvaiitL's, Palilo Victoriano, soMicr.*
(lialpiiUa, ^Lircos, fsolilior.^
(.'lialiolla, redroR., cliild.^
('lial)iillii, ,Tosi', eliild.^
('lialxilia, Jusii Luis, child.''
Cliahulla, (Salvador.*
Cliaiiiuiro, Binith.^
(liaM'ti, .JoH(5 Mateo, settler.*
Chaves, .Tose, eonviet.''
Chavira, Jose Antonio, settler.*
Cliavira, Jose, convict.''
('ihrian, I'alilo, soldier.*
(ihiian, Leocadio, soldier."
(ihiiaii, I'm hh) Antonio, smith.*
CiprL'S, !Maroelino, padre.*
Cisneros, ,I(jse, servant.^
Chia, Domingo, Cat. vol."
Contieras, J>nis, unileteer.'''
Contrcras, Jose, soldier.*
Cordero, .loarpiin lynaeio.'
( 'ordero, Francisco. '
Cordero, Maiiano Antonio, soldier.'
Cordei'o, ,U)sr. K., child. -
Cordero, I'Vrniin, settler.*
Cordii'o, flannel, soldier.-
( 'ordero, .lose i)oin., child.*
('ordero, Mijinel K., child.*
Cordcio, Pedro, settler.*
('('irdolia, Aloerto, en,i;ineer.*
Coruejo, (Jasimiro, settler.'
Cornejo, Casimiro, convict.*
(Jorona, Fi'ancisco, soldier.*
Coronel, .Juan Antonio, muleteer.'
Cortis, .fnaii Lope, padi'c.'
(fortes, Jos6 Antonio, soldier.''
Cortes, Nicolas, soldier.*
Cortes. Nicoh'is Felipe, soldier.*
(y'ostans''>, ^liguel, enj,'ineer. '
<..'ota, .\ntonio, Svildicr. '
Cota, I'ahlo Antonio, soldier.'
Cota, -Maniiel Antonio, child. ^
(,'ota, l!oi(ue, soldier. '-
Cota. Cnillernio, sergeant.^
Coti, .Iiiau Ignacio, soldier.'''
Cota. Mariano, scjldier.''
('ota, Nabor Antonio, child.'
Cota, liartolomi! .lose, child.'
(,'ota. Fianciseo Atana.sio. child.*
(.'ota, .lo.se flannel ^la., child.*
Cota. .lose \'alentin, ehihl.'
Cota, .Juan Francisco, child.*
Cota, Manuel, soldier.*
Cota, Pedro Antonio, child.*
Crospi, Jiian, padre.'
Cru/ado, i\ntonii), ]iadre.'
Cruz, i'austino Jose, soldier.'
Cru/ y .'"^otoniayor. Juan, soldier."
Cuevas, Luis, settler.*
Dandrieu, Andres, soldier.*
I>anti, Antonio, padre.'
1>,i\ila, .Tosi'', surgeon.'^
Diivila, Manuel, cirpenter."
])avila, .)., soldier."
Diivila, Jose Antonio, smith.*
Delgado, Alon/.o, (':it. Vol.*
Diaz, .Joaquin, soldiei'.-
Douiilignez, Juan .lost', soldier.'
Doniinguez, .lose J)olores, soldier.''
Doijiinguez, .losi'^ Antonio, ehihl."
Doniinguez, Jo»e Ma. D., cliihl."
Doniinguez, Cristohal, soldier.'
Doniinguez, .Tose .\ntonio, cliild.''
Doniinguez, .lose Asuncion, child.*
Doniinguez, .losi' l''ranciscc>, child.*
Doniinguez, IJemesio, settler.*
Diiaite, Alejo Antonio, soldier.'
Duarte, Jose Ma., soldier,'
Duarte, Pasenal.'
])iiarte, Francisco Javier, child.*
Jhiarte, Juan .lose'', servant.*
Duarte, Leandro, soldier.*
]>ucil, Sebastian, Cat. vol.*
iJumetz, Francisco, padre.'
]'aiearnacion, Jose, .soldier."
]'hni(piez, Antonio, sei-vant."
Knri(juez, Antonio Domingo, M'caver.*
Knriquez, Sebastian, child.'
J'lseainilla, Ant(inio Sjintos, child.*
Fscainilla, Jose, soldier.*
Esiuiinilla, 'J'oinas, convict.'
]']scribano, Sebastian, (Jat. vol.'
I'sjiarza, Jose Lorenzo, mechanic.'
Mspi, Jose de la (3., padri.'
Lspinosa, Antonio, soldier.^
Kspinosa, Joa([uiii, soldier.''
Espinosa, .liian, servant. -
Kspinosa, (Jabriel, soldier."
Lspino.sa, .Tose Miguel, soldier."
Esj)inosa, Salvador, soldier.^
J]s|iiiio.-a, Toiiias, soldier.''
Espinosa, Cayetano, soldier.*
Lspinosa, .los.' ( iabiiel S.'
lispino.sii, Jose .Ma. F.. child.*
Espinosa. .lose Pio, Cat. '.'ol. '
Espinosa, Juan Antonio .1., child.*
F^iti'van, PedrodeS. .Iiis('', padre.*
J'^sti'vaii, Ant(jnio. sailor.'
J'^strada. .lost' r.onit'aci.i, soldier.^
I'lstudilht, .lose'' Maria, soldier.'
Fages. Pedro, lieiiti na:it. '
F.'Uira. .Tosc', padre.*
Fcliciano, Alejo, settler. -
Feliciano. llilario, child."
Felix, C'laudio N'ictor.'
730
INUA3ITAiITS OF CALirORNIA, 17(iO-ISOO.
lyiix, Auiist. Ma., soMior.'
Fr'lix, horuti'd, hiplilit'i .'^
l''i'lix, ,l()si' Vict'iitc, 8(il(lior.^
J''ilix, .Tosi'' Francisi'o, K)l(Her.'
Felix, .Jiiiia Ji)S('' JL;ii!ici >, child.'
l-'cHx, Aiit(iiiii) li;it,icl, iliilil.*
l'\lix, V'ii'toriiiii, H<jlilii'r.''
I'.lix, i'Vi'iiandiJ ilo la T., cliilil.*
J'rlix, .!()«('', iliild.*
i'"ilix, .To.si- Liic'iiiiio, c'iiiKl.*
IVIix, .Ii)s6 Vitiiitu V'ak'utiu, child.*
T'c'lix, Juan.*
Felix, Juan Jose do f\., eiiild.*
I'Viix, LeciiianU) Ma., child.*
Felix, I'eclid Aiitdnio, child.*
J'\'niandez, (ia'^par Antonio, child.'
I'ernande/, Jose jlosulino, .soldier."
l'"eriiand('Z, I'eiln) l^Miacio, child.*
Feinandc/, liafael Ma. de la C, child.*
I'Vrnandez, A'ictor, (Jat. vol.*
]''erniind(!/, (Ire,L,'orio, padre.*
iMiiiande/, .lose Ma., jiadrc.*
l''eiiiande/, Mauuel, jiadre.*
FcyJDO, .lose, sioldici'.^
Fcnei-, I'ahlo, t'at. vol.'
Fiu'ncr, Juan, i)adrc.'
Fi.micriia, flannel, .soldier.*
I''iL,'uer()a, Nalvador l;,'nacio, child.*
Florcs, ] lei iiienegildo, so.dier.^
FIoi'os, \'ietoiiano, servant.*
Florcs, Jose Mij,nicl, soldier.''
Florcs, Jose Maria, solilier.^
Florcs, Jo.si; Teodosio, child.'
Florcs, ]jcrn;irdo, settler.*
Florcs, Diogo.*
Florcs, Francisco, soldier.*
Florcs, Isiitro. soldier.*
Florcs, Jose Ma. de la T., child.*
Florcs, Leandnj Jose, child.*
Florcs, Pedro, soldici'.*
Font, Jose, lieutenant.*
]M)ntes, ];uis .Ma., soldier.'
Fontes, L'edro, servant.^
Fragoso, Luis !Ma., soldier.'
I'rago.so, Kafail, (.'at. vol.*
Franco, Juan, servant.''
