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THE WORKS 
 
 OF 
 
 HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. 
 
THE WORKS 
 
 OF 
 
 HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. 
 
 VOLUME XVIII. 
 
 HISTORY OF CALIFORXIA. 
 
 Vol. I. ir)42 ISOO. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO : 
 A. L. BAXCriOFT & COMPANY, rUDLI.SIIEUS. 
 
£nterc,l accnlinR to Act of Oongross In tlio Yoar 1KS4, by 
 
 HUBERT ir. lUNCllOFT, 
 In the Ofllco of the Librarian of Conb-resg, ut Wuehiugt-.n. 
 
 All li'ujhfs Iteserved, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 TiiR pnst of C'alir<)niia, as a -wliolo and in oacli 
 siU'CM^ssivi! ])haso, i'uniislios a rc^-ord not cxcclicd 
 titlicf in vaiict V or interest l>v' that oi" any Now World 
 pro\int'C. From the time when it \vas a mere held 
 ol' eosmoL;rnj)hi(' eonjecture, its [)ositi(»n, sonunvheiv on 
 the wav iVom ^Mexieo to India, heiiiijf va'niel\ lixed 1)V 
 such hounds as Asia, tlie north pole, Newtoundland, 
 and Florida, it lias drawn npon it ell' a lihcral shai'e 
 
 o 
 
 1" tl 
 
 le world s 
 
 noti 
 
 ce. 
 
 Th 
 
 le perioi 
 
 1 ofSi 
 
 )ainsii occupa- 
 
 tion, of spiritual coiKpiest and mission dcNclopmcnt 
 I o'rowiuL;' out of Franeis(;an ell'ort, of (juiet [lastoral 
 
 lil'e with its lively social monotony, is a f'aseinatin'jj 
 I suhjcct that in no part of Amei-iea can he studie(l 
 
 ^ moi'e advantageously than hei'(\ lOven the minia- 
 
 I tuic s(ruL;';4les hetween chureh and state, the ])olit- 
 
 ii'al controversies of the ]\[exiean leuime, the i)lav at 
 WAV and state-craft, are i'uU of intei-est to the readei* 
 Avlio can foi'L!,'ct the mea^'re outcome. On the ocean,. 
 as on a j.ircat maritinu! hi^'hway, California Avas visited 
 hy explorii's and traders from all parts of the' woi'ld, 
 thus esea}>in:jj much ot' the tedious isolation ol" inland 
 provinces, to the manilest enlivenment of her amials. 
 Over the mountains presently cameadNcnturous path- 
 tinders, followed by .swarms of AnL>lo- Saxon im- 
 migrants to seek homes hy the Paeilie; and their 
 
 (iii) 
 
<i 
 
 IV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 I 
 
 cxporionrcs on tlic overland way, with tlu' dissonsions 
 and lilihustciinn's tliat followed llicir coniiii'^', from 
 the '{ iraliani ail'air' to thu 'JJuar FJa^'' I'cNolt, I'ninisli 
 iiiatti'i- li»r ;i nan-ativu not wantini^ in (h-aniallc in- 
 terest. Then came tlie eoniiuesl, the eliaiiL^'e <»t' l!;>Lf, 
 and the intei'ivi^-num of niihtaiy I'lilu undir Ihe 
 Ignited States; closely followed hy the crowning 
 exeitiinient of all, the iHseovery of .gold, an event that 
 not oidy made CaHfornia i'anions among tlu! nations, 
 lint im|>ai'ted a new interest to the country's past. 
 The ^oM-niines with their inunense vicM, the anoma- 
 lous social conditions and developments of the 'llush 
 times,' the conunittees of \igilance and other sti'ange 
 phenomena, lor years permilteil no I'elaxation of iht; 
 world's interest. .Vnd then dawned th^' latest epoch 
 of industrial ])i-ogrcss, of agricultural v/e;dih, oftrans- 
 contincMital railways, of great towns t>n the I'acific; 
 an ej)och that in a measure places California side hy 
 side with older states in a career of progressional 
 pros[)erity. 
 
 ]\Iy ivsources for writing a hist<My of California are 
 shown in the accompanying list of authorities, and in 
 Chapter II. ol" the })resent volume, wliert' a classifica- 
 tion of the authorities is given. Existing jii'inted 
 material for su<h a history is in the aggregate exten- 
 sive and valuahle. Tlie iamous collectors and editors 
 of old, such as Jlakluyt and Purchas, the standard 
 historians of the S[)anish Indies, Toi'quemada and 
 lleriera, with ^NTercator, Ortelius, and all the school 
 of cosmogi'aphers, aided hy such sptcialists as A'ene- 
 gas and Cahi'era But'Uo, published what was known 
 and imagined of California in the earliest ])eiiod of 
 ilri annals. Then the early navigators from the time 
 
ruiirAci:. 
 
 Kie l»_v 
 
 i;i arc 
 
 111(1 in 
 
 ssilica- 
 
 iiitL'd 
 
 xtc'U- 
 
 litoi's 
 
 ndard 
 
 a and 
 
 cliodl 
 
 nowii 
 
 .d of 
 
 time 
 
 (if La rcrouso and A'ancouvci" >;;nyo nuidi atten- 
 tion to the liisioi'v of tlio countrv tln-y \i--i'rd: and 
 ^vilile it!\v of tlnni made tin; best use of lluir (i|t|»nr- 
 tunitics, vet their nari'alivcs mav l»e j-c-ardid as 
 till' morit valnaMe matciial in prinl, uidess we fxcejit 
 I'alou's missionary annals. Meanwhile I'deurien and 
 Xavanvte, lilcc Forstei- and .Duimy, tnri.id ihtir 
 attiMition to (he sunnnaiizin^;' of early \(iya_;fs; and 
 others, like {''orhes and Mofras, t;ave a more |iiaeiieal 
 s"<»|)e to thrir ri'searelies. J )oenm('niary I'ceords wi-re 
 jtrinted from time to 1ini<' in Mexico, and even in 
 California; arti(l<'S moi-e or less hi>torii-,d foimd 
 their way int(» the world's jtcrloihcals. and inciition of 
 the far-olf |tro\inee appeai'ed in general worI\s on 
 Spanish Anieiiea. Forei-^'ii j»ioneers, foUowiii'^' the 
 Irad of Jiohinson, deserihetl in print the conf'itiou and 
 ]iros[)ects of their new home; oNt-rland inmiii;. ants and 
 explorers, like Uidwell and Jlastin^s and Fremont, 
 pictured the western coast lor the heiielifc of otln'rs to 
 loUow. The coiKpiost was voluminously rccoiiK'd in 
 tlocunients ])rinted by the government of the I'nite;! 
 States, as well as in such books as those of ('oltonand 
 ( 'utts, also making C'alifornia a [iromineiit topic u\' 
 ncv.spaper mention. From tin' finding of gold there 
 has lie 11 IK) lack of books and pamjihlcts ]>ublislied 
 in or about the country; while national, state, an<l 
 nnmii ipal I'ccords in ^y\^<% with the addition of iii'ws- 
 papers, ha\(' forever aljolished the necessity of .search- 
 ing the unprinted state and county archives. 
 
 Of late there has been manifest connnendable 
 diligence (ju the part of early Califoinians in his- 
 
 toi'i 
 
 c researcli. 
 
 M: 
 
 luv pioneer rennniscences have 
 
 V 1 
 
 been i)rinted in one form or another, one journal 
 
Hi' 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 ' i 
 
 yl 1'i:i:fack. 
 
 luiviii;^ lii'cii (livolcd liir ycni'H nlinost ('A<lik;ivi'ly to 
 i\\;\{ liiltor. A few (lociniiciits of llic ol'.i r time liavc 
 Ki'cii the liij'lit, willi (•(tiiiiiiciits l»vsiu-]i iiK'ii ns Tnvlor 
 and r.v.ni-!, who, Yikc. StilliiiMii, li.ixc ^l^l(^(•,l (lie old 
 vov;i"v^. Jolin '|\ ])ovl*', In'sidcs i»ul»llsliiii''' stntTal 
 liistorlr.il j)ai'ij>lilfts, lias edited a rtp'iiit ol" J'aloii'.s 
 worhs. St'Vcral iiicii, like I [opkin^ of .'■iaii I'l'aiiei.sco 
 and Wilson of Santa ( 'in/,, liave liron'^lit out small 
 collecti )ns of ( 'aliloriiia doenineiiis. ( )iliei' memorials 
 ol'llie ?de\i('aii time liave Iieeii 1 laiislated, jiriiitod, 
 and (•) sonii! exieiit ntili/.ed in periodicals and le;^al 
 records. Some meml»ers of the 1<".; d jirolossion, siu-li 
 as ])v,ine]le, lia\(' e\]iaii(!ed their hiiels iiit(» lormal 
 liistory. Sescral old narratives or diari(^-; ol' early 
 event.;, as (er instance lliose ol" Jde and Sutte^r, have 
 Iteen iccontly |nd)lished. JJeiijaniin I iaycs has hei-n 
 ail indei'aligahle collector ol" printed it ims on southern 
 ( 'aliroi'iiia. ]ian<'ey has prc'sentul in criido i'orni a 
 valu.iMe mass of ini'ormatii>n aoout the coiujuest. 
 Specialists, like 3dc(nashan on I he l)onner j>arty, 
 liavc' done some laithl'ul ork. I'articularly active 
 lia\(! heen tlie local annalists, headed l»y Jlittell, 
 Sonic, Hall, and (Jilhert, whose eliorts have in sev- 
 t-ral instance^i ^one far lnyond inert' local and personal 
 I'ccords, and who have ohtaiiied some original data 
 i'lom eld roidciits and a i»artial studv (»!" docunuMitarv 
 evidenc(\ And llnally theii; are a lev.' writers, like 
 Tuthill a.nd (Jleeson, who havv"j,i\en t'le work I jiopular 
 and creditable! versions of the conntr\''s Li'eiu'ral annals. 
 The services of the lawyers and leijal tribunals in 
 years past merit lu>arty recognition. ~My coips (»f 
 inx'ohmtary legal as.sistaiits has been more; mimerous 
 than that of the twenty skilled colialKiraU'xrs employed 
 
 I 
 
rnrFACK. 
 
 vil 
 
 tlircctly \>y iiic ns clscwluru cxiilaiiicd ; and tliou^U 
 llu-y liXuiniiK'd l)iit a small part of tin; arrhivcs, yet 
 tlicy fiMpIoyi.'d llic! iiiicst talent in Urn prol'tjs^ioii, 
 lahorrd lor more tl'an twenty years, siiKmittrd their 
 wnik io tli(; couii. and coUecttMl, I suspi^el, lai'^er 
 lies than I .should ha\ Icen aide to |)ay, Tiu' noti s 
 of these woiicinen wei'e seatterud broadcast, anil were 
 ])i'actieally inaccessihle in le^al hriefs, printed argu- 
 mi-nts, court i'(>poits, and hulky tomes of (. stimony 
 in land and othei* cases; but I have ccjllectcil, classi- 
 lied, and used them to test, corroboi'att'. or ,-:u[»[»l(- 
 ineiit notes from other sources. This d .plication of 
 data, and 'Im comments of the profession on tl)' thou- 
 sands of documents submitted altei'iiately io partisan 
 Jiiut and judicial coolness in tlu^ crucible of liti;^'ition, 
 have not oidy tloubled tlu.' value of those papers, but 
 have ^^^Teatl}' aided me in making;' [) rope i' use of (jther 
 tens of thousands never submittetl to such a test. And 
 to documentary evidence of this class should be added 
 the testimony of pioneers elicited by interrogators 
 Avho, through personal interests or the stibiKViui, had 
 a power over reticout witnesses which I novor pos- 
 
 sess^ 
 
 cd. 
 
 But while much credit Is due to investiixators of 
 the several classes who have preceded mo, the ])atli, 
 so far iis ori'4'inal research oli an eKtended scale is 
 concerneil, luis to this time remained untrodden. No 
 wiiter has even approximately utihzed tlie informa- 
 tion extant in print. It has now been collected and 
 studied for the lirst time in its cntiioty. Yet so much 
 further lias the investi'''ation been carried, and so com- 
 l)arati\(, ly unimportant is this class of data, that fur 
 
via 
 
 VllEFACI-:. 
 
 Ui' 
 
 a largo part <>f tlu; poriod covered — naiiu'ly, fi'oiu 1 7<)'.) 
 to 1810 — the cMiiipleteness of luy rocord would not 
 lie very seriously idl'eetod Wythe destruction of every 
 ])age that has over boon priutt.-d. Xevor lias it hoou 
 tlu! fortune of ;iny writer, aspiring to roooi'd the 
 annals of his eounli'v, to have at the sanio linio so 
 HOW a Held and so complete a collection of original 
 and vnuised niatori;d. I may claim witliout oxaggora- 
 t!o)i to have accumulated practically all that exists on 
 tho' suhjoct, Jiot only in pi'int but in manuscri})t. I 
 have copied tlio public archives, hitherto but; ^"ory 
 superficially consulted; and I ha\i> ransacked the 
 country for additional hundreds of t]iou>ands of orig- 
 inal documents whose xcry existonct* was unlaiown. 
 J have also tal;on statements, varying in si/e iVoui 
 six to two tliousand pages each, iVom many liun- 
 (h'ods of the early inhabitants, For details respecting 
 these now snUi'ces of inl'ormatiou I refer tlic ro;ider 
 to the lid and clKiptor alreadv cited. ]t is tine tliat 
 now documents will lie found as the years pass by to 
 throw a clearer liglit on many minor j)oints; l»ut nt:w 
 material — whatever ik^v talent and now theories mav 
 do — will necessitate the reconsti'uction of few if any of 
 t iioso chapters. It istomeamatter of pride that, using 
 the term in tin; limited and only sense in whicli it can 
 ever be pro[)orly apj)liod to an extended historical 
 woi'k, 1 have thus been able to exhaust the subject. 
 ]*ossibly I have at the same time exhausted the 
 ])atience of my readers; for it is in the IIistouy of 
 ( 'ALii'oi;xiA that 1 have entered niore fully into de- 
 tails than in any other ])artof the general work. The 
 jtlaii originally amiouncod carries me Irom national 
 histoi'y into local annals as I leave the south ibr the 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
n:r,rAci:. 
 
 )iil(l not 
 )[' every 
 i it l)c('ii 
 
 'Ol'.l till! 
 
 iiuie SI) 
 oi'i^iiial 
 
 ^xists oil 
 •iljit. I 
 )ut xwy 
 kcd ili(j 
 
 of ()iii_j- 
 nkiiowH. 
 !;',(■ iVoai 
 iiy liiui- 
 
 pecting' 
 u reader 
 
 tie t]iat 
 ss l>y to 
 
 Ut 1U!\V 
 
 !'s mar 
 any ol" 
 
 It, iisiii'"; 
 
 |i it eau 
 storieal 
 iiKii'ct. 
 
 tot 
 
 •J 
 I tl 
 
 lO 
 
 toUV OF 
 
 ito (le- 
 
 lio 
 
 latioiia 
 
 Ol' 
 
 till 
 
 111 ii'ili : and aiiioii;^" tlio iiortlieru coiuitri* s oftlio Paciiio 
 Slate-; ( 'alifoiiiia claims the largest spaee. ^Fliat. llii-; 
 treatiiieiir is justitied l»y tile cxti.'iit and variety of 
 tiie eounlry's annals, jiy its past, jireseiit, .•nid jum- 
 ^[)ee{i\c iiii[)oi'lanee in the eyes of (he world, will not 
 prohably bo (juostioiK'd. Yet wliilo tlio oompaiati\o 
 jiiMmineiK'o oftlio toi)ii.' will doubtless bo a"pj)rovod, it 
 mav bo that tho a'''u'reL';;iti^ siiaoo de\'oted to it wiil 
 seiMii to somo oxcossivo. l>ut such would bo the ca-o 
 if Ihe spaco woro ivduoed by oni; half or two thirds; 
 and siu'li a reduction eould oi;l\' bo madio bv a radioal 
 (•han;.;e in th(,' plan ol' t!io wori;, and a total sacrifico of 
 its I'xliaustivo eliaraciei'. A histoiy (jf ( 'alilbi'iiia is a 
 record oi' events j'rom yeario year, each boiii^' L;iviii ;i 
 s])aco, iVoni a ^liort ]iaragrapii to a Iohl;' chapter, in 
 jiroportion to its importance. .Vny considorablo re- 
 duel ion in spaco would inaiCo of the worl; a mero 
 chronological table of events that woid>l be intolerably 
 tedious, or a record of solocteil illuslrativo events 
 v*hich would not be history, 'iditit the lia])j)eniiigs to 
 
 le ciironu 
 
 led 
 
 aro Hot so 
 
 tartl 
 
 iui'" as some o 
 
 ft 
 
 lie (les- 
 
 tinv-decidiiiL!' oveids of tl 
 
 le woriil s 
 
 hist 
 
 orv, is a stat< 
 
 of things Ibr which the \\ilier is not I'l'sponsible; an 
 
 I 
 
 vdiilo from a certain point of viev.' it might justify him 
 in not V, lit iuLT of California at all, it can by no me;ins 
 
 excu- 
 
 nm, iiaviiiu' once u 
 
 ^ ndertaken tho ta-~k, iVom 
 
 telling the wholo story. T\\o custom has been hi 
 writin-'' the annals of this and other counti-ies to dwell 
 
 ith 
 
 n''th on one event or eoocli rocon 
 
 led 
 
 m a oooiv or 
 
 document tho writer happens to ha\'o seen, and to 
 omit — for \\ant of space I — twenty othei's e![uall_\- im- 
 portant v.hii'h ha\'e I'scaped his I'esearch, a ]ia[i[iy 
 lueaiis of condonsation not at mv command. 
 
 lllai. Cai... Vol.. 1. 2 
 
w 
 
 1 1' 
 
 ill 
 
 I 
 
 X PRKFACE. 
 
 There will Itc i'ouiid in tlicso volunu's no Ifinvj-diMwii 
 iiari'ativcs or (lescrij)ti(>iis. Jii no jmrt ol" this scries 
 has ;.iy system ol" coiKk-nsatioii been iiiDro strictly 
 applied, I am lii-m in the hclicf that the ivcurd is 
 v.orth preserviiiL;', and lor its completeness I ex[)ect 
 ill time the a[)i)reciati(ni ;ind a[i[)r(jbation of all true 
 Californians. Unless I am greatly in crioi- re^■[)e(•t- 
 in-'" what I have wi-itten, no intelliLCent reader desirinn' 
 inlormati;)!! on any jiarticiilar event of cai'ly t'ali- 
 i'lrniau histoi'V — inlnrniatioji on the (bunding- or early 
 annals of any mission or ti>\vn: on the dexclopmeiit 
 of any p;)li(ical, socird, iiidiistiial, or reliL;i!>ns institu- 
 tion; on the occurrences ol' any vear or ))eriod; on the 
 lite and character of any oilicial or I'riar or pi-omineiit 
 citizen or early pioiu'cr; on tin; vi.^it and nai-r;iu\'e cl' 
 any voyai;\'r; on the ad\entui'es and compositiou 
 of an\' innniDfrant iiart v; on aiiv hoolc or class of boojcs 
 aixiut ( "alilbi'nia; or on any one or any j^i'oup of the 
 incidents that make ui> this work — will accu;;e nu' of 
 ]ia\inL;' written at too ^reat length on that })artiiad;ir 
 topic. ^Vnd 1 trust the system of classitication \viil 
 enable the reader to select Aviiliout inconvenience or 
 confusion such portions as may suit his taste. 
 
 1\) government ollicials of nation, slat', and coun- 
 ties, wlio ha\'e allbi'ded me and m\' a^'ents free access 
 
 to Ihi' public archives, oftoi going bcyo 
 
 nd th 
 
 oincia 
 
 obli'4'ationsto i'acilitate ni\' investiu'ations, most heartv 
 
 acKnow 
 
 ledLrments art' due. T am no less indebted to 
 
 San Fi'ancisco aiu 
 
 I 1 
 
 >isho[) 
 
 Archbishop .Memany 
 ^lora of Los An''\'les and ^NFontercN', bv v.hose ;iu- 
 thority the pai'ochial archiws h;.\'e been placed at my 
 (lis[)o.sal; and to the curatvS, who with few exceptions 
 have done much nK)re in a[»[ireciation of ni) v,t)i'k 
 
';-(lr;)\vil 
 
 strict ly 
 .•(•(inl is 
 
 cXpfct 
 
 ;ill truo 
 
 losilili;^' 
 y C'ali- 
 i)i- (.'ally 
 
 ()|i!llC'llt 
 
 iiistitu- 
 ()U tlio 
 )ii)iiit".ib 
 xiWv <;!* 
 idsitioii 
 )t' Itoiiks 
 
 () 
 
 f tl 
 
 10 
 
 UK' <)[ 
 
 i'tirii],<r 
 
 IK'O r.V 
 
 collll- 
 
 ;t'•(•O^S 
 
 (liili-i; 
 
 licarly 
 )trd to 
 sli(»j> 
 
 ■)S<! 
 
 r 
 
 aii- 
 
 inv 
 
 rilKFACE. xi 
 
 tlian simply to coiiijdy with, the I'cfjuots of ilicir su- 
 ]K'i'iors. ^V(■kllo\vl^(l^•luents aro also uwv to FatluT 
 iioiiio and his ]''i'aii( iscaii asst)ciat('s at Santa ]);ir- 
 hara Inr ]>crniitting nio to cojty tlu'ir uiiiMvalk'd cmI- 
 li'ctioii of (loeuuR'nts, the real crc/i/co dc iidsioncs. 
 Xor mubt I ftjr^et tlu' roprcsi'ntati\L's of iiatl\c Cali- 
 loiiiian and cai'ly pioneer lauiilies, duly mentioned \.y 
 name elsewhere in this histoi'v, who ha\e n'enerously 
 aii<I patriotieally _i;iven me not only their pt'i'somd 
 I'cminiscenees, hut the piiceless treasuics i<{' their 
 I'aniily archives, without which docum^'nts the early 
 annals of their country coidd never ha\c hefii written. 
 Lastly there are the strong', intellit^'ent, and eiu rLi'etit; 
 men of An^'lo-Saxoii origin, conspicuous amoii'^' the 
 v.-uild's lal'.er-ilay huildei's of empire, vJio lia\e laid 
 ihe foundations of the fnllest and fairest ci\ilizatIon 
 ill this l;!st of temperate climes- — to these for informa- 
 tion fn.rnislied, wiih a heart full of aduiiratiou ami 
 tiiist, 1 tender mv urateful thanks. 
 
 >tion^ 
 
 v.orlv 
 
If '<'{ 
 
 '.I 
 
COXTEXTS OF THIS \-OLL'.\[E. 
 
 CHAPTLIl I. 
 
 I N T u o 1 1 [• c T o i; V ] . i': s r :m i': . 
 
 l\r,s 
 
 [i'-uny of tlK. X.„th Mcxiran Slate., ir.JO to ITnO-Corti's on the Pacific 
 CoMst-Hu riaus-U!.^tacks-Xituo tie (aiziuau iu Siiialoa- llur- 
 ta.lo, ];cccn-a, aiul Jiineuuz-Corti's in California— Diego do Guy.- 
 ni;iu-Cabcza do Vaca-Xi/.a-l-lloa-Coronaao-Diaz-Alaivon- 
 Alvaraao-Mixton \\-ar_Xiuva (lalicia-Xueva Vizcaya-Mis.-ioii 
 Work to lOOO-Cnn.iuest of Xe«- Mcxico-C ,ast Vova-os-Sov. i,. 
 tecuth Contuiy AiuiaU-.Miasioii iJi.stricts of Xiuva Vizuaya— T. no- 
 liuaiica au.l Taialmmarc —Jcauif.s and Fianci.scan.s-RevJit iu XVw 
 Jilcxico-Sinaloa ainl Soiiora-Kino ia riinoria-Vizcaiiio-( l.ilf 
 Kxi-oditiun.,-Ooupati,'.a of IJaja CaUfornia-KiuhtecntU Ceutiuy 
 Aiiuals of Xcw ^[cxico, (J),i!inalma. Souoia, and ilaja California, t<j 
 thu LxpuLiuu of tiic jL'^iats ia 17;;7 j 
 
 CIIAPTITi II. 
 
 iiir.T.io(;K.\ruv oi- calivounian iiisTonv, 
 
 Li.V '.'• V,ituoiities-A Catalogue of California Books— Taylor's List— 
 iiui.oscdClas.siiication— Periods of lli-slory-Sixteeu Hundred 'Jillrs 
 before IMS-Prinied Mateiial-Kpo. !i of Di^covny to ITOD-Coy- 
 inograplues and Voyage Collectio]i;i-Si,aui.sli Jli.oVli 1T(;<)-I,s_'(— 
 r.ook^ of Visitors-Books, Periodieals, and Doeunieiits-Tlie .M.xieau 
 Peiiod, I'^Jt-lSIO- Voyages-Overland Xarratives-First Prints of 
 California— Works of ilcxieau Antliors-dovt lunient Do.'uments— 
 Ili.stoiies-Loeal Aiuials-Ono Tl-oiisand Titles of ?,[aun.. riptn- 
 Areldves, Pul.lie, .Mi«Mou, and Private-Vall, j,, and Larkiu- I),,, i- 
 inent,.ry 'J'ille.s--Seattered Corresi,ondenee-i li.talions of Xatives 
 an<l I'ioihiay- Value of lieniini.seeuees— After the CoM Discovery— 
 
 iJanuserij.t.s— Lookii i'linUd in and about Califi luia '. . . 
 
 (iiii) 
 
 ;;i 
 
XIV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 k 
 
 \ . 
 
 CIIAPTKll III. 
 
 Till". iJl'iuVKUV ciF <Al.Ii<ii;NI.\. 
 
 ].-.iJ-17(i.S. 
 
 Ori;,'in of tlio Xaiiie— Ciiiijcotnic* — S(r'/;i-i of K^plrnidiiin- Mr IFalc's 
 Di.scovcry — l-itci- V;iii;itioiis of tlic .N'.iliir— Who I'irst S;nv AlUi 
 < 'alifuinia? — I'llua, Alaieuii, 1 >i,iz-- l'i\ <■ Ivsiicditioiis — \'(iya..'(; <if 
 .Inaii I!(i(li';j,'.lL'Z (iiliijili, l.VI'J -,")^i;\]il<iratiiiM fiDin San I'icuo to 
 ruint CoiR'cjK'ioii— I'crrclo in tlu; Nmtli --N'oyaro of Sir I'raiiiis 
 l)rai>i', iriT'.l— N'lu .'Inn — Drako did not iJi.si'fivti' San I'ramisfo 
 I'.ay — ^lap-i— 'J'ho J'lnliivpino .Sliiiis— ( !alli".s ^'oyal.'(•, loSt — Capo 
 Milidoi'ino — V(iya;,'e of ,Srl)a.stian KodiiLjiU'/ do CeniiiUoii, 1.")!).") — 
 TliLi Old San ]'"l!tnci.si.'C) — Explorations of Soliastian Vi/o;dno, lliO'J-I} 
 — Map — ] )isi;ovury of Monturi'y — .\;.'iii!ar's Xortliorii Einiit — ( 'ahrci'ii 
 ]5ncno'.s Work, IT^U — Spanish Cliart, ITi- — 'i'iio Xortliurn My.stfry 
 and Jlarly .Maps (it 
 
 CHAPTEll IV. 
 
 j.roTivr.s .\Ni) niKi'AUATioN-; rou .'Spanish occrrATioN. 
 
 17ii7-i77t>. 
 
 State of tho Spanish Colonics — Acciih'Utal Awakcnini; from Apatlij' — 
 ]U\ival of Old Motivis — Eear of tlio liussians — Visitad(jr Jose do 
 (Jalvc/, (in tlic J'cninsula — Ciiaraetfr and Authority of tin; ]Maii — 
 Condition (jf ^VH'iirH in Lower (Jalitornia — Instruetions ami I'lans of 
 Calvez for the ()een])ation of San l)iego and Monterey — .\. Fourfold 
 E.xpedition tiy Sea and Land — Vessels, Troops, and Snjiplies — I'or- 
 tolii, ilivera, and Sei-ra — I'lans for the ( 'on([ui--ta E^piricual — (Jalvez 
 Cousidts the I'ailre i'residenlo — S.iered Foreed Lo:in8— Aeti\ e Prep- 
 unitious — Sailing of the Meet fnjui La l'.!.-; and ('a[ie San LiU'as — 
 !Mareli of tlie Army from the Northern 1 rt>nutr — l.,oss of tho '.S;,ii 
 Jose ' — Tidings of Suee(,'ss 110 
 
 riTArTi:Ti v. 
 
 OCCITATIOX OK .^AN Mr.Co — K.M'KIHTIoNS I'.V SKA AND I.ANO. 
 
 17(i'.». 
 
 Voyage of I'l re/, in the 'San .Vntouio' — Ariiv.d in San liiegi> E-ay — A 
 Mirae'.i' - l.'iseovcry of Santa Cm/, island —^Vaiiing for the Capi- 
 tana — N'oyage of \'ila in tliu 'Sail Ciirlos' — Fages and his Catalan 
 A'oliinteers — Instruetions liy llalve/. — .\. Seurvy-strieken Crew — A 
 I'estdiouse at S.-in Diego — Arrival of llixcra y .Moncada — ( Vespi'.s 
 I>iary- -Camp and Hospital Moved to North San Diego— Coming of 
 I'ortoLl and Juinpero Serr.i— Eeuniou of the I'onr JO.vpeditiolis — 
 'J'hanksgi\ ing to Saint .loseph — 'J'lie 'S.in .\ntonio' .Si.-nt to Sail 
 lila.s — INirtoJii Sets out for Mi.ati'rt'y — Fiaindiiig of San Diego Mis- 
 sion — A Latllo with the Natives — A ^libaioii without Converts 1-0 
 
 '4 
 
COXTEXT^^. 
 
 XT 
 
 r.M:R 
 
 ill 
 
 110 
 
 ll" ^ 
 
 1-JG 
 
 CIIAl'TKK VI. 
 
 rii:sT i.\ri:iJiTioN" it.om SAN ]iii-.i:ii To ji(inti:i:i;y and .«an niANcisco. 
 
 ITC'.i. 
 
 l\irt(i];i ^Ifiirlics fi-imi ,Saii llii'LTo — lli^i r'diuji.'iiiy — rivspi"s.Tmir;i;il Xnto 
 on ' k'(J!.'r;i['liy luul XoijioulMtuvc - 'I'.iIjIc nt X.-iiiics mid llisliiiircs — 
 I'irst I5.'i|i!isiii ill ( 'jilifuniia— I'.irtliiiiiakcs iiitlu^ Los ,\iiuil>-'s iiu^:.'iiiu 
 — All lii.^i'italili' lVi)pl(^ ;iiiil l.in-i' \'ill:i;.,a'M iiii llio S.nita r>,irli;ira 
 Chaiiiiil -Altoss til.' ,^i^•n•.■l juid d iwi llic Sali'ian Uivrr Uii^iU'- 
 ccs-^fiil Siiirch for Moiitcivy— Causes (if t!ie llrror- Xnitiiwaiil 
 iiliiii.L; till' ('liii.st — In Mi;lit nf ]'(irt Saii Franciseo iiiidcr roilit llcycs 
 — Cuulu.sioii ill X.iiins — My.stciy ( 'liarcd i'.xiiinralinn nf tlir IViiiii- 
 sn!.!, — ])iM'ovfry of ii Xow and XaiiicKi.^s Hay — ItiUini vt tlie K;<i/(j- 
 diiiou U> -MuuLuruy and San 1 )ic^r() lit) 
 
 CHAPTEIl YII. 
 
 occrrATiox or mdnteiikv— rnrsiiiNd m- san clnLns, sav antonio, 
 
 AND SAN (lADiar.L. 
 
 ]77«)-i:71. 
 
 AlTaii's at San Diego — A DisluarteiuNl (loviiiMi' — CalifMrnia to l)i' Alian- 
 doncd — i;ivi'ia'.-i Tri[i t) tin; Sa.itli -rraycf Answeivd — Airivid of 
 tlio 'San Antiinii)" — Hiscowry of Moiitiiiy — In Camp mi (.'ai'lntlo 
 Bay — Found Iul; of tlui ri-csidioand .Mis.^i.inoi Sa;i I' irlos— 1 V'siiati'lif.s 
 Si'iit Soutii liy Land and Sea— rorlolii lAavis Fa^'cs in (.'oniinaiid^ 
 Kci-'uiition of the Xiw.-i in .Mexico — 'IVn I'adiva Sunt to Caliluiiiia^ 
 I'alon's Meniorial — Mission Work in tlii; Xorili— Arrival of tho Xow 
 I'ailivs — Stations Assigned — 1'oiindin.Mjf San Antonio — Transfer of 
 San Carlos to Carinelo Bay — Events at San I )ic^o — Desertions — IJe- 
 tiieinent of l'ai'r<n» and (ioinez — Ksuililisliing of San (ialniel — Out- 
 rages 1 ly Soldiers 1(1 1 
 
 CHAPTEIl YIII. 
 
 riitHiREss OK Tin: Nj;\v i;sTA;iLisiiMi:NTS. 
 177i:-177;i. 
 
 Ilveutsef 177- — Seareli for the Tort of San Francisco — Crcspi's Diarj' — 
 First 1 Exploration of Santa Clara, -\lanieda. and Contra Costa (,'oim- 
 ties — Fages Discovers San I'alilo Day, Caiijuines Strait, ami San 
 Joaijuiu liiver — llulicf Sent Soutii — Hard 'i'inus at .MonUrey^ 
 Biviiig on Bear-meat — Fages and Serra (i.) Soutii — I'ouiidiiiL,' of Sau 
 Luis Ohispo — I'^vents at San Diego — A (ihiarrel hetwecn Conmiaml- 
 ant and I'lesldent — Serra (iocs to .Mexiio— Cession of Lou>r (ali- 
 iViniian Missions to l)oiiiinicaiis — Xew i'adres for tin; Xortliern 
 Ksialilislinients — I'alou's Jounity to San Diego and Monterey in 
 177;i 1S3 
 
xvl 
 
 COXTr.XT^. 
 
 CTTAI'Tr.r. IX. 
 
 FinsT A:;\r.\i, i:i;imi;t; m.ickas l.\i;oks tv ?.!i;xTf'0. 
 
 '""•'• i\.,r. 
 
 ralou's llcport cif iJocrrr'.licr, ami .Scriii's in ^I;iy — roiiilitinn of Ciili- 
 foniiii at C'loso (if till.' First llistoiioal I'cridil — \amis ,\]iiili('cl — 
 rri'.^ii'iio ami Five I\Ii^•..■^ioIl:^ — i;-a[iLisiii?!, ^latriaycs, and Jk'aths — 
 ( iiiitili.'s Fi'iciuUy — I'l'u-iKihjtoval Califoinian Aroliitoctun — I'ali.-iadu 
 ]]nolnsnivs — A,^'ric'ultu!-() and Stm-lc-i'ai.sini,' — Xow Fronidio FtCLiula- 
 tions of S'-ptruiliiT 177- — Father Jiinipi'i'o iu Jlcxicn — ^Icniorial of 
 Maivli— MfMHirial of Aiiril — San Jjlas llstalilisliuiont iSavcd — Action 
 of tlio Junta— .\ids and lU^fornis — lli-^^lanicutu — Ki,i,dity Soldiers fr 
 California— Ways and ^Mcans — Scira's F.cpoi't — Fro\i;-ional Instnu'- 
 tion-! to F'ngcvs — FiscaFs lUpovt — daiilition of Fious ]*'und — Final 
 Aiiiin of the Junta — lUvcra Apiioiiitrd to Siueocd Faucs — Initruc- 
 tion.i — Frc'iiaratioiw of Kivcia and .\ii/.a— .'^f/ia ilonioward ISoinid. . !!)8 
 
 C'iiArTi:ii X. 
 
 II r. (OKI) OP i; vr. NTS. 
 1771. 
 
 Want ill ;!ii' Mission^! — Anr-a's Fir.'^t ]-]xpedition — Tlii' Over!. "id Fior.te 
 fi'diu .■■oiiora — ll<turn of I'.idro .Iuiu'ikto— Rivoia .Visimics ihi; Coin- 
 nianil — IVparturi! of l-"a„'os— lv;]iloii;iii; X'-ya'.*!.' iif I'civz to tho 
 Xorthcrn (oast — .San ])i(;,'o .Mi-isinu Movi d from Cosny to Xi]ia- 
 guay — Coniin'4 of Solilicrs and thiir Faniili'.- — Third lv:(i!oiali'iii of 
 San Fi;inci;<(:o F>ay — ..V .Mission Sito Si-icctid — First jli'.vo on tlio 
 Frac'li to thoC'iir r.iid Seal llocks — TroulJi s l)r;\vu(ii the Fr.nici.-- 
 cans and t Icivrni)!' I'i:;n-i in thi' I'l'iiinsula — >!iich Ado jdi^ut Xot!i- 
 in;; — l\'lii"!0 dc Xovi- Appointid ( iovoriior to Sn(-\'i.-cd F -.rri — Si cind 
 Aniu'.ul lieport on Mis.sioii i'lo^rcsi -210 
 
 CT-TArTER XT. 
 
 Kor.TiiEP.x r.xri.oi:.\Tiov and ^'o^TIIT:r.^" Pi.sA.-yrr.i;. 
 177-.. 
 
 A C'aliforniadioniid F'lrot — I'l-anciscau f 'linjilaiiis — Voya'/c of Oiiiro'^ in 
 the 'San Ar.t(iiiio'— Voyau'o of Ayala in tlic 'San (J.lrlos' — Voyauc 
 of lli'dta and FjodcLra y ("nadra to liic Xorthci'ii ('w.'ists— Di-icovfry 
 of 'I'liaid.'id Fi;.v — I)i->ri)V('ry of r.i.drL:.! I!:i>' - 1 'catli of .liian Fcrc/-- 
 I'.xphaariou of San Fianirisco liay by Ayala — 'I'rip of Ijicita and 
 Falon to San FrancisLO tiy Land— Fro] aratioiis lor Xew ^ii.-riions — 
 Alton iiiic'd jMuiiidin.' of Sail .I'liaii t'aiiistraiio — Midiu;iht iHst ruction 
 of Saa l)ioL;o .Mi.-.-ion — .Martyrdom of I'iulic .Taiinio — .V Xi lit if 
 Tciiur — Alarm ut Sail Antonio "JIO 
 
^o^TI:^•T^;. 
 
 X\ II 
 
 (•iiAiT]:u xir. 
 
 r.\l'i;iilTIi>N.S (II' .\\Z\, I'liNT, AM) cAiins. 
 
 r\iiE 
 
 CHAPTER XTfl. 
 
 •2:0 
 
 vorsiiisv. or Tin: ri;r.sii;iii anh :mi,-s|(in or s\\ iiiANcisro. 
 
 I / 7'>-I777. 
 Am/.i's Kxplonitinii of tlic rciiiiisu!;i of S;in Fraiiriso— Ttiiu'i'.iry — Tho 
 (jiliip on Mountain J.akf — Siirviy of tiif IVninsiil.i — AiT'iyo ili: l.iii 
 l)(j|ort's — 'I'lip to tlio (iivut liivt'r — liluiidi rs of Font in I'l.i r< :;tin^ 
 (.'ivspf — lletuni to M mtoi'i'y — Orders for the iMnuulatinii- A Hit at 
 tlic I'ailrcf! — Arrival of tlic Transport Vc.<si Is— .M<iia.;;i lAad-i tlu; 
 Colony to tho I'ciiinsula — (.'amp on Lake: l)olori'.s~('oinin,' <>( the 
 'San Cark)s' — Tiio Prrsidio Foiuuk'il — Now jAploration of Fni'iid 
 15aya:i(l Uiodo ^'all Franui.sco— l''lij,'lii of tlic Xativo.s^Forni.d \h !i- 
 cation of tli(! Mission— L)i.s<;ils<«sion of ]);it>^ Location, an<l Xann — 
 ICarly ProLcrcs;^— Annal.s of 1777— Visits of (lovcnuu' and I'l-rsi.lcnt 
 and Conunamlant :J70 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 jilssioN r]iui;i:i:s.s and rri;r.i.o i;r.r;i\NiNi:s. 
 1771! -1777. 
 liii'.ian An'iu'lit .'it ?»Ioiitcrcy — I'iri-' .'it Srin Luis (ilii-ijio — Al'air.s at San 
 ])icj;o — Kivira and Scrra— l!ui .stabiisJinicut of t!ic ^li.S'sion — Tlio 
 l..o.st JJcuistcrs — l''o".ndin;j; of San .Tuan C-ipistrano — I'athcr .Scrra, 
 Attacked — Fonndinjc of Santa ( '!;ir.'t— ('lian'_'c nf C^spital of the C.i'.i- 
 fiirnias — (ioN'cnior Novo (Jonics to Miin!cr<'y - llivi'i'.-i as Licntcnant- 
 pn'crnor at Lorcto — Frovincias intivna.s — ( !o\ irnoi'.s Jtcports— 
 l'rcc.'uition~i a_'ain-^t Captain Cmjlv — ^Invcnu'iits of Vcs.m'I.s - Xi-vi's 
 Flans tori "i;iMiirl Fst;d'li-^hiucnts — I'lans furCiMin Sui>|.ly- -l-Apiii- 
 nu'nial I'licMo — Fmuidin,:!; of ,San .lose' — fn liau Truulik's i:i «Iio 
 Soulii A Suldicr Killed Four Cliicftains Sliot-Tlie I'irst Fulilic 
 Ivvceniion in l.alifoniia "J'.H 
 
xiii CONTEXTS. 
 
 (•!IAPT]:i{ XV. 
 
 A DrcAi'i: ro'.in r.Ti.ii — I'Ki <ihi ST .--liKu.v vi.r:.ir;i cnviuiNori m.vi;. 
 
 A I'fiind (if I'i('|i;ir;i(inii - Si'lioiicM fur lln' I'litiur — ( IdvcfiuiK ti^- lie- 
 i'oriiiH— I'lulilns— ( '!i;iiiiirl Iv-taMisliinciit-'- Xivc \\jiiil.~i to llisi'ii 
 
 imtl is MikU- ('oldlicl — SiK'l-;illl( lltdf ('(PlillnilMtiuli — I'jii-ciiliiil I'ov.iis 
 
 ('ciiifiiTi'il oil I'iidri" .Si'iTii -'J'tinr «if tlic Missioi's - (^>ii:irnl A\illi 
 Xi'vc — Ili'flt'sinfftie J'rt'i'ogntivi' iiiid Scciiliii' Autlmiiiy A I'licr'.-i 
 Sluii'p l'nii:ticp — St'iiouH Clmi'Ljcs liy tlu^ (inviriior MoMinLiits of 
 Vi's.scl.s — Al'lival of Alt('fiL.'!i 1111(1 l»(i(lci.'ii fioiii II Xoi'tlicni V(iyiii4(> — • 
 TIk' J'iist .M;iiiil.i (liilli 111! iit Moiiteri'y — Luriil Ilvt uts ami I'ldirrcss 
 • — rrt'siclio I'lUiluinus ;'{17 
 
 C'lIAriER XVT. 
 
 A MAV r.l'.cr.AMr.NTO— COLONISTS ANTI lUXUUlTS — LOS AN'lir.I.KS ForNliKD. 
 
 17S1. 
 
 Xi'Vc's ]!(".;!ainoiitn in I'ciivo — Tiifpcotors of Presidios — f^tip]ily Sy.^tom — 
 Jlaliilitado — 'I'lu' ."<aiita IViihani ('Iianiu'l to In; Occu)iiL'd — Culouix.a- 
 tlou Sy.-itciii — Mission Kxti'UKion — l'iv|iai'atioiiM for Xcw j;.stalili?li- 
 im'iits — IJivcrti's IJccvnitin;,' in Sonnra and Sinaloa — Plans lor tlic 
 March — C'uiiiini; of UivtTa via tin.' (."olniado, and of Znulsii \ia Lo- 
 ri'to— Avi'ival at San (lalnicl — Fonndin,' of ]^o.h Aiiiclos- Xcvc"s 
 Inslru'jtions — Xaniis of tlio ()i'i;_'iiial Suttlcvs — Marly Pro/ic-s — 
 l'"inal ])i.>^;nl)alioii of Lands in I'Sti — Ma]! of Snivcy — San .loso 
 Distiiliulion in 17^;' — M.ip -Local Itciiu: — Layiiiir llic ( 'oiin r-stono 
 of the t'hui'ch at Santa Clara — ?iliivcmciit.-s (.if W-s^cl.s and -Mi.-Muii- 
 arics ,'!;i3 
 
 CHAPTER XYII. 
 
 rrr.r.LO-MissioNs on Tin; i;io coLonAi;o. 
 17S0 17S-\ 
 J'rclitninnrv P.('s\nn('— Pr|iorts of flarcds and An7,'i — Pahnn in Mexico — 
 
 Airicivita's (,'hroni( 
 
 le— Ym 
 
 nas (.'lamoron> 
 
 for M 
 
 )f (ieiicial Croix — Padres tJarci'.s an 
 
 I ]>ia 
 
 iss'onarie.'s — Orders 
 the (Jolorado— Xo 
 
 (iifts for the Indi 
 
 -])isi;ust of the V 
 
 (-A! 
 
 I" 
 
 A X.w System— P 
 
 if>;ion-i)Uelili)s 
 
 rs of I'riars C'urtailrd 
 
 ■ raiiei.sran 
 
 ( 'ritiii.-^ni — -V Pan^'erous ]vx|i(rinient — I'Vuin- 
 
 ii;; of CoiKcji' 
 
 San Pedro y San I'ahlo— Xanies of the Culoni.-ts — Spani-h ()|'|ii 
 sion - l''wr(lioding;j of i»i.--aster — Massacre of .luiy 17, ]7.'''i -I' 
 .Martyrs — Fifty Victii 
 
 lur 
 
 •Death of liivera — Fruitless F 
 
 lorts to 
 
 Punish tlio Yiiinas — Captives Kansoined — Ivxpeditioiis of 1':vj:v 
 
 ,18, Koiiien, an 
 
 I X(. 
 
TAIiR 
 
 :ii7 
 
 '.S 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 ■I 
 
 mx'iTN-rs. xlx 
 
 C'HAlTi:iI XVIU. 
 
 ForsDiNf! HI' SAN liiTN.wiAi I 1; \ AMI sANiA i;u:r.\i:\ ri:r<iiiio — 
 
 lAiirs (.u\ i,i;N(iK. 
 
 ITvJ. ,,,„^ 
 
 lli'.iily ti) l'.i;„'iii-^Ii.-<siiiiiai'ioK l".\]ii'> tcil- N'tvc'.s InstnntiDin ti> ( )rti;;;i — 
 I'lcf.-iiitiiiriH iiL'iiiiist l>isiistrr- liiiluiii I'ulii y- IliJilii nl ( 'l;jiii,.;i x in 
 Mission System -Siiii I'.iiiiitivcntuiii J'Ntjililishcd I'ic>iiliii of Santa 
 J!;iil)arfi — ^■isit nf I'"aL'(s Arrival of thu Trans] ii.r's Xrwn troni 
 Mi'xit'ii — Ni) Mission Sii|i]pli.s X.i I'rii sts — \"ii'rroy in'l ' luarilian — • 
 Six l'"riars llrfiiso to Serve -('ontroj (pf 'J'l ni]ioraliti( s I'aise Cliar^'i'H 
 ai.'ainst Nive ('lian:;es i:i Misionaries- I'aue.s ,\])iiointe(l (i'jv- 
 criii'i- — Xi ve In.-] 'eel or ( leni ral -lirsliaieiions - l''u;;itive Neoiihyles 
 — Local J'Aeiit.s — J)eatii of Maii^jii) Carrilio — l)eatli of .liian 
 Cresjii ;i7- 
 
 Lo- 
 
 1 1 ISU 
 
 timo 
 lun- 
 
 ;;:.:] 
 
 CJIArT]:!! XIX. 
 
 lii'i.i: ov I'ACKS— (;i:.ni:i;al i;i:citi!n. 
 
 17s:t-17!K). 
 
 An I'neventfnl Decadi' — Statistics of l'ro:,'ro.ss — Missions, Prcsiilios, and 
 I'uetilos— I'opnlation, '• idrcs, an<l Xcupliytes — I'edro la^'ea ]irini.'S 
 lii.i J'atnily to (.'alifornia— ])ona Ijilalia-A.Iealons Catalan — A Mon- 
 terey I'onrt. Scandal — Faijes and Solci' — Insjii'ction of I'i'esidios — 
 Seller's J'ro|iosed Jlcfiirnis — 'i'ronliles ^vi!ll Jl.diililados -( lovernor 
 and I'ranciseans — A XeVer ]'".lnlin^' Controversy — (leneial l.'ejioits of 
 I'aloii and l^asuen — (.'liar_L,'es and Counter Cliai-LTes-l-'rankini; I'rivi- 
 loL,'e — Cruelly to Xatives — ('lia|ilain Service^l'atronato I'ricis for 
 ^lission I'roilucts — Invi'ntories — License to JJctire — Natives on 
 llorscljucli— Mission Ksuorts — Native Convicts and Laliorcrs ."J^T 
 
 o — 
 I era 
 \o 
 .!.« 
 ■an 
 ind 
 
 'es- 
 
 |iur 
 to 
 
 ■es. 
 
 ;!J3 
 
 CHAPTEPi XX. 
 
 Rfi.K OF FAr,i:«, iii:atii oi' si'r.iiA, aM' MissTf)N pr>(>i:ui:sx. 
 17^;M7'.H). 
 
 ]'rcsident Scrr.i's Last Tonrs — Illness and r)eath — llnriul and I*'>nieral 
 Honors — Jlis Life ami ('liai'actcr — Succession of I'alon and Lasuen — 
 MuL;,lrte,L.'ni as N'ice-president — (.'ouliruiation — Xotii'c of I'.ilou'.s I lis- 
 torical Works — \'i(la do .luni'pero Xoticias ile ('alifornia Ma^) — 
 I'roiioscd I'hcction of tlio Missions into a Cnstodia -New Missions- 
 Founding of Santa IJarhara— Innovations ]>efcateii — I'ivc Years' 
 I'roLrress — Mission of La I'uri'sinia Conceiicion I'onndcd — Larly 
 Annals tOD 
 

 Cl)XTi:?^TS. 
 
 Ill i,r; or i\i.i:,i 
 
 CHAI'IKIJ XXT. 
 
 ; lnl;l.l(;N l:i;i,\lln\s ami i'i iMM I'I:!'!"., 
 
 Xd I'laiN if l'<ircl',Mi('rs — Isoliitinii (if ('.ilifdi'niji — War rmitrilnitioiiH 
 .•i;,'iiiist IJii'laiiil— N'ihit i)f till! l'V( ni'li Vnynj^'cr J^i lVrmi.<i'--)li.H 
 Jii-itnictiiiiiM— All Hiisiiitiilile llcci'piiiiii — Tlio Suiiii:,'rr.s at S.m Ciir- 
 liw — i'"iito of tlio I'lNiii'ililinii — Olwii'vatioiiH on iliii ( uiiiitry iiml tliu 
 Mi.--Hioti Systfin-Ciiiiiiiicivi)— 'ilii! Sall-tnuli' — 'I'lm I'ur-tiaclo — Va- 
 B.uli'f'H I'roji'ct — A I'ailui'r — Till! Manila (ialK'oii — Ciirii'iit i'licin — 
 Arrival of 'J'raiiM|iijit Vcssrl.s — Nortlii rn Viiya,;.'CM of Martinc/, iiiiil 
 i;ii:ta — liriH'i'al AVaNliiii'.'ton's Ship tlio 'Ciilunibiii' — Tin.! L'!ii.,'i)L'« — 
 iI.\-g()V(jrnur Ncvu aiul tlif i'ruvincia.i liitcniaa I-G 
 
 CIIArTEll XXII. 
 
 iii"i.r, ov r.\(;i;s; uxwu i'.vknt.s and stati^tks, 
 
 17V;-17!iO. 
 
 I'lan of T-'h:i1 Aiiiialrt— Sail liic','0 I'n>iilial r>iHtrict— I'lvniilio OlIiriaN- 
 AltOic/, .lu.-MJN'ilasniu;/ — Furcu anil I'lipulatiuii — I'.ui!ilin.,'s-( !an i>'m 
 ]^ifc— Iinlian Aliiars — lv\|ili>ra;ions — San l>i.'^;(i Mis^iiai — .Inaii I'i- 
 gtlfrua — IliohdO — Matiri;:! aii'l .^pii it ii:il l'n)L;ruSij~San .liiaii (';i]ii-;- 
 trano—Circj^orio iVnniriio — I'aliio Miij;:'irt(L,'iu— San (Jalnit'l— I'm Mo 
 of Los An^cliJM— Si:ttlcrs — Ki'lix as Cuini^ionado— I'rc.siilin of S.inta 
 l;/iil..ira — I'lan of Jjiiildiligs — A Volcano — Si.lilit.'ia Killiil WliiU; 
 j'ro.sinctin.^ for Mines — Sail rininavi'iitnia — I'lvsiilio of Muntcny— 
 Ollicial ('haiigis— Sni'^Toa Davila— San C;irlos— Xoricga-— San An- 
 ton!. >- San JiUid 01 lispo — Jusu Cavallur — ricsiilio of San Frainisco — 
 J.iiMiliiiantH Moravra iiiul (toii^ak'Z — La.sso do la A'c/a—rrcsiilio 
 Cliap< 1— Till! ^lif.sioii — Framist'o I'aiou — Miip <'| t!ic Jlay— Santa 
 Clara, — X'ow thuu-li — Mur^uia --L'luli'.o ilo .mh .^l^'■• — \'iill> j.) a.i 
 Comisioniiilt,) I"0 
 
 ( 'LVPTini XXIII. 
 
 Tiri.i; oi' KoMiUT. 
 
 I7'.)l-17f).\ 
 
 1 ifsignation of Pedro Fa,';('3 — ' uisforof the Olllfcat Loreto— Tnstnictions 
 to the New (ilovernor — ' ist Acts of Fa^/cs — Life and (,'liaraeter — 
 Arrival of Roincu — Fai' i,;^' Health — .(oiiniicy to Mnntiiiey— I'oli.'y 
 with the l''riars— Fionieu's Di'ath — \'isit of Mnlaspina in the 'l>(\<(n- 
 liirita ' and 'Alrevida' — The First Ami rienn in California ritpa ra- 
 
 tions fur New 
 
 Mi 
 
 IS — Lasueii's I'^llorts — Fstahlisliiii'' of Santa 
 
 Cruz — Annals of Fir.st Decade — Iiidiau Trouhles— Statiities— Cliureh 
 
CONTF.NTS. 
 
 TAOB 
 
 xxt 
 
 Dnlicati"! -1 Iiiiiin.',' Mill — ■MinfMitiiiio — Oiliuri'l-'"!;"" I'inli'cs — 
 AliMiHc) ImJiIi'ij Siilnzar — l;.iM'>inii>» ]/>imz — Mniun I I'l iiur lf2— • 
 Foiiinliii;.' mill I'liuly Aiiniils of ■'■M.lriliiil Misiii(;ii— liiiiiiui.il rri.im — 
 Aliuuuiu KuIji— .^tiiiiatiiH -lisl 
 
 CIIAPTKn XXIV. 
 
 iiiir, iiv Ai;KiM..\<:.\ — VAM (irvr.u'.s vi:-riH. 
 
 IT'.iJ-IT'.H. 
 
 Cii!iii<'il nt Miiiitcny to A])ii'iiiit ti 'rriiiii'ir.ny (Ii>vcrMr)r— An illiifrn's 
 Aii'i'Nsion — Aniviil iit Minitiicy — ('iilifoini.i SipiuMtrcl finni I'ruviii- 
 t'iaa Iiitcni;iH — Anilla.'.':i'.s I'lilii'v '"iil Acts — 'Jim .liml.iii ('i.loiiy — 
 Miritiiiiu Airaira niiil I'lini n liclntiDiiH — Xoitluiii ]]\|i!i>r:itiiiiiH — 
 Sjiiiiiisli I'olii'y— 'l"lni N'Hilka (,)ucstioii— Vtiyau'o of tlni 'Sutil' nml 
 'Mcxifana' -litjiiiidary C<iiiiini-<^!oii — N'aiicmivcr'rt I'ir.-^t N'isit -!!(!• 
 fcpticin nt S.iii Fr.iiK'ificn, Santa (Mara, mid Muiitircy - laiiili.sli 
 iJcMcrtiTH — 'i'lif(ii)V' riior in a l)il('iiiiiia — l'n'uaiitii)nsa^'i;in^t rorii;.'!! 
 VrsHi'ls — Kovilia (!i.Lr<jilij'.-i ]!(-|inrt— Atti:ni|)ti;il Oocniuitinu of J5(j- 
 <Ii','a — Vanc«)iivt.'i''s Si'conil N'isiL — A ])is;,'ii.sti(l Dnuiisiiiiiaii— Sum- 
 jiii'ioiH of Arrillaua — IFos]iitaliiii;i in the Smitli — Kiul of tlu' Nootka 
 Sittliui'iit — \'ain(iu\Lr'.s l.,i>t \'i.-it — His Dhsi'i vation.s on (.'ali- 
 f(jinia o( ) I 
 
 :\An 
 iMia 
 hiic 
 
 An- 
 ( t — • 
 iiiio 
 
 iiita 
 
 I.' I) 
 
 CHAPTKIl XXV. 
 
 lau: OK r.omcA, rouKicN i;i;i,Arii>Ns, and inui an ai'iaiii.h, 
 
 1794-1800. 
 
 Piogo do Pjorica — Arrival at T/iroto — I>raiK'iforto Viceroy— IVirica's .Tmir- 
 iioy to Monterey — Arrillaua's Instriietions — Cliaini.s of Cdii'iirnia — 
 lU'auin(5 of I'lvonts in liorii'a'n Term of Olliuc — C'oa.st Ij.iiiu r.-t — 
 I'Miniised Jteonforcenients — I'runeh War Contrihutiiai — I'oreii^n N'cs- 
 seld — I'rucantiond— 'J'iie ' I'liienix' — llrnnu'lilon's \'i>it — 'i'lie 'Otter' 
 of BoHton— A Yankee Triclc — Anival ol Alljcini and tlio (,'atalan 
 Volnnteors — Mnj^'ineer Ci'irdoKa's Snrveys — \Var with l]n;,dand — 
 Coasting \'u:>.sids — ^\'ar ContriUuliou — l)i.<ti'il utiun of Foives — Map 
 of California — Tiio 'I'.liza'— Tliu 'JJelsy' — \Var witli l.'ns-ia— Indian 
 Alliiirs — Minor lli.istilitics — Canii)ai,^n.s of Aiuiidnr, Ca-.tro, and ,M". 
 
 la-a :,;]o 
 
 ons 
 1' — 
 
 '■>' 
 
 ,i:U- 
 IIM- 
 
 uta 
 ixli 
 
 CHAPTi:!! XXVI. 
 
 lU'Li: OK itouicv — Kxri.oKAriiiNs and ni;\v rorNUAiioNs. 
 
 1704-1800. 
 
 Search for Alisiiion Site-!— Exploration of tlie Alameda — San rionito — haa 
 I'ozus — I'^neino — I'ali'— La>iuen"s Report— Konndation of Mission San 
 Jo.so at the Alameda— Local Aunal.-i to 18C0 — Mission San Juan 
 
'^■■ft^A 
 
 3cxii 
 
 CONTEXTS. 
 
 r.\r,E 
 
 Baulinta at Popcloutclioin — Eartlifpiako — ^Mission San ^ligiiel at 
 Vahiil — Paclio x\iit()iii(j do la Coiicfpcinn llorra— Tilinsiou Sau Fer- 
 nuixlo on llcyca' llanclio, or Achoi.s Coniihavit — ^lissiou San Luis 
 Eey at Tacaymo — A New I'liulilo — I'rcliniinary ('orrt'spouilcnct; — 
 SearcJi for a Site — llyports of Alliorni and Cordolia — San Franui^co 
 and Alaui'jda llijoctcd in Favor of .'^anta Cruz— Arrival of Colo- 
 nists — Ki)iniding of tlio Villa do IJi'aiicifortc — I'rotest of tho Fran- 
 ciscans — Flan to Open Comnmnication with New Mexico — Colorado 
 Iloute to Sonora .".jO 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 MISSION rUOGIlESS. 
 
 1T!)1-1S00. 
 
 Arrival and Pcparturc of Padros — ( ionrral Statistical View — Tho Presi- 
 dent — Episcopal Powers — The In(piisitioii — Pevilla (Jigedo's J'eport 
 — Views of Sala/ar — Carmelite Monastery — Pious Fund Hacienda — 
 Controversies — Tho Old Questions Discussed Anew — Peduction in 
 Xumlier of Fiiars — Pctirenient — Travelling Ex [tenses — Cl'iijilain 
 Duty — Gnai'do— Eunaway Neophytes — Mission Alcaldes— liulians 
 on Ilor.scliack — Local Quari-els — Charges of Concepcion do Horra — 
 Investigation — Pmrica's Fifteen Questions— Peplies of Coniandantes 
 and Friars — President Lasucn's Pepurt — 'i'he Missionaries Ac(piitted 
 — Ecclesiastical Miscelhiny '>'') 
 
 m 
 
 CHAPTER XXYIIL 
 
 rUEBLOS, COLONIZATION, AND LANDS— INDU.STKIES AND INSTTTCTIONS. 
 
 17!)1-1S()0. 
 
 I'n"blo Progress— Statistics — Jor<lan's Pi'oposcd Colony — Picports of Gov- 
 ernment—Marriage Encouraged — Inns — Viow-s of Salazar, Seaan, 
 and Costaiist'i — Women ^Vanted— Convicts- — Foundlings — Temn-e of 
 Lands — Puelilo and Mission Sites— Chronological Statement, 177^>- 
 90 — Presidial Puehlos— Provisional Grants — Land-titles at ]'",nd of 
 Century — Labor— Indian Lal)iM(.'rs — Saih)rs — Artisan Instructors^ 
 Manufacturers — Alining— Agriculture — Flax anil Jlenip — Stock- 
 raising tiOO 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 INDUSTKIES AND INSTITUTIONS, 
 IT'Jl-lSOO. 
 
 Commerce — Trade of the Transports — Otter-skins— Projects of Marque/, 
 Mamaneli, Inciarte, Punee, Mcndez, and Ovineta — Provincial Fi- 
 nances — llaliilitados — I'aetor ami ('(.iniuissary — Couiplieated Ac 
 counts — Supplies and lie venues — Taxes — lohaeco Monopoly — Tithes 
 
CONTF.XTS. 
 
 oM 
 
 XNUl 
 
 — Militni'y T'orce niul Biotrilmtion — Civil riowM'iiincut — Proposcil 
 Soparatiou of tlic Californiiis— Adiiiinistiatidi of JiiMtii,'C — -A C'auso 
 C'lli'lire — Kxccutioa of liosas — Ollifiiil Can: (A !Mi)rals — U.so of Li- 
 quors— Canililin^ — ]](liicati<)n — iJoriua's Ktlort-i — Tlie First Scliools 
 anil Sciiool-iiiasUTS (i'J-4 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 LOCAL EVK.NTS AND riiOOlllCSS — SUL'TIIKltN BLSTKICT. 
 
 1701-1800. 
 
 iSaii IHctzo Prosidio — Licutciiasit.s Ziifiiga and (irajera — ^lilitary Force — 
 JVipulatioii — liaii^lio del Key — Fiiianecs — I'residio Duildinus — \'aii- 
 eoiiver\s Description — Fort at Point Guijarro-s — Indian Aflair.s — Pre- 
 cautions against Foreigners — Arrivals of Vessels — Mission San Diego 
 ■ — ToDcn.s and Marim r — Statistics — San Luis llej- — San.Tuan Capis- 
 trano — Fuster — IJiiildiiigs — Pueblo do Los Angeles — Private. Karciios 
 — San Oaini'l — Onimas^San Fei'nando — Presidiuof Santa Dilrbaia — 
 OUicers, l''orces, and I'opidation — Puiildings and Industries — Local 
 Fviiits- First Fxecution in California — 'J'lie •I'liceuix' — A Qiiick- 
 silvir Mine— Warlike Preparations — Death of Ortega — ?klissiiin of 
 Santa. L.irhara — Paterna — llanclierias of the Channel— New (.'hnrcli 
 — San ijiieuaventura— La Purisinia Concepcion — Arroita (ilo 
 
 I't 
 
 of 
 
 GOO 
 
 i- 
 
 CHArXER XXXI. 
 
 LOCAL KVKNTS AM) I'lUiCUKSS — -MOXIKULV LIsTIlICT. 
 
 1701-1800. 
 
 Montcry Prcsid'o — ^lilitarv Force and Inlialjitant.s — Ofilcei's — Lonn Par- 
 I'illa — ilernienegildo Sal — Perez Fernandez — Presidio Luiidings — 
 1 lattery — Eancho del lley — Private Ilanchos — Industries — Conij.any 
 Accounts— Indian /id'airs — San Carlos Mission — Mis.-^ionary (Jhanges 
 — Pasc\ial ^lar'inrz de Areuaza— Stati.-tics of A.^rriculturc, iave- 
 stock, and Pnp\il.ilion — Vancouver's I 'cst.'iplicju — A New Stone 
 Church — A Wiie-uiurder — San Antonio do Padua dc Los KoliK's— 
 Miu'uel Pier.'is— llenlto (.'atal.-in — San i^uls Uhispo — Mi_ucl tiirihet — 
 Lartolonie Cili— Indian 'i'louides 
 
 CHAl'TER XXXII. 
 
 LOCAL KVLXTS ANi) I'V.UCiKES.S— SAN I'ltANCISCd JIKISDICTIOX. 
 17t)l-KS00. 
 
 San FrauiM.scr) Ollicials— Military I'orce — Population — I'iu.incc- Prc-^idio 
 l>uildin;;s — i'ian— Castillo <lc San .'oaipiiu at b'ort i'l'int •-( 'iirdolia's 
 Itcport -Itavages of Klenients— Kejiairs — IJattcry of Wrlia, liiuna, 
 
 at 
 cov 
 
 Piint-Vanci 
 
 •"s N'isils— Captain Prow n -.Mines Dis- 
 
 ercd— .MlHiiii's Company -AV reck of tiie 'Sau Ciiric 
 
 ■'i1 
 
d 
 
 \ I 
 
 XXIV 
 
 COXTi:XT>?. 
 
 TAOE 
 
 'Eliza'— H.'iikIio lUl Rcy — Missirm versus Presidio — Tmliin AlTairs — 
 lluiKiv.iiy Xcopliytfs — Amador's Campaigns — I'lidre's Cnielty — San 
 I''iaii(i-,io Mission — Fatlicis Camlion, Ivspf, Dnntf, (lareia, and Vvv- 
 iiandiz — iuii!dini;s, Statistics, Indiistiius — ''iicMo of San .Io.sl' — 
 Inhabitants and Ollicials — Statistics — Hemp Cidtuie — l^o^.d iiscnts 
 — Proiios(.'d Jlemoval — boundary T>ispute — Santa ( 'laia— Pcfia and 
 Noboa— I'opiilation, Agiiculture, IkiiUlings, and .Manuiaotures GU'2 
 
 CHArTER XXXIII. 
 
 CLOSK OF 
 
 liOUKJA .S lULK. 
 
 ISOO. 
 
 End of a Decade and Ceutiny — IVjiica's Polioy and Cliaraetev — Indus- 
 trial Revival— Fruitless Etlbrta — Ooveinor's Relations villi ]"rini\s, 
 Soldiers, Xeopliytes, and Sv'ttlers — l^lTorts for Promotion— A Kniglit 
 of Santiago — Family Relations — Leave of Alisence, Departure, and 
 Death — Arrillaga and Alberni in Connnand — List of Secondary Au- 
 tliorities on I'^arly California History — List of Inhabitants of ('aii- 
 fornia from 17'J'J to ISOO 7'2G 
 
 ;!lil! 
 
 X 
 
Ct)-2 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED 
 
 IN TIllC 
 
 HISTOEY OF CALIFOPtXIA. 
 
 72G 
 
 [Thcf'f nrc more than one thovfiinfl flttett of vnrl'fi nt'/itnV;i '^tnif^i'lf"^ in thcio rohnrir^^ nnfl vtany 
 of thrnt it'intftl In /•>f'f-ii'>fr^, n'hith il) nut tipprnr in /A/x ti^. Tlitr rtittilof/ni' /.v, Jfitrtni; nnnjilctt'thtn-n 
 t't the ilisroirrif of tjnhl in iSIf^, und jirttrfiraUi/ i*o ilnict tn KjO. The onii^t-Unm of tttir fhili' tirA 
 iji ncral vovhA of rtfcnnct\ rfjchpcdiii:*^ etc.; Kjnrrhfn, <iildi'rsiirii^ orfitinnH^ uol diirrll>f Uit^lorirnl in their 
 vntnrc ; j'tfidifiiti'mn entunrtlitifi from or rflatinij to varionA i'uiifonua iitntitttlion!*^ asj-Ofiitlinntij row 
 2i<ini<>i, ortlriy^ rhiu'vh»j^j btmls^ ronrl.f^ rrhooji*^ */<■.; tr^td tn-irfs^ onnd;! and iiiniiiriptd rr>jnInlion^^ itnt 
 tcj-tdiook'i, lrirf>!f itnil inisrrlttnwtni.H jnddir dortnncnis ; ico/7.'s of fm'ioii timl srintrr ; itrirsi,tiiiri->i^ and 
 olhrr KiHuVc'c vliio-cn. Them )(oi7,a in Ihe lujtjrrjnlr h'ire nffonhd ine miirh inforni'diim ; in<!' i d llirre t.< 
 I'n'dhi (I fidifirmttn hooh, pnmjddcf, or impi r in nifj LiUntnj vhich i.*t »(«»/ m d vrrtnin fie»ye. Itlslarifnl ; 
 l-nt sjutre dm-A nut jiernill ti fall rtUulo'jne^ itnd I titn ohJi>;rd tn nstrirt fhe U/tt ti'ifh fiir rj^rvptionn ^J 
 lu'iteyi'd (hit hrtirs diredJj on hitiiuri/. Kc rh.iptrr ii. of /Ats vohtnte for a diiiiNljhvtioii of the tt'orl.i 
 here wonrd. ] 
 
 All (Piotcr Villi tlov), Xaankpiirii^o Vc!-s:iracli!u^ Liydcii, 17 7. .■^' ) \'>h. 
 «\l)!i(y (lames), A Trip across tlic I'laiiis in l.s,">0. Xcw Alliaiiy, l.S.'iO. 
 Al)l);itt (Jolm S. C). ('hristiipliir ('arson. New York, l;->7ti. 
 Abcll (.Vloxuiidi'i), ('oiiy of agi'L't'iiiciit (jii Ixlialf of U. S. in relation to island 
 
 of Saiit.'L I'm/. [oJil Conu., l^t Sos.s., Sen. 1",.\. Doc. b~\. Wa.sliington, 
 
 h<>-2. 
 Alielhi (ilinion), t'orrespondeneia del Misionero. MSS. in varioii.s aroliivi.^. 
 Aliella, ( !!amoii), Piavio <le iin ]!e;.'istro ile lo.s llio;^ (Irandes, Ibl 1. MS. 
 Aliella ( Huinou), Xoliei;i de una Uatalhi entiv ( .'riritiano.s y ( ienliK s. 1.'jV)7. MS, 
 Al)iei.o (lo-se;, Asiiiitos de l;i 'J'esoreria. MSS. iu vafioiia archives. 
 Al>rr;.,o (Jo.s.'), Cartas yiAiro la Coloiiia de l.s:;!-. I\IS. 
 Aiir.-.uo (Jiise), Kel.'iiion. MS. 
 
 Aco.st.i (losef do), liitoria Natural y .Mor.d do las Indias. Scvilla, '."iOD. 
 Act; of („'<>ii;.;rcs3 Civatin.'j; the Oilier! of Slii^i; in.'X'.'ounnissioiiei'. S. 1''. )SV;>. 
 Aetas de i;ieocioncs. MS. In Areliivo do ( '.ilifornia. 
 Adam ((ieor^e), Drojulful SuHeriii'.'H and Tlnilliii'4 Adventures of an fJver- 
 
 laud Party of l'^ni;,Mant.-i to Califoiiiia. St, J^ouis, 1S.")0. 
 Aildresses, See Sp'..>eelies. 
 Adventuie-i ('{'lie) of a Cajitain'.s ^Vif(^ . .til California in 1S,"0. '^^ew York, 
 
 e>e., I,S77. 
 Ainianl ((Instave), The. Clold Sec ];e\-s. ri.ila.d-'lpliia, ii.d. 
 Aianian (Liicas), (.'euso de Califiirnia, ISIVi. M.S. 
 Alanian (Liiea.s), ilistori.i, do Mejieo. Mexico, IS l'.)-.V2. 5 voja. 
 Alanian (Liuan), Snee.iosi du (,'aiifoinia en \:<\\. ^IS. 
 
 .(Mauiecla, Alisiraetof Title, lots 17--0. survey of .loiies. San I'ranei.-^co, 1870. 
 Alanied;!, Aruns, ivueinal, .Mes.senL'er, I'o.'^t. elc. 
 ^Vlumeda County, Ili.-<torical Atlas. San i''nuicic<cu, Ls7S. alkiM folio. 
 liirtT. c.u.., V .1.. I. :i (""■) 
 
i 
 
 XXVI 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 r iHM 
 
 All),iiiv (Or. 1 Tloiristor. 
 
 ^ll!,(ilro.s.-< (The slii).), Log of a Voyngo io the X. \V. Coa'^l, 1800-12. MS. 
 
 A/hiiiroy.': mid Lijd'ia, Coiiiimicacioues rclnfivas. 1S1('. ^Mrs. 
 
 Alljci'iii (l'o(ho), CoiiuiiiicacioiifS del Tcnicuto Cmoiul, 1711(5-1800. ]\1SS. 
 
 [Ill (iiUbrciit at'i.-liivL'S.] 
 AHiiriii (IVili'o), I'iirceci" sohrc el sitio lie lirancifoi-tc, ITiHJ. MS. 
 Allium Mrxifano. Mcxici>, LStl) rt .spij. 
 Aicf(li) (.\iit(Miio (lu), Dicci(jiiai'io (lOognUico Ilistorico do laa Indias Ocoidcn- 
 
 talc.;. .Madrid, ITSlW). ■") vols. 
 Alexander (1!. .S.), (1. J|. ^leiideil, and (1. Davidson, lleport on Iiriyation of 
 
 San .Joafjuin. Washington, 1S7I-. 
 Alexaiid.i' (■). II.), !Menioii'on [Xw lloutesof Cominnnieation lietwecii Atlantic 
 
 and I'acilie. \Vasliington, ISl!). 
 Alger (iloratio, Jr.), 'J'lio Young Adventurer, lloston, 1S7S; Tho Young 
 
 ]\Iiner. IJo.^ton, ]S79. 
 Al'so]!)) (J. 1'. (.'.), Leaves from my Log-book. ^IS. 
 Ali.iopp ( Robert), (.'alii'ornia and ii.s (Joid Mines. l.,ondon, 1853. 
 All the Way Lxiund. Lonilon, ele. (IS7,")). 
 Almanaes. A great nundjer, only a few of vliieh are named in this list as 
 
 follow.s: AUa ('aiuornia. S. F., ISlIS ct Keij. ; California M( reli.'iits ami 
 
 iliners. S. V., IS.")? et se(j. ; Califcirnia Miii'.'r.s. S. F., Isil; Calii'ornia 
 
 rieiorial. S. l'\, IS.IS et .«ei|.: Cii.lii'oruia Slate. S. 1'.. 18,14; C'alil'or- 
 
 niselicr Volkska'ender. s'. F., lS."iS; C.irrie and l)anioi>"H Califoiiiia. 
 
 iS. F., ISoC; .laeoby (I'hihd, Atinanaek fur ( 'al. S. F.. ISOo ct ,h((. ; 
 
 lvnight(\Vni. II.), liandhook for I'aeilic Slates. S. F.. If;il2etseri.; Langley 
 
 (ilenry (I.), i'aeilieCinu^t. S. 1'., ISfJSet .sc(|. ; /-i'., State. S. F., IH'.;>; '/-/., 
 
 State Itegister. S. F., 1S,")7 et ae(|.; San Fraiiei.:;co. S. ]•'., liS.i:), ete. 
 Alrio (lleir.y .). X.), j>ix Ans de lli-.sidouec (I'uu Mi.ssiojinaire duns Ics deu.'i 
 
 Ca'iifornies. Mexico, LSIIO. 
 Altin;ira (.Ki.se), Diario de la Es'iieilieion, 1S"J;{. M.-^. 
 Akimira (•lo.iv'), .Journal of a Mi^siuu-fouiiding E.vpcdition, IS'J.'J. In llutch- 
 
 ings'Cai. Mag., v. .'iS, llo. 
 Aitura.s, Modoc Lhlependciit. 
 
 Alvarjvlo (-luan Liiulista), (.'ampnna. de Lai Flores, 1S,"8. MS. 
 Alvarado (,/uan ]5auti.sta), ( arta Conlideueial, 7 do Xov. IS.'M. MS. 
 Alvarado (.iuan IJautidca), Cart.i en i;ue relita la Campaua de S. I'lrnaiido, 
 
 luieio 18;i7. ^I'8. 
 Alvarado (.loan Lauti.sta), Carta I'li (|ue nlata los .sucesos do Los An:,'ele.'<, 
 
 Feb. im;7. -MS. 
 Alvarado (luaa li.-iutista), (V.rtr.s Itelaeione.s, Ivcvolucion ilc; ISit-,"). MS. 
 Alvar;'.ilo (.laan lia'.ilista), Coniunieaeione.s al AyuntaniientJ de Las .iVngelcs, 
 
 EiKi ) i,s:;7. MS. 
 
 Alvarado (.Iuan I'autistu), El C. . .C'ronel de la!\Iili( i.i Civi-ja, e'e. [l>espacho 
 
 de ('a]iitan a favor do J. .1. \'allejo, | Monterey. IJUie. I ..;(!. 
 -\l\arado (.Iv.an I>.lut'^<la), E! (.'. . . (iolxrnailor In-.erino di 1 Ivstado Libre do 
 
 Aba, Cal. a sus JIabitantes, ^klonterey, Mayo 1(1, l.s;;7. 
 Alvarailo (.luan ISaulista), (iobi rnad.or Constitucional, etc. [.Suprimieudo his 
 
 lluiplcis lie Admini»tradon?.'i do ^li.siones. I Montci'ey, 1 ]\layo, JS40. 
 Alvarado (liuHi IJauiista), llistotia di^ (Jalifornia. M,S. 1S7(>. ."> vol-i. 
 Alvarado (.luan iJautista), Instrueeioms al Prefect) C'ustro. 1S4 ). MS. 
 Alvar.'ido (.luan IJaiitihta), In.'itrueeiones quo debo observar *l Vi.-.itador, 
 
 1.840. MS. 
 Alvarado (.hian llanti.sta), Instruceivines (pie deber/i observar cl Yisitador 
 
 lla.'tupll. ISIil). MS. 
 
 ry 
 
 Alvarado (.luan IJautlsta), Maniliesto del <lobr., \{) Mayi>, lf>',7. 
 
 Alvarado (.luan IJauti.sta), Oiieios Yarius y Cartas I'articniaros. MSS. Ve 
 
 nuuii;rous in diU'ermit ]iublie and j)riv;ite areliives. 
 Alv.arado (.luan JJauti.sla), [rroelanui del] (iei'e I'olitieo 111 Nov. 1.8.".8. 
 Alvarado (.Tnan IJautista), [I'roe'ama dtlj (lobeinador luterino, !) Julio, 
 
 18;;7. iMS. 
 
 f 
 
 r 
 
AITTIORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 XX^Tl 
 
 500. MSS. 
 
 IS Oocitlcn- 
 i-rigation of 
 cii Atl;intio 
 riio Yotm' 
 
 tlii.s li.-t (13 
 i'cli:;nts and 
 ; Califofiiiii 
 )4; Culil'of- 
 
 (':i!ii'oiiii;i. 
 105 c t S('((. ; 
 <[. ; Laui;!ey 
 .,lH;;i; '/</., 
 
 ],s.v;), t to. 
 
 lit! lea tkaix 
 
 111 llutch- 
 
 IS. 
 I'Vrnaiido, 
 
 Aiigck's, 
 
 M\ 
 Aiyolcs, 
 
 I >('spacho 
 
 Liln'c ilo 
 
 lliciKio ll>3 
 
 ., Js-k). 
 
 ".MS. 
 Visitador. 
 
 Vi»itaili>r 
 >. W'vy 
 '.) Julio, 
 
 Alvarado (-Tiian Bautista), [Proclama del] Gobcrnador sobi'c Dcsticrro do ]",x- 
 
 traii;:er<ia. 1849. 
 Ahiiiadii (JuanBaiitiHita),Priinitivn llcrctdniniiouto dcl^rocn Cal., IStl. ?tIS. 
 Al\';i'adi) (Tuun ]!anti>ita), l!t\i,'laiii(.'iito do ex-uiitiioiR'H. Monterey, 1S|:>. 
 Aivurado (Jium liautista), licglaiiuntit I'rovitiioiiul I'ara AdiiiLiiiatraduics di; 
 
 .Mit,ionc.s, Ks;!!). :M8. 
 ,M\arado and Gastro, Ksposicioti contra MiclicltonMia, 1S4.";. MS. 
 Alviso (Josii xiiitonio), l)ucunientu:> pani la llistoria do Caluornia. Ms., 
 
 ISIT-.JO. 
 Alviso (.Jose Antonio), Campafia do Xatividad, 1S4(!. ^IS. 
 Amador (-Jose Maria), ^lenicn-ias sobi'o la J list, do Cal. MS. 
 Amador (I'edro), ])iario <Io la J';x[)C'ilii:ion paia fundar la Mision do S. .Joso, 
 
 17!J7. MS. 
 Amador (Pedro), Kxpedicion contra los f.;enti!er; Saealanes, 1790. MS. 
 Amador I Peilro), i;?;pe<liento do ServiL-ius, 17Im-!)1. MS. 
 Amailor (IVdr.)), Papelea del Sar;;ento. MSS. lu vari<Jiis aivlnves. 
 Amador ( Peili(j), Irevencionca al ('al)o do la Ivseolta do S. Jo~e, 1707. MS. 
 Amador( l'eilro),i;e(.'onocimientode-de Sta < Vii;'; Iiasta >^. Fraucisco, 17n<j. MS. 
 Amadijr (Pedro), Salida contra Jmlio.s ( ieuliles, IbOO. MS. 
 .■\mador (.'onnty, History. ();dvland, IS^I. folio. 
 Amelia i'^lier\V(jo<l. Pichmond, l.s.'iO. 
 Annriea, Dcscrijieifin, 1710. MS. 
 
 .America, or lui Kxaet Description of llie West Indies. Liindon, \C,:'i~,, 
 American Antiquarian Society, I'rocecdinu'H. Worcester, 1S20 ct aeij. 
 American Kdiicalioual Monthly. New Yoilj, 18(14 et scq. 
 American and l'"orei;4n (.'lui-slian Union. New York, TSol ct scq. 
 American (ieoL'vaiiliical and Statistical Society. Xcw Yfirk, InoO ct S(!i|. 
 Amcric.m Quarterly IJetri.ster and .>>iai;azino. Pliiladeljihia, 1848 et se(j. 
 Amcric.'.n Quarterly Ucview. I'liiladelphia, ]8l'7 ct scq. 
 Aineviian Iteview. I'liiludelpliia, Isll cl sen. 
 American State I'aper.s. IJo.stcjn, 1817-10. 12 vols.; Washington, 1 So J-4; 
 
 lsr,S^-(il. folio. ;50 vols. 
 American!! at f^ca. In Nilcs' Re;;istcr, xviii. 417. 
 
 Amcci (.John (t.), Rcptirt on .Mission Indiansof I'alifomia. Wash In '.;t on, 1S7.'?. 
 Ame.iii (Tosij), Cartas do un C(jmercianto Ivspanol. MSS. In diirereut 
 
 archives, 
 A;iii;.;o del Pueblo. Mexico, IS'27 ct .«cr|. 
 Annilet (The), A talc of Spanisli Calii'ornia. London, 18(!."). 
 AnaJK'im, (lazctle, Peview, elc. 
 
 Anaheim, Its People and its I'roduct.s. New York, ISOf). 
 Anderson (.\le\andcr ('.), Xin'tiiwcst Coast History. MS. 
 Anderson (Alexander D. ), Tlio Silver and (!old of the Southwest, etc. St 
 
 j.ouis, 1S77; Thu Sd\cr Comitry, etc. \c\v York, l.s77. 
 Aniic"son (David (.!.), Statement of i'iicatrieal I'lvent-S. MS. 
 Audi .s n (Mary E.), Scenes in th(^ Jlawaiiuu Islands and California. Boston 
 
 lis,;.-,]. 
 
 Amiiils of Convjress. 1 1st to ISth Con;:rcss.] ■\\ asjiimdon, lS:;4-."i(i. 42 vols. 
 
 Anmtal of Scieiuiiic Discovery. l]o;t(jn. lS,j()-(;7. Is70-i. 19 vols. 
 
 Ani),;'. til. Universal History. London, iMiil, Ovols. 
 
 Ansied (!)a\id T.), 'i'lie Cold-seeker's Manual. Xew York, 1849, 
 
 Ant.'iony (K. M.), .Siijkiyon County Pemiuiseenct!s. MS. 
 
 Antioch, Leil.i^cr. 
 
 Anza (luan IJautista), DcKculnimiento de Sonor; 
 
 An;:a (.Jiuui Pautistal, Diurio do una cxpcdicion d( 
 
 Calif. 
 
 Nonol'a ;i 
 
 )rnia, 
 
 Cal., i: 
 
 1774. M> 
 
 S. Praneisei 
 
 .Mi. 
 
 MS. 
 
 Apuhil.c.\'ui y Torres, Avcrignacion en Sonora d 
 
 •1 Ti 
 
 dto do Lfis j\.n''elcs, 
 
 i8:j.j. MS. 
 
 Apal;it(;;.;ui y Torres. Causa se',;uida contra los conspii. adores, IS.'I 
 
 Apodaca (Virey), Cartas. ]M^S. In the archives. 
 
 Apoatolico.s Afancs dc la Compania, de Jesus. Barcelona, 17o4. 
 
 M> 
 
j.xviii 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 P 
 
 iff iiiiil'.. 
 
 A]>pon.vi (Flora Ilaines), Lihrariea of California. Sau Francisco, 1878. 
 
 -lyv(//, Li>.;-l).)(jk, 1S2I-,1. iMS. 
 
 At'Miu'cl ilo L'lvcios, 17S2. ^IS. 
 
 Aiiuici'l (1(! i^rcuiijs, 176S. MS. 
 
 Arcii (I'raiici-iuo), Dncmncntd.a para la Ilistoria do Cal. !MF). 
 
 Ari'i! (I'"raiicis('ii), .Mcimiri.is llistniicas y Doeunu'iitos Ori'^hiiilos. IMS. 
 
 AiclL))alil (John), Why ' Calit'ornia.' In Ov.iland .Montlily, ii. 4.11. 
 
 Aichur (L.), SpfL'uh (in As.si'inlily J]iU Xo. Ib2. n.pl., n.d. 
 
 Aiuliivu del j\.r/.ijbis|i,ido do San Francisco. !MS. ,"> vols. 
 
 Archivo do CalitVinii.i. .MS. '2~'.i vols, and a great ninss of loose papers, 
 
 l)oeiuu(;nl.s preserved in the U. S. Siu'veyor-geueral's ollioe ;it San l-'ran- 
 
 cisco. Copies in my Collection. J)ivitled as follows: I'rov. St. I'.ip. ; 
 
 Prov. Rec; Dept. St. I'ap.; Dept. lie.:.; Lcj;. Uv.; State I'ap-: ^<^'■ 
 
 (Jovt. iSt. I'ap.; Adas do. l^leceiones; lJr:inds and Marks; und Unbound 
 
 L)oo., q. V. f(u full sub-titles and fnrther subdivisions. 
 Arehivi) de l:is ]\!isione3. MS. 12 vols. 
 Aicliivo <iel Oliispado do ^Monterey y L"S Ang.des. MS. 
 Archivo do Santa Jiiirbaia. MS. II vols. 
 
 Archuleta (Florentino), Conuniicaciones l'odu;,'ogiea3. ^IS. In tin? archives. 
 Aroo Iris. Vera Cruz, 1847 et seij. folio. 
 
 Areelio, Paroeer 14 do ,]un. 177.'!. -MS.: also in Palou, Xot., i. ,"(7-. 
 Aiccho, Itespuesta ;!() dc! Jan., 177''>. ^IS. 
 Argelo, Ciilaveias ^Mountaineer, 
 Aigiiello{(;ervasio),]]soiiteiS(lonn Ilabilitado General yDipnt:ulo. MSS. In 
 
 public and j)rivato archive^. 
 Argiicllo (< lervasio), (Jliservaciones, iSKj. MS. 
 
 Ar;'iiel!o(Jose), ibdaoion do lo qui' deehirarmi los sentilos Sacalanes, 1707- ^dS. 
 Ar'^i.ello (.lose), llelacion quo forni.j subrc Indios huidos ilo S. Francisco, 
 
 " 17!t7. MS. 
 Argiiello (•lose), Cir las de nn (lobernador do las California.?. MSS. Inlii; 
 
 dillerent archives. 
 Argiiello {.fo^^i'), Inforiue sobi-o llaneho del Pi'y en S. Fran'ci';cn, 1708. MS. 
 Argiiello (Tose), instruccion (pie li.a do ob.-^ervar el teuieuto Jaiis Argiiello i.u 
 
 S. Fi'aneisco, bSllO. :MS. 
 Argiiello (.losi'), Jlespue.sta a las quince Preguntas sobi'o iibuFOS do Misioneros, 
 
 ]7!'S. MS. 
 Argiiello (faiia Antonio), Cartas del Couiandanto y Gobornador. MSS. In 
 
 the- dlii'erent Jircliives. 
 Argiiello (laiis Antonio), lloja do Servicios hasta 1S'2S. MS. 
 Algiieilo (Santiago), Correspondencia del Couiandanto y Prcfocto. !MSS. 
 
 Archives, iiassini. 
 Ai'giioUo (Santiairo), ('onwpondeneia Particular. !\IS. 
 Aruian (IF. .M. Van), The L'ublic Lands of (.'alitorni:i. San Francisco, 1S7<>. 
 Arniona (Mafias), Carta do 1770. h\ Doe. Hist. .Me.K. sorio iv., toiu.ii. p. loo. 
 Aimsirong (WiliianO, '4',) l]\nerioncos. MS. 
 Arna/ (.loSi), Iteenerdos do L'n Conioreiantc. ^IS. 
 Arran'Jtoi;', (L'rancisco do i'anla), Mejico desdc ISOS hasta 18G7. Madrid, 
 
 187 1-2. 4 vols. 
 Arrioivit.i (J. D.), Crdniea Seritfiea y Apostolica. ^Mexico, 1702. folio. 
 Arrillac;!) (Ilasilio.los<'l, Jtecopilaeion ilo Lcye.'^, etc. ^Mexieo, ISIlS-oO. IG vol-;, 
 Arri '^I'.'a idose^ .loaquin), Ijorrador ilo Carta a Vancouver, 170;t. ^[S. 
 Arriliii,.;a. (.lose .Joaqiun), Corre-ipondoueia del (Jobernador. MS. Archives, 
 
 passim. 
 Arrilhi'^a (.losi'' .Toaqnin), llojas do Servieio, 1701-S. MS. 
 Arrillaua (Jo-e .foaquin), Intoimo solu'o el estado ile ludioa, Misiones, etc., 
 
 1S()4. MS. 
 Arrillaira (.lose .loaipiin), Tntomie al Virey sobi'e Drfensas, 17011. M.S. 
 Arrilla'ia (.lose .biaquin). Papi 1 do I'untos para eonociniiento del (iol)ernador, 
 
 1704. MS. 
 ArriUaga (.lo»e Joaquin). Pri'ceptos Generales p.ara Coniainlantes, ISOU. MS. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 xxix 
 
 iifllo eii 
 
 ISS. Ii 
 
 JiISS. 
 
 rMadrii 
 
 Ai'iillii'Jta f.T'\S',' tToaqiiiii). Ruliiciim del pslailu (jue gr.anliui los Pre iidii)j y 
 
 i'lirl.los, LSOlj. -MS. 
 Aviillu-ii (.fiteoJoaipii'i), Tostai.iciito, ]<\l. ^[S. 
 AniiV!) ilu Iji Ciifsla (Fclipi), C.iitai ikl Miniuiicro. MS. In mijsiDii an. I 
 
 .secular aruhivf.s. 
 Aii'uyo ilo laCuesta (Felipe). ( Iramuiar of the Mutsuii Laiigua'^'c. Xuw Ydik, 
 
 i.StJl; also original .\l.S. 
 Arrnyi> ilu In Cuesta (I'clijit), .\ \'ni.'al)iilai'y or IMiraso Bouk of the !Miit.sim 
 
 J^anu'iiaLio. New Vdiic. ISIJI; also ori'.;iiial MS. 
 Avtoa;i;a (lynat'io), Tereei-a E.xploraeii'ii, ITTi*. MS. 
 Aiiociisiiou (Antonio <lci la), L'caeiilr.iuiieiuo do California, I'J Oct. IG20. In 
 
 I'aL'lioco and Cardenas, Col. Doe., toni. viii. 
 Ashltiuner (\\'illiaui), lleport upon tlio ".ViH)." tlcjld Quartz Mine. Sau 
 
 Frauei.>eo, isOti. 
 A:-li!an.l (Or.), Tivlinys. 
 
 Ashley (1'. K.), ])oeunients for the Hi-itory of C'alifoniia. MS. 
 Ashley (U. 1!.), Iteeoi'ds kept duii:!:j j.)urney made by lueinljers of California, 
 
 Asboeiat ion from Monroe, Mieli., to (Ad., ISII). M.S. 
 jl--l'i y Vuni'louti', Trulado do (.'ai>itiilaeion do los Xavio.s, IS'2."). JIS. 
 Assendily, Sessions uf l.stii. In U. S. v.s. Uolton, -Vpp. Uricf U. S, Sup. 
 
 t'oui't. 
 Assoeialions. Sec Inatituti(jna. 
 .■\storia, Astorian. 
 
 Al.iua.-io, Causa Criminal contra ..■l Indio. Abril 2(i, ISDl. MS. 
 .\tlautio .Monilily. IJoston, l.':)."i8 et .«eip 
 
 AtlanLic an<l I'aeilio 11. I!. Co. Act ■j;raiitin',' lands. New York, ISOG; Cir- 
 cular. New York, 1S,'),>; and otiier il(jcnnientH. 
 .\tleta(i;i). .McNico, lS±totsc.|. 
 
 Auliuru, I'lacr ller.ilil, Stars and Stri[)cs, Union Advocate, etc. 
 Auger (l.ldouard). Voyage en Califoriuo, 18oii-;>. l.'aris, ki.")4. 
 Au.jiin (Xev.), lleeso IJiver lieveillc. 
 Australian Ne\v.si)aper.i in .Meehanic-i' Library of San Francisco .nnd ebowhcrc. 
 
 .\aiol 
 A\ 
 
 iio'^raii 
 
 a, Auto^r.ilica do I's i' 
 
 Mi 
 
 u: 
 
 MS. 
 
 (T. JI.), Spc-eeli in U. S. II. of K>p. March -JT, ISoO, to admit Cali- 
 
 fornia. Washington, lS"i!). 
 Averill (Charus E. ), Lifu in California. I'.oston. n.d. 
 .\vcry (Ijenjamin I'arke), Californiau Pictures. Xcw York, l.sy^. 
 A\ ila (Antonio), y otros, Papeles tocantes ii sii sedicion, \bVyl. W.<. 
 .\\i!a (.fuan), Xotas C.iliforuianas. MS. 
 A\ ila (.Maria Inoeenta), Cosas do California. MS. 
 Avila (MiLTUeli. Pocumentos para la liisioria do Calif irnia. ^IS. 
 .\\ ila do liios (Catarina), llecnerdips. ^IS. 
 .\yala (Tadeo Orti/.), Jlcoiunen di; la Iwta'li.stiea del Imp. Mex. Mexico, IS:] 
 
 Av( 
 
 (F. II.), P. 
 
 il Ad 
 
 veniures. 
 .Avuntaniii'ntos, Decreto de las Ciirte 
 
 M.- 
 
 -Vzai 
 
 Vi.'cntcs, \S1\\ 
 ), ( )rd( 
 
 lo ^[ayo, ISPJ. In Mexico, Lcyea 
 
 i/a I \ iri'v 
 
 M.> 
 
 In t! 
 
 1" arcluves. 
 
 .Vxan/.a (\irey), Ynstruccion, IS(K). ilS. 
 
 lfiV( 
 
 les, cti: 
 
 Irnador, 
 
 MS. 
 
 .). Ml 
 
 .f Ivirlv Ti 
 
 MS. 
 
 liaird (Spencer !■'.), Fi.shand I'l-herics [l.'ilh (.' 
 
 i; 
 
 ■t'.il. Wa^ihinv'ton, IS77. 
 
 tUer (I 
 
 1- 
 
 P.). .Speech before Califoi'nia Si'ualo 
 
 Id. Scss., Sei 
 Pt and -Jd. 
 
 Mis. Do 
 
 S.iu 
 
 rani'iseo, 
 
 IS.i-l; 
 
 -■r Ci!y (Oi'.), IK'ral. 
 
 Ko oilier S[ice 
 
 cnc. 
 
 d, Kern County ('alil'orniaii, K' rn County ( 'on.rier, Kern County 
 I'tte. Sonthorn Californiau. clc. 
 
 ddridge (William), The Pay.s of "I. 
 
 M- 
 
 l'.ald\vin(K 
 
 S.). S| 
 
 icecn in 
 
 U 
 
 S. ."-en, 
 
 yu 
 
 '11, ls.")0. .\dmissiun <if Califor- 
 
 nia, etc, 
 
 Washin''ton, liS.JO. 
 
1 . 
 
 XXX 
 
 AUTiToniTi-;!': quoti:d. 
 
 r.,)ll (\. r..), Sketch by a rioneor. IMS. 
 
 ];jllcii.sUMlt ((.'. W. 'J'.), J)c.s(;lir( ihuug iiiciiicr Iluiso nach ilon (loMmiiicn. 
 
 L'lilit'oriiions. Scliiliiiii'^'t'ii, l^ril, 
 llallou (John), Tli<^ l.Mily of the Wi'st. Ciuciiiiiati, ISrio. 
 I'.ailoii (WilliiiTii 'r. ). Ailvi iitiii'fs. !MS. 
 lialtiuuiii- (.M(l.)i I'aliiot, Sun. 
 
 llaiuTott (A. li. ), Jiiary of a .louniey to ()i'c,'.,'oii. MS. 
 ]!aiK!-ot't (llul)crt llowc), History of tho I'acilic States of 'N'oi'tli xVmorica. 
 
 San IVaui'iHi.'O, l.SS'i ct S(m|. "JS vol:i. ; Xativc IL'ici'S of tliu I'acillo States. 
 
 New Yoili, ls7."). .")vo!s.; ro]inhu''l'ri'iuiials. San Francisco. '2 voIh. , etc. ; 
 llancrot't (lluhi'it Howe), I'crsonal Uliservations in Caliinrnia, lS7i. ^IS, 
 ll.iuii'oft l.ihi'arv, MS. Sciajt-hook:*, containin:: chi.-silied noted uscil in writin"; 
 
 Jiaiicvott H works. 
 IJuucicil't Liliiary, Xewsijiaper scraps classilied under th(3 followin.c; lieadinu-i: 
 
 Academy of Sciences; Aniuseuicnts and Ccleljialions; Art; Author.s; 
 
 ]!anl<s and Ijankiiii^; IjiijlioLfiaiihy; JUosra])hy; Jiiiths, Deaths, etc.; 
 
 Chaiitahlc Institutions; t'hinese; Climate; Constitutional Convention; 
 
 Counties; Crimes and Society; JvntlKiualcis; Kdueat'on and Scliools; 
 
 Fai-cs anil Ficii-'hts; Fishciics; Floods; Fruit-iaisim,'; Indians; Jou-nalisni; 
 
 Kearncjism ancl the W'oi'kinu'iiiei.'.s I'ai'ty; Lands; l,ei.!;al; Liliraiies; l,iun- 
 
 l)i-i- (j>iicstion; Maiinl'actnres; Military Ali'aii's; Mineial S[ii in,L'~; Miniu'^ 
 
 Stocks; Miscellaneous; ]Mo(loc ^Va^; Xi.'W (JharliT; Oil and I'eti-oleum; 
 
 I'ionccr C'eli'brations; F(j!ilics; ]'o))ulation and (Ailoni/atioii; llailfoads; 
 
 Uelii^ion; Ftesonrccs; ]ievenuo and Taxation; lioads an<l lloutes; .'■•iiip- 
 
 ]>in;r and Xavi.uation; Silver IJenionoti/ation: State Fairs; SVock-iaisin.L;; 
 
 Stories aiul Le'ieiids; Tel c^'rai ills; 'J'radeand < 'onnnerce; Tri])s aci'o,-.s tho 
 
 Continent and \'oyagcs by Sea; United States Mails; \\'ater Supply. 
 
 (is vols. 4to. 
 Landini (duan), Acusaeiones contra An;;el Finnnri'Z, ISIU-T. ^IS. 
 ]'>anilini (-luanK Apuntes I'oliticos, ISoJ. MS. 
 
 Jiandini (-luan), ( ,'arta Jlisti'irica y Oes^'riptiva de. C'alifoi'nia, 18"2*^. !MS. 
 llanilini (■luan). Carta Particular ii Vidlejo sohrc cosas politicas. 12 Die, 
 
 ls:!0. MS. 
 Fnuidini (Juan), Carta a Vallejo solire llevoluciones. .T Die. ISlii). ^IS. 
 Dan<liiu (Juan), ( 'onti'stacion :i la Alinnicion de Victoria, Is.'il. MS. 
 ]iandini (Juan), (.'orrespondencia I'articular y Olicial. .MSS. ^V lai'.uo num- 
 ber of documents in private and public archives, in addition to those 
 
 .■specially named in this list. 
 ])andini (Juan), Fl i)ip!itadode la Alta California ;i sus Comitentts. li A'^osto, 
 
 is;;;i. :Me.\ico, ],s;!;j. 
 
 I'andiiii (Tuan), I tiseursoantc el Ayunt. dc Los Anpeks. ^T^fayO) i^."7. MS. 
 
 ])andini (Juan), Docunuintos ]iara la Historia do California. -MS. 
 
 IJaudini (Juan), Historia tic Alia California. MS. 
 
 Damlini (Juan), Infomiacion ilel ^■isitador Ue Adiiana, IS;!."). ]\IS. 
 
 Dandini (Juan), Maniliesto a la l)iputaciou subrc ramos do llaciuuda Terri- 
 torial. 1.SJ2. .^IS. 
 
 Handini (Juan), Proyecto de Misioues, 1S4(). MS. 
 
 liaiidini (Juan), Succsoi did Sur, -Mayo-A'josto, L'^,'>7. MS. 
 
 Danlield (.[. A.), ]listoiical Sketch of Volo County. In Woodland Yolo 
 ])eniocrat, July (i, IS7(). 
 
 I'anker's MaLia/ine and Statistical Kegister. ]laltimore, etc., 181G et seq. 
 
 llaidcs. See Listitntions. 
 
 Uaninof (Alexander), Slii/noo]iissanic. St Petersburg, 18.'!,'>. 
 
 ]jarber (.loiin ^\'.l. and Jlenry Howe. History <if Westirn States and Terri- 
 torie-i. Cincinnati, \^i>~. 
 
 I'arnard (Ifelen M.), 'J'hi; (Jhorjx'nnini; Claim, n.p!.. n.il. 
 
 liirnes (Dc'm.as), From tlie Atlantic to the Paciiie Overland. Xew York, IStiti. 
 
 ]?.irnes ((}. A.), Oregon and California. MS. 
 
 liarri (Felipt'), Olicios del Cob''- de la Baja California, ^IS. la Prov. St. 
 Pap. passim. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 ■^ 
 
 I 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 MS. 
 12 Die, 
 
 ru'c iiiim- 
 
 ila Tcrri- 
 luil Yulo 
 
 •t SUI|. 
 
 11(1 Torri- 
 
 Hik, IStii). 
 Fiov. ,St. 
 
 Barmw (.Tnhr,), T!iu Life, ^'(lya^,'l■s, aiul J.xploits of Ailniiral Sir I'iaiiLis Drake, 
 
 Ltiii(l..ii, I si:!. 
 ]!anir,\- (Williaiii), 'i'lie (leiieial; or Twelvo Ni^riits in a lluiiter'.s Camp. l>os- 
 
 loil. lNi',1. 
 
 IViiiy (W. .1.), Up anil Down. Loiuloii, lS7t). 
 
 ]5any (H. .\. ), aii'l I!. A. I'atteu, Men and Memoi-ics of San Franci.suo. Sau 
 
 Friincisco, ISTii. 
 r.avsto\v (Ail'red), Stateiii-'iit of a, I'ionocr of lS-11). MS. 
 T.arslo\v(l). P.), Iteeoileetioiisof lSt:)-,"jl. :\IS. ^ 
 ];.ir."l()\v (ijooryo), Iiitroiiiietory Ailclress. Sau Fraiieisco, IS.')'.); other al- 
 
 (Irc-i.ses. 
 liartk'tt (Joliu Riissoll), rcrsonal Xaviitive of jAiiloratinns iiud Tiieideiit.s in 
 
 'J'exas, Xow Mexico, California, etc. New Yoric, IS.'il. 'J VoL-i. 
 IJartk'tt, (.f<^liu l!u.-;sell), lit jK.rt on the Ijonndary ijiiic Iietweeii the U. S. ami 
 
 Mexico. |l)"Jd Coni;., I'd Ses^., Sell. ]^x. Doc. 11.) Vraslmiytun, IS.")!. 
 Kartk'tt-, (\Vashiii;^'ti.ii), Stat laeiit of a. I'ioneer of ls|'.». -MS. 
 ];artoii (.lames IL), Statomcnt of an Ivirly Settk'r. ^IS. 
 IJarton (Stei)heiil, Ivii'ly liintory of \'i.siiia. Scrap-book. 
 ]]asellaiul>cliafliic!ion Zcitiiic, ISIiS. 
 
 liate.i (D. ];.), Four Years on the I'acilic Cast. ]iu.^ton, lS."iS; Lcston, 18C0. 
 F>atca (If. W.), Jlliistrated TraAel.s. Foiidon. ii.d. 
 Bates (1. (/.), Jlejiortof the I'roceediuj^.s, . . Wdl and Testament of Horace 
 
 liaues. San J''rancisco, hS7-. 
 Ilittk' Moniitain (Xev.), Messen'4er. 
 Fauer (.lohn .\.), Statement, of a^Fioncer of ISlt). IMS. 
 Fausmaii (William), Early < 'alifornia. San Fi'aiicisco, IST-. 
 llaxlcv (11. Willis), \Vhat I .saw on the Western Coast. Xcw York, ISti.'.. 
 lieaclfc (.1. 1!.), '1 he Undeveloped We.,t. J'hiladelphia [IST.'ij! Western WikU. 
 
 (.'inciniiati, ISTl). 
 Fcadle's :\lonthly. Xew York, IS!!.") ot seij. 
 Feale (E. F.), Wa'^on Foad from I'ort Diliance to the Colorado Fiver. [.']3tli 
 
 Couv., l.st.Ses's., H. Ex. Doc. ]-_'4.] 
 Fran (IMwiu F. ), see Directories, Nevada County, Cal., 1H()7. 
 Fc:!r Fla- Papers, 181(i. MS. 
 Feard (llcnry), Ar,i:;umeut. .John Folaiid. . .Land Claim, "La Fnciite." 
 
 Wiushiiiudon, IM)!!. 
 Beckw iiii (10. It.), lu'port of l^xploration of a Foutc; for the Facific ]l,iil- 
 
 road near tlie IJStli and ;!!)tk Farallels [;!;!d Cong., Est Scs.s., Jf. Kx. Doc. 
 
 ]'2U\. AVashiiiLtton [lH.31]. 
 Fee (!•'. A.). 0[)cnin,i; Ai'uiiment. . .Chine-e Tiiuuii;rntion. S. F,, isyd. 
 Fee (Henry J. ). lU'collections of (.'alit'oruia from l.s;!(t. ,MS. 
 ]'iccchcv (F. ^\'.), Xarrative of a \'o\'ai:e to the I'acilic, etc., in IS'J.J-S. 
 
 l.o'i.lon, lS:',l,-2 vols.; I'hiladelphia, I.S.'i'J. 
 F)cechcy (F. W.), '/.'<i'i\o':y oi Yoyaijc. See llidiarilson {.I.) et al. 
 Fi'crs ((ieor^c A.), N'asipu^z. Xew York, 1S7."). 
 Felcher (Edward), Narrative of a \'oya;,'e round the World in ].S.1(i-l-2. 
 
 Loii<lon, I'vt.'i. 2 voLs, 
 Fcldiii (I)avid), Speech in Sen, of Cal. Fel). 0, ISGG, against the Fcpcal of 
 
 the Spvcilie ('ontract Act. .*<acramciito, 18(10. 
 ]'.eldcu (.losiah). Historical Statement. .MS. 
 Frideii (.(o.sialn. Letters of a Pioneer of FS-ll. MS, 
 ];■ Ifarit (Me. ), Kt'puhlican Journal. 
 
 F>. II {\. D.), Arguments in favor of Innnigr.ition. San Francisco, ]^'!C\. 
 Fell (ilor.nc), lieiiiiniscciicfjs of a PL.-inger. L. An.u'eles, ISSI ; als<j scrap book. 
 VaW (.1. ('.), obituary Address on Death of. Sacr.imeuto, iStJO, 
 F'll (W. A.), New Tracks in North America. London, IbTO. 
 ]!clh;ville (111.), Advocate. 
 ]jcllo\\s (Henry W,), In Memory of Tiios. Starr King. l3iscourse, r^Iay 1, 
 
 i;'(il. h-an ]''rancisco, 1S(J4. 
 Iklmuiit (Nov.;, Courier. 
 
w 
 
 NXXll 
 
 AUTiiomTir:s quotfj). 
 
 
 I , 
 
 Iii'iili.'ini ((';illiou:i). To.^timr)ny in behalf of tho I'. S. vs. .Siittcr. "Xcw 
 
 llilvilia. ' Siiii I'nuirinci), ISOl. 
 lleiiic'i.t, Cliroiik'Ii', Nuw Mr.'i, I'iiciliu (.'Iiuit!iiii;iii, 'J'ribiuio, etc. 
 lluiiii'iii, Oliiciiil l)iiiiiiii(ut.i i;i iUliitinii t(j J.uinl 'I'ilks. Suisiiu, I'liii. 
 ]>u'iiiu:tt (11. (.'.), (;iiiiu.'.i(.' lial)!jr. A Li^L'tnro. Sau Kraiici.HOo, 1,S70. 
 Bciiiittt (lliury), S|K(.:i.!i in L*. S. H. of \U;i<., Miiy 'J7, I'S.iO, on Ailiiu:iii<)u (-f 
 
 (,'alitiiiiiia, \\ a^liiiig'.ou, ISJl,), 
 Di'niictt (.\ illianii'll, Tlu' tjiicuo ( 'asc. n.[il., u.il. 
 Iji'iilluy (William i;.), I'luu.^ant 1'atli.s of tho I'ucilic Xorthwo.st. Sail Fran. 
 
 cisfo, \l:b>2. 
 ]'<ciitou (.1. A.), Tho Califc.i'nia I'ilgrim. Sacraiucnto, IS.').'!. 
 Ijoiitmi (Thoiims II.), Ahridu'incnt of Pchatcs in Congress, 17">n-l.S."(5. "Kcw 
 
 York, lS,')7-(il!. Hivi'i;.; 1)( fcuco of l'i'r:iioiit. In Xilcs' lifi/istcr, Ixxi. 
 
 I71i; S;i(;iuh in I'. S. Si'iialo, .July, l.sls. In C'oii^'. (ilohi', I^it7-'S, A] i>. 
 
 'J77; Siici'ch in U. S. Sinato, Jan. 1.5, LSI!), on .\(l ji!(li(.'ati')n of haul 
 
 Titlcii, t'tc, in Now Mexico anil California. AVaiiiinujtun, KsiJ; Tliiiiy 
 
 Ycar.s' N'icw. Xi'W York, 18.VI. '2 vols. 
 r^'ivn,'!'!- (.1. 1'.), (Jollu'tion ilu Tmis ks ^'(>yagf•.4 faits fiutonr ilu Momlc 
 
 raii.-j, 178S-;). vols. 
 r>''ikeky, Ailvm-iti', l!i!ki'li\van. 
 ]!' rkolcy (.Miai'Uily. San Fiamisco, ISRO-I. 2 vuU. 
 H'rvniuAr.'. {.] . M.), Ycrilaili'i'a ( ' lusn. do la ii'.'vohieiou. Toliica, ISol, 
 l!tiii:;l (.Iu,\m), .Mrnioria do im Cdifoinio. ;\IS. 
 llriTcycsa (.\nfoiiio), lU'laciun dt! .sus lu-'(;ii(.'nl",s. 'M'A. 
 liriivyL'sa iiud CaniHo, (.hianvl at t'oiionia, ISKi. M>. 
 11: rry (1 !l'i,i-_;l'). 'i'lio (Jold if C'aliuirnia. London, l>;-!f». 
 Jji .stard (iliii'Mavontura), l'a«toi-al del Conii.sariu (Ifncial do InJias. "JS do 
 
 Agosto, IhlO. MS. 
 Efitaid (i'.mnavontiua), I'asto'.'al. (i iIu Mayo, I'llli. I\I >. 
 licta^di (Willi.i'.u), A Voya!:;o round tho AV'orld. I.,oiidon, 17'.!S; London, 
 
 17o7; ahso in riukoi-ton".s N'oya^'is, vol. ,\vi. ; llarii.s' Col., vol. i. 
 Btyer (Moiitz), Das AuM\\auder'!n;:sliuoh. I^oijizi;.', l.S4(}. 
 Ibai't (Lucifu), My Ikunhk'.s in the Xmv World. J.ondou, l>s77. 
 Lidloniaa (II. .!.), suo ])ir(fLolios, Sacramento, ISGl-'J. 
 BidwcU (.John), California in 1S4I-S. :MS. 
 Lidwoll (John), Journey to (alilornia. n. |.!. | |S1'J|. 
 Jjigol'iw (.rohn^ Le.s ^kat^^-Ullis D'Ann'si [ue. I'aris, l.s;).']; Memoir of tlie 
 
 Life and I'nMic Services of .lolin C. I'n'niont. Xiw York, l8.)lj. 
 ]]ii.',','.s, llutte (^uuiiy rvcgi.ster, Silver Ik'nd Ib'iiorter. 
 ]'ii;:ler (lleniy \V. ), iJiary of a Mormon in ('alilornia. MS. 
 IJigler (■iolnii, Ailihvss at a Meetiui,' of (.'iti/.eiis of Santa Clara County, n.pl. 
 
 ll;vV>]; Scrap Look, 1S.")()-'J; S|)eecli at Sacramento July 11, lSo7. Sacra- 
 
 nu'uto, liSll7; and other .'^iieiH'he.s. 
 l]i,!,'lv (('autell A.). Auriiodina. Xew York, \^VX 
 r.iUi'ng:* (Fi-edei-ick), Address, Sept. •_';$, IS.il. San Francisco, ISj4. 
 r.ilson (l). ), Tlie Hunters of Kentucky, etc. Xesv York, l'^17. 
 r.io:ira])iiical Sketches in S. Jose I'ioiKH'r, lS7.S-S;i. 
 
 Linl (Isal.flla L), Lady's Life in the Locky Mountains. Xev,- York, 1.S70-S1. 
 liirnie (Itoliert), I'er.soual Advenfur'js. MS. 
 
 Llaik (<;eor;;e). llepert on tho Middle Yul.a Canal. Sin I'raiu'isco, ISilt. 
 lilack (J. S.), Keijovt.-i I f Cases ar,f.,'ued and determined in the Supremo Court 
 
 of the United States. AVashin';ion, ISO;!, 
 Blaeu (or .Tansz), ,\merica. {.\tlas Maior). Amstelaedami, UKl'J. 
 Llau'don (Franci.s William). The Modern Gei):;ra|>hei'. London, n.d. ."> vols, 
 lilake (William 1'.), Ccologieal l\econnaiss:inco in C.-difovnia. Xi\v \'orU, 
 
 IS.'S. 4to; The Production of tho I'reeioiis Metals. Xew York, etc. 
 
 IMI!). 
 Bhuichet (F. X'.), Historical Ski-tehes of the Calholio Church in (.)re^^on. 
 
 Portland, 1S7.'^. 
 Bledsoe (A. J.), History of L)cl Xurtc County. Eureka, ISSl. 
 
'"^ 
 
 AUTHOrjTIKS QUOTIID. 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 tcr. "New 
 
 1807. 
 
 .70. 
 Vthiusaion of 
 
 .Sail I'riUi- 
 
 lS.-fl. Xcw 
 ■i^istur, Ixxi. 
 ,s J7 S, A) \). 
 Im of Liiii'l 
 I8l;»; Thii-ly 
 
 du Mollilc. 
 
 is;;i. 
 
 iiiliin. "JS do 
 ■.;S; Louiloil, 
 
 pi. i. 
 
 pinoii" of the 
 
 iiinty. ii.i'l. 
 
 ik. ISTO-Sl. 
 
 L-O. ISCt. 
 
 ircinc (Jiuu't 
 
 l.d. .") Vnl-!. 
 
 X, \\- \'(irk, 
 y.iik, lU'. 
 
 ill (.)rr-()ii. 
 
 lilies (William 1;.), I'ai-idio.! in tlif ]'a..illc. Xcv.- V. 1!:. lP-^ 
 
 IMnxoiii'j (Is.iuc), Vi^;ila;it;i! Coimuitti'c. by ",'>:) Si'i-ivtury.' Mf*. 
 
 li'imi U'liili. Varii.u.i iiaiai>l:lct.-j vf dili'oiviit lotl'.i'.s of llio Hooioty. 
 
 1!.) le^a y Ciuidra (Jiiiin Fraiit-ihu'o), Cumuiuu do l.i N'avi';?i<'i'':i. I77'i. MS.. 
 
 ];<idc„a y ( 'iiadra (•liiaii I'raiici.jeo), Xiivc'^'ai.inuy ]Ju ciilniiiiii ".N», 177!). M.S. 
 
 ni>d(".;ay Cuiidra (Juan I'laiicisio), Sc^imda, .S;ilida, 177'.'. MS. 
 
 ljiilc;,'ii y L'uudra ( luaii I'mnciHco), Via,!,'i) do 177"i. MS. 
 
 1'. .dir, ( 'liriMiiou', I'lvt: I'lX'.-iS, Moiliiii'4 Xi;\v;-i, Staiidai'd, etc. 
 
 r.iV^.'^H (William M.), IIi'miiiiHL-('iii.'CH Irmn Isji!. M^. 
 
 li.i.^^'s (Wiiiiam M.), Trip aurdsa tlic I'laiiis in IMli. In Ctilir.tog.'i Tiilv.uio, 
 
 l'>7i; Xa^iii i;(';,isiLr, lis7'J. 
 r.'ijoiuL's (•liiaii), JvL'L'iK.Tdo.s Kobrc la Ilistoria do California. ^IS. 
 ]io!L'of (.l(iau), ('ai'ius du uu Ituso. M.S. 
 
 IJDiiill.i (.)i)su Maiiatiii), UixiimL'iitn.s para la Ilistoria dc Califoniin. ^IS, 
 1". aiiila (Mui iaiio', N'aiias Cartas, 1S;;4-17. MS. Arcliivi"', jiab-im. 
 liuiHii-i' (T. !>.), I^iff. and Ad vent arc i of .laiuei I'. Ijccliwonrlli. X. Y,, IS.iS. 
 ];i,iiayi'arti!u (U. IL), Sjiani.sli Anaiioa. J.nndiin. l^^iS. 'J vols, 
 liiuuiik (.James), 'lac ilormun.f and tlic Silvir ^liiu':'. J^nndnii, V-7-. 
 lioulii (.Sfivion), Addicns, Au^. iS, l.SOS. ,San Fianilieo, ISOlSj al.-o Viiiiiiis 
 
 addrcsso.s iind IcttiTS. 
 Ijorliiin, ravccur del I'i.-io.il sobrc td Proyecto do aluii- Comuniuaciou tiitio 
 
 Califjniia y X. McNii-o, ls;ll. MS. 
 Ir.jiic.i (Uioj/o), Castiijos) fine liau do siifiir lu^f Indios, 171'". M''. 
 UnivM (Liio^'o), ('onvvp )ud>'nci,i di 1 SrOiljLnuido;'. 17'.'! IS'"). MS. 
 Iwiicii (Ditgo), laformo wulr.'o coiiiuiiicaLiou oou X. Mi .■ ioo, \~'M, ^IS. 
 1; i:ic:i (!Ji;';,'o), Juiuinn; do XuoMi.s ^lisiniu'S, 17!'0. MS. 
 li.'iioa (l;io;.i(j), InKtrutciim dcdiii^ir l.a finidaciDii du Ura'U'if'ntP, 17!)7. 
 I'.oiiua (Dif;,'o), Instniccioa para la uiowlta du S. Jnan ]5;'.utis.:i, 17!J7. 
 ]; >;iiii (l):(',.;o), rrnycuto s-.ohro Divij^ion du Calii'c(ruia.i, 17Uo. M.':^. 
 iJ.ir 'uda ( lu.sj Cannt(i), Xola.J du California. ^LS. 
 li.iidiida (.iosu k'..), Apuntcs llistoiiuos. !MS. 
 ll.iitlnvii'k (J. D.), Tl.iuu Year; in California. London, 1'^'."7. 
 ll.jouaiKi (* Ii.Tiinim )), CiiiniLjuliiuiuh. l::io\v Yodc, l>rf;i. \v'iih Roljiuson (AU. ) 
 
 L'U\: in Cal. 
 r isuana ((tuvuiamo), E.scritos Sucltcs del I'ad'.v. !MSS. 
 l!.ir>:uii(.Ma.5d. ), Advuriisur, (,'onMnui'i.ial iluiluLiti, JoiUiial, Post, TravuUur, etc. 
 Postoii ill llio Xoitliv.(>;it, Solid ilea of. JNIS. 
 1; itoUo (N'awiso), .Analcsdul tiuv. M>i. 
 
 MS. 
 AIS. 
 
 An' 
 
 MS. 
 
 lliitc'llo (Xaruiso), ('oniuniuacioneH .Siiulta.i do ini 
 
 Piiiiua <!oiiui'al do lo;? Uumcdios I-l-ii^'.-inii iitad''.s. .'oiioina, looS. 
 
 1; iLia (P. \].), (ihiorvatioaa anv ks llabitan:) do la C.difoniio. In Xouv. An, 
 
 Nov., lii. 1 'iti. 
 ]'■ j'.ii (t'. !■;.), 0-5.su rvazioai .sugli Aljil..mti dulia Caliinini.i. In JJahaut C'jlly, 
 
 Pi>tv.s (. '. 'i'.), Addr.'ss, S[)ueeh, et(\ 
 
 iJouclmcmi'': (CJi.), Xotiuu ladustriullo snr la Califovnip. Lynn, ISIO. 
 
 liuLK-iiard Ali'.iir, Tu.sliinonio do Pii.sioncn 
 
 .!<' h 
 
 .iitcs, I5l6. MS. 
 
 P.oiinii ri'Miiu. or tlieluild Jluiitui'.s Manual. Xuw \'oiU, lS'y2. 
 
 Ix'Win (.\s.iM.), Statuniuntun San Pa.soiial, l.'i4(). MS. 
 
 lii)\vur.s (S,i[>!iun), Santa lio.^a Lland. In Sniitlibonian llup'.ft, 1S77. 
 
 p. >uiu (All.;. .1.). ilydranlio Minin,-,' in Calii'orni.i. ■'■an I r.uiui.suo, lfS7.''. 
 
 J'.o\\i(; (Uiihard 1.), Spcuoli in U. S. 11. of }lv[)., .Tuiiu 0, lS.i;», on t!iu. t'alifor- 
 
 ai.in (,»iK'stioa. Wasliiayton, lS.")i). 
 Piwlfs (Siii-mul), Across tliu CDiitiiiunt. Sprin';!iolil. ISiiO; Our 
 
 llaiLford, etc., li(jl»; The Paciliu Ihuhpad. Uoston, 1 >!;!). 
 I'l'vcr (i.ansioa), From tho Orient tc) tliu Ocuidunt. Xuw York, 
 Inr.aton (.1. S.), Statumuat of a Pioauur. MS. 
 liiauu (( liarlu.s I.oiin'_'), Tho Xuw West. X. w York, I*-!'.!*. 
 Pra.^krtt (Alliurt (;.)V lli^loi'v of tho C. S. Cavaiiy. X< v.- Y.-rk, Imm. 
 LiackuLt (Alhort C), ladiaa War in Califoruia aud Xuvuda, l6JiJ-7. MS. 
 
 Xuw AVust. 
 1S7S. 
 
xxxir 
 
 AUTi.roniTiKs QroTim. 
 
 ■liiiJ 
 
 llmck.'tt fAlLcrk f!.), Lint i.f OiricnM of (^llif..nli i l!,iti:il!on. ISlrt 7. MS. 
 
 llrac!:cn i.Mlicrt i!.i, Ski'tr;! (.f I -t l.'r ;i,iiiiit, New V"i-k N'l.liiiili crs. MS. 
 
 Kliickctt (AllM'td.l, Skctrli of til.: .MoiiiK.,! liaM.iliMii. M ■;. 
 
 IJr.uiril'iiti) (villa ili ), hii't/mica ik'l li-i'al s'llirc l'iiiiila'i"ii, IJi'T. Ml^ 
 
 IJlMlii iliHti.' (viUii ill'), J']l Disc Ti'tiiiii) lie S. i''iriiain!.) al Viny, ITI'T. Mi^. 
 
 liriiiiril'*!!.' (villfi lii'j, Inrnrimt ilcl IJcal 'riiliuiiitl hi)1i;i' la luuilatiun, I7!l"i. AM. 
 
 jJi'iiiiL'ltMi'lo (Viny), iVuLuri/.ai'iuii p.na la ruiiil.icioii do Nucvas Mi.siuiic.s, 
 I7!)(i. MS. 
 
 Ijiiuicif'ii'U) (Viiuy), il IJai'ic.a Mohro Ijatci'iin il'! S. i niin.'i.s'j'i, 17'.'-'j. MS. 
 
 Ilr.iiicitoilt) (Viri'y), lu:jtniii'i(>ii, IT'.U 7. MS. 
 
 Jlraiicii'oi'lo (N'ircy), \'i!rio.< Olii'iiw, 17!)t-H. .MS. 
 
 Itrand-t mill .^fal•k^. .MS. 1 vol. In Arciiivi) do (^'aliforiiiii. 
 
 ]li'!iy (IMimind), MciiKiir i)f a 'I'lip t') <'alifnriii.i, IM!. ?.1S. 
 
 llivuk, Spcrcli ill U. S. II. i)f Jirp., Martli '_'.», l.S."ii), mi Uiu Mufsa/j'L' of tlio 
 I'lvadi'iit ivlaliii^ to Califoriiiii, Wasliiir^ton, JS.'it). 
 
 r.i'fifii (■Idliii), I'iiiiuHi- Moiiioir.s. MS. 
 
 lli'i'iii (l'aiiick)i I'iiiry of ouo of the iViiiiur I'aity. 1'>I''. ?1S. 
 
 IJrcrotoii (It. M.), liLj) :)i-t oil Mi's.^r.-- Dt'iialcy and ( 'o.'.-t C;iiial Project, etc. 
 San I'liiiU-isLO, l.SVJ; olhiT vopoits. 
 
 llri^worioM (i li.'oryo I).), .V Itido from [.us Andes ti N'l'W Mi'xi'o. ]ii liar- 
 ]pi'i'.s .\ia'_'a;iiK'. ISo.'l. v.il. vii. 
 
 Uriliiiy, or llic Ciilifo.nia Suiiatoiial lllcction. San l"ran<isco, lyiiS, 
 
 J^'.iifi! aiirt d'li V'i'riini;;tiMi Staatiii. Lcipzi;,', IS.Vt, 'J vols. 
 
 J^riufs of Caliiorniii Stii)vc';iio ( "o\irt ami ollur coui t.s, mnv than .',('0') in rmin- 
 l)(.'r, alpout l,Oi';)<it' wiiii'li I'outain itnns of hi 'toiiiMl cvidcin'r, and ovrr 
 in,) (if wiiich !i\\^ cited in my iinLis by the name.j of tliu oiisctj, Not 
 named in tiii.s list. 
 
 Bri;;','.s (('. I'.). Narrative of ISJG. In Xaiui Report, r, An;,', lil, ls72. 
 
 liriruow (K. L.), Iteiuountei's with lndi:ins, etc. ,\IS. 
 
 liroek (Joseph .M.). jtecollcctioim of '4!). MS. 
 
 ]',-ockctt (L. I'.), Onr Western Kni])ir('. rhikidelpliia, etc., IbSl. 
 
 IJro.lic (S. H.), St.itcincnt of L(gal Matters. ]MS. 
 
 Ih'ook'.yn, X'idettc. 
 
 J'.roiihhiii (The) .Mormons in CaliforniM. From a iu;\vsp:i;ier. 
 
 ]]rt>oks (!',. S. ), Alcalde ( 1 rants in the City of S.m l''iMncisco. In T'ioncer. 
 vol. i. \-l\). 
 
 Britoks K'hiirks Woleott), Cliincsc in Ca!ifonii:i. S. V., Is77; K.nly Mi^jra- 
 tions of Ancient Western Xalions. S. F. , lS7(i; E'lrly Miiialious, ()ri;,fiii 
 of (,'hini'so Uticc. S. F., lS7ii; Ja[)aiic.so NVrccks. S. F. I>s7(>. Xevv.s- 
 p.. pel- Iteports of I'apor.s on ()ri.;iii of the .lapane.so I'aco, Scijips. 
 
 Brooks (If. S.), The California Monntiiineer. S oi Francisco, IStil. 
 
 ]jroo!;)(l. Tyrwliitt), Four Mont'is anions,' the ( iold-lindcrH. I.ondrin, ISIO; 
 Kcw York, IS I;); I'aris, 1S4!); \'icr ina;uidcii ondcr de (Iniid :oel;ers in 
 Oppcr-C'alifornie. Amstcnhiin, ISIO; \'ier Monate nntcr Uiddlindern iu 
 Oher Kalifornicn. Leiii;'i,v'. IS4!); Z'.ri di, 18 !). 
 
 Brooks (•r..iiicu), A Seven .Months' l!un. X.n" York, 1872, 
 
 r>r..ok.s (V. ('.). A ('"liiplcle History of th.^ .\;. xican AV;ir. Phil., 1840. 
 
 ];rook •• (ii. S. ), Sjic( eh in U. S. II. of Ivep .^iiiic i 1, 1S"!4, on I'aeilic JIailriad. 
 AVasliiii'.^tnii, I ''.."4. 
 
 Ih-os.s (William), Address on Itcsoitrces of Far West. Jan. 'I'l, LSi'iti. New 
 York, KS'UJ. 
 
 I'rown (Ciiiirlcs), Faily Ilveuts in ('alifoiiiiil. AiS. 
 
 I'rown (i'.lam), An old I'ionecr. In San Jose Pioneer, .Tan. 20, 1.S7S. 
 
 Brown ill. S.). Karly Days of California. MS. 
 
 Browne (.1. i;<ias). Address to the 'renitnrial Pioneers of Califoinla. In S. F. 
 News Letter, Sept. 1 1. Is7."); lluliei t IL Bancroft and his fjterary I'lider- 
 takiiigs. In Ovirland Monthly; Lower Cal. See Taxlor; Iteku ion de los 
 I)e1iates lie lii Convencion dc Calit'oinia, Set. y Oct., 1S4!), Xucii York, 
 1851; li'eport of Dcoates in Convention of California. Sept. and Oct., 
 I84!), AV;-.slih)gtoii, I8,"i0; Kiport upon the Mineral llisouiccftuf the States 
 
"^ 
 
 AUTIIOKITIES QUOTKD. 
 
 xxxv 
 
 sia :. MS. 
 
 IllllcrlS. ,MS. 
 
 7. MS 
 17:17. MS. 
 iuii. I7!i'>. MS. 
 jvas Mi.-^iiims, 
 
 (05. MS. 
 
 ilcsaago of tlio 
 
 1 i'l'iijoct, etc. 
 
 iiio. Ill liar- 
 
 ISfiS. 
 
 r>,Or)') ill mini- 
 [■111'!.', ami (ivi r 
 10 I'lisuhj. Is'ot 
 
 I, 1SV2. 
 581. 
 
 Ill Ti'inorr. 
 
 Kaily Mi;,'i"i- 
 aticias, Oi'i;,-iii 
 1^7i>. Nuwij- 
 f-'craps. 
 (il. 
 
 .(indoii, ISH); 
 >uiL;oc!:ei-s in 
 lokllimlurii ill 
 
 1.. 1S!I>. 
 
 ilic JIailr lad. 
 
 '>, 1.'m',(), Xew 
 
 ;,s. 
 
 hia. Tm S. F. 
 
 aiy I'lidor- 
 
 ,■■ imi lb' liis 
 
 \ i!c'. ;i ^'()^k, 
 
 pt. .•liid Oct., 
 
 il the .States 
 
 nnilTfiTitniit'S Wixtof )Ii<'l!'M'ky Af.niiit.iiiiM, W!is1iiii't<>ii, I'^OT; Wa.sli- 
 
 iiiv'loii iSiiS; Sail I'lMiici-cii. IsiiS; liiiinrt-i up m tlu' .Mineral II^■^oll^(■t■^l 
 
 lit' tliu riiittii St.'itfs. \Va-liiii-tuii, i.sii7; lU-.iuuruu.s of tlu! I'aciiio 
 
 Sjiipi', cti"., S.iii l''niiu'i.si'ii, |S(;!». 
 llryaiit ( I'Muiii), VoyjiuM i-ii ( "ilit'nriiit', cti'. I'aiis, 11. il.; ^\'ll.■lt t .saw in 
 
 r.ilit'Mniia. \cw Vork. IMS; \,\v Voil;. Isl'l. 
 J'.rvaiit (Williaiii ( 'ililni), ilip^ioiv cit' tlic liiitf 1 .statfH. Xi:\V Voik, l.S7(J-;;l. 
 
 •1 VdIh. 
 nucarili (\'iri'y), ( j(!!niiiii'acioiii"i iiI Ckiii. (Icii. y ( !.>Iii'. ile <'al., 177--!'. MS. 
 I'.!ic.iic!i (Xircy), In-itnifoion nl (' niiaiiilaiitt' dc Cal"-, I77;>. MS. 
 ilir.iiTJi (N'iivy), FiiMtniccioii d'l Vic'v. 17 .\','o.stn, 177.'!. .MS. 
 Ilii.aiili (N'iivy), IiistriU'ciiiil del \'irfy. ."dSit., 1771. >rS. 
 iliunrcli (Viicy), I'rovidoiicias d<i \'irty. 'Jil May.i, I77:t. MS. 
 naijli.iuaii (•laiii.s), lii^tiiU'li.'ii.s of ilio S.i'iut.iry of Statu to 'J'ii. ■<, O. Laikiii 
 
 as ( 'oiilidfutial .\i,'riit of the W S., IM."). 'MS. 
 llui'iiaiiaii (•IniiR'.s), In^triivtioiis tn N'mliii-.-i, Oct. 7. ISIS. In Cal. and X, 
 
 Mi.v.. Mi'ss. and Dnc. ls.>(). [). (i. 
 I'.nclli.i (.Viitollio), Cartas di: 1111 \'( liii.i dc S. .To.-*.'. MS. 
 IJurlii.i (I'V'lix), \arr;aioii sijbic Tii iiiima I'asados. M.S. 
 I'.iillal.i (.\. v.), {.'oiliii'r. 
 lliilliiui (!■:. Ooiilcl), .Six M..iiliis in tlu.' <;..1.1 .MiiifS. PJiilaJolpIiia, Isr^O; 
 
 L. .11. 1' '11, ls.".0. 
 I'.Mincttll'i'tc'iIl. ), KrcollcctioiisandOpiiiiiiitsof aiiOld F'i'iiic!i:r. N. ^'., l.SS). 
 Uaiiu'tt (Pcti'r II. ), Itui'ollo ■ti'iiis of tlw.! I'ast, MS. 2 so!-. 
 Jlanu'y (.fiuncs), (.'ludiiolni^ical liistury of tliu I'iscovc'riuvs in tlic .South Sua, 
 
 or Taciiic Oi'c.'in. J^midon, 1M)I>-17. 4to. "1 vols. 
 Jaiiiis (.\;iron), Stiitcincut of V*i,:.;ilaiK'i; Ciiiniiiittcc. ]\IS. 
 ]iiirr(l!. T.), (.'Iiart «lio\vin'^' Aye, itt'., of OlUcci-.s of .State and .Meiiilicr.-i of 
 
 Li'j;islatiiri', ISO.") (J. S.-nraiiunto, l'i()(j. 
 I'lUiris ( Davis), Xarrativc. MS. 
 Jlartnii ■.o,lm), Oilicial and Private Lcttcr.s. MS. 
 Jlartnii (Mrs .M. A.), IJioi,'ra|iiural Sketch. MS. 
 
 ].iiit(.u 'Jlichard i'.). City of the Saints, etc. J.oiidon, isdl; X. V., 1802. 
 laiilim ( ll'iluit), Tlie l'n;.;lisli Ifero. I.iindon, 1()S7; l.oiidoi', 171(1. 
 J'.iisliaell (lli'iaee), Cliaracterisf ii-s and I'rospeets of Cilildinia. S'ln l''r/in- 
 
 cisco, li'v")S; .Moveini'Ut for a. rnivursity in (.'alifornia, ote. .'^au I'lan- 
 
 cisct), 1S.")7. 
 r.iistain;;iito (.Vna.sta.sio), E.scritos del ,Sr rrcsidento toeante a C; liforni.i, 
 
 l.s;i!l--2. .MS. 
 Uiistainaiite (( Viilos Maria), AiMintos paiiila Histoiia del <!ol>ienio del r!eiicral 
 
 ^anta Anna. Mexico, l.sli ;!. .MS. .'{ vols. ; also print. .Mc'.iio, ISl'i. 
 I'iiistaiiiuiito (C/irlos Maria), Cnadi'o Hi- ti'.ri.'o do la Jle'voliicion Mexieaiia. 
 
 Mexico, IS:i;i 7. .")Vols.; .Mexico, US.'W 40. vols, 
 ]'.ii>t:iiiiaiite (Cailo.s Maria), l»i:uio de lo tsiieci;il'.neiite oeiirrido en Mexico, 
 
 Si'pt. dc IS-H a.Tunio do IM.'!. .Mexico, Is-ll-.'). MS. -Ito. 4 vols. 
 lUistaniaiite (I'arhjs Maria) (iahiiiete Mexicaiio. Mexico, ls;;ii-4l. ,MS. 4 
 
 Vols. ; also print. Mexico, 1S4'J. '2 vols. 
 l!iist.'iiiiauto(( Virlos ^I.aria), Jip.'.asion dc Mexico dclo.s .Vii'jl i-.\ni('ric.'inos. MS. 
 llilstJiinaute ((Virlos Maria). Mi'didas p.ara l;i i';icillcacioii dr la ^\m('ri,-a M<'X- 
 
 icana. MS. IS-JO. 
 ]!iistain:iiite ((,'arlos Maria), VA Xuevo j'xuiial Diaz del Castillo I'l !<ea lUstoriadu 
 
 la Invasion do lo.s Aiiijlo- America iir)s en Mexico. Mexico, ls47. 'J vols. 
 ISilstaliiaiite ((.Viilo.s ilaria), .''^iipleini'lito a Los 'Tres .Si;,los de Ca\d. Jalao.'i, 
 
 ls7'>. 
 liustalii.iiite (Ciirlos ]\Iaria), Vo/ de 1;i I'.itria, Conlinuacioii. Me'dco, 1S,'J7-'.*. 
 
 MS. <) Vols. 
 I'.aller (A. \V.), Resonrces of Montei'ey (Amiity. .S.in VraneiH-.i, 1S7"), 
 
 ( ' (S.I, Descripcioii Topo;_rr.Hica de .Misiones, ISl."). In lleN'i'-ta ( i.ntil', i. .'f'_'7. 
 Cahalleio (.Jo.su tie), listadistica del Lstado Libre dc Jjonora y i?iiiuloti. MS. 
 
mrr 
 
 xxxvi 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 riiliot f.Tiian), EKpodicion mI VM'i .lo lis Tiil.ires, IRM. :M:^. 
 
 ('alK)t (JuMii ,Miil I\;ilni), Caitiiii ilu dos I'milts. M.S. 
 
 Cabntr.i JJuuiio (Joseph (juii/alfz), Xiivcgauiou EspecvLttiva. !M,iuil,i, 17'U. 
 
 Cabrillo t Iirui ];<i<lii,i,'UL';;), lli'laiiin (i 7)iari(i. In Florida, (' >]. ])oi-., 17'!; also 
 
 ill r.'.t;!i'.c'i .-uid (J.irduiiarf, ( 'ul. J).il'., ':i\'. I'i'i. (I'niiia'iiy liy Jiiaa i'ac;;.) 
 ('aliiicii'r 1, <,'ai)iciikK'ii)ii do KJ do Kiicr), ISt7. ^-L^. 
 Cddwrll (dcur^e Alffi-d), Sju'clIi in U. S. I[. of Ittp. .Tunc 7, IS.-jO, on tlio 
 
 ( 'ulif.ifida iiiid Toriitdiial QuoHtions. \\'aslaii;,'loii, K'<,");). 
 California, 17!:!), in \'ia;;cro UniviT.sal, .xxvi. 
 
 (' lUfornia .\cadeiiiy of Scioiicu^, i'rocccdiiiiis of tlii'. S. J'., Is."),) ct .so(|. 
 ( '.iliforiiia ALrriculturist. Sail .lo.s(', 1.S71 I't **' 'l. Jto. 
 Califoniia, .\.!l aliout Calii'oniia. Sail Francisco, l,s70; Id., 1>7;! and Suj^plc- 
 
 nicnt; I<l., 187'» and Sii]iiili'inciit. 
 Cdifui'iii:!, .\iaoniit c^licctcd fioni custom.';, [.'jlst Cuii'.r., L-^t .Sc.i.s., ][. Lk. 
 
 Doc. V2.J \Va.sIiiii;,'toii, ISt!). 
 Califoniii Anllirnpo'.'i-aplai' (.'Iwirf, IS(J1 ct pc((. 
 
 Californi.i, Appual iii IJclialf of tlic Churcli. Sept. IR!!). Xow Yo"!:, 18-10. 
 Call/or. liii, Anival of llio Slcanicr. Fisii/al in ( '.Icbrutit-u of tiic I'jlh 
 
 Annivcr.a'.y, l-'i.l). 'JH, Is71. S.;n I'ranci.ico, I.S7t. 
 (Vilifoi Ilia I's it i;j. San I'"ranci;ifo, I.SSJ. 
 California Arisooiatcd I'ionrcrd of tin.' 'i\Tritt-iiial I'ay-, of Cal. in Xow York. 
 
 itciiiii'ui Is7"). Now York, ]s7'). 
 ('alii'ornia liiolc Society, Annual l;i'[)oits. Sail Franc.is'co, IS-'O, ot iiCi|. 
 California, IUo'n'a]iliical Sketches of the Delegate-) to Con. cntioii to fraino 
 
 Xcw C.i'.istitnti(ni. 1.S7S. >S.in I'raiici.scn, liS7S. 
 California Cliaractors and .Mining Scenes and SUetcIies, San I'lancisco, ii.d. 
 C difornia Ch.inis. See. Fremont. 
 C.difoniia (A.loicd Ciii;:(nis, I'rocecdiii'.s of Animal Coiiveiilions. San I'rau- 
 
 ciseo, \Kd') e; .••(■(|. 
 California, Conii:ilcd l^aws liy S. (larliildu and 1". A. Snytlcr, I'vlO-;). 
 
 licnieia, ISVi. 
 (':iliforiiia, ConsUtulioii, San Francisco, I'-Mll; :d;so in Spani:-h. 
 (alifornia, Corre^-^pnndoniM; it'lativc to llie Indian (li-tnrbaiiec;-!. [lilLli Cony., 
 
 Isti-'cs.i., Sen. Fx. lAic. 'J(i. | Wasliin'iton, IS.")."). 
 California, Cnrrcspondence aiul ileport > of the .Mexican Gowiiuucnt, I'liii -1. 
 
 n.iil., 11. (1. 
 Califorii'.i Culiurist. San Franci ;eo, |S."),S-(iO. I! vol;-;. 
 C.difi.rnia .se declara Independieiite de ]Mi'xico. 2soV. 7, IS.*]!). (Montcrcv, 
 
 is;i(i.) 
 
 C.iliforiiia, llnii.'jrants' tJiiidc to. London, IS-IO, 
 
 Caliiornia, J^s'iablecimieiito y I'ro.nresos d;; las !\Iisioiies d..' la .Vnlipia Cal- 
 ifornia. J;i Hue. Hist. -Mix., i^er. iv.. t'lin. iv. 
 
 California, Jv-talili aliment of -Mint and I.,i^;liL-!ioiiHes. [Iilst Coii'.,'., l.st .Se.s.j,, 
 JI. J:x. Doc. -17. 1 Wadiin.udon, 1S.'>(».' 
 
 California, Fresh Water Tide Lands. San I'raaciseo, U'.i!;). 
 
 (.'alifornia (.ieologieal Survey. I'hiladelpaia, eU;., ISol; >aii I'^raneisco, etc., 
 1S(;7. 
 
 California, <^dds naar. Amsterdam, 1S4'.). 
 
 Caliiornia (Jold Legion's, ^\'ilh a full account of the Mineral l!e.-ources, 
 etc., New York (IS I!)). 
 
 California Crape ('allure. IJeport of Commi.<sioners, San Fr.iiici co, JSiiJ. 
 
 California, Hardy Impeaehmi'iit. Sae-r.inunio, iSd:.'. 
 
 Califoiiiia Honioi^raplde Chart, KS(il et se(|. 
 
 California, ll'usiraleil Hand- tJorik. Lond'Hi. l'-i7i'. 
 
 (.'.difornia Indians. l!e|iort 'I'lalive to the Colcini/aliiin of. [DIM (.'oir.'., 'Jd 
 Se.-s., S. n. Ex. Doe. H.] 
 
 ('difornia, hidn-. trial Intires(sof. San I'ranciseo, ISdlJ. 
 
 < aliiorni I In>nraiiei' ( 'oiinni--'i(in''rs. Annual Iveports. S. F. . I'-v'iS ct. ^-cq. 
 
 California, liii^.a^iuii in Sa.n -Jiaipain ;uid Tulare i'iains. haciuiacuto, F-j7.'J. 
 
 9. 
 
AUTnOEITIES QUOTED. 
 
 XTCaXII 
 
 nib, 17:it. 
 
 ■., 17-; also 
 
 
 luaii r.iLi:, ) 
 
 
 S50, oil tlio 
 
 
 ct St'(|. 
 
 
 aiil Supiilc- 
 
 
 L'ss., n. Kx. 
 
 
 ,'a 
 
 /■i:., 1840. 
 of tiiu '2oih 
 
 
 Xcw Yovk. 
 
 
 .jii t.) framo 
 
 
 aucU''i), 11. il. 
 
 4 
 
 . San I'niu- 
 
 >) 
 
 ,lti', 1S50-3. 
 
 
 [:!llb O'liLr., 
 
 v 
 
 ifiit, l^.LJ 4. 
 
 
 (M'.'ntcvcy, 
 
 |\ii[i :ua Cal- 
 , l.-it Scso., 
 
 |hi ijci>, elo., 
 
 Tic.imrccs, 
 
 1 Con-., 'ja 
 
 ,;tii, 1'j73. 
 
 r.nlifornia, Its fJoLl .ontl its Tiilinhitants. London, IS.'f). 2 vols. 
 
 ( alitoiiiia, I'a Past History; It.-s I'rosi'iit Position, otc. London, IS.'O. 
 
 ( alitmnia, .roiiniala of A.ssinilily and Suiiato, 1st to '2-t(Ii sp.-sions, 1.S">0-S1; 
 V itii .\iiinnilicts — ! 01} Volumes in all — Lontainin,^' all publii; <locuniciit.s 
 jiiint (1 liy till! .statr, wliicli arc citud in my notcil/V tlair titles aii<l dates, 
 tiio tillo f(jiisistiiig of '(Jalitornia' followed by one of tlio following' liead- 
 iiiLjs: Aft; Ailjiitaiit-fjonci'ar.s Pi'port; .\uiiciiltural,Miiiiii;r,and Mcc!:an- 
 ii.d .\i-t.s Collet;!', i;(j]iiirt.s; Asseniljly, link's; .\itoviicy-;;cnc'i'ai, l!c]>orts; 
 r>,,nl;( 'iiUiinissiom;r.s, l;i.]:orts; IjrilHnyiiuxsti.-'atiii',' Conmiiito;'; t.'itixen'.s 
 I'.iiid Ijijiik; Cuiinniin SL'liO(jl.s, Act:-, (tc; < 'or|ioi'ation.s; Deaf, Dumb, and 
 ];liud Listitutt': ]>hK-ati(jiial Directory; l.lectois; Pecs and Salaries; 
 ]■'i.^lic'l•ic•s; Inaa-ural j\ddi'e.s.scs of ( loveinor.s; liisano Anyliini Itepo't'; 
 Insuraneo Coaiiiiis,-.ioners; Land Act.}; Laws; Memorial.-!; ,Me>.sa.','eM if 
 (i.jve*iors; Militia; Mints and Miiiiii';; Pionci r Silk (.irosver.s; I'olitieal 
 C'ldu Amendments; Public ].aiid.<; Itevcnuu Law.s; .Sacramento P.ivcr 
 I)i-,.inai,'o Di.strict; Sacramento \'a!ley lni;.ratioii and iS'avi;j;;;tiui', Canal; 
 Sciiool J.,a\v; Secretary of State, Itcjiorts ; Senate and As-endily liills; 
 Ki-iKite Standing ;aid .Joint Jlules; Special Me.s.iajfc.-j of (Jovcvnor.i; State 
 A:n'ici;liiiral Society, Traiisactii'iis; Siatc Ikjard of .Afrricnllnro; State 
 lJ:>irdof lirnltli; State llnanl of Kipialization ; State Capital Coiiiniis- 
 ■■^iniicr.-;; State Controller, Annual l!e;^.iji\s; Slate l.)ocinncnt.s; State Ceo- 
 1-: i.,t. ];eport.<; .State llarlun' C(-)mnii.s.jioi;oi's; State l^ibrary, Ucport.'i; 
 St.:te Miaeralogi.st, ^\nnu;d P; ;iort.s; State Prison. Report:;; State Pefurni 
 Scliool, ileportci; State Superintendent f>f Pubiie lnhtviiction, llepol•t^•; 
 Sc.tc 'J'caehcrri' A.ssociation; State Te.iciier:.' Institute; Stale Trca.snrcr, 
 j; poiti: Surveyoi'-LCeiieral, ll'-pi)rts; Swamp and Ovcrllowed Luiiils; Tide 
 l.iiids; Transportation; AVomaa's .SnHia.'4e. 
 
 ridiforiiia, .Tonrnal cf Pdncation. San Jos.', 187') ct Rcq. 
 
 < 'difornia Labor Excli:ui,ue. [Various publ'-ations. I 
 
 Califi'iiiia Land Coniiiiitsion. Correspondem c |l>:'d Coii^., Lst F^'cs.s., 11. E>:. 
 P''c. Pill; copy of Inbtnictions [Id., Sen. Ex. l)oc., "JfiJ; liat of cases iu 
 jlol'inan'.-i ]!eports. 
 
 C.ilifiirni^i L^ind 1 ities, (^'opies of in I'. S. .Surveyor-genoraPs Ciiii c, IS^.'j-."). 
 
 ( '.difornia Land Titles. Pemariis of Mcssr.s. Piielp.s and Sargent in U. S. 11. 
 
 of Pep., Juno lv>. 1SG2. Wasliinglon, lS(i: 
 Cilii'oruia, Last Xiglit of the Ses.-ioiiVf the Le.^iLlati 
 i\v .lounial and Literary Pevicw. San I'l 
 
 liikiriih-r 
 
 Li 
 
 Sacramento, ISOt. 
 
 SCO, lSi;_' et KUll. 
 
 shitive Sketches. Se 
 
 ( '.I'i 
 
 apj 
 
 ]!■ 
 
 'a Leiiiit-Iature. ])ireetorv; Sketch L'>oU, ct' 
 
 • d' "'iniia, Leyc:i [statutes in S]i;n! 
 
 icrani(>iito, IS.'iO-GS. 17 vols. 
 
 (',ii;n 
 
 Ah, 
 
 'irnai 
 
 ilP. 
 
 •■ and .M<iunt:i 
 1 
 
 ill i raneifco. 
 
 1' 
 
 il et .sC(|. 
 
 ji.sco, 18li-L 
 
 i M.!ilic.d (la;<ette. San Fiaaei.ico, PSiJ8 ct s^pf). 
 
 < '..lif'irnia Medical Soeioty, Transa .dons. Sacrauienfo, 1S.")7 et seq. 
 
 ( alii'orni.i. Meimn ial d Le,i;i>!laliire to Con-ress cai Llanuer.s of t'hiiicsc Luni 
 
 < alifo 
 
 gration. 
 
 HI Iraiicisco, 
 
 iSO-J 
 
 niia Morc.'intile Journal, ISUO. San Pi 
 
 CalifiFvnia, Me.s.svuo transmil tiii.^ constiluti 
 
 l.'-CO. 
 
 ( 
 
 Doe. ;;;).] Washin-ton, KS4t». 
 
 n. [;;h-t Con-., 1st 
 
 ■■)ess. 
 
 n. i: 
 
 difi.rnia Nautical M;e_'a 
 
 < alilMrnia, Xcw Constitution. 
 
 San Prancisoo, bSO'J et seep 
 
 in rianeiseo, 
 
 lS7!t. 
 
 (' 
 
 Calu' 
 
 Xi-tl 
 
 tali 
 
 Scoltaiui Klamath Pivers. Yreka, IS.Ti. 
 
 ornia 
 
 iiiento, IN.'.!); other 
 
 hern Pa ill cad, J^nghiceis' Peport of Surveys, PSr<9. Sacr.i- 
 
 ports 
 
 C.difi'Miia, Xotes on. Aew York, IS.'O. 
 
 ( 'aliforiiia, Notieias. See Sales. 
 
 <aliin)iiiii Paeilio llailroad Company, Articles and Py-Iaw-. 
 
 various reports. 
 Calii'einia Pionecr.s (Sei iely ofk Aiiiiversaries; '""ortstitntion nad P.ydaw.:; 
 
 CdaudE.xeuifcion; biuUi;uralCer(.iiieiii(.s; Uiuticnund Poem; P ports, etc. 
 
 ejr, IbdS; 
 
t 
 
 XXXVlll 
 
 AUTII0rJTU:3 QUOTED. 
 
 C'ulifovnia Pioncpva, €(>[>%• of Areliivcs. M.'- , Purtriiils in Lihiaiy of the 
 
 Society; Scrap-book. 
 <';;lif> niiu lii'iiocrs, SkotchrH of Fifty. MS. 
 
 Calii'oniia l'l•i^sc>ll Comiiiis.-ion, Aiiiuial lli'iiorta. San Frfincisco, ISOti ot sci(. 
 Caliicjiiiia, Project .for ^liiliUo ('lass (,'uloiiics. ii.pl., n.il. 
 CaMfoniia, Piililic Lands of. San Francisco, DSTli. 
 
 ('Mlifoniia, iJclicf of Settlers in. [40th C'onj;., -Jil Scss., H. Mis. Doc. 23.] 
 t'alifoinia, iJcports of Cases in Supremo Court. San Francisco, etc., Ibol- 
 
 81. .")S voIm. 
 (alifornia, liuuml ^'alley Indian lleservution. [t;!d Cong., l.st. Scss., Jf. Kx. 
 
 Doc. 118.] 
 California Statistical Chart. Sacramento, .T:ni. 1, \S"u 
 California Statutes, l.st to 'Jltli Scss. Sacramento, etc., l.S,",0-81. 21 vols. 
 C.:iifoniia Supreme Court IJriefs. Sau Franci.ico, etc., 18.")2 et .so(p Sec also 
 
 lJrief.s. 
 California, Tarif lie Douanrs dc la v^ilifornie, ISol. Paris, 18.11. 4to. 
 C::lifornia 'reaclur. Sau Francisco, ISO.'i et scip 
 ( ill foinia 'i'ext Hook. San Francisco, iSo-J. 
 C.ilifornia \'<)lui;teer.«, Corrc'-pondLUce Itclativo to tlie Dischavjo. f.1f*ih 
 
 Con.'j;., ist. S(ss., JI. Kk. Doc. 1:',8. | \\'ii;-lun;;ton, 1 ■'!(!."> ct scj. 
 California Wine, Wool, and Stock .hinniat. San Francisco, IS.'ilietseq. 
 California Wi,rkin'.;mcn's Party, An l^jitonie of its liisc anil Pro^'rcss. San 
 
 Franei.'-co, ls78. 
 Calif;)rnia and New Mexico, Message and Documents, 1848. [IJOt'i Cjiig., 2(1 
 
 Ses:s., II. i:x. Doc. 1.] W'a' hington. 1848. 
 California an<l ..'ew ^Nlexic o, Mcssa'.-e and JJocuments, ISoO. [.'Uat Coug., Ibt 
 
 Se.ss., II. Kx. Doc. IT.] V,'asliin.,'ton, I84'J. 
 (''alifornian (Tiie). San Francisco, lN8;)etsc(p 
 Califoriiian. See Jlontcrey (.'alifornian. 
 (.'.lUfornias, Pc 'laniento i'rovisional. 177.>. .MS. 
 < 'alifornias, 'Junta de Fomento,' (j. v. 
 <'a!:fornie, Histoiro Chrctienne. Planey, 18."il. 
 California, Se.s Pessources ( li'iu'rales, etc. San l'''i'anci--cf), PSflf). 
 ( 'aliiondm, AusfiiluHclie Mitt!ici!un;.;cu iiher. S;;n I'rancisco, 1870. 
 Californien, Anilientische Xaelirichtcn iilicr. liremen, l.'^l'.t. 
 Californien, liatin;elier fill' Answanileri r nacli. l.rcnieii. ISl'.t, 
 Californien nud Seine Goldminen ^litllieilun-en aus iler tjeo^raphie, Krcuz- 
 
 nach, 18)f». 
 Calirornien ^:ein Mincn-l'er-lian, etc. Casscl, 1S(;7. 
 C;ilistu;-a. (/alisto;;an, l'"i-ce Press, huP pendent (.'alistocan, Trihnno, 
 Calleja (Virey), Connniicaciones al ( Jol'''. dcCal., I8l.'!-P). ?ilS. 
 Calleja (\'ircvl, Kespuefita ilel Ciuariliau al v'irey suLre I'l'dycctor, do Cal., 
 
 i7!l7. >iS. 
 (^aha'.y Pie.Mjyterian (.'Inirdi, llistoric.il Slxctch. San Francisco, ISlit); 
 
 JIanual, etc. 
 Calvo (Ciiarles), Pecneil Compl't des 'J'raiti's do PAmcricpU' Latinc. Paris, 
 
 18(.2-'i. Kj vols. 
 Camden (William), -\nn;des Pvcrvm Airlijaivm et liilicrnicarvm, etc. I.nu- 
 
 dini, Uil.">-27. 2 vols. 
 C»ni]iMi.,ii of f,os An;,'e'es, 1847. In Mcntircy, Califnnii.in. .fan. 28, 1847. 
 Ciinplieil, A Concise History of Simnish Anicric.i. Jjondon, 1711. 
 Camiiliell (.1. F.\, My (Jircular Xotes. London, ls7(i. 2 vols. 
 C^,in;.lie'l (.1. II. I, Sj'eechin U. S. II. of Kep., Apr. 8. 18'li', on Pailroad to tlio 
 
 J'.iciii,'. Aj.iil, 1S'J2. AVashinut.m, lSi)2. 
 ( , iicelad I (.luan l.opez), Itnina ilc la Nueva l^sijana. Cadi^, 1811. 
 C.iMcel.ida (lu.in l,o[ie/.), PI 'I'elriiiafo Mexiraiio. t'adiz, 18i;{, et scq. 
 I'ancel.id.a (.Inan Po[)e/), ^■erd.•ld Saluda. Ciidiz, ISl I. 
 ( 'aiii/ares (.lose), |)i,iriodc I7i>l). -MS. 
 ( aiirivn (Iv S.). llistiuyof (.'alifninia. P.ostim, I8."i4. 
 Ciirciilja (Manuel), Infornie del llabililudo Ccnerul, 1707. MS. 
 
 
'm 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 .ihraiy of tlio 
 0, IStili ct Kuij. 
 ?. Doe. 2:3.1 
 
 L'O, etc., 1^.1 1 - 
 
 SLSi., If. Ex. 
 
 ■SI. 21 vol<. 
 scij. Sl'c also 
 
 il. 4to. 
 
 ■har.-jo. [?,Oih 
 
 >!il) ct i^cq. 
 L'nyivs.s. San 
 
 :50th C'jiig., 2.1 
 
 ;>i«t Cou--., itt 
 
 1S70. 
 
 [iliio. Ki'cuz- 
 
 miio. 
 
 yi.'ctor, lie Cal., 
 
 uicisco, 18(J!); 
 
 itiuo, r.uis, 
 
 Ml, I'te. Emi- 
 
 Jiin. 2S. 1S17. 
 il. 
 
 {iilli'dadto tliu 
 
 .11. 
 
 I't S'JIJ. 
 
 
 r.irL-aki (Manuel), Oficios .1. 1 ll'i1>ili;.i.l.) ri.ncv.il. M,^. 
 
 C'aiilnici (Xicolas), .Mi'inoria! it^'iUvu siis ilesciilnimicntus, otc, en la ralifomia. 
 
 Jii l';ii'litcc) anil (.Vadcnas, ('nl. |)uc., toin. ix. 4J; ii('lauion tlfl ilcscubri- 
 
 iiiicnlti (I'l ( 'alil'oriiia. In LI., toni. ix. .'!'.). 
 (arniauy (•John If.), A llcviiw of thi) V(ar lSi!(>. San IVancisco, isoy. 
 Can- (E/;ra S.), Tlio I'atroiisof lln-lian.lry, tto. San l'i:;n(.ihCo, J^'7'3, 
 ( HIT (.lolin E.) S(jc Analu'ini, ils I'eniiU! and its IVoduc^t*. 
 Cani'^ir (Xichola;)), Aiitiiliii>','raiiliy. ^IS. 
 
 Caniilo (Anasta!<i(i) Miicha.s L'ai-tas dol C(ininiidantc dci St;i. IViiOiar;', etc. MS. 
 ( '..nill. I ((_';irlus Antonio), ('arias del Dipntado d(^ Alta (V.l., In:!I-2. MS. 
 (.aiiilli) ((.Vnlos Antonio), Cartaa al (Itneral \'all' jo. I)ii;. 18;!0. MS. 
 Cai'illlo iC.irloa Antonio), ( 'onvs[iondonria, M;.<iH]ani'a. MS. 
 C'ariillo (L'arlo.s Antonio), Discuiso ul tomar el niando i)olitiL'0 on Los ^Vngclus, 
 
 () Die. ISiu. ^MS. 
 Caniilo (Carlos Antonio), Exposicion sohro cl l-'umlo ri-oloso. Mfxi'jo, 1S31, 
 CaiTdlo ((Viiltjs Antonio), ri'ilinunto do lloos, \bl{. .MS. 
 CaiTJllo (i»onun.u()), (^'aitas Sueltas. MS. 
 
 Caniilo (Domingo), Doenininitos j)ara la Ifisttoi'ia di' California. MS. 
 Carrillo (Joacinin), I'.stiitos en varios Aichivos. MS. 
 Caniilo (Josl), l)oeunicntos ))ara la Ilistijiia do Califoriiia. MS. 
 Cari'illo (.Fo.so Antonio), ;\crion du S. Pedro contra li;s Anicii.'anos, lR4(i. JIS. 
 Caniilo (Josi! Aucunio), Coniiinieacioaes Vaiias del Diputado y Mayor Gene- 
 
 ral. MS. 
 Cari'iilo (-lulio), Xarrative. MS. 
 
 Carrilio (Mariano), Tc.stanienli> e Invontario. 17S2. MS. 
 (.'.m-iilo (i'eih'o (_!.), Doeunicnt'is jtai-.i la llistoria cle C.il. MS. 
 Carriilo (ilainumdo), ].,ms Ivliiicii s dc .Monteii.:y, 18III*. MS. 
 Carrillo (Ltuiniun.do), Instnieeiun (pic obscrvaiii el Coniauduute de E;-Colta do 
 
 Siaini'.s. MS. 
 Carrillo (ilaiinunilo), Papjles del '^'■a])itan, 17'*") et .^-eq. MS. 
 Carroll (Anna lliia), Tlie S,ar of llu.' \\\tu. >,\v>- Vork, ).-.">7. 
 Carr. !l [W.), i>r S'jo.'t, Tlic Vi^iianee Conunittee and The Church. San 
 
 ErancLsco, IS.jtj, 
 Car.scin (.J. il.), Ivuly Eccollrctions f>f the Mines, etc. Storkton, l.^.")2. 
 Cai.son City (Xev. ), Aiaie; 1, S.ate lle.'istcr. 
 Carvallio {<. N.), Inciuents of Ti'uvel and Adventure in the J'';ir \\'e.st. Now 
 
 Y. 'k, 1 ;.v-. 
 
 Caiy I't il- 1.1.1.. i!.), Cold from C.ilif'ornia, Eeeture, M.ai'i'h 2.'i, lS.*ill; The Sail 
 I.'i-.:i"i- o N'i^ilauee Coniniittee. In Atlantic Monthly, vol. xl. Dec. 
 
 < ss^ '.'.. Ki,!i;jrant Handy fiiiido to California. Loiulnn. n.d. 
 