Franco, Jose, convict.*
Franco, I'ahlo, convici:.*
Fustcr, Vicente, jiadrc*
(lalindo, Xicolii.s, settler,^
(ialiudo, Francisco A., child.''
(lalindo, Jt'se Ivafael, child.'-'
(ialiudo, .Mejandro Fidel, child.'
(lalindo, .Tose Leandro, child. ^
f'aliudo, Juan C'riscVstoino, child.'
(lalindo, C'laudio, Cat. vol.*
(ialindo, Jos6 Ciirlos II., child.*
(ialiudo, ^'enar■cio, soldier.*
(lallego, Cirlos, soUlier.-
Galvcz, Diego, Cat. vol.*
fiiinic/, 'J'eodoro, soldier.*
( iaraieocchca, .Jose, corixir.'il.*
(larcia, I'icgo, padre.-'
(iarcia, I''eli|ic, smith. '-'
(Jai'cia, ]''raueisco IJriino. soldier.'
(!ar(-ia, {-"r.-iui-isco .\la., child.-'
(hircia., l-'rancisco I'., soldier."
(iarcia, .losi'; lieycs, child. '^
(larcia, .luan .lose, child. '^
(larcin, Jos('i Antonio, soldier.'-'
(laicia, l'edro, settler.''
(larcia, l'edro (Ion/ale/., smith.*
(iarcia, (Virlos Ma.*
(larcia, .lose Antonio Inoc, child.*
flarcia, Jose'- llilario Uanion, child.*
Garcia, .lose de las Llagas, chilil.*
Clareia, .Tose Ma. Cancio, child.'
Clarcia, .lose Ma. Dcsiderio, child.*
(iarcia, Juli.'in.*
(larcia, 1..UZ, soldier.*
Garcia, iS'ieoh'is, (*;it. vol.*
Garcia, l'edro Antonio, child.*
Garcia, l'edro (Ion/., smith.*
Garihaj', .lose Joaijuir., child.*
(Jarihay, Vicente, soldier.'
(larracino, l'edro, sohlicr.'
(Icrardo. (See (lonzah-/ G.)
German, Cris. Ant., child.'
German, Tsidro, soldier.^
German, l-'aiistin .T., child.*
German, Manuel ignaeio, child.*
'German, Ju.-m, solilicr.*
German, Juan, child.*
Glol, .Tose, servant.^
Gili, IJartolonu'', jiadrc.
Giri')et, Miguel, padre'
(iloria, .Tacinto, soldier.-
Gloria, .Tos6 ^la., soldier.*
Gomez, Francisco, jiadi'c'
Gomez, Nicolas, settler.'^
(loaiez, Francisco, soldier.*
Gomez, .Tose Antonio, ('at. vol.*
(4omcz, Kafacl, settler.*
Gomez, Itafael, convict.*
(lomcz, Francisco, carpenter.*
(longora, .Tosi'' Ma., soldier.'
Gongora. Jose Antonio, child.*
Gonopra, Jost'' Ma., soldier.*
Gonzalez, Antonio Alejo., soldier.*
Gonzalez, Inoccneio, s.'ulor.'
Gonzalez, (.'irilo, servant.'^
Gonzalez, .lose Antonio, soldier.*
Gonzalez, .Tosc Komualdo, child.*
Gonzalez, Jose Manuel, settler.*
Gonzalez, Mateo Jaeoho, child. '^
Gonzalez, Kamon.'^
Gonzalez, Nicolas, soldier.'
Gonz.'ilcz, Alejandro, soldiei-.-'
Gonzalez, llci-nardo, soldier. -
Gonzalez, Diego, licutenuut.'
J
ixu.\r.iTA\TS 01' c.\Liroi;xrA, itco-isoo.
(1iin;'iil(:', I'clipc, siol licr.'''
(•()Il>:;:I .■., .J(jM' I lllsi liio, tliiM.*
(loii/i !oz, ■lii.-ii'' 1 I li.i;iii(), sio'.ilii-r.'
(ion/. Ic'/, ,M;;t<'() Jiiroliii, cIiiM.^
( ioii/iilcz, 'ridiiiis, ^,l)l(lil'|•.•'
< lon/jili'z, All jo., Cat. viil.*
(loil/iiliZ, I'"liilli iscn, soldier.*
(ioiizali'Z, l''i\'iiun.>;<'i), iiailro.*
< loU/jiIcZ, .lusi', C'll. vol.*
< loil/liicz, iJo:;.'! ]'; liul M., rliilil.*
(loii/ii'.cz, Man. Cniaeo, fliilil,*
< lonziilc z, .li'an, MililiiT.*
(Joiiziiliz, IVilro, int'iliaiilc*
( lonzali'/, j;,:fa(l, ( liilij.*
(Jonzili'Z (JLiiUi'.o, Jlaliicl.'
(loiizalcz, Jom'! 1,( ■iiidro, cliild.*
( loycoiclica, l"<li[H', liciiti nant.*
<!raj<ia, Antonio, liiutcnant.'
(liijalvii, .luaii I'aMc , scrgwint.'
( li'.ciivro, .Fian Jusi.'
(uicniM'o, .Joa([iiin, iioIdiiT."
(inciT( ni, ,]t::n'', Hci'v.'int.-
(indi'iio, .lo.-ii'' Anlonii>, soldier.'
(iiK iTi'i'o, Julian, soldier.'^
(iiiei rcro, ^;atL•(), iii-tillriynmii.*
Cincvara, Join', solilicr.''
Cnevaivi, .lo.si! ('annto, cliild.''
(luevaia, .1(1:^(5 Soliastian, (jliild.*
(!nt'v;ii'a, St'l.atitiaii, (,'at. vol.*
(lucvaia, .I(».s(5 Franeisco, (•liiid.*
(Juticnxz, lunacii) M;i., soldici'.'^
(iiiiirn-cz, I'cliiio. s(jldior.^
(iilticri-ez, .ManiR'l, s^.•l•^ aiit.'
<lutii'iTcz, F|■,•:nc•i^i(•o, Cat. vol.*
(Inznian, Isidro, solditr.-'
Ciiznu'n, Juan Ma., iliild.'
(luziiaui, 'J'criliio, .soldier.''
(Inztmx.ar, Manuel, .servant.*
llarii, Feli|io, Cat. vol.*
lleeliido, .jo.se Fn.neisco.*
llcnrii|uez, Antonio l)oni., weaver.*
Ik'redia, l!ernarilino, soldier.'''
lleredia, ,]on\ I'.en^ardo, .^oldier."
Hernandez, Jos(j llal'ael.'
Jleruaiidez, ^'ieentl' Antonio. '^
Kernandez, J\ist(i, i.oldier.^
]|i'rnandez, ,lnan Jose Antonio, eliiUl.'
]ienian<l<z, Felipe, hetllcr.*
Hernandez, rdipe, eonvict.*
Hernandez, Jose Antonio, settler.*
}|ernandez, .Tose, eonviet.*
Hernandez, J. Jo.si' de l;i Luz, sol<iior.*
]lernaneez, .'\nt(jnio, sadd.ler.'
Hernandez, Juan Maria, i-adiller.*
Hernandez, Juan, eonviet.*
Herrera. Jose, .soldier.*
Jliu'ueia, .foa(|nin, soldier.^
Hi.ui'rn, Jose Atauasio, soldier.*
Higuera, Jose I.oruto, eliild.'
Hi^uera, Jo.se Manuel, soldier.*
Hist. Cal., Vol, I. 47
I!i"uern, Jn;in .1( nfi, Pf)ldier.'
Hi;.;uera, Jose r;.'naeio. Holdiei'.''
Hi'-juera, lleiiiarilo de la |,uz, eiiiltl.*
l.'iLMiei'a, Juan .lose, elilM,''
Hi;':iKra, Salvador, hJohlier.^
Hi'in ra, 'I ilmreio, ehi'id.''
lli'-Uei'a, 'I ilmreio Javier, iliild.*
Higuer.'i, (Ire'joriolgnacio ^.;i., eiiild.*
lli,';n< 1 I, Jlilmio.*
Hi'^nera, Jose 1', soldier.*
Hi; uera, Jose '2', soldier.*
HiMiera, Jose ( VhIoh .'•'alv., cliilil,*
Hi'uera, Josi"' (leronnuo, el.ild.'
Ili.LjiRiii, Jose's Mil , cliild.*
lli;-;uera, Jo. (5 Toliearpo, child.*
Hi'^uera, Jo-i'- Antonio,*
Hi,-;uera, Josi^ Joaijuin. '
]Ji,'.;uera, Manui I, hold i r. '
Hi;,'uei'a, XieoLi:i Anlouio.*
JIi.;U(r;i, Salvador, soldier.*
Horeliai'a, ,lose Ht'!ari:), ehi'd.'
Horcliai.'a, Jo.-o Manuel, eliild.'
Horelia;:a, ^lanml, soldier.''
Jlores, Jose, S( tliel'."
]lorra, ^Xnlonio de la C., jiadre.*
Horiel. Ju:iii, Cal. \ol. '
Jliarra, Fr nei.seo, servant.'
lliarra, Andn's ] Jclores. eliilJ.*
iliarra, (ul ^..'aria. eliil.l.^
lliarra, Jose l>esiileiio, elii'd.'
Hiaria, Juan Antonio, soldier.'
Jliarra, il.auK^n, soldier."
lliaiTa, Alliino, soldier.*
lliarra, Antonio, child.*
lliari;i, Cali.\to Josi5 Antonio, child.*
I'^'atlera, Jose, eenviet.*
Igai'cila, Josc'i (lordiano, settler.*
Iniquez, Juan, Cat. V( 1.*
Islas, ^!i;^'nel, soldiei-.'
Isvan, Jose Alliino, soMier.*
Iturrate, l)oinin;4o S., padre.*
l;:(|Xiierdo. Jese, soldii^r.^
Jaime, .'\nlonio, p.idre.*
Jjainie, Luis, ji'dre.'
Jimenez, Fram iseo. Cat. vol.*
•linu'nev.. Hil.'iiio, soldier.*
Jimenez, I'aseual Antonio, ehilil.*
Juarez, I'rane-iseo, soldier.''
Juarez, Jose .Joaquin, child.*
Juneosa, Honi, padie.'
Lalira, .luan Antonio, soldier.'
I.ailron de < luevara, Jose I., soldier.*
Lanc'aeta, Maitin, ]iadre.*
Lasuen, Fermiii Fr; neiseo, padre.*
Lara, Jose, setiler.''
Lara, Jose Sostenes, child.*
Lara, .luliaii, soldier.'
Lar.'i, Jose Antonio Set'erino, child.*
Liirios, Jo-e Ma., soldier."
Lasso de la Veya, Jeimon, allerez.'
1
7n.s
ixii.M'.iT.wrs OF ('Ar,ii".)i:\i.\, itc:) isoo.
liC.ll, I Ml I .Ii'; ', NiTV.VIlt.''
J^i iv I, .\iiii-<t.'i 'ill, viliUcr'.'''
l.civii, A.'riiiiiii, iiiililiri'.''
I.i'ivii, .1(1.1' AiiilriH, cliilil.^
Lchii, .lii.^i'i AiiliiiiiK Mil., HiiMiti','
lii'ivii, .lii.iii, s.ililicf,''
J.i'iv.i, Mi;;iiil, Kiililii r.''
JaMVII, .111 l' All(nlliu.<
Lfivii, .los.' Ilil'.ii'l, cliilil.'
l.('iv;i, Miiiui'l liiiiiinii, rliilil, '
l.('i\,l, lilliilMI, Hlilili'l'. '
l.i'iiii, .Iiim' Mil, siililiri'.'''
Jjt'iiii, .liisi' M.'iiiiirl, sdlilicr,''' ^
l.iiim, .I(iM(', mildicr.''
I.iimrt'^i, I'^ii'ii'io. .suMii r.'
liiiiiircH, .I.M' til' los ,S., iliilil.*
Liiiiin'f<, M.iiiiiiin (Id I )(i1iii('m, child.'''
l.iimiT.-i, I'riiiici.sco, scLlU r.*
IJiiiirt'.i, llimiiiii, H()I(li( r.'
J.iiiiuHM, .SiiUailiir, soldier.*
lAnv/.n, Mi ;tii'l, (.'at. Vdl.'
Lisiddc, |)ii;,M.'
,Li.siiM<', l'"i li\, siildiiT.'
Li.^iildi'. .liiJMi ('rin'1.^1. .\iit(ilii(i, iliild.
Liziiid.-i. I\'ili' ' .Viiloiiio, i^Mldur.-
Li.iiii.-is, Aiiliiiiio, < 'at. viil.'
J.li'dii, l!.il';ul, ciuiiiiitci'.'
J.!i')iin, .Ic- ■• .M::i i.iii >, f,' rvaiit.'''
i..()li(i, .It);;'', ; .ildiiT.'
Ldljd, Aoiv l;ii5;ilid, I'liiid.''
ijolid, Ccciliii.*
Ldlld, I'lll!'.).'
Lope;',, il^rMlmicni, iiadrc*
LojH',':, .laiinlii, ]),'idi'i'.'
Ldjii'/, .lilau 1' r;i;ici'i''>, snidicr.'
l.dpcz, I'laiiciscti, S'lldiiT."
J.d|M!/, l;j;iiai ill M.'i. dc .Icsiis.^
iiUiiC'/, ( Ia.>i|>.,r, i;"liii('r.-
l.dJH'Z, .li>ai|ui:i, ."iilduT.-
LdlH'/, .Id.si'! M;i., SdldiiT.''
i-.i>]ioz. Lf.is, tidlilicr."
J-dpLV, lVilrii,.fA'r\aiit.'-'
Lojii-z, Stliruian A., .'^dldii r.-
LdjlL'Z, .Id.:', .\iitoiiid < ill, lllild.''
]..()[K'/, .Tdric ]\]a. llaiiiDii, child.''
Ldpcz, .luaii .Idsi'', child.''
Liipcz, Mcloliiii', siililicr.''
!<dpi'z, .)i'..iii, cdiivii-t;.'
Loi'p/, Cayt'^ljiiid, (."ii'pi'iiicr. '
Ldpcz, ( 'laiiiliii. wildic'!'.'
LdjU'/, Coriiidid .Ma., cnild.'
]..ii]>i'>;, I'^iiacid, Ptildici'. '
Lopez, I'lslcvaii liiimcio, I'liild.*
Jjopcz, .l;ian .loMi'' 'J'l'iiiid.id, si'ttlcl'.'
J>ozano, IVih'o, Cat. vol.'
ijUL-o, Luii '.! Ill I za ;;.■<, Mdldier.'
J«UL;d, i'"raiicis(_'d, .soldier.'^
l.li';ii, [;'liac'id, soldier.'''
.l/.i;;o, .lose l';;iai'io, child.'''
].,iigo, .Sci'oi-iiid, soldier.''
Lll;ro, 'lii-i'' .\lltdllid, i>i Idler.'
1,11. ;ii, S.ilv.'idui', i;iildi' r."
Lie. II, .\iil. .M;i , Koldici'.*
.l,il;;o, .loHi'-, ( 'ai. Vol.'* '
LllLjo, .lo.se .\litilliio. child.*
.liian .Ma., diild.*
liU;.;o.
.Iilaii, nciviiit. '
.Mi,'ilel, Holdier.*
liii';o,
I'.lllid.ldS.., child.'
l.ll:o,
Iiaiiioii i.iirciizd, child
l.ii.i.m
. .los(', air. I'cz.*
.Anlolli'i, child.
Manuel, Mildiei'.'
Maeh.'ldo, .lose
M.ieh.'ido, .ld.'<r
iMai'liado, .lo.si'' .A^n.-itiii .\iit., child.*
IM.'ichado, .lose llil.irid. '
Much.idd, .l(is('' l;.;,iaciii .\iil., thild.*
iMaehliea, .In.st'., netllcf.'
IMahifet, |)oliiill'_'o, < 'at. Vol.'
iMaliiiiiiado. .Iii.'iii, ( 'at. vol.*
Malleii, .M.iiinel. Cat. Vol,'
Maiiiii|iie, Seliastidii, niildier.'
iMaiiriipicz, J,iii.'4, iioldiei'.'^
Miin/.'iim. iMiLtiiel .\., Cd. vol.
Marin, Antniiiu. Cat. vol.'