 'ii--fi. • i"...i:.cne). The Is.-.iie in California. LctUr, .\iig. 27, l^liL San 
 Inui icj, ii]; Keni.nks, etc., tor the cession to tliu C. P. R. R. of Cal, 
 c'l . .. I- . of Coat Island. Wa^h., lS7;{; Speech on the Chinese Evil. 
 \'\'a.-.i.. 1.71.); and other .spcechci, etc. 
 
 C,'ij=>iii (i'riuK i.-.), .\ Eew I'aets aliout ( 'alii'oriiia. ^IS. 
 
 Castauares (lose ^laria). Causa criminal contra... y II Icfonsa Gonzalez por 
 adultcrio, iSol). MS. 
 
 Casta fiarcs (.lo.ii; Maria), Causa scirniila Cmitra Ana ( ii.nzalcz. Adullcrioiie.l. 
 M. C,is,:i''i:;res y Alton, a. (juii/ah'/. pi;;;;. MS. 
 
 Casta narcs (.dauucl), California y .siis Males, lAposicion ISII, In. Id., Cul. 
 Doc, 21. 
 
 < taiiaris (.\'annel), Carta-; di 1 Adnii!iisirail"r do la ,\il";in:i. MS. 
 
 '■ . tanares (Manue'.), Coleccion do |)i.icitnicntiis rc!.ui\"us;d drparl.imento do 
 
 Californi.'.s. ^lexieo, 1^1,"). 
 ( -i . 'e 'o (.\n h'es), \'arias ( 'altasdi'l ( 'apitan y ( 'oinisiiinado. MS. 
 C'.if '■> (.\nioiiio del), Menioria solire las -Nlinas de Az(i'_'ue de .lUiierica, 
 
 >..e\ico, l,s71. 
 Castiho (E( lipc), Itinerario dcsde Sunura hasta Cal., IMr>, ]\IS, 
 
 Custiih.) Ae^ielc (Luis), Con.-icjos al t 
 
 oliiaiii 
 
 lunle dc ."sta 
 
 iSoG. MS. 
 
i 
 
 m 
 
 i ■ 
 
 xl 
 
 AUTIIOIUTIES QUOTED. 
 
 rastiHo Xc.rrcU) (Luiw), Rscritus del Jiicz tic Distrito. MS. 
 
 (.'iibliilo Xcgicto (Luisi, E.Npii.siuioii (jiie diii;,'i' cl .j lu/. do iJi.strito nl Ayniit, 
 
 do iiOS Aligoics siibic cl I'liiii JiovoIiKiouiiii') do ^loiitoioy, 1,S,"(J. MS. 
 Castii) (.Josi'), i.'un(>spi)iidoiici;i oliciid y rartiouliir del CioiuM'iil, lts2ij-4(j. !MS 
 ( 'asu'o (Josi-), iJcoivtiis <lo la J)iiiutaoii)U oii;;i;la on Cuiigrosn CuiistituyciiU', 
 
 Nos. 1-10. iioutonv, l,s:!0. 
 Castro (.I'lsi'), I'.l C , I'lo.^idoiito do Cun-iiv.-io CniLstituyciito. (I)os]>ac!io 
 
 do Con:nol lv-;j)eilido li I). .Inau li. Ahaiinki.) -M(jntoroy. 11 Die., iS.'ifJ. 
 Castro (.lusi), (Ji\kii dol Com. (<oii. aecrca do J^iiiiLnadui do lus E. U., x\vv. 
 
 )S1.-,. .MS. 
 ('astro (.(I'So). I'roolania do 1.') do Nov., 1S;!(!. ]\loiitcroy. 
 ( ';isli-o (.M;io:ui(i), < arla.s ilol Saryi.iito. JLS. 
 
 (.'astro (.Macario), l)iario do sii ,l-J.\|icdicioii a l.is Itaiiohcrias, 17fO. !MS. 
 Castro (.Manuoli, Carta ;'i 1). I'io I'ieo. liivolucioii do I'loios, 1847. MS. 
 Castro (.Miimol'. l 'I'ta.s do uu I'rifocto. MS. 
 
 < "astro ( .Maimol, '. itos ]iaiii. la Hi.- ttiri i do Califoiuia. MS. 2 void. 
 
 < 'astro (.\!amii.i), _i n Soiiora, 7 •)uiiio, lSi7. MS. 
 
 Castro (MaiiiU'l), I{c dj la AUa Caliioniia. ^LS, 
 
 ( 'astro (Mau'.ii.'ll, Sii.s . loios IMMioos. MS. 
 
 Castro ('l'il)urciu), Taiiolos do uii .J no/, y I'rofocto. MS, 
 
 Caatroviilc, -Vr^jiis. 
 
 (.'atali'i (.Magiu), C'arta solno Xootka, l71-)4. MS. 
 
 ( 'a!iu;i t-Ma^iiiil, (,'oiTosriijudoiicia dol J'.iisiomro do St.i Clana, !MS. 
 
 Catcci.vHio ],olilioo ario;,ludo d la CoiiSLiLuoioii do la ^luuarquia Espanola, 
 
 ISl'J. -MS. 
 ( 'atliolic World. Kow York, ISGj et soq. 
 
 Cauwot (i'ioi :'(.') inid Ch. i)a(iiiortnay. Lottvos Califurnicnnes. S. F., 1.S70. 
 Cavo (Andrea), Los Tros Si:,'io.s do .\ioxico. I\io.\ijo, l6,'yU-S. IJ v.jIs, ; Mo.\ii.o, 
 
 1>S.-,L'. 
 (!oljallo.<5 (KnniO'.i), XXIV. CapiLulori cii Vindieaoion do Mi'jieo. Mad. ISM. 
 Codulario, A (,'oi!ocli<;u iiuwtly 2*1SS. folio. ."> v(/s. 
 Central I'lieilio JJailroad Cuiupany, Ainuuil lieports, ]!y-la\v.s, uuinoroiis 
 
 paiiii-!i!cls. 
 CeniUi (t.'uri pie), Iliijtorical Xuto-liooks, lblJl-4(i. ^ilS, ,") vols. 
 Corriili (iJiii iiiUe), Kaiuiiliu;s in Caiil'Mriiia, M.-'. 
 Covalkw. L'o ol Soiior Covado.s, do la situaeiou actiu.l, del rian do .Jalisco, y 
 
 d^'ltkii. I'ra^M. Moxi'o, l!i...'>. 
 Cliaiuliorlain ('- iiarlo.s Jl.), .Staieiiient. ^LS. 
 t'liaiiiberlaiii (Jehu), Mcr.ioir.s of Caiiiorida sinco IRIO. ^IS. 
 Cliaiii'iorlaiii {\\ . Jl). and Harry L. Wells. Soo \ii1ki County ITi.stcry. 
 Ckandoso (Loiiis (.'Iiai'Ies A. von), Adelliort von (_'iKniiisK)'s U'erlic. V'ierto 
 
 Anlla:;e. iJi.rlin, l.'>.',(). ti vols. ; lloiso, iniliuled in pi'eeodiiij,'; llemarks 
 
 and ()\ iuions. lu Koiy.ebne's \ oy., ii., iii. 
 ClianijKigiiL'.c ( lean 1). .Jo.sopli), L(; joiuio \'oya.i;;our en Californio. I'aris, 1.S5-. 
 ' 'liamlie.-.:j (William), A Visit to Salt Lake. i.,(ind'jn, lb.'!i7. 
 
 < liapin (E, 1!.), Loniiniseenocs of ii Suryeon. JSIS. 
 
 ( har'ion (Kdoi.iuil), J.o 'I'our du . Monde, I'ai is, i !e.. ISdl. 4to. iJ Vols. 
 Chevalier (Aiieliel), Cn tho I'robablo I'ail in tlio \'u!iie of llold. !No\v York, 
 
 LSoI). 
 C!iicat;'o (ill.), Post, Times, Tribune, oto. 
 Chico, iJatte Cininty I'ress, liutiu County Jiccord, Caucasian, Evenin\; 
 
 Itccord, lado;. Xorlheru Enteri)ri.-e, Kovicw, etc. 
 Cliieo {M;ni.iuo), Aloeueion del <lolii". a hi Junta l)ept. 1 .lunio It'"'.). ]\IS. 
 C'hico (Maiiyjio), El C (,'oinandanto (ieneral y Cole I'olitioo do Alta Cal. 
 
 A '.nui llabitanU's. JNIonterov, Ju.Iio '..'4. 1n;;0. 
 
 ( 'hieo (.Mariaii'i), El I.' 
 terey, II .\iavo If 
 
 , (iefo tSuporior rolilioo oto. ;i 
 
 sus llabitantes. Mon- 
 
 Cliieo ^.^.arianol, I'ii-eurso pveiiuneiailo '20 de M;i 
 
 MontL 
 
 (hieo (.Mai i 
 
 1 
 
 iiAr.r.'o iMuuiieiado 'li i.e .'..ayo. ->iouteuy 
 
 l;s;;(j. 
 
 1 Not). 
 
 Ciaoo (]\liaiai o), Lsoiitoi del (jlc.bcinauur, l6oli, iMS. 
 
 Iti-!' 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 xU 
 
 ito ill Ayuiit, 
 
 i.s;;(j. MS. 
 iS'jiMti. :ms 
 
 ,'uiistituyfiitt.', 
 
 ?. (Dcspaclio 
 l)i.'., l.s;!i). 
 E. U., G Inuv. 
 
 !f). MS. 
 8-17. MS. 
 
 lis. 2 vols. 
 
 MS. 
 
 uia Kspafujla, 
 
 S. v., IS70. 
 \\ih.; Mexii-o, 
 
 . .Ala.l. lS'»i. 
 
 n'.s, iiuiacioud 
 
 s. 
 
 1 lie Jalisco, y 
 
 |instii-y. 
 Jciiic. " V'icrto 
 |iii;.'; 1 tenia rks 
 
 I'aiis, 185:;. 
 
 Aow Ydik, 
 
 an, J",wniii\; 
 
 . I-:;. MS. 
 ,lc Aha (_'al. 
 
 laiitc's. Mull- 
 
 IMU). 
 1. )SoO. 
 
 .Coristi- 
 2 vols.: 
 
 i 
 
 t'liico CMiiriano), T)oa Palabraa .soLrc Mcmoria <kl Ex. Golieniador Doblailo. 
 
 (Juniia jiiati), 1M47. 
 Chiles (.Wei.h J J.), Visit to California in 1841. :MS. 
 ('hiiiese in ( 'alifoinia; C'oolio Trade; Innuigration; Question; Testimony; etc. 
 
 Many ])aniiililcts. 
 (Iiuate (I).) anil K. \V. Moore. See San ])iego anil Southern California, 
 (horis (Lotus). Voyaf^o rittoresfjue autour du Monde. Paris, 1522. folio. 
 ( iironielu Annual. San Franeiseo, 1SS2. 
 Churi'lies. See Institutions. 
 
 Ciiuiniiati (O.), ( VnnnierL-ial, Enriuircr, Times, etc. 
 Civil Si rviee Ueforni Association of California, Purposes of. San Francisco, 
 
 LSnI ; other pamnhlots. 
 Clark (Francis ]).), A Pinnecr of 1847. In S. .Tosr'' Pioneer, July o, 1870; Pnll 
 
 of Survi\ors of the l.-st l!ei.'inient of ZS'ew York Volunteers. X. Y. 1874. 
 Clark (' lalcn), Keminiseenees of the Old Times. MS. 
 Chiik (liirani C), Statemeni of I'acts from IS.TI. ^NIS. 
 Chiik (Mrs), Antipodes and i "nml the A\'urld. London, 1870. 
 Ciark (Snnnu'l), Lifo and l,)eaL% oi Sir Francis Drake. London, 1701. 4to. 
 ( lai-ke (Asia IJooth), The J^lder and the Youn;_'er liootli. Poston, LS82. 
 Clarke ((Jharles K.), Speech on Admission of (."alifornia in U. S. 11. of Kcp., 
 
 INIav I."!, IS.'iO. ^\' ish. 1S,")(); Speech on California Claims in U. S. Sen., 
 
 Apr. 2.-), 1848. A\ash. 1848. 
 Claudi't (l'\ 0.), (iold. New V/estminstor, 1871. 
 
 ClaviL;cri) (I'raneisco Savei'io), Storia della California. Venczia, 1789. 2 vols. 
 ' 'lemens (.1.), California Territorial Governments. Speech in U. S. Sen,, 
 
 May 1(1 and 20, ]8.-)0. Washin-ton, IS.m 
 ('leveland ((I'hauncey F.), Speech in U. S, 11. of l!ep., Apr. 19, 1850. 
 
 tulion of (.'alifornia. Washington, 18.")0. 
 Cleveland (liicliard J.), Narrative of Voyages, Ca-iihridgc, 1842. 
 
 P.o:,ton, IS.")!), 
 
 ( lippinus from the California Press hi regard to Steam across the Paciflc. San 
 
 Francisco, 1800. 
 Cloverdalc, News, Pcvei'lc. 
 ( 'lulls. See Institutions. 
 
 ( Iviiiau (.Tames), Diai-y of Overland Journey, 1844-G. JIS. 
 < lyman (James), Note Look, 1844-0. .MS. 
 Coast Peview. San I'ranciseo, 1871-80. 1.") vols. 
 (jjilinan (John), The Pound I'rip. New York, 1870. 
 CoHey I'l'itian J.), Argument against ^IcCIariahan's Claim, n.pl., n,d. 
 Coignet (M.), Papport sur les Klines dc Ne\\- Almaden. Paris, 1800. 
 Cuke ( Henry J. I, A Hide over the Pocky ^lountains to Oregon and California. 
 
 Li'udon, lsr)2. 
 Ciile (Ci.rui'lius), Australian Mail Line. Speech in U. S. Sen. July 9, 1870. 
 
 A\'a>liiMgton. n.d.; and various Speeeiies. 
 ( 'die (I;. Ili'Verly), Statement on Vigilance C mmittee in San I'raneisco. MS. 
 • 'ule (William L.), (,'alifornia— Its Scenery, Climate, etc. New York, 18; I. 
 Coleccinn do 1 'uiaimentos Ineditos para la llistoria de I^spi^ua, iladiid, 
 
 1842-80. 71 vols. [S. F. Law Lihrary.] 
 Culcgio Senihinrio de Maria Sautisima de Guadalupe de Sta Ines. ' Constitu- 
 
 ci'iiiL's. MS. 
 Coleman (William T.), Vigilance Committee of 'oG. MS. 
 Colfax (Xe\-. ). iMiterprise. 
 
 ('ollege of (alifornia. Oration and Poem; and various pamphlets. 
 Ci'lnnial Magazine. London, 1840etseq. 
 Coliinix.ieion, Cedula Ileal eontinnundo el Ecglamcnto del GoL'- Neve 1781. 
 
 JiS. 
 Colton, Advocate, Semi-tropic. 
 Colton (Waltei'), Correspondence, 1840-7. MS. 
 Colton (\Valter), Deekand Port. New York, 1850; New York, 18G0; The Land 
 
 of (iiild. New York, 1800; Three Years in California, New York, 1850. 
 IIi.sT. Cal„ Vol. I. I 
 
■'•••«r. 
 
 dii 
 
 AUTnoniTIES QUOTED. 
 
 Review for 1S7C. 
 Ill Junta (le Fo- 
 
 Aiit();;rui)h of Mt'iuljers, 
 
 Columbia, Citifrcn, Clipjirr, ]S,')4, Cn/otte. lSri4. ITci'ald, !\rinin^' Difit, 
 
 (la/cUc, -Mu'ririns, IfS.Jl, Xcus, Star, Times, ludcpt. iiupublic, etu. 
 ("'olnwi, liidtiic'iiiltiit, Sun. 
 Coliisa Cmiiiiy Annual. I'lilusn, 1S7S. 
 Culutia ('null y, lii.^tory. San I'laiicisco, ISSO. folio. 
 ('i)l\ in (Tlionias A\'.), Life of a rioiiccr. MS. 
 ('(iinliiLT (('.), \'i)ya;,a! au ({olfe dc ( 'alifoniie. Paris, n.d. 
 (.'ijiinnerrial, Tinamial, and Mining Interests of Califoruiar, 
 
 San Tiaiici.ico, I ^77. 
 Conijiarra A-^iatieo-MexicaiKi, Plan y Rcgliiincnto, 1825. 
 
 iiu'iito d<: ( 'al. 
 
 Conii ania Jlxcran'^'f-'ra do ^Muntercy, Cuadcrno do (jrdcnos, ISP.i. !M.S. 
 ( 'oinpanics, Mining, Agricultural, ( 'uninu'rcial, ete. See liisatutioua. 
 Ciinisiook (A. ^I.), Statement on ViLjilanco Committee. MS. 
 Cone (.Mary), Two Ycar.s in Cali t'oriiia. Cliieago, 1870. 
 Conferenoia celrbrada en el Presidio do S. Francisco cutre Sola, Kotzcbue, y 
 
 Coscof, iSlti. MS. 
 rongixvsional ] )ebateo | IStli to '2r>th Congress]. Waslu 182-1 et acq 14 vols. 
 Congri'ssioiial ( dobe. Washington, bSIJtiet secj. 4to. 
 Congressional Speeclies. A t'ollection. 
 Conklin (iv), PiCLuresi|ue Arizona. Xew York, 1S7S. 
 Connor (.John), Farly California JJeeolleetions. MS. 
 C;incju 'st cf California, A very large number of newspaper accoTints. 
 CoiKjuest of California, )84(j-7 ^'arious Jtoma and JtcpfU'ts. In Xilos' Reg- 
 ister, l\xi.-iii. See index, 'Cal.,' ' Kearney,' ' i'reiiii'iit,' 'Stockton.' 
 Consejo (icner.d do Pueblos I'nidos do Cal., I'ando de Mayo IH, ISlLi. MS. 
 Constitucion J^sjianola de 1S12, Piaiiilos del \'iiey sobre .'^u jur;!, 1S:2(). ^!S. 
 ConstiLiilionid Convention, Declaration of Rights 
 
 I84;i. 
 Contemporaiy Piograpliy of California's Representative Men. San Francisco, 
 
 ISMI. 4to. 2 vols. 
 Conversation, I'ractical and Philosophical, on the Subject of Currency. Saa 
 
 Francisco, \i-',{j'u 
 Conway (.Jcihn), Farly Days in California. !MS. 
 Cooke (Philip St (l(V).^ Conrpiest of New Mexico and Ca'ifomia. Xew Yoi'k, 
 
 1878; .lournal from Santa Fe to San Diego. [30th Cong., Spec. Sess., 
 
 Sen. Die. •_'. I ^Vasllington, 1S4!<; Scenes and Adventures in the Army. 
 
 Philadelphia, 18.''>7. 
 Coon (il. P.), Annals of San Francisco. MS. 
 
 Cooper { I )e ( i iiy). Resources of San J^uis Obispo County. San Francisco, lS7o. 
 Coojier (llllwood), Forest Culture, etc. San Francisco, 187U. 
 Coo[ier (.bihn P>. i!.). Accounts, 1.S27. MS. 
 
 Cooper { lohn 15. 1\.), Caatas Miscelaneas do un Xavegantc, 1824 ct scq 
 Cooper (.lolm 15. 11.), Log of the Call/uniia, l8;j'J-42. MS. 
 Copper City, Pioneer. 
 ( 'op]K'ropolis, Courier. 
 
 C..rdobatAi)ierto), Cartas del Ingcnicro, I70G-S. MS. 
 C('irdoba (Alberto), Infornie acerca del Siiio di; l>ranciforte, 1700. 
 Cordoba (Alberto), inforine al \"irey sobre l)efensas de. ( 'al., 17llti. 
 Cornwailis ilvinahan), 'I'he New l-^l 1 lorailo. Loiulon, 1808. 
 Coronel (Antonio P.), Cosas de California. ^IS. 
 Coriini;l (Antonio F.), Documentos jiara hi Ili-itoiia de California. 
 Coronel (ignacioi, (,'artas de nn Maestro de Fscuela, 18o4 et sec^. 
 Corrco .Vti:intico (I'^l). Mexico, bSli.") etsei(. 
 Correo do la I'l'deracioii. ^Mexico, 182() et secj. folio. 
 Corres|ionclciicia de Misiones. MS. 
 
 Cortaiiib( rt iKichard), Peiiples et Voyageurs contcnipornins. Paris, 1SG4. 
 Cortes ( lie 'nan), Aulo ile Posesion. In Col. ])(H'. Jind., toin. iv.; Cartas; 
 
 Historia de .V. Fspana: Mtinoiial. In Col. Due'. Ined., iv.; and Dilierent 
 
 works, as cited in my llist. Mex. 
 
 MS. 
 
 MS. 
 iMS. 
 
 MS. 
 MS. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 xliii 
 
 ^ Fill ill';,' Dint, 
 public, etc. 
 
 jview for 1S70. 
 
 Jimta do Fo- 
 
 l. M.S. 
 itutious. 
 
 a, Kot:;cbnc, y 
 .^t scq 1-1 vols. 
 
 0Tint3. 
 
 In Xilcs' Reg- 
 ' 'Stockloii.' 
 
 in, is-w. MS. 
 
 , ISJO. MS. 
 h ot Mciuljors, 
 
 San Frauciiico, 
 
 luiTciicy. Sau 
 
 a. XinvYovk, 
 in thu Army. 
 
 raiicisco, 1875. 
 ct scq. MS. 
 
 MS. 
 lU. MS. 
 
 a. MS. 
 I. MS. 
 
 •aris, 1S04. 
 
 iv.; Cartas; 
 and Dili'crcut 
 
 C'orwin (Mosps P..), Spcfcli in U. S. 11. of llcp., Apr. 9, ISuO, to Admit Cali- 
 fornia. Wasliington, lt>.")(), 
 :> Cosmopolitan Monlliiy. San Francisco, 1874 et Kcq. 
 
 ' Costau.^i'i (Mi,-"cl), l'iari(j llisturico do los Viagcs do mar y tierra licchos al 
 norto do California. Mixico, 177<). 
 Costaii:^o (ISli.Uuc!), Historical Journal of tlio Expeditious by Sea and Land 
 ^ to tlio Is'orth of California. London, 1790. 
 
 C'lstaii.si'i (Mi.niicl), Int'iiriiicsobro v\ I'royccti^ do fortiticar los Presidios do Cal. 
 I7!)l. MS. lu Pmart, Col. Dou. Mexico. 
 „, Cota (Pablo), Diario do Fxpliiracioii, 179S. MS. 
 ■^ Cota (1 Iiiiilcrnio, Leonardo, flannel, Palilo, and Valentin), Varias cartas. MS. 
 
 tCota (Valentin), iJocumciiLos para la Historia ilo California. MS. 
 Coulter (Joliii), -Vdventurcs on the AV'estcrii (Joast. Loudon, 1S47. -vols. 
 Coulter (Thomas), Noted on Upper California, 18.'i."). In Lond. Ceog. Soc, 
 
 Jour., V. 59. 
 County registers, polMists, laws ami regulations, and otlior oilieial publica- 
 tions, cited by name of county Imt not named iu this list. 
 CoiirLs. See Institutions. 
 
 Coutts (Cave .1.), Diary of a March to California iu 1848. -MS. 
 aS Covarnil)ias (Jose Maria), Coi-rcspondencia del Secrctario. ^IS. 
 M Cox (l.-:aac), .iViinals of Trinity (.'ounty. San Francisco, 18o8. 
 'M Coxe (b.iuiel). Description of Carolana. London, 17--; other (Hlitions. 
 '^^ Coyner (Dasid II. ), Tho Lo.sL Trappois. Cineiniiaii, l.S.")9. 
 
 Cram (Tiiomas J.), liejiort (Hi tlio Oceanic routes to Cal.. Xov. lS,"(i. [.Tlth 
 ;, ('ling., I!d Sess., Sen. Fx. Doe. 51. | ^Va..hington, 18.")(!; Topograiihieal 
 
 M J\lemoir on t!i'' nepaitnient of the i'aeilie. [oitVa Cong., 'Jd Sess., 11. E\. 
 
 ■i Doc. 114.) Washington, ISo!). 
 
 Crane (Janicj .M.), Tho I'ast, Prciuiit, and Future of tho Pacific. Sau Fran- 
 ci ico, l.S.j(i. 
 'i Crary (Oliver B.), Statement on Vigilance Committee in San Francisco. MS. 
 Crescent City, Courier, Herald, bS.')!, Del Xorto Record. 
 Crespi (Juan), Oiario do la lApedieion dollar., 1774. In Palon, Xot., i. C"24. 
 Ciespi (Juan), ])iario del registrode San Francisco, 177-. In Palou,Xot.,i.4Sl. 
 (.'lesjii (Juan), Primera Fsjiedicion de Tierra al Dcscubrimiciito del Puerto do 
 
 Sin Diego, 170;). la Palou, Xot., ii. VX 
 Crespi (Juan), \'iago do la es])C(liciou do tierra de San Diego a Montorev, 
 ;;• ITliJ. In Palon, Xot., i. "JSo. 
 
 :' Ci'oix (Teodoro). Coinuiiicaciones del Com. fleu. do I'roviiiciaa Internas al 
 liob''- de Cal., 1777 et seij. .MS. la I'rov. St. I'ap., i.-iv. and oUier 
 arcliives. 
 Croix ( i'codoro"!, Di-sviosiciones para la Oiierra A los Yumas, 17S2. MS. 
 Croix ( Tiodoro), Instruccion .sohro Donativos en California para la (luerra cou 
 
 luglalerra, 17^1. ISiS. 
 Croix (i'eodoro), Instrucciones al Capitan Rivera, 1779. !MS. 
 ,! Croni. e (TiLm Fey), Xatural Weali'i of C.diforuia. SauPraucisco, ISCS; Id, 
 \' ■with iUiistration;} and corrcetion.s. 
 
 Crosby (i;. <).), Fvenis in (.'alil'ornia. MS. 
 
 Crov.ell (J.), Spe'(!ch in U. S. H. of Rep. Juno .'], ISoO, ou Admission of Cali- 
 fornia. Wasliington, IS.'O. 
 Cuesta. Sec 'Arroyo lie la Cuesta.' 
 Carrey (John), Incidents in ('alifornia. !MS. 
 ,r Culler (0. S.) See Directories. Sacramento, 18(10. 
 'I Cutis (.lames Madison), Courpiest of California aud X". Mexico. Phila., 1847. 
 
 Dall (Caroline H.), My First Holiday. Boston, 18S1. 
 
 D.dl (W. IL), Lonls of tho Isles. In Overland Monthly, xii. .")'22. 
 
 Dalles (Or.), .Mounl;iiiieer, Oreg'on Fepublican. 
 
 Dally (Henry .1.), Narrative from 1,840. M^, 
 
 Daineron (James P.), Autobiography and Writings. ,*!an Francisco, 1877. 
 
 Dampier (Wm.), Xew Voyage'round the World. Loudon, 1G09-17U9. 4 vols. 
 
 
xliv 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 1 "}i 
 
 fe 
 
 iiihliil 
 
 III 
 
 '! 1 
 
 ' 
 
 D;in:i (C. \V.), The flro.-it W.>t. Boston, ISOl. 
 l).iiiu ( I);iviil l>.). 'J'lui J''irciiiii!i. Ijdhtnu, l.S.")S. 
 Iauiu (i;icli:n(l 11., .Ir.), '\\\<> Wars Iji'Ihic tlio Mast. Xew York, 1840; New 
 
 Y(.rk, is'iT; r.nstDii, IST.'i; lloston, ISSO. 
 I';.ii;i (Williaiii (!. ), Letters of ;i Tiiulcr. MS. 
 Dana ((Juilkiini) (I.), and ViL'i;iii.L' Moraga, Lista de Extrangeroa en Sta Lai- 
 
 l.aia, is:{(i. MS. 
 I'auti (Antouii)), Diaiio do uu TirconuLiiuionto do la Alameda, 1705. IMS. 
 1 lariiu (V.), ra'llcecionL'.s il h'H Californioo 6 ]Ii,.pan<j-Anifiican().s. San J'"ran- 
 
 cisco. [ISdl] 
 DaiiliiMiIiis.s (John), I'.iographical Ski'tches. In S. .Josu rioneer, ^lar. li,'>, 
 
 IS7.S. 
 I'aviil.son ((Icorgc), Biography and I']ssay on Inigation. MS. 
 Davidson (liuorge), Coast I'ihjt of California, etc. Washington, ISOO. 
 Davidson ((Ic'(jr;;e), Diroetoiy for the Fainlio (Joast. Wasiiington, ISGS. 
 Davis (Horace), An open lA'ttcrto. San I'raueiseo, ISHO; and various speeches. 
 I'avis (.lolin), AVorlds Ilydrograiihical Description. London, lo'Jo. 
 Davis (\Vill;ai)i II.), liusiness (^irixspondencc. M.S. 
 Davis (William 11.), (ilimpsesof the Past in California. MS. 2 vols. 
 ] '.•ivi.-,\ille. Advertiser. 
 DAvity (Pierre), Le Monde ou la Description Gcneralc, etc. Paris, 1C37. 
 
 folio. ;j vols. 
 ])ean (Peter), Occnrrcnee.s in California. MS. 
 J^o ];o\v(.r. ] ». P>.), De J low's iJeview arid Lxlustrial Resonrecs. Xew Orleans, 
 
 etc., l.S,")l-7. 7 vols.; Encyclopedia of Trade ani' Commerce of the U. S. 
 
 London, ]K')-l. 'J vols. 
 I'ecreto del Congreso Mejicano solire ( 'olonizaeion, 18 Agosto 1S'J4. MS. 
 Dccreto del Congreso ^Mejicano, secnlarizando las Misiones. 17 Agosto ISoIl. 
 
 In Ariillaga', Kecop. is;!!!, p. 10. 
 Decreto d(,' las Cortes, 4 Ihiero 1S|;|, Sernlarizacion. IMS.; al.so in Mexico, 
 
 Leyts Vigeutes I,S7!), |i. .")(); Dwinelies Col. Hist. Add. 'JO. 
 ]>i'er Lodge (Mont.), riii1ei>eiident. 
 
 ]»egroot (ileiirv). Tile Doiiiier Party. In Ovi'rland Monthly, v. 38. 
 I'ei Mar (Ah'xander), A History of the Precious .Metals. J.oiidoii, 1SS9. 
 Jii.laiiu (Aiiiasa), The (.'entral Paeitie Lailroail, or '411 and 'CD. San I'raneisco, 
 
 ISIJS; Life on the Plains, etc. Xew York, 1S(1I; Old ]]loek"s Sketch 
 
 I)ook. Sacramento. l.S.")(»; Penknife Skelelies. Sacramento, 1853. 
 Delessert, Ia's IMines. In Lovue des ])eux IMondcs. Feh. 1, 1S4'J. 
 Del Norte County, History of. See Bledsoe, A. J. 
 Demarcacion y Division de las Indias. In I'acheco and C.irdenas, Col. Doe., 
 
 XV. 40!). 
 Democratic Members of Legislature of California. Address of the Majority 
 
 Feb. 1S.J4. Sail Francisco, l.S.")4. 
 Democratic State (Jouvention, Proceedings Feb. 1852. Sacramento, 1852. 
 Dempster (C. J.), N'igilance Coinniittec. .M.S. 
 lien (Nicolas .\..). Letters of a. Pioneer Doctor. MS. 
 I'eiit, Vaiitinc, and Co., Claim for Supplies to Indians in California, 1851-2.'" 
 
 Washington, ii.d. 
 Departmental Kecords. MS. 14 vols. In .\ivhivo do Cal. 
 Departmental State Papers. IM.">. 20 vols. In Areliivo de Cal.; Id., Angeles. 
 
 12 vols.; Id., Benieia. 5 vols.; Id., Beuicia Custnmdiouse. 8 vols. ; Id., 
 
 Beiiieia (,'oin. and Treas. 5 vols. ; Id., Benieia Profecturas y Juzgados. 
 
 (i Vols. ; Id., Benieia Military, vols. 53 to b7: Id., Monterey. 8 vols.; Id., 
 
 San .lose. 7 vols. 
 Derby (IC. IL), The Overland Bonte to the Pacific. Boston, 18(jn. 
 iXrby ((i. H.), and 11. S. Williamson. Bejiorts on ( loology and Topography 
 
 of California. [31st Cong., 1st Sess.. Sen. Ex. D(jc. 47.1 Wasli., KS-iO. 
 I'e Iviqiort (.\. 1''. D.), Californians ami .Mormons. Now York, ISSl. 
 Dia:-. del Castillo (IJeinal), lli^toria Yerdadcra do la CoiKpiista do la Xueva 
 
 E.spana. Madrid, lt)32. 4to. 
 
 I 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 xlv 
 
 York, 1S40; Now 
 
 gorod oil Sta Ijui- 
 
 la, 171)5. JIS. 
 laiiDS. San I'raii- 
 
 'ionccr, !Mai'. 'j;>, 
 
 S. 
 
 ,'ton, lS(iO. 
 
 Ill,' toil, 1S(J8. 
 
 varions sjiuoclios. 
 
 ill, KVJ,'). 
 
 S. '2 vols. 
 
 ate. Paris, 1037. 
 
 OS. Xcw Orleans, 
 loi'cu of the U. S. 
 
 ;o 18-24. :MS. 
 17 Agosto 1833. 
 
 ; also in Mexico, 
 •20. 
 
 , V. 38. 
 
 lOiulon, 1880. 
 
 . Sail I'raneisco, 
 
 1 ]]lc.nk".s .Sketch 
 
 'iito, 1853. 
 
 , 18-1!). 
 
 jdciias. Col. ].)oc., 
 if tlie ^lajority 
 Liiiouto, 1852. 
 
 Llifornia, 1851 -"2.' 
 
 ll.; 111., Angeles. 
 Ise. 8 vols.; Id., 
 Iiras y Juzgados. 
 Toy. 8 vols.; Id., 
 
 J] son. 
 
 laiul 'l^JpograpllV 
 Wash., 1850. 
 i, 1.S8I. 
 Ista do la Nucva 
 
 Biccionario Universal delfistoria y de ricografi.i. Mcxico,1853, Ito, lOvoIs,; 
 .Madrid, l8KJ-.")0. -Ito. 8 vols. 
 
 l)icl;iiisoii (John K.), Speeches, Correspondence, etc. New York, 1807. '2 
 vols. 
 
 l»ictaiiion sobro Tnstrucciones al Gohr- do Californias 1825. In Junta do 
 Fonieiito do ( 'al. 
 
 l'i_'-!er's Haudhook (The), .ind Truth about California. Sydney, 1810. 
 
 Inlko (Charles \Vent\vorth), Greater Ihitaiii. I'liiiadelphia, ISU!). 2 vols. 
 
 Iiiputaciuii do l;i Alta California (La Ecsiua.), i'l sus llabitantes. ^Monterey, 
 (J Nov., 18.')(). 
 
 l.'ireetories, Los Angeles; Marj'avillc, Amy; Nevada Co., Bean; Nevada and 
 Crass Valley, Thompson; Oakland, Stilhvell; Pacific C'l'^ist ]>iisiiir:;s, 
 l.aiigley; Placer Ciuinty, Steele; Plaeerville, Fitch; Saeraine'ito, Col- 
 ville; San Fraiieisro, Uishop, Calvilh', ( la/.lay, Harris, PoLiardus and 
 Labatt, Judicial, KinibiiU, Langlev, Larkiii and lieldeii, Li; Count .Mid 
 Strdiig, Morgan, I'arker, i'ottrr; San l-'raneiseo, California, and Nev;:da; 
 San .losi', liisho]^ Colalian an<l I'unieroy; San Joa(|ain Cuuiity, IJerdiiie; 
 Santa Clara; Solaim; Stockton, ISogardus; Tuolunnio Couiily, IJeckiii- 
 (Uiiii and Wilson; \'allejo, Kelle}' and I'reseott; Watsonville. 
 
 Tiislurnell (i.), Iiillueiicc nf (Tiniate. New York, 1S(;7. 
 
 l>i;tMiann (< arl), Narrative of a Seafaring Life from 1SH. !MS. 
 
 \r\ (John A.), Spuoehes and Occasional Addresses. Si^w York, 1801. '2 vols. 
 
 I 'i vi'ii, Tiilmnc. 
 
 I 'i\(m (William Ilepworth), 'llie AVhito CoiKjuest. London, 1^70. 2 \'>h. 
 
 I'Mctriiia. para los Padics iK: Familia. Caita do inia No\"ia do ^loda ;i su 
 fiituro. [En verso. j SoiKHiia ( I8.')8]. 
 
 I '■•(■uiiiciis .sur I'lfistoiro do Californie. In Petit-Tliouars, Voy., iv. 
 
 hnouineiitos para la llistoria. ISHi -S. In Los Angeles, .Southcni California. 
 
 h'n-uiiient(is para, la llistoria ilo C.iliforuiii. MS. 4 vols. 
 
 l>ocuiiieiitos pai'a la Jli>toria do .Mexico. Jloxico, 1853-7. ' ') vols. 4 series, 
 serio iii., in folio and in four parts. 
 
 1 i^iiiieueeh (I'jnuianue'), Seven Yi'irs' llcsidcnco in thoCrcat Deserts of Norih 
 
 unerici 
 
 London, 1800. 2 vols. 
 
 l''iniiiiguez (Manuel), Ksciitos de uu Panehero y Prefecto. ^FS. 
 I'niiiinguez (Francisco A.), and Silvestre V. Escalanto, Diario y derrotcro jiara 
 descubrir el eaminodo Santa Fe, etc. In hue. Hist. .M(/x., serio ii., i. 377. 
 1 'oiiuat (Li'on), L'l'^tatdo Californie en 1877-8. Paris, 1878. 
 I''"ilittle (William (i.), Journey to San Framnsco. ^18. 
 I I'Diliiuuy (Alcide), \'oyago I'ittoresipio dans les deux Anii'riipics. Paris, 
 
 ls:!i;. 
 
 I "..aulas 
 
 ,S]icech in U. S. Sen. June 20, 28, 1S50, I'ublio Lauds in California. 
 Washiuuton, 1850. 
 1 >-u;_'las (! )avi.lt. Letter to Jfartnell, 1S33. :MS. 
 I i.iU.u'las (Sir James), Private I'apers. 1st and 2d series. !MS. 2 vols. ; \'oy- 
 
 agc from tlie Columbia to Cal., 1,841. MS. In Id. J 
 
 I'oiiglas Citv, Trinity (.iazctte. 
 
 I '"U-cIl ( 1',. j'.), Jouriial and Letters. :MS. 
 
 ounial 
 
 y City, (^lurier, Los Xietos X'allcy C 
 
 nwiu 
 
 nviilin'llle 
 
 Dei 
 
 rat, .Mountain ^MessciiLrer, Sierra Advocate, Sierra A'_ 
 
 Sierra County News, ,'<icirii l)cuiocrat, Standard, etc. 
 I 'hum (James), Siatenient of \'i,L:ilance Committeo in .San Fr.'incisco. !MS. 
 l'.'ylc(J(ihn T.), Address at Inauguration of New Hall of Santa Clara Col- 
 
 ic 
 
 Aug. !), 1S70. S. F.. 1S70; Ad. 
 
 foi-uia. S. F., 187 
 
 the llailroa.l i'olicyuf Caii- 
 
 M 
 
 Ihief History of the I'ious I'uii.l of ( 'alifornia. ii 
 
 W< 
 
 emoraiK 
 ster. 1,S74. 
 
 lum as to the Hiscov.jiy of the Pay of .San Fr; 
 
 Drake (Francis), Drio V<iornaanie Zeo-Toiit.n. In Aa, Naauk. Ve 
 
 The I'Vimous Vovaue. In lf:d<hn-t's \'o\-., iii. ; 
 
 rs. x\ ill. ; 
 
 is Drake Ii 
 
 d. 
 
 ii.pl. (lO;!!) |: Tlu! World Encompassed. London, 1028. 4to; The World 
 Eiicoinp-asscd [llakluyt Sue. ed.] London, 1854. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTRD. 
 
 fii:!!;' 
 
 Drnmn, Copy nf a Sptini^Ii Pivuiki of IT'^O. MS. 
 
 Pniiils, I'roririliiii^n at Aiiiuiiil Scs.-jioiis; otlicr panii)hletfi. 
 
 Diiiuli: (Mai'iiiiio), ('ansa (.'liiuiual cuiitia ul Alc.ildei dc S. .Ti).S('', ISHl. MS. 
 
 ])u llaillv (liilonaifli, Ijva Aiiit'rii.aili.-i fiiir lo l'acili(pi('. Jii Itovuc ilcn J.)i nv 
 
 .Moiiiles, J'uli. IS.")!). 
 Diiluiiit-CiUy (A. ), \'ia;,';.;iii intoi'iio ill Globo. Tciriiio, IS-U. 'Jvdlu.; Voyayc 
 
 aiilijuv (111 Mniulc. I'aiis, liS.'!,"). 
 Puiiu't;; (Fiaiitisco), Carta.s tlil I'adrc Jli.sioncri), 1771 IfH I. MS. 
 IMiiiliar (Ivhvanl ll. ), IJoniaiice of tlio A;jo. Xcw York, 18(i7. 
 Dmicaii, (L. J. ('.), Si'ttliimiit in SoiUlurn Oriyoii MS, 
 Dimiu'.s Xott's tm San I'ascual, I'lKi. MS. 
 Diiniavt'ii (Ivirl of), Tlu^ (iriat l)ivi(lo. New Yoik, 1S7(). 
 Diu'aii (Xarciso), Cavta al (loli"'(-'liico, l.l.Iuiiio, 1S;>(!. .MS. 
 Diiiim (Narci.so), CoriTiiponduiicia du uii ^lisioiiero y riv-idontc. !MS. 
 Diiraii (N'arciso), Tritica solivo la.i rii^VL'iicionL'.i do Jviiaiii;ipatniiU, ISII^!. JLS. 
 Ihuan (Xaiviso), Iiifunno del Actual Kstado do las Jliisioiu';, I.Sti. IMS. 
 Diiraii (Xarciso), X'otas d una Circular <'i liaudo di: Ilclicaiiilia, louli. MS. 
 Dura a (Xarciso), Xutas y Coiuciitarioti al Baudo dcEcliei.udia sobru Miiiioiics, 
 
 IS'M. MS. 
 Duraii (Xarciso), Proycctos tic Seculari/acioii, ISHH. !MS. 
 Durlcec (1(^1111 L.), Statement on \'igilance (Joinniittccs in San Francisco. MS. 
 Dutcli Flat, I'hiijuircr, I'oruni. 
 Dutcli Flat Swindle ('i'iic ( \vviit). R. F. n.d. 
 l)\vi'U'l!o(.To!in \V.),Addrc:i before the I'ionccrs. ISOC. S. F. l.^fi; Colonial 
 
 Iliotory of San Franeiseo. S. F. ISUIi; S. F. USi;7; [Drake'.s Voy.-.ge, a 
 
 ]lc\ icw (,f r,ryauf:i Hist. U. S.] In S. F. bulletin, Oct. 5, 1S;S; Oration. 
 
 Oi t. S, l,s7(). In San iMancisoo, Cent. Mem., 81. 
 Dye (Job F.), I'ionecr llecoUeutions. In iSta Cruz Sentinel, 1SG9; I'ionecr 
 
 Scrap-book; lUcoUcctiouB of California. MS. 
 
 Kardlr\--Wilmot (S.), Our Journal in tlic racifie. London, l.S7n. 
 
 Karil (.'[ohn ().), Statesnent of 1S!0. .MS. 
 
 Fai'Lc ■.trrintiii.'^inCalirnrnia. ACollcclionof all<locument:-printedl)oforclS4S. 
 
 I'^artliijUalLc. 'J he (lieat Ivirtlujuake in San Francisco S. F. IStlS. 
 
 Katon (Hcm-y), I'ioncer of ISIiS. MS. 
 
 l^chciindia (Jose Maria), I'ando sobro Eleccionos, IS'28. JIS. 
 
 Lcheandia (Josu Maria), Carta, que diri;;o ;'i 1). Jose Figueroa en defcnsa do lo 
 
 que ha lieeho jiara scciilarizar la.s i\lisionc3, ISllIl. JIS. 
 Fcbeandia (Jose Mana), Decreto de Eniuncipaciou a favur do los Xeofitos, 
 
 1820. MS. 
 Echcandia (Tosij Mar(a), Dccrcto do Sccularizacion, Enero, 1331. !MS. 
 Eclic.india (Josj ?ilaria), Eseritos Sueltos del Com. (ieneral, ISJo-,'],'}. MS. 
 Eclicandiii (Jos6 Maria), Plan para Convertir on Pueblos las IMisioncs, IS'JO-.IO. 
 
 MS. 
 Echcandia (Jos.; ^laria), Picglaniento para los Encargados de Justicia en las 
 
 Misiones, ]^?,X MS. 
 Echoandia (Jose Alaria), Rcj.'lamento de Secularizacion, 18 Xov. 18u2. MS. 
 1-clieveste (Juan Jo.^e), 'IlegUimento,' <pv. 
 V.cn de. Espaua. Mexico, 18.j;?-4. 
 Eco X'aeioual. Mexico, lSr)7-8. 
 ]]co do Occidcntc. (luaynias, 1878 ct scq. 
 
 i:del!nan (Ceorge W. ), ( biido to the Value of California Gold. Pliil., 1850. 
 I'ldinburf^'ii Preview. i'Minbiir'rh, 1802 et seq. 
 Edward^i (Philip L.), Diary <if'a Visit to Cal., 18^7. MS. 
 Eliot do Castro (Juan), Papeles Tocante.s I'l su arrcstacion, 181.". MS. 
 Elliot (Ceorge 11.), Tiie Presidio of San Fraiuiseo. In Overland, iv. ?,?M. 
 Eliis (Ceorge E.), Tlie Fed :\Ian and lli<; Wliitc Man. Boston, 18!i-_». 
 Emory (^V. 11. ), Xotes of a ]\!ilitary Pcconnaissancc. [.lOtli Cong., 1st Sess., 
 
 Sen. Ex. Doe. 7.] Wasliiuglon, L'vlS. 
 Escalaute (Sylve.stro V'elci:), Carta de 28 de Octubre, 177''. !MS. 
 
 a 
 
AUTlIOniTIK.S QUOTED. 
 
 "xlvii 
 
 41. 'J Vdl.i.; Voyage 
 
 11. MS. 
 
 1807. 
 
 S. 
 
 •^idwitc. MS. 
 
 iios, l,S4t. IMS. 
 11(1 ia, i;i;ii5. ilS. 
 iiilia ijobrc Misioiifs, 
 
 San Francisco. MS. 
 
 ^. V. 1S(U); Colonial 
 [I)i'ako"s Voj'.'.yo, a 
 ct. ."), 1S7<S; Oialitm. 
 
 liuul, 1SG9; riuncur 
 
 in, ISTfJ. 
 
 aprintcd before 1S4S. 
 i. F. 1S(JS. 
 
 MS. 
 
 '■o:i en (lifcnsa do lo 
 
 S. 
 
 or (le los Xc'utltos, 
 
 •ro, ISni. MS. 
 
 1, i.s-r)-.".:5. MS. 
 
 .Misioncs, 18'20-.30. 
 do Justicia en las 
 
 .s Nov. is:;'2. ■\is. 
 
 ,id, riiii., isrio. 
 
 181.-). MS. 
 
 .-ciland, iv. .1.10. 
 
 ^t<ui, 18,S-J. 
 Ill (-'uuy., Ist Se.s.s., 
 
 MS. 
 
 Kscandiin {Mjinnc!), and Joso 1). Itasoon, (3bscrvacionc's, Foudo riadu.so, 
 
 Mi'xico, 1S4.'). 
 ICscubar (.Xgnstiii), Canipafia do 184(j. MS. 
 Ksioliar (Marcoliun), (,'arta;i do mi Aleiilde, MS. 
 
 Ksuiuk ri) (.lo.st'! A^jn.itin), .M'jnioria s del JJiputadu do Cliilinahna. Mixioo, 184S. 
 Ksc'iidoru (.lost' A.'^aiiitiii), NoUoiu.i l^slaili.-slicas do L'liilui.dina. Me.\ii,-o, lbo7. 
 Ivs[iaria, Constitucioii ilo ISli'. MS. 
 
 Kspanolcs, Li.sla do lo:i — (jno ban jirestadtj .Tiiramcnto, IS'JS. MS. 
 I'lsiiliiosa, (di-'inc n'a), Ajiiiiitos Urovo-i y Xotas lIi:5ii'iricaH. ^IS. 
 F.spiiKJ: a (Ua'aul), Fstiidio.s llisliirioo.s. In Soo. ^^Icx. (Jcog., iSoL, v. 4:29, 
 Iv^plaiiilian, Sorgas of. l.'dO, and later oilition.s. 
 IvlaMooiiniontos lliisos on California, l;.ii'J-41. MS. 
 K.^trll (laiiRs M.), .'■poooli in Hall of l!op. Saot" in connection witli Vij,'ilance 
 
 ConniiiUoo. n.])l. )8.")7. 
 ]''.sti'ncv,a (Toni.'is), (.'artas dol Fadro Misionoro. !MS. 
 F.sti'ada (.fd-si' Mariano), Corroi^pondonoiado.sdo 178.">. ]\IS. 
 Fatraila (lo.io Fanion), Coiminicacioiios \'avias. MS. 
 Fslrada (.bv^; Fai.ion), Lista do F.\tr;-.ngoro:i on Montcroy, lSi20. MS. 
 F.studillo (Jo.so Man:.), DatoH lli-^tiu'iotj.s. MS. 
 
 IvUmli'.lo (.loso .Foaipiin), ].)(joiuikiiIos para la Ili.storia do Cal, ^IS. '2 vols. 
 Ivsiuilillo (Josi' Mali-!), llojus do Sorvicio. MS. 
 Fs'.iidillo (.lo.-so ^laii.t), Infornio soliro los I'^viilos, 18-0. ISIS. 
 Kstiidil'.o i.Tuso Maria), liiftnnio sobro Oiioios do C:'.pollan, lS-20. ^IS. 
 K.studillo (.Tuso Maria .'.nd JodJ Antonio), Carta.-j dol I'adro o Jlijo. -MS. 
 Ktholin, Loiter on llo::s, 1S41. MS. 
 Furtka, ]">oniocra'Jo Stanilard, Evening Ilorald, I'^voning ."-'tar, Humboldt 
 
 Fi.iy .Touriial, Ilniiiboldt Times, National Index, Northern Indopondont, 
 
 Siuiial, Wo.st Coast Signal. 
 FvanLioli t {'J"li( ), San Francisco, 1872 et :eq. 
 Fvaii:i(.\lbort S.j, A la California. San Fr.inci.sco, 187.1. 
 J.vai: ; ((loor;.'e M.), A liisioiy of tho Disouvory of (lold in California. Tn 
 
 llinil'.s Mcndiants" Mag., xxxi. .'iS.'). 
 yiwiiu:- (P.ichard S.) and H. AV. lIo:i. ]:av,-, Translation, Voyage of Cabiniu. 
 
 In U. S. (loog. Siirv., Wheeler, vii., Areli., 'JU,'). 
 F.xpedicnto solire el niodo do di\ idiisi' las niisionos, 1770. MS. 
 Ivxpcdionto t;obrc las Euferniedado.s de la 'I'ierra, lt>0."). MS. 
 ll\[iod:onte sobro lteoiproea:i Qiieja.i del ( lobornador y Religioso.s, 1787. ^IS. 
 llxpui ion of Citi;:enH of the U. S. from Upper C:d. President's Moss. ['iSth 
 
 Coir;., LstSesi., .Sen. Doe. liOO.] Wa.h., 184:1. 
 F/ijuer (Igiiaeio), I'demorias de Cosas Fa.sadas. MS. 
 
 San Francisco, 18C0. 
 
 ]"al/uiii (rjonlbrm), Agrionltnral Lands of Califoi'nia, 
 
 I'ae-. ir.iiley do Firnuui C.difurniaiias. M.S. 
 
 I'aeultad de Conhrniar, 17S1. MS. 
 
 r'a..^..-i (Poilro), ('DUioiilario sobi'o el Informc del Cajiitan Soler, 1787. 
 
 l-'aqes (I'edri.i), Correspondenoia del Coinamlaiito y G(.bi'., 1781 et .'-.cq. 
 
 I'ages (I'edro), Infonue sobro Conioreio eon Liupies do China, 1787. 
 
 I'a.^o.'i (I'odro), Iiiformo General do ]\Ii:,ninie^:, 1787. MS. 
 
 Fages (IV'dro), Infinnos I'arlioularowd GoIj''' lioiiieu, 1701. MS. 
 
 Fagos (I'odro), Iiistrneeion para el Cabo do I'soolta do Angeles, 1787 
 
 Fages (Pedro), Iiiitrneeioii para la Escolta de. Purisima, 1788. ^bS. 
 
 Fagx.; (Pedro), r...;ti'ueoion jxira la IvseoUa de S, Mignol, 17S7. ^IS. 
 
 ]"a,'.;o;i (i'edi'o), Iiistrneeion para sn Vi;igo ;i California, !7''rt. ^IS. 
 
 l'age:j (Podio), Iii^^iruoeionesal Coniand.into Iiitorino do Monterey, 1783, 
 
 Fago.-i (Pedrol, Papel do Varios Puntos. 17!»1. MS. 
 
 ]-'agos (I'odro), Foi.reseiitaeion Contra bjs Frailos, 178."). ^IS. 
 
 1 .•i:.,es (Poilro), Voyage! en Californio, 17()0. In Nouv. .\ii. Voy., ci. 
 
 I'air (Lnnra D.), (iliieial lioport of the Trial. San Francisco, "lb71. 
 
 Faiivld'.d (.lolni A.), Sketch of Life. :MS. 
 
 Faiiiily Deiender Magazine. Oakland, 1881 et scq. 
 
 MS. 
 MS. 
 MS. 
 
 7. MS. 
 
 MS. 
 
xlviii 
 
 AUTIIOmXIES QUOTED. 
 
 I 'Li 
 
 '•'.f 
 
 .'.'. MS. 
 
 [Tho 
 
 Fmi'iiIkuh (Eli:';i W.), Califonii.i. Ih-T>i>i)1n iiinl Out. Xcw Ynik, IS.'rt. 
 
 F.uiiliMiii (I. T. or Tlio.-i. .).), Ivn-ly l>ayM t>( Calit'oniia. I'liil., Isdii; Life, 
 AihiiiUin.s 1111(1 Tnivils in L'ul. I'ictdiial nl. N. Y., Is."i7; Lite, Ad- 
 vuitiuvs, and Tnivils in (,'al. X. Y., is-ltl; N. Y., iHli); \. Y., I8,j0j 
 N. v., IS,".;{; Tnivi'lH in till) Caliloniia-i. N. Y., ISJt. 
 
 Fanv<!l (Jaiiit's i).), .Statciiunt ul \'igilaii<<; < 'uiiiiiiittics in S. F. MS. 
 
 'I'ar W'c-^t,' L(ittiis fmni ('alil'onii:i. In lloiiohilii Fricml, Xov.-Di'c, 184G. 
 
 Vny (Calcli T.), llLstoiiail Fact.s on Califoiiiiii. MS. 
 
 l'\'Mlix (!'. A.), L'On'yon vi Ics cotiH dv I'lJuOan l'iifili<|U(;. ^al•i^^, ISlli. 
 
 l''i rnaiidc/ (.losi'). Comus do CalitViriiia. MS. 
 
 I I riiandt/ (.losO), liocnniintij.s jiaia la Jlistoiia di: Califoniia. MS. 
 
 l'\i'liaiiil(V, (Just' /I'ntJli), Cartas Siioltas. MS. 
 
 I'finaiidi/ (M:inu(!), Carta did I'adri' Ministii) do Sta Cruz, IT''*^. MS. 
 
 I'Vriiiiiidr/dc Siiii Vict'iiti; (.\i,'iistiii), CiniiUMioafioiicsdilCaiiiiiii^o. I'-'.'.'. 
 
 I'V'ny (ilyiKilitt'), iJfsi'riiitidu dt- la Nduvi'IIi! Calii'iiriiic. I'aris, lS."/0. 
 
 Fida"l;;ii (Salvador), Tabla di; Dtscubi iniiunto.i do i~<.M. MS. 
 
 J'idal.;o (SMlvailor), Via,L;o do \1'M). MS. 
 
 J'iclil (Sto[ili(ii .7.), I'orsoiial JtciiiinisociK'ort of ]']arly Days. n.]>l., n. d.; Somo 
 Account of the Work o'. n.id., issl. 
 
 Figncroa (Jose), Anniicia a los (jdifoinios .su llc^^'ada, 10 Fncro, ls;);i. 
 lir.st siicciiiKii of Calil'oriii.'i iirintiii;.'.] 
 
 l''i,L'riC'ioa (Jose), llaiidi) contra Jlijar, ]S'M. !MS. 
 
 J'"igucroa (.Jose), Jjandu en tjuu puliliea la Uesolueion do la Diput«aci(JU coutra 
 
 llijar, is;;4. 
 
 J'"i;,'neroa (Jos(''), Corres]K)udencia del flcfo Ptjlilito, 1S"-J ,", ?,IS. 
 ]'"igiieroa (.J(jsu), Cosa.s Financieias de California, ISot. MS. 
 I'igiieroa (Jose), I)is(.'urso dc; A|iurtiu'a do la Di[)utaeion, ISIJi. MS. 
 Figiieroa (.Tose), VA Coniandaiito ticiicrul, otc, illoa llabituutcs del 'J'erritorio. 
 
 !Montcii'iy, Ifi iMarzo, ls:{,"). 
 Figiui'oa (J('sr), j;i Coiii;iiidaiito Tlcneral y Oefu Politico de Alta Cal. A .sn.i 
 
 IIal)itant"S. Monterey, IS.'!,"). 
 Figueroa (.Jose), Tnfornio al ilinistro de (Jnerra soltre Aconteciniientos do 
 
 lKil-'2. MS. 
 Figueroa (.Jose), Infurnio en quo se oponc al I'royccto do Scculari/.acion, IS,",'!. 
 
 :ms. 
 
 I'igueroa (.Tos(j), Instnicciones Gcncralcs para el Oohiovnodo Cal., I'^ll'J. MS. 
 
 I'iyueroa (.lose), ?dauiliestu d la Kepi'ibliea ^lejicaiia. ^louterey, It'lJo. 
 
 FJLineroa (.lose), The .Manifesto of. S. Franei.sco, l>v",">. 
 
 l''ii,'ii(roa (.Tosc), Oliservaeiones de iin Ciudadano. MS. 
 
 l'"iguenia (.lose), Plan de Propios y .\rliitrio.s. Monterrey, A.cjosto, 1834. 
 
 i'"igneroa (.Jose), Preveiicioneti Provisionaled para la lOniancipaciou de Indies, 
 
 is;;;!. ]\is. 
 
 I'igneroa (.T(]si), rjegl.-iniento Provisional para la Seeularization. Monterrey, 
 
 !) Aijosto. ks;m. 
 
 Fi'Tdla (.lames). Statement of Events in Early T)ay3. MS. 
 
 i'indlay (Alcxandc^r (i.), Diri'ctory fur the XaviL'ation (jf the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 London, IS.")!; Li.Lrlit Jfouses in the AWrrld. London, ISdT. 
 rire I'liilerwriters. An'-iial lieports, San I'^ranciseo, IbOj et seij. 
 First Steamship Pioneers. [Smii I'raneisciy, 1.S7L] 4t(j. 
 Fisher (Walter ^M.), The Californiaiis. San Fraiu'isco, 187(i. 
 Fitch (liuillernio), Xarrativ.-i. ,MS. 
 
 l''iteli (Henry ]).), Causa Criinin.al por Matrinionio X'ulo, \K)0. 
 l"iteli (llem-y D.), Letters of a Merchant, lS-_'(i et sei.. :MS. 
 ]''iteli ( ill nry 1). and Jo.sefa(J.),])oei.inieiitos para la llistoriade California. MS. 
 
 :ms. 
 
 i'itc 
 
 Fil>: 
 
 L^'fa C. ), Xarraeion de una California. ^IS. 
 
 lid ((.). 1'.), Calif. 
 
 Xaslivillo, 1S70. 
 
 I'Mtzgerald (O. P.), Education in California. ^IS. 
 
 I'l.ig;.', Jteporfc. [JMthCc 
 
 1st Sess., Sen. I'iX. Doc. 1(17.1 Washington. ISoo. 
 
 I'leurieu (Charles Pierre), Introduction. In Murchaud, Yoy., i. 
 Flint. See Pattie's Xarrative. 
 
^ll 
 
 AUTIIORITIE.S QUOTED. 
 
 xlis 
 
 Miil.. Isc,;); Life, 
 
 l.V)T; LilL', A(l- 
 
 ll»; N. v., 18.J0; 
 
 . ]•'. MS. 
 S'uv.-lUc, 
 
 1840. 
 
 •mis, 1S40. 
 
 
 . MS. 
 
 
 ITtis. MS 
 iria, 18. lO. 
 
 MS. 
 
 i.]il., 11. (1.; 
 
 Some 
 
 uTo, 1"^;'.:'.. 
 
 [Tho 
 
 )ipiitaciijn cuiitra 
 
 . MS. 
 
 sh-t. MS. 
 
 Los del 'JVn-itorio. 
 
 c Altii Cal. ;i .sn.l 
 
 oritfciiiiientoa ilo 
 
 ilari/.auuin, IS.*],*?. 
 
 CaUW-'. MS, 
 |fri.y, lb',io. 
 
 Aerrx^to. isr.4. 
 liticiiJii 'U^ Imlios, 
 
 lull. Muiittii'ey, 
 
 |l! Tacific Ocean. 
 C-T. 
 
 Jt SC(J. 
 
 I). MS. 
 
 Ic'iilitoniiii. MS. 
 
 lisliiii''toii, 
 
 1855. 
 
 ririrrs M()s'' ^Tiirin), f'lrta.i vaiia?>. MS. 
 
 I'ldivs (JuH.; .Maria), liifuiiiiu iil (lob'-do Sonora, 5 Fcli. 1S77. In .SonorciiMC, 
 
 .Mar. .-), is 17. 
 Elori'S (.l<is'! .Maria), liifi)riiii) ilu 5 I'd). 1817, y Corrcs^ionikncia coii hn 
 
 AiitoriiiaiU'H do SiiKua, .MS. 
 I'lort'a (.T"iso Mavia), (Jlicios del (,'omaiidanto fionoral, 1810. MS 
 I'l'ics (.Mi;-;iicl), Keciu'idod llist<nieii-< de California. MS. 
 riijiis (Viivy), Ii;stnic(iiiii, I7S!). MS. 
 I"lii;,'.;o ('''''■"'l''*' ^^'•)> Vaiiiiiis Lettc'iH, 1S41 ct .ii'(|. MS. 
 rols(Jiii (■!. L.), ('nrri'spoiiilencu of the (^uarteniia!iter, 1S40-8. In Cal. and 
 
 X. .Mex., Mess, mid Doe., IS.m 
 ]'i>ndi) i'iad(}s<> do ( 'alit'onii.iH, 177.'}. MS. 
 Inndo I'iad.iso do Caliloinias, Duercto I'l Oct. 1812. MS. 
 l'(.ii(li) riadosD de < 'aliloriiia>i, I)eiiiostraciuii do Ion siiKjdo.s (jiic adeuda A lu3 
 
 I!cli-in.so.i, ISll-.'M. iMS. 
 I'undo I'iadoso do (.'alifornia.s. Ley y Kccrlamento. Mexico, IS;!."!. 
 ]"o!is( e,v (Faliian) and (,Vulo,s Urriitia, llistoria (Jeneral do lieal Hacienda, 
 
 .Mexico, ISl,"), Is-H)-,-,;). vols. 
 I'niit (■losi), Varios i;serilna del 'I'eiiiL'iite, 1700 et seq. JIS. 
 loiit (iVdro), tlounial of a .loiirmy from Souora to Monteix'y, 177'>. MS, 
 ] (jote (U.S.), Siieeeli on Admission of California in U. S. Senate, Aug. 1 , I8."i0. 
 
 \Va^'iiii,u'ton, 1850. 
 I'l iliL.i (.Mexander), California, A History of. London, 1839. 
 l'oil>es I. lames A.), Letters, I8;{;,'-4S. :^1S. 
 I'md (ll( nry L.), Tlie liear Flag iiovolutiou. MS. 
 I'oiest Hill,' I'iaeer (."ourii'r. 
 
 I'orsce (I'eler A.), Five Years of Crime in California. Ukiali, ls(»7. 
 I'eiv-iter (■iohu), I'ioiiecr Data from 18IV.2. MS. 
 I'ciis'.er (.Tolin Ileinliiild), History of Voy.iges and Discoveries in the Nortli. 
 
 Loud. Ill, 1780. 'Ito. 
 F'ort Point and .Meatrazas Island, Iiifornuition in regard to fortifications 
 
 being erected, [ollil Cong., 1st Sess., ]I. l]x. Doe. 8'2.] Washington, 
 
 18."i;j. 
 Foster((t. 0.1, TheOold Ee-ionsof California. Xcw York, 1S4S; X.Y'., 1840, 
 ]'\iHter (Stephen C), Aii-tdcs from '47 to '!!). ,MS. 
 
 I'oster (Stephen (.!.), First .Vmerieau in Los .\iigoles. In Los Angeles F^xpress, 
 ]''oster (Stepiien C. ), Various AVritiiij's, !MS. 
 
 Fourgiimd, 1'he Prospects of ('alifoinia. lu California Star, April, 1848, 
 Fouler (.lohii), liear Flag lievolt. .M,S. 
 I'owlcr ((Jiiii), Siieeeli in U. S. II. of Itep., 'March 11, IS.jO, on Constitution 
 
 of California, AN'asliiugtoii, FS.JO. 
 I'raiikiin ( lleiijamiii). Corners, 1S4!). In S. V. Alia, ]\Iareli S, 1877. 
 I'las^ir (•). D.), liciiort on the [minensc Resources and X^aturul ^^'ealth of 
 
 California. Xew York, IS()8. 
 Fra/ee (\V. D.), San Ijcrnardiiio County. San Dernardino, 1870. 
 I'ree Aiiiei ieaii. Vera Cniz, l847et.se(|. 
 
 I'reclon (W. '1'.), Oration before I'ioncers. Sept. 9, 1857. San I'miR-Lsco, 1857, 
 I'reniery (JaiiieLide), Mortgages in California. San F'raneiseo, 1800. 
 l'r('mont ( li --sio Ik'iiton), A Year of American Travel, n. p., 187S. 
 Fri'iiioiit (.r.i!]n (',), California Claims in Congress. In liOth Cong., 1st Sess., 
 
 H. lapt. 817; Sen. liept. 75; Htiuston'a lloorts; — ,'>od Coiil;., 1st Sess, 
 
 H. Ex. Doc. 17; Sen. Ex. Doc. 4!);— -Jd Sis-i., H. Fix. Doc. L!; Sen. Ex. 
 
 8;— ;)4tli Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. Doe. l(i(); Sen ICx. Do<-. (;.",; Sen. :Miseel. 
 
 74;— ;!(it!i Coiig. l,'~t Sess. H. Ifept. 7; Id. Cou;tv:'laims'Jl)4, JJU; Sen. Itept. 
 
 108. .Vlso ( V>lig. (ilobe 1847-8, l85i;-;}; iilid many seattert d documenls 
 
 in the various archives; (.'orrespondmee ls:i-7. ^IS. ; Correspond'iice 
 
 1847-8 in Stockton's Life, App. ; Court Martial. E.xtraet in .Sc(jckton"s 
 
 Life, App.; Court Martial 1847. In .'iOth Cong., 1st Sess. Sen, Ex, 
 
 Doe, ,■),": Disi'us.-.ioiis in (Anigress on his trial and scrvicis, |S47 8. 
 
 Cong, doljc, 1847 S. Index, 'F'rOniout"; Geographical Memoir upon Up- 
 
I 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 AUinORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 licrCalifoniin. W/isliingtnn, ISIS; Pliilaileliiliia. lS4f>. fHOtli Cong., Ist 
 
 iSt'ss. iScn. Mis. J4SJ; I.s liu hoiiust? Is lie caiiatjU''/ n.pl., ii.il. ; Life of. 
 
 Xcw Yorli, IS'A'r, XaiTati\'o of Kxiiloriu;^' l^xiicililioii. Xcw Y'ork, 1S4!); 
 
 Not a lioinan Catholic, ii.pl., n.il. ; Ofilcr-s ami ( 'oiiv.spuiuleiiL't', 1S47. 
 
 In Citit'a CoiUiiK-'sl ; I'rivato and I'uhlic Character Vimlicalcil, ]>y James 
 
 lluchaiian. Is'ew Y<!i-k, n.il.; lic^iort of j^xplvniii^' lO.'cpcili'iiuii. Wus.li- 
 
 iui;ton. lS4o; I'aiiiiihlets. A Collection; Fremont Sony:jtcr. Xcw York, 
 
 IS.jo; r.oston, ]1<M. 
 Fremont (.lohu C. ) anil W. 11. Kmory, California Guiilo IJook. Xcw York, 
 
 1SI!». 
 Frerc (Alice ^I.), The Antipodes and Pioiind tlie ^Vorld. London, 157<\ 
 Fresno, ]'!xpo;-itor, llcpuhlican, Scott Valley Xews. 
 ]'"ri 'net (I'rncot), La Californic. Faris, ISii."; FarLs, 1SG7. 
 I'rink ((leorgo \\'.), Vigilance Committee. ^LS. 
 Fiix'liel (.luliiu;), Ccnlriil America, Xorthei-n ^Mexico, and Western United 
 
 Stales, iSevcn Ycar.s Travel in. London, IS.'jI). 
 From J']i),';land to C.ilit'ornia. Life amoii;,' the ^lornions. '.Nicramentii, LSDS. 
 Frost (.Toiin), Ifisltjryof (,'alifornia. Ar.luirn, ISol); Xcr York, lo.V.); Fic- 
 
 torial History ul Mexico. Fliil. LSO-_'. 
 I'rost (Thomas), llalf-lloiirs with the J'lnvls I'.xplorers. London, etc. [1870.] 
 I'urbcr ((leorgc C), The Tw.lvo Jlonths' Volunteer. Cincinnati, lyj'J. 
 Fuster (Vicente), llf^'V-t'o dc Defunciones, 177.'>. ^IS. 
 
 Gacota del Cobierno de ]Mexieo, 172S-1S21, 1S2.3 ct seq. 
 
 Gaecta. Imperial do ^Mexico. ^lexico, 1621-^. IJ vols. 
 
 (lalindo (Jose J>,i.scl)io), ApnnLcs para la IIL-storia di: California. Jl;3. 
 
 (lalit:'.iii (I'.'iiniianucl), Notice Biogr.ipliiipie .siir Laniuof. InNoiiv. An. Voy., 
 
 cxxv. -m:]. 
 (!;ilvo/ (JosJi de), Corrcsponden(,'ia con el Padre Lasuen, 170;'. JI^'. 
 Ciilvci (.FoHc de), Fijcritos sueltos del Vi^itador General, 17ij3-7''). ^IS. 
 Calve;'. ( los,; de), Instruccion (pic ha de 01j.icrvar J). "N'iceuLe Vila, c.i'.itan del 
 
 .S'. (Yu-!o.% 17C9. :M.S. 
 dah'c;', (Tw ,'i dc), Instniccion ipic ha de OI)S','r\ai' el tcnleate D. I'cilro Fagcs, 
 
 170!). :\is. 
 
 Calve;; (Virey), Comnnieaeiones al < loh''. do California, 1730-5. r^IS. 
 
 (.^alve.; (Virey), Inslrucrii.ii forma da, en virtud do real <n'deu. ^hjxico, 17S(). 
 
 Calvcx (\'ircy), In^iiruccionc.. al C!ob''- Fa;j;cs, 17313. }<l>^. 
 
 (larecd (I'lancisco), Diario y Derroteio. In Doe. Hist. Me.\., ser. ii., i. '2'2o, 
 
 (Jarcia (Inoccnlc), llechos llisti'>ricos. il^^. 
 
 Garcia {,h).i''\ ]].), I]pisodios Ilistijrieos. ^IS. 
 
 (iarcia (Marceliiio), Apunt(! sobre el (.Jcneral ^liehcltorena. !MS. 
 
 (.larci.-i I'iic.;,o (I'rancisco), C.'irta I'aatoral. Mexico, ];MJ. 
 
 (Jarcia I'ic^o (Franci.sco), Carta Fastoral contra la costinnbre do azotar ;l los 
 
 Iiulios, Junio SO, 13,%. M.S. 
 Garcia Fie^o (Francisco), Corre.spondencia de nu ^Iit>ionero y Obi.-ipo. ^LS. 
 Garcia Diego (Francisco), Farecer del F. Fiscal sobre el 1'royecl.o do Secular- 
 
 i;;aeion, 13;;:). MS. 
 Garci.-i Die^;o (Franeijco), Feglas (pie propone ei F. Frcfceto para Cobierno 
 
 interior do l.'i.'j ex-mi:;ioncs, lolJj. MiS. 
 Garden of the World. Foston, 13.'>(j. 
 Gardiner I'Me.), Home Journal. 
 
 Garibay (\'irey), Comunicaciones al Cobcrnador de Cal. ilS. 
 Garijo (Agn. tin), Carta del F. Guardian en (pie da Xoticia do la Rovolucion, 
 
 131 1. M.S. 
 Garner (William F.). Letters of a Fionecr of 18i!l. Yui. 
 {^arnica del Caiiiil'.o (Xicanor), llecucrdo;; sobrc California. ^IS, 
 (iaini.s.i (•Tames ]?.), ICarly Days of ,San I'lanci.-eo. ^LS. 
 G.'iry (Ceor;;e), The Foaming Fadyc,.!. .MS. 
 
 (Ja:-ol (Jo:ii ), Fxp( diente i-;obre v'apellane.s de Fn idios, l!02. MS. 
 Gaiiol (Jo.-.c), Lctias ralcnle:.i del i'. Ciu.iidian, IbOii. M.S. 
 
nOth Concr., 1st 
 ., 11.(1. ; Life (if. 
 .w Vwrk, KS4<); 
 
 lUlulL'ilL't', 1S47. 
 
 ;itc(l, l>y Jmiir's 
 ilit.itjii. ^V:loll- 
 jr. New York, 
 
 k. Ni;w Yolk, 
 
 iJou, 1«7<\ 
 
 Vcstcrn United 
 
 cniiucuto, 18(58. 
 ork, lo.VJ; I'ic- 
 
 luii, etc. [1S70.] 
 lati, VooO. 
 
 la. M;5. 
 
 Niouv. ,\ii. Voy,, 
 
 U.S. 
 1-7). MS. 
 Vila, ca;,itau del 
 
 D. Peilro l\yjs, 
 
 MS. 
 ^Mj;doo, 1780. 
 
 ser. ii., i. -^'j. 
 
 IMS. 
 
 li! azotar ;l lo3 
 
 Oljispo. MS. 
 lo do Scciilar- 
 
 para (.iobicruo 
 
 la rkCYolucion, 
 MS. 
 MS. 
 
 AUTnORITIES quot]:d. 
 
 u 
 
 flay (Fr'.'.itTick A.), Sketclifsof Ca]i''(ii-!;i:i. n.vl., ii.d. 
 
 (i('!'.;ial Absoiiatidii of California, Minutes of Ani:ual ^Icctings. San Fran- 
 cisco. 1!n")7 et !--e(j. 
 
 Oerman (Joai i'.nd Luis), Sneesos en California. MS. 
 
 (ieiiius of l^iberty, Vera Cruz, 1817 etRCii. 
 
 Gcrstachcr (I'lTidricli), Avontnrcii (rinic Colonic (^l'uli^3Tant3 en .\mi'rii|U('!. 
 I'ai-is, 18,")."); (..V.lifornisclie Ski::/;cn. Leipzig, 18,"jt); (iold! lun Calil'or- 
 ui.-.cln'.s lA'l)i'nsl)i!.l aii:3 deiii yali^'o lb4',). Lcip;;iij;, 1838; K;ilifor:iien.s 
 Colli u (V,iuck;<i;!)er-l)i.,trict. Lcip:.i,L':, l^■l'.); Dcr iLlciuc Gol.l^^raljer in 
 C'alifoniien. Leip::ig, n.d. ; Kreu:: und Quer. Lcip;i;;, 18C9. 3 vjIj. ;. Xar- 
 rativc of a Jonrney round tlie W'.irld. Loid. r>j.'i; Xev.- Yo;l;, K:,"i-1; 
 IIei.;en. Stuttgart, etc., lS.").')-4. 5 vol?. ; Sceneii ("le la \'io Car.fo.nLnne. 
 Ci'.icve, 18()9; TrrveV?. London, 1854; \\'e.<,,crn Landd and W'csLcrn 
 ^^^,;er.'i. London, 18C)4. 
 
 Clil)l)oii;; (I'Vanei.s A.), anil IVanci;! X. Kelly, Letter relative to ai)propriaticn 
 for creciionof lightdiousc on Tacilie Coast. [.'Jod (Jong., lut ivej.;., II. Ex. 
 ])mc. li;;.] Wa::'!ington, IS,"),']; lle.5ol'ition ealliiig for Corre.:pondenco 
 rel:ilivc to claim [;!l)d Cong., '2d Ses-!., Sen. ]];<. Duo. B'.'i]. \\'aaliing(,on, 
 18o;{. 
 
 Cdbson (II. (I.), Addre'=.s at the Fourt'.i Annual Ban'nut of New York (l^ali- 
 rornia l'ioiircr.s. In San Jo::i5 Tii^ueer, IVIj. 13, 187.'. 
 
 (dlisiin (0;iu), (.'liinainan (n'V/hito Man, Vv'liicli? San Fraiieif-eo, 187"; Tlio 
 Cliiiie.'e ill America. Cincinnati, 1877; other articles oi\ Cliincjc. 
 
 (Iidi!in';.i(i looi'gc II.), The ca.se of— Contractor on the Overkiud ilail lloate. 
 \\'a.liingt(Ui, li'iiO. 
 
 Cift (Ceorgo W.l, The Settler's Guile. Stockton, 1837. 
 
 ( lii't (lieorgo'W.), Something about* ';:!iforiiia. ^laria < 'junty, S. Hiifael, 1875. 
 
 ( lilbcrt (i'niiik T.), Sec lIi^J;'ol■ie.s of Sail .Joa([uin iuid Y(.ilo CVjuniies. 
 
 Ci!lc;;pic (Archibald H.), CoiTe:;ponde!ico (;f a C,n-eni;nent A^ent. }dS. 
 
 ( lide;-pic (Chi'.rle.'i V.), Vigilancj Committee. MS. 
 
 Ciiuriti (Daniel ('.), IJuilding (>f ti'c Univer-sity. Inaugural Address Xov. 7, 
 187:,'. San i''ranci.ic,o, 1872. 
 
 Ci hoy, Advocate, C;'Jit'ornia Le'uhr. Independent, Te].'gra!n, Uni(.in. 
 
 Cleci-on (\Vil!i;!in), lli.story of the Cadiolic Church in Caiiiornia. San Fran- 
 cise;), 1872. 2 vols. 
 
 (disiin (i;.), .lournal of Army Life. San Francisco, 1874. 
 
 Cent I-!iind, A;'];'j:d to t!:o CalitVn .lia JieL'gation i:i Ceiigrcss, 1872; Proceed- 
 ing:! < f tho Cliiimber of Coniircrce. S. F. i;'.72, etc. 
 
 (.nd.hiiil (Frederick F..), V.'lierc to Lmi^'rate and V.'Iiy. New York, ISCO. 
 
 i ;oihVey (.bilm F.), Ar;runient In re City of Lo.j Angeles vs. L. McL. Laldwiu 
 et al. San I'raneivco, 1.S78. 
 
 (iold ri.-'.d;'. Xvitc3 on the Diwtribntiou of (^lold. London, 18311. 
 
 Ciildd-'inder, Adventures of. London, 1830. .'ivol;. 
 
 ('.oloviiin (V. V..), Voyage of tho Kmnclitdht, VM~)-l'X la Matcrialui, pt. iv. 
 
 ( Ionic:'; (low(-), Diario Ciirio.so, 177o-!X;. Li Doc. Jli.st. ^.Ic.n;., serie ii., to.a. vii. 
 
 (Millie:; (•loR(j .Joa(|uiu), Cart.ia, l,".'!! et «c(j. MS. 
 
 ( \><\n<::: (-Tuan), Diario do Cosas X'otablcrt, IV.V.Ct. MS. 
 
 Conic:', (ri;:ui), Doenniento;! para li Ili.itoria do (.Vdifornia, 17S3-1830. MS. 
 
 Come;'. (Itafael), I^scritos Vari..:3 del Liccneiado. MS. 
 
 (ioiiie.; (Vicente P.), Lo ipie Sa1)o do C::li,',<rnia. JIS. 
 
 Con;<alc;; (Diego), C;irta.s del Teniente, 1781 et '.>cq. MS. 
 
 (i.in;';dc.; (lose Maria do .Tc-su:;), Cv.-tii ; d I l.idre Z:icatecauo. ]\IS. 
 
 Conziilcz (Miiuricio), M(.'iU(iri:in ('.■i'ifiiriii:;ii :». MS. 
 
 (■(on:<ii!ez (.Mauvicio), PapeU'S Originaie.i llist('iricos. MS. 
 
 ('«on;',ali'Z (Itafael), Correspoudeneia. MS. 
 (oini'akv, (liafael), Diario de Me:deo a C:i!if' 
 
 M.S. 
 
 x'rienci.-ii (le nil 8olilailo, 
 
 Mr 
 
 C.'n;:a!e.;(P-!facl>, Kx] 
 
 (!on;alc/. j'l'eodoro) La.s Itevolucione.; en Calitoriiia. MS. 
 
 (iood Teinp'ar.s, Consiitutioi) Picieeedi 
 
 ele. , of v:n ioim lodges, 
 (loodiicli (I'raiik 1).), 'J'he 'rnliulc Look." S.ai Francisco, 18G7 4lo. 
 
lU 
 
 ATTTIIORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 Goodrich (Samuel C), Ili.^tory of the Indians of Xortli and South America. 
 
 J!(jston, 1S44; IJostoii, IS.V); Ilostdii, l.s(i4. 
 Coodycir (W. A.), < 'oal ^MiucH of tlic AV'cstcru Coast. San Francisco, 1877. 
 ("Iiittfrivdt (Jdhaim Lndwi;.'), Xouo \\fll. Franckfurt, Ki.')."). folio. 
 <lou,L;cnlioim (Adelaide and duey), Histrionic ^Ii-iiidir.-i, etc. S. F. 1830. 
 (loycocchea (l'"elipc), Diario de J'-xploraeion. 17U8. MS. 
 
 (Joycocchca ( lAilipe), Escritos del Coniauilaiite de Sta liarhara, 1 7SS-180G. MS. 
 (loycocchea (Feli[)e), ^ledio.s para el Foineiito do (^'alifDrniat;, ISO."). MS. 
 (loycoichea (iVIipe), Olieio InstructiTO para el T.-ii'e- 11. Cavrillo, ISO'-'. ^IS. 
 (ioycocclic.a (Felipe), llespucsta d las Quince I'rcguntas sobro AIjusos do 
 
 MisiouerdS, 170S. ]\IS. 
 Graliani (J. D.), IJcport on IJonndary Lino between U. S. and ^lexico [.""Jd 
 
 C'on.y., LstSess., Sen. Ex. Doc. Il'l.] Washin,^'ton, l.l.jl. 
 
 < Iraliani (Mary), Historical Keniini.scenees. San Franei^sco, 1S7<>. 
 (iraliani (Isaac) and .Toliu A. Sutter in Xcw ^Mexico. Sonic Facts. MS. 
 Ciraj'^ra (.\utouio), Escritos del Comandanto do S. Dieuo, 17!M-0. 
 (;rajera(.\ntniuo), Eespuesta A las (Jiiinco rreguutas, 17l)'J. MS. 
 (Irautsville, AV'eekly Sun. 
 
 (jrass Valley, Foot Hill Tidings, National, Union. 
 
 Gray (A. ]). ), Ivesolution conmuiiiicatin-; re]iort and map relative ti) Mex. 
 
 Boundai'v. [IVId Cone.. 'Jil Sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. ,").").] Wash. 18r),3. 
 Gray (\V. 11.), History ofOrc-on, 171)-'- 184!). I'ortland, 1S70. 
 
 < ireat lU'.u'isters, cited by name lA county. Xot in tlds list. 
 Greeley (Horace), Overland .Tnurncy. Xcw York, ISUO. 
 Green (.Vlfred A.) Life and Aihentures of a '47er. MS. 
 (_;reeu (Talbot II.), Letters, 1841-8. MS. 
 
 Greenliow (Ilobert), History of Oregon an/l Galifornia. Boston, 1844; Lon- 
 d^'u, 1814; Xew "S'ork, 184.j; Boston, lsl.">; Boston, 1847. 
 
 Greenliow (Bobcrl:), ^Memoir, Historical and I'olitical, of tlie Xortliwest Coast 
 of Xorth America. [•_'(ith Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. Doc. 174.1 Wash., 1840. 
 
 (Sreenwood (Clrace), Xew Life in Xcw Lands. Xcw York, !S7.'!. 
 
 Gregory (Joseph W.), Guide fiu- California Travellers. Xew York, IS.jO. 
 
 (ircgson (.James), Statement, ISk")-!). M.S. 
 
 < ;rey (Williaia), A Ficturc of I'ioneer Times iu California. S. ]■'. IRSl. 
 
 ( Iriliin (Jdlin S.), Documents for the History of Califoinia; San Pascual. MS. 
 Griluii (Joliii S.), .Luunrd of I84(i. MS. 
 <;ri'_'sbv (.Vohn). I'ajicrs of ISIC-S. MS. 
 Grijalva (.Iiian Fablo), C.irtas del Tonieiite, 1704-lfiOn. MS. 
 (o-ijalva (.Tuan Pablo) I'.xplicacion del Begistro desdc S. Diego. IM^. 
 <lrijalva (Juan Pablo), Informe oubre les Bancherias exploradas jwr P. Mari- 
 ner, 17!).'). MS. 
 Grimm (Heiiry^ The Cliinoso ]\Iust Go. ,San Franciscjo, 1870. 
 Giiiir haw (William B.), Xarrative of Events, lS48.-,"i(l. MS. 
 
 < iuadalajara, Gaceta <le Gobieriio. Guailal.ijara, 18'21 et scij. 
 
 Guerra ( Francisco), ct al. lnvestic;atioi)s of ji charge against as Revolutionists, 
 
 1848. J IS. 
 Guerra (.lose iViitonio), Cartas. ]MS. 
 (!ucrra (Pablo), Conumicacioues. MS. 
 
 ( luerra y Xoriega (-lose), Correspon lencia ilol Capitan. j\IS. 
 (iiuria v Xoriega (Jose), Deterininacion .sobre su Ida a Mexico, 6 Instniccion, 
 
 lsli». MS', 
 (bierra y Xoriega (Josi.''), Docnmentos jiara la Hist, de Cal. ]\IS. vols. 
 Guerra y Xoriega (.FoseK Ocurrencias Ciiriosas de 18IJ0-i. ^IS. 
 Gueri'.i, entre .Mexico y h's lOstaiios-l'nidos, ,Vpuules. ^lexico, 1848. 
 Guerrero (iMvincisco), 'Cartas, 18.')0-4(!. .MS. 
 ( lueirero (Vicente), Soberano Estado di- Oajaea. Oajaea, 1833. 
 G.iia, de Forasteros. Mexico, !7'.I7 et sci[. 
 
 Gutierrez (Nicolas), Carta ( )licial drl ( Ide Politico, 4 Xov. ISIiD. AIS. 
 Guf.iiri-e;'. (Xicolas), |I'iib!ica el Det'ieto i-eimieiido his Maiidos, )■ toma 
 
 poscsioii del Gobieriio Politico.] Monterrey, "J linero, IH'M. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 liii 
 
 iut]» Ainoi'ic.a. 
 
 mcisco, 1877. 
 
 lio. 
 
 F. ISjO. 
 
 BH-ISOG, MS. 
 0.1 .MS. 
 
 lo, 1S02. :ms. 
 
 o Aluisos do 
 
 Mexico [.'i'Jil 
 
 13. 
 . MS. 
 
 tivn til Me?c. 
 li. ksrj.3. 
 
 n, 1814; Lon- 
 
 rtliwcst Coast 
 Wash., ISW. 
 
 rk, 18.10. 
 
 '. is^;i. 
 
 'ascual. MS. 
 
 "Al>. 
 Ipor 1*. Jlai'i- 
 
 Ivulutionists, 
 
 [ti«tmccion, 
 () vols. 
 M8. 
 
 s y toma 
 
 # 
 
 Gutierrez (Xicolds), Tiirins Caitas i}v] Capitaii y Oefc rolitico, isn'2-n. _ MS. 
 
 Gwiii !\Villiam M.), Arguiiieiit ou the Suhject (if a I'aeilii; Kaih'oad. ^V;lsh., 
 1S()I); Congress llceoi-d. n.]il., )i.d. ; Land Title-i in Califoniia. Sjieeeii 
 ill iv|.ly to Mr lii'iitoii in V. S. Sen.. .Tan. '2, ]>3ol. Wa.-ili., Is.M; Xavy- 
 yai'd and Dry-doek in < 'alifurnia. Speech in U. S. Sen., .March 'I'.i, ISo'J. 
 "Wasli.. IS.vi; ];eniark.-i in U. S. Sen. Apr. 11) and 'JO, l.S,V_', on Deliciency 
 Alipropriatioii IJill. Wiish., lS,")-_'; Speecli in U. S. Sen. Jan. l."}, JS,').'!, mi 
 Bill to E.staltli.sli a Itailuay to tlic I'aeilic. Wash., IS.J,'); Sjieeeh in V. 
 S. St'n. .March l2, lS."i;i, on 'L'ransportatioii of U. S. Mails. Wash., IS.");!; 
 S]K'ecliis in the Senate of the U. S. on Private Laud Titles in Cal. 
 AVa.sli., ISdl; other ijj'eeches. 
 
 Owin (William .M.), Memoirs on Jlistory. MS. 
 
 ILahcrslinin (A. W.), North Pacific Snrvcyin,!,' an<l Expl. Ex. Phila., 1858. 
 
 Jiacke (William), (,'ollection of Original \'oyages. London, l(i',)I). 
 
 llaliln,\ t (llicliard), 'J'lie Principal Navigatious. Loud., l.VJD- KiOO. f(jlio. .'? 
 
 vols.; cited as llakluyt's Xuy. 
 ] lale ( Edward I'^verett), liarly Maps of America. Worcester, 1874; Ilis Level 
 
 IJe.st, etc. Boston, l87o; The Xanic of Califoi'uia. In Amer. Auti([. Soc. , 
 
 Proc, Apr. 18U2, 45; Quceu of California. In Atlantic ^louthlv, xiii. 
 
 ■J(3.-.. 
 Hall ^Charles Victor), California. The Ideal Italy. Philadelphia, 1,S7."). 
 ilall (Edward 11.), The (ireat West. X. Y., 18(m; X\ Y., ISiill. 
 Hall (FiTileric), History vi San >J(jse. San Fi'aucisco, 1871; Sau Jose History. 
 
 Sciapdiook. Erom S. Josii Pioneer, Jan. 1877. 
 Hall i.lolin), Peinarks on the liarhoiirs of Cd. | jJelng extracts from the log of 
 
 tiie L>iJi/ J:i(u-hii:ood, ]8l'-_'.] In Forbes' Hist, (,'al., App. 
 H;dl (W'ilham M.), .'Speech in favor of a National Railroad to the I'aeilic. 
 
 July 7, 1847; Xew York, IS,")!}. 
 Hallcck (Henry W.), Correspondenec r)f the Secretary of State. Pvpj-S. In 
 
 Cal. and N. Mex., Me.-;s. and IXk., l.snO; .Mexican Land Lav.-.s. .MS.; 
 
 jieport on Land Titles in California. [;il.st Cong., 1st. Sess., H. ]1\. 
 
 Hoe. 17.] Wash., ]s:,0. 
 Hallev (William), (,'eiitcniiial Year-book of Alameda County. ( .dvlaiid, ls7(i. 
 Hamilton (N'ev.), Iul:iu;l Empire. 
 
 jlaneock (Samuell, Thirteea Years' Resideuco on the Xorthwi st (,'oast. MS. 
 Hanford, Public tJood. 
 Hansard (T. (1), l^iriiamentary Debates from 180;>. London, 1.S1--77. [S. 1'. 
 
 Lau' Libraiy.] 
 llanUiilicrgh (J. R.), .Answer to charges filed with the Conmiissi(jncr of the 
 
 (leueral Land (Jlliee. San Francisco, 1,S7.'?. 
 Hardin^o (Ihiima), Fiiiiei.'il Oration on Thomas Starr King. S. F., 18(34. 
 Hardy I Lady I)u''ii") TluonLih <-'itics and Prairie Lauds. London, 18SI. 
 Hari;rave (WilKani), Ctilitornia in 184(3. MS. 
 Haro (i'ranci.-ic j), Cartas Sneltas. ^IS. 
 
 Haro y Pcialta ( Virey), ( 'omunicaciones nl ( iobicrno do California. ^IS. 
 Harper's New .Nloiithly Magazine. New York, 1S.")(3 it seij. 
 Harris (John), Navigantiiim. . .ISiblioiheca. Loinloii, 1703. folio. 'J vol.s. 
 Harrison illenry W.), i'.atllr-Eirlds .and Naval lv\ploits. I'liila.. 1S.")S. 
 Hart (.Vllierl), .Mining Statutes of the U. S., Cal., and Nev. S. F., |S77. 
 Hartinan (Isaac), Brief in .Mis.-ioii I'ases. 
 Hartniaiiu (' arl), (,n'ouraphi.s..li-Stati.sUschc liesehreibung von Callt'ornien. 
 
 Wiiiiiar, 1810. 'J vols. 
 Hartinanii (•Inh. .AdolplO, Disscrtatio Cfcograpliica de vero Califonii;e ,situ et 
 
 Coiiditiiriu'. .Marbai-, 17;!0. 4to. 
 
 Hart. 
 
 I Icrcsa (le 
 
 Ni 
 
 itiv.i <le una Matinna de Cal. MS. 
 
 Hartii. II (William V.. P.), Coiivi ntion of '40. Oi iginal Pecords. .MS. 
 
 Hartii. 11 (William E. P.), Diari 
 
 Haiti 
 Hart 
 
 isitadorOeu. de.Misiones. l.s;!<,)-40. MS. 
 
 (Willi. im E. 1'.), laiulish Coloiii/aiiou in California, IMI. .MS. 
 
 IKll ( 
 
 Wi 
 
 iani E, P.), .Miscell.iucous Correspoudeuee from 18'J'J. MS. 
 
'i 
 
 Uv 
 
 AUTTTOPJTIES QL'OTED. 
 
 Ilarvcy (Mm Daniel), Life of Joliu ^rcLuiigliliii. :M.>^. 
 
 llusting.i (LiuiKl'drd NV.), ]']iiii',fi;iiits' (liiiilc to Orcgi'ii ami California. Cin- 
 cinnati, 1815; Lcltui's. ISHj-S. MS.; New History uf Oregon and Cali- 
 fornia. Cincinnati, ISIO. 
 ITaswcU (lioljcrt), \'oyagc of the Columhla licdlviva, 1787, 1791--. MS. 
 Ilavilali, Courier, ^liner. 
 
 llav.c:! (Horace), Missions in California. San Francisco, 18,")G. 
 llawky (A. T.), llunil'ol.lt County. Eureka, l,s7!). 
 
 Ilawlty (A. T.), Tlio Tresent Condition, etc., of L. Angeles. L. ^\aigelc8, 1870. 
 Ila'.vlcy (David X.), Ok<crvaticins of >len and Things. !MS. 
 llaye.^ (]3enjaniin), Criminal Trials at Los Angeles. MS. 
 IIayc;i (lienjainin), Diary of a .Tournry Overland, lS19-."0. MS. 
 Hayes (ijcnjainin), Dneuinei'ts for tlie History' of California. j\lS. 
 llayea (lier.janiin), Immigrant Xotes. IMS. and Scraps. 
 Hayes (iJer.jauiin), Land Matters in California. MS. 
 Hayes (i.'enjaniin), Liot of ^'el;oels. MS. 
 Hayes (lien jr.niin), Mexican Laws, Xotcs. MS. 
 
 Haye.i (Denjainiii), Jdis.sion Look of Alta Cal. MS. and Scraps. 2 vols. 
 Hayes (lienjaniin), Xotcs on Calif(jrnia Ali'airs. MS. 
 Ha.ye.s (Denjaniin), Fapelcs Varios Originalcs. MS. 
 Hayes (uenjaniin), San Diego, Legal History. Scraps and !MS. 
 Hayes (Cenjaniin), Scrap Luoks, ]S.J0-7i. l'J!)vols. ; under the following .inly- 
 titles: Agriculture; Arizona. vols.; California Xotcs. 5 vols. I\I><. 
 and I'rint; Calif'^rnia Poets- California I'olitic--. 10 vols. ; Constitutional 
 Law; Cuj-aniaca Case. il.S. and Print; I'larly Califoi'nia. Decisions; Li<l- 
 ians. 5 vols.; Los Anjeles County. 10 vols.; ^Icniorahilia ; Mining'. 13 
 vols.; Monterey, Santa Larbara, etc.; X'atural Phenomena. .'Ivols.; Pa- 
 ciiic Interests; Jlailroads. Ovols. ; San Perna.rdino ('{.lunty. 4 vols. ; San 
 Dieg'o, Five Year .3 in. -l vols. ; San Diego County, Local 1 Listorj-, 3 vols. ; 
 Southern California, Historical Items. -J vols. , SoutJiern C.difornia Pol- 
 itics. '1 vols.; Southern Califoi'nia, WilniingtoUj etc.; Studies in Politics, 
 7 vols. ; Supremo Court, 18GS-7'4. 
 Haywards Journal, Alameda Advocate, Plaindealer. 
 Ha::litt (Vv'm. Carev,), (ircat Cold I'lclds of C.ivilxio. London, 1S02. 
 Hoa!(Ll)urg, Adverti-'jer, Democratic Standard, Lntcrpri.se, Review, Russian 
 
 Piiver llag. 
 Heap ((iwinn ILn'ris), Central Ilonto to the Pacific. Philadelphia, lSo4. 
 Hearn (F. C.), California Sketches. MS. 
 
 Hebard, Speech, ^hn^•h 1 1, 1830, on Constitution of Cal. Wash., 1850, 
 Hcceta (liruuo), Di;irio del Viagc do 177"'. ^IS. 
 Hec'.'la (iinino), L :pcdicion ^hiritima. lu Palou, Not., ii. 229. 
 lleceta (I'.nnri), Se.",unila LNiiloraeion, 177."). MS. 
 Heceta (l)riuio), Via':u do l77o. MS. 
 
 Hecox (Adna A.), ]ji;)grap'.!ieal Sketch. In S. .Tose Pioneer, Aug. 1S7S. 
 Hecox (Adna A.), A Drief History of tlie Introduction of ^Methodism. In S, 
 
 F. Clnistian Advocate, 1803. 
 Helper (llinton P.), The Land of Cold. Paltimorc, 185,"). 
 He:i.;ha\v (.Ljsiah S.), Hi ^toric.al Invents. ilS. 
 
 Hernandez (Josj Jliirfa P.), Conijiendio do la (icografia. Mexico, 1872. 
 Uerrera (Antonio dc), Historia (;encral do los Heehos de los Castellanos en 
 las 1: las i Tierra I'irmc del Mar Oceano. ^Madrid, 1001. 4to. 4 vols; 
 JIadrid, 17-0-;;0. folio. 
 Herr<'ra (.In c .Nhiria), ('au::a contra el Comisario de California, 1827. MS. 
 Herrcra (.Jose iMaria), Lscritos del Comi.sario. -MS. 
 Herrick (William F.), t^urrcnt Events from IS.-).! IMS. 
 Hesjierir.n (Tlie). San Francisco, 18.">8-()4. 11 vols. 
 Heylyn (i'eter), Co'<iuo';raiihy. I.ondon, 1701. folio. 
 Hijar ;C,irlos X.), Cali<oriu:i, in l.s:!4. MS. 
 
 Hijar (,Io.^e Mai la), Iiiotrurcioucs del Cefo Politico y Director de Colonizacion, 
 I8i)4. In Figueroa, IMan. 11. 
 
■^, 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED, 
 
 IV 
 
 liforuia. (.'in- 
 (-■ydu anil Cali- 
 
 1-2. MS. 
 
 Aiigelcs, 1870, 
 
 S. 
 MS. 
 
 s. 2 vols. 
 
 following snl>- 
 . 5 vols. :m>!. 
 
 Constitutiiinal 
 Decisions; Ind- 
 ia; Minin;;. 13 
 la. 3 V(j1s. ;' Pa- 
 y. -1 vols. ; San 
 Jstory. 3 vols.; 
 ('\i.liiornia I'ol- 
 ilics in rolitica. 
 
 , 1S02. 
 view, Ilussian 
 
 iliia, 1854. 
 
 Ish., 1850. 
 
 Lug. ISTS. 
 Iiodisni. In S, 
 
 CO, 187-2. 
 ['aslellanos en 
 •Ito. 4 vols; 
 
 |lS27. MS. 
 
 I Colonizacion, 
 
 Hi jar (T .m' Maiia), Instruccioncs del Gobicmo al Comiisionado, 1845. MS. 
 
 llij;ir (.Jiisi^ r.lai-ia), Varias Cartas. !M.'i 
 
 H 111 !;!cy tWiiliani ('.), L'da nt a Tioncer of 1847. ^IS. 
 
 Jline!;li'y (William S.), Lcttcr.s of a .Sea Captain. !MS. 
 
 liinds (jiicliard L>. ), Dotany of Voyage of tlic Stilpfr.tr. London, 1S44; 
 lle'rions of \'ogctation, California Kcgion. In Lulehcr'a Xar. , ii. ; Zoulugy 
 of the Voyage of tlio Sn/^ih"r. London, 1844. 
 
 lUni-'.s ((l-.v^'-avu:-). Voyage round tlio World. ]]uflalo, 1850. 
 
 llinton (Ilichard J.), ilantlbooU of Arizona. San Francisco, 1878. 
 
 lILstorical }.Ia'ja::inc and Xotc.i and Queries. Lo.-.ton, etc., ].S",7-(iO. 15 vols. 
 
 Ili:.t.jry of tlic Bear Flag lievolt. lu Mies' Register, Ixxiii. 110. 
 
 llitclicjck (Lleorgo 1). ), Stateraeut of Itauiblings. MS. 
 
 llitteU (.lulin S.), Tlie Commerce and Indnstriea of the Pacific Coast. 8au 
 Franci:ico, loS2. 4tii; 'i'hc lIi.;tory of the C;)ttonv.-ood Frospeciing K\- 
 pcdition. In Alta California; llistory of San Francisco. S. F. 1^78; 
 Jiinir.iiour. In Overhuul ]Moiithly, ii. 1.54; The Liiuanluur Chiim. S. F. 
 1857; Mining' Life at , Shasta in 1840. In Diet/, Oi;r lj;iy.s. lol; Xotes 
 of Calii'ornian Pioneers. In llutc!;ings' Cal. }^Iag. v. 2^!:); Oi'ation at tho 
 NiucLeenlh Anniver.sary (;f California Pioneers. S. F. loo'); Papclea 
 Historic sde 1810. MS.; Resoiircca of California. S. F. loG:); S. F. I'':)7; 
 S. F. 1874; The Resources of Vallcjo. Vallejo, ISiJ'J; Spoliation of ^lex- 
 ical! (jrant Holders in California by U. S. In Hesperian, iv. 1 17. 
 
 IlittcU (Tlicodore IL), Adventures of James Capon Adams. S. F. 18d0. 
 
 Hobbs ( lames), Wild Life in llie Far West. Hartford, 1875. 
 
 Holi'inann (Ileinniann), Califoriiiea, Xevada und ^Mexico. Pascl, 1871. 
 
 llo.'i'man (Ogden), Opinions in }ilijbi>ni Cases. S. Francir:co, lo50; Opinions 
 in variji'.s other cases; 1' 'sports of Laud Cases. San Francisco, V6,>2. 
 
 IToit {C. AV.), Fraudulent ^Icxiean Laud Claims in California. Sac. IGiJO. 
 
 Jli)!iiiKla (Alex-. ), LaCalifornic et les IJoutes Interoc'aniipics. ]]ruxellc3, 1853. 
 
 !'• 
 
 Holland (C!".arli!s), ^liues and Mining. In Coast lte\i;'U-. 1; 
 lliiUistcr, Ads-ance, Central C.difurnian, Enterprise, Telegraph. 
 Jiiiino Missionary (The). Xew York, KSKi et Kei|. 
 
 Hiiiuer (CIi;rles), -Memorial for eoustruetion of San I'rancisco }iL;rinc Hospital 
 [;«d Cong., l.st. Sess., 11. Kx. Doc. .".4]. Vv'ashingtnn, 1853. 
 
 IL 
 
 Our Kiio\vled''o of Cal. and the A'. AV. Coast. 
 
 A large iiumber of publications cited 1', 
 
 Albany, 
 name of 
 
 oiiKs (ilcnry A 
 
 lfs70. 
 1 [oineL^tead Associations 
 
 the Association. 
 Honolulu, Friend, 1813 et seq. ; Ilawinian Spectator; Polynesian, 1857 et 
 
 scfp; S:uidwich Island (la;iette, IS.UJ et setp; .Sandwich l.ilaial X'ews, 
 
 l';}!i ct seq. 
 Hooker (W'm. J.) and (\. A.W. Ariiott, Potany of Captain Peechey's Voyage. 
 
 Louil(>n, 1801. 4to. 
 Hopliins, Trar jlations of California Documents, n.p., n.d. 
 Hopkins (U. T.), Common Sense applied to the Immigrant Question. San 
 'Francisco, 1,870; Taxation in Calilornia. S. F. l.ssi; andotli r pimplilets. 
 Hoppe (.).), Callforiiiens Ccgenwart und Zukunft. P>aUii, 1810. 
 Hi'ppcr (("u'.i'les), Xarrative of a Tioncer of 1841. MS. 
 ILkii (;lo:;ii p.), lloru'a Overland Oaidc. X'ew York, 18,52. 
 Horra (Antonio do la Coiieepcion), Representacion al Virey contra los Misi- 
 
 onerondc (Jal., 1708. M,-i. 
 Howard (Vo'ney ]■].], Speech in U. S. II. of Rep. against Admission of Cali- 
 
 fonii;i, June 11, l,S,j(). Washington, l!S,5U. 
 Howard (W. D. M.), Comniereial Correspondence from 1838. MS. 
 Howe (.r. W.), Speech, , lane 5, IS.V), on C.diforni,a Qn(':ition. ^Vadl. 1S50. 
 Hiibiicr (be Parol! de), A Ranilde roiiid the World, 1871. Xew York, 1 ■•74. 
 Hudson (Pnvid), Autobiogr.iphy. MS, 
 
 Hiiglics (l':!i.^;il)eth). The California of the I'adres. San Francisco, bS75. 
 Hughes (.(ohn T.), California. It-i lli,-,tory, etc., Cineiiina,ti, I'.bS; Cincinnati, 
 
 1840; (.'incinnati, bS.50; Doniphan's l^xpedition. Cuieiimati, 1810. 
 
l: 'f 
 
 Ivi 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 i • 
 
 ITnisU (Piolii'i't), XiUT.'itivcs of Voyngcs. Lomlon, ISHG. 
 
 Jluniason (W. L.), I'loiu lliu Atlantic Surf to tliu (lolilcii Gate. Hartford, 
 
 l.S(i'J. 
 niinil)i)lilt (.Mex. ik'), Ivssai I'olitiquc sur Ic KoyaumodclaNouvcllc Espagne. 
 
 I'aris, Isll. folio. 2 vols, and atlaa. 
 IlumljoUlt (Akx. <lc), TaLlas Estadiatica.s del Rcyno du Xucva Espaua en el 
 
 afio do 180;5. iMS. 
 Jiuinholilt County. Its llcsources, etc. See Ilawley, A. T. 
 Jiunt'.'i Men-liaiits' ]Maya;cine. New York, 1S:J!» et .seq. 
 Iluse (Chailus ]•].), Sketch of the History and Itcsourcesof Santa Barbara City 
 
 au(' < ouuty. Santa iiarbara, IS7t!. 
 H'ltciiin'.;^' Illustrated (California ^MaLjazine. San Francisco, 1S57-G1. 5 vols, 
 llviic {(Jeor^e), Historical Facts on California. jMS. 
 
 Jliarra (Tnan Maria), Cartas Varias del Tcnientc. MS. 
 
 ItlahoCitv, (Id.) World. 
 
 Me(\VillJani I!.), Bear Flag Revolt. MS. 
 
 lie (Wiliiain 11.), Biographical Sketch. [Clai'cmont] ISSO; Who Conquered 
 
 Caliloniia? [Claivniont) J 880. 
 Ilnstraciou Mexicana (La). .Mexico, IS'il-S. 4 vols. 
 Iiiilependciicc (Cal.), IiiJ"o Independent. 
 Indcpendcui'c (Mo.), Mission Ivxpo.sitor. 
 Indios, (Joutcstacion al Interrogatoriu de 1812 por el Prcsidentc y los Padres 
 
 sobro costunibres, 181."). MS. 
 Iniborf, Intcrrogatorio del Snpvcuio (~;(jlucrno sipl)rc Costumbres, 1812. MH. 
 Industrial Magaxiue. San Francisco, ]8(i7etsen. 
 Infornie de lo mas L'eculiar de la Xiu.'va California, 17S9. MS. 
 Infornie sola'c Ins Ajustes de Pobladores do la Juina de Los Angeles y dcmas 
 
 de las I'roviucias de Californias. Dec. ;iO, 1789. !MS. 
 Inger.soll (i.rncst). In a Redwood Logging Camp. In Harper's ^lag., Ixvi. 
 
 I'Jl-.".. 
 Iniciativa de Ley, 1827. In Junta do Fonicnto dc California. 
 Iiucstra, JOxpeilicion de Cal., 184,"). In Amigo del Pueblo, Scpt.-Oct. 1S45. 
 Institutions, associations, societies, companies, onlers, churuhes, banks, clubs, 
 
 Courts, etc. Publications cited in notes by luiniu of tlie institution, etc.; 
 
 but nio.st of them, not historical in their nature, are omitted in tliis list. 
 Instruccioues d que debe sujetarse la Coniisiou nonibrada por estc .Vyunta- 
 
 niiento de ^Vngeles, ;!() !^layo, ls.'>7. MS. 
 Instrucciones para Tribunales de I'l Insti'ncia. [1824] MS. 
 lastruccioncs (jiie los Viivyes dc Xucva llspanii. Mexico, 1SG7. 
 Iiivestigaeion sobre la !Muerte de los Religiosos enviados u larcduccion de log 
 
 gentiles del I'lio Colorado, 1781. MS. 
 lone, Amador Times, Chronicle, < 'ity Xe\\s, Riverside Independence. 
 liiarte (Francisco', Contcstacion li la llxpresion de Agivivios. ^Icxico, 1832. 
 Irving (Washington), Adventures of Bonnc\ illc. New York, ISliO. 
 Iturbidc (Agustin), Cartas de los Scnores ( Icnei'alcs, Mexico, 1821. 
 Iturrigaiay (Virey), Conmnicacioncs al (jobr. do California. ^IS. 
 
 ■Jackson, Amailor Dispatch, Amad(jr Ledger, Sentinel, Press. 
 
 Janssens (Agustin), Documcntos para la Historia de California. MS. 
 
 dansscns (Agustin), ^'ida y Aventuras. ^NIS. 
 
 Jay (William), Review, etc., .Mexican War. Boston, 1840. 
 
 Ji'ukins (.John S.). History of tho AVar between U.S. and ?>Iex. Auburn, ISol ; 
 
 United States I''xploring Expeditions. Auburn, ]8.")0. 
 Jimeno (.losi!' .foaqnin and Antonio), Cartas de los do.s Frailes. ^LS. 
 .limeuo Casarin (Mamicl), Es(;ritos del Secretiirio dc I'lstado. MS. 
 John Ihdl. I Loudon ncwspapei'. I 
 .)ohns(ja (Daniel IL), and Cornelius Vanderbilt, Correspondence, etc., for 
 
 Transpf.iiling Mails r!a the Isthmus. [.'KJth Cong., Jst Sess., Sen. Ex. 
 
 Doc. 4o.] Washington. 18j'J. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 Ivii 
 
 rttc. Hartford, 
 nivellt! Espaguc. 
 iva Espaua en el 
 
 ita Biirbara City 
 1857-01. 5 vols. 
 
 "SYlio Conquered 
 
 :nte y los Padres 
 
 l.res, 1812. MS. 
 
 i. 
 
 Angeles y dcmaa 
 
 ■per's Mag., Ixvi. 
 
 pt.-Oct. 1S-1.J. 
 
 , banks, clubs, 
 instituliim, etc.; 
 itteil iu this list. 
 )or e«tc Ayiinta- 
 
 rc-Mluccion de loa 
 
 iiilcncc. 
 Mexico, 1832. 
 
 MiO. 
 
 \b-2L 
 ■MS. 
 
 a. jSIS. 
 
 Atiburn, 1851; 
 
 M.S. 
 MS. 
 
 (Irnce, etc., for 
 Sess., Sen. Ex. 
 
 Johnson (Tlieodore T.), Califuniia and Oregon, or Si-litM in tl'.e flnld lleL'ion. 
 I'hil., I'OI; I'hil., IS.'iT; i'liil., lt>Oo; .eights in the Gold lagioiis. >;. V., 
 ISUI; X. v., 1.S-.0. 
 
 .l.ilmstiMi (A. li.), Journ.al of a Trip uith the First 1 . S. ])ra,L.'iMins. ISJO. 
 |;!()th Cong., 1st Scss., II. Ex. Doc. 41.] Washington, lo>8; In Eniory'si 
 Xdtes. . 
 
 .Icucs (Jnhn C), Cartas Comerciales, 1S;U et seq. MS. 
 
 JuiK.s (Tlioina.-i Ap. C), Agresinn en ( 'alifornias. 1S12. In Mexico, !Meni. 
 L'elac, ISM, An. 87-!t^; At Monterey in 1M2. |J7th dnv^., ;iil Sess., 
 II. Kk. Doc. 1()(!.] Wasliington, 1812; IMiscellamuiis I'rdclaniatidns, 
 ISi:); Unpuljlished Xarrative, 1842. From Los Angeles Southeiu Vine- 
 yard, May 22, 18:.8. 
 
 .Tone's (William Carey), Iteport on Land Titles in California. Washington, 
 ],s,")0; Tlie I'ncblo (^>uestion Solved. San Francisco, 18GU. 
 
 .loneslioioiiyh (Tenn.), Sentinel. 
 
 Juarez (Cayetaiio), Xotas sobre Asuntos de Cal. MS. 
 
 ,li;lii,> (.V'.s;'.r, Co.-as de Indios. MS. 
 
 .lunta do 5 de Al)ril de 17'.H en Monterey. MS. 
 
 .liinta Consultativa y l-^cononuca en Monterey, 184.3. ^IS. 
 
 , I unlade Iwinionti) de C'aliioriiias, (Ajleecion de los Tr.abajos. Jlex. 1827. 
 
 .1 unta de < Jnerra y Kendieion do Monterey, 4 X'ov. 18;>(i. MS. 
 
 .Junta I'liiuera de (luerra en Monterey, 4 Oct. 17(J9. MS. 
 
 Kaliinia, l^eacon. 
 
 Kearny (SUphenW.), Orders and Correspondence, 1847. In Cal. and X'. Mex., 
 Mess. &. ])nc. bS.")0; rroclanialion, Mareli 1, bs47. Original MS.; al.so 
 in print; Jteport to Adjutant-Oeneral .lones, Mareli ],'>, ls47. [."ilst 
 Cong., 1st Sess., H. V.\. Doc. 17, p. 283.] ^Vashington, IMS; INpiuls 
 of San I'ascual. [liOtli Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. X'o. ."ilLi-KJ.] 
 Wa-hin-ton, 184S. 
 
 Kellcv (Hall .J.), A History of tho Settlement of Oregon. Sprin.Lclield, ISllS; 
 Memoir on Oregon, ]8;j!t. [2.")th Ciing., ."id Sess.,'j[. liept. l()l.] Wash- 
 ington, 18.")S; A Xarrative of Events and I)illicnlties. Jlostun, 1852. 
 
 K'elly (lleorgc Fox), Land I'rauds of California. Santa loisa, 1804. 
 
 Kelly (William), An Jvxeursion to California. liOndnn, ISol. 2 vols. 
 
 Kendriciv (John), Correspundeneia soliru Cosas do Ximtka, 17!)4. MS. 
 
 Ki'rn (l^dward .M.), .Journal df Exploration, 1845. In Sinqisou's lUqit., 477. 
 
 Kerr i.r. (i.), The Chinese (lUiestion Analyzed. San Francisco, 1S77. 
 
 Kcir (Itiibert), (General History and Collection of Voyages, Ivlinburgh and 
 l.iiudon, 1S24. 18 vola. 
 
 Keysci- (SibastianK Memoir of a Pioneer. MS. 
 
 Klili liiiikiif (K.), Zapiski o America. St I'etersburg, 1801. 
 
 Kin^ (('!;u-ence), .Mountainet'ring in the Sierra Xeviola. Jloston, 1S74; 1SS2. 
 
 King (Thiimas llutler), California; Tho Wonderuf tho^Vge. Xew York, ].S50; 
 Itepnru on Calil<irnia. "W.-ishington, 18.") (message of i'resident, ^larch 
 2il, iN-d. yist Cong., 1st Sess., H. I'lx. D.k'. .V.».'| 
 
 King of William (.Tames), Assassination of, etc. S,in Francisco, ]S,"iO; Family 
 Srriqi-hook. 
 
 l>^ing"s(.)r[ih;in, Visit to California, 1842-.'l, Scrapdiook; also in I'])ham"s Xotcs. 
 
 Kiiik\- (.)msc])1i M.), Leinaiks on (Chinese Immigration. San J'laiiciseo, i^77. 
 
 Kip I !.roiiar<l), California Sketches. ^Vlbaiiy, |S,"i(). 
 
 ]\ip (Win. Inuo'aham), Historical Scenes from the Old .Jesuit Missions. Xew 
 York, IS75; Last of tiie J.ieatherstockings. In Overland Monthly, ii. 
 4(17; and other works. 
 
 KirchiioirCI'lu'odor), Keiseliilder iind skizzen. X. Y., 1S75-0. 2 vi.ils. 
 
 Kirkp.itrirk (CJiarles A.), Journal of 1SI!». :MS. 
 
 l\niulii CJ'hoinas), Jvirly I'lvents in California, of a Pioneer of '45. MS. 
 
 Knight ('I'honias), liinillretion.s. MS. 
 
 Kniglit (Win. H.), Sera|i-bo(iks. 40 vohui" .. 
 
 Knigiit's I'trry, Stanislaus Index. 
 
 Jll.-^T. Cal., \'oi.. I. 5 
 
Iviii 
 
 AUTIIOrjTIES QUOTED. 
 
 Knic'lit's Lnndin'r, Xcnvs. 
 
 Kii<i\ ('I'lii'iiiMS \V.t, 'j'lic Uii(Uiv,'roin)<l Wi.iM. II;;vtf')r(l, 1S78. 
 
 Kiililrr (Cliarli's), Win-? I'roductinii in ('.ilifornia. Ms. 
 
 Kot/i'liiii! (Oiti) von), Xi'\v Voyi'^c! round tlio Woi-M. Luiulon, ls:iO. 2 vuls.; 
 
 ViiyiiTo (pf Disciiviry. J^ond'Hi, IS'-'l. ',i vuls. 
 Kris/c\v: Id (Mirli.'u'lK .Vct.s of tho M:nuliis. .MS. 
 Kiiuzcl (IKiiii icli), Oli[Mr;ilifoniioii. Darmstadt, 1S4S. 
 
 Labor A:.'it.'itor»; or tlio I'.attlo for T-roail. San Francisco, 1879. 
 
 ],MCt (loanno (Ic), \ovv.s Orbi.s. llalav., Kl.'SIi. folio. 
 
 L;i J'ayctto, Dcnioi'riliu iSfn.incl. 
 
 l^afuir 1 (( ial)ri('l), Voya^'os autour du ^^olnl^•. Paris, ISl,*]. 2 vols.; Paris, 
 
 I Ml. .S vols. 4;o. 
 La I!;m|io {hy.'.n Francois). Abr(;^'o do I'Histoiru Gt'iu'ralc des VoyaL,'es. i'aris, 
 
 ISKJ. 21 vols. .ui(l atlas. 
 LaUc|iort, Avalanche, (Jlcar Lakn Courier, Clear Lake Journal, Clear J^aUo 
 
 'J'inies, ].uke County Jjep, Lake ( 'ouuty Democrat. 
 Lakeside .Monthly (Tlief. Chicago, 1872. 
 
 Lamiiertiu (Ciiarles de), Voyu^;e |)ittoresi|uo en Californie, etc. Paris, 1S.")1. 
 Lamotto(lL D.). ^tattnunt. MS. 
 
 Lanccy {'riioniaM ('.), Cruise of the Dale. Scrap-book, from S. .lose I'ioneer. 
 Lander (i''rcderick W.>, iieniarks on a tlouble-track Laihvay to the Paeilic. 
 
 AVashin'4tou, IS.'l. 
 Lane (.|ot'('|)h), Autobim/rniiliy. ^IS. 
 Laugley (llciny C), Trade of the I'aeific. San I'ranciseo, ],'i70. See also 
 
 Jjiivctoi'ie.s. 
 Lan.!.'silorll'((r. IL von), Voyages and Travels, lS0;!-7. Loud., lsl:!-ll. 2 vols. 
 La Pei'ouse (i. (1. F. de). Voyage autour du Monde. I'iii'is, 17!)''. 1 vols. 
 
 atla-!. folio; Voyage round the W'orlil, 17;^">-'S. London, 17!'S. ;>vols.; 
 
 Jioston, 1>:ul. 
 Laplace (Cyrille P. T.), Campagne do Clrcunnia\-igatiou. Paris, lSll-,")4. G 
 
 Vols. 
 
 La Porte, Mountain Messenger, Fniiui. 
 
 Lardiu r (DionYssiiis), Ilistory of .Maritime and Inland Di-'covery. London, 
 
 i.s:;o. .'(vols. 
 
 Lario^i (Ivstolano), Vida <le su Padre, flannel Larios. ^IS. 
 
 LarioJuJusto), Convulsioncs en (.'alifornia. .MS. 
 
 Larkiu(Thom;;9 (.).), .Accounts I.S27-12. .MS. 4 vols. 
 
 Liirkin (Thomas (.).), .Accounts lS40-r)7. ilS. 17 vols. 
 
 Larkin (Thonrrj ().), Correspondence CHici:il and Private. ^LS. 
 
 Larkin (Tliomas (). ), Description of (.'alifornia, ISl."). MS. 
 
 Larkin (Thomas ().}, Documents for the Jlistorj- of California, LS.in-')!]. JLS. 
 
 » vols. 
 Larkin (Thomas (").), .lournal. Tn Alonterey Californiati, Feb. 27, '17. 
 Larkin (Thouias (J.), Letter to '.Mason fro:n San Jose, ^iaj' 20, P'iiS. 
 Larkin (Thomas O.l, Lettcr.s to Sec. of State, June 1 and 2>>, ISIS. In 
 
 Foste)''s (i(]ld Pegions. 
 Larkin (Thomas t).). Notes on the Personal Character of Calif(jrnians, ISl."*. 
 
 .MS. 
 Larkin (Thomas 0.), Ol'icial Correspondence as U. S. Consul and Xavy Agent, 
 
 ISII-'). .MS. 2 vols. 
 Larkin (Thomas ().). Pa] icrs Unbound. ^IS. 
 Lark-n (Thomas ().). Private Itecord of Lots sold, ISin-rd. .MS. 
 Larkin (Thomas (),), U. S. Xaval .Agency .\cconnts. MS. 2 vols. 
 Las.-o de la Veia. (Jose LainonK K^eritos del .\UVrez, 17sl et seij. MS. 
 Lasuen (I'crniin I'ranciscot, Carl.-J de ll^^i. MS. 
 
 Lasuen (Feiniin I'raneisco), Carta Kobro I'undaeion de Misiones, Ul'l. MS. 
 Lasuen (I'crmiii l''rancisco), Cart:is al \'isitadoi' (ieneral (Jalvez, 17l)S. M.S. 
 Lasuen (IVrmin Francisco). Corrcspondeneia dil I'iidre y I'residente. MS. 
 Lasuen (Feiiniii Francisco), Fundacion de Misiones, 17i'7. Carta.s. ^NIS. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 lix 
 
 , 1878. 
 
 idoii, IS'M. 2 Tula,; 
 
 1870. 
 
 ;«. 2 vols.; rmis 
 Ics Vo3aj,'e.^. I'aris, 
 iilinal, Clear Lako 
 
 , etc. Palis, 1,S.")4. 
 
 im S. .Ti)s6 Pionocr. 
 vay to t!io i'acilic. 
 
 I'O, 1870. Sec also 
 
 .1., ]si;!-l.l. -2 v,,ls. 
 aris, 17!JS. 4 vuls. 
 • Ion, 1708. .') Vols.; 
 
 Paris, 1811-.')1. 
 scoTcry. Lojiduu, 
 
 MS. 
 
 1, ]8no-.-(5. MS. 
 
 1.. -27, '17. 
 y,, lS-48. 
 .11.1 -28, 1848. Ill 
 
 ,'aliforiiiaiis, 184."). 
 
 , ami Navy Agent, 
 
 MS. 
 ! v..ls. 
 .■t .secj. MS. 
 
 >l.es. 171)1. MS. 
 Ive/, 171)8. MS. 
 isiilelite. Ms. 
 Cartas. :MS. 
 
 T.asuen (Fcrmiii Francisco), Iiiforiiic do 17S.^. M.S. 
 
 I,a~ileii (I'eriniii I'raii.), liit'oiiiie sohreSitid.s jiara Xiicvas Mi.-.ioiu s, ]71'(i. MS. 
 l.asiieii (Feriiiiii I'laii.), liifoniies llieiialesdo la.s Misioiies, I7!';i-18(ll'. MS. 
 Lasiic'ii (I'eriiiiii Fraii'Tseo), liepresent.acioii soliro Ins Puiitos repie-ciitudos al 
 
 (loliieiiio por el P. Aiitouio (1(! la- CDiice|Kioii [llorraj, IMOO. ■SIS. 
 l,atliaiii(Miltou S.), Peniaiks oil Over), iiid Mails in U. S. Sen., May lil), I8(;(). 
 
 Washington, iMiO; Spei^eli on I'aeilic IJailroad in I^. S. Sen. .luiu; IJ, I8;ij. 
 
 IVikiaiore, KSIiJ; Speeeli on Steiinislii[is lii'tween San Franeiseo and i.'liiiia. 
 
 Wasliiiigtiili, iN.'i."); and otlicr .Sin'cciics. 
 L;iur (P.), li" la Pi-odnctiiiii des Mctaux Pi-i'eieux en Californie. Paris, lS(iJ, 
 l.aiits ((I.), Kalit'ornia. Anisterd.ini, |S4!). 
 l.iu -.11 (.James S.), Antuliiiigr.iiiliy. MS. 
 j.i !■ (./oiiii 1).), Miirinonism I'nviiled. St Louis, 1877. 
 i.rc (|)aniel) and .1. 11. I'rost. Ten Vears in Oregon. Xew York, 1844. 
 I., v>e (.lacol) 1'.), P.ear Flag Pcv.dt. MS. 
 1,. r>e (.Jacob P.), Claiin tor (Aiii-tnii'tion of ^lonteiey Wharf. 1840. [.'JOtli 
 
 Ci.lig., -Jd Sess., ][. Itep. 1274.1 Wasli. 181(i. 
 1..r-r (.lacol) P.), Letters from Islitl. MS. 
 I. c.-e (Uo-salia N'allejo), llistmyof the M)sos.' MS. 
 Ligal ]iiiljlioatioiis, law text-hooks, enimty and nmnicip.il regulations, re- 
 
 )iorts, etc. Ste Califnniia, San I'laiieisco, Prii fs, etc. ^lany bilcli works 
 
 are not named in this list. 
 Le "islativc Peeords. MS. 4 vnls. In Archivo de Cal. 
 I., ide^dorir (William A.), Letters of the U. S. Vice Consul. :MS. 
 J.iLmd (Charles (Jodficy), Tlie Union Paeiiic Jt.ailway. Phil.nh'lphia, 18f;7. 
 Le Netrel (Edmond), Voyage autour dii Monde, liS2li~'.l. In Xoiiv. An. ^'oy., 
 
 xlv. 1 •-•!). 
 i.r-.lii' (Mis Frank), California. Xc^w York, 1877. 
 l.r.'or (.lohii I^rastus), 'i'ho Atlantic to the Pacific. Poston, ls7.".; 1'ho 
 
 Voseiiiite, i[s History, <'tc. Provi<lence, 1S7;1. 
 Lett.M-f. M.), California illustrated. Xew York, 1S.">2; PictorialVicwofC.il. 
 
 Xew York, 18.">3. 
 l.evetu".'! Scra[» l)(jok. 
 
 i.iljio d;3 Ijitficora, archivo de la I'aniili:!, I'htndillo. ^IS. 
 i.iiiiaiitour (.lose Y.), Ajmntes solire la Cansaeoiitra Augusto.Toiian. ]\Ie\ico, 
 
 IS."i,"i; (J]iiiiion delivered l(y Ogden lioliinan in the Ca.ses of. S.-in l'r;i.'i- 
 
 ei.ico, l!S,"i8; l*ainj>]ilet relating to tlie (Jhiim of. .San ]''raiicisco, IS,")."!; 
 
 Limaiitonr (,^ase. M.S. volume of diKunients in S. F. Law Liljiary; and 
 
 various documents. 
 Liuairs (Virey), Iiitendeneias. MS. 
 I.iascliiiteii (.1. H. Villi), Peys-( Jhesclirift Van de X"avig;itien dc' Portugaluy.^crs 
 
 ill t)rienlen. Amstri liedam, l(i!)L folio. 
 I.i| piiicntt (Sarah .J. (.'.), Xew Lifi' in Xc^w Lands. Xew York, 187."!. 
 i.ippiii. Mitt's Maga/ine. Pliil.-ideljihia, ISliS et seq. 
 Li -.ilde (Peiii-o). Peconocimiento (k^ Tierras, 17II7. ^IS. 
 Little (-101111 T.), First 'S'ear.s of Cal. under L'. S. MS. 
 LiMiinore, laiteijirise, JLrald. 
 
 l.iverinore (Uohert), (Jccasional Letters from 18l?0. IMS. 
 l.loyil (15. P.), Lights and Shades in San Francisco. San Francisco, 1S7G. 
 Loa a la ^'il■gell. Papel de -Mision. M.S. 
 
 l.oh:,clieid (\V.), The Chinese; AVliat Tiiey Are, etc. San Fr.incisi'o, 1S73. 
 I.oc.il histories, .see name of county, to\x .i, cu' author. 
 
 I.oi-kw.iod (P. A.), Vigilance Comniittec Speeches. San Francisco, 18.V2. 
 LimH, \'alley Peview. 
 
 I.o;.'-hooks, Fragliienls from tlie LaiLin Collcrtion. ;> vols. M.S. 
 Loin ] IOC, Pecord. 
 
 Liiinlon, J'A'ho, I'lngineer, (ir(,icer. Mechanic's Mag.izine, Morning Po^*", Spec- 
 tator, Times, etc. 
 Lope/ (Daldonicro), El Guardian a los Padres, proliibiendo el uso de Carrua- 
 
 jcs, 1820. .MS. 
 
X ArjIIORITIKS QUOTKD. 
 
 .(ppcz (15;il(l(iiii(i()), i;i (lu:irili;iii .'il I*. I'lvsi.loiitc solirn cosifiii ilr Mi.sionos, 
 
 Is-JO. MS. 
 ^(ppc/, (lljiltlidiuTip), (itia'jiis del I'. (!iiiinli;iii iil ^'il■^'y, ISIO. MS. 
 ,iilH'/ (lliililoiiicrii), iiii(l If-iilro -\I(iii.si> Sala/iir, < 'iiltii dc hm riulri'ii dc Stu 
 
 Cni/, 17!) I. MS. 
 .mil (.Idliii Ki'.isl), 'I'liu Xatiinilist, in \'aiK'iiiiV( r Island. J,(ind., ls()(i. 'J vols, 
 .iiriu/alia. (.\)Milinaria), Mtniurias di: l;i Jl( ata. ^IS. 
 jirtto, Liliru.H do Misiim. MS. | in iio.<su.ssiiiu of (). Li\urniuiL'.] 
 .iiH .\nL;c'lL'.s, ,\i-id]ivo, ('(i|ii('.s and l].\lracts. !MS. ") \v\s. 
 .IIS .An^'cU's, iVynntamicntu UcTiirds. ^IS. 
 .OS An^oK's, Crunira, Jv\|iii'ss, Jlir.dd, .Mi'iidiunal, Mii'rnr, Miirnin.L; .Tmmial, 
 
 Xcws, ]!('|)nlilu-an, Slai-, Sud. Cal. IVist. 
 .IIS Angi'liH, i li.stoiical f'kctcli of (Ky llayts, Warnui', and 'W'idnoy). Lns 
 
 Anj;oKs, Is7t). 
 .IIS .AiiLiflcs, lluniis in. Sue McT'liL-r.^on, AVilliani. 
 
 .us Anijc'les, Jii.stani'iii do Itot^idm'o.s y X'l'rinns ssuln'o Tiorras, ISIO. MS, 
 .lis jVn-olcs, Jiista do Ins I'uidailiircs, luvalidos, yA'ooinus, 16l(J. MS. 
 ..OS Anyolos, Ordoiuinzas do la (jiudiul. l<os Augolos, ISOO. 
 .OS Aiigolos, I'adnin, ITS I. iMS. 
 vos Aiigoloa, IJoglanionto do I'dlioia, 1827, MS. 
 .i/sAngolos, ]!('|iarti(.'iou do Solaro.s y Snortos, 1780, ^IS. 
 .II.S ^Vngolos, Jtovisi'd (Jrdiiianrcof thot'ily of J^os .Angclos, 185.1. Loa .^Vligo- 
 
 los, ISdU. -J vols. 
 ^iis Angok's Connty, Historical Sketch of (\a. Lowiu and Co.) Los An- 
 
 goU'S, l!S7(i. 
 .(IS .\n:;Llos t'ouiily, lli.stnry of (I'lionipsnn and AVost). Oakland, KSbO. 
 
 Atlas f.iliii. 
 jiiiiis\illo (. Ky.), Courior-Joni'nal. 
 
 .w\v (('iinradi, .Mior odor Sorliancn Bnoli. Ciilln, l.'iOS. 
 .(iw (I'l'odorick 1''.), Olisrivatiuns in I'larly Cal.. -MS. 
 .liWtr Lako, llnllotin, Olisii'voi', Sontinil. 
 
 .udlciw (I'itz JIngli), 'I'lii^ Jloai't of tlio Contini'iit. Xow York, 1870. 
 .ngii (l'\'lipo), Cartas A'ai'ias. ]MS. 
 .11,-11 (.Iciso del C.iinion), X'ida do nn TJani'hcro. MS. 
 .all ^Miguel), Jvxposiciiin dt'l I'adro (luardian .■^obio Jit'd\i(.'cion do Misioiicros 
 
 on Cal., 17'.lll. ]MS. 
 Luyt (Joanuis), Jntroduotio ad Goograpliiuni Novani ot A'otoroin. Trajocti 
 ' acl JMionuni, Hi!)'-'. 
 
 Mo.Mlistor (Hall), Statomont on A'igilancn Couiniittoo. MS. 
 
 JiloChiistian (Patrick), Xarrativo on ricar l'"lag. MS. 
 
 !MoClollan (li. (Uiy), 'J'Lo Coldcn Stato. I'hiL, etc., 1S7-; ricpnlillcani.sni in 
 
 America. San Francisco, 180!). 
 McCloskcy (.1. J. ), Tlio Karly Diaiua in California. In San Josu I'ionoor, Dec. 
 
 i;!and U, 1877. 
 McCluro (.A. Jv.), Throe Thonsand Miles through the Itucky iMountains. 
 
 riiiladol|>liia, l.sOll. 
 :McCiilhiin (William S.), California as 1 Saw it. r-ufTnlo, IS.m 
 i\Ic('uo (.lini), 'i\\ entv-ono Years in ( 'alifnrnia. San Francisco, n.d. 
 McDaniels (W. ]).), j'iarly 1 >ays of (alitm-ni.-i. MS. 
 ?.lcli(iii.-dd (1). (1. Forlios), llrilish Columbia. London, 1803. 
 'Mcl>oui:al (F. 11.), Tile Doinier Tragedy. In I'aciiie liiiral Press, Jan. 21, 
 
 LS71. 
 ■SIcDougall (.Fanios A.), Speech on Pacilic Railroad in U. S. U. Rep. Jan. 10, 
 
 l.s.'ij. Washington, 18."i,"). 
 McFiii'lano (.James), Tlio Coal-regions of America. Xew 'S'ork, 1873. 
 ?dcFio (Matthew), V'ancnuvor Island and llritisli Cnlundiia. London, 180."). 
 McCarrahan (William), The IJuiiksilvcr Mines of ranoelio Crande. Wasli 
 
 inuton, 1800; iNleniorial. A Collection of Documents. San Francisco, 
 
 1870. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 Ixi 
 
 li.n <lr Misioncs, 
 
 MS. 
 
 s I'ailrc'H ill' Stik 
 
 „1., ISdti. '2 vols. 
 
 IIOIT.] 
 
 Mniiiiii.L^.Timniiil, 
 I ^Vialu■y). J-"'* 
 
 s isin. MS. 
 
 ISUi. M.S. 
 
 1S5."). Loa^Vii^c- 
 
 id Co.) Los An- 
 
 Oukluua, 1880. 
 
 ork, 1870. 
 
 oil «lo Misioneros 
 jtcniii. 'J'nijceti 
 
 rvCpuliUcaiiism in 
 nsi'Tionow, Dc'L'. 
 L'ky ;Mountiuiis. 
 
 SCO, 11.(1. 
 
 a Press, .Tiiii. '21, 
 
 ]I. r.cp. -Tun. Ki, 
 
 ,rk, ISTIl. 
 I. Lomlon, ISd.). 
 (IraiiiU'. \V;isli 
 iSuu Fi'iincisco, 
 
 M,(;!;islinn T F.), Klstoiy of tlio Doiiiur I'iiity. Tnickcf, ISTO; S.niFian- 
 
 .is.-o, isso. 
 .M, (l.>u:i!i(l'Mwiiril),l'act.S('oiici'niiii'.,'tlii' Oi'L'aiii/Mtioii known as tlio 'Homi'ls' 
 
 ill S. 1''. I'ost, .\o<-. I, is7'>: Naiiati\(' of iVihcntiiii; wliilo imisiKMl \ty 
 
 \'i;;i.'.'UiiT ( 'oMiiiiittcc. ,San I'l'.-uici.SLO, i.S,")7. 
 Mrilv.iiMi! ( Willianii, Sivcti'lirs of Scent ry and Noten of rcrsoiial Advciitmo 
 
 ill ('iililoiiiia, etc. ]'iiiia<lcliiliia, iS.'iO. 
 M,i\;iy (.losi pii W.), lti't'olli:(;lioiis of ii Ciiiif 'J'tadcr in llio lludsoli'd liay 
 
 ( '.iiii|iany. MS. 
 MiKiiisiry (i icor;,'i'), PaiHTs on tlic^ History of California. MS, 
 .Mil.< an ( i'iiiis M. ), SiicimIi, .Jiiiu! ."•. iS.'iO, on Constitution of Cal. AVasli. 1850. 
 ,Mid'l;<r.-on, l.i'ttcrs of .'iianila. | fn various ncus[ia|icr.s. | 
 .Mil'licisiin (\V.), JioMus in Los Antitlcs. l,os An;,a'lus, |S7.'1. 
 M((,)U('in (.Tolin), .Spccili, .luno.'i, is.")(>, on Ailniission of (Jal. Wash,, ISot). 
 
 M.\Vi!lio (\V.), Sjurcli, March 1, |S,"il) tin' .XdniLssion of Cal. n.^l., n.d. 
 
 .Maclia<lo (.\ntoniol, Ivsuritos do iin Snidico. .MS. 
 
 M.uliad,) (.liiann), Tii'u'iios I'asachis do ( 'alifornia. MS. 
 
 .Ma'lclcno (Henri do la), i.e Coin to ( iaston ilo liaonssetdioiillion. Paris, 1870, 
 
 M:iL;lianos, St l'"rancis and I''ranciscans. 
 
 Ma-uiri) (.li'lin J'rancis), 'I'lio liish in AnicricM. Jsew York, lS(i8. 
 
 Mailorena (.loso .Joai|nin), (,'artas Suclta.s. ,MS. 
 
 Malaiin (.luan), Correspoiidencia. ^MS. 
 
 M.ila^pina (Alejandro), Xota di' Oficiales. MS. 
 
 Mala.--iiiMa (Alejandro) and .Jose de Pu.stauiaiite, Carta al P, Lasnen, y KoS" 
 
 jnusta, 17!»i. MS. 
 Maltcd'.run, l.a Sonor;v et ses Mines. P;ii'is, ISlIL 
 Mauiiiioth ('ity, Herald, llonur Minin;,' Index, J.akc Miniit-^ Ivcvicw. 
 MaiiL:iiio (Fernando J,), lIes[ineHta du I!) do .lunio 177.1. in Palou, Xot., i. 
 
 hsO. 
 Maurow (John P,), Stati'nu'iit on X'i-ilance Ccjnjniittues in S. F. ^IS. 
 Mans (.Matthew), 'J"i;i\cl.-i in .Minini; histricts. ^IS, 
 Manslield (I'Mward ]).), Mexican "\Var. Xew York, 181!). 
 Mandi y Lahore^) (dosej, Ilistoria do la Marina l']spanola. Madrid, 185-1. -Ito. 
 
 'J Vols, and atlas. 
 Mavi-liaud (Ftieiiiiei, Voyacro antour du Momle, 17(10 "J. I'.-iris, n.d. .") \o!s, 
 .Marcon (. lilies). Notes i^ioii the l'"irst J)iscoveries of Cilifornia. Wash., 1S7'~'. 
 .Marcy {\V. L.), (,"oniinunications of tlu^ Secriitary of War. 1840-8. ill CuU 
 
 a'lid X. :\Iev., Mess, and I>oc., |S-|S; Jd., IsllO. 
 Marin County History (.Mley JJowen & Co.) San i''ranei.sco, 1880. 
 .Maii|io.a. l''rei; I'ress, (la/.ett(.', ?ilail. 
 
 Maiiposa Ivstato, It.s I'ast, Present, and l'"iitur«'. Xew York, 1S(J8. 
 Maild''ville, -\l[iino (.'(jurier, Alpine Si;inal. 
 
 Maikof (.Mexey), itiiskio mi Vostotehnoni. St P tersliur;.', ]8.")(). 
 Maiqiiiiia (\'irey), Coinuiiicaciones al (loljr- de (,'al., I.SOO et .se(|. ^IS. 
 Mariiuiiiez (Marccliiio), Cartas del Paili(> al Cohr- Sola, Ls21. JNIS. 
 IMaiTon ( Feli])a Osiina), I'apidos ()ri;.'inales, ^IS. 
 Man-on (i'elipa Osniia), 'lIecuei'<los del I'asado. ^IS, 
 
 Marryat (Frank), Mountains and Mole Uills, Xcw York, IS.")."); T.oudou, 18.')."). 
 -Man'xat (l-'rede'rick), Xarrativo of the Ti'avols, etc. of Monsieur \'iotet. Xe\7 
 
 Sorlc, 1S4:{. 
 Marsh (John), Letter to Connnodoro Jones, 18I'J. MS. 
 Marsh (•lolin^ Letter to ix'wis Cass, ISIO, In Pachoeo Contra Costa Gazette, 
 
 l>ec. -Jl, 18(J7. 
 Marsh (.lohn), Letters of a I'ioncer Doctor. MS. 
 
 Mar.-hall (II.), Speech, Apr. :!, IS,")!), on Cal. Message, Wash., lS.-)(). 
 Mardiall (Ilenrv), Statement, 18i;J. :MS. 
 
 Marshall (T. W. M.l, Chiistian Missions. Xew York, ISOl. 2 vols. 
 Maisludl (W. C), 'J'iii'ou-h .\iuerica. London, IsSI. 
 -Martin (Juan), Msit.a a los Ccntiles Tularenos, jsol, MS. 
 Martin (Thomas S.), Xarrative of l'"reinont"s Ivxpuditioii, 1S4j-7. ^IS. 
 
'i 
 
 Ixil 
 
 AUTIIOIUTIKS QUOTMI). 
 
 Mni'tiiir:', riii'i|niii(V I"iitrfjiii:c, I"\[iri'«s. 
 
 Miiitiiu'/ (lyiiiu-io), DitViisa I >ii i-iila ;il ('oiiiiitul.inti' (li'iuntl, ISW. MS. 
 
 >r,iitiucz I iLril.iri'i), iMitr^icl.'i .1 lin Kiuu'lirrias ilil 'I'ul.ir, Isllj. MS. 
 
 Mjirliiii'/ (li;iiiK'ii>), Mscritds \'iiiiiis. MS. 
 
 ^Iiii'tiiu./, (liiiin AiitiPiiiii), C(jncs|n>iiiU'liii:i (kl I'ailic. MS, 
 
 Miiitiui/ (Ivstcviui .Icjsi') ami <inii/ulc» l.()[)LZ ilu Hani, Ciialta I Aiilunuioii, 
 
 ITSS. ]\1S. 
 Marvin (.roliii (!.), Tin- T,a\v I'lstablisliiiii; ( 'ii!iiiii'>ii Seliools. H. F., ls,"i,'l. 
 MaiAivillc, Apjical, (Jalil'miiia, Jlxinis.;, JIcniM, Xmtli Califuriiiaii, Xoilliuiii 
 
 Stati small, Stamlard, 'I'dr'^'raiili. 
 Mar\svi!lc and ]'■( iiiciii Xatinnal Kailroad. l.'ciioit of DiigiiicLTs on Suivcj-. 
 
 'Marysvillc, ls:i:i. 
 ^[as^^(■;^ (IJaitlioldiiii'), lidacion I'lara dtl XayaiiUi, IT"''"). MS. In I'inait, 
 
 l'i)l. J'lio. Mi'xico. Misiniiis. 
 Masiiii (.loliii ^'.1, I.utti'r.s (if U. S. Soc. Xav. to ('niiiiiiaudi rs in (.'al. l.s!(i-7. 
 
 Ill ( 'lilts' CoiuiiU'st; Sijceuli, May '2~, 1S,")0, nu Admirf.sinu of L'alifuiuia. 
 
 Wasli., IS.-.O. 
 ^r.Mson'n HaiidliKok to r*alifiiriiia. l.oiiiloii, IS.'O. 
 Mason (llifliard 15.), ('alit'oniia and lur (iold. liiiiort to tlic secretary of 
 
 Mar. Wasli., ISoO. 
 Ma'icn (llicliard 1!.), Mi: ('cllancoiisi I'nu'lainations, ISIO. 
 Masuii iKiidiard !>.), Orijrrs and ('on-i'siiondtiirL- r>f tliu Military (Jovirnor, 
 
 )S!7 S. In Cal. and X. Mix., .Mi.'^s. and 1)ol\, isriO; also, MS. [In 
 
 airliivcs.] 
 Masdu illicliard !>.), rriRlaiiiation, X'ow '_'!>, 1SI7. In lOnglisli and Spani.vli, 
 
 Moiiiiivy, IS 17. 
 Mas.sclt (Sti'iilicii (.".), T)i'iftin'^' About, X^iw Voik, ISIi.'!; I'Api licnccs of ;i 
 
 'liter. MS. 
 Malriialiii didia T-^toriy Kiis.kikli Zassiloiii;,'. St. I'cli'r.'ibnrg, l.-^Gl. 
 M;irtlio\vson (T. ]).), (."'••difdi'iiiji Alliiirs. MS. 
 
 Maiiro'lc (I'ralK'isco Ant'iuio) ])iaiio did \'ia;,'i' do 1, Sonora, 177"). MS, 
 Manii'llo ( I'^-ani'isL'i) Antonio), ( 'oin[ii.'iidio de X'oticias, \'i;i,'^o do, 1771. MS. 
 MauieHi' (I'lani'isi'o Antonio), .Toiirnal of a \'oyaur in 1775. Loiidou, 17!50. 
 Maiinlli- (Fr.iiR'i.sio Antonio), X'avoL;acion, 1771'. ^IS. 
 .Miivwill (R. T.), \ isit to ^lontfivy'in lSl-2. .MS. 
 .Miiyir (I'l-aut/), Mexico, Aztvc, Spani.sli, etc. Ilartfoid, IsrrJ. 2 vols. 
 ^Nlayi'i' Mairasrripts. A coUcL-lion of oO copies from .Mcx. aiLhivcs. 
 jVIayliold, I'aitei'iiriso, I'astor. 
 
 Mayuc (U. ('.), Four Year.s in llritisli ( 'olmiiliia. LiMidon, l>i(J-. 
 Mazathin, I'inu's. 
 Miadu (IMwin It.), Tlio Cliinosu Question. Xew York, 1^77. 
 
 Meadi. 
 Moad. 
 IMrclia 
 
 I.ak 
 
 ;.raiiios). The firaliam Allair, 1S40. MS. 
 
 Institute of San F 
 
 1'' 
 
 18. 
 
 'i7 et fieij. 
 
 lu'port of Industrial l']\l;iliitions. 
 
 MelhiM (Francis), Diary, iSHS-tO. :MS. 
 
 iMd'ius (Franc 
 
 id llcnrv), Littcr.«. MS. 
 
 Ml 
 Mf 
 
 iiiit; 
 
 Indt'jH'iident l^i.-p.-itcli, West (.'oast Star. 
 .'ino Wai-, Majority ami Minority Jieport.-i of the Joint Special Co 
 
 n !• r;;iKi>; o, ii.i 
 
 M 
 
 cnildcuio 
 
 County llistoiv. San Francisco, IRSO. 
 
 Mencfce (C. A.), II 
 
 isiorical anil 
 
 ]), 
 
 i;tc. 
 
 Mc 
 
 ?il 
 
 (.Tc 
 
 ipi 
 
 1.' 
 Mi 
 
 rilitivi 
 
 Iclidiook of Xapa, Sonoma, 
 
 juez), Fxiii 
 
 itc di' ]'a|iclcs tiicaiitcsa la ^k'.taii/a 
 
 do Indios lieclia, por Olden di'l 1'. Ministro do S. llafacl, IS."."!. ^IS. 
 ircaiitile Lilirary A>siiciation. -Vnniial llcports of rrciideiit, etc, 
 
 San 
 
 I 
 
 ram 
 
 isco, IS,'),") et si'([. 
 
 Moron tor's Atlas. ]')[>'.) et f-cq. 
 
 Mi'irod, People, San .loaipiiii N'alley Argus, Trihum 
 
 Merced County History, Sau Francisco, ISSI. 41o. 
 
AUTIIORITIK.S QUOTF.r). 
 
 hiii 
 
 ral, ls;!(). MS. 
 NlO. MS. 
 
 "uiiilii IlNiiloriuioii, 
 
 f. S. I'., is:,.-,, 
 .lifmuiaii, N( rtlii'iii 
 
 ii^iii(.'i.'r.s nil Siiivi y. 
 
 1. MS. Ill .I'iiiait, 
 
 ci-.s in (,',il. IS|(i 7. 
 issiuu of L'alifuriiia. 
 
 to the societal y of 
 
 Military Governor, 
 iS.'iO; also, MS. [In 
 
 uyli.sh and Spaiii.-.Ii. 
 
 "; F.\pi liciujcti of :i 
 
 burg, ISCJl. 
 
 a, 177:.. ?.IS. 
 
 ;cdc, 1771. MS. 
 ■5, Loiidou, 17SU. 
 
 IS,--2. 2 void, 
 archives. 
 
 ISO-'. 
 
 itrial E\l:i!iitious. 
 
 jiiit Speeuil Cum 
 
 )f Xapa, Soiionia, 
 nti's ;i la ^l.-itaiiza 
 
 s:;:!. :ms. 
 
 iideiit, etc. Sail 
 
 •'J 
 
 Mnvlmntsi' Kv^lmngo Trices Current and Siiipiiing Li^t. .San Franciaco, 
 lM.'iO-'_'. -Ito. :i voIh. 
 
 M'l-iiri/, ]'l\[iccliciilt' dc Ilivesti;,'ilcion sol>re la ea) ma, isl.l. MS. 
 
 .Mdcditli (\V. .M.), :MiricelhineoU8 rroclauiations liy .SixiLta'y "-'f 'I'*-' Treaa- 
 lu'-, ISJ|>. 
 
 M ivv.'i 111. r (Henry .Mwnrth), T.y Sea and i'y Land. Li/iidon, I.S7I. 
 
 M(iidl (.Ximii^ Jt<c(ilIe"tionH of San Kraiui, eo. MS. 
 
 M, \ie;^ii i;ord( rTrouMetl l,")lliCong., IstSe.ss., J[. j;\. 1 <!■-•. l.'ij. Wash., b77. 
 
 .\lr\ii;iii r-iiiii)iliivy, Kcohitiiiii respeeting adjir.tiiH lit and naynient of tiio 
 !?:;,()0!).<'.(!') |::"llh Cnnj,'., IstSe.s'., Sen. K\'. ]»iie. ."i7|. Wa>liiiiulun, I.s.m. 
 
 Mi\ii'aii Oicau Mail and inland ('(iiiiiiaiiy, Jleimits. \e\rYoik, IS,")!! et m'|. 
 
 Mixi'an War. A Cn'leetion of U. S. (ioverninent ]>iieilincnl.s, Sciupw, 
 !'. iii]'!dets, etc. !•_' vol;. 
 
 Mexican War. Mes.ia;;es of the President fHOtli Cong., Ist Suss., II. Ex. 
 l)(ic. (iO; S<'ii. Kx. I]. Wa;,-hin'-'t(>n, 1S17-S. •_• vol-i. 
 
 McNican War I'l'lie). Il^IItroes. i'hil., IN'O; i'hil., ISIlO. 
 
 .Ajcxici), Acta (,'on,4ituti\a do l;i !''cderaciiin Me.siciaa. Mexico, Is-Jl; Actaa 
 dc hi .Imita <lo Miiicria, l.Sl(l-7. MS.; .Nciuiih) do la .liinta thft literrii 
 y Ileal Jlaeieiida (Miiiomsl I77-. MS.; Araiuel (leiural do Aduanas 
 Maritiniaij y Fronteri/.ab. Mexico, ISl'i ft ^cfj.; Arre-lo I'l-ovidonal 
 de la Adiiiinis'racion de .luslieia '_'.'! .Mayo ls:;7. In An illapt, lucij). 
 1S,'!7, p. .'>!"); Ba.seJ y Icycs CinistitueiniKdes de la I!c|iii\ilicii .Mei.icana. 
 Mexieii, 181)7; Cokccion do lX'ciet<j.s y Ordene.s ile inleici ('i)iimn. M \ieo 
 ISoO; Coleceiou do Leycs y Decr-tos, iS.'t'.MI, KS14 S, jS.'iO. Mexico, 
 ICii'd-'J, (J vols.; (.'olcccion de Urdene.s y I.leeielos do la SuIh rana .liuita 
 I'rovi:*. (iiiljern. Mexico, lSl29. 4 voln.; Constitiieion reclcial. Mexico, 
 Iti'-'l et seij. ; Pecreto Kohro I'asaportes, etc., ISJS. In Sciiiiii(U".i Civil 
 Law, Spain, .'JKJ; I)iario del (loliieino de la l!e)>ul)lica Mexicana. Mexico, 
 1S!'.> et secj.; Mstailo ^layor (lelieral del lljii'i-ito, Ivsealal'on. Mexico, 
 L'.'i-I; l']xposicion del Mini.stro d'j Hacienda IMS. ilexieo, jslS; liistriic- 
 ci' n Provisional Uic. 'J_', 1SJ4, Mexico, ISJI; Lc\c.s Con.siitnciwn.-deij. 
 2: Die. 18::!). In Arri!la;;a, llrcop. IS.Sd, ;]i7; Leyci Vi-cntes 1 11 ls:2!l; 
 MciiKdias dc (Inerra, Hacienda, .Tusticia, llelacimu s, etc. Mexico, 
 18i2il et sei]. [Annual JU'port:! of the Jlcxiean g()\eriinient in iis dill'er- 
 ent depaiiiaents, cited l).v name and date. Xearly all contain iiimu or 
 less on California, About i!00 voI:j.]; Providencia do la Siipieiiia Corte, 
 II \ov. ]y'.i~. In Arrillac-'a, Kecop. Is.'iS, p. 07-; Reyhinieiit 1 para la 
 ('nli)nizacion, Pi'JS. MS.; Ilog'aniento do la Diieceinii do Coli'iii/acion. 
 !Mc\ico, 18!'j; ll( :;laiiieiit ) do l^leicioncs I'J .liuiio \A'.\. MS.; Ke.da- 
 mento Provisional, Dipartnieiitos, 2;) >d;irz(). In Arrilla.L.'n, liecoii. ls;!7, 
 p. 'JilJ; lle^'hunento para el r;',nio do I'asaportes, ISL'S. .MS. ; l!i ;;ianienlo 
 ]i.-ir:i la Tcsoreria {(ciieral. Mexico, ISDl, 4ti); Ilej;las para i;icccion(,:i do 
 Dipiitado.s y Ayuntamieuto. I'SoO. In Arrilla^^a, ILccop. IH'M, p. 'Si',',. 
 
 Meyer (Carl^, Xach deiu Sacrauiento. Aar;in, IS"i.">. 
 
 -\h'yrick (Henry), Santa Cruz and Monterey. San I'raneisco, 18S0. 
 
 Miclultcirena (Manuel), Armiiui.itration in L'))per California, n.pl., n.d. 
 
 Miilieitnrcna (Manuel', Ijando EconcMiiico, IDJiiiiii) l8l,'>. MS. 
 
 .Miclicllorcna (.Manuel), (^'oneiudadanos, etc. ^lontere.v, Lie. Li, 1811. 
 
 Mirlieltorena (Manuel), Corrcsp;ndeni;ia Mi. ceh'inea del Sr Coben.ader. ^IS. 
 
 MiciieUorena, (Manuel), l)ecreto por el ciuil devuelve las .Misione.s ii Iud l'raile«, 
 ISI,'!. MS. 
 
 Michidtorcna (Manuel), Hecreto Pruhibicielo la Intri)duccion de Kfectos 
 lOxtiangcros. Monterey, Julio .'iO, ISH. 
 
 "^lichk'lkireiia (Manuel), Digest of Corresjionli'iice, lSt.">. n.pl., n.d. 
 
 Mieiieltorena (Manr.,1), El C. . . .[Anuneia la Apertura do las .Sesioin. de la 
 Diputaeioii.] Monterey, 28 A,.ijsto, 1844. 
 
 -Miclieltui'cna (Manuel), Kl C. . .[iJccreto do la Asainblea, lacurso.s para la 
 (luerra Probable] Monterey, ;$ Sept. 1814. 
 
 ^'iclie'torena (Manuel), Iirstrueeiones, l;i42. !MS. 
 
 Mieiieltorena (.Manuel), Mediua:i de Hefen.-ja contra los E. L'., ISU. !MS. 
 
Ixiv 
 
 AUTnORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 MiclicltorcMia CMnnucl), riC'liinrnto de ]-sf'uc'l;:s Aiiiu'.'is, l.'vtt. ?1>>. 
 Miclii'ltoreiia (Miiiiucl), llcglaiiR'iito ilo ^lilii'ia, Aiixiliiir. .Montcrvy, IG tie 
 
 Julio. I Ml. 
 Millc'iiiiiiil Star. ^lanuhcpter, Liverpof)!, etc., 1S4I -7!>. 41 vuls, 
 JMillor (.ioiKiuiu), Tliu Dauitos iu the Siui'ras. Chicago, 1S81; Lifo iimonf; tlio 
 
 Moiloos. Lin\i]<ii\, l!s7.'!; Kir.st Fam'lics of the Sk'rras. ('hicu;,''), ISTCi; 
 
 Sliailow.s of Shasta. Cliioago, ISSI; A Sierra Wetldiiij;. la S;ui Jos6 
 
 I'ioiici'i', Nov. 17, 1S77. 
 Millvilie, Siia.st.'i. Coniity llecord. 
 .Miner ('1 lie). San Fraiiciseo, ISOfi. 
 Miner.)' Own liook (i'lie). San Francisco, 18r)S. 
 M' ill;,' ('on!panie.s, lleports, etc. Cited Ly uanie of company. Not given 
 
 in thi.s li.st. 
 .Alining Ma','azinc. Xew York, 18."3 et seq. 
 
 ,Mi 
 
 srellaiieijUM 
 
 5 llistorioal Paper.s. A (Jollection. 
 
 MS. 
 MS. 
 
 ISSO. 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Miscellaneous Statement.s on California History. 
 
 Miscellany. A Collection. !) vols. 
 
 .Misiones. Cuadei'no ile llstailos, en satisfaccion de los puntos que el Sr Comi- 
 
 .sionailo pidu ;i la Prefectura. IS'J'J. ,MS. 
 Misiones, .ljif(,)rines Anuaks y Jlienahs, Indieo y Notas. !MS. In Arch. Sta 
 
 liarbara, v. pa.ssini; x. 4'.),") o'Jd; .\ii. ol-l'J!). 
 Mission Hooks. Sec name of the Mission. 
 
 Mis;iioa Land (Jrants, Opinions, etc. In ILiyes' Mission liook, ii. .".". 
 Mission ^lusic. An iniuicuse parchment folio with introduction li\- I'. Diiran, 
 
 181."). MS. 
 ^ILssion Jtcports, different dates ami cstalilishnieuts scattered in the archives. 
 
 .Many eitr<l liy name of author or mission. 
 ^Mission Stitisties. MS. 
 
 Modesto, Herald, San. Toaqnin Valley ]\Iirror, Stanislaus County Weekly Xew.s. 
 .Mofras (Fu;cene l)nllot de), (.'artas de un Viagcro. MS. 
 Mofras (Ivagi'no Hulkjt de), ICxploration de TOregon, des (,'alifoniies, etc. 
 
 Paris, i.S44. 2 vols, and atlas. 
 Mohan (11.) et al., J'eii Pietuies of our llepresentative Men. Sac. 
 .M')ke'.uinne, Calaveras County Chronicle. 
 
 .''l'>rhau.':,en (Haldu in), Diary of a .Tourney. London, 1S,"8. 'J vols. 
 -MoUha.'.iseu (Hakhvin), Tagebucii einer Keisc voni .MiAsissi^ipi, etc. 
 
 IS,->S. 4to. 
 
 !Mone (Alexander), A Pioneer of 1847. ^IS. 
 -Monitor, Aliiine Miner. 
 Montauus (.\inoIdus), Die Xieuwc en Onhekando Weei'eld. Amsterdam. 
 
 1071. folio. 
 Moutanus (.\rnoldus), Die Unbekannto Neue AVelt. ITratislatjd hy li.'pper.] 
 
 Amsterdam, l()7^i. 
 Monterev, Acei.iunts of the Pi'esidial Comiianv, Hosiers, ete, MS. Chielly 
 
 in PVov. ,St. Pa])., IJen. .Mil.: Dept. St. J'ap.I lien. MIL; and St. Pap., Sac. 
 Monterey, Actos del .Vynntamiento, ISI',!-."). MS 
 Jlontei'cv, \euerdo del Ayunt. y de la Diputacion contra el CaniLiio di' Capi- 
 
 tai, i8:r.. MS. 
 
 Jlonterey, Arehivo dc. MS. 10 vols. 
 
 M(jntercy, Californian, 1S40-S. Also a vol. of !MS. extracts. 
 ]\lon*^erey, ( uentas de la Compafiia, P esidial, IS'^8. M.S. 
 .Monterey, Democrat, (Ja.:ette, Ih'rald, I'ecorder. 
 .Monterey, 'Jiario do Sucesos, 1800-'J. MS. 
 Monterey, lAtracto de Xoiieias. Mexie , 1770. 
 Monterey, Oliieiat Aeoou of the Taking of. 
 ^Monterey, Oi'denanzas -Munici pales, \H'1S. MS. 
 Monterey, IV.dron (ieneral, 1S;J0. MS. 
 Monteri'y, Pr.ri'()(|nia, Areliivo. ]\1S. 
 
 Mnotei-ey, Pelicion del Ayuiitamicuto en favor de Frailes Espaf.olcs, 18i?',t. 
 MS." 
 
 Pittsburg, 
 
 IS48. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 kv 
 
 '4. y\fi. 
 
 Monteivy, IG <le 
 
 :,.ls. 
 
 ; Lifo ainoii;^ tlio 
 
 L'Jiica;;<), ISTO; 
 
 U. In Siui JosLi 
 
 my. Nut given 
 
 i quL' fl Sr Comi- 
 S. Ill Arch. .Sill 
 
 ok, ii. .*?.'). 
 
 imi In' V. Diirnn, 
 
 il ill the ;a(-liivfs. 
 
 tyWiM'klyXcws. 
 
 Ciililuruii'S, tdc. 
 
 Sac, ISSO. 
 
 vols, 
 li, etc. Leipzig, 
 
 (1. Aiiistcnlam. 
 
 it'.td ))y li.'iipi'i-. ] 
 
 U\ ^IS. Cliielly 
 ml St. I'ap., Sac. 
 
 ^'aiiiljio lie Ca[ii- 
 
 Mcintenv, Preslilcnt's Mc'S., Tiifnnnatlon on taking of, by C'tni. .Tones. 
 
 [•_'7th Cong., :M .Ses.'i., II. E.;. Doc. Xo. 1G(J.] 
 ■Monicrev, Itanciios esi^tente.s, 17!!."). .MS. 
 .Monterey, U. S. Consulate lieeonl. MS. 2 vols. 
 MiJiiteiev Connty, History of. San Friineisco, ISSl. 4to. 
 ^M.intes'leoca liocunKnit. X(jv. II, Is-J.'i. MS. 
 
 Mont.i^oinery diielianl Z. ), IJeeollcetioiiH Mining; Camps IS."."— 1. MS. 
 Montgomery (Zaeliary). Sjieee'i i;; Assenil)Iy of Cal., Aj>ri! 10, 18G1, on 
 
 Conniion ScliooLs. Saeiainento, ISGl ; Various other Speeches ou saino 
 
 Sultjeet. 
 Moore (Augnstin), J'ioneer Ex])i riences. MS. 
 }iloore anil De I'uer'. See San A'ateo County History. 
 !Mora (.lose Maria Liisi, Oliras Sacltas. Paris, 1,S,j7. 2 vols. 
 Moraga (dabricl). Cartas. MS. 
 