Ma. in.' ySal\-,itiei'i'a,.l.,arti!leiyiiiaii.'
Miuinei', .liian, padre.''
Mario, 'roiM.'i.-i, h^dldiei'.'''
Mari|iliz, i''i'niici-((o Ilafael,
Mai'i|licz, .losi'', .xnldii'i'. '
Alan'. in, liaiail, soldier,''
Marliarena, .losi'' .Miimul, padre
M.irtin, .liian, padre. '
iM.'irtinez, Lnin Antonio, ])adrc.*
Martinez, Pedro .\ili'iaiio, jiudre
Maiiiiiez, l.iii.s Maria, noldiur,^
i^iartinez, 'IVailiio, wildier.'''
Martinez, l)ioiiisio, Hervaut.'
Idier,
^Ill'tilKZ, .)(
M.
Martinez, .fiii'iii l;o"icio, soldier.'
Martinez, Noilierto, child.'''
Martinez, Antonio, soldier.'
Maitinez, Hartolonu'' M.'iteo,'
Martinez, (iremirio, lU'tllleryiii.'in. '
Maitinez, .losi'-. Cut. vol.'
Martinez, .Jiisi'' l.eoeadio, settler.'
Martinez, .lo.sii ^Fa., ncttler. '
Mai'tinez, .Maiuud, Cat. Vol.*
Mirtinez, M,i.\inio.'
Murtiiiez, M:i\inio lianioii, <
:\l:i-tinez, J!eve.'<.'
till
hlld.'
Medina, tlo.si', artilli'rynian.
Miiia,. I'edro.''
M( Jia, l'"r;uicisco .liivicr, sohHer.^
Mej.a, .Juan, soldier.-'
M'.deeio, .iiisi', soldier.^
^lendoza, M.'innel, solilier.'''
iMendo/'.a, .li;s('' di" los Jleyes, child.*
Mrn.lora. Manuel, ('at. vol.'
M ■ndo.;;i. Maii.'uio. tiieni.'iijer.*
M udo,:a, Mariano, .Joiji', weaver.*
IMIAIUT.Wrs or CALlKOliNrA, 17(1(1 ISdO.
::;!)
^Ii'litlii;!), Mi:;iii'l, (':it. vol.'
MciIIIm;, •Iiiiiii Alliri'n. hiililicr.'
iMiMi'(nl(), Mariaiii), iiililliryniaii,*
Mi'l'i'li), I-Ol'flizc), liaillr. '
^i(^ill(|, Ajnislin, j.iiilir.'
Mcsii, Mc.l.iH Mil.. cliiM.'
Mcsii, V'ali'tio, Hiililiif.''
M<'xn, |)(iloi(:n, Mnlilii r.''
.McHii, I'Miaiio, siiMii r.''
Alt'HH, .liiaii Alildtiin, fiililiri'.'''
Mi'sc, J.iiis Ma., cliil.l.''
Mc«a, .Idsi' Aiitiiiiiii, .sdldii !■.•
Mi'Niij .Icisi'' .liiliaii Aiiloiiiu, cliilil.'
Mfsii, .liiaii .liisi'', Kl'\aiit.'
Mi;.'llrl, .luMi'', Ji.iilic/'
Miraii'la, .liiaii Ma., sdliliir.'
Miraiiila, .\li jo, Nolilirr.''
Miiamlii, .Aiitiiiiio, soldiiT.^
iMiiaiiila, .Icisi'- Alldiuio, cliiM.^
Miiiimla, AiKiliimi ill, rliilil.'
Miiaiula, .lu.si'' llilalii), ndldici',^
Miiaihla, .lii.«i' .Mari.iiKt, Cat. vol.'
.Miiamla, .Idst^ Saiiliavo, cliild.'
jMiianda, .Inaii (,'ri;,ii.itr.iiid. diild. '
Mi.anda, Nici'iilo .Manilrl, liiild.'
Mdjii'H, .lose'- M.'l., sciltlt'i'. '
Moji'a, \'i^:l'nt(^ scttli r.*
.Mdlas, .l.isr, Cat. Vcd.'
Mi)lilia, .lo;ir|Mili, S(;U!rr.-
Moliiia, I'lidiii, Holdii T.-
Miiiii('al,.Io.S('! ..\iit(iliiii Xiiiil.'is, child.'
.Mminiy, .lose', .soldier. '
.Moiil.-iloan. Laiiii'iiiii", .'■"'IdiiT.-'
Molilalia, Aiilniiio, (A'd. V'll.'
.Moiibiiio, .Antonio, f-oldic r/'
Miilit'TO, CcsaiTO Alltoiii 1. cliild.''
Montcro, .Maiiinl, soldi( i . '
.Monteverdi^ l'"raiii i>co, arlilli r\ iiiiiii. '
.Moiili.a], .liiaii .\ndiesi, soliliei.''
Moraga, Jo.se ,l(i,ii|iiiii, allVre/.-
Moni,L,'a, (Jaliriel, si.Idier.''
iMora^'-a, X'ieelile .Iosi% cliild.''
Moreno, !•'. S., .-oldii r. '
.Moreno, I-'elijii! Saiitia'.'o, smilli.'
.Moreno, l''e!ipe, .•■ettler.''
Moreno, .losi'-, s"ttler.''
Moreno, .(■.iiiii Kraiici-^co, eliild,'
.Moreno, .Maiuiil. soldier.'
Moiillo. Josi' .lilliaii. Soldier. I
iMoiiniari'H, Luis, Cat. vol.'
Mniioz, Mannel, nieeliaiiie.^
^^'.ly'u•te,i.'^li, I'alilo, |iiidre. '
Mnri^nia, .Tosi'' .\iit., |iadre.'
Murillo, Loreto, soldier. '-
Murillo, I'Vaiuiseo, c'li'jicntci'.^
Minillo, jMan. mii'li.''
.Mr.iii.ito, .lo.-i('', C;il. vol.'
\avano. Josi'' .Antonio, settler.'"'
X;;vai'ro, .Id.-^i' Clemen to. eliild.-'
I^iivano, .lo.ic -Maria, i;Iiild.^
Nieto, .Fose Mama I, Holdier,'
Nieto, .1111111 ■loM' .Mil., child.''
iN'ielo, .Manuel I'ere/, soldier.^
Nieto, .los('' Antonio Ma., soldier. •
Noriej^a, .lo.si- llainon, rolilier. '
Xorie^.i, .losi' lliiiiniiiido, soldier.'
Nolioa, I lieiro. [laclre."
Nocedid, .lo.si', |iiidi'e.^
Oliayi', .losi'. Antonio, soldier.'''
<)e«'jj;iiera, l''iiiistilio, ( 'jit. Vol.*
( )elioa, I'liiiiiiHco .la vier. '
Oelloa, l''eli jie, sipldier.''
Cjeda, (ial.riej.'
Olivares. .Ids.- Mij,'nel, .soldier.'
Olivares, .lo-:.'. I''r,iiiei .'d 11., child.'''
Olivarc.-t, iV'dro .Mermdii'a, child.'
Oliviis, .liniii Matins, soldier.''
Oliv.'is, Cd.snie. '
OlivitS, .lo.se iier'cill.'ino, cliiM.'
OliviH, .Ids.'' l,;i/aro .\|,i., child.*
Oliviis, .Id.-.i' Mcdlils, child.'
()li\a.s, I'al.l.). settler.'
Oliver,!, .lose- I;.;nacio, soldier.'
Oli\'era, .liiaii Maria, soldier.'
Oiiv.'ia, l^'/iiacio, servant.'
Oliv(^ra, .Anlonio l.riciis Ma., child. -
(Jlivcra, l>ic;;o Ant. dn la, l.ii/. child
Olivera, .lose' J)e.siderio, child.''
Olivfti'a, .Fosi', Holilier.''
Oliverii, .lose Leonardo ^L, child.''
OiivcM'a, .lose Ma. .Matia.s, cliild.^
Olivira, .M.isinio .lose, child."
()li\cia, 'I'diiii'is .Anloiiio, child.''
( )li vera, ili;_'inio, soldier.*
.losi^ Ant. .'>i'ciiiidino, chili
L'osalina.Ma., child.'
1
Oliver,!.
Olivcr.'i,
( )livi'i'os, Li'icas
Olvera, Dic'.'o, serv.'iiit.'''