 ]\Ioraga ((liihi'ielK Diai'io ile .su Expcilit'ion ;\\ Puerto dc Boilega, ISIO. .MS. 
 Mor.'iga (Jose ,Toa(|uin), ]']sei'itos Sui'ltos. MS. 
 
 Moi.iga (Josi'" .foaiiuin), Infornie de i777 sohrc cosas de .San Franeisef). MS. 
 .Morag.a (JosJ: .Toaiinin), Instrneeion y orden ipie deljc oliservar <1 ealio do 
 
 Kseolta de S. .lose, 17vJ. MS. 
 MoreJie.'id (C. S.), Speet'h. Apr. •_';{, IS.IO, on Admission of Cal. Wa-h.. ]8.")0. 
 AInrilli (Cii'iacus), Fasti Xc^vi Mvljis et Ordinationnin. Veiietiis, 177G. Ito. 
 Morenhaut, (,'orrospondenee of the Freni-h Consul. }iIS. 
 ^Moreno (.lose Matias). Doenmentos i)ara la Ilistoriti du Culiforni.i. MS. 
 Moreno (Tu;in P..), Vida Milit;u'. }iIS. 
 
 Morgan (Martha M.), A Trip across the Plains. San Francisco, 1SG4. 
 Miirinriii (P. de), Xfjtiee .sur la Xouvillc Califoruie. ISIit. Ju Soe. Ceog., 
 
 linlletin, XV.; Xouv. An. \'oy., Ixi. i;'>7. 
 MnriHi u llitt.'ilii u, List of Olliecr.s and !Men. ^[S. 
 
 .Mi.ireU (lieujaun'n AV.), Narrative of Four Vovages. New York, Is.")'-'. 
 Mnrris f.Mhert F.), Di.iry of a Crazy Man. MS. 
 Morris (dt'orgo 15.), The Chinaman as hois. MS. 
 
 Merse (.r. F.!. Illustrated Histoiy of t.'alifornia, etc. Sacramento, IS.'I. 
 Mdrskni Svornik, IS.'iS. 
 
 .^hiuldc r (.\. .T.), CoMMuentaries on the Sclioiil Law. Sacramento, LS38. 
 Mmnitaineering on tlie Paeilic. Jii Harper's Ma'.,'., xxxix., 7l'.'>. 
 Mowrv (Svlvester). 'i'lu! Mines of tiie West. X. \v York, FSGL 
 Aliigartegm(Pahlo), Carta al P. i.asuen, 1701. -MS. 
 Miig.irtegiii (Paiilo) and Tonias de la Pi'ua, Pareeer sobre el establecimiento 
 
 de un Conveuto en S. Francisco, 17'.'7. MS. 
 Mnhlen|ilordt (f'.duard), Versneh einer getnnien Sehilderung der liepublik 
 
 .Mexico, llannver, 1S44. "i vols, 
 Munii-ipal lav.s, regulations, reports, and other public docnineuts, cited by 
 
 naiMi^ of town, but fur the most ])art not in this list. 
 Mufioz ( Tuan -Vntonid), (^'ai'tas del < 'aiiitan. MS. 
 .'^lufioz il'eilio), Di.irio de la J^xpi^lieion lieelia por 1), (laljriel Mora"a al Tu- 
 
 lar, IS(l(i. MS. 
 .^ll, .■'_'uia (Jose .-bitonio), and Tinuas de la. I'eua, Informo de Sta Clara, 1777. 
 
 .MS. 
 Mur|:hy (Tiniotliy^, I.etter.s from I.S-_'4. ]MS. 
 
 .Murray iCiiarles Aug. K Travels in .North America, New York, ISo!). 
 Alurr.ny (!■!. ¥.), Miscell.incous Documents, MS. 
 Miuiay (Walter), X'arrative of a California Volunteer, 1847. M.S. 
 ]\liisiea de ilisioncs. MS. 
 
 !:spaf.olcs, 1820. 
 
 Xaiinu (La). ^le.Kieo, IS.'iG et seq. 
 N.'Maimod!. C), Free Press. 
 
 Napa(;ity, Classic, NaiviCounty Peporter, Pae'lie I'^eho, ne;.;ister. 
 Ni.[MiaMd Lake Counties, History of (Sloeuni, ikiwen, and Co.) San Fran- 
 cisco, ISSL 4to, 
 Xationat Democratic (.Juarterly Ueview, Washington, IS'i'J et .scip 
 
i '■ :l 
 
 I 
 
 Ixvi 
 
 AUTIIORTTIES QUOTED. 
 
 niviiiei.'iis IiitoriKig, 
 
 Xiivii fri'dro), rotniiiiicacioacs tk'l Coiuainlniite rjcii. ilc V 
 
 1701 ct-swi. MS. 
 Kav;i (IV'ilro), liifoniici;:jl)r<' rroycetodu AljiirC:iiuiii;)..i oiitri'r'al. y X.^Iexico, 
 
 um. -MS. 
 
 Naviii'i'cto (Martin Fornaiuli z), Tiitroiluccion. In ^^util y ?,I'j.\icaiia, Viagc; 
 V'iagi-.s .\p()crifiis. In Col. 1)iil'. Jiu'il., xv. 
 
 Nayarit, [nforinc do la Aud. do (liiadalajaia, 17S4. MS. 
 
 Xcal (SiuiiiK'li, Xotico of a I'iDin.'ur of '-15. M.S. 
 
 X'fall (.l;i:iic.-;), Vigilaiiuu (.'oiuiiiittcc. MS. 
 
 Nevada (Cal.) Donioorat, Gazette, Herald, Jouiiial, Xational Gazette, Tran- 
 script. 
 
 X;evada County, Hii^tory of. Oakland, IRSl. Atlas folio. 
 
 X'eve (I'rlipc), ('!)rre,-ip'):ideneia Misccliinoa del (lol)''-, 177") et ooq. MS. 
 
 X'eve (I'elipe), Inforiiie dc _."» d'j Abril 1777. ^IS. 
 
 Xevo (I'Vlipe), Infoi Mie solirc Jlcglaniento, 177?'. MS. 
 
 Xevc (I^'lipe), Tnt^tniLTiou al Ayndantc Insiu'ctoi- Soler, w'"'-. ^IS. 
 
 X'ovo (Telipc), In.stniccii)n ;'i I'aycs sjliro < loljji.'nio Intcriu >, 17?-. MS. 
 
 Xove (Felipe ), rnstrue(.-ion para, la, I'unda'^ion do Lo;i An^^elv"!, 17S1. MS. 
 
 Keve (Felipe), Instrnceion (pie liade Liobcinar al Coin't'do '.'Ui I'lirLani, 17^2. 
 MS. 
 
 Xcve (Felipe), Tlcglamonto e Tiistnn'cioii, 1770. MS. 
 
 X^ew Aliiiaik'n — a great nmulierof lu'iefs, aiguiiiculr-, opiaiiins;, docun)cnt-<, 
 eti'., ill 1.!ic ease.s of CiK-tiiler'j, Fossat, and oUie'.i !i;;rJn .t. the U. S.; 
 also the following iiaiii]>ldets on tlioKaiiie KuLjeet: Correspondence. San 
 Fraiii'i:;eo, 1S,".S; Tlio 1 »i. I'li-wion ]Ie\ie\vcd, S. I'\ ]V'C.; J':;p!.;i;-.i of the 
 Attoruey-("!eiieral in California. Xew York, 18(10; Fiirtlii'i' Coire.-pond- 
 enco ill U'lation to. San I'raiici^^co, I'^.'iO; (Letter t. ]I':;i. J. S. I'.lai'k, 
 from 'a Cal. Pioneer'). X( \v York, l.S(iO; Letter to the i'reyident of tlia 
 U. S. (l)y Jolui T. Doyle), Xew York, ISliO; Letter.) fr mi San Fraiieiseo 
 Herald, Dec. IS.'i.S; llep.jit of Attorney -General to the Prc:".iilent, ]lcjoiu- 
 tion.'i of C-.il, Leg., ISUU; Smart and Cornered. Ii. pi., ii.il. 
 
 Xewa>!c (X. ,T.), Advertiser. 
 
 Xew II.'ivi 11 (Conn.), Joiirn-1 and Cnnrier. 
 
 Xuw Helvetia, Di.ay of Kveiit.s in IS-LVS. MS. 
 
 Xew Orleans (La.), Adverti.-^er, liec, Conimereial Times, Courier, rieayiinc, 
 Tropie. 
 
 Xew.spai"'i'.s (.f ("aliforiiia and otlier state;* of the Pacific U. S. The ]iu).vt 
 important are eiteil under llie name of tlic town v.'I'.eio publi.s'icd, and 
 nrmy if tlrin named in this list. 
 
 Xew Taeoma iW'ash.), Ledger. 
 
 Xew Westminster (15. C.), Mainland Guardian. 
 
 Xt w Y(n'k, liiiUetin, Comuieivinl Adveriier, (.'oinmercial .Touriial and Pcgis- 
 ter. Cornier, <;i'aphie, I'vaiigcli.-t, I'veiiing Post, IIiTald, .lournal of 
 Conmieree, .Slail, Post, Snn, Sunday Times, Times, Triluiiie, ^Vorld. 
 
 Xicolay (C. G.), (_)ri'gou 'J'erritory. Ivmdoii, IS-td. 
 
 Xidever (( reiii'g'e), Life mid .Xdvcntni'e.s of an Old 'J'l'aiijier. '}.'S. 
 
 Xiel (.riian Amaiido), Apuntaeione.i I'l las niem(vri:e-; do Geivniiuo do Z;irato 
 Salmeron. In l>oe. Hist. Mex,, ser. iii., toni. iv. 7S. 
 
 Xiles' Pu-^'ister. P,alt-more, etc., ISll-IO. 70 VoK 
 
 Xurdh, !i'""(Cliar'es), (Vlil'nrnia: for IL'alth, Pleas-ire, (•;,•. Xew York, 
 !S7.'i; \(jrtliern Calil'oi'.iiia, OreLTon, etc. Xew York, 1.S7I; Xew York, 
 I ■■77. 
 
 Xoriuan (Lueia), A Yonth'.s History of (.'alifoniia. San Franeiseo, lSti7. 
 
 Xortii .\nieriean l!e\i(.'W. I'oston, 1810 et sdj. 
 
 Xorlli San .liuMi, Press, War Clnh. 
 
 Xorth I'iu ilic Jifview. San Francisco, 1S(VJ! et seip 
 
 Xotieioso ( o'ueral. Mexico, ISl.VJI. vols. 
 
 ^Noiivelle.s Amiales des Voyages. Paris, l.SIO-fiO. 1 (IS vols. 
 
 Xiieva l^spafia, AciK'iilos d>,' la .Junta, Sup. de Iteal Hacienda, 170L MS. 
 
 N'ucvo .Mexico, Espedieiitc de Ahigeato, LSIJ^. MS. 
 
AUTI [( )lilTIi:.S QUOTED. 
 
 Ixvii 
 
 cias Tutemas, 
 l.yX. Mexico, 
 xiciuiii, Viago; 
 
 Gazette, Ti'an- 
 
 C(\. 
 
 MS. 
 
 MS. 
 r-2. MS. 
 1781. MS^ 
 liaiLaia-, ITS'i. 
 
 vns, (lijcnnicnt.s, 
 hv.t tlio U. S.; 
 ijirriiilciicc. San 
 j;:;i.lwii:i of tlio 
 
 llLT''CulTC;-ponil- 
 <,n. J. S. V.lark, 
 LVcsiilcnt of tlio 
 111 ^ra;l I'mncisco 
 ■csiucnt, llciolu- 
 (1. 
 
 luicr, ricajniiio, 
 
 S. Tho nioft 
 pulilislicil, and 
 
 ri!:;l and TJcgis- 
 ild, .Touniai i)£ 
 mo, World. 
 
 \'S. 
 
 limo do Zi'ivato 
 
 X.-w York, 
 ; Xrw York, 
 
 u'ij-co, 1807. 
 
 17;il. MS. 
 
 Xmv (•Tiiaciuiu Paymiid), Diario dtl Capellan do la ]]-\pcdicion I'ara los .Viiuv- 
 
 javas, lyi'J. MS. 
 ^u-ciit (Julmj, Scraps of I'Lu'ly IIi.story. la S. F. Argonaut, Aprd i;'., 1>)7S. 
 
 ( ),ijai.'a, Ks|)ut:icioii, 1S28. 
 
 U.ilvlaiid, Alaukda Democrat, Ar;,'us, C'alifoi'iiia Cadet, CoUevjo ICelio, Dtiii- 
 oci'at, Dianion 1 Preas, Doiuiniou Tress, Herald, Home .Journal and 
 Alameda CuUiity Adveni.jer, lloniestead, lndej)endeiit licmizcr, Juiirnal, 
 Mirror, Monthly llcview, XevLc-an lles-iew, X'ews, XoLed of ^Varniil,u', 
 0'.'- Taper, Teoplc'd Chani]Uon, I'rcs.s, l{:'.diat;jr, Seniitroiiical l'ix.:.-s 
 Si„.. of tho Times, Teiiiiiiii, Times, Torelili^lit, 'I'rau.seript, Trib.uie, 
 University Eelio. 
 
 Oakland I'vdjlic Schools, Annual Reports. Oakliiid, l;i70 et secj.; luany 
 oUicr nuuiiciii:.l documeiiLs. 
 
 Oliservador .Judicial y do l^e^;islacion. Mexico, IS4J et sc<|. 
 
 Occident aiid Orient. ]Melljourne, clc. 
 
 Olid Fellows. A laryu munber of publications of diiiereiit lodges of tho 
 order, cited under tliu above tiile. 
 
 O.iiilby ( lolui), Amoi'ica. London, I(j71. folio. 
 
 Olbes (Hanion), Cartas sobro el Tumulto de Sta Cruz, ISIS. MS. 
 
 ()!Jo (ii.-'.:i lU Vj.), Spcecli, July -i, \' M, on Ca.lifornia (Question. Wash., iSM, 
 
 Ohicy (J;.nicd X.), \'igilaace C'oi.anillee. ^LS. 
 
 Olvura (A.'.j'usUn), Docunieni.o.i para la Jlistoria do C'al. MS. 
 
 ( )lvcra (AL'.istin), X'arias Carta:;. ^IS. 
 
 olympia, (Jouiuiercial Ago, Uclio, I'acilio Tribune, ru;,;et Sound Courier. 
 
 O'.Mcara (Ii:nics), IJrodcrick and <i\vin. San Francisco, [^'6i. 
 
 0|icraci ni C^s.irea. M.S. [A relic of tlio ndsslon.s.J 
 
 OratioUo. Seo Speeches. 
 
 Old (.\;i;,ustl:;o de Li (iuerra), OcunN.ncias en Califoiiua. il.S. 
 
 Ord (J. Jj.), Jliuuniscence.j uf '^7. MS. 
 
 Orda.; (';!....), Cartas del Padre. }dS. 
 
 Onlaz (.;';.;.;), l.)i;;ri>j de la ilxpe.lici.in do I^ius Argiiello al Xorte, ISJl. MS. 
 
 (»r.!ciK:i.:;ab .Mroiicipales, [l;,JJ.] .MS. 
 
 Oiders, K.cret, benevolent, etc. See Institutions. 
 
 ()i'e.;ou, .'-'pcciator. Ib-W et scij. 
 
 (lie ;on City, Argus. 
 
 0,i^;.;i.; ^v'al. ), li.laniath X'owt;, X'orlliern Jlecurd. 
 
 0,o .M(,lido, en leagua do Imlio.j p(jr P;.dio Arroyo. MS. 
 
 (i.uvi!!-, PuLte Couuiy l're;.s, Pu..io (Jounty, IJiitLO Pecord, Mircury. 
 
 <lrr(;,'. M.), Tho Ciiy of Stockton; Its I'osition, etc. Stockton, 1;>74. 
 
 Ihu;...-. (IVhpc 2iiaria), Diario (pie forma. Pcouoeiuiientode Sitios, 17.-'.'>. MS. 
 
 <lrav.,a (Jose Franeiico), Connmicaciones delCoUiandunto do IS. Diego a i;i\i la 
 y -Moiicada, 1771-l<. ^iS. 
 
 Orie,La (.Fo.se FraneP^co), Corrc.vpondencia. "MS. 
 
 <hle-a (Juse Francisco), Fragmeuto de 17o',). MS. 
 
 ( •itcg.i (Ji)Si' Fr;uici..;co), Jnfornio do ;,;) Xnv. J77-''. MS. 
 
 Ortega (Je. J FranciseoJ, ^leniorial sobre .sus MciiidS }■ .'^ei'vicios ^liliiarcs, 
 i7oJ. MS. 
 
 OitcliN.j (Abial.amvs), Thealrvm Orbis Terrarum. Antverpia', l.'i' 
 
 Osburn f\t'. J!,), Xarrativo of a, \ii^\^ to S. I'rjinciMjo, 1S4-1. M.-!. 
 
 < '.>io{.Vii'vOi.io .Maria), Carta .solire Coiubinaciones Pi.lnic.i.s. l.Soli. 
 
 O-.o (.udonio Maria), Carta a \';.Ilejo. i;,i Xov. \'o„J. 2*iS. 
 
 I'.di) lAntonio Maria), i^sciitos Sueltos. .MS. 
 
 ()-io (.\:itoaio Marui), llistoria «Io Caiiior-i!. . JIS. 
 
 O-una (Juan Maria), Cartas. .MS. 
 
 0>\vald (il. I'r. ), Caliiornirn und Siine \'erli;:UHisso. Peip/.ig, ISl'J. 
 
 0'>ril..ail .Mail S.rsiee to ( ■.dii.iraia. n.pl. |i:,:,7|. 
 
 <>\. i1;:mi[ ^Pmthly. San Francisco, iSiitS 7"i. l.-)\<)ls. 
 
 "... ,L , I. .).), ^iv.iUi Clara N'alky. S.ai .lo.-e, lt-.7o. 
 
 0\\ i ^ 1 ,u J, .San i'vaiieisco, PsiJ'J et (icip 
 
 d. folio. 
 .MS. 
 
Iwiii 
 
 AUTTIOrilTIKS QFOTI'D. 
 
 1'. (I). 1". K.) Si'c ralifwriiiji, in A'ia-vro Universal, 
 'alirilmi Natiiin.il (]•;!), .Mixio.), IMl it.si'(i. 
 racliiHO, Cciiitra C'dsI.i (ia/.i'tli', Contra Costa Kcwa 
 I'ailn'co (HiilorcM), Cai-tas. MS. 
 I'at'lic'.'i) (llonuialdo). Cartas, isi'i ;!I. MS. 
 I'.iclicco (Sahio), J'^srritos ilc nn M-riim do S. Jose. !MS. 
 I'auilic ( 'oast ilihii'uLional .loiiriia!. San I'laucisco, ISTI. 
 J'acilii' ('oast Mini's. S.in I'ranciM'o, IsTti. 
 racilif ilxiiosiloi', San {''raiuisto, Istiil "J. .'t vols. 
 1,'acilic Mail Stcaiusliii> (.'onipany, ^Viiiiiial Krpoits. New York, lS,")t ct .soij.; 
 
 aiiil vaiioiis (lamiililcts. 
 I'acilic .Mttlii'al and SufL:ic.al .loiirnal. San ]'"rancisc'(), 1858 I't S(.'i|. 
 I'auilic Jtailroad. A Collection; also a largo iinndiel" of imlilicatiuns cited \>y 
 
 this title. 
 I'aeillc JIailioad Ke|i<>rt.s. Washington, IS.').")- (iO. Ito. 1.'! vols. 
 J'acilli: Si'hool and Jlonie Joniiial. San l^'raiieisco, 1S77 et se([. 
 I'aeilie \Va,^on Jioads, J!e|iorts npoii [it.'jth Con^;., 'Jd Sess., 11. lv\. Doc. lOS; 
 
 Sen. lC\. Doe. .Sti.j Wash., IS.'iS. 
 r.iddoek (A. (!.), The Fate of Madame La Tour. New York. 1>SS1. 
 I'adres (.lose Maria) <_'orresjiondeneia do uu I\ei)nMieano. MS. 
 I'adri'S (.lose ^Mai'ia 1, i'rott'sta que dirige al ( lete I'olitieo, ISJii"). MS. 
 I'aez (.lu.'Ui). See ('al)iillo, Uelaciou. 
 I'aiaro, Monterev I'nion. 
 
 r.ilin.T (.1. \V.),'Tlie \e\v and the Ohl. Xeu York, lS,-.(). 
 I'alinei- (.loel), J'^aily Jntcreouiso. MS. .loni'nal of Travel.s over the Koeky 
 
 Mountains, Is4,")-(i. Cincinnati, tS.'iL*; Wairon Trains. MS. 
 Palnier (Lynian L.), see N''pa- ami l^ake County History. 
 1 aimer (Willi.im .1.), lieport u( .Surveys across tlio Continent in l!St')7-S. 
 
 i'liiladelphia. lS(i!». 
 I'aloniares (.lose I'raneiseo), Memoria. MS. 
 
 I'.ilou (l''raneisco), Cireularsolire Inloi-mesde Misiones, etc., f) Oct. 177o. ^IS. 
 Talon (I'raneiseo), ('onmnicaeion al I're-^idente sohre Kaeioiies, 17M. MS. 
 I'alou (Francisco), Corresjioudeneia del Mi.^iouero. MS. 
 l\:!ou (Francisco), Dei'uncion del I'adre .lunipero Serra, 1781. ]\rs. 
 I'alou (I'l'aucisco), i;s]iedicion y liei^istro do S. r'raneiseo. In Id., \ot., ii. 11^. 
 I'alou (Francisco), Fondcj riadosu de Misiones de Califoriii;i, etc., 177'-. MS. 
 I'alou (Francisco), Infoiiuo de 10 J)ie. 177.'i. In Id., Xot., ii. i I. 
 I'alou (FraiK'isco), Infoi-nio (jue pcjr el nies de Diciembro do 177ohi/.o al^'irey 
 
 Dueareli. MS. 
 Talou (Fr.'inciseo), Infoi'nic solirr (.^iiejas did ( oilicnador, \~S~>. M.S. 
 I'alou (I'raneiseo), Letter of .\u,l,'. i.".,'l78:{. In Hist. .Ma;,'., iv. <J7. 
 I'alou (Francisco), Xoticias di'^ la Califoi'uia. Mexico, 18.")7. In Doc. IIi.-,t. 
 
 ]\Iex., sov. iv., toni. vi.-vii. ; San Francisco, KS74. 4 vols. 
 Falou (Francisc >), lielacioa llistorica de la \'ida etc. do Juntpi'ro Scrra. 
 
 Mexico, 17'"'7. 
 raniphlets. A collection. ."> vols. 
 Fanani.i, Star and Herald. Panam/i, 181'.) ct scq. 
 I'ananiint, Xe\vs. 
 I'anu'aa (Toniiis de), Carta al \'irey sobro rdigrosiiuo aincn.'izau la California, 
 
 181)4. MS. 
 rapelcs Yarios. A collection of .Spanish jind Mexican ]ian!pldets. 'J 1 8 vols. 
 I'arker (Richard), Speech. Feb. 118, lN"i(!, on I'r-sidenfs Mess, on Cal. Wasli. 
 
 1 8,"i(». 
 I'arkinson (U. II.), Pen !'• rtraits. San I'raneiseo. 1878. 
 I'arkinan (Francis .1.), The California, and Oregi.tii Trail. Xew York, 1S49. 
 I'arrisli {.J. L.), Anecdotes of (.)re;.'ou. MS. 
 r.irrott (.loh.i), I'.usiness Letters." MS. 
 Parsons ((!lor^'e F.), Life and .\d\enuircs of .Tames ^\". Marshall. Sa<-i;i- 
 
 niento, 1S70. 
 Pasch,.i i,ileoi-L;e \V. ), Sj)ecch, in the Case of Wni. ^Ict.iarrahan. Wash., ISO;). 
 
ArriiDiiiTins oroTiin. 
 
 Ixix 
 
 ■k, 1S,")4 ct scii.j 
 
 t .SLM|. 
 
 cations ciltil hy 
 
 .''i:x. Doc. lOS; 
 
 . KSSl. 
 
 S. 
 
 ;:.. MS. 
 
 over the Eoeky 
 
 MS. 
 
 iK'iit ill lS(i7-S. 
 
 \-t. t::;!. ms. 
 
 :S 17.S1. -MS. 
 
 .MS. 
 
 1., \nt.,ii. i:;. 
 ,-.,177-J. MS. 
 
 ilii/.o alN'iri'Y 
 
 MS. 
 
 (17. 
 Ill Due. ][i.-.t. 
 
 rnuipiTO Sorra. 
 
 a la Caliiiiniia, 
 
 ;l('ts. '2 IS vuly. 
 Ill L'al. \Va.sli. 
 
 A'ork, ISI!). 
 
 ir.sliaU. Saera- 
 , Wash., 18U;). 
 
 Caiiiliriilgc, 
 
 ]'.itr:ii:i (Antiiiiiii) Tnrnriiics <lu la .Misimi ilo Sta r.:irli;u';i, I7S7 92. MS. 
 r.iUcr.-iDii (( Jcui'L'eJ, .\ilvi.'iiiiiri.'.s lit' a i 'iolieci' (if ISKt. .MS. 
 rattiTsuii (dcurgc W'.), AeK^.^s Mi'xiio tn (,'alit'oi'iiia. MS. 
 I'alli rsiii (Lnw.snii 1!.), T\\ clvc V( ais in tlie Mines of ( 'alifornia 
 
 I.SdJ. 
 
 r.itiie (.I.'inics ().), I'( rsonal Xarrativcs. ( 'iiieiiiiiati, 1S,'J3. 
 j'aty (.jolui), Letters of ii Sea Caiitaiii. -MS. 
 I',i\ lias ( Mariano), ( 'irenlar ii Ins l'aili\\s, ISlS. MS. 
 I'.iuiiis (M.irianoi, Cireiilar ii los J'ailres, l.SI',1. MS. 
 I'ayeras (.M.niano), < 'ireular del I'resiilente, |SI7. MS. 
 
 I'.-iyi ras ( .Mari.ino), Cireiilar in (pie jn'oliilio el uso tie t'arrnaje.s, IS-JI. -ATS. 
 I'ayeras (Mariano), ( 'oniiinieaeion suliru laMisiimile la rurlsinia, ISlO. ^MS. 
 I'ayei'as (M.iiiiiiiu), Cnrdillera soltre siiniinistiai-ioii ch; \'i\-eres, ISl'I. MS. 
 I'ayi'ras (Mariaiioi, ('orres)ioiiiii'neia del Misionuro I'ri'ferto. MS. 
 J'a\cras (.Mariano), |)os Cireiilares .sohru tVniliata eon MeCiilloeli, llartneli y 
 
 ■^ (ia. I.vJl'. MS. 
 I'aN I Ills (Maiiano), Jnforniu |ioi- d ('uinisai'io Prcfeeto del Aetual JOstailo do 
 
 Ins 111 .Mi.siones, ISl'O. MS. 
 r:iyri;i-; (Maiiano), Jnfornies I'lienales de Mi^iniics, ISI.I-'JO. ^LS. 
 I'ayera.s ( .Mariano), Jiistnieeion del \ ii'ario i'Vinineo, |.Sl7. MS. 
 r.iyeras I .Mariano), Memorial :i los 1 '.idles, IS'JI. MS. 
 ]',i}i ijs ;.M:iriano), Mi niorial a los I'adres, .sohre laC'esioii de las Xueve .Misio- 
 
 lies del Siir, IS'JO. MS. 
 J'ayeras (.Maiiino), Memorial de iI de .runio, I8l2(). MS. 
 
 I'ayeras (Mariano,;, Memorial .sobre Xiieva lylesia en Los An^'clrs, ISiM. MS. 
 I'ayeias (.Mariano), Notieia de nn \'ia;.;e it .S. Jfafael, ISIS. >iiS. 
 Tayeras (Mariani^), Xolieia.s .solire Itoss. 1 )iario de sii ( 'aniinata, <.:oii el (!'onii- 
 
 siirio del lm[>erio, LS'JJ. M.S. 
 r.i\i ras (M.iriano), reiiiioii al (loliernador, ISH). M.S. 
 ra\eras (Miiriano), llepresentacioa sobru Innovaciones del f+i- (lohernailor, 
 
 is-JL MS. 
 l';iyMiii ((;.), Itmiianee of ('alifi.rni;!. Xew ^'ork, IS.'L 
 I'ealioily (.Vifred), Karlv D.iys and Ua|iid Crnwtii ot Cal. Salem, 1S7L 
 I'e.iree (.L A.), Siieech, Aiir. 2!), IS.VJ, .Vllairs in California. Washington, 
 
 ls.-,L'. 
 Icai.Min (( Instjiviis C.), L'ecollrrtioiis of a ( 'alifornia '-lOer. MS. 
 I'lrlJijiii (l;. I-'.), liio^raphieal Sketches. S. Jose I'ioneer, J uiie et Bi([., 
 
 1-^77. 
 reekham (11. F.), An Kvintfnl Life. M.S. 
 I'eiree (Henry A. I, nioirajihy. San Franei.seo, ISSO. 
 J'eiivii lilriiry .\.), .Iimmalsiif \'ova:,'es, |.s:;i»-12. MS. 
 I'ehec I llciiry .\.), Le.ter of |Sl_>." 'in Xiles' lli-ister. 
 I'eiric I il, iiry A. ), Memoraiiila of a Xaviualor. MS. 
 J'liivi: illinry .\.), Itou-li Sketch. .MS. " 
 J'eiKi. (I'o.sme), Ivsin-itos de uu AhoL'ado. MS. 
 
 I'liia rrmiiUM, Cargo de Ifomieidio eoutra. el I'adro, KSCi-il."). .MS. 
 I'ei'ia iTonirisi, |)iario del Viage de J'ere/, 177L iMS. 
 
 J'eila (Tom.'i-), I'l'licioiidel (iu.inlian .sohre liniite.sdo Sta (.'hir.-i, 17!)S. MS. 
 J'ensaiuii nt>> Xacional il])). .Mexii'o, KS.m et suij. 
 J'eralta (Luis), Cartas del .Sar-ento. MS. 
 
 I'eraiia ( Lilis), Diario de una Lx[Hdieion nnitni, (lentiles, ISOJ. MS. 
 reie/. (Cornilio), Memoria Jlistuiiia. .MS. 
 J'ere/ (Kiilaha), Cna Vieja y Sus lU.ruerdos. MS. 
 I'eie/ (.liian), l'"oi'mulario, Kseiiiituras de rosisimi, 177.'>. ]\IS. 
 I'eie/ (.liian), liistruerion <iu" el \iriy diii a los Coii 
 
 Lxiiloraeion, -Jl ])ie. I77;t. MS.' Ill I'inart, C( 
 i'lre.! (.Iii.in), ilccnerdos liistiiricos. .MS. 
 I'ln/. ( luan), liilaeion del Via-e, I77L .MS. 
 i'ere/, i.liian), ■J'aMa Diaiia, 177' .MS. 
 I'eiv/. Fei'iiaiiile/ (.li..,;), Cartas d..l .\il. ixv. de Artilleiia. 
 
 idanle.s de ]>iiques do 
 l>oc. -Mex. 
 
 ^K. 
 
m 
 
 Ixx 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 I'crc/ FornaiuUv, (Josi'-JiCiiciita ('Jeiu'nililcl.i, IlaljilitaLiondi; ^fniit, 1700. Ml^. 
 iVrliins (Joseph J.), A I'liLsiiicss Muu'a Ivstiiiiato of ISantii Jjiiibar.i Cuiiiity. 
 
 Santa IVuliarn, KS81. 
 Pcriy (f. !■'..), 'J'raA'i'l!?, Scciics, niul Snfl'fi'inij's in Cuba, etc. iMistou, 1S.">,'{. 
 I'utalnnii, Ar-^ns, Ci)inior, Cn'sucut, .Joui'nal and Argns, Lancl Journal, Sononifi 
 
 County .li.urnal. Standard. 
 Pctiu'i (Dc Witt C), Lil'o and Adventures of Kit Carson. Xew York, 1S,")0. 
 I'etit-'riionars (Abel de). Voyage autour dii Monde, ISolJ-!). I'ari.i, 1810— 1. 
 
 .") Volri. 
 
 Telo (Sii-S. Morton), 'J'lie nesourecs of America. London, etc., 1800. 
 I'eyri (Antonio), Cartas del Fridle. MS. 
 
 I'eyder (JolmW.l, r.T'.onal iind :SIilitary History of V. Kenrny. X.Y., 1800. 
 
 rt'eifier ([d;i), A Lad.y's .Second Yoyagc round tlio \Voild. Xew York, 
 
 is,">n. 
 
 I'!)el|.H iJoliii S.), Siieeeh, Juno 8, IS.IO, on Adniis.sion of Cal. Wash. [1S,"jO]. 
 
 rhrl;.i(\V. D.). lYuvandAft. IJoston, IS7I. 
 
 I'liihidelphia, American (la/ette, livening St:ir, Inf^nij-er, Ledger, Press, 
 I'crord, Times. 
 
 Pijini|M (!.'. Jl.), Southern California. S;iu P'ranciseo, 1870. 
 
 riiilli[i ; ( 1. Arthur), Tlie ^dining and ]\I<tallurg}- of Gold and Silver. Lon- 
 don, 18ti7. 
 
 rhoti'i;rapluu Album of C^difornia Pioneers. 2 vols. 
 
 Picket t (Charlca I'].), .Vddi-ess to the Veterans of the Mexicnn War. S.in 
 Fraucijeo, ISSO; Land (hnnbling versus Mining < landiliu;,'. S^in Fran- 
 eisco, 1870, ISSO; Paris Exposition. San I'rancisco, 1877; and oilier 
 pamphlets. 
 
 Pico (Andres), Papclcs do Misioncs. MS. ]S-28~iO. 
 
 Piei) ( Iesi5 do Jesus), .\conteeimientos cu California. !MS, 
 
 I'i'.'O (Jose de Jesus). Mofras at S. Antonio, lSd± MS. 
 
 Pi'';) (Jose JIaria, Dolores, Andres, Antonio ]Maria, Jos(? Antonio, Jose do 
 Jesus, Pio, etc.) C:;rtas. MS. 
 
 Pieo ( Fos,'! Ilaiuon), Documentos ])ara la Historiade Cal. ]\tS. .T vols. 
 
 Pieo (I'io), Correfpondeiieia. eon \ iieales l!ee:dcitr:intrs del X'orte, 1840. i\IS. 
 
 Pi.o (I'io), Deereto do Al)ril 4, 1X40. Venta de Mi iones. MS. 
 
 Pie;> (Pi)), Documentos ptirala Jlistoria deCal. MS. 2 vols. 
 
 I'i-o (I'io), Xarracion Hi torica. MS. 
 
 Pico (!'!■'). Prntestaal Maniliesto de D. Abinncl Victoria, 18:!1. MS. 
 
 Pi;") (I'i:)), IN'glanunto del (eilir. para la iMiageuacion v ariarudo de .Misioncs, 
 
 Pi,-). Ms; 
 
 Pi na, (Joaipiin), Diiirio de la Espedieion !il Valle de S. .Tos,', 18-2!). :\1S. 
 J'iiKirt (AJphonsc ), Coleecion de Doeuineutos Originales jiai'a la Historia do 
 
 Mexico. .MS. 
 ]'i::art (Alphonsc), Dneuiiiints on Pussian Amerien. ]\1S. 
 I'iiiart (Alplionse), Documents for the Histoiy of Chilaialnia, 1780-18"). :\IS. 
 
 nml ]irint. 2 vols. 
 Pinart (Ai| house), Docninouts for the History of Sonera, 1784-1S0.3. MS. 
 
 nn(l print, folio. 5 vols. 
 Pine (deorgo W.), Peyond the West. Utica, 1871. 
 I'inkeiton (.John), t leneral Collection of Vovages and Travels. London, 
 
 ls(is-14. 4to. 17 vols. 
 Pinto (l.'al'ael), Apuntarioncs para la Historia. MS. 
 Pinto iPafael), l)eeunientos para la Historia dn Cal. MS. 
 I'io ^'f.. I'.r; \e Apostidieo en (jue se les concede varias j^racias a los Misionc- 
 
 ros, 1 7; '7. MS. 
 Pioneer ('i lie). San I'^'imcisco, 18.">4-,1. 4 vols. 
 I'ioneer .rournalism in C.difonn'a. In I'pliam s X'oles; Powell's X't'wspnper 
 
 Pejiorter and Advertiser's (!uide. 
 Piuiinr Panama Passengers, lic-union on the 4th of .Tune, 1874. San Fran- 
 
 eiseo, IS74. 
 Pioneer Perils, Domjir I'arty. la S. F. Call, Oct. ',', 1880, and other paiiers. 
 
AUTnorJTIES QUOTED. 
 
 Ixxi 
 
 liiini Cuuiity. 
 istiiu, 1^."):^ 
 
 u'uul, Sonoma 
 
 X York, IS.'O. 
 Paris, IS-lO-t. 
 
 , ISGC. 
 
 ]S"c\v York, 
 Wa^h. [1S"'0]. 
 Ledger, Tress, 
 
 I Rilvcr. Lon- 
 
 7nn AVar. San 
 iv:. S:i!> Ei'^i"- 
 577 ; autl other 
 
 ntonio, .los6 do 
 
 orte, KS-L"). ^IS. 
 
 IS. 
 
 11. MS. 
 
 lido do Misionca, 
 
 .^•20. MS. 
 
 I la Tliitoria do 
 
 ITSC-IS,-).'). MS. 
 7s;i-lS0:i. MS. 
 
 [avels. London, 
 
 las a 1"S !Mi>ionc- 
 
 clVrt XewspiMu-r 
 |s74. San Fran- 
 Hid other pa^icrs. 
 
 « 
 
 I 
 
 T'ionror Skctclies, A Colleetion. MS. 
 
 I'i'.io, Tnstiiii'i'ion que so fornii'> para el estaMeeinucnto de la Xueva Villa, 
 
 17s!l. MS,; also print. 
 r!aei'i\ill!\ f ''iiu-ier, Va Dorado Couidy KeiiuMiean, Mii-i'or, ^riuintaiii Demo- 
 
 erat, \e\v.s. 
 Plan i)ara Airei^do do Mi.siones, 1.S2."). Tii .tinita do Foiiiento do C.il. 
 J'ian d(! ( '"Iniii/aeinii ICstran'rera, l.S'J."). In .liinta ili; Foniento de ( 'al. 
 Plan de ( 'oloiiizaeion de Naeioiials, IS'2,"). In Juida d(^ lAnuento do I'al. 
 Plan de (I'liierno ado;itndo per l;i l>iputaeiou en St;i Darbara, ls;;7. !MS. 
 Plan di! (loliierno Provincial. Jlonterey, !S-_U. MS. 
 
 J'laii de liidepen^leneiu a'.'.optadii por la I )ipiitaeion, 7 Xov. 1830. Jlonterey. 
 Plan de Indejiendeneia C.diturniana, iS.'il). Monterey, IS.'ili. 
 Plan Politico Mereantil, Is-.',"). In .Junta do Fnmento do Cal. 
 Plan de Pri pio.s y Arbitrios para Fondos .Muiueipales, P^IU. Montcrev, 
 
 is;u. 
 
 Plan de S. Dic'-o que prf)claniarf)n Zaniorano, P)andiiH. y Otnw, 1S.'17. MS. 
 
 J'layer-Frowd (J. (i.), Six ^Mnnlh.s in Calilnrnia. l/>udon, IS7-J. 
 
 J'hunlie (Jolin), Memorial against Asa ^VIutney's Kailroad Scheme. Wash- 
 
 iM,i,'ton, I.S.'>1. 
 Pniut .\rcna, Xe\vs, Jtecorder. 
 
 Piilldist.-i, (.-ited I'V name of county or town. \ot in tins list. 
 PortiUa, (I'.djlo), JHariodo nna ILvpedicion al Tular, ]S_'t. :MS. 
 Poi'tilla, (I'aldo), I'scritos del Capitan. :MS. 
 Portl; lid (Or.), Pulletin, Calhedie Sentinel, ()re;.'oui;in, Standard, Telegram, 
 
 W'e-t Sliore. 
 Portol.Mtlasjiar), Diario rlol Viarjo ;l la California, 17fl!1. :MS. 
 Poteeliin, Selenie Poss, IS,")!». .MS. translation. 
 I'owers (Stephen), .\.utohio;,'raphic;d Sket.di. !MS. 
 Pr.'islow (•!.), l>er Staat CaUl'ornien. (lottingen. 1S."7. 
 Pratt (Parley Pai'ker), 'J'lie Aiilohiography oV. Xew York, lS7t. 
 I'roidi.'d ( 'omjiaiiy Accounts, Piisters, etc. San l'ranci>co, .Monterey, Santa 
 
 Parhaia, and San Dieyo. |.Scattere(l in the archives. | 
 I'l-esiijios. Peilanii'iito e Jnstruccion, 177-. ^Madrid, 177:-'; Mexico, \~~','. 
 
 (Willi 
 
 ), Speech in IT. S. 11. of P 
 
 ]•• 
 
 is:;). (Jul 
 
 till!! <pf a Xew State. Washiii'^ton, 1S19. 
 
 orina- 
 
 rieto (f oiillermo), Indicaciones solire cl origen, etc., do la.s Rentas Generales 
 de la. l''ederacioii Mexieana. Mexico, IS.'iO; Viajo ;'i los lvstado« Unido.s. 
 ^rexico, 1S7>'-!I. ."> vols. 
 
 Privik'gios ( 'onccdidos ;l Tndio.s, ISO.*?. MS. 
 
 ianiiento do Apakitegui en l.os Angeles, Ift.T"). In k^igneron, !M;i 
 
 ] 
 
 I'onuiieianiiento do Monterey conti-a- el 1' 
 ■nto de San DicL'o coiitiu Victi 
 
 dc 
 
 riiiiuiRiiunu 
 roiiuiu iaiiiii 
 
 Di 
 
 is;}!. -MS. 
 
 !s;!i 
 
 -MS. 
 
 Prot( 
 
 'iito do Varel.a V otros eontni los Americanos, ISll). !M.S, 
 
 de Ids Padres contra tlahelas, 18)7. MS. 
 
 Providence (It. I.) .louriial. 
 
 id P 
 
 •-• vo 
 
 <vate P 
 L!.,P, 
 
 MS. P2 vols. In Archivodefal. 
 
 iiiers. 
 
 i\IS. 
 Milit 
 
 irv. 
 
 I'rtidoii (Vict'i'i, Cirresiiondence 
 Pnidon (Victor). \'i ,'ilantes de, L 
 
 In Arclii 
 i>ls.; Id., P 
 
 IcCak; Id., Pre.=;idi 
 .Miscel. l2 vols. 
 
 d"nn Franc.'d.s en Californie. .MS. 
 Au'reles,' 18.".(!. MS. 
 
 las. His Pi]:'i'inia';e. London, 1(114. !) hooks in 1 Mil. foli 
 
 Piirchas, lli.s I' 
 
 L 
 
 i(i_'.")-(;. f 
 
 Pur!:-ini;i. Ciiadcriio ilc Tratados Mcdico.s. 
 Piiri.sima, Piliro.s de Mi.sion. MS. 
 
 olio, o Vols 
 
 ,MS. 
 
 ) 
 
 un- una 
 
 'e!lCI( 
 
 ■11 de lo.s I'adi 
 
 bn 
 
 traslado de ki ^W 
 
 ISPI. MS. 
 
 I'urliitt (.1. ![.), Letter on the Water Front Improvement. San Francis 
 
 1 N.-.l 
 
 i'uti 
 
 (U 
 
 'irve\ 
 
 |s,-,(i. 
 
 ), Siieech, duly ."0, 18.".0, on Admi.s.sion of California. ^Vash, 
 
 'uinams .M.igazinc. Xew York, lS03etscq. 
 
(nwin w^ 
 
 l.N 
 
 AUTnorJTIES QUOTED. 
 
 Quartnly Ilcviow. Luncldii, ISOOotFcq. 
 
 (,>iuu(^ Oicliiiiiiicc, Till! ]ii\;iliility of tho. Sun Frnn(M"sco, 1 ■i7D. 
 
 l,Mlic'k^ilv^ r: Facts ODiicciiiiu;; .Mines in Siinta Claru^'o., Cal. X. Y., ISaO. 
 
 (I'lii-liy (lliiLfli), 'J"li'; Jii-li llacu in ( 'alifnniin, utc. San J'^ranrisco, lb78. 
 
 (.Miijas (.l(iM' ]joroii/() de la ('luict'ijciipn), Cartas del radrc. ^IS. 
 
 (Juinipiji' (Maiiuul), Sfgundu lUicMnocimiunto, 17!)U. .^IS. 
 
 Kidiliiscin (Antdiiif) ]'..), rirowth of Towns. MS. 
 
 Jiao (W. F.), Wustwanll.y Jiail. I^ond.ni, isTO, 
 
 llai' (Willinni V.), InvcstJLjacion judicial soln-i! .su snicidio, ]S1". ?tI,S. 
 
 Jiailroad (.':.in panics, lupdits, etc. Sec naiiiu of couipaiiy. Manj" coiisultcil 
 
 are not named in this list. 
 l!aili-(iad-; and Slcnnisliijis. A collcftion. 
 lialstuii (William ('.), Allociionate Tiihute to. Sau Francisco, 1S7"); Jlenio- 
 
 I'ial of. iSan ]'"rancisri), ls7~>. 
 Itaniirez (An'^'el), Cai'tas del J:\-I''railc. :MS. 
 llamscy (AHu'it ("'.), Tiie (Jther Side. Xew York. IS.'O. 
 l;anili'iiili (I'Mmund), C)ratiiin liefore Society of Cal. Pioneers, Sept. ISDO. 
 
 In Jiutihini^s' -Ma^'., v. '1<\\\\ Outline of the History of Cal. S. I'., lS(iS. 
 ]landolph (\V. (','.), Statement ol' a, Fioneer of lS-1!). MS. 
 Itaymond (Itossiter W.), ]\Iining Industry of tho States and Territories of tlio 
 
 Jtocky Moiuitains. X. Y., KS7I; Silver and (iold. X. Y., i.^7;!; Sta- 
 tistics of Mines and ^Iinin;j;. Wasli., KS7.'i. 
 llaynal ((k'J\), llistoirc I'liilosuphicpic. Paris, lS-JO-1. li! vols, and at as. 
 llazonador (I'^l), Mexico, 1817 et .sec^. 
 J leading. Independent. 
 Jiecoiiilacinn <lc Ijcyoa do Los Re_>no.s dc las Indias niandadas Impi'imir y 
 
 Publicar i)or Carlos If. Madrid, 17!M. folio, -I vols. 
 I'eddin.i,' (iienjaniin 15. ), In Memoriani. Sau Francisco, ]SS2. 
 Itcdnitz (L. ), (letreuester nnd Zuvei-liissi'^ster Wej^'ueiser nnd Ptathcjelicr zur 
 
 ]i' ise. naeh nnd in Anierika \uid Califoi'liicn. Jierlin, 1S.')-J. 
 Pedwooil City, Sau Mateo .lonrnal, San Mateo 'J'imes and tiazette. 
 Iveed (James P.), The Donner Tragid}'. In Pacilio Rural Press, and San JosiS 
 
 Pioneir, ls77. 
 liegistro de Licencias Militares, ISHO. :MS. 
 licylamento du '1\ dc Mayo, 1773. In PaloU, Xot., i. "uG. 
 Jieylameido dc Ci^ntrilmciones ,s(il>r(; 1/ieores, ].S"Jl. !MS. 
 ]!eglamento ile Defensores de la Iude]iendencia, ISJo. MS. 
 Keglamento, I)etcriniuacion deSdc Julio, 177li. In Palou, Xot., i. .")S9. 
 Iteudamento sohrc (lauados, 1S'J7. ^IS. 
 
 Peglameuto jiara el (.{obierno interior dc la Junta Departmental, IStO. MS, 
 lleylameuto de ^lisiones Scculari-;adas, IS.'il. MS. 
 licglamento Provisional para el g'obierno interior de la Diputacion. !Montc- 
 
 rey, ISoI. I'J'lio first book jirinted in California.] 
 r.cid ("Perfceto Hugo), Cartas. MS. 
 lieid (l\'rfecto Hugo), Los Angeles Cotmty Indians. In Ilaycs Mission I'.ook, 
 
 i., from Los Angeles Star. 
 Itejon (Manuel C. >, Obscrvaciones del Diputado salientc contra los Tratados 
 
 dc Paz. Qncntaro, 1S4S. 
 lielaeion dc la.s ICmbarcacioncs (jnc han condncidu los Situados, 17S1 (M!. ]\IS. 
 ]!engel (Jose .Uitoiiio), Comunicaei(Uies de Proviueias Jiiteruas, i7'->i-<i. -MS. 
 Ifeipiena. (Manuel), ])c.icumeutos jiara la Historia de California. !MS. 
 lieipH'na (^Fanuel), I'lseritos de nn (,'iudadano dc Angeles. MS. 
 llestaura.lor | I'll), Mexico, ISKI et seip 
 
 Petes (Miinuel), Portentosas ]'vi(jnezas. In Kstrella dc Occid. Oct. 10, 1 SCO. 
 Ivcvcre (Jose[ili Warren), Iveel and Saddle. Boston, 1S71; A Tour of Duty 
 
 in California. X. Y. etc., ISt'.). 
 Kcvilla (iigedo (Yirey), Carta de L'7 Die, 17!).'{. MS. 
 
 Pevilla ( iigedo (Virey), (.'artasobrc Misioiies, 17!i;>. In Dic'c. Univ., v. 4"2l'i. 
 lievilla (iigcilo (Yirey), Coniunicaciones til (jobr- de Cal., 17UU-4. !MS. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 Ixxiii 
 
 N'.Y.,l_sr,9. 
 
 SCO, IbTS. 
 
 -,. MS. 
 
 ;■"- 
 
 I;uiy cuasultca 
 
 
 1 
 
 , IST")-, Momo- 
 
 
 ■,:l 
 
 rs, Sept. IRfiO. 
 
 
 il. S. l'.,l.stis. 
 
 
 v., i-;;".; su- 
 
 jlfi. iiuil ut ;ts. 
 
 Lilas Tniprimir y 
 
 a RathsclK'i- zur 
 .-)-2. 
 
 i/.ett.'. , 
 
 <s, au'l >^;iii Josu 
 
 ital, ISU). MS. 
 taeiim. Moiito- 
 
 ..s .Mi.-.sumT»i(ik, 
 litra los Tratado^ 
 
 , 17.S4-I; 
 MS. 
 
 MS. 
 MS. 
 
 M>^. 
 
 o.^t. in, isc,n. 
 
 |a Toui' of Duty 
 
 I'niv. 
 
 4-2e). 
 
 |jU-4. 
 
 MS. 
 
 ru'villa r;i;;. do (Vircy), Iiifoiinc ilo 1:2 Abill, 170.'!. In r<iistamaute, Siiplc- 
 
 iiu'iito, iii. 1 1-. 
 Il^villa <!i';rilo (Viiiy), Tiistrucoioii (|iit; ili-ju csrrita, 17'i!)-!i4. MS. '1 vol.s. 
 Jl.'vistii Cii iitifr a y Liti'iaria do Mt'iii'o. ^loxico, l:S4o tt se(j. 
 l;i\ iKi dis JJiUX MoiuliH. I'aris, ls;i!) ct Hti|. 
 lIcMioldi (J. N.), rai-ifu; Oluui and South Sta. [i'Jd Cong., 2d Scss., H, Ex. 
 
 - J)u<:. 10.'). I Wii^ili., I.s;i4. 
 ]:eyii"M.i (St(i>lifn), Itc-yLstur of Vcssuls at Honolulu, lyJl-lJ. In Honolulu 
 
 Klin.,!, ii., 1S4',). 
 RczaiiMt' (Xiknlail, /apiski, 1S0.')-fi. In Tiklinu'ncf, Istor. Ohos., Appuu. 
 IMioads (Danirl), lli'licf of DoiinLT I'aity, ISKI. ,MS. 
 ];icliardsoii (Allicrt D.), lieyoiid tlio ^lis^is.sippi. llaitfoid, l.'3(i7. 
 i;icl]aid.--ou (nciii:iniin), Mining Iv\]icricn(X'S. .MS. 
 
 ;h.'liai'il 
 
 '11 (!!. D.), Iliatory of llio Foundation of Vallejo. MS. 
 
 itiolianlsoii (WilHani ^V.), Ecttcrs of a rionciT Sailor. -MS. 
 
 Kicljaidson (W'iliiuni A.), Salidas do ]5u(pio.s del Tuoi'to do San Francisco, 
 
 18:!7-S. MS. 
 llirliarrl "U (William A. J, Tai'ifa dc Ek'ti'S y Paaagos, S. Francisco, ISKJ, MS. 
 llirjiarilsiu (J.) ut id., ZmiloLry uf JJcfclicy s N'oyagc. Loud., l8oLI-40. 
 llico (Franciico), Mcniorias llirftorioas. 3IS. 
 l;i(Ngoand Valdcs, .Mcnioria Jvstadi.stica. (luadalajara, ISl'S. 
 lliluv ( r<cnnctt), ^Military Correspondence [;]ldt Cong., l.st Se.s.s., Sen. Doc. .">•_']. 
 
 Wa .li., \'Ad; MisccllaiieouH proc'.aniation.s of llie Military I lovcrnor, l.S4!»; 
 
 Fro, laiiia d loa Jlaliilantes do California, .'! .Junio, 1S4S. ^lonterey, 184S; 
 
 'J'oui'if tlu; Cold Region;; [IJlst Cong., l.-it ^e.-^u., II. lv\. Doc. 17j. 
 ];inguoIi.l{Ca'lualadcr),('orre.-^])ondencf to Accompany , Ma p.s and Charts of Cal, 
 
 \Va:-h., IS."*! ; A Series of Charts Mith Sailing Directions. \Vush., iSo'J. 
 ];io\'i.sLa, Enliipri.^f, (ilc-mer. 
 
 Ripalda, Catccismo dc la Doctrina Cristiana. Monterev, 1S42. 
 Ripley {W. S.), The War - ="■ Mexico. Xew York, JS-i',). 2 vols. 
 Ripoll (.\;ii..nio), Levantjinueuto do Indio.s en Santa Ijurbara, 1524. MS. 
 IJivera, Xucva Coleccion do T.cj'os. [Mexico.] ]s;5j. 
 Rivera (Maiuiel), Lo^i Coliernuntcs dc ^lexico. ^lexico, 1872. 2 vols. 
 Rivera y ?luncada ( {■'eiiiando), (V.rta al I'adre Scrra, 177'">. MS. 
 ];iver.'i y Moucada (Fernando), ])iligcncia.s en la Toma do posesion del Maiido, 
 
 1774. MS. 
 RiviTa y Muncada (l^'maudo), I'^scritos Sucltos di'l Comaadaute ( aiieral. MS. 
 Riveia V Ml neada (Fernando), Mereeil do Tierra.s al SoliUido .Mauucl Rutron, 
 
 ]77-\ MS. 
 Roach il'liilip A.), Historical Facts from 1849. MS. 
 Robl.inMThoma.s :.!.), Diai-y, FSIIJ-O. MS. 
 Rol)i rts iCeorgo 13.), Recollection.s of Ilud.son'.s Ray Co. MS. 
 Rohin.sciU u\'.'r(;(l), Life iu (,'alifornia. New Voik, lS4U. 
 Rol.in>)n (Allied), Statenu'iit of Rccolh'ctionji from 1S29. MS. 
 Rohin.viu (;■':, yette), California au<l its Cidd .cgions. Now York, 1S49. 
 Riuhiiir^'in (Marshall), A Trip in !- )utheni C...ifiirnia. Carson, 1879. 
 
 Robhs ( -icundiiio), lUlacion dc un Califon 
 RodcnlioM.ii I'l'lieo. F. ), From iM-crglado to Ca 
 Ruder (!l: 
 Ivodriu'uf .', 
 
 MS. 
 
 Xow York. 187.'5. 
 
 RcUingl 
 
 15^ 
 
 '}'• 
 
 MS. 
 
 ] 
 
 (lacinto), JVarraciou fiobro Tiempos Pasados. ?*1S. 
 odi i:,i:e:-: (.( s6R.), Rci'Uci'do!? Histi'iricos. MS. 
 
 Rodrigue;': (.Mamiel), Lo Acaceido con Tripulantes ilo la Uyi<), 1S0;1. JiIS. 
 
 Rod 
 I 
 
 rigue:; (Manuel), C 
 
 orresiionUencia do un 
 
 :Milit; 
 
 ir. 
 
 M.- 
 
 OlIllL^ilC/ 
 
 (.Ma 
 
 n. 1 
 
 tespuesta a 
 
 las Or 
 
 \iince I'reuuntas, 1798. MS. 
 
 Roger.s (.). Ileurv), The (.'alifornia llundre 
 
 m i' raneisco, 
 
 1 80." 
 
 Rogers I Wilil'ijn IL), Statement on Vigilance Committee. }^IS. 
 
 (W oiides), A (.'rui.-ing Voyage round the A\'tirld. London, 1718. 
 
 oUin (.M.), Mi'inoirc I' 
 
 oniero (.bisel, !)()( 
 
 SonniM y ( 'alifi 
 
 llivr. C'ai.., Vol.. I. 
 
 giipie, 1781). In La lN-rou.*e, \'i 
 itos rehitivos ii su lOxpediciou [lara abrir Camino entro 
 , 182;} 0. MS. 
 
.;ii.i;. 
 
 Ixxiv 
 
 AUTTTORITIKS QUO'li:!). 
 
 J !i micro (.1 1 !■,('• M;ii-i:!U(i) ( 'atuinsiii') dc Ortol' ■.•ia (I'di' ulo :i I'ls Alilliilios ik; l;i 
 I'.scui la Nuiniul il<' Mimtctrcy. .Mciitr icy, ISKG. 
 
 Jlniii ro (X'it'ciitt), .Vot('>< of lli(! I'list. MS. 
 
 Jvoiiuii (.Io.s('' Aiit')iiio), <';irtns al 1'. I'ri'siiiiiito Liisiion, 1701. AIS. 
 
 JJoiiicu (Jo'ir .\ii*oiiio), (,'ori'i'spoiii|('iici,i iKl Sr ( !ol)criiai|nr. >!S. 
 
 l\()(lU(t'(i;il ((':itiiill(! del, .loiiriial il'iiii \'(iy;!','i' autoiir dii ^loiido, lSlG-19. 
 I'fitis, |S_';{. livols.; Voya.Lri" nmiid 111.; \Vorld. Loud., 1!>J.'J. 
 
 Kosd (Lni.'i di' la), iMi.sayo solir<' la Atliiiiiii-^tra 'ion I'lihliiM do Mexico. Mex- 
 ico, l.s,"i;i. 4to, 
 
 Itosas (Jos;' Aiifoiiio), Causa Criminal, ISOO-I. MS. 
 
 l!oMi;:;iioii (Julio), I'orvciiir do \'cia I'a/. ( iuatciiiala, 1801. 
 
 J;oss, Coidrat do Vciito, ISU. MS, 
 
 Jioss, I'ropacsta do N'oiila ('; Jiivciitario, IStl. MS, 
 
 J>oHs (Cliarlcs L. ), Exocrioiu'os iu '17. MS. 
 
 Iko.ss (John K.), IS'anutivc (jf an Indian l''i,','litcr. MS. 
 
 l.idss (Joseph), Skoti'h (if I'^xjiorioncoH. MS. 
 
 ]!oss(Jani(s))iiid (;oor;^'c( lary. l''roni Wise. toCal.and Tt'tiuii. M:idi.;nn, 18(i0 
 
 ];ossi (Ji'.\l)lio), iSoiivc iiirsd'iin Voyagoon Oro^jon i;t on("alifoniio. I'aiis, 1S()4. 
 
 I'oswn'r (<.'.), Ijva Motaux I'r'cioux conxidiri's an point do vno oconoiniipie. 
 I'aiis, ISC'). 
 
 IJotsohcf (.Vlcx.), Deed of Ro.ss to Sutter, ISU. :MS. 
 
 lloiihauil (Uijipolytr), ],es ll'.'^ions \onvellos. I'aris, ISGS. 
 
 lionsct do Jesus, Comuuirarioiies y Ordrncs del (Jhispo dj Sonora. MS. 
 
 lIovin:_'H in the I'aeilie iVoin J.s;)7— H). J^ondon, IS.'il. "J vols. 
 
 llowland (John), Lista do los (jui! lo .■loonipaiViron en ku ll:;faihi, If^H. ^IS. 
 
 Itiiliio ( l'"ianeiseo). Causa Criminal ]ior .iVscsinato y Jlstnpro, ISJS-lil. ^IS. 
 
 JIui.; (l''ranciseo Marin), Cartas del Cuiiiandante iIo San l.'i;';;i). ,MS. 
 
 Itu.ichenlier'^er (\V. .S. W. ), \arrativo of a Voyage round tho World in 
 Ks.Ti-^. J-.ondon, IS.'js. '_' vols. 
 
 I'lish (John I!.), l;io;.'raphieal Sketch. MS. 
 
 llnsliii-: ( Fames I''.), Across ,\n)eriea. X''w York, lS7-t. 
 
 JJiiss, l.einenilirances of a rioneer of 1817. MS. 
 
 Ituss ( \do!ii!i {',.]. iiioii'aphy of a I'ioneer of 1847. M^. 
 
 liusse W'liiiani 1 1.), (i( iiei al Jolin A. Sir. 1 ■;■. n.pl. ii.c'. 
 
 liasseli (\Villi::!n .!lov,-i":-d i, llesperotlien. .Vow Yor!:, T-.S'J. 
 
 Itussian Ameiii'an Fur Company, Accounts. J.sl7-.">!). ifS. 
 
 i;yan(I!. I'. ), .rud;res and Ciiiuinals. In (Joldeii lira |18.").".]; Personal Ad- 
 ventures in l'[ipei-ancl •('a!ifcrni:i ill ISIS-'J. London, JS.jO. '-'vols. 
 
 liycknian ((JerritL U'.), Viguancc Connnittee. MS. 
 
 lavedra (llanion), Cartas alOol.r. do California, 17!U. :MS. 
 
 icramonto, jjeo, California ]''xpress, California I'rcc I'ress, California Re- 
 ]iulp.ican, Knterpriso, Herald, Journal, Leader, Xov.-.s, riucnix, J'lacer 
 Times, Jtecord. kecord I'nion, ]tepo"tcr, Jlescue, St:ir, State (ji]iital Ilo- 
 poiter. State iviir (inzette, Sun, I'ranscript, TiaveUenj' (.Juide, Twice a 
 \V'eek, UiiiipiitoTis, L'nion, Valley Agricnlturist, Valley \\%jild. 
 
 icramonto Medienl Society, Constitution, etc. Siicrameiito, IS,"."). 
 
 leraui'nto. \i\. rd of (.'riminal Court in Co:h!'v ClerkVi ()l!i i, 1,S4!). ^MS. 
 
 ii'iamento, S[iani ;li Archives in Ullico of Soc. State. .MS. 
 
 icramonto Coiiiriy. llistoi'v. Oakland, 18S0. folio. 
 
 iicraiiicuto N'ailey Itailroad ( 'ompaiiy, lleports. S. V., IS'i.") ot se.|. 
 
 iillord (A. K. I'.'). Narrative of I'olitical llvcnts. .MS. 
 
 aiut .Vmant (M. do), »' lyagos en Californio ct dans I'Uregon. Paris, 1854, 
 
 aint J ./Icna, Star, Yosemitc . iihly. 
 
 lint J.ionis (Mo. ). (ilolio, Pcveille, L'nion. 
 
 al ( 1 lornionc'cildo). ( 'artas Miscelauoas, I 777 ISOO. :MS. 
 
 il ( I lcrmene;.;ildo). Informe. lit do I'lncro l7'-'li. MS, 
 
 al ( llermene.cildoi. iiiformo do los I'aragos ipic sc han reconocido on la .Via 
 incda, 17'Jj. MS. 
 
ArriionrrrKs quoted. 
 
 XXV 
 
 U1U111103 dc la 
 
 ,!S. 
 
 m<lo, ISIG-IO. 
 
 llcxico. Ml'x- 
 
 Mndis^nJSnO 
 
 ilo. Parisl;'"!'- 
 uo cuDUiJiiiiiiiie. 
 
 nora. 
 
 MS. 
 
 i,K Vni. MS. 
 
 isjs :n. MS. 
 
 I tho WoiUl ill 
 
 . \: Personal Ad- 
 Ini, IS.jO. -vuls. 
 
 Cr.lit'ornia Pu"- 
 
 rii.L'iiix. riiiei'r 
 
 UnU; Caiiital I'm- 
 
 .;" Cnide, TuLcc a 
 
 World. 
 
 , , 1M',». MS. 
 
 •t Sl-.j. 
 
 n. rails, 1854, 
 
 iiuorido cii la Ala 
 
 Sal (Uprnu'iu;.'iMM), Tufcirincs s^oln'c Lh Kdidi.ini du San Francisi-o, 170'J. MS. 
 
 S.il (Ik'niu'lic-diloi. liistfilL'ci.iiialt.'al"Mli; la I'.s.'ulta dt^ Mil ( 'f 11/, ITiH. .MS, 
 
 S.il I ilcriiuiu'.^'ildo), lIcL'diiouiiiiiiiitu di' la Misi.ai ilo Sta ( 'i uz, IT'.H. MS. 
 
 S:il |lh'iiiii.'Mi',L;ildi'), llcsimr.sta li las Qiiiiico I'rc!,'imtas, [~'.»H. .MS. 
 
 >ala (.(iuiU'L^u A.), AliicriLM j;c\ i.sitL'd. Liiiidiii, 1 Sm'. 'J Mils. 
 
 N.ilaxaf (Aliiii.io Isi(lrij), Ci)iidii'ii)ll Actual di; ( 'alifuruia, 171*1). MS. 
 
 Salmi, Oregon Statesman, ^\■illalll« tto Fanner. 
 
 Sale.s (Lllisj, XotieiaH do (,'aliti)rnia.s. Valeiieia, 1701. 
 
 Saliilai do ilunne.-i ilel I'liei'to de S. FrancLseo, Is;i7-S. MS. 
 
 SaliiKH City, Index, Standard, Town Talk. 
 
 SaliiM ron ((leiiiiiiniu do /pirate), Jtelaeioues do todas las cnsas uno en <.'l 
 XuevoMexi.'o, In l)of. lli.-t. Mi:x., Merio iii. toin. iv. 
 
 Sail Lake City (L'tali), De.ieret Xews, llerald, T< le^'rapli, Trihnnc. 
 
 Saniinliin;,' aller lleiseliO'iulueiljniigen. Leiii/i,;,', 1717-71. -Ito. i.'l Vols. 
 
 San Andreas, Advertiser, Calavunis Times, Citizen, Fuotliill Demucrat, Moun- 
 tain Xows, Register. 
 
 San Anloiiio, iJoenniento:* SaeUos, 177!)ctsoq. MS. 
 
 S.'ii Antonii), Kxtraoto del J.il>ro dt; Dituntus, ^Inerto de Sarria, 18;;.'). !MS. 
 
 San AnLoiiio, J^ihrod do .Mision. MS. 
 
 San llei'iiardino, Argiis, Onardian, Independent, Times. 
 
 S,in I'.ucnaventnra, Free I'ress, \'entiira Signal. 
 
 San lUienaventiira, J^ihros de Mision. M.S. 
 
 San j'.acnaveiitnra, .Meaiorias do FlVetos, 1790-lslO. MS. 
 
 San nnenaveiitiir.i, Sale and TranstVa', ISKi. ;MS. 
 
 San iineiiaventuia, Smniniitraeiunes al I'residid, lSlO-20. MS, 
 
 .-•itii (.'.irl',.-!, Maniiiesto do wii earganieiito jiara CalLiurnia, 17(ili. ^IS. 
 
 San C;irl().s, Libios do Mi.sion. ^IS. 
 
 Saiiuhe/; ( lo.s.': Antonio), (.'anipaua eoiitra Ivstanislao, IS'J'.). MS. 
 
 Saiiehez (Jose Antonio), Coire.-pi'ndeneia del Alt'i^rex. MS. 
 
 Saiielie/. (Jooo Antonio), ],'iario do la Caminata (^uo liixu el 1'. Frefoeto Pa- 
 y eras, San Diego a San (;alpiiel, Isjij. jMS. 
 
 Saiu;lie;'. i-luso Anl.inio), Diario 'li; la Fxpedieioii, Xueva Planta di' S.aii Fran- 
 ei-eo, is-j;}. MS. 
 
 Saiic lu/, (Josv' Antonio), T 1! nal '-f i! enterprise against tlu.' Coseinoiirs, ],S2ii. 
 In lieeehi ,. '.s ^ oy., li. ■'.'. 
 
 Sanelie.; ( Ki;<6 Antoiii ij, X'otas .'d lleglamento de S 
 
 eenlavi/a''ion, 
 
 ls;;-_'. 
 
 MS, 
 
 Sanchez (JosiS Jianion), X'otas Dictadas |)(jr e) (,'iadadano. M.S. 
 
 Sanelie?. (ViocntcV '"arias do 1111 Angelino. MS. 
 
 S.inelirv;, Fidali. Costansu, Inlonno s-obro auxilios ijue ^ opono enviar 
 
 il Cal., 17!)."). MS. 
 Sancli(j (.Inan), Iiiforna 'li 1 ( lnav<lian al Virey, 17S."). ^fS. 
 Sau. ho (.Juan), Inforiiio del F. (iuardiau al Viiey. "JO Agosto, l~So. MS. 
 Saiidils. See ' King's Oi'plian.' 
 Sail Fi.fro, Arehivo^ Isj(j-.J0. MS. 
 San Diigo, Bantismos, 177S-S2. ]MS. 
 San Diego, Index of Arehives, by llaycs. "MH, 
 S,m Diego, Libros do Mision. !MS. 
 
 S.,a Di.v; ) I'ri'.sidial Coiu[ianv. aeeonnts scattered iu ardiive^'. MS. 
 S.Mi Diego, Fueb; ) Lands i : , Jvxci i-.lons to Survey niado ]>y .bjlin C. Hays, 
 
 ■laly, 18,')S. San Francisco, ISii'J. 
 San I'icgo, IJnlletin, I'nion, World. 
 San Diego City, Descriptive, Historical, Commercial, Agricidtural, and (jtlier 
 
 hnportant lu!'oi'"iation. San Diego, 1S74. 
 San Dii'uo and Sunt n California, Tho Cliiiiat,^ etc. San Di'"/". n.d. 
 ■^au DieL.'!) the (alii . , Tvi ndnii.sot tho Ti;xas i'.acilic It. U. &. .. . iego, 1 S72. 
 San I'ernando, Lista Alfabrtiea do Xeolitos. MS. 
 
 San i'rancisco, Act to Charter tho ('ity. S. F., IS.'iO; many ol her acts. 
 San IVancisco haptist As.sociation, Minutes. ,San l^'rancisco. IS.'ill et .sci(. 
 San l-'i-nnisco Ihilklnad, Addivss to Mianbcrs of State Senate. S. F., 1800; 
 
 and various other pamphlets on same subject. 
 
I 4ii 
 
 Ixxvl 
 
 AUTIIOIMTIES QUOTED. 
 
 San Finiii-i.ioo, riiiiiiilior cif ('(iiiinnri'i', Aiimi.il Itijuirts. S. 1'., lS,ri.'i ft scq. 
 
 S.di l''i'.iiii'i-ii'i» Cliiimii'li' fiiiil it^ llistoiv. S:iii I'riiiiri.sii), I,s7'.>. 
 
 ^■.1IJ l'i;ii!i'i-ii'ii, CiK iit:is (!•• 1.1 ('.iiiiiniiiiii J'l'i-iiliiil, l^i;!;!!!. Ms. •_'.") \(il>'. 
 I I'iisi'iitiMl liy (hii. N'lillc jo. I 
 
 Sim rr;i)ici.-,i,'i) ( 'iintcmi llou.s.', ( citilhil [.ist i>{ \'i's««'l:i, clc. S. 1'., IsT.'t. ■"■•T-"; 
 Ciu.diiii Ifiiiisc ( 'Mni'-pMiitli'iii.'o (111 Milijriil (.!' ,\ii[ii'iii.-irmfiit.s. \\'a.~li., 
 IN.VJ; iiml (itliiT (l(Miiiiu'!it.M. 
 
 Siiii I'iMiii,i.'i.'i) FiiT Di'iinrtim lit, .AniiivcrMiiry (if Oryaiii/alinii. Saii I'^iaiiciscd, 
 l!S."rJ('t Kuij.; ]!('|iiiits, i\c. 
 
 San l''r.iiicisc'>, (Iniit llaitlitiuala' in. Sun I'lvincisiii, n.il. 
 
 San l'"riiin;i.ico, Jlistmy, Inridiiits, ilc. .V ( ''lUi'itiiin. 
 
 San I'VauciHco, Jlisldiy of tin; \'i;:ilancc' Coniuiittoo. Sim Francisco, ISoS. 
 
 San I'Vaiicisno, J,illll^J'itll■^^. A Collect ion. 
 
 San I'VaiK.i.si'o, Lilnosiln .Minion. MS. 
 
 San Fraiicisi'o, Miiuoiial of 1IoIi1it;< aii'l ()\vn< r.s of the Floating T)ilit. San 
 l''i;inci-ico, ls.')7. 
 
 San J'ViiiK'i.-ico, Mnnit'ipal Ficports. San ]''raniisi'o, lS."iO-S'J. '21 vol.s.; also 
 many sciiarato i,aici|i!ilits on city allairs iuid iiisl itwtions. 
 
 San l''raiicisco Xcw .--iia[iiTs. Ailvoratc, Alta California, American I'laij, 
 American Union, ..\i;j;onaut. F.ainicr of l'ro;,'i'css, California (,'Jironiclc, 
 < 'al. Coiuicr, C.il. Fanner, ('al. J.cailer, Cal. Jtiiral Home .loiiinal, Cal. 
 Spirit of tlio Times, Cal. Star, Calil'orniaii, Call, (Jatliolic. ( luanliaii, 
 Cln'oiiicU", Clii'isliaii Ailvocate, Coa.st l!i'\ii'W, ( 'oiiimercial Advocate, 
 Herald iiml Jiceonl, ]>aily I'.alaiicc, Herald mid I'laeer Times, l)enio- 
 eratic I'ress, Despatch. Ivjo dii li lia/a, Latina, Flcvator, I']\aii;4il, i'!\cii- 
 in.; l)iilletin, F.samincr, Fij.'aro, (ilolic, (Joldcii I'a'a, irdireu, Ilclirew 
 ( iliserx'er, lllli.strated Wasp, .lonrnal, .loiiriial of ( 'omiiieice, \.;i\v ( la/i'tte. 
 Medical Pi'ess, Mercantile (i.i/ette, Miniii;.;' and Seicntilic I'rcss, Monitor, 
 Xational, New Ai^e, \e\\s ].,etter, <)"cident, i'acilic, I'acilic (.'liurclim.in, 
 I'aeillc Mctliodi.st, Fucilic Ncw.s, I'iciyiino, Fioneer, I'ost, Scielitilic 
 I'rcss. liesoiirce.s of ( 'alit'oriii I, S|H'ctator, Star ;ind ( '.diforniaii, Sun, Sun- 
 day Despatch, 'J'im's, Trihimo, Trin' Califoridan, AVido \Vest, etc. 
 
 San I'rancisco, JS'cw ( 'ity t.'liarter. S n I'rancisco, iss;!. 
 
 San l'"rauciseo. Ordinances and .loint llcsoliilions of the City. San Francisco, 
 IS.'i4; and other ordinances and rc^'ula lions. 
 
 i*-aii I'ralici.seo, ( )iir Centennial .Memoir. San Francisco, IMT. 
 
 Saii i'rancisco Fresidial ('onipany, Aci'oiints, ro.^ter.s, etc., scattered in the 
 archives. MS. 
 
 San l-'riincisco, Fiocco.liii;,'.s of tho Town Council, 1S49. S. F., \sr,i). • 
 
 San I'raiieisco Fulilic Schools, Annual Ivcjiorts. San Fraiu'isco, l.^."it) et scfj.; 
 and many other Ducnnu'nts on the .«;cliools. 
 
 San i'ranciscc), ]!c,^'lamcllto del Fiicrto, iSlCi. MS. 
 
 Sin ]''rancisco, laaioiistiance of the City to tho Legislature against tho K\- 
 tcnsion of the ( 'ity. San Fraiici-^eo, IS,")-1. 
 
 San I'ranci.^co, Jleport of Loard of Kngincer.s n[>on City C!r;idcs. San Fran- 
 cisco, hSo-l. , 
 
 San Fianci.sco, Kcports <if City Surveyor. San Francisco, 1S.")(1 ct se(|.; also 
 ivports of otli<'i' city olliccrs and hoard.s. 
 
 San Francisco, lleport in relation to the defence of the liarlmr [',V2i\ Cong., 
 'Jd Scss., Sen. Kx. !)oc. -i:!]. Wa.^hin-ton, IS.V2. 
 
 San Francisco, ]!e]iort foi' the transportation uf mails from Xe\N- York, New 
 Orleans, and \'er;i Cm/. [li'-'d Cong., Special Sess., Sen. \'.s. Doc. IJ. 
 Washington, is,"),'!. 
 
 San I'rancisco, ];csolution in relation to tho ]iroeeedings of the \'igi!anco 
 Coinmittee |.'Mlh Cong., .'id Sess., Sen. ]']x. J >oc. I.'!]. ■\Va.--hiiigt(.n, !S."ti. 
 
 San Franci.sco, SM[iervi.-;ors, (leiieral Orilers. San l''r;iiicisco, ISdll <t sl'ij. 
 
 San J''ranci.sco, Town Council, I'loceediug.s of. San Francisco, iSi!) et ocq. 
 
 Sail I'rancisco del Ati, Lihros ilc .Mi-iiou. M.S. 
 
 San l'"ranci.sco Solano, T.ihros de Mi.-ion. ^IS. 
 
 San Francisco Solano, I'adron dc Nn^litos. MS. 
 
r., isfi." ct sc(|. 
 
 MS. •:.-> %u1h. 
 
 !. F., is;.!. 1 '■.:."; 
 
 Sa:i I'liiiicisct), 
 
 I. "Jl Yiils.; also 
 
 .VimrirMli I'liii;-, 
 )liii;i (.'liroiiiclc, 
 lie .liiuriial, ('ill, 
 :hi)Iic ( luiiriliaii, 
 'ii-ial Ailvoi'iito, 
 V 'J'iiir.s, Dciiiii- 
 
 l'',vaii.L,'>l, J''.vt'ii- 
 III new, ][rln-i'\v 
 L'c, Law ( la/ittf, 
 i I'ri's.s, Mciiiitor, 
 ,'ilii! (,'liiiri hiiiaii, 
 
 I'ost, Siicntitio 
 [iniiaii, Sun, Suii- 
 
 I'c'st, t'tc. 
 
 Still Fraiiinsco, 
 sratti'i't'il ill the 
 
 ., \s:,{). ■ 
 
 ', Is.iU I't scq. ; 
 
 'i;,'aiust the Ex- 
 
 Ics. San Frail- 
 
 "ill (_'t sc(|. ; also 
 
 ..1- [:!i.M Cong., 
 
 (■'.■,• Viiik, Xi'W 
 F.x. Doc. IJ. 
 
 the ^'igilaIu■o 
 shingti.n, l.sr;(i. 
 S(i'.) et SLMj. 
 
 1 Si!) ct -■icq. 
 
 ArniORITIES QUOTED. Ixwii 
 
 Pnii ('..iliricl, T,ilirci:< de 'Mi-ii.n. ^FS!. 
 
 S,,ii .liKniniii Ciiunty, Hi.^tory (if. Oiiklaiid, 1S7!). iitiiis filio. 
 
 ^:iii .liiir|ilili, Tnlale, ami Saeialiii'lltn \'allr\,-, l,'r|iiil iif ( 'rMllini.''^'iiiii( r.H iiii 
 
 liii-.itioii I CM V'.\v'.., I.I Si.-s., ir. Ex. bof. -JIMI. Wash., I ;:i. 
 ,'<:ili .Iiia(]uili N'alley, Uriel' 1 leseiiptinii of, et . ,Saii l'"ral|i'i-iii, IfitiS. 
 ,S,(ii JiiH', .\ichi\i>, Ms. (i viils. 
 .•"•.ill .)n><i', Ailvertiser, .\rgll.-<, « 'alifiiiiii;! .\;riellltmi if , f 'alit'nnil.a. (Irail'.'er. 
 
 I'diMity I'air A'Uci'ti-ier, Cniirii r, Ifrialii, IimK iieii'tciit, Mirriiiy, Mdmi- 
 
 itig (liliile, I'atriot, I'iniieer, ,Saiita Clara .Nrgiin. 
 S;iii .lose, Cuisti.iii til! Liiiiit<.<. I7!i7 ISOI. MS. 
 ^.■lll .IdSi', 1 V'eri'C oiililil'liiiiig I'llcl)!) of. ii,|il., n.il. 
 .•^all .lose, I.iliro <!<• I'.iteiites, lS(l(i--J|. MS. 
 ,S;(ii ,lo.-ie, I.iliro.s de .Misioii. MS. 
 
 S. II .lose, I'elieion ih 1 .\yuiit. I'll favof de lo-i Fr.iileH Espaflole.v, 18'20. >fS. 
 ^ian.lnaii, ''\iitral Califoiiiiaii, Feho. Mi>i',erey County Jounial. 
 Sail .liiaii liautista, IJIndx dv Misioii. M.S. 
 .■sail •Iiiaii Caiiistraiio, Liliros cle Misioii. .MS. 
 S.ii f.eaiidr.i, Alaiiit'dii County Cii/utte, Alanie<lii Democrat, I'lain.le.iler, 
 
 llecoid. 
 S:ili Luis Dhisjio, ,\ichivi). 'MS. 
 S.iii l.iiis OliL^po, l>( liioer.'itic Standard, I'ioneer, South Coast. South C.i;ist 
 
 Advoeate, I'l ilmne. 
 Si;ii I.i;is ( )l)i-|in, Ilislory, T/n\ s, and Oi diiiance.s. San T.ni.i Olii--j)o, 1S7(). 
 S 111 i.uis OliisiM), Lihros dc Mision. ]\1S. 
 S.iii .Mateo, Times. 
 
 San Mateo County, Illustrated lliitory. San Fraiieiseo, 1S7.S. atlas folio, 
 •^ali .Miguel, I.ilu'ort dc .Misioii. MS. 
 Sail Mi.^uel {.liiaii 1, .Irigue;; ile), i >oriiiiieiit,i.s rela(i\M.s ,il I'iadoso Foiido .lo 
 
 Misioiu.s d.' California. Mex., I'll."); I'ec'tilicaeion do Ciax'e-; ]v|uivoea- 
 
 (i'liiesdi'l Foiido I'iadoso. Me\., ISI."); I.a- Fijiiililiea .Mexicalia en lS)(i, 
 
 M(\., I'^l."; Segiiiido Cna.leriio de Iiitel'c.iaiitos Docuinento.s ivlativo.s al 
 
 Fi>iiilo I'iailoso. Mex., l,sl.") 
 
 San l!;ifael, Lihros dc Misiiill. >IS. 
 
 San I!:u'ai 1. Herald, Marin Coiiiil v .loiirnal, 'Marin Count v Xew s, Marin County 
 
 T...siii. 
 S ui 1,'a!' ;< 1 ;iinH'iia::t IJange Mines, IJi'port. San Francisco, 1S70. 
 Saiit.T, I'.aihara, Aivliivo, l.S."()-4!). MS. 
 Santa r..',rhara, Corrcsjionflcneia entrc ^'irey, Oiiardiaii y otros, .'iolire Padri?« 
 
 li.iia lai Xni'va.s .MisioncM del Canal, l7''iL !MS. 
 Santa rifiihara, l)i".iiocrat, C.azcttc, lS."i;V7, Jndepen<1ent, Index, Xev.s, Post, 
 
 I'rc-s, ItcpuMicaii, Times. 
 Santa. Liirhara, Lihro de Acuerdo.s del .\yiintainieiito, lSU)-."0. MS. 
 Santa IMihaiii, Lihro.s du Mision. .MS. 
 
 Santa ri:irh;ira, ^leiiioiias de IllVcto.s Jteinitidos A la, Mision, l7Sf!-lS!(). 'MS. 
 Company, Aucoii.'it.s, FiO.ster.s, etc., scjittured in tlio 
 
 :sis. 
 
 'lat.i 
 
 C: 
 
 , Arcl 
 
 rcliivo 
 
 de la r 
 
 arrooiiia. 
 
 :\is. 
 
 Santa Clara, Iiiilex, Jourii.al, X\\\\s, I 
 Saiit.a. Clara, Lihros de Mi.<ioii. ]\1S. 
 
 iita Clara Collegia Catalogues. San Francisco, etc., IP.'.' ct pcrj. 
 
 Saiit.a Cl.ir.a County Fioneers, Coiistitut 
 
 SantuClara( 
 Santa Cm/, .\i 
 
 iitv, llistoriealAtlaf 
 
 San 
 
 iionnisonau 
 
 .!( 
 
 IS7 
 
 lW.-.tl. S. 
 
 . 1S7<'. 
 
 ■lasf,,l. 
 
 Saiifa Cruz, Coiintv Times. (' 
 
 I Records ill ( 'hrk's Ollice. | .MS. 
 
 iMitc 
 
 rnrisc 
 
 I lines, Sell lint 
 Santa Cm/., Lihros 
 
 d, Ti 
 
 rnal. Local Item, F:',jai 
 
 Mi.si 
 
 MS. 
 
 Santa. (Vnz, A I'ei'p into the I'.-ist. Srrap-l.ook. From Sta C'vn/. Local Iti 
 Santa Cruz, liccords in I'arish Chiircli. .MS. 
 
 Saat.i Cniz, Testiii 
 
 iioni." jioliiv 
 
 el Ti 
 
 ilto(h;|SlS. M^- 
 
 vuita CnizCoiinty, Jii.^tory of [^V. Wallace ElliottJ. S. F., l.<^.7!>. atlas i'A\ 
 
IF 
 
 IWVllI 
 
 A t'TITOn ITTES QUOTED. 
 
 m 
 
 1 " 
 
 Suiitii T;i''s, K\:iincn di; Coiicicncia cu Iciign.'i do Indius. MS. 
 
 Siiiita lii.'s, Lilii-ds do .Mi<iini. .MS. 
 
 Siint.'i Mai'iii (Vicente), J'ic'.;is;ro du I'aragcs cntrc S. (jaln'irl y S. lluoiinvci;- 
 
 liira, IT!!.'). MS. 
 Santa Mi'iuion, Tlio Coniing Citj'. S.in Francisco, 1>S7."; Outkxik. 
 baiit.i ]!i>^a, ( 'ollcLrian, DcnuiLiat, lli-rald, Xow.-*, I'rc.-s, lit pnldican, Sononi.'v 
 
 J )('iii()(M-at, Sonoma Indcv, Tinn's. 
 Sarginfc (.\aroa A.), SUctcli of Xuvada t'dinty. ii.pl., ii.d. 
 Sai-grnt (Aaron A.), Sih'(m'1i in U. S. If. of J;(.'i'.,, Apsil !», ISC,-.', on I'.-icifio Kail- 
 
 I'.iad. How it may 1)0 llnilt. Wash., l.S(iJ; auil otluT Spoc'clic.-i. 
 Sarri.i (Viccnto I'miici-sco), Argiiineiito Contra cl Traalado do S. Fninoisco, 
 
 S.ii'i-ia (X'icento Francisco), Carta Pastoral. Isl7. MS. 
 
 Sarria (X'iijcnto ]''raiKi.ico), l)cfciisadcl 1*. Luis .Martinez, IS.IO. M.S. 
 
 Sari'i:!. (N'iocnto Franri ;c(0, IviLTi.o.i Suclto.s del ( 'onr'.;:irio I'rcfccto. M.S. 
 
 Sarria (Viei'Uto Fraiu.'iseo), Jvxliortacion Fastorid, Isl,"!. !M,S. 
 
 Sarii.i. (Vii'oiito Fi'aiH'i.ico), lufoi'mo del Comi.-ario Pi'cfccto soliro lus Frailca 
 
 (I- California, 1SJ7. MS. 
 Sarrri, iV'ii'cntc l''ran( iseo), Inf'irme do Misioiies, ISl'). ^[S. 
 S.arria (\'ieeiito ]''rancisi:o^, .Srnnonos vn ].,cii;rna Va:jciiLii><e. MS. 
 S.uuiil' i-i (William!, Throii;;!! tlio Li , lit (.'ontinent. I.iondnn. r'. ■.. lS7'.t. 
 Sa\a ,v (Thomas), Docuuiojito! para la, Ilistoria do C.difornia. MS. 4\il.s. 
 SaMt'!l(G. M.), rioneerSUctohc';. MS. 
 
 S.iuyi r (A. F.), .Moi-tuary Tables of San Francisco. San Fraiiei.sco, l.S;i2. 
 Sawyi r ((,'hai'lcs J[.), l)ocn,iu';us on tlio (.'(Diipicst of Ci'if.irnia, IN-l'l. 7ils. 
 Sa\v\er (Hugeue T.), The Life and Career of Tihuvcio A'aztpiez. Sau Jo.-o, 
 
 ■lS7"). 
 Sauyei- (L. S. 1!.), lleports of Ca=!CS Decided in the Circuit and Di.siriet 
 
 Court-;, clO. San I'rancisco, 1 ,S7.">-S!». 5 vols. 
 Saxon (rs;dictlc), Five Years within the Coldeu Gate. Philadelphia, KS08. 
 Say.vrv.l (W. T.), All alj;put Soutlu ru Caliloraia. San Francisco, 1S7.'). 
 Sayward (\V. T. ), Pioneer Reminiscences. MS. 
 Scala. (('urnio de), Inlliiciico do T.^uilai (IJoniptoir Ru.-,sc en Califonee. In 
 
 Xoiiv. All. V'oy., c.xliv. 375. 
 Schene!; ((leorLie K.), Statement on Vigi!:inci- Comiiuttop. !MS. 
 ^'ch]:l i itwcit (llobcrt von), Califi^rnien ].i:ind nm^. Lento. Ciihi, el •., 1.^71. 
 Sclim. It i< !osta\ns). Civil Law of Sji::in ainl Me\ier>. Xew Orli'aii-, IS."!. 
 SclmiiedcU (Henry), Statement of California Matters from lSt;». MS. 
 Schnril lor (Cafit. II.), Neuer l'r:d<tiselicr \\'egweisci' fiir \ord-Amcrik;i. 
 
 Main;:, ISW. 
 Si hoo! S> andal of San Franei-:eo. Procoi dings lieforo the Invc^ligating Com- 
 
 iiii'.lci'. San Franci.sc(), 1S7S. 
 Soiiools, (,'ollegcs, Academies, etc, C;italc.gucs, reports, tt'-., cited by naiU',' 
 
 of V.\^ institnliin. Xot in this li-t, 
 Sclnvar/ (J. f.,.), IJriefo ciues iHaitschen aus Kalifornicu. V> rlin, ISl'). 
 Scril.'uer's Monthly Jlagaziao (la'er the C'entnry). Xew York, Ls71 et seq. 
 Seattle, Jutelligencer, Pacillc 'l"i ibiini', Puget>(.nnd Despatch. 
 Secuhuixacion, Dccreto de las ('//rti s, I'lLi. MS. 
 Seddoii ,(.r. A.), S).cceh in IJ. S. IL <.f Uep.. Jan. 2:\, p.-.O, on the Action of 
 
 K\eentive in Uelalion to (Jalifornia. Washington, IS.'iO. 
 Seilg'.cy, Ovcrliind to California in '.'54;!. 
 
 Sci.i!i!au:-:iis do los Miembros del Congro-o do lML'7y 1'^-'^. Xueva Yorlv, ]S'2'v 
 Seiii|i!o (llobert), Letters of lM(i-!t. MS.^ 
 Sl-.'.;;:i (Tos.'; Fra.nciseo do Paula), Cartas Varias. MS. 
 Scfian (J.KSO F. de P.), Circular ilcl Vieario Foraneo, ISl". MS. 
 Sonan (.b.si'. F. do 1'.), Inloi'nies l'.ien;.les .!.■ .MiJimes, IM 1-14, ls-J!i •_'. :\!'^. 
 i->''i"ian ( Tost' F. do P.), Jtesimcsta al Virey sobio coiidiciuu do Cosas en Cal 
 
 i7!io. :ms. 
 
 Sepidveda (Igiiacie), Historical Meniorauihi. ?>1S, 
 
 Scrniohcs do no so -a be cualc-; predicadores de California, 1700 etc. >rS, 
 
 Siii 
 
AUTITOniTIES QUOTED. 
 
 l.wix 
 
 S. i;iimi<\s Vnriiis <!(' ?iIi<i»inrros. MS. 
 
 .Slito MuniiH-To), Cartas :il 1'. Lpsih'Ii, 177S-S1. MS. 
 
 Surra (•linii[icri)), C )r;'o;:.[>i)iii lunula, ITTT-^-. MS. 
 
 Scn-a (•lunijicM)), K.-^ufitos Aiiti'i.m-afos. MS. 
 
 >i-ira MiiuiiHT'i), liifiiiiiK! (lu 1771. MS. 
 
 StTia (Juiiijiuru), Jiiforinu du .") ilu I'Vl). 177">. M^S. 
 
 S.^iTa (.IiiiiipiToi, MuiiKji-ial <lu 'J-J du .Aliril, 177o, sulirc sumuii.iti-acioucs ii loa 
 
 Ksialiluuimiuiitos (le (Jalit'uniia, <;tc. ^MS. 
 Surra (FuiiiiHrti), Xotaa du I77(!. MS. In >':u\ Diu;j;o, Lib. MLioii. 
 Surra (lu'.iiiiuiM), IJupruMfiitauiiia "Jl Mayi), 177.'i. .M"''- 
 
 Scria (Juniijur.)), Rupru.suutauiuii 1."! Mayo, 177.">. In I'aluu, Is it. i., -"14; M >. 
 Sui'raao (Fluruauio), Apuiitu^ Jiara l.i llisLuria ilu Calil'uniia. ^i.^ 
 Surraiu) (I'loruiiuio), (.'artas Varias. ]SIS. 
 SurraiiD (Floruiiuio), (iuuiiunUi.? ilisturiuos. MS. 
 >u\\a:d (( !u(ir;^o I'.), Ciiuiu.so HmyiaUuu iii its Souial and Jvjoii, iiii.,- 1 A.spucts. 
 
 Xuw York, ISSI. 
 Suuard (William If.), Spcuuh in U. S. Sun. ?^larcli 11, IS.j^, ou Aduii.-ibion ol 
 
 Cdif'iriiia. AVasliin.;lon, IS.ji); ami utliur Spuuchus. 
 Siyil (laiiu.-^t), Calit'oriiia ami It.s llu.suurucss. London, IS.'iS. 
 Suym-air (H. Sauford), KmiLjriuiL'.s Cuide to tliu <Iold Minus. CliiciiLjo, IslO. 
 Sh'alcr (William), .Toin-nal uf a N'oyagi;, ISOt. In Aiiiuric-ii llugistur, iii. l.'!7. 
 Slia.sta, Courier. 
 
 M;a.st.;H and Tliuir Xui;.,dd)ors. MS. 
 
 .•^na.v (William), (I.^Idtn Druams and AYakin.s; Realitius. Loudon, l.S."l. 
 ■••>liau' (WiliiLiin), Pionuur Life in C.iland)ia liivur Valluy. r.iS. 
 Sliaw (\Villiam J.), Spuuuli in Sun. of Cal. I'Yl). 7, I'ooi), on Conititutional 
 
 Jli form. Sacramuut I, 183!); and othi'r SjK^ut'lius. 
 Sla-a i-lolin (jilmary), History' of tliu Catliolio ^li.-sious. X^'W Voik, lS.j."). 
 Shuniir, Journal of a Trip to (.'.difornia, ISIO. MS. 
 Sliulvouko (Cuorgu), V(jyai.e round t!u; World, 171'.)-l1'_*. Loud ju. 17-1. 
 Siiurmau (\\'illiam T.), Corru.-jp iiulunuo of l.,iuut., lS17-'i. In '.'^il. & X. 
 
 :dux.. Moss. & Doc, IS.-.O; Mumoirs. X. V., 1S7.'). 2 vols. 
 .■diurw.Mid (.J. lllv), California. XlW York, l.S4.'>; Tliu IViukut Caido to Cal 
 
 iio.'uia. X."Y., I8i'.). 
 Sluil.iiuk (W. ]5:anford), Corruspondcnuo, 1SI7. In War with Mux., llupcjrts. 
 
 itu.; Uuport to Si.'ui'ulary of tliu X'avy, Fub. ]."), 1S17. li 
 
 a 
 
 11. Ilx. Dou. i. pt. ii. p. (j.'t; and Stupliun A\'. Ki.iniy, (' 
 
 ill (,'om: 
 ihi 
 
 of the X^aval Conimandur ami Gt 
 
 Maruli 1, 1S47. LuL'Iish and 
 
 A ilon i'[ 
 .ak, 1^2'^ 
 
 \. ,.uCa; 
 
 ^fS. 
 
 (Osuar T.), C-iliforni-i Su!-apd.)ool;, San Francisco, ISGD; Ruprusuntativo 
 1 1 l.wuliii^' Mull of the I'aui.io. S. F., KS70, l.S7'>. '.2 vols. 
 
 1 Lassun Cou..iius, lUustratud History of. San Francisco, 
 
 Silli 
 
 1 Innui.-, ani 
 s_>. J to 
 ;i (liuujaiiuH 
 
 ), A. 
 Is'!) ut .suci. 107 vol; 
 
 .lourual of Suiunuu and Art. X'l 
 
 IL. 
 
 Silvur J^'onntain, Alpino Chroniulu, Lullutin. 
 
 ii ['..), Ljtirand-Oucstd'.s Ftats-Unis. Viwi^, ISOO; L(-ii Minus d'Orut 
 
 ilArj^'unt aux lltats-Unis. In Kuvue du.s Dur.x ^U 
 
 ^t 
 
 1S7.). 
 
 i.u Min iir du (.'aliforniu. 
 
 I'j 
 
 ISlii 
 
 LaYicS 
 
 oulurrainu, 
 
 V: 
 
 ISO 
 
 ip'ia (Si (luorgu), Xarrai.i\u of a Journey round tliu World, i^ondon, 
 
 isn 
 
 1 soil (H 
 is48; 1 
 
 As 
 
 I.l, The Knii, 
 
 ;rant 
 
 Cuido to the Coll .Minus. Xi 
 
 Wuuks ill the ( iold .Mill! 
 
 Simi'Mon (Ji i.us IL), I'uport of Fxplorati 
 
 \Vc.«l 
 
 X. Y., 184S. 
 
 IS i.uross thu (li'uat ll.-i.^in, ut( 
 
 7<i; Tliu ShorU'st lloutu to C.difornia. riiil. 
 
 Siiiuloa, rroposiuioiiu.j du los ll'iii-si'iituntus t>obru clau.suia do Mazatli 
 
 M 
 
 l\1CM, 
 
 iN'i 
 
 Si-kiyon County .MTairs. MS. 
 
 Siij.ir (.\ntoniol, liuucjiiouimiunto du .'^'itio iiara la X'uuva Miaioii du S. Mi^^Uul, 
 17^io. M^. 
 
Ixxx 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 m 
 
 
 .SlNriiiii (AVilli.nm A.). Ecport on Oic.c'oii, ^rarcli 2C,, ISHT. [-J-tl, Cmig., ?,{[ 
 
 Scs-i., 1[. Kept. 101. 1 \Viisliiii-t(.ii, iS.'iS. 
 i<lmt (Jolm ]>.), J)(.'.-i!il(lic.s (.11 the Cuii(|iu'st of C-A. [•JDili Con.',, '2d Scss., 
 
 ]|. J'.x. Dim-. 4, ]i. (IW; IJIst Cong., 1st Scs-s., H. Kx. 1, \,t. ii., p. i-'J; iil.so 
 
 corrcs])oii loiice 1840. Mii. 
 Smiloy (Tlioni.is J. I.,.), St.iti'nicnt on Vigilance Committee ami I'ai'ly Tiinea 
 
 in San Fi'.-incisco. MS. 
 Sinitii (■lodediali), I'lxeiir.sion ;"i I'oucst des !Moiit.s IvocliV, IS-J';. In Xouv. 
 
 An. \'oy., -Nxxvii. 'JOS. 
 SniitJi (N'ajiolcoii 1'..), IJiou'vapliifal Skftrli of .a l^ionrrr of l.Sl.'i. IVJS. 
 Smitli ( l\ isifcf I''.). Milit.uy Conxspoiiileni.'e. [."il.st Coiii;., l.st Sus;;., Sen. 
 
 Doc. r,±] AVasliington, LSI!). 
 Sinitli (I'l.Tf^ifcr ]''.), lU'iinett Itilcy et als. IJcports in llcl.ition to Hic Cenl- 
 
 O'jy ■uiil Toj ()L,'i'apliV of California and OrcLiuii. [IJItt Cinig., l.-^t Sus.s., 
 
 Sen. Kx. l)oc.'"47.1 "Washington, 1S4!I. 
 Smith (Trninan), Speeeh in U. S. 11. of liep., IShmh 2, 1.S4S, on riiysieal 
 
 ('liiiracter of Northern States of ^lexico, etc. AVashingti'ii, ISIS. 
 SniifliMiiiiaii Iii-jlitntion, .Annual lieports. \Vaf.hiii.!_'ton, is":; 1 1 ;.:"q. 
 Sniiiclcer (Saninel M. ), l^ife of (.'ol. .1. C. Fremont. Xew Yorlc, isr.O. 
 Siu'lling, ^leieed lianner, Merced Herald. 
 
 Sohcraiicsi (( 'lodoiniro\ DiH'umento.s ]\'ir;i la IFistori,! de Cal;f.piiii:i. ^IS. 
 Sobiante.'^, Survey of Itanclio. San Francisco, IS7S. 
 Socii-dad >l(,'\icaiia de ( !cogr:ifi;i y I'lstadistica, Ijoleliii. ^Itxieo, 1S(!1 et scq. 
 
 [Includes Institiito Xaeional.J 
 Societies. S'-c Institutions. 
 
 Sola (Palilo Vicente), Correspondeneia d'l (lolieriir.dor, lS0"-'_'-2. ^I.-^. 
 Sc],-i (Tahlo Vicente), Defeii.va d(l V. (>uintana y otros, 1810. .MS. 
 Sola ( I'aMo Virente), Iiiforine al (icner.'dCni/. soijre losliisurgenU s, I'^H. ]\!.S. 
 Sola (I'aMo Mcente), Infornie (Jcneral al Mrev snlire Defensas, ls!7. MS. 
 Si'la ( I'alilo Vicen(c), Infonne sujileiiientario soln'c los Tiisiirgcntes, l>iS. !MS. 
 Sola (P.'ililo), lustruceion (leneval ;'t lew Coinaudantes, coiitia Kit, liis.M'uentes, 
 
 ISIS. MS. 
 Sola (I'aMo Vicente), Tiistniccioncs al Coinisionado de r.ranciforte, ISlrt. ;ms. 
 Sola ( I'al'l'j Viecnle), Noficia de !o acaceido en este I'ueit.) dii Mi uterev, 
 
 ]!el)e!do.s de Hnenos Aires, ISIS. In Caeeti. do Mex., xxxix. •_";!. 
 Sola (I'elilo \'iccnte\ Olj.servaeiones I'U la Visitii desde S. I'l'i'iiei-co ha.sta S. 
 
 Dievo, ISIS. :\IS. 
 Sol;i, (!': hlo ^■i'•entl■l, rreveiicioiics solire Ek'ceion de Dijintado, l.'i-'J'J. MS. 
 Solano (jiuiity. Historical Atlas. San Francisco, 1S77. alias fulio, 
 Solano County, History of. [Wood, Alley and Co.] Sail l'raiii;iseo, 1^79. 
 Soledad, J.ilnos <le Mision. ^IS. 
 Soler (Xicohis), Cartas del Capitan Inspector. MS. 
 Soler (Nieolis), Intormo sohio I'olicia y (Jobiorno, 1787. ^IS. 
 Soler (Xicohis), r.-ireeei' Holirc Comercio eon el Hiujik; dc <,'hiiia, 17^'7. MS. 
 Solignac. (Armand de), Les !Mines dc la Californic. l.imo'.'es, n.d. 
 Solis (.(oaijiiin), JIanihcsto al I'nlilico, (i sea I'lau do Ivcvoliuion, ISilO. JJS, 
 Solis (.roaquiu), Proceso Instruido contra — y otros llcvohieionaiios, 1S:20-30. 
 
 MS. 
 Sonoma, Comjianfa de Tnfaiiten'a, Cnadrnio do lli-^f i llin>'ii:i, 1'-.'!'1. MS. 
 Soiioioa. DoriiMi'ii^os Toeante.-; a la fuiidai.'io;i d(; la Xia \'.i .Mi-'on, l.'>-'>'!. MS, 
 Sonoma County, History f.Mley I'owen and Co.] San Fianci,-'o, l.SSO. 
 Si^ioi'a (C;d.V American Iv-e^le, American I'lag, Herald, Ta. luiniK! Courier, 
 
 'J'uoiumiU! liida pendent. Union J)emocrat. 
 Soiu'ra, !■', ;tr( l!;i de ( )ceidente. 1 S,")i) et Kcq. 
 Soiior;i, Soiioreii'c (Ml). 1S47 et se(|. 
 Soto (Francisco), i'Apedieion Mililar, ISi;?. IVIS. 
 Souh' '{'"rank), .1. H. ililion, and .1. Xishct, Aiinali of San T" rain i. -co, Xew 
 
 \n\k, etc., IS.-,.-., 
 Southern I'acilic ll.silroad Comiiany, Annual llep(jrts, San I'laiiri-co, 1S77 
 
 I't siq.; and other ilocumcnts. 
 
 i 
 
AUTITOUITIE'^ QVOTV.T). 
 
 Ixxxr 
 
 til Cong., nd 
 
 llg., ill Sl'SS., 
 
 ii., p. 'JJ; also 
 
 ). In Xouv. 
 
 b Sc^rf., Sen. 
 
 to l!ic r'i(>r>l- 
 i;^'., l.-^t Suss., 
 
 (Ill Vhysical 
 
 , IS is. 
 
 iS.'.li. 
 ilii. MS. 
 
 1, lf;',;l L't SCq. 
 
 I. !^[S. 
 
 MS. 
 
 .IS, isiis. :m,s, 
 
 ^, IS! 7. MS. 
 L's, LSI 8. MS. 
 p Ins.iryi'uti-'S, 
 
 •, IM;;. MS. 
 
 'y\i uU'U'v, 
 •J' :!. 
 
 Lu liasta S. 
 l.s-J-2. MS. 
 :-CO, 1S79. 
 
 7S7. MS. 
 
 •■_'■). MS. 
 , isj'j-ao. 
 
 i.i;.:;. MS. 
 
 ;.■; CuUlKT, 
 
 iiui--c.li, 1S77 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 .^.iiitlicvn Q;KU-tc'i']y TU'vic\v. Xcw Oruaiis, etc., 1S42 ct .'cq. 
 
 .Si.iiiililiu;,' (E. (!.), Spc'oeh in U. S. II. of Rr\}., Ajiril 4, iS.'iO, in favor of (;cn. 
 
 'J'ayloi-'.-i I'lan of Adniitling C'al. VwiKliin^'tuii, 18,J0. 
 SikxtIu's, ovatiuu.i, adilrcssc-', etc., on variniiy occasions, not naniiil in tliid 
 
 li.st unlii-d [iciiliarlj' lii.stoi'ifal in tlirir iiatiuv. Sec nauic.s of tpe'uker.s. 
 Siic-L'chi-'S in Congress. A Collection. 
 Sptar (Xatlii'.nl, Jjoose rapcrs of an Early Trader. !MS. 
 
 ,S|iciT (William), China and Californi.\, J.ci;i.uro, Juno liS, lSri3. S. F., IS.");?. 
 Spiuoc(l>avil), IIi:toricall,ote.-5, 18JI-4!). MS. 
 Sfii iicc (David), l.oLtcr,s of a Scotolini;i,n in C:ilifornia. ^.IS 
 Spinco (David), Li.it <;f Vessels in California i'orts. ^IS. 
 S[iriir;fielil (Ma.s.s.), Itc publican. 
 .•<j,urr (Ccorvjo ().), Tho^Lund of (lold. liostoa, 1S81. 
 
 .'-^■laicr (!'. (I.), ^Ccw .Mexico and California. In Anier. Ileview, Xov. 1S4S. 
 Manford (Lclar.d), !'peec!i on Pacillc llailroad, July 13, 1S;)4. Sail Francisco, 
 
 lS(i."); also uJicr spocclies, etc. 
 St.iui.-ilairi Coiialy, lli^it'iiy. Sail I'l-aneisco, ISSl. atlas folio. 
 Mahli'y (I-;.), ■ . -'erli, Ji'.ly (1, iS.Vt, on (liiliiin (.'laini. Wa.-.huiyL< -., IS.'O. 
 .Stajilcs (David J.), Incidents and Information. MS. 
 Slate I'apcr.-., Sacraniento, JIS., 1!) vols, in Arcliivo de Cal. ; Id., Mi.'^sions, 11 
 
 Vol-.; Id., Mi.:,-!ons and Colonization, 2 vols.; Id., Uenieia, 1 vol. 
 Statistician. San FrancL-^co, LS7.") et seq. 
 Sie.irn:; (Aliil), C irrv.s;)ijudciico of a Mercliant. MS. 
 Siearn". 'Alie!), l^xpodientc de Cuitraliaudo, ISo.! MS. 
 Sltil;. 1 :i: W. T.), I'liget Sound l-Jxpress. 
 Stevi ■,:: 1 'oii:i!.aaii I).), Correiipondenee, 1817-S. In Cal. and X. Mex., 
 
 Mcoa. i;ad Doc, ISoO. 
 Stevenson (Jinatliim D.), Letters in the Arcliives. !MS. 
 Stevenson's lli'.j'.uient in Lower C'Liliioniia, 1M7. In S. Jose riniiocr, Sept. 
 
 M, -Jl, l''7S. 
 Ste\v;ird (Willi, ml "^I.), Lecture on the Mineral rtc-iources of the Facilio 
 
 States. Xev,' York, ISOo. 
 Stdlniiin (•). 1). 1!.), Did Drake Discover San Frnnei;co Hay? In Ov.rlaml 
 
 Miiutlily, i. ■".'■_'; Footprints in ('alifoniia of J^arly X'avi^ 
 
 hil. 
 
 Seeking the (!oIdeu Fleece, 'JS."i; Id. In Gvcilaud Monthly, ii. -.")7; 
 
 Observations ( ii t!io INIedical Tojio^r.ipliy and Diseases of t!ie Sacraniento 
 
 Vidley. X'. Y., l:j.~)l; Seeking the (Joldeii Fleece. San Francisco, etc., 
 
 1n77; Staten;c;it on \ igi!anco Coniinittee. 3IS. 
 St Louis (.Mo.), (l!i,bc, Heveille, Union. 
 
 Stiiasoii (A. L.), History of the Kxpre;- ; Companies. Xevv Y<i;k, lS."iS. 
 StiiliiiiX (I'iitiioli .Lunet.!), The Australian ami Californian (lold Discoverioa. 
 
 iMiiil);ii;,h, ir..";>; De hi DLCouverte des Klines d'v.)r en Australie ct en 
 
 Californie. Paris, IS.");!. 
 Stockton, I'.iMc'o::, Cali!'<irnia Agriculturist, <"la;'ette, Iler.-dd, Independent, 
 
 I'aeilie Ob. erver, San Jo:ii[i;iii Herald, .San .Toaipiin Krpul.iliean. 
 Stockton, History of, (Sec Tinkhani (ieorgelL) 
 Stockton (rei!., it F.), Despatches ( JDlh Cm-, lM Se.ss., II. }^k. Doe. I, p. fiOS]; 
 
 Despatches and (Jrders, 1S47. In Cutts' Coiupiest; Id., Life, Apptn. 
 
 |.')Otli Con^'., '_'d Sess., Sen. Kk. Doc. 'M]; also in diiierent Archives. MS.; 
 
 -Military and Xaval Oprradons [;;;ith Con^,'., 'Jd Sess., Sen. Ex. Doe. .'!! I; 
 
 Miscelliineiiis Orders and Correspond' nee. In Id., Life, .\iipen.; I'rporfc 
 
 Feb. IS, 1 -'S. In Id., lM; l.'ep.irt Feb. IS. bS|S. In \\:;v v/, li Mex., 
 
 l;-pt''. .'!:!-ri;'; Scattered Coimiiiinieiitions. ^bS. ; A Ski teiiof ihi' Lii'eof. 
 
 \e\v Yi ik, lS.'/(i. 
 Stoi-ktiiu and ( 'ipperopolis llailroiid, lOiiyiiieers' lleport, Oct. ISCi'J. Siockton, 
 
 bSlil'; (jthi'r leports. 
 Stone (U. ('.), (loll and Silver Mines of Ametii i. X'ew Yov!;, n.d. 
 Stout (.Vrlhiir !!.), C'linoso Imniii.'ration. Siiii i'raiieisco, isCd. 
 Stiahoni (Jlobert \].) To the Rockies and I'.evoi d. Cliiea^'o, ISSL 
 ."'II-. eter (Wibi.,!n A.), lle.-olk'etioiis of lli..t'.ii 111 i:vetit.s, 1SI:!-7S. MS. 
 
mmrnm 
 
 Ixxxii 
 
 AUTIIOniTIES QUOTED. 
 
 
 ^iilliii! 
 
 Rtuiirt (Charles V.), Trip to C;ilifonii;i in ISli). M.S. 
 
 Stuart (Jaiiica J\), Ar;.;uiiic'iit uii >'urv<.'y of tlio llauclio Rio do .Santa Clara. 
 
 Wa.iIiiii;.jLj!i, \ u2; L'ul tilmwiiV^ whcrcaljould of the ^'uvunior at tlilRr- 
 
 cut (latus. ^I.S. 
 Stiidnilz (Ailliiir Mm), (lokl. Leg;il licgulatious. London, 1877. 
 iSui.iUii, Si llano Cnaiily I-)cniocrat, Solano Herald, Solanu I'rcsj, .Solano I'm- 
 
 pidilioaii, Solano Sentinel. 
 Simmer ((..'al.), Kern Counl.y ( la/.etto. 
 
 Sunnier (Charles A.), The Uve;!a:id Trip. .S:ui Fi-aneLsco, 187j. 
 Sun of .Anahuac. Vera Cruz, IS 17 et .sei|. 
 Suuol (Antonio), Carta.s du uu Catalan. .MS. 
 
 Superior (joverniuent ^;tatu Papers. M.S. 21 Y'>1s. In Archivo do Cal. 
 Susanville, Farmer, ha!;.sen Advoeate, Lasaen County Journal, La:>aen Sago 
 
 Sutil y }.Ie;;ieana, llelaeion del Viage lieelio par las (.iole^as. ^Madrid, ISOJ; 
 
 atlas. 4co. 
 Sutro (Adolpli), The Mineral Uesourees of the U. S. Lalliniorc, Iti08. 
 Sutter (.fohn A.), Corretpondenee, l!i.'!0-lS. MS. 
 Sutter (John A.), Correspondenee of the Sub-Indian Agent, 1817-S. In C.d. 
 
 and N. y.vx., ?.i(!.^s. and Doc. IS'iO. 
 Sutter (.Toh.n A.), Diary, l."i;]9-!8. SernpOiook from the Ai;'Tonaut, 1S7S. 
 Sutter (.li;hn A.), llNaniination of the lUissian Tirant. Saerament.), liJUO. 
 Sutter (John A.), Memorial to the Senate and llou.sc. Wasli., l87o. 
 Sutter (John A.), Personal lleeolleciioiis. MS. 
 
 Sutter (John A.), l'eLitio;itoCongreso[ljytliCong., lutScs:!., Sen. Mi.,. Doe. 38], 
 Sutter (John A.), S;,ai.isUcal llcport on Indian Tribe.;. MS. 
 Sutter County, liistijry of. [Ciuindierlain and AVells.] Oahland, ]t'.7!.). folio. 
 Sulter-.'-iaaol Corrrh-^jundenee, l;jlD-(l. M:i. 
 Sutton (O. P.), Early l^xperienees. MS. 
 Swan (.Iv)hn A.), Historical Sketehes, 1811, etc. MS. 
 Swan (John A.), ^ionterey in 181J. In S. Jose Pioneer, Mar. ?,:), 1S7S. 
 .Swan (John A.), Triii to the Cold Mines, 1818. MS. 
 Swan (John A.), Vi'riiings of ;i Pioneer, in S. Jo.je Pioneer, 1878-0, and 
 
 other new-paper:!. 
 Sw.-tsey (Wi'.Iiam 1\), California in 18.-l.~)-0. MS. 
 Swasey (V.'illiam I'.), ll^marks on .Snj'der. ^IS. 
 Swett (John), History of the Public .S'diool System of California. S, F., 1S7G. 
 
 Tapia (Tilnireio), Carta.s do v.n A'ecino do Angeles, M.S. 
 
 Tapis (i:stevau). Cartas del I'raile. :\IS. 
 
 Tapi.s (Esii'van), llvi^edicion a Calahua.ja, 1708. ^IS. 
 
 Taiii-s (Fslevan), IrJ'.n-niea P.ienales do Mitiones, IStUl-lO. JIS. 
 
 Tapis (ilstevan), Xoticias Presentadas al CoLr- An-illaga, PCS. MS. 
 
 'iVipii (Lstevau), Parecer K^ol.iro Pepariindentos do Indios, 1810. JLS. 
 
 Tapis (Estuvan), and Juan Ccn'tes, llrpliea do loi Ministros dc Si'a Ijdrbara, 
 
 1800. MS. 
 Tarayro (1']. Cuilleuiin), Exploration Miueralogiipie des Ilegious Mexicaines. 
 
 J 'a lis, loG'J. 
 Taibell (I'rank). Victoria Life and Tr.avels. :MS. 
 
 TayL 
 
 or (Ale.\aiK 
 
 !erS.), Artick'S in Calitoi'iiia F.iimer; Pibliofyrafa California. 
 
 Seiap-Look from .^■•ac. Union; Dyron, Xelseii, and Xapoleoii in California. 
 In I'.;cilieMoniIdy,.ci.Gr,'; I-i.-eoverers and I'oinulersof (.'alilornia. MS. 
 and Scra;.'^; The First \'oya;^e to Califdrnia, by Cabiillo. .'■\ F., 18.J.'i; 
 Liotof rioiiecr.'s. ^l.'^.; Hi; t. .'■•innmary of Lower California. In IhoMiie's 
 Min. lies.; Odds and En<ls. M.S. and Seraiis; Sketches eonueeted Mitli 
 (Vdifornia lli.itory. n.j 1. [P.".")]; Siceimms c)f tlie Pn ;s [in S. F.Mel- 
 eantilo LiliraryJ ; Ti'.e .Sloi'chouse of Caiifoi'iiia. ILjil., n.d. 
 
 'J"a\liir (l;a\ard). At llomeand Aliroad. Xew York, 181j7; Jd Doi-adi^ X.Y., 
 I CO; X. v., POI. 
 
 'J'aylor (Penjamin F.), Letween the Gates. Chicago, 1878; Chicago, 1880. 
 
 w 
 
 ':i^ 
 
 ■i 
 
 Ti 
 
 Tr, 
 
 'JV. 
 •J I. 
 Tr 
 
 'In; 
 Trn 
 
AUTITOrJTIES QUOTED. 
 
 Ixxxiil 
 
 llu- 
 
 l'„iilt;\ra, 
 L'xicaiucs. 
 
 'alifoniia. 
 'alifoniia. 
 Ilia. MS. 
 
 [. 1'. y\vv 
 
 L X.Y., 
 
 Tavlor (niri:-tiip!icr), Ore;:r')iiiaiis in the r'aliforiiia Mine.'', 1818. MS. 
 
 'I'.-.ylui- (Mart), Tlio Gold lJig,::,'cr".-i Sini;,' Jjook. Mavysviilc, 1S.J0. 
 
 T.iVlnr (\Vi'!iain), ('alitornia'Lifi.' Illnstrateil. >>i'.\v York, 1;),;8. 
 
 'l'a\lor (William), .'^evcn Years' Street I'lvaeliing. New Yoi'k, lSo7. 
 
 'J'l iiaiiia, liulepeilclelit, Tucsiu. 
 
 ■IV iiiplu (Francis r. F.), JJceolloe-tions, ISIl-T. :MS. 
 
 'i eiiiple (Joliii), Letters of a lyis AiK;c!es .Mcrcliaiit. IMS. 
 
 I'l iritdfial I'ioueers, Annual Meelinj^'s. S. F., l^>7■l'-'t.se<|.; Constitutii-n atul 
 15y-La\vs. San I'l'a.nt.iseo, It'l; Fir^t Annual. ,S. F., I'.TT. 
 
 'J"eiTy'(l>aviil S. ), 'J'rial of, l)y the ConmiiLtec of Vie;ilance. S. F., looO. 
 
 'l\ \■\^ (A. 11), IJeyond tlio Sierras. I'hihideli.liia, 'loTT. 
 
 'I\vi.4 (Lloyd), Address l)efore tJie Anieriiun L.ailci'ra' A.ssociation, Au^. 10, 
 IS'il. n.pl., n.d. 
 
 Tiiomes (11. Jl.), Life of an Immigrant of ISII. MS. 
 
 'I Immpi-on (A. I!.), lUi-inet^s (Jorix. ;ioiid; nee. ^IS, 
 
 'I'liompson (Ambn).so W.), Memorial [to (JongrcssJ, Steamers between Cali- 
 fornia, (^hina, and .lapnn. n.]'!. [I;'.";;]. 
 
 'I'liiiinpson (Jacob), Speech in U. S. 11. of Hep., .June .">, I'jjO. on the Califor- 
 nia (Question, n.pl., n.d. 
 
 'J"liiiii^^on (Jo'.ni I!.), Speech on the Con(iuest of California in U. S. IL o!: 
 li'e[i. .June o, l.';."iO. Washington, IS,')!). 
 
 'lliompson (liobert A.), Historieaf and Descriptive Sketeli (jf So;ioiua County. 
 I'liiladcl; hia, 1877. 
 
 'J'liompsou (W'a Idy), lieeollections of Mexko. Xe\v York, etc,, 1817. 
 
 'rininipM)n and West, Publishers of Several Counly IIisiur;cJ. Sec names of 
 eor.ntics. 
 
 Thunison (Monroe), The Golden IJesourccs of California. X. Y., 18."i(i. 
 
 ihorninii (Harry . I.), Opinions on California I'riv.itc Land( laiuis. San Fran- 
 cisco, M''.;]; Speccii in Cal. Sen., Feb. 8, Isdi. Sacraniealo, ISiJl. 
 
 'I'honitnn (J. l,>i!inn), 0/e-:on and Califoinia in 1.S48. X. Y., 1;>4',». 'J v-ds. 
 
 'ilii'.nnan ((. II.). Speech in U. S. II. of itcp. .June 8, 18.-0, on tiio California 
 (.Uicslion. AVashin.'ton. 18.")0. 
 
 ■J'lnn- 
 
 ];.), Sp. 
 
 U. S. IT. of H 
 
 sion of California. 'Washington, 18.JU. 
 TikluiiMief (!'.), Istoritcheskoe ()b. 
 
 T- 
 
 Ma 
 
 iS.'iO, on the adnii 
 
 St retersbnrn-, IGGl. 
 
 vo'.s. 
 
 Tili'ord (I'r.ink), Arjjiiment on San Fr.'inciico Outside Laiids. Sac, l^tiS. 
 
 'Jiuh! 
 
 i!:!iain 
 
 jcll.), Jliitory of Stockton. San iMaueisco, U 
 
 'J'odd (John), The Sun.-et Land. Doston, 1;.70. 
 
 T. 
 
 .bs (.\!l)e;'t C.), 'I'i.e P; 
 
 OvLilandu'sof iSll. In S. F. Lulk 
 
 Jul 
 
 y~< 
 
 ISGS. 
 
 ']'ooml>s I P.), Speech in U. S. 11. of Rep., Feb. 127, 18."0, ( n Prcf?idcnt'.s :\re3- 
 
 Connnuniealing the Con.-Vatution of California. W 
 da (.Juan de), .Monarcpn'a Indiana. .Madiid, IT-- 
 
 is.nii'.Ci:oii. 
 
 IN.10. 
 
 •ipK 
 
 irri! (Fst 'van 
 
 la), Iteminiscencias, l'dr>-48. MS. 
 
 jIs. folio. 
 
 'I'ori'e (•b>sc .loa'piin), Yarius Fseritos, 
 'J'orrcs (Manuel), Pcripeeias do \'ida Caliioniiaua. }iIS. 
 'IVait d'l'nion (Le). Mexico, 18(11 ctsc'p 
 
 Tra-k ( loim 15.), EartlKinakes in California fwm lS'.V)to 1;,!JL In Cal. Aead, 
 
 lor- 
 
 ni;i. 
 
 Prfic. vol. iii. pi. ii. PJO; A Uvgistcr of KarLiupaakc-j ia Call 
 
 in 1 
 
 IboJ 
 
 'i'ratado dc la-T Floi'es cntru .Alvarado y Carrillo, 1^'"8. ^^S. 
 
 do I', 
 
 Aiiiistad, ]. 
 
 Mexicana y log Esfados-l"niilos. Mexico, 1848. 
 'I'roasin'e (^ity (Xev.), White Pine Xe' 
 
 .iiuivo I. lire 
 
 la Peiiiil 
 
 'I'lUck 
 
 ry of Travel and Ad'.x'iiti.rc. New York, ]SiJ.">. 
 
 i; 
 
 ■prd)lican, Tri'Kiiuie. 
 
 Truett (Miei'>5 F.), StateT...iit on Vigilniioe C.'Unnitti-e in Sa 
 'I'niman (Iknijamin (.'.'■., Life. A»h-"en lures, etc., il' Tdi 
 
 nl' 
 
 i.iea, 
 
 M^ 
 
 uia. 
 
 ■l-s. Is7l; OecidonttUSkelxhes. S. l\, IbSl; Scmi-Tn 
 S. F., 1S7L 
 
 ip; 
 
 J .o.s 
 dCalifui- 
 

 Ixxxiv 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 T'.illM-o (Eilwrn-a W.), Life of liiigluim Y(.niig. Xrw York, LSTil; Tlio 
 
 ^Vom<■u of .Morniumlnii. Xcw York, 1S77. 
 ^J'uoliiiiiiic, I'itizuii, Couriur, Xews. 
 TuiDcr (Williuiii ]!.)! j'-''"-''"nt''its in Rclati'm ti.> riiav^cs pi'cfcriTd l.y S. ,r. 
 
 ]''u'l(l, t'tc. Sail Eraiici.-co, IS.VIj I'rocc.'iiliii^'.s of tlio A>Hviiibly of C'lil., 
 
 ]S,">I, for tlic? Iiniiciicluiu'iit of. S;u;., ]i<~S. 
 Tnrrill (Uluirk.s ]>.). ( •■ilifoniiii Notes, t^iiii I'ranfit^co, ISTd. 
 J'u^liu (W. J.), llo.'olh'ctioiis <if an Iiiuiiigraut of l;>l."i. ^IS. 
 I'liiliill (Fraiikliiil, Jli^toiy of Califoriiia. ISaii J'raiici.sco, ]'-i(]Ci. 
 'i'wiiiin,^' lA\'ni. J.), lli'iiort of Siirviy on tlic I'liioii aiul (Vntral r.'icific Hail- 
 
 Ways [lull (/oii^,'.. -il h^c'ss., 11, E.\. ])oc. .'{s]. AVaslihiyti^u, lo7"). 
 r\vi''3 ('I'ravii's), Tlic Oregon Question. London, 1S4(5. 
 Tyler (Daniel), A Coneiso'IIistory of the .Moriiioii battalion, n.pk, ISSl. 
 Ty.son (.f;!n)e:i ],.), Diary oi ;i ]'liy.-<iciaii in (.'aiifdniia. Xew Yui'k, IS.'il). 
 Ty.-^on ll'Jiil.'l) T. ), (ieoio,Lry and Industrial liesourees of California. P.aKi- 
 
 more, 1'%")1; Memoir an Oeolo^ry ai:il To[)oqra[)liy of California. ]!e]'(ii-t 
 
 .March 111, IS.-.l) [.'Ust Cong., )«), .Ses.s.,_ Sen'. V.k. Doc. 47]. Wiwli., I 'CO. 
 Tytli'i- (Pi.trirk l'ra::er), TIi:5torieal Vi<.!\v of the Proj^'i-ess of Discovery. Ediu- 
 
 liurgli, ib;i.'j; Now York, ISri.j. 
 
 :nrtc y Loyola (Jacobo), Cartas del Coinandante Oeneral do T'rnvineias Tii- 
 
 tenias. ^IS. 
 kiali. City rrc;;:-*, Con.stitutional Democrat, Democrat'c Dcspaieh, Memlo- 
 
 cino County rvoss, Mendocino Democrat, INIendoeino Herald, 
 lloa. (Fr.iucisco), lli.lationo dello Seopriniento, IjIJO. In llaniusio, Viagu'i, 
 
 iii. li.VJ. 
 llo;i (Conzalo), Instruceioncs J'elativ.is a la Cdmision dc J''st;xdo a andiaa 
 
 Calilurnias, iy-_'2. In Ilu.itracion :M<j. ii. I()4. 
 nhoiind l'')cnnicnis. MS. 1 vol. In Archivo de Cal. 
 nitcd Slatci lv:ploring Expedition [WilkesJ. I'liiladelpliia, 1S44-.")S. 4to. 
 
 17 ^■^>l:3., folio 8 Vols, 
 nited States (ieological Surveys 'West of the lO.'^tli Mei'idiaii. (leorgo W. 
 
 Wlieelor. r>ulletins, lleports, and \'aiious PuMications. \Va,;hin^:ton, 
 
 ];)71ctser]. 4to. athu sheets, nia[)s. 
 nitcd States (Government Documents. Account- ; Agriuultm-c; Army ]!e;-C" 
 
 i.st-.'r; Arr.'.y Moteorolo-i<'al lle_:,'ister; Dank.--; .Ihircau of .Statistics; Ccn- 
 
 su.i; Coast Survey; Commerce, Eorei^'n and Domestic; Connnercc and 
 
 Xavi;_:.r!ion; Commercial Eelations; Con-^rcssional Directory; I]ducation; 
 
 Knyinccrs; Finance; Indian .Allci's; Interior; Land (Jlllce; Lifc-Saviji,.; 
 
 Service; Li!j!it-iroU';es; M('teorological Kej.orts; Mint; Xavy ];c'.'i:.tcr; 
 
 X'avy l\eport of Secretary; (Jrdnancc; I'aiilio IJailroad; Patent Ollice; 
 
 rostmas'ici'-Ccneral; Post-Olliees; (^>uartcnnaster-(icncral; JLcwnue; U. 
 
 S. Ollieial IJegistcr. Cited 1)y their dates, 
 'nitcd .States Covcrnment I>ocunu!nts. Uouso Exec. Doc; IToUso .Toui'nal; 
 
 IIouso Miscijl. Doc; Ihjusc He: orts of Com.; Message and Documents; 
 
 Senate ]'];-;ee. Doc; Journal; Miscel. Doc; Repts. Com. (,'ited by con- 
 
 gi'cs.s nuil sess-'iou. Many of tluse documents have, however, separate 
 
 titles, for which sec author or topic, 
 nitcd St;itcs Supreme Court, Ik-ports. 
 
 niled States and >' xican ]ionndarySur\ <yhy I'aiioiy. Wash., ]S."7-0. Hvols. 
 nivcrsal (El). .Mexico, 1S4!) ct .se'(]. 
 nivtiity if California, Act to ('reate and Org;ini;-:e. n.pl. n.d. ; also nriny 
 
 other p.imiihh.ts, Kcports, Addresses, etc. 
 iizueta (.luan .\ntonio), Iiiformo I'rcsentado al Prcsidente de los J'.stados 
 
 Unidos Mcxiianos por el Contador Mayor. Mexico, ls;i,'!. 
 [iham (Cliarlcs W.), Life, Explorations, etc., of .1. ('. Fremont. IJoston. ISriii, 
 pluun (Srnnui 1 C), Ye Ancient ^'nl)a Minerof the Daysof'l!). I'iiiladilphia, 
 
 187S; Xotes of a YoyaLje to California. l'iiiladcl[ihia, 1,S7S; Songs of the 
 
 Argoiiants. Philadcljihia, l.S7(i. 
 rre!i(Migne]}, Xoticias J']-itadisticas. IiiS(jc. Mi x. (!eog,, Pmletin, (oni. ii.4"J. 
 
 .^:f 
 
 Val! 
 V,-,ll, 
 \all, 
 \all. 
 
 jM, 
 
AT-TIIORTTIES QUOTED, 
 
 IXXW" 
 
 W. 
 
 igton, 
 
 ] !«•;-!■ 
 
 .:o tlllil 
 
 ■S:iviiiL; 
 ri.tcr; 
 inlico; 
 
 r.- r. 
 
 iiiouts; 
 ly con- 
 L'pavato 
 
 n vols. 
 -> in;iny 
 •:sta<lo3 
 is:i(>. 
 
 )f til.! 
 
 |i.ii.4'J. 
 
 "V'.iM's (Dorotia), llclainisccnccs. M.-^. 
 \ .iK'u'H l-Jo.su Jlaiii'iu Aiitouid), Moiiiorias. MS. 
 \ail<- (Aiituiiii) (1(1), (AtiicspiJiiiK'iicia iK'l Tiaiioiito. MS. 
 \a!l'- (I'4na<-i() ik'l)i (.'alias. MS. 
 
 A allu 'l^uiiacicj del), J >oc:\um.'iitii.s pafa la JlisLini.i, do Cal. MS. 
 \:,'.\r il^nacio ilcjl), Lo ra.-.ailo ilo C'alil'iiniia. MS. 
 
 A'.illij'i, Advor'tisLT, Cliioiiu'lo, Iiidc]i( iidciit, IiiiU'pendciit Advocate, rcople'.s 
 JiiiKiiciiik'nt, i;c(.-i)nlt'r, Sulanu Ci.iunty i)<iuuLTat, Swlaiio Time.). 
 
 LS71. 
 
 , 11. d. 
 
 li.i.: 
 
 A'a'lijo, The Future of. Vallejo, ISGS; 'I'liu riM.siicct.-6 of. V; 
 
 \ .illi i", Jle.soiirce.s of. [Ri'p. Iroiii Solano Advi'i'tiser, ItitiS-'J. 
 
 \ .likjo (fyiiaeio), Carta.s del Sarj^i'iito ])i;iliii;^iiido. MS. 
 
 \ ;dl< Jo (■lo.'ie do .Ji .sn.';), Libro de 1,'uentas. M.S. 
 
 \ allrjo (.Jose de .]e.sn.s), lieliiiui.'ieeiieias llistoiiea.s. MS. 
 
 \ I, 111 jo (.Mariano Giiad,iliii)e), Canipafiii contra Jvstaiii.slao, 182!). 'MS. 
 
 \ ,i'l. jo (Mariano fl.), Carta iiii]ire.sa. al (ujl)'" liO de ,JiUio. fSoiioina j l.sDT. 
 
 Niiliij') (.Mariano (I.), Circular Inipresa en tiue anuucia pii niinilir.tiuieiito do 
 
 ( 1)111 .ndantc General, Nov. -1, IS.'JS. ISouonia, 18;JS.] 
 \alli jo (.Mariano G.),Corres]ioiidencc of .Sub-Iudii.u Agent, 1S17. In Cal. and 
 
 1\. Me.\., .^les.s. and Doc, I8o0. 
 \ allejij (Mariano G.), Corrcsiiundeneia ITi-slorica,. ISIS. 
 A'allcj'i (.Mariano G.), Discoui.-so. S Oct. Ls7l>. In S. F., Centeu. ^Fein., !)7. 
 \ ,,lli jo (Mariano G. ), Di.scunso lli.stiirico, 8 de Oct. lS7li. JIS. 
 N'^illijo (Mariano (i.), Dociiniento.s [lara la Hist, de California. ]7';iJ- 18."(). 
 
 .MS. Vu vuh. 
 A alkjo (.Mariano (J,), Ec.<poci.^ion que hace el Comandante Cieneral de la Alt;v 
 
 Cal ! torn ia al Gooeniadm' de la .Mi.-^nia. Siiiioma, 17 Ac;o:jto IbVu. 
 N'alli jo ^Mal■iano f!.), Escritos Oliciales y I'artieulares. MS. 
 \':ill( jo (Mariano G.\ Ilidtoria de Calil'o'.'iiiii. JIS. o vols. 
 A'.ilKjo (Mariano (!.), Infornio .solire Xemiliren de Coadados. S.m .Jose, 1S,")0. 
 \';illejo (Mariano G.), Infornic Itoservado ssolire lio.ss, Is,'!;}. AIS. 
 \'alli jo (Mariano G.), Inforiues al iIini.-3trode Guerra aobro la SabIe\acion du 
 
 (irahain, 1840. :MS. 
 A idlejip (Mariano ( 1.), Males de California y .su.s lleniedio.s, ISU. !MS. 
 A all' jo (Mariano G.), Oiicio Jiii^ire.so, en <|uc (juierc roiiuneiar el .Mando. I 
 
 .Sept. 1S;]8. (Sonoma, ls:;s.| 
 \'aiUjo (Mariano (r.). Oration, ls7(l. In S. F. liiilletiii, July lo, l,s7i;; and in 
 
 many otlier papers more or lr.<.s fully. 
 Wdltjri (Miiriano G.), Ordenesde la Coniaiidaneia General, r;;;7 'J. [Sononia, 
 
 ls;!7 !)]. 
 A allrjo ^^Iariano G.). rrocliuna. Monterey, •JlFelirero ls;>7. 
 N'alli Jo (M;iriano G.), i'roelauia en el aelo de I'restar el Juraliicnto, 1S;]|). 
 
 Monterey, 183(1. 
 N'alK jo iMari.ino (!.), Proelani.-i. del Comandanto Gon., 18.17. Sononia, lS;i7. 
 \ alUjii (Mariano t!.) [rroclanui la Coii>^[iira,cioii de Franei.sfio Solano. J .Sono- 
 nia, (i Getubro IS.'iS. 
 N'.dlejo I Mariano (.!.), Hi port on Countv luinies, iSoU. Li (,'al. .Tour. Sen. 
 
 I^."l0. )i. :<:]0. 
 ValUjo (Mariano 0.), Seipiias on California. MS. 
 \ .dl.-jo (.Mar:;.no G.), Tres (.'artas Reserva.las. Atjosto ISoT. MS. 
 \ allcjn (Mariano G.), Vidii do Win. V>. Ide. :MS.' 
 A alli jo (Mariano G.) and Santia'^o Ar^^'iiello, E.Kpcdiente sobre lati Aibitrarie- 
 
 d.ides de Victoria, |s;i-_'. .\is. 
 N'alKjo (Mariano G.) und .Tuan U. Cooper, Varios Librosde Cit< nta.-, ISO.")-,")!. 
 
 M.S. 
 Vallejo iSalv;idor), Avi^^o al r.ililico. Lo.i Rai.. lieros Principak.^ 
 
 tern lie S. Fraiiei:, ■.,. S iUolll.l, I.") A^osto. is;!!). 
 N'alltj.) (Salvadori, >; ■' ' Hi.stixieas. MS. 
 N'aiii'ouver (Geor"c). Vovai: • of I >i.-i( 
 
 Fr 
 
 ■on- 
 
 i.-ieovei 
 
 V to llic Pacilie Oec! 
 
 ■Ito. Atla.s in folio; J,oiid., jsoi. (I \o1-j 
 
 Loud., 17IIS. 
 
 I roe.-an Parili(pU', eti'. Pari 
 
 oya^i' 1 
 
 le l»,- 
 
 iu\erte.s 
 
 Ui., viii. ;> vols. tto. .Vtlu.s in folio. 
 
 I I' 
 
pnn 
 
 Ixxxvi 
 
 AUTirORITIE.S QUOTED. 
 
 Villi D.yUo (Thcoiloro S.), Flirtati.m Caini). Xcw Yr,rk, IS.Sl. 
 
 Van ])ykr; (WalliT), ISIatoiiu'iit i.f U'cuoUcjctioiis. .MS. 
 
 ^'an Wjorliitfj (Williaiii), (Jiviliuu Lcfuit; the Sni'ioty of California rioncors. 
 .San Francisi.'o, iSo.'i. 
 
 ViiriL(larle3 do Jiii'lspriidcncia. Mi'xico, ls,'>()-ri. [) vols. 
 
 "\"L";a (I'llcMo), JJiiciuiKuitos jiara, la Hist, do Me.\iL<.i, 1.SG2-S. .MS, I,") vols. 
 
 Ve:,'a (V'ictoiiaiio), Vida Califcniiaiia, iS.'Jt— i,. ;MS. 
 
 \'Ljar (I'aldii), i;tuucrdo.s do u:i A'iijo. MS. 
 
 Vtlanlo (Lui .) ])csi'ii])cion IJi-t'oiia. In Doc. TTist. "Nfi^x-jSci'lo iv. toni. i. 311. 
 
 \'cl.asc;',) (Francisco), Sonora, its extent, etc. San Fiaiicisco, IS(;i. 
 
 Vclasco (Jt)Si! Francisco), Xoticias cjitadistica.s ile Sonora. ^lexico, ISoO. 
 
 Veins juez (Jose), Diaiio y Mapa do ini ricconocimiento, ITS.'!. MS. 
 
 Vila~(|uez (.Tos(') I'Lclacion del Via^'o nuo liizo id (Johr. Fages, ITS j. MS. 
 
 X'enadito (Vircy), Ciinunicaciones id (lolir- do Cal., ISI!I. MS, 
 
 \'t'!ie ;as iMi^juel), Noticia do la (Jalifonua y de su Coiii|ui.sl,a Temporal, etc. 
 Madrid,"!:.")?. ?> vols. 
 
 Vcncgay (Vircy), Comunicaelones ;il Gobr. do Cal., ISlO-l'J. !MS. 
 
 'Veritas,' Kxa;iiin:ition of tlio Russian ( li'ant. n.p., ii.d. 
 
 Ver Mehr (.1. L.\ Checkeied Life: [ii the Old and New World. S. F., 1877. 
 
 Verue (.Tides), The Mutineers. In LI., Mirliae! Stro,i,'oir. Xe\i' York, IS77. 
 
 VetMUiilo (ICn,': ne), A Tour in l)otli lleniispheres. Xeu' York, etc., ISSO. 
 
 Viader (Tose), "Cartas del I'ailre. MS. 
 
 Vi:!der (Tose), Diario 6 Xoiicia del Via/,'e, ISIO. MS. 
 
 Viadcv (.Toal), Diaria do Una Fntradaal Riu dc S. ,l(ja<j^uin, ISIO. !MS. 
 
 Via;jero Universal (i:i). iladril, l7'.lo-l.S;)l. 4:J vols. 
 
 Viagr'i en laCo;li al Xorto do Californias. Copy from Spanish Aivliivcs. 
 MS. [From I'rof. Geo. Davidson, J 
 
 Victor 'Fi-ancen F.), Stndicsof California Missions. In Californian, ]\Iay ISSl 
 
 Victor (Frances 1^), Ttiver of tho West. Ilarltonl, IblO. 
 
 Victoria (Manuel), r^;eritos Sueltos del (Jobernador, 1S;!I. MS. 
 
 Victoria (Manuel), Infirmo General, l.s;jl. MS. 
 
 Vic'.oii;! (Manvicl*, M.inifest.-icion del Gefe Tolitico, IS.Tl. MS. 
 
 VicLoria (Manuel), Maniiiesto a los IlabitMites de (."ill., 1S31. MS. 
 
 \'i;iilan'.'e ConinuUecs in San I'^iwHciseo, ^lisoellauy. JIS. 
 
 Vi'ihiii: ;j do Los Aii'^eles, IboH MS. 
 
 Vi'jM'.'UX (i]!,.,' ; I, Souvenirs d'nii I'risonnier de (iuerre an !Mexiquc, 1854-0. 
 ^^ Paris, ISv'a 
 
 Vi.;;i<'s (Louis .J.), Letters of Don Luis del .\liso. MS. 
 
 Vila. (Viccnti ), hi u'uecioiies pai-a el \'ia,!.::o de 17()0 a C::!''' H'nia. ]\IS. 
 
 Villa .Sjilor y S:melie/, (.losii Antonio), Tluatro Americano. Mux., 1740. 2 vol3. 
 
 Villa viccncio (-[{isi'' .Maiia), Cart;is. MS. 
 
 Vio-e. (.T. .1.),' LeUers of an lOarly Ti'ad.r. MS. 
 
 Virviinia (Xev.), Evening Chronicle, Territorial Enterprise, Union. 
 
 Visalia, Di-Un, ivpial lliLjIits Jvxpoaltor, Iron Age, Tulare Index, Tulare Time". 
 
 Vistlie'- (I'Mur.rd), 1'>riele ein s Deutschen aus Californicn, 1S42. San Fran- 
 cisco, l;i73; Mi sions of L'pper C.iiifornia. San Francisco, 1S72. 
 
 Vowc'.l (A. W,), British Coliunliia .Min.s. ilS. 
 
 Voy;'.;,'es, .\ Colkcu on of Voyages and Travels [Churchill's]. London, 17."2. 
 folio, 'i Vol.;.; Curious (,'ollection of Travels. London, 17'd. 8 vol.,: 
 [ILirleian], Collection of Voyages and Travels. Ltmd., 17 to. - vols.; 
 llistorieal Account by ICnglish Xavigatoi-.s. London, 177'"'-4. 4 vols.; 
 Historical Account of, round tin; Win-ld, Loud., 1774 81. (Ivols.; Xew 
 Collection. Louilon, 17ii7. 7 vols. ; Xew Univer.sal Collection. London 
 I7.V>. ;}vo'.4.; World DispLiyed. London, 17(iO. 20 vols. 
 
 Voy:ige.i au Xoril, Itecucil. .\histerd:im, l71o-27. 8 vol.-. 
 
 Wadsworth (Tnuns C), Statement on Vi.dlanec Committee. MS. 
 W:iM.^\v:irtli ( Willi:un), N'ation:il \V:i;.ron Ko:id (uiide toC:il. S. !•'., 1S,"S. 
 Wa\ n):in (lM;,':ii'). Thi^ l.o.,' cif an ,\ncient M:nini r. Nan Franeisc..), 1S78. 
 Walker (.loci li.), Xanativo of u I'ionoer of 1841. MS. 
 
 W 
 A, 
 V: 
 
 w 
 
 w = 
 W i 
 A\: 
 \\, 
 
 w,: 
 
 ^1 
 
 I \v;i 
 
 ^ Wil. 
 
 .J 
 
AUTnOETTIES QUOTED. 
 
 Ixxxvli 
 
 mcors. 
 . i. Ui. 
 
 r.o. 
 
 MS. 
 nil, etc. 
 
 •., 1877. 
 , 1877. 
 , ISSO. 
 
 \ivliivcs. 
 ,I:iy 1881 
 
 1854-:). 
 
 IS. 
 1. 2 vols. 
 
 •au J'lau- 
 
 ,l,.n, 17."'^. 
 
 H veil. 
 
 2 vols.; 
 
 4 vols. •• 
 ols.; N<'«' 
 
 Lomlou 
 
 isr.s. 
 
 •o. IS78. 
 
 ;,lla "Wnllii (W. T.), Statesman. 
 
 aljiolo CVo ;c:-ii:l;>, I'oiu- Vc:nM in tlie V;ir\[h, IRM-S; L'-.i'l., l.'MO. 2 vol.^. 
 
 •ilton (l!ai:itli, IV.ctn from tlio (\<M llo-ioiia. J'.o.'iton, l.''-!'.». 
 
 ,;!• with Mo;:ico, J'a'poit.s niul Dc ■pat^'Iii".. Oi)t'r.itioiia of U. S. Naval 
 
 \\n-c.c->, l!:l:;-7. ['■'•V,lh ('oii;r. -M (^^•^■^i., II. Kx. l-'oc. 1, i>t. ii.] 
 ,inl (SaniiK'l), ]/tt('i' tn Xcv/Yorl; ( Vririi r aiiil l^injuirir, Aii^', 1, lM;i. 
 iiiv, iMiii'iiant (Inido to California. | ll'l'JJ u.pl. 
 ■filler (■r.^J.), i;io;.;rai)Iiical MictL'li. .MS. 
 
 i.niir (1. .1.). <'a'.u'on,i;v{!r.il Ore/on. In Colonial :Mrg., v. 210 
 iirncr (-f. J.), llciuiiiiiiX'ni-'O-! of Ivirly California. MS. 
 ■ niur, llr.yc.;, an'l Witlncy. Sco Loy An,^;ck'i History. 
 
 ncn ((>. K.), .Mciiuiir iii;on tlic >.Ial,crial usliI, etc., Uailroad Toutcs to 
 
 Tacilio. I'ac. It. 1{. IJcpiS;, xi. pt. i. 
 ■asliin':to:i (Cal. ), Alameda Iiu'.cpciulcnt. 
 a.-^hin'Jton (i). C. ), Xational Jnte!li:;(:'nc<'r, Union. 
 
 atkinii (\Vii!iani Ji.), Siateinentou Vi.LAilancu Conmiittco in S. F. MS. 
 .-■t-oii (I'lvp.!;). X'Tra'avc tf a Xiitivo L'ioneer. ]*.IS. 
 
 ■;-t-o!ivi"i\ Cal. Tiaiiscript, Tajaro Valley Time.;, Tajaronian, 'IVan.-cript. 
 r^ivr/.'/, I.^.;-i:..o!cuf, l!lil-'J. MS. 
 lavci'vi'.le, 'J'-.inilv .ronrn.'il. 
 ■(.■li.stcr (l):!niul), .'^■.peccli in U. S. Sen., :MarcIi 2,1, IS-IS, on .Mexican War. 
 
 \Vasliin;,'ton, lOlS. 
 \v\ i.].r.:v'\h). A \'iew of California as it is. S. F., I;i71; Vi^iilanco Com- 
 
 niit'.iTS ( F I'-ian Franci.ieo. In (Jveihind, xii. ."."0. 
 vvhi (Wi'.'.iani), Reniiniscenec.3 of a Pioneer of I'.lol. MS. 
 eii'hartlt (Karl', L'ie Vereini;;ten Staaten. l.iip.-i^', IC-iS. 
 cilc (Jolunn!), (,'aliLornien wio en ist. I'liihulelphia, etc., Ifi-iO. 
 Viler (■]. 11.), llenuuks i;i Sen. ( f U. S., Aug. 27, L'Jo'J, on Mexican Bound- 
 ary C'lnnji'-ion, ete. Washin^jton, 1S.")2. 
 ■(ll-i (Harry L.K .seo Xevada County lli.story. 
 
 \-!ls (\Vil!i\::!i v.), WalkerVj Expedition to "Xiear.a.';;na. X. Y., 1S,"G. 
 ■( I'th {.(I'lm.r.), A J)i;-"ei'talionoiil!ioi;',30iu-cesof Ca!ii'(>rni:'.. 15!,'r.ie:a, 18,j1. 
 \>t Inv'i:ii;lieiSj:ie:;liel, door Athanasiani Inga. [Anl^ terdani, l<i_'t.J 
 ■i-.t():'':land, Tic-:. 
 
 I'stern f ecnesanillJeniiiiiscLnees. Aulmrn, 18.";i. 
 Lslern Slicro (.!;;:■!.•, U'er tSpr;i;;u;; ;ind Alwvll]. Woodland, 1"~0. 
 \ sli>n (S.), Four .Month;! in tho .'*.:im'.j of California. IVovivh ncc, IS.ll 
 itu'.orc (('iiarle.T A.), lleport of Mi sion Indian.s, Wiisl'in'.'ton, I;i7.">. 
 hat.nni (\V. T.V ili'Uiivdiani l]a\ Xuw.s. 
 iie.'illaud, Freu Fnss, Itieorder, 'J rinity Prosa. 
 hcifon (William II.), Statement of Fact.?. MS, 
 h-i'.A- (.\!:!V ".), Land TiLleii in San Fr;aici:-eo. San Franeisco, IG-Ji. 
 lu'. kT (\Vil!i.-!:i), Eo-3 of the V/arrni, 18 !G. JIS. 
 'hippie (A. \\'.\ Report of l-.';pediti(jn from S::u llicjo t > the Colorado. 
 
 |;ilrtC.,iv'.,2aSes3., Sen. I'x. Foe. 10.] VUi:.hi:;-t.Jn, l:;,-,9. 
 hitc (i;Uj.-:h), Ci;nci:'C View of Ore'.;on Tcn-ritorv. Vv'iU,!.:n'jl(.n, ISUi. 
 Iiito (Mi J!.".el), California idl the \Vav Faek to UWS. MS'. 
 liliU'V ('.'i-K A. Proje-'t for a F.aihvad to the Paci:;e. Xev.- York. 1.849. 
 ' iincy (.J. ]).), >'etallie Wealili of the United States. Phila., ! .It. 
 idber (.1. JI. ), ShUenicnt of a Pioneer of 1K40. -MS. 
 idiiey, IL'iyee, and Wa.rner. Sec Los An-jelcM County, History, 
 ierzhiel-.i ( F. P.), California a;, it is and as it may \r.:. S. F., l."IO. 
 i'jgins (William), Pueiiio Coa-t in 18."!). In S. .Jo. (5 Pioneer, April 0, 187S. 
 i^'gins 1 William), lleminiseenees of a Pioneer of 18!'). MS. 
 
 'iimhiaiitr, 
 
 i.L'lit (.■^Mi.iucl P.), Adventuns in Ca'if'n-nia. Ilootini, P'l>>. 
 
 il.'ox (.ran.e;) Smith), Cart.isN'ui'ias sohre bus viaiics en la goktaCo 
 
 Isl7. ^:S. 
 
 ;Mi'r(Mar.!i:ill P.), California. Boston, 1S71. 
 iky (.lanu :j S.), Sp.ecch in U. S. H. of liep., May IG, 1SI8, on AL-.pii4lion 
 
 of Territory. Washington, lb4S. 
 
Ixxxviii 
 
 AUTironiTIES QIOTF.P. 
 
 .# 
 
 Wilkes (riinvk'H), Xarrative of the X'. S. ]]\|il(iriii;,' Ivxpcilitioii. I'liiliuk'I- 
 l)hi;i., ISlt; -ito. .'{vdIs.; l'liiliuk'l)iliiii, ISl,'), ovuht.; i^oiulou, \6io, 
 
 M'ill.u.-i (Clunk'-.), Wi'HtiTii Aiiifiiuii. I'liilii.lrlpliifi, l>Si!). 
 
 AVillcy (S.'Uiiuol II.), iK'ciiik! S(>nni>iis. S;iii l'"raiicisci), IS")0; An Historic-ill 
 Tapi'i' lUl.itiiig to iSaiitii (.'niz. Sau Fraiioisto, I.ST'i; I'l iv-uual Muino- 
 raiulii. ^IS. ; (,>iinrt<.T ('"iitury Di.icoursi,'. In Santa C'luz Juitci'inisu 
 Maixli 0, \S~l; Tliiity Years in California. Sau Francisco, 1S79. 
 
 AVilliani.4 (Allii'fl), kcetiiro on lliu (.'onciUcsL of Cal. ];>'[iorl..i in S. 1''. news- 
 papcr.s rif Juno 1S78; A l'ioni;i'r I'astorato. San Francisco, IST'.t. 
 
 Williani.-i (Iliiiiy F.), Statement of Jlecollection.s. !MS. 
 
 AMUiaiusnii (I!, S.), Jk[iortof a Itecouiiaisaance, etc., in Cal. Wash., 1S,")H. 
 
 AVillic (I!')l)erto Criik'ton), Mexico; Noticia solirc .su llauiiuila I'liiilica ljaj(j 
 el (Jobierno I'lspaiiol y IJcspvU'.s dc la Indept iidencia. JMexico, 184j. 
 
 AVillows, Journal. 
 
 Wilniinj;tiin, ]'nli'r]irisc, J(;uriial. 
 
 ■\Vilson (IVnjainin 1).), Oliservatiuiis of Ivirly Pays, ISH, etc. MS. 
 
 Wilson (Fchvard), The Golden kand. ]!o.stoii, 1S52. 
 
 Wilson (il'diort A.), Mexico and its Ikk'.'ion. Xew York, LSo."). 
 
 Winans (Josepli ^\'.), Statement of Itccollcction.s, IS-lO-o-'. ]\JS. 
 
 ^Vinter, Advocate. 
 
 Winthvop (Ik ('.), Speech, May S, IK.IO, on Admission of Cal. Wash., 1S50. 
 
 Wi.so, A few Xotcd on California. ^IS. 
 
 Wise (kicut.). kos (Iringos. Xew Yoik, ]S|0. 
 
 Wolfshill (William), Stoiy of an Old Fioneer. In ^\'ilnlingt(Jn Journal. 
 
 Wood (Wiliiani M.), Waiideriu.i,' SUetches, Fliiladelphia, 'l:. I'J. 
 
 "Wood, Alley, tuid Company. Sec Solano County History, and others. 
 
 Woodiiridge, Mcssen.cjev. 
 
 AVoodliiii'jc (Sylvester), Statement on Vigilance Corjniiittee. ISIS. 
 
 AVo(jdland, Xcws, Standard, Yolo Democrat, Yolo ^Mail. 
 
 WooiLs (l»aniel 1\.), Sixteen Month.s at the (lold Di-.uin-s. X. Y.. IS.Ik 
 
 ^Voods (James\ I'.ecoUections of Pioneer Woik in (.'aliiornia. S, F\, 1S7S. 
 
 Wool (.lolni Ik), Corres]iondenco in re.L,'ard to his ()[ierations on the Coast of 
 the Pacitic [.'Slid Coul'., "Jd Sess., Sen. V.x. Hoc. 10; ."oth Con^'., Ist Scss., 
 H. Kx. Doc. 8S, H. i'.x. Hoc. 1-'4|. Wash., It^Vl; Id., 1...-7. 
 
 ^^'orccster (Samuel M.), California — Outlines of an Address, .lau. II, 1840. 
 
 Wozencraft (O. M.). Indian A Hairs, lS4!»-.-)0. MS. 
 
 Wrijht(J.W.A.),Thc()\vensi;iv.>r^Var. In San rrancisco Post, X'ov. 1.1, 1870. 
 
 ^\'ri,-'d■ (William), Histoiy of the P)i:.' ISonanza. Hartford, etc., kS77. 
 
 \Vytllict (Corn.), Hcscriptiouis I'tolcniaiciu Auymeutum. Lovanii, 151)7. 
 
 Yates (John), Sketch of a .Tourney to Sacramento Yallcy, 181:2. MS. 
 
 Yorki kncna, California (Star. iSec San F^rancisco. 
 
 Yolo County 11 istorv. San I'^rancisco, 1S70. atlas folio. 
 
 Yoniii,' (Ann ]':ii.-a),'Wifo Xo. 10, Hartford, 1,S70. 
 
 '^'oun^,' (I'liilip), History of Mexico. Cincinnati, ISju. 
 
 Yoini,!,' ]\[c'i\s ( krislian Association, Annual Heiiorts. S. F., 1854 et seq, 
 
 Yrcka, Journal, Union. 
 
 Yidxi City, .Tournal, Sutter Ijanncr, Suttci- County Sentinel. 
 
 Yulia (Jounty, History [Chandjcrlain and Wells]. Oakland, 1S79. folio. 
 
 Zalvidea (Tosc }il.''.ria), Hiario do una I'.xpcdicion, Ticrra Adentro, kSO(). MS, 
 Zalvidea (Jose ^1 aria) and .Tost' Barona, Peticion al Ccfo Politico a favor d.' 
 
 loslndios, lS-_'7. JNIS. 
 Zamacois (Xiceto), Historia do ]\Icjico. Barcelona, etc., 1S77-SO, vols, i.-xi. 
 Zamorano (.\uustiu Y.), Cartas Sueltas. IMS. 
 Zaniorano (A^jnstin v.), Proclama que Contiene los Articulo., do las Conili- 
 
 tiones eiitro el y Ikkeandia, 1KV2. MS. 
 Zamorano (Au'nstin Y.) y Cia., Aviso al Publico. Monterey, iS.'Vk 
 Zavalisliin (Hniitry), I>clo o Koloniy Boss. ]\1S. 
 iiuniya (Jose), Cartas del Comandante de S. Dieyo, 17!Sl-yj. '^•lii. 
 
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 HISTORY OF CALIFORXIA. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY RESUME. 
 
 IIlSTOr.Y OF TITE XoHTIt MKXirW RtATKS, ir)20 TO 170!)— C0T!Tl':S ON- THE 
 
 ]'a('Ifio Coast — llis J'i.ans — Oustai'I-ks — XrSo dk fJtzMAX \s Sina- 
 LoA—IIrRTADO.BECF.HRA, AND Jimenez — Cortes in CAUFonsi a— Diego 
 HI, OrzMAN — Careza 1)e Vaca — NiZA — Ui.LOA — CoKONADo — Diaz — 
 Alaucon — Alvauaho — Mixton War — Xceva Gamcia — Nikva ^'IZ- 
 cava — Mission Work to 1000— Conquest of New Mexico — Coast Voy- 
 ages— Skventkentii CiCNTruY Annai.s — Mission DisTRifTS of Nceva 
 
 VlZCAYA — TeFEIITANES ANuTARAIirMAItES— ,TESriTSAM)I'i;AN('ISCAN,s — 
 
 Revolt in New Mexico— Sinaloa and Sonora— Kino in 1'imeria — 
 Vizcaino — Gplf KxrEiuTioNs — Occhfation of Uaja California — 
 Kii;inEENTH Centiuy Annals of New Mexico, CiiiiirAncA, Sonora, 
 and Baja California, to the Expulsion of the Jesuits in 17()7. 
 
 As in the history of IMoxico we arc refcrrod to 
 S})ain for the origin of affairs, so in the liistory of 
 Calilornia it is necessary to jjlance at Mexieo in order 
 |ir()|)orly to understand tlic course of eai'ly events. 
 
 Iffrnan Cortes landed at Vera Cruz in Ajnil 1511), 
 1111(1 liy August 1521 was in permanent jiossession of 
 llic Aztec capital. Within ten years Spanish occu- 
 pation had been pushed south across the istlnnus of 
 Telmantepec, west to the l*acitic, and north to Piinuco, 
 (^hu retaro, and Colima; and exploration to tlie Huas- 
 ti'c region of Taniaulipas, the Chiehiniec territory (»f 
 Aguas Calientes, San lAiis Potosi, (Tuanajuato, and 
 iliat ])art of Jalisco below the Rio Grande. Let us 
 uive attention exclusively to the west and north- 
 west, as Cortes himself was disposed to do whenever 
 
 Vol. I. 1 
 
INTRODUCTORY RKSUM i:. 
 
 ||^i,| ;f| 
 
 ho ronld avoid the vexations <'oin|tlioatioiis that called 
 liiiii to ^fexieo, or ( "ciitral Anu'iica, or Spain. 
 
 iicl'ore tlio middle of lay 1522 ( 'ortos h:i<l i'ounded 
 a town at Zacatula, and heL'iin to huild there an cxploi'- 
 in,!^ fU't t. ]]y this time it had heeome apparent that 
 the old ^eooiaphicid theories must Ix^ sonu;\vhat modi- 
 fied. This was shown hy di.scovei'ies in the l*acili(.' 
 farther south than the eoncjueror's shi[)-yard. Evi- 
 dent ly the AEexican re^^ion was distinct, thonj>h n<»t 
 necessarily distant, from Asia, beiiiij^ separated from 
 that t'oiitin(Mit by a strait in tlu; north; or else it was 
 a soutli-easteiMi pi'ojcction of Asia from a ]>oint fart Ik r 
 north than the knowledi^e of the old travellers !iad 
 I'xtended. Cortes proposed to solve the mystery l)y 
 .simply followiiin' the coast, first northward, then west- 
 ward, and finally southward, I'ound to India. If a 
 strait existed he was sure to find its mouth; and if 
 not, he would at least reach India l)y a new route, 
 and woidd at the same timt; add many rich islands 
 and coast.s to the Spanish domain. That such islands 
 existed no one ventured to (lou!)t; and one romance)' 
 of llie time went so far as to invent a name for oih^ 
 of thiui.and peo[)le it with the oli's[)rin^' of his imani- 
 nation. 
 
 The work of huildinu^ s]iij)s made slow proi^rcss. 
 ^laterial had to he transported ovi-iland from Vera 
 Cruz; and the tedious opi-ration had to he rc]»eated 
 after a fire which destroyed the Zacatula warehouse. 
 Ill 1524 it was ho[)ed to have the fleet ready to sail 
 in July of the next year; hut (N)rtes was railed away 
 hy his Honduras campaign, and exitlor;ition must 
 wait. ]\reanwlille ^Nfiehoacan had suhinitted jicacc- 
 uhjy in 1522; Colima had heen comjuei'ed aftei' sevt'i-al 
 reverses in 152.'); while in 1524 Jalisco, from Lake 
 Chapala to Te[)ic, was explored hy Avalos and Ki'an- 
 cisco CN)rt(.'s, the native chieftains hecomiiiL^ vassals of 
 Spain, thoun'h no Spaniai'ds were left in the country, 
 llanderas A'alley and a ^ood port, ]\lan/anillo or San- 
 
 tia 
 
 ••'o, were discoveretl (.luruiL'' 
 
 Idl 
 
 thi 
 
 s ex|)e( 
 
 1' 
 
 diti 
 
 ou. 
 
firZMAN A RIVAL OF CORTliS. 
 
 lat oallctl 
 
 II. 
 
 [ toninU'tl 
 
 Liiexploi'- 
 
 rent tluit 
 
 ]iiit)ii<>(li- 
 
 lo Paciii'' 
 
 1(1. Kvi- 
 
 louo-li not 
 
 att^l IVoiii 
 .'Iso it was 
 int. fartlui- 
 -rlk'vs had 
 lysU'iy l)y 
 t'lie-u west- 
 idia. 11" Ji 
 itli; and il" 
 ji(>\v route, 
 ■ich islands 
 ucli islands 
 
 ronianct'V 
 no for on*' 
 
 his iniagi- 
 
 Tho vessels were made ready after the return of 
 Cortes to sail in 152G, and three more were on tlie 
 stocks at Tehuantepec. Tiien came (xiievara from 
 ]\l;H4f!lan Strait to Zaeatula; but while Cortes was 
 |.re])arini,*' to send him with Ordaz to India hy tlio 
 iioitliern coast route, a I'oyal onler recpiired the 
 ^•essels to be despatched under Saavedra l)y a luoi-e 
 direct way to the S[»ice Islands and Loaisa's I'l-iief. 
 N'et helbre startinijf, tlie tleet made a bei^'inniuL;- («f 
 iiortheiii exploration by a trial trip up to Santia-^o in 
 ( 'olima. Work on the other .ships was stopped l)y the 
 ciplaiii-yenerars loes when he went to Spain in l.liiS; 
 ;iiid tlioui^h buildiuLC oi)erations were resumed latej- at 
 
 new 
 
 'P 
 
 ipui 
 
 imp 
 
 thrown in the explorer's way, aiul at the end of la;) I 
 he was disheartened at the i^loomy prospect. 
 
 M\';inwhik! a rival and foe to the conipiistadoi' had 
 nppeared on the sce-ne in the person of Nuho de (lu/.- 
 111,111, president of the royal audiencia. He foresaw that 
 the return of C*ortes from Spain would result in his 
 own downfall; and he I'csolved to wrest triumph IVom 
 the jaws of disLj^raec, iravinn' presided at the trl.d of 
 his enemv, Ik- was familiar with the scheme of north- 
 era conquest. As governor of IVmuco he had lieard 
 freiii tlu; natives rumors of great cities in the noi'th. 
 Instead of tamely submitting to trial in ]\lexico, ho 
 would make the nortliei-n scheme his own, and by this 
 li^^ld stroke not only turn the tables on his i'(n>, but 
 will for lumself lasting })0\ver, fame, and riches. .\t 
 the end vK IjiiO (rUJ^man marched from Mexico with 
 fi\e hundrecl stjldiers and i^^w thousand fndian allies. 
 The I'oute was down the Ivio («raiuk!(l(! Lerma to tlie 
 region of tlu) modern (jluadalajara. A jxirt of the 
 iinny uniler Ohate and Chirinos by a northern detour 
 ])enetrated to the sites of the later Lagos, Aguas 
 ('.ilieiitcs, Zaeatecas, and .lei'cz; and in ^lay I.V.O 
 the (fivisions were reunitiMl at 'Pepic. The advance 
 
 w 
 u 
 
 \v 
 
 i>s everywhere marked by devastation ; and fe 
 
 native towns ese 
 
 apet 
 
 1 1 
 
 jurumi''- 
 
 Xo heed was give 
 

 ^!rT ■?* ■ ■'' 
 
 '■ii, , 
 
 1 
 
 : ■ .ii 
 
 ■ i 
 1 
 
 4 INTRODUCTORY RKSU.Mi:. 
 
 to tlic ri'j^Iit.s of tli(! fonnur conquerors, Avulos and 
 (\)rtes, l)iit Guzman's policy was to make it a[)pear 
 tluit the country had never been conquered at all. 
 Sucli Indians as \V(>re not hostile at first were there- 
 lore provoked to hostilitv, tliat there niiuht be an 
 t'xcuse for plunder, destruction, carnage, and esj)0- 
 riallv i'or the seiziu'e and brandiui^ of slaves. Tiiis 
 chapter <jf horrors, one of the bloodiest in the annals 
 of Sj)anish conquest, continued to the end; yet out- 
 rap^cs weie considerably less Irequent and terrible in 
 the far north than in Jalisco. 
 
 A ganison was left at Te}>ic, and Guzman crossed 
 the great river Tololotlan into unexplored territory, 
 taking possession under the pompous title of Greater 
 Sj)ain, designed to ecli})se that of New S[)ain. In July 
 the army went into winter-quarters at Aztatlan on 
 the Ri(^ Acaponeta, remaining until December. They 
 sutfered severely i'rom flood and pestilence, being 
 obliged to send back to ^lichoacan for supplies, and 
 for Indians to take tlie places of thousands that had 
 j)erished. After a month at Chametla the march was 
 et)ntinued through Quezala, Piastla, and Ciguatan to 
 Guliacan in March 1531. No great cities or golden 
 treasures being found, the zeal for coast exploration 
 was at an end after Captain Samaniego had reached 
 the liio Petatlan, or Sinaloa, finding a barren C(nin- 
 try and a rude pco})le. The president now bcthouglit 
 him of the inland towns of whicli he had heard at 
 Piinuco. From ^lay to July ho made a tedious and 
 futile trip across the sierra to the confines of Chihua- 
 hua. Ohate and Angulo crossed the mountains Ijy 
 different routes, j)erhaps to the })lains of Guadiana, or 
 Durango, and other minor expeditions were made. 
 None but savage tril)es were fountl. The Spanish 
 villa of San Miguel de Culiacan was founded with 
 one hundred soldier settlers under Proailo, and tluMi 
 ( luzman started in October with the rest of his army 
 back to Jalisco. 
 
 Guzman was made governor of the new province, 
 
 ill 
 
VOYAOE.S OF MKNDOZA AND .IIMEXEZ. 
 
 los and 
 
 appear 
 
 at all. 
 J tliere- 
 [, bo an 
 id cspc- 
 i. Tliis 
 e annals 
 yvX (»ut- 
 riiblc in 
 
 . crossed 
 :crritory, 
 ' Greater 
 In July 
 tatlan on 
 .or. They 
 L-o, beinj^ 
 [Ales, and 
 tliat had 
 lareli was 
 n'uatan to 
 or o'oldou 
 ^cploration 
 1 reaclicd 
 ren ccnm- 
 iciliouj^bt 
 hoard at 
 idious and 
 ,f Chihua- 
 .ntains l)y 
 adiana, or 
 ore made. 
 Spanish 
 idcd with 
 I, and then 
 ' his army 
 
 I 
 
 
 tlio name of whieh wns made Xueva Calieia, instead 
 (il* }.I;ivor J']spaha. Conipostela was made the capi- 
 l.il; and there were also i'ounded within a I'ew years 
 ll>piVitu Santo, or (Uiadalajara, near Xoehistlan and 
 l';u iioi'th of* itfj modern site, and Cljametla in Sinaloa, 
 
 mere military camp, sometimes entirely desertid. 
 
 le new provin<'e had no delinite hotmdaiies, beini^' 
 intended to inehide the new eonfpiests. Xe^K-etinj^^ 
 till' northern regions, to which, as diseoverca', he had 
 some (laim, the governor devoted himsell' cliieiiy to 
 ( IK roaclnnents in the south, lie became involved in 
 .liliiculties that fmally ovorwlielmed him, though he 
 (lid not lack opportunity t(j vent his old spite a!L;ainst 
 Curtes on one or two occasions. Guzman was su'.ii- 
 1111 MU'd to ^lexico, and put in prison, and in 15:18 was 
 sent to Spain, whore ho died six years later in pov- 
 (itv and distress. 
 
 i^nconraged by the now audiencia Coi'tes took conr- 
 aL;'(\ and in I. 532 was able to des|)atch two vessels 
 under his cousin Hurtado do ]\Iendoza and ^Mazuela. 
 Tliev touched at Santia-m ; bv (Jr.zman's orders wei'e 
 relhsetl water at ^ratanchol, or San lilas; discovered 
 tlio Tres ]\Iarias; and alter a loni;' storm landed at an 
 unluiown point on the coast. Provisions were neai'ly 
 rxliaustod, and the men bov^amo mutinous. ]lurtado 
 ke]>t on northward, and with all his men was killctl 
 at the Ilio Tamotchala, or Fuerte; the malconti-nts, 
 retnrninij;" southward, were driven ashore in jJainU'ras 
 }h\ and killed I)y the natives, all save two or tliree 
 
 Iio escaped to Colima, wliile Guzman seized all that 
 
 il;l bo saved fi'om the wreck. To hiniCo''tos attril>- 
 
 w 
 
 COl 
 
 uted tlie nns 
 
 fortu 
 
 nes o 
 
 1" tl 
 
 10 exiled it ion. 
 
 There were still left two ves.s<'ls at Tehuantejiee, 
 which were (les[)att'hed late in If);!.") under l>ecerra, and 
 (Irijalva. The latter, aft.r discoveriii'uj the IJevilla 
 (jiiL;odo Islands, returned to Aca|)ulco. (Jrijalva's 
 
 {),'{' 
 
 ineii mutinied, killed Becerra, put his [lartisansash 
 on the Colima coast, and continued the vovau'e under 
 
 neiiez. 
 
 Th 
 
 lev soon (.liscovereu a bav, on an is 
 
 1 
 
 dand 
 
II.* 
 
 .::!' '!^ 
 
 6 INTRODUCTORY RKSUMI^. 
 
 coast as tli(3y sup|)()S('(l, luit really in the jx'ninsula, 
 and j)i'()l»al)ly identical with l^a Paz; and then' .linii'- 
 noz was killed with twenty (»(' his men. The tew sni- 
 vivoi's broui^ht the ship to Chanietla, where they wero 
 imprisoned hy (jruzman, hut escaped witli the news to 
 (Jortus, carrying also reports (»!" pearls in the northern 
 waters. 
 
 The captain-g(>neral now resolved to takcconiman<l 
 in jx'i'son; and, having sent three vessels from Te- 
 liuantepec early in Ifjof), he set out with a f'oi'ce over- 
 land, (hizman wisely kept out of the way, contenting 
 himself with comiilaints and protests. The sea and 
 land oxpe<lition8 were reunited at Chanietla, and C*or- 
 tes sailed in April with over one hundred men, ahout 
 one third of his whole force. Jimenez' hay was reached 
 !May od, and named Santa ( *ruz. After a year of mis- 
 f )rtunes, during which a part of the remaining colo- 
 nists were brought over with their families, Cortes 
 went back to Mexico, lie intended to ri'tui'ii with a 
 new fleet and succor for the colony ; but he sent instead 
 a vessel in I fjoG to bi-ing away the wliok; })arty. JIj 
 had had <piite enough of noi'th-western colonization. 
 
 On the main there was occasional communication 
 between San ^[iguel and the south; indeed, one party 
 of Cortes' colonists went from Chanietla to (.'uliacan 
 by land. In 1533 Diego de Guzman reached the I\io 
 ^'arpii ; and it was lie that learned the fate of llurtado. 
 There was no prosperity at the villa. The garrison 
 lived at first by trading their beads and trinkets for 
 food; then on tribute of the native towns; and at last, 
 when the towns had been sti'ipped, they had to depeiul 
 on raids for ])luiider and slaves. 
 
 ()n one of these excursions to tlie Rio Fuerto in 
 lo3G a party under Alcaraz were suijirised to meet 
 
 th 
 
 (h 
 
 b 
 
 •■ht t< 
 
 irco npamards and a negro, who were hroug 
 San Miguel to tell their strange tale of adventui'c. 
 They were Alvar Nunez and his companions, the only 
 survivors of throe hundred men who, under Xarvaez, 
 Lad landed in Florida in 1528. Escaping in 1535 from 
 
■,:tfi 
 
 CAT'.i:ZA DE VACA AND ULLOA. 
 
 /nlnsiila, 
 ic .linu'- 
 tcw sur- 
 lu>y wrVii 
 ' news to 
 iiortlioru 
 
 ?omnuui<l 
 IVoiu To- 
 )rc'C ovcr- 
 (>nli'utiii;4 
 c sea iin>l 
 , antl C'oi- 
 len, al)i)"t 
 as reached 
 :>ar of inis- 
 ininu^ colo- 
 ns, Cortes 
 urn \vitU a 
 Mit instead 
 
 arty. U' 
 iloni/.ation. 
 iiimicatiou 
 , (»ne party 
 ) Culiaean 
 ■d the Ivio 
 ' IIin'tad< ». 
 le L;arriso:i 
 hikets i'or 
 nd at hist, 
 t.) dep*-'ud 
 
 I'uerte in 
 
 I'd to meet 
 
 »r(»ught to 
 
 adventure. 
 
 IS, the only 
 'V Xarvae/, 
 A 1 ooJ iVoni 
 
 I 
 
 sl.ivery on tlie I'exan eoast, tliese lour liad found 
 llnir way aei'oss Ti'xas, ( 'liilnialiua, and Sonoi'a to 
 llie l*acifi(' coast. Their salvation was due, mainly to 
 ilie i'ej)ntati<>n accjuired hy Caht^'za de Vaca as a, nied- 
 ii iiie man anions;' the natives. Alvar Xuhe/ went to 
 >h'.\it() in la.")(), and next year to Spain, lie had 
 net, as lias sometimes heen clainu'd, reached the Pue- 
 Iilo towns of Xew ^Mexico; l>ut he had heard of them, 
 .•iiid he hrought to ^lexico some vague reports of their 
 t;i'andeur. 
 
 These rei)orts revived tlie old zeal foi- northeiMi 
 (•oiHjUest. (;(Uzman was out of the field, hut Alcc'ioy 
 ]\Ieiidoza canj^lit the infection. IlaviuL,^ (juestioned 
 C';iheza de Vaca, and ha\ Iu'l;' houiJi'ht his ne-^ro, ho re- 
 solved to send an army to the north. The connnand 
 \\a-;u;iven to Vasijnez de Coronado, tj^overnor of Xueva 
 (iahiia. To i)reparc the way a Franciscan fiiar, Mai-- 
 nis de Niza, was sent out from Culiacan early in \ a."]!). 
 AVith the negro ]'lste\anico, X'iza went, "as the holy 
 j^host did lead him," througdi Sonoi'a and Arizona, 
 p('rlia.[)s to Zuhi, or Ci'hola, wlu're the negro was 
 hilled. The fi'iar hastened hack with grossly exagger- 
 ated re}»ort.s of the marvels he had seen. 
 
 Cortes also heard the reports of Xin'iez and Xiza, 
 and was moved hy them to new eiiorts, disputing the 
 liglit of ^lendoza to act in the matter at all. lie de- 
 spatched Ulloa with three vessels, one of which was 
 ] ist on the Culiacan eoast, in July 1 539. This naviua- 
 tor reached the head of the gulf; then coasted tlie 
 peninsula .southward, touching at Santa Cruz; and 
 ii>uii(|(Ml the point, sailing U[> the outer coast to Cedi'os 
 Island. One of the vessels re-turned in 1540; of Ulloa 
 ill the other nothing is positively known. It seems 
 to liave heen in the diary of this vova<j:e that the nanu; 
 ('alifornia, taken from an old novel, the Seigas of 
 l]splandian, as elsewhere ex[)lained, was applied to a 
 portion of the peninsula. 
 
 Governor Coronado, with a force of three hundred 
 Spaniards and eight hundred natives from Mexico, 
 
8 TNTHODUCTORY Rl'lSUMfi. 
 
 «lopnrt((l fiorn Culiaciin in April lo-lO. lie loft a 
 jj^anison in Soiioru; I'ollowud Niza's route, ciirsin;^ 
 till! friar's oxaiLjiLj^ciationH, and roaclicd Zuni in .July. 
 T()l>ai' was sent to 1'usayan, or the ^Io(|ui towns; 
 Ciirdciias to the jji'i'cat canon of the Colorado; and 
 Alvai'ado far eastward to C'icuyo, or Pec-os. Then 
 the army marched oast to spend the winter in the 
 
 il'*^ 
 
 H 
 
 iU-{uit 
 
 N K. W M I 
 
 '-^ ^'\ ^ J/\ ? r\^ y^ y^> 
 
 XoUTHEUN NkW SI'AIX. 
 
 valley of the Rio Gi'ando, the province of Tigucx, 
 later New Mexico. In ]\Iav loll, ai'tor a wintei" of 
 constant wai-fare caused hy op])ression, Coronado 
 started out into the o'reat [)lains north-eastward in 
 search of ,L>ivat towns and })recioua metals never 
 found. He I'eturned in Heptenibcr, having penetrated 
 as ho believed to latitude 40°, and found only wigwam 
 
 ; -'s 
 
vASQurz Di: ronox.vno and ALAr.cox. 
 
 ! left a 
 cursing 
 in .Inly. 
 
 towns; 
 do; iind 
 riu'U 
 L* in the 
 
 Tigucx, 
 ^vintcr of 
 '()!•( >na(l<» 
 ttward in 
 lis never 
 )netnitetl 
 wigAvaui 
 
 towns in llie provinec of (^nivira, |>ossiI)]y in tlie 
 K;iiis;is of to-(l;iy. J'Apctlitions wore also sent far nj) 
 ;iiiil down the liio del Xoite; and in the s|tiini4' of 
 1. ){■_', when neiirly ivady for a new i'anij)ai!4n, tlu' 
 governor was seriously injured in a tournament, and 
 roolvcd to ahandon tlio enterprise. Some friars were 
 lift hi'hind, wlu) wisro soon killed; and in April the 
 ivturn marcli hoLjan. Mendo/a was bitterly disa]. 
 pointed, hut ae(|uitted the j^overnor of Mame. 
 
 'J'lie force left in Sonora, while Coronndo was in th(^ 
 north, founded the settlement of San GercMiimo de los 
 ('oiazo!ies, in the region between the modern Ai'i/Cpc 
 and Iferniosillo; and from here at the end of iJ4<> 
 Milchor Diaz niadi! a trip up the eoast to the iJio 
 Colorado, called liio del Tizon, and across that river 
 Iitlow tlie (jilla. lie was killed accidentally and liis 
 mm i'etnrn(,'d. San (ien'minio, after its site had been 
 s(\eral tini(-s ehanjj;ed and most of its settleis liad 
 deserted or had been massacred, was abandoned be i't)ro 
 the arrival of Coronado on Ids return in 15-42. 
 
 Also in Coronado's a])scnco and to cocijierate with 
 liini ^deiidoza sent two vessels under Alarcon from 
 Aca'pulco in ^lay ir)40. Hi; reached the head of the 
 i;uh' and went up thi^ liio Colorailo, {»r ]>uena (iuia, 
 in boats, ])ossibly biyoiid the Gila junction. ]jea\iu'^' 
 a nicssau;'e found later by ])iaz, .\larcon ri'tuiiieil to 
 ( 'iHuia in November. Another vovan'e was planneil, 
 liiit ]>revented by revolt. 
 
 Afier a hard stru^'gle to maintain his presti'^'e, and 
 ]'i'('vent M'liat ho r(>garded as IMendo/a's illen'al inter- 
 fcirnce with his j)lans, ('ortes went to Spain in I,') K) 
 to rn^^age in an e([ually fruitless struggle before tlu; 
 tliKiiie. Another e\|)lori'r however ajipeared, in thi^ 
 
 HI son of l*edro de Alvarado, o'overnor of (luatemala, 
 
 wlio 
 
 came up to Colima in 1540 with a ilett, eight 
 liundred men, and a license for discovery. ]>ut Men- 
 do/a, instead of (juarrelling with Alvarado, formed a 
 jiaitnership with him. 
 
 A revolt of eastern Jalisco tribes, known as the 
 
1 ;•? 
 
 
 10 
 
 INTRODUCTORY RlISirTHK. 
 
 ^lixtoii War, iiitciiupti'd nil i»l;iiis of cxjtlorafio!!. 
 Miiiiy I'cloriiis liacl Ik'i'M iiitrodiiccd since (;liizinair.s 
 tiiur, l)ul, loo late. Incited l)y sorcnvrs on tli«' noi'tli- 
 crn IVonticrs to avcn^'c |>asi. wroni^'s and rc;L;ain their 
 indejiendence, tlu; natives kilKul their enc^oniendi ros, 
 al)and(»ned liieir towns, and took rel'uijfo ou I'oitilied 
 j)t'iin/cs, heheved to l>e in»j)rennal)le, the strongest 
 heinn' th(»se of Mixton and Nochisllan. At the iiid 
 of l.VM) ( Jnadalajaia, aheadv moved to Tacothm A'al- 
 ley, N\as tlie only place lield by the Sjianiai'ds, and 
 * that was in tlie iLi;ri!atest danger. Alvarado canie to 
 the I'tisciie from the coast, l>iit rasjdy attacking" Xo- 
 chistlan, he was (lefeated and kiileil in Jul} l.Vll. 
 Soon (iuadalajani was attacked, but after a j^ieat 
 battle, in which fiflei-n thousand natives wei'e slain, 
 ilio town was saved to be transfirivd at oiicu to its 
 modern site. Meiidoza was troubled for the sai'ety 
 not only of Xuevji (Indicia, but ol" all New Si)ain; and 
 lu; marched north with a lari;(^ army. In a shoit but 
 ^■i^'•o|•ous campaiu;n he captured tin; j)enoles, one after 
 another, even to that of Mixton, by sic^e, by assault, 
 by stratagem, or by the treachery of the defenilers, 
 returniiio- to Mexico in 1542, Thousands of natives 
 were killed in batth;; thousands cast themselves from 
 the clitfs and perished; thousai; s were enslaved. Many 
 escaped to the sierras of Nayarit and Zacatecas; but 
 the s[iirit of rebellion was broken forever. 
 
 There is little more that need be said of Nueva Ga- 
 licia hero. It was explored and conriuered. The audi- 
 encia was established at Compostela in ir)48,and moved 
 with the capital to Guadalajara in loGl. A bisliojn'ie 
 was erected in 1544. The religious orders Ibunded 
 missions. Agriculture and stock-raising made some 
 ]»rogress. New towns wei'o built. Ilich mines were 
 woiked, especially in Zacatecas, where the town of 
 that name was founded in 1548. These mines caused 
 the rest of Nueva Galicia to be well nigh depopulated 
 at lirst, and were themselves almost abandoned before 
 IGOO in consequence of a rush to now mines in the 
 
ITIAIHIA IN \UKVA VIZCAYA. 
 
 U 
 
 )rati()n. 
 
 nortli- 
 II llitii" 
 
 "oititiiil 
 
 the *n<l 
 an Val- 
 •ds, and 
 caiiu' t'> 
 iuy' No- 
 ly K..U. 
 a «j,i'cat 
 ri' slain, 
 CO to \i^ 
 le salV'ty 
 >aiu; iiud 
 ;hoit but 
 one after 
 
 assault, 
 I'ltaulors, 
 f natives 
 vcs IVoni 
 d. Many 
 
 cas; but 
 
 uova Ga- 
 triic audi- 
 ud moved 
 |bisho))ric 
 
 founded 
 lade some 
 ines were 
 
 town of 
 les causetl 
 Populated 
 led before 
 
 ;s ill the 
 
 % 
 
 r, «4it>n of Xonibre di- Dios. Some exploriu}^ parties 
 It aciied Duran^^'o, Chihuahua, and Sinulou. 
 
 Tl)arra, tlio leader in inland ex|)lorations northward, 
 was made ;^overnor of Niieva N'izcaya, a new {jroviiice 
 I'ornu'd ahoiit la«IO o<' all territoiy above the modern 
 .laiiseo and Zaeateea. line. Nondjre de J)ios was 
 I'lunded in 1358; Duran;, > or (jiuadiana, an capital, in 
 I jdo. liefore 1 5(5;') tliei-e were llouiisiiing settlement-j 
 in San Haitolome A'allisy of southern Chihuahua. 
 Iliarra also erossed the sierra to Sinaloa and Snuora, 
 fiiuiidin^' San Juan iiautista on tlu; Sua(jui or I u rte, 
 ahout 15(14 ; and ri'foandin<_j San Sebastian (h) Clia- 
 nietla, where rieh mines were found. San fuan was 
 Mion abandoned; but live settlers remained on iUo 
 Ilio de Sin;d)a as a nucleus of San Felipe, the molern 
 Sinaloa. judian campaij^iis of 1584-1) lei't a i'-w new 
 se^Mer.s for San Feli|te. 
 
 i)ef(jre 151)0 the Fianeiscans had eii^ht or nine mis- 
 sions in J)uraniL;() and Chihuahua. When tlie Jesuits 
 inidertook northern conversion in 151)0, fathers 'l'a|)ia 
 and i'ei'ez, and soon six more, came to San Felijte de 
 Sinidoa and beu^an work on the rivers IV^tatlan and 
 Mocorito. They had twenty |)Ueblos and I'our thou- 
 sand converts before KiOO. Father Ta[)ia reached 
 ihe l^io Fuerte and the mountains of Topia, but was 
 iiiai tyred in 151)4; yet missions were founded in To[)i'a 
 jii KiOO, where the mining towns of San Andres and 
 Siiii nip(')lito already existed. San Felii)e had become 
 a kind of [)residio in 159(j, under Caj)taiu Diaz. East 
 ( r the mountains the Jesuits also Ijegan work anions;' 
 tile Tepehuanes at Zape and Santa Catalina, and at 
 S;mta ^Fariade Parras in the lake regicm of Coahuila. 
 Saliillo was founded in 158G; and about 1598 the town 
 of Parras was built in connection with the Jesuit 
 mission there. 
 
 New IMexico was revisited and finally occu|)ic(! 
 brfore 1(300. In 1581 Eodriijuez with two other 
 r ranciscans and a few soldiers went from San Bar- 
 
12 
 
 INIHODUCTORY RESOlfe 
 
 tolomd down the Conchos and up tlic Kio del Xorte 
 to the land of the Tij^uas, Coronado's Tigucx. The 
 soldiers soon returned, but the I'riars reniahied to be 
 killed. In 1582-3 Espejo with a strong force went 
 in search of Rodri^'iiez, learnin«jj at Puara, near 
 Sandia, of the fiiars' fate and of Coronado's iV)nner 
 I'avagcs in that region. Espejo ex[)lored eastward to 
 the buffalo plains, northward to Cia and Galisteo, and 
 westward to Zuiii and tlie region of the modern i'rcjs- 
 cott, leturning by way of the liio Pecos. In l;V.)0-l 
 <. 'astano de Sosa went up the Pecos and across to tin; 
 Pueblo towns of the Rio Grande with a colony of 
 one hundred and seventy men, women, and cliildren. 
 After receiving the submission of thirty-three towns, 
 lie v»as carried back to Mexico in chains by Captain 
 Morlete, on the c]iari«"e of having made an illegal 
 cntrada, or expedition. About 1595 Bonilla and 
 llumaha, sent out against rebellious Indians, marclK'vl 
 without license to New ^lexico and sought Quivira 
 in tlic north-eastern plains. Humana nuirdered his 
 chief and was himself killed with most of his party by 
 the natives. In l.l'Jo the viceroy made a contract 
 for the conquest of New ^Mexico with Oiiate, who as 
 governor and captain-general left ]\Iexico with a large 
 force of soldiers and colonists in 1596. Vexations 
 complications hindered Ohate's progress and exhausted 
 his funds, so that it was not until 1598 that he entered 
 the promised land. San Juan was made tlie capital; 
 all the towns submitted; the Franciscans were sta- 
 tioned in six nations; Onate visited Zuhi; and tlu; 
 rebellious warriors of the ^Vconia pehol were conrpiered 
 in a series of hard-fought battles, all before the sum- 
 mer of 1599. 
 
 Let us return to the coast and to an earlier date, 
 since the connectio)i l)etween maritime exploration 
 and inland ])rogress is very slight. ]\Iendoza at the 
 close of the ^lixton war in 1542, though not encoui- 
 aged by the results of past efforts, had a ileet on his 
 hands, and one route of ex[)loration yet open and 
 
 1> V?: 
 
PIIAKF,, CAVl.'XDISII, AND VIZCAINO. 
 
 13 
 
 L Norto 
 . The 
 d to ])0 
 •c went 
 a, near 
 tbrnier 
 svard to 
 tco, and 
 •u I'ros- 
 151)0-1 
 IS to tho 
 )lony ol' 
 •liiUlron. 
 c towns, 
 Cavtaiu 
 n ilU'gal 
 ilia and 
 marched 
 Quivira 
 lered lii:^ 
 
 )avty l)y 
 contract 
 who as 
 I a largo 
 exatious 
 diaustcd 
 rutere«l 
 capital ; 
 -ere sta- 
 and tli(! 
 )nqucrcd 
 :lie yiini- 
 
 er date, 
 (loration 
 "a at the 
 encour- 
 |t on his 
 iKMi and 
 
 promising, that up tho outer coast of the peninsula. 
 Tlii'icltire Caljrillo sailed from Natividad with two 
 
 ^ esse 
 
 I 
 
 •Is, made a careful survey, applied names that for 
 l!ic most })art have not been retained, passed the limit 
 III" I'lloa's discoveries, and anchored at San Miguel, 
 iK.w San Diego, in Septend)er. Explorations forther 
 iiMilli under Cabrillo and his successor Ferrelo will be 
 iullv u'iven in a later chaiiter. Thov descril)ed the 
 ciiast somewhat accurately up to the region of Mou- 
 lt rcy, and Ferrelo believed himself to have reached 
 the latitude of 44^ 
 
 ^[cndoza's efforts on tho coast ended with Cabrillo's 
 viiyage; but fleets crossed the ocean to the Philip- 
 pines, and in 1505 Urdancta for the first time re- 
 ( lossod tlie Pacific, discovering the northern route 
 I'nllowed ibr two centuries bv the ^lanila galleons. Of 
 discoveries by these vessels little is known; but they 
 gave a good idea of the coast trend up to Cape Men- 
 ( l< )cino. Tliey also attracted foreign freebooters. Drake 
 ravaged the southern coasts in 1579, also reaching 
 latitude 43°, and anchoring in a California port, (iali, 
 cDiniug by tlie northern route in 1584, left on record 
 some slight observations on the coasts up to 37°. 
 ( 'avendisli in 158G made a plundering cruise up as 
 I'ar as ]\[azatlan; then crossing over to Cape San 
 Lucas hc! captured the treasure-sliip, and bore off 
 across the Pacific. Maldonado's fictitious trip through 
 the Strait of Anian and back in 1588, and the similar 
 imaginary exploits of Fuca in the north Pacific, have 
 un importance for us in this connection. One Spanish 
 commander of the many who came down the coast 
 had orders to make investigations — Cermehon in 
 !5'J5; but of the result we know only that his vessel 
 was wrecked under Point lieyes. 
 
 In 1597 Vizcaino was sent to explore anew and 
 occupy for Spain the Californian Isles. He sailed 
 from Acajiulco with a large force in three vessels, 
 accompanied by four Franciscan friars. His explora- 
 tions in the gulf added but little to geograi)liical 
 
14 
 
 INTRODUCTORY RESUMfi, 
 
 knowlodo'c; and the i^ottlcmcnt which he attempted 
 to found r.t Santa Cruz, by him called La Paz, wa.s 
 al)an(loned after a few mc^nths from the inability of 
 tlie country to furnish food, the departure being* 
 hastened by a stcn-m and fire that destroyed building.^ 
 and stores. Thus close the annals of the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 After IGOO Nuova Galicia has no history that can 
 or need bo pi-esented in a resume like this. Except 
 (»ne district, Nayarit, the whole province was in jicr- 
 manent subjection to Si)anish authority, hostilitii's 
 ])ein<x confined maiidy to robberies on the line of travi 1 
 from ]\Iexico to Nuova Vizcaya. The president of the 
 audiencia at Guadalajara was governor, and his judi- 
 cial authority covered all the north. So did the eccle- 
 siastical juris(hction of the bishop of Guadalajara 
 until 1G21, when Nuova Vizcaya was sej)arated; but 
 the north-east to Texas and the north-west to Cali- 
 Ibrnia were retained. The Franciscans alone had nils- 
 sionarv authoritv, and that onlv in the nortli, all 
 establislnnents de[)ending after 1()04 on the Zacatecan 
 ]>rovincla. jNIining was [)rofitably carried on notwith- 
 standing an oppressive quicksilver monopoly and 
 frequent migrations to new discoveries. Agriculture 
 and stock-raising were the leading industries of the 
 limited population. The country's only commerc-c 
 was the exchange by overland routes of grain and 
 cattle for su})j)lies needed at the mines. And finallv 
 there were petty local hajipenings, Avholly insufficient 
 to break uj) the deadly inonotony of a Spanisli ])i()v- 
 ince when once it becomes a tierra de paz, or a land 
 at peace. 
 
 Nueva Vizcaya during the seventeenth centurv 
 compriscil m a sense noi-thern Durango, Chihuahua, 
 Sinaloa, and Sonora, besides a jiart of Coahuila: yet 
 tlie connection between coast and inland province^^ 
 was practically very slight, and conunon usage located 
 Nueva Vizcaya east of the Sierra Madre. A gover- 
 
MISSIONS OF XUEVA VIZCAYA. 
 
 15 
 
 ttcmptcd 
 Paz, was 
 
 ability of 
 
 ire being' 
 
 biukliii;-^-^ 
 sixtcoiitli 
 
 \f that can 
 . Except 
 ^•as in pcr- 
 hostilities 
 c of travi 1 
 lent of t bo 
 1 liis ju<li- 
 Itlic oeele- 
 ruadalajaia 
 Lrate(l;'fnit 
 3st to Cajl- 
 10 had mis- 
 novth, all 
 Zacateean 
 )ii iiotwitb- 
 jiopoly and 
 o-ricultiu't.' 
 ivies of tlic 
 comnieree 
 (jjrain and 
 ud finally 
 insidlieient 
 uiish pvov- 
 or a land 
 
 th rontnry 
 .'hiluialuia, 
 [\hnila: yet 
 
 provinces 
 Ino'c located 
 
 A u'over- 
 
 UDi', and bishop of Guadiana after 10-21, resided at 
 ])uran«^'o; but save in the larger tovrns and niininjjf- 
 caiups, the country was for the most part a ticrra dc 
 ijiirrra, or a land at war; the epoch not one of civil an:' 
 iiclesiastic but rather of military and missionary rule, 
 lu general the whole country may be said to have 
 l>L'eii divided into eight mission districts. 
 
 The Tepeliuane missions of Durango i)rosporcd from 
 tlieir l)i'ginning in liVJi until the great revolt of 1(51(5 
 in wliicli eight Jesuit priests and two lumdrod othca' 
 Spaniards lost their lives. All missions and mining- 
 e:HU])s were destroyed, and the capital was seriously 
 threatened. Tlie massacre was cruellv avemjed, and 
 i\\v, natives that survived were driven to the moun- 
 tains only to be slowly drawn back by missionary zeal. 
 In 1 040 lost ground had been regained, and more, 
 exct'pt in the num])er of neophytes, of whom there 
 wei'eein'ht hundred in 1078, under four Jesuits in ninti 
 towns, with a Spanish populati(jn of al)out three lum- 
 (Ired. The Tcpehuanes were con(|uered, except as 
 individuals or small ])artles occasionally revolted iu 
 resistance to enforced labor in the mines. In the 
 south-eastern or Parras district all was peace and 
 ])rospeiity with the gentle Laguncros, if wo exce})t an 
 occasional pestilence or inundation. (Jver five thou- 
 sand natives had been baptized by 100.3; the missions 
 were secularized in 104.3; large accessions of Spanish 
 and Tlascaltec population were received, and early in 
 the next century under Toboso raids and Spanish 
 oppression all traces of the missions had disappeared. 
 
 In Topi'a, or western Durango, and south-eastern 
 Sinaloa, the Jesuits were at work with good success 
 at first; but the miners were oppressive, and iu 1(501 
 live thousand iVcaxees took u[) arms to free their 
 country, destroying the mining-eam[is and towns with 
 iMity ehurches. ]>rought once more into submission 
 al'ter a few months, they never n^volted ar^ain, and 
 the adjoming tribes were reduce>d one by one until by 
 the middle of the centuiy the whole district had pas;,ed 
 
WWPl 
 
 sf 
 
 1 
 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 
 J#i 
 
 
 is| 
 
 IBBIbB 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 :l'J 
 
 
 'ill" 
 
 1 
 
 '■M ' 
 
 1 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 Ai^ 
 
 16 
 
 INTRODUCTORY RLSUMl':. 
 
 ])cnnnneiit]v under Spanish find Jesuit control. As 
 clscwliero subsequent tinnals are I'educed to statistics 
 and petty items of local record. Fifty thousand nat ives 
 had been converted before 1G44, \vlien eight niissiou- 
 ai'ii s were serving in IG churches. In 1G78 there were 
 1400 neophytes in 38 towns under the care of ten niis- 
 hionaries, with a Spanish po[)ulation, in niining-canij)s 
 chiefly, which may be estimated at 500. 
 
 The Tarahuniara district adjoined tliat of the Tepe- 
 huanes on the north, in northern Durango and the 
 mountains of southern and western Chihuahua. At 
 Parral a Spanish settlement was founded in lG;yi; 
 and about the same time the Jesuits in their northern 
 tfjurs obtained four or five hundred Tarahumares, 
 and with them founded two towns, San Migucd de Jas 
 Bocas and San (Gabriel, just south of the modern line 
 of Durango; but there were no regular missions in 
 Tarahumara until lGu9-40, Mhen fathers Figueroa 
 and Pascual came and founded San Felipe and San 
 (xcronimo Huexotitlan on or near the Rio Conchos 
 below Ba'jeza. In 1G48 there were eight pueblos and 
 four missionaries, when war broke out, mainly in con- 
 sequence of oppressions by Spaniards who wished to 
 use the natives as laborers in their mines, looking 
 with no favor on the mission work. The Tarahumares 
 were always, as the Jesuits maintained, a bravo and 
 honorable people, fighting only in defence of their 
 ri'dits or to avenge wrongs. In this first instance the 
 assailants were gentiles, the plot being discovered in 
 time to keep the converts loyal, after five Spaniards 
 and forty neophytes had been killed. Governor Fa- 
 iardo, deleating the foe, founded a town of A/'uilar 
 and a mission at the site of the modern Concepcion. 
 In IGoO the mission was destroyed, a ])adre killed, 
 and a Spanish force several times defeated; but 
 })eacc was made in IGol, and the martyr's })lace 
 Avas filled. In the outbreak of 1G52 mission and 
 town were burned, and not a Spaniard escajied. It 
 required the whole military force of NuevaVizcaya 
 
MISSIONS IX DURANGO AND CIIIIIUAIIUA. 
 
 17 
 
 itrol. As 
 statistics 
 id uutivos 
 b luissioii- 
 horc were 
 if ten lais- 
 ing-cainps 
 
 t) nstwro submission, tlic Spaniards he'uvx often 
 ]vj)uIsL'(l, and many mission towns and mining-cani})s 
 li i:i',' rejJLiitcdly destroyed. For twenty years from 
 ]i)j.l npper Taraliumara was abandoned, but was 
 ivocciiidc'd in lG7o-8 as far north as the Yepomera 
 )•• -ion, the hmit of Jesuit work cast of tlio sierra. 
 Tin re were then about eiglit tliousand Tarahuniara 
 (oiivcits in the upper and lower districts, liviinjc in 
 I'.rtN -live towns, and ministered to by twelve Jesuit 
 missionaries. The Spanish population, for the most 
 iiait cii"a'j:ed in miniii*'-, did not exceed five hundi'i'd. 
 l-'or the missions the last cpuirter of the century was 
 ;i jiiii )d of constant but not very rapid decadence. 
 Tiny wore exposed on the north and east to I'aiels 
 from tlio fierce Tobosos and Apaches, and there woiv 
 several attempts at rev(jlt, the most serious being in 
 1()1)0. V, lion two Jesuits lost their lives. 
 
 Xoith- eastern Durango and eastern Chihuahua 
 formed a mission district under the Franciscans. They 
 luul a much less favorable field of labor than the 
 Jesuits; their neo[)liytes were inferior in intelligence 
 to tlie Te])ehuanes and Tarahumares, and their estab- 
 lishments had to bear the brunt of savage raids from 
 Ihe north-eastern sierras or Bolson de Mapimi. For 
 over forty years the old convents at Cucncame, Ma- 
 })inii, and San Eartolonit' were barely kept in exist- 
 ence: and near the latter in the Conchos region Ibdr 
 new missions w'ore founded before 1G45. Then tin' 
 Tohoso lalds became so serious as to imperil all 
 Spanish interests. It was tlie typical Apache war- 
 fare of ]■ tunes. Xot a cnm[), mission, hacienda, 
 111' laneho escaped attack; only l\u'ral and one or 
 two mining-camps escaped destruction. Tlie soldiers 
 were victorious in eveiy engagement, but they could 
 rarely overtake the marauders. Tlie Conclios iv- 
 A'ilted and destro>'ed thi'ir five mls>;ions, kilHng two 
 fiiars. At this time the ]iresidi(j of Cei'i'o ( fordo 
 was estaUished, and the fires of war having burned 
 liut eliii'i'Iy for want of fuel, this post served to keep 
 
 Uisr. Cai.., Vol. I. 'J 
 
■■■■■ 
 
 ! mi " 
 
 \i I 
 
 18 
 
 IXTRODUCTi >RY RESUMf:. 
 
 tlie sontlicni part of tlic district in a kind of order 
 during' t\w. i-est of tlio century; the I'uincd establisli- 
 iiicnts l)cin!4' gradually rooccupiod. In the north the 
 Franciscans cxtcnd<;tl their (»i)crations over a broad 
 iicltl. ]jet\voen IGGO and 1G70 three or four missions, 
 Avith ])rol)al)ly a small garrison, were i'ounded in the 
 region of (asas (jlrandes; but two of them were de- 
 stro^'cd by A})aches before 1700. In 1 081-2, an estab- 
 lishment having been formed at El Pasf>, several 
 missions spi-ang U[) in that region. One was at tlie 
 conlhience of the Conchos and Rio del Norte, but 
 was soon destroyed. In 1097 a mission of Xombre 
 do Dios was founded near the site of the modern city 
 of Chihuahua. All these northern establishments 
 maintained but a ])recarious existence; and but foi- a 
 line of presidios erected early in the vext century the 
 whole country would have been al)andoned. 
 
 Before turning to the coast a i>:lance must be given 
 at New ^Mexico beyond the limits of Nueva Yizcaya. 
 Here prosperity ceased for a time on account of con- 
 troversies between ( )hate, the colonists, and tlie Fran- 
 ciscan friars. The latter abandoned the ])rovince in 
 IGOl, but were sent back to reoccu]\y tlie missions. 
 Onate made some ex})l()rations; Santa Fe was founded 
 and became the capital; and in 1G08 eight padres 
 wei'o at work, having baptized eight thousand natives. 
 Thirty ne\v friars came in lG2i), and the next year 
 fifty missionaries were serving sixty thousand con- 
 verts in ninety i)ueblos. This was the date of New 
 Mexico's highest ])rosperity, though the decline was 
 very slight for fifty years, a period whose histiny offers 
 nothing but ])etty local liap})enings. But in 1G80 a 
 general revolt occurred, in which four hundred Span- 
 iards, including twenty-one friars, were killed, and the 
 survivors driven out of the countr3\ While the refu- 
 gees f )undiHl El Paso and did some missionary work 
 in that region, the New ]\[exicans fought among them- 
 selves and threw away their chances for continued 
 independence. After several unsuccessful eflbrts by 
 
THE JESUITS IX SINALOA. 
 
 10 
 
 I of order 
 establisU- 
 iiortli the 
 ;r a broad 
 c missions, 
 ;led in tliu 
 1 wore do- 
 >,anesta])- 
 ■•o, scvcr.d 
 was at tlio 
 Koviv, but 
 )f Nonibro 
 lodorn city 
 blislnnonts 
 d but for a 
 century tlio 
 I. 
 
 ist bo given 
 va Yizcaya. 
 unt of con- 
 d the Fran- 
 )rovincc in 
 c missions. 
 ,'as foundt)d 
 ;-lit padres 
 nd natives, 
 next year 
 isand con- 
 |to of New 
 ilocline was 
 Istory offers 
 in "^1080 a 
 ,b-ed Span- 
 led, nndtbo 
 e the refu- 
 inary work 
 liong theui- 
 c(nitinued 
 (.■ftbrts by 
 
 dill'icnt leaders, Governor A^ari^as reconquered the 
 province al'ter many a hard-fou^lit battle in l(J9o-4; 
 l)ut two years later a new revolt occurred, in wliieli 
 live missionaries and twenty other Spaniards wei'c 
 l,ll!cd, and the year IGIJG maybe re<^arded as the date 
 (if Xew Mexico's permanent submission to Sjianish 
 iiiithoiity. The western towns were .still independent; 
 1.1 it exce[>t the !Mo(]uis all renewed their allegiance 
 lidoie the end of tlie centur}'. 
 
 Tlie coast distiicts were Sinaloa, extendinij: as far 
 IK nth as the Ya(|ui Iiiver; Sonora, embracing the 
 iT-ion of Arizpe and Tepoca; and Pinicria, stretch- 
 iii"' to the Gila, l^urinn' most of the century all 
 thj; ten'itory was under a military connnandant at 
 S;,n Feli])e de Sinaloa; and this office was held for 
 in arlv tliirtv vears by Gai)tain Ilurdaide, who was 
 ]Mi.ular with tlie missionaries, and a terror to the 
 iia'ives. His term of office was a continuous cam- 
 p;:i'^ii for the conquest of new tribes or the suppres- 
 ^-il•n of local revolts. In ] GOO live Jesuits had founded 
 ei ;ht missions, with thirteen towns, on and near the 
 rivers Sinaloa and !Mocorito. A\n'y rapidly was the 
 (•(>n(|uest, spiritual and military, pushed northward by 
 the priests and soldiers working in perfect accord. The 
 fierce Siiaquis, Tehuecos, and Sinaloas of the llio Tam- 
 OL>'liala, or Fuerte, having been propei-ly chastised by 
 I liirdaide, became Christian in 1G04-7. Fort Montes- 
 (kiios was founded in IGIO on the river, therefore still 
 called Fuerte. The Mayos, friendly from the iirst, re- 
 ceived padres in 1 G 1 .'?, and never re\ ( )lte(l. The Yaquis, 
 who after defeating tlie Sininiards in three c;im])aigns 
 had voluntarily submitted about IG 10, received Father 
 llihos in 1G17, and were soon converted. In IG'Jl 
 missions were founded among the Chinipas on the 
 Taraliumara frontier; and the work was extended 
 up tlie Yaqni to the Sahuaripa region. There were 
 now thirty-four Jesuits at work in this field; and the 
 Mdithern missions, in what is nt)W Sonora, were formed 
 into a new district of San Ignacio. Captain Hur- 
 
20 
 
 INTRODUCTORY Ri:SUM i:. 
 
 ^% 
 
 (lai(](> (lied about IG'jn; and (lurliiLr tlie iiilc of ]\\< 
 siicci'ssor tlic only cvcmjI. to bo noted was tlic revolt 
 in the Cliinipas disti'ict in lOJU-'J, \\\\v\\ two .b-suits 
 M'ere killed, and tlie missions had to he abandoned. 
 
 Fatlier Paseual bad labored in this lluld w ilh ^ivat 
 success for years, forming three towns of Cliinipas, 
 A'arohios, and (Uiazilpares, Achief of the latter was 
 at tlK> head of the revolt, o'aininuf adherents from tlu" 
 A'arohios, while the Chinipas remained faithful and 
 tried to protect their missionary. Father ^fartine/ 
 came to join Paseual in 1032, and the two were killed 
 a week later after their house and church had been 
 burned, brutal indignities being- oft'ered to their bodi<s. 
 Fifteen neophytes i)erished with their martyred mas- 
 ters. ^Faking a raid into the mountains Captain 
 Perea. killed many rebels, and new missionaries were 
 sent to the country; but it was finally decided t > 
 abandon this field; and the faithful converts weri; 
 removed to the towns of the Sinaloas. 
 
 ])!!ring the last Jialf of the century the Sinab i 
 missions have no annals save such as are statistic;;] 
 and purely local. The submission of the natives w;:s 
 complete and permanent, and affiiirs fell into th • 
 inevitable routine. In 1G78 there were in the di - 
 trict of San Felipe y Santiago, corresponding nearly 
 to the modern Sinaloa above Culiacan, nine mission. , 
 with 23 pueblos, 10,000 neophytes, and nine mission- 
 aries. The northern district of San Ignacio de Yaqui, 
 under the same jurisdiction but in modern times a 
 part of Sonora, had 10 missions, 23 pueblos, 10 padi'es. 
 and 24,000 converts. There had already been a larg' 
 decrease in the neophyte population. The militaiy 
 force was a garrison of 40 soldiers at San Felipe, ami 
 one of 00 men at Fort jMontcsclaros. The S})ani^li 
 population, exclusive of soldiers and militar}' oliieers, 
 was less than 500. 
 
 The modern Sonora includes the three ancient pr<n- 
 inces of Sonora, Ostinmri, and Pimeria; but in tin 
 seventeenth century the name Sonora was i)roperly 
 
SOXORA MLSSIOX. 
 
 21 
 
 tlint of tlio valley in wliidi Ari/:[)c, Uivs, and IltT- 
 );Mi>ill(> now Mtand. 'Vim nanic w as soniutinics extended 
 fill' a long distance over adjoining" regions, especially 
 ii.irlliward; bnt ne\ci' covered the Yu(|ui missions or 
 O^iiinuri in tlie south. .Missionary work was hci^uii 
 ill liio Sonora A'alley by Father Castaiio in 1G;]8, 
 near the siti; of" tlio old and ill-fated San CjenMiinio. 
 The ()[)atas never t;ave any trouble; anil in lG;j'J thu 
 in w district of San I'^rancisco Javier do Sonora was 
 I' riiied with iive mission })artidos. In 1G41 (governor 
 ]\iea obtained a division of the government, was 
 i.uiue iiiier of all the country north of the Yatjui 
 (iAVMs, styling his new province Xue\a An<lalncia 
 ;i;i>l hi.> capital San .Juan iJautista. In conse<|Uencu 
 ul' a (juariel with tlie Jesuits, ho tried to put the 
 I'ianciscans in charge; but this was a iailure, antl thu 
 new '''overnment came to an end in four vears; thou<>li 
 a garrison remained at San Juan. In ira.'] seven 
 -li'suits were serving twenty-tive thousand converts in 
 twmtv-threc towns. In 1078 the new district of San 
 1 lancisco do Borja was formed of the missions south 
 and west of 0[)ozura; and the two consisted of eigh- 
 teen missions with fort^'-ninc pueblos and about twenty 
 thousand neophytes. Ten years later there Mere 
 three districts, the new one of Santos Martires do 
 .bi])()n extending ncjrthward from IJatuco and Xacori. 
 The Chinipas missions, which had bc^en reoccujjied in 
 l(i7G, were now part of the Sonora district, and before 
 the end of the century were in a most tlourishing con- 
 <!iti<in, under Padre Salvatierra and his associates, 
 though to some extent involved in the troubles with 
 eastern t}'il)OS. 
 
 Father Kino in 1G87 founded the mission of Dolores 
 ou the head-waters of the Iiio de San Miguel, and 
 tiiiis began the conquest of Pimeria, through which 
 Kiiio hoped to reach northern California. ])y IGUO 
 he liad missions at San Ignacio, Imuris, and Remedios. 
 riie i*imas were docile, intelliuent, and cnofcr for con- 
 Version; but Kino could neither obtain the needed 
 
22 
 
 INTRODUCTORY RliSUMl^:. 
 
 ! ! 
 
 - Ui 
 
 jjiic'sts, nor coiiviiu'o the militaiy antlioritics that tlits 
 Piinas wciv not conceriietl in tlio ('(»n.stant raids of tliu 
 Havai^c's. In IGIH witli Salvatierra lu; reached tlic 
 nioduin Arizona line; and later, either alonc! or Avith 
 such prii'sts as ho conld induce to ^'o with him, he 
 explored the country repeatedly to the (Jila and ^ulf 
 coast, tirsf:, reaching the latter in 1(5!)3 and the I'oiiiier 
 in l(l!)4. Three missionaries havinj^ been obtained, 
 Tubutama and Caborca were founded; but all were 
 destroyed in the great revolt of IGDf), one of the filars 
 being killed. Two years later they had been rebuilt 
 and Suamca added. Jiy 1700 Kino, sometimes with 
 a military escort, had m .,le six entradas, or excursions, 
 to the Gila, some of them by the eastern route via 
 Bac, and others by the coast or Sonoita. In 1700 he 
 first reached the Colorado junction. But he was dis- 
 ap[)ointed in all his schemes for establishing missions 
 in the north. The Ilio San Ignaciowas the northern 
 frontier, not only of missionary establishments but of 
 all Spanish occu})ation at the end of the century. 
 
 In 1G93 Sonora and all the north had been sepa- 
 rated practically, perhaps formally, from Sinaloa; and 
 Jironza as capitan-gobernador came with his 'flying 
 company' of fifty men to protect the frontier, his cap- 
 ital being still at San Juan. The next seven years 
 were spent in almost constant warfare against raiding 
 Apaches and other savage bands of the north-east. A 
 garrison was stationed at Fronteras, or Corodeguachi, 
 which in campaigns often acted in union with the 
 presidial force at Janos in Chihuahua, and was often 
 aided besides by the Pimas, whoso mission towns weic 
 a favorite object of the raids for plunder. 
 
 Finally the maritime annals and coast exploration 
 of the century, terminating in the occupation of Ba ja 
 California, demand our notice. In 1602 Sebastian 
 Vizcaino sailed from Acapulco on a voyage of explora- 
 tion which will be fullv described later in this volume. 
 For more than a century and a half Father Ascensions 
 diary of this vovage was the source of all information 
 
Kxri:r>iTiox.s to tiik gulf. 
 
 28 
 
 fxtaiit respec'tiiij,' tlio western coast up tolatitiulu 40°. 
 A'i.'.c.iiiio's voyui^o was the end of outur-eoast naviga- 
 lioii, stiI)sc'(jUL'iit elt'orts being dlrcetccl exclusively to 
 tlir nulf aiid peninsula, thou!L;'li Monterey fiijfured on 
 p;i|)(i' in many of the schemes pr()[)Osed. The S})anish 
 ciMWii was ehary of iiicurrin;j^ expense; without money 
 llir enthusiasm of neither navii^ators nor friais could 
 lie utilized; and the ]»earls of the gulf furnished the 
 oiilv incentive to action. A mere catalogue of suc- 
 ci .-sive enterprises must sufiico here. 
 
 Schemes to occupy Monterey in 1G07-8 resulted in 
 nothing. In 1(115 Cardona and Iturbo went up the 
 guli'to latitude ;>4°as they reckoned it, saw the strait 
 that made ( alir'ornia an island, and landed at several 
 jioints on that supposed island and the main, l^e- 
 tuiMiing, they were captured by the Dutch 'pichiliiKjiics. 
 These were Spilberg's freebooters, who vainly sought 
 to iiiter('e])t the galleon, and had a fight with Spaniards 
 on the C'olima coast. Lezanui began to build a vessel 
 near San ]^las, in 1G27, for the gulf; and Ortega, com- 
 ])leting it, made a pe. 1 voyage in 1(532. Ho repeated 
 the trip in l(j;33-4, founding a colony at La Paz. 
 ^lany natives were ba[)tize(l; some inland ex])lora- 
 tioiis wei'e made, and all went well for several months, 
 until food was exhausted. The?i this third attempt at 
 settlement was added to the failures of Cortes and 
 A'i/.eaino. There were, doubtless, unrecorded and un- 
 authorized i)earl-seekin<T^ vovafjes in those times. Car- 
 lionel's ex])(Mlition made by Ortega's |>ilot in 1(530 was 
 an utter failure. It was in IG-iO that Fonte sailed 
 through the net-work of straits, lakes, and rivers in 
 tli<! northern continent until he met a Boston ship 
 from the Atlantic 1 Canas by the viceroy's orders 
 crossed over from Sinaloa and exi)lored the Caliiornia 
 coast for some forty leagues in 1(542, accompanied by 
 tlie .Jesuit priest, Cortes. Casanate's operations v.ere 
 in 1(143-8; but after great expense and much ill-luck 
 the only results were a ci'uise about San Lucas by 
 Bariiga in the former year, and in the lutt'.'r a vain 
 
i iM 
 
 M INTRODUCTORY RLSUMli. 
 
 ycardi for a colony Kite. For twenty years iiotliliiL,^ 
 v.as atteiniitc.'d, and then I'inadcro oUfaiiH'd a coni- 
 niission to rt'durc* Calirornia as a prctcKt for (nic <tr 
 two profitaMc [)(-'arl-si,vkinj;' trips In l(j()7. i^ucrnilla's 
 f\])edition in 1(!C!8 was not nnliko tliu jjiicrdin-^-, 
 tlioii;L;li liu Isad two J'^ranciscans on Iiis slilj», wlio 
 altL'iupli'd (.'onversion at La I'az and at tlu- caiic. 
 Ai'tur iViiitk'ss ncyotlations with otlicr persons tlio 
 viceroy made a contract lor tlie settlement of ( 'ali- 
 I'ornia with Otondo, who was aecom[)anie(l l»y I'^ither 
 Kino and t\^'o other Jesuits, sailiii^j,' I'rom Chacala with 
 a Immhed ])ersons in Ki.S;!. The proviiici' was now 
 I'ornially cahed Calllornias and the locality of the 
 col(»ny La I'a/. Some proL;i'ess was made at first; 
 hut ]>rest>iitly tlio nii-n, panic-stricken hy reason of 
 Indian troubles, insisted on ahandonin^' tlu.' settle- 
 ment. Otondo came back helbre the ontl of tlu' year, 
 I'ecstahlisirm''- the colony at San Bruno, abovt' l^a Piiz. 
 ] f ere it was maintained with dilllculty until the end 
 of 1()8j, when the enterprise was ^iven U[» in disi^'ust. 
 The Jesuits foreseeinijf the residt had ba[itized none 
 but dying- Indians. The barren peninsula was wholly 
 imsuited for colonization. In 1G85 the British i'ree- 
 booter Swan made an unfortunate cruise along- the 
 coast, failing to capture the galleon, and losing fifty 
 men who were killed by Spaniards on the Bio Tololot- 
 lan. Only one other expedition, that of Itamarra in 
 1GD4, is recorded, btit very vaguely, before the linal 
 occupation of the peninsula. 
 
 The country offered absolutely no inducements to 
 settlers; and a uilitary occupation, entailing constant 
 expense withon cori'esponding advantages, did not 
 accord with th S])anisli system of contpiest. Only 
 by a baud of . ^alous missionaries, protected l)y a 
 small military _ lard, with supplies assured from 
 abroad for year , could this reduction be effected. 
 Tile Jesuits uik jrstood this, and when the govern- 
 ment had been taught by repeated failures to im- 
 derstand it also, the necessary arrangements were 
 
M'KVA TiALRIA I\ TIIK KKIFITKKNTFI CKNTL'RY. 
 
 uoilunc? 
 
 1 ii coUl- 
 
 \' (die (ir 
 icriiilla's 
 
 ii|», Nvli'> 
 ■sous the 
 
 Lculii with 
 
 WiVA u<»\v 
 
 ,y of tllc 
 
 3 i\t first; 
 rea.-1'U <'t" 
 Ik.' suttle- 
 ' tl\o vcar, 
 
 il tho ciul 
 fm (lis;4Ust. 
 i/A'd none 
 IV as wlioUy 
 itisU iVt'c- 
 alon;4' tl^' 
 )s,in'j; lU'ty 
 ioTololot- 
 aniarra in 
 > tlio linal 
 
 lemcnts to 
 
 [_>• constant 
 did not 
 
 1st. Only 
 •ted by '^ 
 
 lired iVoni 
 
 cf looted. 
 
 Ic govorn- 
 
 [cs to un- 
 
 louts woro 
 
 
 a 
 
 (•(iiicliidtd Ity SaKatici'ia and Kino; and in [(V,)7 Ji 
 iiii->i'iii was loundcd at Li)rc((i, iu>t Ik'Iow tliu San 
 llimio «•!' ()itcj;a. J)illioullios wci'o ("ormidiiMo at 
 lii>t ami I'lir a loiii;- time; tlie savages Nwrc stnpid 
 ;iiid olU'ii liostilo; (lie uiiard was small ; \is>rls canu! 
 il ;i ^nliiily willi supiilirs, and autlioiitics in Mexico 
 'MMi'ially tni'nt'd a doaf ear to a|i[>oa]s lor aid. S;d- 
 \atioiTa and J*ioo(tlo, however, never lost eoiira^o in 
 t!ii' darkest days, and lu'lore 1700 they had two mis- 
 .-idiis and Ji ;;iiard ol* thirty men. 
 
 ICi'^liteeiilh oentury unniJ.. (»!' Xueva Viseaj-a. and 
 tlif a<lj('iiiin,u' re;4ions, so far as they [>recede the tiocu- 
 jal!'!! (>r .Mt:i Calironna in 17G1), may he j)resented 
 \, itli en(tnL;li of detail lor the |»resent jinrposo very 
 liiiilly; I'ei' tiirou,L;liont tlioso hroad terriloiies ali'airs 
 luid I'alleu into llie monotonous I'outine of peace in 
 tlie sonlii, of war in the nortli, that was to eharaoter- 
 l/,e tliem i!s loii'^- as Si)anish domination sliould last, 
 anJ in ni:niy ri'spoots longer. To Xuevji Calioia as ;i 
 /'"(/■/•(' (Ic piiz may bo added in those times Sinaloa 
 and Dni'an^o to the north. The era of ooncjuost, as 
 ill a j^ieat measure of ndssionary labor, was past. 
 
 Tile author.ty of the audieneia and oivil L;'overnoi'S 
 IIS rN'erywliere respeeted. Curates under the bish- 
 
 w 
 
 oji^ Vviie in oontrol of spiritual affairs in all the lai'i^er 
 settleiiu-nts, ^liiiin<jf was the leadiiii;' industry, I'eeljly 
 siiiililemented bv stoek-i'aisiuii' and auiloulture. jNIinor 
 ])olitieal and ocolesiastical controversies, the succes- 
 sii!ii of ))roviueial and suboivlinato ofiicials, iVagmen- 
 laiv static-ties of nunin'>: and other industiies, and 
 
 f non-))rogros;>ive looaliti 
 
 es 
 
 jK'tty loeal hapj)onings o 
 
 I'liniisli hut slight basis for an instructive resume, 
 
 evcii if such general review wore called for liorc. 
 
 There was, however, one exception to the unevent- 
 l";il nionotouv of Xuova Oalicia affairs durin'j^ this 
 juiiod, which slnndd be noticed here— the concjuost 
 of Xayarit. This niountainiuis and almost inaccessi- 
 ble je^n'ion of northern Jalisco, near the frontiers of 
 
26 
 
 IXTRODUCTORY RESUMI?;. 
 
 Siiialoa, Dni'an_n(>, and Zacatecas had boon tlio last 
 rofug'o of aboriginal jjaganisni. Hore tlio bold moun- 
 taineers, Xa3'arits, Coras, and Tocuahnes, maintained 
 their independence of all S[)anisli or Christian control 
 till 17l! L. It wastliese tribes or adjoiningoncs directly 
 or indirectly su[)])()ited by them, that caused all Ind- 
 ian troubles of the century in Nueva Galicia. Xo 
 white man, whether soldier or fiiar, was permitted to 
 enter the narrow pass that led to the stronghold t)f 
 the Gran Xayai'. A long seiies of attempts at peace- 
 ful con(]uest resulted in failure; and the dilHculties 
 of forcible entiy were greatly exaggerated at the time, 
 and still more at a later ])eriod by Jesuit chroniclers 
 who sought to magnify the obstacles overcome by 
 their oi'der. The Navarits made a brave but fruitless 
 resistance, and tlieir stronghold fell before the tirst 
 determined and })roiracted i^.'.mpaign of the invaders 
 in 1721-2. In 172.1 the risifaclor or inspector found 
 about four thousand natives living submissivelv in ten 
 villages: and in 1707 seven Jesuits were serving in as 
 many Nayarit missions. 
 
 North of Nueva Calicia, as I have remarked, Du- 
 rango and Sinaloa require no special notice here. The 
 provinces at whose annals a glance must be given, are 
 New IMoxico; Chihuahua, or the northern portion of 
 Nueva Viscaya pro[)er; Sonora, including tlie lower 
 and upper Pinieria; and the peninsula of Baja Cali- 
 fornia. All tliis region, though in its industries and 
 some other phases of its annals very similar to the 
 southern provinces, was for tlie most part still aticrrd 
 tie (jiicrra, or land of war, always exposed to the raids 
 of savage gentiles, and oiten to the revolt;; of Chris- 
 tian converts. The rule was military rather tliau 
 civil, missionni-y r.ither than ecclesiastic, save in a few 
 of the larger towns. 
 
 Now i\lexico iVom 1700 to 1709 was an isolated 
 connnunity (f ni<)})hytes, Franciscan misr.i;)nari('s, 
 Spanish soldiers, and sottlei-s, struggling, not very 
 zealously, i'or a bare existence. Each of these classes 
 
ANNALS OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 27 
 
 tlio last 
 d nioun- 
 iutuiucd 
 1 control 
 , directly 
 
 all Ind- 
 :,-ia. No 
 ulttcd to 
 I'l'liold of 
 at pcaeo- 
 ilticultics 
 the time, 
 ironiclcrs 
 •come by 
 -J fruitless 
 
 the first 
 ; invaders 
 tor found 
 'oly in ten 
 \^iu'jf in as 
 
 -ked, Du- 
 ,ere. The 
 j,iven, are 
 )ortion of 
 he lower 
 iaja Cali- 
 tries and 
 hv to the 
 111 aticrnh 
 the r;iids 
 of (Miris- 
 llier than 
 in a few 
 
 isolate;! 
 r.ionaries, 
 [not very 
 |se classes 
 
 Avas sllLjlitly reeuforced during the period; and aid, 
 cliiefiv in the form of agricultural implements, eamo 
 iVcm time to time for the settlers, as did a salary for 
 tlic I'riars, from Mexico. A few mines were opened in 
 (lili'ei'ent })arts of the country; but about them, as about 
 llie agricultural and stock-raising industries wliich fur- 
 nished the means of provincial subsistence, very little is 
 known. Trade between the diti'eront towns, as with 
 (iiitside gcntik^ tribes and with merchants who brought 
 ill earavans i'rom the far south needed articles of loreigu 
 manulacture, was generally flourishing in a small way. 
 The Pueblo Indians were for the most part faithful 
 converts, thougli retaining a fondness for the rites and 
 sorceries of their old faith, which gave the mission- 
 aries no little ti'ouble. All Spanish inhabitants, with 
 the (nx'utsof 1G80 ever in their minds, were peculiarly 
 sensitive to rumors of impending revolt, which, from 
 ont' (l.irection or another, were very frequent, but rarely 
 well founded. There were occasional local troubles in 
 iVontiertowns; Zuhiwaslonginrevolt; and the ]\[oquis, 
 though declaring themselves subjects of Spain, stead- 
 fastly refused to become Christians. The Apaches 
 were often troublesome on the south and west; as 
 were the Yutas, Xavajos, and C'omanchos on the north 
 and east — each nation ready to make a treaty of peace 
 V, lie! lover ])rospects for plunder seemed unfavoruble. 
 IJaiely did a year i>ass without a campaign against 
 one of these nations, or an expedition to the }>lo(pu 
 tovns. Such timu as the governor could s]iare from 
 Indian caiii])aigns was laru'elv devoted to i)olitical con- 
 Inivcrsios and Jofonco a'jainst c]iari>'(^s of r()i'rii])ti(Hi 
 or incompetency. The <i'overnor was diriM-tlv i-esnon- 
 sible to the vice>r( y, and a Franciscan custoilian v.as 
 ill charge of the friars. In the latiT years of the 
 ])eriod now under consideration, the po[mkition of 
 native Christians was about ten thousr.nd. in tweiity- 
 iive towns under fifteen I'riars. Of Spanish aiul mixed 
 blood, settlers and soldiers with their funilies, there 
 Were pi'i4ia[)s twenty-five hundred souls, ehielly at 
 
msmm 
 
 ill 
 
 28 INTRODUCTORY RESUMl5. 
 
 Santa Fo nnd AlhurquonjiU', but also scattered to 
 Koine extent on liaeientlas. Two or three curates uiuler 
 the bishop of Duraugo attended to their spiritual 
 needs. 
 
 Chiliuahua during this period, as before and later, 
 was e\p<jscd to never ending raids from the niui\!er- 
 ous Apaches, which foi the most part prevented all 
 l)ernianent ])rogress. Though the savages from the 
 Ijolson de ^lapimi were again troublesome at first, yet 
 the mining settlements of San Bartolome Valley in tlie 
 south counted a Spanish population of over f »ur thou- 
 sand in 170(1. Xear Nombre do Dios, tlie rich mines 
 of Santa ICulalia were discovered, and here in llu^ early 
 years of the century the Real de San Felipe, or C'hi- 
 huahua, s[)rang into existence. The new town grew 
 i';ipidly for a time, but in 17GG the ])opulation had de- 
 creased to four hundred families. A line of half a dozen 
 presidios, or military posts, was established before 1720 
 in the north as far as Janos and Paso del Norte; and 
 these posts, some of them being moved from time to 
 time according to need, kept the i)rovincc from utter 
 ruin, though there was hardly a mission, hacienda, or 
 real de minas that was not at one time or aui Iher 
 abandoned. The Franciscans C(»ntinued their strnu'ule 
 against paganism, and m 1711 founded six new mis- 
 sions at the junction of the liio Conclios and 11 io 
 Grande, which, however, had to be abandoned v.itliin 
 ten years. In the Spanish settlements curates relieved 
 the friars, and the missions of the region about l*aso 
 del Norte were secularized in 175 • only to be restored 
 to the missionaries for a time in later years. Also in 
 175() the Jesuit missions of the Tepehuane and .13aja 
 Tarahumara districts were secularized. These missions 
 and those of Alta Tarahumai'a had been constantly 
 (1. '('lining. 1'heir troubles and tlose of their Jesuit 
 directors at the liands of savage invaders, rexolting 
 ncoi)hytes, Spanisli settlers and miners, and secular 
 ofiicials, were in every I'ssentiid r(\s[)ect similar to tiiose 
 ol' the Sonora establishments to be ntjticed presently. 
 
EVENTS IX n.MErJA ALTA. 
 
 29 
 
 :yc(\ to 
 s luaU'i' 
 piiitiuil 
 
 d later, 
 inuivlcr- 
 utcd all 
 L-om the 
 first, vet 
 oy iutUc 
 lur tliou- 
 •U mine:-; 
 tlu'. c:irly 
 , or C\\\- 
 wii ;.!,rr\v 
 1 luul dc- 
 U'aJcweii 
 fore 17-20 
 ortc; and 
 1 time to 
 oiu utter 
 eieiula, or 
 aiv ilier 
 • stnii;',u,'lt^ 
 iiuw luis- 
 aiid iVu) 
 •d within 
 s relieved 
 out Paso 
 . n-;;tored 
 Also ill 
 ind Baja 
 ;iuissioiis 
 loustantly 
 .'u- J(-suit 
 ro\oUin.L; 
 1 ^tcular 
 I- tollioso 
 )reweutly. 
 
 Tlic Jesuits were succeeded in ITG" by eighteen Fi-au- 
 (•isc;ii)s iVoni Zaeatecas. 
 
 Sinaloaand southern Sonera in the eigliteentli cen- 
 tiirv present little or nothing of importance to our 
 ] impose. In the extreme north, Kino continues to 
 ];il>or as lieforc with like discouraging results till liis 
 (l.'.ith in 1711. No missionaries can be obtained lor 
 1 lie north; his only permanent associates in Pimeria 
 Alta are Campos and Velarde. IMilitary autliorities 
 still (li^^lrust the Pimas, or pretend to distrust them; 
 hut till' Jesuits believe these officials are reallv in 
 league with the miners and setthn's to oppose the 
 luissidu work, desiring the hostility of the natives 
 tli.it iIkv may l>e enslaved and plundered; at any rate 
 a invi'i- oiiding controversy ensues. After Kino's death 
 ilierc is no change for tlu^ better; and no increase of 
 missionaries imtil 1730. Father Campos makes several 
 tours fo the gulf coast, but connnunication with the 
 iinilh l)ec(Mnes less and less frc(|uent; and Apache 
 laids are (^f constant occuri'ence. The Spanish popu- 
 lation of Pimeria in 1730 is about threi; liundred. 
 Tli(> sol(li(M's are said to o-ive more attention to mininu: 
 than to tlien- proper duty ot protecting the })rovinc(^; 
 and an injudicious policy of non-interference with the 
 Apaches is at on(> time adopted by orders IVom ^lexico. 
 1m 17:11 ihree new ]>riests come, and are assigned to 
 tlir northei'U missii)ns of Suamca, (luevavi, and San 
 .1a\ic!'(lel l)ac founded at this tiuK^, though the natives 
 of each had been often before^ A'isitcd by th(> Jesuits. 
 They are sii]i])lied irrt^gularly with missionaries from 
 tl'is tinu 
 
 The names of Cain])os and Velard(> juv 
 lly di-apjiear from the records to be rejilaced by 
 tl' Sed(>hnair and Keler. In 173(»-.")0 these 
 desuirs make several tours to the (jila region, in eon- 
 lion with vain ])rojects for the conversion (»f tin 
 
 I'll 
 111. 
 
 liri 
 
 Mor|nis and the occupation of Northern Califorida. 
 It is in these years, 17.".7-41, tliat occurs th(> fa:nous 
 ng excitement of the Polas de Plata, at .i ])lace 
 ■I ween Saric and Guevavi called Ari/oiiao, whence 
 
 mini 
 
30 
 
 INTRODUCTORY R^SUM]^]. 
 
 tho lumic Arizona. The presidio of Tcrronato is 
 founded about 1741. The Piinas l)ecome perlmps as 
 bad as they had been accused of beini^ from the first. 
 They revolt in 1751-2, kilHng two priests and a Irun- 
 dred other Spaniards; and for five or six years there 
 is a bitter controversy between the missionaries and 
 the ii'overnnient touchlnuf the causes of the rev'olt. 
 But the j)residio of Tubac having been established, 
 and a small garrison stati(jned at Altar, the missions 
 are rcoccupied, and maintain a precarious existence 
 during the rest of the Jesuit period. Six priests are 
 serving in 17G7. Near San Javier del Bac there is a 
 native rancheria, called Tucson, where after 1752 a 
 few Spaniards have settled; but the place is tem- 
 porarily abandoned in 17G3. 
 
 The A])aches of the north arc not Sonera's only 
 savage scourge; but from 1724 the Seris, Tcpocas, Sal- 
 ineros, Tiburon Islanders, and other bands of the 
 gulf coast above Guaymas, keep the province in almost 
 constant terror by their ravages. There has l)eeii 
 some mission work done at intervals, by the Calilor- 
 nian pailres chiefly, in the Guaymas region, but no 
 permanent missions are established. The Cerro Prieto 
 is the rendezvous and stronghold not only of the tribes 
 named, but at intervals of the Pimas Bajos and other 
 bauds of revolting neophytes. The danger from this 
 direction is generally deemed }]^reater than from the 
 Aj)aches, who are somewhat restrained by the hos- 
 tility of the Pimas Altos. Camjiaigns to tho Cerro 
 Prieto are frequent, and generally unsuccessful. In 
 one of them in 1755 Governor Mendoza is killed. 
 
 In 17o4 the province of Sinaloa y Sonora is sepa- 
 rated from Nueva Vizcaya, and put under a governor 
 and conunandant general, whose capital is nominally 
 still San Felii)e de Sinaloa, but really San Juan or 
 I'itic in Sonora. Under liim are the presidio captains. 
 Civil affairs are administered as before by alcaldes 
 niayores. The governor's time, or the little that is 
 left fror.> the almost continuous campaigns against 
 
JESUIT MISFOllTUXES. 
 
 31 
 
 iiDi-thorn or western suvai^es, is devoted to the defence 
 
 I' his DW'ii policy, to controversies wi 
 
 th tl 
 
 iirif; 
 
 aiul 
 
 to tl 
 
 le recoianiendiUion o 
 
 f d 
 
 le nnssion- 
 
 ivers measures 
 
 e 
 w 
 
 I'oi' till' salvati(jn of the country, few of which are 
 adopted and nont' effectual. In 1740-1 there is a. seri- 
 ous revolt of the Ya(|uis and hitherto subniissiv 
 ^Ia\H)s. The presidio of Pitic at llerniosillo is no 
 i'ouiided, afterwards being transferred for a time to 
 ]Iorcasitas. In 1745 there are estimated to be six- 
 teen hundred Spanish inhabitants, possibly men, in 
 Sinaloa, Ostimuri, and Sonora, besides about two 
 hnndred soldiers in the dilferent presidios. A'isitador 
 General (hdlardo in 1741) reported the province to be 
 ill a most unpr(jsj)ei'()us and ci'itical condition. The 
 population is ever shifLiuL;' v^iih the iinding of new 
 niiiies, not a single settlement having over ten perma- 
 U'lit Sj);nii.di families, though a regular town has been 
 hcgun at Ilorcasitas. Xo remedy is found for existing 
 evils before I7G7, but all'airs go on fi'om bad to worse. 
 The missions .share in t'le ufcneral misfmiuncs. 
 
 ] 
 
 ieiore 
 
 1(:)0 thcv had declined about one half i 
 
 n 
 
 neo[)hyte population from 1G78; and the decline con- 
 tinues to th(; end. The Jesuits o-raduallv lose i 
 
 nucl 
 
 ot tiieu' miluence e\ce])t over women, cJiuelren, anc 
 iiilii'in old men. Indeed thei'o arov/s up ao'ainst tlu 
 
 I 
 
 up 
 
 'Ul 
 
 a very bitter })oj)ular ieeling, and they become in- 
 volve;' in vexatious controversies with the author- 
 ities and (jrnte <h' razon, or civilized peoj)le, geiu'rally. 
 New-comers are largely (Jerman mend)ers of the coni- 
 iK.uy with less jiatience and less intcn-est in tlie mis- 
 sions than the old Spanish workers; and all become 
 more or less petulant in their discouragement under 
 t'xcr increasing troubles. Thev art! ibr the most |>art 
 good men, and in the right generally so far as the 
 til 'la lis of particular (juarrels are concerned; but they 
 
 <'.imii)t obtain the 
 
 i snic <j)iii iioii oi cout inu( 
 
 mission 
 
 >riis!)i 
 
 'riLV, ])rotection m trouble, non-mtei'iereiice m 
 •Ui'ces,; and like nnssionarii's everywhert; they cannot 
 iubmit gracei'ully to the ine\itable overthrow of their 
 
32 
 
 INTRODUCTORY RESUME. 
 
 I '• a 
 
 1 1' ; ' ; .1: 
 
 It AM 
 
 peculiar system. Settlers and miners, desiring their 
 lands and the labor of tlu'ir neophytes, preach liberty 
 to tlie natives, foment hatre(' to the })riests, advocate 
 secularization, and as the Jesuits believe even .stir 
 up revolt. 
 
 Before secularization or utter ruin befalls the Sonora 
 missions, all of the Jesuit order arc expelled from 
 Spanish dominions. The jiriests had been waiting for 
 a change, and it comes in a most imexpected form. 
 After months of confinement at Guaymas they arc 
 banished, thirty-seven in number, at the beginning of 
 17(58. Soon the missions are given to Franciscan 
 friars, who like the Jesuits are faithful; but tliu 
 change leaves the several establi.-^hnients in no better 
 condition than before. At the same period comes 
 the grand military expedition of Elizondo under tlie 
 auspices of Galvez, which is to reduce the savo-^e foes 
 of Sonora to permanent submission, but which is not 
 briMiantlv successful. Notwithstandino; the radical 
 changes of this })eriod Sonora affairs proceed nuich as 
 Ijcfore ; l>ut from the exhibition of energy accom])a- 
 nving these chann'cs, as we shall see, results the occu- 
 pation of Alta California. 
 
 Maritime annals of tlic period have no importanci! 
 in this connection, consisting ahn()st eiitii'el}' of tlie 
 predatory efforts of Dampier, Eogers, Shelv(.)cke, and 
 Anson, who lie in wait at different times for the 
 Manila ship. On the ])(Miinsula of Baja California 
 Salvatierra and his assoeiates labor with zeal and suc- 
 cess, (lifts from rich ])atrons, forming the 'pious 
 fund,' enable them to purchase su})|)lies and thus 
 counteract the disadvantages of their barren country. 
 At the same time its barrenness and isolation relieve 
 them from nuich of the interferenc-e suffered in Sonoia. 
 Yet there are Sj)aniards who desire; to iish i'or peai'ls: 
 and there are others who l)elieve the Jesuits to he 
 engaged secretly in pearl-fishing and thus amassiiii;' 
 great wealth. Indeed there are few i»ersecutions sul- 
 fered bv their brethren across the uulf, v. hich in a 
 
MISSIONS OF THE TEXIXSULA. 
 
 33 
 
 niodiruHl form do not afTcct tlioin; Avliilo tlioy onduro 
 many ]iai'dslii|)s and jirivaiioiis clsewlicrc unknown. 
 Missions ai'L- founded till tho chain extends ncaily ilio 
 wliolo length of the peninsula, Salvatierra di( s in 
 1717. I n I 7 1 8-2 1 Ugarte builds a vessel and exi)lores 
 the ,uulf to its head. The ^Manila ship touches occa- 
 sionally after 1734; and this same year marks the 
 Iic'^iuniii^' of long-continued revolts in the south, tlur- 
 iiig wliichtwo })riests are killed. Governor Huidrobo 
 conies over from Sonora for a campaign, and a })residi(> 
 is founded at San Jose del Cabo. In 1 742-8 an e}»i- 
 deniic destr(jys several missions. Father Consag in 
 1740 and 1751 explores both the gulf and ocean 
 coasts. About 1750 there is a general revival in coni- 
 uiercial, mining, and pearl-tishing industries; but it is 
 not of lonij: duration, brinu'inn" blame also ui)on the 
 Jesuits. Save the praiseworthy desire to ini])rove the 
 Hjtii'itual condition of its inhabitants, thei'e is no 
 encouragement for the Sjianish occupation of this 
 countrv. Sixteen Jesuits died in the countrv; sixteen 
 were banished in 17G8. Bitter feelings against the 
 t'oinj)any in the North IMcjxican provinces, or indeed 
 in America, had but slight influence in causing the 
 cx})ulsiou of the Jesuits from the Spanish dt)minions. 
 
 Uisi. Cal., Vol. I. 3 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIAX HISTORY. 
 
 m 
 
 List of ArTitoniTiES — A Catalocte ok Calikohnia Books — Tayi,oi;'s List— 
 l'i;oi'osi;i) C'l.AssiricATiuN—l'KKioiis ok Histouy — Sixtf.kx lli'NDijr.ii 
 Trri.Ks uKi'ouK 1S4S — PJiiNiKK Mati'.kiai,— Krocii or DisrovEiiv to 
 
 17<1!* — CosMOdUAl'lllKS AMI \'<iV\i:i', ('nl.l.llCTloNS— Sl'A.NI--iI Ih'Oi II 
 
 17(i'.'-lSi24 — Books ok \ i^irui;.-; — Books, I'kkiodk'als, am> ]>o(r- 
 MKNTS — Tin: ^Ii;m(an 1'i:i;ioi), ln-Jl-l.S-4(J— Voyacks— Ovi:i:i.;M) Xak- 
 
 EATiVl.S — Fll;ST 1'UINTSOkCaI.IKOIIMA — WoUI^SokMkXUAN AlTIlolis— 
 GoVKUNMKNT ] )0CU.M1;NTS — HiSTOUIKS— Lo(;AI. ANNAI.S— Onk TllorSANI) 
 TlTLKS OK ^L\Nirs(!IlIl'TS — AliOIII VI.S, I'riJLIC, ^ll.sSluN, ANI> I'lilVATK— 
 VaI.I.K.TO and LaKKIN — I/oCI'MKNTAUY TlTL^:^S — SlATTKKr.U ('()|;i;i:- 
 
 si'ONDKNCi: — Dictations ok Xativds and I'ionkkus — Yah K ok Rkmin- 
 
 ISCKSCES — AlTKll TIIK ( itU.l) Dl.'iCUVLllY — ^IaNCSCUH'TS— BoOIiS riilNTKH 
 IN ANL> AliOCT CaI,1FOJ;NI A. 
 
 I HAVE prefixed to tin's Yolinno a list of authorities 
 cited ill the Ilisfori/ <i/'C(i/if(inii(i, Avliicli iiieludrs about 
 four tliousaud^ titles of hooks, ])ain])hlets, ]ie\vspaj)ei's, 
 printed doeunieiits, articles, and rnaiuiserijits. It is 
 souietldiiL;' more than a mere list of the woi'ks con- 
 sulted and ejiitomi/A'd in this ])art of my history, 
 heinn" iiractically a coniph.'te catalo^'ue of all existinn' 
 matt'rial pertaining to ( 'alifoi'uia, down to the epoch 
 of the discovery of gold, and oi' all histoi'ical ma- 
 terial to a later period. 1 am of <'oursc aware that 
 a perfectly complete hihliographical list of authorities 
 on any topic of magnitude docs not exist ; and I do not 
 pretend that mine is such a list; hciicc the limitation, a 
 
 ' TliMaiL'lioiit this cluipttf f ciniiloy nuiMil iiiuiiIki-s, ••iml in most iiisl.'nicps 
 tho wdiil •iiliiiiit' .sliiiuld Imi iiiidcrstcKiil \\ itii i';i(li iiimilicr. 'J iio mccssity of 
 piiiilJii;.' tluH smniiuiry Ixturc tlii' list is put in type j irvi-nts ahsolute iU'L-u- 
 I'uuy; ytt lli<; nnini'iiral slatcnifnls arc liy no nn;uis nicix' estimates, li;it ii.:iy 
 1)0 re;-aiik'il aa inacticaliy accuiute, the Yuiiatiou uever exceeding two w 
 three ptr cent. 
 
 (u4) 
 
n.ASSlFICATIOX OF WORKS. 
 
 35 
 
 i-.i.N llrNiMjr.i' 
 
 ])|>C((VKUY TO 
 ■ANU-ll Krot H 
 ;, AM) 1><»'- 
 VI.IM.ANI) NaK- 
 
 AN AiTiiiii;s— 
 
 OM'TiltHSANli 
 \Mi I'lllVATK— 
 
 ■TKur.u ('ui;k:-.- 
 
 \]XV. UV llKMlN- 
 DOOKS ruiNTKl) 
 
 ii;l(tifa11\'' CO 
 
 iii])1(.'Il' ciltilloi^ur. Additinii.'il I'cscai'cli 
 >v'jil ;i(l(l ;i IrW items to L'acll, or most, oi' iiiy stlh- 
 (lixisioiis; and v\v\\ now, did spac; permit, sevei'al 
 el" tliem miLU'lit !•<• mri'ully extended, as Mill he ])res- 
 ciitlv explained, without ri>ally addini;' much to tl 
 
 value o 
 
 rti 
 
 le (-a 
 
 tal 
 
 oLi'ue. 
 
 Vs it stands the list is n)or 
 
 coiniilete than any other within my knowK'dj^v relatinj^^ 
 to any state or teri'itory ot" our union, or indeed to 
 jinv ether country in tlie woi'ld.^ 
 
 I»ei>])eetini>" each ol' the titles niven tlu-rc will In* 
 1', iinid somewhere in this history a hil)liooTa}ihie note 
 atlordin^' all desirable ini'ormation about the work and 
 its.-uitlior; so that il'these notes were brought toi^-ether 
 and attached in alphabetic onler to the items ot" the 
 li-t, the I'esult would bo a ]iil)/i'<);f)'(i/)/ii/ of Cii/'fi>i'ii/<ni 
 IL'sli>i''/,to which work the pre'sent chapter mi^'lit si'i'w; 
 as an intro(hiction. Iw. it 1 [iroposo to a certain extent 
 to classiiV the works which have I'nrnislied data ibr 
 this and tin; Ibllow in-j;' volumes, and brieily to (h'sci-ibo 
 and ciiticisc such of" the varicnis classes and subdi- 
 \isi(ins as niay seem to recjuire remai 
 
 A i; 
 
 W IlKl 
 
 \idi;al Wdiks oi" a L^cneial or representatix c nature 
 iiiav appropriately be noticed in this comiection; 
 hut as a I'ule' the reader must look elsewhere Ibr such 
 .-.pecial notices. "^I'o the general reader, as nurst be eon- 
 re>sed, hibliogra[)hy is a topic not the most I'asrinatiiiL;'; 
 
 luutalion,a 
 
 ilisohito iu'cii- 
 
 -Si) f;ir as wdilis on California ari' conccrni'd, the only previous attiiniit at 
 .'iiivtliin;,' ap|iroai.-liinj; a (-jnipk'tu ii^st is Alex. S. Taylor's JlHi/iinjnij'd ('a/i- 
 
 j<,i-iiii-ti. ]m 
 
 lilislicil in the .SV 
 
 •ilo C 
 
 if Juno •_'.'>, 1S(;;!, with 
 
 ilitiij 
 
 in till,' same jiapcr of Mai'ch i;i, lS(iil. lu a copy jircsi'i'vcil in tlio i^ilnaiy of 
 tlu' California I'ionciTS in San Francisco, there are mainisi ript aihlitioiu of 
 still later (late. This work eontaineil over a thousaml titles, hut its lit-lil was 
 tluMJiolu territory from ]>aja California to the Arctic Ocean, west of the 
 Kii'ky Moiuitaiiis, only ahont one half of the works relatin;;' to Alta ( 'alitor- 
 
 jiroper. Dr Taylor's /eal in this direction was most coninien 
 
 lahh 
 
 >uri CSS, considcriiiL,' his extremely limited facilities, was wonderfnl; yet his 
 catiiloLMU' is useless. ]{e never saw one in live of the works he names; lilun- 
 (ki-; average nioro than one to each title: he names many hooks that ikmt 
 existed, others so inaccurately that they cannot lie trailed, and yet otlurs 
 several limes oxer under diU'eriiit title 
 licialion of liihlii "graphic /m/ois 
 
 ]{\ 
 
 IS in.Nnlk'ralile jieilantry iiml at- 
 i-s of tho 
 
 i)tl 
 
 itc with the tyjiouraiihic 
 '.Npapei- press to destroy for (he most jiai't any merit that the list ini;difc 
 
 utl:crwise lia\i 
 
 I 
 
 ia\(! no iloiiii 
 
 t th. 
 
 may h- 
 
 few (vf Ta\li 
 
 r s items r<'|.r( 
 
 seiitiiii,' hooks or doenments that actually exist and are nut in my list; hiil to 
 ttiect them would he a well ni;ih liuiieicss task. 
 

 36 
 
 BreLTOCrvAPIIY OF CATJFORXIAX IITSTORY. 
 
 l>ut its novelty in Ciiliforniiin as|)c'cts and tliu brevity 
 and coiupi'dicnsiNcncss ol' its ti'oatincnt in this instance 
 may |)cilia|is \n: ollcrcd as (•irciuiistani-cs tcudinj,^ to 
 counteract inherent monotony. 
 
 In point of time 1)il)lio;j^ra|iliy, lil^e tlie liistoiT, (>\' 
 California is dixided intt) two i;reat ])eri()ds l)y the 
 discovery of iji-old in 1848. I have some sixteen linn- 
 di'ed titles foi' tlu' earlier Di'riod and over two thousand 
 
 1 
 
 lor the later; thouui'h the division ^vo^ld be nuniei'ically 
 much less ecjual wore ])rinted material alone consideied. 
 Antl if books and pamphlets only were taken into 
 account, disrejj^arding iiuwspaj)ers and art icles and doc 
 unients in pi'int,the nund>ei-s would stand two hundred 
 and seventy for the i)rimiti\'e, and :,io»'e tlian a thou- 
 sand for the modern epoch. Yet there could be no 
 good reason for restricting my list of authorities to 
 books; and its extension to manuscript, documentaiy, 
 and periodical material is entirely legitimate, as will 
 be at once apjuirent to scholars. Where to sto[> in 
 this extension, however, and in the conse(|Uent sub- 
 division of documentary data is obviously a )>oint re- 
 specting which no two critics woidd be likely to agree. 
 The abundance of my material has ])ut me Iteyond the 
 tem])tati(Mi to exaggerate; and while some will doubt- 
 less regret that in certain directioris, notably that of 
 original manuscripts, I have not midtiplied titles, the 
 ever ju'esent necessity of I'igid condensation has con- 
 trolled my course in this matter.^ 
 
 For the years ])receding 1 848 manuscript authei'- 
 ities greatly outnumber those in print, being l,0;)Oout 
 of a total of 1 ,(')50 ; but in later times, the era of news- 
 ])a])ers antl jirinted government records, manuscri|t(s 
 nundier less than 200, in a t(jtal of over 2,000. I be- 
 gin naturally with the eai'lier [)eriod, and tir.st givi; 
 attention tt) printed material. 
 
 ■' Tlio I'onili'i' is remindod .also tlwt in foot-notes of the followiiij,' pa,c;cs .tic 
 nfuivnoL'H to tliousiuiils of docunicnts in niiinusci'ipt tiiid print that lav not 
 given titles or mentioned be]^jarately in the list. 
 
Y. 
 
 A^^ l)rovity 
 i>^ iiistar.cf 
 .uucliug tu 
 
 history, fi' 
 ids l)y thr 
 Ktijvu liun- 
 1) lliousanil 
 iniK-'rically 
 L'oUKideretl. 
 tiikoii into 
 Ic'S tiiul doc 
 yo luuidlt'd 
 inn ;i tliou- 
 ■iiuld l»o ii<> 
 Lliorities to 
 if'uuiciitary, 
 late, as ^vill 
 t to st()l> in 
 (jueiit svili- 
 i ]toint I'c- 
 V to a^Tcf. 
 
 H'VOlld tlu' 
 
 \vill doul)t- 
 ly that of 
 I titles, tlM- 
 on has con- 
 
 ipt author- 
 
 1,0:^,0 out 
 
 ra of uo\v>- 
 
 iianusrrii>ts 
 
 )00. I hi'- 
 
 iirst give 
 
 )\viiii,' pa.cfcs ni'c 
 lul tiuit ai-c not 
 
 rrTNTi'P wmtKs T.^roni: 1709. 
 
 ^7 
 
 Titles (if iirinted authorities on this Ijrstof the two 
 c'Tcat periods ninnht-r', as I haxc said, something o\oi' 
 (iUO, of wlii'-h '^70 ai'e hooks or painphlets, 2.^)0 dorii- 
 iiM Ills oi" ai'tieles, and DO periodicals or eollcctions I hat 
 i;i,iv hi; so classed. It is well, however, to stdidisidc 
 llic period ('hi'onologically, and to glance at the eai'liest 
 (•jHicIi of discovei-y, namely, that pi'eeeding I 7(1!). I'p 
 1.) tliisdato Califin'uia had not heen the exclusive, or 
 indeed tlie chief, topic of any hook; yet )iiy list con- 
 tains ;")() at least, which treat of the distant jU'oviiice 
 and tlu'Vovages thereto. The numhei- might he cou- 
 slderahly augmented hy including all general works, 
 in which California was harely nanud at second hand; 
 el' in Hk<; maimer lessened by <Mnitting repetitions of 
 Sir rrancls Drake's voyage; and indeed eight' would 
 siiliiee to Impart all the actual knowledge extant at 
 tlie time in [irint, the rest being of interi\st mainly by 
 reason of their (piaint cosniograjdiical eoni^'its or eoii- 
 jectiUY's oil the name ( 'allfornia. l"'i\'e of these are 
 general Sjianlsh works alluding to California f>nly as a 
 pait of Spanish America, one being a romance naming 
 I lie provinei! before its discovery.'"' Sixteen are de- 
 .-riiptive cosmographieal woi'ks of the old ty])e, to 
 v.hich maybe added four JCngllsh riH'ords of a slightly 
 dHfi'rent class." Then we have sixteen of the oiice 
 po[>n]ar collections of voyages and travels, to whii'h as 
 to tlie preceding class additions might be made with- 
 out u'olnu' out of my librai'V.' ^\nd linallv we may 
 notice eight works which treat of s[)i'cial voyages — none 
 of lliem actually to California — or the lix'es of special 
 
 ^ See hi tliu list the fdlliiwint: lieadinas: Calircra lUuiio. Tliakc, Haklnyt, 
 JKirera, IJii-elinteii, I'niclias, 'i'lJi'cpuiiiada, and Vcncuas. It is ])i-iil)alili! 
 that th(,'.<c li>t notes will not iie deenieil of any imrortanee to the ueiu ral 
 leaih r; hut he can easily pass them hy; and it is lielieved tiiat their value to 
 a ecitain class of students will more than pay for the conijiaratively litth- 
 .spare they lill. 
 
 'See Ac(jsta, Apostolicos Afaucs, Diaz del Castillo, Ksiilandian, and Viil.i 
 Senor. 
 
 ''Sec America, Blacu, D'Avity, fiottfrieilt, Heylyn, l.aet, J^'iw. Luyt, 
 Meivato!-, Moutanns, Morelli, 0<,'illiy. Orteliiis. West Indische Siiieyhcl, and 
 Wytlliet; also (.'aniden, (.!anii)liell, Coxe, and l)avis. 
 
 ' See Aa, llacke, lluiris, Sannnlung, Haniusiu, and Voyages. 
 
38 
 
 BTBLTOflRAPTrV OK rATJFOnxr.W IIIST0I!V, 
 
 ;i' 
 
 iifiviy;it<)rs,''!iii(l a Wkv inuiilxT nfiniixutniit (locnmcnfs 
 rclaf inn' to this j>)'iinili\r ciiocli, Nvliidi were imt known 
 ill print until niodci'n tiinrs." As 1 liavc said, ( 'alilor 
 Ilia was liut incidentally niciitloni'd in tlu- hooks n!" 
 this early time; a few contained all that visitors hal 
 revelled (if the coast ; while the rest wei'c content with 
 a nio-t inaccui'ate and snpei'ticial repetition eked oui 
 with imagination to I'oriu the \\«,nders ol' the Northern 
 31vsterv. 
 
 'i'lu; next snh-poriod was that of inland ('X|)loration, 
 of settlement, of mission-foundinix, <»^' Spanish domina- 
 tion in C'alil'oniia, lastini^ iVoni I7(»l) to IS-Jl. 1 havi' 
 nhoiit four hundi'ed titles for this time; hut the show- 
 ini^' of printed niattei' is niea^'rc.', nuniherin^n' not al)o\e 
 sixty. N\'t the mnnhei- in<-lu(K;s three woi'ks devoti d 
 exclusively to tin; ])rovinee, two of them, ('ostaiis<V> 
 Jji'iii'io and the Mniifcrc'/, Ax/racfo dc Xot/cins, heiii ^ 
 hrief hut important records of the first expeditions 
 to San Diego and Monterey, while the third, .l^dou"^ 
 \'t(l<i <!<■ Jinifpcro Scrrct, was destined to he the 
 standai'd history of the coimti'y down to I7S4, a 
 mo>t valuahle i-ecord. Next in importance were tt ii 
 works in which navi<;atori;; descrihed their visits ti* 
 California and to other parts of the western coast." 
 One of thes(! early visitors wrote in Ene-lish; two in 
 S|)anish; ilwco in fjlerman; arid four in French. 
 Several of them, iiotahly IjH Perouse and A'nncouver. 
 went far heyond their own ])crsonal ohservations, 
 eleaniniT material hy which the earliest history of the 
 counti-y hecanie for the iit;<t time known to tlie world. 
 "J'o two of the voya<^e-na)'r;;;t>.-es, unimportant in them- 
 selves, were ]»relixed by comjietent and well I'Cnown 
 editoi's," extensive sun.m.-a'ies of earlier ex[)loration--. 
 
 ''Sec I'uvton, Cl.nk, Diimpiur, Rogti-s, Slu'lvocke, aii<l UUoii. 
 
 "See .\bci.iision, Calnillo, (."aiddiiii. DciHiiicjicinii, ]'',v.'ms, Xicl, and S;,l- 
 jiu'ron. 'J here iiiv many itiore iniiKU' (loi'iiniciitsof this class rehitiiig vagiu^y 
 to ( 'alifoi'niu in eonnrct ioii witli tlic Norllicni Mystery. 
 
 '"See ( 'lianiisso, ( 'Iwris, Ivotzcliue. l^aiiirsihirir, I.a Peronsj, Marchaiiil, 
 Manrtlle, ]!(.M[uefeuiUc. Sulil y .Mexicaua, and N'aucouvcr. 
 
 " See Fleurieu ami X.naricte. 
 
 i 
 
 ..J 
 
rKllIon OF SI'AXISIT occur ATTON". 
 
 so 
 
 ot known 
 KCaliloi 
 l)o()ks III 
 
 >il(tl'S ll.'l.l 
 
 itt'Ut with 
 
 eked out 
 
 Kortliii'ii 
 
 ;|)l()riiti<)n, 
 >li (loniii:;!- 
 \. 1 li:i\v 
 the sliow 
 not iil)o\i' 
 vs (It'Voli'd 
 (A)staiis('»s 
 cias, l)ciii ', 
 'Xpt'ditidUs 
 nl, Piilou's 
 
 to !).> tlir 
 
 I) 17S4, :i 
 o were tiU 
 r visits i> 
 '111 coast." 
 fli; two ill 
 
 I 
 
 I'oncii. 
 
 ¥ 
 
 iUlC'OUVC 
 
 ivvation 
 
 Ol'V () 
 
 ftlir 
 
 Itlie worM. 
 
 jt in tluMii 
 
 Icll known 
 
 iloration^. 
 
 Ixicl, nn'1 i^^^l- 
 lutiiig vagiu .y 
 
 Marchaiul, 
 
 l\.r llic r<'st we li;iV(' li.'ilf a, dojccn n't-JU'Val works on 
 Aim ii<M;'' a lilcc nnnil)cr ol" Mexican works with 
 iiKittti' on ( 'iililornia ;'■' and as many colk;ctit)ns ot' 
 \(i\ ii'^cs and till Vols." 
 
 ( )|" .\ft'\ic;ni n('Wsii;i|)ci'scontaininj;'Calil'oi-ni;in ncnvs 
 (lurin'4' this jicriod, only tlic olHcial jonrn.'d, tlic (i'<icc/ii 
 (Ir M'xicn, rc<|nii'cs mention lici-c. And jirintcd docn- 
 iiicnts (ir arii<I('s arc oidv seven in mnnl)<T; tliouu'li 
 lliiir iiiinlit In- cited Very many documents of the? 
 S|i;iiiisli envernnu'nt relatinj^- to or namin!^' ('alifornia 
 .-•Iiiilily I'ls ;i jirovince ot" ^Tiixico. 'i'wo essays hy vis- 
 itors iwc jiriiited with the hooks of voya!_;'ei's tliat 
 li,i\-e hee)i naiMed.'' ( 'aptain Shaler liad tin- honor 
 (if hi'in<4 the lii'st American visitor whose narrative wns 
 ]!iiiited ill the rnited States; (iovernoi* Sola sent a 
 r(|)ort whi''li u;is juinted in Mexico; two instrnctioc.s 
 for ( ';iliroriii;iiis were ]>nt in type;'" and in one ot'thc! 
 S|i;iiii.>li voyau'e-c.-ih'clioiis a]»j)enred an account of l!ie 
 ciMiiiliys history and conchtion in connection Avith 
 r(iiiiisi'l;ir ali'airs." J)ocunient.s of this ])ei'iod not 
 |iriiited until much lati-r arc; some of them impoi'tant, 
 cspe( i;illy those [)uhlished in PhIok, 2\'u(ici(is, and tin," 
 />'('. 7//,s7. Alex. I'here are nineteen titles of this 
 
 Cl.'lSS, 
 
 IS 
 
 ']1ie tiiial suh-period extending from 1 824 to 184S 
 ni;ty he divided liistoi'ically into that of jMexican rule 
 to ls4''>,iiiid th;it of th»^ conrpiest and American mili- 
 ry ii!le to tlie o'old dis<'ovei-y; hut hihlioL>;ra]>hically 
 sui'h Hui)di\Ision is convenient, and I treat all a.; 
 ^ one epoch. It cliiims 700 titles in my list, 475 of 
 I wliich represent printed matter, and 180 Ijooks ])i'ope]'. 
 
 '-'Sec AKeilo, AiujiU'til, IVmiiycnstle, ]*.iifncy, rorstor, TTuiuloMt, and 
 
 t;i 
 
 lie 
 
 iviinl 
 
 Airicivitii, Cl.'uiL'cvo, Corti's, Oi 
 
 V 
 
 \\\i\, I rosiciKis, mill KdsiiriVMi 
 
 IT! 
 
 .(iciH'LT, Korr. 
 
 ' Cliiiiiii.s 
 
 )M<i i; 
 
 J.iiliaipL', riiikuitoii, A'i.igLio Uiiivc 
 
 .r.siu, mill \ ovascs 
 
 ' ( i;ilv(.v, uiiil U! 
 
 ■Ciilik 
 
 mill en 17'.'!». 
 
 I'lllull, Jif.-l 
 
 vltaniira, Aniiona, Crcspi. ]")<)inini,'ur'7, Oarers, Hall, lloit'ta, Mani'ino, 
 
 inKutu, Ituvilla Giiicilu, ycrra, and VcL 
 
 lUlc. 
 
^ 
 
 '10 
 
 BIP.LTOni^AI'ITV OF PALIFOKXrAX TTT^'^TOKV. 
 
 !• ri 
 
 ,»r.,,;,,f . ;,, 
 
 First ill ini|ii»rtnii('(', willi I 'otit-Tliouars ;it the 
 lieail of llii' list so tat" as Iiistnrv is conccnuMi and 
 Coultii- at llic foot, arc lourtccii narratiscs of voy 
 a^crs, wlio ^•isit;•(l i\\v coast and in many instances 
 made l;()o»1 use of their ()])|)oi'timitios. '^Flie worlds o|' 
 INIolVas and \Vilki>s arc the most pretentions ol' tlie 
 luimlier, liut not the most valuable.^" To these sliovild 
 1)0 added four scieutitic works resulting from .some of 
 these xoyages;'" and thi'ce ollicial accounts of e\])loi'- 
 ing marches across the continiMit in hook lorm;'"^ with 
 ■\\hich we may a])|)ro[)riately class a dozen accounts of 
 Calilornia hy foreign visitors or I'osideuts, g(-nerally in- 
 clu(hiig a uarrative of the trip hy land or sea." Foni' 
 foreigiu'rs Avho had never visited the countiy com- 
 ])iled historical accounts,"'' one of which, hy Forbes, 
 has always enjoyed a meritinl I'eputation as a standard 
 book. Then there wt'i'e half a dozon or more woiks 
 on ( h'egon Avith brief mention of (Jalilbrnia,''^ and 
 half a dozen s[)ecches in congress or elsewhere |)rinted 
 in |)amj)hlet form, a munber that might be A'ery 
 greatly increascvl if made to include all that men- 
 tioned ( 'alifornia in connection with the JNIexican war 
 
 and the Oreu'ou ()ut'stion 
 
 U'om loi'eiLTii sourci's mav 
 
 b 
 
 lo a 
 
 added 
 
 11 of 
 tl 
 
 whicn 
 
 titl 
 
 I'S 
 
 lose o 
 
 f tel 
 
 I Ll'en- 
 
 ei'al works'"" contammg alhisions to our proxiiice. 
 
 ( 'hief among works in Spanish for this period should 
 stand six which, though with one exception not veiy 
 imixii'taiit for history, wi're the first books printed in 
 
 M' 
 
 '.y 
 
 California, most of them being entirely unknown until 
 
 now 
 
 And with tl 
 
 lesc! mav i>e nai 
 
 ned eiii'ht otlur 
 
 'liooclioy, IVli'luT, Clcvclaiiil, ('(lultcr, ]>:in,i, l)iili!Hit-( 'illy. n\iish (ik 
 
 visitDi), J\.iit/('lmc, l,ii|il;Re, iMdlVtis, Morri'll, I'etit-TIi' 
 
 Ji 
 
 llSClU!llhl'l'- 
 
 gcr 
 
 ^IIIIIISDII, illll 
 
 1 Wi 
 
 'lliiicls, i;iiliai<ls()ii, iiiul U. S. Iv\. Ex. — the lutor incluiliiiif iii.uiy \v(;rl;i 
 
 l)y ilitrirint mitlior.s, 
 
 lunry a 
 
 11(1 l'"it'in()nt. 
 
 and Ki 
 
 ISichM'll, Jiilsou, JJuse.ina, I'ryjmt, Farnham, Hastings, Kolloy, Puttii" 
 
 '( 'lifts, l'\ir1i('s, Orci'iili'iv.-, ;iii(l Ifu^'lies. 
 
 21|.' 
 
 Ia'c, Xiciiliiy, 1'' 
 
 (■t( 
 
 '('l;irk, ll.iU, Tliiiiiipsoii, Webster, <^te. 
 
 Ml 
 
 'I'yt 
 
 i.Uiliin, rnu TOW . ('oiiil)icr, ll'Orliigiiy, Irviiij,'. Lafoiid, Lai'ilnur 
 
 ytler. 
 ^' Jjutica, J''inuoioa, llc'L'laiii(.nto, lliualda, Itoiiicro, and N'ull 
 
 Icjt 
 
EARLY TATJFOr.XTA PTITXTlXa. 
 
 41 
 
 . nl 11 If 
 ■ui'(i anil 
 i of voy- 
 iiistances 
 woiks of 
 
 IS of tllf 
 
 ise slumld 
 
 1 SOllU' "t 
 
 L)t' ex[>loi'- 
 mf' with 
 •counts of 
 nerally in- 
 a.-- I'^oui' 
 
 iitry <'»>ii>- 
 ly i\)rl)t's, 
 a standnvil 
 love woiks 
 niia,-'^ and 
 ■VL! |)rintc'd 
 t l)c vrry 
 tliat nu-n- 
 xi<'an war 
 lliich titles 
 If ti'n ,u'on- 
 ,\ iniH'. 
 i.kI shovdd 
 1 not very 
 printed in 
 lown unlil 
 o'ht other 
 
 |ly. IViiish (not 
 Jtusclu'iiViii'- 
 
 |iy; uiiuiy works 
 Lellcy, rattio, 
 
 Liiil, Lanliifv, 
 [icjo. 
 
 iiaiiii'idets, pi'inted in .Mexico on (.'alifornian to}»ics.''^** 
 Tin n iliere are sixteen Mexican n'ovcrnnieiit docu- 
 iiieiits ('ontaininj4' valuaMe allusions to California."" 
 ;ni<l many more if ni<M'e nsi'iitions be counted; and 
 liiiallv. \vc have tliirty-five General works on ^Mexico, 
 \\\\]\ lik<; inibrniation ofti'U of some value, about a 
 (|i ;;i ti I if which are the writing's of Carlos IMaria Bus- 
 taiiiante, found also more eom])lete iu my libi'ary in 
 til,' ei'in'inal autoo'i'aph uianuscript."'' 
 
 Pa-sin^ iVom books to documents, the ])roductions 
 el' the Californian i)ri's.s mei-it lii'st mention. They 
 
 ai'c 
 
 irtv-nv(,' in nundier, each s(>])arately pi'intod, 
 Three oi' i'our are proclamations of United States otll- 
 
 CKllS 
 
 OHO IS a commercial pa[»er, onean 
 
 at 
 
 Ivert 
 
 isenicnt, 
 
 innl one t(jok a jioetical Ibrm ; but most were oilicial 
 docunients emanatiu'j; from the Hispano-Caliibrniau 
 ^•l)\('rn]nent. Then J note sixteen ^Mexican m'ox'ern- 
 inciit documents in collections or newspapers; and 
 seven (ith(M's of a semi-ollicial nature;^- while there 
 are tue'iity-two to[)ie-colK'ctions or se})arato re])orts, 
 iVeni United States otHcers, for the most part printed 
 h\- the government and i-elatin;^' to the con([Uest.''' 
 Three titles Ixdon^- to matter inserted in the books of 
 na\ i^atorsah'eady named;*'' six to art ides oi' documents 
 in th(^ Xiiiii\'/Ic,'< ^liiii<(/cs tics ]^oi/<i(/i'sf'' and twelve 
 aie J'higlish and American articles in periodicals.'"' 
 
 '-"("iuillo, CastiiUiUTs, ]'\)iiilo Piadoso, Garcia l>i' 
 1(1 Siiii MiLiiU'l. 
 
 .Tuiita (1(> Fonunto, 
 
 I iidii' tlif Irailin;,' 'Moxico.' 
 ' Alaiiiaii, Avala, ncnmicK'Z, ]'i:st;miaii1i\ Cano.'laila, Ksiuli'i'o, ]■" 
 
 .111, liiavtr, M 
 
 UllkMllI 
 
 tordt, ()aia( 
 
 >i'MilMaii/.nf 
 
 'rii(iiii|isiiii, I'liziR'ta, and Willie. 
 
 I'jon, 
 
 K 
 
 Sal 
 
 cs, .Nan 
 
 .Mi 
 
 '.Mvarado, C'alifiTnia. Castro, C 
 
 liiimta 
 
 IVictiin 1, !■ 
 
 iLUcniii, 
 
 (iutil'ITl'/., 
 
 11 
 
 irul 
 
 I'lai 
 
 Vall. 
 
 ijar. 
 
 .Mason, .Mii'lKltoiviia, 1' 
 ■ind /ainorano. 
 
 I 
 
 ronniifianiicnto, Kili \, Mm 
 
 Ayuntaniionto, < 'tinijiaiua, I locivto, l»i( t.inicn, Iniciativ.-i 
 
 M. 
 
 Also l'.;)udini, 'C.,'('ast; 
 
 inai'cs. ( 'iiu 
 
 X. Ml 
 
 Concinist, (" 
 
 MiL'stra, and Suialia. 
 
 JM 
 
 .1( 
 
 iiiiont, .loiinston. 
 
 IV, Kt 
 
 .Marc\, .Masim, .Montei'L'V, .sjuih 
 
 ai'uiii. 
 
 lat, 
 
 Stncktnn, \V;ir with .Mi'xico. Sonu? <it' tiicso 
 
 th 
 
 javsidcnt's lacssaguH 
 
 and d.'iiiiiuiits itaininu' a vltv lai'ij;t' nundiir of imiiortant j^nicrs. 
 
 Ilntta, 1' 
 
 •ns, »ii 
 
 id Sanclii'/, 
 
 •'■' l'a.L;is. (lalit/in, Lv Nutn'!, .Morinoan, Soala, and Smith. 
 •"'• Anicticans, ( 'anipaiijn, CinltiT, l'l\ans, '''ar Wist. Kunrgi 
 Uiar IIul;, J.,aikin, I'rircc, Keyuolds, .Scj^uitr, and Warnu-r. 
 
 Hist. 
 
42 
 
 BIBLIOGRAniY OF CALIFOllXTAN TTISTORY, 
 
 There Awrc sduic twenty pcM^iodioals, or pu1)li(';iti()ns 
 tliat may conveniently ho claas^tMl as siieh, some hein^' 
 C'ollectit>n,s or serial i-eeonls, that containiMl niati'iial 
 ahout tliis ])rovinee heforo 1848; at least that is the 
 numht.'r that my list furnishes.'" Of newspapers ahout 
 seventy titles — Ibrty of them ^NEexiean — a])i)ear in my 
 catalogue; hut as douhtless many more in dillerent 
 ]»arts of the world contained at least a nuMition of this 
 country at one time or another, I nanu^ <>idy ten puh- 
 lished in California, the Hawaiian Islands, and ()i'e- 
 m'ou,"'"^ all valuahlo sources of information. Xi/cs' 
 Jicr/isfci' is the eastern journal tluit I have found most 
 useful in my task. 
 
 Finally I have ahout 1 50 titles of hof)l<s, documents, 
 and articles, whieli, though ])rinted latei-, relate to 
 Calil'oi'nian history hel'ore J 848, so iar as they relate 
 to that suhject at all. Seventy-tive of the nuriiher arc 
 in hook i'orm, including' some valuahle monoLCraplis on 
 early atl'airs in California; several collections of docu- 
 ments, some re[)rintsan(l translations of early woi-ks; 
 some treatises on ^Texican law as a(Tectini;'('ardornia: 
 several ini|)ortant hriei's in land cases, the mmiher of 
 whieli miijht easily he nudtiplied; Unite<l Statt-s docu- 
 ments relatiiiij;' to the concpiest and military rule, hut 
 jirinted after 1848; Ilussian works contain injj^ infor- 
 mation on the ]\oss colony; one or two narratives of 
 ^ isitors; and a numher of works on the ^Mexican war. 
 Those a[)pearino' imdor the names of Dwindle, Lie, 
 Lancey, Nlc(,!lashan, and Palou ar(> the most- impor- 
 tant.''' JJocunuints and articles of this class are ahout 
 
 ^' Amoi'ican Quiirtorly Rojiistor, American Qiinrtrrlv' Review, Atiioiienii 
 Keview, Aiiierii'iiii Stiiio I'jipeis, Auiiiils of ('iiiiLtress, Anil!.iir;i, ('oluuiiil 
 M.i'ja/ilic, I'on^ressiniial Deliatos, ( 'onuiessioiial (iliihc, J-MiiiKm '^li lCe\iew, 
 Hansard's J ',irl. I>eljates, jrniiie Mis ioiiaiy, ] Iiiiit's ^Iciel- ,\la.L:a/.iiie, Lon- 
 iliiii Meehauics' .MaL'aziiie, Xcntii .American Jioview, Nmivelles Annalerf des 
 \"i>ya^'e.s, (^>iiarteriy Jloview, Ituvista C ientiliea, anil Smitliein <jUiarteily J!e- 
 view. 
 
 ■'"In Ciilifovnia were foni', or raUier eoniliinations of two; MontiTey t'al- 
 ifiirnian, San i'ranei^co ( 'aiitornian, San Fraiieisoii Star, ami San Fianciseo 
 St. ir anil ('alit'oiuiian. At lloimlnin, li\e; tiie l''rienil, Hawaii -.i ,S|ii'ctaliir, 
 Sandu icli Islanil ( lazette, Sandwieh Jslami Xows, and I'olyiusiaii. Jn Oii-- 
 goii was the S|ieetatul'. 
 
 "'•• Al.ihuU, IJi^'eiuw, Culii'omia, Califoniiu Laud Titles, C'alil'oinia and North 
 
TUTITITJ AND OLKE.^OX. 
 
 43 
 
 11 
 
 )(' SMI IK' 
 
 and 
 
 1 
 
 ill iiuinl)ei', niid \i>rv similnr in tlicir iiaturo 
 arirtv to llie !!()()]<s, iiifliuliii'L;- also some titles of 
 idiicci' iviiiiiiiscciux's ill the; iK'\vs])a])e'rs, titles that 
 hi l)tj inultiiilied almost without limit.*'' 
 Ul' works ytriiitcd alter 1848, rolatinj;' ehicfly to 
 
 II hl: 
 
 CVclllS SIU)SLM[U 
 
 ■lit to the discovery of i>'old, and there 
 
 i'dif lu'loiii^in^' to a later bihlioL^i-ajihic ])c!riod, hut 
 vet, <-oiitaiiiin,i;' information on earliei' annals, J have 
 "(iccasion to eite ahout three hundred titles in these 
 vtilunu's. ^Tost of them arc; unimportant in this con- 
 lU'ctioii; hut some arc; I'ormal attempts at historierd 
 icsraich enihraciuL;' hoth chronoh^^ic periods. Tin; 
 works of Tuthill and Glceson, entitled, the om; ;i 
 llistnri/ of Cal'/onu'd, and the other a Jlisforif of the 
 
 "!i, 
 
 .lie Ch 
 
 ntrcii III 
 
 Cah'l< 
 
 •lu'rai 
 
 oi'itid, are tlie only ones ot ji 
 1 nature recpiirinu' notice hero. Tuthill's his- 
 
 t.iiv merits much hii^her jiraise than has _o-oncrally 
 hivii a<'corded to it, beiiijj^ the woi'k of a brilliant and 
 
 ]t is a satisfactory pojiular his- 
 
 COllSCK 
 
 lit ions writer, 
 
 toiv, makinu' no claims to exhaustive reseai'ch, hut 
 iiili lligently prejiared from the best accessible autlior- 
 
 iti 
 
 Gleeson is not so able a wi'iter, is somewhat 
 
 iiin]-c (if a partisan, wi'ote more liastily, and fell int( 
 A'et .".s a Catholic ])riest he had sonu 
 
 more errors: 
 
 snpc'rior facilities, lie read more of the old auth(»ri- 
 ties, weld more fully into details, and was (piite as 
 
 C(l"iS( 
 
 i"iitious: and he has u'lNcn 
 
 1 
 
 us a lUeasui''' aiK 
 
 ti>l(ral>ly accurate ])ictu!e of mission life and annals. 
 Xeitlur of ;hesG authors had, oi' preteiidi'd to have, 
 any 1, cihties lor writing history or mmals proper, and 
 
 liiiiaiiil Mortli 
 
 I'u 
 
 1 iwinrl 
 
 ■IV . 
 
 jlton, Cooko, Piceioiiiuio, T>c 
 
 itiis, Diiylu, ])|';il; 
 
 1' iu'noroii, l''liij.'jx, Fi't'inoit, I'mlur, Odiiic/, (iiii'ira, II 
 ili, ll.irtiii.iiin, Jl;i\V(.'S, Ilolliiiiiii, llniiics, Jilc, .liiy, .Iciikiiis, .Juiu.- 
 ly, .MairiMi, .M(( ;lariliaii, Alaiislk'ld, ]\lc'.\icaii War, I'aloii. I'luliw, llair 
 
 ly, llaiiikiliih, Kcvcrc, ];i]il(.'y. Jtivcra, .'^tocUtdii, Taylcir, rjpii:iiii. Nallc 
 
 ,'li 
 
 ' Aiviili; 
 
 'J'ik 
 Arnivi 
 
 ■f, M.itciialui. l; 
 
 >f. .M, 
 
 iikiif, ami KliMiiiikiit'. 
 
 ■Iv, Ji 
 
 ]>rookl\M I'lidwn. liatlianaii, ('l;irk, I '.ilk Ha 
 
 liii'ii'aiiliiial SKLtolii's, Whj:: 
 
 i; 
 
 ik 
 
 ]),, 
 
 live, i.l'iot, I'l^pinosa, lAil.'^ 
 U\\. Ill iikiiis, .'iiiit'fj, Kctii 
 Mi'l'li ' II, Marcoii, ^kns 
 
 stiT 
 
 I' 
 
 It, 1h 
 
 Ha 
 
 J\('aiiiy, Kiiin's ( liji 
 1, Masnii. ,M(xi('i), M 
 
 .1, Dv 
 llr,-., 
 M. 
 
 Dnn 
 
 cxu'i), Jliclicltorciia 
 
 It<, 
 
 \iilk 
 
 -U wiisoii, .siilliiiaii, Stcii'klon. Sutter, 
 
 Ta\li 
 
 , ]:o((l, 
 Tnuik, 
 
 ili'f, \'ictoi', Wancii, Wii:'. 
 
 Ill: 
 
 iiul Wullskilk 
 
■fPHR" 
 
 mm 
 
 44 
 
 r.IULIOaRAPTIV OF CALIF JRNIAX HISTORY. 
 
 1<) ci'itieise tlirir lliiliii'o in uc('()nij)lish such m ivsult 
 would 1)0 {ifl'cctation." Historical sketches published 
 belbrc 1848, either separately or in connection with 
 narratives of travel, many of them of real value, will 
 ])e noticed individually in their chronological place. 
 Similar shetches, but Ibr the most part of much less 
 importance, ])ublished during the Mlush times' or 
 later, often in connection witli descri])tive works, 
 such sketches as tho.so found under the headings 
 ('apron, Ci'onise, Fi-ost, and Hastings, require no 
 s[)ecial notice. They contained uo original material, 
 and made bu< inaden 
 
 was easily ac' 
 
 il)h 
 
 qui 
 
 P 
 
 Tl 
 
 lere \> 
 
 nibiications tha 
 
 th 
 
 another class of these recent 
 .sumes considerable importan 
 
 1 . 
 
 that ol local histories, of which my list contains over 
 
 sixty titles. Each in connection with descriptive 
 matter uives somethinu' of local annals for both earlv 
 
 and modern times. Som 
 
 e oi 
 
 them are the Centennial 
 
 {Sketches pre[)ared at tiie suggestion of the United 
 States government, like that of Los Angeles by 
 A\'arner and Hayes, and of San Francisco by John 
 
 S. Hittell. Tliis latter 
 
 W(H'lv was ma( 
 
 Ic al 
 
 so 'inci- 
 
 dentally a history of ( 'alifoi'nia,' and, like the earlier 
 Aunah if Son Fram-isco by Soule and others, it is a 
 work of much merit. '^Fhe authors were able men, 
 though thc'V had neither time, space, nor material to 
 make anything like a compU'te record of local events 
 in tlu; earlier times. Hall's Jlisfar// of San Jtisc 
 should also be mentioned in comiection with the An- 
 ■inds lis a work of merit. .Vnd tinally there ar(^ many 
 county histoi'ies, often in atlas form and co])iously il- 
 lustra.ted witli ])()rti'aits, ma])s, and views. Each con- 
 tains a lU'eliminar}' ski;tch of California history, with 
 
 ^' T/ic fHfifor;/ of CuUjl 
 
 liv l''raiiklin Tulli 
 
 ail Frunc'isco. 
 
 isdc, 
 
 8vo, xvi. ('i,")7 iiagcs. Alioiit oiu; tliinl c)f the Ixiok is iiccii|)ii'(l with lli 
 jjuritxl jirccviliiiji; tlic (liscovory of gold. ])r Tutliill \v:is coniu'cti'il with ih 
 
 S.iii l''i.'iiRisi'i) ))ix'ss. anil died s<ioii at'tor the 
 
 ^\^\w 
 
 nance ot nis work 
 
 fes 
 
 J/iiifon/ (if the Ctitliitl'ic c/iiirrh hi ('allfdriiid, liy AA'. tiiei'son, M. A., Pro- 
 
 St M 
 
 iiy 
 
 Colli 
 
 San Fi'aiRisco. (J 
 
 ill two voluims, illustiatcd. 
 
 San Fiaiiciseo. i'rintcd lor the author. 187-. 8vo, "J >ols, xv. 440, iiJl pages. 
 
THE PUBLIC AUCIIIVES. 
 
 45 
 
 )ul)lislu'(l 
 ion with 
 iluc, will 
 '111 place, 
 inch loss 
 :Juies' or 
 c works, 
 
 headings 
 '(J aire n<> 
 
 material, 
 f such as 
 
 ISO recent 
 iportanci', 
 tains over 
 Icscriptive 
 both early 
 I!entennial 
 he United 
 ngeles hy 
 ) i)y John 
 also 'inci- 
 ho earlier 
 •rs, it is a, 
 ;d)le men. 
 latcrial to 
 cal events 
 San Jose 
 |1i the An- 
 are many 
 piously il- 
 ^^ach Con- 
 or V, with 
 
 lanc'isco. ISDii, 
 
 J|,ii'(l with tlio 
 
 •tt'll Nvitli lliu 
 
 ,, M. A., Fn,- 
 
 s, ilhistnitL'd. 
 40, 3dl liiigcb. 
 
 more detailed reference to tin; county wliicli q-Ivos 
 title to the work. Three or lour iirms liave in late 
 years been engaged in producing these peculiar jKih- 
 licutions, with a dozen or more (hflerent editoi-s. 'J'lio 
 jjuoks Were made cd' course mainly to sell; \v\ not- 
 withstanding this and other unla\(»rahle (-(Jiiditions, 
 some (4" the editors have done valutd)le work. As 
 iiiinht he expected they are uneven in (juality, idi<)Uiid- 
 iiig in blunders, especially in those jiarts tliat depend 
 on Spanish records; yet in the matter of local annals 
 alter 1840, and of personal details, they liave alford(.'d 
 nie in the aggregate considerable assistance. Their 
 cliitf (U'fect is — 1 s})c; k only of those }»aits rt'lating 
 to earlv times — that in their pages valuable informa- 
 tion and c'larinsj: inaccuracies are so intcnniuL'led that 
 tjie ordinary i-eader caimot si'jiarate them, '^riiey are 
 not history; l)ut the}' supply some useful niateiials 
 i'or history. In the results <jf their interviews with 
 old residents the editors have furinshed some matter 
 similar and supplemental to the pioneer dictations 
 which I shall presently mention. 
 
 I now come to the thousand and more titles of 
 tnantiscript authorities in my list, i'ar exceeding those 
 in p) int for this early })eriod, not oidy numerically, but 
 in liistorical value; since the country's amials down 
 lo 184G, at least, could be nnich moi'e com[ilet(.'ly 
 written I'rom the manuscri})ts alone than from the 
 iirint alone. Xatui'ully these atithorities lose nothino' 
 of their value in my estimation I'rom the ficts that in 
 most instances no other writer has consulted them, 
 and that essentially all of them exist only in my eol- 
 li'ction. 
 
 ()f the public archives of the Spainsh and r^Iexiean 
 goNcnnneid, in Calilbrnia, transl'eiied by cojiyists to 
 my library, there are thirteen collections represeidi'd 
 in the catalogue by as many titles, the originals making 
 ahout ^50 boimd volumes of from liOO to I, ()()() docu- 
 ments each, besides an immense mass of unbound 
 

 ■10 
 
 BIllLIOrinAPIIY OF CALIFORNIAX HISTORY. 
 
 m 
 
 ' "■ ? 
 
 papers/" Vritli n, viuw to tlio coiivo'.iieiiccot' tlio jml)- 
 llc, ratliui' tliau 1113' own, I luivu jiuulo the minibcrs ol 
 my volumes (if'coj>ie.s and extracts <'orres[)<)n(l in most 
 eases to (lie oriuiiials. For liistorieal 
 
 l)uri 
 
 )OSC'S 
 
 tl 
 
 U'St' 
 
 cojiies arc better than the orig'inals on aeeount of their 
 Icgihility, and the condensaticjn etl'ected by the omis- 
 sion of dupheates and su])pression of verbiage in minor 
 routine pa[)ers. The orijj^inals are the ofiieial i)a[)ers 
 turned (ner l)y tho Mexican !>'overnment to tliat of the 
 United States in ] 84G-7, now preserveil chieily in tlie 
 United States surveyor-g'eneral's ofhce at San b'l'ai:- 
 
 ciseo, wIk re there are neai 
 
 •Iv t! 
 
 iree 
 
 liunih'ed bulk 
 
 tomes besides ]oi)se pa[)ers, but also in less extensi\ 
 collections at other ])laces, notably at Los An^^'eler 
 
 Sail 
 
 lias 
 
 C'itv, 
 
 ai 
 
 ul San .lose. '^I'he main Airh 
 
 II ro IS 
 
 divided iui.o twenty-lour sub-collections;'" but beyond 
 a sli^'ht attenij)tat chronology and the segreq;ation of 
 ])apers on a le\\" topics involving land titles, theclassi- 
 tication is ai'bitrary and of no value; nor is there any 
 real distinction between the papers preserved in the 
 dilierent arcliives. Of the nature of these documents it 
 must suiiic!' to .say that they are the oriL»'inals, blotters, 
 or certified co[>ies of the orders, instructions, r(^[»orts, 
 correspondence, and act-records of tlu^ authorities, po- 
 litical, military, Judicial, and ecclesiastical; national, 
 provincial, dei»ai'tmental, territoiial, and munici[)al. 
 during" the successive rule, monarchical, impci'ial, and 
 republican, of Spain, Mexico, and the United States, 
 from 17G8 to! 850. The value of ai'chive recordsusa 
 Ibundation ibr historvis universallvi^uiderstood. Span- 
 
 L-'li archn'es are no 
 nations ; anil, since 
 
 t less accurate than those of otl 
 
 lew 1 
 
 ia[)[>eriinn's were so 
 
 l)ett; 
 
 ler 
 
 as 
 
 not to fall under the coLniizaiice of sonu; ollicial, thev 
 
 furnish a much more com 
 
 [)let 
 
 recoi't 
 
 I of 
 
 )rovinci; 
 
 '- Artliho <1(; r';ilif<iviiia., Los Ai),','cl('<, !Mi)ntrri'y, SaiTMiiiunti), San Oi"--o, 
 Sail .losi'', S:iii J^ni.s Oliispo, Santa Jlai'liara, ainl Santa ( 'ni/. 
 
 '■'Adas, I'.rancl.s, Ofjit. Jli'cunls, Dcjit:. Stato l.'apurs, l.c;;isIa!i\-(' l^.'<■o|•lN. 
 l'ri)vini'ial IJci'dids, rrii\ini-ial Statu I'liiu'is, Stale I'aircrs, Suiii'Vior ( iii\ t 
 St. ]'a[)Ci's, uiiil Lubuiiuil i>ucianciike. i"or iiallicr aubcUviaiuu.s of taioc tiiiLS 
 tjcc list. 
 

 MISSIOX IlECORDS. 
 
 47 
 
 tlio i)ul)- 
 
 
 mbci's of 
 
 
 I ill most 
 
 V 
 
 scs these 
 
 . 
 
 t of tlieiv 
 
 
 the <)U\\^- 
 
 V 
 
 ; ill uiin(»i' 
 
 z 
 
 III p:>[)ers 
 hat of the 
 .;lly in the 
 ■>nu Via 11- 
 I'cii l)ulky 
 (.'Kten^^ive 
 i Aii;4'eles, 
 Archiro is 
 
 )Ut hrVnlul 
 
 •cn'ation "f 
 , Ihoclassi- 
 i there any 
 ved ill ^he 
 ■uineiits It 
 lis, blotters, 
 ^is, ri^ports, 
 [orities, |H)- 
 luition;il, 
 ml. 
 
 inuinei[ 
 
 ii 
 
 leru 
 
 an* 
 
 It 0(1 State- 
 •ecoi'tls 
 
 us !l 
 
 )0( 
 
 •;e o 
 
 1. S|>an- 
 f (.tlu r 
 
 u) pi 
 
 •ttv as 
 
 lieial, the, 
 
 1 
 
 )roviner 
 
 ',1 
 
 lit.); 
 
 Sai 
 
 1 l>h!,'0, 
 
 ;ttu'' 
 
 P.ocon 
 
 ^ll^H'V10l• 
 
 of lai'i.i 
 
 ( invt 
 
 nnitals tliaii would he allordt'd, for instance, l)y the 
 ]iul>li(; aichivi's of an English province. Of the 
 (iiiin'tc'r of a million documents consulted in these col- 
 Lciloiis I siiall mention later a])out two hundred 
 miiit'i'distiiK-t titles. The early archives of Califoi'iiia, 
 ;is I'l't'served hy the government, are not entirely eom- 
 iiji'ic, though more nearly so I think than those of 
 aiiv other state of our union; hut I have taken some 
 eircctivi' ste})S to supply the defects, as will presently 
 aj'pi'ai'.* 
 
 /vlso ill the nature of ])ubli(.' archives are tlio mis- 
 si' iiiarv I'ccords. As the missions by the ])rocess of 
 srculari/at ion pa^si'd into the control of tin; church, 
 t!ic old leather-bound registers of ba[)tlsins, mar- 
 liages, burials, and conhrmations at each establish- 
 iiniit roiiiained, and for the most part still remain, in 
 tlif ii()s,-.L'Ssi()n of the curate of the ]iarisli. Other 
 iiii-siou papers wei'o gradually brought together by 
 the I'rancisean authorities at Santa ]j;ii'bara, whe-re 
 tiny now ci)nstitute the largest collection extant. 
 J'roin such documents as were not thus j»reser\'ed, 
 icniaiiiing in the missions or scattered in private 
 liaiuls, Taylor subserpiently made a collection of live 
 
 ;x' xdunnes, now m tlie arcuoisuoits 
 
 th 
 
 li 
 
 !)rarv m 
 
 S; 
 
 raiicisco. 
 
 A third collcvlioii, cliieilv of //A 
 
 ti'os iir 
 
 111 
 
 'h'lilcs, is that of the l)isho[) of ^loiiterey and Ijos 
 
 Ali'jel 
 
 es. 
 
 Thest! have furnished mi\ under fourtitl 
 
 es. 
 
 cigliteen volumes of co[)ies, or not less than 10,000 
 
 (locUllUilt:- 
 
 1. 1(1 mv ow 
 
 n (.'tlbrts have resulted in I 
 
 uur 
 
 viilnnies of verv \aluablo orininal documents, about 
 
 ■J, 1)00 ill number, under three titl 
 
 es 
 
 40 
 
 Tl 
 
 leil 
 
 tl 
 
 \c 
 
 tweiitv-Uvo collections of mission reixisters already 
 Jiieiitioned as in custody of tluj curates, the libros do 
 
 riicrc !iic at Iciist sovon collcrtiuiis in my li.^t, wliich aro piiMio arclih i;a 
 
 similar Id tliosu lii't'oro iiaincd 
 
 Muiit 
 
 it that iiistca<l ot lieiii'j 
 
 s (ihlaiiKil by 1110 Irom ]irivati! sdiircrs. Sou lioailiiiL; 
 
 I 111 s they aro 
 
 Larlv 
 
 O-fi 
 
 >aii J''iaii(ist'ii, ]; 
 '■' Aivliivi) ili.'l Arzol)is])ail!i, A 
 iml CiiiTi-spiiiiili'iRia di' Misioiii's 
 
 bistro, ail 
 
 IS.i 
 
 li.'lllVO lie 
 
 ow 
 
 .1. 
 
 ^la 
 
 SuL'ltu 
 
 tie Mi.-iiuin.s, I'ieij (.\lulr 
 
 ,il Sail Antonio, lincuniciitoa 
 
43 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORXLVX HISTORY. 
 
 iiiiwion ])ro[)L'r \vitli such seattcrini;- pa})ers as havo 
 ri'iuaiiicd at .sonic rstal)lisliiiiciiis, linvc Inxn scai'fhed 
 iur my })Ui'[)<)st's, cadi yicldiiiL;' a voliiiiic oi' extracts 
 and statistics;'*' while troiii private sources 1 liavo 
 obtained fifteen orij^inals of similar nature/"' I. _L;ive 
 separate titles to about 120 documents iVuni tlie mis- 
 sion ai'cluves; and it should be noted tliat they con- 
 tain not a few secular records; whiK; the public, or 
 secular, archives contain many important mission 
 })a[>ers. 
 
 As 1 liave said, neither the public nor mission 
 archives arc comi)lete. ])ocuments were not all 
 turned over as thev should luive been to the United 
 States and to the church; nearly every ]\Le\icau t)f- 
 licial retained more or less rectjrds which remained 
 in his family archives together with his correspond- 
 ence and that of his ancestors and relations. 1 havo 
 made an earnest eilbrt to collect these scattered 
 })apers, and with llattering success, .is is shown by 
 about fifty collections (A' JJucKincntos [xwa la UlstovM 
 de California, in 110 volumes, containing not less 
 than 40,000 documents, thousands being of the ut- 
 most importance as (,'ontaining records nowhere else 
 extant, antl liG of them receiving special titles in my 
 list. About half of all these docunu-nts are similar 
 in their nature and liistoric value — in all saNe that 
 they arc originals insteatl of copies on my shelves — • 
 to those in tlio public and mission archives; and the 
 rest are in some resj)ects even nioi'e valua1)le for my 
 purpose, being largely com])ose(l of the ])rivato corre- 
 spondence of prominent citizens and oflicials on cur- 
 rent juiblic affairs, of which they afford almost au 
 unbrokeu record. Twenty-nine of the.^o collei'tions 
 of private or family archives bear the names of the 
 
 *■ Monterey I'arroquia (S. Carlos), PiuiViinn, 8. Antonio, S. ISucnavtu- 
 
 tnra, S. Dioi^o, S. I' 
 
 einani 
 
 lo, S. I'l 
 
 S. (la'iricl, 
 
 .losO 
 
 luan r>mi 
 
 ■1, St 
 
 tista, S. Juan Capistrano, S. l^uis Obispo, S. MiLTnel, S. 1 
 
 Sta C'ruz, .Sta (.'laia, Sta Inc's, and Soluilail. Only tliu mission hookd of S. 
 
 Luis Rcy liave eluded my .seaivli. 
 
 ■■^Airoyo, Loa, jNlission, Miisica, Oro Molido, I'rivilegios, Purisinui, S. 
 JoBu, Sta Lies, S. Fraucisco Solauo, Surria, Sernioucs. 
 
PRIVATE ARCHIVES. 
 
 49 
 
 ralifoniian faiuHics hy the rcprosontatlvcs of Nvhlch 
 tlit'V were given (•> inc.*' Of* tlicso by fur the Largest 
 aiid most valuuble collection is that which bears the 
 iiaiiie of ^biiiano (>ua(laluj)e A'allejo, in thirty-seven 
 iimuense lolio volumes of not loss than 20,000 or'ginal 
 jiaix rs. (leneral Vallejo, one of the most prominent 
 iiad cMlIghtened of Caliibrnian.s, was always a col- 
 Iccinr of such documents as might aid in recording 
 the history of his country; and when he became in- 
 terested in my work he not only most generousl}' and 
 patriotically gave up all his accumulate<l treasures of 
 the i)ast, but doubled tluir bulk and value by using 
 ills iiiiluence with such of his countrymen as tui'ned a 
 deaf c;ar to my ])ersuasions. As a contributor to the 
 stock of original information respecting his country's 
 annals, (leneral Vallejo must ever stand without a 
 ]i\ al. Th.e second collection in extent, and the largest 
 iVoiii the south, is that of the (iruerra v Xorieii'a 
 ianiily in Santa IVirbara. But bulk is by no means 
 the only test of value; and many of my smaller col- 
 lections, i'rom men who gave all they had, contain 
 recoi'ds (piite as important as the larger ones named. 
 Twcntv other ccjllections bear foreign names, in 
 some cases that of tne pioneer family whose archives 
 they were, and in others that of the collector or donor."" 
 Except that a larger })roportion of the documents arc 
 ill English, tlu-y are generally of the same class as 
 those just I'eferred to. At the head of this class in 
 merit stand '^riioiuas O. l^arkin's nine volumes of 
 Dock mciifs for flic Jlistori/ <;/' CaJ/Jorin'a, [)resented by 
 ]\Ir ]jaikin's I'amily through his son-in-law, Sampson 
 T'aiiis. This collection is beyond all comparison the 
 ln'st sources of information on the historv of 1845-0, 
 which m fact cordd not be correctly written without 
 
 ^"Sce till! f()l!o\v"iiL; hoa(liii!,'s, cai'li followed by 'Documcntos'or 'Papelos;' 
 Alviso, Aiii, Avi!a. liaiKtiiii. llonilla, Carillo, Castro, Coioiiu!, Cota, I'^stn- 
 (lillo, I'ViiiamU;/, doiin'/, (ioiizak/, (liiona y Noiii",a, Maiion, ^iortno, 01- 
 VL'iii, PioD, I'iiito, ]U'(jiR'iia, SolxTauus. \'ulle, ainl Valk'jo. 
 
 •■"'AsliK'v, |);icmiiciito.s, Fitfli, (iriliiii, Oi'i^sby, Hayes, Tlittcll, Larkin, 
 J.iusscus, Mi'Kiiistiy, Moiitcny, Miiiray, Tiuart, lavage, Sawyer, and Spear. 
 UiHX. Cal., Vol. I. i 
 
I 
 
 fi; 
 
 CO 
 
 BITlUOflRAPIIY OF CALIFORNIAX HISTORY. 
 
 tlieso [);n)t>rs. Ti.'irkiii besides beiii*^ United Statcsi 
 consul, and at one <inie a confidential aj^eiit of the 
 national administration in Calil'oi'nia, ^vas also a lead- 
 in,!j^ inereliant who had an extensive connnercial corre- 
 s|)ondenco with prominent residents both foreign and 
 natix'e in all jiarts of the C(mntry, as also with tradeis 
 and otlu'r visitors at the provincial capital. ]>usiness 
 letters between him and such men as Stearns at Los 
 Angeles, Fitch at San Diego, { nd Leidesdorlf at 
 San Francisco, from wc^ek to week i'urnish a running 
 record of pohtical, industrial, social, and connnercial 
 annals. The most inihiential natives in diifereiit sec- 
 tions c()rres[)ondecl frerjuently with the merchant 
 consul; he was on terms of intimacy with the masters 
 of vessels, and with leading men in ]\[exico and at 
 the islands. The collection contains numerous and 
 important lettei's from Fremont, Sutter, Sloat, and 
 ]\Iontgomery, Autograph conununications from James 
 Buchanan, secretary of State at Washington, (*xliil)it 
 the national policy respecting (California in an entirely 
 new light. Indeed it is ditKcult to overestimate tlic 
 historical value of these ])recious papers, or the service 
 rendered to their country by the family representa- 
 tives who have made this material available to the 
 historian. Besides the nine bulky volumes mentioned 
 I have from the same source a large quantity of un- 
 bound connnercial docuuKMits; the merchant's account 
 books for many yeai's, of <j[reat value in sunplviui/ 
 
 i' «• ' O ill/ o 
 
 })i(jneer names and dates; and, still more important, 
 his consulate records, containing copies of all his com- 
 numications to the United States government, only a 
 few of whi'-h have ever been made known to the 
 public. Larkin and Yallejo must ever stand unri- 
 valled among the names of })ioneer and native contrili- 
 utors to the store of original material for Californiau 
 history. 
 
 ]\Iy list contains about 550 titles of separate man- 
 uscript documents, the number being pretty ecjually 
 
 i* 'M 
 
 f f< 
 
!Y. 
 
 [vi\ States 
 
 lilt of till! 
 
 ilso a \vixd- 
 I'cial (•()n'( - 
 'orci^'ii and 
 itli tradcis 
 
 lilltiilK'SS 
 
 riis at Tjos 
 lesdorlF at 
 a riuiiiiii;4 
 'oinnu'VC'ial 
 Hcrcut scc- 
 incrdiaiit 
 lie inasteis 
 ico and at 
 101 ous and 
 Sloat, and 
 I'l'oni James 
 on, o\liil>it 
 an entirely 
 ■^tiniatt; tli»; 
 tbc service 
 epresenta- 
 blc ti) tiie 
 mentioned 
 tity of lin- 
 t's account 
 supplying 
 important, 
 ill his com- 
 nt, only a 
 |\vu tt) tlu; 
 ,and unri- 
 e contrilt- 
 aliforniau 
 
 irate man- 
 Ity e(iually 
 
 v'J 
 
 MANUSCRIPT DIARTES. 
 
 61 
 
 <livid('d Ix'tweoii tliose foi'niin;.;' each a vohimc on my 
 slirivis and tliose to he luund in the diilerent pri- 
 \atr. piil)lic, and mission archives. So i'ar as tho 
 iircliixe })apers .•in.' concerned, I mij^-lit lej^itimately 
 ciii'V tlu' mull iplicatioii of titles much furtlu'r, since 
 till iv are tlmusaiids of doi'uments, which to a writer 
 \\it!i a less al)undant st<treof such material than miiu! 
 v.M!i]d seem to am[>ly merit separate titles; but here; 
 as clsewlieru 1 have preferred to err, if at all, on the 
 sidr nf excessive condensation. Of the wh(.)le num- 
 1m !• (lii'ce lll'ths relate to the period precedinj^-, and two 
 lilllis to that followiii<.>', ISi:4. They may be roughly 
 divided into four general classes. 
 
 First thei'o are eighty diaries or journals or log- 
 ])(>()Ls, of those who ex[)loretl the coast in ships, or 
 iiavei'sed the interior in (piest of mission sites, or 
 iiiarclied to attack hostile gentiles, or sought converts 
 ill distant rancheri'as, or came by sea to trade or 
 siiiuggle, or made ofHcial tours of inspection. "^^ Tho 
 sccoinl class is that composed of what may bo called 
 Government (bicuments, one hundred and sixty-three 
 
 vvn of these were ordeis. i il- 
 
 ia muiioel", 
 
 }■ 
 
 III 
 
 structions, reports, and other pajiers emanating 
 I lie viceroy, or other Spanish or Mexican othcials.'''^ 
 Seventy-live are like olhcial papers written by the 
 xeriior, comandante geiiei'al, ])refect, or other high 
 
 L!'0 
 
 .Hi 
 
 cials m 
 
 Calif 
 
 oriiia. 
 
 Thirtv-lbur are similar docu- 
 
 iiieiits from militarv commandants and other suhordi- 
 
 riitte 
 
 Calif 
 
 orma o 
 
 tHcer; 
 
 iiid tweni v-seven are 
 
 :\i 
 
 ex- 
 
 ■■' Alicllu, All'ti/roin, Altimira, Amador, Anza, Arah, Arteaga, Bxlcga, 
 lliviii, Culiut, ( 'lua/jircs, ( 'astillci, e'lyiiiaii, ('cxnn'i', (,'(jta, ( 'oiitt.s, JJauti, l)oiii;- 
 las. J'Muanls, Fmit, (loii/:al(,'z, lloycoetlit'n, (iriliiii, (Irijalva. iiaitucll, ]las- 
 
 \Vril, llfeuta, 1. 
 tiiR'i!. -Maiirulli', .Mi 
 
 Jiit, 
 
 iL'iira, 
 Moia 
 
 Li.saido, J/)Lr-li' 
 
 Maiaspi 
 
 .M, 
 
 irtiii 
 
 .M: 
 
 ;a, .Miinoz, Xiicz, Ordaz, ()rtri,'a, I'aycras, 
 IViicu. IVai, IVralta, I'vrc/., I'iiia, I'ortillii, rdituhi, l^llll)ills, Sal, Saiiclicz, 
 
 Santa -Maria, Sitjar, Soto, Tapis, X'allfjo, \' 
 
 '1' 
 
 Viitf.- 
 
 aiK 
 
 Zal- 
 
 vidca. Ill many ca^^cs more than ono diary is I'cjiuid uiidiT a siiii,do name. 
 
 All 
 
 uiian. 
 
 U'fcUc 
 
 IJoil) 
 
 jiai 1.1 
 
 toi'ti', IJiU'a 
 
 taiis('i, (,'ri. 
 
 Ah 
 
 i'lorcs, (jahez, lliiar, Molitosdtoua, N; 
 
 li'ilUM 
 
 luiiiicii. Sola, \'alk' 
 
 lo, Ari'iiL'llo, Anil 
 
 a ira 
 
 iva, lavi 
 
 rcli, C;ii'ca 
 , (JiL-t-t 
 
 ha. (■ 
 
 r. 
 
 (• 
 
 istro 
 
 Ch 
 
 i: 
 
 (lia, V. 
 
 I'loivs, (iutioii'oz, .Mithiltorena, Xuvo, I'ico, Itiviia y Moiicada 
 
 d V 
 
 iL'iona. 
 
 Albciai, Amailor, AilucHo, Ijandini, Carrillo, Qjrduba, Eitudillo, (Ira- 
 
on BTDLIOriRArilY OF CALIFORXIAX HISTORY. 
 
 ican and CaUfDniian rcfjhimciifos ])roviiicial and innni- 
 oipiil, ciiwiiiatiuin' I'ntiu (lili'crciit aiitlioritics. ''' Tlu; 
 third class ('(tiisists of oiu; liundi'fd and i'oiir mission 
 dociuncnts, of wliicli iirtoi'ii ai'c orders, iH-guIatioiis, 
 and I'citorlsJroni LTuai'dians of the collco-c! of San Frr- 
 nando, and other IuliIi missionarv and cefkisiastic 
 aiithoi'itics in Mexico or S[)ain/'" I'Ml'ty-two are in- 
 Ktructionsor re[)orts oftlie mission ])residonts and })rc- 
 iects, or from tlic l)isho|);"^ while the ri'st, lorty-.scven 
 in nuiuber, arc re[»orts, letters, and miscellaneous 
 ■Nvritinufs of the missionary padres.''^ The iil'th and 
 last class is that to which may ho applied the con- 
 V(.'ni('nt tei'ni ' misci-llaiieous,' consisting' of nearly two 
 liundred titles, and wliich mav ho suhdivided as i'ol- 
 lows: Twonty-six items of political correspoudence, 
 fspecches, and narrativek;^* a dozen or more <Iocu- 
 ments of local ivcord and re'jjulation;"" twenty-two 
 collections from private sources, ecpiivalont to })ul )ru; 
 or mission archives;"^ twenty-two other collections 
 of material;"'^ thirty expedientcs, or topic collections ol 
 documents, including many legal and criminal cases ;''^ 
 
 jcra, Orijals'a, fjoycocchoa, fiuorra, ^SForaga, Ortega, Pailivs, Rercz Furnaii- 
 ilt'/, iJnili'i^iiL'Z, Sal, Soler, and Vallrjo. 
 
 ''■'' Alvaraili), Araucul, Calitoi'iiias, Coloiiixacioii, f'onstitueion, Dccri'to, 
 Kclioamlia, (Jalve/, Imlio.s, liistnici icjiios, Mexico, Miulioltoroiia, Ordcuanzas, 
 riod, J'itic, }'laii, lU'i^laiiiuiito, and Scciilaiizacion. 
 
 "" J'xstaiil, niaucit'ui'tu, (."allcja, (iasol, (iarijo, Lopez, Lull, I'io VI., Faii- 
 i;ua. and Sam'lio. 
 
 "'Diiran, (latcia Diego, Iiidios, Lasuun, MLsioncs, Payeras, Santlu/, 
 Sarn'a, Scfian, Sena, and 'J'a]iis. 
 
 '''*AlK'lia, AntubiDgrafia, Catah'i, Catecismo, Colcgio, Kseandon, Km"- 
 diente, Facultad, J'cnr.ndcz. i'ondo I'iaduso, l^isttr, llayi'H, liona, lufi rm , 
 Ijasuen. Lopez, .Mii'((uinoz, Mission, Monterey, .Mng:irte.';ui, Mnnguia, ("/.bes, 
 I'aloii, I'ateina, I'efia, I'rotesta, I'urisinia, lUjioll. Salazai', Sau Ijuenavtii- 
 tiira, San Jose, Santa IV'ubara, Sona, Tapis, and /ilvidca. 
 
 "" Alvarado, ArLiiUllo, IJandini, Carrlilo, Castillo Negiete, Castro, (ionn,-, 
 (lueira, Osio, and X'alleju. 
 
 ''" Kstab. Kusos, Los Angeles, Montei'ey, Ross, Rotschef, aud San I'laa- 
 cisco. 
 
 '■' See notes 44 and 48 of this eh/ipter. 
 
 ''- tJcar I'lag l'a|iers, ISoston, California Pioneers. Cerruti, ITayes, Linares, 
 Miscel. Hist. l';ipers, Xueva I'lsjiai'ia, I'inart, I'ioneer SUetelies, iHiiiLlad 
 l'a]iers, Mayiu' MSS., Russian Anierica, Sutter-Snfiol, 'J'aylor, N'iagesal \()i;i'. 
 
 ''^ Abrego, AllKitro.-ii, Apahitegui, Ashi and ('owidiitc, Atanasio, lJerrcy(-:i, 
 Roueliard, Carrillo, ( 'astanari's. lliiaite, Klliot de (\;stro, lONpediente, li'.ili, 
 (iraliani, ( iuiTfa, llerreia, Mercado, M(rrnr)j, Pefia, l!ae. Rodrigue/, Roumio, 
 Rubio, fcian Jose, Santa Uarbara, Santa Cruz, Solis, Souonm, untl Stearns. 
 
MISCr.LLAXEOUS MANL'Smil'TS. 
 
 53 
 
 [ muni- 
 » Tlu; 
 iinssioii 
 latioiis, 
 111 F''r- 
 
 uro iu- 
 iiul pve- 
 y-sevcn 
 llaiioous 
 nil and 
 lie con- 
 ailv two 
 il as \o\- 
 ouduiK'C!, 
 I'c (locii- 
 outy-two 
 
 to publU; 
 jllectious 
 ctioiis (il 
 
 [i 
 
 caacs ; 
 
 orcz 'Fornaii- 
 
 on, T)ecreto, 
 l)Rlouaii/.as, 
 
 rio VI., Tail- 
 as, Siaiclu/, 
 
 iidon, l'.'""- 
 la, Inl'i rm . 
 i^uia, ('y.bOa, 
 
 u IjUoiiaVLii- 
 
 istro, (Jdiiu/. 
 id Sail Tia"- 
 
 ivos, Liiuivcs, 
 lin, licinyi"'!, 
 
 flic/, lliilllili'. 
 
 il steams. 
 
 lialfa dozen old st'ts of coinim Trial and otlnn' aofouiit 
 liDoks, soiiu! of tlifni t)l'j4riat historical valnr;''' iiltt.'c.'ii 
 lists oC iiiliahitants, v<.!ss('ls, pioneers, soldiers, etc. ;"'' 
 ;iii(l a liki; nuniher of (»ld narratives, some h(!in<^ sini- 
 ilii- ttt my ilietatioiis to ]n\ mentioned presently, ex(.'ept 
 lliat they were not written expressly for my use, and 
 others huing' old diaries and records;*^ also eis^lit per- 
 sonal records, fioj((s ijc scrvicio, and wills;"'' tilti;en 
 hattles, treaties, juntas, or plans;** three very inipor- 
 (aiildocunients on relations with the Ignited States;"' 
 i'our on the ]loss Colony;'" five items of corres[>ond- 
 eiice of visitors or Nootka men;'^ and a dozen, too 
 lio|)clessly miscellaneous to be elassitied, that need not 
 Ik named here. 
 
 Th(nisands of times in nij'' foot-notes I have occa- 
 sion to accredit certain information in this manner: 
 ']?adre Lasuen's letter of — — , in xircli. Sta Jh'it'., 
 toiii. — , p. — '; ' ]jandini's Speech, in Carn'Uo, Doe. 
 J list. Oil., torn. — , p. — '; '(u)V. Fag-es to P. Serra 
 (date), in Pror. St. Pa]>.^ ; ' Larkln to Leidesdoiil', 
 Jiiik; — , 1(S'2(), in LJ., Doc. Ilifit. CkL, iv.,' etc., etc. 
 Now one of these communications is not wortli a 
 separate place in my list; but a hniulred from one 
 man form a collection which richly merits a titk'. 
 That the items are scattered in different manusci'ipt 
 volumes on my shelves, when they mi'>ht by a mei'o 
 lacM'liaiiical o[)eration Iwive l)een bound in a separate 
 volume, makes no dilferenco that I can apjireciate. 
 Therefore from this scattered correspondence of some 
 two hundred of the most prominent men whose 
 writings as used by me are most voluminous, I have 
 
 '■'Cdopcr, Laikin, riussiiui .AiiH'iiciin CKinjinny, anil Vallcji), 
 ''l)an:i, i;s[)an(ilcs, Estrada, J faycs, LosAu^l'Us, Montorty, Tadron, Mor- 
 iiinii ISatlalioii, liclucion, Kicliardson. Kowhunl, Salidas, Speiico, Stiiait, and 
 
 '■''('oniiiariia I^xtranguni, Ford, Ilartiudl, Ido, Iax!.«c, ^darsli, Morris, Miir- 
 ray, Xiw Uclvutin, Ortega, TriKlon, and ViL^ilantos, 
 
 "" Amador, ArrqUllo, Arrillaga, Carrillo, Castro, and Ortoga. 
 
 ''^ ('a!uR"n;.;a, Carrillo, Coiifircncia, Cousljo, lustriicciones, Junta, Plan, 
 PronniR-iaiuicnto, Soils, 1'iatado, and /ainorano. 
 
 J;'''r>iulKiiiaii and Larkin. 
 
 '" liari.not', I'Aliolin, Totechin, and Zavalischin. 
 
 ''iJoaglas, Kcmliick, Maki«pinu, Saavcdia, Wilcox. 
 
I il^ til 
 
 
 m 
 
 L_jy 
 
 S4 
 
 BIBLIOGRArifY OF CALIFOUXIAX HISTORY. 
 
 iiiaclo fi ]ik(^ iiiiinbor of titles. The author's name is 
 followed ill <,'aeh title ])y ca>'fas, corrcsjtondencia, escri- 
 tos, or some similar ,L;"eneral te-rii). Seventy helonij^ 
 to men who wrote diiellv hefoi'e 1824; one hnmlred 
 and thii'ty to those who iloui'ished later. Ot* the 
 A\hole nundjer, twenty wei'e Spanish or ]\[exican ofli- 
 c'ials who wi'ote hevond the limits of California; 
 twenty were ]^"'i'aneisean friars of the California mis- 
 sions; forty-eii;'ht were foreiL^'ii pioneer residents in 
 Califoiiiia; and one hundi'ed and eleven were n.itive, 
 jMexican, or Spanish citizens and (officials of Califor- 
 nia. Several of tliose colleeticMis in each class would 
 form singly a large volume.'" 
 
 One more class of manuscripts remains to he no- 
 ticed. The memory of men as a source oi' historical 
 information, while not to be coniparcvl with original 
 documentary records, is yet of very great importance. 
 The memoiy of men yet living when 1 begaii my re- 
 searches, as aided hy that of their lathers, covers in a 
 >>eiise the whole history of California since its settle- 
 
 '- Spanish and Moxicnn ofTiciali?, r.ll lief.d-c lS-24: AjimlacM, Ar^niiza, Dai'iy, 
 Br.'ii.-it'orto, J'jtu'arcli, Callcja, I '.iwiba, (V(ii\-, (lalvcz, (iariliay, Haro y 
 Tcralta, Itiiri.uaiay. MaiMjuiiia, Xava, Koiy'l, llcvilla, (jiycilo, Ugartu y 
 Loyola, ^'olla(lil(^. aTid \'uiR'i,'as. 
 
 radi'ca or'i!CL-li':^iat*tics, S lie fore and li2 after l.Si!4: AbcHa, AiToyo, ])f)scina, 
 Caliut, e'atahi, Diniiut/, Duran, Kiituni'Lra, (.iarcia J>iL',^'|, Jinicuo, Lasufii, 
 ^iai'tin, Marline/, Oi'daz, Palon, Paycnis, I'eyii, (jiiijas, Iluuset, Seuan, 
 'i'ajiis, and Viadci. 
 
 Ftireign re.sidonts and visitors: Piclden, I'olcof, Ijiirton, Colton, Cooper, 
 Pana, Davis, Den, ])(iuglas, ]'"itcli, FlUt:p;c, Forbes, Foster, I'l'iinont, ( Jarner, 
 (iiilespio, (Ircin, llartnell, Hastings, llineklt;y, Ilcjward, dones, J^arliin, 
 Leese, Leidi'silortl", l.ivernioio, Marsli, Mason, .Melius, Molras, Moreniiaui, 
 !Murj)!iy, Parrott, Paty, Prudon, Ikid, Itii'liardson, Senijile, Spe.iee. Stearn-, 
 Stevenson, Stoekton, Sloat, Sutter, 'J'eniide, Tlionijisoii, \'igiies, and Vioget. 
 
 (.'alifornian (iHiLials and eiiizens, liii li(.'l'ore and To after ISJf: Alire^o, 
 AUierni, Alvarado, Amador, Ainesli, Aiehuli'ta, Argiic Ho, Arrilla'.'a, ]5an- 
 diiii, 15oni";i, lioiiea, J'.otelio, JJuehia. ('ai'iillo, I'aslaiiares, L'astiUero, Cas- 
 tillo Xegrete, Castro, Cliieo, (.'urdoha. (^ironel, Cota, Covarruhias, l]elioandia, 
 Ivseoliar, lOstrada, I'lstudillo, I'ages, l''ernan(lez, l''igneroa, Flores, Font, 
 (ionie/, Coiizalez, (ioyeoeeliea, (irajera, Orijalva, Cnerra, ( Gutierrez, Jiain, 
 llcrrera, ]iijar, Djan'a, ],asso, J,iigo, ^laoiiado. Malaria, Maitorena, Marti- 
 nez, Mieheltorena, Mora'.ja, Mnnoz, Xeve, Olveia, Ortega, Osio, Osuna, 
 Paelieeo, I'.idres, I'ena, Ptralta, I'eri'Z '•"> i-n,.ndez, Pieo, i'ortilla, P.anurc ,', 
 Iteqilena, Pivera y Monr;nla, Podri^uuez, Poineu, Pniz, Sal, Salieliez, Sei- 
 ■ -o, Sola, Soler, Sufiol, 'J'apia, Turre, Valle, N'uUejo, N'icLoriii, N'illuviccueiu, 
 Zuniorano, and Ziifiiga. 
 
TERSOXAL REMINISCENCES. 
 
 63 
 
 ame is 
 i,<'scri- 
 bclong 
 luuli'cd 
 [)t' tlio 
 an oili- 
 iCornia; 
 ia mi'- 
 cuts ill 
 native, 
 Calilor- 
 s would 
 
 ) 1)0 \\o- 
 irttoi'ical 
 oi'iiLrinal 
 (orUuu'i.'. 
 11 my ro- 
 vers in. a 
 :y bo 
 
 ttlo- 
 
 iza, I'mTV, 
 Haio y 
 L't^artu y 
 
 /(I, ]'.osoiii;i, 
 
 ,sut, Souan, 
 
 on, Cooprr, 
 lit, (Jariit'i-, 
 
 l^arliiii, 
 Mnii'liliaiU, 
 ■i\ Sti'ani>, 
 11(1 Viogft. 
 
 Al)iv',>i, 
 Uai.'a, IViii- 
 tilluri), Ca;i- 
 Eclioamlia, 
 ores, Flint, 
 ncz, li:iii>, 
 L'lia, Maili- 
 MO, Osinia, 
 I, llaiiiin/, 
 iiflii-V,, Sii- 
 ukiviociiciu, 
 
 M 
 
 niont. I Iiavc thorcforc takon. diotatlon'^ of personal 
 reniiiiisccncos from IGO old residents. Half of tlioni 
 vci'o natives, or of Spanish blood; the f)ther luilf 
 i'oi'eiLjn pioneers who came to the country before 1848. 
 ( )f the former class twenty-four were men who occu- 
 jiied prominent })ublic positions, equally divided be 
 twc.'!! tlie north and tiie south. '^ 
 
 T\ui time spent with each by my reporters was 
 from a few days to twehe months, according to the 
 priiniineiice, memory, and reailiness to talk of the 
 person interviewed; and the result varied in bulk 
 from a few ]iages to five volumes of manuscript. A 
 i'lW sj)o]ce of s[)ecial events; most gave their general 
 recollections (»f the past; and several supplemented 
 their reminisccMices by documentary or verbal testi- 
 niony obtaiiK.'d 1'rom othei'S. They include men of all 
 classes and in the aggregate fairly re[)resent the Cali- 
 fornian peo[)lo. Eleven of the number were women, 
 and tlie dictation of one of these, ]Mrs Ord — Dona 
 Angustias de la (^uerra — compares favorably in accu- 
 racy, interest, and coin])letoness, with the bci.t in my 
 collection. General A^allejo's narrative, expanded into 
 a formal Ilistoria de Califot'}uu,\s the luost extensive 
 and in souh! respects the most valuable ()f all; that of 
 (Jovernor Alvarado is second in sizc^ and in many 
 ])arts of inferior (juality. Tlie v.'orks of JJandini and 
 Osio dilfer from the otluM'S in not havin<>- been written 
 expressly for my use. The authoi's were intelligent 
 and prominent men, and though their nan'ativ(>s ai'e 
 much less extensive and com[»lete than those of Va- 
 llejo and jVlvarado, thiy are of gr(>at imj.ortance. 
 Those of such men as liotello, Coronel, I'io and Je'sus 
 IMco, Arce, .Vmador, and Castro n:erit special nr-n- 
 
 "Aljrogo, Alvaniilo, Alviso, Ainailor, Arcc, Arnaz, Avila, iKin'liiii, TJcnial, 
 ik'iTcyc.-ia, iHijtir'jus, IJuioiala, Jj:)U11o, Kucliia, Jjiirton, ( arrilK), ( 'a.sLro, Curo- 
 iK'l, ilscoliar, E.spiiiii.sa, Estiulilli), l^zijuir, I'iU'li, I'l riiaiuliz, I'loics, ( Jalimlo, 
 Oaivia, (.ariiiai. (Jermaii, (Joiiif/, (iuiizalu/, llartiuU, llijar, .lulin I'lsar, 
 .Inaiiz, l.aiiu.A, J.fusu, EuiLiizaiui, Lii;j,i), Macliail", .Mai mil, Moniio, O.il, 
 Osio, I'aloinaivH, I'crcz, Tioo, I'iun), liito, Uohlis, l!(i(lri,mi<v, Uoiiiuro, Suii- 
 <1k'Z, Sipiilvcda, Serrano, Tune, lariL's, \i\.\\c, N'alik'o, \'alkji>, No^a, and 
 \ t'jar. 
 