Olvcr.i, I'laiici.seo, Hcivaiit.''
OiiliveroH, .Jo.se .Antonio, soldier.'
Oiitivinos, I'Vanciseo, soldier.''
Ontiveros, .ivian de Dios, sctUei'.'
Oiitiveros, .Inaii .Ml.'
Ontix'ei'os, I'aeilico .Fuan, child.'
Onlivei'dS, ratrii'io, soldier.'
Or.inias, ('ristohal, jiadre.^
Olihe, 'J'oiiKis (!., soldier.'
Oid/.eo, .losi'' .M'lnnel, si ivaiit.'
Orliv^a, .lose i'Vaiiciseo, ,-.,■ fj.'oant.'
Orto;,'a. ]).'iiaeio, Holdii r.'-
(Jl'tc;_m, .lose Fiancisi >, .Ma., child. ^
Ortega, .Tdse Ma., soldier.-'
(Jrtc'v'a, .Inan, soldier.''
l)rtef,'a, .lii.in Cap. .\iit. M. If.,c!ii:<
Oi'tr-u'a, .lo.s,'. Ma. .Martin, child.'
Oi'te-a, .li;an « 'a|i , child.''
Oi'tc'^'a, Mi,'nel, servant.''
Oi'te^ji, I'Vanciseo. '
OrtcL'a, .losi' .Mi'_;iiel. child.'
Ortega, .lose t^iiintili de los ,'^., chih
^-Ji'l
740
INHABITANTS OF CALIFORNIA, ITCO IfiOO,
Ortega, .Tosr Vii'i'tito, soldier,*
t)rt(';;ii, Antonio, cuiivict.'
Ortcf.'a, -Miitias.'
Orlt-a, Mi;;nc'l, Cat. vol.-'
(Mtcl, .luuii, Cat. vol.'
()s(i]iirra, Faii.'jtino, .soldier.*
O.vio, .lose Ma., Cat. vol.''
Osorio, Jo.si'-, ai'tilloi'yn.au.*
Oaonio, IVdid, eoiiviot.*
Ofiiina, Jiiaii Isinciio.'
Osiuia, Juan Luis, soldier.'
Osuua, .MiLTiul, tailor.^
O.siiiia, .lo.sc^ .)oaf|\iiii, soldier."
Osiiiia, .losi'; Ma.*
OsiHia, Jnaii Nepoimieono, ehild.*
(Uoiido, l'\li)ic, fiottler.-
J'a<'lieeo, .lu.'.n Salvio, soldier."''
I'aclieco, Ijartolonie l;.'i,ario, settler.^
j'.ieheeo, ]!iifael, con-, iet.*
Paelieeo, Miu'iul, .soldier.'''
rai;!ieco, Uartijlo, soldier.'*
I'aclu'ici, I'raiiciseo, Cat. vol.*
raclifi'o, I'/iiae-'o, ehild.^
I'adilla, /nan, soldier."
J'a.lilla, Jacinto, Cat. vol.''
I'a j.'M'rales, settler.*
I'alal'ox, Jose, Cat. vol.'
l'',".loinares, Jos(5 Cristijlial, soldier.*
I'aloniai'e.s, Joso IJaniirex, .soldier.^
Falon, Fi'aiiciseo, padre.'
Teralta, Fantaleon. el,il,l.*
IVrex, J nan, eaiitain of vessel.'
Terez, Crisjiin, soldiei'.-
Tei-ez, Jos': l.','naeio, soldier.'^
Perez, Antonio Irinieo, el.i'd.*
Perez, Antonio Ma., child.*
Perez, ]';stovan.*
Perez, J(jse !Ma., .soldier.*
I'erez, .lose ]\Ia. , convict.
I'crez, Juan IJ.'iutista, Cat. vol.*
Perez, Lnis, srjldier.*
Perez, Manuel, Cat. vol.*
Perez l''i'inanik'Z, Jose'', alfi'rez.*
I'erez do la, l''u(!nte, Pedi'o, settler.*
Pericas, Miixnel, Cat. vol.'
I'ey.i, Antonio, ];adro.*
Pico, Santi.'iL'o do la Cruz, soldier.*
I'ico, Francisco Javier, .':i.'dicr."
Pico, J().so Dolores, t'oldic r.'''
Pico, Jose Jla., .soldier.''
Pico, Jnan ]'at]'icio, child.'
Pico, .I()ai|iiin, soldier.*
Pico, Jos;': Antonio ]!;''na;-do, child,*
Pico, Jo5'.(5 >'icentc, ehiid.*
Tico, ^Farian:,. *
Pane
.1
os<', pailre.
I'.'irion, Fernando, pailre.'
Paterna, Antonio, ]>adre.'
I'arrilla, Leon, lieuti'nant.*
Pati'on, Antonio Jos('., sohlier.'^
Parra, Jusi', soldier."
Parra, Jose, chiM."
Parra, Josi' Antonio, settler."
Pari-a, .lose .Mi' uel Saliino. child."
Patino, Jose N'ictoriano, sohlier."
I'aycras, .^!aliano. jia.lre.*
IV'dra/a, .Jose Antonio, settler."
iVdro,Jo-.'AntonioMa.deS.T.,diil.l.'''
l'((lr,), Josi'' Friinciscude ^^ 'I'., chiki.'''
Pedro y <-il, Itafat'l, titorekeener.'''
I'ena, I''rauci.-<'o j\Ia., soldier.'
I'cfia, Jos>'' Antonio, soldier.'
I'l na, ( u'rardo. .-oldier.''
i'eiia, l.iiis, sohlier.''
I'eiia, I''nst:ii|Ui'>, <'hild.'
i'ena, .lose, arti'leryniau.*
Pcna, Teodoro, Cat. vol.*
Pena y S:iravi.'i, INmui'is, padre.'
PeULnics, Miiruel Sohi-evin, ( at. vol.'
Per.'illa, fialiriel, soldier."
i'eralla, .Tuan .lose, Pol,",ier.*
I'eralla, Liiifi Ma,, poldier.'^
IV'ralta, IVdro lie.i^alado, soldier."
IVralia. 1 !( I'lnciieflildu ]giKuio,cliiId.*
Peralta, .)u:<n.*
I'ico, Mi'.
soldier.*
I'ico, I'alricio, servant.*
I'ieras, Mi;.'U(.'l, padre.'
I'inii, Juan Jliixinio, foldier."
Pina, Mariano, servant."
PiUa, Pedr'.Pafacl, child."
Pinto, Jui "I Mari.-i, .snldiei-.''
Pinto, I'aMo, s.Jdiei'.-
Pinto, "Mcrcelo, soldier."
I'Iniu.'S, C-eri'minio, Cat. a'oI.'
Plenclo, v'alentin. Cat. vol.'
Plie,i,'o, Jos('', settler.*
Palanco, .lose, sohlier."
Pollorena, Pi'dro.'''
I'ollorena, ,Iu;in, child.*
Po'lorena, Pafacl l]ni.'enio, child.*
Portella, Francisco, Cat. vol.'
I'ortohi, (la'-par do, governor.'
Preciado, \'cnaneio, .■^ervant."
Prestanii ro, .luan, )iadre.'
Pncra, .loai|uin, servant.'^
Puyol, Francisco, jiadre.*
I'rat, Pedro, surgeon.'
Puig, .luan, sirgt. <'at. vol.'
Qtlcsada, M nnel, soldier.*
Quesaila, Maiuu'l, Cat. vol.*
QuiJ.'ida, Ignacio Ma., child."
Quij.'ida, \icente, soh''' r."
Qnljada, .lose Xaz.'iri . ' elaT., child.'
Quij.'ula, Jose Loren ,o, child.*
Quijada, Simon, ei-,id,'
r,)uintcro, Z-ais, se^l'er."