 '"■i. 
 

 ;v : 
 
 66 
 
 BinLTOGRAniY OF CALIFORXIAN HISTORY. 
 
 tion, and there are many of tlie liriefor dictations 
 "wliicli in comparison with the longer <jnes cited have 
 a value far beyond tlieir hulk. 
 
 Of the pioneers whoso testimony was taken,'* twelve 
 wrote on sj)i-eial to[)ics, such as the Hear Fhijj;', Don- 
 ner l*ai'tv, or (jlraham Affair. Twenty of them came 
 to Calilornia l)efore 1840. Thii'ty-live came over- 
 land; twenty in innnigrant })arties, three or four as 
 lumters, and the rest as soldiers or explorers in 
 1845-8; while twenty came hv sea, chielly as tra(h-rs 
 or seamen who left their vessels secretly. William 
 H. Davis has furnished one of the most detaile^l 
 and accurate records of early events and men; and 
 others meiiting particidar mention are ]3ai(l ridge, 
 Ijelden, JJidwell, J^igler, Chiles, J< orster, jMurray, 
 Nidever, Sutter, Warner, and Wilson. As a whole 
 tl:e testim(»ny of the pioneers is hardly e([ual in value 
 to that of the native (^diiornians, partly because they 
 have in many cases taken less interest and devoted 
 less time to the mattei" also !)ecause the testimony 
 of some of the most competent has been given mure 
 or less fully in print. 
 
 While the personal reminiscences of both natives 
 and pioneers, as used in connection with and tested 
 by contemporaneous documentary evidence, have been 
 in the aggi-egate of great value to me in the pre[)ai'a- 
 tion of this work, yet I cnimot give them unlimited 
 praise ns authorities. A writer, howe\(>r intellig(,'iit 
 and c(jm})etent, attempting to Ijase the annals of Cali- 
 dbi'iiia wholly or mainly on this l.;ind of evidence, 
 would produce a very peculiar and inaccurate work. 
 Hardly one t)f these narratives if ])ut in })rint could 
 
 " Antlioiiy, B,iMn(1,i,'c, B;irton. V.vc, I'rMcn, I!.!!, T.idwcll, r.i-lor, T'.inii.-, 
 Boirgs, nnwiii, Jjiaclit'tt, ]>niy, 15ruiii, JJiuwii, llurtdii, ( 'ai'ii;.'ii', CIjimiiIhi ■ 
 lain, Cliik'.s, Croishy. l>ully. J)avis. IHttmaii, iMiiiiu', l)y>\ I'latoii, i indl:', 
 Fiir.stLr, Fostir, J'Viwh r, daiy, (l-vysoii, (iilU'sinc, (Iriiayliaw, Iliiivu'-'i^'i 
 ll(i))|icr, Ilydc, .laiissi'iis, Kiiiulit, Maivliall, Martin, Maxwell, Mi ( 'liii .-.tiau, 
 Mc!>;:iii(ls, McKay. Meadows, Muno. \ii!(\-ei'. Oiil, Oshdiii, i'anisli, IViicc, 
 Itliiidrs, IJieliai'd.siili, KolK'Tts, Koliiiisim, Koss, Jiuss, Sihilli, S|iciK't\ Sticriir, 
 SuUi'i-, Swan, Swasiy, 'I ay lor, 'IVinjilc, 'I'u.stin, Walki-r, ^\■u^m;^, Weeks, 
 Wliiilor, ^\'llitl■, ^ViJ,'^'ins, Wilson, and Wiso. 
 
VALUE OF nOXEER TESTI^FOXY, 
 
 67 
 
 -d have 
 
 * twelve 
 \f, Don- 
 Ill came 
 ic ovcr- 
 
 ibur as 
 )rors in 
 > traders 
 William 
 detailed 
 en; and 
 aldridge, 
 ^.luri'ay, 
 
 a whole 
 
 in valne 
 uiise they 
 
 devoted 
 cstiniony 
 
 en more 
 
 1 natives 
 lid tested 
 Uive heeii 
 
 pi-epara- 
 inlimited 
 jitelli-jjent 
 of Call- 
 
 •videnci', 
 lite worlw 
 
 int conld 
 
 ;:1(M% T>iriiii', 
 
 It, CliiiiiilHT- 
 
 lioii, 1 iniil:'., 
 
 ll:ir';r:ivc, 
 
 \li('liri.-.fi:iu, 
 
 Irish, IVirii', 
 
 L'O. Stivctrr, 
 
 escape severe and merited eritieism. It is no part of 
 iiiv thity to point out defeets in individual narratives 
 written i'or my use, but rather to extraet from each 
 nil that it contains of value, passing the rest in si- 
 lence. And in criticising this material in bulk, I do 
 net allude to the few clumsy attempts in certain 
 dictations and parts of others to deceive me, or to the 
 fiilsi'hoods told with a view to exaggc>rate the im- 
 ]i(ivt;nice or otherwise pi'omote the interests of the 
 ii.iii'ator, but to the general masH of statements from 
 liDiiest and int(>lligent men. In the statements of 
 ])ast events made by the best of men fi'om memory — • 
 and I do not lind witnesses of Anglo-Saxon blood in 
 ;uiy degree superior in this respect to those of S[)an- 
 ish race — will be found a strange and often inexplicable 
 mixture of truth and falsehood. Side bv side in the best 
 ii.u ratives liind accounts of one event which are UKxlels 
 of faithful accuracy and accounts of another event 
 not even remotely founded in fact. There ai-e nota- 
 ble instances where prominent witnesses have in their 
 statements done gross injustice to their own I'fjmia- 
 tiiiii or that of their fi'iends. There seems to exist u 
 uviieial inability to distinguish between the memory 
 nf real occurrences that Jiave l^een se(,'n and known, 
 and that of idle tales that have been heard in vears 
 long jtast. If in my work I have been somewhat 
 o\('i' cautious in the use of su(di testimony, it is a 
 fault on whicdi the reader will, I ho[te, look h'niently. 
 
 The history, and witli it the bibIiograj)hy, of Califor- 
 nia al'te)' the discovery of gold may be conveniently 
 divided into two periods, the ih'st extending fioni 
 bus to innC) over the 'llusli time^^,' and the second 
 iVi'ni ISf)? to date. For the fh'st period a largei- part 
 lit ilie authorities are in manuscrijit than would at iii'st 
 glanct' aj)]»ear, though with the advent of newspa|)ers 
 and j)rinted go\-ernment records the necessity of 
 si'iircliing the archixes I'or the most ])ai't disap[tears; 
 ioi' it is to be noted that most of the d(.)eumentary 
 
88 
 
 BIBLTOCPvAriTY OF CALIFOKXIAX HISTORY. 
 
 ;fi- !■ '- 
 
 collections, puljlic and jirivate, already noticed, contain 
 papers of value of later date than 1849; and, .still 
 more important, the I'eniiniscences of natives and the 
 earliest piont'crs cited in preceding pages, extend in 
 most instances past the gohl dis(;overy. For this 
 period I have also collected in mannseript form the 
 testimony of about one hundred pioueeis who came 
 after 1848," the number including a few na'/ratives 
 iclating in part to Oregon, and a few miscellaneous 
 manuscri[)ts not quite })i'operly classifiod with pioneer 
 reeollections; there are besides some twenty-five men, 
 ' forty-niners ' for the most pai't, who have devoted 
 their testimony chietly to the vigilance connnittecs (jf 
 San Francisco, most bt'ing prominent members of 
 those orLi'anizations.'" What lias been said of similar 
 nai'rativos on earlier events as authorities for hist<.)ry 
 may be ap})lie(l to these. In the aggregate tliey ai'o 
 of immense value, buini'' tlu? statements of men who 
 had been actors in the scenes describod. For impor- 
 tant addition-! to this class of material, received too 
 late for sjiccial mention here, the reader is referred to 
 the sup})lementary list of authorities. 
 
 I : 'm 
 
 i i 
 
 ^Material printed in CalifM^iia during this period, 
 including a few items of 1848 and of 1 857-8, is re[)re- 
 sent(Ml by about one hundred titles in mv list; to 
 \vjrich should be added the legislative journals and the 
 numerous state documents printed i'roni year to year, 
 
 . "■' Si'c AIlMip, AiiiUtsoii, Aniistronp, Ashley, Anlis, Bacon, li:;!!, I'lallini, 
 ];iinit's, liiirstow , Ji.'utlctt, liamr, lli^ki', noyntiii. J'.raiUitt, iiii.-suow , JJmtk, 
 lirodii', Hrowii, 15iii'iiott, Jliinis, Cassiii, Ccrriiti, ( 'luiiul)oilaiii, C'luipiii, C'luik, 
 Colviii, Ciiiiiior, ('onway, Coon, Crosby, Davidson, l<i'an, J)()oiitUc, Dowtll, 
 J'nncaii, Jlarll, I'aircliilil, Fay, Fitzj;i'ral(1, (larniss, (Iwiii, IlaiiLMnk, Jlail- 
 IH'U, Hawky, Hayi's, Jlt'arn, Jlcnaliaw, H<'irick, llini'kloj, Uiulaock, Iliid- 
 t<on, ]\iysir, Kirkpatriik, J\olil(i', Js.iaszuw.ski, l..ainotlc, Lane, Lawsoii, 
 Liniaiitoiir, ijittk', Jjow, Mans, Ma.ssctt, Matthiws(iii, Mcni!l, ^loutuomiiy, 
 ^liMiro, Morris, I'alnicr, I'attcrson, IVfkliani, I'owirs, Ualiliison, liaudol|'li, 
 Iticliardsiin, Ko(U'r, lioss, ]! :sk, J!yi.knian, Sall'ord, Sawk'lii', Sayw.n!, 
 Sckniicik'll, Shaw, shoartT, Stii.irt, Sutton, 'Jailiill, Taykir, 'J koni's, \';,ii 
 Dyki', \'owo!l, Wat.son, AN'liuaton, 'A'idbui', Wilky, AVillianis, ;,'id \\"inans. 
 '" lUuxoiiu', IJui'ns. Cok', Cnk'iiian, Conistock. Crary, ])uni;iii'r, J)o\,s, 
 ]>iirkii', l''ar\vcll, l''iink, ( iilk'sjiii', McAllister, Maiirow, Xcali, Olncy, l{o,:j,(r.s, 
 Seluiirk, Sniiluy, Stiipk's, Slilimii'.i, Truett, WiuUwortii, Watldns, and 
 AVoodhi'itiyo. 
 
 ' 
 
 ■ 
 
AFTER THE GOLD DISCOVERY. 
 
 59 
 
 jiiid })rcsorvGcl as appendices to those journals, as also 
 ilic scries of" Cdl/Joni/'d li<'i>(H'ts and Cdllfotiua SUitafcs. 
 There arc twentv-one books and panipldets descrip- 
 tivt' of the country, witli life and events therein durin^^ 
 tiie thish times, most of them having also an ndmix- 
 tuii- of ])ast annals and future prospects.''' Fifti'cn 
 pamphlets are records of Californian societies, com- 
 panies, or associations, the annual j)ul)lication exteiid- 
 iiiu;' often l)eyond this period.'*^ A like number arcj 
 nuuiicipal rec< irds of dili'erent towns, besides a doj-cen di- 
 rectories;"'' and as many n)ore legal, judicial, and otlier 
 otHcial ]»ublications, not including a very large nund)er 
 of brieis and court records which are not nariied in 
 the hst;^' besides nine speeches d.elivered in Califor- 
 nia and pul)lished in |)amp]det form;*^^ and as many 
 n)iscellaneous publications, including one periodical.''^ 
 j\rany news])apers might l)e enumerated besides the 
 ulUa, Ilevuhi , Iliillctin, and KrcniiKj Ncics of San 
 I'^'ancisco, the Phurr 7V«/c.s'and UiiiomA' SacraniiMiio, 
 and the (lazctte of Santa J:];irl)ara; there are some iif- 
 teeii articles on early Californian subjects/^ and a like 
 nundjcr of scrap-books in my collection, notabh those 
 made by Judu'e Hayes, contain more or less material 
 
 on 
 
 a_y 
 tlie times under considej-ation. 
 
 " lU'uton, Californin, Currol, Carson, Crane, Delano, Kinf; of ^ym., 
 ^Ii'Oiiwan, MiiRTs, .Mcji'su, San Fnincisi.H), Taylur, Turry, SVail.sworlli, 
 Wi'itli, anil Wioizhioki. 
 
 '^Cal. liiiilo Sol'., Cal. Dry Dock Co., I'irst Cal. (Juard, iMarysvillc <t 
 llfn. ];. R., .Mocliank'.s' Inist.,'.M«.!i.antiK' l.i!>., .Mix. Ocean Mail, bvirlan.l 
 ^hiil. Sac. S'all.y R. R., Sta <;'lai-a Col., Univ. Cal.-, Univ. Racilic, Yonn^ 
 ^len'.s Christ. As.s. 
 
 •'■'1.08 An.^'eles, Rarkitt, .San Die;:o, San Fr;.r<isco Act, S. 1'. Fire Dejit., 
 S. F. :Menional, S. F. .Miinites, S. F. City Cliar:>'r, S. F. Ordinances, S.' 1''. 
 I'roci'cilings, S. F. I'uli. Sclujols, S. F. K'nioiistr.ince, S. F. Rept., S. 1". 
 Town Co\incil, and \Vlie< Ur. Directories — Marywville, Sacramento, San Fran- 
 cisco, Stockton, aii<l 'rnolinnne. 
 
 *■" (,'alil'ornia (Circuit Court, Coniji. Law.'s, (^onstit., Dist. Court, Snji. 
 Court), Constit. Convention, Crocker, llartniau, Liniaiitoiir, ^Marvin, .Mason, 
 RiKy. Tlioruton, Turner. 
 
 •■' Baker, Rates, liiyler, RilliiiL's, ]5ryan, l''reelon, Loel^wood, Sli.iw, Sjieer. 
 
 '''Cal. Text Rook, (iongenl.eitn, J.)eniocratie, l.,iiiiantour, Tayloi' (-on;^ 
 book), Willey, I'ioiiee'-, (ind.Alnianacs. 
 
 *'■'■ Franklin, llitteli, :Mi('los!;ev, :McDon;.'al. ■McCowan, Nugent, Peekliani, 
 liaiMlolph. Reiil, Ryan, Viet..r, Tra.^k, W.ed, W"i!l. y, Vallejo'. 
 
 '■' I'.aiicroft l.ilirary. IVirton, lUgle'', Hiooks, Caliiorniu, Dye, llall, Hayes, 
 Kuiglit, Rancey, Levitt, I'ac. Mail, Sta Cru^. 
 
60 
 
 BIBLIOGRAriTY OF CALIFORXIAN HISTORY. 
 
 AVovlvS al)<)ut California printed (.'Isowlierc wore 
 throe tiiiic'sasminu'roiisa.s tlioso oflionie inamifactvire, 
 and in most respects much more im[)oi-tant. First 
 there were over ei^'htv books, similar except in })laco 
 of pul)iicalion to those of a class already mentioned, 
 ^vhich described California, its mines and towns, its 
 ])e<)p]e an-! their customs, the journey by land or sea 
 to th(^ country with personal adventures of the writers 
 or others, books in different lanijuaws owinij;; their 
 existence directly to the discovery of gold/'" ]\lany 
 of these were to a considcn'able extent fictitious, bu.t 
 there wei'o others (containing little or nothing but 
 fiction.'"^ Next among works of i-eal value should 1)0 
 noticed tifty reports on Californian topics, pul)lishe(l 
 by the United States government;**' and in this con- 
 nection may receive attention the regular sets of U. 
 S. government documents recording the acts of con- 
 gress from session to session, and containing hundreds of 
 vahial)i(! ])aper,s, bearing on atfairs in the far west, with 
 sov(,'ral other collections of somewhat similar nature;/^ 
 There were a dozen or more pamphlets on various 
 Cidif'ornian topics not directly connected Avith the 
 gold discovery ami its attendant phenomena.*''' Then 
 
 ""•' Al)l)iy, Adam, Allsop, Auger, Derry, Eallinstcdt, Borthwii'k, Bonclm- 
 court, Jioiiiiil HoiiK', JlriM)!;-:, liiyimt, J5iiiriiiii, ('iil. (luiiig. (liiide, (lold lit-;.'., 
 iiids Naar, Itrf (Jold, Its I'ast, >.'ot('s), ( 'aliloniio, (/alifornien (Aiit. Xacli., 
 I'atligtbor, l.'iid seiii (iolt, seiii Mill.), ('a.-isull, Coiioii, Diggers, lldclniaii, 
 Faniliaiii, F< vry, ]''()stcr, (icrstJieUcr, < lold-liudcrs, (liTgdiy, Jiarliiiaiiii, 
 Hclpor, Jli)!iii.;ki, ]ioppe, .Joiinsoii, Kelly, King, Kip, K.nn/il, Lamhci tic, 
 Letts, .Mct'wlliun, Melhaiiie, Manyat, Masim, Meyer, Oswald, I'aliiier, 
 I'aikiiiaii, I'laslow, RoUiiisdii, Ryan, Seliwait/, Sedgley, Seyd, SeyiiKiiir, 
 .SliTiw, Sliorudod, .Simjison, Solignae, St Ainant, Stirling, 'laylor, I'lujinpsdii, 
 Tyson, Av'allon, Weil, Westdii, Williainson, \\'ils(iii, and Woods. 
 
 '"" Siieli as Aininrd, Amelia, IkiUou, Bigly, Clinmpagnae, (lerstiieker, Pay- 
 Hon, and many more. 
 
 <■' Aliell, Alexander, Bartlett, Be;ilo, Bockwitli, falifornia (Amount, Coni- 
 liii.<sion, ('o]>y. Dent, Kstalilisliment, Indians, Land ( 'oiii.. Message, X'olini- 
 teersi, (Jooke, t'ram, Derhy, Fla'rg, h'oi't Point, Fri'Uiont. (UI)l)oiis, (Jraliaiii, 
 (Iray, llaikek. Homer, .lones, King, Mason, Mi'ivilith. Mex. IJoundary, I'ac. 
 Wagon Roads, Reynolds. Riley, San I'"ran(,ise(), Sherman, Sndtli, Sutter, Ty- 
 son, V. S. ami Mex., Warri'ii, \Vlii|)i)le, and Wool. 
 
 •■"1'. S. (lovt Doe. (two series), LI. S. Supreme Court Reports, Annals of 
 Congress, Congressional Debates, Cong. (Molie, Jkiiton'n Abridgment, Smitli- 
 Bonian Kepoits, and Pac. R. It. Reports. 
 
 '■■'.Vtl.iu. X I'ae. R. R., Ilrowne. Cal. Appeal, Californin, Frdmnnt, Liman- 
 toar, Logan, Pinggold. Pae. M. S. S. Co., S. F. Custom House, S. F. Laud 
 Aasoe., iStillmaii, aud Tliumpsuii. 
 
MODERX TI^ilES. 
 
 61 
 
 ^ wore 
 Lxcture, 
 
 First 
 n place 
 tiouod, 
 vns, its 
 or sea 
 writers 
 g tliL'iv 
 "Many 
 )US, l)ut 
 iiicr Imt 
 iould l>e 
 LiUislied 
 liis con- 
 Ls of V. 
 . of con- 
 idredsof 
 est, with 
 nature.''^ 
 
 various 
 ,ith the 
 '" Then 
 
 |ck, Boncliii- 
 
 lAiit. Xacli., 
 
 Is, 1'Ali.liuaii, 
 
 ]l;ii-tiii:iiiii, 
 
 LiUiilicitii', 
 
 [id. I'aliiu'i', 
 
 Tli(jmii.«i>ii. 
 
 fciickor, Piiy- 
 
 liioiint, roni- 
 \;vj,v. Vohiii- 
 ■ is, (Jialiain, 
 liudary, I'ai'. 
 1 Sutter, 'I'y- 
 
 Is, Annals "f 
 Jiunt, SniilU- 
 
 Kiut, Liniaii- 
 S. V. Land 
 
 ■\ve luivc more than fifty speeclics chiefly delivered 
 ill r'i)ii_iL;"rcss and circulated iu pamphlet form, many 
 of them pertaining' to the admission of California as 
 a state. "^ ])csidos the hoohs relating' wliolly or mainly 
 ti) (ahfornia there were some thirty others on wcst- 
 cin religions with allusions more or less extended to 
 tlic o'old re«jfions;"^ and half as manv wneral works 
 with mention of (.^difornia."^ l>()th of tlieso ('lass(\s, 
 and especiallv the latter, mifj'ht be e'reatlv extended 
 ill numbers; and tlie same may l)e said of tlie period- 
 i(;ds and collections that contain(>d articles on our 
 Milijcct, there being few such jjublications in the 
 world that gave no attention to the western El Do- 
 
 rado 
 
 93 
 
 Of M'orhs published in and about California since 
 185(1, I attempt no classification. Within my present 
 limits it would be impossible satisfactoi'ily to clasNiiy 
 so bulky and diversified a mass of material, of v^'hich, 
 indeed, I have not been able evcju to ])resent tlie titles 
 ol' more than half in the alj)habetical list of authori- 
 ties. The efforts of modei'ii writers to record the his- 
 tory of the vSpanish and ]\rexican periods have already 
 been noticed in this chaptc'r; but I may add that 
 these eiforts have beon nuich more successful in their 
 ajiiilication to events subsecjueiit to the discovery of 
 
 '•"'Avoictt, I'aldwin, IV'iniett, llontdu, Puiw ic, ]5i'ccl;, Ufo^ks, Caldwell, 
 Caiy, Clai-k, Cloveland, (.'(irwin, Crowcli, ])oiii;las, ]-;st('ll, Foole, I'owlcr, 
 Ov.iii, Hall, lliliaid, lioward, llowo. Lander, Latham, MeDou' ill, .McLean, 
 Megiicen, :Me\Vinic, :\Iar;!liall. :Mason, Moieliead, Ohls, Paikeis'lVarce. I'lcs- 
 tnn, I'litnani, I'helps, Se<ld')n, SeAvanl, Sniilli, Sjariltjlng, .Stanley, 'riiiini|)- 
 .son, 'riniiMnan, Tinirslon, Toombs, Van Voorliie, Weller, Wiley, 'Wintlii'op, 
 and W'dieester. 
 
 '"Ansted, JJriefc, Coke, fondiiev, Findlay, (icr.stiicker, Oold-lields. Ilea]), 
 llines, lluin, Lants, I'ciTV, I'feit'er, riinn'h, Itednitz. l'nvini;s, Seliniidt, 
 Si liiiiii'.dcr, Sinuiker. Stockton, Thornton, Uiiliani, Wells, Wesiern Setiies, 
 \Vhi:in'r, Wilkes, Wise. W( od. 
 
 '■'- I'.eiiton, Cevallos, ])e J!o\v, Diccionnrio, Ihinlop, (larden, Maich y T.a- 
 boies, M;;yer, Shea, AW'ieliardt, Wilson, Vouiiu. Zamae<iis. 
 
 "■'Allinni ,Mex., Aniei'. and For. Christ. I'rdon, Annual of Seientifp; Dis- 
 ciiv., LankiiK'.Mag.. Do liow'.s Fitiview, lldiidmr;:!! Feview, Hansard, Ih'rper, 
 Jh'Mie .Missionary. Jlnnt'.s Mereh. Mag., Un 'laeion Mex., .Minin;; Mau'-, 
 'Nliilennial Sl;,r,'Xile,s' liegister, Xorth Ar . Jd.view. Xonvellis Ain-.ales, 
 Fanaiiiii Star, Quarterly llcv., iievue L)eu.\ Mondes, Sillinian's Anier. Jour., 
 e!e., ote. 
 
If' 
 
 i 
 
 V ' 
 
 111'' 
 
 62 
 
 BiBLiocnArnv of califorxiax history. 
 
 gold, because mat'i-ial hxi been iiiueli more abundant 
 and accessible. Tliis a[t[)lics particularly to the many 
 works on local and county annals printed in late 
 years, several of wliicli liave a standard value."^ 
 
 It is to be noted that the pioneer reminiscences of 
 my collection contain, and are supplemented by, the 
 statements of prominent men on various practical 
 topics connected with the industrial development of 
 California in recent times; that several classes of 
 printed matter already mentioned, such as municipal, 
 state, and national documents, continue to thro v/ light 
 on events of the last thirty years; that travellers have 
 never ceased to print their ex[)eriences in, and their 
 views res[)ectin<i;', this western land; that resident and 
 even native writers have contributed largely to our 
 store of boohs on industrial, literar\', educatit)nal, re- 
 ligious, legal, political, and historical subjects; that 
 numerous associations and institutions have helped to 
 swell the mass of current pam[)hlets; and that news- 
 })apers — an invaluable source of n.'aterial for local and 
 personal history — have greatl^^ nndtiplied. Indeed, 
 ('alifornia has not only by reason of her peculiar past 
 received more attention at the hands of writers from 
 abroad than any other part of our nation, but in re- 
 spect of internal literary develop, nent she is not 
 behind other provinces of like tender years. In con- 
 clusion, I append a short list of works ])ublislied since 
 185G, which have somewhat exceptional historic vahie 
 iu comparison with others of the mass."" Most of 
 
 "Soc in tlio list, besides the naiiips of comities and towns: Banficld, r>:ir- 
 ton, ]ilcds(je, Jiutler, Cooper, Cox, Dwinelle, Fra/ee, (iift. Hall, llalley, Jfarr, 
 Hawley, Hittcll, Iliiso, Lloyd, iMcl'lurson, ^Icncl'eo, ileyiick, Orr, Owen, 
 I'erUins, Sarf^ent, Soule, Thompson, 1'inkluini, ^\'ostern SI oi'c, and Williy. 
 
 "^See Ahic, Ames, Bany, jiartlutt, Bates, Beers, Bell, Blake, Boiiiier, 
 Brooks, Browne, Bryant, J3iiriiett, Bushiiell, California (Arrival, Bio;:., 
 liardy, Leyes, Med. Soc.), Carvalho, Cliandless, Clark, Contenip. Bioir., 
 Cooke, Cornwallis, Cronise, Coyner, Dixon, (llees(jn, Fields, First 8teanishi|i, 
 Fisher, Ivinjr, Cray, Grey. iJittell, 1 loll'man, Ilnghes, Labatt, MeCue, !Mc( lar- 
 rahan, McClasb in, jSlollhausen, Morgan, Mo\dder, New Almadcn, Norman, 
 O'Meara, Palmer, Parsons, Patterson, Peabody, Peiree, Peters, Plulps, 
 Player-Frowd, Randolph, Raymond, Reddini;, Itossi, Saxon, Sclilatriiitwtit, 
 Sherman, Shuck, Simpson, Stillman, Tiithill, Tyler, L'pham, Vallejo, ^'is• 
 clier, Wetniore, Willey, and Williams. 
 
ALniABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 63 
 
 imdant 
 ) uuiuy 
 ill late 
 
 nces of 
 bv, thu 
 ractical 
 ueut *>t' 
 .sscs of 
 .uucii)al, 
 ov; Y\'j;\\t 
 ers luivc 
 lid tlieir 
 Lloiit anil 
 y to our 
 ioiial, re- 
 els ; that 
 lieli)cd to 
 lat news- 
 local and 
 Indeed, 
 diar past 
 ers Ironi 
 ut in re- 
 o is not 
 In con- 
 llied sinco 
 )ric vaUic 
 jSIost ot' 
 
 tluiu 1)ut fwr the date of tlieir pu1)lication uiiglit bo 
 added to the dilforuiit classes before named, as per- 
 taining to the period of I848-5G. For further biblio- 
 oTa[)hi(' information, including full or si iglitly abridged 
 titli', sunnnary of contents, circumstances attending 
 tlu' prudu(,'ti()n, criticism of liistoric \alue, and bio- 
 gi'njiliic notes on the writer of each work mentioned 
 ill tlie (lijferent classes and subdivisions of this (•hai)ter, 
 J rei'er the reader not only to the list at the beuinninLf 
 of this volume but to the foot-notes of all the seven 
 vohnncs, which may be traced through the alpha- 
 betical index ut the cud of thu work. 
 
 Ilanfielil, V>:n-- 
 \lMcy, Hair, 
 OlT, Owtii, 
 lii.l WiU( y. 
 like, EouiRT, 
 Triviil, BiiiL'., 
 Itcinp. Bi'i,!-'-. 
 U 8team:sUii>, 
 [iCuo, Mctiav- 
 ^eu, Noriiiiiii, 
 Jtcrs, riulv^, 
 Iclilinriutwrit, 
 IVaU'ejo, Vis- 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 1' 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORXIA. 
 
 Iu42-17G8. 
 
 Okioiv of the Name — CoNJKcrrRKs— Seiujas of Ehplandiax— ^Tr ITale's 
 DiscovKUY — Lateu Va1!Iations of the Xame — Who First Saw Ai.ta 
 Califorxia?— Ulloa, Alarcon, DrAz— Five Expeditions— Voyace ov 
 Ji'Av RoDRUiunz C vr.itit.i.o, 1,")4'2-.1 — Exit.ouation i'ro:\i Sa.v Dii;(io to 
 
 I'OINT C'oNCEl't'KJN — FeRREI.O IX THE NoRTII — VoYACE (iF SiR FlIANCIS 
 
 Drake, loTO— New Albiox — Drake did not Discover Sax Francisio 
 Bay' — Maps — The rinuppixE .Ships — Gai.i's Voyace, ir)S4 — Cape Men- 
 docino— Voyack OF Sebastian RoDRKifEZ de C'ermenon, IoO.j — Tim 
 Om) Sax Francisco — Explorations of Sep.astiax Vizcaixo, 1G02-Ij— 
 Map — Discovery of Monterey — AoriEAii's XoRTiir.RX Limit— C'a- 
 
 liRERA DUENO'S WoRK, 17:54— SPANISH ClIART, 174'J — TlIE XoRTHKRN 
 
 Mystery and Early Maps. 
 
 Thouoh the California wliicli is the subject of this 
 work iiiheiitcd its iianic from an older country whose 
 annals have been already recorded by me, yet a state- 
 ment respecting' the origin and application of the name 
 seems a[)propriate here. When Jimenez discovered 
 the peninsula, supposed to be an island, in loo'o, he 
 applied no name so far as can be known. Cortes, 
 landing at the same place with a colony on the r>d of 
 May 1535, named the port and the country adjoining 
 Santa Cruz, from the day. There is no evidence tliat 
 he ever gave, or e^■en used, any other name, the name 
 California not occurring in any of his writings.^ Uhoa 
 
 'Atlcastl have not found it. Tlic 'inierto ybahiade Santa Cniz' is naiiicd 
 in tlu! orij;inal document of lo."!"). ('nrtrx, Atitodc Pc'-'Ciioii, in Col. Dor. Jiml., 
 iv. 192. Alter Ills return to Spain in 1540 in a memorial to tlio king lie testi- 
 fied 'I arrived at the land of Santa Cruz and was in it. . .and being in tlie w;iil 
 land of Santa Cruz I had eomjilete knowledge of tlie said laud. ' ( or/r.i, M(n "■ 
 rial, in ( 'al. ])oc. IiiriL, iv. "Jl 1. Otlier witnesses wlio had accompanied ( 'orti.3 
 testilied '•' Spain about the same time; one, that tlic country M'as eaHcd 'J ar- 
 sis; another, that the country had no name, but that tlic bay wa.s called Santa 
 i'vuz; several, tliat they rt mcnibored no name. I'robauza, in Puchcco ami t a/- 
 deltas, Vol. Due, xvi. 12, 22, 27. 
 
 (Git 
 
ORIGIN OF THE NAME. 
 
 Cj 
 
 -:Mr Hai-k's 
 tsT Saw Ai.iv 
 
 5— VoVAC.K til' 
 ^AN' DlKliO TO 
 |.'SlllFl!AMIM 
 AN FuANfl^'" 
 
 4— Cait.Mia- 
 ,N, ir)9.j— The 
 VINO, 100-2-3 - 
 N Limit— C'a- 
 
 lir. NOUTIU.KN 
 
 -ct of tliis 
 
 itry ^vhose 
 
 ct a statc- 
 
 ilic uuiiio 
 
 ;liscoveivil 
 
 11 L533, lie 
 
 Cortes, 
 
 tliu ;>.l_ of 
 
 adjoiuin.U 
 lenco tliat 
 ^ the name 
 
 (vs/ L'lloa 
 
 o 
 
 Cmz' is luumil 
 
 V.y. /v. ^""':' 
 
 o Idiig Iw ti->ti- 
 
 ciu^iii the !-"i'l 
 
 Lpiinieil ( 'I'lt'S 
 jwas calU'il 'iai- 
 l-a.s called SauU 
 Ikc/rco ami Cur- 
 
 (Cll 
 
 sailed down the coast in 15.10, and tlio name Cali- 
 I'oi Ilia first a))]H'ars in PriM-iado's diaiy of tliat voya^'o. 
 It was a])])liod, not to tlio Avliolo (-(juntr}', but to a 
 |i„..^|ify_-piY)l)al)ly but not certainly identical with 
 Santa Cru/, or La Paz." 
 
 Bcrnal Diaz, writint^ before 1,108, spcahs of tlic 
 isliind of Santa Cruz, and says that Cortes al'tei- many 
 tionliles there "went to (Hscover other lands, and came 
 to California, which is a bay."^ This testimony is not 
 of 'i-rcat weight, but it increases the uncertainty. The 
 (iilfei'encc is not, however, essential. The name was 
 ;i|ili]ied between lf)^5 and 15-')0 to a locality. It was 
 sinni extended to the whole adjoining region; and as 
 the region was supposed to be a group of islands, the 
 iiaine was often given a plural form, Las Californias. 
 
 Whence came the name thus applied, or applied by 
 Cortes as has been erroneously believed, was a ques- 
 tion that gave rise to much conjecture before the 
 truth was known. The Jesuit missionaries as repre- 
 Rented by Veneijas and Claviofcro suixiiested that it 
 
 t/ O O Oil 
 
 might have been deliberately made up from Latin or 
 Creek roots; but favored the much more reasonable 
 theory that the discoverers had founded the name on 
 some misunderstood words of the natives.* These 
 
 ^ Printed in ir)Cr>, in Pamiisio, Viafifii, iii. Ii4^. Having left Santa Cruz Oct. 
 'J!itli, on 1 0th of Nov. ' \vu found oiir.selves 54 lea^nie.s distant from (Jalifornia, 
 a little more or less, always in the .south-west seeing in the nipht three or four 
 llres.' (Seniprodallapartcdiltarbinovetl'Midolanotte, ote.) llakluyfs trans- 
 latiiiuot 1(;00, I'vi/fi'jr--!, iii. 40(i-7, is 'always toMartl the soutli-we.st, seeing in 
 tlie night,' etc. i'loin the Otii to the l.")tli they made 10 leagues; from the 
 l()th to the 'Jltli, I'J or 1,") leagues; and were then, having sighted the J.sle of 
 1 'earls, TO h'agues from Santa, Cruz. The author only uses the name (,'alifornia 
 oni,'e; llakhiyt's 'point of California' is an interpolation. The defniite 
 ili>t.in(e of .'")4 leagues indicates that California was a place they had passed; 
 it iduhl not Ije 54 leagues either south-west or north-east of tlieir position, 
 and 1 suji]ioso tlio direction refers to tlic coast generally or the fires. 'J'hc dis- 
 taiues are not out of tlio way if we allow (! or !) leagues for the progress made 
 on Xov. Dtli. Thci'o is some ohscurity of meaning; Ijut apparently California 
 ^^asatornear Santa Cruz. Throughout his voyage up and down tin; gulf 
 I'rcriado uses the name Santa Cruz frequently to locate the lands in the wi ;t. 
 
 ■^lunial JJhzilcl Cnstillo, Jl'isf. Vcnla<l<-r<i, '2:);\, printed in l(j.",i.'. 'J'lii.s 
 has often licen called the first mention of the name. Some have blunderingly 
 tullicil of Diaz as the discoverer and namcr of California. 
 
 * l'<'n(<ict.i, Kot. Cat., i. 2-"); CUiriijern, S/oria dilla Cal., 20-.10. The Latin 
 ntHilfi foniiLv, or 'hot furnace,' is the most conimon of the conjectural deriva- 
 tions, the reference being supposably either to the hot climate, though it was 
 Uiai. Cal., Vol. I. 5 
 
CO 
 
 TITH DISCIJVKRY OF CALIFOTIXIA. 
 
 tliooiievs liavc Ix'cii oflcii icpoatcd l)_v later wrllcTs, 
 with additions I'ivalliiiiLf cacli otlici' in a I (surdity. At 
 last in ISC-J Jvlward I'i. JlaU; was so fortunate 
 as to discover the sourci! wlieneo the di-.coverers 
 olttaineil .tlie name. An old romance, the S('iyti.'< 
 (>^' J'.'sp/diKh'dn, hy Ordonez do ^[(tntalvo, ti'anslafor ef 
 ^■liiKn/is if (liinl, printed jn>rha[)s in If)!*), and cer- 
 taiidy in editions of la I!), ir)'JI, la'Jf), and l;VJ(j in 
 Spaniili, mentioned an island of California "on thi; 
 I'i^iit liand of the Indies, very n(;ar the 'l\'rrestri;d 
 I'aratlise," jH'opled with MacU women, L^ridins, and 
 other creatui'es of the author's imagination." There 
 is no direct historical evidence of i\\r. application of 
 this name; no)" is anv needed. No intAJliu'ent man 
 will ever ([Uestion the accuracy of Ilah-'s theoiy. 
 The nund)er of S})anish editions would indicate that 
 the hook was popidar at the time of the discovery; 
 indeed I5ernal ])ia/ often mentions i\\o ^Uaadi.^ (f 
 (jldul, to which the Ksplmidain was attached. 
 
 (/ortes, as we know, was I. nt on l(»llowin<j^ the 
 coast round to India, and contident of tindiuL;' lich and 
 wonderi'ul isles on the way. It would have been most 
 natural for him to Mpply the old fabulous name, if it 
 had met his eye, to the supposinl island when iirst 
 discovered; but it appears he did not do it; and 1 
 
 not liot cniupiirc'il with othtT.s to which tlio discovci'rrs wore nccuHtoniwl, or 
 to the hotlir.Ui.i, ov l< iii<'.<r(ilf's, of tiio iiiitives. CaHi/iis jai-nKs, ('(ilii'iifr fur- 
 lud'd, ('((/'/(in 11, ;iii<l ('(i/iriitc //(■nio inv otiior cr^ivciisioua of tho raiiio I'cot, 
 Arohiliald iioliii;.; of the hist that it ^\o^lKl Ijc I'athi r /ci/'/ o culicjitc, inaUiiij,' 
 tho iiaiiic ' Fill iiifalia' instead of ( 'alil'oruia. Aiiolhcr dorivaLioii i •. from cil'i, 
 ?/_/(ir»/.r, S])aiii- hand Latin for 'cin^iaml vault 'or 'vaulted eove,' froniaiieculi.Mr 
 natural iornialion near Tape; San Liicas. From tho (Jreck we liave htid j'h'.r 
 111(1, litlii pluira, iicii, /.(tld jilwr ii'in, l.dlti ji/iiirii<i<i, laid, flmvit iiirt, or /«/"< 
 j)/i(:riiiu — v;ni(ni:;ly ivnilered 'beautiful woman,' 'moonshine,' or 'adidlerv;' 
 ■fertile land;' (jr 'new country.' Cu'dj'nn or '•cldjoiiid. the Siiani.sh for I'c.-iii, 
 has also lieeu Ki'^'^;estecl. hi l'p]icr California, the idea ^^a^ia favorite ( no 
 that the name waa of Indian ori,L'in; hut there ^^aH little jiLrreement refjieet- 
 in]L,' <letails. According to the Vallejos, Alvarado, and others, all a;.;reed that 
 it eanu' from Lal'i jorin), the information eoniiu;^' from Haja ( 'alifornia, nalivesi 
 hut there were two factions, one interpretin;,' the word.s 'hi,L,'h hill' or 'moiin- 
 tain' and the c, her 'native land.' K. l>.(luilhcrt, resident of Coinda, Sinal";i, 
 told mo in iJiTS that an old Jndian of hi^; locality called the peninsula 'J'ehali- 
 falni-al, 'the shandy land heyond the water.' 
 
 "llulcVs discovery was lir.-.t pidjlishcd in the Amcr. Aiifi<i. So<\, Procoil., 
 Apr. JiO, LSO'J, Ait-oo; also in Adctnlk Moulhlij, xiii. '2(i5; J/ah's Ilk L< cd 
 Best, etc., 2ol. 
 
ArrLICATION OF TIIK NAMR. 
 
 C>7 
 
 '• wriicrs, 
 ility. At- 
 loitunatc! 
 
 SCOVC'l't'lS 
 
 Iislillol" of 
 iuid <'ci- 
 l \:>-2(\ ill 
 "on tlu! 
 \'rrcstri;il 
 lliiis, ami 
 .'• Thvvo 
 icatiou of 
 jfeiit mail 
 
 S tllC'OlT. 
 
 icat(; that 
 liscovorv; 
 
 (1. 
 
 )\viii;^ till! 
 
 K licli and 
 
 |)ccu ntost 
 
 nu', it' it 
 
 lien iirst 
 
 it; and 1 
 
 L'Oistoiiic'tl, or 
 
 ( 'aUfii'f /'')'- 
 
 11' iimic rcot, 
 
 ;t(', liKiUin,^ 
 
 It i i I'l'diii c'lJd 
 
 I'roiiii'.iu-culiMi' 
 
 IVO hflld j'll'l' 
 
 iiin, or /«'"< 
 or 'adiillcry;' 
 
 lis! I for rc.-iii, 
 t'avorito < no 
 incut rcppvi-t- 
 illii;4rc'c<i tluit 
 ■orni;i uiitivis; 
 
 ill' or 'liioiiii- 
 >liiil:!, Sili;il";i, 
 linsiihi 'J"(jli;ili- 
 
 '?(»•., Prorrnl., 
 It's U'tn L<f<l 
 
 CI I 
 ol' 
 
 st, n^ly .sus{)('ct the name was a[)i»liud in diiision hy 
 Ills (Hsu'usted colonists on their return in laiKJ. At 
 ,iiiv I'att! there ean be no donht the name was adojjted 
 tVuiii the novel between Ijoj and 15J»9. Th(3 etyniol- 
 (i'4V of the name and th(^ sourc* whenee ^NTontalvo ob- 
 tained it still remain a Held for ingenious _u,"iU'sswoi-k. 
 indeed most of the old conjeetures may still be ap])lii(l 
 ti> the subject in its new phase. But this is not an 
 lii^toiical subject, nor one of the slightest iin])ortanee. 
 ill such matters the ])robable is but rarely the inu\ 
 What brilliant etymological theoiies might be drawn 
 oiil by the name C'alistoga, if it wei'c not known how 
 Samuel Jjrau'ian built the word l'rt)ni California and 
 ^•inatoga." 
 
 The name California, once applied to the island or 
 |)iiiinsula, was also naturally used to designate the; 
 ntry extending indelinitely northward tothe strait 
 Vnian, or to Asia, oxccjtt as interrupted in the 
 \ iew of some foreign geograi»hers by Drake's Xew 
 Alhion. Kino at the mouth of the Coloi'ado in 1700 
 spoke of Alta Califoi'uia; but ho meant simply tlu! 
 'upper' part of the peninsula. After 1701) the north- 
 eiai country was for a time known as the Xew lOstab- 
 li>hments, or Los Establecimientos de San Diego y 
 ^[ontcrcy, or the Northern Missions. In a few 
 
 "In Wchalfr'n Dlctiovari/, the Spanish caJifa, Arabic KhaVfit, 'successor,' 
 'cMliiili,' is iiiloptcd, Jis indcid fiurr^cstcd by lliile, as the possible root of tlio 
 iiaiiK'. Ari'hbalil, Oirr/niid J/oii/h/i/, ii. 440, su<,'.L,'csts Calplniriiia, (':vsar's 
 V. i;c. I'ciliaps tin' coolest exhibition of assurance which this matter lias drawn 
 out in niiiclerii times is I'rof. ,Iules .Marcou's essay on the 'true origin' of the 
 ii^iiiie. 'J he whole pamphlet, although printed by the United States j,'overn- 
 111' at, with Ihe degree of intelligence too often employed in such eases, iierliajis 
 hiiaiiscdf an old Ilia]) attached to it, has about as many blunders as ilie ])age.s 
 laii accoiiiiiKHlate. 1 have no space to point them out; luit this is what'ho 
 say) of tlie name: 'Cortes and his companions, struck with the dillerenee lie- 
 turcu the dry and burning heat they exi)crienee<l, compareil with the moist 
 and niiiehless oppressive heatof thcMexicaiW/' /'cff rnliciitr, Iirst gave to a bay, 
 and atiurwards extenih'd to the entire country the nanu' of t'n rni CuHjhniin, 
 il( lived fvom ciili(/fi.j'vrnii.r, which signifies liery furnace, or hot as an oven. 
 Heri.au ( orti's, who was i.ioreovcr a, man of learning, was it once strongly 
 iui[ire.sseil with the singul;ir anil striking climatic ditl'ercnces. . .to wlioiir is 
 due the appropriate classilic.'ition of the Mexican regions into /i( rnifrin, /!i rrn 
 l-iijlikflii. tii-rni cdHdilc, and /!( rrn Ciiii/nriiin '! M(i,-i-on\s Xolr.-t h'/udi thi- jir.^t, 
 J >'■'■' nnrii.i o/ C'ai:/urii''a ,ni(l f/ii' oriijhi ('/!/■•< ^hlnlr,^\'i^iihmgtol^, 1878. See also 
 i'.S.aeo,/. hiurviij, Whwlii; Ript., 1878, p. '2:28. 
 
C8 
 
 THE DISCOVIT.Y OF C.UJFOnXIA. 
 
 b'lj 
 
 m' 
 
 ^ I- 1 
 
 i i ':,( 
 
 years, liowovDr, without any uniformity of usacro tlio 
 upper countiy began to be known as California Sep- 
 tentrional, California del Norte, Nueva Califoi-nia, or 
 ('alifijrnia Superior. But {gradually Alta California 
 heeanie more eonunon than the others, both in private 
 and offieial coniniunications, though from the date of 
 the se]5aration of the provinces in 1804 Nueva Cali- 
 lornii) became the legal name, as did Alta California 
 after 1824. In these later times Las Californias meant 
 not as at first Las Islas Californias, but the two 
 ])i'ovincos, old and new, lower and upper. Down to 
 I 84G, however, the whole country was often called by 
 ^Mexicans and Californians oven in official documents 
 ix peninsula. 
 
 It is not impossible that Francisco de Ulloa, at the 
 liead of the gulf in 15;39, had a distant glimpse of 
 mountains within the territory now called Caliibrnia; 
 it is very probable that Hernando de Alarcon, as- 
 cending the Colorado in boats neai'ly to the Gila 
 and possibly beyond it, saw Californian soil in Sep- 
 tember 1540; and perhaps Melchor Diaz, who crossed 
 the Colorado later in the same year, had a similar 
 view. 
 
 Thus strictly speaking the honor of the first dis- 
 covery may with nuich plausibility be attributed to 
 one of these explorers, though none of them mentione(l 
 the discovery, or could do so, boundary lines l)eing 
 as yet not dreamed of Subsequently Juan do Ohate 
 and his com])anions, coming down the Colorado in 
 1 004, certainly gazed across the river on Califoj-nia, 
 and even learned i'rom the natives tha.t the sea was not 
 f;ir distant. After 1009 Kino and his Jesuit asso- 
 ciates not unfrequently looked upon v.'hat was to b<! 
 ( aliibrnia i'rom the (jlila junction. No ]']>u'()peaii, 
 howe\er, from this 'I'ection is kni>wn to have trod 
 the soil of the promised land; theretore this plia^' 
 of the subject may be dismissed without further 
 remark. 
 
CARRILLO'S VOYAGE. 
 
 69 
 
 All that was known of Califoniia before 17G9 was 
 founded on the reports of tive expeditions; that of 
 Juan ]^^dril;■nez CabriHo in ir)42-3, that of Franeia 
 ])rake in 1579, tliat of Frnneiseo do Gali in 1584, 
 tliat of Seljastian Rodrij^niez de Cennenon in 1595, and 
 tliat of Sebastian Yizciiino in 1G02-3. To deseribo 
 these expcditi(»ns^ — so far only as they relate to the 
 coast of Alta California, for in a general way eaeh hi.s 
 been presented in the annals of regions farther south — 
 with a glance also at a few other voyages bearing ii)- 
 (Hre'-tly upon the subject, is my j^urpose in the present 
 chapter. 
 
 On the 28tli of Soptember 1542, Juan Tiodriguez 
 C'abrillo, coioing from tiic soutli in command of t\\<> 
 Spanish ex])loring vessels,' discovered a " landjoehed 
 iiiid very LTood liarbor," which he named San ]Miguel 
 and located in 34° 20'. The next day he sent a boat 
 ''farther into the port which was largo;" and whiL; 
 aiiciiorcd here " a verv great gale blew from the west- 
 south-west, and soutli-south-west; but the i)ort being 
 good they felt nothing."** 
 
 'On the fittiiif;-out of the expedition and its achievements south of C.ili- 
 foniia, .Sfo Hist. Xnrth Mix. Sldtts, this surics. 
 
 "(Mlirilh), Iifldcioii <i d'lario, de la )iniri;ii.cion que li'~r> Jiinn Ho'lrli/im Ca- 
 lirilhi foil iloa V(in'u!<, a' de-sciihrliihi'iiln del pwo dil Mur di I Siir nl. imrte, ete. 
 Original in Spanish aivhivts of Seville from Siniaiicas, eeitilieil liy Xavni'ictc, 
 
 (Hpy in ^[uudZ Collection, printed in FlurUln. Ci'l. J>r,\, 17.'? S!». ' r)e .Inaii 
 I'uv/.' i.s Diailicdon the Muiio/. oojiy. .AnothiTjinnted orij^inal from 'Archivo 
 ddniiias Tationato, est. 1, caj. i.,'is found in Pm-lii'ca and ( 'iir<lfiin.'i, Cul. Do 
 
 XIV, 
 
 I ().■)-!)], under the title Jklar 
 
 non (/( I il( snil/raiiifiifi) i/ii 
 
 IliZ'l ,/l> 
 
 nidri- 
 
 ijiH', iicinijait'lo jior Id roiilni cisfa drl ui'tr ild Siir (d iiiirtc ln'-ha ]>iir Jiiaii 
 
 J 
 
 ■cu: 
 
 Thus it is pi-ohalile that Juan I'at.', was the autlmr. He 
 
 'III., ilec. vu. 
 
 //i^l. 
 lil). v. cap. iii.-iv., gave in lli(!0 a condensed ai'count ja'obably 
 fiuni tl"; ahove orininal, l)ut ^^■it!^ many omissions, and a fi \v additions, wiiieh 
 htiviMie the foundation of most that was sulise(|Uently wi'i'ten on the stiliject, 
 fdlhiWed by lUirney and others. In ISO'J Navarrete in his introductiim 
 
 1h 
 
 to tlii: Sii/:i 1/ Ml xicdiia, Viiuti', xxix.-xxxvi. 
 
 a narrative. In mi 
 
 th. 
 
 with notes in which he located, fer the mrjst ]iart accurately, the ]ioiiit3 
 
 iiaiucd by (.'abrillo. 'J'lii/lor's Fir.if I'o'/d'ji' to l/n' Cnd-t n/ ( 'dl'j'nri 
 
 .hii (' 
 
 lii-Woy San I'Vancisco, Is.'i.'i, was a kind of translation from Kavarrete, ^\ hose 
 lioti'S the translator attcnipti'il to correct \\ithoutai.y very luiUiant ••^iiiccs.^. 
 
 Fiiiidly in bST',) we havi^J; 
 
 (/ /-// thr ]iijci. r, 
 
 II., 
 
 iijWiiilli Aiiicrirn ill 1l 
 
 oil 
 
 md Ihn-^hdii'K Ti-dii'<ldt''i}ii j'ro,n (lir S]idiil'li nj 
 if thi: i'lii/dii)' of CidiriUo ciloinj I Id' Vf-^t mnnf 
 
 pri 
 
 ited 
 
 U. S. (I'i'Oi/, Sii 
 
 An-ld 
 
 '<ii,l!i. -0')-',)]-l. lliehard S. Kvans was the translator; II. W. llenshaw, \\\ 
 
 dcantiquavian researches on the enast, was the author of theniitci 
 
 dll. 
 
 (\ TiiVior, V. S. N., of the Coast Survey, aided the gcntlcnu'n named with 
 
 tlic remits of his 
 
 ac4U 
 
 [liutance with the coast. 
 
 til 
 

 70 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF C.UJFOnXIA. 
 
 :■.<■■'. 
 
 
 I 
 
 |:m 
 
 Tlieiv is IK ) furtlior description ; tlic latitiulo is wrong ; 
 and the port must be identiiied if ut all by its relation 
 to other ])()iuts visited by Cabrillo. It has iisually 
 been identiiied Ijy those who have followed Navarrete, 
 the earliest investij^ator, with San ]}iego; but recently 
 1)y llensliaw and Taylor with San Pedro further nortli, 
 San Diego being in that case Cabrillo's San jNIateo;' 
 IFere, as in most parts of this narrative, there is little 
 room for positive assertion; but I prefer to regard 
 San Miguel as l\au Diego. Difficulties arise at every 
 step wliieh no theory can remove. It is tlie fault of 
 the narrative, respecting the genuineness of whidi, 
 however, there is no room for doubt. Without attenqit- 
 in<,!; to get over obstacles by ignoring them I sli;ill 
 treat them maitdy in notes.^" 
 
 At any rate Cabrillo entered Up})er Calif si'niau 
 M'atiirs, never before disturbed by other craft tluiii 
 Indian canoes, and ancliored in San Diego Bay in 
 Septend)er 15-42. If we suppose this port to have been 
 his San ]\Iiguel, he remained six da3's. The nati\rs 
 
 '•'Sail !M:!tco WHS .also do.scriljed a.s a j^'ood and landlocked (<_< rrwin) port, 
 vitli ;i little lake of iVoli wati'V, and with ji-i-oves of li-ci's Wkv <r'iJ'i.x, except 
 tl'a. Hw. wood was hard. There were alsomuny drift-lo^'s M-af^hod licro liy tiiO 
 sea, liroad grassy plains, liigli and rolling land, and animals in drove.) ot Kh) 
 or n\or(! i-esemliJinL,' I'eruvian slieej) w ilh long wool, siiuiU horns, and hrnad 
 I'ouuil tails. L itituilo {riveri 'XV '10'. 
 
 '"San Au;,'ustin Island, the last point on wlii<'h Xa\arretc and Ilcnshaw 
 i\;.'reo. is identiiied with San Martin in aoont \W .'?(•' on the IJaja (,'aliforiiia 
 I'oast. Tiu'ee il.iys with little \\ ind lirou;j;ht the ships, no ilistance given, to 
 (_'ape San Martin, north of San Angustin, where the euast turns from nortli to 
 jiorth-west. This trend, and also the time, if we disreL'-ar<l th(\ ealin, favors 
 llensiiaw'.s locati<jn of Todos Sant<).s rather than Xavarrete's of San yuintiii. 
 X( xt they sailed fonr leagues X. K., or X. X. E ; l>\it this is not possilile from 
 I'odos Santos either l)y tlw! best niapfiovtlie trend justliotecl. Xcxt "JI leagues 
 X. w., and N. X. \v. to San Mateo; the distance "J.") leagues eoi'respondiii'^ 
 lietter with that from San (>>ui'itin to Todos ,Sanl.)s, than with that from t!ie 
 latter to San])ie;io. On the other hanil, the next sta','e, ^1 leagues to San 
 idiguel, lu'tter lit.s that from San Diego to San I'edro than from Todos Santos 
 to the former. Dut they ]iassed fi. little island close to the jshore on arriviir,' 
 lit San Mateo, therebeing none at Todos Santos so far as the maps show; anil 
 on the other hand, on sailing to San Migrn 1, they jas.scd three islus ih/x riM 
 tliree leagues from the mairi, the largest being two leagues long, or iiossihlv 
 in eirenniference, which agrees better with the Coi'onados just below San 
 ]>iego than with San ( 'Icnientt^ ." nd Santa ( 'atalina. ^loreovcr the de.scri|iiii)n 
 of San Mat.'o with its lake, and t'spccially its groves of trees, does not cnrrc- 
 s|iond at all to S.nn Oiego. The strongest reason \\\\\ San .Mi'^uel must be S;in 
 ]Meg() ami not San TediV) will be nolic(Ml pnsenlly. The investigator's troulilcs 
 icie not lessened b} the noii-existence of a perfect chart of the IJaja Califnraia 
 ct.iust. 
 
 ll 
 
JUAN r.ODrJGUEZ AT SAX TEDRO, 
 
 71 
 
 s rclatitiu 
 ls usually 
 fuvarieto, 
 ,t recently 
 hcriiortli, 
 ,u Mateo." 
 re is little 
 
 to regard 
 ie at every 
 iic fault of 
 
 of wlii(/li. 
 itatteni])t- 
 :;iu I hIuiU 
 
 Califirninn 
 craft tlian 
 ■go Bay in 
 ) have beru 
 lie iiatiM'S 
 
 ri-((ilo) port, 
 cr'ih'il'., CKCc'l't 
 
 ^hoil hero by tl'o 
 (Irovc.iot liK) 
 •us, uiul In'iKiJ 
 
 ami ITcnsliaw 
 !'>aj;i Ciilifi'nii:v 
 stance giveii. to 
 IS Ircim noi'tli to 
 he calm, I'avnis 
 if Sim (.>uiiUiii. 
 ,t [Hissilile fri'lii 
 XcxfJllwiLriifS 
 ciinx'spoiuliug 
 h tliat from Uie 
 lca'j:uert to Siiii 
 111 Toilos Santos 
 ...ire on ariivinij 
 naps show ; ami 
 I'L- ialufi d<':-i'i' '■'«■' 
 ou'-t, or IMissilily 
 j\ist below Sun 
 the iloMCviption 
 (hies IK it iMiTC- 
 ml must be San 
 iurAor's tnniMr" 
 'llajafalil'-nii;' 
 
 \\cre tiiiiid in their intercourse with the stiangers, 
 vdimn they called Guacanial; Imt they won ndrd with 
 thrir arrows three of a l>arty that landeil at night to 
 lisli. lnter\ie\vs, voluntary and en'" .'ced, were hold 
 with a few individuals both on shore and on tlu; ships; 
 and the Spaniai'ds underst(.Hxl by their signs that the 
 natives had seen or lieard of men like th(.'inselves, 
 licnrdtd, mounted, and armed, somewhere in the in- 
 Irrior. " 
 
 J^('aving San Miguel Octol)er od, thoy sail three 
 day.s or about eighteen leagues, along a coast of val- 
 hys and ])]ains and smokes, with high mountains in 
 th(.! interior, to the islands some seven leagues fj'om 
 tlic main, v/liich they name from their vessels San 8al- 
 vador and Mtoria. They land on one of the islands, 
 alter the inhabitants, timid and even hostile at first, 
 Iiave been appeased by signs and have come olf in a 
 eaiioe to receive gilts. They tt)0 tell of white men on 
 the main. On Sunday the Spaniards go over to llcrni 
 llj'inc to a JarLi'e bay whicJ) thev call Bahi'a de los 
 J'\unos, or Fuegos, from the smoke of iires sec.ui there. 
 ]t is tlescribed as a good })ort with good lands, valleys, 
 ].Liii!s, and groves, lying in 35°. I suppose the island 
 \ isitcd to have been Santa Catalina, and the [)ort to 
 have been San Pedro.^" 
 
 Saihn<r six leao-ues fai'ther on Octo1)er 0th, Cabiillo 
 anchoi's in a large cnsciiada, or bight, whieh is doubt- 
 less Santa, Monica. ^'^ Thence they go on the next day 
 
 " It is n<it impossilile, thoii^'h not jirobable, tliat the natives hail hearJ of 
 I)ia/, Alareon, ami Ullna, a.t the head of ilie ^ulf. The iinliaiii ul San J)ieL;i) 
 arc ill', crib'.'d as well foniieil, of lan'e si/e, clothed in sliiiis. 
 
 '- lleiisliaw, n;) we havo .seen, makes this liahia de. I'ltmos I'lahia Ona (or 
 Santa Miiuica), iilelitifying San Pedro with San ;Mi,^'iiel, and tlie i.-i!aml with 
 S::iita (.'rnz. The name San Salvador as mentioned later seems hij .strom.'i'st 
 ri ason, tiiou^h he does not say so. He admits the diliieiilty ef idciitilj in;.,' 
 Santa (.'atalina v.iih the Jslas IJesiertas, hintin;,' that ollur sinalkr islands 
 may havo di.sijipeaied; bnt a more serious objection still — eonelii.sive tome- - 
 is the hict that San rc:did would never havo lucn called a /iikiIi rfrnnln, or 
 landlocked ]io;'t; nor v.oiild it have a Horded |iiotccti(in froma siouth-we; t tab'. 
 
 '■'Certainly not the Idijiiiia near i't Mu_l;u as iienshaw says. Santa Muiiica 
 vas exactly v.hat fhe Sjtaniards woulil have ealleil an < iim iirn/n : indetd, they 
 did often so e.dl it in later years as they did also Monterey Hay. i;nd San 
 JVancisco outside the heads iVoni I't IJeVcs to I'i-i'nn I'oint.'alviay . (he J.'n- 
 t>' Kwlii (U' lnH i\ind(uM:s, Like the navi;^ators of other nation:;, ihey wero 
 
■x-^ 
 ^a^" 
 
 72 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ill 
 
 some t'in'lit L.'au'uos to an Indian town, ancliorinr' 
 c);)i)ositc u great valley. The town, called Pueblo du 
 \i\H Caiioas and located in 35" 20', is doubtless in the 
 vicinity of San Buenaventura, the valley being that 
 of the Santa Clara/* The Spaniards take formal 
 possession and remain here finir days. The natives 
 come to the ships in tine canoes, each canying twelvi.' 
 oi- thirteen men, and they report other Christians seven 
 days' journey distant, for Avhom they take a letter, 
 also indicating the existence of a great ri\er. They 
 say thei'e is maize in the valley, Avliich assertion is 
 conlirmed later by natives who talk also of cae which 
 the vovagers undei'stand to bo cows, callin<jj the 
 maize t>ry>. The natives arc fishermen; they dress in 
 skins, and live on raw fish and ma<ju('ij. Their name 
 for the town is Xucu, and they call the Christians 
 Taquimine. 
 
 Six or seven leagues bring them on the 13th past 
 two islands each four leagues long and four leagues 
 from the coast, uniiduibited for lack of water, but 
 with good ports. ^'^ The next anchoi'age is two leagues 
 farther, opposite a fine valley, perha[)s Santa Bar- 
 bara, where the natives are friendly and bring tish in 
 canoes lor barter. The ten leagues of October loth 
 carry them past an island fiftt^en leagues in length, 
 which the}' name San Lucas, ajijuirently Santa liosa."' 
 
 not very strict in tlirir iiso of gcograpliicnl terms; but to suppose th.it tlio 
 little lai'iiiKi would liiive l)eni c.iUed by tliuin iiu 'cnsciuula j'rauilc' i.s tcio 
 !ibsui'(l I'or even refutation; 'iuli't' is not a cori'ect remieriiii,' of iiisi'ikiiIh. 
 Taylor idcuitilics tlie cuscn.Tila with the cove or roadstead of Santa lli'irhata. 
 /'//>•' I'di/dji' li) the CimikI iif ('<il'/<>i-n!(t. J le points out tlie^-laringdeiiiieUL-ii s 
 iu all tliat liad lie'u wi'itten on the subject, and Hatters himself tliat by tlie 
 aid of men iamiliar with tlic coast he has I'olhiued the route of tlio iia\ ii'ators 
 Very elosi'ly; and so lie has, just as far :',s he copies Xavarrele, bliiiiderii';^ 
 fearfully in most licsides. 
 
 "Navarrcto says iu the cnscnada of San Juan Capistrano, which is unin- 
 telli,;.'il)le. 
 
 '' Anai'apa and tlie eastern jinrt of Santa Cruz as seen from a distance and 
 as e\])laiued by the natives' si,L;us, which were n<jt understo<id. 
 
 '"Six lca;tues from the uia'n, and ei,u'htccu lenirues fi'cm rnel>lo de Cnnoas. 
 It was said to b.ave the billiw in[,' pueblos: Kiipiipos, Maxnl, Xui'ua, "N'itd, 
 ^Macanio. Niinitopal. l^ater it is stati'd that San Liic'as was the middle island. 
 iiaviiiLi; threes puibhis ^vlios<" names do not a-ree wiili tho.'-.i' lure iiivcii. Thcie 
 i 1 a Impekss confusion in the accountsof these islands, bid no dviubt that this 
 was the yruup visited. 
 
 
CAr.TULLO IX THE SANTA BARBARA CIIA:>X1:L. 
 
 iclioriu!^' 
 leblo (.It! 
 s ill the 
 iiLj that 
 1 lornuil 
 
 natives 
 f twelve 
 lis seven 
 a letter, 
 -. Tliey 
 L'l'tion is 
 w \vhieh 
 ling the 
 
 dress in 
 uir name 
 hristiaii;; 
 
 Oth past 
 • loau,'ues 
 iter, but 
 ) leagues 
 ita l>ar- 
 tr iish in 
 ei' 15 th 
 length, 
 Ivosa. 
 
 |iso that tliti 
 aule' is ten) 
 
 |if ( IIH'IKII^ll. 
 
 (l;i Bih-liara. 
 j(l(jliL'ifiicits 
 It hat l.y tlio 
 I; iiavi_L'at(ir.s 
 bliiiuk'riii;^' 
 
 [ii;h is liiiiii- 
 
 |i.-!tancc ami 
 
 di' Canoas. 
 
 "ua, Nitrl, 
 
 idle islaiitl. 
 
 tni. Tiii'i'' 
 
 Vt that tlii^ 
 
 ^[oiHliiv the l()(h the}' sail four leagues to two towns, 
 ill u region A\here there is a i)lace still called Dos 
 ]*uehlos; and three leagues more on Tuesday. The 
 iialives wear their hair long, and intertwined with 
 .-(rings of Hint, bone, and v»ooden daggers. Next day 
 ilu v eonie to a point in latitude 3(r, whieli tliey name 
 ('a[)e (JaleiTi, now Point Concepcion in latitude 34° 
 L'(!'. The distance from Pueblo de Canoas is thirty 
 1. agues, Xexu being the general name of the province, 
 A\liirh lias more than forty towns." 
 
 1'lie narrative of what Cabrillo saw on tlie sliores 
 and islands of the Santa Barbara Channel, exce])t a 
 unirDrin exaggeration in the size of the islands, confu- 
 sidii in locating them, and perhajis the casa.-> (jmndes 
 ot" Canoas town, agrees very well Avith tlie truth as 
 iwealcd by later mission annals and by the relics 
 exhumed Jii late years b}^ antiquarians. Tlie region 
 was certainly inhabited in early times by people who 
 used canoes, lived mainly by fishing, and wei-e much 
 superior in many respects to most otlier natives of 
 California. There was a tendency at ilrst, as is usual 
 ill such cases, to ascribe the Channel relics to a ])!■('■ 
 historic race;^** but nothing indicating such an origin 
 
 '■ TIk; imcblos, l)osiuiiing Avith Canoas, were, Xucn, Bis, Sojinno, Ailoc, 
 Xal)aagi;a, X-jOdtoc, I'otoltuc, Xachuo, QucLjiicnii;, ?i!isina,mu!, Miiesoiiano, 
 ];i(l!iii, ('(I'.oc, Mil;,'!!, Xagua, Aiiacljuc, I'artocac, Susmjiu'y, (Juaiiimi, (iiia 
 for (^>uaiiimigua), Asiinu, Ai^uin, L'asalio, Tucuiim, IiR-puini, Cicacut (Sardi- 
 iias), Ciiicut, Anaoot, Maciuinanoa, I'altatrc, Aiiacoat (<ii' Anacoac), Ulesiuci, 
 Caaiat (or Caai'ac), I'altocuc, Tocaiie, Opia, Opistopia, Xocos, Yiitiiiii, (^)ui- 
 liiaii, Xiioiua, (Jaioniisopona, and Xcxo; ciul ou the islands. On /i(pii- 
 iiniyiun, nr Juan Kodi-igucz, or rosesioii (San ^liy;iU'l), Xaco (or Caco) ami 
 XiinnUullo. On Xicahpie, or San Lucas (Santa liosa), Xiclioi^hi, Coycuy, 
 aud Ivitixoloco (ov t'ulocd). On the other San Lucas. See note 1(1. On Limn 
 i"V Liiuuu) (ir San Salvador (Santa Cruz), Xi(picscs(|uc]ua, Poclc, ris([ucm), 
 I'ualiiac.aup, I'atiipiin, ralii|uili(l, Xinuniu, Muoc, rilid([uay, LilelKipie. 
 'I'luse names uere those which the Indian natives were nndeislood to apply 
 t(i towns not visited, ami vi'ry little accuracy is to he expected. 'I'aylor, Jii-'- 
 (■'//■(/•(/•.. ui.il Foil nil' rs, i. Xo. 1, claini.s to liavo identilied Calnillo'.s names in 
 .-^cMi'al instances with those found iu the mission re,Li--ter.s. This is net ini- 
 likily, ih(iu,L;h the authority i.s nut a safe one. He also say.s that tii'' Indians 
 in I, so;! reco;.;nized the native iiaiues ol San ^ligucl and its towns as ^iv<.'n by 
 C.iliiil'o. >,(ine of tlie many rancluria names which I have m<'t and wiucli 
 will lie given iu later mission annals show any mark' resemblance to the old 
 
 JlidlM'S. 
 
 '" < )n the Indiana of thi.s i-c,::ion see A'o/icc /I'acr.s', i, 4(V2-'2-; iv. ()S7-!>7. Seo 
 id.-(jc.n archaMilii.^qcal researchc;-: l\ ,S. O'emj. tSiirrii/, U'/mlir, vol. vii. Art/no- 
 'jIojj, V>'u»liinyton, 1S79, [lussiin. 
 

 1 
 
 ■n 
 
 I 
 
 ill' 
 
 ii 
 
 i i 
 
 74 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFOnXIA. 
 
 has ovcrbcun runnel tliero. Iluiiinis, like those of the 
 co\V8 and maize, \vei'e far from accurate. 
 
 From Cape Galera they go October 18th to dis- 
 cover two islands ten leauaies from the main, and thev 
 spend a week of stormy weather in a good harbor in 
 tlie smaller one which they name La Posesion, prol)- 
 ably Cnyler's Ilai-bor in San jSliguel. Tlio two are 
 called 8an Liicas.^" Leaving the ])ort Wednesday 
 the 25th the ships are beaten about by adverse \vdnds 
 for anotlier week, making ]ittlc> j^rogress, Ijai-ely reach- 
 ing a })oint ten leagues beyond Cape Galera in 00° []()'. 
 They do not anchor, nor can they iintl a gi'eat river 
 said to be there, though there are signs of rivers, but 
 on the 1st of November they return to the ancliorage 
 imder Cape Galera, by them named Todos Santos, 
 now Coxo, where is the town of Xexo. They haw 
 ])robably gone as far as the mouth of the Santa ]\Iarfu 
 in latitude 35°.-" Next day they proceed down the 
 coast to tliG town of Cicacut, or Sardinas, in 35° 45', 
 where wood and water are more accessible than at tlic 
 cape. 1'his seems a head town of the ])rovinc(.% ruled 
 by an old woman who j)asscs two nights on one of the 
 Aessels."^ StartiniX the Gtli, it takes them till the 10th 
 to get back to the cape anchorage of Todos Santos. 
 
 Perhaps they pass the capo on the lOtli. At nil 
 events on tlie morning of the 11th they are near tlio 
 place readied before, twelve leagues beyond tlie cape; 
 and that day with a fair wind tlun* sail twentv leaoms 
 north-west, along a wild coast without shelter, and 
 with a lofiy sierra rising abruptly from the shore. 
 The mountains in 37° 30' are named Sierra de Sail 
 Martin, I'ormiiig a cape at their end in 38°, or as is 
 
DISCOVERY OF TOINT TINOS. 
 
 76 
 
 stated later in o7° 30'. The sierra is that now called 
 Santa Lueia, and I suppose the cape to liave been 
 that still called San ]\Ia]tin, or Puiita Gorda in ?>')° 
 [)l', though this is not quite certain.--^ In the ni^'ht 
 heiuo" six leaj^ues oil* the coast they are struck hy a 
 sronu which separates the ships and lasts all day Suu- 
 (!av and until Monday noon. Under a small fore- 
 staysail Cabrillo's shii)S drift slowly and laboriously 
 iiorth-westward with the Avind. jMonday evening', the 
 wcatlier clearing somewhat and the wind shiiting to 
 the westward, the flag-shi}) turns toward the land,'''' in 
 scare] I of the consort. At dawn she sights land, and 
 idl (lay in a high sea labors slowly to tlie north-west 
 aJDU"' a rou'jli coast without harbors, where are many 
 ti'ccs and lofty nioiuitains covered with snow. They 
 sight a point covered with trees in 40°; and at night 
 heave to. 
 
 Of their coxn^so and progress next day, the 15th, 
 iiotliiu''' is said, but iirobablv advancinuc somewhat 
 fartlier north-westward they see the consort and join 
 hei- at niglitfall, when they take in sail and heave to. 
 At dawn next morning they have drifted back to a 
 lai'ge ensenada in 39° or a little more, the shores of 
 which are covered witli })ines, and which is therefore 
 named ]3ahia de los Pinos, and one of its ])oiiits C'abo 
 de Pinos. They hope to find a port and river, but 
 after working against the wind for two days and 
 a night, they are unable to discover either. They 
 
 -- ITciisliaw makes it Pt Siir in .SO" 20'; and it is true that the coast of tho 
 day's r; iliiv^ con'os]-.oiids liotter in f-omc respects Mith tliat up to I't Snr tliiin 
 tn I't (.lordii. IJi]\vcver, tho latitude ."T" .'i"' ^\ilh allnwaiu-o I'nr Cdii IIIu'm 
 ayera.i'c excels, iijipliea better to rtOorda; tliat ]M>int alfio, aeeordiu;,' to the 
 r. S. Coast Survey ehart.s, eorrespdii^Is mueli lielter, tVnui a southei ii stand- 
 lii'int, to the rcriidt' (jf tlie sierra as deserihed; the distaiiee from J't Cunee])- 
 eiiiii, Wl leagues, has to he eon;- iderahly exau'.^erated even to reaeli I'ttJorda; 
 01! tin.' return it i.snoted. tliat aliont 1.') leai^ues isouth of tlie ea-pc tho ehioaeter 
 of the coast changed and settlements began. mIucIi agrees better -with < ;or(hi 
 than Sur, and docs not agree with the .statement tliat all of the voyage of tlic 
 1 lt!i \vas along a coast uhere the mountains rise abriqitly from tlu; ^^ater. I 
 think the eouot from San Luis to I't (lorda agrees well enough \M,h tho 
 'h -fiiption; and this supposition throws some light on proceedings farther 
 ninth. 
 
 ■■ '.V la vuelta dc la tierra.' !N'ot 'at the turn of the luud' as Evans tnui.s- 
 lutes it. 
 
76 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORXIA. 
 
 
 :^i!|! 
 
 anchor in forty-five fiitlionis to tak(> possession, but 
 dare not land on account of the high sea. Lying to 
 for the night, on the 18th tliey descend the coast, 
 under lofty sno\v-cai)p{;d mountains so near that they 
 seem about to fall on them. The Sierras Nevadas, 
 they are called, and a point passed in 38" 45' Cabo de 
 Nievc. Then they procceil to Caj)e San ]\Iarttn, and 
 on the 23d arrive at the old harbor on Poset-ion, or 
 San j\Iiguel Island. 
 
 Cabrillo had run along the coast, point by point, 
 from Cape Pinos to the island; from Pinos to vSan 
 IMartin the coast was wild, rough, without shelter, 
 and with no signs of iidiabitants; but below Siin ]Mar- 
 tin fifteen leagues — possibly for a distance of fifteen 
 leagues — the countrv became better and inJuibited. 
 Many difficulties present themselves in comiection 
 with this northern navigation; but I am convinced 
 that the Bahia de Pirios was Monterey Bay; Cabo 
 de Pinos the cape still so called at the soutliern end 
 of that bay; Cabo de Xievo, or Snowy Capo, the 
 ])rescnt Point Sur; and the point in 40°, Point Aho 
 Nuevo, Pigeon Point, Pillar Pointy or at most not 
 above Point Peycs in 38°."'* 
 
 '"Navarrcte agrees with tliis view, except that he does not identify the 
 rape in Hf, and makes Cape Xicve tlio same as Afio Xuovo, wliicli last cf 
 eoursc is a hhniilcr. Taylor ako idontilicH ^Monterey Bay, ni.ik.s Point Ivovis 
 the capo iu 40°, but falls into great confusion, osjiecially in locating I'oint 
 Martin ahovo Monterey, llerrera makes Point Pinos the cape in 4()'. Ilum- 
 l)o'dt, L.tmi! Pol., ',\'l'^, thinks the enpcvas Auo Xucvo. Venei;as, Lorenzana, 
 and C'avo imply that the cape was Mendocino; and it is probable indeed that 
 that name vas givin later to a cape t upposed to be this one, ;.s \\c shall see. 
 Finally Evans and Jlensliaw identify the cape in 40" with I'cint Arenas (.'IS' 
 57'), the Hay of Pinos vrith Bodega 15ay, I'oint Pinos presumably the south- 
 ern p.oint of that bay, and Cape Xieve tlicy ]irononnec nniden'.iliable. I find 
 very little, excc]it the latitudes cited, to justify the conclusion.', last given, and 
 I find much nyoiust them. I'oint Arenas is not a wooded point iu any sense 
 not f|uite as applicable to any of the points turthcr south. Bodega Bay might 
 possibly be called an (vnwvld, incorrectlj' translated inlet, but not a kirire 
 one; if entered its peciiliar ramifications would have called for oth'>r remark 
 than that nopoi't or river could be found; its .shores were nevi'r covered Mith 
 jiine ■.; and Point Touiales in no way corrcijionds to Cabrillo 's Point P'iuos. 
 Ju co;;stiiig southward from Bodega, Point Itcyes would certainly have been 
 noted; anil assuredly that coast has no mountains overhanging the Avater. 
 Evans and Ilenshaw have to avoid this dillieulty l)y mistranslating cosftiili sfc 
 i/'ii tiie 'coast they passed from tliis day;' but even that does not suliice, for 
 tlicri' is no such coast for a long distance. Again, Cabrillo claims to havc! 
 followed the coast 'pouit by point,' from Pinos to the islands, liuduig no 
 
DEATH OF CABPJLLO. 77 
 
 At La Poscsion the voyagers I'cnnalnod for iioni'ly 
 two moiitlis, and they ii-iuiiiuxl the island .luaii IJodri- 
 ciicz Croni their brave eonnnandei' Cahrillo, v.ho died 
 there Jainiary 3, lo-lO. lie liad had a fall on the 
 i -land in October, had made the northern trip sutlir- 
 iii'4- from a broken arm, and from exposure the injuiy 
 hi'came fatal. ]Iis dying orders were to push the 
 (.•\ploration northward at every hazard. He Avas a 
 Poitugueso navigator ill the Spanish service, of whom 
 nntiiing is known beyond the skill and bravery dis- 
 played on this expedition, and the fact th.'it his repu- 
 1. it ion was believed to justify his appointment as 
 conimander. No traces of his last resting-])lace, almost 
 certainly on San Miguel near Cuyler's harbor, have 
 1)eeii found; and the drifting sands have perhaps made 
 such a discovery doubtful. To this bold mariner, the 
 lirst to discover her coasts, if to any one, California 
 ]iia\' with })r()priety erect a monument."'' 
 
 On Cabrillo's death Bartolome Ferrelo, the Levan- 
 tine piloto mayor, assumes connnand; but the weathei- 
 does not permit departure till the 19th. Even then. 
 when they start for the main they are driven to the 
 island of San Salvador, or Santa Cruz,"" and finding 
 no harbor are forced to beat al^out the islan<ls in 
 veering winds for eight days, until on the 27th they 
 
 aiKlioraf,'c iiiid no good iuli;il)itt'(l eouiitry until jiasfc San Martin. Tliis is vory 
 iilteiinl wlicu applied to ]jodfj,'a, but ti'iu; cnougii from Monterey. Tlie traiis- 
 liiturs nvo indeed struck with this ahsnrdity, whieh they veiy weakly explain 
 liy siiiiiio^iiii,' tiiat Cabrilk) trusted tolas oliser'.atiuns in the storm and log of 
 the ti ip Horiiiward. There seems never to have been nuicli doubt among llie 
 Sp:ir.iards aliout the identity of Cabrillo's I'inos; and I deem it very unwise 
 . 1 iihiiige into such diliieulties as those ju.-5t niention(Ml for the purpose of eoii- 
 liimiiig C.iliriilo's observations of latitude, which are known to have been very 
 faulty at best. 
 
 '-'T.iylor, Di'-cor. and Founders, i. No. 1, mentions unsuccessful researelirs 
 by liiiiiKrlf, A'lniiral Ahh n, and Xidever. In 187."), however, he found two])its 
 oil a level near ( ,'uyler's Harbor, abf)ut 10 feet in diameter, which he doulits 
 ih't wiU prove to be the grave of C'abrillo and his men. At any rate they ' hail 
 a Very peculiar loi'k I' And an old sailor of Santa liarliara told this jnithiu' 
 that ill IS7'J he opened a Spanish grave on .Santa Cruz Island, which had a 
 w<iode'i head-board on which could be deciphered the date of abi/ut IfiliO! 
 
 '■'• I suppose this was not the San Salvadoi- lirst named, which was ])r(ihal)ly 
 San (!kiiieiite. That there was confusiou in the statements ivspoetiug these 
 islands is eci\ciin; but in niy ojiinioii it is not lessened by Henshaw's theory 
 tlinl Sin ( 'lemente and Santa Catalina were the islas desiertas, or by Navur- 
 rcte's that Fericlo at this time went to Sua Clemcnte. 
 
if? 
 
 1" 
 
 I- k 
 
 
 'rf: 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 78 
 
 THE PISCO\ERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 M'turii to tlu; old li;ul)or. Two days later tlioy stait 
 a!4ain, lirst for Sail Lucas, tliu middlt) isle, to icm-ovci- 
 aiicliors loft there and olitaiii water, then to Port Sar- 
 (llnas lor other 8Up})lii'S, and hack to San Salvador, 
 A\ Iicnce they fhially .sail the 18th of Fehruary. With 
 a noitli-cast wind thev f(.llow a south-west course in 
 quest of certain islands, which they sec at niLj'htlbll, 
 six in number,-'' havinjjf sailed about twelve leagues. 
 At dawn tliey arc ten le- 'jfues to windward of these; 
 islands. With a wind from thow. n. w., they stand 
 oir south-westward for five days,-" making a distance of 
 about one hundred leagues. Then they turn their 
 course landward on the 22d with a south-west wind 
 whicli blows with iiicreasiuLj violence for throe davs 
 until at dawn on Sunday, the 25tli, they sight Caju! 
 I'inos, and anchor at niu'ht on a bleak coast twenty 
 lengues to windward near a point where the coast 
 turns iVoin N.w. to n. N. w."" — tliat is at Pigeon Point, 
 or thereabout in 37° 12'. Ilerrera names it Cabo do 
 Portunas, or Capo Aclvciituro."'' 
 
 Fr<Mn this point the narrative furnishes but little 
 O'round for anvthinuf but coniecturo. There are no 
 longer recognizable landmarks but only course's and 
 winds with one solar observation. The latitude oii 
 Wednesday the 28th is 43°. If wc go l.>y this alone, 
 deducting the two degrees of excess that pertain to 
 all of this navii>'a tor's more northern latitudes, we have 
 41°, or the region between Humboldt and Trinichid 
 bays, as Ferrelo's position; but if wc judge by his 
 starting-point, and probable progress as coinj)ar(d 
 with other parts of the voyage, it is more probablo 
 
 ^'Of course the iKlnmls conM have hccn no otlicrs than Sail CkMncntc, 
 Santa Ciitiilina, Santa lliiiliara, San Xicohi.i, anil ]legj,'3 Rouk, with t'ataliiKV 
 a|>|icaiuig as two to make six ; though these arc not south-west of the noithi. i a 
 gn)U]i. 
 
 ''"Ry the dates it couhl not have hcon ([uite 4 days. 
 
 -" Evans incorrectly says to the N.w.; and though the point is not identi- 
 fied, it must i)e tlie Ft Cahrillo of modern maps just above Ft Arenas accmil- 
 ing to lleiisliaw. 
 
 •*' Ilerrera, dec. A-ii. lib. v. cap. iv. Ho puts it in 41", that is 1° beyoiul 
 C. Finos, whieli ho identities with tiie cape in 40^ He gives the ilato as I'l ' 
 2(itli. In other rcppeets llcrrera's accouii 
 ha\e been taken from the original uurative. 
 
 t contains nothing that 
 
 it nut 
 
F::r.nRLo in the xortit. 
 
 70 
 
 lliat Ik- Is still far l)(.'l(»\v Ca[M> "Meiuloeiiio, a coiichisioii 
 that lias ?;ll'''!it coiiliniuitioii in the I'act that the luw- 
 
 lativc iiidlfati'S iio chaii.^^o In the {^(cneral iiortli-we'st 
 Irtiid (it'lhu coast. I ajipc'iul an abrldj^^od statciucnt.'" 
 Diirlii'^" till! iili;lit of Fchruary '28tli, and most of tho 
 iitxt (lav, they aro driven l»ya soutli-west gale towards 
 Ihc land, and as tlioy estimate to latitude 44 . ■ Tlu;y 
 recoijjnize tluir Imminent peril, and a[)pcal to »»uv Lady 
 of ( !ua(laln|)e. in answer to their cries, a norther 
 
 conies w 
 
 hlch 
 
 1 sends them lar so 
 
 utl 
 
 nvan 
 
 land 
 
 saves tneir 
 
 th 
 
 lives. Thi^'V imagine they see signs of tlie inevitable 
 'great river' between 41° and 43'; they sco Capo Piiios 
 ^larcli ud; and on the 5th are off the island of Juan 
 luidrigucz, their northern wanderings being at an enil. 
 Of course there is no possibility of determining 
 (le'initely Ferrelo's northern limit. He thought that 
 lie reached 44', being driven by the gale sixty mil 
 
 es 
 
 )iyon 
 
 4 
 
 111 ■host observation iu 43^; and there is no 
 
 I'eason to suspect any intentional misrepresentation in 
 the nairatlvc!, written either by Ferrelo or by one of his 
 
 assoc 
 
 lat 
 
 es. 
 
 IJut in southern California the latitudes 
 
 of this voyage are about 1° 30' too hio'h, increasing 
 iipjai'ently to about 2^ farther north; thus Ferrelo's 
 northern limit was at uiost 42° or 42° 30', just beyond 
 
 til 
 
 iresL'i 
 
 it 1 
 
 )() 
 
 undary ot 
 
 Calif. 
 
 ornia. 
 
 Tl 
 
 lis 1; 
 
 >ul)st; 
 
 Ul- 
 
 tiallv the conclusion of both Navarrete and lleiishaw.'*'* 
 
 ■" Feb. '2.")tli, midnight to <l;nvn, cnurse w. x. \v.. -wind s. s. w; Feb. 20th, 
 coiusu N. vr., v.ii.il \v. s. w. very sti'on,'^'; Feb. '27th, cour.-o W. N'. w., %vitli 
 liiwi icil fdi'csiiil, wind s. s. w. All ni^ht ran s. with w. wind iiml l'lJn^;h .sea; 
 Fell. "iSih, wind .'^. w. iirid niodenite; liiUtudc 4.T. In tlic ligli' (•our.".o n. w. 
 Willi nu'.ch labor. Mareli 1, a furioun j,'alo fruni the .s. s. \v., v.ith ii hi;;h se;ti 
 liViiikiuL; over the ,'^ln]i; eonisc X, K. towards the land. Tlio ioy, thick, but 
 sijus of l.'Mid in the yliapc (if birds, lloatinj^ wood, ote., also indication of 
 rivi:s. At ;! r. m. a n. wind came to f;ave tliem, and carii'd tlu ni s. all 
 iii'.ht. March 'Jd, course .i^. w ith i-ougli sea; in tiie niglit a n. \v. and \. .\. w. 
 g;ik', cor.r.~c s. K. and K. H. K. March 3, eleured up at iioon; wind N. W.; 
 lighted ( '. 1 inos. 
 
 "'-llevreva saya they took an observation in 44° on March 1st. Venegaa 
 folln\v;i hiui, but' makes the ilato March 10th. 
 
 ■" l'erlia]!S .Juan I'aez as already explained. Herrera calls Ferrelo I'errer. 
 'I'lu' orii.'iuid Uf.ci! both the forms Ferrelo and Ferrer. 
 
 "' Xavarrcte puts it ' 4.'f' eon corta dii'erencia .segun cl error de exccso (pic 
 gcneralniente se notii en sus latitudes;' but ho himself makes the iivorago 
 excess I ;i(r, so that the limit was 41' 110'. Ilcnshaw was not, as he implies, 
 tile lirst to note the uniform excess. He thinks the soutlicru bouudury of 
 Oregon ' not far out of the way.' 
 
80 
 
 TlIK PT.^COVKRV OF CAl.IFORXrA. 
 
 But if W(! (lisn^ufiird ]'\'rri'l()'s solar obscrvailoiis all 
 otlur cvidc'iico to 1)0 drawn from llic oiit;'iiial iiar- 
 I'ativo points to a latitudt; much lower cvcii than 
 4i2', ])ar(i<'iilarly if, as I think I have shown ocyond 
 nnich d(»uht in the j)rec('din^ jiai^c^s, the ha}' and jioiiiL 
 of Pinos arc to bo identiMod v.ith INEontcri'V. It is 
 my opinion that the Spaniards in this voyaj^o did not 
 pass far, if at all, hoyond Ca^x; JMinidociiio in -lO' 2(\'; 
 aiid thci'o is nothing to support thu hfliof of later 
 years that Fcrrelo discovered that cape. It may 
 liowevei* have been named indirectly iVouj Cahrillo's 
 snp[)ose(l discovery; that is, the name may ha\'e been 
 <;iven after the return to the cape in '10' ^vllieh Ca- 
 brillo discovered and did not name, though Torque- 
 mada says the discovery was made by vessels comiiiL;' 
 IVom ^Manila. Nor is it unlikely that ]\[anila vessels 
 noting the cape in later years may have identified it 
 
 ^vith Cabrill( 
 
 d 
 
 th 
 
 i'dinu'b 
 
 o 
 
 OS ca[)e antl given tne name accoi 
 in honor of the viceroy jMeixloza."' 
 
 Unal)le l)y rc'son of rouuh Aveather to enter the 
 Id port in the island of Juan liodrigue:-:, on ]March 
 /jth Ferrelo runs over to San Salvador M'hcrc he loses 
 siglit of the consort. On the 8th ho proceeds to the' 
 l*uel)lo de Canoas, obtaining four natives and return- 
 ing n(^xt day. Two daj's later he goes down to San 
 jMiguel, or San Diego, where he W'aits six davs for the 
 missing vessel, taking two boys to be carried to Mex- 
 ico as intc-i'preters. On the ITtli they are at San 
 Mateo, or Todos Santos; and on the "JGtli join the 
 ]^itoria at C'edros Island. They have been in great 
 peril on some shoals at Cahrillo's island; but l»y 
 
 3' T(wqiiem(i(lit, i. (jf).*?. Vcncgaa, Kof. CaL, i. l.'>l-3, RPoins to liavc liciii 
 the ilrat to .statu tliut Caln'illo (lisuovi'icd and iiaincil tlio ta]io. l^on iizaiia, ii 
 l.'orli'x, Hi-t. y. h'spiiiid, H'Z'i-Ci, ami Cavo, 'J'n.i S/(jlof. i. l'M>, make the same 
 statement; and it i-t followed l)y most later writers. The early writers, hi>«- 
 ever, all imply that the capo was di.scoverod before Cibrillo'.s death and n^t 
 by I'errelo, doiiV>tless identifying it with the namcle.ss cape in 40^ really Aiio 
 Xiievo or l'ij,'eon I'oint. Laet, Nofii.i 0>-bi% .30(>-7, mak's ('. Fortunas tin: 
 iKiithern limit of tlic voyage; and Ihimey, t'liron. Ilixt., i. 220-5, ideutilu s 
 I'ortunas with Mendocino, and is followed by Crecnhow, Or. (unl dil., 02-.". 
 A ^•ery absn rd theory has been more or less current that i'errelo ga,vc \di 
 uaiiie to the Farallones of Siin Francisco. 
 
SIR FRAXCIS DIIAICE. 
 
 81 
 
 IIS all 
 
 iKir- 
 
 tlian 
 
 jyon.l 
 
 point 
 
 It is 
 id not 
 d' 20'; 
 ' later 
 '(. may 
 ji'illo's 
 i> l)oeu 
 ,-li Ca- 
 'orque- 
 •onunL,' 
 vcsstAs 
 :ilic(l it 
 I'dingly 
 
 tor tlio 
 
 Mnivli 
 
 \c loses 
 
 to til.) 
 
 Ii'ctum- 
 
 to San 
 
 for the 
 
 ) Mox- 
 
 \t San 
 
 )1U till- 
 
 1 great 
 ut l>v 
 
 liavc lii'iu 
 
 .iizana, ii 
 
 the sumo 
 
 Iters, liDW ■ 
 
 111 iUlll 11' it 
 
 Ically Alio 
 Hiiii;is tlio 
 i<lciitirn.'3 
 ]',(/., 0-2-:!. 
 jo gave Ui3 
 
 lira vers and promises tlioy i\ro sa\'ed, Tlu'V arrixo 
 ;it Xa\ idad Ajii'd I Ith, and the iir.st voyage to .Vita 
 Caliloi'iiia is at an iiid."" 
 
 VraiK'is Drake, made Sir Francis latter, entered tin; 
 ]\ieilie I)}"" May of Cajx^ Horn in ITiTS, having in viev 
 not only a raid on Spanish treasure, hut a leturn hy 
 tlie long-songht strait ot' Aniaii, or, if tliat eould not 
 he found, at least a Aoyage^ round (lie world. His 
 plundering cruise.; having heeu most suceosslul. he 
 .sailed in April 1571) from (Juatulco on the Oajaca 
 cu;ist to find the strait that ^vas to all'ord him a passage 
 llu'ough t1u) continent. He kept well out t:) sea; hut 
 
 JIL 
 e\ 
 
 J 
 
 ho 1 
 
 locamo di.scoiiragt.'rl on account ol 11 
 
 rt nie cold, resolved to ahandon the northern enter- 
 ]irise, ami having anchored in a had hay, ])erha[)S in 
 latitude 4;r, he camo down the ccjast in the (loliJci 
 jliiid to relit, wdieii a suilahlo ])lace could he found, 
 for a ^<>yago round Capo Good Hope and homo. The 
 particulars of his operations both in the north and 
 south are fully treated elsewhere; it is only wiih what 
 he did and saw in California that 
 
 corne( 
 
 ''■■OuC'iil.rill 
 
 Ywoii voy,' 
 
 we are now con- 
 
 , in nddition to the Movks to wliicli I liavo hail 
 
 fioii t'> refer, seo tlio follow iii;.r none of which, however, tlirow.-i any adili- 
 
 lioual li^^'lit on the siihjeet, many beir ; ]jnt I)ii( f allu.s 
 
 to tl 
 
 FiH'sfrr'.i //(VJV.7.,-ltS-;); Fi 
 
 10 voyajie: 
 
 , in Muirhdiid, lV(/.,i. viii.-ix.; Mi/iitaniis 
 
 Xhini-e Wirn'il, 1210-11, 101; A/., ymi'. W'llt, 'J.'iT-S; Clai'hjn-o, S/>r. Ctil. 
 l.',i-:>; JI!4. .l/((;/rr.;//i', ix. IIS; II ittrhhin^'' Mf(,/.,i. Ill; iii. 14(1; iv. I 10, ")47 
 
 Cnl. I'ar 
 
 May 4, lS:iO, 
 
 ills, isuj, Ai 
 
 11. 
 
 (IVi 
 
 liiid Mi,iit/i!i/, April 1S71, -J!);; Forltr.i IHM. CaL, 9; Fiii'llni/x Jjhfcfon/, 
 
 i. 31-1; Jji-oinic'.-< L. ('((/., 1S-I!»; Ca}>roii'n J/iM. ('«/., ll'l-_'; J)o,ii(;,ii fL'.t 
 
 ]:<-(fl.% i, •Jj;;: r,-;,/,',/, L. Cai., ( 
 
 J/iiiis' To//., X)-; Jlu/ildijijhrtll, V<i-surh; .Miirrai/'.i A 
 
 l''>nliiiii'l, l!("j., '>ioiirc!'(.i, 20; ,St Amiml, To'/. 
 
 T!iilr\JIU. 11 - ^ 
 
 20; (•■I'iS'iii'.i I list. Cut/i. C/i., i. 
 
 !I-S(); 
 
 i:i:i 
 
 rs-!); 
 
 /'(>//.(■, iOrcjo 
 
 M'l 
 
 n £. 
 
 s,s' Ori'ion. Oiiesf., '22; ('inii!sc's Xi'l. Wmllli, 
 
 :paitOf(l, 11. 
 
 narh(r\i Jl!.<(., 4,")!); Mof, 
 
 /■;, 
 
 i. !Hi- 
 
 :i.N; I'(i;/ii ',m Sh: 2[c.c. (.Vo;/., Ilo'i-tia ..'U JJjt., ii. I'X); A't/;-'.s ('../. I'uij., ii. 
 11-: .■cud a l.'irge iinmbcr of motlern mentions in hook.-i and iie\v.s[)a])cr.s. 
 
 •'■See. //;.>■/. Aorl/i. ,)/< x. St.itc-', and JJist. yorl/ncc't Const, i., tlii.i f^ei'ics, 
 Jiot oidy for detaili of Drake';) perl'onnance.s, but fur bibliographieal inloi'iua- 
 tiou tcaiehinv; the ori,'.;inal autliorities. Of t!ie latter tliero are only (hrei! that 
 
 ii;iiT:ito the (Uii:)'.;s in Calif 
 iii. 440-2; !)riih'\t World 1. 
 
 Drah 
 
 J)rub\i lo 
 
 oriua; 
 )ico:jiii((--s(:d, J.,i)n"lon, 1G2S; 
 
 !'/ii/io/hi i'oydji', hi ll'i/:lin/l\i I''//. 
 
 an< 
 
 I J) 
 
 niv'i an 
 
 IE. 
 
 ■pfo.ifc- 
 
 MS. Tl 
 
 i^cullf.i' <ij >ii' 
 
 leso are all repnbliished in the 
 
 lirnnijKiS-'i I, Wlllcll 
 
 U tl 
 
 le odllloil 
 
 Uidduyt Society ediiion of the tVo,:' > J: 
 
 lelerrLil to i'l my iiote.s. H.irdly a cjllectiou of voyajed or any knid ol work 
 Hist. Cal., Vol. I. 
 

 ,-s 
 
 
 82 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 (^11 tlio I7tli of Jnno Drake found a "eoniicmcnt 
 and lit hai'boi'ougli" for ]iis ])urposo in latitTidc .''8° 30'^^ 
 wIktc ho cast anchor and reuiahicd over a niontli, 
 until 'ridy '2od. ]Jo\vn to this point tlio coast M'as 
 "l)ut low and reasonahlc plainc," every hill being cov- 
 ered v.ith snow; and durinir all theii' stav, tliouHi in 
 tli(,^ hei;;'ht of siinnner, the cold was nippinj as farther 
 uor'ili, the air Ibr f )urtcen days being not clear ei'ough 
 bv reason of 'stinkinsx foufu'os' for an observation of 
 tlio sun or stars, ami the lur-clad un.tivos sliivcrin^' 
 under a lee bank.'" After a few days the ship was 
 brou;dit near the shore and lightened of hercaru-o for 
 the purpose of repairs, tents l)eing erected on shore 
 
 relating to tlic early history of Culiforniii lias ever been priblishcd that liaa 
 not contnincd a narrative oi' a nuiitioii of l)rahc'rt voyage; but, pardcularly 
 so far as Califcrnia is eouccrned, they have ooutaiiieil nothing not ilrawn from 
 the a:)i!rc'e;i iiaiiiecl. To jioiut out the many cvicny rcsrdtiiig lVo:n cari-iessness 
 and oilier caiises would reijuiro niiich ipa^c and ?erve no ;;'0tid jmrjiosf . I 
 shall have oeeaKion to name a few v.orh.-i in later iioteu of thine'.iaptc.'; I refer 
 the reader t!j the lisfci.f aiitlioiiLies on C'aliiillo'^j voya;;e,!^iveu in note .TJ, Mhiuh 
 with i'e\ve.\ee])lionfialsodeseril)o Drake':) vi;;it; arid i also name t'lefollowiiv,' 
 in addition: An, xviii. 11; Bennvjer, Col. Voi/., i. (il!, 
 10; C'rcitiiuifiiit/(il,',oiis iif ilUihc, 85; Kcrr.~! (.'ol. \ t y., x. 
 XV. !.">; ]'!ii/.r'i-l(iu'.-< 1 0//., xii. 10!); Siinimli:ii;i, xii. f); I 
 Trni\; Voiiajrs, Col. ((.'/unrhHr.s), viii. 4.j'J; I'oi/ri'jr-^, 
 
 I 't.,y«'/'>.s, ]!iirlci:iu ('ill., ii. ■i?\; I'oymji'n, A'cu.^ CJ., id. 15; roi/ft;,c.-!, Aoo 
 Mixci'l. Col., i. .")7; Voi/rirjc.i, jXnn Uii'iv. Cul., i. 2?->; Voy nje", J'ist. V< y. ronivl 
 W'l.iiil, i. 1, A'l; \'iyn;/i-, World JJi.-</i'iiy:il, v. 150; IJcrroir's l.'.fi' Dnikc, 
 "5; Clarb'.'i L'j'c l:ralr, ',V.)\ PiiiThiis ht-i I'^hji-'anc^, ii. 5J; Co'J'rlidl, K'-in', 
 U''/MUii; !>• ti>t, lA'hcii,?A\; Eii.i, ]Vi:.-<f ami <M. fril. LiiKl;iart,\\\\; lltonhnldt, 
 M-^»u Pol., 317, "iW; Lihr, Miir Oiiir iSivhaiiii) Jlarh, 41; McrcU'i, FoMi Xoi\ 
 <h'l>., 27; /-'('', Xni: Orliix, 307; A'avcii-rCr, Iidmd., >;cviii.; /./., ]'hiii(ti .\p6c., 
 33; Unnii y\i Civon. Jilt., i. 350; IjC Mn'irr, Sjiidylrl, 77; I'linr, I'.vdti rclu'.<, 
 i. I7-; /.'(/'■//. /.Vc/i (c, Xo. cixii. 1870; iv'.'.Vs' /.Vr/.'.-.v ;•, Iw. 17'.; Ilin-t'n Mitrh. 
 J/iiii.. : 11. ri-2'.); Jf'i/.'i' Si'/'aji.^, <'ul. Xolrfs, in. 10; (Jitii/!(}/',t IrUh ItiU', 
 ltd'; X. Aii.rr. J.', rl'cir, June US30, 132; Cncuhon-^ Or. c.id Ciil.,10; II. 
 Mi-tnuu-, ;;U; Xlciilar.-i Or. Tcr., 2-1; <'uvn, Trc.-t S'lijl ,; i. 21 !.; Clir.-i'ii'.i lIUl. 
 ('.ah. <!i., i. 73, ii. 35; Bch'hir's Voy., 1.31(3; IladUrn Cn'a' did Fidih, 4; 
 ( 'alif'ii ii'ii, I'lixl, J\ryi'iif, 5^ IVost's Ila'/Ji mrs, 101 ; jlr( li-i'iiii'ii(li'ld('U.StuU , 
 
 1 17; J J arris, Xur., i, 
 27; Lrilrir/ic, Aliriiy', 
 'i.y-iyc:', ('il. Voy. and 
 < 'urioiin Col., V. 153; 
 
 43; Tr. 
 
 ■,f lli.ti. Cd., 17; y/ 'iiiik' All. Aiiirr., i. 00; Miiyrr'n Mc.r. Az'i 
 
 0; I'rlijr'.* Xoiii'. 
 
 ,, -, Tiiyl-.r, in Cul. 
 
 I(i8; Mi yvr, Xndi di in Sa'\, 107; Xormniin Yoidli'n lilst. 
 I'oi/., ii. llO; /'oii.'n'ni, (Juii^f. dc I'Ori'i/., 2.'J; /(/. / '. N 
 Ihrimr, llawh 29, MTA; Apiil 25, Aug. 1.5, 22, 20, ]yi)-2; JV.llard's L'i4 
 L(ari:t, 113; Dninylays' Sinniimry, i. 35; i'rhuy.'^ li'n!., ',)",{}; Fariih'n;''s Jli^. 
 (iriiioii, 11, 21; Cooilra-h'.i Man .i]ioii Ihf Ski. 241; JJc'ajior.'r, Jiciycn, 4.'7; 
 L'rmi.'i' Ptujif. SiL, 3; Fa'roiur'.^ Ony. (Jiirsf., 12, ;'/.!: /b/A-.s' Ji.st. Cul. 10, 7'.'; 
 ■C'a:liiy'.i P<v. Monthly, 2'Sl; Soiil:'n An. S. P., .">_'; .-dao mo.st of the recenily 
 pnlili.Jied eounty Listorieti of California. 
 
 '•'^ World L'lifinnpasi^id, 115. 'A fa ire and pood bny'inr,S^. Pami'iis Vo;i. 
 'A harhorow for his iNJiip' in 44". Pl.-ironr.-ic, |84. 
 
 "'-'Tlie exeessi\e eold here i:i mentioned oidy in ilie H'l.r,''/ /,';(.'"'://'('.<.••. '• 
 The aiitlior'^j ubuurd statements ami explanation.'s are nut worth leproduein^' 
 ill dutuil. 
 
DRAKE ON THE COAST, 
 
 83 
 
 for the men, with a kind of i\>rt for protection. Of 
 the I'cpairs the two chief authorities say nothing; bub 
 tin: thiixl tells us that Drake's men "grounded his 
 sl;i[) to trim her," and that tliey set sail ;. ''^"r liaving 
 "graved and watred theiro ship."** 
 
 When the ship iirst anchored a native ambassador 
 ajijU'oaehed in a canoe to make a long speech, bringiiig 
 tii.-i a tuft of feathers and a basket of ilx Ijerb called 
 ta.hd/i.'^^ AVhen the Englishmen landed the Indians 
 came to the shore in great numbers, ()ut showed no 
 hostility, I'reely receiving and givnig presents, nnd 
 !~()(>n came to rei^ard the strangers, so the latter be- 
 lieved, as gods. The narratives are chiclly filled with 
 details of the cevemonies and sacriti"es l)y Avliich they 
 si'iiilied their submission, even crowning Drake as 
 their hiiih, or king. The men went for ilie most ]iart 
 naked, the women wearing a loose garment of bul- 
 i't):;hes with a deerskin over tlie shoulders. Their 
 houses, some of them close to the water, were partly 
 ►subterranean, the upper parts being conical, of woo(b 
 and covered with earth. In details respecting the 
 ]ieople and their habits and ceremonies there is much 
 exaggeration :ind inaccui'acv; but the descriptions iu 
 a general way are applicable enough to the Central 
 C'alil'orniaiis.'" 
 
 L'efore his departuie Di,;ke made a journey up into 
 tiie land, " to bo th;^ betteracquaintjd with the natunj 
 ami conunc»dities of tlie country," v'isiting several vil- 
 lages. "The inland we found ^o be fari'o dilfennt 
 I'Voni the shoare, a goodly count y, and iVuitfull soyle, 
 biored with manv blessinu's fit for the vs(^ of man: 
 ni!j;;ii:e was the company of vimt large and fat Deero 
 ^.ll.. li then- \\c sawe l)y thou- nids, as w(> supposed, 
 in a I,i';ird; besides a multitude of a, stranger kinde of 
 (wiirs, by farre exdHMling then) in nuudier: their 
 lii-'ai and bodies, in whieh they resemble othei' Ct)nies, 
 
 "* /;;,vco/'r.sr, 1S4. 
 
 " < i|- t (bail, ciilk'il by tho Ftimoim I'ni/a jc, tahacco, Tlicy had also a tout 
 e.illi il pet ih of wlik'li tliey niadu iiical luul liivad. 
 
 '■See Xalivc Ihics, i. 301 ct se(^. ' 
 
 m 
 
 t.iS 
 
 m 
 .^ 
 
 % 
 
 t: 
 
84 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ,. II 
 
 arc ])ut sirinll; liis taylo, like the tayle of a Hat, ok- 
 ceediiiy^ long; and liis foot like the pawcs ofaAVaiit 
 or moalo; under liis cliinne, on cither side, he hath a 
 han';.;e, into whieh he gatlicreth his nieate, wlim he 
 hath iilkjd his belly abroade ... the ])eo[)le eate th'.'ir 
 bodies, and make great account of tlieir skinnes, for 
 tliL'ir kings holidaie.s coate was niade of tliein."'" 
 
 " This eountiy cnu' Generall named Albion," or X(>u<i 
 Alhioa acco]\liiii>' to the lutnioiis Voi/aai', "and that for 
 two causes; Ihe one in res[»ect of the wiiite bancksand 
 elides, which lie toward the sea; the other, t'lat it 
 might haiu! some aflinity, eiien in name also, willi our 
 own country, wiiieli. was sometime so called." "There 
 is no part of earth here to bee taken up, wherein there 
 is not some speciall likeliliood of gold or silver."" 
 " Before we went from thence, otu' rionerall caiised to 
 be sot v[) a moimment of our being there, as also of her 
 maii'sties and success(n's I'ieht and title to that kin;'-- 
 dome; namely, a plate of brasse, fast nailed to a great 
 and lirmepost; wliereon is engratien her graces name, 
 a'ld tlie day a.nd yeare of our arriual there, and of 
 tlie fre(j giuing \p of thc^ prouince and kingdome, botli 
 by tlie king and ])eo[)le, into her niaiesties liand^: 
 together with her highnesse picture and armos, in a 
 ])iece of sixpence currajit ]']nglish monie, shewing 
 itselfe by a hole made of pur[)ose through the jilatc; 
 vnderneatli was likewise engraucai the name of our 
 (icnerall, etc.'^ The Spaniards ncuer had any dealing, 
 or so imicli as set a foote in this countrr, the utmost 
 of their dis(,'ovei'ies reaching onely to many degrees 
 Southward of tliis place." 'J'hey hnally saih.'d on the 
 23vl of Julv,'" on a south-south-west course accord- 
 
 ■'■' Wurld ]Jif<>)ii/)i(K^i(l, ];\] 2. 'Wofinuul the wliolo cmintryto lico a wmf- 
 icn of ii aU'iiDgo kiiulo (if ('(niio.-i, t!n.'ir lioilyi^ in liii;iR's as lio tho I'iirljiiiy 
 (Jollies, tlu.'ir lieiuli as tlio lioailn of oiun, tlio foot of a Want, and tins tailo i4' 
 a la!. l)ciii:^ uf groat longtli: nnilcr lior ohiuuo on oiiiiof sulo a bai^^o,' etc. 
 i'liiiioiiH \o:iii'j'\ 
 
 *' J'dinoiiH 1''/,'/",'/'% tlio I'ost being fi'oin Worl'f A'/f^'oi^yiawrJ. 
 
 ^''Ju this iilaeo Drake .s'l \ii) 'a greato p'wt and naylod tliereon a vj'^ ,«' '' 
 t'le counlroy people \voor.slii[H)eil iis if i. had liin (lod; also Jieo nayh'd vjiih''! 
 thin jinst a phite of h'ad, and M'ratehod therein tile t^ueoiics Uiinic' Dii<cijti/\'i- 
 
 '' • la tho l,it,.or oudo (.if Au^-.iol.' iJljcuitrfC, 164. 
 
 It.iiV 
 
IDENTITY OF DllAKF/S AXCIIORACIE. 
 
 85 
 
 ii>'4 fo tlio Discourse, niul "not, {-AVVi^ ^\•it!l()ut iliis liai'- 
 Ixiroiigh (lid lye certain Ilands (we called them tlio 
 Hands of Saint Joiiu's) liauiiiL;- on tlieni plentii'ull and 
 o'l'ent store of Scales and biixls, with one of which wa 
 iell Jtdij 24, whereon we found such prouision as nii/^ht 
 (■(iii'.petcntly scnc our tuiMie for a while. We dejsarled 
 ii'^.iint^ ilie day next followinL;', \'va., Jnhj 25." Xo 
 iiioi'e hind vas seen till they had crosst'd the Pacilic. 
 
 It should be noted that no re<>ular diarv or lo'j' of 
 this vo\'aGfo is extant or is known to have ever been 
 ( xt.nit. Of the three narratives which I have cited 
 one was perhaps written from memory by a companion 
 of Drahe. The others are com[)ilations fr<»m notes of 
 till' chaplain, Fletchcj-, written under circumstances 
 of v.liich we know but little, by a man not noted f )r 
 his veracity, and from the reminiscences probably ef 
 ri:.. -s. Naturallv they abound in discrcnancies and 
 i.i,.. •curacies, as is sliown still more cleai'ly in parts not 
 relatiuLC to California. They are sufficiently aiM-urato 
 to leave no room for reasonable d(.)ubt that ],)rako 
 nally anchored on the coast in tin; reg'ion indicated, 
 touchin;^' at one of the I'arallones on his departure; 
 but in respect of further details they inspire no conh- 
 dciicc. 
 
 Yet the identity of Drake's anchorau'c is a mo.st 
 intcicsting' point, and one that has caused much dis- 
 cLis.'ion. There are three bays not far a[)ai't on tlio 
 Clint, those of Bodega, Drake, and San Francisco, 
 any one of which to a certain extent may answer the 
 requirements, and each of whicli has had its advocates. 
 Tin ;r positions are shown on (lie annexed majt. The 
 central bav under Point Peyes, the old San Francisco, 
 IS almost exactly in latitude "S'', and it a'.;-rees better 
 llian the others with the south-south-\\\ st course to 
 
 V. 
 
 I'ai'allon 
 
 es a^ 
 
 iven hy one ot 
 
 th 
 
 narralivc^s: 
 
 1 ao-rees well enou,u'h Vvith the "8 
 
 ;o' 
 
 lie 
 
 '/.7n'/s' 
 
 ] 
 
 '.'/".V^'^ 
 
 md more nrc 
 
 prope 
 
 •Iv til 
 
 !in the (ttliir 
 
 11. ay be termed a 'I'aire ami j^ootl bay;' while ^^: i 
 ]'V;:iicisco, though some twenty minutes south of tlie 
 
 ill 
 
i I 
 
 ll 
 
 inr 
 
 m 
 
 )-■ f. 
 
 
 I' i! 
 
 ir I: 
 
 in! 
 
 r, 
 
 I 
 
 'I 
 
 86 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 lowest latitude ineiitioiied, is a very luucli more *con- 
 iieiiieiit ]iai'l)i)roug']i' than either of the others. 
 
 For luuirly two centuries after the voyage there 
 Avas but slight occasion to identity Di-ake's anchorage; 
 yet there; can 1)0 no doubt tliat it was to a certain 
 extent confounded with the old San Francisco men- 
 
 , WlIEUK DIU DUAKE LaND? 
 
 tioncd Ity Torquemada, and tliat the confusion was 
 ^hown, or increased, by the occasional occurrenci; of 
 ihe name S. Francisco ])rak for Sir Francis Drake 
 on old maps. And later when the new San I'^i-ancisco 
 Avas i'ound, iew if any but S])aniards understood the 
 dilVerence l)etween the two;"*' and thereibre, as well 
 
 '•Cabrera riueiin, Nair(i<tnon Esjicridulira, M;uii!:i, 17^14, iii.ilics tin- <lis- 
 tiiR'tiiin pcrt'i'i'Uy cU'iir; luit <it' this work iidtliiiiL; Wiis kii(i-\ii to the •\vcivM 
 1)1 yuiid it;( luurc cxisli'iicc till 1S74, when nnc of my ;issistiiiit.s in thci (inr- 
 laud M(ih//i/;i gave a (riiii!>lalion uf its eonteiits so fur u.s rehiliiig to this Mih- 
 jcet. Duylo ii! his rejiriiit of J'lilim, yuticluit, i. ix.-x., gave tlio same iu 
 Bubstauce later, after consulliny my copy. 
 
IDEAS OF THE SPAXIAEDS. 
 
 ■ 
 
 as on account of tlic excellence of the new liai'l)or, 
 Di'ake'.s anclioi'agi^ was veiy natuially identified by 
 most with the buy of Sun Francisco. The Spaniards, 
 liowcviT, never accepted this theory, but were dis- 
 ])oscd fr(Mn the first to claim for l^ortoLl's exjiedi- 
 lion tlie honor of discovering the new San Francisco, 
 and to restrict Dj-ahe's discovei'ies to Ijode_i;a. '^ ]t 
 camiot be claimed, however, that the Sj)aniards had 
 any special facilities for learning the truUi of the 
 matter; n.nd indeed .some of them seem t;) have de- 
 clared iu favor of the bay vmder l^)int lleyes,'^ v/ldch 
 lias for many ye;;r.s borne Drake's name on tlio maps, 
 thougli a.dvoeates of both the other bays ha\c- not 
 been wanting. The general opinion i:<> modern times 
 
 ,;i i:. 
 
 •iX,E. 
 
 2ME. 
 
 2^7 E. 
 
 10 X 
 
 Nuuun All .i|i. rtJ .t, 1 
 
 Dra|;.j|i:i{l.>i' lid 1379 
 
 23sa 
 
 f 
 
 
 Map fuo.m Arcano del Makk, KilT. 
 
 *" Tu Doflnia y Cnuih-n, V'l/fji' ih' 177'. M><.. it is clcMvly .--taf nl that lifi'lega 
 wns ])ral;(;'.i l;;;y jinil tliiit it Ava.si)istinr: Irmu i'iili('ri'^;iii i'raiu'isco. Flcui-imi, 
 I'lli-iiil. Mnri'haiiil, IVj/., i. Ixxvi. ctsi.i[., liy a I'luinlii iiii^ I'lt'civiiuu to Mau- 
 ri 'li\^ Joi'i-iial, 4.') ct Bi'([., idfiiaiit'il J'xitlcj,';! iiml Sau Fiaiicisfi), making somo 
 alisiiid cliai-i^'ca against thu .Siwinianls <>t' having changed tho nainr. wliii-h 
 chaigc.s Xavarictc, Iiitrod. Si(fil ;/ Me.r. r/a;/c. \o\ iii.- i.\., ii fult's, at tho t<anio 
 tiiiic implying Iiia ainiroval of tlio identity of l)rai;c'« li.iy and Ijodoga. Iluni- 
 liiildt, J:.iyii!. I'ol., 327, takc.-i the same view of tiio Hnliju't. 
 
 ■''■'\'an('M;vor. ViH«'i< ^, i. 4;!(), in 17!>'2 nndei>tnud tho Spaniards to ho of 
 tliis ojiininu. Yot < iiinl no cviilencc tliat tliis ojiiniou waa e\er tin; pev.iil- 
 mg one. Tho 'Sro:ii:4i tvtiditinn' iu Calil'irnia was very slKjng against now 
 S:in F'auci.sco; Ws was l»v>t voiy pi-nnonneod as lietween ohl San iVaneiseo 
 and ]'.i,iU'ga, f;i<\'oiing, however, th, latter. I'adKs >;i<l, Ajiiiiilwi'hn ", 'S, 
 M liting iu iilxiirt 171vS\i>.'claiY»l his opinion that l)rako'.s hay wud at ilio mouth 
 of Caiiialo l;i\er! 
 
 ah 
 
 m 
 
i'^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 4 T^i- 
 
 m 
 
 
 I 
 
 l'i\ 
 
 n 
 i 
 
 88 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OE CALIFORXIA. 
 
 lij's 1)0011 tliat tlio o-voat frooljooter <:i(l ii(;t ontor San 
 Francisco Bay, and that lie probably did aiK'lior at 
 Drake IJav. 
 
 Early maps, it Avould scoiii, should throw sorn" light 
 oil this (piostioii, Jjut they tail to do so. With tlr; 
 exception of Vizcaino's map, to be reproduced |)resently 
 and I a\in'j' no beariiiu" on .Drake's voyaixo, I h;i\'e iKjt 
 lo'iiid a siiif^^le map of the California coast of earlier 
 date than ]7G9 bearin-^'' the slig'htost indicaticai of 
 havinij: been founded on anvtliiii!'' but the narratives 
 still extant and the imagination of the map-maker. I 
 re[irodnce two sections of maps i'roni the Arrcito del 
 Marc to which Halt! attaclies some importance in 
 this connection, with another by liondius and sup- 
 posed to re})rosent Drake's port in New Albion.^' 
 
 ^ /"^ /^'.'/i Don OoajKr 
 
 - \ ) i^i.UcU nuovo 
 
 '^-^ del JJruffU Inijluee 
 
 Ai:cANO PKL Mahf,. 
 
 IIiiNnus' 3SIAP. 
 
 ^" //(tie's Earhi Maji.^ of America, (tivl a vole on Rithrvt Duildn uvd ilic 
 Area no (/('! J/arr, Worcester, 1S74, a papei' read hefdic the American Antiij. 
 Soc. ill l'.?''. The iiuthor i:j iucliiicd to think tluit Dadli-y IkuI ponie si)Ocial 
 nuthoiity ■tiiihiiown to ir; for lii.^ jiiapss of tliis coar,t. 'Our California friciidn 
 must ]uTinit inc to cay tliatTorto lioiiissiino (an inscription for L'rakc's port) 
 is ft very Btron;; pliraic^ for the fipcii road-;;Lea(l <i '■.■<ir I'ranci.s L\.;kc';t l!ay "' 
 AM it iinow understood.' Of tlic peculiar ' l)ottlc-slia;ied loop' of the lay, it 
 is .'•aid, 'tlieliaycf ."-'".n Eranci-'^eo attrr uuuievous r.'duciiou< and eopyin;;s 
 Would j'.uninio nnu'li tlii.-s sliape.' And the diliicully ariain/^' from the otlier 
 liay of liice !ihap(- just above San Erancisco on lioth uiapa i.s thus iu'^eniously, 
 if not viiy LialiHlaetorily, exjilaiucd away. ' I confess tiiat it Sicenis to me that 
 more t!rin one na\ii;atorof thc>;-e tinic.'^proliaMy cntc^red the(!olden (late into 
 the bay of Sa.u Erancisco. Eacli one rceoi'ded hi.s ov.n latitude — and these 
 two bays, aim ; identical in appearance, are due to an eli'ort of the map- 
 maker to iue'.iide two incorrect latitudes in one map'! Hale reproduces ouo 
 of tlie Arcaiio niajis and aids the liondius map in A'r'/"/^r,>' J/inK f/. .S'., ii. 
 TiTC-T. litre he i -s non-ci nniittal alicmt the idi'ulily of the bay.s, ■••.dndttiu;,' 
 tlint the mnlicr of the irotulius map had no kno\vle(l;;e of San Erancisco Eay, 
 (n' indetd of any other liay on the coast. In one of the ai.'(iiments ii;';ainst 
 San Erancisco t!%"it seems to have most wei^dit with him he is however in error. 
 'It is (juite ('(rtain that the S|:aniards, who ea;;evly tried to rediscover tiio 
 port, wiui tlds niap in their jiossef^sion, ilid not succeed v.ntil near two huu- 
 drwl \s ar.i after. Long before they did discover it they weie seeking for it, 
 
 IP 
 
Tin: EVIDENCE OF MAPS. 
 
 80 
 
 "Willi diK.' ros;!L'rt for Ilalc's viowfs ;^^' llKv^oof ;iu able 
 and cviasL-ioiitioLi.s iuvcytr^ator, T lliul ia tlii'.a iiotliiii!^ 
 t'> rluinLi'O liiy own as just cx[)i'casud. TIujkc maps 
 like all others ivprcst 'lit Drake's i)Oi't Irom t:ie current 
 narratives as a good bay in about oi;' ol' latitude; all 
 the rest is purely inian-inary. For like roascns I e;ni- 
 iiot ;!"-ree with another able student of ( 'alilnmia 
 history v;]io finds pi-oof in the niaji.:; i-lvou Iry Halo 
 that Drake anchored in Bodega Day. 1 do nut object 
 vcrv strongly to the conclusion, but I lind no prooi", or 
 even evidence in the niaps."'^ 
 
 calliii' it tlu' liny of S;iu I'raucisoo, that iianit^ proliably liavij!^^ li'-c.i taken 
 from 110 Icii a s;aiit tluui tliu heretic, Sir riaucij D^aUc' 'lliia ii the uM 
 i.-ollu:;n II ;',h'o;'.(V/ a'h'.tkil to. Halo UlK'W uolhiir; of lI:o ilisliiirlioii l).';\vc(il 
 tlio old ami ii'iw San I'rancisco. Tlic Spanianla v.-oio f;miiliar v.iUi tho 
 positio;) of the i'ormci-aftL'r i La discovery awl iKiiaiii^' hy Cenuciiou in 1.j9.">; 
 Vizo: ir.o witd-fd it without diHijulty in l(j;)o; ror;;o!.i v.-aa appnachinr; it tia 
 apcrl'ecLly \.-c!l known laudinarli. v.hcn he str.nihlud 0:1 the nowSaii IViiicisco 
 ill 17i;;). Thuif ii 110 uviilcucc tliat tho Spauiaidij ever sought buu Francisco 
 oil aiivoth' r oc'jai.ion. 
 
 i"' '[ allude to the writer of a revii.'W of Ijnjnul'x II'sl. U. S. in tho S. /•' 
 Jjiilldi.i, Oct. ."), n.Ty, whom 1 .suppose to have been J-lui W. Dwiu^ile, and 
 whose ai"r''-ii5c:it 13 worth (piotiry at some lcn,'j'di. After .sono reiii;u-k:i on 
 HoinUu;i'1'acilides for knowiii',' tiie truth, Dwiiiello v.-ri'.e.-;: 'Tliis map does 
 not ajcr.raLoly deMciilie llidcga Fay. Theic is now a lon.'i; s;;it of sand 
 I'linuiiiT from the ca.'it at the foot of the bay .lud nearly .shnttin-; it up. F)Ut 
 tliat Baud i-pit did not exist when l.'aptaiu Bode; u di,;iiuvered the bay iii 1773, 
 altliu;:';i hr. ie;.ori.cd his (.i.hiion tliat a bur v.,is f.n-;niu;( there. The Idi'', 
 narrow i.dand repreyented on Ilondiua' iii.ip of the bay a.i lying on the (Mitsido 
 of tho coaatand parallel to the bay, really lies at tlie foot of (he ]>ny, below 
 the peuiusida; but, viewed I'rom the point v le.'re T):'ak,''.i sldp 'a represented 
 aa lyinu. the i jhuul appears to lie out;dde of the peninsula. Drake's ship 
 passed lliij inland only twice, nauioly, when he lailed in a:id when he sailed 
 out. Lilt it wa:! in .'^ijht every day from tlie p'laco where his shii) h\y during 
 the live wre!^lh:it ho v.as there, and from that point, we rcp^'at, thin island 
 ajipe;;;:; to lr?T)Utside. The bay itself, t'lere at its head, i;ppear:j to 1)0 twice 
 ;is wide as it ii at it:i mouth some miles below, alth()i;;di the reverse is tho 
 fact. Unt it is just such a map as a good penman ignorantof linear and aerial 
 perspeeuve v.-ovdd have made on the spot, if he ha 1 a t;'..:LC fjr }ien and ink 
 iiiap.!, .such a3 Idaceliev, Drake, s chaplain, is known to have h;ul. We have 
 visited Fi>dc;rii Fay v.idia, iihotographie copy of lloudiuo' niaii of Drake 'a 
 B.-iy, lalvcn from t'.iat in tho Fritisli maseuin, but cnlai-ged to the dimension of 
 ") liy (i inches. All the imlieatioiis e:illcd for by Drake'.; nniT.-ilive e.\i ^t tlierc. 
 Tliuse we havemeniioiied; al.so the Indian viihi;;es; llie sIielM'sli; the seals; 
 the deeiduou.1 trets, the '•eoiiies" which honey-eonibed tiic soil; the elev.a- 
 tienof the eoar.t, whieh ceimnenced 01 idi(,ut Ih.at l.i'.ituik'; the wluto saiid- 
 hilis, whieh wi;,",'e.stcd the name ol Aliiioii. Also autuli' r indie:ition which 
 dues not appearin the map as eopii'd intlie history, a line of roe!;s below tho 
 1> :ie!i at tlie luwi'r H'hi-hand w aterdiiie, tliUR formiuv; a double coast line. 
 V-'eh;:ve ' i 'o^(t tliat F(>ilei.;!i Fay is ])rak<'ii Fay, a..d that Ilondins' map 
 was fiH'nishtci t:''1iim by Fletcher, who made it on tii<! si ot. Drake's ship 
 could ;.',o in (lie I'o flow anil anchor ac itsluud in 1.') feet w, iter, iCiO feet from 
 the slwre, w'.icre tin iv is a eood .sandy bcacli on wldcli te careen and repair 
 
 I 11 
 
 4 
 
 3il,1 
 
90 
 
 TlIK DT^^COVEr.Y OF CAI.IFOIIXIA. 
 
 Tlio iiKiiu ([ncstion is, did Dral;o enter San Frnn- 
 cisito Lji'.y I It would serve no good })urp()se to eata- 
 loL;'ue the modern writers v.dio liave er.poiised one 
 theory or tlie other. Able men like Burney, David- 
 son, Tntlnll, and Sfdlnuin have maintained that Drahe 
 anehored v.ithin the (Jolden Gate, ai>'ain!st the con- 
 trary opinions of otlier able nun lilai IFunibiddt, 
 SouL', i )oyle, iJwinelle, and llittell. Sonie luive been 
 veiy [JosiUNe, otliers cautious and doubt ild. ]Most 
 
 vessels, .-i- '1 v.licvo there w;iH an Imliaii villn'^c "en t!io hill filiove," ns 
 (leuuindcil liy i'rakc':i n;ui-;itive. 'J'lio iiiiip l'n>n» Arccmo del, J/rir. edition of 
 
 1047, givt;i at pago ."71 in tlio liistory, i;i our oj) 
 
 jre;.t!y ^;tren^;tIlel:.^ thi.s 
 
 view. Dii'cetly o]i]ior;itc tlio r.ioutii of J)Oile_;:i J]:iy t;i tho r^onth i.s tlio mouth 
 of Tonial'.s J'>:iy. Between tho two the llio Jvstero Amcriea!; > of tho Spanisli 
 ( 'aliforni;:!!.!! delponeh'si into the oeean ; a stream whcyo lic^l it almost liare in 
 tlio dry !■ ^'.son, Lut wliieh, iluriii^ tho rainy season and fir fimio time after- 
 Vard.;, poured into tho f ci a shallow volunio of tnrliulcnt waters, Kuvcial 
 Inindred fci't in v.idth Vv'lu n l)rako vai on thij cc)a:it, tlio v/intir or rainy 
 season w;;!i imninially protracted, so far that tho dcciduon:! tree,"., v/hieli usually 
 resume tin ir l(>lia;:0 in JIareli and April, had not done aj v.i Lilo aa July, and 
 it H'lill ."nov.'ed on the eoast. Snow on the eoa.:t meaiij rain in the interior at 
 a short di tancc from the sea. It may l>c safely aaiiur.itd th::t the llio i;stei'i) 
 Amerieaii'j was tiwi'lling full iu its margin — jirol.ahly unu -ualiy full. The 
 "holtlo-ijliapcd" hay on t'le ri'duced sealo of tho map {■.\:i:i Ar( ti.io del Mar 
 mi,i.;lit vre'l re])rcRent the two bays, the neelc fitandisi;^ f )r tho river. Tho 
 latiUiilo i.; preeisely that re:juii'ed f(>r Uodejra ]':iy. Foil iv.-in;.; down tho map, 
 tlio coast Tuio corresponds v.ith great exaetnt'sa v.ilh thntf.f t!io modern mans 
 as given at pa.;c .^70; (J. (Calio) di San I'ietro, Cape St I'etcr, ij Capo I'uiila 
 do U).i llcycy, t!ic v,c.';tern point of .Taek's, or Drake':; hs.y of r.iodesn times; and 
 (r. (;;olfo) di t'an I'ieU-o, corresponds exactly to Jack's, or Dralce'a Bay, ai it 
 ajipears f.om tho sea, and also CNaetly to its latitude. 'Wo aro of opinion 
 that this liiap must ho re.'jardcd as authentic, and iilso tho vijnettes engraved 
 upon the same sheet. Two r;f Iheso represent Drakes th:p, t'lc PiJlfiii, the 
 first ;is she kiy strajided on tho rocks at tho \\■iud^^■ard Is.lands, and tho other 
 as lyinv; at anchor. They both correspond in all their details. Prohably the 
 drav, ings from whieli the enTravinrf was executecl v.-ero made from the ship 
 itself. Drake returned to Jviglan<l in loSO. lie never sailed a;;ain. The 
 engravings were made between 1,100 and l(il!0. Jlondins was in l^n^dand all 
 this time:. If not r.iade from the ship, the engraving maj' 1)0 safely assumed 
 to reiircsent the stylo of naval ari'hiteeture of the period. Tho thip i:; reiire- 
 sented as broad in the lieam and round in tho bow. Jler burden, Drak< "s 
 narrative informs us, M\'is 100 tons. She was therefoi'o sliallov,* and drew but 
 little v.'atcr. The ship-builders whom v.'c have consulted infoi'm us that with 
 all her armament she could not have drawn more than from 5 to feet of 
 water. She could then tore liavi^ entered I'olinas Bay, Jack's, or I>rake's 
 (interior) Bay, Tomales Bay, Bo lega Bay, lTuiid)oldt Jiay, ami any or all of 
 the rivers wiiicii Dra!:c enccjuntered. Mod.ei-n navigators and hydrogvaphcrs 
 uhoar.rie that Drake must iiavo entered the Bay ot San !■';■!; ucisi/o ljecau>o 
 111) (;th(r bay wati deep enough f(n' tho entry and repairing' of a niaii-of-war, 
 nuist ha\o certainly had in theii' minds a moi'urn 74-gun sh;]>, and not a little 
 caravel of 100 tons carrying six feet of draft.' Jtwill In; notiixd t'lat the 
 vriti r attempts no < xplauationof the two bottlo-.sliap.edba.ys. It is n>ore(jMr 
 remarkable that he i'siuld aece[>t Fletclier's stutemeuty about tho climate and 
 Bcason as even remotely for.nded on truth. 
 
PID DKAKK ENTER SAX FRANCISCO? 
 
 01 
 
 have written witliout a full uiidc rstau<lin[^ of llio dls- 
 tin *.i()U between the two San Fi'undsros, lAiv/ havo 
 hcen suirieiently impressed with the i'undaniontal truth 
 that Chaplain Fletcher was a liar. ]Jcside.5 certain 
 N|)rci::l pleading's often more ingenious than v.-ei;,;hty, 
 tlie convineing arguments have been on the one lido 
 tliat Drake alter a stay of live weeks wcndd not havo 
 called any other bay but that of San Franci; ;;,•;> a ^'ood 
 li;uhi)i', or have thanked God for a fair wind to enter 
 the same; and on the other, that, having entered S;in 
 Francisco, he would never have dismissed it wiih mere 
 mention as a good bav. The former ar!j[umcnt i ; le-^s 
 applicable to Bodega than to the bay under Point 
 iJcyes. 
 
 The latter appears to mo unanswerable. It i;^ one 
 that has naturally oc(,'urred to all, but I doubt if 
 any have comprehended its full I'orce. It ,";r(jws on 
 the student as he becomes ac(juainted with t'.ic spirit 
 of the jiast centuries in relation to maritime ah'airs 
 and particularly to the north-west coast of America. 
 I treat this subject full}' clsewdiorc." That Drake 
 and his men shcjuld have spent a month in so kirg'o 
 and t:o iieculiar a bav without an exoLjratlon exteiid- 
 in'( thirty er forty miles into the interior l)y water; 
 that notes should be written on the visit without a 
 mention of any exploration, or of the great rivc}rs 
 flowing into the bay, or of its great arms; that Drake's 
 companions shoidd havo evaded the questions of such 
 UKii as Eichard llaldnyt, and have died without im- 
 iiarting a woixl of the information so eagorlv soughfc 
 by so many men, is indi'cd incredible. I'or sailors in 
 tliosc da\s to talk of inlets they had never seen v.as 
 coumion; to suppress their knov.dedge of real inlets 
 would indeed have been a marvel.''^ Drake's business 
 
 •''-Sco //ist. X(irthii'r4 Coa-'f, i. chap, ii.-iv., thii fcripa, 
 ''Stiilniiiu tiiys, KicliiKj llu- Goldin riacf, IX.O: ' ITc ^vna not en a voyn^e 
 of disctvc'.y; lii.j v>:',:i ii luisiiKs:^ ciitcri.ritie, .iml ho lind vw cyo I > V.\\.\': v. t.ic. 
 Wl:;it \Vii'3 ii(,t (^olil ;'.!i(l s-ilvcr was of '^'iinll censcquciii.c to hiia.' V/htuco 
 iici'Liipu lii:; ir.iimlc dcliiils <if Iiulliiii ccrniur.icy! ' N( r doc;; it i^ccr.i p/cUi- 
 f)i!' 'S.iiX lio l>i:i\v I'lo extent (if tbc li;iy <>f Sa:i Francbco. lie 'i.;il i; ready 
 coachukil. . .tluit there could bo no noithwcbt passage. . .and ho hiid uIjuu- 
 
 i 
 
 u> 
 
 y 
 
02 
 
 Till'- DISCOVr.RY or CALIFOUXIA. 
 
 'St; 
 
 |i ■■ i il 1: 
 
 I' 
 
 ill llio Xortli Piuiilc was to find an intLToecanic pas- 
 sa^-^'c; if lie iibandoiK'd tlio ]i(»[)(' in the I'ai' noi'lli, un(> 
 glancu at the (Joldcn (Jato wuuM have i-cldndh'd it; 
 a si:'lit oi'tho far-i\;acIiinLr arms within would li.ut" cim- 
 vinct'd liini that the strait was found; San Pnhlo ]hy 
 would liavc removed the last doul)t tVom the niip.d d' 
 everyiiicrcdulous eonipanion; in Suisun \yjyt]\r(i(i/'l( 
 JJiii'l M'ould have \)vv\i well on her way througli tli 
 continent; and a little farther the onlyijuestion would 
 have been whether to proceed directly to Newfound- 
 land hy the Sacramento or to l"'lori(la by the San 
 Jo;i(juin. That a man like Fletcher, who found sceptres 
 and crowns and kin'.''s amoni;' the ('entral (.'alifornians, 
 who found a s[)ecial likelihood of _^'old and silver where 
 iiothin >• of the kind ever existed, who was so neai'lv 
 frozen among the snow-covered Californian hills in 
 sununcr, should have called the anchora'jfo under l*oint 
 lleyes, to say nothm^' of I>od(>ga, a fine harbor woul<l 
 have been wonderful accuracy and moderation on his 
 ])ar(. Uut supposing San Francisco Bay to have bet.'U 
 the subject of his description, let the reader imagine 
 the result. The continent is lujt broad enou'^li 1o 
 contam the complication of channels he would have 
 described. 
 
 Proof of the most positive nature, more definite than 
 tli(^ vague narratives in question could be expected 
 reasonably to yield, is I'equired to overthrow the pre- 
 sumption that Drake did not enter San Francisco 
 Bay. This proof Stillman, who has made hinisclf ia 
 these later years champion of the cause/'' believes 
 himself to have found. First, he declai'es, and forti- 
 fies his position with the testimony of a coast-survey 
 f)fHcial and otlier naviixators, that Drake could net 
 
 -'l 
 
 tlcncd the hope.' And Tuthill, [[!■•(!. Cal.. 24: ' Tlicy did not ^n into ecstasies 
 iiliont tlio liiiihor. Tliuy wctc not Iiiiuting li:irliors, Lut fortune.'; in conipiu't 
 form. Ifiirbors, so pi-cfion.s to tlio Spiinirirds, who had a commerce i:i tlie 
 Piiciilu to 1)0 protected, wei'o of binall account to roving Engliohmeu.' These 
 aro evasions of the issue, or the statements of men not acquiiintcd witli the 
 maritime spirit of the time. 
 
 '•>' .'■:f:il»i(iii'ii Foot/iriii/.i ill CaUfornia of Earhj KctrigatcrK, hi Id.; Sedln'j 
 tin: Gulden Ihcvc, -"So et tcq. ; Id., in Occduiid Month! ij, i. 'oo2. 
 
STILLMAX'.s TIIEOniES. 
 
 03 
 
 l!;i\'(^ «jfr;iV(.'!l Ills vessel in (liu Itay ili:it bears liis iiaiiio 
 without till' certainty ol' destruction. Xavi^'ators with 
 whom I liave conversed ai'e soniewliat less ])osili\e 
 en the subject, sinijily stutiujjf that t]i(> heacliinj^- of 
 a Vessel thei'e would he ^■entu^esoln(% and ii wise 
 captain would if possiUc avoid it. ]t is not at all 
 uncununon at many places on tin; coast for vi'ssi Is to 
 lie heaclied in ii storm, and sal'ely released 1)\' tlie hv'li 
 tide. Stillman and his witnessey imitly tliat ])rak(.!'s 
 shi[i was ^a'ountled to bo repairt'd and graved, but 
 only ono of tlie narratives, and that tlie least reliable, 
 contains such a stntement; tliu others simply mention 
 a leak to bo stop[)od, perhaps not far below the water- 
 line, a!id I am sure that small vossels upon this coast 
 have 1)een often careened and m-aved without beini>' 
 bearjied at all. The coast survev chai'ts declare the 
 harb(.'r to ])o a secure ono exce[)t in south-east gales. 
 There is an interior bav, communicatin'j;' with tlie' 
 oufer by ii passag(! now somewhat obstructed liy a 
 hai', which possibly now, and very pi'obably in l,")"'.), 
 would afl'orvl ].)rake',s snia.ll ship a safe anchorage. 
 And finally tins objection would lose it ; force if r;p- 
 ])lied to ]>odega instead of ])rake Bay. Thus we tlnd 
 in this argument notliing of the positive character 
 wliicli alone could make it valiil. 
 
 T!ie other argument urged is that rietclicr's 'conies' 
 were gi'ound-squirrels and that these animals never 
 existed in the region of Drake JJa}'. It must bo 
 admitted that the description in several respects tits 
 the ground-squirrel better than the goplier or 
 
 aiiN 
 
 oiiK'rannna 
 
 loftl 
 
 ns region: 
 
 but 
 
 1 \-ery accm 
 
 ate d 
 
 escni)- 
 
 tiiiii of anything would bo out of place, and certainly 
 !-< not found, in these narratives; the' 'conies'— litei'- 
 
 abbit 
 
 s — were s(!en on a tiio ui) into the count;'\ 
 
 ion 
 
 ar we do 
 
 not k 
 
 now 
 
 i "1' 
 and no verv satisf 
 
 \\U[ 
 
 1 
 
 iroi > 
 
 ]> presented that ground-s(|uiri>ds never ireijUe'iiied 
 llie region of eitln-r ])rak(.' Vkx}' or l^odega. 'J'liere- 
 lore whatever wi'ight might be given to SLillmaii's 
 arguments as auainst bimikir ar<>'umeuts on the other 
 
 1 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET {MT-3) 
 
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 Photographic 
 
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 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
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 i 
 

 94 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF C.VLIFORXIA. 
 
 side (li'awu fioia the faulty descriptions available, 
 they arc in niyo})inion entitled to very little consider- 
 ation as agaiiist the overwhelming and irresistible ])re- 
 suniptinu noted that Drake could not have entered 
 San Fi'aneisco Bay.''^ 
 
 Ijetween Drake Bay and Bodega I have no decided 
 ojiiiiiun to cxj)ress. I find no foundation for such au 
 opinion. It is not probable that there will ever be 
 any ineaiis of ascertaining the truth. Drake's post 
 and plale were doubtless moved from their original 
 Hiic at an early date. If my supposition that Ca- 
 brillo dill not pass Cape Mendocino is correct, then the 
 Iv.igllsli navigator may perhaps be entithnl to the 
 honor of having discovered a portion of the California 
 coast aI)ove that point; yet it is by no means certain 
 that he crossed the parallel of 42°.^° 
 
 The Pliilippinc ships from 1505 followed a northern 
 route in rot'^vning across the Pacific to Acapulco; but 
 of tlic;-o trips we have for the most part no records. 
 Th'-'ir ij!i;tiUctions were to keep as to the line 
 
 of .'jO" ar5 possible, and to go no fan , r north than 
 wa.'i necessary to get a wind. It is probable that, 
 while ihey oi'tcn reached latitude 37°, or higher, they 
 rai'cly ; i;>lited the coast of Upper California, on ac- 
 count of turning to the south as soon as they found 
 sea-weeds or other indications that land was near. 
 Tlu> lovrer end of the peninsula was generally the Ih'st 
 land nc>en in these early years. 
 
 In ] r>ol, however, Francisco Gali, commanding one 
 of these ^>hips returning from Macao by way of Japan, 
 sailed (Vom that island east and cast by north about 
 three liundred lea^'ues until he struck the gfreat oce- 
 
 ■•■''Stillnrn'a reference to the Spanish map puMishcd 1)y Anson, which I 
 rcproih'.cu Luer, should l)c noticed. It certainly gives a peculiar form to i.ic 
 ba ,■ under i'<^iiil. Keycs; liut it has no bearing on Drake's voyage. It Kiiiiply 
 Bhuv,;) tl:;!t tlio <irauglit.snifm failed to get a correct idea of the port from the 
 tcxLof \i.:taino r.nd Cabrera Ihieno. 
 
 '''Cn the rcyort ( f one of ] hake's men Iiaving been landed in California, 
 and hr.vii!;; j; iie to Mexico nvcrhmd, a I'cport not founded on fact, see Hint, 
 2^ijiihucU djuat, i. GO-1, thid series. 
 
TOY AG K OF FRANCISCO DE GALl. 
 
 05 
 
 niii(" current, Avliicli carried liim some seven liuiulred 
 ]t,'ague.s to witliin two hundred lea^'ues oC the Ameri- 
 can coast. Tlien, "beinu;' hy the same courso up^n the 
 coast of Xew Spain, under 07' UO', we i)assod hy a 
 very hii^h and fair land with many trees, wholly with- 
 (>ut snow, and four leagues from the land you iind 
 thereahiMit UKMiy drifts of roots, leaves of trees, j 'ods, 
 anil otlier leaves like fig-leaves, the lilce when^of we 
 found in great abundance in the countiy of Japan, 
 which tliey eat; and some of those that v.'o found, I 
 caused to he sodden with tlesh, and being sod(^en, they 
 cat like colev/oits; there likewise we f(jund great store 
 ol' seals; v.hcruhy it is to be presumed and cciT.iinly 
 to be believed, that there are many riwrs, bays, and 
 havens along by those coasts to the haven of xVca- 
 pulco, ]''rom thence we ran south-cast, south-east 
 and by south, and south-east and by cast, as we found 
 the wind, to tlie point called Cabo de 8nn J^i'cas, which 
 is the beginning of the land of Calilbi-nia, on the 
 north-west side, lying under 22°, bciiiuf iive huiulrerl 
 leagues distant irom Cape Mendocino." This is all 
 that ( lali's narrative contains respecting the California 
 coast."''' 
 
 (hdi'.s seems to be the first mention of Cape ]\Ien- 
 (lociuo, though it is iU)t implied that the name was 
 given l>y li;:.i, as nevertheless it may havo been. Wo 
 have s;'eii thr.t the name was not, as has beengt'nernlly 
 believed, a]);;lied by Cabrillo or l^'cM-relo in l.')42-;); 
 and j'orquemada's statemeJit has been noted to the 
 elieet t'lat the cape was discovered by the Manila 
 ship,;, it i:! p')ssiblo that it had been thus discovered 
 in ail unrecorded vo3'agc preceding t!i;it of (^ali; but 
 it is (juite as likely that the name was giv(n in .Mexico, 
 
 '•" Tlii ) ii-irrntlvo w.as trnnplatcd into Dutch and iniI)lislK(l l>y Ij'nscliotcn in 
 lii-i f:'iiii);i:i !i!i(l (.it-roprintcil ll.iicrarioiA I.'IM!. I'loin tlii.i i inucc ;in I,!n;;li.sli 
 tniiislaiiiii ii ;;iv(.n in /hiLlKi/l's l'">/., iii.-4-l"2-7. A l)lmiik'r i:i a rniitli tiiina- 
 l.nioii 1 y wl'.icii r,7 ' '.VS m;h K\ili.-.titatcil I'nr 'A'' lUt'liiis caiiKcil a l"AtiUi.<i.s ini- 
 piiitiiiico to 1)0 uttiiclieil to thu voyage, not liowi^vcr alliitiii;^ ( 'tliuiniia. Slo 
 J!iirii,ii\ Cin-'iti. I/inf., ii. "iS-OI; v, ](i;5-4; Xur^irnfc, li.livil , Si>l / ;/ Mi.r., 
 xi'lxi.-ix.: /(/. I/rf'/is .l/zoV., 4'J-;>; 'J'wi-s' Or. <Jiii.iioii, 'iSA',\l; aiii' iiiuitiou in 
 niaiiy of tlio \voiU.s cited on the \oyages of Cabrillo, Drake, and S'i.'cuiuo. 
 
00 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 of course in lionor of tlic viceroy !^^('luloza, to a point 
 discovered but not named by Cabrill<». 
 
 Tlic fonrtli voyaj^o of Californian annal::i ^vas like 
 tlie third one from the i'ar west. The ])I!()t() Sebastian 
 ]u)(hii;iiez de Cernieuon in charge of t!i<; San A'jiistin 
 coming from the Philii>pines in inDT), wns ordered by 
 (Jo\ernor (iloiiie/ Perez das Marinas, in accor(1an(;e 
 M'ifli roval instructions tlu'ouujh A^ici'rov ^'el;l^i(•o, to 
 mal^e some ex])loi'aiions on the coast, doiil/th'ss with 
 a view to fnid a suitable station i'ur the ^Manila sliips. 
 Of Cermenou's adventures ve know on!y lli;i(. his 
 vessel ran ii^n-ound on a leo shore'"'* behind vhat v/as 
 Inter called i^olnt lieyi-s, hjaving on i]\<.i land a larger 
 (piantity of wax and silk in boxis. It Is possible that 
 tlie Siiii .I'juyf/'n was accomj)anu'd by another vessel 
 on whlcli the olRcer.s and men escaped; but mu( h more 
 probable I think that the expression 'was lost' in the 
 record is an error, and that the ship escaped v, i(li a 
 loss of her cargo. One of tlie men, Fratidsco ] Jolailos, 
 was pUoto )it(i;joi', or sailing-mastor, under Vhccaino in 
 IGOo, when lie anchored in the s;une port to see if 
 any trace of the cargo remained, but witlord. lar.(h*ng. 
 The statemi.'ut of I'olanos as re[iorte.l inddeutally in 
 the narrative of A'izcaino's voya-'V by Ascension and 
 Toi'(|Uema(!a is, so I'ar as 1 can learn, the only reconl 
 extant of this vovaiiv."^ 
 
 •'" 'So jH'Vilic'i, y <li<'i :i laconta cnn vn viciito t^avc.^ia.' 'Quu en nquci pucrto 
 nvia (l;i(l) a laCmia el r.no ilo I,V.)5.' 
 
 "" Tdii/ni null i, Mitumij. luil., i. TlT-r*^. 'En lao-ta I'ccoiiocinioaclpucrto 
 tl,! S;m l'i:'.ui.i.fii, iicliiiidc! til ticiupiM pahUldoH to ifiHiin r.iiii u;') tlj i'liiiijKjuu 
 \t'iiia con nnkn lU" dt'scnljiir cr.ta conia, y civo «inc luiy <li;i. Iw.y niuclia cera y 
 losa/a |li«;;'rj ijiu! cl ),avio traia.' Auri iisimi, Hihir'tan, o.iiS. 'llcio WiiH wlioiu 
 the sl.ip .S'. Aij:;.;liii Y,;';i lo; t iu t!i(! ycir l.")!)."i, ('(iniiiiT to nr\Lo (lisci)V(."ics, 
 fiml the i\uu;o of her lic'in,%' lost \Vii:i rather tho fault of him who islocrcil ihiai 
 ^i|■(.•^;.s of wcai-Iar.' d'hr' rii liiniio, Xarnjarniii, o^'X \'( ii:'_;aM, A'o' V.'d, i. 
 \.<\, say:4 'till', vicinvy V<j!ascn, ih sii'oiM<if iiial.iiig a f tatio i I'lu- i'l.' rh:!i[>iiiiio 
 fillips on tho oi'.tur coast, tent a nliip callcil tiuii A'jiix'/,!, \\liit!i [ioou icaiini il 
 \\ itiioat a 11 V results.' ^\nil l,oriii;aiia, in < oc/'.s', ///.•'. ,V. /,'-;/., I) Jli. A! o, i'loin 
 Toiiiiu iiiada, S(i/irrrii,i, I'l'ac., 'JO; Xul, Ajiiiiit, 74; and Xarnrritf, I, IroiL, 
 hi.- vii. It di/c:j i.nt dearly aj jicar that any of tluiH,' writcia i :uv anyiliing in 
 
 dditi 
 
 T, MS. 
 
 to tin; st.iLcnii'nt i:i Tov.jilL'iuada. In /.' diy • 
 
 ■Irn, I .';/'' 
 
 It 
 
 lid tl.at Ccnnefioii was wrecked in a lontli-c, t \vi;i 
 
 1 
 
 couUl not lia\ o hccii at Doi'i'^ja or the new San 1 raiiciaco. Where tliia iufor- 
 luution wau obtauicd docs not appear. 
 
 h 
 
CER:kIE?sON'S SHIPWRECK. 
 
 07 
 
 () .1 point 
 
 was liko 
 Sebastian 
 n A'justin 
 •cloved by 
 ['(•()i'(lan<;o 
 elasco, to 
 tloss with 
 lila si lips. 
 
 lliat, his 
 V, luit was 
 (1 a larg-o 
 siblo that 
 [k'V vessel 
 null more 
 )st' in tho 
 e;l with a 
 
 IJolanos, 
 i/caino in 
 
 1<) sec if 
 
 , lar.dinj^. 
 it ally in 
 
 isiou and 
 
 ly I'eeord 
 
 lii^r.cl pucrlo 
 
 liioriclpucrti) 
 y..\ « lihiii iiuu 
 Itiuclia cc'i'ii y 
 |i! \v;iH wIr'iu 
 «lisi-!jvc;vi<'s, 
 U'l'icd tliiiil 
 A'(/.' (.'((, i. 
 ■ rhiiipi.iii'^ 
 
 A! o, iioiii 
 
 r tr, J, trail., 
 
 |iaiy;liiiiy; in 
 
 l•(^ r; •;/«■ (''■■ 
 
 l\vi:i 1, !'.H 111' 
 
 |e lliia iul'or- 
 
 Tt is somewhat reinarkablo that no additional lit^ht 
 has ever been thi'own on this voyage; bnt, slight as 
 is tlio I'ecord, there is no good reason to (juestion its 
 accuracy, es{)ccially as no grand and impossible discov- 
 eries of interoceanic channels arc involved. There 
 can be veiy little doubt that Cernienon named the 
 port of his disaster San Francisco, perhaps i'roni the 
 (lay of his arrival. There is ncjthing to support the 
 \ icw sometimes expressed that he came in search of 
 a San Francisco Bav, or of the i)ort discovered bv 
 ])rala;; though it is not unlikely that rumors (;f 
 J)rake's fine bay had an inlluence with other motives 
 ill promoting this exploration. That the Spaniards, 
 now or at any other time, founded the name of San 
 Francisco on that of Sir Francis, the English free- 
 booter, is so improbable as to merit no consideration; 
 but it is certain that subsequently foreign writers and 
 map-makers confounded tho names to some extent, as 
 was natural enough. That Vizcaino, Cabrera Ikieno, 
 and otlier Spaniards of the early times mistook tho 
 identity of Ccrnienon's bay is hardly ])ossible. The 
 tiiiiely circulation of a paragraph from Cabrera 
 ]>ii«'no's work of 1732 and another from Crespi's 
 (liarv of 17G9 would have well nigh removed all dith- 
 ( ulties in this matter, which has proved so puzzling 
 to the annalists. 
 
 Sebastian Vizcaino, commanding a Spanish ex]ilor- 
 iiig ilect of three vessels, anchored in San ]3iego Bay 
 on Xovember 10, 1G03. He had sailed from Acapul<'<» 
 ill ^Tay of tho preceding year, with a force of neaily 
 Iwo hundred men including throe Carmelite friars. 
 His special mission, in addition to that of general ex- 
 jiloiation and tho over potent purpose of iinding an 
 interoceanic strait, was to find a suitable port for the 
 i'liilippino ships. Details of his expedition to the 
 (late mentioned and of his explorations along the outer 
 coast of the peninsula have been presented in another 
 part of this work. It is only with his experience on 
 
 UibT. Cal., Vol. 1. 7 
 
08 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the coast of upper California that we are now con- 
 cerned.'"' 
 
 It liad l)oon sixty years since Cabrillo had visited 
 this bay and named it San Miufucl; but liere as else- 
 where on the Californian coast Vizcaino pays no heed 
 to the discoveries of his predecessor; giving indeed no 
 indication that they were known to him. The name 
 was now given doubtless with reference to that of the 
 ilag-ship, and also to the day of San Diego de Alcahi 
 occurring on the 12th of November. A juirty landed 
 to explore, climbed to the summit of the hills on the 
 northern peninsula, had a view of the grand harbor 
 and a glimjjso of the False Bay, found plenty of wood, 
 and came bach to report. The general decided to clean 
 and pay his ship, and to t)btain a supply of wood and 
 water. A tent church for the friars was pitched 
 somewhere on the western shore between what are 
 now La Plava and Point Loma.i Wells were divj; on 
 the oppofsite sand issland, or })eninsula, and the work of 
 
 ''" Ifiif. Xarlh Mcr. Statc/<, this sorica. TIic vessels were tlic ila'j-sliip, uv 
 capitana, Sim hh-iji), on ^vllR•ll sailed Vizcaino as captaiu-'jencral; the tianto 
 Ti^max, mulji- Toriliio (ioiiicz do Corvan as admiral; an<l the Tre-i Hci/cs under 
 Aifercz M;irtiu A'^'iiilar ami the jiiloto Antonio Tlores. Other odieers were 
 Captain Aliinso I'lstrvan I'eu'iicro, Captain Caspar Alarcon, Captain (Jerc'i- 
 iiiini) Martin l'alaeii>3, cosnio,!,'raj)licr; AllY'rcces Juan Francisco Suriano, 
 Sebastian Melendez, and .Juan tie Acevcdo Tejeda; pilotos Francisco Bolafios, 
 ]5altasar ilo Armas, and dnan I'aseual; sergeants Mi;j;nel Lcgar and .Inan 
 Castillo llueno; and corporals Estevan Lopez and Francisco Vitlal. The 
 friars vero Andres do la Asuncion, 'I'onias dc Arpiino, and Antonio do 
 l:i Ascension, the first servin;^ as C'lmixdrio and the latter as ehronich r 
 and assistant eosniograjiher and niap-niaker. The standard and original 
 authorities are I'adre Ascension's account, ]ierhaps but little chting((l I'roni 
 the original diary, in Ton/ni iintila, i. (i;)4-7-l); the same author's Iichir'n,,!, 
 Jlirvr, i)',','.) 74, written in IG20, and adding iKjt much of iniportaneo to ti;o 
 oilier; Salinirmi, J,'i frtrioum, It-'Jl, the author of wlneh was personally 
 aeijuainteil with Ascension and other ciMUjianionsof Vizcaino; C'abri ra Jini'iio. 
 Ann iiucioii, .'iOJ-lli, which contains a derrotero of the coast from (,'apc Men- 
 docino south, drawn from Vizcaino's log and charts; I'diitjn-i. A^/^, i. lli.'l- 
 '2>\; iii. •JJ-I.'!;) and Xantrnfc, Siif't 1/ J/c.r. ix.-xviii., the autiior of whi> h 
 saw in the Spanish archives eei'titicil copies of all the ]iapcr3 relating to the 
 evpeilition, including ."(•J niajis, a small reduction from which comliined in one 
 lie ]inl)lished in his atlas. This map, which 1 repi'oducc, was also ]jul)lishid 
 in JliiriK i/\i < 'linm. J/1.4., ii. •Jlid-.")!). It is very much to bo regretted that tin 
 narratives and niajis of this voyage have never been published, and tiiat \a\ - 
 arreto has niadt! so inadcfpuite a use of them. For accounts of the voyage 
 adding nothing to information derived from those mentioned I refer tlie 
 reader to the account in an earlier volume of my work; it may be aMed that 
 very many of the works cited in this chapter on the voyages of Cabrillo and 
 Drake contain also a mention of Vizcaino. 
 
VIZCAINOS EXrEDITIOX, 
 
 99 
 
 icntting wont on, tliouji^li iiiany were sick Avitli tlic 
 .scurvy of which some had already died. Indians 
 ;i''iiicd with hows and arrows soon appeai'cd on the 
 licach hut were neither liostilc nor very timid, gladly 
 consenting to an interchange of gifts. They were 
 understood to say hy signs that other bearded mm 
 ]i!<(^ the Spaniards wei'e in the interior. All were dc- 
 li-litcd with the port and its surroundings. Vizcaino 
 with Fray Antonio and an escort made an expeditit)n 
 oil land, how extensive or in what (hivction wo may 
 not know, but probably including the eastern shores. 
 Alter a stay of ten days, tluy set sail on tho 'JOtli of 
 Xi)vembcr."^ The islands known as Los Coronados 
 v.cre noted and named by Vizcaino; and Cabrei-a 
 ]iueno, giving a full descri[)tion of the port which lie 
 })uts in latitude 34°, names also the Punta de (iuijar- 
 ]<)s, that is the point of cobble-stones, or ballast.^' 
 
 \ voyaije of ei'j'ht days against a north-west wind, 
 thi' 7)-('s JiCijcs hugging the coast and the others keej)- 
 iii''- farther out, brouu'ht them to an anchoraLjc at the 
 island which from the day they named Santa Cata- 
 hua, siLjlitiuii another laru'o island in the soutli-wesL 
 named San Clcmente.'^' 3>efore arrivincr here thev 
 had gone to a bight on the main, where smoke and 
 j^reen vegetation were seen, but there seemed to be 
 no protection from the winds. This was prol)ably 
 the bay they called San Pedro,'^* a name .still retained. 
 
 '''The narratives enter somewhat into descriptive details for wliicli I Iim-.o 
 nusjiiice. Says Ascciisinn: 'la tlio .sail;'!;, of the 1h;u'!i tlnn.,' \va!<a;^ri'at ijiiaii- 
 ti;y i.f iiiarcasitc, golJcii (doraila) .-.nd spon/y, which is .a cluar s^iirn that i i 
 th.' iiuimitaiiri round the jiort tl'.erc nrv j/old-inincs, hoc-ausr tlio umums whvi 
 it I'liiiii l.rijiL; it from the mountain;.' 'J'hiy also found in tl;o s.ind nia.sses if 
 a ,"niyli ;'ht suhstanco like dried ox-dnncr, whi'.-h itwas thought mi^'Iit l:o am- 
 1" r. S' int! vei-y heavy l>luo stones with which powderccl and mixed in waf r 
 the nativ'9 made sliinin.t; streaks <jn their faees were thonL'ht to lie rieh in 
 .«i!ver. The fertility of the soil, ahundanec of ;^anio and iisli, and indeed a";l 
 tlic natnnd (pialitics of the jilaee arc highly praised. San Diego was deemed 
 a hue site for a Spanish settlement. 
 
 ^•('iihirra liiuiio, Xnir;iaiion, .30."). 
 
 '■^ Xame only in < 'uhrrrn. liucnn, X<tr., ."lO,"). The island is not on th(> m;ip. 
 
 '■On tiie map it is Knsenada do S. Andres. Calirera, llneno nanus San 
 iViho in ,'!1' ;io', and mentions the little i.-land there. Nov. "Jtith is the day 
 of St IV'ter, hishop of Alexandria. It will bo remembered that Cahrillo had 
 e:il!rd this hay Uahia <le loa llumoa. 
 
iK 
 
 100 
 
 TIIK PLSCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 like iliosc of tile islands. Santa Catalina had a large 
 j)(>])ulati()n of ii.slicriiien and tradei\s, who had large 
 well built canoes and houses, as well as a temple 
 where they sacrificed birds to an idol. They had no 
 fear and Mere friendly, though skillful thieves. One 
 or two days were spent here,*" and then they went on 
 through the wateis which they named the Canal de 
 Santa Barbara,""* between the main and a chain of 
 islands which commanders of the Philippine ships 
 are said to have regarded before as tierni Jlrme. The 
 
 \P.A">' 
 
 5!""' 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^^ V 
 
 oV* Plu.Surraa*— ^ ^. ,/, , 
 
 ^ - No ee viu fontlo 
 
 T0L103 SAMOS^ 
 
 Vizcaino's Map. 
 
 country was very attractive on both sides of the 
 channel, but Vizcaino did not anchor, deeming it 
 important to take advantage of favorable winds to 
 reach northern latitudes. A chief came off in a canoe, 
 however, and used all his eloquence to induce the 
 strangers to visit his home, ofi'ering ten women ioi- 
 each man to supply a need that he noted on board 
 the ships. I give here a copy of Vizcaino's map of 
 the coast up to Monterey. Between the narrative, 
 
 ^ Torqiiemada, i. 713, Bays they departed on December 25th, but tliis must 
 be an error. 
 
 "" The day of Santa Barbara is December 4th. 
 
VIZCAINO AT MONTEREY. 
 
 101 
 
 tlic map, and Cabrera's description there is no Httlo 
 (•(•ni'iKsion in details."' 
 
 Tlicre were other friendly visits from the natives 
 {IS the Spaniards advanced northward; but after 
 enieru'ing from the channel and passing Point Concep- 
 cion the coast was so hidden from view by fogs as to 
 greatly interfere with the search for a harbor."^ On 
 t!ie 14th of December the fog lifted and revealed to 
 the voyagers the lofty coast range which I'rom tlie 
 })rcceding day was named Sierra do Santa Lucia, and 
 which as the chronicler states had been the landmark 
 usually sighted by the China ships. Four leagues 
 beyond, a river flowing from loi'ty hills enters the ocean 
 Vvith fertile and well wooded banks between the shore 
 dill's. It was named the Rio do Carmelo in honor of 
 the Carmelite friars who accompanied the expedition.*^' 
 Then Vizcaino's fleet rounded and named Puiita do 
 I'inos, and on the ] Gth of December anchored in a 
 famoso, or excellent, harbor which in honor of the 
 A iecroy who had despatched the expedition was named 
 ^Monterey."'' 
 
 Next day the church tent was jiitched under tho 
 sliiule of an oak whose branches touched the tide- 
 water, twenty paces from springs of good water in a 
 ravine, which barranca, with similar trees not quite 
 so near the shore, is still a prominent landmark at 
 ]\[()ntcrey. There were now but few men on tho shi[)S 
 
 '''' Map from Sulll y Mexicniia, Vicif]e, Atlas No. 4. Torqiiomailii givc-ii 
 1111 iiiimc's except Santa Catjilina Island and Santa ]]:ii-l)Mia Canal. < 'altera 
 lUieno, I!fl4, yivcs a pa,i,"o of nut very clear desci'iption. lie names I'unta do 
 Coiicepcion in .').")' 30', Farallon de Lolios, ("anal de Sta ll.ulia'a, I'linta, de la 
 Ciiiiveisiun (porliajis identical with tiie Tnnta de IJio Oidce of the map, ami 
 ■\( ith tile iiioiiein I't Jlueneme) Isla de Sta liarbara, Isla de Sta Cataliua in 
 ;;i' :>i)', I.sla do San Clement'! in 4:j' (a little less). 
 
 '""On the map in named Knsenada de Itoijue, whiili is either San Luis 
 Olijspi) or Kstoro liay; and ' point wliicli looks like an i-dand,' t^vidently I't 
 Sir. Calirera gives no names except Tierra de Santa Lucia, mentioning huw- 
 ever the 'niorro' corresponding to I't Sur. 
 
 '" N'lit shown on the mjip. Called by Cabrera Bneno a 'famoso pnerto (pio 
 tii;ie ahrigo do todus vientoa, y tienc tin rio de nniy Imeiia agua, y de poco 
 t' udo, el (pial por las orillas cstii nniy poblado do muehos Alamos iiegros;' also 
 'alamos bhmcos' as the others say. 
 
 '"Oitcn written in early times in two words !Monte Rcy or Monte-Rei, 
 also Monterei and very commonly Monterrey. Of course the Europt'aii origin 
 vi the name in very remote times was monte del rcij or ' king's mountain.' 
 
10-2 
 
 Tin: DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Dot afTcctcd ))>' tlio scurvy. Many wuio Moriously III, 
 and sixteen luul died. In a council held imniediatcly 
 after religious services it was decided to send hack one 
 «)t' the vessels to carry the sick and re])ort pro^i'i'ss. 
 Accordinnly after such rest and relief as could he 
 ohtained from a short stay on shore, the Santo Tonuis 
 was des[)atched on the 2i)th of December for Acapulco, 
 carrying Father Aquino anionuf the disabled. 'J'he 
 voyage was one of great suffering; twenty-five men 
 dieil either on the way or soon after arrival; and only 
 nine survived, among whom were the admiral, Corvan, 
 and Fray Tomus. Five days after Corvan's dej)art- 
 ure the San IJicf/o and Tres L*e)/es having ol^tainc^l a 
 supply of wood and water sailed from ISIonterey for 
 tile north on January 3, 1G03. 
 
 The qualities of Monterey as a harbor protected 
 irom all winds were somewhat exaggerated, though 
 no minute desc]i[)tion was given in the diary; and 
 the explorers were very enthusiastic in their praises 
 of its surroundings, its abundance and variety of ani- 
 mals and tishcs, its fertile soil, and plentiful wood and 
 water. It was deemed es])ecially well fitted for a re- 
 fitting station for the Philip])ine ships, being in the 
 latitude where they often sighted the coast. The 
 natives, respecting whom less information is given 
 than about the fauna and flora of the region, were 
 friendly.'^ 
 
 For three days from Montere}'- no discoveries arc 
 recorded; and on the 7th of January the vessels are 
 separated, not to meet again, by some misunderstand- 
 ing of signals. Vizcaino on the San Dityo turns back 
 by a point passed on the sixth, and named from the 
 day Punta de los Reyes, to enter the port of San 
 J^'rancisco under that point in search of trat.'cs of 
 Cermefion's visit in 151)5. He anchors, but does not 
 
 '* Both Torquemada and Ascension give some details of animals, plants 
 trees, and fishes. The latter mentions tlie fact that a dead uliale was lying 
 ou the beach, which bears camo down to eat at night, (^'abrera liucuo puts 
 the port in 37°, gives a very accurate description of it, and states that tho 
 anchorage is well protected except against uorth-west winds. 
 
VIZCAINO AT (Ari: .MF.XDOCIXO. 
 
 103 
 
 1,111(1, and next day sails on in qnost of tlic ooiisort, 
 iiiakinn' iiiconsidcnildo ])ro,<,M'c'ss till i\\v. l-tli, when 
 tliiv sin'ht what they lu'licvt) to l»u Cajjo Mciidociiio, 
 ill hititudo 41" '50'. Next day the ship is liovc to in 
 ;i south-(>ast ^ale; and as only six men are tit for work, 
 it is decided to return to La ].*az in the <'ult*, hi t tiie 
 
 / 
 
 (CVn/a 7M# ijuitt al Co, Nann 
 C.MflTiH-CtTlVf/'riCRRAS OCL CO. BUNQUrSCAl V SltRRAt NCVADAt 
 
 Ih hiu B» urpnd$ 
 
 III rt'irhnt't at .V. /•<>r'f,trutlriit hrvrv tfnniwt j>»i, acrinn rmulttlumi 
 etrea Uct Caho 
 
 ^ Cutta Jt barrantat iup$ra$ 
 
 Cnata StifttUta fntre «/ Ho ftrantlt Jt S. Stlaitian 
 y la bahiagranU* <i«t U. XtntUMino 
 
 CMla Jt tomai 
 
 
 \«ii(oi/«oi-6oI«J<i 
 
 
 \^ Cotta (i*jwra 
 
 
 Ida 
 
 lkba$Him 
 
 
 r% 
 
 7r 
 
 AiI(i(/o 
 
 
 \.. 
 
 Jc l>,» Rt\ff 
 
 
 t 
 (^i\i. 
 
 dt barraneaa ftanM$ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 Cu^ta Ue arlole-ta 
 
 
 FRAILC^ U ■■-t'.DtP^ ''^ 
 
 
 )>;n«. (iran'U 
 
 
 ^\Co9ta $4gura 
 
 
 \ Cotta dt barraneia $ 
 
 arbola. 
 
 
 V.P. .u AnoA'uti-ii 
 
 
 A _. -_ 
 
 
 Vizcaino's Map. 
 
 ualc causes them to drift northward. On the 14th 
 tlicy are close to Capo Mendocino, but on the 10th 
 the weather clears and they find themselves in latitude 
 42,' in sight of a white point near high snowy moun- 
 tains. Tiiey name the point Cabo Blanco do San 
 
m 
 
 lot 
 
 TTTE PTSrOVERY OF CATJFOT^XLV. 
 
 '.■■ 
 
 Sibnstian, and, with a favoralili^ wind, turn sontli- 
 Avard on St Sebastian's day. They kt'cp ncai* tlic 
 slidrc, l)ut without di.scovciricH tlwit liave \v\'t any 
 traces in the narrative, and without anchoriiiLC until 
 tliey come to Cech'os Island on the 7th of January, 
 'i'hi! sulleriiii,' and loss of life from scurvy liavo heen 
 terril»l(>, hut relief is found at ^Tazallan. 
 
 Meanwhile Ajjfuilar in tho Tres Uvijcn advances to 
 latitude AV and is then driven hy the Ljale to .in 
 anclioi-aufe hehind a j^reat eliiF near Capo ^[endociiio. 
 ( 'ontinuinLj his voyai^e after tho storm, he linds hi> 
 lalitude on the I'Jth to he 43', near a point named 
 ('aj)o IManco, beN'ond which the coast turns to tli • 
 north-west,'"^ and also near a large I'iver. On account, 
 of sickness anil because ho has already reached tlh' 
 limit of the viceroy's instructions, A;^uilar resolves to 
 I'l'tm-n. Doth lu^ and Flores die on the vo^'aij^e, only 
 iive men surviving. 1 give a copy of the map rejin- 
 st'nting discoverii's above ^lonterev, not agreeinLf in 
 
 *^ t,' ' cj ■" 
 
 all respects with tlie narrative, and showing nothing 
 above Cape !^^endocino. Tho groat river, supposed by 
 Padre Ascension to be the entrance to Anian Strait, 
 nmst have been either imaginar or a small stream. 
 It is not possible to determine accurately tho northeiu 
 limit of tliis exploration; but the indications are that, 
 it ^\■as not beyond the present Oregon line of 42 anil 
 thatA'izcaino's Cape San Sebastian and Aguilar's Cap'' 
 IJlanco were identical with the modern Trinidad an I 
 St George.'^ 
 
 '■^ Ascension snj'a nortli-cast and names tlin rivor Sa-ita Inc'^g. 
 
 ''See Ilittt. Xurthircitt ('oaxi, i. 147-S. ( 'iilircra IJucno'.s <lcscription of tlio 
 nortlicrn coii.-;t is as f(»Il(j\vs: ' In Lititudi! 42^ is a liigli cape, apparently lUt 
 ildWn porpc'iiilicularly to the Hi'a, and fi'oni it runs a lower coa.st some cij,'lit 
 li'aunos southward, where the land forms another hiuli point, bare, with sd.ho 
 white el ill's which rise from the water's edge; this point is in 41' .*?;)' and is 
 tailed Capo Mendocinr). From lieio the coast trends s. i;. to lat. .'iO' liO', tin' 
 land lieingof medium elevation and tliiekly wooded, with some small hills haio 
 alcng the shore. In the said latitude it forms a low point of white clilFs riit 
 down to the sea; and from here the coast trendss. e. one quarter s. to US ,"> ' , 
 where tho land fomia a point of medium licight, separated from the coast s) 
 as to appear from a distance to l>o an island, which is called I'unta dc i'lS 
 IJeyes. It forms a steep elilV (inorro), and on its north side affords a gcd 
 shelter from all winds, in lat. ;{S^ ,'{0', and is called San Francisco. In a souili 
 or South-east wind the anchorage is at the cud of the beach where it forms :in 
 
RE><tn,TS OF ACni.An-.'^ EXPLORATTOV. 
 
 ia'. 
 
 rn soutli- 
 iicjir tilt! 
 Icll any 
 •'u\>^ iiiilil 
 Jamiiirv. 
 wive 1)('<'U 
 
 I vane* 'S to 
 ale to ail 
 [cndociiK*. 
 ! iiiuls ]\U 
 iiit nainiil 
 ns to til" 
 hi account 
 aclu'd till' 
 'csolvos to 
 yai]jc, only 
 nap ri'iiri- 
 greciui^ in 
 ig nothing' 
 pposed l»y 
 ian Strait, 
 ill stream, 
 northern 
 s are that 
 )f 42 an<l 
 lar's Ca]"' 
 nklad an. I 
 
 lAC('i)t the (liscoverv of Moiitcrcv Hav Vizcaino 
 liad a<'<'oni|tiish((l iio inni-c, and indeed in several 
 ji-liects less, than had ( 'ahrillo sixty years before; hut 
 
 llie I'esnlts (if his Vo\ 
 
 ere clearlv recorded, whilt 
 
 tile t'X|K'<lition «>f jiis preu 'cessor ha<l h^ft practically no 
 Ir.Ki- in the woi'ld's knowle <;■(>. From KIOM the trend 
 and general character of tlu! ( *alif<»iMna coast, toget hei' 
 with its ehicf jiarhors, always excepting tin' nnchscov- 
 ei-i'd San Kianciseo, were well known t»» the Sp.w ' o'ds 
 \i\- these I'ecords; hut for more than a ct'iitury and a 
 lialf there was no addition to this knowledu'e. Xit 
 .-iiip is known to have entei-ed the north*' • wat» rs 
 fioin the south, while the Manila shi|is iVcm the far 
 west neit'"'!' touched at the iic^w ports nor left iiuy 
 ricoi'd (if what they saw as they passed. A izcujno 
 mad strong efforts to he intrusted with a ni'W expe- 
 dition for the occupation of Monterey; and in \(\iu\ 
 there was a prosj»ect of his success; hut att<'ntion was 
 <!i\(rted to the far west; and though this navigator, 
 letuining as a passenger from .lajian, on the <SV'/^ Fniii- 
 risni, again sighted Cape ^lendocino (»n Deeenihei' ■_'(!. 
 K)!;"!, 11(1 niort' attempts wei'e made on tlieoutei'<'oast.^ 
 There is a perfect hiank of one hundi'ed and sixty-six 
 ycaj's in the annals of what we call California. 
 
 ilerrera's historv eontainin<j: an account of Ca- 
 hrlllo's diseovcrit'S had heen puhlished in KiO l-i f), and 
 new Spanish (.-ditions appeared in I7l'8 and l7-"!(». 
 
 oi(jiienia(las g 
 
 ivat work v>ith a record of N'izcain 
 
 o s 
 
 Icriptiou of the 
 
 Tuiparintly int 
 
 liHt soino cijjht 
 
 [ire, with sK.nit 
 
 141' -lO' mill i< 
 
 lit. .W :M)\ t!i" 
 
 InmllliillslKiic 
 
 Ivliitc cliirs lilt 
 
 ?r ». t(>;}S ;!', 
 
 Ini the coast ^•> 
 
 j I'linta lie ln3 
 
 IfVords a j^o'"l 
 
 |o. Iiiasoutli 
 
 li'o it fornix an 
 
 nnglo on tin- N. w. ; ■wliilo on tlu- n. k. are tlirco wliite rocks very ncnr tlio 
 Hi'M, ami (>ii|)ositc the niiililU' one an <sti rn iiiakcH in fr(»ni the .-ica witii a gou^l 
 ( '.itiiiucraml \\<> l)roa!;ir.-!. In^-iiloaio toiinil liicinlly Imlians, anil fii'.sli w.itcr 
 may lie ca.sily <ilitainc(l. S.s. w. tVuni tlii ■. imrtarc si\ oi.-.i'\i n small « liitc tara- 
 11 mcs .siiuic lir.i.'ir tliaii oIIk rs, oc.npyinj,' iivcr;i Ira^uc in cii'cnit. . ..Vliout I 1 
 lr:i;.'!ii's s. v.. \ s. finni I't Jtivos, the lainl ni;i!i( i a puint, lut'ni-c icju'liini,' wliiili 
 tlic land i^ of miiliuni clcvatiiin, liarc alom; tlic slunf. wiili sunn: sti'c|i clill-i, 
 tliniiL.'!! inlanil it i.s iii^'li ami wooili'ij, until a low p.a ^ is ivaclicd in ;>7 Jin' 
 ("illcil i't Ano \ucvo.' X<ii'i(iiiiitiii,',V)'l~',\. Tliis antlmr n latiti.ilc s arc fr'riii 
 .'1!)' til a ili'j,'rci; tipo liiLtli. Jlc c\ iilcntly saw a more niiiintr accuuii* of \'i/.- 
 laino'.; voy;ii^'c tlian liic one jmlilislicd, or what is not unlikely, had access to 
 C'lnu'iuin's report. 
 
 " IV';/n/((«. AV,/. (V(/., i. 101, 201 ; Clurhin'o, S/orhi, i'<l'a Cnl., |fi!» (10; Cdli- 
 furn'iii, Enfiih. If Pruj., !), 10; JJor. Iii-f. Mi.c., ser. ii. toni. iii. -iVA; < 'tinlnu", 
 M'u' rifil. lO;' \'}:-a:iio, Hctaviuii, I'Jll-lJ, p. lOi); si:e //in/, yijrl/i Jli-c. .V., 
 i. rljap. \iii. tiii.-i ;jeries. 
 
]00 
 
 TIIK DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 V(»y;ig(^ and Cenncuon's mishaps appoarc;! in 101:3 
 and was ropul)lislic'd in 172.']. ])iako's advontui'cs 
 M'cre related in scores of jiopular voyage colleelions 
 l)esi<les the ori^nnal printed accounts. In 17;J-1: Ca- 
 brera liueno's sailing directions were ])i-inted across 
 the l*acilic, but the work was not widclv circulated.'^ 
 In 1742 Anson, the English i)rivateer, found on a 
 captured galleon the S})anish chart of which I re- 
 ])roduce that ]iart showing the coast of California. 
 There is nothing to indicate that the maher luivl 
 access to any information not given l)y Vizcaino and 
 
 
 ru.iit 
 
 A no Xuovo 
 
 PUi.de Piuu 
 
 PUt.d.' in C< i;ic,.li Jl't 
 
 '>/ju 
 
 ,tt« 
 
 
 K^^ 
 
 Co« 
 
 i.rolro 
 
 iVo» 
 
 
 Pta.ile Sii.Dlceo 
 
 ^^KustHiitla til I'ltVirjinet 
 
 LliLH DF SN.MAHTIN 
 
 Spanish Chart, 1742. 
 
 ''^ Nnveriadon E^-tpcculativn, y Prdctica, con la Explkac'ionde ahjrnoK innfrii- 
 vieiito-i, (JVC rslaii jhk.x cii vho en Ion navi'ijautcs. con la-i rc'ihix ii'rcunrins pnra xii 
 IV /'(/r/'/f ;•(( r,io, etc. ; Tuhla (If Ins ilrcUnnciont s <h I sol, co)iijinlivhtii nl iner/il'diioi/i 
 San lieriKiriiiDn; el modo dr nnrnjar j)or Imjiomrtrid ; j.or Ini Udihiti tie rnniho^: 
 pnr Id arilhiiiitira; ])or la trhjonomclria; ]:or cl qitddrantr de, rvdncdon ; jmr 
 los sdinit /iii/nrltldiios; y comiincx; con Ion cstumpan, yjii/iimn /wiicnicicii/r.i d In 
 diclio, y ofra.t tm/ddos ciiriosox. Coinj/irsfd for cl (dmirnnlo D. loncph Gnu- 
 Zdli'z ( 'alin rd Ilinno, /lilolo mayor de In Corrcrd de I'hilijtivas, ji iiri/iinil dc la 
 i-la dc Tciirrifv niid de Ion Ciniarian, qrkn la diilira al M. III.''''' Siil 1). J'l r- 
 Vdiido dc Vuhlcn y Tamon. . Xlovcrumlor y Capitdn General dc Ian Inlan I'/iili- 
 jiiiian, etc. Maniia, 1792, fol. 11 f. 392 pages. '2 f. The bulk of the woi'k ia a 
 treatise on navigation; but Part V^., '292-304, is devoted to derrotas, containing 
 sailing directions for the various I'hilippinc and Pacific routes; and ciiap. v., 
 ;{02-22, relates to the coast from C. Mendocino to Pananid. Portokl and 
 ( respi in 1709 had a copy of this work, or at least were familiar with its eon- 
 tents; but from that time to 1874, when it was described and quoted in the 
 ih-crUxiid Monthly by my assistant, I have found no indication of its having 
 bccu consulted by any writer. 
 
THE NORTHERN MYSTERY. 
 
 107 
 
 ill IGir. 
 [ventures 
 )lUH'ti<)ns 
 
 L7iM Ca- 
 
 J(l iU'lMSS 
 
 ■culated.'' 
 md on a 
 icli I re- 
 'alilornia. 
 akor lusvl 
 caino and 
 
 iCCO 
 
 iarhi^ /mm •<'« 
 
 |f(.S(/« riniilio<: 
 flucci'in; ]">!' 
 tiiich'iitC'f d I" 
 
 \iiftlin-iil (If III' 
 i Snl J). ]'• !■■ 
 /.s-'as rii/i- 
 the work i-* a 
 Is, containing 
 Tiul cimp. v., 
 [Portoki iiiul 
 Ivvith its ciiii- 
 liioted in tln' 
 If its having 
 
 r'alncra Biiono.'" In l";")" appeared Venegas' work 
 ■ 111 l>;ija California, from which, more than from any 
 ciIk r, a })(»puhir knowledge of the northern expedi- 
 tions was derived."'' 
 
 The topic that I designate the Northern I\h-stcry — • 
 lliat is what was thought and written and i)ictured in 
 laajis respecting the coast region above the Californian 
 L;air from 1530 to 17G0, the voyages which I have 
 (li'scrilied in this chapter furnishing a slight founda- 
 tion of actual knowledge on which an imi^osing struct- 
 ure was reared by imagination, theory, and falsehood — ■ 
 might very plausibly bo regarded as a part of the his- 
 t try of California as a country stretching indelinilely 
 tVttni the peninsula to the mythic strait of Anian. 
 \'rt much more essential is this subject to the annals 
 (if tht^ regions above latitude 42°, and therefore, 
 csjiocially as a general view of the theories involved 
 lias already been presented," to avoid imdesirable 
 ivpctition I treat the subject very fully, with a repro- 
 duction of many quaint old maps, in another volume 
 rchdiiig to the northern countries,"'' confining my re- 
 marks here to a very brief statement. 
 
 The chief element of the Northern IMystcry was 
 the belief in and search for an intemceanic strait sepa- 
 latiii''' the Mexican reunions from Asia, This strait 
 at liist was between South America and the Asiatic 
 main; but was pushed constantly northward by ex- 
 jiloi'ation, and was to l)e found always just beyond the 
 liighest latitude visited. Each inlet was the enti\ance 
 to the strait until the contrary was proved; inlets 
 wore discovered or written about that existed only in 
 imagination, and navigators even went so far as to 
 (laiiu boldly that they had sailed through the strait. 
 
 '"'' Aiii-nrif Voj/nije, eil. 177t), ."^Sf. Also in Vcneijas, Not. Cat., iii. 235-0, 
 Till- ilitti (1 line sliows the route of the gnllooiis, 
 
 '■Hire may bo mentionoil a njKirt given by tho natives of San Luis 
 Ohis]iii to lather l''iguer and recorded in Atr.n, Dinrh, MS., l()'J-3, in 177<i, 
 tliiit "Jit years before, in 17.").1, twelvo wjute men dressed like tho Si)aniiirils 
 lauded frmr, a boat and were subsecjueiitly east iiway on tho coast and perished. 
 
 I'^Sco //(,s7. Korth iU",./C(/?( States, i., this series. 
 
 ■'See Hist. Xorthiccut t'oust, i, cLa]). ii.-iv., this scries. 
 
108 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 At first the belief in rich islands on the way to India 
 had been strong, and with reports of the strait, rnmors 
 of great kingd"ms, cities, amazon isles, gold, and pre- 
 cious stones naturally multiplied. 
 
 Next by some strange blunder, apparently of tlio 
 historian Goniara, the wanderings of Coronado in 
 Arizona, New Mexico, and the far north-east, were 
 transferred to the Pacific coast, and for many yoais 
 Tiguox, Cicuic, Quivira, and the rest appeared dis- 
 tributed along the shore with names from Cahri'l > 
 and Drake. For no other reason apparently than to 
 provide room for all these names, it was customary tu 
 make the coast trend but little north of west betwciu 
 2;")° and 40°, tlience extending north to the strait. 
 One map, however, placed California far north of tliD 
 strait of Anian, and very near the north pole. 
 
 In the third grc^at development of the imaginary 
 geography, California played a more definitely iiu- 
 portant part than in those mentioned. The New 
 ]\[exican names were removed from the coast, but 
 California from Capo San Li'icas to latitude 44' Ix- 
 came a great island. At first the gulf and peninsula 
 were mapped with reraai'kablc accuracy. But Lok i:i 
 1582 turned the coast abruptly eastward above 4i. 
 Ascension in 1G03 arrjued that Aguilar's river in 4i' 
 was the entrance of Anian, and probably connect; 4 
 with the ijulf Onate at the Colorado mouth in Ki'i t 
 convinced himself that the gulf extended north and 
 east to the Atlantic. Cardona in 1G17, havincf as Ik; 
 believed seen deep water extending far beyond " ( , 
 openly declared the whole country an island. Ai 4 
 finally a party of adventurers about 1G20 had no dil- 
 ficulty in circumnavigating California. For many 
 years the coi ,itry was so mapped and (lescrii)ed, X'.'\a 
 Albion forming the north end of the island. From 
 1700 to 174G the Jesuits labored to restoic the Ix-Tn I' 
 in a peninsula, and were successful. The last pluiscs 
 of the mystery were those of 1751 and 1774 tliat th-; 
 Colorado River sent off a branch to jMonterej- or Saii 
 
ANXIEXT MAPS. 
 
 109 
 
 l'iaii<isco, and tlien the searcli for northern wonders 
 V, ;is transferred to the far north, beyond the farthest 
 limits of our California. 
 
 ( )i' the many maps of the early times which I rc- 
 jiumIuco elsewhere, and of the many more similar ones 
 wliirli I have studied, not one except those presented 
 ill this chajiter contains any real information about 
 the coast of Upper California. On them the reader 
 will find a coast line varying in its trend from north 
 to west, marked with capes, bays, rivers, and towns, 
 wlilcli, except so far as founded on the narratives and 
 iiKijis which I have noted in this chapter, are purely 
 iiiuiuinary, the names beimx traceable to the same nar- 
 rutivos and maps, except such as come from Coronado's 
 inland explorations. These maps aft'ord an interestini^ 
 .study, but have no bearing on real discovery. It is 
 not unlikeh^ however, that useful original maps of 
 ( 'abrillo's, Cermenon's, or Vizcaino's ex])lorations may 
 yet come to light, or that in the mean time men will 
 continue to build grave theories of local discovery on 
 the \agaries of the old cosmographers. 
 
fe:!: 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ^MOTIVES AND PREPARATIONS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATION. 
 
 17G7-1770. 
 
 State of the Spanish Colonies — Accidental Awakenino fiiom ArATin — 
 Revival of Old Motives — Feaii ok the Rl'ssians — Visitadou Jose iie 
 Galvez on the Peninsula — Ciiahacteu and ArTiioniTY of tiii. ^Ian- 
 Condition of Affaius in Lower California — Instructions and Plans 
 OF Galvez fortue Occufation of San DiEdo and Monterev— A Fori;- 
 
 FOLD EXI'EDITIO.N tJ SkA AND LaND — V'esSELS, TrOOFS, AND Sui'FLIES— 
 
 PoktolA, Rivera, and Serra — Plans for the Conquista Esfiritual 
 — Galvez Consults the Padue Presidente— Sacimcd Forced Loans- 
 Active Preparations— Sailing of the Fleet fro.m La Paz and Cai'i; 
 San Lucas— Iarcii of the Army from the Xorthicrn Frontier- 
 Loss of the 'San Jose' — Tidings of Success. 
 
 In all the liistorical phases briefly alluded to in Uw 
 introductory chapters of tliis volume, and fully piv- 
 sented in early volumes of this work, I have shown nii 
 epoch of decadence, of varying len,q;th in difrerciit 
 jirovinccs, but nowhere much Iciss than half a century 
 in duration. The adventurous spirit of the contiuorors 
 had for the most part faded away. Poorly e(jui[)}ic.l 
 soldiers performed their routine of garrison duty, an 1 
 of entradas asfainst frontier savages, in a listless im- 
 chanical way that but feebly rellected old-time glories. 
 Presidios were a kind of [)ublic works for the support 
 of oflicials, and the drawing of money from the roy.il 
 coflTers. Missionary zeal had not perhaps niatoriallv 
 abated; but one of the g'reat religious orders had bc( :i 
 driven from the country. The fi-iars were imjiednl 
 in their efforts by discouraging difficulties; and tho 
 mission establishments, reduced in number by socul.ii- 
 izatioii in the south, by destruction and consolidation 
 
 (110) 
 
AWAKENING FROM LETHARGY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ill tlio north, tlecimatcd in population by pestilence, 
 (It^scrtion, and diminished I'eeundity, ever coveted and 
 disturbed by vicious pobladores, or settlers, had [)assod 
 tilt' era of their greatest prosjDcrity. The most lanious 
 iniiicral districts had yielded tlieir richest superlicial 
 treasures and were now, by reason of savage raids, 
 iiiclHcient working, and the quicksilver monopoly, 
 cniiiparatively abandoned. Commercial, agricultural, 
 ami manufacturing industi'ies were now as ever at a 
 luw ebb. The native population had lost moie tliaii 
 nine tenths of its original numbers, the survivors liv- 
 ing quietly in the missions as neophytes, toiling in tho 
 iiiinos or on the haciendas practically as slaves, or 
 ranging the mountains as apostates more dreaded 
 tliaii the savages of the frontier. The fables of the 
 X(»illiern Mystery had lost something of tlieir charm, 
 .'ind were no longer potent to inspire at court the lit- 
 tinu'-out of armies or lleets. For more than a centurv 
 and a lialf no exploring vessel had sailed up the north- 
 ci'ii loasts. l*rovince after province had settled into 
 that stagnation which sooner or later became the lot 
 of every Spanish colony. 
 
 We come now to the partial awakening from this 
 li'thaigy which caused, or permitted, the occupation 
 of Alta California by Spain in I7()'.). This o(CUj)a- 
 tinii v»as in a certain sense accidental; that is, all the 
 motives leadin'jf to it had hnyr existed and had v;ith 
 one exception no new force at this time. For over 
 one hundr;^ ul sixty years, or since the voyage of 
 Sehastian A izcaino in lG0"2,as nuich had l)een known 
 et'the country as was now known. This knowledge! em- 
 braced the general trend an<l a])pearance of the <'oast, 
 the comparative fertility of the countiy and inlelli- 
 gcnt docility of its peo[)le, the existenci", location, an<l 
 li'ciieral description of ports San Diego, Monterey, and 
 that under Point Reyes called San Francisco, with a 
 tolera.hly accurate account of the Santa Barbara chan- 
 nel and islands. Thus it was no new information about 
 the country that prompted the Californiau contiuest. 
 
I ; 
 
 ii; 
 
 rREl'ARATIOXS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATION. 
 
 ])uriii_u;" all those years the Spaiiisli Court had fully 
 realized the inn)()rtance of exteudiiiij^ its doHiiui('U 
 over tlie north and especially over the coast region; 
 but vaiious ti'oubles at houie and abrtnid had encour- 
 aged procrastination. Year after year the Manila 
 galleon, coining from the west by the northern route 
 yadly in need of a refitting and relief station, had 
 borne her strained timbers and oriental treasure and 
 scurvy-stricken crew down past the California ports; 
 3'et no practical effort was made to possess and utilize 
 those ports, though it was always intended to do so 
 at some future convenient season, and scores of un- 
 heeded counnunications on the subject passed between 
 Mexico and Spain. Tales of the Northern Mystery, 
 of great empires and lich cities, of golden mountains, 
 pearl islands, and giant queens, so effective in the 
 earlier days, had lost, as we have seen, much of their 
 j)ower at court, if not elsewhere; yet little doubt Mas 
 ever felt tlipt tlie strait of Anian afforded a northern 
 ])assage by which a fleet of English cruisers might 
 any day appear from the north-east to seize upon 
 Anian and Quivira, and to ravage more southern 
 coasts. The fear was real enough to the Spaniards, 
 but it was bv no means sufficient to rouse them from 
 their apathy, which also successfully withstood the 
 l)etter-f bunded fear of Russian encroachments from 
 the north-west across rather than through the famous 
 strait; a fear that furnished the only motive for north- 
 ern conquest which had any new or unusual weight at 
 this time. Finally among operative incentives must 
 be mentioned the missionary ambition to convert 
 northern gentiles. Many times was the king rt- 
 uiinded of the rich spiritual harvest to be gathered 
 in California, by friars who never allowed him to ibr- 
 get the secular advantages to be gained by complying,' 
 with their wishes; but of late the petitions of Jesuits 
 and Franciscans, even for aid and protection in tlio 
 old frontier districts, had received but little attention. 
 Indeed, it does not appear that the Franciscans wire 
 
GALVEZ IX THE PENINSULA. 
 
 113 
 
 rsj)oc'mlly iirL''cnt at this juncture in their claims to 
 \k- sriit up the coast. 
 
 Tlie expulsion of the Jesuits in 1707 fixed the 
 jittentioi. of the Spanish and Mexican authorities on 
 tlie north-west, where were situated the principal 
 missions of the expelled order. California, by reason 
 ni' the old mysterious cl^rni hanging about the name 
 and country, the strangely exalted value and impor- 
 tance wliich the Jesuits had always attached to the 
 liaiTcn peninsula, and the current tales of immense 
 treasure hidden there by the society, attracted a very 
 large sliare of this attention. Moreover the explora- 
 tions of tlie liussians on the Alaska coasts from 1741 
 to 17(55 were tolerably well known to the S])anish 
 authorities; the danger of Kussian encroachment 
 seemed more threatening than in past yeavs; and 
 iinally the fitting-out of a military expedition for the 
 relief of Sonora suggested the expediency of taking 
 steps at this time for the protection of the peninsula. 
 AccorcHngly Jose do Galvez decided to visit in person 
 the western coast, and not only to superintend prep- 
 arations for the Sonora campaign, but to cross tlie 
 gulf, investigate the state of atfairs in Baja California, 
 and to adopt such measures as might be found neces- 
 sary {'or its safety. 
 
 (Jalvez set out from Mexico for San Bias April I), 
 17()S. Shortly after his departure Viceroy Croix re- 
 ceived from King Carlos III. orders to the efl'ect that 
 in connection with other precautions against the llus- 
 sians on the north-west coast, San Diego and Mon- 
 terey should be occupied and fortified. It had oceurretl 
 to the monarch, or his advisers, that this would be an 
 o[)portune time to carry into effect an old scheme, 
 give to tlie galleons their long-desired harbor, and 
 secure an important coast line from foreign aggression. 
 How the order was worded, whether peremptory in its 
 tei'nis or in the form of a recommendation, does not 
 appear. But that under ordinary circumstances it 
 \\c)uld liav(,^ been obeyed with any degree of prompti- 
 
 liisi. Cal., Vol. I. s" 
 
ijr:i 
 
 lU 
 
 PREPARATIOXS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATIOX. 
 
 tutio may well be doubt ed. The governor instrurtcd 
 to investigate and report; zealous iiiar.s called ujuin 
 for their views; the Franciscan authorities consulted 
 as t(-) the supi)lj of missionaries; treasury officials 
 questioned about ways and means; preliminary exjJor- 
 afions, conllicting reports, petty quarrels — all these 
 with the interminable complication of red-tape com- 
 munications therewith connected, resulting in vexa- 
 tious delay, if not in absolute failure, may be readily 
 pictured by the reader of preceding volumes, familiar 
 with tlie ways of the period. 
 
 Fortunately none of these obstacles was in this case 
 interposed. The royal o*'der was clear that San Dii'go 
 and Monterey should be occupied; the movement v. as 
 not a complicated or apparently difficult one; it was 
 promptly and etl'ectually executed. The cause of this 
 unusual promptness was in the man who undertook to 
 carry out the order. The whole matter was by the 
 viceroy turned over to Jose de Galvez, who was, as we 
 have seen, on his way to the Jalisco coast to embark 
 for the peninsula. Galvez had come to Mexico in 17(55 
 as visitador general of New S[)ain. lie was a member 
 of the Council of the Indies, and subsequently minis- 
 ter of state, ht)lding the latter position at the time 
 of his death in 1781). lie was invested by Carlos III. 
 with Vv^ell nigh absolute powers to investigate and 
 reform the administration of the government in its 
 different branches, particularly in matters pertaining 
 to the royal linances. Independent of the viceroy in 
 many I'cspeets by virtue of his position, only nominally 
 subordinate in others, assuming probably some prerog- 
 atives that did not belong to him, he was to all intents 
 the highest authority in New Spain. The viceny 
 Cruillas was removed from otficc largely because nf 
 his opposition to the visitador, and was replaced by 
 the more complaisant Marques de Croix. If theie 
 were any viceregal attributes not originally possesstd 
 by Galvez, or arbitrarily assumed by him, they weie 
 especially delegated to him by Croix when he started 
 
DON JOSn DE GAL\T.Z. 
 
 115 
 
 truotcd 
 
 d UJ)*!!! 
 
 insult I'd 
 officials 
 ex\)l()r- 
 11 these 
 po c( mi- 
 ll VCXil- 
 
 3 readily 
 faiuiliar 
 
 this case 
 
 neiit v.as 
 3; it v.as 
 AC of this 
 ertook to 
 :is by the 
 vas, as we 
 ,0 embark 
 coin 1 <"():) 
 member 
 ly minis- 
 t'ho time 
 
 ruiosin. 
 
 vate and 
 ;nt in its 
 icrtainiiisj; 
 .iccroy in 
 liominally 
 
 111 intents 
 viceroy 
 pcause ft 
 flaced by 
 hf there 
 Possessed 
 [hey Nvcve 
 le btartod 
 
 fortlio west. Thus powerful arul independent, Galvez 
 A\ ;is also remarkable for his practical good sense, busi- 
 ness ability, untiring energy, and disregard of all 
 loutine formalities that stood in his way. lie is 
 (iilided to the first place anumg the pioneers of Cal- 
 il'oiiiia though ho never set foot in the country.^ 
 
 (lalvez sailed from San Bias in May, but was driven 
 to tlie Tres Marias and back to Mazatlan, not reach- 
 ii);4' the peninsula till the first week in July. At this 
 tiuu; Ca[)tain Gaspar do Portola, an easy-going, pop- 
 ular man, but l)rave and honest withal, was ruling the 
 country as civil and military governor, while Captain 
 Fernando Javier Rivera v Moncada commanded tho 
 garrison of about forty soldiers at Loreto. Portola 
 was a new-comer of tlie ))receding year; Pi vera had 
 been long in the country.^ The missions were in the 
 
 'n;ilvcz wag 'alcnklc do cnsa y rortc, ministro tlcl conscjo do Indias, mar- 
 qui'i (L'. Sonova, iiiinistroik' cstaduy dcldcspaclio iiniveraahlo Iiulias.' Ji'V' nt, 
 (Ji.'.i ,\ uiit(S i!e Mr.v., 4')2-\C). Thi.i i^ the oidy r.'.ithoi'ity I have seen for tho 
 exi.ct ('ato of tlio departure from Mexico. In nil edict tlatcd Nov. 'J, 17>iS, 
 in Luv.i. r California, (.lalvoz tii;^'n3 Linisclf 'del conscjo y canir.ra do Sii .\lfi\,'cs- 
 t;.d (U ( 1 real y En]ncnio dc laa India?, yntcndcntc do cxcrcito, visitador poii- 
 trr.l do todoa I03 tribunalcs dc jnsticia, c;i\:is, y dcniars ranioddc real liacii iida 
 dc i:sUa vcyuon, y coniijionadocon las anipli^inias facultadca del Ex. ih'. Mar- 
 qu('.! do Croix.' J'roi: St. Pap., MS., i. U. In hi.i report to tlio viceroy dated 
 Ju:io 10, 17G0, ho givca as the chief object of tlio northern expedition tho 
 ciiLa'.lijhin.nt of a presidio to protect tlic peninsula from the danger ahvaya 
 t!n't:'lcncd by foreign r.ations 'y con rppeeialidad his (t'jntativ;;; ) que '.'.Uiiiia- 
 iiiento luin liccho Ins runos prctendiendo faniiHariz:!rso con la navcgacion del 
 mar ilj 'iV.vtaria.' Pa/o:i, 2\'of., i. l.jli. Sec also for noticcii ciinceniing< kdvez' 
 co;:r;!g to 1 v.vcr Calilornia. LI. , i. 2 VCy-'O. Fear of the Pais iians as tlic leai'.ing 
 mo'.ivc f.ir the noi'thern establishment i:^ mentioned in Annoim, Carta, 1770, 
 iu JJiir. JL'.st. J[i.v., 4th ser., tor.i. ii. iri(i-7; licvilld-ilhicdn, Injhrmc tie \~'Si, 
 according to Cava, Ttra Nr/'os, iii. 117; byXavarretc, introd. to Snt'd ij Me.r. 
 \'i(';i<', xci.-ii. ; and by other writer?!. (.Jreenliow, Or. and Cal., lOo, tells ns 
 that (lalvca wv.ao, man of tho most violent and tyrannical disposition. If tins 
 be tnio it i,! to bu regretted that vi;ilcncc Jind tyranny were not more eommon 
 fjiu'.liliea ill .\;p:-.nisli ollieials. Ilughcr., ('■d/forii!a, 110, learns from Jliir/<(r'.i 
 lit -'J. I'd loi^cd'ia, tliat Gr.lvez vioiteil (..'aliiornia in search of gold-mini .-j tlis- 
 einvrcd by (ho Jesuits; that his companioM, Jliguel Josii dc Aren:<a, becamo 
 dijfouragcd after a few weeks, recommending the abandonment of the .search 
 and accusing flalvez of insanity for continuing it, for wliieh. he was cast 
 ialipriron! (Jalvcz was ill in Sonora afier leaving California, and is said 
 to h,vc imprisoned his secretary Azanza, afterward viceroy, for s.;ying 
 th t l.i.} milady was mcnfcil. Sucli was the origin doubtless of the story. 
 Venc;-as, A'ct. Cal., ii. 200, .")4,V4, iii. 4-14, lias something to say on tho 
 pro;)o;ab to settle Alta California nnd how tlie matter stood in the uiiddlo 
 of (!r> century. 
 
 " iliographical sketches of these officers will be given later. As authority 
 for tlie form of Portola's name I cite his signature in an original letter of 177!) 
 
1 1 
 
 116 
 
 rREPAr.ATIONS FOR SrANTSlI OCCITATIOX. 
 
 liands of sixteen Franciscan friars from tlio collcnfc of 
 San Fernando in Mexico, who liad l>ecn in possession 
 only a])out three months, and were under Iho (Urcc- 
 tion of Father Junfpero Scrra as president.^ Tlu're is 
 nothinjj^ to show that either governor, or commandant , 
 or president had come to the peninsula with nny ex- 
 pectation that their authority was to ho soon cxtcncl l 
 to the northern coast. Yet all doubtless shared the 
 prevalent impression, amounting to a hope in the 
 minds of the padres, that sooner or later jSIonterty 
 and San Diego were to be v^ccupied and niissionniy 
 work begun. Galvez set himself to work most zeal- 
 ously to investigate the condition and supply the needs 
 of the peninsula establishments. His policy and acts 
 in this direction are fully set forth in connection with 
 the annals of Lower California.* 
 
 But the visitador kept always in mind his projei t 
 of northern conquest. Rapidly his busy brain ma- 
 tured a plan of action, which had probably been con- 
 ceived before he left San Bias, and which a few montlis 
 after his arrival he was ready to carry into execution. 
 Means and methods were fortunately under his exclu- 
 sive control, and he had resolved on an expedition in 
 four divisions, two by sea and two by land, to stait 
 separately, but all to meet at San Diego, and thence 
 press on to Monterey. Thus a practical knowledge of 
 both routes would be gained, transportation econo- 
 mized, and risks of failure lessened. Available for the 
 sea-goingdi visions were two small vessels,the/;cf (7 uehotcs, 
 or snows, San Carlos and San Antonio, under the com- 
 mand of captains Vicente Vila and Juan Perez, expe- 
 rienced piYo^os of the royal navy. They had been bui't 
 
 among^the MSS. of Molera; Portolci, Dlario del Vinrje, 17G9, MS., a emit' m- 
 porary copy; Ortega in Santa Clara, Arch. Parr., MS., 48; Pulon, Vila: iui'l 
 Monterey, Lstrarlo de. Notlchts; though Serra wrote it Portala in San JJic,/", 
 Lib. Mision, AIS., G3; and in Paloii, Notlcias, it is printed Portola. 
 
 * Father Serra was a native of Mallorca, 55 years of age, wlio ha<l coiiic 
 to America in 1749, had served as a missionary in the Sierra Gorda dlstiii t 
 for nine years, and about the same time in the college, or travelling as eouii- 
 sario of the inquisition. Paloii, Vida, 1-1.'5, 4;}-G. See preceding note. 
 
 * See Hist. North Mexican States, vol. i., this series. 
 
VISITADOR AXP PRESIDRNT. 
 
 117 
 
 )Sscssi()U 
 ic (linc- 
 Tlu'iv is 
 iiuuuliinl, 
 I any «^'\- 
 cxtondtd 
 luired till! 
 IC in the 
 Montorty 
 iiissionaiy 
 nost zcal- 
 thc needs 
 y and acts 
 ction with 
 
 bis project 
 brain nui- 
 j been c'du- 
 |cw months 
 cxecutif'H. 
 his exchi- 
 edition in 
 to stai't 
 md tliencc 
 owledge of 
 ion econo- 
 mic for tiio 
 paquehotcs, 
 Y tlie coiu- 
 erez, ex\H'- 
 been built 
 
 kiS., a cont'in- 
 [ion, Vida: in\<\ 
 
 , in San JJi(-:i'>, 
 Irtola. 
 
 Iwho had cor.io 
 1 Gorda .listiict 
 
 I'clUng as couu- 
 ling note. 
 
 fur (lie transportation oftroojjs to Sonora, and tlicco- 
 niainlaiite at San Hlas liad orders to lit them out and 
 f^ciid thi'MJ over to La I*a/ wit li tlie lt;ast possible delay. 
 The land exitedltions under I'ortoliian*! Jlivera were to 
 niaifli IVoui Santa ^fan'a on the northern tVontie'r. An 
 aiMitional military force would be required, to supply 
 which Colonel Elizondo was instructed to send over 
 twenty- live Catalan volunteers'' under Lieutenant 
 ] Vdi'o IXtJi'es. The j)cninf,ular missions nnist assist at 
 the bli'th of the new ones, by furnishing;' ehui'ch orna- 
 ments, liv(^-stock,and other su})plies to the full extent 
 (it" theii- al)llity. 
 
 I'rom his head-quarters at Santa Ana Galvez super- 
 intended the collection at La Paz and Capo San Lucas 
 of cvei'vthini; tliat was to be forwarded by sea. lie 
 sent north supplies for the land exjjedition, and ap- 
 jiuinted Captain Rivera, a man practically ac(piainted 
 with the country, as comisario with instructions to 
 pro(.'eed northward froui mission to mission, and take 
 tVoni each all the live-stock, provisions, and imple- 
 ments that could be spared. Likewise he was to re- 
 cruit some people for the new settlements, and bring 
 everything to Santa Maria with all possible despatch, 
 liivera set out upon this work in August or Septem- 
 ber 17G8.° 
 
 The proposed occupation of the northern countiy, 
 however, was to be spiritual as well as military. The 
 natives were to be converted after their subjection, 
 and not only presidios but missions were to bo 
 founded. Preparations having been efl'ectually set on 
 f Kit (')i lo sc'cnlar, it was now time for the spiritual 
 aspect of the scheme to receive attention. Accord- 
 ingly the padre president was invited to come down 
 to Santa Ana for a personal interview with the visita- 
 doi', as ho did, arriving at the end of Oetober. Serra 
 doubtless had before this time made himself jn-etty 
 Will acquainted with what Galvez was doing and pro- 
 
 'Tlio Catilonia compnny, 1st batt.ilion, '2d rogiincnt, light infantry, had 
 k'lt( VkHz M;.y -27, I7(i7. i'ror. St«f. Pxp- ^^^-^ i- -• 
 
 •'raluii, 2\ol. i. 2v;-, says August; but iu Vldu, Gj, Soptcmbor. 
 
I 
 
 f ■ f^ 
 
 
 lis 
 
 rUKl'ARATIONS FOR SPANISTI OCCITATIOX. 
 
 jKtsod to do; l)ut ho listened patiently tt) the visita- 
 dor's explanations, and then not only expressed iiis 
 approval of the sehemo, but aiuiouneed his intention 
 to join the land expedition in person. It was thou<(lit 
 best to found, besides the missions at San Dic'^o and 
 INIonterey, another at some interniediat(! j)oint," aii<l 
 Btill another on the frontier of Lower California in 
 order to facilitate eomniunieation between the old 
 establishments and the now. Three priests were to j^o 
 north by sea and three by land; and in order that so 
 many miijjht bo spared three were drawn fi-oin the 
 (•olleLTo of San Fernando. Serra agreed with Galvez 
 that ehureh furniture, ornaments, and vestments, 
 nuist bo supjdied by the old missions. Surplus grain 
 and other articles of food were to bo taken as gifts, 
 Avhile live-stock and implements must be regarded as 
 loans, and as such repaid in kind. This burden, al- 
 though in accord with the past policy of both Jesuits 
 and Franciscans that old missions must support tlio 
 new, might have niet with opposition had there been 
 any to oppose. 
 
 The king's and viceroy's representative, the civil 
 and military governor, and the president of tlic 
 missions were in accord on the subject. The natives 
 were not consulted, and the priests were new-comers, 
 not very deeply interested in the country or in their 
 respective missions.^ Galvez and Sera had only 
 themselves to convii "jo that the measure was rig] it, 
 and the task was ' »t a hard one. The Francis- 
 cans were bound hy .heir vows, said the visitador, 
 the president echoing approval, to spread the failli, 
 not to accumulate wet. ,h or build up grand establish- 
 ments — a doctrine th t subsequently lost sometliing 
 of its force in the land ^v^hither the}' were going. Serra 
 took a list of the church property that Galvez had 
 already collected, and promised to continue this sacri'l 
 
 ' According to Pa^on, V'tda, ■")", this iutermcdiato inission was to 1)C calK<l 
 Sail liiu'iiavcntura. 
 
 "I'alou. A<//.. I. 43-.T), claims abo that (lalvcz, the viceroy, ami the kin^ 
 fully repaid tlic luissious later for all that was taken. 
 
A TATROX SAINT. 
 
 110 
 
 tli<)U;;li ciiforccd loan in tliu iiortli, as ho did some 
 iiK'iitlis latrr." 
 
 Durlni^ tiic month of Xovondjor, Fatlior Juin'pi'ro 
 iiKiilo Ji tonr of tilt) soutlnTii missions, coinphtin:^' 
 ;iii'an,!^^cnK'nts for sucnhiri/ation whicli siiouM ivK-asc 
 two more priests for (hity in the north. A slaui^hti'r 
 of w ild cattlo in the sonth furnished meat for the lii'.Nt 
 m;i (Xpethtion. Stoi'es of all kinds wi-i'e eolleeted 
 jit La I'az. (jialvez issned a proclamation naming;" St 
 .losepli the patron saint of tlie adventure,'" and sliortly 
 nil. r Lieutena.it Fa^'es ariived I'rom (niaymas with 
 t\\ I'nty-iivo Catalan volunteers of tlie comimiita fndtrn, 
 who were to ]fo hv sea as a first detaehment of tlie 
 iiivadinLj army to ovei-eonje j^entile haltalions that 
 iiiiL;liL oppose the landing and progress of the Spaniartls. 
 
 " I'iili.u f'ivoH loiij^ lists of nil the church property taken from e«.'h iiiif<sion, 
 V. Iiicli I li;i\o tliDUj^lit it, Worth while to eouihiiu! int.) the f(jll.>\\iii;,', whi.'h i.s 
 as in:irly iiceiiuitu u.i tlie iiuthor's oceasioiial use of the t.'nii.4 ' iievcral' ami ' a 
 few' will jierniit: 7 church hells. 1 1 HUmll altar hell;*, 'l'.\ altar cloths, .5 ch.iir 
 c.iiM:<, 'i Kurplicc:), 4 curpcts, '1 coverlets, ,'i ruqudin, 3 veils, 1!) full fiets sacrid 
 vestment-!, (liilerent colors, (J ol.l siu'^le vestments, 17 (iHxit, allw, or wliitu 
 tunics, 10 /lulion, palliunis, or short I'loaks, \Otiiiilli'H, amices, or jiieccHof linen, 
 10 ciiaiuiiiles, 1 J girdles, (i lio/)n<, or cassocks, ]H altar-linens, or r >r/>oriil('-<, Ml 
 ■j'l'i-'.iiniil'iir-!, purilicat.iries, or chalice eloths, 1 pall ch.th, 11 jiicture.s of the 
 vJT'.in, 12 bilver or (.^ildc.l chalices, 1 cil)ary, or silver goblet, 7 vrltiinrui^, or 
 hilv.r iiliials fir chiisni, or sacreil oil, I CHstniitn, or silver caslcet for holy 
 wafers, ~> roiirfifi.i, or silver conchs for l)aptism, (i iiir('iis(tr!u-<, or silver c.nser.s 
 with incense dish and spoon, I'J jiairs of viiifujrrdK, silver and glast cruets for 
 will" and water, 1 silver cro-;.s with jiclestal, 1 h )X ontainin .; .le.uis, Mary, 
 .•ind .Iiise})h, 1 copper platter for baptismal f.int, '2 copper baiitismal fonts, 'JK 
 brass, copper, an.l silver can.llesticka, 1 co]>per dipper for holy water, 1 silver 
 jar, 1 tin wafer box, ,'] statues, 2 silver suns or daiv.lers, 4 iro is for making 
 wafers, coins and rin;,'.s for (fr/vi.i at marria^'cs, ") uriis, or couscerate.l stones, 
 4 uiijsals and u missal-stand, 1 IJetancurt'tJ -Manual; also quanti ies of haml- 
 k. reliiefs, curtains, and tinsels; with laces, silks, and other stull's to be ma.lo 
 into altar ui)holateiy, taken from the royal (i/ninren at Loreto. This chureli 
 ]iro|icrl.y was for the most prvt sent by water to tlio new establishments. 
 M;iiiy of the ol.l vestments an.l cluireli .irnaineuts, some dating' back ])erhaps 
 ti) tlii. lirst invoice, are yet preserved in the missions, .See Visit to SuuIIk ra 
 ('ulli'iij-)iiu, AIS. 
 
 '"In his pro!.lamation, dated Xov. '21st, nu.l presei-ved in Arch. Siiiitri. Iliir- 
 hunt, .Ms., i, 1,"), 1(5, ( ia I ve.'? refers to the driviii:,' away of the locusts in 1707. at 
 San .b)X' del Cabo iiy ai.l of St .fose])h's inia';e, as a reason why the Monteuy 
 ixpe'li'iion is to be under him as patron, lie charges the priests to say mass 
 on the IDth of every month, and the rojative litany while t ho cxpe.lilions con- 
 tinue, ini;i!ofiiig tlirongli iliu intercession of the saint divine indtcctivUi, and 
 this in addition to the rcgnlarwa/^r to Maria, patron of all the Oalifornian eon- 
 V( r,io:!s, .".u.l aI:'.o in .iddition to the regular y/V'/n of S.in Jouc'. On the same 
 day lie c:ill i tiio att'.'iition of Tadro L-uuen to this matter. Letter in //., xi. 
 S.i'.i 70, with auother letter of Xov. 23d, relating to supplies from the Loreto 
 v.i^rL house. 
 
120 
 
 rRErARATio:;s ior Spanish occupatiox. 
 
 Early in Decci>i])or tlio San Ciirlot^ arrived at L:i Paz 
 from San Bias. She had boon hastily and, hko all 
 Pacific coast craft of tlio time, imperfectly constructed, 
 had encountered stormy weather, and was in a leaky 
 condition. She was already partially laden with eii'e.'ts 
 for the iioi'th from the San Bias warehouses; but had 
 to bo uidoaded, careened, and loaded again, all of which 
 labor Galvcz personally superintended, often lending 
 a hand in the stowing of an unwieldy package, greatly 
 to the en(;ouragement of his men and to the a;hui ra- 
 tion of the chroniclers.^^ The Oth of January 17(1',) 
 the San (Jdr/os was ready. All who were going in 
 her confessed, lieard mass, partook of the communion, 
 and then listened to a parting addres., i'lom Galvcz. 
 The visitador reminded hi.s hearers that theirs was a 
 glorious mission, that they were going to plant the 
 cross amonu: the heathen, and charged them in the 
 name of God, the king, and the viceroy to respect 
 their priests and maintain peace and union among 
 themselves. Finally Junipero Serra pronounced a 
 formal blessing on the pilgrims, their vessel, the Hag, 
 the crew, and on Father l*arron, to whom was in- 
 trusted the spiritual care of the company. The cere- 
 mony over, the Sfia Curios put to sea. Galvez in the 
 Coitccpc'on accompanied her d( )wn the gulf from 1 yd Paz 
 to Cape San Lucas, watching her until slu3 doubled (lu; 
 point and sti'uck bravely northward l)efore a fair wind. '^ 
 While the president returned to Loreto Cialve/, 
 gave his attention to the San Antonio, which v\as to 
 follow the San Carlos. Touching at La I*az the latli 
 of January, she arrived at Cape San Lucas the 'jritli.'' 
 
 " l'ali)ii, I'iild, (JO, notes that CSalvcz was jiarticii.ljaiy zealous in jiackii^' 
 for San TiU'navciitnr.a wliieli lie called liis mission, and was delighted at liavin,' 
 done liis work quicker than I'adre .hinipero who packe<l tor hid mission nf 
 San ( Virlos. 
 
 '-('re.s[)i, in Pitlmi, Xnf., ii. M!), says the Sail Ciir/o-i sailed January 10th. 
 Leavin;^ La I'azon the Otii, slie u\»y have iieen last seenliy (Jalve/on the Kliii, 
 tliou,i;h I'alou, A'o/.. i. '2U>, r-ays it was the I Ith. Forfurther details re.qiectin.; 
 the oliieers, nun, eargo, instrneiions, and plans, see description of the voya;^'e 
 in the next chapter. 
 
 '•■'Calvez'lectt in P,rn\ Sf. Pup., MS., i. 44. Palon, Vlilii, 01, tells iis 
 that tiic S III Aiiliiiiiii hud gone to Sun Lucas because prevented by the wind 
 from reacliin;' J^a l'.".z. 
 
PEREZ SAILS OX THE SAX AXTOXIO. 
 
 121 
 
 La Paz 
 
 like all 
 ;tini('to(l, 
 
 a leaky 
 h elVc'.'ts 
 but luul 
 of which 
 I lending 
 ;, greatly 
 ) u;luiii"a- 
 ary 170'.) 
 
 •roill'JC ill 
 
 mnuuiou, 
 ,1 (Jalvc-z. 
 ;ii'S Avas a 
 plant the 
 ;in in the 
 :o respect 
 )U amon;^ 
 ouneed a 
 , the ihiX, 
 1 was In- 
 The ceiv- 
 07. in the 
 m l.ara7> 
 ul)le(l the 
 lirwinil.'' 
 ) CJalvc/. 
 h V\-a8 to 
 the irjth 
 Ihe •i.-.th." 
 
 lis in pni'kiuj; 
 \teil:it li:iviu:,' 
 lis iiiirisiou iif 
 
 (auuary lOtli. 
 
 '.(iiitho lOiii. 
 |il« i-c.spootiiiJ! 
 
 if 1 1 10 voyiigo 
 
 O;, U'lli* us 
 by the wiii'l 
 
 JTcr condition being no better tlian tliat of the 
 ciil>:f<ii)H, or ilag-ship, she was unloaded and careened, 
 aiid so was not rcatly for sea till tlio ] .Itli of Feb- 
 inarv. Then, after an exhortation 1)v(Kdv('z and the 
 
 ii-na 
 
 1 reliu'ious cerei 
 
 nonies, 
 
 Perez shook out his sails 
 
 i!"d witli a fiiir wind struck northward from San 
 ,i(ise del Cabo. "God seems to leward my only 
 ue, mv I'aith," writes Galvez to FaLTos, "for all 
 
 Vll 
 
 Wt 
 
 11. 
 
 '14 
 
 dili 
 
 Meanwhile active preparations for the land cx[)e- 
 
 " ' had 
 
 I 
 
 till ion were t)om<»' made ni the north 
 
 •th 
 
 -UNcra 
 
 left Santa .Vna in Scptcmljer, as we luivo seen. () 
 liis wav northward he had visited each 
 
 li.id t: 
 
 ikcn sncli. live-stock an 
 
 1 oth 
 
 n 
 
 nnssion audi 
 ,1 
 
 1 
 
 er nee-icii sui)])ncs 
 
 U'l 
 
 :li 
 
 as lie and the different friars thought could be spareck 
 Tlie 200 cattle, 140 horses, 4G nudes, and two assess, 
 with various im[)loments and articles of food thu.s 
 ac(juii'cd,'' were collected at first at the frontier mis- 
 sion of Santa Maria, but the pasturage there being 
 insullicient for his animals, Pivera soon transferred his 
 cnni]) to Yelicata ei^lit or ten leau'ues farther north.'" 
 Fioiii this point he sent word to Galvez at Santa Ana 
 ;uid to Serra at Loreto that he would be ready to 
 start for San ].)iego in Alarch. The president had 
 returned to Loreto at tfie end of January, and had 
 since been busily engagoil in his pre])arations, forward- 
 ing such articles as iio could get to La Pr.z or to Santa 
 ^iaria according as they were to go by water or by 
 land. On receipt of Riveras message he at once noti- 
 fied Finy Juan Crespf, v/lio was to aecomitany the lirst 
 kmd expedition, to join tlie I'orce at A\'licaf ;i without 
 delay. Cres[)i, an intimate [)ersonal friend as well as 
 
 " Pvnv. St. l'„p., MS., i. 40. 
 
 ' 'TlicdilicliM, not. including; tlio Loreto ooiiti-ibuti'in, \vcfo .'l f75for/o<, or 
 pack-siuliilc.i, 'JS Irathei- l^:i;;s, l case, of liottlLM, i;i ^illo:^ of IwitluT. 'JSaiTohas 
 (if li;.s, 1 Ijalu !iiul 4 r.rnibas of hwi 
 
 riobas t](i 
 
 i.li 
 
 IlllKlL'S PIIIOIC 
 
 ir, l!4;) lUTolias /((,si/yV), or tirioil iiuat, 'JH 
 M l"aiu';j;as vhcat, •_'.'$ arroba.^ raisins, 4 
 
 caiyas bi.'x'uits, 10 arrobas lard, 2 jii,l,m and )Jl)ottl('a wine. IvitabU's wi'ro 
 
 j.'ih.s. Pd/oit, J\'iit.,i. 4;i-."'>. Cialviz stiit .some iinikuients and seeds. /(/. 
 
 Villa. (iO, 
 
 '"lie reached Velieatii before Dec. liOth on v. Iiieh date lie wrote to (Julvez. 
 
 J'>-'.r. .S7, J'ap.^ MS., i. 4.5. 
 
I 
 
 
 122 
 
 TRErARATIONS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATION. 
 
 obedient subordinate of Scrra/'^ accordingly left liis 
 mission of Purisinia the 2Gth of February ajid reached 
 Hivera's camp (tn the 22d of INIarch, hoving been 
 joined at Santa ^Mari'a by Padre Lasuen v/lio ]ia,l 
 journeyed from San Francisco de Borja in order to 
 bestow the customary blessing on the departing [)il- 
 gi-ims. Everything was in readiness, and two days 
 after tlie coming of the friars Rivei'a's little army 
 be!jran its march into the land of wntiles. 
 
 Portola with the second division of the land expe- 
 dition was already on his way to the northern frontier, 
 having left Loreto on tlic ninth of March ;^^ but lie 
 was obliged to await at Santa Maiia the transporta- 
 tion from San Luis Bay of supplies which had been 
 sent up by water." Soira was unable to accompany 
 the governor because his work of collecting church 
 utensils and ornaments v.\as not yet comjdeted, ami 
 he was besides suiFering from a sore foot, obtained 
 long before on a v/alli from Vera Cruz to IMexico, 
 which made it doubtful to every one but himself 
 whether ho would bo able to go with the expeditinn 
 at all. Ilovv'ever, ho promised to follow as soon as 
 I)ossible, and meanwhile sent Campa from San Ig'nacio 
 in his place. At the end (»f March, though still very 
 lame, he was ready to start, and after spending sevei'al 
 days at San Javier with Francisco Palou,"^ whom lie 
 appointed president of the old missions during his 
 absence, he journeyed slowly and painfully nortluvard, 
 stoi)})ing at each mission except Mulege, and finally 
 
 •'Ci'cspi was liko Scn'.a a native of Mi'.llorcn, liiul coirn; to America in t!ie 
 same vcsicl, and liiid served KJ years in tlie Sieri'.a GdhUi miti..U'>nn. li.' 
 was at this time 4;-i years of n;^e. JIany old Calii'ornians say tlu'V \m ii; 
 neenstoim'd to licaf his name proiionncdl )iy their fatliers Crcspl, and it i-ij-o 
 vritlen in PurtoLi, J)i(irii) and other ^ISS, 
 
 '"Sev^^ieant Jo.sj F. t)rte;ra, who was with Portolii on tliis marcli, says t'i:;t 
 ho left Loreto ]\Iareh 14. J'riii'. Sf. J'<i/>., }dS., vi. 171. Aceordin;; to a fra,'- 
 ineiit in ()rief:a's handwriting in Sla. (:!(ira, Air/i. /'arroquiu, ^IS.,48, lae 
 date was March Mth or Kiih. Palon makes jt the !)th. 
 
 '" They had lieeii sent by tlio caiindfi San Ljhdno and San Iloijti, v\iu\i 
 retnrned to San l^ucas li< fore I'el). 14th. /'roc. .S7. y'try*., MS., i. 4.'(. 
 
 '■'" P;dnu wa-s now 47 years i>f a';e. He had been a jiupil of Seir.i in S['.;iiii. 
 w;u; pirhaj's ;;l:;i> a jialixcof Jlallorca, had come with him to A-meiica. ;i'i'l 
 had served with him iu the tsierra Gorda. 
 
 1;! 'i: 
 
ALL EX ROUTE. 
 
 123 
 
 loft his 
 I reaclu'd 
 
 wlio ]iad 
 order to 
 rtiiig pil- 
 two da_\>; 
 tic ariuy 
 
 irid cxpc- 
 1 frontier, 
 ;i8 but lie 
 :-ansport:i- 
 had been 
 cconipany 
 ig churcli 
 Icted, and 
 , obtained 
 Mexico, 
 it hiniselt' 
 Dxpedit it'll 
 Ls Moon ;i.s 
 m Ignacio 
 
 still very 
 n'^ tjcvcral 
 
 v/hom lie 
 
 uring bi^ 
 ortliward. 
 nd tinally 
 
 IVinovica in tho 
 l)ius,ii'ms. H^' 
 liy i'ai'.v vi'ii! 
 )i, ami it i^>u 
 
 m-ch, snys t'i;;t 
 
 liiii; toaliM'-!- 
 
 I, .NiS.,4S, llie 
 
 llorja, V hi'-l' 
 li. 4:.. 
 \cvv.i in Sii:iii\. 
 
 Aiucvica, ami 
 
 joining the governor's party at Santa ISIaria tho 5th 
 of ^lay. The whole company left Santa ]\Iaria on tho 
 11 til, and arrived at Velicata the 14tli.'^' The same 
 (lav a mission was founded there under the name of 
 San Fernando, Campa being left in charge; then on 
 tlie lath of May Portola with the second land expe- 
 dition set out and followed tho track of Eivera. 
 
 Thus within a period of four months Galvez had 
 despatched the four divisions, and onl}^ an extraordi- 
 nary series of misfurtuncs could prevent the successful 
 occupation of San Diego and Monterey. He had not, 
 however, <|uite reached tho limit of his efforts in that 
 direction, since he had caused to be built at San Bias 
 a new vessel, especially intended for northern coast 
 service, and named for the patron saint of the expedi- 
 tion the Sail Joye. She arrived at Cape San Liicas on 
 the 13th of February, two days before the departure 
 of the San Antonio,''''' but it was found necessary to 
 overhaul her for repairs at the cape harbor, whence 
 she was convoyed by Galvez in a sloop t(j Loreto in 
 April. In ^Ma^'she bore the visitador across the gulf 
 to the Rio ^la^'o, and brought back part of a cargo of 
 sujiplies to Loreto, where she completed her lading 
 and sailed for San Diego on the IGth of June.-'' She 
 was to have touched at San Jose del Caljo to take on 
 hoard Fatlier ]Murguia and some church ornaments; 
 hut nothing was seen of her there or elsewhere, until 
 three months later she appeared at Loreto witli a 
 broken mast and otherwise disabled. Word was sent 
 to (ralvo/C in Sonera, and he ordered her to San Bias 
 ior reiniirs. The cargo was taken out and scmt in 
 boats io Capo San Lucas, except a (piantily of corn 
 iri't on lioard. A trunk of vestments was st'ut t<> 
 Velicata by land, and the vessel sailed for San JJlr.s 
 
 ■■" P<ii-ioh'(, l>i(h-io. MS.. 1, '2. TIic leadtT and friars wciil, in atlvpuce and 
 nauliiMl N'flifalaun tho l.'itli. 
 
 ••'Oalvcz, in /'/•or. ,sy. J'ap., MS., i. 4."t. 
 
 ''■^ I'alijd, i'( /a, (i;t, says tlin vi'sscl was never liciird of attain, and it is nn'y 
 ill his (illuiMvoiU, .\iifici(i8, i. r»4, "JTli-il, in wiiich, liiiwevt r, lie saj-a uotliiu;^ 
 of hir trip to Soiioiu, that lie describes licr subsequent niovemeuts. 
 
I 
 
 124 
 
 TREr^UIATIONS FOR SPANISH OCCUPATION. 
 
 ill October. The unfortunate paquehot came back 
 next year, and sailed from San Jose del Cabo in jNIay 
 with a cargo of supplies and a double crew to reiin- 
 force the other vessels, but without Murguia, who 
 was detained by illness. Nothing was ever hoju'd 
 subsequently of either vessel or crew. The captain's 
 name was Callegan. 
 
 Tlic proceedings of Galvcz and other events in the 
 peninsula after the departure of the northern expedi- 
 tions have been fully narrated elsewhere;-^ and thcic; 
 is but little in connection with those annals for several 
 years that has any bearing on the new establishments 
 of San Diego and Monterey. As early as July 17GI), 
 the San Antonio returned to San Bias, and on the 7th 
 of September a schooner brought u|) to Loreto news 
 that all the expeditions had reached San Diego."' Tlio 
 25th of February 1770 Rivera returned to Velicatil 
 for cattle and other supplies left there, with San Diego 
 news to the 11th of February, and with reports ibr 
 Galvez and the viceroy on the failure of the first 
 attempt to find Monterey. A month later two natives 
 arrived from San Diego with April letters to Palou 
 and the viceroy which reached Loreto late in ^lay. '" 
 The 2d of Auo-ust mcssenarers arrived from ]\Iontercv 
 at Todos Santos, bringing to Governor Armona and 
 Father Palou news of the founding of San Carlos 
 mission. The event was celebrated by a mass of 
 thanksgiving and by a discharge of fire-arms at Santa 
 Ana. From Portola who returned by sea the good 
 news was received in Mexico about the same time.-' 
 I have already noticed the despatching of the ill-fated 
 San Jo,^e in May 1770. Palou, the acting president, 
 
 '*Sce TI'iM. North Mexican Sdifes, vol. i., this series. 
 
 ^'' All;,'. 20, !'(!!>, Juan 15. Anza writes from Tiibac, Sonora, toOov. Pinedii 
 tliataii Inilian froii) the Gila has reported thatanation heyond theCoLOiiiaii- 
 copas met four Spaniards Avith gnns, whom the writer thinks may be part uf 
 tlu' Monterey expedition, /he. JIht. Jlcr., scr. iv. torn. ii. 117-lS. 
 
 '-'Ulov. Armona of liaja California writes from Santa Ana July 10, 177", 
 that ho arrived Juno l.'ith, and found good news of the nortln'm expcditinn.-, 
 ineluding the discovery of tiie 'prodiuiosisimo pnerto' called San l^'rancisro 
 and whieh may ho Monterey. Due. llisl. Mrx., scr. iv. toni. ii. IM-'. 
 
 ■^ Uvjjt. «. I'ajj., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxxvii. 10. 
 
T. 
 
 PALOU IN THE PENINSULA. 
 
 125 
 
 line back 
 
 in May 
 
 1 to rciin- 
 iwiix, who 
 .'cr heard 
 
 captain's 
 
 nts in tho 
 rn cxpcdi- 
 and then; 
 foi'suvoral 
 )hshmonts 
 ruly 170!), 
 on tho 7th 
 ircto news 
 cj^o."'' Tho 
 o Vcheat;i 
 3an Diem> 
 •oports I'or 
 f tho tirst 
 o natives 
 to Pah)U 
 n ^Ia>'."' 
 ^Monterey 
 niona and 
 in Carlos 
 mass of 
 at Santa 
 tho good 
 luo time.-' 
 e ill-lated 
 president, 
 
 k('])t liimself in constant communication with Serra, 
 aiul in the midst of all liis cares and vexations respeet- 
 \\vj^ peninsular affairs, never lost sight of the new 
 111 ii'thern establishments.^'^ 
 
 ■"* On preparations in the peninsula for the northern expeditions the standard 
 nutlmrity is I'nhm, Noticiun, i. 2'J-o(), 247-7!), and Id., I'ida dc Jniiipcro Strrf, 
 57 -T'l. ln'sides the original sources of iiiforiniition to whicli I have rufen-id tni 
 ,s|ifci;d ]ioiiits inpast notes. So large and complete is my collection of oriiiiniil, 
 and es|)(_cially mannscrijit, authorities on California history that I shall nut 
 attcnint any .systematically complete reference to all the printed workti which 
 toutli upon oacli point or each brief epoch, Init which give information at 
 second h.ind oidy. I shall refer to such works to pointout errors worth mitic- 
 ing, orfiir other special purposes; and I shall also for bibliographical purpo.scs 
 give occasional lists of these secondary authorities bearing on definite historic 
 periods. For such a list on tho occupation and early niis.siou history of Cal- 
 ifornia see end of this volume. 
 
 o Gov. rineda 
 theCoconiaii-_ 
 i;iy be part ut 
 
 -is. 
 
 luly 10. 1770, 
 |i cxpcditiiiu-, 
 ■>an Francisco 
 lo(J-7. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 OCCUTATION OF SAN DIEGO-KXriCDITIONS BY SEA AND LiVSB. 
 
 17G9. 
 
 Voyage OF Peuez IN' the 'Sax Antomo' — Arrival in San Dieco Bay— 
 A Miracle— Discovery op Santa Ciii'z Island — Waitixo for the 
 Cai'itana — VoYAOE OF ViLA IN THE 'San Carlos ' — Fa(;es and III.S 
 Catalan Volunteers — Instructions by Oalvez — A Scurvy-stricken 
 Crew — A rEsT-iioisE at San Diego-- Arrival of Rivera y ^' in- 
 CADA— CiiE.si'i'3 Diary — Camv and ITosriTAL Moved to North San 
 Diego — Coming of PortolA and Junii'Ero Serra — Reunion of the 
 Four Kxfeditions — Tiiankscjiving to Saint Joseph — The 'San An- 
 Tt)Nio' Sent to San Blas — PortolaSet.s outfor Mc" terey — Found- 
 IN(! OF San Diego Mission — A Baitle with the Natives — A Mission 
 without Converts. 
 
 Turn now to tlic northern coasts, to the bay of San 
 Dit'go, whose waters had lain for more than ...century 
 and a half undisturbed by European keel, whose 
 sliores had known no tread of iron heel since Sebas- 
 tian Vizcaino was there. The native inhabitants yet 
 preserved a traditional renienibraucc of white and 
 bearded visitors, kept alive perhaps by an occasional 
 rumor wafLed overland from the south-east, and ])y 
 distant glimpses of the white-winged galleon which 
 year after year bore its oriental treasure down jnist 
 this ]iort, which, so far as can be known, was never 
 entered. And now the aboriginal solitude is destined 
 to be forever broken. 
 
 The 11th of April 17G9^ a Spanish vessel appears 
 and anchors in the bay. It is the Stoi Anfoiu'o sonie- 
 times called 7:7 Principe, nud is connnanded by Juau 
 
 iCrespi, in Paloii, Xot., ii. 140, gives the date as April 14tli. ITunibuldt, 
 ivksaJ. Pol., IMS, saya it was in April 1703. 
 
 (120) 
 
ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST EXPEDITIOX. 
 
 127 
 
 AND L^VXD. 
 
 Pcroz, an experienced Mallorcaji who lias seen scrvieo 
 ill the Pacific as pllolo, or master, of the ]\Ijuiila gal- 
 Il'oii. She had been despatclied from Cape San Lucas 
 ill Fehruaiy, after rehgious services and a [)arling 
 address from the visitador gvneralJose de Galvez, the 
 highest official who had visited tlio nortli-westerii 
 coast since the days of Ilernan Cortes. On board are 
 the IViars Juan Vizcaino and Francisco Gomez, a few 
 caipeiiters and blacksmiths, then tliere is the crew, 
 whose number is not known, and a miscellaneous 
 cai'Lj,"o of supj)lies for two settlements which it is 
 tlcsigued to found on the ii})per coast. Under the 
 jirotecting care of Saint Anthony of Padua, patron, 
 indeed, of the day of sailinj^" as well as of the vessel 
 herself, the voyage of twenty-iour days has been a 
 ]in>s]ierous one, the only misfortune recorded beinj^ 
 the illness of a few seamen who suilered from scurvy, 
 a scourjjfc rarely escaped by voyagers of the period. 
 
 The lirst land maile was an island in the Santa Bar- 
 bara Channel, which was named Santa Cruz I'rom tlie 
 honesty of the natives in restoring' an iron cross left 
 on sliore. Ilere they received the best of treatment 
 and obtained plenty of fish and water in exchange for 
 beads; but their observations showed that they were 
 aho\e the supposed latitude of San Dieg'o," and Perez 
 accordin!>ly returned southward aloivjf the coast until 
 he passed Point Guijarros and entered tlie desired 
 ))ort, as we have seen, on the 11th of April. Hero 
 v\m) the natives are kind to the strano'er,;,'' but Perez 
 iinds iK^ sign of Vila, his superior in command of the 
 
 -'Aceonling to observations the vessol w;is in .".4" '10', Imt roiilly in about 
 ^\ \ while Sail Diego, supposotl to be in ',]\ . i\ihrcra lltu iw, Xnauacioiijo'do, 
 vas marly a degree and a half further nmtli. 
 
 ' Tlie natives at lir.'.t took the vo.siel fur a ;;rrat wludc, but soon discovered 
 tliei;- error, and regarded it as the forerunner of v.'ondevfnl thin'ri, espt'ei.diy 
 ay an eelipoO of the sun and an carthip-.ak;' occurred !;inuiltanecm:;ly v.'itli tiio 
 Rnival of the vessel. This stoi'v was told ])y them later, and i.> recorded l)y 
 Scmi, l!iprr.<vi.t(icton nohiv Mi^-oncK, jl il' M<i>io l,}.!, ^IS., -who sjays the 
 Spiu'.iard;; noticed neither eclipse nor tvmhior, and regards it as a uiiraclo l)y 
 which, though the padres could not yet begin their teachings, ' cnnienzaron 
 A jreiiicar prodigiosaniente ii nqnellos niiseros gentiles las criatnras insensiblea 
 •111 Ciclo y do la tierra.' 'ihese phenomena arc also noticed, fioui the sumo 
 source, in the ,V. t\ Bulletin, Oct. 12, 1805. 
 
1-28 
 
 OCCUPATION OF SAN DIEGO. 
 
 flag-sliip, Avliit'li had sailed from the peninsula moi-e 
 than a month bolore the San Antonio, and which he 
 had hoped to find at San Diego. Neither are there 
 any tidings to be obtained of the overland party to 
 the same port. Under these circumstances the cap- 
 tain's orders call for a stay of twenty days before pro- 
 ceeding to Monterey. As thei-e are no soldiers, aiul 
 as the instructions of Galvez had been to run no risks, 
 the friars do not land, nor is any attempt made to ex- 
 ])l()re the country. Two days before the twenty days 
 elapse, that is on the 29th of April, the taidy caj^ti- 
 tana comes in sight. 
 
 The San Carlos, otherwise called the Golden Fleece, 
 is commanded by Vicente A^ila, a native of Andalucia, 
 and sailing-master of the first class in the royal Spanisli 
 navy.* She had sailed from La Paz having on boai'd 
 Vila, a mate not named, Alferez Miguel CostanscV' 
 acting as cosmographer, and a crew of twenty-thiee 
 sailors and two boys. Also on board were Lieutenant 
 Pedro Pages, with twenty-five Catalan volunteeis, 
 including a sergeant and corporal; Hernando Parron, 
 a Franciscan friar; Pedro Prat, a Frenchman and 
 surgeon of the royal army; four cooks and two black- 
 smiths — sixty-two persons in all; with supplies for 
 eight months or a year, implements of various kinds, 
 and a quantity of church furniture and other mission 
 property." All the proper religious ceremonies had 
 
 ^Vila's appointment by Galvcz, tlated La Paz, Dec. 27, 1708, names as 
 'C'apituii, Piloto ^Mayor, y coinanduuto del .S'rt,7 ('lirlo.'i, n \). Vicontu ^'ila, 
 piloto dc lo.s jiriiiKTos do la Ecal Armada, por las aprcciablcs circniiHtniui:is 
 (jiic en el conenrren, con la jnrisdiooiony prerogativasque le eon'csponden ]> >r 
 la lieal Ordenanza de !Maiiiia,' with 61-0 per month and i}'M additional if t!ie 
 voyage is successful. Otiicers and crew.s of hoth vessels are ordered uinlrr 
 severe penaltit's to obey Vila as commander of the caj)itana. Prui\ St. J'li;'-, 
 MS., i. «G-S. 
 
 " Printed Costanso in Jfonfeir)/, Eslracto de A^ot!cia.<, and so signed by liini- 
 self in several autographs now before me. Often printed Costanzo or Constan ■'>. 
 
 ^Thc manifest of the San Carlos signed l)y Vila on Jan. uth is prcservol in 
 Prov. St. /'«//., jMS., i. 13-'J1. The list of supplies includes: 4,()7(i lbs. nu :it, 
 1,783 lbs. fish, "JoO bush, maize, oOO lbs. lard, 7 jars vinegar, 5 tons wood, l,'_'7r 
 Ills, brown sugar, 5 jars brandy, (i tai)(tt<s figs, 3 tiiiia/cf raisius, '2 rnKth -•< datis 
 300 lbs. redpepjier, I'J,') lbs. garlic, (),r)78 lbs. bread, common, (i!);* lljs. bn:i>l, 
 white, 9-15 lbs. rice, !)4"') lbs. cliickjieas, 17 Imshels salt, 3,800 gallons Miitir, 
 4;)0 lbs. cheese, jars Cal. wine, l'2o lbs. sugar, "275 Iba. chocolate, 10 luuiis, 
 
VOYAGE OF THE SAN CARLOS. 
 
 129 
 
 =>ula laoi'c 
 which he 
 are there 
 I party t(t 
 s the cap- 
 before pro- 
 Idicrs, and 
 n no risks, 
 lade to e\- 
 I'cnty days 
 ,aidy cai>(- 
 
 dcn Fleece, 
 A.ndakicia, 
 -al Spanisli 
 g on board 
 Costanso' 
 'onty-thiee 
 Lieutenant 
 vohinteers, 
 do ParroH, 
 hman and 
 two black- 
 ipplies I'lir 
 Hous kinds, 
 Icr mission 
 nonies had 
 
 |l7()S, naiiioi ns 
 Vicoiito \'ila, 
 cironiist;iiu-i;n 
 Irrcspoiiilcnii n" 
 llilitioiialit't'ic 
 Tonlfn-cil uiii'rr 
 Vrui-. St. P<u:, 
 
 IsifniP'^ I'Y ''i'"" 
 )urCoiistan:'|'. 
 is prcservi'il in 
 
 LOTO 11)S. Ill' :i_t; 
 llUH wood, I. -It 
 
 l2ri»f(/(.'>'<l:ito.s 
 fi!);) llw. linad, 
 Ifrallolis wati'V, 
 llatc, 10 luuns 
 
 been attended to at the start; Junipero Serrn, presi- 
 dent of tlie CaHlbrnia missions, had invoketl the 
 blessing of heaven upon this first detachment of pa- 
 cilieators; ^Miguel de Azanza, subsequently viceioy of 
 Xcw Sjiain, had acted as shipping-clerk at tho eni- 
 liarlvation of the su})])lies; and Jose de (bdvoz, the 
 I'oicniost man in America, had not only aitkd in tlie 
 lading and delivered a parting address, but had ac- 
 coiiijianicd tlie vessel to the cape, seeing hor safely 
 licacled for San Diego. 
 
 Yet despite such favorable auspices the Smi Cdrlos 
 v;as unfortunate. The water-casks leaked and noth- 
 ing but water of a bad quality could be obtained at 
 Cedros Island. This !]^reatly ncj'ijravated tlic scui-vy, 
 always prevalent on the coast, and soon no sailors 
 wore left with suflicient strength to work tlie vessel 
 or to launcli the boats for fresh water. Vila, in accord- 
 ance with his instructions," was obliged to go I'p tlie 
 coast to 34' as had Perez before him, the increased 
 distance and cold adding greatly to his troubles. At 
 
 11 bott'c; oil, 2 ll)s. spice, 25 smoked l)oof-tongucs, G live oattlo, ,"7."i lli-5. len- 
 tils, IIJ ]lis. caniU'Js, l,.';i)!) Ui.s. (lour, 1.") sacks hraii, 4'.),j llis. liraiis, l(j sacks 
 coal, 111 ii.s t'urllie siuk ami for breciling, 91,000 in moucj', etc. 'J'lie liraiidyand 
 cliccsc Were foi' litorniy v.X'athcr only, the former being considered couducivo 
 to soinvy if used liahitually on this coast. The wine was f(jr cabin u;c, or for 
 the mi sions. iMaiij' (,f the articles named, or sspecilicd portions thereof, wero 
 iutenihsl ftr the missions, or for the land expedition; and part of ilni punoi:h(i 
 was to be used in .sweetening tlie temper of tlie natives. 
 
 'Oalyei;' inLitrnctions to C.'apt.A'ila, dati'd Jan. .">lli, arc preserved in Prov. 
 Si. Pfi '., !MS., i. 2J-|]1, under the title, ' Jnstruetion to bo ob.-^erved by D. 
 Vicente X'iln, lirst-cliss master in the royal navy and Captain C.jrn.indunte 
 ot the /(rt'/'/' '; t vi his majesty called the .sV(/i Cdrf'j.i alias y'lrnoit dc Vro in 
 tlie voyage wliich by divine aid this ves'^el is to make to the ports f.f San 
 l>ie_;o and Mont're.\-, situated ou tin; nortln'in coast of this iieiuiusuki of Ca!i- 
 t •rnia.) i.i .S;j' and :!7'of kitiaiilc\' 'J'lie dill' 'rent artiek^s of tii's doi;iinient are 
 ill sabstance as f..l!o\vs: 1st. The objeet is to establi.>h the Calholio faith, to 
 extend S,.:'.ni.,h domain, to cheek the ambitious schemes of a foreign nation, 
 luid to carry out a, plan formed by IVlijfc 111. as early as lOl):!. Therefore no 
 pains crji bo L-pared without olFcnse t> < lod, t!io l:ing, and the c lantry. 'Jd. 
 '1 he ves'^el being new, strong, and well siippHi'd for over a year, to be followed 
 by the S(t I .■l//^J;r^' wit li additional .siippli<'s, having only ,'!()0 h"V;'ies to make, 
 having a .stron;,' mi'.itiry force', and going to a kuul whose uaUvrs arc docile, 
 have no arms but bi)W.3 and .-.rrow.s, and are without boats, thera eau bo no 
 eM'iise i.i (') h'n.iauo for failure. ;}d. Vila is to sail Jan. 7th, weather \v.y- 
 laitting, in.'cp out to sea according to bis jiiilgUK nt in .=;carc!i of fav(v,'ablo 
 V. iiiils, to take cai'cful observations, and to stand in sliorc at \'y\\ San !.)iego 
 being hi ;!;>' according to the ceunla of Felipe III., and being ea: y ti llnd iiy 
 ^ izeaiuo s narrative enclosed with this docuuicut in print iii the third volume 
 Hisr, Cal., Vol. I. 9 
 
130 
 
 occur ATIOX OF SAN DIEGO. 
 
 last, liowcvcr, a tedious navigation of a hundred and 
 ten days was ended by the San Carlos, ahnost mi- 
 raculously it would seem, by turninj^ into San Diej,''o 
 Bay the 29th of April' 
 
 Perez has already deposited a letter at the foot of 
 a cross on shore, and has completed his preparations 
 to sail on the 1st of May, when the San Carlos ajt- 
 pears and drops anchor, but without lowering a boat. 
 A visit to the vessel soon reveals the fact that all 
 hands are down with scurvy. The sick are at once 
 removed by the crew of the San Antonio to the shore, 
 where they are sheltered by sail tents and receive 
 from Dr Prat and the three friars such care as cir- 
 cumstances allow. It does not clearly appear that 
 more than two had succumbed at sea; but now death 
 begins its ravages in the canvas pest-house on the 
 beach." Perez*^ men are attacked by the scourge; 
 
 of the Not'tcia ile Cali/ornias (that is in Vcncfjax, Kut. Cal., iii. 85-0). 4th. If 
 Capt. lliveni bo fiiunJ iit Hiin Diego, the mission ell'ccts arc to he laiidoil, ami 
 Buch otlic r supplies as Rivera may iiccd, tlio rest to bo taken by sea io Mon- 
 terey. .")th. if Itivcra and the land forcn have not arrived Vila is to wait I') 
 or '20 tlays at most, obtaining wood and water, while Fages and Co.stans i 
 explore tlie eountry. Gth. After the '20 day.s, or on Rivera's arrival, the Sun 
 Cdr/im is t(} sail for Monterey, with the Sail Aiitonio if sle be there. 7tli. 
 The strictest discipline is to be kept, every precaution taken for safety, and 
 any outrage on the natives to bo severely punislied. Sth. The sailors are to 
 aid the soldiers in Imilding a temporary fort at Monterey. J)tli. The iiativf:^ 
 are to be conciliated with punocha and trifles, bnt to bo very closely watclicil, 
 and to be induced to look on weapons as a kind of adornment. 10th. Pcumrlvi, 
 cloths, etc., arc to bo given to Fages and liivcra on their demand, a receipt 
 being taken. 11th. A report is to be sent to Galvez from San Diego by laiul, 
 and from Monterey one of the vessels is to return to 8an Diego with di- 
 spateiics to go overland, or if oidy one vessel is there she is to come as soon 
 as safety will permit and return immediately. I'ith. Vila to remain in tlio 
 best fitted of the two vessels at Monterey until the San Jond shall arrive. 
 13th. The other vessel is to remain at San Diego long enough to deliver 
 despatclics, etc., and is then to continue her voyage to C. San Lucas and San 
 Bias with duplicate despatches. ]4tli. Coasts about Monterey are to l^e 
 explored, especially port and river Carnielo, and if possible the port of San 
 Francisco said to be in liS"' 30'. To this end Vila will give all possible aid to 
 Costans(') and Fages. 15th. On the arrival of the San Josd, Vila in his vessel 
 will return to San Bias, exploring the coast in order to confirm or correct 
 Cabrera Bucno's derrotero, the best extant. Kavegacion Especulativa y prac- 
 tica, Manila, 1734. 
 
 •* According to Pahu, Not., i. 262, she anchored on the 30th. 
 
 •Judge Hayes, Emig. Notes, MS., 474, thinks that the vessels were 
 anchored off what is now New Town, between the two wharves, and that 
 Punta de loa Muertes, or Dead Men's Point, derived its uume from the burial 
 
RAVAGES OF THE SCURVY. 
 
 181 
 
 aivl of about nlucty sailor*, soklitra, and anecliaiiics 
 considerably less than one third survive, bliough none 
 (»t' the officer's or friars die or are even attacked so 
 far as the records show.*'' Of course the continua- 
 ti(»n of the voyage to Monterey is not possible under 
 i\w circumstances. Neither can Fagcs and Costanso 
 do otherwise than disregard their instructions" call- 
 ing for a preliminary exploration of the surrounding 
 
 of the scurv-y-strickcn s.iilors. Anil such is probably the fact, for the name 
 HplKiirs oil i'antoja'.s chart of 1784 iu Sutil y Mtxicmea, Viaycs, Atlas, No. 5. 
 i^t't' jilso BanrrojTs I'lrs. Obs., MS., 14. 
 
 '"There is some confusion respecting numbers, increased by our ignorance 
 (if the exact force on the Sdn Antonio, Ralou says, Not., i. 202, that fiom 
 the Sun Carlos 5 of tlie crow anil 12 soliliera survived; while of the other 
 iTC'W all but 7 (lied. Again, ii. 151, ho says that before May 14th 9 of tlie 
 iS'ii/t Ciirlon had died. Again, i. 282, that the Sun Antonio, sailing July 0th 
 (or ittIO, lost 9 men on the voyage, an'iving at San Bias niu ijcnte para murcar. 
 And iinally, tliat 5 sailors and 2 boys remained on the San Cdrloa after July 
 1 Uh, at which time 29 sailors and soldiers had been buried on the beach. 
 Iu u k'tter dated July 3d, Serra states that all tiie crew of the Sail CiirloH 
 (lied e.\cei)t one man and a cook, and 8 died from the San Antonio, Puinu, 
 Villa, 70. He writes in the San Diego death register, San. JJiei/o, Lib, Mijiiun, 
 M.S., 03-5, that half of Fages' soldiers died; that Parron at first and himself 
 later kept a record of deaths which was destroyed with tlio mission a few 
 yearn later, and that the deaths witliin a few montlis amounted to over OO, 
 including some Indians. The good friar hopes the nanies arc inscribed in the 
 'hook of life.' li\ Loreto, Lib. Minion, MS., 129, the Indian Juan Alvarez 
 U mentioned as liaving been one of the San Ant07iio'« men, who died at San 
 l)i("4o on June 25th. 
 
 " ( Jalvez' instructions to Fages, dated like those to Vila January 5th, and 
 found in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. !51-43, arc substantially as follows: 1st. Fages, 
 military chief of the sea expedition, is to exercise the same authority on land 
 until (Jov. I'ortolil arrives; that is he is to be Rivera's superior, and is to 
 .siipevinteud the economical distribution of rations. 2(1. Tho soldiers are to 
 aid the sailors, and Fages must see that harmony and iliscii)]inc are preserved, 
 .'id. Three lircs on tho hill north-west of San Diego will bo a signal to the 
 vessel that Rivera has already arrived. 4th. If Rivera has not arrived at 
 .Sua Diego, Fages is to use every possible means by exploration and inquiry 
 to leani his wheroabouts and aid his march. 5th. JJeforc Rivera's arrival the 
 natives, and especially chiefs, are to be prepared so far as pos.siblc by Fages 
 and I'arron for the founding of a mission. 0th. The natives being friendly, 
 and Cnstansi) liaving selected a proper site, Fagcs may erect some buildings, 
 and thus prepare for Rivera's coming with soldiers for a mission guard; but 
 if Rivera has already attended to tliis, Fages is to render any needed aid 
 with the least possible delay to +hc vessel. 7th. If Rivera has not come, and 
 the Sitn Antonio arrives, tl>c latter vessel is to be left at San Diego, with iialf 
 the soldiers, to attend to the preceding instructions, while the San Cdrlon, 
 with Fages, goes on to ^lonterey. Galvez also wrote to Fages on February 
 14th, Id., 40-7, directing him to put half his men on board the San Antonio, 
 8th. At Monterey the Indians arc to bo pacified, a landing eflccted with all 
 caution, and a camp fortified with ditch, extacnda, and cannons on a site 
 cho-<en l)y the engineer, and under the guns of the vessel. 9th. The natives 
 are to 1)(; impressed with the advantages of peace and salvation and protection 
 from foreign insult ofTered by the Spaniards. 10th. The natives, if friendly, 
 to he told of Rivera's approach and induced to send guides. 11 tU. Fugos aud 
 
-11 
 
 i:w 
 
 occur ATIOX OF SAN PTKOO. 
 
 romitiy. For two weeks the well linvo more tlian 
 enoinifli to do in caiinjif for the Hick and iti buryiiin' 
 the dead, and then on the 14th oi' May other S|taii- 
 iard^i conic to ilu'ir relief. 
 
 '^riu 'se are Kivera y ^Foneada with his twenty-five 
 s(>]<lndi)S dc ci(,ra,^''ov cuirassiers, from the presidio (if 
 Lorcto; also the pri(^st Juan Crcspf, the 2)ilotln^'^ Josi- 
 (anizares, three muleteers, and a hand of ehristiani/id 
 natives from the northern missions of ]>aja (jalifdniia. 
 Of those last there were forty-two in number at the 
 outset, whoso duty it was to make roads, assist the 
 midetcors, and perform the drudj^ory. This first 
 division of the land expedition liad started from 
 Velieatil in JNTarch, and had been fifty-one days on 
 the way, the distance boini^ given at tlio time as oiu; 
 hundred and twenty-one leaufuos. Two diaries wvvo. 
 kept and arc extant, one by Crcspf and the other liy 
 Caiiizares." l^oth arc very complete, but neitliei' 
 affords matter of mucli interest to the historical stu- 
 dent, since it could servo no good purpose to repeat 
 the details of that monotonous march. 
 
 ]\[any localities were named and their latitudes 
 
 Costansi') may, if deemed best, send .soldiers with tlio natives to meet Rivera. 
 I'Jtli. Fiigcs may use force to overcome resistance if necessary, lljih. Tliu 
 natives arc never to lie fully trusted, hut always •\vatelic<l, for the 'cnminou 
 ineniy' v.iU surely incite them to mischief. 14l!i. IJoth sohliers and t-ailors ti 
 work on tlic fort. l."Jtli. Constant in'ccautions a;,'aiiist dan;^er, notwith:;t;ini!- 
 inj; pc'iceful appearances. IGtli. Trade will: the natives is allowed, tj;it ii" 
 knives or otlicr weapons mnst bo given tlicm. i7th. Fagcs is to send fidl re- 
 j)or(3 to Cialvez dovrn to tliC time of Port^ol;'''.! td .n^ the comniimd. <!r(it 
 reliance is placed in tlie 'activity, honor, and piddence' of Fages and Cn- 
 taiiso. (lalvc/. addsanoto to the eili^et tlia*-. !ie prcsidioand mission at Men- 
 tercy avo to be called liy the glorious nanie. ^.I : mx C'iirlos. 
 
 ''These soldiers derived their name from the ciicm, or cuirass, whieh iu 
 Oaliforuia was a sleeveh ss jacket made of 7 or S thicknesses of deer or i-lii'iji 
 skin quilted. From the Latin corium. The metallic cuirass was called iii 
 Spanish C'lrnza. 
 
 "•A p'Jotiii was the master's mate on a vessel. Cafiizares accompanied the 
 land force to tal;o observations and write a diary. 
 
 '*(>.;"( ('irtrf.s', JJiario (Jcciffado por T/erraiksrl'; el parage de ViUacata a ('>>' 
 jnirrto de. Sail Jyic'ici, I'O'J, ]MS. Tliis diary is dated July Sd, and was inolci- 
 bly sent south by the Sai) Antonio a few days later. Vresjii, Pri/iu-ra K i"<l- 
 dn Ticrra nl Dcsruliriinkuto dnl Puerto de San. Dicjo, in J'alou, Xot., ii. !'■!- 
 140. This diary extends to .July 'Jd, and probably was coiiiplctt.d like the other 
 on July .^d. The writer hnd before him the diaries of the secoud cxp 'din.ii 
 under I'ortolil, from ^^ hich he takes some material respecting changes in naaies 
 of places along the route. 
 
THE FIRST LAND EXPEPITIOX. 
 
 1^3 
 
 I buryiiiL;' 
 ler Spuii- 
 
 ^ronty-fivo 
 irosidio ol' 
 
 •itstiiUii/AHl 
 L'alifoinia. 
 bcr at till) 
 assist tl\(! 
 This ihst 
 ftud iVoui 
 days on 
 ime as ono. 
 aries wvw, 
 other l>y 
 
 Lit lU'ithiT 
 
 borical stu- 
 ) to repeat 
 
 latitudes 
 
 lo meet ravft'.i. 
 
 Vy. lljtii. 'I'll" 
 tho 'cfniuiiiiu 
 luid Kailui'.-<to 
 liiot\villi;;t:iiii!- 
 llowi'd, liut ii'i 
 Ic) KOllli fiiU I*'- 
 liniuul. (Jrint 
 lagua iiuil <''i- 
 i^'sion at Mmi- 
 
 kass, whi^li in 
 lilocror ^!i(,'t.;p 
 Iwas callt'il ill 
 
 lompani'-'tl i'"-' 
 
 \iUacatfi d c<te 
 1(1 was jiioba- 
 
 \oi., ii. o:*- 
 
 Iliko tlio otlu'i" 
 jil expedition 
 
 JgCS ill lUlUlL'S 
 
 fixed, hut theso iCfeographieal details ludonic to tin; 
 |i( iiiiisula I'atluT than to Alta Calii'oriiia. The route, 
 l,iv west of the main siorra and lor the most part near 
 the coiist,*' The eountry was barren and unattraetl\ (t; 
 water had to ho earried Ibr the animals and men l"<>r 
 (lays iit a time; and at times tlu'ir pro'^ress wms Jiin- 
 (1. red hy showers of rain. At Santa Cruz on Todos 
 Santos Bay the savages mode some threatening (Unnon- 
 sti'iitions, and onee again there was ahnost a light, hut 
 the I'ne was IVightened away by the noise of gun- 
 powder. The Indians of the oomi)any soon began to 
 sifken and die'*' or to desert, and one or more of the 
 men had usually to be carried on t('p('sth':<, or litters. 
 As the party approciolu^d San Diego the gentiles 
 lic'c;;uie more numerous, less timid, more disposed to 
 c'luinsity and theft, and eager to exi»laln by their sign- 
 language the recent i)assing of the Spanisli ships. On 
 till' nioi-ning of the 14th of jNTay the little army roso 
 so eeniiiletely wet through by the rain that had fallen 
 duiing the niu'ht that mass had to be omitted, nnieh 
 to the sorrow of Father Crespi because it was tin; tir>t 
 day of pentecost. The inarch began at ten o'clock. 
 St) on they caught a distant view' of the anchored ves- 
 sels; Crespi says they had seen the mast-tops the <lay 
 before; and at four in the alternoon, having ti-avelled 
 six leagues during the da}', they readied the camp on 
 the heach and were welcomed by a salute from tdl the 
 fire-arms that could be maimed.^' 
 
 The first thing to be done, now that the coming of 
 Bivera's men renders it possible, is to prepare for per- 
 manent settlement. The old cam}), or pest-house, on 
 
 '' At the outset t'ley followed tho route of Link iu 170G, hut the latter soon 
 
 tiinii d to the rijjht to cross tho mountains. 
 
 "'Se;ra, in San D!<-ijo, L'th. Misioii, MS., 04, says that 5 died. Nino do- 
 sorto I at one tiino accordinj,' to I'aUju. 
 
 '■ Oiic;;a, in Santit Chra, Arrli. Parroqula, MS., 48-54, f;ivos an aocount 
 ''1 thi:-) cxjiuditiun in which he represents tlic sufl'criujs of thesohliers to havo 
 liii'U very great, three tortilhis per day being the rations. VaHejo, Ji!-^/. (.'a'., 
 ^.S,, i. s:!, obtained tlic same idea from his fatlii.'rs narrative, statin;.; that 
 tau solilicrs were glad to ])arter their jewelry and clothing for tho rations of 
 their Indian eonipauious, while the latter lived on roots, wild fruits, etc. 
 
134 
 
 OCCUPATION OF SAN DIEGO. 
 
 the bay shore, is probably within the limits of what 
 is now the city of San Diego, locally known as New 
 Town; but the day after his arrival Rivera — so say 
 the chroniclers, althoujjh according to the instructions 
 of Galvcz, Fages was chief in command — selects a 
 new site some miles north, at what is now Old, or 
 North, San Diego, at the foot of a hill on which are 
 still to be seen the remains of the old presidio. Here 
 camp is pitched and fortified, a corral for the animals 
 and a few rude huts are built, and hither on the sev- 
 enteenth are transported the sick and their tents. 
 The immediate purpose is that the camp may be near 
 the river which at this point flows into the north end 
 of the bay. For six weeks officers, priests, and sol- 
 diers are occupied in attending to the wants of the 
 sick and in unloading the San Antonio. Then thoy 
 await the arrival of Portold. 
 
 In the last days of June Sergeant Ortega with a 
 soldier makes his appearance in camp, announcing diat 
 his companions under Portola are only a few days' 
 march from the port. Ten soldiers are sent back with 
 Ortega to meet the approaching party. On the 20tli 
 the governor arrives in advance of his men; and on 
 the first of July, a little before noon, Father Scrra 
 and all the rest are welcomed in camp. This second 
 division of the land expedition, consisting of the throe 
 officials just named, of nine or ten soldiers de cucrd, 
 four muleteers, two servants of the governor and 
 president, and forty-four natives of Lower California, 
 had left Velicatd the 15th of May, and had folloucil 
 the route of Rivera's party. The journey had boon 
 an uneventful and comparatively easy one. The gen- 
 tiles were occasionallv threatening, but did no harm. 
 As in the case of the first division most of the neo- 
 phytes deserted, only twelve reaching San Diego; 
 but there were no deatlis.^^ The second day Fatlur 
 
 " Porfohi, Dinrio del Viage que haze por tierra Z)» Gmpar de Porfohi, Cap- 
 itnn de JJraijoiiex del reijhniento de. Espana, Govrnador de California^, d hs 
 piierto.^ de Sun Dieijo y Moulereij ndnndox en 33 y 37 <irudos, huvkndo silo :ioin- 
 brado comandante en ijej'e de esta txpedkioii pur cl lllmo Senor JJ'* Josiph de 
 
 F T ■ ' 
 
THE SECOND LAXD EXPEDITION. 
 
 135 
 
 Junfpero's foot became so painful that it seemed im- 
 ]i().s,siblo for liim to continue. Portolil wished to send 
 liiiii ba(.'k, but the president would not think of it. A 
 litter was thereupon ordered to be made, but Serra 
 was much troubled at the extra work this imposed on 
 the j)oor Indians. Calling an arriero he induced him 
 to [ircptire an ointment of tallow and herbs which, 
 combined with the friar's faith and prayers, so far 
 healed the affected limb in a single night that it gave 
 no more trouble. Listen to the record: '' That even- 
 ing he called the arriero Juan Antonio Coronel, and 
 said, 'Son, canst thou not make me a remedy for the 
 ulcer on my foot and leg?' But he answered, ' Padre, 
 wiiat remedy can I know? Am I a surgeon? I am an 
 arriov, and have healed only the sores of beasts.' 
 ' Then, son, suppose me a beast and this ulcer a saddle- 
 gall from which have resulted the swelling of the leg 
 and the pains that I feel and that give me no I'est; and 
 make for me the same medicament that thou wouldst 
 apply to a beast.' "^"^ 
 
 Galcfz cii virtuil dc las facuUadcs vlce-regiasque le ha concedldo »ii Excel''- Dicha 
 f.j-pcdicioii ,se componia de 37 noldados ile cucra con mi capilan J)» Fernando <le 
 lUrciu (Icrieiido cste adelantarite con 27 soldados, y cl govemador con 10 y uii 
 sdrijciilo. MS., folio, 35 pages. This diary is a copy from tlio original inado 
 in early times. It includes not only the trip to San Diego but tlie Liter ono 
 to Miiutercy to bo noticed in tlio next chapter. The entries for caeh day's 
 march aie very brief, containing the number of hours niarelied, generally 4 or 
 ") per day, tlic character of tho road and camping-plaee, and some notes of 
 inteivicws witli gentiles. For example, I\i.iy -7, 'a.Juvimoa eomo eincf* 
 hnras, l)iien camino, paramos en la c'encgi'i'ia, cuio nombrc puso tl padre 
 jisiiita Line, desdo aqui so tomo otro nunbo, y paramos en uii arroyuelo 
 aumiiic seco,' etc. June 'ii, thej' \vero ;;t 'J'odoa Santo':, and heard of fither 
 S|iaiiiai(l.s beyond. For chc last li or 4 Jays they travelled on or near the shore. 
 OLlier diaries of this journey, sever;! of whi'h were written, are not extant; 
 but ('rc.spi"s journal already referred to was iuiended to embody all tliu infor- 
 mation worth preserving. Sergt. Ortega, in iSanfa Clara, Arch. Parritfjnia, 
 MS., 4S-,")4, represents the hardships of tlic soldiers as very great; liut he 
 \\as evidently writing for an object that required this view of the matter. 
 The same writer gives a brief and rather confuted account of the journey in 
 a narrative of his own services dated 178(5. Prov. St. Pap., MS,, vi. 171--. 
 Srna, ill his let*^ July 3d, to I'alou, .say.st'.iere was no siUl'eriiig whatever. 
 
 J'nlnii, Vidd, 7t); (.ucenhow. Or. and Cal., 101), erroneously implies that both 
 land expeditions started together and that rortoli'i arrived last on uecor.ut of 
 lia\ ill.; followed a more dilllcidt rcmte. 
 
 ''•' From San Diego Serra himself Avrites, Painu, Vida, 73-8: ' Now the foot 
 is all .smuid like the other, while from the ankle half way np the log it is us 
 the luot was before, an ulcer; ))ut without swelling or pain except iliv. occa- 
 bional itching. In fuct it is uothiug serious.' 
 
1 i 
 
 136 
 
 OCCUPATION OF SAN DIEGO. 
 
 I 
 
 i! 
 
 Tliiis are the four branches of the \Ioitador gen- 
 eral's grand cx])edition finally reunited at San Diego, 
 one year after Galvez had begun his preparations on 
 the [)eninsula. Next day is Sunday, Jicsta de hi visi- 
 iacioi), and the California pilgrims, one hundred and 
 twenty-six in number — out of two hundred and nine- 
 teen "who had started;'"*' or, omitting natives and 
 sailors, seventy-eight of Spanish blood out of ninety 
 who had come to remain — celebrate their safe reuni(jn 
 by a solonni thanksgiving mass to the patron San 
 Jose clianted with " la solemnidad posible," and to tlio 
 accompaniment of exploding gunpowder. The cere- 
 monies over, the two comandantes Portola and Vila 
 meet to consult respecting future movements, tlie 
 want ol' sailors necessitating changes in the oriLjinal 
 plans. The decision is to send the San Antonio back 
 to San IJlas for supplies, and especially a crew for 
 herself and the San Carlos, which is to await her 
 return. The friars for missionary and hospital work 
 are to be left at San Diego under the protection of a 
 guard of soldiers, while the main force presses on to 
 Monterey by land. Great dependence is placed on 
 the Scui Joxe which on arrival is to be sent up tlie 
 coast to aid the land expedition. Accordingly the 
 9th of July Perez sails with a small crew of convales- 
 cent sailors for the soutli,'^^ bearing reports froui tlie 
 connnandants and president. Five days later PortoLl 
 starts on his overland march northward, which A\ill 
 be described in the following chapter. 
 
 There are left at San Diego Captain Vila, Surgeon 
 Prat, the mate Canizares, three friars, a guard of eight 
 
 •" TIio imnibera nrc not exact, statements of dcatlifs bcinu' eonflictina. These 
 pinnec '.s iiic!n(k'd captains l'orl(il;'i and Itivera, Lient. I'atrrs, eapiains \ iLi 
 and Perez (if the vessels, padres Sei'rn, Cresjii, Vizcaino, (Jonie/, and Parroi!; 
 Siiruciin I'rat; Costanso, en^rineer; ( 'afii/ares, /liloto : and serL'eanta Ortoga 
 uml I'liii;. For names of all the band sec list at end of this vohmie. 
 
 '■'' I'akm, Xot.yi. '282, says that JulyOtlnvas the day set for sailing;; Imt Uu'i 
 may l;o a misprint. Xinc of the sailors died of senrvy on the voyage. L is 
 prcjhalilo that these last victims were inehidcd in I'alou's statement of 1'2 sur- 
 vivors, oof wlmm Were left on the yon CufloK, 'J or ■'! reached San Jjlas, and 
 4 or ."> reuiained ill at Sau Diego. The Sau Antonio made the voyaj^'o iu -0 
 days. 
 
A MISSION FOUNDED. 
 
 137 
 
 cvrra soldiers, five convalescent Catalan volunteers, 
 a low sick sailors, five able seamen, a carpenter and 
 a lilacksniith, three boy servants, and eiuflit Lower 
 ( jililornia ] udians — about forty persons in all. As yet 
 in) mission has been formally founded; but tliis duty 
 is at once attended to by Father Serra, who raises 
 and blesses the cross on Sunday, the IGth of July.--^ 
 This first of the Californian missions is dedicated, as 
 tlie port had been by Vizcaino long before, to San 
 Diegu de AlcaLl, being founded on a spot called by 
 tiie natives Cosoy,-^ now Old Town. The ceremonies 
 r'v- not minutely recorded, but are the usual blessing 
 '•: .0 cross, mass, and sermon by winch it was hoped 
 "^' put to iiight all the hosts of Hell and suljject to 
 tlic mild .yoke of our holy faith the barbarity of the 
 pMitilo JJieguinos." Then more huts are built, and 
 uiic is dedicated as a church. 
 
 The new establishment, however, in which Father 
 Parroii is associate minister, still lacks one essential 
 clement of a prosperous mission, namely, converts, 
 wlii) in this case are (litHcult to find. The natives are 
 Il^■ no nR'ans timid, but thev come to the mission for 
 <;iits material rather than spiritual; and being adroit 
 tliie\'js as well as importunate beggars, their ])resenco 
 iu largo tiu;nbors becomes a nuisance, renderimjf it 
 imp'issib]*^ +br Jie small force to watch them and give 
 J)!'* ip( '■ ti I . ^ 1' w to the sick. Fortunately the savages 
 will h.i\ noi. hlnu' to do with tiio food of the Spaniards, 
 attributing to it some agency in the late ravages of 
 tlu- scurvy; but other things, particulaily cloth, they 
 deign to steal at any hour of day or night. They even 
 
 -- It is iinticcalilc tliat in all the pcncral I'oporta after IS'J.T this date is given. 
 •iiJniU' ICtli; lint then" i.s no doubt th;it it is I'.n error. Arf/i.Snnld /liii'liitrn, 
 Ms., .\ii. IJ,-). Serr;i tliiiiks, Proi: Sf. J\i/,., MS., i. I-J,"), thiit Ajiril lUh has 
 nunc elaiiii to ho considered llio he;.;iiiniii;,' of the mi.ss'ioii, since on tliiit 
 day when ' lu San Ant'mio unived lie;.;ui the sjiirituid nmiiife.>:;tiitions to tho 
 iititivos, ( ' . ■.{» the n to see an eclipse and feel an earthquake, not perceptiblo 
 ti> tlio (.: 1 la.'.a. 
 
 ■■''S'"/! /■ . , • ',lh. lit- M'lu'mv, ^IS. St James of Alcala Avas an .Andalucian 
 l"riuicisc.'ni ».;■ li\ed iroui ItOO to 14(),'!, and was eanoniia'd in l."iSSiatiier for 
 Ills jiioii.s liie and tlie iiiiracliH vrcjU'jlit tliriiu;;h luni before and aflei- death 
 tliaii for any lii^di position liehl by him. Alcalu was rarely attaclicd to tho 
 name of the iuLssion in popular usage. 
 
138 
 
 OCCUPATION OF SAN DIEGO. 
 
 attempt in their tule rafts to pillage the San Carlos, 
 so that two of the eight soldiers are obliged to be on 
 board. Persuasions, throats, and even the noise of 
 fire-arms are met by ridicule. 
 
 Naturally matters come to a crisis. The guard is 
 obliged to use force in repelling the intruders, who in 
 their turn determine upon a raid for plunder. The 
 15th of August, while Parron with a guard of two 
 soldiers is saying mass on the ship, as he is wont to 
 do on feast-days, ohe savages enter the mission and 
 begin to strip the ;' "S from the beds of the sick. 
 Two soldiers are oi.- ird and two more hasten to 
 their aid; but when tiiey attempt to drive away the 
 pillagers they receive a volley of arrows which kills a 
 boy and wounds Padre Vizcaino, the blacksmith, a 
 soldier, and a California-* Indian. The Spaniards in 
 return fire a volley of musket-balls which kills throe 
 of the foe, wounds several more, and puts the whole 
 crowd to flight. Serra and Vizcaino have just finished 
 mass and are sitting: together in a hut at the time of 
 the attack, and the latter, rising to close the door, 
 receives an arrow in the hand just as the boy servant 
 staggers in and falls dead. The smitli greatly dis- 
 tinguishes himself by his bravery, fighting without 
 the protection of a caera?^ 
 
 It is not long before the gentiles come back to 
 seek medical treatment for their wounded, imbued 
 with a degree of faith in the destructive power of 
 gunpowder, and correspondingly improved in manners, 
 but by no means desirous of conversion. A stockade 
 is thrown round the mission and the natives arc no 
 longer ])ermitted to bring Aveapons within muski;t- 
 shot. Thus safety is assured, but in missionary work 
 
 '*For a long time at San Diego and Monterey the peninsula only was 
 spoken of as ' Cnlifomia. ' Eithci' local names or jVwrjvw E,<iabkciwii'iilii'< were 
 applicil to the nortli, althougli Serra in his lirst letter from San Diego used 
 the term ' California Septentrional.' 
 
 '■'■' In his Vida de Ju)ili>. S( rra, 84, Paloii speaks of previous assaults with 
 intent to kill the Spaniards on Aug. I'Jth to llith, which were vepulied. Tut- 
 liill, Jlist. t'(d., 70, erroneously states that a piiest was killed. Serra, San 
 J'iciio, Lib. Mis., 3MS., ().'), says the man killed wua a Spanish arriero -U years 
 old uumcd Juau Maria Vegeruuo. 
 
NO PROGRESS IN CON\T]RSION. 
 
 139 
 
 no progress is made. One gentile, indeed, is induced 
 by gifts to live with the Spaniards and becomes a skil- 
 ful interpreter, but even with his aid no converts can 
 be gained. Once the savages offer a child for baptism, 
 but when the service begins they seize the child and 
 flee in terror. Yet we are told that when a painting 
 of the virgin and child is displayed, the native women 
 come and offer their breasts to feed " that pretty 
 babe." Prior to April 1770, a full year from the first 
 ooming of the Spania^'ds, and perhaps to a still later 
 period, for the registci 'vas subsequently destroyed, 
 and the earliest date is not known, not a single neo- 
 l)hyte was enrolled at the mission. In all the mis- 
 sionary annals of the north-west there is no other 
 instance where paganism remained so long so stub- 
 born. 
 
 Meanwhile new cases of sickness occur and death 
 continues its ravages, taking from the little band 
 before the return of Portold in January, eight sol- 
 diers, four sailors, one servant, and six Indians, and 
 leaving but about twenty persons. Little wonder 
 that small progress is made in missionary work.^® 
 
 *°0n tho general subject of this chapter, in addition to the special docu- 
 mciits already referred to, see for a connected narrative Paloii, JS'ot., i. 254-84, 
 4'J7-'>2; ii. 93-153; Id., Vida, GO-SG. The notes of 8crra in Snii J)ier/u, Lib. 
 Minimi, MS., ai'C also a valuable source of information. Those notes were 
 written to supply as far as possible from memory the loss of tlie original mis- 
 .«i()U l)ouks destroyed ■«'ith the mission in 1775. Copies are also found in 
 Jliii/r^' Mixs. Bonk, MS., i. 99-lOG, and in Jhiinliiii, ])o<: Hint. CaL, MS. 
 Miguel Costanso published in Mexico, 1770, an account of these expeditions us 
 JJiario JJi.'ttorico dr. losviarjcitdc mary tierra, hcchosidKortc de In >\il!j'oruia, fol. 
 r>(j. It was translated by Wm. lievely and published in 1790 by A. Dal- 
 rymplu as An Historical Journal, etc., '2 maps, 4to, 70 p. 
 
if , 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 FIRST EXPEDITIO^^ FR0:M SxVN DIEGO TO MONTEREY AND 
 SAN FILVNCIfc^CO. 
 
 1709. 
 
 POETOL.i. il.VKCIIKS FKOAF SaN DiECO — IItS Co:.IPAXY — CuESri'S JoTTIiyAL — 
 
 N'liE ON GEOGr.AriiY AND Nomenclature — Taiile of Names and Dis- 
 tances — FiKST Baptism in California — Eaktiiquakes in tue Los 
 Angeles Rixiion- A IIospj i'able PEorLE and Large Villages on the 
 Santa ]j.vi!EAra Channel — Acitoss the Sierra and down tiii; Salinas 
 River — Unscccessfil Search for Montf.rey — Causes of the Error — 
 Northward along the Coast — In Sight of Port San Francisco 
 tJNDEH Point Reyes — Contusion in Names — ^Ivstery Cleared — 
 Exploration of the Peninsula — Discovery of a New and Nameless 
 Bay — Return of the Expedition to Monterey and San Diego. 
 
 I HAVE stated that t"^o weeks after his arrival from 
 the south Portold left San Diogo^ July 14, 17G9, and 
 marched with nearly all his force northward. His 
 intention was to reach Monterey Bay by following- 
 the coast, and cither :it his destination or on the way 
 ho hoped to bo overtaken by the San Jost', and with 
 the aid brought by her to found a presidio and the 
 mission of San Cdrlos. The company consisted of 
 himself, Rivera y INIoncada in command of twenty- 
 seven cz^era soldiers, including Sergeant Joseph Fran- 
 cisco Ortega, Lieutenant Pedro Pages, with six or 
 seven of his twenty-five Catalan volunteers, all that 
 the scurv}' had left alive and strong enough to under- 
 take the march, Engineer jNIiguel Costanso," fathers 
 Juan Crespi and Pi'ancisco Gomez, seven muleteers, 
 
 I'Mofrns, F.rpJitr., i. 100, says tlic oxpcdition liatl come across Sonora. 
 ^ C()staii;;i), Fa',ati, ami others, acconliiig to the J\.rtoh(, Jj'utrio, MS., 10, 
 Were ill, but aJvibcil liy I'lal to luidcituko the juunicy as a remedy. 
 
 (140) 
 
CRESPf 'S DIARY. 
 
 141 
 
 EY AND 
 
 5 JoTTn^^\L — 
 
 lES AND DLS- 
 IS THE L03 
 :,AGES ON TllK 
 
 Tin; Salinas 
 
 TlIK ERKOK — 
 
 N Fkancisco 
 
 ! f'LEAREl) — 
 
 XD Nameless 
 !f Diego. 
 
 ival from 
 7G9, and 
 ird. Ills 
 [following 
 the way 
 land with 
 and tlio 
 (sistcd of 
 twcnty- 
 pli ¥ran- 
 |h six or 
 all that 
 :o under- 
 ,2 fathers 
 Lulotccr.s, 
 
 Sonora. 
 |-,o, MS., 10, 
 
 fifteen christianized Lower Californians, and two ser- 
 vants of Portoli'i and Rivera — sixty-four persons in all. 
 The expedition is fully described in a diary kept by 
 Crcspi^ and still extant, as arc original statements, 
 less complete than Crespi's, of no less than five par- 
 ticipants, Portolil, Fages, Costanso, Ortega, and Hi- 
 vcra. As the first exploration Ity land of a broad 
 extent of most important country it is not without 
 importance and interest; yet as recorded it is in itself 
 singularly unattractive. Crespi's diary, like that of 
 Portola, is a long and, except in certain parts, monoto- 
 nous description of petty happenings notworth remem- 
 bering. It is an almost endless catalogue of nearly 
 two hundred joriiadas, or marches, tediously like one 
 another, over hills and vales distinguished as being 
 con zacate or sin zacate, grassy or barren, with the 
 Sierra ever towering on the right, and the broad 
 Pacific ever stretching to the left. The distance and 
 bearing of each day s march arc given, and observa- 
 tions for latitudes were frequent; but the IMexican 
 league was practically a vague measurement, the ob- 
 servations of Crespi and Costanso often difl:ered, and 
 
 ^ Cirf:pl, narje dc la EKjiedlrion de tierra dc San Dierjo d Monteren, Cop'ta d( I 
 dUirio 11 cam'aKita (jvc h'zo la ei^pcdicion drsde ctpiiorlo dc Sua D'tnjo dc Ahadl 
 ha.<t'i cl dc Monti rc'i, salkwht cl l.'fda Julio da 1^00, in Palox, ^ot., i. ■JSr)-4i;5. 
 IViitol:!, JJinrio del l'i",'/( , MS., 11, ct Beq., covers tlio Baiiiu gioiiuil but unicli 
 more bi'iolly, aflding nothing to Crespi's iiaiiativo except on a few points to 
 l)u iiotioctl ill. thctr place. 'El 27 lianduvinioa trea lioras, Liicu caniiuo, 
 imiclio p.isto y ayua' is a fair sample of most entries. Very few names of 
 loo.ilitics rrc given. In his Vhla dc Jidiipcro S'l-ra, 80-2, SS-9, Paloii gives 
 but a Ijiiof account, referring for particulars to Crespi's diary. IJeut. Fa'jes, 
 iimomlier of the cxpeiliiion, in his \'oi/a>iC( h.C<iI., uiAoiiv. Aniinlr.idiii I'oi/., 
 ci. 147-!), l.M-S), lGJ-71, 170-82, 3_n-4,':j-2S, gives a very full narralivo of it, 
 except from Monterey to San Francisco, including names of p'aecj, distances, 
 bearinc;-!, h'tiuules, and description of tho couuiiy, but omitting names of 
 perrons i'.ud dates. I shall note variations from Ciespi's diary, v.I:h which 
 t'jiges' narrative for tho most part ugiees. Costansi'), in liia D'rtrio IliHtorico I'e 
 Ion vhi'ic-t t!c iiiar yllcrra, gives an aliridged version dillering in no es.senaal 
 respect fi\;mCrcspf. Cdstanso's narrative is abridged and quoted in an articlo 
 signed '.M. P.,' in AlbumMcx., ii. 37-40. Oitcmi, Fmjmcido, in Siudai'lanu 
 A)xh. Pami([nia, MS.,4G-54, gives anoriginalout not very complete (jracc;'.- 
 rato niurative. Capt. llivcra also in a certiticato relating the services of I'edro 
 Amndor, j'ivea pomo information respecting this entrada. St. Puj). Jlii.-i. and 
 Colon., ^IS., i. G2-3. John T. Doyle in bis pamphlets entitled At!d,i.<s and 
 Mcmnrniahuii in 1870 and 187.') gavo brief ?•(.>«)«•.■.< of parts from CVc;.ipi; and 
 tl-.o newspapers since tho reprint of Palou's work bavi! had something ti( »ay 
 more or less superficially on the subject of tho discovery of Sjau FrauciscoBiiy. 
 
142 EXPEDITION TO MONTEREY AND SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 worse tluin all, typograi>liical errors in the ''printed 
 diary make the figures unreHable. In a monograph 
 on the trip I could, I think, trace with much accuracy 
 each day's course, and such minute treatment would 
 not be devoid of local interest as showing the original 
 names applied by the Spaniards, very few of which 
 have been preserved; but for this of course I have no 
 space here, and must content myself with a general 
 narrative and a note on geographical details.* 
 
 'List of places between San Diego and San Francisco as named in 
 Crespl's diary of the first exploration of the California coast by land, with 
 distances, bearings, and latitudes. Notes from the return trip in brackets 
 "[ ..]"; notes from Pages' Voyage in parentheses "(...)"» additional and 
 8elf-ex])lanatory notes in italics. The Portold, Diario has no distances, or 
 names, only hours and descriptions. 
 
 July 14. 
 15. 
 
 16. 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 
 20. 
 
 21, 
 22. 
 
 23, 
 
 24 
 
 26, 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29. 
 
 30. 
 SI. 
 
 San Diego, 32° 30'. Realbj 32" 44' 
 
 Rinconada. On False Bay 
 
 Pocitos de la Cafiada de San Diego 
 
 Sta Isabel Valley. 1 league by 400 varas. 
 
 S. Jiiconie do la Marca Val. 1 1. by 5 1., 
 from N. to s. (Posa de Osuna), [7 1. 
 from S. Ju.in.] 
 
 Encinos Caflada 
 
 S. Alejo. 33' 
 
 S. Simon Lipnica Val., near sea-shore . . . 
 
 Sta Siuf oriisa 
 
 S. Juan Capiatrano Val. 2 1., n.e. to 
 S.W., ending at shore, 33" 6'. Really 
 S. Luis J'ei/, kit. accurate 
 
 Sta Margarita Val. The sierra draws 
 near shore and tlircatens to stop ad- 
 vance. Name retained 
 
 Sta Prdgedia de los RosalesCailada, 33" 10' 
 
 Los Cristianos, S. Apolinario, Bautismos 
 [arroyo], (Caflada del Bautismo) 
 
 Sta Maria Alagdalena Caflada [Quemada], 
 33" 14' 
 
 S. Francisco Solano, 33° 18'. A mesa at 
 foot of sierra with fine stream, oppo- 
 site Sta Catalina Island, said by the 
 explorers to bo 5 1. from S. Pedro Bay. 
 At or near S. Jiuin CapiHrouo 
 
 S. Pantaloon (Aguada del P. Gomez), on 
 the edge of a large plain 
 
 Santiago Arroyo, 33° 6'. Misprint ? 
 
 Sta Ana lliv., or Jesua de los Temblores, 
 thought to flow into S. Pedro Bay [9 1. 
 from Rio Porcidnoula] 
 
 Sta Marta Spring (Los Ojitos and S. Mi- 
 guel) 
 
 (No name), lat. 33° 34' 
 
 (No name), lat. 34° 10'. Los Angeles re- 
 gion 
 
 Leagues. | 
 2.5(3) 
 
 3.5(4) 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1J> 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 (3) 
 
 3 [2] 
 
 2.5 [3] 
 3 
 
 1.5 [1] 
 
 2 
 G 
 
 Oonrse, 
 N.W. 
 
 N.N.W. 
 
 N. 
 V, 
 
 N. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 N.W. 
 N.N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 N.E. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
[SCO. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE, 
 
 148 
 
 e Sprinted 
 onograph 
 I accuracy 
 3nt would 
 le origiual 
 of which 
 I have no 
 a general 
 
 as named in 
 
 t by land, with 
 
 rip in brackets 
 
 additional luul 
 
 10 distancea, or 
 
 I OonTBB. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 N.N.W. 
 
 V. 
 
 N. 
 
 N.G. 
 
 N.W. 
 H.S.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 N.K. 
 
 Four days after setting out from San Diego the 
 explorers reached the pleasant valley in which the 
 mission of San Luis Rey was later built. Their 
 ]irogress had been at the rate of from two to four 
 leagues each day, and nothing along the way attracted 
 more attention than the abundance of flowers, especially 
 
 Aug. 2. 
 
 4. 
 
 H.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 H.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 5. 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 IC. 
 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 
 20. 
 
 Porciiincula Riv., a large stream, with 
 much good land. North branch of the 
 S.Gabriel 
 
 Alisos do S. Est^van Spring, near an as- 
 phaltum marsh 
 
 S. Rogerio Spring, or Berreudo (Fontaine 
 du daim inouchetti) 
 
 Sta Catalina dc Bononia do los Encinos 
 Val., 34= 37', rmlhi 34° 10'. San Fer- 
 nantlo Valley, in which a station still 
 called Encino 
 
 (No name. ) 
 
 Sta IJosa do Viterbo, or Corral rancheria, 
 3 1. across the plain, and 4 1. over mts., 
 34° 47'. Near Hart's 
 
 Sta Chira stream and cailada 
 
 Sta Clara, down same stream, 34° 30*, a 
 good site for a mission. 6 1. from Sta 
 Rosa and 10 1. froni Sta Catalina. 
 Thiii must be. an error 
 
 S. Pedro Amollauo rancheria, down the 
 stream 
 
 Stoa ^lilrtii-es Ip61ito y Cuciano rancheria 
 and river, down same stream, which 
 widens out into a river. Still called 
 Rio Sta Clara 
 
 Asuncion ( Asunta) rancheria, on sca-shorc. 
 Fine site for a mission, 34° 30'. Co- 
 stans(i made it 34° 13'. Doubtless S. 
 Buenacentura 
 
 Sta Conefundis (RancheriaVolante), along 
 beach 
 
 Sta Clara dc Monte Talco, or Bilarin, a 
 large pueblo in 34° 40', on an arroyo, 
 along beach 
 
 S. Roque, or Car[)interia, a largo pueblo 
 in II plain, ■* 1. by 1 1., much asphal- 
 tiim. )SV({ lidrbara region 
 
 Conccpcion Laguna (I'ueblo de la Lagu- 
 na), a very large rancheria, on a point 
 across an extrro. Sta Barbara iran af- 
 terwards founded at S. Joaquin dc la 
 Lar/una. Coast turns from w.N.w. 
 to w 
 
 Sta Margarita de Cortona, or Isla, or Mes- 
 caltitlan pueblos, 34° 43'. In a marshy 
 region, where the sloughs form an 
 island, with four or five scattered ran- 
 cheriaa 
 
 Leftgnes. 
 
 Oourae. 
 
 3(2) 
 
 N.W. 
 
 3 
 
 W. 
 
 2 
 
 N.W. 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 JI.N.W. 
 N. 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 N. 
 W.K.W. 
 
 3 
 
 •W.3.W. 
 
 3 
 
 W.S.W. 
 
 2.5 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 [(3)] 
 3.5 [2.5] 
 
 S.W. 
 
 E.NJi. 
 W. (w.N.w.) 
 
 W. (w.N.w.) 
 
 W. (w.N.w.) 
 
 W. (w.N.w.) 
 W. (w.N.w.) 
 
144 EXPEDITION TO MONTEREY AND SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 of roses similar to tlioso of old Castile, and for tlmt 
 reason doli^^iitful to the Spaniards. Crespi notes tlic 
 
 E lucking of ono branch bearing six roses and twelve 
 uds. Thus far all was literally couleuvde rose. The 
 route followed was very nearly that of tl a subsequent 
 sta'''e road between San Diego and Los Angeles. Jt 
 was noticed that much of the grass had been burned 
 
 Aug. 21. 
 •-•3. 
 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 20. 
 
 27. 
 28. 
 
 29. 
 30. 
 
 31. 
 Sept. 1, 
 
 S. Luis Obispo, 34° 4.')', still alons sliorc. 
 
 S. (liiido (Ic Cortdiia, along islioro, four 
 isLinils in Bight 
 
 .S. Lui-i I!iy, or La (laviota, jilong sliorc, 
 on a slon^li, 34" 47'. Pvrhripx oriijia of 
 (I'ariv/a J'as.i. Tlirco it^landti in sigiit: 
 S. llrrnanlo, ,s'. j\/i,jin>l, fartlnst ucst; 
 Sta Cruz, <S7rt /tuna, next; and Sta Bar- 
 bara, S/(t Cruz, lartliost cast 
 
 S. Scl'crino, 34" 30' (14"), an Indian iwcblo, 
 Sta A iia ranulicria 
 
 .Sta 'i\icsa, or Cojo, ranchcria, 34° 30', or 
 34' ol' 
 
 rt Conception, 34" 30' 
 
 ( 'ontci'C'ion, ranolu'iia (llanslio do la Ivs- 
 V:Hl::),.3r,'-)l'30" 
 
 S. Juan nautist.n, or redornido;! (:i4° 33'), 
 in sight rif another jtoiutiicar liy (from 
 vliicli I't Concepi'ion bears .s.i;., 8' 
 1"..] ThtH iioiiit miixt h<> J't Ai'ijiii'Uo, 
 (fiiiiKjIi till )•!• (iiw H'liiiP (lUJIniiriis 
 
 Sta Ilo.-alia, or CnOadaSeea, on a bay be- 
 tween last point and another 
 
 S. lierjiiudo liiv., or Sta Lo.sa, mouth 
 liUed witli sand, tlie hu>;est liver vet 
 pa^-ed, 34' .5,V. Tin: Jiio S/a Iiir>; 
 tlioi'ijh ilisldiicc and /,i (iriiiij urn not. ror- 
 ri'i-i ; jii.H jio^x'ilihj thi' Si'i 3/ If r in, in 
 ir/lic/i nine I't Cniir.iydvil irnx A riiiiv/lo, 
 AniHi'llo riirixhim, the ',.'il juihit Pi'- 
 rif-iiiKi, cniil iS'a Uosalkt at the ■i,i<iiilli 
 of J,'in .S'.'i Jiii'.t 
 
 S. l;,unoii Nonato, La Oi'aciosa, or Uaile 
 ihi his Indins laj^iina 
 
 S. ])aniel, laeuna j;raudc, in a fine vallc}', 
 3 1. by 7 1., having in the middle a la- 
 gunahdOvaras wide? 31' 13'? Jloiifh 
 of I III' llii) S/ii Mdrid 
 
 S. Jr.an Terueia y S. Pedro do Sacro Tcr- 
 rato, or iteal do la.s \ iboras, or O.so 
 I'laeo (Laguna I'edonda) 
 
 S. Ijadislao, or E.1 Buchon. By varying 
 courses, and linally N. into nits., 'iy 
 'IS'. jXotc'rnr 
 
 Sta Klena, or Angosta Canada, 3">' 3'?. . 
 
 Natividad, or Canada d(! his Osos, down 
 vhieli they vvint to tiio sea. N. A(v',s 
 Vhinpo wanj'uuiulcd laitronthincui'iadu. 
 
 LengiicH, 
 
 •2 L-.r.j 
 
 •2.5(.1)[2] 
 
 ri.r)or 
 
 (..5(1) 
 
 2 
 
 2.5(2) 
 
 .5(1) 
 2.5 (2) 
 
 L5{3) 
 
 3(4) 
 
 Course. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w, 
 w. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 N.W, (N.N.W.) 
 
 N.W. 
 
PROOJtlCSS L'P THE COAST. 
 
 14.J 
 
 by tilt' natives ti> facilitato the capture of raljbits. Few 
 of the iiilial)itant.s were met in the .soutli, hut when 
 seen they wiM'e always tViendly, and the 2"2(l of July 
 they permitted to be baptized two dying children, who 
 were named Maria iNIaj^dalena and Margarita. About 
 tlie same time two mineral deposits, of red ochre and 
 ihite earth, were discovered. On the 24th the islands 
 
 \\ 
 
 Sept. 8. 
 
 10. 
 II. 
 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 
 IG. 
 17. 
 
 20. 
 
 21. 
 2U. 
 
 21 1. 
 Oft. 1. 
 
 10. 
 1.".. 
 10. 
 
 17. 
 
 S. Adriiino. near the shore .it mouth of 
 C'afiai >a do los O.sos. Tho diary I'lcnrly 
 iiic'iitioiis the J'^stcro Bay and Morro 
 Iioclv of iiiiiiluni iiiiijia 
 
 Sta SLralliia JLitoro, 'Mi', or lio' 27', after 
 cni.s.siiiL; v\'j,ht arniyon 
 
 S. lifiivcMuto.'or O.sito, lUi" 2', or ^JS" SIV) 
 
 S. Xit'dhis, (ir Cautil, arroyo lio" 35', along 
 lieacli 
 
 S. Viecnto arroyo (Arroyada Honda), 30' 
 10' 
 
 Sta I'liiiliaiia arroyo [Ilij' 45'J, at foot of 
 Sierra do Sta Lncia. /;; rfi/ion lietwei-n 
 ■V. SUni'dii i.iiid i'njn' S. Martin 
 
 Pie do la Sierra do Sta I.iu'ia, upacafiada 
 into tile nit.s., /irohabli/ n.k 
 
 Hoya di' la Sierra do Sta Lucia, or San 
 I'Vanei.sco, \M'}^ IS' .W, up into tho nits, 
 on \. siilo of a oafiou [slightly diQ'er- 
 ont route on rctui'ii]. In rf(jion of the 
 I iter S. Antonio ink.sion. Prohdbli/ 
 
 N.E 
 
 I'lCal do I'ifiones, l)y a nit. way over the 
 sinniuit, N.K 
 
 S. Franei-eo (llio do Truehas) 
 
 S. Elizario [KlecaroJ Itio, or Ileal del 
 Chocolate, down a Canada to a river 
 hrli':\ ed to bo tho Carnielo, but rcullij 
 thr Hi > ^'iirmii.-i 
 
 Real del Alamo, 30° 3S', down tho river. . 
 
 r.eal I'.huico, (low n river. 
 
 lic'al di' ( 'azadores, down river 
 
 St;' I >ellina | I!iv.], ;i(j' 44'. or 30' .")3', down 
 river to within \!i 1. of heaidi. From 
 t!:i-i jioint Monterey and ( 'ariiielo hay.s 
 were explored. Ft Fino.s, 30'' 3lj'; Ft 
 -Afio Nucvo, oil' 4'; Carnielo Bay, 30' 
 3.1' 
 
 Sta Brigida, or LaGrulIa, passing several 
 L'^'oons 
 
 Piijaro, or Sta Ana lliv. Xdnie still re- 
 tain! il 
 
 Xr Sra del I'ilar lagunas [corral], 34° 3r>' ? 
 
 Sta 'J'eri'sa 
 
 Uotario del Seralin do Aseuli arroyo, near 
 Soqnet 
 
 S. JAifvu/.o llWvr— still retdin.i the. name. 
 'Jill' iiiniji n'lin near Slu Cruz 
 
 Hist. Cal.. Vol. I. 10 
 
 Leagues. 
 
 (1) 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 3.5(3) 
 
 ii.'^i) 
 
 4 
 I 
 1.5 
 
 Course. 
 w. 
 
 N.W. 
 N.N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 \.\V. audN.N.E. 
 N.W. 
 
 N. K. 
 N. \V, 
 
 N.W. 
 
 N.N.W. 
 
 X. 
 N.W. 
 N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 W.N.W. 
 
^ 
 
 140 KXl'KDITIOX TO iK^NTKREY AND SAN FRANf'ISCO. 
 
 of San Cloiiicnto and Santa ( atalina were .si^litt'd. 
 Next tlay tlic natives suenicd to say that inland wcro 
 otluT white nion with liorses, mules, swords, and hiits. 
 On the L'Sth, when the •^''overnoi' and his foUowcis 
 were on the Santa Ana liiver, four violent shocks of 
 carth(|uake IVi^iiteiied the Indians into a kind of 
 j)rayei' to t lie four winds, and caused the stream to he 
 also named Jesus de los Temblores. jMaiiy more; 
 shocks were felt during the followinj^ week; yet flu! 
 i'orei^^ners were delighted with the region, noting' the 
 agj'icultural j)r)ssibilities which they and tlieir succes- 
 8ors later realized. The 1st of August they began to 
 kill and eat hen 'end us, or antelo})es, and next day 
 forded tlu; lllo de Poi'ciuncula on which the citv of 
 Los Angeles now stands. 
 
 From the Angeles region the route lay through Hk; 
 valley of Santa Catalina de los iMR'inos, now San Fci- 
 iiando, and thence northwai'd through the mouniaiii 
 pass to the liead streams of the liio de Santa Clara, 
 so calkid then and now, down whose haidcs the 
 S[)aniaisls folh^wed to the sea again. Immediately on 
 leaving thcj Porciuncula more earthquakes were i'dt, 
 causing the friars to think there were volcanoes in llie 
 sierra; springs oi' j^c"^, hiva, cluipopote, or {isphaltuni, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 18. Stii Criiz arroj-o, and four other streams, 
 tlio last huing 8. Li'ioas, (ir ri.ciites 
 
 airoyo 
 
 La Ol'a (H(iya) l)?irrani.'a 
 
 10. S. J'i.<lr<Ml(; Alcantara, or-fuinin [.lainon]. 
 20. S. J.uis ISclti-.in, or S.ilml, arroy<>, alioiit 
 1 1. ficiii I't A no Niicvo, -.iT ■2-1', or 
 
 ;!7' .•{' [I't ih :M\' \'\ 
 
 S. .Iiiaii Nc'|)oniiieeiio, or ('a.sa Grande, 
 laiK'lieria, acros.s a lovcl mesa along 
 
 filiorc^ 
 
 San IVdi-o Jicgalado 
 
 24. SU) ])..iain;.'o,';i7' .'{0' 
 
 S. ll)on, or l'iil;.'as, rani'licria 
 
 28. S. Simon y S. Judas arroyo, or Llano de 
 los Ansari's, in isiglit of a jioint x.N.w. 
 with faialloiios — jiixt ahovc lln{l'-Mooii 
 
 Jlni/, and in .•iU/lu of Pt S. Pedro 
 
 30. rt An,'(l Cnstodio, or Alnujas, Ti" 2-1', 
 
 ;;oV4y'[:i7^'n'J 
 
 To poiiit-i nHb.-Kqniintlij visited, no iiama 
 were applied. 
 
 Loagiu'g. 
 
 2.5 
 
 4 or 2 
 o 
 
 t'ourne. 
 W.N.W. 
 
 x.\v. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 N.N.W. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 N.W. 
 
THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL. 
 
 147 
 
 wwc also rt'i;"anlc(l as sij^'iis of volcanic action. Tlio 
 ii;iti\cs now s})oko not onl}' of l)oar(lo(l luoii who caaio 
 iViiiii tlie east in earlier times, l)ut said lliey had 
 latclyohscrved vessels in theeliannel — itwill he reniein- 
 hcied that the San Antonio and Sun Carlos had reached 
 tliis latitude on their way from (^([)o San Li'icas to 
 S;ui Dieijfo — and one man oven claimed to recognize 
 Gomez, Fagos, andCostanso whom he had seen on the 
 vessel. ]'^verywherc the men went naked, hut from 
 this region the women dressed more according to Jmu'o- 
 |i('an ideas, covering much of their person with skins 
 i4' deer and rahhits. August 14th Portola crossed 
 I'loiii a point near the mouth of the Santa Clara to 
 the shore farther north, where he found thr largest 
 Indian village yet seen in California. The houses were 
 nl" spherical form thatched with straw, and the natives 
 ux'd hoats twenty-four feet long made of pine hoards 
 tiL'd together with cords and covered with asphaltum, 
 cantihle of carryincf each ten fishermen. A lew old 
 hl;i(l('s of knives and swords were stsen. Some in- 
 hiil)itants of the channel islands came across to gaze 
 at tlie strangers. Previously the inhabitants had 
 l).ii'ti'icd seeds, grass baskets, and shells for the cov- 
 eted glass hqads, but now fish and carved l)its of wood 
 wei'c added to the limited list of commercial })roducts. 
 Thus more foo<l w-as offered than could ho eaten. This 
 liiKi pueblo, the first of a long line of similar (mks 
 along tlie channel coast, was called Asuncion and was 
 identical in site with the modern San Ihieiiaventura.' 
 From tlie middle of August to the 7th (»f Se]>tem- 
 hi 1' the Spaniards followed the coast of the Santa 
 ]xh"l)ara Channel westward, always in sight of tli'-' 
 Inlands, meeting a dense native po[)ulation settled in 
 many largo towns and unifonnly hospitalde. Passing 
 P'lint Concepeion, they turned northward to the site 
 on v.hich San Luis Obispo now stands. On the ISth 
 el August they passed a village called Laguna do la 
 Concepeion in the vicinity of what is now Santa Bar- 
 
 " Sue fouiuliiig of Sun Buenaventura in a later chapter. 
 
14S EXrEDITIOX TO MONTERFA' AXD SAX FRAXCISCO. 
 
 bara, porliaps on the exact site, since the presidio was^ 
 founded later at a place said to have been called San 
 Joaquin do la Laguna by these first explorers." A 
 lew leagues farther, and in several other places, tlicru 
 Avere noticed large cemeteries, those of the men and 
 M'onien being distinct as the gentle savages ex[)laini'(!. 
 Over each grave a painted pole was set up bearing 
 the hair of the men, and those of the women being 
 adorned with cora.s, or grass baskets. Large whale- 
 bones were also a distin<xuishin<»' feature of the buiinl- 
 grounds. Many of these graves have been opened 
 within the past few years, and the relics thu.s brought 
 to light have created in local circles (piite a Hutter el' 
 archaological enthuslasi.i, being popularly attributed, 
 as is the custom in such cases, to 'prehistoric' times 
 and to races long since extinct. Ou the 24th a sea- 
 gull was killed ;'ud the place called San Luis by the 
 padres was christened La Gaviota by the soldiiTs — 
 very many localities along the route being thus doubly 
 named, whence i)ei'haps the name Gaviota Pass of 
 modern maps. Near Point Concepcion the natives 
 displa^'ctl beads of European make, said to have been 
 obta: >od from the north. Here a lean and wnrn- 
 out nndc was left to recuperate under Indian care. 
 Ci'cspi's latitudes for the chaimel coasts were too high, 
 varying from o4° 30' to 34° 51'. Costanso's obser\;i- 
 tions placed Point Concepcion in 34° 30', about 5' loo 
 far noith. After turning the point the natives weie 
 poorer and less numerous, but were still friendly. 
 On the 30th a large sti'eam was cro;^sed ou a sand-imr 
 at its mouth which "served as a biidge." Tlus was 
 the IJio Santa Ines," called at its discovery Santa llnsa, 
 and on September 1st the camp was pitched at llic 
 Laguna de San Daniel, probably at the mouth of tlu' 
 ll'u) Santa jVlaria. Next day Sergeant Ortega was 
 
 <^J'roP. 7?rc., MS,, ii. 01-2. 
 
 ' Thci'o iM Koino I'liiifiision in the (losciij'tion ot this ]\irt of tho coast, ;i:iil 
 th's stroaiu iiii,L,'ht as wi'U l)o the Santa Maiia, were it not for the fact th.it 
 Pni ...i.uii Mii<«ion was after\\ar(l Imilt on liio <le Santa Ivosa. PurUiinit, Li'i. 
 JilioiMi, MS., 1; Pror. 67. Pap., MS., vi. ll-J-13. 
 
?co. 
 
 >icli() was 
 Ucd Sail 
 .n-s." A 
 
 ;eS, tllClX! 
 
 nu'U and 
 xplaiiH"!. 
 1 beariirj; 
 icu bcinn' 
 TC \vli:il':- 
 ho buiial- 
 
 ;ll 0[)l'l\ctl 
 
 js broui;'lit 
 flutter of 
 Lttribiitod, 
 n-ic' tiuK's 
 4th a scu- 
 ll is by t'lo 
 soldi'-'i's— 
 lus doubly 
 ra Pass (if 
 ho natives 
 have l)t'i'U 
 and \voiu- 
 idiau faiv. 
 o too blLill, 
 ri obsevva- 
 )Out 5't<»i> 
 tivcs wm' 
 ll tVieiiilly. 
 a sa'Kidiar 
 Th.s was 
 autallosa, 
 led at ill*' 
 utU of tli«- 
 b'tega was 
 
 the coast, ii:!'l 
 ll- tlio fact tlMt 
 
 OVER Tlir: SIERRA DE SANTA LUCIA. 
 
 140 
 
 t;;1on i^l, and ten of tlie men began to coiii])lain of 
 s.)i'o feet. Turning" inland not far iVoni what is ;;')\v 
 ]^lint San Luis, tliey crossed the hills by a souie- 
 what Avindin<^ course and on the 7th encaniiied in 
 l!ic Canada de los Osos in the vicinity of the later 
 San ijuis Obispo. Here the soldiers engag'ed in a 
 u;'and hcar-hunt, in which one of these lierce brutes, 
 sccii here in groups of fourteen or sixteen, according 
 l(t l?or( old's diary, was killed after receiving nine l)ul- 
 Icts, onc^ of the soldiers barely escaping \vith his life. 
 The nanu.'s Los Osos and l']\ Buchon a[)plied at this 
 time are still ])reserved in this region. 
 
 ]''rom San Luis, instead of proceeding north anil 
 inland, which would have been the easier route, the 
 cx[il*)rers Ibllow the Bear Canada down to the sea, 
 wliere thev note ]']stero Bay and jNlorro Bock, and 
 whence they follo\v the coast stjine ten leagues to a 
 point located by Costanso in latitudi; 35' 4.")', and 
 a[iparently not far bek)W Cape San Martin. "Jhe 
 sierra of Santa Lucia, so named long befoi'o, now 
 impedes further jirogrcss, and oii September Kith the 
 travtllers turn to the i-ight and begin to climb tlie 
 mountain range, "con el credo eu la boca," one league 
 per (lay being counted good progress in such a rough 
 country. From the 17th to the IDth they are on the 
 Hoya, or ravine, de la Sierra de Santa Lucia, on the 
 head-waters of the Bio do San Antonio near where 
 the mission of the same name is afterward ibundetl. 
 On tlie 20th the lofty range northward is ascended, 
 and from the highest lidge, jirobably Santa ]jucia 
 Peak, the Spaniards gaze upon a boundless sea of 
 mountains, "a sad spe'ctacle for poor travellers worn 
 out hy the fatigues of so long a joui'uey " sighs ( Vespi. 
 file cold begins to be sevt-'re, and some of t\u' men 
 aie disabled by scurvy; yet ibr the glory (>f Ood and 
 wiili unfailing confukaice in their great jiatroii St 
 (lo.seph, they press bravely on, after remaining four 
 flays in a little moimbiin caiion dedicated by tin- fiiars 
 to the i^lagas de San Francisco, the name San Fran- 
 
150 EXPEDITION TO MOXTEREY AND SAX FRANCISCO. 
 
 'i;ll 
 
 CISCO proper being reserved for that saint's 'famous port.' 
 Wending tlieir way down the noitliern slope, perhnjts 
 by way of the Arroyo Scco, on the 2()th they jcuch 
 a river which they name San Elizario, or Santa Uel- 
 fnin, behoved by the Spaniards to be the liio del Car- 
 melo. It is the stream, however, since known as 
 Salinas, and down it Portola's company march to tljo 
 oca, arriving on the 30th at a point near the mouth. 
 The natives are less hospitable in the Salinas Vall(.y 
 than south of thei-e. 
 
 As the expedition draws near the sea-shore, a point 
 of land becomes visible in the south, which iscorr.H-tly 
 judged to be Poirit Finos, one of the prominent hnid- 
 niarks l)_y which Monturey was to be id<nitili(d. It is 
 therefore determined to stop here for exploration. 
 (October 1st the governor, engineer, and Crespf, witli 
 tive soldiers climb a hill, "from the top of which," 
 writes the friar, "wo saw the great entrance, and con- 
 jectured that it was the one which Cabrera Buenn 
 puts Ijetween l?()int Alio Nuevo and Point Pinos of 
 Monterey." That is to say, believi?ig 3'et doubting 
 they look out over the bay and harbor of Monteicv 
 in search of which they had come so far, then })ass (-n 
 wondering where is Monterey. Pivera with eight nun 
 explores southward, marching along the very shore rX 
 the port they are seeking; then toward Point Pines 
 and over to "a small bight formed between the said 
 l)oint and another south of it, with an arroyo flowing 
 dt)wn from tlie mountains, well wooded, and a slougli, 
 into wliich tlie said stream discharges, and some little 
 lagoons of slight extent;" but the mountains prevent 
 linthev progress southward along the shore. Tlu; 
 pkices thus ex])lored are Carmelo bay, river, and point ;' 
 nevertheless Rivera returns to camp saying that no 
 port is to be found. 
 
 The 4th of October after solemn mass in a brusli- 
 
 * Cypress IViint is not iiotir(<l in this oxplorntitm; l,ut it is cort.Tiii tluit it 
 till' Iti^iit iKiw visitcil wi'ic imt ( 'iiiiiulo Hay, tiiat liny would Imxcbci ii luinul 
 .•Mill iiK'iitioiied latd- v lii'ii tlic uttLiiipt was iikkIc a^^ain to liiid a slioif luuto 
 
 BOUlllWUld. 
 
MONTEREY XOT FOUXD. 
 
 151 
 
 -wood tent at the mouth of the Sahnas liiver, a meet- 
 ing' of all the officers and friars is hold to deliberate 
 on wliat shall be done. At this meeting tlie com- 
 niandant brielly calls attention to the scarcity of pro- 
 visions, to the seventeen men on the sick-list unfit for 
 duty, to the excessive burden of labor imposed on 
 those Avho are well in sentinel duty and continual 
 rccnnnoissances, and to the lateness of the s{\ison. In 
 view of these circumstances and of the i'act that the 
 port of ^Monterey could not be found wliere it had 
 been su})[)osed to lie," each person i>rcsent is called 
 uiioii to express freely his o})inion. The decision of 
 otrircrs and priests is unanimous "that the journey bo 
 continued as the only expedient remaining, in the hope 
 of finding by the favor of God the desired port of 
 Monterey and in it the Sail Jose to supply our needs, 
 and that if God should permit that in the search for 
 Monterey we all perish, we shall still have fulfilli>d 
 our dutv f o God and men by working toi-c'ther to the 
 death in the accomplishment of the entei'j)rise on 
 w hicli we have been sent." Their hope lests mainly in 
 the fact that they had not yet reached the latitiido in 
 whi' h Vizcaino and Cabrera Bueno had placed tlie [xjrt. 
 
 livclji'ill loilliil 
 ii shun' ii-i"'" 
 
 * ■ Iv.i '. isto <!(' ]o (liulio y tie no liallnr cl pncrto do ^ronterov en l;i ;iltiir.i 
 cjUf so jM-eMiiiiiii.' ('rt-sjii, IVVc/i , ;5.'),'i. This uso of the wovA ulUtra is iiu crroi- 
 of tilt' w riti'i', siiico t'abieni lUuiio, the autlnnity cm which tlcpeiKk'neo was 
 placrd, j^ivcs the latitmlcdf MoiitLrcy as \\~\ while C()staiiS('i now iiiaile it 
 ?v\ .'W; liiit tlie exiilaiiafi<"' is that this v,as ^^l■itten after siiltsripiciit e.\|ilc>r- 
 utidus l'uit!;er iiiii'tli v uieh hail an inlhiencc on < 'fespiH words. '\\w. .hinla 
 J''" (/(' ijihrrn ilc In c >'intl'ic'"in ih' tli rrn i/i/c pnsnhfi <ii Kf.lir'Jml <l<l j^ticvlo Ic. 
 Jfhiili ri II I II .'/ lie Orlrliv,' (li> Hon is attaelicd t'l tjir J'nr/n'ij, JJiarm, MS. In 
 his opeiiin;,' address Tortohi says 'what should lie the Kin ( 'aniielo is oidy an 
 (irri'i/n; whiit should bo a port is only a little cusi nm/'i; \\hat weio iireat lakes 
 iiic titiiiDiilln--;' and yet to go on and find another Siei'ra de Sta l.neia would 
 taketiiKc; 11 men were; siek, and only 50 caKla/rni.i llonr remained. Cos- 
 tauso gave his opinion lirst: that tiiey were in only 'Mt il', wiiile Monterey 
 Was in ,'i7' or perhaps more; they shouhl not fail to explore np to ',\~^ .'Who as 
 either to find (he p(;rt or to he sure (.f its ni :n-e\i>teneo. IV'.'es followed and 
 also favon il gi}ing en to .S7' or a little more, as the port l.ad eei'tainly not 
 hei-n passed, and they had not yet reaehed its latitude. 1'hen liivt la, who 
 did not seem to thinli Monterey wmi'.d 1k^ foiir.d. siiiee it was not wliere it 
 oii,f,'lit to he, hut thought they'should < stahlish tiiemselves somewhere, but 
 not wln'ie thiy then V, ere. 'J hen ]\)rt(jhi di i ided to rest (! days, go <in as 
 far a.T j o^sihle, and then seleet the most (;li;.ibh' ]ilaee for a n ttlt li.eiit if 
 Moiiteny did not ap];(ar. All ayreud iu writing to this plan, iueludiny 
 padres (.Joiue/, and Crespl. 
 
 1^ 
 
152 
 
 EXPEDITION TO MOXTEKEY AND SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 n 
 
 It is and must ever remain more er less iiiex])li- 
 cable that tlie Si)aniar(ls .should liave failed at thi-i 
 time to identii'v Monterey. All that was hnowii of 
 tliat j)f)rt had resulted from Vizeaino'w visit, and 
 this knowledL^'o was in the hands of the explorers in 
 the woiks of V<!negas and Cabrera l^ueno. Tlu.' de- 
 seription of landmarks was tolerably clear/" and in 
 fact these landmarks had been readily recognized by 
 I^ortold's party at their first arrival on the bay shore. 
 j\[oreover, the advantages of the liar])or had not been 
 very greatly exaggerated, both Torijuemada, as fpiotcd 
 by Venegas, and Cabrera Bueno having called j\lonte- 
 rey simpl}' iifamoso ptto'to, the former stating that it 
 was protected from all winds, and the latter, from all 
 exceijt north-west winds. Yet with the harbor Ivinn' 
 at their feet, and with several landmai'ks so clearly 
 defined that A ila and Serra recognized them at once 
 from the reports at San Diego, and penetrated the 
 truth of the matter in spite of their companions' 
 mystification, the Spanish ofiicors could find nothing 
 resend>ling the object of their search, and even were 
 tem})ted to account for the port's disappearance by 
 the theory that since Vizcaino's time it had perhaps 
 been filletl up with sandP^ 
 
 "*Sc'c clijiptcT iii.. this volnine. 
 
 " ('iTS]ii\i ii'iiii'.iks in iultlitidii to wlmt lias boon given in the prcccdinc; 
 narmtivo, iirc as JdUows: 'In view nf wliat lias hccn said. . .and of (lui- not 
 iindinj;- in tlii-e !r;;i(ins tlK! port of ^Monterey so ctlclirated and so praised in 
 tlicii' lime !iy nienof ehai'aeter, skilful, intelligent, and jiraetical navigator.? 
 who oaine e\pns.-;ly to ex])lorc these eoasis ]>y order of the king. . .vo h.ivo 
 to say that it is not found after the most eaiclul etlbrls made at eost of nnieU 
 sweat and fatigue; or it nuist he said that it han lieen hiK'd up and desti'oyed 
 with time, though we see no indications to sujipoit this o])ini(jn; and thercf'iro 
 I : usjiend niy opiu'on on this point, hut what 1 can say with a.^smance i.s that 
 wii.li all diligence on the part of coninndante, ollieers, and s(jldiers no sudl 
 poit has heen foinid. . .At Pt I'inos there i.s no port, nor have we seen in 
 all our journey a country more desolate than this, or people moro rude, Sc- 
 hawtian Vi/eaino to the contrary notwithslandiug. . .allhdUgh this was easier 
 to li(Mui.srepre.sented tlian a ]iort so famous as was Jlonten y in former cen- 
 turies.' I'iu;/!', .'iD'i-tJ. Ill a litter linried Ixfore the lir.al return it is statel 
 that (lie expedition 'sighted Tt I'inos and tiie cuKciKuInx noith and soiitii of 
 it v.itliout sieiiig any signs of the ])ortof .Monterey, and resolved to go on in 
 iseardi of it,' and again nil tlie return 'made an elidrt to search for tlie )iort 
 of Monterey within tlie nuaintain range follow iiig along the .sea, in spite > f 
 its roii;;hness, Imt in vain." I'cloti, So'., i. .'iii;)— K)^). According to I'aloa. 
 Villa, SS, 1'. Crespi wrote him that he feured the port hud been tilled up; and 
 
HOW THE ERROR OCCURRED. 
 
 153 
 
 There are, however, several circumstances wliich 
 tend to lessen our difficulty in accounting- for the 
 01 Tor coniuiittod, and which arc almost sullicient to 
 ]■( move the difficulty altoi^ethor, especially so I'ar as 
 tills lirst visit on the northward march is concerned. 
 j'Irst, tlu; Rio Carmelo, seen but once when swollen 
 hv winter rains, was on the record as a "river of good 
 v.alcr though of little depth," and in geographical 
 discussions of the past hatl gradually accpiired great 
 importance. Portola's party reaching the Salinas, the 
 largest river in this region, naturally supposed they 
 v.rri! on the Cai'melo. If it were tlio Carmelo, I't 
 Pinos should bear nortli rather than south; if it were 
 !,()!. then not oidy was this largo river not mentioned 
 ill the old authorities, but there was no river in tho 
 region to be itlentified with the Carmelo, for it never 
 rred to the travellcs to apply that name to the 
 
 OCCU 
 
 b 
 
 .1, 
 
 creeK, now nearly dry, which flowed into tho en- 
 si'unda to the south of the ])oint. Second, Cabrera 
 IjIU'Uo's description of the bays north and south of 
 point l*inos as line ports, the latter protected from all 
 winds and the former from all but those irom iho 
 north-west, was exaggerated, [)erhaps very nuich so; yet 
 it was not Cabrera's or Vizcaino's cxa^'LTorations that 
 
 SciT.-i mentioned in one of liis letters the same opinion founded on the greaf. 
 f;:nil (hiiies lound •where the port oncjht to lie. /</., !)"J. I'a^'e.s says: '\\'o 
 kiK'W not if the plaee where ■we 'were was tliat of our destination; .still after 
 li.;viii'j carefully exariiined it and eoinpared it with the relations of tlieaneienb 
 voyngcra, v.e I'coolv ,_: to continue our inarrh ; fur after having,' taktn the lali- 
 tiule, we found "ihat wo W('ic oidy in ISii' 44', while, aeeoidin;^ to the repcirts 
 of the pdot, Calireia Hui'mi, Monterey .shouhl ho in .'{7', and an serious an 
 error wirj not .supposahle on the partof a man of well known i kill. 'J'he eon- 
 tigr.ration ( f the coast did not agree either with the relations which served us 
 as a guide.' I'o//. en Cal., ;!:2.S-'.I. Rivera i^iniply says: 'Wo wi'ut in the i\- 
 j/diticn hy land to San iJiego and -Monterey, and having failed to recognixo 
 tile latter WO proceeded in search if it till we came to San I'laiieisco, Vvlicnco 
 for want of ju'ovisions we returned and the whole exp.cdition . hjit two ni;.ht.s 
 iu Monterey itself and encamped several days on th.: Rio {.'aiine:!).' St. Pop., 
 Jl's.i. (mil. Culoii., MS., i. i')'2-',]. According to 0;tega, 'On ()et(<))er otii or 
 (iih Ave rcaclied I't riiios, and according to tlio indications of (.'..pt. Vixcaino 
 i:iid the j,t!o>') Cahrera JJueuo — and our kitltude. as well — wo : liould havo 
 lliouglit ourselves alre.idy at Monterey; Imt not linding tlu^ .'dielter and pio- 
 tectinu aserihed liy tlieiato the p.ort caused us to doubt, since we f^aw a lii-lit 
 tivcr twelve leagues across with n<3 shelter exei'pt for rniall cralt at tin; poiid, 
 nhlioii.h tlie said l.iglit is lai':e enough to hold tliousands of vessels, butwiili 
 liille protection from some winds.' Frufjineiiio, MS., o'2. 
 