Quinti'ro, Cleuiente, '
(,hiiiitero, Teodo- io.*
Quinto, Siniun Tadco.*
IXHABITAXTS OF CALIFOI^XIA, 1700-1S>
100.
ia,«
j<a<]r
Jlamiir.-, Frnnci:Hcn, ."-•oldu.,. 2
luaunr/, JKTnarilo, »ol,Ucr>
i;;.>m.v,:,Jo.OAntoi,i„, carpenter.*
Kamo.-i, ,JuH(5, t;iiiitli.a
Ramus, ,Jol^(', crmvict *
Kamos I'aljlo Antonio. diiUl 3
K-'^ia, Loi-oiixo, tsailor.-
itov, (M.-iolMl, (.'at. vol.*
>iey, JostS (lat. vol.-i
licy, .Jiiaii (111, soldier.*
lioye.i, Juan l-Vanci.-co.i
IJcycd, xMartin, .soldier. •
Iicyos, Fraiitisco, s.^ttlcr.'
Ituyts, Jo.so Jauinto, chiid.J
J. eyes, Ju..ic, conviut.*
LVyc.s, Jo.si?, saddler.*
iieycs, MLNinio.lnlian, clijld ♦
Alio, 1 rancisco dul.-'
liioljoo, .)i:an Antonio (;,,.• •i,i
Ivios, Fcliciano, .':oldi(i' ^
liios, Julian, i.oliii.jr.-
liios, C'lyctano, cliild "
p!v^;^H™^^"'iO"i«-f'>an,,.l,i!d.*
la\era, 'iadoo, .soldier.^
i.ivc'i-a, .J.,a.juia, stone-cutter.*
J.ive.a, Salvador, .stono-entter *
i.iye]ay.A!„„eada, Fernando, cantain.i
J'-ol.erlo, JiiBto, soldier"
l;obei-to, :.ratias, ehild.'''
J.o .-s, ,li,;,ii Jos6, soldior.i
l.olxes, Manuel :ja., soldier. 2
Ito.iics, Joso Antonio, .settler «
Koca, (arlosl'edro.lose, dul.I.*
ijOrn, Joso, seiYjcant artilhrvn.an.*
Loeha,JnanKstevan, soIdieV.'
Koeia, r..,,ciio, f^uttJor.*
l.oein, r'.iiMaio, convict.*
lioclia, .Tosi'', <'at. vol.^
lf'>eh:', Juan Jose Lor., rliild *
J :elini, I-naeio, sc.ldirr.^'
ito( iipK/, .Manui.'I, cari.cider '
liOdri;:iicz, Jos('', ser\-aut.'-'
Jvodri;.iicz, I'al.lo, .settK >■ -
Kodr!.,uez, Vieeute, soldier-'
Kodn,:,H,z, Alejo Maxiu,,,, .-hi],] a
Ko( 11,-u^.z, InoceneioJos,-., cldl.P'
l.f)dii:.;ue/, .[oa.|iiin, soldier "
711
Rodri-uez. Juan Franeisco, e' ild '
Wnguc., J.,a,!oWos, cluhL''
i.odri-uc-, .Alanucl, cadet.*
i;odri-uez, J'atias, servant *
|;^->nian. J.scJoa.juin, .';etUer *
j;":.Kr.., .\nfo,„i,;, .savant.^
i|^-n).;,,, Folij.o, tuiilh.-''
ix'in.ro, AnstlnioJos-, r-nacio, cliil
J;oni.ro, ao,6 1>on,inyo, chilu.^
J-.oncro, J„.sO K.Ht^vaii, r.oldicr^
Lon,ero,.JnsCMa. ]JaGilioF.,;.hi]d
lioniero, Juan .MaWa, ciald »
jvoniero, I'cdro, soldier.^
l^oniero, JosO Ant. J'stevan, ,.ld!d '
Ju.inero, Jos.' (Ji-^orio. <'Iild '
-joinero, Jose- .'Ian. .Sccnn.lino,ehil.
|""nci-c. luaniMa.. soldi.T »
J.oniero, Lnis, soldier.*
^ Jjonjcro, liafael. Cat. vol.*
i.o.sa|es, IJrrnardo, muleteer.'
l.o.sales, C.^riK-lio, child. -
l.'«aes, Jos(^rornc]i,,, sol.licr.*
i^osalio, I.urrenio, soldier. :i
Ivosas, Jnan J-'stc'van.^'
IJiMis, ,',1. jo, setiier.''
j;<'oas, ]?;dtasar Juan JoS(^, child.3
l;Osas, ]]r.sdlo, set;lii'.3
l'o.sas, (Virlos, sol.acr.^
Itosas, Jos,'. A!ej,-m<lro. scttlu-.^
itosas, Jose Ma.'amo, .'leftlcr.s
l>osas, Joh; .MiLximo, child.-'*
l^iwas, (Jil Antonio, child.*
Itosas, Jos,-. Dario, settler.*
i>o.-(a.s, Jf)S(r', convict.*
L'osas, Jose Antonio, child.*
i.osas, Jos('. Auconio, .soldier *
Jjosas, Jose ..\ntonio Doroteo, eiiil.l.'
ivosas, r.eon .^iaria, cliild.*
liosa.s, Luis Maria, child.*
Ijnbio, Atcensio .Ahan./,'
lIuMo, ]5ernardo.'
Itul.io, Jose CVnhw.'
hii
cr.
i;odn;^.ue/, .Jos,-. Antonio, sol,!icr ■'
l;o( ri.;n<.z, .Jos^:. F,.,,,,. Ant. L., cldld.a
l!odrii;ucz, J(jst'^ J
,'naeio, soMi(
Itodri.ruc/, Jos(5 do Jesus f., child ■'
ixodii;,iiez, Jos,'. Leon, clnhl.^
lvodri,nuv, .;os,:..Ma.,ehil.l.3
Ko( ri,:;uez, .Sehaslian, cliil.l.^
Jiodri-uez, Alejandro, eiiil.l *
-vo. ri;ruez, Feh'po Antonio, child *
Iv'x ii-ucz, J.MedelCarnun ,'^.. ,.hild *
Lodri-uez, Josi', ]iri-ido, chihl *
lvo,h-iyuez, Juan, eluM.*
Kuhio, .Iuan.\ntonio s
Iii:''io, CdrloH, sol,Ii(.r ^
i;"l'io, Fran. Jlanion do la L.
L:diio, Mateo, soMicr.-''
Itul'io, J,)::,'. Antonif). chiM *
J.'n HO, J,uis Ma., ihil,!.*
i;n .],. Kafael Felipe, cln'hl.*
J.'i .lol. Francisco, C-,;. yol.i
Ifniii. ^larinno, padre "
Jjuejia. I'cdr...
I.'n, :;iM, F.Tuaiido, sol'lier.'
Inielas, Francisco, s.iMii.r."
Jvnc.iis, \'enaneio. Cat. vol.*
It'ii/, .'\ntouio N'icente.'
]|niz, .\Iejan,Jro, soMier.'
Ur.iz. .Juan Ma., soldn'r"'
i;<iiz, Die/o .Ma... sohjier.''
Ituiz, 1 raaci.ico Ma., soldier.^
cliil
742
IXIIALITAXTS or CALiFOItXIA, ITGO-ISOO.
]'.;iiz, r.ii^vnio, .sol.lii-r.^
Li'.i:':, Fruc'tiioso Ma., soldifr."
].i:i;;, .)u;iii I 'uiho Jacinto, cliikl.-'
]'kV.v/., Xervii I'odfo.^
i;ni>:, IV'ilro Jovo.^
];ni;c, j;sti''van, loiikloyor.*
liui/., It;iiacio, soldier.*
];i!iz, .Io.su lliliiriii, child.''
lliiiz, JofiL' .]n;njuin, child.''
luiiz, ^Mamul, iiicchauic.''
Ihiix, Saiilia,L;o, lii.'isoii.'
l!iiiz, Toi'ihio, inuson.'
i^acK, X':i/;ario, .settler.^
i~at'z, Justo, soldier.''
Niicz, .Juan, ^i(^Ulw.''
Suez, }*iigncl.''
I'Vcn;;, ]i.iiacio, convict.*
^^:: jo, Jose, Foldior.^
i^.il, liornicnc ;,'ildo, soldier.'
Sal, I'Tiiacio 1 r.aicir^co, ciiikl.''
.*''a!, l.)oiiiin'j:o, chilli.*
Sill, Mclitou, child.'
Sahi/ar, Ahmso Isidro, padro.''
Salazar, l)(.roico do la Jlnz, child.''
Salaziir, l^jvilco, wildicr.''
Salazar, Jcm- hereto, soldier.'
Sa.hizar, Jcau Juhc, child."