1.-4 EXrEDITIOX TO MONTEREY AND SAX FRANCISCO. 
 
 inislod Portolii. Monterey had been much talked and 
 written about during the past century and a half in 
 connection with the fables of Northern Mvstei'v, and 
 wliile its waters lay undisturbed by fonui^n keel ils 
 importance as a ]iarI)or had been constantly growing' 
 in the minds of Spanish ofHcials and missionaries. It 
 was not the piloto's comparatively modest description 
 so much as the grand popular ideal which supported 
 tlie ex[>ectations (jf tlie governor and liis companions, 
 and (jf wliieli tlie reality fell so far short. Third, the 
 veiy dilierent impressions of storm-tossed marineis 
 anchoring in tlie bay when its shores were brightened 
 and refreshed Ijy winter i-ains, and of travellers ariiv- 
 \\vj: at th(! end t)f the dry season fi'oni the sunny clinir, 
 large ^•illages, and liospitable ])opulation of the Santa 
 nJarbara Chamiel must be taken into consideration. 
 Fourth, tlie Spaniards had no boats in which to make 
 soundings and test the anchorage capacities of tlie 
 harbor. Fifth, Cabrera's latitude was thirty minutes 
 hiuher than that resultinij from Costanso's observa- 
 tions. 
 
 To these considerations should be added two other 
 theories respecting the failure to find ]\[onterey. One 
 is that favored by Palou,^- wIkj like some of his com- 
 panions was disposed to regard the concealment of 
 the port as a miraculous interposition of (^rod at the 
 intereession and in the interests of St Francis; i'oi- 
 on starting from the peninsula after completing ar- 
 rangements for the new establishments, Father Jniii- 
 pero had asked (Jalvez — "and for Our Father Sail 
 Francisco is there to be no mission?" to which the 
 visitador had ]'cj»lied — "if San Francisco wants a 
 mission let him cause his port to be I'ound and it v ill 
 be ])ut there;"' and the saint did show his port and lei't 
 St Cliarles to do as much at ^Lontei'cy later. The 
 
 '-' ' LiK'LC" iiiii' k'i cstji iidticia atrilmi ;i(lis]Kisicion(1iviiiii obnu' no luilLnulo 
 la ('.\]ii'ilk'i(iii il jiuerti) tie ^lontcrey en el ]iai'!i.!j;e i|Ue lo scfialaliii, el aiiti'iiit) 
 deiTiiteni, sinnieso liasla llei^'ar al I'nerto ilo i\, I', f-i. J''iiuieis(ii. ' V'.iln '•'•: 
 Jimi/nid .■^(■rra, 88. CUee.son, Hid. t'al/i. C/i., ii. oj-S, uceeptrf the view tiiat 
 it was a niiraelc. 
 
SANTA CRUZ REGION. 
 
 153 
 
 other theory is one tlmt was soiiicwliat prevalent 
 uninug- the descendants of the first Spanish soldiers 
 ;iiiil settlers ill Inter years, namely, that tlu? explorers 
 had secret orders from (jalvez not to find jNEonterey, 
 Imt ti) go on to San Francisco. ^^ Neither this view 
 (if the matter nor that involving supernatural agencies 
 seems to demand nuich comment. It would be very 
 (litlicult to prove the inaccuracy of either. 
 
 It having been determined to proceed, Ortega and 
 a few men advance October Gth to make a reconnois- 
 saucc which seems to favor former conclusions, since 
 he saw another river and thought ho saw another 
 wooded point, which might be the veritable Rio Car- 
 niclo and Point Pinos. Xext day the whole company 
 set out and in twenty-three days inarch up the coast 
 to Point Angel Custodio, since called Point San 
 Pedro. Eleven men have to be carried in litters,'' 
 and progress is slow. On the 8th the IMjaro River 
 is crossed and named by the soldiers I'rom a stufled 
 bird found among the natives. A week later in the 
 vicinity of Sequel the j^^^^'^ Colorado, or redwood, 
 begins to be seen. On the 17tli they cross and name 
 tlie Rio de San Loren/o, at the site of the present 
 Santa Cruz; and on the 2.'3d Point Aho Nuevo is 
 [massed. Vegetables soon give out as had meat long 
 ago, and rations are reduced to live tortillas of bran 
 and ilour a day, Portol;ian<l Rivera are added to the 
 sick list. On the 28th the rains begin, and the men 
 are attacked by diarrha^a, which seems to relieve the 
 sem'vv. The .'jOth they reaeli a i)oint with detached 
 rocks, or Jarallones, loc'dted by Costanso in 04° ul', 
 
 _ '■' r,i!hjn, ir,st. Cnl, MS., i. ?,<)-4?.: Almni'l,, li:.< rw/.. MS., i. 1!)^-J;1; 
 Viil.'cjii (,/. /.), Jt'ciiiiii., MS., ()()-7. Ail liavo luiinl IVolii ]''ii;ici;> \';illt'jv) iiial 
 DtiRT.s of liis time tluit I'ortoLl ^\•ils .suinm.-^cil to li.nc jjiissod Moiitin-v iiitt'u- 
 tiniinliy. 
 
 "Ortc.i.'a (U'scrilics the lal)()i'.s iuul siifreiiiii's of the men more fully thim 
 others. lie ,say.s Hi lost the use of tluir lini' ■ IJaeli night they ■were 
 i;il)'ii'il willi oil iiiul eaeh moiniu^' W( lo fas'iiied to the lijcra^, :i kind of 
 Wooden fianie, and iai.sid to the hacks of the nniles. The rain however 
 brought some relief. I'lVijimnto, ^IS. 
 
•I '? 
 
 
 13 *} 
 
 !fl| 
 
 150 EXrEDlTIOX TO MONTEREY AND SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 wlioro tlio hills bar tlio passag^o along the shore. It is 
 named Point Angel Custodio and Point Ahnejas, 
 being tliat now known as San Pedi-o.^' 
 
 It is ilu^ last day of Oetober. After some j)relinii- 
 nary examination by an advance party, tlie whole eoni- 
 ])any climb the hill and gaze about them. On tluir 
 left is the ever })i'esent sea, rolling oif to the west in 
 a dim eternity of waters. Before them is a bay, or 
 bight, lying between the point on which they stand 
 and one beyond extending into the sea far to thenortli- 
 Mest. liising al)ru[)tly full l)efore them, higli above 
 the ocean, the bold shore })resents a dismal IVont in 
 its sumniei'-soiled rol)es, as yet undyed by t])e delicious 
 winter rains, the clouded sun meanwhile refusing its fro 
 quent exhibitions of exquisite colorings between the 
 deep blue waters and the dark, purple blulf. Pai'thei" to 
 the left, about west-nortli-west from their position and 
 apparently south-west from the distant point, is seen 
 a group of six or seven Avhitish faralloncs; and finally 
 looking along the shore northward they discover white 
 clifi's and what appears to be the mouth of an inlet 
 niakiiii*' toward the north-east. There is no mistakin'j; 
 these landmarks so clearly laid down by Cabrera Pu- 
 eno.'" "J'he travellers recognize theuj immediately; 
 the distant point of land must be Point Peyes, and 
 under it lies the. port of San Francisco. The saint 
 has indeed and unexpectedly brought the missionaries 
 within sight of his port. Strong in this well founded 
 conviction, the pilgrims descend the hill northward 
 and encanq) near the beach at the southern extrt^niity 
 
 '■'• ^k Dtiylo, ^l(/(/;r.s's 7, makes it Corral do Tierra, or Pillar I'oiiit, nt llic 
 iKirtlicm fxiit inity of Half !Mooii JJay. I do not know if this wa.'j ii (lijliii- 
 aaily fornud ojiiniim; Imt my reasons for identifying Mussd I'nint a\ itii i'-;iii 
 I'odro ai'c: Isl, the <lL;taelied rocks ovj'ariil/oiic-i not fouiul in eoiiueetion wiili 
 tin; oilier points, see ( V/. (SVrt^r; C.'(-o/.<V»?'('. Ailapoj'ri'ijioii iiiljdrint InS. F., \><*''', 
 '_M, tlielii.l.s cutting oil' the shore passa;,'0 as they <lo not at i'illar I'oiut, >ce IiL; 
 lid, tile clear \iewof D ako I'ay and the FaraHones, etc.; and 4lh, the fact 
 that in orchr to juit in the nundjer of leagues they did going south along the 
 Canada they nuist iiave crossed at San Pedro ratiier than ;it I'il'ar, esiieci;dly, 
 if as iJoyle suggests, their last camp was no farther south than Searsvilie. 
 There are, however, some diiiicultics. 
 
 "'For tlii-s autlior'sfuli descri^itiuaof this reeiou see elia[). iii. thiavohuue. 
 
THE OLD Sx\N FRANCISCO. 
 
 l.-)? 
 
 of tlic shoot of water kiKnvn to tlio Spaniards from 
 that tiiiio as the Euseuada do los Faralloiios. 
 
 thiavoiuinc. 
 
 Tlioro has been iiiuch pcr[)loxlty in the minds of 
 inodoru writers respeetini,' this port of San Francisco, 
 ivsulting from want of familiarity with tlio orii^inal 
 records, and from the later transler of the name to 
 another hay. These writers have failed to clear away 
 the difficnlties that seemed to surround the sul)jocl.'' 
 I have no space to cataL)guo all the erroneous ideas 
 that have been entertained; but most authors seem 
 to have su[)posed that the matter was as dark in the 
 minds of the Spaniards as in their own, and it has 
 been customary to interpret the reply t)f Galvez to 
 Sella already (juoted somewliat like this: "If San 
 Francisco wants a mission lot him reveal the whoio- 
 aliouts i)f tliis port of his of which we have hoard so 
 much and which we have never been able to find," or 
 in other instances more* simp]}', "let him show a good 
 pert if he wants a missit)n."^^ 
 
 •'('irtiiiii exceptions should l>e noted. ^Ty assistant, in tlic Ovorlnnd 
 Moiil/i'i/, made UuDwn for the first time to tho Ell,!l,'lisll-l■eildiIl^' piiljlic the 
 st.itviiiciits of ('ali7era Bueno andC'rcspi, and in a few brief notes put the suli- 
 jctt ill its true light. Doylo in notes to Ids reprint of ralou Kul)sei|ueiitly 
 gave a eovreit version; and several writers since have partially utilizeil llio 
 infurniatioii thus presented. 
 
 '■'^'Ilie fnlldwing from DirincUc's Colon. Ilht. S. /■'., xi. 24, is a sample of 
 the erroiy eurreut in the best class of works: 'There was a report in Mexii'o 
 tiiat sr.eh a port existed, yet navigators sent to explore it had not suceeiiled 
 ill finding it, and even at Monterey nobod- believed in it. llut in 177- Tat'iHr 
 Jniiii>eio, taliiug the viceroy at his word, chuscmI an overland expedition to.'^et 
 out fnr -Monterey under the eonnnand of Juan 11. Aiiisa to search forthe apoe- 
 ryplial ]ioit. 'J'Ik'v were so successful as to discover the present bay of S.iii 
 l'"iiniei.-;co.' l)\viiielle"s idea seems to be that there was a tradition of siuli a 
 by hcl'ore Drake's time; that l)rak(; and othei's after hiui missed the bay "U 
 accoi'.ut I'f fogs, etc.; and that the real bay had thus come to be regarded as 
 apnc!iry[ilial. liandoljihin his famous oration, 1 1 iitvluiKj^' M'l'.h, v. "Jliit, rcgan'.i 
 it "as one of the most remarlvablc facts in history that others liad passed it, 
 anchored near it, and actually given its name to adjacent roailst<'ad :, and id 
 (li'-iribed its position that it was inim-diatcly known; and yit that the clnud 
 liHil never been lifted which concealed tlu' enti'anee of the: bay of S;in Fran- 
 cisco, and that it was at last discovered by land.' l\andol]ili's error was :■! 
 su[i[i()>iiig tliat it was tlie inside liay that 'was iinmeiliatelj- known,' rather 
 than the 'adjacent roadstead.' Tulhill, ///V. ('((!., 77-0, says that r-irtolii 
 Went on to San I'rancisco and recognized it as having been before descril)ed. 
 I'lis-ibly some Spaniai'ds had visitccl tie port and their oral descriptions mixed 
 with that of Drake gave rise, to the n line and to glowing accounts wliieh were 
 aeci((lited to Monterey! Thus all became confusion between tin two bays. 
 Suuie authors, correctly stating; that rortulii discovered the bay of Sua Fran- 
 
mm 
 
 1.-8 KXPEDITION TO MOXTEllHY AND S^^ FRANCISCO. 
 
 Tliore was, liowrvrr, notliiiiL^ iii^ywtei'ious in tli<> 
 ii!;itttii', save us all tliiiiu's in tho Doith were at ono 
 time or anotlur llii'jcil with mystery. The truth is 
 tluit belbre 17G!) Sail Francisco l*()rt under J'oint 
 lieyes liad been twice visited by Spaniards, to say 
 iiothiiiL,^ of a jirohable visit by an EiiL-lislnnan, while 
 ]\[onterey liad r(!ceived only one visit; both wen* 
 located and descrilxil with e(|ual clearness in ( 'abrer.i 
 ]>ueno's coast-pilot; and conse(|uent]y, it less tallied 
 about San Francisc<j was quite as well known to (^al- 
 ^■ez, Port'ola, Crcspi, and the rest, as was jNIonterey. 
 'Jlie visitador's remark to Sorra meant sinjply, "it" Saii 
 Francisco wants a mission let him favor our entei'- 
 ])i'ise so that our exjiloration and occu[)atit)n may Im 
 extended noi'thward to include his port." The ex- 
 jilorers passed up the coast, came within sight of San 
 Francisco Port, an<l had no difHculty in recognizin;^" 
 the landmarks at tirst glance, The mii'acle in the 
 ]>adre's eyes was not in the showing of San Francisco, 
 but in the concealment of j\[onterey. And all this, 
 be it remembered, without the slightest suspicion or 
 tratlition of the existence of any other San Fran- 
 cisco, or of the grand inland bay so near which hn-i 
 since made the name famous. St Francis had indeed 
 brought the Spaniards within sight of his port, but 
 his mission was not to bo there; and some A'ears later, 
 when the Spaniards found they could not go to San 
 Francisco, they decided that San Francisco nuist come 
 to them, and accordingly transferred the name south- 
 ward to the peninsula and bay. Hence the conl'ii- 
 
 ciwco in 17'iO, also tell lis that lie naineil it. Set; OIrri<on'fi Hist. Cath. Ch., ii 
 ."S; Cajimii'n Jii.s/. CaL, \'2-; Soiiic'.f Amin/.i of S. /■'. , 4(!, etc.; but the iiiiu r 
 liay was not iiaiiieil for ssoiue years, .•uul the outer hay had hecn iiamiil lon^' 
 licfore. That confusion .still rei,L;ns in tiio minds of tlic best writers is show u 
 by the following; from llillcWn J/is/. S. Fnturisro, 41: 'Tlie Si)anish explorers, 
 Portolii and ('i-es]ii, did not imairino tliat they had made a discovery. Tl;i y 
 s:uv that the liarlwr was dili'erent from that of Monterey, described by Viz- 
 caino, but tiiey ima,;.dned tliat it was the Ijay of San Francisco inentioui'<l liy 
 their navi^'ators as lyin.i; under shelter of Point Jteyes. Friar Juan Ci'esjii, 
 Mho may bo consithred the head of the expedition, not knowinL,' that lie had 
 made a discovery, did on the 7th of November IT'"'.* discover the site aiid 
 harbor of San Fruucisco, and he gave to them the name which they now bear.' 
 
ISCO. 
 
 IS ill llio 
 ro at oiu! 
 e truth is 
 V-Y Vo'w.t 
 ds, to SUV 
 lan, whili! 
 )()tli wvvo. 
 n (,';il)i'i'i'a 
 CSS talkrd 
 ^•n to (;ial- 
 Montci'cv. 
 [y, "it'Sau 
 :)ur oiiter- 
 DU niJiv 1"! 
 The* cx- 
 jht of Sail 
 
 OC'OU'llizill'J: 
 
 do in tin.; 
 
 Fraiu'isco; 
 
 a all this, 
 
 ispicioii IT 
 'an Fraii- 
 A'hich has 
 
 lad iiidcrd 
 port, hut 
 ears later, 
 go to Sail 
 iiust coiiu; 
 mo south - 
 ho con ill- 
 
 ICofh. Hi., ii. 
 Init tlio iiiiur 
 
 |l lllUlli'll I'lll^' 
 
 Iti'i's is slmwu 
 lish cxploiMs, 
 lovery. Thiv 
 liilxii liy Vi/- 
 Inc'iitioiud by 
 Jnau Crcspi, 
 L tluit he hail 
 Tthc sito iniil 
 Icy now buur. ' 
 
 DISCOVERY OF SAN FRANCISCO RAY. 
 
 159 
 
 sioa alluded to. It must be home in mind that tho 
 inner liay was not nainrd duiinjj;' this tiij), nor lor 
 some years later; while the outer bay had beeii nauietl 
 tbr more than a half century. 
 
 A few of the company still venture to assert that 
 ^r<interey has not been jiassed, and to I'emove all 
 dniiht it is decided to send the ex|»lorers forward to 
 point ]hyes. Ortega sets out with a small party on 
 the day following, taking provisions for a three days' 
 trip, ^reanwhile the rest remain in camp just north 
 of ^Tiisscl Point. Put during Ortega's absence, the 
 2(1 <if Xovember, some of the soldiers, in hunting for 
 deer, climb the north-eastern hills, and return with 
 tidiiiLTs of a new discovery. Prom the summit tlujy 
 had heheld a great inland sea stretching northward 
 and south-eastward as far as the eve could reach. Tho 
 coiinlry is well wooded they say, and exceedingly 
 lieautii'ul. Thus European eyes first rest on the waters 
 (il'Siin Francisco Pay; but tho names of these doer- 
 hunters can never be known. At camp they make 
 one error on hearing tho news, by attempting to iden- 
 tity this nevr "brazo do mar 6 e.stero" with the "es- 
 toro"' mentioned by Cabrera Pueno as entering tho 
 land fnnn the port of San Francisco under Point 
 lloyes;'" that is, at first thought it did not seem pos- 
 i-'lhle for an inlet of so great extent to have escaped 
 the notice of the early vovagers; Imt this erroneous 
 idea does not last long, or lead to any results. It is 
 at once- i'oreseeii that Ortega's party will not be abh.j 
 til reach Point Iveycs, because he has no boats in 
 Vihieh to cross, and no time to go round the inlet. 
 And indeed next day Ortega returns. As had been 
 antit^ipated, he had not been able to cross the inlet 
 isnd leach San Francisco. To Ortega, whose descend- 
 ants still live in California, belongs tho honor of having 
 
 '■'It must be rcmcinbercd tliat, to casual obscn-ors like tlic hunters afc 
 least, .st:iii(^iiig on tho San ]]i'uno hills, tho CMniuxtiou of the bay with tho 
 ocwiu Miiulil Hi'cni to bo very nnnh t'iu ther uortli thiui tho tloldcu Gate, aud 
 l)us:.ibly far enough nortii to reach tho bay under I't Koyes. 
 
; 
 
 mi 
 HI 
 
 siji 
 
 ! !i 
 
 100 FATKDITIOX TO MONTHREY AND SAN FKAXCISCO. 
 
 first explored the peiiiiisulji on ^vlli(•]^ stands tli(> coni- 
 iiiorciid nietro)>olis of the west coast of North Aniec- 
 iea; |nol)ai)ly also that of huvinn' discovered what i-< 
 now known as the (jiolden (jiate, and possibly that ol" 
 l)ein'^ tlu^ discoverer of the bav, for he inav ha\e 
 climbed the hills on his way north and have looked 
 down on the 'brazo do uiar,' befoi-e the deei'-hnnteis 
 saw it.'"" Yet we liavo no details of Orti'L^a's e\- 
 ])loration, l)t>cause he comes back with om; idea 
 which has driven all others from his min<l,and wlii(!i 
 indeed tnrns the thout^hts of the whole company into 
 a new channel. lie has understood the natives, ( f 
 whonj lie found some on the peninsula, to sayth.it 
 at the head of the 'l)razo de mar' is a harbor, and in 
 it a vessel at anchor. 
 
 Visions of the San f/use and of the food and other 
 necessaries they can now obtain Hoat Ixjfore thc;ii 
 sleej)inu^ and waking'. Sonu! think that alter all they 
 are indeed at ^Monterey. Obviously t le next thin^• 
 to be done is to seek that harbor and vessel, lleiic 
 on the 4th of Novendjer they break camp and set 
 (^)ut, at first kee})ing ah'Ug the shore, but soon turniii'4 
 iidand and crossinij^ the hills north-eastward, the 
 whole coni))an\' lookini^ down fi'om the summit iipoii 
 the inland sea, and then descending into a cahada, 
 down which they follow southwai'd ibr a tinu; and 
 then encamp; the day's march being only about live 
 or six miles in all. 1'hcy have crossed the San Bruno 
 hills I'rom just above Point San Pedro to the head 
 of the Canada in a course duo west from Mill inc. 
 Next tlay thev march down the same caiiada, called 
 Ity them San i^'rancisco, now San Andres and San 
 ]kaiuumdo, for three leagues and a half, having tlu; 
 main ran'>'e on the ri''ht, and on the leil a line nf 
 low hills which obstruct their view of the bay. Tiny 
 encamp on a large lagoon, now Laguna (irande, on San 
 Mateo Crook. On the (Jth they continue their niar.li 
 
 '-'"It must also l)e)ii)tu(l that .'inion;.; Fii;;o.s' VMliuitecrrf t!^'l•<•^v,■^s.•l S(.'r:,'t.n;it 
 Pu'y wuoiiiay pus:jiljly Ijc ciititlod t'j till this hoiun', Icat pnjluiWy nut. 
 
ON THE PFXIXSULA. 
 
 101 
 
 jnr (•tlicr three leaui'iu's jiiid ii Imll' to the ctid of the 
 (•;iii;i(lii. |)ilcliiii;4" tliuir camii on ii stream llowiii,!^ into 
 the li.iy (loiilttlcsa the Sail J''raiK'i,s(juito Creok in 
 tlie \iciiiity (»t' Soarsville. 
 
 Here the lualii force remain lour days, suilei-ini^ 
 mnsiderahly from hun<j^(;i-, and many nialunn' them- 
 selves ill i>y eating' aeoi'iis, while the sergeant and 
 
 Movi:.Mi;XTS of thk Discovkreus. 
 
 ei^-lit of the party are absent examining the country 
 and searching for tho port and vessel. Ou the 10th 
 of Xovember the men return and report the country 
 sterile and the natives hostile. There is anothei- large 
 'estero' connnunicating with the one in sight, l>ut no 
 sign ol' any port at its end, \vhi<'h is Ihr away and 
 diiHcult to reach. There is nothing to sIkjw how far 
 
 UiPT. Cal., Vol. I, 11 
 
s 
 
 1G2 EXPEniTIOX TO MONTEREY AND SAN FRAXCISCO. 
 
 this rcconnoissanco cxtciuU'd aloiin' tlio l)ay sliorc^; 
 but tliu now L'stcro is ovidoiitly but tlio souih-casti'iii 
 cxtuiisioii of'tliu main bay; and roixuts (»rili(' couiitiv 
 are doubtless colored by disa[)])oiiitiiient resju'ctiii;^^ 
 the Sail Jose. A eouiicil ot" (jiliceis and i'riars is 
 called on the I Ith, and after the solemnities ot" holy 
 mass each meudjer gives his written opinion on wliat 
 shoidd be done. The decisii^n is unanimous that it is 
 useless to seek ^Monterey i'arthor north, and that it is 
 b(>st to return to l*oiiit Pinos. ]*()rtol;i makes sonie 
 objection, probably as a matter ot" Ibrm, but yields to 
 the views ot the others. 
 
 The same aiternoon they set out on their return, 
 and in a march of twenty-six. days, over the same 
 i';)ute l)y which they came, and without incidents that 
 ]'e(juiri' notice, tluy reach what is really ( arniclo 
 JKiy. llei'c they remain i'rom November '28th to 
 December 10th, making some additional explorations, 
 but linding no ]tort, and in fact learning nothing new 
 ,-s;i\'e that the mountains in the south belong to the 
 Sierra de Santa J^ucia and that no passage along tlio 
 shoi'o is practicable. Grass is now abundant for the 
 animals, but the men can get no game, tish, or even 
 clams. Some gulls are eaten, and a nmle is killed 
 M'hicli only the Catalan volunteers and J^ower Cali- 
 ibrnians will eat. Finally, after religious exercises on 
 the i)re(\'dinuf dav a coimcil is held on the 7th. -'^ Thr:'e 
 ])lans are pro|)osed. Some, and among them the gov- 
 ernctr, fa\ oi' dividing the force, part remaining at l*oiiit 
 Pinos to wait ibr a vessel, the rest returning to San 
 ])iego; others think it best for all to remain till [»ro- 
 visi;;ns are exhausted, and then di [)end on mule-uicat 
 for t!ie return; l>ut tlu' preva^'ing sentiment and the 
 decision are in favor of innmd.ate return, since sup- 
 plies are reduced to fourteen small sacks of ilou'', while 
 the cold is excessive ; id snow l)egins to c( ver the 
 liills. ^Meanwhile two nudatto arrieios de.-ert, and ou 
 
 '' The record of {\\\< jniit:!, inul (if the former one of \ov. ! Kh were !ii- 
 cliulcd ill the original J'ur.'vku J^iurio, MS., but are not in tlie cviry. 
 
BACK TO SAN DIEGO. 
 
 103 
 
 ilio Oth an ii'<'ii band sunposcd to hiivo conu' from the 
 mast of solium vessel is found on the beach by the natives, 
 liefore leaving' Canu'lo Jki}' a large cross is set up 
 on a laioll near the l)each, bearin;4 ^'"-' ^"'J"v^'<l insciijv 
 ti :>ii "Di,!.;' at the loot and thou wilt iind h writing.'' 
 Tli<' 1iuri(!d document is a, biicf narrative of the e\[)e- 
 (lilion witli a re^juest th.it the commander tifany ves- 
 sel airiving so«.u will srJl down the coast and try to 
 (•(innnunicate with the l;jid party." lieci'ossing tlie 
 jnuinsula they set up, on the shore of the very haibor 
 tliey could not find, another cross ^^■ith an inscription 
 a!iiioiMuing their departure. Setting out on llieii* 
 return tlie lltli thtj" ascend the Salinas and reti'ace, 
 with a i'cw exceptions, tiieir foruKn* rout(.\ It is an 
 une\-entful journey, but I catalogue a few details in a 
 note.''' .In'low the tSan Luis Obispo region the natives 
 liegiii to bring in an abundance of tisli and other food, 
 so that there is no further sulrering, and on January 
 24, 1770, with uiany curious conjectures as to the 
 condition in whieh their i'rieiids \vill be ibund, they 
 approach tlie palisade enclosure at San ])iego, and 
 
 announce 
 
 tl 
 
 leir arri 
 
 val 1 
 
 A', 
 
 arm welcome; 
 
 Iblh 
 
 )y a 
 "dtl 
 
 disci 
 
 lai'Li'e (ji mu: 
 
 ows anti tlien comparison 
 
 -ketiT 
 »f not 
 
 es. 
 
 Neither pai'ty can report much progress toward tin 
 coiKiuest of California. 
 
 i"'iL' k'ttor is tl;it<(l T)oo. Otli, iiiid is tivinslatud in Jhii/U'.i Ailihrnfi. 
 
 r 
 
 I'liibcr Hit! 
 
 I, ;i. li'.-iii imui: 
 
 lift ill tlic Sierra iK' Sta Lucia v.: 
 
 icrcil 
 
 f;it iMul \:i.:]\ iMrcd for liy the iialivcs. l20t!i, to provciit tlicft provisioiisi 
 
 woio (lioU'ilintcd, -40 tortillas to cacli iiui 
 
 iln 
 
 I'll 
 
 gOII'J 
 
 f: 
 
 ifn 
 
 jr cnuli olliccr am 
 
 (I ]iadri 
 
 nu.i wastouiid aliioir' tlio iiativi's and i'XchsimI huirsi 
 
 >lst, 
 1 
 
 ilid a little 1/isciiit, liaiii, 
 1 dcsi'rti'il at 1' 
 
 a, man Wjio liai 
 
 fjcari'h ( 
 
 iK'stTtcr rciiirucd latorto ^'aIl Die 
 
 lint 
 
 ;tliat lu'ha.l 
 
 f Monti'rty in tho lio]i(i of lionor and itwanl. Anotlitr 
 
 ;'lf 1 
 
 IV ^;a^■lm 
 
 •_'Uh and "jritli, the nati\('-^ l)i\L;an to 
 
 nmrr i:> 
 
 food. 
 
 JSUi. 
 
 ;k fast ii 
 
 iiiialilo to my mass tlioii;,li it was a day of yA 
 
 udliylo near San Luis Oliis]! 
 
 annarv 
 
 1st, a 1)1 
 
 CUbj |;i 
 
 Ikvl f 
 
 urm.iiiii ' materia 
 
 I f(u- ii fea-;t. .Tr.nuary IM. pissed Point Coli- 
 
 ct'ixicm. -Itli, auotlier fatiuule restored liy the natives. ImuhI now aliundant. 
 it A: un)pta,<.r Santa Ij.ahara. January l:Jtli to l.'itli, insleail of .<:oing 
 
 llili, utA 
 up tlic S:'.lit 
 
 . <;!ara 11 
 
 Ivor, they took a more soutlu'rn I'oute. 
 
 'fhey 
 
 il 
 
 not 
 
 M' t t':ro;i''!i livtlio lirst route tried, on Mhieii 
 
 th- 
 
 nie.l tht^ 'i'riunfo lan 
 seil 1(V till 
 
 i:i. a iianio tliat sceuKi to have survivid; hut they linally iro 
 
 -"."I i:ta^fO nnitci «•,"« Sinn. .lanuary Kith to ISth. their route throu'di the 
 
 Anjiku rc;;i(in was also dilierent Lnt not very elear. On the ITlli they 
 
 eros.icd the IMo I'oreir.iieula and -wirit to a valky whieh they e.dled S;iii 
 
 ly tluy 
 
 Li 
 
 Mi; uel, v.lieve San ( lidirii 1 mission afterwanls stood; and 
 crusiicd the liio Jsuuta Ana lunLC loaifucii disttiiit. 
 
 ..t d; 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Ill 
 
 OCCUPATION OF MONTEREY- FOUXDIXG OF S.VN C.UlLOS, SAX 
 ANTO:. 10, iVSD SAN 0AJ3RIEL. 
 
 1770-1771. 
 
 Affairs at Sax Diego — A Disheartened Governor— C.vlifohni a to v.r, 
 Abandoned — Rivera's Tuir to tiif. Softu — Pisayer Answtjrkd— 
 Aruival of the 'San Antonio' — Discovery of JIontekey — In Camp 
 on C'Ait.MEi.o Bay— Founding of tjie Presidio and Mission of Sax 
 Cai! Los— Despatches Sent South by Land and Sea — PortolA Lkavks 
 Fages in Command— liKCErTioN of the News in Mexico — Ten Padkiis 
 Sent to California — Paloc's ^Memorial — Mission Work in the 
 North— Arrival of the New Padres — Stations Assigned — Fofnd- 
 ING OF San Antonio — Transfer of San Carlos to Caraielo Day- 
 Events at San Diego — Desertions — Re'i'ihement of Paruon and 
 Gomez — Establishing of San Gabriel — Outrages by Soldiers. 
 
 At San Diego during Portolas absence no jirogrcss 
 liad been made in niis.sion work, save perhaps the ad- 
 tlition of a palisade and a few tule huts to the build- 
 ings. The governoi-'s return in January 1770, from 
 liis unsuccessful trip to JNIonterey, liad no etlect to 
 brighten the aspect of affairs, since lie was much dis- 
 lieartened, and not disposed to afford aid to the presi- 
 dent in atlvancing the interests of a mission that woiiM 
 Very likely have to be abandon<}d. 8o nothing was 
 done bevond makin<jt a new corral for the horses. 
 Serra and Pnrron were just recovering from tlic 
 scurvy, and Vizcaino was still sufK'ring from tlic 
 ai'row wound in his liand.^ .l^ortola's plan was {n 
 makc> a careful inv»Mitory of supplies, I'eserve enough 
 I'or the mardi io X'elicntii, iind ab;in(h)n S;ni Diego 
 when the remaindei- should be exhausted, whii'h would 
 
 'Eight of the voluiitccrH had ilieil, Purtold, Diario, MS., .'$4. 
 
 ( 101 ) 
 
MUST CALIFORNIA BE ABANDOXED ? 
 
 163 
 
 JILOS, SAN 
 
 FORMA TO r.R 
 
 ANswr.uKi) — 
 lEY— In Camp 
 ssion of svv 
 iitolA Lkavks 
 — Tks PAiJiacs 
 
 \'0K1C IN THE 
 iNKD— ForND- 
 
 iR:Mi:bo Bay— 
 Pauuon ami 
 
 )I,DIETIS. 
 
 ) progress 
 )s tl)o ad- 
 tlu! \m'M- 
 70, IVoiii 
 I c'ticcl. to 
 much dis- 
 the |)rt•^i- 
 hat would 
 |thing ^vas 
 10 horses. 
 iVoiii 1'H> 
 Iroin tlio 
 In was to 
 i> rnouu'U 
 
 ich would 
 
 lion 
 
 le a little after the inidcllo of April, the 20th being 
 fi 'icd as the date of departure. 
 
 The friars, especially Seri-a and Cr^ '>', were greatly 
 dl.saj)[)oiiited at t!ie governor's resolution. They wore 
 oppuscil to the idea of abandoning an enterprise so 
 aus]Meiously begun, though how they e.\])eeted the 
 t;ol(liers \ • live tloes not clearly ajtpear. Portola was 
 probably somewhat too nnitdi inclined to look at the 
 dark side; while the president jierhaps allowed his 
 missionary zeal to inij)air his juilgment. So far as 
 they wore concerned, personally, Sorra and Crospi 
 resolved t(» stay in the country at all hazards; and for 
 tli(! 1-esult they could only trust in providence to send 
 sii[)[)lies before the day sot for de[)arture. They re- 
 ceived some encouragement, however, from Ca})tain 
 A'ila, who, judging from the description, agreed with 
 Hcrra that tlio northern port whore; a cross had boon 
 left was really ]\[onterey. Furthermore it is said 
 that Vila made a secret promise to take the pi'iosts on 
 lioard the Sail Cdi'Ios, wait at San JJiogo for another 
 vossi 1, and renew the northern coast enterprise.^ 
 
 On the nth of February Ivivora was despatched 
 f^ovtthward, with nineteen or twenty soldiers, two 
 iiiulotoors, two natives, eighty mules, and tiMi horses. 
 llv was accompanied by l*adro A'^izcaino wlioso lame 
 Land })rocured liim leave of absence; an<l his destina- 
 tion was Velicata, whore ho was to got the cattle 
 that had been loit there, and such othor su[)plios as 
 luiuht bo ])rocurable. lie carried full reports to secu- 
 lar an;l Franciscan authorities of all that had thus 
 far hofallen the expedition, bearing also a loiter from 
 iSenu to l\dou, in whi(di tlic writer bewailed the 
 piospoct of failure and announced his intention to 
 remain to the last. After some skirniishos with the 
 savages, two of whom had to i»o killed to frighten 
 away the rest, Kivora reached AVlicata February 
 -atli, at once sotting about his task of gathering su[)- 
 plics, in which he was zealously seconded l)y i'alou; 
 
 'I'al'jii, I'iilii, 'Xt-ii. 
 
,i 
 
 lOG 
 
 OCCUl'ATION OF MONTEREY. 
 
 m 
 
 but p.)mc months iJiissed l)cforo ho could l)c ready to 
 march northward — imleed, bef'uro ho was ready the 
 urg'ont necessity had ceased. 
 
 IMcanwliile at San Diego men and officers were 
 Avaiting, j)reparati()ns were being made for departuie, 
 iViars were praying, and days were ]iassing one by 
 one, l)ut yet no vessel came. The only conversation 
 was of abandoning the northern country, and every 
 word was an arrow to the soul of the ])ious Junipeio; 
 but lie could only pray unceasin^^ly, and tiust to t!io 
 intercession of Saint Jose[)li the gi'cat patron of the 
 expedition. In his honor a novena — nine days' pnl)lic 
 prayer — was instituted, to culminate in a giand rwr- 
 monial entreaty on tire saint's own day, March llie 
 IDth, the day before the one of final abandonment. 
 
 (Jeiitly smiled the nt')rning sun on that momentous 
 moirow as it rose above the hills and warmed to liaji- 
 itiness tlie myriads of creatures beneath its benii>iiaiit 
 rays. Sur[)assingly lovely tlie scene; the beaut ii'iil 
 ba\' in its i'resli sijrini/ boi'der hiding' behind the hill-; 
 like a sportive eii'l from briny mother ocean. At an 
 early hour the fathers were abroad on the hoii-hts, 
 for they could neither eat nor rest. The fullilment er 
 failure of their hopes was now to be determined. Tlie 
 day wore slowly awav; nt)on came, and the hours n\' 
 the alternoon, and }et no sail a})peare(l. The suspeiis,' 
 was painful, for it was more than life to those Iioly 
 men, the redem})tion of the bright, fresli ])aradi>e; 
 and so all the day they watched and piaxed, watdud 
 with straiiunl eyes, and iirayed, not with lips only lnif 
 with all those soul-lon''in!'-s which onmiseience aieiie 
 can translate. Finally, as the sun dro[>ped below tin? 
 horizon and all hope was gone, a sail appeared in itie 
 distanci' like a winged messenger fi'om heaven, Jiinl 
 befoi'e twilight deepened into darkness tlu; sn ai'denl'.y 
 longcid-for vessel was in the oiiing. California w;i-; 
 saved, bk.'ssod be (lod! and they might yet consuiii- 
 niate their dearly cherished schemes. 
 
COMING OF RELIEF. 
 
 167 
 
 ready to 
 oady the 
 
 ?crs Avevo 
 lepai'turc. 
 
 )• one l»v 
 ivtTsatioii 
 I IK I every 
 Juuipeio; 
 .ist to the 
 •on ot" tlu; 
 lys' public 
 rantl t-vvo- 
 ,l;il'ch tlu! 
 innuent. 
 iioinentous 
 ,ed to liap- 
 l)eni;j,n:>iit 
 ^ boa lit i I'm I 
 A the hills 
 lin. At itu 
 c heights, 
 ihihnent I'V 
 ined. Tlu'_ 
 lo hoiu's of 
 
 \c SUStU'llSO 
 
 hesc hilly 
 j);n'a<li>*'; 
 |l, NVntchrd 
 IS only hut 
 riwv. a'U'lii' 
 Ittlow the 
 ri'd in the 
 iwvu, and 
 ,() ardently 
 'ornia vras 
 t eousuiii- 
 
 Thc fourth day thereafter tlic San Antonio anchored 
 ill t!io bay, wlience she liad sailed the [)i'(jvious -fuly. 
 She had readied San ]^las in twenty days, and both 
 (iabez and the viceroy gave innnediate orders to j)ro- 
 vi(le the needed sup[)nes. After certain vexatious but 
 uiiavi»ida.b]e (h-lavs, slie liad again turned hei- ])ro\\' 
 northward in ])eceinber. Perez liad ordi^'rs to sail 
 lor Monterey direct, wliei'e it was su})[)osed l\)rtol;i 
 would bo found; but fortunately he was obliged to 
 enter the Santa ]>;irbara ehannel for water, and the 
 natives explained that the land expedition liad re- 
 turned southward. J^veii then Perez in his ])erplexity 
 would have gone to MonteiH'V had not the loss of an 
 anchor Ibrced him to turn about just in time to [)i'e- 
 vent the a!)andonment of San ]3iego. The San ^lii- 
 tnni'n hiMiighi r.hundant sup])lies, and she also brought 
 instructions from (hdv(>z and Viceroy Croix, one or 
 both of which facts drove from l^)rtola's mind all 
 
 thought of abjindoiiing the coiKiue 
 
 ^t. ][ 
 
 made 
 
 hast I 
 
 in his pre[)arations for a return to Monterey with 
 Serra and Cres[)i, setting out overland A])ril 17th, 
 af^ I' despatching the SiUi Antonio northward the da\' 
 heibii'. 
 
 Thei'e \V(;re left at San ]^ieo-o, Vila with a mate an 
 
 (I 
 
 liv 
 
 ei: 
 
 e sai 
 
 Hit .-^oh 
 
 lors on the San Carlos, Seri.>'eant Orteua and 
 
 (iiers (Ic cncra, as a iruan 
 
 bP 
 
 irron and ( lomez 
 
 cl^ 
 
 rc'iilar ministers in ehai'ire of the mission, and ten 
 
 I 
 
 jower 
 
 Cal 
 
 iioi'iiians as 
 
 lal 
 
 )oi'<'rs. 
 
 T 
 
 le 
 
 Sa}) Cdrtos had 
 
 orders to I'ccoive a crew Irom the >S''/// f/o,vJ when that 
 most uncertain craft should arrive, and then ])roceed 
 to ]\lontei'ey. Simultaneously with the de])arture of 
 the imitlieni expedition t\v'o natives had heen sent 
 
 SOUtil Willi 
 
 ;tter; 
 
 Wil 
 
 ich rea(hed A"elicat:l 
 
 (lav: 
 
 and 
 
 on^to late in yiav 
 
 Al 
 
 went ((Uietlv with 
 
 in nuu! 
 1--ith 
 
 the little company left to struggle sjiirihially with the 
 soutliei'ii (;<'iififi(la<L L<>t it be liojied that before the 
 
 eiiii 
 
 lew con 
 
 ■<) tl 
 
 le missioiuiries succeeded 111 maluu''' a 
 
 \erts, as they iirobablx' did, but tlic-re is in 
 
 pesiti\e record ol a siii; 
 
 fie b 
 
 ipt 
 
 ism. 
 
 Ptiv 
 
 era wi 
 
 th 1 
 
 us 
 
 ] 
 
108 
 
 OCCUPATIOX OF ]SIONTEREY. 
 
 nineteen or twenty soldiers, over eiLjlity mules liuk'ii 
 with supplies, and one hundred and sixty-four head of 
 cattle, having left Velicatit in May,^ arrived in .fuly. 
 Ahout the same time messengers came down hy land 
 announcing the successful occupation of Monterey, and 
 the intention of lV)rtolci to come down hy sea and take 
 the San Carlos for San ])las. Vila, accordingly, made 
 ready for departure, obtaining a soldier and two mule- 
 teers to ]"eenforce his crew; luit as the San Ahti>iiii> 
 did not appear, and his own vessel was heing injured 
 hy her long stay, in August the worthy captain sliook 
 out his itllc sails and made for San Bias, lie died a 
 little later, and his pioneer paqiichot had to return to 
 California under a new conunander.* 
 
 I V: ; ' 
 
 fi':r 
 
 Let US turn again toward the north with the expe- 
 ditions sent out by land and sea to renew tiie searcli 
 for I\Tonterev. The San A)itonio sailed from San IJien'o 
 Apiil lOth, having on board l)esides Perez and crew — 
 INIigui'l del I'iiKj being sec(»U(lotlicer — Juni'i)i'ro Sei-rn, 
 ]\[iguel Costanso, l\'dro Prat,'' and a cargo of stoi'cs 
 for a new mission. Next day Portola set out by land, 
 his comnany consistin!'- of Pauses with twelve C'ata- 
 Ian ^■<>lunteers and seven sohlados de vucra, Padiv 
 C'respi, two nudetecrs, and five nati\'es. Thr^y iollowed 
 the same route as before, recovered in the Sieri'a dc 
 Santa Lucfa an Indian who had deserted on the I'nniicv 
 tri[», and fnirdly encamped on the 24th of ^\\\x ii' ar 
 the spot where they had left the second cross t'lo 
 winter bei'orc^- on the l)ay shore. They ibund the cross 
 still f-tanding, but curiously surrounded and adoi'ned 
 witli jui'ows, sticks, feathers, iish, meat, and cl.inis 
 evidently (h'^iosited there by the savages as oli'erings 
 to the strangers' fetich. And later when ilie natives 
 
 "AjumI I Itli, iid'onlini; to JAoo^/v;/, Kstmrfn ih- ,V"^'' /Vm. 
 
 * On Sun Dii'go owntsof 1770 sw >'«/./», ^^of., i. -ISA Ai, 4:V2 '.), KX) 1 ; A'., 
 Vidn, S.I- 104. 
 
 " J'y (.'omput.'iticin tlioro tilioulil also linvo ln-en on lioanl 2 nii'i'!i;niii>'. ■'> 
 servants, 3 iinik'tci'i-s, ami (i J^owcr Califuniiuns; Imt it isdniihliil il llicst' 
 tigniH's ai'c oorrci't, csptu'ially in tin; items (jf Indians and mulott'ci'd, not a 
 Vfiy usfful chibs of jicrsons on buiml a sliip. 
 
OFFERINGS TO TIIK CROSS. 
 
 liiid Icnrncd to make themselves iniderstood, to speak 
 as best slioiiM please tlieir teachers, soiiu! stranjj^e tales 
 tlu'V told, lunv the cross had l)eeu illuiiiiiiated at iiii^'lit 
 and had iirowii in stature till it seemed to reach the 
 luavciis, moving the gentiles to ])roi)itiato by their 
 oileriiigs this (.'hristian symbol that it might do tliem 
 no liarui. As Portola, Crespi, and i*\iges walked along 
 the beach that afternoon returning from a visit to the 
 cross, they looked out over tlie placid bay, milled only 
 by the movements of seals and whales, and thc^y said, 
 all being of one accord, "This is the port of Monterey 
 which we seek, just as Vizcaino and ( *abrera Ihieno 
 describe it" — and so it was, the onlv wonder beini/ that 
 they had not known it before. ISoon for lack of fresh 
 water camp was moved across to Carmelo Hsiy. 
 
 A Aveek later, on the last day of ]\Iay, the San 
 Antonio hove in sight off Point Pinos; iires were 
 lighted on shore for her Q-nidance; and she enti'i'cd the 
 harbor bv Cabrera's sailing directions. She had at 
 first been driven south to latitude ;K)°, and then north 
 to the l:]nsenada de los Parallones, Avlierc she might 
 have ex[)lored the port of San l^'rancisco and the 
 newly discovered inland bay had not Perez' orders 
 required him to stem' direct for ]\Ionterey. June 1st 
 the govern(.)r, I'riar, and lieutenant crossed over from 
 Caniiclo to welcome the new arrival, and the order 
 was jiiven to ti'ansl'er the camp back to the j)ojt of 
 j\I()iite"ey, al)()ut whose identity there was no longer 
 anv doubt; for close searcli alon<x the shore revealed 
 the little ravine with its pools of i'lvsh water, the trees, 
 and rwu tlic wide-spreading oalc v.liose branciies 
 touched the water at hi!>'h t'u\o and nnd.er v.hicli mass 
 had been said by Ascension in IOOlI,''' all as in olden 
 time except the crowds of friendly nati\'es. 
 
 '' 'Ilizore l;i I^lcsin A In. Konilira do una crnmilc Iv.uiiin. ([Xio con ;il"iinas do 
 siis I'M-. :!i 1 rc^;til);'. i'l la M;ir, y ccrca ilc olla, en luia n.-,rr:!'ji|uilla, a Viintc pas- 
 Hos liavia ir.io:! pnzos vi\ <nic liavia ajcua iimy bnojia.' I'ciictjfti, Xnf. VcK, iii. 
 lUl-'J, (juotcil from Tonjid mnla. A(?cnnliiii,' to Vallcjo, ///>/. I'al., MS., i. 
 iii. 11 (' t;co v.adci' wliicli -Ascension said ma. m in lG;i2, and Scira in 1770. is 
 still iiandinr', licing lliat uiulcr which a new cros.; was sit np on tlic |!10ih 
 aimivi.'rs.>ry June Jf, l!570; but as the latter (reu i.-i at kouic distance lV(jni the 
 
170 
 
 OCCUrATION OF MONTEREY. 
 
 On tlio .3(1 of Juno all wore assembled on the beach, 
 whore an cnrammhi, or shelter of branches, had l)eeu 
 erected and a cross made ready near the old oak. 
 Water* was blessed, the bells wei'o hnno-, and ihojicstn 
 bei;an \)\ loud and oft-repeated ])eals. Then Fatiici' 
 Junj'pero donned his alb and stole;, and all on bended 
 knee clianted the vcititc creator sjiififiis, after which 
 the cross was planted and blessed, and the <>-ood friar 
 s|)rinkle(l beach and fields with holy water, thus " ])ut- 
 tiuii;' to rout all infernal foes." An image of the holy 
 virg'in presented by Arcldjishop Loreiiicana of Mexico 
 havino- been set u[) on tlie altar, mass was said \>y 
 Serra amidst llie tlnmder of cannon and the crack of 
 musketry, followed by a sa/rc to the image and a 
 tf den, a i(iu<J((iiiiis. The cliurcli ceremonies ended, 
 Portola proceeded to take formal possession in tlic 
 name of CVulos III. by hoi.sling and saluting tlie I'uyal 
 flag of Spain, and going through the usual I'orms df 
 ])ulliiig grass, throwing stones, and recording all in 
 the })i'es('ribed dcfd. Finally the ofhcers and fiiais 
 ate together under the shade of trees near tlio shore, 
 while the soldiers and others enjo3-ed their feast a little 
 a))art. 
 
 Thus weri; formally founded on June r5, 1770, the 
 mission and ]»resi(!io of San (Virlos Borromeo do 
 JNIonterey." The mission v>'as foundetl in tlie name of 
 
 tiiln-watur the identity miiy liu (juostioiicd. David Spt'iic.e, an oldand\vrU 
 known fitizon of ^Mmilcri'v, s:iid that .liinipero's tree was >jhown liim in I'LH 
 by ]\]ai'iuiio ll-itrada, and tliat it loll in lo,',>7t)i' IS.'IS. the waturliavin'^ w.isli -d 
 away the earth iVoni its mots. Spence thou^dit there was no doubt of itj 
 identity. Ta ilm's h'svor. (iiiif Fouiiihr.^, ii. , No. lit, a. 
 
 "St (^har!(!i Jjorronieo was born at Arona near .Mihin, Italy, in l.'.'SS. He 
 was v,.>\\ of the C lunt of Arona, nephew of Pope I'lus IV., archbisho|i of 
 Milan, and eardinal. ])ying iu b")S4, lie M'a.i eanonized in lOlO. A word is 
 neees.sary to remove eirlain dilHeuUies into v. liieh niodei'n wriLer.s and nxid. in 
 ii.sage have fallen respeetiny tlie name of this mission. Thi-s n.-ime w.is 
 always San (Aiilo;:; San (. .'irlos de Monterey was simply San ( iirlos at .Mnii- 
 tcrey, tliat )iort liavini,' bi'en named Ion'.( befure. When the mis.sien v..i< 
 movi'd toCarnielo bay ami river it was naturally s]](iken of as San IVnlcs i!, 1 
 Cai'inelo, or San C'rlns at ('arinelo, a port ;i!so named lonj; befoi'c. \\n\ Meii- 
 torey 1); in;; a ]irominent jilaeo the niis;-.i(in <'onlinued to be often e;d!ed ."-.lu 
 Ciirlosut ^Monterey, or .'■'an (Vuios at Carmido mtir Monterey, as the Spanl-h 
 preposition '.'(' may lust be translated. Ijut n'rain t!i(! full name, of tlie l.:'y 
 and river Carnie'o was Xnestra. Sefiora di 1 Monte Carr.ielo, or Xra. Sr;i. dri 
 Carmen, and lienee a new souree of eonfuaion aroie, all of Mhiih, however, 
 
MISSION OF SAX CARLC.^. 
 
 171 
 
 licbfinch, 
 
 lliul l)('(Ml 
 
 old oak. 
 i\\o Jif'std 
 II l^'athci' 
 u bi'iulrd 
 ,cr wlii'li 
 ;-<)(kI iViar 
 lUS " piit- 
 
 tlio lidly 
 )t' Mexico 
 ;i said l>y 
 I crack of 
 o-o and a 
 OS ondcd, 
 )ii in the 
 ■ tlio royal 
 
 1'ornis of 
 ini;' all in 
 \\n\ fiiais 
 the shore, 
 
 ist a little 
 
 1770, tlie 
 •oineo i\c 
 name of 
 
 dIcI ana w. U 
 li liim in I'-i 
 liiviii'j; w.i>l'.yil 
 
 (Imibt (if iii 
 
 liii ir.ns. Ill- 
 
 |irclil)isliiip >■' 
 A \v(ii(! i-i 
 Js ami iiiDiK in 
 is iKinio was 
 lii-los at y]<<»- 
 inissii'U v.:i' 
 III! (.'arlos iKl 
 Ic. Tint Miin- 
 |u calk'il ■-.'■» 
 the Sii:iiii-!i 
 ,..„f tlu'l'^V 
 |\ia. Sra. 'I' 1 
 lib, hiAWVii', 
 
 till' colleufo of San Fernando; Saint .Tose])h was named 
 as |)ati'on; and (*res])i was appointed as associate min- 
 ister with Scrra. A lew lininhle lints were at once 
 
 elected on a site snrvt'ved hy Costanso, a i;nnshot 
 fidiii llie heach and three times as far fi-om the port, 
 on an inlet which c<»nHnunicated with the hav at luLjh 
 watci'. These hnildini^'s constituted hoth presidio and 
 mission, as at San ])ie<j;'o, hiini^ I'liclosed hy a palisadi". 
 One of tlie huts was coinitleted and hlessed as a tem- 
 pi »r;iiy church on the 14th of June, when a grand ]iro- 
 
 fi'ss i(»n 
 
 tool 
 
 til 
 
 j.la 
 
 ce 
 
 bell 
 
 s were run<jf, an( 
 
 gun 
 
 s were 
 
 eii 
 
 hut thus far no natives appeared, heiir.;' fright- 
 
 ened it is said livtlu' noist- of cannon and mnsketrv. 
 
 A snldier and a youii''' sailor \'olunteered to carrv 
 despatches with news of success to San Diego and lo 
 til'' piiiiiistda. They started June ttth, met Kivei'a 
 just helow San l^iego, were reenforced by iive of his 
 men. and ihiallv carried their u'lad tidiims to (Ua- 
 onior Vrmona, who had just succeeded l*ortol;i, and 
 to Padre Palou at Todos Santos, on the 2(1 of August. 
 Salutes and thanksgiving masses celebrated the occa- 
 sion at Loreto, Todos Santos, and Santa Ana, while 
 Aiinona despatched a vessel to carry the news to the 
 main. 
 
 In accordance with previous orders from Galvez, 
 Poitola, as soou as a beginning was faii-ly made at 
 ^roiiterey, turned the government of the new estab- 
 lishnunits over to Fages as militai'v commandant, and 
 sailed away in the San Aidnnio on ihe 9th of July. 
 He took with him the engineer Costans('); and J*er 
 
 vz 
 
 i)i;iy lie VLMnovod liy Ijcaring in iiiiinl tliat tlio mission ^^■as always San Ci'ulos, 
 ainl tiiat <itlur woi-ds wci'o nsud sdlcly t(> (.'Xpriss its lofa'ity. 'i'ay'nr, in CuL 
 fiiniirr, ,\[)ril '20, ISliO, ;.;ivt'S the I'lillowin;,' native iianiesdf loeahtii'.iat Mun- 
 tony; site of niodei'ii town Achirtiu or Aclinn'ri; l)uiiuli, SukUt i; I'oft liiil, 
 JliiiiiniLiil; site of ])ost-olliec, Sltiri^la. Aliouttlio date of foundation on .hino 
 ■'^il. there is no ]iossil)li! error. I'aloil, Sei'i'a, the mission books of San C'arkis, 
 mill scores of otlieial reports in later years confirm this. Vallejo, II'Kt. ('a'., 
 Ms., i. (i(J-8, and Alvar;id(), ll',.-l. Cul., MS., i. •j;)-4, are very posiiivc that 
 tile mission was not founded till later; but these writers eoafonnd the feund- 
 hil; with the sn)isii|nent transfer. See ,S'. Ciirln.^, IJh. MUion, Mti., I'rur. 
 •V. /'.'/-., -MS., i. lOU-10. Ar</i. Ar.oiyi-<iiado, MS., v, pt. ii. li.]. 
 
ITi 
 
 OCCUrATlOX OF MONTEREY. 
 
 intended ii> toncli at San Diey^o to divide liis eiru 
 with tlu! S((ii Carlos if the Sen Jose liad not yvX aji- 
 peared, l)ut, as v/e luivc seen, was not able to do .so, 
 and aiiived at San ]]las the IsV. of Aii^'ust. (."ostans(') 
 and iV'i'ez went to jNIexieo as hearers of the news, 
 ai'rivinu;" on the 10th, at which date the name of the; 
 former (hsap})ears from the annals of Cahfornia fn- 
 twenty years or more, at the end of wlii(.'li lime wo 
 sliall hnd him ixivinu' some sensil le adviee on Caliloi'- 
 nian afiairs; wliile of I'ortola nothinjj^ is known al'ur 
 Jiis ];in(lln<4' at San Bias, except that he was ^'overimr 
 of Piiebla in 1779. He was lirst in the list of ( 'ali- 
 ioi'iiia riders. His term of oflice may be rej^arded as 
 haviiiu;- extended from April 17G9 to Jidy i), 1770, 
 and he is spoken of in the record both as o()vcni()r 
 and comandante; but, thougli there is some conlusioii 
 res])ectiiig his exact title, it apjiears that that of 
 military commandant is used with more pro[)riety 
 than the other.** 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Leaving the four friars under the protection of 
 Fages and his nineteen men In the north and of Ivivera 
 with his twenty -two men in the south," busy in eai'- 
 
 '^ roi'tnhl came to Lower California in ]7()S as governor, the first the iicniii- 
 sula had vKiiv h[\t1; but when he voUuitjcrcil to t;,lco ectimunul i)i ici.iiiidf 
 the UDi'tlieni cxiicditicii, it seems that Aiv.iona was api^ohitcd t:> Euccccd hiiii 
 ill the jji.voriunvhip. I (hi not luio'.v the c:;;;ct date of Arniona'.j a]ipoiiiiiiu'iif, 
 l)iit lie iinivnl at Loreto in dune \~Vi[), iiiid went tiaek to the r.";;unl::iid two 
 wei'ks hitei' v,'ii:!iout h^ivin;.' taken p(i^f,L':i. ion (;f hi:! elliee. In llie r.ic;;:) t:im; 
 Con;:ak;5 ruled as a kiud of li(uitcnant-i';ovLnioi' or military eunnuanchuit until 
 relieved in (^etoher !7(/'d hy Tededo, v.ho ^joverned in the tai:;o caj^aeky e.ntil 
 Arnioiia, who had tV.iled to f^et his resignation aeeeptid, returnerl in Jane 
 1770 to rule until XnvendnT, Moi'(i!o rulin;,', iu nnieh the tame eapjieily 
 apparen'ly as <;i:n;:ak;z and Toledo, luitd llic^ arrival c/f (lov. liaiTi in ^.knrh 
 Un. Xow while (loii/.ale;!, Toledo, and INIorcno cannot lie properly erediti'd 
 vith any authority in Up'per (.'alir'nrnia, their terms a:! iufcrino.'i renckr it 
 diiheult to delhie tliose of t!ie ]irojv.'ietary ,';overnor.s. Tim.:, t'.ion';!i I'oi'lula 
 ■was in a Gen^e .covernor of the (Jaldorniaa down to Jnni' 1770, s ince no rei.ai- 
 lar f.ueee.>:rfor had taken possession of the oi'.iee, 1 have named him in my li^-t 
 of rnhrs rf >Mta ("aiifoniia as commandant from the llrst fx-tlilement down 
 to .Inly !), 1770. In Monterey, L'drado de Noticias, he is called comaiidanto 
 en },'efe. 
 
 " ivivera and his men were expected to march to Monterey on their rcluiii 
 from the peninsula, hnt for some? nnerqilained reason, possildy dissatitiaeliea 
 at Faroes' aiipf)intment to the chief command, llivera reraained at San l>ie;_'o. 
 Accord in',; to Mhiitcirij, Est me (.o dc Aoli'i-Uta, Fages had a force of over 30 
 men besiiles lii\era's force, which is an error. 
 
THE XKW.S IN MEXICO. 
 
 173 
 
 liis civw 
 
 i)t yet ;i|)- 
 
 to (l<) so, 
 
 CostMUSU 
 
 the news, 
 
 IllL' of 11 IC 
 
 i'ornia i>ir 
 h tiiiu' \vi' 
 )U Culilui'- 
 
 lOWU ilt'U'l' 
 
 it of (';ili- 
 ogavik'tl as 
 / y, 1770, 
 1, o'ovciiior 
 } confusidii 
 it tliat of 
 propriety 
 
 Section of 
 of liivova 
 •;y in oai- 
 
 h-sttlic iiiniii- 
 
 (I i:i ix'i.ouot' 
 ,) cuccccil liiii' 
 ajipoiiit'iu'iit, 
 muiulaiiil t\v(i 
 I'.io ivriv.i i:\m- 
 
 iiiiaiuUuil: until 
 c:;"!it.'i::y r.utU 
 
 uvncil ia .Inne 
 !;.niuu ciijii'city 
 5;irn in -M-i'cli 
 )".cv!y c'.Tiliti'il 
 •,■„■(),< iciuliT it 
 Iion;;!i 1'<irUilii 
 ■ incu no ivl!u- 
 b.ir.i in my I'-'''' 
 :;;!eiiicnt <li>»n 
 pil coinaii(Uin*.o 
 
 pn their vctnvn 
 
 Idissatisl'action 
 
 at San i>io;-;o. 
 
 Ice of over 30 
 
 nest if not very Rucccssful cft'oi'ts to attfact and convert 
 the '.(entiles of Monttjroy and San Die^-o, let ns i^lanee 
 hrirlly at what was bein^- done in Mexico to advance 
 Spaiiisli interests in the I'ar north. We have s(M'n 
 that the news of success at j\Ionterey liad arrived hy 
 l.iiiil at Jjoretoand by sea at San IJlas I'arly in Aunust. 
 Therefore, the despatches sent l)y l*ortol;i Iroin S.iii 
 Bias I'euched Mexico in advance of the others on the 
 lOtli. The news was received with j^n'eat nianifesfa- 
 tidiis of joy; the cathedral bells rano' ont their ^hul 
 peals, those of the chui'ches respondinn'. A solemn 
 tliaiiksn'ivini^ mass was said at which all o'osc.nnnent 
 dignitaries were ]>i'esent; and there followed a '.^rand 
 ri'ceptioa at which Galvez and ( 'roix received con- 
 M'latulations in the royal name for this last extension 
 (if the Spanish domain. Immediate and liberal pro- 
 vision was made for the new establishments. So 
 fivorable were the reports on both country and inhab- 
 itants that it was resolved at once to forward all 
 needed aid and to found five new missions above San 
 Die^o. The guardian of San Fernando vas asked to 
 furnish ten friars for these missions, beside-; twenty 
 nioie for old and new missions in the peninsula. For- 
 tuiiatelv a laro'e number of Franciscans h:id latelv 
 
 »,■ n < 
 
 arrived from S[)ain, and after some deliberation and 
 discussion resulting in a determination to secula)'izo 
 llie Sierra Gorda missions, the required missionaries 
 \\er(; lurnished.'"' 
 
 These arrangements \vcre all made within six days 
 aftei- the news arrived, and under the date of Au'^'ust 
 IGtli the viceroy caused to be printed iu the govern- 
 nieiit i»rintin<x-office for o-eneral circulation a resume 
 in paniplilet foi'm of all that had been accou'-jlished 
 by the nortluM'n expeditions, the present c;)a(iiLi()n 
 f the new [iresidios and missions, and of v.hr.t had 
 
 o 
 
 '"Tli'j 10 vcvc Antonio Patorna, prcsiiloiit en mntp, Antoniii < 'nizado, 
 rmoiiavciiLiiva Sitjar, Doniin/ro ilinii;:).-:a, 1 r; iici' co l;un)ct;:, .)c:;(5 Cal)'illur, 
 Aii;:il Somc'va, Lnis.Iaumc Mi,';ucl I'lcnus, and IVdi'o llenit) C'::i;ilina. 'J'licy 
 vvxrc to roL'fivc cacli a iiti])und of .?J7"' a y<'ar, and i'-i^iJ tvavc'lin;; c:;pt'nsi;s. 
 Lacli nuw mission ro(;civcd SI. 000 and tlio noccs'^ary vcstaionts, iiifludiug a 
 specially line oniumeido, or set of vestmcutsi, ior Moiiturey. 
 
174 
 
 OCCUrATlON OF MONTKIIKV 
 
 Ix'iii (licidfd u|»oii j('s|icc(iiii4- jild I'oi' furtlicr i'\l(ii- 
 sioii." Tlic Siiii .1 II foinO WAS to sail t'lmu Snii J lias 
 ill ().'t:»Ini' with till! ten I'liars and a full cnr^'d (if 
 supplies. Tim priests set out tViilU tlio cmUc'^c ill 
 that iiioutli, I)ut, were oMi^ccj ti» wait at 'I'l |ii(' initil 
 .January -0, 1771, Itefoiv the vessel '-iiiild Ik^ iiuidii 
 ready lor sea,'' '^I'lio viceroy in his letter to J''a'''(s 
 states that liivera is ordered to put his men ,it 
 the coinniandant's disj)osal, and the cajttirni of ihc 
 coinpaiiy at (Juayiiias has orders to send twcK'e nieu 
 to supply the plaees of those who had died on t!i(! 
 V(\y;i;.^o.''' In 1771 the only tliiiin' to ho iiotici'd is 
 the nieinori;il presented in .December to the viceroy 
 hy the <>uai'diaii of San Fernando, at the sun'u'estioii 
 of I'alou. Tv.-elve of the ei'-'hteeii articles of this 
 ilocuuu'iit v.-ere snu'Ljestioiis for the weharo of tlie new 
 estahlishmeiits," st)Uio of them founded on minor dii- 
 a^'i-eeineiits Vvdiich ah't^ady bcL^'an to manilc'st tluiii- 
 sel\esbetu'(jeii the military aud missionary auth(n'ilies. 
 
 At ^lontoroy after l*ortohi's donarture little \\;:s 
 accomplished during- the year 1770. For w.iiit rX 
 
 ^'^ Monti' re II, E^fmiln ili' Xot'iaax ihl Puerto ile Mrmtfri >i, ih- 1 1 Jli-^imi. i/ 
 Prixiih uni' s' /('(// rst'ili'i c'iilo cii il vim Id tl'iioniimirioii ilf iSii/i ( '('rr'/.s, // iH 
 siiccsso lie /fi.f doK ErjicdiriouiH dc. Mar, 1/ 'l^ii mi i/iir ti e<ti; Ji/i .sv dr.iiiiir.'nir 'ii 
 en cl aiio /iro.riino uiitfr'nr do, IUjO. Mexico 1(> do Aijosto il.! 1770. Con 
 licencia y onlcii (Ul l]x"i'> Scnor Virrcj'. Kii ];i Iniiiruiita drl Siijii'rini' ( nvi- 
 iMiio. Fill., ;i unimniliereil k'aws. This raiv tiiiLt is in my ci)llectiiiu, imil it 
 is re]iri!it((l idso in I'aloii'.s Xotiri'is. Wliun this iiotiuo was priiiUil liiu 
 dL't^imtchi::! iVdia Lorcto liad not yet anivoil. 
 
 '-Talon, I'idii, li:{-l(i, r<ay.s slio sailed .Tan. id. 
 
 '•' L-'ttcr dated Nov. I.'tli, in J'ror. S/. J'nji., .MS., i. f.9-71. 
 
 '■' lijt. That the eoniinaudant.s;;t San J>ie;;oand Monterey he made to oliey 
 more elo:;e'.y the instruetions of (lalvez. (Tiiere had heen nomo disa'^reeiiu ut 
 v.iUi (he IViar.^ in eonneetiou with tlie desertion of au ^irriei'o.) 'id. 'Ihiil rmni 
 f;iniilie;i of I'hrisMan natives he sent up from liaja Cahe-vnia to serve as 
 laliorers. I'd. That a guard or presidio he estahh -lied at San lluenaveiitura. 
 4tli. 'J'hat these natives lie kindly treated, oth. 'J'liat the trai:i <!f mu'<-.- ''O 
 inereased for serviee frou' Srnora and the peninsula. Oth. 1'hut i're:-idi".; ind 
 mission:; he .s!ij)])Iied for IS months l>y the service of two .snow.s. 7ili- 'i !i:it 
 San l''ranei. CO he e.\plo!'ed, .Monterey hein;^ as some say no liarhor. !)ili. Tiiat 
 mission (eiiiporalitie.t should he wholly under control of tlie f.iars, with tin! 
 power <:f removing; servants and ohiciiils. 14th. \'essels foi' ?i.'onteny shuiild 
 sail in ]"ehr!',avy or ApriL loth. A ]iroper //'/,•uy^■/^^ or alluwr.nce, bIuiuII he 
 ^'ranted to friars ,'_'oin;j; or coming. Itilli. San l)ie,'jo. Monterey, and S.iu 
 ]>tienaventura should have tlu' ;„d , (11)0 allow ed to new mi;sio!is. hSili. >'il- 
 diei's shonlil be supplied with rations ao as to he able to do cbcort iluty. J'lt'oit, 
 Xot., i. 1:20-3. 
 
rOWKItSlONS AT SAX CAULOS. 
 
 17.'i 
 
 Smu r»l;is 
 
 car^'d (if 
 (>llr;j,c in 
 I pic until 
 lir niatli! 
 to l'';i^'('s 
 ; men iit 
 in of till' 
 ,i'lvc ini'u 
 ■d on tUo 
 notiiT;l i> 
 ic viceroy 
 iu;^';j,'cstiou 
 I'S of tills 
 )f tiic new 
 minor (Vi.>- 
 ll'st tlicin- 
 ulUovit-K'S, 
 
 little \v;;s 
 w;int of 
 
 !/,■ / ( Mi.-''inii. II 
 
 \i ( 'ifr !,■■<, II ''■' 
 <(' ili-.s/tiiriidi' 'It 
 ■ 1770. ('"11 
 iMcrini' ( Mvi- 
 
 pri:itcil tliu 
 
 niaile to iil'i'V 
 
 i'iisa'.;ri.'t-iiii at 
 
 La. 'lliii* •'ii'->t! 
 
 Ii to fO'Vi' as 
 
 r,m'iiavciit\ii"v. 
 
 I. 7cl>- '' •'■''- 
 l.r. !)ili. 'I'iiat 
 Jars, with d'" 
 In ten y »!:nalil 
 \,'L\ bIh.'iI 1 1»^ 
 ivy, and ^aii 
 ." ISc'.i. Mil- 
 Juty. ra'vit, 
 
 jii'icsts iin<l ol' st.Micr.s'' notliinn" wa.s done towards 
 lln' roiindiii;^' of San ] Jucnuvouttir:!, altlioni^li tlui 
 Mccosary su])i)lios wcic lyiniL;' in I't'adinos.s at Saii 
 ('.lilo,-;. Moanwliilo Sorra ami ('rcspi woi'kcd anion^' 
 till' i].-il(nc's, who under the inllueiice of ,L;ifls and 
 kindiK's.'^ wore i'ast losing;" their timidity. \ IJaJa 
 Californiaii neoi»liytu who had learned the nati\c 
 dialect I'eudered MTeiJit assistance!; preaching' soon 
 lii'^an; and on iJuocuiLcr 2(jth the lirst bapti.sni was 
 uJiuiiiistcreJ."^ 
 
 T!ie r'mi Antonio anchored at ]\r()iitorov ?iTay 21, 
 1771, havini;' on hoard the ten pi'iests already named, 
 except that (roine/, i'rom San JHej^o was in ])lace of 
 Dur.ietz, with all the necessar}'" a[)pintenanees i'or the 
 estahli;;lii;i^' of ii\e lu^w missions, "^riie father j-i-esi- 
 dcnl's lu'irt was tilled with iov, and In; was enahk'd 
 to (•(.'lebrjite the festival of corpu.^' Ciiristi on the ."iuth 
 with a connnunity of twelve friars. The ii\e new 
 missions proposed. In addition to San ]>uenaventura, 
 Were San Gabriel, San Luis Uhispo, San Antonio, 
 
 '■' I'alou, Villa, lOt-0, ."ay.sitwns for want nf sollioiN, liccriuso Itivcra did 
 Hut I'liiie n[)a< cNpccted; idit )iu say.s uotliiiig uf the t'att tliat tlioiv were no 
 jiailiv i avaiJaltlc. 
 
 ' -.Mvandn, li'i-'f. ('ill., M.S., i. 'J'2, nicntidiis sonif ^\ ritin'f.s of tlic .'ioldiiT 
 .1. 1!. \'aldc'.s ti) llio oll'i'c't tliat i\w llaja ( 'ali.oniiaii'i coiivcrsccl ivadily witJi 
 the l].-!cii('s, and lie i.s di-]iiiscil to lii'lic\ i' aflcr niiii.-!i iininirylliat tin; li.ii';iiaL,'c 
 was to f.iaiu' txt' nt nndur.siood. \'allcio, ///•■/, Cnl., MS., i. ,").">-(), nanio.s tliu 
 iiili riiretcr Max niiano, and sstatts that the I'lsltn ilr( f livd near llie spring' 
 cal'.eil A;j,i'.a /'aica on what was later tlie lanelio of (Juai^ahiiie Avila. I'n- 
 furtiUKti-'Iy the lu'st hook of hnptisniH for San Carlos h.is liten lo.t, and thu 
 (■.':art nnniher of eonwrts for the early yiar.s is not known. 'J he lirst lunial 
 M.i i I n the (''ay of fonnilin'C.Iune od, « hen Alejo Nino one of tlie ^ii.i Aiilnii^n's 
 ei(W v,as buried at the foot of the eross. .Vreordinu' to /'uluii, Xnf., i. \'>\, 
 lie was a ealker; the nii.-'sirn reeord makes him a iro/i ^ . 'J'he lirst interment 
 in tile eenietery was that of luiiaeio lianiirex, a nudatto slave from the San 
 .l/''o; '^1, who had mon<'y ready to ]>urehase his freedom. 'i here were four 
 111' !'!■ deaths dm ing the year, thi'ee of sailors and one of a I'a ja. Caliteinian. 
 The lirst marriage dill nut take plaeo till Nov. l(i, 177-. Sun fV;, ■/...«, /^;i,. ,le 
 M'.i "11, Ms., S4; Tiiij'or'sOililK ami Kinl", 4. A writer in the l!i'i-i-<tu < 'icii'iji'i-ii, 
 i. li'.'.S, tells us that the mission of CVirinen or ^^onte (,'armelo was fonnded 
 .liiae.'M onthefuilf of Carmelo, hut never ])r();ii'esseil nuieh. A new-.-jiajier 
 it; 111 (Xtensivily eireulated .spe.aks of an Indian v.oman ; till living in l.S(i!J 
 who Will ilie motlior of two ehih'.ren v.hen the K;is.sion ehun h v,as Imilt. 
 .'^I. .1. <'i<l/i. .Vh<., !)4, ealls the nn.ssion :\Ionte (Jarmel. Tnihill. Hht. CaL, 
 80 1, Niys that I'oi tohi retired hy \\ aUr and IJivera by land, leaving .Junipcro 
 widi .i iriars and I'ages with 30 soldiers. 
 
 ; m- 
 
i 
 
 
 176 
 
 OCCLTATIOX OF MONTERF-Y. 
 
 Santa Clara, and S;in l^^-ancisco. Tlioro were siMit 
 only niissionarit-'s suilicient lor livo of the ^i\, and iis 
 I'arron and ( Jonic/, unfitted tor duty by the sciunv, 
 had to l)c n'l'.uitrd leave of al)st'nee, still anotlier mis- 
 sion must wail, San Francisco and Santa Clara Ixiip^ 
 selected foi'tiiat piii'iiosi'. Tju' j)resi(lent immediately 
 announced the disUihution of priests to their respec- 
 ti\e missions,'" and on the 7tli of .) une tlu' six. inten led 
 i'or the south sailed in tlie»SW// ^InfomO for San Dieun, 
 ]''ai;es acconipanyini;" them. 
 
 Only oneof tlie northei'n missions could be founded 
 until l'\aL;'es should hiing' or send north some ol' Jli\(- 
 ra's soldiers, hut S<i'i'a> set out cu'ly in didy \vi(h ai 
 escoi't of ei;;iit soldiei's, ihi'ee sailors, and a few Indian 
 ^\•orkmen foi' t he lloya de la Sieri'a de Santa iiUcia, 
 named l>y the iirst land ex|)edition, \vlu>re Ik^ jjropesed 
 
 to establish tin' tirst mission um 
 
 ler 1^ 
 
 leras an( 
 
 I S 
 
 \\ 
 
 ho acc(»m])anied him. llis route was jirobabi 
 
 iijiii' 
 V up 
 
 the Salinas IJivei' and the Arroyo Seco, and t 
 
 le slle 
 
 se 
 
 locte 
 Kol)l 
 
 (I wj'.s an oal 
 
 studded <.d(.'n name<l ( *anada de \> 
 
 es^' on a line stream. J lere the bells wt-i'e ImiiL;' 
 on a tree and loudly tolKnl, while Fray Jum'p(ri) 
 shoutt'd like a madman: "Conu^ g'entiles, come to the 
 liolv chui'ch, ciMue and j-ecei\-e the faith of .)e-us 
 
 CI 
 
 irist 
 
 lUlt 
 
 at lie)' 
 
 I 
 
 ie"as 
 
 remindifd the enthusiast 
 
 that thei'e was not a uiMitile within hearinu" and that 
 
 It Wol 
 
 Id I 
 
 )e We 
 
 to Slop the noise and l>"o to wor 
 
 Tl 
 
 le 
 
 a cross was ere(^ 
 
 ted, th 
 
 Undei' a slielter ot hraliclies, aiK 
 
 " 1 
 1 tl 
 
 )resH 
 
 lent 
 
 said nias^ 
 
 uis was loun( 
 
 ell 
 
 led 
 Julv ! I, I rZ I , (he ml -ion oi" San Antonio de Pfidua. 
 
 'I'lic (li-.trilmtiiiii \v;is iis I'ulldus: S;in Oici^d, l.iiis .Tniinio ami l''iiiii. isco 
 
 Diuiu't.': Siui I'liriiavfiifiii 
 
 Oil 
 
 IS|H 
 
 |)< 
 
 mini' (I .liMU'osM and .losi 
 
 .\nt( 
 1.1. 
 
 r.'iti 
 
 <'mv 
 
 ill. 
 
 I and Antmiio ('rii,"a(lo: Sail l.iii.'' 
 San Oaliiiil, Aii''i'l .Soim ::i ami 
 
 I'c'ch'o IViiihi ( 'aitihmi; Snii Autcmio. Mii'iul 1' 
 
 (I lU 
 
 li'iiavi'iit-.ira Si. ar; 
 
 ('•irlns, .1 
 '•T 
 
 U'.iipi lu Sella ami .luaii « '\v>in 
 
 \r iia! iVf liaiiiv" (1 
 
 r Uic site WHS Ti.i/i(i>/(i jicrordiii;: to J>< pt. S/. I'' 
 
 111 II. Ml., MS., isxxi. -I'.l, ttv , Si. , /(I /'(III ai<(ir(liiig tn Taylor, mite on lln I'y- 
 IluI ti( < iii'-id. \'nf(i/irliir!(;, MS. 
 
 '"/■r/Zn 
 
 I In: In 
 IJ-J. 
 
 S. Aiiloiiio. Iji'i. ill' Ml 
 
 Ki >. 
 
 ii. "Jl ."), (ells u.s i^t an (iM woiiiaii \\ luiapi 
 
 MS.. 1: /> 
 wli. 
 
 SI. /'• 
 
 'I' 
 
 M^ 
 
 I1-J-1-: I'.iti'U, 
 
 lililiiMl lor li; 
 
 laiilir.iii, a.iiil V. Ill 
 
 ,llT 
 
 u yirl liiul lii'anl her fatliir njnak ol' a paiUv ihcssiil like tlicisu, who came tl 
 
FOUXDIXa OF SAX ANTONIO. 
 
 177 
 
 ()ii]\- lUU' native witnossctl tho corcnioiiies, l)ut lie soon 
 l)r(iUL;ht ill his companions i!i lai',i;o numbers, wlio 
 lii'duu'lit pine-iuits and seeds, all they had to ^'ive, and 
 jiiiird in the work of hulldino" a ehureli, l)al•raci^.s, and 
 liiiiisc ii>r the missionaries, nil of ^vl^K•h wore on a 
 liu'.iiMo scale and protecti'd as usual hy a i)alisa(!e. 
 Tlie natives seenK\. more tractahle than .'t either San 
 Dit'go or ^[onterey, and the ministers had Ic'pes of a 
 ^ivat spiiitual concjU'.'st, the tirsi haptism t:d.iuij;' place 
 tlu' 1 4th of August.'-^ LeaviuL;' the ''I'.rvesi: to IIk^ 
 rrapii's and their guard of six soldiers, 1 return with 
 ^cria to ]\Iontei'ey at the end of duly. 
 
 Soon after the establishing of San CVulos Padre 
 Juin'pero had determined to transi'er the mission to 
 ('innu'hj A'alley. His avowi'd reason was lack of 
 waliT and I'ertile soil at ^Monterey; but it is likely 
 that lie also desired to remove his little band of neo- 
 piiytes, and the larger ilock he hojted to gather, irom 
 inuucdiate contact with the presidio soldiers, always 
 
 IV 
 
 nile( 
 
 I by 
 
 nnssio 
 
 naries with more or less dread as 
 
 iKci'ssary evils tending to (N)ri"U[)t native iimocenee. 
 The necessary permission for the transfer canie up by 
 the tSdii Anto)i'iO on her third trip,-'^and two tlays after 
 
 Jle 
 
 lii(> 
 
 IK, 
 
 parture, before going to found San Anton 
 
 ||>, 
 
 itresK 
 
 lent crossed over to select the n 
 
 ew 
 
 n-i 
 
 111 re iu^ 
 
 'ft th 
 
 iree sailoi's a net four 
 
 ind 
 
 ians fi'om tlie 
 
 p 'uiiisula at wt)rk <'utting timber, and making prej)a- 
 ra'ions undei- the watchful eyes of ti\'e soldiers wh.o 
 charitably su[)[)osed to haul occasional assist- 
 
 Wi. le 
 
 the emu, try Hying iIiroiii.'l'. tlu> iiir iiikI ]ir( 
 
 ;riii'is{i;in dix't vinos. Ooni 
 
 ,'t. MS. 
 
 ■4, 11 
 
 i\\v t 
 
 r;iiiithill tll:lt \\ 
 
 i:i,;;liti'ni'ii iwjiytlu^ nntivcs; mihI tliMt .sulisiMHicnlly they nt'us 
 
 l.rfi 
 
 <l t. 
 
 itcllr 
 
 ifviii'' i f(i )»■ tlio 1 
 
 ii'juns lit ilciitl nii'ii. 
 
 S,-in 
 
 Anil 
 
 .1.' 1' 
 
 lilMil >VilS hol'll 
 
 ill lislidM i I l!l,"i, (lied iit IMdna in i'J.'n, and \\a.s lanciiiizi'd in l'_',",'J. I!( 
 
 fi. l:iiiiMns p r;p'lii'r. his .^cniuins aH'cctin',' cvcii the lisiicH, and a, v.r 
 
 it til .' -raiK'isuaii ordtr 
 
 ]1 
 
 IS day, as cclcliratci 
 
 IV till 
 
 ihlllH )l!'ll)l|. 
 
 :'.th. 
 
 ■' I'. Soi I ill ids f!i'jiri!iriili] 
 
 :\is., (if Mav'ii, i: 
 
 I'liililiii'; was Iiiii-riiMl to ,m't ready fni' t'arinin . 
 ]'a,::i's taking awav tlic licst suldiors. J'liglit iiiilk' 
 
 ■aVH IMC \\i 
 
 ik iif 
 
 d tliat it 
 
 Iiind 
 
 iTfil IV 
 
 'N, 
 
 Ift't at till 
 
 t:,lv 
 
 -SV. Pi 
 
 !•-'. 1770, V 
 
 ii't'iMy Cioix M"ril(>s to Fa;.,c's that Sail (Virhis iiiissidii is 
 
 tahrishcd on tlic lliu Canm lo with a suUiciuut yiuird of sokiii'is. /' 
 '. MS.,i, 70. 
 
 Hist. Oal. Vol. I. \i 
 
 \ oi 
 
 um 
 
 .U' 
 
'^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^r'^'^i 
 
 
 178 
 
 CCCUPATIOX OF MONTEREY. 
 
 ance. Bade from San Antonio in Aiiq-nst lie aofain 
 wont over to Carmelo to iiasten the niovenients of 
 tlic workmen, who were jirocecding very leisurely; 
 but it was several months before the palisaclc square 
 enelosing wooden chapel, dwellinf^, storehouse, guard- 
 house, and corrals could be completed; and it was the 
 end of December when the formal transfer took place, 
 the exact date being unknown. The two ministers 
 took up their ])ernianent residence in their nevr home, 
 Juncosa and Cavalier assisting temporarily both at 
 mission and presidio."^ 
 
 Events at San DioGfo durinix the year 1771 were by 
 no means exciting or important. Boj^ond the baptism 
 of a very few natives, the exact number being lui- 
 known, no progress in mission work is recorded; hut 
 Rivera witli his force of fourteen men, in addition to 
 Orte<>'a's rcndar mission P'uar<l of eiu'ht, vv'ould scnii 
 to have passed the time comfortably so far as worl: is 
 concerned. In April, v»heii the San Antonio touched 
 at th's port with her load of friars, the two ministers 
 were l)ot h disabled by scurvy, and Gomez went up to 
 Monterey, while Dumctz took his place. On July 
 14th the vesiscl returned with six padres besides 
 Gome.^, who had leave of absence and was on his way 
 to ]\Iexico. Parron retired at about the same time, 
 overland, to the missions of the peninsula. Captain, 
 Pere/. sailed the 21st. -^ Fages came down with the 
 priests, and the intention v/as to establish San Gabriel 
 at once; but local tn)iibles caused delay. The (!;iy 
 after tlie vessel's departure nine soldiers and a mule- 
 teer deserted. Padre Paterna was induced by Pages 
 to go Avith a few soldiers and a pardon signed in blank 
 to bring them back. Jlis mission was successful, and 
 
 "^yiillrjo and Alviiindo, a.s I have alitady noted, insist on rCLjarding this 
 ns the, voviiablc founding.' of the niissinn. I'aylor, in Cal. Farnit i\ A\iv. 'Jit, 
 ]S(i(), f^iiy.s the triiusFiT Mas in 177- and that the mission bccauii! kimuii m 
 San (Vnld.i lloiruuioo (Ud C'linii lo I'.c Mdntcioy. 
 
 -'Serra, Sail Jfi'ij", I.iIk ilf M'n'iim, ^IS., 7, says however tliat I'Mirnu 
 %vent, ap]'ari ntly hy land, to Haja ( 'ahl'oniia : and I'aloii, VUln, I'i!', says In; 
 Mcut \\ii\i a paiiy liy land, of Mliich paity nothing fuither id knoMU, 
 
FOUXDIXG OF S.\X GABRIEL. 
 
 179 
 
 after having availed tliemsclvcs of the ' clinreli asylum' 
 the deserters returned to duty. Again, the Gtli of 
 .Vugust, a corporal and five soldiers deserted, return- 
 iu"- on the 24th to steal cattle from the mission. This 
 time Fages went out to bring tliora in by force, but 
 jiiund them sti'ongly fortified and resolved to die 
 lather than yield, and again, to save life, persuasidii 
 ^vas employed, and Duuietz I'rought back the i'ugi- 
 tivcs.-' Respecting the real or pretended grievances 
 ut" the soldiers wo know nothing, but it is e\ident 
 that some misunderstanding already existed between 
 Fages and the friars, and that Palou's rccor J is intended 
 to show the agency of the latter in its best light. 
 Farly in the autumn there arrived from Guaymas 
 twelve Catalan volunteers. 
 
 ^'■anwhilc on Auu'ust Gtli Somei'a and Cambon 
 AAiiii a guard of ten soldiers and a, supply-train of 
 imiles under four muleteers and four soldiers, mIio 
 Wire to return, left San Diogo to establish their new 
 mission, following the old route northward. It had 
 lijcii the intention to place the mission on the Kiver 
 Sniita Ana, or Jesus do los Temblores, but as no suit- 
 ;ihlo site was found there the party went farther and 
 chose a fertile, well wooded and watered spot near the 
 Fiver San j\Iiguel, so named on tho return trip of the 
 lirst expedition three years before,-'' and since known 
 as the Iviver San Gabriel. At tirst a largo force of 
 natives presented themselves under two chieftains and 
 attempted by hostile demonstrations to prevent the 
 ])Ui'pose of the Spaniards; but when one of the padres 
 liild up a painting of the virgin, tlie savages instantly 
 threw down their arms and their two captains ran U]> 
 d' lay their necklaces at the i'eot of the beautiful 
 <|Ue('n, thus signifying their desire for peace."'' 
 
 "'In a letter of Gov. Barri to Fagos, dato<l Oct. 2, 1771, ho advises tlio 
 ciiiiiiiiauilant not to grieve over tho desertion of two soldier.^. J'ror. .St. 7'"//., 
 
 ilS., i, :■_>. 
 
 '^'' i'aloii, Xvt., i. 477. The snme ;uitIioriii liis Vkla, l"Jl)-,')0, iiniilica tliut 
 the site selected was on the Itio de Ins 'I'elnblores. 
 
 •'It is only in his I'idii, l-y~30, that I'ulou tells thia story. 
 
 
 H 
 
 t 
 
 i. 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 im 
 
ISO 
 
 OCCLTATIOX OF MONTEREY. 
 
 Tlio raisinof of the cross and roi]^nlar ceremonial 
 routine which constituted the formal founding of San 
 Gabriel Arcangcl'-'^ took place on September 8tli, 
 and the natives cheerfully assisted in the work of 
 brinii'inix tind)er and constructinGf the stockad(.' enclns- 
 ure with its tule-roofed buildinijs of wood, contuuiiii'"' 
 in the mean time their offerings of ])inc-nuts and acorns 
 to tlie image of Our Ladj.^'' Though friendly as 
 3^et, the natives crowded into the camp in such num- 
 bers that ten soldiers were not deemed a suffici(Mit 
 guard; and Padre Somera went down to San Diego 
 the 1st of October, returning on the 9tli with a recii- 
 forcement of two men. Next dov a crowd of natives 
 attacked two soldiers who were iiuardincf the horses. 
 The chief discharged an arrow at one of the soldiers, 
 who stopped it with his shield, and killed the chief- 
 tnin with a musket-ball. Terrified by the destructive 
 effects of the iifun the sa^■ages Hod, and the soldiei's, 
 cutting off the fallen wari'ior's head, set it on a pole 
 
 ^'^ The Archangel Oahriel has a place in several religions. To the Israel- 
 ites he was the angel of death; according to the Ttilniud he was the prince of 
 lire and ruled the lliuuder. He set lire 10 the temple of Jerusoleui ; appealed 
 to Danieland Zacharias; announced to Mary the hirth of Christ; and dietutid 
 the Koran to Mahomet. The last-named prophet desciil)es him very fully, 
 nientiimingiimong other things oOO pair.s of wings, the distance from one win,.; 
 to another being 500 years' journey. His day in the church calendar is 
 March ISth. The mission was often called San Oabriel do los Temldorcs, tliu 
 latter word like Carmelo with San C;irlos indicating simply locality. It had 
 been intended to mean San Gabriel on the lUvcr Tcmblores, but ^\henanotinr 
 site was selected the name was retained meaning 'Sandabriel in tlie region of 
 Earthcpiakes.'as 'San (ialirielde San Miguel' would have been awkward. S^e 
 Scrra, in Prov. St. Pap., ;MS., i. 118; S. Guhrhl Lih. de Mi>-io}>, :MS. The 
 author of J.o^ Amjchji Hist., ."), is in error when he says that the Sun Gai)ii'l 
 River was calli d Temblores. The mission was not moved to its present t-ite 
 until several years later. A irli. Htitila Bdrhnvn, ]\IS., i. l.'U ; lUUI, Lou Aii;/' ''w 
 Co., liiiL, No. 17. San Gabriel was the only mission at the founding of whioli 
 Serra had not assisted, and this was Viecause I'agcs failed to notify him, as he 
 had promised. S(rm, J'njins., J I i/c Mdijo, MS., 118. 
 
 '■^"According to Itugo Reid, Lou Atnjclis Co. liifL, Xo. 10, Avho derived liis 
 information from traditions, tlie natives were greatly terrified at tlic first .':i;_lit 
 of the S]ianiards; women hiil; men put out the fires. They thought the stran- 
 gers gods wlien they saw them strike fire from a Hint, l)ut seeing them kill ;i 
 Ijird, they put them down as human beings 'of a nasty white color willi tv;ly 
 blue eyes;' and later, as no vioh'nce M'as done, they called them cJuc/i>iiabri'<, 
 or 'reasonable beings.' M'omen used by tlu^ solditrs wcvv obligeil to undtign 
 a long purification, and for a long tinu! every child M-ith.whife blo(jd in it.s 
 veins was strangled. Food given by tlie wliite men ^\•as Ituried in the woodi. 
 Brown sugar was lung regarded as the e.xcremcat ui the iicw-comers. 
 
 Hi; 
 
 iiil!:' 
 
TROUBLE AT SAN GABRIEL. 
 
 181 
 
 Ijoforo tlio ]irosi(]i() gates. Tlio fugitive nss;ailants 
 came l)ack after a few tla^'s to l)cg i'uv their leader's 
 jiLvnl; but it was only very gradually tliat tliey wero 
 iudueed to rcsuiue friendly relations with the fi'iars, 
 and fre(|uent the mission us before. There is little 
 doubt tliat their sudden hostility arose from outrages 
 bv the soldiers on the native M'omeu.^' 
 
 \ few days after this aflair Pages arrived from San 
 Diego with two friars, sixteen soldiers,"' and iour 
 ]iiuleteers in ehargo of a mule train, the force intended 
 fir the establishing of San Ijuenaveiitura. In eonse- 
 (jucncc of the recent hostilities Fages decided t'> add 
 six: men to the guard of San Gabriel, and to postpone 
 1' r tlie present the founding of a now mission. Pa- 
 tcrna and Cruzado also remained at San Gabriel where 
 thev became the followin*'' year tlie regular ministers 
 on the retii'oment of Somera and Cambon by reason 
 of ill-health. ]\[ission progress was extremely slow, 
 the lirst baptism having been that of a child on 
 Xdvember 27th, and the whole number during the 
 lirst two years only seventy-three. This want of 
 J prosperity is attributed by Serra largely to the con- 
 duct of the soldiers, wdio refused to work, paid no 
 attention to the oi'ders of their worthless corjioral, 
 drove awa}'' the natives by their insolence, and even 
 pursued tlicin to their rancherias, where they lassoed 
 
 '"Paloii, Kof., i. 47S-fl, snys a soliliiT liad outracrcd .1 WDinan in one of the 
 vaiK'lM'i ias. Tlio suinc autlioi' in Vida, ];!!)-'_', tells u.s that tlio woman was thu 
 wife of the slain chieftain ami tlic guilty solilier the one attaelccd. Scrra iu 
 his U' prr-ii iilucioi), :MS., of May 'Jl, 177'i, says that the l;is>t grievance of tho 
 natives was an oi'der from Fa^'es tliat only 5 or (i of them slionhl ho nlinitteil 
 within tho ntoekado at a time, followed 1 y a secret oidcr not to allow any 
 gentiles at all to enter. Serra says deeiiledly th.it if he hail heen there ho 
 Woii'.d luivo ordei'ed thepadri/s to ahandon the mission; for if they eoiild have 
 no interoonrso with gentiles for what weio they in the country at all? (hio 
 day tho i^rdiers went ont to look for cattle, or moiv likely for women, and thu 
 chief captain was killed, his hiad lieing hronght to tho mission. In Sorra's 
 L'jei all nnnfortunes were chargoahle to Fa;^'.s. 
 
 ■'' I'alon, Xiit., i. 479, says distinctly that he had 2(5 soldiers, Vl vohintcors 
 who had lately arrivo.l froai liaja California and 14 soldiers (/'■'■)/' /vr,- lint I 
 think tho hi.st item slvuld he 4 instea<l of 14, ,\hich agrees exactly with tho 
 .av.rlahlo force at Sa > iJiej^o, Otlicrwiso 10 cnera soldiers nnist have arrivml 
 from tho south of -Mtiioh uhu'c is no record, or Fages nnist have hrought 10 
 w,l!i him fi'oni Monterey^ whi«.h seems nidikely. A tot.d of )(> al,-o a'hAV.i 
 S.ni Dueiiaveutura 10 nicE^ the saJiie yuard as that atiit originally to S. liabriel. 
 
 ! 
 
 i<3 
 
 Ik. 
 
 -Ai 
 
 8: m 
 
 ii 
 
 
I I 
 
 182 
 
 occur ATIOX OF SrONTEREY. 
 
 Avomcn for their lust and killed such males as dared to 
 interfere.'''^ Fagcs, probably M'ith ten Catalan volun- 
 teers, continued his inarch to IMonterey at the end of 
 1771. Rivera y Moneada does not appear at all in 
 the annals of this period. He probably remained 1)ut 
 a sliort time at San Diego before retiring to the penin- 
 sula. It is not unlikely that he was already prcjtaring 
 the way by correspondence for the removal of Pages 
 in his own favor.^^ 
 
 '■^ Jii'prfifditacion (Je 21 dc Mnyo 177-'^, MS. R(>form senms to have datoil 
 from !i cliiuige of 'lorporals, which probably took phicc late in 177-. 
 
 ^' In iMuy 1771 he was at Santa CJcrtnulis. St. ]'ap. Mis. and Co!., MS., i. 
 r)2. On the period covered by tliis chapter sec Pidou, Not., i. 98-107, 1-0-3, 
 424-80; Jd., Vida, 88-134. 
 
 m- 
 
CHAPTEK YIII. 
 
 TROGRESS OF THE NEW ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 1772-1773. 
 
 Events of 1772 — Search tor the Port of San FRAxoisro— Ckespi's Dtarv — 
 Fn:sT Exri.oRATidN of Santa Clara, Ai.ameda, and Contha Costa 
 Cor:«TiKS — FAor:.s Discovkiis San Parlo Bay, Carqi'inks Strait, and 
 San Joaquin River— Relief Sent South — Hard Times at Monterey — 
 Living on Bear-:meat — Pages and SerraOo Softh — Foi-nding ok Sax 
 Lris OiiiKPo — Events at San Diego— A Quarrel betwi'.kn C< oi ma s dant 
 and President— Serra Goes to Mexico— Ce.ssiox ok Low :.r f'Ai.iroit- 
 NiAN Missions to Dominicans — New Padres for tiik Nuhtiikrn Kstaii- 
 
 IJSIIMENTS — PaLOU'S JoURXEY TO SaX DiEGO AND MoXTEREY IN 1773. 
 
 The year 1772 was marked by an important explo- 
 ration of now territory in the north. It added a mis- 
 sion to tlie four ah-eady founded, brought three friars 
 to reenforce Serra's band of workers, and saw arrange- 
 ments completed for a larger rcenforcement through 
 tlic yielding-up of the peninsular missions to the exclu- 
 sive control of the Dominican order. Yet it was a 
 year of little progress and of much hardship; it was a 
 year of tardy supply- vessels, of unfortunate disagree- 
 ments between thoFranci.scans and the military chief — 
 disagreements which carried the president in per.son to 
 ]\rcxico to plead for reforms l)efore Viceroy Bucareli, 
 wild had succeeded Croix in the pi'cccitling autumn. 
 
 The San Antonio on her last trip had brought 
 orders from the viceroy to Faoes, rctiuirintj him to 
 cxjdore by sea or land the port of San Francisco, and, 
 actin*; in accord with Serra, to establish a mission 
 there, with a view to secure the harbor I'rom foreiijn 
 ag<>rcssio)i ^ 
 
 'Dated N<iv. I'l', 177<1, in Pror. Si. Pap., MS., i. 70. It was roccivcd by 
 Faycs at Monterey iu May 177L 
 
 ( la:! I 
 
1S4 
 
 I'ROGRESS OF TUE XEW EST.UiLISIIilENTS. 
 
 After the spring rains had ceased, the commandant 
 for the ih'st time was al)le to obey tlie order as to 
 e\j)loration, but tiiei'o were neither friars nor soldiers 
 for a mission, though the su])i)hes were lying at San 
 Carlos." Accordingly with Crespi, twelve soldiers, a 
 muleteer, and an Indian, Fages started from Monterey 
 on the 'JOth of March and crossed over to the river 
 feanta JJcllina, now the Salinas. As the first explo- 
 rali<>n by Eui'o[)eans of a since important p.ortion of 
 California, the counties of Santa Clara, Alameda, and 
 Contra Costa, this tii[), fully described by Crespi'," 
 deserves to be followed somewhat closely. 
 
 Tlie second day's march brings the paity to the 
 San Benito stream, still so called, near what is now 
 lloUister; and on the 22d they cross San I*aseual 
 plain into San Bernardino A'alley and encamp a little 
 north of tlie present Gilroy. Thence they proceed 
 north-westward and enter the great [)lain of the 
 " llobles del Puerto de Sau Francisco," in vdiich 
 they have been bef)re, in Novend)er 17(50, that is, 
 the Santa Clara Valley. Their camp the 24th is 
 near the south-eastern point of the great *'bra>;o de 
 mar," near the mouth of what they call Encarnacion 
 Arroyo, now Penitencia Creek, on the boundary line 
 between Santa Clara and Alameda counties. The 
 peninsula to their left having been previously ex- 
 j)lored, and the object being to pass round the great 
 inlet and reach* San Francisco under Point Beyes, 
 Fages continues to the ri^lit alonsj;" the footdiills be- 
 tween the shore and Coast Banu'e. 
 
 His camp on Wednesday the 2oth is beside a largo 
 stream, called by him San Salvador de Horta, now 
 
 -ralou, ]'!thi, 134-,"), snys that Scrra proposed tlie exploration aivl [■"ages 
 consented. 'I'liis in i)rol)alily aeeuratecmmgh in aeertain si r.r^e; hut tlietViars 
 hail a nuticealilo 1 aliit of elainiing fur themselves all the credit for each move- 
 ment, and uniiltinj^ any mention of secular orders and agencies — an omission 
 that e\ idently did not always result from forgetfulncss. 
 
 ' < 'rcKjii, JJiai to (jiic ,sr jonnO en 1 1 rviji.il ro qw xc li'zo del pverto de Xtro. 
 P. Sail Fruhvi^co, in J'ti/oii, JS'of.., i. 481 oOl. A- brief resunu'f of the samo 
 e.\p'.orat;ou is given in Id., ii. 4(). Among modern writers, Hittell, l/i.-'t. 
 Had Ffaucidco, has given a brief and inaccurate account from C'respi's diary. 
 
DISCOVEKY OF ALAMEDA. 
 
 1S5 
 
 Alameda Creek, at a })oIiit near A^'allc jo's ^lill. Next 
 (lav dvL'V and bears are plentiful, and traces ar(> seen 
 of aiiinuds \v]ir'1i tlie I'riar imagines tt) be builalocs, 
 but wliieli the st)ldiers pronounce burros, or "jackass 
 (ker," '^Lich as tlioy had seen in Xew jSIexico. Cross- 
 iiiij;- iive streams, two large ones, now San Lorenzo 
 und San Leandro creeks, and two small ones, they 
 I'oach the Arroyo del Lostpie, on a branch of the bay 
 which Mith another similar branch forms a ])eninsula, 
 bcarinu' a oTove of oaks — the site of the modern town 
 (if Alameda. They are near tl:e shore of San Lean- 
 dro IJay, and probably on Brickyard Slough. On 
 Tiiday's march they have to clindj a series of low 
 bills ]]i'ooklyn, or East Oakland, in order to get 
 I'oiiud "an estuary which, skirting the grove, extends 
 some four or five leagues inland until it heads in the 
 sierra" — San Antonio Creek and ]Merritt Lake. 
 Thence coming out into a great })lain, they halt 
 about three leagues from the starting-})oint, opposite 
 tlu' "nuaith bv which the two o-i-cat estuaries com- 
 municate with the Ensenada de los Farallones"— 
 that is, they stop at Berkeley and look out throngh 
 the Golden Gate, noting three islands in the bay.'* 
 Continuing a league the Spaniards encamp on what is 
 now Cerrito Creek, the boundary between Alameda 
 ami Contra Costa counties. 
 
 For the next two days tliey follow the general 
 course of the bay coast, note "a round liay like a 
 ,nrcat lake" — San Pablo Bay — large enough for "all 
 the armadas of Spain," where they see whales spout- 
 ing. They are kindly received in what is now Pinole 
 Valley, l)y a rancheria of gentiles, "bearded and of 
 very light complexion." They attempt to pass I'ouud 
 the hd/iki vcdoiida, but are prevented by a narrow 
 estuar}', the Strait of Carquines. Journeying along 
 the treeless hills that form its shores, they are hos- 
 liit.ibly treated at five large native \illages, some even 
 
 'Olio of tlieni, Augol, was probably not kuowu to bo an island until the 
 I'iiity .<aw it fium a point fartlicr north. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
5' i 
 
 180 
 
 rnooRESs of thk new establishments. 
 
 i u 
 
 ooniiiii^ across from tlic other shore in rafts, and 
 iiiially they encamp on a stream near thi' shore, pi'oK- 
 ubly tlic Arroyo del Ilambre near ISEartinez." March 
 30th they advance two leagnes to a lar^'o stream — 
 Arroyo do las Nueces, near Pacheco; cross tlio liiKi 
 valley of Santa Angela do Fulgino^ — ]Mt Dialilo 
 Creek; })ass two rancherias of friendly natives; and 
 enter a range of low hills — in the vicinity of Willow- 
 Pass. From the sunnnit they look down on the tv.o 
 broad I'ivers and valleys, since so well known, with 
 the vari(jus channels, sloughs, and islands about 
 their junction— all very accurately described in the 
 diary. Leaving tin; hills they pass on ibur or five 
 leagues aci'oss the plain to a small stream on which 
 tliey [)itch their camp half a mile from the bank of 
 the great river, "the largest that has boon discovered 
 in New Spain," which is named Ilio do San Fran- 
 cisco. They are on the San Joaquin, at or near An- 
 tioch." 
 
 To carry out tlio original purpose of "passing on to 
 Point llcycs to examine tlie port of San Francisco" it is 
 now necessary to cross the great rivers, for which they 
 have no boats, or to "go round them" for which tlicy 
 lack men and supplies.' It is, accordingl)', determi:icd 
 to return to Monterey, but by a shorter route than 
 that along the bay shore. Recrossing on the last day 
 t»f the month the range of hills and the Santa Angela 
 plain, they turn south-eastward by a pleasant Canada— 
 San lianion Creek. During the first and second v^ 
 A[)ril they pass through what are now known as San 
 liamon and Amadcn* valleys into Suhol Valle}', whi'li 
 they call Santa Coleta; tlicncc through a pass to tlic 
 
 ! Tl 
 
 *Crespi makes the jotiniey of tlio two ilays ]5 leagues, and leaves hh 
 courses v;i;;iie, iiiiplyini,' that he was travelling iilways iiorth-west. 
 
 "llitttU, in his lH.<U>iy of' Son Francisro and iiiciihufcrly nf Califoniin, 
 p. 45, tells us that the Spaniards on tiiis trip erossed the strait and t;a- 
 versed the broad hills and valleys intervening until they reaehed lUisfiau 
 lUver! 
 
 ' Palou, Vida, 134-5, saj's the exploration was not concluded on acfoiiiit I'f 
 bad news from San Diego; but he means that this uews prevented subseipuiit 
 trips. 
 
 jiirr 
 
TO THE MOUTH OF THE GREAT RIVERS. 
 
 1S7 
 
 :s, ami 
 
 J, i)rol>- 
 
 Mairli 
 
 roam— 
 
 llO lilHi 
 
 IJiall. 
 cs; and 
 Willow 
 tlio two 
 n, will I 
 i al )( tut 
 [ ill the 
 t)!' iivc 
 in which 
 bank of 
 scovorctl 
 11 Fraii- 
 lear Aii- 
 
 inir on to 
 
 ISCO Ills 
 
 ich they 
 ich tlioy 
 crniincd 
 Lite than 
 last (lay 
 tVni;"c-'ia 
 i-ahatia— 
 ccoml ot 
 n as San 
 Nvhi'h 
 ss to the 
 
 ■}■ 
 
 (1 leaves liis 
 
 It. 
 
 Cali/ornin, 
 
 lait anil tvn- 
 llietl llu^-^iii" 
 
 Im ao''''"i"t "' 
 ll subseiiuout 
 
 vicinity of Mission San Josd, and to tlioir fonnor 
 route, ciicani}iin_o' one leao'iiu bej'ond the Encarnacioii 
 Arroyo whoro they had been March '24th, on a stream 
 called San Francisco de Paula, in the vicinity of j\Iil- 
 jiitas. From the third to the Iburtli they return by 
 the former route to ]Mt)iiterey, whence Crcspi goes 
 over to San Carlos and delivers his diary to the presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Then Padre Junipcro, "seeing that it was iinpossi- 
 l)lc to found at once the mission of our sera])hio 
 father San Francisco in his own port, since, as that 
 port according to Cabreiu Bueiio was near Point 
 Kiyes, it was necessary to go to it by water, passing 
 fn)m Point Almejas to Point Reyes across the Ense- 
 iiada de los Faralloncs; or if by land, it was necessary 
 to make a new exploration by ascending the great 
 riveis in search of a ford; and since as it is not known 
 if they extend far inland, or where they rise, a new 
 expedition was necessary; therefore, his reverence 
 determined in view of what had been discovered in 
 this exploration to report to the viceroy" and await 
 his instructions. 
 
 During the commander's absence Serrahad received 
 letters from Sun Diego and San Gabriel announcing 
 great want of supplies, the departure of Cambon and 
 Dumetz, and the illness of Somcra. lie therefore 
 despatched Crespi south, and with him Pages sent an 
 escort and some flour; but food was soon exhausted 
 at ]\[onterev f^wd San Antonio, and, except for a very 
 small (juantity of vegetables and milk, the Spaniards 
 were almost wholh' dependent for sustenance on the 
 natives.** L'^te in May, when the last extremity' was 
 readied, anu there was yet no news of the ^■essels, 
 ]•';!;_;■<-; ^itli thirteen men spent some three months 
 hunting bears in the Canada de los Osos, thus sup[»ly- 
 ing pieriidio and mission with meat until succor came. 
 
 ^'Oit. M, 177-, tlie viroroj- ackiiowledgrs receipt of I ages' letter of Juno 
 2(Jlli, cuinpluiuiug of acurcity uf food. /'/of. 6Y. PcyA, MS., i. 'lO, 
 
 1:-: I 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
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188 
 
 PROGRESS OF THE NEW ESTABLISILMENTS, 
 
 I 
 
 At last the tMo transports arrived on tlic coast; but 
 l)y reason of adverse winds they could not reach ^loii- 
 terey and therefore returned to San Diei^o." Fages 
 and Serra now started for the south late in August to 
 make arrangements for the transportation of supplies 
 to San Carlos and San Antonio. Padre Cavtdkr 
 went also, Juncosa and Pieras being left on dutv at 
 [Monterey, until October or Xovember, when Crespi 
 and Dumetz returned overland. The San Antonio 
 alst) came uj) with .supplies, but there is no record of 
 subsequent events in the nt)rth for nearly a year. 
 
 Vessels arriving promising relief from pressing 
 needs, the president resolves on his way south to 
 establish one of the new missions in the Canada do 
 los Osos. He therefore takes with him Padre Ca- 
 valier, the niitisi(jn guard, and the required vestments 
 and utensils. A site, called by the natives Tixlini, 
 being selected, half a league from the famous Canada 
 but within sight of it, on the 1st of September Juni- 
 pcro raises the Christian symbol, says mass, and thus 
 ushers in the mission of San Luis Obi ' le Tolosa.'' 
 Cavalier is left to labor alone at fir ith five sol- 
 
 diers, and two Indians to work on the iMiildings. The 
 nativ^es are, however, well disposed, retaining as tluy 
 do a Lrateful remembrance of Pages' recent services 
 in ridding their country of troublesome bears. Tliuy 
 are willing to work, otter their chiklren for baptism, 
 and even help with their seeds to eke out the iViar's 
 
 'Letter of SciTa to Pnlou from Monterey, Aug. 18tli,iu/'o/o», J7(/i(. l.)il-0. 
 
 '" Saint Louis, bishop of Toulouse, son of Ciuir'es IL of Naples, w.ift lnnn in 
 r.27"), liecainc a I'ranciscan in l'JO-4, died in l'Ji)8, and was tanonizud in WAl. 
 His day is August I'Jtli. Sa/i Luis Obifjio, Lih. de M'lxioii, MS. Fages ciiMs 
 the mission San Luis Obi.sp(> do los Ticlios. I'rov. St. J'ii/>., MS., i. h(l. Ac- 
 curding to Ardt. Ulii»jia<lv, MS., 8.'J, the mission had ut iirst only TiO llis. of 
 Hour and .'i a'lmclfn oi wheat, so that life had to bo sustained by f^eeils ob- 
 tiiiued from llio natives. Dee. 2, 177-, the viceroy writes to Fagcs app .iviii' 
 tlie founding of the mission in a spot where there is nnich good land ami 
 )iknty of game. Prov. St. I'nii., MS. i. 70. Serra, in Saa l>h"jo, J. Hi. <l" 
 Minion, Ms., strangely calls the mi.ssion which ho founded at this time Sail 
 Lui.i Key. The traditional old Indian woman who aided in building tliw mis- 
 bion church is not wanting ut San Luis. According to uewspaper items fcho 
 Way uauicd Lililu and died Aug. 1, 1S74. 
 
FOUNDING OF SAN LUIS OBISPO. 
 
 ISO 
 
 Dast; but 
 It'll ^lou- 
 » Fnges 
 Liiu'U.-^t to 
 
 r !SUpi)lk'S 
 
 Cavi'ilki' 
 I dutv at 
 ill Civspi 
 \ Antouut 
 record of 
 year. 
 
 pressiii;:^ 
 
 south to 
 
 'anaJa do 
 
 \ulro (Ai- 
 
 vestnients 
 
 IS Tixllui, 
 
 us Canada 
 
 iber Jum'- 
 
 aud lliu:^ 
 
 Tolosa.'^ 
 
 I five ^ol- 
 
 lUii'S. The 
 
 'j: as tlicv 
 
 t serviivs 
 
 li-s. Thry 
 
 baptism, 
 
 he friar's 
 
 Is, WM.-I llillll ill 
 
 liizc'tl ill K'lT. 
 
 |i., i. M). ^^■■ 
 
 \\\y :A) Ills, .'f 
 by sei'ils (ili- 
 tcs iil'I' iviu.,' 
 |)0(l iuml iiii'i 
 '(V;/o, 7-''i. ''" 
 \\\M tiiiii' S;;ii 
 Jing thw mis- 
 Lt items fclio 
 
 scanty supply of food. Additional soldiers and pro- 
 visions are to be left on the return of the train from 
 San Diego, and the associate minister Juncosa is to 
 come down at the end of the year. The day after 
 founding the mission Serra and Fagcs continue their 
 idurnev." It is the president's first trip overland and 
 Jio is delighted with all he beholds, with the pros- 
 pects at San Luis, with the natives of the channel 
 coast,^^ and with progress at San Gabriel, where he 
 spends September 11th and 12th, and whence Father 
 I'aterna goes down to San Diego to return with the 
 sup})ly-train. 
 
 Of events at San Diego and San Gabriel, prior to 
 tlie arrival of Fages and Serra the IGth of Septem- 
 lier, we know nothing save the illness of Souiera, 
 Canil)on, and Dumetz, the departure of the last two 
 I'nr llie peninsula, the coming of Crespi from the north 
 in 31 ay, the return of Dumetz accompanied by Tomas 
 de la Peiia sent up by Palou to take Cambon's place, 
 and tlie arrival of the Saa Carlos and Sua Antonio in 
 August. 
 
 As soon as the San Cdrlo.'i can be unloaded the 
 mule train is made ready and despatched for the north 
 Septend)er 2rth, in charge of Crespi and Dumetz, who 
 go to relieve Pieras and Juncosa at San Carlos. The 
 Sun Antonio is to take her cargo to Monterey, and 
 jirohably does so, though we have no further notice 
 of lier movements during this tri}).^'' 
 
 Serra now wishes to proceed with the founding of 
 
 " Serra had great hopea, 'nit says lie, ' let us leave time to tell the atniy in 
 the iii(itri'( ss wliieli I hope Christianity will make aiiiuiiL,' tiiem in spite <it tiio 
 Kiu'iuy will) already hegaii to lash his tail (//*»'. r In coin) by means of a liinl 
 Eolilier, who soon after arrival they eanght in actnul bin with an In<ii:in 
 viiiiKin. n tliiiii,' Mhich greatly grieved the poor padre.' .Serra, JUpris. Jl tie 
 
 Moiln. MS., 117. 
 
 '-' Vet in his report to the viceroy of .\piil '22, ITT.'I, ho refers to a distuil)- 
 niuc here lii'tween the soldier.s and Indians, in which one of the latter wad 
 killed mid another severely Mouniled. /'/v.c. .S7. /'«/)., .MS., i. 101. 
 
 '•' Mee. •_', 177"2, the viceroy writes to Fages reprimanding liiniforallowiii;» 
 the vt s.sel to continue her voyage up to Monterey at this season, lie should 
 have uuliiaded her uud iunvurded her cargo by laud. Prov. Ht. Pup., MS., i. 
 77-S. 
 
100 
 
 PROGRESS OF THE NEW ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 I* 
 
 \i 
 
 San Buenaventura on the Santa Barbara Cliannol, as 
 originally planned by Josd de Galvez five years before. 
 He had visited its propos' I site at Asuncion on his 
 hite trip, and has formed some sanguine expectations 
 as to its future. His enthusiasm on this occasion, us 
 on several others, seems to impair his judgment and 
 causes him to forget that, with the present military 
 force, it is impossible to furnish a suitable guard fur a 
 new mission, especially for one so far from the others 
 and in so populous a region. I suppose that Fages 
 very properly refused to furnish a guard until nioio 
 soldiers should be sent to California.^* At any rate a 
 bitter quarrel ensued between the two, respecting tlio 
 merits of which few details are known, but in the 
 course of which the hot-headed Fages, in the riglit at 
 first, may very likely have exceeded the bounds of 
 moderation and good taste; while the president, 
 though manifestly unjust in his prejudice against the 
 commandant, was perhaps more politic and self-con- 
 tained in his words and acts at the tune, and has, 
 moreover, the advantage of having left his side of the 
 question more fully recorded than that of his antago- 
 iiist.»» 
 
 "Pnloii, r!<Ia, 146, says that Scrra 'consulted with cnmandante Fa,i,'r3 
 nliout ail escort anil other assistance necessary for the founding, hut ho foiiiiil 
 the tloor closeil, and that he (Fages) wont on giving sucli directions tliiit if 
 they shoiihl he carried into cflect, far from hcing ahlo to found (the nii:sinii) 
 they threatened the risk of losing what it had cost so much worli to acii'iii- 
 plidli. To prevent such a result, from which serious misfortunes niiglit issue, 
 tlie venerable padre used all the means suggested by his great prudence inid 
 will known skill; Init in no way was ho able to accomplish his purpose.' Tlic 
 eaiiie author in Notkius, i. .500-10, says: 'They spokoot the number of soIiUcih 
 who were to remain, and of the manner in which the mission was to be iium- 
 a;;i(l, because lie (Fages) had already meddled in the government of the mis- 
 si(>ns, already jiretending that all belonged to !iim and not to tlie j^ailns; so 
 tliat the nii.it ions, instead of pi'ogrcssing, retrograded, and if the tiling w cut 
 on the reduction might bo rendered impossible, 
 
 '■' I'alou had aUuiled, in his Memorial of December 1772, tomisundcrstiiinl- 
 ings between tlic military and missionary autliorities. JIarcli KS, 177-', t lie 
 viceroy in a letter to Fages, Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 74-.'>, urges him to nKiiu- 
 tain harmony, to lis^ten to all complaints, to aid the padres with gunnls iuid 
 supplies, to treat converts well, and to promote the mission work in cviiy 
 possible way. October '2d, Scrra says to Fages that the padres are unwilling 
 to take charge of the troops' provisions, fearing quarrels, but will do it tem- 
 porarily if military supplies bo delivered in 8ep.arato packages. Arch. Ar.D- 
 hi.'jxidn, MS., i. 3. October 8th, Fages transcribes to Scrra ft communiiiitiin 
 from tho viceroy, dated November 3, 1771, ou the duty of president and 
 
SERRA QUARRELS WITH FAGES. 
 
 191 
 
 lannol, as 
 rs before. 
 )n on liis 
 )ectations 
 casioii, as 
 mcnt and 
 ■j military 
 Liard for a 
 he others 
 lat Fa,!jfes 
 ntil more 
 iny rate a 
 3ctinLj tlie 
 lit in tlie 
 c right at 
 bounds of 
 president, 
 gainst the 
 \ seh-con- 
 and lias, 
 idc of tlio 
 is untaiio- 
 
 o 
 
 mtl.inte Fai^cs 
 
 l)ut he fi)uiiil 
 
 'ctions thiit if 
 
 (the mission) 
 
 lork to aiTi'iii- 
 
 might i sue, 
 
 pnuleiice Mini 
 
 nuqiosi'. ' 'i'ho 
 
 fberot' soMirvs 
 
 liis to lie mail- 
 
 lit of tlu- iiiis- 
 
 |ho ]'aih'( s; >ii) 
 
 ic thini; went 
 
 lisnndori^tainl- 
 
 18, 177J, tlio 
 
 I him to iiKiin- 
 
 |h gunnls mill 
 
 voik in evi ry 
 laro uiiwilliii!,' 
 I'lll do it Uiii- 
 Afch. ArM- 
 
 l)iiiinunit':iti'ii\ 
 Iresiilint auJ 
 
 The eliargcs of the president against Fagos wore 
 ciuhodied in his Uc]U\'mintac{on of the following year. 
 According to this uoeunicnt his offences were as fol- 
 lows: Bad treatment of and haughty manners toward 
 liis men, causing them to hate him, as Serra had 
 learned by long experience; incompetence to com- 
 iiiaiid the cucra soldiers, since he belonged himself to 
 aiiotlier branch of the service; refusal to transfer sol- 
 dieis for bad conduct at the padres' request; meddling 
 V itli mission management and the i)unishment of neo- 
 ])hytes as he had no right to do except for dclitos de 
 Kdiif/rc, or grave offences; refusal to allow the padre 
 a soldier to serve as majordomo, the soldier being 
 traiisferr(Kl as soon as he became attached to a padre, 
 on tlie plea that such attachment was subversive of 
 the military authority; irregular and delayed delivery 
 of letters and property directed to the padres, accord- 
 ing to his whim, thus preventing the distribution of 
 small uifts to the Indians; insolence and constant 
 ci!orts to annoy the friars, who were at his mercy; 
 delaying mission work by retaining at the presidio 
 the only blachsmith; opening the iriars' letters, and 
 neglect to inform them in time when mails were to 
 start; taking away the mission mules for the use of 
 the soldiers; and the retention uiuler charge of the 
 jiiesidio of cattle intended i'or new missions.^" Some 
 of these charges were doubtless unfounded, or at least 
 cxa'j'Lifcrated. 
 
 It was partly on account of this difficulty with 
 Fages that Serra determined to go in pei'son to !Mox- 
 ico, but there were other motives that made such a 
 tiip desirable. The mission work in California had 
 now been fairly begun, and from the actual working 
 ol' the system the need of some changes had become 
 
 jiiulres to set a pood example by obedicnco to the orders of the t-oniinandant. 
 /•/. October I'Jth, >Serra assures Fajjea that neither he nor iii.s Biil)ordiiiatea 
 i'\\ r have failed or ever will fail in respect to tiio coninuindaut".s orders. Iil. , 4. 
 "■.Vi /•;•«, /,'</, rvKCiilacioii de 1,1 tie. Marzo 1773, in J'a'uii, Not., i. 518-.'{4, 
 papsini. lie hints that ho couhl say much worse things about hi.s foe if it 
 \M re necessary. There is also much against Fages iu •'ierm, Ii''2>ns., df ;.'i 
 ik Maiju 17 7 J, MS. 
 

 192 
 
 I'ROfiRESS OF THE NEW ESTABUSHMENTS. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 apparent, cliani^cs whicli the president could advocate 
 more effectually in ))erson than by corrcspondeiKc ; 
 and what made a visit to Mexico the more imperative 
 in the [)adre's opinion was the news that a new vice- 
 roy, presumably ignorant of northern afl'airs, had come 
 to New Spain the preceding autumn to succeed Croix, 
 and that Galvez, California's l)est friend, had also 
 gone to S[)ain. Only the most active efforts couM 
 keep U[) the old enthusiasm ; and at least it was well 
 to learn of what stuff Bucarcli was made. 
 
 Serra accordingly sailed on the San Carlos the 1 Otli 
 or 20th of October, taking with him a neophyte from 
 IMonterey who afterward received the rite of coniir- 
 mation at the hand of Archbishop Lorenzana. Of the 
 president's doings in Mexico I shall have something 
 to say in the next chapter." Shortly before the ves- 
 sel sailed, Padro Somera liad started for the penin- 
 sula;"* a little later Fagos set out overland for Mon- 
 terey ; and in November the friars Juan Figucr and 
 Ramon Usson arrived from the south, sent up l)y 
 Palou at Serra's request for the proposed mission of 
 San Buenaventura. 
 
 At a consultation between the Dominican vicar 
 general and Ilafael Verger the guardian of San Fer- 
 nando College, an agreement was formed April 7, 
 1772, by which all the missions of the peninsula were 
 given u[> by the Franciscan to the Dominican order. 
 The loiiij: series of ne<j;'otiations and intrimies which 
 led to tliis result has been presented elsewhere in I'on- 
 nection with the annals of the peninsula,*" and need 
 not be repeated here. The Dominicans had worked 
 hard for a division of the missions, which the Fraii- 
 
 "Ile arrived at Pan Bias Nov. 4tli, M-as at Topic Nov. lOtli, liail very 
 severe iind dangerous attacks of illnesH at (iuadalajara and Qiicr(*'>ro, ami 
 finally arrived in Mexico in I'Vbruury 1773. Serra, in llaudhii. Dor. Jfi-if. Ciil., 
 MS.. 1, says ho ■went to Mexico to plead for the extension of niis.-ionH, etc. 
 Fa^es in letter of Pec. '22, 177-, uHirnis tliat tlio padro left fur Mexico 'ou 
 inistiiou business.' I'rnr. St. l'n}>., MS., i. 8(J- 7. 
 
 '" i'ossii)!y several months before, biuce he sailed fi'oiu Loreto for Sau Blua 
 on Oct. I'Jtli. 
 
 '* Sec Hist. Xorth Mexican States, this series. 
 
FRAXCISCANS AND DO.VnXICAXS. 
 
 193 
 
 cisoans luid strcnuouslj roaistoJ. At first tlic new 
 cstablisliiiiciits of tlic north were hardly taken into 
 till! account by either party; but as the struggle con- 
 tinued, additional knowledge of the new country was 
 coiistaiitly accumulating; and finally, when it was no 
 longer possible to prevent a division, so flattering were 
 tlio reports from Alta California that the peninsula 
 v.as regarded as hardly worth the keeping, and was 
 gladly relinquished by the guardian of the niotlier col- 
 lege. The followers of Saint Dominic were pleased, 
 ior they obtained more than they had ever asked for. 
 So far as is shown by the records Palou and Serra 
 l<ii('\v notlung of the cession until it was consummated, 
 the latter first learning of it from retiring Franciscans 
 V, lioni he met at Topic; yet it is difficult of belief that 
 the guardian did not act on the direct advice of the 
 two presidents, or that Padre Jum'pero did not know 
 vvliat was brewing when he left San Diego. However 
 tliat may have been, all three were satisfied with their 
 iiargain, as they had every reason to be. Later the 
 division would have been on a very diflerent basis. 
 
 In August Palou received information of the agree- 
 ment at Loreto. His acts in the final delivery of tlio 
 missions have been noticed elsewhere. The guardian's 
 i:i.-tiUctions required ft)ur friars to be assigned to duty 
 ill tlic north., while the rest were to return to their 
 college. But in the mean time two, CandK)n and 
 S Miiera, had returned ill, two others had asked leave 
 of absence, one was needed for the ^Nfontorey presi<lio, 
 and one or two extra helpers would be convenient for 
 cniergoncies. Besides, it seemed much better to send 
 tlic fiiars up to San Diego, whence, if not needed, they 
 could return by sea to San Bias, than to S(Mid them 
 bade to the college to undertake, if neinled in tlie 
 iiortli, a long and dangerous voyage. He wrote forth- 
 willi to (Guardian Verger on the subject, and also to 
 8ena, sending two of the padres, Usson and Figuer, 
 U}i fo San Diego with the letter, in September. 
 
 Faterna, acting president in Serra's absence, wrote 
 
 Uisi. Cal,, Vol. I. 13 
 
SKt I 
 
 104 
 
 PROT.RESS OF THE XEXV ESTARLIiSnMEXTS. 
 
 liafk that ten friars would not be too many; Scrra 
 Yvi'ote from Topic, November 10tli,thatat least eii^lit 
 or ten should be sent to California if it could be done 
 without disobeyinjj very positive orders of the <^u;\v- 
 dian, and that he hoped to see Palou himself amoii<^r 
 the number; and finally Verier \vrote approving tlic 
 idea of sending eight or ten friars, but expressing 
 (l()ul>ts as to his ability to obtain a stipend for the 
 one destined to presidio service, and hoping that Palou 
 would decide to come back to the college. The latter 
 of course fixed upon the outside number, and inuur- 
 diately selected ei«>-ht in addition to the two alreadv 
 sent north; neither could he resist the temptation to 
 include his own name in the list.'" It was his plan 
 to leave behind temporarily Father Campa, who was 
 to act in his own absence as president, and to come 
 north later with a drove of cattle, which by authority 
 cf the viceroy were to be taken from the missions of 
 the peninsula. 
 
 l*alou was also authorized to take twenty-five na- 
 tive families from the frontier missions for the northern 
 establishments, and durinjx the autumn of 1772 and 
 the spring of 1773, while occupied with the final de- 
 tails of the transfer, he made a beginning of the ^\■ork, 
 meeting many obstacles through the lukewarniiiess 
 of the Dominicans and the open hostility of Governor 
 Barri.'-^ In Jul}'" while at Velicata, with six of his 
 fiiars, he received information from Campa that the 
 San Carlos had arrived at Loreto laden with sup^Jics 
 for San Diego, which it was proposed to unload at 
 Loreto while the vessel returned to San Bias for rt- 
 I)airs. Foreseeing that this delay was likely to cause 
 great w'ant in the new missions, the president resolved 
 to suspend his recruiting and pi'ess on to San Diego 
 innncdiately with all the maize his mules could carry. 
 
 ^"Thc eight wore: Francisco Palou, Pedro Benito Cambon, Grcgorio Aiiiur- 
 rio, Ferniin Francisco Liisucn, .Inan Piestumcro, Vicente Faster, Jose Aiitd- 
 iiioMnrguia Miguel de la, Cair.jia y Cos. 
 
 '-' Y»;t Ikirri \n-itcs to Pages J.in. 7, 1773, that lie ha.s sent up ."0 horses inid 
 40 mules, all he could collect in the peninsula. Prov. Htut. I'ap,, MS., i. loS. 
 
PALOU'S JOURXFA' TO TITE NOr.TII. 
 
 IM 
 
 Caniboii w.'iH left in cliargo of Imlliin faniilios, cattlo, 
 and a considorahlo amount of chuivli proporty, ro- 
 spoctinj^ wliicli there was much subsequent difficulty, 
 as we shall see. lie wrote to Governor l^airi urging 
 liim to forward to San Luis Bay as nuich maize as 
 ])()ssihle, for which he would send Ijack mules from 
 San Diego, and with the six padres and a guard of 
 fourteen men ho set out for the north the 21st of July. 
 
 As the Californian annals of 1772, beginning in the 
 extreme north, were made to follow, so to speak, the 
 progress of President Serra southward, so may tho 
 little that is recorded of 1773 bo most conveniently 
 attached to the march of President Palou northward 
 from Velicatii to Monterey. On tho 2Gth three sol- 
 diers were sent out in advance to announce their 
 coming, and Patcrna and Pena came down far on the 
 wav to meet tho travellers, with all the nuiles that 
 could be spared. The only event in the journey re- 
 (juii'iug notice was tho raising of a cross, with ap^iro- 
 jiriato ceremonies, to mark the boundary between 
 Fram;iscan and Dominican territory, on the 19th of 
 August. The cross was placed on a high rock five 
 leagues above tho Arroyo of San Juan liautista and 
 about fifteen leagues below San Diego."^ Arriving at 
 the latter port on the morning of tho 30th, the new- 
 comers were welcomed with a discharge of fire-arms 
 and with every demonstration of joy. 
 
 Palou's advance messengers had gone on to Monte- 
 rey to obtain from Pages mules to bring up the sup- 
 plies from Velicatii. While awaiting a rei)ly the pr(\si- 
 dent busied himself in studying the condition of af- 
 fairs and in making a temporary distribution of the 
 new friars, since nothing could be done in tho new 
 establishments until the vessels came with su[)plies 
 and soldiers."' Tho native families expected from the 
 
 '^Tlic cross boro the inscription, Divmon ih Inn minhnoi ilc NiipMro Padre 
 <^»nlol)(ir,ui,,jo y <lc Niie.'<lrQ Pndn: ,S'a// I'raiicixco; ai'io dc 177 J. 
 
 *•' Tlio iiiis.sionury force after this distribution was its follows: S:in Diego— 
 Luis Jiiume, Vicente Fuster, and Grejjorio Ainurrio aa superiiiuucraiy. Sau 
 
196 
 
 rnonnEss of tite new KSTAnusiiMEXTs. 
 
 lilt:::! 
 
 south ^vc•ro also jipportionod in advance amoni^ tlio 
 missions aof.'onlinijf to their ap[)arent need."* Puterna, 
 ]jasuon, and Prestainero started lor their stations on 
 the r)tli of Septeniher. On the 19th came a letter 
 from Fagos with all the mules that could be obtained, 
 I'iLjhty-two in nund>er, which were sent forward three 
 days later under Ortei^a and a guard for Velicatii.-' 
 On the 2Gth Palou, Murguia, and Pena started for 
 the north, after having baptized fifteen new converts 
 fiom El liincon, a league and a half north of the 
 mission. 
 
 The journey northward presents nothing of inter- 
 est, Palou simply stationing his companions at their 
 respective missions according to the plan already 
 giver., and making close observations to be utilized in 
 his forthcoming report. At San Luis the party Mas 
 met by Pages, and a league from IMonterey Crespi 
 came out to greet his old friend and school-mate. At 
 the presidio on November 14th they were welcomed 
 with the customary salute and ringing of bells, to 
 which Palou replied with a j(>/«7/t'r^, expressing to tlie 
 soldiers his joy at seeing that they had come to servo 
 God in so distant a land, where he hoped they woulil 
 set a good example to the natives. Then they went 
 over to San Cdrlos and were greeted by the ministers 
 and Indians. Palou was very enthusiastic over his 
 arrival at Monterey, a place wliich he had desired to 
 visit ever since he read Torquemada's description of 
 Vizcaino's voyage over twenty j'ears ago, and a [)lacc 
 where he was willing to devote his life to the saving 
 of precious souls, his own included. 
 
 Gabriel — Antonio Patcma, Antonio Cruzado (both of whom had asked Kr.vo 
 to retire), Juan Tigiicr, and Fermin Francisco Lasiicn. San Luis ()liis]in— 
 Jos(5 Cavalier, Domingo Juncosa (anxious to retire), later Josd Antonio Nliir- 
 guia, with Juan Prestamero and Toniiis de la I'ena as supenmmeiarics. Sau 
 Antonio — Mi^^uel Picrns, Buenaventura Sitjar, niul Ramon Usson as sn]i(i- 
 nunierary. San Carlos — Juan Crespi, Francisco Dumetz, and Francisco I'aloii. 
 
 '^* San Diego was to have one family ; San Gabriel G families, and most of 
 the unmarried; and San Luis Obispo 3 families and some nultcroii. It is pos- 
 eiblo that these Indians came up with Palou. 
 
 "I suppose that the 14 soldiers who had come up with Palou also returned, 
 though tliero is no record of it. It is a point, moreover, of sumu importauco 
 iu tracing the uamcs uf the earliest settlers iu Colifuruia. 
 
 Mi*-i' 
 
rs. 
 
 iMoii!::^ tlio 
 l\itcn»a, 
 tations on 
 a lettrr 
 ) obtained, 
 van I tlirco 
 Vclicatd.-' 
 itarted for 
 V converts 
 :th of the 
 
 ^ of intcr- 
 is at their 
 ,n already 
 utilized in 
 party m;is 
 roy Crespi 
 -mate. At 
 ! welcomed 
 )f bells, to 
 ing to the 
 iG to servo 
 hoy would 
 they went 
 ministers 
 over his 
 desired to 
 riptlon of 
 nd a [)laco 
 he savinj^ 
 
 VISIT TO THE TULARES. 
 
 197 
 
 It is recorded that some time during 1773 Co- 
 niandante Fages, while out in search of deserters, 
 crossed the sierra eastward and saw an inunenso plain 
 covered with tnlarcs und a great lake, whence came as 
 
 - " — — - - ^ - - , — ____ __ _,_ — 
 
 10 supposed the great river that had prevented him 
 _'roiii going to Point Ileyes. Tliis may be regarded 
 as the discovery of the Tulare A^'alley. Thus close 
 the son)ev;hat meagre annals of an uneventful year, 
 80 far as internal affairs in California are concerned, 
 hut there Were measures of much moment beini: 
 Ibniented without, to which and to a general report 
 on the conditi(ni of the country the following chapter 
 will be devoted."" 
 
 '"Oil tlio events of this chapter sec Palou. Ifot., i. 180-245, 481-o]3; Jd. 
 Vida, 134-51. 
 
 Ll nskcd K'avo 
 iLuia ()l>is)m— 
 Antonio Mur- 
 Inciuiies. S:iu 
 Isson as stqior- 
 Tanciseo Taloii. 
 Is, and most of 
 h-os. It is pos- 
 
 1 also rcturnrd, 
 BIO uupoituuco 
 
1 1 
 
 ! ll 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 I 
 
 i|i' 
 
 
 FIRST ANNUAL RErORT; SERRA'S LAIJORS IN MEXICO. 
 
 1773. 
 
 pALOti's Report op December, and Serra's in May — Condition of Cam- 
 JOKNIA AT Close oi- the First Historical Peuioh — Names Arpi.iED— 
 PitEsiiiio AM) Five Missions — Haptisms, M.\uuiA(iEs, and Deaths — 
 Gentiles Friendly — 1'ke-pastorai, Californian \uriiiTK(TruE — 
 
 I'ALISADE EncLOSITIIES — AlJKICirLTI'kK AND K lOCK - RAISINd — XkW 
 
 TuEHiDio 1{e(;i'lations or Seitember 177- — Father Junipeuo in 
 Mexico — Memorial ok March — Memorial ok Ai'Uil— San IW.vs 
 
 ESTADLISHMENI' SaVED— AcTION OF THE .ICNTA— AlDS AND ReIOKMS— 
 
 Reolamento— EuiiiTY Soldiers for California — Ways and M>:ans— 
 Serra's Report — Provisional Instructions to Fages — Fiscai.'s 
 Report — Condition of Pkhs Fhnd — Final Ac'tion of the Jinta— 
 Rivera Appointed to Sicieed Faoes — Instructions — PiiiiPAUATioNd 
 of Rivera and Anza— Serr.\ Homeward Bound, 
 
 '/. 
 
 
 The resolution of the junta de gucr' i y real Itacicnd 
 dated April 30, 1772, giving the missions of Hk^ 
 peninsula to the Dominicans, required the Francis- 
 cans to render an annual report on the condition <«f 
 their new establishments; and on ^lay 12th the 
 viceroy had ordered such report from the president/ 
 Therefore Palou, president in Serra's absence, gave 
 his attention to the matter during his stay at San 
 Diego and his trip northward, devoting himself, on 
 airival at ^Monteiey in November, to tlie task -if 
 forming from the results of his observations a com- 
 plete statement for the viceroy. The document w;is 
 completed the 10th of December 1773, and was for- 
 warded to Mexico overland with a letter to the 
 
 •Tho first document is given in full in Palou, Not., i. lOO-j; and tho 
 Bccuud is I'ufciTcd tu iu /(/., ii. t). 
 
 V 198 ) 
 
FIRST ANNUAL Rin'ORTS. 
 
 109 
 
 rrn.irdiaii of S;m l'\'riinii(I<).'" Under «l;ito of ^Fay 
 i;|>( of tliu same year Serni in Mexico liad iiicliided 
 ill Ills report to the viceroy a detailed stateiueiit 
 oj" tiio actual condition of H»e missions at the time ot' 
 Ills departure the precedii;^; Septendier, suj»plemente(l 
 hv iiilormation deiived IVoi.' later correspon«li'nee. 
 Tills )-tj)()rt"'' covers substantially the same ground as 
 tliat of Palou and the t\v<) cond)ined may he regarded 
 i\fi one document. Later amuiul an«l hiennial rejioits 
 of the missio!is, ])reserved in my Library, will h" 
 ii(ih/cd for the most part in local cha[)ters and statis- 
 tical appeiulices, being noticed in my text only 'u a 
 j;'cnernl maimer or for special reasons. ]>ut thi iirst 
 ri'poi't being a very complete statement of (.California's 
 (•(•ii('ition at t!i • nd of what may be n^gardcd as t1 o 
 liist period of her mission histoiy, deserves fuller 
 ii()ti((> huie. Historical items pi-oper respecting the 
 f xiiiding (jf each mission gathered I'rom this soiu'ce 
 as fi'om (»thers having been given in the preceding 
 chapters, I now invito the reader's attention to the 
 iicw cstal)lishments as they were at the end of 177^, 
 the fifth year of Spanish ()ccu[)ation. 
 
 The *>rew ]!]stablishments,' 'Establishments of San 
 J)iego and Monterey,' tlio 'Missions of IMontcrey,' 
 'X{!\v California,' 'Northern California,' 'California 
 Sii[)(iior,' 'Alta California,' and the 'Peninsula' — 
 i'ur all these names had been or were a little later ap- 
 plied, and continued in use for many years — include at 
 tiiis time five missions and a presidio.* These are San 
 
 - Paloii, Iii/orme queporel vies de dk'iemhrc de 177-i kc hlzo al Ex'no Sn'mr 
 Vini/dd c.-ilud'') de km (.■hiri) iniKloiic^ df Muiil< nii, in I'ldaii, Not., ii. II 4'J. 
 liiiri'^, iu lii.H VniiiKjc en Cril., a, report iuMrosst'd to tlic VictToy on Nov. ,'!(). 
 177'>, iisiil tliia lir.st report of I'alou, to which he, however, gives tlic thite of 
 Nov. •2lth, instead of Dec. lOth. 
 
 ^.V' ;•;•((, /'<:/ircm'iilitci()ii dl P. Fr. Jmif/iero Srrrn ynhrr lux Misioni'^ dr hi 
 Xni ni aiilii'itniki, L'l d<' Mayo dn 17<'l, MS. 'J'his repi.)rt is in two parts, one 
 nsiiectin;,' the needs) of the country from a military point i " view, and the 
 otiicr on the actnal condition of tlio missions. 
 
 'it is to 1)0 noted that I'alou in his report does not name San I>ie,i.'o as a 
 l>r(.si(lio, and there is no evidence that it was in these earliest years (•i)nsi(ier» d 
 as such excejjt in the sense that every post guarded by soldiers, like any of 
 tiie niisaioiis, is spoken of as a presiilio. San l)icyo had no lar^^'cr rej,'ular f' ireo 
 than some otlur missions. It became, however, aregular presidio in 177-i wlr u 
 tlic uc\v njluiitCiUu went into ell'ect. 
 
ij 
 
 ■' ■■■ i 
 
 i 
 
 
 im 
 
 
 } : 
 
 ill' 
 
 200 
 
 SERRAo LARORS IX MEXICO. 
 
 Diego tic Alcalii at Cosoy on tlio port of San Diei^r^ 
 in ^'2" 43', built on a liill two giuisliots from the shore, 
 and facing tlio entrance to the port at Point Guijarros; 
 San Gal)riel Arcangel, forty-four leagues nortli-west 
 of San Diego, in the country of Los Temblores in 34" 
 10', on the slope of a hill half a league from the source 
 of the Rio do San Miguel, six leagues west of tlic 
 Piiver Jesus do los Temblores, and a league and a lialf 
 east of the Iliver Nuestra Senora do Los Angeles ' do 
 Pnrciuncula ; San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, about seventy 
 leagues from San Gabriel in 35° 38', on an eminence 
 half a league from the Canada do los Osos and tliico 
 leagues from the Ensenada do Buchon, in the country 
 of the Tichos; San Antonio do Padua, twenty-tln-cc 
 leagues above San Luis, in 3G° 30', in the Canada de 
 los Robles of the Sierra de Santa Lucia, at first on 
 the River San Antonio, but moved a league and a 
 half up the canada to the Arroyo do San Miguel; 
 San Carlos Dorromeo, on the River Carmelo, oikj 
 league from Monterey and twenty-five leagues from 
 San Antonio; and, finally, the presidio of San Carlos 
 de ]\I(jnterey on the bay and port of tlic same name. 
 The five missions are under the care of nineteen 
 Franciscan friars of the coWg^c dc i^ropafjanda Jldc of 
 San Fernando in the city of ]\Iexico, whose names 
 and distribution have been given,'* and who are sub- 
 ject locally to the authority of a president residing 
 at San CMrlos, the cahccera, or head mission of tlio 
 five.^ The military force to which is intrusted the 
 protection of the missions is sixty men, thirty-livo 
 soldadoti de cucra and twenty-five Catalan voluntcei-s, 
 under a connnandant residing at the presidio of ]\Ion- 
 terey, each mission having a guard of from six to six- 
 teen under a corporal or sergeant, while about twenty 
 
 ^Tliiaia the first application of the namo Los Angeles to tliis rc,';ion, and ii 
 doubtless the origin of the name as afterward applied to the pueblo and city. 
 
 "See note I'i, chap. viii. of this volume. 
 
 ' A full description of the mission system in all its parts and workings \>ill 
 be given elsewhere; also of the presidio or military system, and of civil gin- 
 crnuicut. 
 
CONDITION OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 201 
 
 nun garrison the presidio under the commandant's 
 (liroct orders. The civil and political authority is 
 blLiidod theoreticall}', for there is no record of the 
 ])i-actieal exercise of any such power in these earliest 
 days, with the military, and vested in the commaMdant, 
 who is in civil matters responsible and suboiclinate to 
 the irovernor of the Californias, rosidinix at ]j(M'eto. 
 The population consists of military officials and soldiers, 
 friars and their neophytes, a few mechanics under gov- 
 crnmoiit pay, servants and slaves — all these of Spanish, 
 negro, Indian, and mixed hlood — some natives of Baja 
 Calilornia scrvini; as laborers without other wages 
 than their sustenance, and, finally, thousands of gen- 
 tile natives. There are as yet no colonists or settlers 
 proper.** 
 
 lancing first at the mission work par cxcdlencr, 
 the conversion of the heathen to Christianity^ we find 
 a total of 491 baptisms for the first five years, 29 of 
 them having died, and G2 couples, representing doubt- 
 less nearly all the adult converts, have been united in 
 marriage by Christian rites." The two nortliern mis- 
 sionh with 1G5 and 158 baptisms are far above tho 
 southern establishments, which are 83 and 73 respect- 
 ively, while the newly founded San Luis has only 
 twelve converts.^'' It is to be nouxl, however, that 
 the friars have not in several of the missions baptized 
 so many as they might have done, preferring that the 
 candidates should be well instructed, and often re- 
 strained by an actual or prospective lack of supplies, 
 sinct,' they are unwilling to receive formal neophytes 
 whom they may not be able to supply with food. 
 Again, more than half the whole number have been 
 baptised during the year and a half since Serra's 
 departure. The gentiles are now evei-ywhere friendly 
 
 *Tliu matter of tho pruceiling paragraph has not been drawn from tho 
 rt'pni;,s of l',ih)ii ami Scrra. 
 
 "Cwiiiploto statistics of baptism;?, marriaiiroH, deatlis, and pojiulation for 
 t'Vi'iy liiisbiuu aiul uvury deciulo from the bugimiiug will bo given lu ...uii' piopur 
 
 plur,.'. 
 
 '"So Fiiy tlie f);cncral roports; yet tho mission baptismal register shows a 
 total of oi baiitisms ni i"7-' and 4 in 1773. 
 
202 
 
 SERRA-S LABORS IN MEXICO. 
 
 m 
 
 as a rule, and liavc for tlio most part overcome their 
 original timidity, and to some extent also the distrust 
 caused by outrp<^es of* the soldiers." Only at San 
 Diego have there been unprovoked hostilities. Near 
 each mission, except San Luis, is a rancheria of gen- 
 tiles living in rude little huts of boughs, tules, grass, 
 or of whatever material is at hand. Many of these sav- 
 ages come regularly as catechumens to doctrina, and 
 often those of more distant rancherias are induced to 
 come in and listen to the nmsic and receive trillin.;' 
 gifts of food and beads. The neophytes are generally 
 willing to work when the friars can feed them, which 
 is not always the case; but it does not appear that at 
 this early period they live regularly in the mission 
 buildings as in later times. At San Diego there are 
 eleven rancherias "within a radius of ten leagues, liviii'jf 
 on grass, seeds, fish, and rabbits. A canoe and net 
 arc needed that the christianized natives may be taught 
 improved methods of fishing.^" At San Gabriel the 
 native population is larger than elsewhere, so large iii 
 fact that more than one mission will be needed in that 
 region. The different rancherias are unfortunately at 
 war with each other, and that near the mission being 
 prevented from going to the sea for fish is often in 
 great distress for food. Here the conduct of the sol- 
 (liers causes most trouble, but the natives are rapidly 
 being conciliated. At San Luis the population is also 
 very large and the natives are from the first iirni 
 friends of the Spaniards; but as they have plenty of 
 deer, i-abbits, fish, and seeds, being indeed far better 
 sup[)lied with food than the Spaniards, it is difficult to 
 
 k . 
 
 " That the irregular conduct of the soliUcra was one of the cliicf ol\stf.(-lr'» 
 to missionary success tlicro can bo little doubt; yet it is not likely that tho 
 coniamlaute was so i^uch to blanio as Serra says. J lis dislike for Fajjea I'oli ir.s 
 his! rejiort. Have misfortunes of any kind oceiirrcd at a mission, they wiij 
 entirely duo to tho mismanagement of ' a certain ollicial;' has another mission 
 been prosiierous, it was in spite of that mismanagement. 
 
 '- According to Serra nearly all in the rancheria tliat had formerly attai'krd 
 tho mission had been converted. Tho 'oQcial ' was displeased that so luany 
 liad been baptized, and he had wished to remove the natives to a distiiuco on 
 jtretence of danger to the presidio, but Serru had objected strenuously and 
 every one elso ridiculed the proposal ! 
 
PRE-rASTORAL ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 203 
 
 render niii^sion life fascinating to them, articles of cloth- 
 ing- being the chief attraction. They come often to 
 tlio nn.ssion but do not stay, having no rancheria iu 
 tlio vicinity. At San Antonio the natives are ready 
 to live at the mission when the priests are ready for 
 thcni, and far from depending on the missionaries for 
 I'odd they bring in large stores of pine-nuts, acorns, 
 i-ahbits, and squirrels." At San Carlos converts are 
 iiKtst numerous, but for want of food they cannot bo 
 kept at the mission. Here and also at San Antonio 
 three soldiers have already married native women. 
 
 • 
 
 It is a rude architecture, that of pre-pastoral Cali- 
 fornia, being stockade or palisade structures, which 
 were abandoned later in favor of adobe walls. At 
 cvciy mission a line of high strong posts, set in the 
 ground close together, encloses the rectangular space 
 \vliicli contains the simple wooden buildings serving 
 as church and dwellings, the walls of whicli also in 
 most instances take the stockade form. The buildings 
 at San Carlos are somewhat fully described by Scrra. 
 Tlio rectangle hero is seventy yards long and forty- 
 tlu'ee wide, with ravelins at the corners. Fw want of 
 nails the upright palisades are not secured at the top, 
 and the ease with wdiich they can be moved renders 
 the strong gate locked at night an object of ridicule. 
 Within, the chief building, also of palisade walls plas- 
 tered inside and out with mud or clay, is seven by iifty 
 yards and divided into six rooms. One room serves 
 as a church, another as the minister's dwelling, and 
 anoihor as a storehouse, the best rooms boin'": white- 
 washed with lime. This building is roofed with mud 
 su{)j)orted by horizontal timbers. A slighter structure 
 used as a kitchen is roofed with grass. The (quarters 
 
 '^Tlicy liiul revealed, as Scrra says, the locality of the cavr wIutc tlioir 
 iilol.s wore Uc'pt, so that those idols could be destroyed at any time. Tho 
 (isM's-iir ol' Monterey County in his report to the surveyor-genei'al, i'.ceording 
 to an item goiny tho rounds of local newspapers, mentions a laij;c cave in tliis 
 reu'ioii covered on tho inside witli hieroglyphics and liavinu; a cross cut in ita 
 \valls tradition, dly i>y the liands of Scrra himself. Xear the cave is a hot sid- 
 phur spring. It would be ditiicult to prove tho uoii-ideutity of the two caves. 
 
204 
 
 SEBRA'S L.VBORS IN MEXICO. 
 
 !i ! 
 
 ,11 
 
 '! 
 
 
 of the sol(lIcr;3 arc clistiiict from the niis.sioii and arc 
 eiulosud by a sei)aratu palisade, while outside of b(jth 
 enclosures are the simple huts of the ranoheria. 
 Between the dates of the two reports it is found that 
 the nuul roofs do not prove effective against the winter 
 rains; and. a new church partly of rough and partly of 
 worked timber is built and roofed with tules. The 
 timber used is the pine and cypress still so abundant 
 in that regl(m. At San Luis and San Gabiiel the 
 buildings are of the same nature, if somewhat less 
 extensive and complete, there being also a small house 
 within the stockade for each of the Baja Californiau 
 families. At San Diei>-o, where the stockade is in a 
 certain sense a presidio, two bronze cannijus ai-e 
 mounted, one pointing tow^ard the harbor, and the 
 otlier t'jward the rancheria. Hgre, in addition to wood 
 and tules, or rushes, adobes have also been used in con- 
 structing the friars' house." Four thousand adobes 
 have been made, some stones have been collected, and 
 the foundation laid of a church ninety feet long ; but 
 Mork has been suspended on account of the non -arrival 
 of the supply-vessels In 1773. At San Antonio tlu^ 
 church and padres' dwelling are built of adobes, and 
 the three soldiers married to native women have each 
 a separate house. The presidio at Monterey is also a 
 stockade enclosure with a cannon mounted In each of 
 its four ravelins at the corners. The soldiers' quarters 
 and other rooms within arc of wood with mud roofs, 
 except a chapel and room for the visiting friar, whiili 
 are of adobe, as in the commandant's house and the jail. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 k 
 
 ^ 
 
 But slight progress has been made in agriculture; 
 though by repeated failures the padres are gaining 
 experience for future success, and a small vegetablo 
 garden at each mission, carefully tended and irrigated 
 by hand, has been more or less productive. At San 
 l)Iego, at first, grain was sown In the river-bottom and 
 the crop entirely destroyed by a rising of the stream. 
 
 '* Scrra says tliat a large part of tlio builJiiiga were of uilobcs. 
 
rnniiTR'E agPvIculture. 
 
 •205 
 
 Ni::t yonr, it was sown so far uway from tho water 
 that it (lied from drought all but five or ci'jjht lano^^as 
 .saved for seed. The river now dried up, aiiorchny m^ 
 miming water as wo are assured even in the rainy 
 j<o;u()ii, thougli plenty of water for the cattle and for 
 otlier uses could always bo found in pooLs or by slight 
 digging in the bed of the stream. Irrigation being 
 thus impossible tho rain must be depended on, and 
 wliile Palou was here a spot was selected for the next 
 cxp(;riment in the river-bottom, about two leagues 
 fidiu the mission, at a spot called Nuestra Senora del 
 I'ilar, where rain was thought to bo more a])undant 
 and tlio rliik of flood and drought somev/hat less." 
 Hun Gabriel is in a large, fertile, well watered plain, 
 with every facility for irrigation. Thoug'h the first 
 year's crop, according to Serra, had been drowned out 
 and entirely lost, tho second, as Palou ttlls us, pi-o- 
 duced one hundred and thirty fancgas of maize and 
 seven fancgas of beans, the first yielding one hundred 
 and ninety-five fold and the latter twenty-one fold. 
 Plantiii'j: the next year was to be on a nmch lar<xer 
 scale with ever}^ prospect of success. San Luis has 
 also plenty f)f I'ertilc, well watered, and well wooded 
 land which has yielded a little maize and beans tho 
 tir.st year, and promised well for the future. At San 
 Antonio two fancgas of wdieat are to be fown on irii- 
 gated land. San Carlos has some good land, and tliough 
 tiiere are no advantages for irrigation, it is thought 
 maize and "heat can be raised. By reason of late sow- 
 hig onlv ii u iUnegas of wheat were harvested in 177'J. 
 Pasturage is everywhere excellent, and tlte little 
 livc-stockdistributod among the missions has flourished 
 from the bofxinninof. Each mission has received 18 
 head of horned cattle and has now from OS to 47 head, 
 or 204 in the aggregate, with GO horses, 71) mules, 102 
 swine, and IGl sheep and goats at San l)ieg(j and 
 
 '■•/'r('o)^ Nof., i. 240-1. The place must have heon nonr the site of tlie 
 later inissinn, Sorra says it waa tho crop of 177- that was ilcstioyeil by Uooil, 
 
 ouly b faucgub bciiig saved. 
 
200 
 
 SERTIA'S LABORS IX MEXICO. 
 
 ' :■ 
 
 San Cabriv 1 alone. Some memoranda of farmers' and 
 moolianies' tools arc given in conneetion with eaeli 
 mis.sion; but there arc no mcehanics .save at the pre- 
 sidio. Palou has somcthinj,' to say of the missions to 
 1)0 founded in the future, but nothing that requires 
 attention hero, exeept perhaps that the proposed Santa 
 Clara is not identical with the mi.ssion that is later 
 founded under that name, but is to be on the Santa 
 Clara River in the southern part of the province. 
 
 10 
 
 Having thus laid before the reader the condition of 
 California in 1773, the end of the first period of her 
 history, I have now to consider the important meas- 
 ures for her welfjire, urged and adopted at the capital 
 of New Spain during the same j-ear. First, liowevei", 
 a royal order of September 10, 1772, must be brieily 
 noticed in which the king issued a series of resj^ula- 
 tions and instructions for the new line of royal pre- 
 sidios, to be formed along the northern frontier of his 
 American possessions." These regulations, the mili- 
 tary law in California as in all tlio north-west ior 
 many years, will require to be studied somewhat iu 
 detail when I come to describe the presidio system; 
 but as an historical document under its own date it did 
 not affect California as it did other provinces, where it 
 abolished or transferred old presidios, established new 
 ones, and effected radical chanijes in their manage- 
 ment. Its last section is as follows: " I declare that 
 
 '" The receipt of Palou 's report was acknowledged by the viceroy in a k'tttr 
 of May 'J.'), 177-J, recuivod July (itli, and answered July 2Stli; but thcio is 
 nothing of importance in this corrcspon<lencc. A r(5suin(5 with extnu^ts of 
 I'alou's report waa published in the S. F. Bnllelin, Oct. I'J, 1803. In S<in 
 O'libricI, Lib. tie jMi<!o)i, ^IS., 0-S, is a circular letter addressed to the pathvs 
 of California by Palou, requiring each of them, or each pair of them, at tlio 
 end of every iJecember to send in full reports of their respective missions to 
 the president, from which lie might form his general report to tlic viccioy, 
 Binco it would be impossible for him to visit eacii mission annually. This let- 
 ter was dated iSan Gabriel, Oct. 9, 1773, while the writer was at work on liia 
 first report. 
 
 ^'' y'/r,s((/;o.i, I\r:ilamciito ( Instnircion pnra Iok Presidios que sr han defornwf 
 en la Vinon, df fr'niicra dc la Xiieva Kspaua. Ue-sutUo jiur el llii) \. S. en vvdulit, 
 df 10 do Srpt'irinhrc df 177~, Madrid, 1772. Sm. 4to, 122 pages. My copy wns 
 presented by Viceroy Biicareli to Mclchor cie Perauius. 1 have also the edition 
 of Mexico, 177:5. 8vo, 1.32 pages. 
 
EEOLAMEXTO DK PRESIDIOS?. 
 
 207 
 
 the prcsidids C)f California are to continue for ihc pres- 
 ent on <licir actual ft)otinu^ according tot ho provisions 
 niadi- hy my vIciToy after the concpiest and reduction 
 liad been extended to the port of ^lonterey; and on 
 the suj)posltion that ho has provisionally assigned tlie 
 jiumumI sum of thirty-three thousand dollars for the 
 iiocds and |»rotection of that ])eninsula, I order and 
 (•oiiniKUid that this sum bo still paid at the end of 
 
 • adi year I'rijm the royal treasury of Guadalajara, as 
 has heen done of late; and that my viceroy sustain 
 and aid hy all possible means the old and new estab- 
 lisliintuts of said province, and inform mo of all that 
 lie may deem conducive and useful to their progress, 
 and to the extension of the new reductions of gentile 
 Indians."'^ 
 
 Ihesident Serra, having left California in the pre- 
 ceding September, arrived at the city of Mexico in 
 l\'hniary 1773. The objects of his visit were to see 
 to it that California was not ne<i'lected throuixh igno- 
 ranco or indifference on the part of the new viceroy, 
 to urge certain general measures for the good of his 
 province suggested by his experience of tlie past live 
 years, to get rid of the commandant, Fages, his bitter 
 l(n; and the cause, from the friar's point of view, of all 
 that was not pure prosperity in the missions, and to 
 procure such regulations as would prevent similar 
 ti'oubles with future commandants by putting all the 
 I lower into the friars' hands and reducing the military 
 element to a minimum,^" He found Bucareli not 
 less favorably disposed than had been his predecessor 
 ( Voix, and was by him instructed to prepare a memo- 
 lial, in which were to be embodied his views on the 
 
 • [iiestions at issue. Being authorized to do so by his 
 superi(3r, the guardian of San Fernando, and having 
 
 ^^ PrrshlioK, Reijlamcnto, 120-1. 
 
 "Scfia had received from California a certiQcato from Fafjes dated Mon- 
 teiTv, Di'c. '12, 1772, to tlic effect that the iiiis-sio'io wore all aiipplicd wiUi 
 liMih-is an>l that Serra had left on business connected witli liin worU. I'l-'f. 
 St. l'(i/i., .MS., i. 80. It seems strange that Serni did not (.;ot tliis cirtilicatu 
 at his departure if necessary, and that Fages should have sent it voliuitaiily, 
 fur there wua no time to scud back for it. 
 
i, 1? 
 
 jf 
 I' 
 
 :l i i 
 
 
 'J. 
 
 IE 
 
 i 5 
 
 :a 
 
 fc 
 
 il 
 
 208 
 
 SKRIIA'S LABORS IX MEXICO. 
 
 I 
 
 
 hastened tlic sailing of the San Carlos with su^jplies, 
 Padro Junipero set himself diligently to work, com- 
 pleted the required document on March 13th, antl 
 presented it two days later to the viceroy."" 
 
 Ilis suggestions or claims were thirty -two in num- 
 ber, formed without any attempt at classification into 
 as many articles of the memorial. I shall avoid mucli 
 confusion and repetition by referring to the several 
 points in the order in \vhich they were acted ujioii 
 rather than as they were presented. His first and 
 second claims were for a master and mate to aid 
 Perez on the transports, since Pino had leave of ab- 
 sence, and Canizares was too young to have full charge 
 of a vessel; and that the new vessel be made readvas 
 
 %■' 
 
 soon as possible. He soon found, however, that in 
 order to cut down expenses to agree with the royal 
 order of September 10, 1772, already alluded to, it liad 
 been determined in Mexico to give up the San Bias 
 establislinient and to depend on mule trains for tlio 
 forwarding of supplies to San Diego and IMonteroy. 
 Against this policy the California champion sent in 
 a new memorial dated the 2 2d of April. ^* In this 
 document he argued that the conveyance of sup[)]ic.s 
 by land would be very difficult if not impossible, tliat 
 it would cost the royal treasury much more than the 
 present system, and that it would seriously interfere 
 with the spiritual conquest. Besides at least a liun- 
 dred men and horses, there would be required eleven 
 hundred, and probably fifteen hundred, mules for tlie 
 service, which it \vould be impossible to obtain in 
 time to prevent much suffering in California if not its 
 total abandonment, to say nothing of the excessive 
 cost. The great expense of the San Bias establisli- 
 nient had been largely due to the building of new 
 vessels and warehouses, not necessary m the future. 
 There had possibly been some mismanagement that 
 
 *"(?«•>•«, Rpprcsnitacion de 13 de Marzo 1773, ^IS.; also in Palou, Xot., i. 
 514-^8; ami elsewliere in fragments and abridgments. 
 
 '^^ Scrrn, MeiHOrinl. de 2.2 de Ahril, xohrc ■mmhuslmciones d loa EstaHecimien- 
 to8 de California y conduccion de ellas, MS. 
 
MEASURES ADVOCATED. 
 