Salazar, Sli.ucl, KoMicr.'
Sabs, Francisco, Cat. vol.''
Sah'.zar, Jose "Marcos, sc^cilcr.*
Saliizar, J'os.', convict.'
Salazar, Mi.Liu I. soldier.'
Sauumiego, .lo'-e Ma, (id, so'ditv.^
Saniaaie;j;o, I'ahloAnt.Xcnicsio, child.'
Sanianicgo, 'l'ii>nr( io Antonio, child.'
Samanieyo, .lo-c di 1 (Airmen, chiid.*
Sanchez, Fi':nicisco Mi ;uel, padre'
Sanchez, Joaquin. scr\ant.-
Sanchcz, Jc.^i'' Anonio, .soldier. -
Sanchez, Juan, sailoi'.-
Sanclicz, Franci.sco, soldier.'''
Si.nchcz, Jo^^c Tadco, sohlicr.'
Sanchez, Josi? Sojiundo, .soldier.'
Sanchez, Jose Antonio, chiid. '
Sanchez, Jiian, Roldic!'. '
SauduiZ, Juan Ma., child.'
Sanchez, \'icente.'
Sanchez, \'icejitt! Anastasio. child, '
^aIl}rrallor, .Mi.rucl, tanner.'
f-anilov.'d, ^\ntonio, serv:;nt.-'
Sisndovjil, (iriiorio .\nti>nio, .soldier.'
."■'aiiia Ana, Ji ; <'■ Francisco, child.'
.'•-.aita Catarin.'! y Xoricj.'a, ?*1., i).'iilrc.-
' anta ^laria, Vicente, padre.'"'
; M'.iia^o, Juan .lose M., padre.'
I'arniiento, i''ranci.sco. Cat. vol.'
i^'iirco. Jos.' Joaquin, artillery man.'
iSo'.'uiido, An^ol, Mcttler.'
^•cyllrll, (In.^c rio, smith.'
fcjciitui, Jose FlaUcibCo de 1'., padre'
Scpulveda, li'afaci, soldici'.'
Sepiilvcda., Juan Jose, .soldier.^
Scpulveda, I'n.ncisco Javier, soldier '
Scpulveda, F.mi([Ui'.'
Scpulveda, I'rancisco Javier, cliihl.*
Scpulveda, Jose Dolores, clald.'
Se]>\ilvcda, Jose llnriquo A., child.*
Si piilvecla, Jose de )os Dolores, child.'
Scpulveila, raliicio.'
Si'iailveda, Sebastian, soldier.*
Scrra, Juniviero, padre.'
Serrano, Fianciscfi, soldier.'
Serrano, Fciiidro Jose, child.'
Serrano, Jose Maria, Cat. vol.*
Servin. Josi'- Lsidro, Cat. vol.*
Sierra, Lenito, iiadre.'''
Silva, Joso, setllel'.'''
Silva, Ililario Leon Jose, child.'
Silva, Jose Manuel, servant. '•'
Silva, Jose Miuuel, soldii'r.'^
Silva. .luan do Dios J. S., child.'
Silva, liatacl, chihl.'
Siiva, Hilario Leon Jose, child.*
Silva. Josi' do lo.s Sisntos, child.*
Silva, .j.ise iMa., chil<l.'
Silva, .lose' Manuel \'ictor, child.*
Silva, Teoiloro.*
Sinova, Jose, soldier.'
Sinova, Jose Francisco, servant.'
Sitjar, riuenaveutur,'!, padre'
Sola, I'ausliuo, padi'c.'
Solierani-.s, Jost': Ma., sohlier.'
Solrcraues, A,!^ustin, ficrvjiut.'
SoheraiH'S, Jose ]Ma.. soldier.'
S'olcr, Juan, store-keeper.'
Soler, Xicolas, captain.'
Soler, I'alilo, suryeon.*
Solis, j\li jandro, soldier.'
Sok'irz.nno, Francisco, soldier.*
Sok'irzano, Juan, soldier.*
Solorzano, Juan jNIatco, child.*
Solorzano, Fio Antonio, child.*
Somern, Jose Antonio F., padre.'
Soino, Jo:;.e Xolasco, settler.*
Sordc, Josi', Cut. vol.'
Sotclo, Francisco Antonio, soldier.*
Soti'lo, J(>sc Antonio, soldier. '-
i*-'otclo, JoR(' Calirii'l, child.'
Sotclo, Jose Ma., chihl.'
Sot( lo, Jose Antonio, child.*
Sotclo, .lose Ma. Tihnicio, child.*
Soldo, l!amon, soldier.'
Solo, .Mateo J;.'nacio.'
Soto, Alejandro, soldier.'
Soto, 1 )aniMSo, child.'
Soto. l''ianiiseo .lose Dolores, child.'
Soto, l'"ranei.seo Ma., child. -
Soto, iL'uacio. soldier.'
Soto. lsidro. child.'
Soio, Fiaiici;jco Fe.xis, soldier.'
I>;iIALITAXTS OF CaiFOrXIA, ITGO-UCO.
713
Potn, (niilliTino, soMicr.^
iSoV!>, Ivu.-iciu J.ivioi'.''
(Soto, .li)«0 •li.ui'iiiiii, clijlil.^
Soto, Jliiriano, .scivjiiit.^
Soto, Aiiroiiio, settler.*
Siito, .Joji'i ^Jil. xVnt., cliiiil.*
Soto, Ji;;iii. '
Soto, ^fiLTuil, soMii;!'. *
Sofi», l!;iM.'l.'
Soto, Tiiiiias. '
Sotoiiiayof, Alcjaiiilro, soldier.'
Sotoiusiyor, .]i)si'' ( 'lisiiKoiu).
Sotoiiiiiyor, .Jo.sc l)orott'o.
Stiai'c;':, Simon, liciiti'iiaiit. *
'Ja'ai)ia:it(-i, .solilior.'*
'l'a]ii.i, Fclipi' Saiitia'.;ii. Mojilirr. '
'J"a])ia, r.artoloiU(', .si i \aiit.''
'Japia. t'l'i.stolial.''
I'apia. Jorsu IJartolo, .settler.''
IV.iia, .Joso Friiiicisco. .-loi.lit r.''
Tapia, Francisco, .soldier.*
'J ajiia, Jooi' Antonio, cliiUl.*
'Jaiiia, .Mariano, ])ottcr. '
lapinto, iN.ariano, tailor.'
'Jajii.s, Fsti'vaii, iiache.''
'icjo, Jvruii.io i\]itoiiio. Cat. vol.''
'i ito, .Icse .li.aijnin, sa r;.iant Cat. vol.
Tic('), Fein, .lo.se .Ma. lj.;n. M., cliild. '
Tohai-, Alliino, setiler.'
I'oea, .Iij:>i5 I^iamiel, ti'u<lier.'
'ioral, Jo a; I'crez, cadet.'
1'orres, Victoriano, ijCLtler.^
I'orre.s, Xarci.-^o. Cat. vol.'
lorris, XiiiiLif-.'
Torrcns, laiario, padrc.^
'l'ra>\ iiia.s, Antonio, .^(/idicr.'
TnijiUo. .I...-/', Cat. v.,1.'
Uiloa, J<i>e t antos, f-initli."
I'rihcs, J,i>.;iiel, seitler.'
Ur.'^ctino, J (.-!', car];(nter.^
Uria, Jo.-^e Antonio, ) adn .'
I'.'ison, lianion, )>; ilro.'
Valdcrrauia, Jose (.'ornoUo, wuttkr. '
Valdea, Ji:an F.aP.li.sta, soldier.''
N'alde.'j, Antonio Alliino, < Idld.''
Aald.H, AiiionioMa. de;-^ta.^I., thild.
^ iiUles, l.iij.enio, holdier."
Vuldi's, Jiisr l,-a;ii]io, cidld.-'
Valdts, Jose Loreji/.o, .scr\i'.iit •'
^'!l!des, Jo.'jt- Mele.'-io, .soldier.''
\
^
Valdi'i, Creel neio.'
Vi.ldei, I raneiseo. Cat
\'.'.Mc .1, Creyorio. '
\'iiieiiyni'!a.
\'alenzriela,
A": len;:nela,
\'ali:n/nela,
Valenxnela.
Id* .s, J;. an Mcle-io, soMier.'
i!<a i, Liu iano Josii'', eldld.''
ilde.s, >.ii.\inio.'Jon»iis, cidld.'
ddeK, Anuinio.'
.1.
\'aUliei,i. Ji :t.e Manuel, soldier,^
Vtdeiuia, I raiiciaco, soldi-jr."
A'aloncia, I; naeio.'
V'aleneia, J nan Iimaeio, ^-oldier.^
A'aleneia, .Juan \'ieen;e I'lis,, eiiild.^
Valencia, Manuel, sillier.-'
Valencia, Mi.i,'ucl Antonio, child.'''
Valencia, Jo.-e Antonio, child.'
Valencia, Jose Manud, cldld.'
Valen;;i!ela, Aiin.stin. soldier.'^
Viilcii/.iula, Jose Julian, ihild.''
Va'.enzuela, Ih-tael, .s.ldiel'.'^
ViJenxuela, An;_'e!. si/idier.-"
"S'alenzuela, Antonio Ma., child. '^
Valenzuela, Caspar Jose, cliiid.^
Valcnzucla, .Josf.^
Valenzuela, Jose Antonio Ma., child.*
Valenzuela, Jose Manuel, soldier.''
Valenzuela. Antonio de(jr., cluld.'
V:)leii;:n<!a, .luaiiuiu, I'hild.'
Valeii/uela, Jose Antonio Ma., child.*
Vtilenzutla, Jose Candelario, eluid.'
Valenzuela, Jose lunacio. '
Valen/.iiela, Jo: lialael, child.'
Valenzuela, Juan, .sohlicr. '
^'alenzu(la, Juan Anuel, child.'
Juan Ma., child.'
.M;i\inio.'
I'edro, .soldier.'
Siuieoti ^l;''.\iluo, child.'
Vicente, soldier.'
^'aien/lK!a, \ innte Antonio, child.'
V; li nznehi, Jose Ma., child. ^
^'alenzueIa. Jos.> Matla,^'. child.''
Vahnznehi, Jose .Mi; ml, chiKl.^
Vtih nzuila, Jom'' i'eilro, soldier.^
Valenzuela. .losi'; Jianion. < hiid.^
Valenzuela, .'•e^^nndo, inldicr.^
Valero, liriiaeio. sohliir.' ,
N'alle'io, ] /n. \iei ido Fi rrcr, soldier.'
Vi'llejii, ,luan Jo.e, soldier.-
Aallejo, J<,.se <le Jesu.s, child.'
\ anc.ua.s, ( 'o.-;ine.*
A arelas, Casiniiro. pettier.''
\ rreias, Juan, child.''
\ arelas, .Iom' Cayetano, child.''
Varclas. Jusi; Manuel, lidld,'
A'arc las, .luan, suldier. '
\ arii.'i.s. Ma mil 1. s» r;;eant.'''
Aa/i;uez, ( Ul Auasiasio, soldier.''
\ azipie;:, Jo .'■ l''ianeisco, child.''
\'a;:'|Ue/, Jiam Atanasio, .soldier."
^"aziiuez, Juan Mlverio, child.'''
A'azi|Uez, .FoKi'' 'Jilmreio. settler. '^
\ azi(iu.!', Antonio, sohlier. '
N'azoue.;, Josi', convict.'
\uzi|nez, I'aus'iiiKi. *
Vazipie/, Feiipe.'
ViZ(|Uez, Fi lix.'
Va/quez, ] lemirneiildo.*
Vuziiuez, .lose Antnuio FiJiln, ihiM.'
\ azijuez, Joe Tiuiolco, tjclller. '
744
IXIIABITAXTS OF CALIFORXIA, 17;:;) If.OO.
azi'.irz, .Ti:lii) M;i,, chilil. '
a, Josi'i Ahiiiiicl, Ciit. vol.*
(',ua«, il.iliiis, iioldiur."
(jar, I'alilo, carjifiitor.''
(■■jar, Salv., (.■ar[)(]itfcr.'
lardo, .Josi! .Jacolw, solilior.^
clardu, Jos(: Ma., boUlii;r.^
(.•lardo, A;.;iisilu.'
olarde, Joni Laciaiuj.'
(■ij,vrano, ,l(is(5 IMa. , innlctcor.'
(■la.s(.'(j, I'friir.iido, Holdicr.-'
clasuo, Jo; i; liiiiauio iiatco, t'Lild.-'
'h/.quv/., .Ill: t'.'
(•laZ(^iu'Z, .)(;;,;('; Ma., o'>ii\i(.-t.''
ck'Z, .1(18(5 iMii;iRl, soitlor.-
flis, Josi', (.'at. vfil.*
crdiii^i), .loa(|ni!i.
urdiiiio, .)(i:;(j i\la., si'ldier.'
fi'(lil;_;(), I'lancisco Ma. do la C'riiz.'
ordiii;o, Mariano ilu la Liv/., yoldicr.^
erdiiyo, Florciicio, .soldii'r.^
crdugo, l-iiacio Leonardo Ma.^
uriliigo, .liaii nii'Ljo, suldicr.^
c^rdiigo, Juan Ma., .soldier.^
(.■rdiigo, l^coli.irdo, .soldici'.^
crdiiyo, !Maiuicd Josi'', cluld.'
urdilgo, An.scliiio Jo.si'', child.'
crdiigo, Jor,([r.in. *
t'i'du^;o, .i(i;;('' Frauci'Aco, cldld. *
(.'rdiiii'o, .Jiiaii AndrO.s i 'olorcs, ( liild.'
crdiiyo, J.'.lii) Antonio .losC', child.''
crduL^o, .Mv'.iton .loso. '
orduzco, Aiiasta:uo Javier.'
iadi'r, .Iom', jvidre.'
ictoriano, soldic.!'.'
ila, \'icL)itt', captain of ves.sel.'
ilia, .r(«', Kvtkr.^
ilia, \'ii'(n'u- I'trro', child. ^
ilia, Klentcrio.*
^'il!•l, .Toi'c' Antonio Doroton, ( hjld. '
Villa, J()S(5 Fr.UR'isco Antonio, vi.ny
^'illa., I'asciial, .soKlicr.''
Villa, liafacL'
Villaiha, Onofro, Cat. vol.''
Vil!a:;dni(.>/., FraiK'isijo, soldier.'
\'illal(iho», .lose, fiohlicr."
Villaloljos, Jos(3Ma., child.*
Villascfior, Jo.sc"', ai tillcrv nuin.*
\'ill.i\ icciicio, ilai'acl, .snldici'.'
\'ill.-u iccncio, .FosiJ .Xntouio, child. -
\'i'i]aviccnci(,), Antonio, (•ctilcr.''
\'illavic' ucio, Fc Ii.\, Hctlh.i'.'
\'illaviccncio, I'ascu.al, settler.*
Villa.vic( ncio, .]v>-i'', soldier.*
\'illarino, F('lix Antonio, settlor.'
\'illcla, .Tu;m Manuel, soldier.''
Villola, Marcos, ,':ol(lier.*
Vinals, .)o.,i'', ];a(li-o.*
Virjan, JJanuel, niulctoor.^
Vi;
eaino, .luan, jiaMre. '
Vizcarra, ,\n.<r, soldier.*
Vorha, Antonio, (.'at. vol.'
Yorl);i, Fi'a.ncisco Javier, soldier.
'^'oi'lia, .)(.s('' Antonio.'
Yorlia, .1( S('' i)oniingo, child.*
Yorh.i, 'J'oucis.^
Zamlirano, Xieolas, soldier.'
Z:
.''.ayas, .los(> Salvadol', soldier.'
Ziini;;a, i'ldio !>., child. -
ZLnii;.;a, J.'io (^)uinto, soldiei-.^
.)(is(', li(. ■ut( nant.^
.lo:;('' .\ii'olHo, child.'
J(>:i>' VaK'nlia (J., child.'
8, ra|ii.) Ma., child."
( Inillornio A., e'lild.*
.loL-('' Manuel, child.*
A'entr.ra.*
Zuuiua,
Znrn;.,a,
Zafli'.'a,
Ztiid^a,
Zufii;.a,
Zurii,.a,
ZuiUL'a,
.11,1.'