 209 
 
 mii^lit 1)0 avoiilcd; in any case some kintl of a niaiino 
 uslalillsliniout must be kept uj) for the transport of 
 sn[ipliL'S to Loreto, and tlio nuik'teers would bo <piito 
 ;is liuinorous and expensive as the sailors. j\[oreover, 
 the oft-repeated passage of large caravans of careless, 
 rough, and immoral men across the long stretch of 
 country between Velieattl and Monterey could not 
 I'ail to have a bad cft'ect on the natives along the 
 loute. These arguments proved unanswerable, and 
 th(! viceroy ordered that for the present, until the 
 king's pleasure could bo known, the San Bias trans- 
 poits sliould continue their service, with the slight 
 changes suggested by Father Junfpero, who thus 
 gained the first two points of his original demand. 
 
 Tlie thirty remaining points of the reprcftontacion 
 wore by the viceroy submitted to i\\o junta de guerra 
 y real hacienda"'^ — board of war and royid exchequer 
 — wliich august body on ^lay Gth granted eighteen 
 of thorn and part of another, denying only a i)art of 
 article 32, in which Serra asked to have paid the ex- 
 penses of his journey to Mexico. Thus twenty-one 
 of the original points were disposed of almost entirely 
 ill Serra's favor.^^ Four of those bore upon the past 
 troubles between the Franciscan and military author- 
 ities, and wore designed to curtail the powers wliich, 
 as tlie former claimed, had been assumed by the latter. 
 ]^v the decision the commandant was required to 
 transfer from the mission guard to the presidio, at the 
 niiiiister's request, any soldier of irregular conduct and 
 bad example, and this without the [)adre being ol)liged 
 to name or prove the soldier's offence; the missiona- 
 ries were to have the rio-ht to manage the mission 
 Indians as a father would manage his family, and the 
 
 '-Thn document had, however, previonslj', iMarch lOtli to April ."itli, heoii 
 ill thf liaiulsuf the fiscal Arcche, whose report was favorahlo; and liad tlion becu 
 passed to the proper bureau to be prepared for presentation to the junta. 
 I'ror. St. /V(y).,MS., i. 88-9. 
 
 '"Tiiose were 1-4, 8, 9, 12, 15-25, 27, 28, and .32, leaving 11 points yet 
 undecided. The junta was composed of Viceroy li\icarcli, Valcurctl, Toro, 
 Arcche, Ijarroeta, Abad, Total, Vakk'S, Gutierrez, Mangino, Arce, and .lusiS 
 Uurruez. 
 
 IIisT. Cal., Vol. I. U 
 
• i 
 
 210 
 
 SERRA'S LABORS IX MEXICO. 
 
 luilitiiry roinniandaut should l)o instructcil to prc- 
 survo pcrt'oct hannoiiy with tho |);uli'u.s;-' projK'ity 
 and lettc!i-s for tho friars or missions wore to 1)0 for- 
 warded S('])aratt'ly instead of beinj^ enclosed to tlie 
 ])residio commander; and the friars' correspondonco 
 was not to be meddled with, passini^ free of mail 
 char,L]fi's like that of the soldiers. IJy the terms uf 
 the decision on the other points Serra was to recci\i! 
 his regular pay as a missionary, during his wliolo 
 absence from California. Contributions of food IVoiii 
 the Tepic region were to bo forwarded expressly inr 
 the missions, and Governor liarri was not to hinder 
 the removal of tho church property at Velicat:i. Sail- 
 ors might be enlisted at San Bias and employed as 
 laborers at the missions, receiving raticms for one 
 year as if on board vessels, but they could not Ijc 
 lorced to remain after the year had ]mssed, and ilic 
 I'ogular crews of tho transports must not be inter- 
 fered with. Two blacksmiths, two carpenters, witli 
 some tools and material were to bo sent i'roni Guada- 
 lajara for tho exclusive use of tho missions. Seven 
 additional bells were to bo furnished, four of tlieni 
 having already been sent to INIonterey. Additional 
 vestments were to bo sent to take the place of soiled, 
 worn, and 'indecent' articles contained in some of the 
 cases from Baja California. San Bias measures were 
 to be adjusted on a proper basis and a full sot of 
 standards sent to each mission. Greater care was to 
 be taken in packing food for California, where it often 
 arrived in bad condition. Cattle for tho proposed 
 missions were to be under tho temporary care of thu 
 missionaries, who might use their milk. A new sur- 
 geon was to be sent in the place (.»f Prat, deceased, 
 and finally a copy of the junta's decision was to bo 
 
 ■■'* This was hardly what had been asked for by Serra, who wished otlicn's 
 and soldiers iiotilied that tiie entire management of the Indians l)cli)iigt'd 
 exclusively to the padres, and that the military had no right to iutcrfLro in 
 matters of discijilinc or pimishment except in the case of delitos ili' t-uwji'''- 
 The junta was very careful not to commit itself very decidedly in the (|iiiiiivl 
 .between Serra and Fagcs. The viceroy, however, in subseciueut instructions 
 came nearer to Serra's views. 
 
ECIlHVESTirS RKGULATIOXS. 
 
 !11 
 
 "ivi.n tiiSiTi-a, that thu luissionarios nii'i'lit lieivafter 
 act uii(kT,stanain<,ny. 
 
 Till' i)icsi(k'iit was charged to return as soon as 
 jMissible to his post, after having made u complete 
 j(|i(iit on the condition oi'each mission.'^ 
 
 Sovcial points of Serra's petition connected wiih 
 tlu; military and financial aspects of the suhject under 
 consideration had been left hy the junta to be ]»ro- 
 \iiled for in a new regulntion for the Californias. 
 This document was drawn up on May 19th by Juan 
 Jose l']Llieveste, deemed an expert in the matter, since 
 lie liad siH)oi-intended for some years the forwarding 
 (»r su})j)lies."^ This plan provided ft)r California a cap- 
 tain, a lieutenant, eighty soldiers, eight mechanics, 
 two store-keepers, and four muleteers, with salariis 
 atnoimting to $08,983 per 3'ear; for Baja California a 
 (oiuiuissary, a lieutenant, and thirty-four sokliei-s, 
 witii a governor of both Californias, all at an annual 
 cost of $1G,450; a commissary and dock-yard depart- 
 ment at San Bias to cost, including rations for soldiers 
 and employes in both Californias, $29,809; and a 
 transport fleet of sxfmf/ata and two 2)C((]uebutcs serving 
 both Californias at an annual cost for wages and 
 rations of $34,038, forming a grand total of $119,342. 
 rayment was to be made, however, to officers and 
 men in the Californias, save to the governor and com- 
 missary, in goods at an advance on the original cost 
 of one hundred per cent for the peninsula, and of one 
 linndrcd and fifty per cent for New California; a 
 regulation which reduced the total cost to $90,470. 
 To meet this expense-' there were the $33,000 prom- 
 
 '■'May 12th, the viceroy decreed the execution of the junta's rcsohitions, 
 the issuance of tlio necessary orders, and the iireparation of records in 
 •Iniilitate. ^lay 13th, the secretary CJorraez ccrtilies tlic delis'ery of a copy 
 to Scnvi. ALiy 14th, a certiiied copy was made for the kin;.'. Copln ih- lo 
 (III niiitutdo ))or la Itial Junta de Otirrra y JUal Ihicicmla, in Paloii, Sot. i., 
 04lt-5.'!; a!so in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 89. 
 
 '■" llrijlameHto v h)Mriiccioii jwov'iswind jtara el ouxiUo ij coiiservucion dr. Ion 
 iiKcros II aiithjuiis cstablecimieiUos de la>^C(dij'oru\as con <l dijtariamciUodc Sail 
 Jllij.'), etc., MS.; also \aPa!oii, Not. i., 5o(>-71. The printed copy ia, however, 
 full of errors in figures. Also iu Arch. Col., St. Pap. Ben., MS., 1-24. 
 
 *• This part of the reglamailo is omitted iu Tabu's printed copy. 
 
SEHRA'S LABORS IX MRXICO. 
 
 h ^i 
 
 isi'd I)y tli<! IciMff ill liis onlor of SoptomlKT 10, ir7J: 
 8-;'), 000, cstiiiiiitcd yield of tlio salt-works noar S.ia 
 I lias, which had, it socius, been assi;^ned to the Cali- 
 rnnilas; and a probahlo m-t ri>veniie of $10,000 fidiii 
 the |»ioiis fund, still lca,vinj^ a balance of li?2L',47G to 
 be paid from the royal treasury. 
 
 Kelicvcste added to his plan scvontocn jmntos in- 
 ftfntcfii'os, suixGfestive and explanatory, from which it 
 aj^pears that in the author's judi^inent, the state (if 
 thetreasiu'y and pious fund did nf)t warrant the ^iimt- 
 inij; of other aid tlian that provided, which nuisttlieic- 
 forc suffice for now missions if any were to bo founded ; 
 that the sailors eidisted as mission laborers, aecordiii'^ 
 to the reconuniMidation of the junta, should bo paid 
 sailor's wa^'(^s for two years and I'eceive rations for li\i' 
 years; that instead of the previous system by whidi 
 each mission received a stipend of .^700 and certain 
 sup[»lies it would be bettor to give a stijiend of 8S0(), 
 beini^ j?400 for each minister, and double rations \'nv 
 five years t<^ all the friars, including those waiting I'm' 
 the foundation of new missions, the double rations 
 amounting to .^1,779 being charged to the pious fund 
 as an addition to the stipend; that the commissary at 
 San l^las should buy maize and meat instead of raisin-,' 
 it, selling the rancho and sending the mule train to 
 Loreto or San Diego; and finally, in addition to sonic 
 suggestions about minor details of business manauo- 
 ment, that Echcveste's successor^^ should be allowed a 
 salary of $2,000, thu raising the amount to come out 
 of the trcasruy to $; t,470. 
 
 On the 21st of IV y Serra presented, as required, 
 a full report on the California missions, giving the 
 history of each from s foundation and its condition 
 in September 1772, ■ ic date of the writer's depart- 
 ure. The substance of this statement has hcvn 
 already presented to the reader. The writer included, 
 however, an argument respecting the number of 
 soldiers needed in California. In article 10 of his 
 
 'ill 
 
 ''^ Exactly what EcLcvestc's office was does not appear. 
 
DISTUinUTIOX OF FORCES. 
 
 213 
 
 10, 1772; 
 
 iHiur S;iu 
 thoCi.li- 
 ,000 IVdm 
 •:iI,47G to 
 
 f)?n?M.s' ill- 
 I which it 
 ic state ol' 
 tho,i;T:int- 
 iiisttlicrc- 
 3 founded; 
 
 aoconhiij; 
 Id 1)0 ])aid 
 onsfor fivn 
 by wlilch 
 ind certain 
 a of 5?80U, 
 rations tor 
 \vaitinn- for 
 bio rations 
 Mous fund 
 niissary at 
 of raisin;,' 
 c train to 
 on to sonic 
 s manaL];e- 
 allowcd a 
 come out 
 
 required, 
 ;iving the 
 
 condition 
 i-'s depart- 
 
 has hoen 
 
 included, 
 lumber <>f 
 
 10 of his 
 
 (trlt;iiial jH-tition he hud demanded om; Imudred men; 
 liiii that nundiei' had seemed too jL^rtvit to the junta, 
 whirh had reserved its decision and called for uuno 
 iiiroiiiiatit»n. ICclieveste, as wo liavc seen, rethiced the 
 nundier to eighty, and now Serra, by givinj^ up the 
 proposed mission of Santtj, Clara"-" and redncin;^' the 
 ^iiai'd of San ] Jueiia Ventura, asseiiti'd to the reduction 
 in the a,:^'givyate; but objeeted to tho disti'ihntion. 
 Kcheveste liad assigned twenty-five men to each of 
 the two presidios and a guar<l of six men to each of 
 tlie live missions, or of five to each of six missions;"'" 
 liiit Serra would assign to jNIonterey fd'teen men, to 
 San Ihieiiavi'ntura iifteen, to San Diego thirteen, to 
 San ( Vulos sevt'ii, and to each of the other missions 
 ti n. Jle argued that in a country of so many inhabi- 
 tants with missions so far apart, a guard of live men 
 was not sufliclent ibr adequate protection. The wily 
 iViar's policy — or rather, [)erha])s, tho enthusiastic 
 nii>siunarv's ho[)e — was by securing a double guard 
 to he enabled to double the number of his missions 
 without being ob'iged to ask the presidio commandei's 
 for sohliers allowed them by the regulation. '^^ 
 
 On May 2Gth the viceroy addressed to Facfes a 
 series of instructions, provisional in their nature, pend- 
 ing tho linal approval of the regulations. These 
 instructions covered tho same ground as the decision 
 of tho junta on May Gth, but also granted two addi- 
 tional requests of Serra by authorizing Fages to issue 
 a pardon to all deserters in California; and to rcjnace 
 witli now men such soklici's as had families far away, 
 IVoni whom they had been long separattjd.^^ 
 
 '•"■' It is to 1)0 noticed that no mention is maile of San Francisco in any of 
 tlit'sc caleiihitions. 
 
 ^''ihc iikaof moving San Diego mission was doubtless already entertained, 
 tlioii'.'li nothing is said of it liero. 
 
 •">'')•/■«, Jtcpim. (k L'l lie Mnyo, MS. Also translated l)y Taylor, and 
 printed in ('((/. luinwr, Sept., Oct. ISlif), and jiastcd in 'I'di/lnr'.'i J>i<ror. <iii<l 
 I'muil.. ii. 40. This Ucpytseutacion with tliat of April 22d was referred to tho 
 ilscul (in .Fnno lOtii. 
 
 '■ IJiiiyirdi, ProcidoiciaH dc 2G ilf M^ai/o 1773, MS. Seira hud asked for 
 leave (if aljsenee in behalf of eight soldiers either on account of long : cpara- 
 tiuu from their wives, or unlitness for duty. From Be\eral of those ho brought 
 
« "11 
 
 m 
 
 214 
 
 SERRA'S LABORS IX MEXICO. 
 
 Bucaroli referred Echcvcste's rc:L,ni]ation on ^lay 
 24th to liis legal adviser, Areclie, avIio in his opinion 
 of June 14th repeats all the articles of the docuiiieiit 
 with a c^eneral approval. He calls attention, howevii-, 
 to the fact that no provision is made for the expense 
 of amnuinition, nor for the surgeon promised by the 
 junta. Ho also suggests a doubt as to the ability nf 
 the pious fund to pay the $11,779 required of it in 
 addition to the largo sum expended in the missioii- 
 aries' stipends; and he recommends a reference of tho 
 matter to the director of the fund before its final con- 
 sideration by the junta.'"^ 
 
 In accordance with Arechc's suggestion, Fernando 
 J. Mangino, director of the pious fund, was c;dKd 
 upon for a report, which ho made on Juno 19th, show- 
 ing that the available product of the fund was C'-0,Gt;7, 
 though a larixe part of that amount bein^: the yield of 
 sheep ranches, was subject to some variation; that Die 
 present liability for missionary stipends was 8l4,87li; 
 and that there would remain but J?5,S08 with whiih 
 to pay the $11,779 called for; thougli the auKJunt 
 might be increased by $2,GG2 if the colleges \veio 
 obliged to pay live per cent on loans."* 
 
 On the 8th of July the board met to finally dcM-ido 
 on the whole matter. The decision was to put Iv lu- 
 veste's plan in force from January 1, 1774, the only 
 chano-es beinjx an order that the San Bias mule ir;iiii 
 bo sold and not transferred to California; a I'cconi- 
 mendation that the four extra vessels at San Bias iio 
 sold and not used in the gulf; and some suggestions 
 
 petitions which are given in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 87. Those instriictiuiis 
 jJinhaMy went x\[> on tliu Sdii Carlos to Lorcto ami were cmTieil to S;m l>iigo 
 liy Piilou, rcacliinj; Fages in Sojitcmbcr I I'D. 
 
 '^'^ Anrhv, Paitar mbm licjlam. de C'nl, l.'f tie Jttuio 1773, MS.; alsn iu 
 PaJov, Kill., i. 57'2-SO. Aieclie made a supplementary report June .'kUIi mi 
 Serva'.s ri'pirticiitcu'iouoi of April '22(1 and May 'Jlst; hut aihls uotiiiii;,' ti) tliu 
 subject:) treated, beyo:''d expressing regret that the mission worlv iu Aiueiiai 
 doe!) not prosper as in days of old, and suggesting that it would ho he', it r if 
 the California niissuons were not so far apart. Arcchc, lk.tputsta Fitcal ilc JO 
 dc Junto 177J, MS. 
 
 '* Man'iiiio, fk's/)m:tt'r .tnhre Foiidn Piwlonn, ]0 dr Jindo J77.], MS. ; iiud iilso 
 less aeeurately jn P(diiii, Not., i. TiSO-C). 'I"he report i ontains much aiKlitieiial 
 information uLout the pious fund which will be utilized elsewhere. 
 
FIXAL RESULTS. 
 
 213 
 
 respecting minor details of business management. As 
 to tlie ways and means, however, in view of j\Ian- 
 oino's report, tlie pious fund was to furnish from 
 moneys on liand 810,000 for the first year only, and 
 the remaining expense, $50,470, would be borne by 
 the treasury, aided by the San ]31as salt-works.''' The 
 surgeon's salary was also to be paid; but nothing was 
 said iil)out the expense of ammunition. On July 23d 
 the viceroy decreed the execution of the decision, 
 ord(^red nine certified copies made, thanked Echevesto 
 for his services, and directed him to hunt up a sur- 
 geon. 
 
 Three points t)f Serra's original memorial, on which 
 a d(>cision had been reserved, were settled by the 
 board's last action. These were a petition that routes 
 be explored to California from Sonora and Xew Mex- 
 ico, not acted on by the junta but granted by the 
 viceroy; a demand for one hundred soldiers, eighty of 
 whom were granted by the regulation; and a re(iuest 
 for Spanish or Indian families from California denied 
 by non-action. Four other points had been left to 
 be settled by the vcjlamcnto; the establishment of a 
 storehouse at Monterey, the right of each mission to 
 a soldier acting as a kind of majordomo, a demand 
 for imiles, and a reward in live-stock to pei'sons mar- 
 rying nat ive women. The first was i)ractically granted 
 by tlu! appointment of stonskeepers at IMonterey and 
 8an Diogo, while the third was practically denied by 
 the order to sell the mule train at San l>his.^^ The 
 others do not seem to have been acted u])on. 
 
 One important matter was still in abeyance, and 
 this was now settled by Bucareli in accordance with 
 Surra's wishes, by the removal of ]'\iges and the 
 apjiointment of another otlicer to succeed him. In 
 selecting a new commander, however, the president's 
 
 ^' Hcjlanii iifo, Drfrnn'niarinn f/'.*? dr Julin 177,1, in /^afoii, Xof., i, ."S!)-!)t. 
 
 "''^'l■t tlu' viceroy soon ordt'ivd 100 imilos to bo <li.stiil)iit''il iiuiDli;^ llio 
 iiiir^sioi! ., mill ordcrccl (.'.iptaiii Aii.'.a to opou comiiuinicatiou liy IuikI between 
 Tubuc uiul JMoiitciey. 
 
21G 
 
 SERRA'S LABORS IX MEXICO. 
 
 P' i I 
 
 elioicG was not followed, since Ortega, his favorite for 
 the place, was not deenietl of sufficiently high military 
 rank, and Captain Ilivera y Moncada was named as 
 California's new ruler. ^^ Ortega was brevetted lieutcu- 
 ant and put in command of San Diego, which was now 
 to be a regular presidio. 
 
 The exact date of Rivera's appointment I do not 
 know, but it probably preceded l)y oidy a few days 
 tliat of his ijistructions, which were issued on the ITtli 
 of August. These instructions in forty-two articles 
 are long and complete;"^ and some portions will be 
 given more fully elsewhere when I come to treat of 
 the institutions to which they refer. The purport of 
 the document is as follows: 
 
 Copies of the regulations and action of the board 
 arc enclosed. Great confidence is felt in Rivera's 
 ability, and knowledge gained b}"- long experienct', 
 which experience must have taught him how impoi- 
 tant it is to preserve perfect harmony, so that both 
 connnander and friars mav devote themselves exclu- 
 sively to their respective duties. The first object is 
 of course the conversion of the natives; but next in 
 importance is their gathering in mission towns for 
 purposes of civilization. These little towns may !»* - 
 come great cities; hence the necessity of avoiding 
 defects in the beginning, of care in the selection <»f 
 sites, in the assignment of lands, laying out of streets, 
 etc. 
 
 The commander is authorized to assign lands to 
 connnunities, and also to such individuals as iwr dis- 
 posed to work; but all must dwell in the j)Uoblo <>!• 
 mission, and all grants must be made witii due rcg.iid 
 to the formalities of law. Missions may be eonviitrd 
 
 I 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 '"In a letter to Scrra (latcfl XoY. S, 1774, tho guardian warns Iiini nn( to 
 finavrcl villi tlu: new ^'ovi'iMior, wlio doubtless liad secret iustnutions mid 
 voiild eiiusi; any enutnirietit's to reiiet ujjou the padres. Serrii'swcakness Wii* 
 iKit unkni>wu to liis sii]ieriors. An/i. ,S7a JliirJiuni, MS,, \i. i'.ll-"-'. 
 
 ••^ /li(i''ir' /i, Iii.ilniccioii ijHi' i/clic nhf^irvnr <l ('oiinniilinilc iiiniihri(ili> jniiti l".\ 
 J\ /iililcrliiiiciifos ill' (S'(/» J)i(ijo ij Moiilinii, 177.'i, MS., iilso e(i|iy tiuiii tlm 
 (iri.Li;inid in Mai/ii; MS., \o. IS. Tiausliitid extriiets eliielly on juu IiKls and 
 coloni/alion in Halliji'L'.-i Ih'imrt, III.']; iJirinvllc's Colon. JiiM. Add., 2. 
 
INSTRUCTIOXS TO THE NEW RULER. 
 
 217 
 
 inti> pncblos when sufficiently atlvancotl, retaining tlio 
 iKinic of the patron saint. Now njibsions may bo 
 luinKlcd by the commander, acting in accord with the 
 ])resi(lent, whenever it can be done without risk to 
 the old ones. Kivera is to report to the viceroy on 
 needs of the royal service in his province. 
 
 The captain is charged with recruiting soldiers to 
 (•(inii)lete the full number. Married recruits nuist 
 take tlieir families, and unmarried ones the jiapers to 
 prove that they are single* The Catalan volunteers 
 are to return with their lieutenant by the fust vessel. 
 Stiiet discipline and good conduct nmst be enforced 
 among soldiers, employes, and civilians, vicious and 
 incorrigible persons being sent back to San Bias. The 
 (•(iiiiinandant nmst be subordinate to the governor at 
 l^oreto only to the extent of reporting to him and 
 maintaining harmonious relations. Connnunication 
 with tlie peninsula by land should be frequent. Good 
 faitli must be kept with the Indians, and the control, 
 education, and correction of neophytes are to be left 
 ext'lnsively to the friars, acting in the capacity of 
 fathers toward children. 
 
 No vessels are to be admitted to Californian ports 
 except tlie San Bias transports and the Philippine 
 vessels, and no trade with either foreign or Spanish 
 vessels is to be permitted. The ca})tains of the trans- 
 ports are not to l)e interfered with in tlie management 
 of llieir vessels, but they cannot admit on board or 
 take away any person without a written re(|uest from 
 llic connnandant, who is to grant such I'ecpiests only 
 i'or urgent reasons. San Francisco should be explored 
 as soon as practicable, and the mission of San J )iego 
 may be moved if it be deemed best. A com})lete 
 diary of all events and measures nuist be kept in a 
 li'nili, and literal copies I'orwarded to the su])erior 
 U'lNcniment as often as oppertunity occurs. Tlave 
 emiipU'te inventories are to be made on taking ]m)s- 
 S('ssi(»n f)f government property, one for the viceroy, 
 one fur Fages, and one to be kept by llivei'a. All 
 

 1 
 
 I' 
 
 ii- 
 
 u 
 
 m 
 
 H> 
 
 t 
 
 fp! 
 
 
 218 
 
 SERRA'S LABORS IN MEXICO. 
 
 records and archives to be carefully cared for, and 
 finally these instructions to be l;cpt pi'ofoundly secret. 
 These instructions, with the regulations that precede 
 and similar instructions of the next year to the gY)\-- 
 ernor, constituted the law of California for many years. 
 Rivera was in Guadalajara when appointed, though it 
 does not appear from the record when he had come down 
 from San l3iego. He went to Mexico to receive his 
 instructions in person and then hastened to Sinaloato 
 recruit soldiers and families for his command, fmishliiL,' 
 his task and arriving with fifty- one persons, gre'iit 
 and small, in March 1774 at Loreto, whence he soon 
 started northward overland.^'^ At about the same 
 time that Rivera received his orders, that is in 
 August, Bucareli also authorized Captain Juan Bau- 
 tista do Anza to attempt the overland route from 
 Sonora to Monterey, and that officer after some delays 
 bc'T-an his march from Tubac in the following Januarv. 
 Early in September, after Rivera and Anza had re- 
 ceived their instructions, the viceroy wrote to Fagcs, 
 announcing the appointment of Rivera, and ordering 
 him to give up the command, and to return by tlio 
 first vessel with his company of Catalan volunteers to 
 join his regiment at the Real de Pachuca.*^ 
 
 And now Father Serra, having successfully com- 
 pleted his task in Mexico, is ready to return home- 
 ward to utilize the aid and j)ut in practice the reforms 
 for which he has toiled. Kissing the feet of every 
 friar at the college, begging their pardon for any bad 
 example he has set, and bidding them farewell i'nr- 
 ever, the gootl friar, with Padre Pablo ]\Iug:irtogui, 
 sets out in September for the west coast. At Te})io 
 he waits until the new vessel, the Santiago or Nucca 
 GaUcki, is ready for sea, which is not until Jaunaiy '1\, 
 1774. In addition to the articles granted by the gov- 
 
 "" Letter of Rivera to viceroy, dated Loreto, March 2i)tli, in Arch. Ski Bur- 
 haru ^MS., xi. ."TS-D; I'ahii, Not., i. (iOiJ-10. 
 
 *" Bucareli to Ihv^as, Sept. 7, 1773, in I'rov. St. Pap., MS., i. 140. 
 
FATHER JUXiPERO HOMEWARD BOUND. 
 
 219 
 
 cnimont Padre Junipcro has obtained from the vico- 
 rov a Hberal UmoHiia, or ahns, of supplies ibr the 
 c'xchisivc use of the missions/^ invoiced separately to 
 ^ratily the friar's pride and avoid complications witli 
 Fages who is still in conunand. The regular supplies 
 for the northern missions, with a part of the [)ittance, 
 arc taken by the Santkujo, Captain Perez, who has 
 orders to undertake explorations to the north of j\Ion- 
 tcroy. Supplies for San Diego and the southern 
 missions are left for the San Antonio, to sail later.*" 
 
 ■" The articles officially granted were: 3 cases of vestments for San Gabriel, 
 San Antonio, and San Luis, 5 nests, or sets, of measures, (i in each, one foryo 
 with iippmtenances, and 5 quintals, ,3 arrobas of iron. The liino.-iKi to euliico 
 for .') years was 5 packa,Ke3 of cloths for Indians as follows: 107 blankets, "J!) 
 jiic'ccs tiKiiita jHihliina, 488 yds Btriped sackcloth, 389 yds blue baize, 10 lbs 
 bhio niiiLjucy cloth for little girls; also 4 reams line paper, 5 bales red pepper, 
 100 arrobas tasajo, 10 boxes panocha, 4 boxes beads, 10 boxes hams, boxes 
 chocolate, 3 bbls lard, 1) bales lentils, 1 bale and 9 ju<^s olive-oil, 4 bbls Ca»- 
 tilian vine, 3 bbls brandj', 9 bales chickpeas, bales rice, IGO bales flour, 
 UOO faiiegas maize, UjO fanegas beans. Paloii, Not., i. G03-5. 
 
 '-liespceting Scrra's work in Mexico in addition to the authorities cited, 
 pec Pal u, Vidi, l.")0-9. It is related that when Scrra arrived in San Bias 
 from Calil'ornia and saw the tSanthKjo in the dock-yard, ho remarked that ho 
 would return in her, a remark that excited sonic riiticulc, because everybody 
 thought the San Bias establialuucut on the i^oint of being abandoned. 
 

 CHAPTER X. 
 
 EECORD OF EVENTS. 
 
 1774. 
 
 Wa>t IN' THE ilissioxs— Axza's Fikst EXPEDITION'— Tiie Oveuland llorTE 
 riioM SoN'ORA — Retcrx of Padre JuNfrEuo — Eivera Assumes the 
 Command— Peparture of Faces— ExrT.ORixo Voyage of Perez to 
 the Northern Coast— San Diego Mission Moved from Cosov to 
 nipaguay — comino of soldiers and their families — tliird f.xi'ld- 
 EATioN OF San FiiANCisco IUy' — A Mission Site Selected — Fiiwt Dri- 
 ON THE Beach to the Cliff and Seal Pocks — Tkuuisles retween the 
 Franciscans and Governor Barri in the Peninsul.^ — Mccii Ado 
 
 AROUT ^..NOTHING — FeLIPE DE NeVE APPOINTED GOVERNOR TO SCCCEED 
 
 Barri — Second Annual Report on Mission Progress. 
 
 We have seen that Anza from Sonora, Serra from 
 ]\Ioxico via Jalisco, and Ilivera from Sinaloa via the 
 j)euii)suhi were all en route for Monterey under vice- 
 I'egal orders in the spring of 1774. California aniKils 
 for that year may be most clearly presented by fol- 
 lowing those expeditions, in the order named, as a 
 thread to which may be attached all recorded events. 
 Prcvions to their arrival there is nothing known of 
 matters in the north, save that great want was ex- 
 I)erienced through the non-appearance of the vessels 
 due the year before.^ 
 
 When Galvez was preparing the first expeditions 
 to tlie north in 17(39, Captain Juan Bautista de Anza, 
 connnander of the Tubac presidio in Sonora, a brave 
 officer like his father, as we have seen in the annals 
 
 ' A 'cnielisima hambre, ' Piilou calls it, Vida, 153, l')9-60, tho greatest ever 
 oxpoiieiaed. Xo liivad, no cliocolato, only milk and herbs 'salted by tenis.' 
 Milk bail to bo eaten by all from the commandant d<nvn. They had .sonic 
 \i ,y stiangc ideas of vhat constituted a famine. Soup of peas oi' lieaiis tonk 
 the place of tortillas, and cull'ee had to do instead of cliocolato. The nativcti 
 all left the mission to seek for food. Id., 2\'ot., i. COS. 
 
 (22U) 
 
AXZA'S FIRST EXPEDITIOX. 
 
 221 
 
 of Pimcria, became interested in the scheme, and 
 oll'ered to make the trip hy land at his own expense 
 to meet the sea expedition. The I'oute up to the 
 ( '(dorado and Gila junction had often been traversed, 
 ;md it had long been a favorite plan, especially amoni^ 
 tlie old Jesuit pioneers, to reach the northern coasts 
 fi'om this direction; l)ut for some reason not explained 
 tilt' visitador declined the offer. Anza, however, re- 
 newed his proposition later, when San Diego and 
 ^fontcrey had been occupied, and finally Bucareli, 
 authorized by the king to pay the expense from tho 
 loyal coftcrs,^ and urged by Father Jum'pero in his 
 incniorial of ]\ larch 1773^n which he also urged tho 
 L\[il()ration of a route from New Mexico — gave tho 
 rcijuired license, probably in September 1773. 
 
 Anza obtained twenty soldiers and had nearly 
 coni[)leted his preparations for departure, when the 
 Apaclies made one of their characteristic raids, stcal- 
 iii'jf his horses and killinix some of his men. This 
 caused delay and ol)liged the captain to start v.ith 
 loss force than he had intended; but as a compensa- 
 tion he unexpectedly obtained a guide. This was a 
 Baja California neophyte, Sebastian by name, who 
 had deserted from San Gabriel in August, and, keep- 
 iu'j: far to the east to avoid meetinL!,- soldiors, had 
 rt, ached the Colorado River ranch erias and had been 
 hiought by the natives to Altar, thus entitling him- 
 srlf to the honor of having been the iirst Christian to 
 make the overland trip.'^ Under his guidance Anza 
 set out from Tubac Januar}^ 8, 1774, with Francisco 
 (iarces and Juan Diaz, Franciscan friars from the 
 Queretaro college. There were in all 34: men with 
 140 horses and 05 cattle. 
 
 lu a month the}^ had reached tlie Gila, by way of 
 tSuuoita through Papagueria. Palma, a famous Yuma 
 
 -Ortega in a letter to Piivera, dated San Diego, May 5, 177'), says that 
 Aiiz.i's expedition cost from 'J.1,000 to ;5U,(X)0 pesos. Prov. St, Pup., .MS., i. 
 
 •' According to one of the two chief mithorities ScO)astian had started from 
 !^uu Gabriel with his parents and wife, all of whom had perished. 
 
II 
 
 !■ 
 
 *. 
 
 Ill^ 
 
 si"''!! 
 
 It 
 
 222 
 
 RECORD OF EVENTS. 
 
 chief, entertained the Spaniards at his rancherfa at 
 San Dionisio, Isla de Trinidad, a kind of island formed 
 by a double channel of the Gila at its junction with 
 the Colorado,"* and received from Anza a bailj^e of 
 office under Spain. He accompanied the exj^loreis 
 across the Colorado and some eight or nine leagues 
 south-westward to the lagoon of Santa Olaya. To 
 this lagoon the whole party was obliged to return on 
 the 19th of February, after having wandered for six 
 days through a country destitute of grass and watir.'' 
 Tkit they started again on the 2d of March, leaving 
 with Palma a large part of the animals in charge of 
 three soldiers, three muleteers, and three Indian soi- 
 vants. The route through the country of the Cojat, 
 Cajuenches, and Danzarines, cannot be traced exactly ; 
 but as this was the first exploration of this region and 
 of the great route into California, I append the de- 
 tails, confusing as they are, in a note." Anza would 
 
 * One of the channels no longer carries water, and perhaps did so then only 
 at hif,'h water. In Kino's map of 1701 San Dionisio is not represented iis an 
 island. Emory, Kolcs, i)j-0, in 1£40 noted that the Gila once flowed to t!iu 
 south of its present cliannol, and says: 'During freshets it is probalilc tlio 
 livers now discharge their surplus waters through these old channels.' An- 
 other discovery of Anza is less intolligiblo. In a letter of Feb. 9th from Smh 
 Dionisio to the viceroy, Prov. St. Pap., MS., iii. 190-1, he says he had crDs^cd 
 the Colorado and Gila, and had found a branch of the former extending iKjith 
 and west, and entering probably the South Sea — perhaps at San Franci.sLO 
 Bay. 
 
 '•' Padre Garcds claimed to have been in this region, the north-east soctiuii 
 of Baja California, in 1771; but the narrative of his trip in that j-ear, in 
 A rr'ricifa, Crnn. Seruf., 420 et seq. , does not show clearly that he crossed the 
 Colorado at all. 
 
 " The most complete, and indeed the only, authority in print is A rrirlviin, 
 Crdiiica Smijica, 450 et seq. ; but it is very unsatisfactory. The best account 
 of the expedition socms to be Anza, Dcscnbiimlciito de Sonora d Cal'j'urni'i'i 
 alio de 177. 'h ]MS. This appears to be an abridged co])y of the ori-^iual diary 
 made soon after the date of the expedition by some one who did not accmu- 
 pany it. The route was as follows, items from the return march being in 
 brackets: Feb. 9tli. At junction of the Gila and Colorado, near the site of tlie 
 later Concepcion. Feb. 10th to lith. 51. w. n. (s.) w. and 4.r) 1. s. w. ami 
 s. to Laguna de Sta Olaya, formed by the Colorado in time of flood. Lat. 
 32" 34'. [According to the return trip Sta Olaya was 4 1. w. of the river and 
 8 1. w. s. w. of S. Dionisio, or Isla de Trinidad.] Feb. 13th to 19th. OH' into 
 tlic desert and back to Sta Olaya. March '2d. 4 1. w. s. w. to Laguna <lcl 
 I'rcdicador. Mar. 3d to 5th. 3 1. w. s. w. ; 0.5 1. w. K. w.; 01. w. N.w. with 
 low sierra on left; 3 1. N. w. across the hills; 2 1. w. ; 1.5 1. N. and n. v , in si;ilit 
 of an estero, to Tozos de San Eusebio. Mar. Gth. 4 1. w. to Sto Tomas. in 
 middle of sierra. Mar. 7th and 8th. 4 1. N. w. and 1 1. N. e. to Pozos de Ma 
 Rosa de las Lajas (18 1. in a direct line from Sta Olaya). Mar. 9th and 10th. 
 
ANZA FROM SONORA. 
 
 223 
 
 seem fit first to have kept far to the soutli of the 
 iiiodcrii lailroad I'oute, but to have rctunicd to it be- 
 fore reaching tlie San Gorgonio Pass, whieli lie named 
 Sail Carlos. Ho crossed the Santa Ana Iiiver on .*i 
 bridge of boughs tlio 20th of March, and on the 22d 
 arrived at San Gabriel. 
 
 The travellers had exhausted their supply of food; 
 and they found equal destitution at San Gabriel; but 
 the friars Paterna and Cruzado entertained them as 
 best they could after a mass, to dcum, and sermon of 
 •welcome. A cow was killed, and in ten days four of 
 Anza's men returned from San Diego with sup])lies 
 that had come on the SantiagoJ In a few days all 
 but six of the men were sent with Father Garces 
 back to the Colorado, having some slight trouble with 
 the savages on the way, and, according to Arricivitn, 
 finding that the men left with the animals had become 
 frightened and retired to Caborca. Anza with his 
 ^ix men made a trip up to Monterey and back from 
 the 10th of April to the 1st of May; and two days 
 later he started with Diaz for the Colorado, which ho 
 reached in eight days. Palou tells us that some of 
 Fages' men went with him to become acquainted 
 with the route, and returning reported that they had 
 been attacked by the natives as had been the men 
 left at the Colorado. The explorers reached Tubac 
 on the 2Gtli of May, and in July Anza went to Mexico 
 to report. 
 
 His expedition had accomplished all that it had 
 
 11 1. X. to S. Seljnstian Pcrcgrino, a largo c'li'nrqa in tlie Cnjurnclio nation 
 ['11 1. \v. and w. N. \v. from StaOlava]. Mar. 1 1th. 1.5 1. w. on .same citnc;;;!. 
 Mar. l-2tli. (i 1. w. N. w. to S. Grcgmio. Mar. 14th. G 1. x. [n. w.] to St,i Ciit.'i- 
 riii.i 1 10 1. from S. Sebastian]. G 1. N. N. \v. to Puerto do S. Cai-los, folIoAving 
 tlie lafiiida f;>;V A-]. Mar. IGth and 17th. .*? 1. x. w. and N. x. w. to Lagnna 
 and V;dlcvof Principe [or S. Patiicio, 81. w. x. \v. from Sta Catarinn]. Mar. 
 iMli. [I I 1. X. and N. X. W. to Valle dc S. Jos(5 [.33° 4(>'j on a lino stream. Mar. 
 10th. [.")] I. X. w. to Laguna de 8. Antonio do Ikicandi. Mar. iiOtli. 5 1. x. \v. 
 and '2. ."> 1. \v. X. w. to Rio Sta Ana. Mar. '21st. 7 1. %v. x. \v. to Arroyo de 
 Osos [or Alisos]. Mar. 22d. To S. Gabriel [10 1. w. and 5 1. w. x. w. from 
 S. Antonio]. See also, in chap. xii. of this volnnic, the account of Anza's 
 Etciiiid trip. 
 
 'On Mandi 24th Anza was godfather to a child baptized by P. Diaz. iS'. 
 OaljMl Lib. J/ (■„■., M.S., 7. 
 
II 
 
 224 
 
 RECORD OF EVENTS. 
 
 been intended to do, in showing the practicability ef 
 the new route.* 
 
 President Sorra sailed from San Bias January 21 tli 
 in the new transport" Santiago or Nueva Gallcla, huilt 
 expressly for the California service, connnand(Ml hy 
 Juan Perez, and laden with sujiplies for San Ciirlos, 
 San Antonio, and San Luis. Serra Avas accompanied 
 by Pablo IMugdrtegui, a new missionary; and the San- 
 tiago also brought to California Juan Soler, the store- 
 keeper for Monterey, a surgeon Jose Davila with his 
 family, three blacksmiths and families, and tliree car- 
 penters. After a ■ comparatively prosp(3r()us voyage 
 the vessel anchored in San Diego Bay the VM\\ of 
 ]\Iarch.^" It had been the intention to go direct to 
 jSIontorey, but an accident caused a change of phui, 
 and fortunately, for Serra by landing a small portion 
 of the cargo was enabled to relieve the pressing need 
 of the southern missions. He had quite enough of 
 the sea, and besides was anxious to visit the IViars; 
 thcjrcfore he went up by land, starting on April (!tli, 
 having an interview with Captain Anza on the way, 
 and reaching Monterey on the lltli of ]\Iay Jifter an 
 absence of nearly two years. On account of ill-healtli 
 !Mugartegui also landed and remained at San Diego, 
 Amurrio taking his place on the Santiago, which 
 tsailed on the same day that Serra started, and 
 anchored at Monterey two days before the president's 
 arrival the 9th of May.'^ 
 
 ^^lofras, Erplor., i. 282, mentions this expedition, giving tlic dato of 
 (itartins incorrectly as Sept. 177.'^. See also brief uecount ia I'cluMu, Stiii'>ra, 
 150; 1<I., in Snr. Mex. (rfo;/., lUiMin, x. 704. 
 
 '•'She is called hoWi fraijula and convta. 
 
 ••' AeeorduiLT to I'rir-, Hdunon, they reached the S.anta B;'nbar.i Islands on 
 ^rnreh (ith. The northern group arc named from west to oast Santa l!<isn, 
 (San Miguel), Santa ^largarita (Sant.a Rosa), Santa Cruz (still so called), aii'l 
 Santo 'j'onij^s (Anaeapa). Thence they sailed .southward between tlio coast aii'l 
 San (.'leniente, reacliing San Diego March 10th (another copy makes it Mari h 
 1 1 tin, sailin;_ April .^ith, .-ind arriving at Monterey May 8th. Palon, I 'idu, l.'>o • 
 02, gives the latter date as May !)th. 
 
 " Paloii, 2\oL, i. OOG-8; Id., Vida, 156-61; Serra, in Dandhd Dor. JIlsl. 
 C'aL, MS., 1. 
 
RIVERA SUCCEEDS FACES. 
 
 22& 
 
 llini Doc. J fid. 
 
 Wo left Rivera 3' Moiirada at Lonto in Marcli 
 with fifty-ono [ktsoiis, soldiers and their fiiiiiilii's, re- 
 cruited in Sinaloa for Lis new eonnnand.'^ ]^ientenant 
 ()rt(>L;'a was in the south at Santa Ana, with other 
 faiin'hes, whom ho was ordered to brinuf n^) to Velieatii 
 to jnin the rest, and was to remain in. eonnnand of 
 the cam}) until supplies and animals for the northern 
 jomiiey could be sent back. Rivera then started 
 northward by land and reached ISIontcrey on tlic 2od 
 of ^[ny. Respectint^ the details of his march and the 
 iunnl)er of men he took with him nothini,' is known; 
 but he left all the families and some of the new sol- 
 diers at Velieatii. On the 25tli he assumed the duties 
 of his new office in place of Pedro Fages,''' who pre- 
 pai'cd, as ordered l)y the viceroy, to go south with his 
 company of Catalan volunteers.'* The first oppor- 
 tunity to sail was by the San Antonio, which, leaving 
 San Rlas in INIarch under Canizares as master, had 
 arrived on June 8th, this being the first trip ever 
 made direct to Monterey without touchmg at San 
 Diego, 
 
 Tlie feeling between Rivera and Fagcs was by no 
 means friendly, the former having considered himself 
 ai>L;ricved by Galvez' act in preferring the latter at 
 the beginning notwithstanding the disj)arity of rank, 
 and a second time by Portolas choice of a conmiandor 
 ill 1770. Triumphant at last, he was not dis])()sed 
 to adopt a conciliatory policx^ toward his vanquished 
 rival, whom, without any unnecessary ex])enditurc of 
 courteous phrases, he ordered to prepare his accounts 
 
 '- Mnrch 20tli, Rivera VTites to the viceroy from Loreto that he lias arri veil 
 fiiiin Siiiiiliia and will jiroct'cd by land to San I)icyo ami jciin Anza. Arch. 
 S'liiid, Biirliura, MS., xi. 378-9; but as wa have seen he was too late to meet 
 Anza, 
 
 '^Tbo viceroy, on J.in. 2, 177'>, acknowledges receipt of Rivera's letter of 
 •luiic j Itli, .stating that he had taken possession of the i.'oinniand an .May 'J.'ith. 
 l'r<,t: SI. Pitp.. MS,, i. KiS. Talon, Xo(., i. U()!» -I3, makes tliu date May 
 -4tli. May 4, 1771, Fages was made a captain. A/., i. 74. 
 
 " In addition to the general instructions to Rivera and Fagcs already 
 notired, there was a special onler of the viceroy dated Sept. .'iO, 1774, tur 
 Fact's with his volunteers and all of the ciiera company not e\i>ressly (irdered 
 to rLinain to be acnt to San Bias by the first vessel, tit. Pup., Mi'^s. and Colon., 
 Mt>., i. ;jbS. 
 
 UisT. Cai.., Vol.. T. IS 
 
220 
 
 HECORP OF i;vi:nts. 
 
 niid y/'i iwiily to sail on tlic Sen Antonio, tahiii;,' wilh 
 liiiM all his men t'Xt'ei)t ivw ulio \\v\\\ to bu retained 
 until (lie new f'or('(!aiTive(l iVoni flie peninsula. Fa<;-(s, 
 tlioU'.;Ii oj'ionrsc ol)li;^e(l to ohey the vieeioy's ordei.s, 
 Avas not Ihc nan to nuit the countr\ without inahin" 
 u show of i'idei)endenc'o and an eflort for the last 
 wonl. A caustic ooriTspondenco I'ollowed, little of 
 Mhieh is extant, I)ut in wliieh Rivera with the vanta'^^c- 
 Urouiid of his superior authority hy no means ciiiiicd 
 oll';ill the honors. Faojos claimed the right to embark 
 I'rom San ])ie<^o, Avisliinjj^ to obtain certain receipts} 
 IVom jyadres and corporals at the several missions, 
 Ivivera replies, "The viceroy does not order me to 
 allow the volunteers and you to embark at San Diego, 
 but t^imily by the; iirst vessel. IJis excelleney knows 
 very v.'U that this j)residio is the capital where yon 
 reside; therefore, this is the place he speaks of, and 
 from this place you must sail." Whereupon Don 
 Petlro, as be might have done before, showed a i)er- 
 mit i'rom the viceroy to sail from San Diego, of later 
 date than the couuiiander's instructions; and Hi vera 
 Avas I'orced to yield. 
 
 A':''ain Fac>-es announced that he had some aninial^^ 
 set apart for his own use which ho proposed to take 
 away with him to San Diego, and, after Ilivera's 
 promiit refusal to allow any such outrageous use of 
 the ]<ing's property, proceeded to prove tliat the mules 
 were his own. Then he pleailed for more time to 
 arrange his accounts, which coul '. not be completed 
 befor<-' the sailini>' of the San Aotfuio; but after <4(,'tting 
 an i;is(;]ent permission to wail for the Santkcjo, ho 
 decided to start at once and leave the accounts to a 
 clerk. Having gathered thus much from Ivivcra's 
 own letters, it is hard to resist the conclusion that if 
 Fages' letters were extant they would show the writer, 
 with perfect mncf froid, if not always with dignity, 
 engaged in a deliberate epistolary effort to annoy liis 
 exultant and pompous rival. If this was not the case, 
 all the more discreditable to himself was the tunc 
 
NOliTlI-COAST KXI'LORATIOXS. 
 
 827 
 
 nddpti'd ill irivci'ji's ('oiuimiiiications.''' Tlie Saii 
 Antonio saili'd I'roiii ^lontLToy on July 7tli, with 
 tliiiticn of the vohmtt'irs, and with llaiiul IViho y 
 (Jil the new .stoi'e-kec[)H* lor San Dleyo. Fagrs 
 .starU'd by land with two soldiers on the 1 9th and 
 sailed on the 4th of Aui^iist from San Diego. Wo 
 sliall hear again [\'o\\\ this gallant ollieer. Fathers 
 I'rcstainero and Usson also saileil for San lllas on 
 the San Anlonlo, being foreed to retire by ill-health. 
 
 Perez in tho Santkujo was meanwhile engaged in 
 another important service, that of exploring in tlui 
 far north. Tliei-e still existed among Spanish author- 
 ities a fear of llussirrii encroachments on the l*aeitic 
 coast., or at least a spirit of curiosity to know what 
 tlie IJussians were doing. Bucareli had orders from 
 the hint; to iiive this matter his attention as soon as 
 it niinht be convenient.^'' It is said to have been 
 Serra uho first suggested that the California trans- 
 j)()rt might be advantageously used for pur[)oses of 
 gfographical discovery, and opening up a new Held 
 for spiritual conquest. Ho also urged that no man 
 was better fitted to take charge of the enterprise than 
 his liiend and compatriot Juan Perez, who had been 
 tlie lirst in these later times to reach both San Diego 
 and Monterey. Perez was accordingly instructed, 
 alter landing the supplies at Monterey, to explore the 
 northern coast up to G0°, with a view to discover 
 harbors and to make such observations respecting tho 
 country and its inhabitants as might be practicable. 
 The expense was borne by the king. 
 
 It was the intention that Mutidrtegui should ffo as 
 c]ia])]ain, but in case of his illness Scrra had been 
 i('(HU'sted^' to name a substitute, and appointed Cresj)! 
 and Peiia to act as chaplains and to keep diaries of 
 
 ^■' U'lvrra y j)foucada, TcHimonio ilf dUirjcnrias en la fnma dc po-iaion del 
 WKiiiln, 1774, ^li^M consisting of two letters dated June 'Jlst and '22*1. 
 '" Ikvdla-diicdn, Jii/onnc de l.i dc AbrU 1703, 117-19. 
 "Liictiieli's letter of Dec. 24, 1773, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 137-8. 
 
 
228 
 
 RECORD OF E\-ENTS. 
 
 ,fii 
 
 \l ! 
 
 It 
 
 ;.|i 
 
 die voyaiTfo, as they did, both journals being still 
 extant. The surgeon Davila went along, the vessel's 
 surgeon, Costan, remaining temporarily at Monterey. 
 June Gth everything being ready at Monterey the 
 padres went on board, and next day the Santiago 
 attempted to sail, but was prevented by contrary 
 winds. On the 8th the arrival of the San Antonio 
 from San Bias, already noted, caused a new delay. 
 Two days later solemn mass for the success of the 
 expedition was said under the old oak that had wit- 
 nessed the rite in 1G02 and 1770, and on the lltli, 
 just before noon, the vessel sailed from the bay. 
 Adverse winds still baffled the navigators, driving 
 them southward, so that for seventeen days they did 
 not get above the latitude of Monterey, being driven 
 back and forward aloni; the coast between that l.iti- 
 tude and that of the Santa Barbara Islands. On the 
 Dth July, when they were again able to make obser- 
 vations, tlicy were in latitude 4')°, beyond the limits 
 of the modern California of wliicli I now write, Tlie 
 details of the voyage in northern waters, during whi(;h 
 the Spaniards reached a latitude of 55°, making some 
 observations and naming some points along the coast, 
 dealing with the natives, who came off in canoes, but 
 not landing, belong to another volume of this series, 
 in which I shall narrate the annals of more northern 
 
 13 
 
 lands. 
 
 Reentering California waters on the return trip 
 the I7th of August, they sighted on the 22d wluit 
 was supposed to be Cape Mendocino in latitude 40', 
 on the 2Gth they saw the Farallones, and next day at 
 4 P. M. anchored at Monterey. The prevalence of 
 fogs had prevented exploration of the Californiau 
 coast, beyond a mere glimpse of Mendocino and tlio 
 Farallones. It is to be noticed that in s})eaking of 
 the latter islands as a landmark for San Francisco 
 the diarists clearly locate that port under Point 
 
 '" For a full account of this voyage, with refurcnccs to the origiual diinios, 
 SCO lllst. Norlhwest Coud, i. 150-8. 
 
MOVING OF SAN DIEGO. 
 
 229 
 
 I'iuinal diaiies, 
 
 Ptovcs, and speak of the other bay discovcrod five 
 years before as the (jraiide edcro, not yet named. ^' 
 
 Two impi)rtant events in California must be added 
 to the record of 1774 before I call attention to certain 
 other events on the peninsula and in Mexico nearly 
 affecting the interests of the New Establishments. 
 Olio was the moving of San Diego JVIission in the 
 extreme south in August; the other an exploration 
 of San Francisco Bay in the extreme north at the 
 close of the year. The site on which the mission at 
 San Diego had been originally founded, and the jire- 
 sidio a little later, had not proved a desirable one for 
 agricultLual purposes since the drying-up of the river; 
 and in fact for several vears seed had been sown ibr 
 tlw most part at an inconvenient distance. Tlie first 
 })n)[)()sition toward a change of site came early in 1773 
 1' )iu Fages, who favored a removal of the I'ancheria 
 coniaiuing all the neophytes as M'ell as many gentiles 
 fioin the vicinity of the stockade, for the reason that 
 the huts would give the natives an advantage in hos- 
 tile operations. Tiiis was not exactly a removal of tho 
 mission, since it doei^ not ap})ear that tlie friars were 
 to accompany their neophytes; the fear of danger was 
 deemed unfounded and even absurd; and, moreover, 
 tlu; measure was reccmnnendcid by a man whose 
 a|>})roval was enough to condenm nuy measure in 
 Seri'a's eyes. Cc^nsequentl^' ho ()])posed the change 
 most strenuously in his report to the viceroy."" 
 
 J;iunie, the minister, however, addressed a letter in 
 April 1773 to the president, in which he favored a 
 removal of the mission. Exj)erience had cleaidy 
 shown, he thought, that want of water would always 
 ]>rovu a drawb-'ck to prosperity at the original site; it 
 
 '■'('rpspf in liis li'wr'io mnkcs a loni; and confusing arirumunt to prove (liat 
 tl)c, /. !/•((/ (K/M Mi'ca at this tiiir; were not tlii'sc scon in 1709, tin; fornn r li.in>; 
 TiO liMyucs from I't Kcyes, and tho latter much nwiroi-. Tlic reiisca of tho 
 tiiais ront'u.sii)n is not clear. The anthoritics on this voyaw iiro: ('ri":/n, 
 h'ftrin; I'ciKi, JJkirIn, MS.; I'cirz, Ueluaion, MS.; und Penz, Tahhr JJruno, 
 Ms. 
 
 -".i'e ;■.'•:.-, Hojyns. J I de Mayo, 1773, MS. 
 
 
f < 
 
 I I 
 
 i- 
 
 III ii 
 
 230 
 
 RECORD OF EVENTS. 
 
 was always better for a mission to be a liltlc re- 
 moved from presidio influences; and lie had a report 
 fi'om the .natives confirmed by a soldier, of a vciy 
 favorable site some six or seven leagues distant across 
 the sieri-a.^^ The matter having been referred to llu; 
 viceroy ho authorized Rivei'a to make a change if it 
 filiould seem expedient to himself and to Serra.'^ Of 
 tlie subsequent consultations and explorations which 
 doubtless took place we have no record; but tlic 
 change was decided upon and effected in August 
 1774. The new site was not the one which Jaunic 
 had in mind, but a nearer one called by the natives 
 Nipaguay,-^ about two leagues up the valley north- 
 eastward from Cosoy, and probably identical or nearly 
 f;o with that of the later buildings whose ruins arc 
 still visible some six miles from the city and port. 
 We have no account of the ceremonies by which the 
 transfer was celebrated, nor do we know its exact 
 date; but both friars and neophytes were pleased with 
 the chanfjfe, and worked with a will, so that bv tlio 
 end of the year the mission buildings were better than 
 at Cosoy, including a dwelling, storehouse, and smithy 
 of adol)es, and a w^ooden church with roof of tales, 
 measuring eighteen by fifty-seven feet. At tlie old 
 f^ito all the buildings were given up to the presidio, 
 except two rooms, one for the use of visiting friars 
 and the other for the reception and temporary storage 
 of mission supplies coming by sea."* Nothing further 
 is Icnown of San Diego events during the year, except 
 th;it Ortega came up from below with tlie rem;iiuiii.;' 
 
 -' .Tiuimc's letter of April M (nr 30th), in ^ra;|p>• MSS., No. 18, pp. 4, ,1. 
 
 "- Unciirdi, l,islriirr!on ile 17 dc A'juHo J7io, MS. 
 
 -'^S;in Diego do Nipaguay — tliat is, San Diego at Ni]iagnay — was si onn- 
 moil iiiimo lor tlie inibsiou afterwards. 8erra called it so in liia seeuiid auiiiiul 
 report. 
 
 ''*S('rrn, Iii/orme ih' f, F,h. 1775, jSlS., 12-1-7. An nnfinishod cliurcli Iniill 
 four or live feet above the foundations, with .idobes all made re.i-.iy to liai>li 
 it, v.as also delivered. l:i a letter of Oetober I5d the ennimandant of the piv- 
 eidio say.s he was uncertain whether to accept the building, for how wis it Vi 
 lie llnirjlied? /'me. .S7. I'liji., MS., i. ITjO-T. I.asnen in hU rejiort of IT'.'i 
 says the new site was ))ut little better than the old so far as fertility \vas con- 
 cerned. Lnsiirii, Jiifonui' de 17^o, MS.; see also .Sena, in San D'ujo, Lib. de 
 JUUioii, MS., 3, 4. 
 
EXPLORATIONS OF SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 231 
 
 force and families recruited by Rivera in Sinaloa, 
 arriving" at San Diego on September 2Gtli, and dc- 
 .spatcliing a part of the company to Monterey on the 
 8d ol' October. The new troops gave Ortega hojiio 
 trouble by their tumultuous conduct, complaining of 
 the (juantity and quality of the food.-" 
 
 The occupation of the port of San Francisco and 
 the founding of a mission there, though a matter still 
 l;e[)t in abeyance, was one by no means forgotten, 
 and one often mentioned in communications pa•^sing 
 'vtween jMexico and Monterey. PortoLl and Crespi 
 ■., en they had almost reached the port in 17G'.), had, 
 u.-. v.e have seen, discovered a large bay before entirely 
 unknown, and had explored to some extent its western 
 shore. Galvez and the viceroy on liearing of Portola's 
 near approach to San Francisco had ordered tlie cap- 
 tain of (he Sill Antonio, when she brouujlit ten new 
 i'riars to California in 1771, in case she should reach 
 San Francisco first, to leave there two of the padres 
 and all that was required for an inmiediate foundation, 
 under a temporary guai'd of sailors;-*^ but the vessel 
 toucherl first at Monterey and Saint Frane-is was 
 o])liged to v/ait. In 1772 Fages and Cres])i had aimin 
 atteni[)t! 1 • m reach San Francisco by })assing round 
 tlie nev;!y ih covered bay, thus exploring the eastern 
 shore aitliOijgh prevented from accomplishing their 
 maiii objji t by a great river which they could not 
 cross.'' 
 
 In his instructions of August 17, 177n, Bucareli 
 had ordered Rivera to make additional explorations 
 of S;Mi Francisco, and with tlie ap])roval of Surra to 
 Ibund a mission tliere."^ Before either Rivera (!r his 
 insti'uetions reached California, however, Pahai in 
 Ills jir t animal report spoke of tlie proposed nii.;sion 
 of S :.' Francisco "in his own port supposed to be in 
 
 ''0,i . Rivrra, in Prov. Si. Pap., MS., i. lo4-G. 
 
 •';/'fi;o.,, ■',•(,'«, dS-!). 
 
 • Sw; (hap. viii. of Uiiii volurno. 
 
 ".SV. r<iji., MUi. and Colon., MS., i. 333. 
 
!l 
 
 E^i 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 
 I j 
 
 232 
 
 PiECORD OF EVENTS. 
 
 the Enscnacla of the Faralloiics toward Point Ruyes,' 
 of the attempt recently made to arrive there, of tlie 
 obstacles in the way, and of the determination thiit 
 had been formed. This determination was to explore 
 the country northward from Monterey, and to estab- 
 lish the proposed mission wherever a suitable place 
 could be found, since it could not be exactly known 
 where the port was until explorations were made by 
 sea; and later, if the port were found on the otlur 
 side of the new b.iy, another mission might be estab- 
 lished there."'^ li . ' ^ ^e borne in mind that the nanio 
 of San Francisco i not yet been applied to the 
 newly found body of .* ater, although the latter was 
 by soPiie vaguely supposed to be connected with tlu! 
 port so long known; neither had the bay been explored 
 as yet with boats so that it might be known whether 
 it contained a 'port' at all; or if so, in what part of 
 the broad expanse the harbor was to be found. 
 
 In obedience to the viceroy's orders,''" and with a 
 view, perhaps, to test the necessity or cx])edieney of 
 Palou's plan, a new exploration was undertaken by 
 liivera as soon as his new recruits arrived at jMoute- 
 rey, which was early in November. Ife took with 
 him sixteen soldiers, two servants, and a mule train 
 laden with supplies for a journey of forty days. I\dou 
 accompanied him, by order of the president, to perform 
 a chaplain's duty and keep a diary. ^^ Setting out on 
 November 23d the party followed Fagcs' route of 
 1772, via what are now Hollister and Gihoy, until, 
 on entering the grand valley about the bay, they boio 
 t(» the left instead of to the riuflit as Fau'es had done, 
 and on the 28th encamped at the very spot wlure 
 Hi vera had spent four days in 17G9, that is, on what 
 is now San Francisquito Creek below Searsville.^" The 
 
 ^■'P<il,ni, Xof., ii. .32. 
 
 5" Those ordura had, it seems, been repeated in a letter dated May 2o, 1774, 
 and directed to Pidoii. 
 
 "' J'dtoii, EtjK'dic'ion y Rorfhtroquc xe hizodelns ccrcavian del piierto dc Ain'i- 
 tro Scrajirn Padre S<tn Fraiicificn, in Id., Xot., ii. 4;!-U2. 
 
 "-'Ah di'^tiuieoHai-e not given in this diary it is of little or no help in (ixiri.; 
 exact loeatiuns. Tlie party was now about one league from the shore, about a 
 
UP thp: leacii to the cliff. 
 
 238 
 
 t Reyes,"' 
 re, of tlio 
 itioii tbut 
 ;o explore 
 to cstab- 
 iblo place 
 :ly known 
 ! made by 
 tlie otber 
 , be estali- 
 b tlio name 
 ed to the 
 latter was 
 1 witli tlie 
 n explored 
 n wliether 
 it part of 
 ind. 
 
 nd witli a 
 lodiency of 
 rtaken by 
 at Monte- 
 took with 
 iiule train 
 
 ys. l\d(Hl 
 
 (.) perform 
 u[X out on 
 route ot 
 roy, until, 
 tliey boro 
 bad done, 
 iot where 
 on what 
 llle;''' The 
 
 JMaySJ, 1774, 
 
 iicrto (le iVi't"-- 
 
 lliflpiu ilxiii^' 
 Islioic, about a 
 
 natives wore hospitable and not so shy as they had 
 been ;>]ong the way. This seemed a fitting- ])laee for 
 a mission, and a cross was erected as a sign of the 
 Sjianiards' purpose to locate San Francisco here. I 
 suppose that i'roni this circumstance originated the 
 name San Francisquito later applied to the stream. 
 
 Next day the explorers started on north-westward, 
 S(jon crossing the low hills into the Canada that had 
 been followed in 17G0, to which, or to a locality in 
 whicli, they now gave the name Canada do San Andres 
 v.liich it still bears. I'lneherias were numerous, and 
 the natives uniformly well disposed. On the 30th 
 they left the glen, climbed some high land, and en- 
 camped on a lagoon in the hills, not im[)robably that 
 now known as Laguna do San Bruno. From a lofty 
 hill Rivera and Palou obtained a view of the bay and 
 vailey to the south-eastward, but could not see the 
 outlet, on account of another hill intervening. Decem- 
 ber lilt Rivera with four soldiers climbed that hill and 
 on his return said he had been very near the outlet, 
 which could be conveniently reached from the camp 
 by follovv iiiof the ocean beach. Delaved for a few 
 days l)y cold, rainy weather, they started again on 
 the fourth, proceeded north over low hills and across 
 canadas, in three of which was running water, and 
 encamped before noon on a stream which flowed into 
 a large lake stretching toward the beach, known later 
 as Laguna do la ]\Ierecd. 
 
 Tahing with him four soldiers and accompanied 
 also l)y Palou, Rivera continued north-westward over 
 hill and vale into the sand dunes and ch)wn to the 
 beach, at a point near where the Ocean Side House 
 later stood. Thence he followed the beach, as so 
 many thousands have done since in conveyances 
 somewhat more modern and elegant than those of 
 the gallant captain and friar, until sto})[)ed by tho 
 
 <lii,v"s joiinioy ficmi the cml of {lie rciiiiisiila, nml in "T •!('»' Ijyllicirdwii rock- 
 oiuii;;. '1 hilt tiny vcio hclow Scaisvillc is bliowii by Uju lact that ou btartiiig 
 iiortiiwest thuy at first crossed a plaiii. 
 
234 
 
 RECORD OF EVENTS. 
 
 steep slope of a lofty liill, in si<^'lit of .some pointed 
 rockfj near the shore, this being the first visit to the 
 Seal Hocks since famous, and to the site of the mod- 
 ern 'Cliff.' They climbed the hill and gazed around 
 on Avliat was and is still to be seen, and described by 
 Palou as it miglit be described now, except in the 
 matter of artificial changes. A cross wa-^ set up on 
 the summit, and the explorers returned by the way 
 they had come to their camp on Lake Merced after 
 an absence of only four hours. 
 
 It was now resolved to postpone the exploi-ation of 
 the Eio do San Francisco, the San Joaquin, until 
 after the rainy season, and to return to Monterey by 
 the shore route of 17r>9. Three hours' journey soutli- 
 ward,over grassy hills, brought them on the oth into 
 the old trail, by which, having crossed the San Lo- 
 renzo and Pajaro rivers on the 11th, they arrived at 
 the presidio the 13th of December.^'' On the trij) 
 Palou had found six sites which he deemed snitaljlc 
 for missions. These were, in the valley of San Pas- 
 cual near the moderr. Hollister, in the 'plain of the 
 great estuary' where the cross was left on San Fran- 
 cisquito Creek, in the vale of San Pedro Pegalado 
 and that of San Pedro Alcantara between Spani.-:li 
 Town and Pescadero, on tlie Kiver San Lorenzo at 
 Santa Cruz, and on the River Pajaro at Watsonville. 
 " God grant that in my day I may see them occupied 
 by missions, and in them assembled all the gentiles 
 who inhabit their vicinities, and that none of llie lat- 
 ter die without holy baptism, to the end tliat the 
 number of the children of God and of his holy 
 church be increased, and also of the vassals of our 
 
 '^TIio laclv of (list;iiiccs in this diary renders it of little iipo in fixing oxnct 
 localities, !:ltluiu;.jli Ur' route is .somewhat more fully descriljcd iu i;evfii.l 
 respects t!i;i:i iu the diary of the former expedition. The f.' et tliat tlireo 
 liourn' journey southward from the head of Lake Meiced hroui'iit llivini into 
 the oM trail eonlii'ins my former conclusion — see chap. vi. — tln.t the tirat cn- 
 pedition erofsed from Pt San Pedro rather than from Half Moon J-ay. \o«' 
 the travellers vi;:iicd a lagoon in the hills near the shore, about a league iibuvc 
 Vt Angel — probably Laguna Alta. 
 
TROUBLE IN LOWER CiU^IFORNIA. 
 
 233 
 
 ratliolio monarcli," adds tlie good padro in closing liis 
 journal.^* 
 
 When Paloa loft the peninsula in the sunnner of 
 1773, he left Campa and Sanchez at Lorct) to r.ttcnd 
 to tlio forwarding of certain cattle from the old niis- 
 f^ioiis, which had been assigned to the nt;w ones, but 
 which he l)ad been unable to obtain on account (;f the 
 never ending excuses of Governor Barri and President 
 ]\[(ii'n, Vvlio, however, Jiad agreed to settle the matter 
 (Iciinitely in October of the same year. Nothing being 
 (l()nc\ excuses followin<_j excuses, and there beinu' f;omo 
 evidence that the recalcitrant governor was causing 
 delay in the hope of breaking up the v.liolu arrauge- 
 iiuiit 1)}' connuunications witli the viceroy, Campa 
 wrote Palou how he was situated, and sailed on April 5, 
 1 77 l,for]Mexioo to coiisult the guar<;Han,Sanclicz start- 
 ing ;ilj<)ut the same time to join Cambon at Vclicatii. 
 In ^Mexico Campa made but little progress. Some 
 cattle and horses purchased for the missions the 
 viceroy had already ordered to be sent up, as they 
 v.ere early in 1775 ; but the Dominicans had convinced 
 liini, as v»'as probably true, that their missions had no 
 cattle to spare, and, therefore, stock for California 
 must bo souLjht elsewhere.^^ 
 
 At A\licatd Cambon had been left by Palou in 
 charge of vestments and other church property col- 
 led id from the southern missions by tlu; order of 
 (Jalvcz. The quarrel between the Franciscans and 
 Parri, for which the removal of this })roperty served 
 largely as a motive, or at least a pretence, was now at 
 its height. The governor had taken advantage of the 
 fact that the agreement l)y which the I'ranciscans 
 had voluntarily ceded the Lower California missions 
 v/as not popularly known, to circulate; a ivport that 
 his own inikience had forced the ii'iars to (piit the 
 
 "'Kivor.'i Sunt a diary of the trip to tlic viceroy on .Tan. .">, 177"i, "« ap- 
 \\ny< tVcini Eiicurcli'B nuknowlcclguicnt ou May •J4Ui, in Proc. SI. I'lip., MS., 
 i. 17--'. 
 
 •'■'J'aluK, I^'ol., ii. 1:;G-7, 207-8. 
 
23G 
 
 RECORD OF EVENTS. 
 
 W-i 
 
 |!»3l 
 
 country. lie labored liard to win over the Domini- 
 cans to liis side, and was practically succcssi'ul so i'ar 
 at least as the president was concerned, and lie insisted 
 that the property in question had been stolen. TIki 
 details and merits of the general controversy need not 
 bo rej)eated here. It is evident enough that Bani 
 allowed his bitterness toward the Franciscans to get 
 the better of his judgment, and that he neglected no 
 opportunity to annoy his foes. 
 
 From San Diego Palou sent back mules to bring np 
 supplies and part of the church property, but IJarri 
 sent an order to the officer in command at Velicata to 
 load the animals w^th corn, but by no means to allow 
 the vestments to be taken, pretending that a new 
 examination of the boxes was necessary. Governor 
 and president were now acting in full accord and caus- 
 ing delay by throwing the responsibility of every new 
 liind(?]"anco each upon the other. Mora claimed to 1 lavo 
 full faith in Franciscan honor, but had consented to 
 the jiroposed search merely to convince Barri of liis 
 error! Cambon was instructed to submit to the senrrli 
 if required, but to insist on exact inventories and wv- 
 tificates. Thus things remained until Serra returned 
 I'rom l^.Icxico with a positive order from the viceroy 
 for the removal of the goods, an order which was sent 
 youth and reached Velicata July IG, 1774. 
 
 A correspondence ensued between Cambon and tlio 
 military officer in charge, in which the latter profcf-^scd 
 to bo utterly ignorant of any embargo on the removal 
 of the property, and to have received no orders wliat- 
 ever from Bani on the subject, although the contraiv 
 was well enough known to be true. Preparations 
 were mado for Padie Sanchez to take the property 
 with Ortega's force, but a new difficulty arose; fcr 
 Hidalgo, the Dominican in charge of Velicatd, bad 
 ])ositive orders from President Mora to stop the goods. 
 He was in much perplexity, and begged for delay. 
 Finally, however, after obtaining a certificate from th(j 
 connnandant that ho would furnish no troops to pre- 
 
ArPOIXTMENT OF GOVERNOR XEVE. 
 
 •237 
 
 vciit tlio I'cniovnl, ITidalj^o gave his pcrniission, and it 
 was louiid that after all thci-o wero only three ninles 
 to ciivi'V the vestments, most of whieli had therefore t*) 
 1)0 left behind. They were carried up, however, early 
 ill the next year by Father Dumetz, who came down 
 from ]\Ionterey with a mule train for the purpose.'"' 
 
 Sti 
 
 There was now but small opportunity loft for quar- 
 rels between Barri and the Franciscans, but it seemn 
 tlici'o were also dissensions with the Dominicans. It 
 w;is evident to the viceroy, that only harmonious 
 ivliitions between the political and missionary author- 
 ities could ensure the prosperity of the peninsula, and 
 tlint under Barri's rule such relations could not be 
 iiinintained. Bucareli, therefore, decided, as ho had 
 (loiic l)eforc in the case of Fagos, without committing 
 liiinself decidedly respecting the points at issue, to 
 ;ij)[ioint a new governor, as in fact Barri had several 
 times asked him to do. His choice Ot "a person 
 cndow^cd w'ith wisdom and love for the service to 
 establish, maintain, and firmly implant good order," 
 fill upon Felipe do Neve, major of the Queretaro 
 rogintent of provincial cavalry.^' He was summoned 
 to Mexico and received his instructions September 
 
 "''' J''iliiii, Xof., ii. 15S-205. With the first collection of vestments there 
 v.i'iit \\\) to Rivera n letter from Gov. ]»arri, simply stating that opjiliuatiiiu 
 fur tlie property, in order to prevent ilelays, shouUl have been nuulc to I'resi- 
 ik'Jit Miira rather than himself, ami the same mail carried a letter from Mora, 
 with the assurance that all the blame for delays belonged exclusively t> IJarri ! 
 I'liloii adds a short 'rcdexion' making excuses, as was his duty, for all eon- 
 iciiiLil. Mora probably was accused of complicity in robbing the missions, 
 end favored a search in order to vinilicate his own honor and that of the 
 I'rniieiscans. The viceroy consented from the same motives and to avoid 
 liti;_'atioii, and Gov. Darri's charges and actions were, iK!lia]is, from ' excess 
 of zwd' to protect the mi'jsions of ]5aja California. It would seem that there 
 \va;i ;dso a quarrel betv een IJarri and Riveia arising in some way from the 
 iilKMiiii ,' by tiic commandant of a desjiatch addressed to the governor. UrtcLfa 
 in 1. ttiTs of July 18th and Oct. ^d—J'ror. St. /'ap., MS. i. 14S-!), 1.-m— ndvis'es 
 liiveia that the governor is hostile and disposed to wrangle abont .suiieriority ; 
 that lie had l>een taking testimony; and that it was oidy President Mora's 
 cllurts ^vlliuh had prevented Rivera's arrest on arrival at Loreto. 
 
 "' 'I'lu' (inly item of information that 1 have found respecting Neve before 
 lie came to California, is the fact tliat when his regiment was forineil in IT'ili 
 lit; was sent to raise ii squadron in Michoaenn; but botii at Valladolid and 
 I'lit/cnaro the ])Coplc resisted the draft, liberated sevei-al recruHs by force, 
 wiiiiiiiltd a sergeant, mid forced Neve to return. Jiicera, Gob. de Mcx,, i. 
 407-S. 
 
2.13 
 
 RECORD OF EVENTS. 
 
 ill 
 
 oOtli from the viceroy. These instructions were siiiiilar 
 in tlu'ir general purport to those before issued to Iliveiu 
 «*nul nhvady noticed. The only i)oints relating to Upper 
 (Viliibrnia were those defining the official relations 
 between Neve and Ixivera, requiring special attention 
 to tlio forwarding of despatches from the north and 
 Iv'eeping open the routes of communication, and the 
 forwarding of the church property at Velicata. The 
 connnander of Monterey was only nominally subordi- 
 nate to the governor, being required to maintain har- 
 monious relations with that official, and to report in 
 full to him as he did to the viceroy, but not in any 
 sense to obey his orders. Bucareli was careful to avoid 
 future dissensions by causing Neve to understand 
 Rivera's practical independence."^ Neve's appointment 
 may be said to have begun with the date of his 
 instructions on September 30th; but his final orders 
 were received October 28th"" and ho started from ]\Iex.- 
 ico the next day, although he did not reach Loreto 
 and assume conmiand until March 4th of the fallow- 
 ing yenr.*^ Of Barri after he left Loreto March 2(5, 
 1775, nothing is recorded. His term of office had been 
 from March 1771 to March 1775, but ho had exerted, 
 as wo have seen, no practical authority over Alta 
 California. 
 
 Scrra's second annual report for the year 1774, 
 com})leted iu February of the following year, is almost 
 entirely statistical in its nature, containing in addilioii 
 to figures of agriculture, stock-raising, mission build- 
 ings, baptisms, marriages, and deaths, long lists of 
 church ornaments, agricultural implements, and other 
 property. Tlie year would seem to have been fairly 
 prosperous, with no disasters. At San Diego the mis- 
 sion had been moved to a new site and new buildings 
 had been erected at least equal to the old ones. It was 
 l^roposed to move San Gabriel also for a short distance, 
 
 '^/liirarfll, Iiislrucciones al Gohernador de CaU/ornias, 30 de Sepliemhre 
 177.'i, MS. 
 
 "•/•/■or. St. Pap., MS., i. 191; Id. xxii. 2. 
 "yVor. A'cc, JMfcJ., i. 1. 
 
STATISTICS. 
 
 239 
 
 niid for lluit, r(\nson l)ut vciy sliglit addiiions liacl 
 live'ii made to the buildings. At the uthei' laissloiis 
 many .small stnu'tures had been put up for various 
 uses. At San Luis Obispo a now clunch (if adobes, 
 ci'4dit by t\V(nity varas, but as yet without a I'ooi", was 
 t!io most prominent improvement. At San Antonio 
 nil adol)c storehouse had been built, a boo]:ca;'e iiiado 
 \\)V a library, and an irrifjjatino: ditch divj: for about a 
 leaGfue. San Carlos had seven or ciu'lit new houses 
 oi' adobe and palisades, besides an oven, 
 
 Aj]ii<ndtural operations had been suocor^r.rid, and 
 the grain product had exceeded a thousand I'anogas, 
 tlioseod having yielded forty fold. San Cabrirl took 
 the load, close followed by San Carlos. San Luis 
 raised the most wheat, while sterile San Dic'xo .showed 
 a total return of only thirty fanegas of wheat. No- 
 whoi'o was there a total fliilurc of an}' crop. In the 
 matter of live-stock, horned cattle had increased from 
 205 to 304; hor.ses from 67 to 100; mules from 77 
 to 85; sheep from '94 to 170; goats from 07 to ! .»; 
 swine from 102 to 131; while asses remained only 4. 
 The mission records showed a total of [!3;"> baptifuns, 
 rJ4 marriages, 74 deaths, and an existing- neophyte 
 ])opulation of 7yl»; or for the year a gain of 312 bap- 
 tisms, 02 marriages, 45 deaths, and 21)7 in population. 
 San Carlos w^as yet at the head with 244 ncoj)hytes, 
 and San Diego came in last with 97.'*^ 
 
 *'.SVm7, Informe (Jc los Avfjmfnio.i que han icnido con t'do el ftiio tie 1774 Ins 
 '■'iif'i mi.<ioiiii< (Id (Jolc'iio Apo.ildfko d<> Proparjaudd I'tdc dc Sun Fcnmudo de 
 Mi:.,lco dc oidrii de N. i'. S. Fmncifiro y d<l estado itrliial <ii ijue yn lud'un 
 <i ii!limo:< dc liicii-nibre del ailo de 17!4i ^IS. The report Wiis dated San 
 Ciirlus, Feb. o, 1773. 
 
n I 
 
 i ii 
 
 ;iii 
 
 'ii ii 
 
 ill 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 NOllTIIERN EXPLORATION AND SOUTHERN DISASTER. 
 
 1775. 
 
 A CALiFOKNTA-notrNn Fleet — Franciscan CiiAri-Aiss— Voyace of Qninos 
 IN TiiK 'San Antonio' — Voyacje of Ayala in the 'San C'Aur.os' — 
 
 V0YA(iE OF IIeCKTA AND LoDEOA Y ClADUA TO TUi; NoH'lIIKr.S 
 
 Coasts — DiycovicuY of Tuinidad Bay — Discoveuy of liouEiiA Bay- 
 Death OF JlTAN TeKEZ — EXPLOIIAI'ION OF SaN FkANCISCO ]>AY 1!Y 
 
 Ayala — Trip of IIeckpa and I'alou to San Fkancisco hy Lanti— 
 
 PliM'AItATlONS FOU NkAV MISSIONS — AtTEJIPTED FoUNDINO OF SW 
 
 Juan Capistiiano — Midnight Destuuciton of San DiEtio Mission • 
 Mautyhdom of I'ADiiE Jaujie — A NiiiUT OF Teuuou — Alaiiji at San 
 Antonio. 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 W' ^1 
 
 
 K 
 
 A FLEET of four vessels was despatched from San 
 Bias in the si)rnig of 1775, all bound for Californian 
 or yet more northern waters. The king'liad sent out 
 recently from Spain six recfular naval officers, onu of 
 whom was to remain at San Bias as conuuandaiit, 
 while the rest were to assume charge of the vessels. 
 The viceroy was to supply chaplains, and, no cler- x- 
 mcn being immediately accessible, he called upon the 
 college of San Fernando to furnish friars for the duty, 
 on the plea that all was intended to advance the work 
 of converting heathen, a plea which the guardian 
 could not disregard, and he detailed four Franciscans 
 foi- the new service temporarily, though it was foreign 
 to the work of the order. ^ 
 
 ' The friar cliapliiins were Campa, Usson, Santa Mari.a, and Sierra. Lit\' 
 on the ocean wave liad no charms for tlicni, and on return from tiie liist 
 voyage they askeil iierinission to quit the service and to resume their h'^'iti- 
 niatc work as niissionaries. The first two were suecessfuL hut tlie cithers hail 
 to ' sacrifice themselves ' again, and Jos6 Nocedal was sent also as a ooiiiiiaiiioii. 
 The only consolation of each was the hope of being ahle to take the place of 
 some retiring fiiar in California. Paloii, A^o^, ii. '21G-17, 'J57-8. 
 
 (240) 
 
A NORTHERN FLEET. 
 
 2H 
 
 All sailed from Sail Bias on the same day, IIk; IGtli 
 of }ifarcli." Tlu! Sun Antimii) was luidcr Licnite'iiaiit 
 Frruaiidi) Qiiiros, aiul her cliaijlain was llanion LJsson. 
 Hiic was laden with supplies I'ur San Dicj^fj and San 
 (ial)i'Kl. (^uirus' voya<,^u was a ])rosporous one, and 
 liavinL;" landed the cai'_u;'o at San ]3ieg() lie was hack at 
 [Sail JJlas hy the middle of June. The other trans- 
 port, tile Sun Carlos, bearing the sup})lies for ^lonte- 
 \vy and the northern missions, set sail under the 
 coiuinand of ^Miguel Maiiri(|ue, but was hardly out of 
 higlit ofland when ho went mad and Liuuteiiant Juan 
 ]jaiitista de Ayala took his place, Vicente Santa ^NFaria 
 serving as chaplain. Her trip, though longer I'rom 
 adverse winds, was not less uneventful ami pros])crous 
 than that of the San Antonio. Anchoring a< ]\[onte- 
 I'eyJune 27tli, she discharged her cargo, and after 
 liaviiig made an exploration of Sau Francisco Bay, 
 lor which Ayala had orders, and of which I shall 
 have more to say presently, the Golden Fleece set out 
 on her return the lltli of October.'* 
 
 The other vessels were the ship Santiago, under 
 C'aiitain Bruno Heceta, with Juan Perez and Chris- 
 t(')hal lievilla as master and mate, and with j\Iigucl 
 (le la Campa and Benito Sierra as chaplains; and the 
 SL'hooncr Sonora alias Felicidad, commanded after 
 -Vyala's removal by Lieutenant Juan I'l'ancisco do 
 Bodega y Cuadra, with Antonio Maurelle as sailing- 
 master.* The full crew was one hundred and six; 
 men, and the supply of provisions was deemed sufli- 
 
 'Some authorities say tlie 15th, and Palou, probably by a misiirint, has it 
 the 'Jdili. 
 
 ''.Miiy nth, Ortega writes from San Diego to Rivera that the Sun. CdrloH 
 v';is stninded in leaving vSan Bias, and tliat tlio cargo will probably bo trans- 
 furred to the .S'««/(«,7o. This idea probably camo from somo rumor brought 
 !>>• the Sail. Antonio, I'cspecting the delay occasioned by ManiKjUu's madness. 
 J'rw. .V. />«;.., MS., i. 1G2. 
 
 ^llieeta, Quiros, and Manriquo Mere tenknfes de vavio, or lieutenants in 
 the loyal navy, tho former being acting captain an<l cf)Hiandauto of the 
 expediUDU. Ayala and Bodega were tcnkntcs di'/raijala, a rnnk lower than 
 the ]>ieeeding and obsolete in modern times save as an honorary title in the 
 luevehiint mariuc. Perez and Maurelle held tho rank of aljcir- de fragata, 
 .^till luwer than the preceding, besides bemg, as was Revilla, inlotos, or sail- 
 iiig-iausters. 
 
 Hist. Cal.. Vol, I 10 
 
FJ ; 
 
 242 NORTHERN EXnORATION; SOUTHERN DISASTE?.. 
 
 dent for a year's cruise. Sailing from San llla.s 
 March IGtli, the schooner being towed by tlie sliip, 
 tliey lost sight of the San Cd)ivf< in a week, and wore 
 kept back by C(jntrary winds at first, only beginning 
 to make progress northward early in A[)ril. ^^Jav 
 21st they were in nearly the latitude of Monterey, 
 but it was decided in council not to enter tliat poit. 
 since the chief aim of the expedition was exploratiuii, 
 and it was ho];)ed to get water at the liver suppo-cd 
 to have been discovered by Aguilar, in latitude ±-'ur 
 43°. 
 
 On the 7th of Jane, in latitude 42° as their oh- 
 servati(»ns made it, the vessels drew near the sliorc, 
 which they followed s.:'^ttliward to 41° G','' and found 
 on the Otli a good anchorage protected by a Liftv 
 headland IVoiii the prevalent north-west winds. Twn 
 days later they lanJed and took formal possession of 
 the country with all the prescribed ceremonial, indu;!- 
 ino- the unfurllnii" of the Spanish llaijf, a military salute, 
 raising the cross, and a mass by Father C'auipa, 
 From the day the name of Trinidad was gi\en to the 
 port, which stid retains it, and the stream since known 
 as ^ittle liiver was named Princii)io. The natives 
 were numennis and friendly, and by no means tiuiid. 
 They were r[uite ready to embrace tlie padres; tli«v 
 did not hesitate to put their hands in the dislies; ami 
 they were cur-ious to know if the strangers Mere men 
 like themselves, having noted an apparent indiU'eienee 
 to the charms of the native women. More tluin a 
 week was spent here, during which some expl')rations 
 were made, water and wood Avere obtained, r.nd the 
 disposition and habits of the natives studied, (hie 
 sailor was lost by desertion, and a new top-mast was 
 made for the Saidiarjo. Finally, on the U)th, tlie 
 navigators emliarked and lel't the port of Trinidail 
 with its pin(!-<ia(l hills, and, nuich to the sorrow of 
 the savages, bore away northward, in which direction 
 
 ' ir 8', 41' IS', 4r 7', aiul 4r 9' aro given by dlCfcrcnt authorities. Tlio 
 tii'e liititudt! is 111011141" 4'. 
 
 I f'\ 
 
>ste: 
 
 EXrEDJTIOX OP IIECETA AXD CUADEA. 
 
 San r)las 
 f the si lip, 
 
 aiu 
 
 lu 
 
 L'l'C 
 
 liC'jjinniii''' 
 [iril. ^tiiy 
 ]Slontei\'_v, 
 ■ til at poit, 
 .'XploratioM, 
 ;i" suppi>'i'<l 
 itudo i-J'or 
 
 Xr, their oh- 
 ' the fsluirf. 
 ' and I'ouihI 
 by a Inftv 
 iuds. Two 
 
 lOSSe^^^U'!l (If 
 
 )iiial, iiifliul- 
 iitaiy salutr, 
 iicr Cauijia, 
 
 :vl\-C'n to til'' 
 
 Isiucc known 
 The nativis 
 [leans timid, 
 ladres; tliv'V 
 dishes; ana 
 •s were nini 
 indiileriiiit' 
 lore than a 
 loxph>rati(»ns 
 
 led, r.nd tlu' 
 idied. Ow 
 jp-nuist was 
 e li)th, the 
 of Triirulad 
 ,c sorrow oi 
 ch dh-eetiuii 
 
 Luthoriticrf, The 
 
 no more landings or observations were made on Call- 
 I'ornian territory. 
 
 The explorations of Heceta and Bodega in northern 
 waters receive due attention in another volume of this 
 series. The ship and schooner, the latter nu longer 
 in tow, ke})t together till the end of July, when tlu>\ 
 parted in rough weather. Heceta in tlie Smilidn-t 
 ]<(j)t on to latitude 40'', whence on August 1 1th lu; 
 decided to return, many of his crew being dow-n with 
 llie scurvy. Tfe kept near tlic shore and made close 
 (hservations down to 42 80'; l.»ut on reentering Cali- 
 JMiiiia waters on the 21st, the weather being cloudy, 
 111 lie was learned of the coast. Passing Cape ^Mendo- 
 ciiio duriniif the ni<dit of the 25th, the commander 
 wished to enter San Francisco, but a dense fog I'endered 
 it unsafe to make the attem[)t, though he sighted the 
 j'arallones, and the 21)th anchor was cast in tlu^ 
 ])(iit of ]\ronterey. Now' were landed some mission 
 ;iud presidio supplies wdiich had come to California by 
 a roundabout way. 
 
 The schooner Sonora, after parting from her cap'i- 
 f(tii(i, ke})t on up to about 58", and then turning i( 1- 
 luwed the coast down to ]]odega. l:>ay, so ]>ani<'(l atthis 
 linie in honor of Bodega y Cuadra,*' though there was 
 unich doubt ;anon<T; the oflicials at first wdietlun' it 
 were not reallv San Francisco. Tlu.n' anchored (,)cto- 
 iirr ;!d, and without landing held friendly interc(Mirse 
 with the natives, who came out to them wu )-afts. 
 TIm; harbor seemed at fii'st glance a good oii(>, and 
 as ill tlie part since called Tomales Bay it extended 
 iar inland, apparently I'eceiving a large river at its 
 liead, it seemed likely to have yi)i\^r, comieeticn wit!i 
 llie !'i'(>at bdhia )r(hntchi, San Pabl(> Jxiv, wliidi had 
 liirii discovered to the south. Next vlav. howe\-er, ;i 
 >iidden gale proved the harbor unsafe, bri>aking a Ijoat, 
 wlii(h prevented proposed soundings. Nari'ov, lyescap- 
 
 '^.Mniiy suppose the ii.imc to Lave come from the fact that the nussiaiis in 
 I.iti r tii'.iis hail their cclhu's — in Spanish, liiiilp(i(iii—hviv. Stranrcly ciiijiii.'h 
 ix-.HnVLTiiiir Alvaiaild, /llsf. Cal., MS., ii. S, 1(\ takes tills view uf it, auil al.--o 
 liiiivi.i the name Karallones fium Cahiillcj'.s ] ik)t rcri-elo I 
 
 11 
 
M; 
 
 244 NORTHERN EXPLORATION; SOUTHERN DISASTER. 
 
 iiig Avrcck ill leaving the bay, tlic Sonora Leaded 
 soutliwaid ; the Farallones were sighted on the 5th, 
 and on the 7th Cuadra anchored at Monterey, to tho 
 great joy of his former coni[)anions who had given 
 tlie schooner up for lost. Nearly all ■\vcre down witli 
 tlie scurvy, but they rapidly recovered under the 
 Idndly care of the missionaries and the good-will of 
 Our Lady of Bethlehem, to whose image in the mis- 
 sion church of San Carlos the whole crew tendered a 
 S! Jenin mass of intercession a week after their arrival. 
 The return voyan'c from Monterey to San Bias lasted 
 from the 1st to the 20tli of November.'' Juan Perez, 
 who had been the first in these later expeditions to 
 enter both INIonterey and San Diego from tho sea, 
 died the second day out from })ort, and funei-al honors 
 were paid to his memory a year later when the news 
 came back to San Carlos. 
 
 At the end of 1774 the viceroy writes both Rivera 
 and Serra, of his intention to establish a new presidio 
 of twcntv-eight men at San Francisco, under a lieu- 
 tenant and a ser^-eant. This establishment will seivc 
 as a base of operations for a further extension of 
 Spanish and Christian power, and under its protect iuu 
 two new missions are to be founded at once, for which 
 Serra is requested to name ministei-s. It is amioune\il 
 that Anza will recruit the soldiers in Sonora and Siu- 
 aloa and brino- them with their families, to the number 
 of one himdred persons or so, by the overland route 
 explored ])y himself the same year, coming in person 
 to su[)erintend the ceremonies. The comisario at San 
 
 'The authoi'itii's fur tlieso voyages, for prirticiilarn of •which in tho iin''th 
 sec Jll^t. Xoiiliin.^/ ( 'nils/, i. ]i)8 ct scq,, nrc lli'cita, I'iiijcilc J] ,',7; Jiiitrio il'' I't 
 Siiiiti'iitr', MS.; Hifli'ja y Ciiwlni, Viaiji' <lc l]7i>; J'iario dr la Soiiura, MS.; 
 ManriUc, JJinriit ih I Viuije do la Sniinra 1] ^.'i, .MS. (with Itrlli xioins, dili'/i-', 
 tto. ); lii'diija 1/ ( 'iiii'lra, ( 'niiiciilo dr la NnVf:[i''riiin >/ l>i:<nihriiii.iiaio 1 1 iJ, MS. ; 
 Jfmla, tSc'/iiiida Kijilomcioii dn la con/a iSijitcidiinind di: Ca'i/oniia J!i'', 
 jMS. ; Jit rita, K-rpi diciiiih iiiiiri/iiiiii, l'ii<ta 1 1 i/rado ciiicmii/a, y c'liodi'lct cusini 
 d< I Maf J'licijift), ill Piiloii, Not., ii, •J1!)-.'J7 ; MaiinUi;, dnimial (fa To.'/";/'' "* 
 Hn'); I'rddii, Vida, KL'-."); Xavarrcti', in Sii/il y J/c.;-., Vii"./f', xuiii.-ix.; 
 MoJ'ra.t, Explor., i. 107-'J; Orevuhow's Or. and Cat., 117-lJO; Furi-ler'ti JJifl. 
 Voi/., 4J5-8. 
 
rER. 
 
 SAN FRAXCISCO BAY. 
 
 245 
 
 :( headed 
 the 5tli, 
 jy, la the 
 lad given 
 Lowii with 
 nder the 
 )d-will of 
 , tlic iiiis- 
 cndered a 
 ur arrival. 
 Uas histed 
 lau Perez, 
 ditions to 
 I the sea, 
 ral honors 
 L the news 
 
 3th llivcra 
 
 iw presidio 
 
 der a- Tku- 
 
 wiii seiv'o 
 
 ension of 
 
 protection 
 
 for v.lii'h 
 
 innouneed 
 
 X and Sin- 
 
 le nimibir 
 
 and ronto 
 
 in p(.'r,-iin 
 
 irio at San 
 
 li in tlio nc'di 
 
 \.'i ; JUdriu il'' ''' 
 .Snivrii, 'S\>.\ 
 
 iXioiltS, lull''!-', 
 
 it'/fonii'i' Jii', 
 [lii><lcl("i (■"■-■■'''■•■ 
 (if a I 'p!f(i:i<' 'II- 
 
 |((i/f, xi'iii. -!>;•! 
 
 r)]ns has orders to send by the next year's transports 
 supphes sufficient for the new cok)nY, and tlic com- 
 mander of the vessel which brought these letters is 
 instructed to make a preliminaiy survey of San Fran- 
 cisco llay.^ Details are left to the well known dis- 
 cretion and zeal of the commandant and president, 
 wlio are directed to report minutely and promptly on 
 nil that is done. The substance of these communica- 
 tions is duplicated in otiiers written at the beginning 
 of 1775 ;'' one set and perhaps both reaching Monterey 
 the 27th of June by the San Carlos. 
 
 Lieutenant Ayala, as I have said, has orders to ex- 
 jtlore San Francisco by water. His instructions refer 
 iiicirc directly to the new bay than to the original San 
 I'rancisco. As is natural in the case of two bodies of 
 v/ater so near together and probably connected, there 
 is no further effort in ^lexico to distinguish one from 
 the otlier, the lately discovered o'randeur of the new 
 ahsorhinii" the traditional o'lories of the old. For a 
 time the friars and others in Califoi'nia. show a feeble 
 tendency to keep up the old distinction, but it is ])rac- 
 tirally at an end. From 1775 the newly fouiv' and 
 gland bay bears the name San Fi-ancisco whirl i has 
 beiore belonL^ed to the little harbor under Point 
 Eeycs. Ayala's mission i,i to ascertain if the mouth 
 s(H'n by Pages three years before from the opposite 
 shore is indeed a navifjablo entrance, and also to learn 
 hy examination if the bay is a '})ort,' or if it contains 
 a ];ort. He is also to search for a strait connecting 
 tlie bav with the San Francisco of old. Pivera is to 
 cooperate by means of a land expedition, and tlie two 
 are to make all possible preparations for the recep- 
 tion of Anza's force soon to l)e on its way. Pivei'a 
 cannot send his party till his nie-n return from the 
 
 ''Letters (l;it('il Dpocmber 15, 1774. Of tliiit to Sena [ li;ive the (irijriiial, 
 Jiaitlv ill till-' liaiiihvritiiiL;' nf lUicareli liiiiisell'. Arrli. Misi(iiii!<, J\IS.. i. -r)-.')!!; 
 Ai--h. Suiila lUu-hani, .\lS., i. ll'J-'J-J; Pro<: S/. P"i>. Iln. Mhnl., .MS., ii. 
 
 ''T,<>ttern (lilted .luKiai'y 'J, 177'>. Original aildressed to I'. Scrra, in l>(i'\ 
 ir.<. <\il., MS., iv. '20-7. beeulbu I'ror. St. I'ap., ^IS., i. liiU-7; J'l-, .\.\ii. li. 
 
2J0 XOKTITllRX EXl'LORATION; ROUTIIEllX DISASTER. 
 
 south, wliitlicr tlicy have gone to escort Duiiietz to 
 \"eHcata and back in quest of church property. 
 Father Junipero names Canibon and Palou for tlie 
 ])roi)osed mission, and Ayala busies himself in con- 
 structing a caijuco, or 'dugout,' from the trunk of a 
 redwood on the llivcr Carmelo, a beginning in a small 
 way of ship-building on the Californian coast. 
 
 Ayala, with his two pilotos, Jose Cafiizarcs and 
 Juan ])autista Aguirre, and his chaplain Santa Marfn, 
 sail irom Monterey, probably on the 24th of July,^" l)c- 
 ginning with the voyage a novena to Saint Francis, at 
 the termination of which on the 1st of August just at 
 night the Sfin CYwlos is off the entrance to San Fi-aii- 
 cisco IJay. The boat is sent in lirst, and as she does 
 not innnediately I'eturn, the pacjuebot follows in tlie 
 darkness, and anchors without difficulty in the vicinity 
 of what is now North Beach. Next morning slic 
 joins the boat and both cross over to the Isla de 
 Nuestra Sehora de los Angeles, so named as I sup- 
 l)ose I'rom the dav, Auiiust 2(1, and still known as 
 Angel Island." There they find good anchorage, 
 witli [denty of wood and water. Ayala I'emains at 
 anchor in the bay for over forty days, making carel'ul 
 surveys and waiting for the land expedition, which 
 does not make its appearance. It is unlbrtunate that 
 neither the map nor diary of this earliest survey is 
 extant. Cahizares is sent in the boat to ex])lore llu; 
 noi'thern l»ranch, the 'round bay,' now called San 
 I'aldo, going up to fresh- water rivers,'- and bartei'iiig 
 beads for fish with many friendly natives. Aguiin' 
 makes a similar reconnoissance in the southern branch 
 
 "Talon, Xi<t., ii. 218,248-9; Viihi, 201 -.1, tlic only antliority extant, f-nvs 
 .Tilly 27tli, Imt this I think is ii misprint, since it ■woulil not allow tliu iiucliui- 
 iiu'f fit Angel Island August 2il. 
 
 "The fact that it is called ' la isla que ostA on frcntc <1c la boca' Wdiild 
 au'i'eu l)etter with ^Vlcutraz, hnt Font, Journal, .MS., a little later mcntioiii-i 
 anotluT island agre'ing witli Alcatraz, renioving all doubt. 
 
 '-As nothing is said of the liodiea of M-;'teri!orresiionding to Suisun Hay and 
 (^ar(|uines Strait, it would seem likely that the rivers Avei'e I'etaluiiia, ^-oaoina, 
 (I)' Xapa creeks, and not the San .Toaquin and Sacramento; but in iiis I'i./d, 
 203, 1'alou says they noted the mouth of the great river Sau Trauciscu foniicil 
 by Ihe other big rivers. 
 
AY ALA AND AGUIKRE IN THE BAY. 
 
 247 
 
 of llio bay, noting sovcrnl indentations Avith good 
 aiic'lioragc; but lie oncovnitcrs only three natives, who 
 aie we('i)ing on the shore of what is now jMission 
 ]5,iv, called from that oireunistancc Enscnada do los 
 Jjlorones. Santa jMari'a and the oflPieers land several 
 times on the northern shore toward l^oint I'eves, 
 visiting there a hospitable ranchen'a. The conclusion 
 reached is that San Francisco is indeed a port, and 
 (iiic iif the best possessed by Spain, " not merely one 
 I II lit, l)ut many Avith a single entrance." There is an 
 ahoiii>inal tradition that the bay was once an oak 
 orove with a river flowing throu<jfh it, and the Si)an- 
 iards think they find some suppin't for the theory in 
 till' sliape of oak roots there found." On the 22d of 
 Scpliiiiber the San CVirlos is back at ^Monterey. 
 
 ill the mean time the Sdnfiar/o has arrived irom the 
 north, and lleceta, who had been unable by reason of 
 fou's to enter San Francisco l)y Avater, resolves to make 
 tlie attempt by land. Ho obtains nine soldiers, three 
 sailoi-s, and a carpenter, ])laccs on a nuilo a canoe pur- 
 chased from the northern Indians, and with Palou and 
 Cainpa sets out the 14th (»f Se[)tembcr. Following 
 Ivivt lu's route of the preceding 3'ear the party arrive 
 o!i the 22(1 at the sea-shoro, and find on the l)each 
 lielow the cliff Ayala's canoe wrecked. This first prod- 
 uct of home ship-building, after fulfilling its destiny 
 ill the first survey of California's chief harbor, had 
 broken loose from its moorings and floated out with 
 the tide to lueet its fate where more pretentious craft 
 have since stranded. 
 
 Oil the hill-top, at the foot of the old cross, arc found 
 letters from Santa Maria directing the land party to 
 U'o about a league inland, and light a fire on the beach 
 to attract the notice of the Scdi Carlos anchored at 
 Aiigel Island. Heceta does so, but finds no vessel, 
 and returns to encamp on Lake Pierced, so named 
 1 10111 the day, September 24th, on which he left it. 
 Xext day he returns to North Beach, but finds no 
 
 ^^ Arch. Santa Durbani, MS., iv. 153. 
 
243 NORTIIERX EXPLORATIOX; SOUTIIERX DISASTER. 
 
 V '■■'^'' 
 
 hi 
 
 ship; and, supposing correctly that she lias loft tlic 
 bay, tlo})arts on tlio 24th for Monterey, where lus 
 arrives the 1st of October." Tlius no buildinus ai'u 
 yet erected for Anza s expected force. 
 
 Before receiving the viceroy's instructions regardiii;;,' 
 San Franc'sco, Serra had desired to found some new 
 missions under tlie regulations of 1773; that is, I»\- 
 diminisliing the old guards and taking a few soldiers 
 from the presidio. But Rivera declared that no sol- 
 diers could be spared, and the president had to content 
 himself with writing to the guardian and asking that 
 ofHcer to intercede witli the viceroy for twenty nn'ii. 
 Had he known of the force already assigned to the 
 new presidio, it is doubtful if even he would have IkmI 
 the effrontery to ask so soon for a reiinforcemeiit. 
 Tlie guardian, unal)le to get the soldiers, asked })ei- 
 mission to retire the supernumerary padres, which was 
 granted at first but inunediately countermanded; and 
 Bucareli wrote to both Serra and Rivera, authoiiziu'^ 
 the former and instructing the latter, in view of 
 Anza's expected arrival, to establish two or three new- 
 missions on the old ])lan, depending on future arrange- 
 ments for additional guards.^'' 
 
 The viceroy's letter just alluded to reached ]\I()ii- 
 terey on the lOth of August. At a consultation luM 
 two days latci" it was resolved to establish at once a 
 mission (/f San Juan Capistrano between San ])ii\'.j,d 
 and San Gabiiel, under Fermin Francisco de Lasu( a 
 and Gregorio Amurrio, with a ijfuard of six men. i'oui' 
 from tlie [)residial force and two from the missions of 
 San Cilrlos and San Die^-o.^"^ The friars from ?.loii- 
 tiToy and San Luis, where they had been waitiiiu', 
 went down to San Gabriel in August, Lasuen con- 
 tinuing his journey to San Diego, whence he accoiii- 
 
 ^*PaIoii, Not., ii. 243-8. 
 
 ^■'I'ahii, Kof., ii. 2.J9-C1; Rucarcli to Rivera,* May 24, ITTo, in Pror. St. 
 Piij'., MS., i. 174-5. 
 
 ''' Uivtra aiiiKnuiet'd tliis to tlio viceroy in .1 li'tter of Aug. 2:2(1. /'/')'•. Sf. 
 PdjK, MS., i. 1!)! -2. (iiiv. Xeve iiotilied" tiie viceroy of tliu'iadre'ti ap[Hiijit- 
 iiKiit, ou Dee. 10th. Piov. Ike, MS., i. lo(J-7. 
 
TROUBLE AT SAN DIEGO. 
 
 240 
 
 paiiic'd Ortcp^a to explore a site for the now mission. 
 This done, Lasiien returned from San Diej^o with 
 Ortega, a sergeant, and twelve soldiers, sending word 
 to Auiurrio to come down from San Gabriel with the 
 cattle and other church property. Lasuen formally 
 began the mission on the 30th of Oct()l)er." Tlie 
 natives were well disposed, work on the buildings was 
 progressing. Father Amurrio soon arrived, and pros- 
 pects were deemed favorable, when on the 7th of 
 Xovcmber the lieutenant was suddenly called away 
 by tidings of a disaster at San Diego. By his ad- 
 vice the new mission was abandoned, the b'.dls wei'o 
 Luried; and the whole company set out for the pre- 
 sid 
 
 lo. 
 
 IS 
 
 Of aifairs at San Diego, before the event that 
 called the company back from San Juan, we have no 
 record, save a few letters of Ortega to the connnand- 
 ant, relating for the most part to trivial details of 
 otiieial routine. There is some coin])laint of lack 
 of arms and servants in the presidio. Several muli? 
 tiains .arrive and de[)art; there are hostile savages on 
 the iVontier; the lieutenant is sorry because Kiveni 
 wishes to leave, doubts if he can obtain permission to 
 rosinn, which is the first we know of anv such inten- 
 tion on the part of the commandant.'" 
 
 At the new mission, six miles up the valley, pros- 
 pects are bright. New buildings have been erected, a 
 well dug, and more land made ready for sowing. On 
 tlie od of October sixty new convei'ts are l)aptized. 
 Then comes a change. On the niglit of Xovember 
 4th the mission company, eleven ])ersons of Spanish 
 
 i I 
 
 Vf 
 
 '" Sii s;ivi^ Piilou ; but Oile.^a, in a letter to An/;i dated Xov. ."Otli, .says it 
 \v:isOet. llltli. Arrh. Cal. Prm-. S/. P(i/>.. /!ri>. Mil.. MS., i. L', ;{. 
 
 '"'I'lui.s Aiiza on his arrivid .Ijiii. S, 177'.!, found tlu^ Kite and unfinislieil 
 I'liildiuu'H unoeeupied. Aii:.a, Dhir'nt, MS., i)0. 
 
 '■'/'/•'„•. .S7. Pup., MS., i. U-1 7, Ki.'i-C; /'/•")•. /.Vr., MS., i. 144-5. In oik? 
 ' t his U'tter.s Ortega s]K'aks of the hindin;j!-iil:u'i; of goods for the presidio iis 
 I'eiii-- at lea.st two leagues distant. It would be interesting to know just 
 V. acre this landing was and what was the m IlV of landing go(jds so f.ir 
 I ir. In fnet without crossing to tlie peninsula it W(;uld seem iiupo.s.sihle to 
 I. 111! a .spot so far away. 
 
250 NORTHERN EXPLORATION: SOUTHERN DISASTER. 
 
 11 
 
 •^M- .: 1; 
 
 M i! 
 I 
 
 blood, retire to rest in fancied security. A little after 
 midnight they awake to find the buildings in llames 
 and invested by a horde of yelling savages. The two 
 ministers, Luis Jaume and Vicente Fuster, with two 
 boys, a son and a nephew of Ortega,-" rush out .at the 
 iirst alarm. Jaumc turns toward the savages with his 
 usual salutation Amad d Dios, hijos, * Love God, my 
 children.' Thereupon he is lost sight of by Fuster, 
 who with the 3'oung Ortegas succeeds in joining tliu 
 soldiers at their barracks. 
 
 Two blacksmiths, Jose Manuel Arroyo and Felipe 
 Romero, the former being on a visit from the presidio,'^ 
 were sleeping in the smithy. Arroyo is the first to ho 
 i-oused, and thouijh ill he seizes a sword and rushes 
 forth. Receiving two arrows in his body he staggers 
 back into the shop to rouse his companion, and falls 
 dead. Romero, awakened by the cry, " Compancro, 
 they have killed me I" springs from his bed, seizes a 
 musket, and from behind his bellows as a barricade 
 kills one of the assailants at the first shot. Then, 
 takinii: advantasxe of the confusion which follows, ho 
 escapes and joins the soldiers. The carpenter, Josd 
 UrselinO; was in the barracks and at once joins the 
 soldiers; but in doing this, or immediately after, ho 
 receives two arrow wounds which some days later 
 l»rove fatal. 
 
 The mission guard consisting of three soldiers, 
 Alcjo Antonio Gonzalez, Juan Alvarez, and Joaquin 
 Armenta,^- under Corporal Juan Estevan Rocha, in tlie 
 absence of a sentinel are aroused from their slumber 
 by the flames, and by the yells of ihe assailants. 
 
 -" These were not the Juan and Jos(5 Maria of the list given at tlic end of 
 tliis volume. Tlieir age at this time is not stated. The records are strangily 
 silent about these boys during the resit of this eventful night. 
 
 '■" Palou, JVol., ii. 204-71, and Vkla, 17G-87, one of the leading authorities 
 on this affair, ciToneously speaks of the three mechanics as two carpenters 
 and one smith, one of the two room-mates being the carpenter Ursclino. 
 
 '''' Francisco Pefia, the fourth man, was ill at the presidio. Tlie names of 
 the guard witli many other Interesting particulars are given in Ortcija, lujorme 
 de Nov. 30, 1775, MS., this document being a communication addressed to 
 Lieut. -Col. Anza, and one of the most valuable soni-eesof original information 
 respecting the disaster, embodying as it does all the results of Lieut. Ortega's 
 investigations down to date. 
 
TER. 
 
 A XIGTIT OF TERnOR. 
 
 2S1 
 
 ttlo after 
 in ilanics 
 
 The two 
 with two 
 )ut at tlio 
 3 with his 
 
 God, 11 ly 
 y Fustei', 
 )iiiiiig the 
 
 nd Fchpo 
 
 prGsi<h(),"^ 
 
 first to ho 
 
 nd riishci^ 
 
 3 staggers 
 
 , and falls 
 
 3mpafiero, 
 
 [1, seizes a 
 
 barricade 
 
 '>t. Then, 
 
 bllows, ho 
 
 ntcr, Josu 
 
 joins the 
 
 after, lie 
 
 ays later 
 
 soldiers, 
 
 Joaquin 
 
 tha, in the 
 
 |r shimher 
 
 issailants. 
 
 at the end of 
 I are sti-nngi'ly 
 
 ig autlioritios 
 m cinpeiiters 
 Urseliiio. 
 JThc names of 
 Itfija, Iiifonr.c 
 
 I addressed to 
 
 II information 
 lent. Ortega's 
 
 Rteri forced by the blacksmith, the woimdod carpenter, 
 and the surviving friar, the Spaniards defend them- 
 selves for a time; but the fire soon forces them to seek 
 othor shelter.-^ They first repair to a room of tho 
 friars' dwelling, where Father Fustcr makes a haz- 
 iiidoiis l)ut ineffectual attempt to find Jaume. 
 
 Thu tire soon renders the house untenable. In 
 tlicir dire extremity they bethink themselves of a 
 small enclosure of adobes in which they take refuge, 
 tliLie to fight to the death. In one wall is an open- 
 iiio- through which arrows are shot; but the soldiers 
 croi't a barricade with two bales or Iwxes and a copper 
 kettle brought from the burning house at great risk. 
 But by the time the opening is closed, all arc wounded, 
 and two soldiers besides the carpenter disabled. A 
 fast of nine Saturdays, a mass for each of the soldiers 
 and mechanics, and a novcna for the priest are prom- 
 ised heaven for escape; and thereafter not an arrov/ 
 touches them, though sticks and stones and burning 
 brands are still showered on their h.eads.-* Urseiino 
 and the disabled soldiers strain their feeble strenrjth 
 to ward off the missiles, Fuster covers with his body, 
 his cloak, and his prayers the sack containing fifty 
 jjounds of gunpowder, while the blacksmith and one 
 soldior load and reload the muskets which Corporal 
 liocha discharges with deadly effect into the ranks of 
 tho foe, at the same time shouting commands in a 
 
 ■' It may be noted that according to the last annual report — Serra, Informe, 
 (k ni.'h ^^'^- — the mission buildings on the new site had not been enclosed 
 in tile lunial stockade defences. The barracks are not described iu that report, 
 but ^^x•^o of wood; the church 'was not of adobe; and all the adobe buildings 
 txcfpt tho granary had tule roofs. The padros' house, or tho smithy, or tho 
 granary \\ii\\ their adobe walls W'ould seem to have alibrdcd better protection 
 than the Imilding chosen; but tho progress of the flames or some other unre- 
 eoriliil circunistancc doubtless determined their action. 
 
 ■Tor this night's struggle I have followed for the most part Fuster, licfjis' 
 ti-odel)rJ'H)icione!<, MS., in San Diego, Lib. de Misioii, ()7-74, an original record 
 by a burvivor of thofiery ordeal left l)y Fuster in the mission register of deaths. 
 This autlior calls the structure which aftbrded shelter a ' cercadito de adobes, 
 como (le tres varas,' and docs not imply that it had a roof. Palou says it was 
 a kind of kitchen with walls but little over three feet high and roofed with 
 blanches and leaves, the burning of w lich added to the peril. This author 
 also gives some indications of the pai ^re's bravery which modesty prompted 
 thu otlier to conceal. 
 

 232 NORTUERX EXPLORATION; SOUTHERN DISASTER. 
 
 stentorian voice as if at the head of a regiment. Wli.it 
 a subject for a painting I Thus the hours slowly pass 
 until at dawn the savages withdraw. The survivors, 
 or such of them as can move, crawl from behind tlic 
 adobe battlements, and the Baja Californians and 
 neophytes make their appearance. 
 
 The latter come fully armed with bows and arrows, 
 and claim to have been largely instrumental in put- 
 tincj tlic foe to flij^ht. The iirst solicitude of the sur- 
 vivors is to learn the fate of Father Jaumc, of wlioiii 
 the neophytes say they know nothing. His body is 
 soon discovered in the dry bed of the creek at somo 
 distance, naked, bruised from head to foot with blows 
 of stones and clubs, his face disfigured beyond rccoL^- 
 nition, and with eighteen arrow wounds."^ It is siil)- 
 sequcntly ascertained from the natives that the fiiar 
 full calhng on Jesus to receive his spirit. 
 
 Two Indians wore now sent to the presidio, thoii'^h 
 not without serious misuivinixs, since it was undd- 
 stood that one party of savages had gone to attack 
 the garrison. The force at the time, during tho 
 absence of Ortega and Sergeant INIariano Carrillo at 
 San Juan, consisted of Corporal Mariano A'^orduifo 
 and ten soldiers, four of whom were on the sickdist 
 and two in the stocks. They wxre found safe and 
 entirely ignorant of what had happened up the ilvor. 
 On receipt of the news Verdugo hastened with his 
 four men to the mission, where he arrived about ciu'lit 
 o'clock in the morning; and a few hours latur the 
 whole company started in sorrowful procession back 
 to the presidio, carrying the disabled with the body 
 of Jaume and the charred remains of the blacksmitli, 
 Arroyo, and driving the few animals that were left 
 of the mission herds. A small band of neophyte^;, !ill 
 that had shown themselves since the attack, was Icl't 
 behind to battle with the flames and save, if possible, 
 something from the general wi'cck. 
 
 '^Palou says his consecrated hands alone were uninjured, preserved doubt- 
 less by God to show liia innocence; but Fuster saj's nothing of this. 
 
DESTRUCTION OF SAN DIEGO. 
 
 268 
 
 On tlio sixth, after letters from Verdugo and the 
 j^toic-koopcr, Pedro y Gil, had been sent by a courier 
 t(» recall the commandant, Faster performed funeral 
 litcs to the memory of his martyred associate, and 
 l>uiiod the body in the presidio chai)el. Ho had died 
 \vith()ut the last sacrament, but he had said mass 
 tlio day before his death, had confessed only a few 
 (lays before, and it could hardly be doubted that all 
 was well with him. The same day Arroyo's body 
 vas buried."'* In the forenoon of the 8th Ortega 
 ani\cd, soon followed by Carrillo with the remainder 
 of the San Juan party. On the 10th the carpenter, 
 l^iselino, was buried by Fuster, having died from the 
 ctFects of his wounds the day before, after receiving 
 tli(j sacrament, and having left all the pay due him to 
 1)0 used for the benefit of his murderers. 
 
 From investigations set on foot as soon as the presi- 
 dio had been put in a state of defence, some informa- 
 tion was brought to light repecting the revolt and its 
 attendant circumstances. Just after the baptism of 
 October 3d two brothers Francisco and Cilrlos, both 
 old neophytes,^'' and the latter chieftain of the San 
 IJicgo rancheria, had run away and had not returned 
 when Ortega went north to found San Juan. It was 
 learned that they had visited all the gentiles for leagues 
 around, inciting them to rise and kill the Spaniards. 
 Xo other cause is known than that a complaint of hav- 
 ing stolon fish from an old woman was pending against 
 them, and so far as could be learned they made no 
 charges against the friars except that they were going 
 to convert all the rancherias, pointing to the late 
 baptism of sixty persons as an indication of that pur- 
 l)oso. Some rancherias refused to participate in the 
 lilut; but most of them promised their aid,'^^ and the 
 
 ^'^SanDirgo, Lib. de Mision, MS., 74-5. Arroyo's widowed mother hail 
 bitn Iniried here before. Her name was Petroua Garcia. 
 
 ■■ Sa I'ulou calls tliem, but I think there may bo some doubt about this. 
 
 -"Ortega in his Informe, MS., 5, names the Christian rancherias of San 
 Luis, .Miitiinio, Xamachd, Meti, Xana or Xanat, Abascal, Abuscal or Agiiscal, 
 aud Muj^tate or San Miguel; and the gentile rancherias of La Tunta, Melcjo, 
 
254 NORTHERX EXPLORATIOX; SOUTHERN DISASTER. 
 
 assailants were estimated at from cifjht hundred to a 
 thousand. Tliey were divided into two hodies and wero 
 to attack mission and presidio simultaneously; Imt tlio 
 mission party began operations prematurely, ond tin; 
 others, seeing the light of the burning buildings, 
 which they supposed or feared would rouse the garri- 
 son, abandoned their part of the scheme. 
 
 At the mission the savages first went to the neo- 
 phyte's huts and by threats and force, as tlie latter 
 claimed, or by a previous understanding, as many 
 Spaniards believed, insured their silence while tliey 
 jiroceeded first to plunder and then to burn. About 
 the part taken by the neophytes in this revolt tliero 
 is some disaOT'eement among the authorities. All tlie 
 evidence ujoes to show that some renej^ade coiiveits 
 were concerned in it; but Palou, reflecting doubtless 
 the opinions of the other friars,'^^ accepts the i)loa of 
 those in tlie huts that they were kept quiet by Ibrce, 
 and that the mass of the Christiai.s were faithrul. 
 Others, however, and notably Anza, an intelligent and 
 unprejudiced man well acquainted with the facts, be- 
 lieved, as there w'as much testimony to prove, that it 
 was the neophytes who planned the rising, convoketl 
 tlic gentiles, and acted treacherously throughout tlnj 
 whole affair.""" 
 
 Otai, Pocol, Cdjuat, and El Cornil, as among those involved in the niovoiueut. 
 Cliilcacop, or (JIiocalcDp, of tlio Xamachfi ranchoria, a, Ohvistiau, is said to 
 have aided in tlic killing of Jauine, in connection with the jiagans, Tuerto and 
 the chief of the Maramoydos, both of Tapaiiqiio ranchciia. »SV. I'ap. .SVc., 
 MS., ix. 7-. Those who led tlie attack were Oroehc, chief of Jhi^tate or 
 Mactati, M-j;ael, Bernanhno of Matanio, and two others. Zcgotuy, cidcf if 
 JlatanKi, testilied that !) ranchcrias were invited, and that among the Icndi rs 
 were Francisco of Cuyaniac, liiniself, and anotlier. The sonthcrn ranclu ria.i 
 nsscnihled at La I'unta, the mountaineers at Meti. C'liief Francisca iildttid 
 tlie revolt, and he, Zogotay, had invited 10 ranchcrias. Arch. C\tl., I'mr. Sf. 
 PajK, MS., i. l2i2S-oi2. V^ery little satisfcactory information can he gatlicM J 
 from tlio reports of these investigations. Rafael of Xanat and the chief cf 
 Aguscal were also leaders, according to Ortega. 
 
 '■''■' Lasncn, however, in his fiifonne de ItSJ, MS., says tha.t most of tlio 
 neojjhytes took part in the revolt. 
 
 '•'^ Anza, JJlan'o, MS., 90-G. Anza, as we shall sec, arrived early in the 
 next year. He calls attention to the cool lying of the neophytes with a vii-n- 
 to exonerate themselves, tliey even claiming' that when liberated from tluir 
 conlincmeiit they had turned upon the gentile foes, driving them to the moun- 
 tains. There was evideiico of some understanding between the natives^of 
 San Diego and those of the Colorado River. Garces on the C'oloi'ado in 1 1 1 
 
DEFENSIVE MEASURES. 
 
 Tn insure (Safety at the presklio a roof of eartli was 
 r;n)i<lly added to the old friars' dwulliiiL'-, to whicli 
 fitiiiilies and stores were removed. Tlut tide huts 
 wvw then destroyed and other ]»•( .-autions taken 
 ji'^ainst fire. Letters asking i'or aid were desi)atehed 
 t(» Ivivera at Monterey, and to An/a aj)[)roae1iing fronj 
 the Colorado region, and both, as we shall siv, arrived 
 Lurly tlie next year. Then parties of soldiers were 
 sriit out in different dir(;etions to learu something of 
 the enemy's plans, and several leaders were eaj)tured 
 aiul made to testify. Thus, in suspense and fear of 
 luassiuTe, the little j^arrison of San Diego passed the 
 rest of the year.''^ 
 
 Scrra at San Carlos received a letter announc- 
 ing- the disaster the 13th of Decend)er. "Ood hu 
 thanked," exclaimed the writer, "now the soil is 
 watrred; now will the reduction of the Dieguinos he 
 ' iiit|)letc!" Next day the six friars paid funeral 
 )w>' trs to the memory of Jaumo, whose lot, we are 
 t^ild, all envied. They doubted not ho had gone t'> 
 wear a crown of martyrdom; but to make the matter 
 sure, "si acaso su alma necesitasc do nuestros sufra- 
 u'los," eacli promised to say twenty masses. Sena 
 wrote to the guardian that tlie missionaries were not 
 disheartened, but did not fail to present the late dis- 
 aster as an argument in favor of increased mission 
 U'uards.''^ 
 
 la.t most (if llio 
 
 lu;ii(l <it' tlic disaster, and from bis intiinato acquaintance with the tvihts of 
 that iv^^iiin lie ))flievc3 that they wouM haV' j(jined tiic San ?)i('f;o ranclici'iaH 
 ill a war against tlic Spaniards later, had it not been lor the lavorable inijires- 
 bioii Icl't liy An/.a. C'curcii, Jliario, 2(34 -'JS.'). 
 
 "'See also on the San Diego revolt Scrra, iVo^l.s•, in Son Dieijo, Lib. da 
 Mis'mn, MS., 4; Lasitcn, lufurmi: Oe liSJ, ^IS.; /</., in ^[nh. Scaita /jih-lxira, 
 M.'t., ii. IfiT; St. Pap., Mix-i. and t'uloii., MS., i. 1(!, \\17; and investigationn 
 (it'Oitigaaiulliiverain ApriltoJune 177(), in Proi'. St. J'aji., lien. Mil., MS.,i. 
 'll-',\. Orte;,a cre<lit.s privates Ignaeio Vallcjo, Aiiasta.sio Caiiiaeli", and Juan 
 ill' Ortega ■with great gallantry in these trying times, liifonnc, M.S., .3; and 
 Alvaiadu, lli4. (,'(il., MS., i. S.'J, goes so far as to say that Vullejo was tlio 
 ihi<f cause of the Spanish triumph, thus becoming a great favorite among tlie 
 )iailres. Glceson, JJitt. Calh. Ch., ii. G8-7(), is somewhat confused in liis 
 laiiHiiit of this allair, making the natives destroy San Carlos and attack the 
 invsi(lii) in 1770. 
 
 '^- PaloH, Xot., ii. 1T2-'i; Id., Vida, 184-7. Dumctz now went to San 
 Autoiiio and Cambon and I'icras returned to San Carlos Dec. "JlJd. 
 
266 NORTHERN EXPLORATION; SOUTHERN DISASTER. 
 
 Rivera set out for the south on the IGth of Decem- 
 ber, with thirteen men, one of whom was to be lel't at 
 San Antonio while two were to remain at San Luis. 
 
 In August there had been an alarm at San Antonio. 
 A messenger came to the presidio on the 2i)th w ith 
 the news that the natives had attacked the mission, 
 and shot a catechumen about to be baptized. Rivera 
 sent a souad of men who found the wounded natiw; 
 out of clanger. They captured the culprits and held 
 them after a Hogging, until the conmiandant ordered 
 them flogged again, when after a few days in tlio 
 stocks they were released.^^ 
 
 "Pa/o«, iS^o<., ii. 244-5. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 EXPEDITION? OF ANZ , FONT, ^iXD G.HICES. 
 177J-1770. 
 
 A.NZ.v AND HIS CoLONV — PiiEPAnATioxs IN Mi'.xioo AM) SoNouA — Two Hrv- 
 
 nUKLi I.MMICRANTS— OUICINAL AUTJIOIUTIKS — MaKCU TO TIIK RiO CoLO- 
 
 UAUo— !Mis.sioNAiUKS Lei'T — Itixeuaiiy^Mai' — A Tediocs Maucii to 
 8an (Iaekiet, — Anza Goes TO iTK IIeuef ok San DiEiio — Rivera Ex- 
 coMJirNiCATED — Anza BuiNiis HIS Force to Monterey — IIis Illness — 
 IiivERA Comes Xo.rni and Anza Goes Soi-tii — A Qi'atiri.l — Rivera 
 VEUsrs Anza and the Friars — Strange Actions of tii e Gommandant — 
 His March Southward — Insanity or Jealousy— Anza's Return to 
 THE Colorado and to Sonora— Exi-lorations by Garces — Ur the 
 Colorado — Across the Mojave Desert — Into Tulare Valley — A 
 11eil\rkable Journey- — Dominguez and Escalante. 
 
 Captaix Anza, return in_ir>' from his first exploration 
 of ail overland route to California, M'ont to IMcxieo to 
 liiy before the viceroy the results of his trip. Very 
 soon, hy royal recommendation, the projects of estab- 
 lisliincf missions in the Colorado region and a new 
 ]tresi(no at San Francisco were taken into considera- 
 i'um. In November 1774 the board of war and finance 
 tliri i'luined to carry out or advance l)otli projects by a 
 siiinle expedition to California, by way of tlie Colo- 
 iadd. I'nder the conmiand of Anza.^ This deterniina- 
 linn, !is we have seen, was announced to Rivera and 
 !Serra at ^NFontercy by Bncareli in December and Jan- 
 uary. Anza was advanced to the rank of lieutenant- 
 colonel and hastened homeward to raise the required 
 
 ' Anza stiitos tliat the tlocrcc of tlio vu'croy, iiiidor wliicli lie acted, was 
 (lutcil Ndv. 'J4tli. (iarcLv) says the expuditioii. oi' his part of it, was (k'ti'iiiiiii"d 
 nil liy thi' junta (111 Nov. i!Sl!i, was ordered l)y the vieei-oy liy h'tter of .Ian. 
 -M, and liy tile letters of the ijuai'diuu of Santa Cruz Cjlle''e Jan. 'JOth uiul 
 
 ivii. iTti,: 
 
 UlsT. Cai,., Vol. I. 17 (237) 
 
 ' * 1 
 

 *t ^ Si 
 
 2.-j8 
 
 EXPEDITIOXS OF ANZA, FONT, AND GARCES. 
 
 force of thirty soldiers with their families for Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Biicareli was very liberal with the king's moiKv 
 v)n this occasion; giving four inule trains and niimv 
 horses and cattle for the new establishment, and also 
 providing that families of settlers, like those of tlic 
 soldiers, were to be transported at government ex- 
 pense, receiving pay for two years and rations Ini' 
 five. Tlic expense of each I'amily was about eight 
 hundred dollars. Anza took with liini from ^rcxiio 
 animals, arms, and clothing, and began his worl; im- 
 mcdiately by recruiting on the way. He clothed liis 
 recruits, men, women, and children, from head to foot, 
 and allowed their pay and rations to begin with tlk; 
 date of enlistment. At San Felipe de Sinaloa a regu- 
 lar recruiting-office was o[)ened, Anza's populaiitv, 
 with his liberal display of food and clothing, insuring 
 success both here and in the north, until in Seittciii- 
 ber 1775 most of the company were assembled at tin,' 
 a]i[)()inted rendezvous, San Miguel do Horca^itus. 
 They were ready the 2'Jth of September, all being 
 united in time to start from the presidio of Tul)ac tlio 
 2;]d i,rOctober.2 
 
 The force that set out from Tubac consisted, fir-^t, 
 of Anza, conmiander, Pedro Font of the (()ueretai'ti 
 Fi'anciscans as chajjlain, ten soldiers of the Ibtrcasi- 
 tas presidio, eight nudeteers, four servants, and ^^a- 
 I'iano Vidal, purveyor— twenty-iivo persons in all wlm 
 were to return to Sonora; second, Francisco ({aici'-< 
 and Tomas J']lxni'ch,"' destiut^d to remain on the ]»i(» 
 (N)lorado with three sei'vants and three interpreters; 
 and third, Alierez Joso .Foacjuin ]Moraga, and Ser- 
 geant Juan l*ablo (Jrijaha, twenty-eight soldiers, 
 light from the })residio force and twenty new i-et ruits; 
 twenty-nine women who were wives of soldiers; !:!'• 
 
 2 Ariicivitn, Civn. Sn-df., 401, snys tliry left llorrasitas on April 'Jdtli. mmI 
 TuIkic Oct. 'Jlst. I'lic rcmUv.voiis i>{ tlu' fiiiir.s oniiinji'toil villi the cxiHilitieii 
 WjiH iit till' inissiiin of Tiiiiiiu'acoii iiciir Tiilmc. 
 
 ^ Si) I'oiit calls liiiu. (lau'js writes tlu' naiiii.' Kixarth ; Anicivita, Ey;'.ai';h ; 
 iiiul Anza, EtfiuiT. 
 
tm:\iigraxt,s from soxora. 
 
 2.-9 
 
 igs nioiK'v 
 
 persons of both sexes beloiiLfiiij^to the soldiers' faiiiirk'S 
 iiad to four extra fainilies of colonists;^ seven mule- 
 teers, two interpreters, and three \. (jueros — alt()- 
 ti.tlu'r 207 destined to remain in Cauiornia,'' makinuf 
 ii ^rand total of 235, to say nothing of eight infant.s 
 lidiii on the way. The live-stoek of the expedition 
 niusist- d of 1G5 mules, 340 horses, and 320 head of 
 cattle." 
 
 Ouv Lady of Guadalupe, Saint ]\Iiehael, and Saint 
 Francis of Assisi were selected as patrons of the ex- 
 pctlition, and after the celebration of mass on Sun- 
 
 H'aloii says tlicrc were 12 of tlu'SC f;iniilies and tliat tin; whole fuivi' fnr 
 C'.ilii'oniia was 'JOO suuls. 
 
 'Tlu'iomay lio sdiuo slight inaccuracy respecting the vaqiuros, niulrtccrs, 
 ami interpreters, tlio nnnilicrs ^iven being tliosc not otiierwise di-iposed i.f 
 ileliiiiti.'ly in the diaries. The names are included in tin; list at end of tliia 
 
 ns of separating most of .hem from other ]iartie.- 
 
 vulunic. 
 
 T 
 
 Jjl 
 
 lero are no mea 
 
 (/(/ 'J'vii'k ii/c (/ortiiiil /)<! 
 ,1 
 
 I JllUlli''f(l ill .1 IIZ'i, ' 
 
 I'i 
 
 Pn:<''lh> lie Tiih(i(\ Soii'ifd, ilc sii c.rjii'ilir/Dii con faiii'iliii^ili .till', iliiiio i>ir.--i://ii, td 
 
 viior'niiii lifo (III jiiirr/o (li; Sail Fraiirisi'o ilc Al/u CaV'j'i. 
 
 riiKi; 11 III' s:i nil 'fa 
 
 (A s'A' i'.ite /iiii'rfo id Prit>iilio ilc Skii Mii/iiil dc //i)i-c(i<'l-i-<, MS., 'J;!'.'. ( 'om- 
 |iletedat llni'casitas (jn June l.'-t. 1'his oUieial journal kept by the eonianilanto 
 ;iy to day throughor.t the whole expedition is of course the chief 
 
 luithurity on tlio ,sul)ject. Tiicre is ai 
 
 isioiial ambiguity of oxpre.-r^lou 
 
 iliieli c;!u;:cs confusion, notably so at the beginning wli'^re tiie company in 
 (Icseribcd; ])Ut otherwise the diary leaves nothing to lie tlesircil. 'J'tie author 
 was a r.ian of great ability and force of character, besides being \cry popular 
 with his men. Another original authority is J 'out, Jmirmd made In/ I'adre 
 Pciirn Font, A/ioslolic Priar/ar of (he Ciilleijc ij' Saiihi Cruz dc (Jiu'vctnrn, 
 lidrii j'roiii t/ie miiiKhn trnllm li/ hliii on (he road, darhnj ajoannij (hn' he 
 jiirioniiiil (o Mont'-riij ami (he Port of Sun Pr(uic'i<co, in cnivpninj n-ith Ihm 
 
 Jituii /Jdiidtia lie A I 
 
 lie., MS., r>'2. ("om]iI(;ted at Urcs, Sc 
 "I; 
 
 .h 
 
 .1. 
 
 This tran.>^Iati(jn was made from the original in the ]>arocIiial arehivesof < luail- 
 aiajar.-i, < r, I'.iore probably, from a cojiy of the same. apiiarenUy about l.S.">0, 
 untlercireunistanees of \\ hieli I know nothing, but evidentlj' with eor.sideiablo 
 i;ue. 'J'he oi'iuinal, which I have not seen, is cited in Pror. St. Pap., MS., 
 
 xiii. 'JOl!, among other documents as />.'i 
 
 '/"« ,/', 
 
 it /'. Font. 
 
 I Inn 
 
 '/" 
 
 V eo|iy of tile translation was obtained in Calii'ornia by ]j;;rtlett, 
 
 and is cited in tint anther's / 
 
 (/ Xi 
 
 ■iilin 
 
 SI). 
 
 .\ 
 
 U'lilUT 
 
 ivipy, pr 
 
 .b 
 
 iiilv iiiai 
 
 le f: 
 
 t liie 'i'erritoriid 1 
 li'-lied liv that soeii 
 
 rom tliat u\ my ]iosscssion, isprcser\eil ni tlio library 
 
 loni'crs ni 
 
 T 
 
 le ma [IS are not co] 
 
 •ty. Ti 
 
 I 
 d I 
 
 'an 
 
 rancisci>, 
 
 d 
 
 iin abridgment was jmb 
 
 erri/nri d irinei r-i <> 
 
 /■ '■»/.. /■'/■v^ Ai 
 
 d, SI -107 
 
 lied in the tran.slation, t!ioU'.;li there are a fi;w rndi 
 
 pel 
 
 tlniwings, aiul though the numbers on one of tlus maps, representing days' 
 j'luriii ys, are given in the diary. Iwntunatily tliis map. a. very iiitei'c.iting 
 iMiil important one, ' " ' ' ' 
 
 has 1 
 
 iceu loniii 
 
 .1, and a 1 
 
 ithographic copy of it — tiiouij 
 
 Miihr.iany blunders in lettering — pnbli.shed i i ilinlon ,1 I la nl ■ P>iiihoj A rhmfi , 
 of which hook, iccently printed, it is the .sole meritorious feature ho far a.'^ 
 listory is concerned. I icprodncu the map, or that piirt of it representing 
 
 <'alifo!'ni 
 
 I, in I 
 
 Ills chapter. lM)nt"s diary, t 
 
 hlc 
 
 mjilcto and cxt'U.iivc 
 
 than that of An.'a, is still (jf very great value as an nntho.ity on thi.i expedi- 
 tion. iSciil another original aidhoiity is (>'iirei'.<, D'lari > 11 DerrnterD i/ne ..'iijn d 
 1! M. It. P. i'r, i'rinieiiieit (.larccn cii sn ri'Ji hcr/iodc-iJcOe/ultrcde l!!J hiiyfn 17 
 
 I 
 
 ) 
 
 hi 
 
 m 
 
 ^ M 
 
200 
 
 ]:xi'i:i)iTiON.s OF axza, font, and garces. 
 
 (lay. they began tlioir march on Tuesday, tlio 2:3d of 
 Oct( bur. Details of the route and niarcli, tlirough 
 Pinieria and the country since known as Arizona, 
 belong rather to the annals of those territories than 
 to those of California, but there is little to record 
 anywhere. Tlie route was by San Javier del ]jac 
 and Tucson to the river Gila, and down that river 
 general]}' along the southern bank to the Colorado 
 junction, a route often travelled in the old Jesuit era. 
 The march was not a difficult one. The natives wi-ro 
 unlfoimly hospitable, and ready both to receive trilling 
 gifts and to have the authority of their cliieftains 
 confirmed b}' Spanish appointments. The only mis- 
 fortinies were the death of a woman in childbirtli, 
 tlic deserti(>n of one or two muleteers brouu'ht back 
 by natives, and the loss of a few horses from bad 
 water and excessive cold. The only delays were 
 caused by an cxaniinatit/ii of the famous Casa Grande, 
 by an occasional halt for rest, and by other detentions 
 of a day or two by the birtli of young immigrants. 
 They reached tlie Gila the last day of October ond 
 were about a month on the march down to the Col(i- 
 rado junction. 
 
 C*rossing the Gila to the northern bank near its 
 mouth Xovembor 28th, Aiiza and liis company were 
 given a hos})itable and even enthusiastic welcome by 
 the Ymna chief, Palma, whose domain lay, it sccnis, 
 on l)oth sides of the Colorado, and who had built a 
 jai'ge house of branches es[)ecially for the use of the 
 travellers." Four soldiers were met here, who had 
 been sent in advance, and had been searching dm ing 
 the past six days, on the California side of the Colo- 
 
 </<' Scptirmhrc de 1770, al liio Colorado para rcconorcr ht^ Kncionrs qne hnhiliui 
 HII8 iixirijcnca, y a /o.t jiHchlofi ihl Mo'inl iff/. Mirro-Mrrifo, in Jhic ll'ifi. M<.i., 
 Bcrio ii. tow. i. 'J'J.")-34S. 'J'liis di iiy is nearly ns complete as Aiiza's, ami iiioio 
 so tliaii Font's, down to the tinio vlien An/ii"s expedition left tlio Colnr.ulu 
 for the north-west. Otlicr o.itliorities iwo Pnlnii, Xol., ii. 213--1.">, 'J77-'Si'; 
 /'/., ]'l(la, 'JOt-5, iSu-7; Arric'tdta, Vnni. Ke.'uf., 4(Jl-!)0, the last being a. 
 very full aceount but with sonio errors respecting minor details. 
 
 '' 1'. Font's map is iucon-ect in representing tJic ford of the Colorado as 
 below the Gila, wliiic all three diaries say that it was a little way above. 
 
ox THE COLORADO. 
 
 201 
 
 rado, for a more direct route than that followed the 
 year previous ; but with(jut success, as neither vrater 
 ii(»i' urass could be found. Tlie tirst task, and bv no 
 means an easy one, was to get the large conipaiiy 
 v.iili cattle and stores safely across the river. The 
 Yiiiuas said the Colorado was not fordal)le, and nujsfc 
 )»(■ crossed by means of I'al'ts, a slow and tedious jiroc- 
 css, but one whicli Anza was inclined to think neces- 
 sary for the families and supjdies at least. At seven 
 o'clock in the morning of the 29th he went down 
 to tlie bank to reconnoitre. He ordered the neces- 
 saiy timber for rafts, and then with a sokher and a 
 Yinna determined to make one fnial search for a ford, 
 wliicli he found about half a mile up the river, where 
 the v.ater was diverted by islands into three channels. 
 The afternoon was spent in opening a road tlirough 
 tile tliickly wooded belt along the bank; and on tiie 
 liOth before ni^'ht all the families and most of the 
 supplies were lauded on the western side, without 
 the use of rafts. 
 
 The travellers remained in camp on the right bank 
 for thrt'C davs, ])artlv on account of the dau'>vrous 
 ih .css of two men, and also to make certain needful 
 ])ie})arations for the comfort and safety of the two 
 Iriais Avlio were to remain here until Anna's return, 
 leather Garces was requested to select the place where 
 lie would reside, and chose Pahna's rancherfa about a 
 league below the camp and about o[)posite the mouth 
 ot" tlie (^da. So earnest v»'ere I'ahna's assurances < f 
 friendship and protection that it was deemed safe to 
 leave the missionaries with their three servants and 
 three interpreters. Before starting Anza built a house, 
 and lei't ])rovisions tor over four months, and horses 
 lor the use of the remaining party, whose pur[)Ose was 
 to exj)lore the country, become ac((uainted with tlie 
 natives, and thus open the way forth; establishing of 
 regular missions at an early date. I shall presently 
 have more to yay o^ tl.ieir travids in California. Set- 
 ting out December 4th from l^dma's rancheria, Anza 
 
 I 
 
262 
 
 expj:ditioxs of anza, font, and garces. 
 
 i- (i 
 
 marched .slowly down tlie river, the way made difficult 
 by the dense growth of trees and shrubs, by cold, and 
 by illness in the company. Tlie first halt was at tlio 
 rancherias of San Pablo, or of Captain Pablo as Pont 
 says; the second was at the lagoon of Coxas, or Cojat, 
 the southern limit of Yuma possessions and of Palnias 
 jurisdiction; and the third, on the Gth of Decemlxi', 
 was at the lagoon of Santa Olaya, the beginning of 
 Cajuenche teri'itory, about twelve leagues below llio 
 mouth of the Gila.** 
 
 Dui'ing the stay at Santa Olaya Garces overtook 
 the party, having already set out to explore the coun- 
 try toward the mouth of the Colorado. Anza divided 
 his force into three parties under the connnand of 
 himself, Grijalva, and Moraga, who started on tlio 
 Uth, 10th, and lltli, respectively, and were reunilr.l 
 December ITtli at San Sebastian. I give some do- 
 tails of names and distances in a note." I also a})peiul 
 a copy of Pont's map, su])stituting names for numbers 
 in the case of important places and where ,spac(.^ per- 
 mits. The route followed Mas nearly tlie same ;is 
 in Anza's former trip, and substantially that of tlic 
 modern railroad through Coahuila V^allcy and Sau 
 (jiorgonio Pass. The journey, every petty detail of 
 
 ^Font, Journal, MS., IG, 17, makes the distance 14 leagues with some 
 winding, and the latitude 32' IVi' which 1 ly the distances is very nearly accurate. 
 • iai'CLS, J)hirio, 241, calls the lagoon Santa Kulalia. By \m:ii and iont the 
 name is wiittcn Ohilla. See chaj). x. for Anai's trip of 1774. 
 
 "lioute from I'alnia's rancheria on the west bank of tiie Colorado nwir 
 nioutli of tlie (iila to San (lahricl, The courses are from JoiU's Joiir.al, 
 cing with them generally hut being less delinitely expressed. Tl 
 
 Anza".s w'w 
 
 <listanccs in pareutlicscs, diUV. 
 
 h 
 
 ''ucs v.orc about 2 nides. 
 
 widely from Anza's, are from Font, Vihciu 
 
 mbcrs refer to Font*.' 
 
 of San I'ablo, or ('apt. Pablo, 4^ 1. (."i) 
 
 4;]. Laar 
 
 ip; 
 
 Cojat, 'A 1. (4) s. w., Laguna of Santa Ohdla, '.]2' XV, 41. (.)) s. w 
 
 'f Coxas, or 
 
 i. I'oM 
 
 del C 
 1' 
 
 :irrizal, or 
 
 Ah 
 
 1. 
 
 de Santa Rosa de las Lajas, 101. (14)\ 
 
 X. w. ; 4(1. DryCulcIi, ;"> 1. (7) 
 
 41. {■:.) N.; San Seliastian, IV.i'S'. oU. (', 
 
 ;Lt!»)w. 
 i.S, Id., HC 
 
 N.W. 
 
 A 
 
 lU.(l) 
 
 ri'oyoo 
 \. W. : 
 
 W. N.W. 
 
 . X. wl , w. , w. ,s. w. ; 48. Di y ( ' 
 
 X. X. V.'.; i")!. I'ozo il<' San (ii'c;. 
 
 f Santa Cataliua del Vado, Sink, 4 1. n. w." 
 
 U. Danzantcsi-ancheri.ii'i samecaiiad 
 
 Sun 
 
 (4) w. N. W.; San Carlos Pass (San CorgonioV) 2^ 1. (;i) .x. X. w. ; [12.1. I'l 
 zuelo on return;] TiU. San Patricio Canada, source of stream, ',V.>' o7'; >"'7. 
 J oso Arroyo, (i 1. (7) x. w. \ W. ; 58. Laguna of San Antonio Bacardi, d(l^^n 
 San Jose Valley, 4 1. (,")) w. x. w.; Santa Aualtiver, 91. (8) w. x. W.; GO. Arroxo 
 lie los Alisos, (> I. w. X. w.; 01. Pivcr Sau Cabricl, branch, 5 1. (G) w. x. w., 
 Sun Gabriel, 34' 3u'. 2 1. w. h. w. 
 
.RCES. 
 
 iiaJo JlfFicult 
 by cold, ill 1(1 
 t was at tlii_! 
 ablo as Fcjiit 
 :as, or Cojat, 
 tl of PaluKi's 
 f Decciiil:)ti', 
 beginning of 
 )s bolow 11 10 
 
 3es overtook 
 ire the eouii- 
 ^iiza divided 
 :30iiiuiaiid of 
 rtcd oil tlio 
 ere reunited 
 vo some do- 
 also append 
 for niiniboi'S 
 'e spaee jier- 
 the same ns 
 that of tlie 
 e}' and S;ui 
 ty detail of 
 
 lagucs with somo 
 y iiciu'Iy accuHi^!. 
 i7A aiui i''ont tlio 
 4. 
 
 le Coloraili) near 
 11 Font's Joiti\.al, 
 y expressed. T!io 
 IVoiii Font, Vihoau 
 Liap: 4;?, La'jiiiia 
 :uiui of Coxas, ('r 
 ) ,s. \v.; 4,"). I'oM 
 . (7) w. .N.w.; -IT. 
 ■.;48, UryCrc^k, 
 ^]'~ San (Ji'e;;uriii, 
 ;k, 4Ln. \v/.[\v.; 
 
 saineeaiiaili, .".I. 
 
 w.; \\-2.]. r.iric- 
 , ',iT o7'; <"i7. f"':iii 
 (J JJiicarcli, tlov. a 
 c. w.; (iO. AiTi-'.\') 
 
 5 1. (G) w. N. W; 
 
264 
 
 EXPEDITIONS OF ANZA, FOXT, AND G.VRCKS. 
 
 which is fully described in the commandant's diarv, 
 was a slow, tedious, and ditficult one, requii'in^' a 
 full month for its accomplishment; and the fact that 
 it was accomplished at all under the cii'cumstaiiccs 
 speaks highly for Anza's energy and ability. Lono- 
 stretches of country without water nnist be crossed, 
 and at first the company must be divided that all 
 should not arrive the same day at the same watering- 
 place. It was midwinter, the cold was intense, and 
 most of the com[»any were not accustomed to a (.old 
 climate. Storm followed storm of snow and hail and 
 rain, and an earthquake came to increase the terjois 
 of San Gor^-onio i)ass. They wore obliu'ed to di<'' 
 wells, and then obtained only a small supply of Wiitcr, 
 and the cattle were continually breaking away in 
 search of the last (i(j}u«je. There was much sickness; 
 and yet, beyond the loss of some hundred head (if 
 liye-stock, tiiere was no serious disaster, owing to tht? 
 skill and patience of Anza and his aids. On thf 
 iirst day of I77r> the new pioneers of California mid 
 San Fi'niK.-isco forded the liiver Santa Ana, nnd on 
 Januaiy 4th the expedition reached the mission of 
 San Gabriel. 
 
 Kivera liad arrived from the north the day before, 
 on his way with ten or twelve men to affoi'd protec- 
 tion to the threatened presidio of San Diego, and to 
 punish the Indians who had destroyed the mission. 
 The disaster and danger at San Dieixo seemed to 
 justify Anza in suspending his own expedition I'oi' 
 a time, especially as the season was not favorable 
 for the inniiediate exploration of San Francisco. At 
 the request of Eivera, therefore, he determined to 
 ])roceed with a part of his force to punish the soutli- 
 ern foe. 
 
 The company of immigrants was left to rest at San 
 Gabriel under the conunand of ]Moraga, and, after 
 religious ceremonies of Platitude for safe arrival celc- 
 brated on the Gth, Anza set out at noon on the 7t!i, 
 aocompanied by Font and seventeen of his soldiers in 
 
ANZA AT SAN DIEGO. 
 
 265 
 
 addition to Rivera's force, ft)r Siin Diego, wliere lie 
 iinived tlio lltli.^" 
 
 Xaturnlly, the coming of reenforcements caused 
 great relief to Ortega and liis little garrison, who 
 were in constant fear of an attack from the gentiles. 
 There seems to have been some foundation for these 
 fears besides the exaggerated rumors always preva- 
 lent on such occasions ; but, whatever may have been 
 tlie [)hms of the savages, their hostile purposes did 
 not long survive the arrival of new forces. One of 
 ]ii\'era's first acts was to send six soldiers to the 
 peninsula with communications for the viceroy and a 
 demand for reenforcements, in view of the recently 
 developed dangers thrcateinng the permanency of the 
 Spanish establishments in California. Then followed 
 investigations respecting the late outbreak, lasting 
 the remainder of the year; they were imperfectly re- 
 corded, and of slight importance. Raids v.'erc made 
 to dillerent rancherias; gentile chiefs were brought 
 in. made to testif}', flogged, liberated, or imprisoned, 
 but nothing was learned in addition to what has been 
 already stated.^'- 
 
 It was not long before a difference of opinion arose 
 between the two commanders which later developed 
 into a (juarrel. As we have seen Anza had consentetl 
 to ])ostj)one temporarily the special business llie vice- 
 roy had intrusted to him, in view of the dan':!'er threat- 
 enino- hian Dieo'o. lie found the danu'er son?.eVvdiat 
 less than had been represented. 1 le had come to San 
 Diego for a brief, vigorous, and decisive cam[)aign 
 against the savages, but he found liivera disposed to 
 a policy of delay and inaction. Anza's chief concern 
 
 ■» Aiiza, Diario, MS., 80-00, says he took 17 men ; Font, Jovr.inl. :MS., 2'J, 
 Siiys I'O iiu-n ; Palou, A'o^, ii. t27.")-(), juakus it KS men ; and the samo author. 
 Villa, 18(i-7, iiiijilios tliat there were 4U iiuni. Tlic route i'loiii San ilaln'id 
 Mn.s: Oli. liiviT Santa Ana (1 1. (lOacconlinj^ to Font); Anoyo tie S:inla. Maii;i 
 M.iLidiilcna, or La Qucnia, 111. (14); Itivir San.Inan Capi:;trano, 11 1. (14) ; l.a 
 S.ilclail riUKheria, via San Uieguillo and 08 Agua ilcdionda, 1. (1-); Saa 
 I'it-o, ;{ 1. (4). 
 
 " .\„:a, Liario. :MS., 07-100, 104, lOG; Prov. St. Pcqi., Ben. Mil., MS., i. 
 '^•-i o; Pivc. SI. Pcq,., MS., i. lilj-3-'. 
 
200 
 
 KXl'MDITIONS OF ANZA, FONT, AND CJAIICJIS. 
 
 was nntuially the foiiiidiiig of San Francisco, \v])ik' in 
 liivura's mind the i)rotection of San ])ii'^'o was llic 
 only sul)jcc't at j^resont to bu tUouglit of. An/a at 
 iii'st yioltlod to the captain's vic'ws, ivali/in^' that as 
 ruler of the pn^vinco he naturaDy filt for its sal'cty, 
 bnt at la^t tidings came from San (/ahricl which turned 
 An/a's attention again to his own affairs. Five nun 
 arrived February od with a des})atch I'roni Moraga and 
 the purveyor A'idal, to the elfc t that the mission 
 could no longer furnish food i'or the immigrants ex- 
 cept to the injury of its own neoj)hytes, Father I*aterna 
 havinL!' distiibuted rations for ei'dit days and i-iveii 
 notice that these would be the last. 
 
 On i'eceii)t of this intelliijfence Anza resolved to take 
 his military colony witliout delay up to Monterey. 
 He agreed, however, with Iiivera, to leave ten of his 
 soldiers at San Ojrabriel, thus relieving a portion of 
 the old guard at that mission for service at San ])i('go 
 if needed,^'" and with the other seven, havirig sent in 
 advance a mule train laden with maize and beans, he 
 set out on the 9th, still accom])anied by Font, and 
 arrived at San Gabriel on the 12th. Only one event 
 occurring at San Diego after Anza's departui'e re- 
 quires notice in this connection. CVirlos, an old neo- 
 })hyte but a ringleader in the late revolt, returned in 
 real or assumed penitence, and, prompted doubtless l»y 
 the missionaries, took refuge in the church. Illvcra 
 sent a summons to Fiister to deliver the culprit on the 
 ])lea that the right of church asylum did not protect 
 such a criminal, and moreover that the edifice was not 
 a chui'cli l)ut a warehouse used temporarily for wor- 
 ship. Fuster by the advice of his comrades of the 
 doth refused, and warned the commandant to use no 
 force. Rivera then entered the church sword in hand 
 with a squad of soldiers and took the Indian out, pay- 
 ing no heed to the expostulations of the three padres, 
 
 'M»;a, Dkirlo, MS., lOS. ITc did leave V2 instead of 10. rnlou, AV., ii 
 275-0; Vhla, 180-7, inii^lies that the 12 men were left at San Diego instoiul 
 of San Gabriel. 
 
 ■ '! ; 111 
 
 ri 
 
SAN GARIlinL TO MONTKItKY. 
 
 207 
 
 Fusfer, LnsLU'ii, and Aiiuirrio. The })rii'.sts prococdcd 
 tu txcoiiniiiuiicato the coimiianTli'r and the Koldiurs 
 vim liad aided lihn, and ordered tlicni to leave tlie 
 churcli bc^tore beginning service on the next day of 
 mass. The friars reported to Scri'a, sending the rej)ort 
 ii[» io ]\I()nterey by Iiivera liiniself '•' 
 
 Arriving at San (jrabriel on Februaiy r2th Anza 
 found that tlie niglit before three of his nndeteers and 
 a servant with a mission soldier Jiad deserted, taking 
 twenty-live horses and other pro])erty, pai't of wliieh 
 lu'longed to tlie mission and part to tlie expedition. 
 The colonists proper, however, seemed content and 
 allowed no dis[)osition to desert. Moraga was sent 
 with ten men to (^aptnre tl;e fugitives, and before his 
 ivturn Anza resolved to set out for the north. Leav- 
 ing twelve men and their families under Grijalva to 
 rccnloice the mi.ssion guard, and ordering Moraga on 
 his arrival to follow with eight men, the commandant 
 started on the 2bst with seventeen men, the same 
 number of families,'^ the nude train, and the live-stock. 
 Heavy rains had swollen the streams and rendcrctl 
 many parts of the route well nigh impassable. (Jb- 
 servations respecting the natives of Ch.mnel rancheri'as 
 arc omitted by Anza as having been given in the diaiy 
 el' his former trip, a diary which unfortunately is no 
 I mgcr in its entirety extant. Font gives merely an 
 (Ailliiie of distances and directions.^'' With no other 
 
 ^■■Pnlnii. Xot., ii. 202-.'). 
 
 "I'lii; full division of the forces w.as as follows on Anza's departin-e: At 
 S;iu (l;il)riel, 8 ( 'iiliforuia soldiers, 12 families, Serireiint (Irijalva, and -l soldiers 
 <'fAiizn"s^ni;ivd -waiting for ^loraga; with ^Moraga, 8 California soldiers (2 of tli(! 
 I I iiaving returned Ijci'oro Anza staited); witii Anza, 1 1 California soldiers, 17 
 tainilics, and (! of Anza's men — total 2!) out of the .'iO soldiers ■who were to 
 remain in ( 'alifornia, one not heiiig aeenunted fur. Tiiis exiilanatiou is neces- 
 f'.ny on account of the confused statements of Anza, who had no head, or pen 
 lit Icnst, for ilgures. 
 
 '■'•The route wa* as follows; the earlier part to the sea-shore heing n]ipar- 
 eiitly further south than that followed by the lirst Spanish exjilorers in 17ti!t, 
 iuid Aiiai's distances l)eing as before eonsiderably less tiiau Font's. The num- 
 bers refer to Fonts map, q. v.; San (iabricl; IJO. ]!io roreiuncula, 21.; 72. 
 rnrtezuehi, (J 1. ; V.i. Agua Eseondida, 71. (10); 74. l!io Santa Clara, <Jl. (1.")); 
 7"i. llincon or llinconado ranclieria, past Carpintoria, (il. (9); [1 17.1 Assumjita 
 ]Iivci|: 70. Mescaltitlan ranclieria, 7 1. ('.)); I'lanchei'iaiS'ueva, Si. ('.)); 78. Cojo 
 ruiicheria, 71. (10); 70. lliver Santa llo.sa, past Ft Concepciou, rauelierias of 
 
 
s<«i 
 
 W8 
 
 EXPEDITTONS OF ANZA, FONT, AND GARCfiS. 
 
 notable occurrenco tliaii an occasional niirinLf of tin' 
 train, ill the midst of which it became neccssai'v tn 
 unload the animals, the women meanwhile bein<jf cdin- 
 
 pel 
 
 le( 
 
 I to 
 
 wal 
 
 10 
 
 the immiLjrants were welcoim d 
 
 IS 
 
 ]Maivh 2d at San Luis Obispo, where next day, ; 
 shown \)y the mission records, Anza stood a.s n'od- 
 fathcr to several native children ba])tize<l by Font.'' 
 From this place they passed directly north by llic 
 nK)d(>rn sta^^'o route to the Salinas Kivei", or l{io d • 
 ]\Eonter(^y as they called it, reaclnnj^ San vVntonio on 
 the Gth, and feasting on tw(' fat hogs magnanimously 
 killed for their use l)y order of the iriars. ]N[oreo\( r. 
 they were delighted to receive intelligence from ilic 
 south, having been in great anxiety since they heard 
 of the late disaster. Hero jMoraga car.ie up, having 
 c.iptured i\\v. deserters near the Colorado liiver, and 
 having left them tied at San (jrabriel. On the lOtli 
 all arrived safely at INIonterey.'^ 
 
 Next morning Padre Juuipero came over from S;i!i 
 (Mrlos to conu'ratulate An/a on the safe terniinntioii 
 
 O ... 
 
 of his march, and to assiijt with his three com})ai!ions 
 at the religious ceremonial of thanksgiving, on wliicli 
 occasion Father Font delivered an address of encovn- 
 agement v.'ith advice to the nev.ly arrived company. 
 Anza and Font went over to the mission by invita- 
 tion of the pi'csident, where the commandant was con- 
 fined to Ids bed for more tlian a week by a painful 
 illness. On the 18th eight of tlie presidio soKHcrs 
 \vcre sent south to reiinforce Rivera at San Diego, 
 with a request to that officer to take inmiediate steps 
 
 Podernalps nna Espatln, OU. (12); 81. Biidion rnndierf.T, 01. (l.'l); S.iii Lv.U 
 ()l)ispo, ',\'>' ITV, .'U. (4); over luoiiiitaina ami down llio Santa Maigaiila t i 
 (83) Asccncion on liiodc ^Monterey (Snlinas), 71. (ID); 81. Fi.'st r>)ril of li'oSaii 
 Antonio, Si. (10); (111. {'aiiadadoltoh'c^:!; SanAntonio, ;!(J' -JV. 81. (10): Mi. 
 Los OsiloR, on Kio do ^lontt'ioy, past liohlu C^aido (in Canada do S. JSuiiialu) 
 71. (0); 87. Lo!('!)rroos, ontlio river, 81. (10); [100. S. IJcmube Cauada; lOS. 
 Biuna Vista ; I Montoioy, 71. (10). 
 
 "* Hundreds of travollcrs over the coast stage rente in winter, myself among 
 the number, have noditlienlty in identifying this place near San Luis. 
 
 ".9a;t /.ula OUbpo, Lib. dc MIkIod, ^IS., 'M. 
 
 '^On the journey to Monterey see AitzcCs Diario, MS., lli.-;M; Foul's 
 Journal, MS., 25-9. 
 
t;ivi:ras stiianoI': actioxs. 
 
 '2(i0 
 
 tOlllO (111 
 
 In) flic fouiuliiiL,^ (if Sail Francisco. On the 23(1, 
 ii'.;;iiiist the s^ll•^^(•( Ill's U(lvi(,'o, Aiizii iiisistiul on niount- 
 lu'j; his hoi'sc and settinjjjout to cxjiiorc San Fi'ancisco 
 lliiN , i(tuinin_Lj April 8th fVoni this exploration, which 
 iii.iv he most conveniently described in connection 
 with other San Francisco matters in the next chapter. 
 
 Hack at !^^onteroy the commandant was disaji- 
 |/(ilntcd in findinij neither Kivera in })erson nor any 
 iii( ssag'o from him. He accordingly sent Sergeant 
 ( l('>ii!4ora with four men'" south with letters requesting,' 
 Jiivcia to meet him at San Gabriel on the 25tli or 
 •JCith lor consultation respectinj^ important matters. 
 Two (lays later, on the 14tli of Ajn-il, liavinL,' turned 
 dvci' his conij)any and all connected with the San 
 I'raiicisco establishment to Moraija, ho bcjjfan his re- 
 tinii march with Font, Yidal, seven soldiers of his 
 escort, sir nuileteers, two vaqueros, and four servants. 
 The |)artin<^ with the soldiers and their families, whom 
 li" had recruited in Sonora and brought to their new 
 liohie, is described bv Anza as the saddest event of 
 tile ex[)edition. All came out as their leader mounted 
 to leave tlie [iresidio, and with tearful embi-aces bade 
 liiiii god-speed. Font affirms that according to the 
 li>t, w hicli he consulted just before starting, then^ were 
 one hundred and ninety-three souls of the new colony 
 left at Monterey. 
 
 Next day between Buona Vista and San Bernabe, 
 less than twenty miles from IMonterey, thoy met 
 < (ougora, who announced that Bivera was close behind 
 liini, and revealed certain strange actions of this 
 ertieer. He had met Bivera between San Antonio and 
 San Jjuis, and in reply to questions had told his busi- 
 ness ;ind presented Anza's and Moraga's letters, which 
 the ca])tain refused to take, simply saying "Well, 
 Well; retire!" Gongora followetl his superior officer 
 north, keeping at a little distance, and a day or two 
 lat(_'r Bivera suddenly called for the letters, received 
 
 "Two of tlic men were of Anza's guard, and the others of the Califomian 
 troops. Palou, yot., 288-90, says that Gcingora had but twomeu. 
 
 ■i 
 
270 
 
 EXPEDITIONS OF AXZA, FONT, AXD GARCES. 
 
 (■turn 
 
 I! ^. 
 
 them without hroakliig th.o .seals, and i^avc in i 
 two letters for Anza wliich the s(>rgeant was to delivn' 
 in all haste. As Gong'ora called Anza aside and 
 delivered the letters he stated his belief that liivcia 
 was mad. Tlie letters contained a simple n'fusal to 
 effect or ])ermit the establishing of San .Francisco. 
 Gono-ora ^^•as ordered to <>() on to Monterev, and after 
 proceeding another league Anza met Rivera on the 
 I'oad, saluted him, and asked about his health. iJiveia 
 said his leg troubh^l him, heard Anza's expressions of 
 regret, and started on, as if it were a casual meeting, 
 with a sim])le adios. "Your re[>ly to my letter may 
 be sf'ut to ^Mexico or wherever you like," called out 
 Anza, and Riwra answered, "It is well." Calling n>i 
 the friars who accomjianied him,"" to witness what had 
 occurred, Anza, coiisiderably offended by actions whi-'h 
 seemed to him attributable to im])oiiteness and a 
 "great resei've" rather than madness, went on his way, 
 ai riving at San J^uis ()bis^ui the 19th of A])ril. 
 
 In the mean time liivera went on to ^lontercv. 
 arriving on the lath, and scMiding word to Sena to 
 come over from the mis, ion for his letters, whicji he 
 wished to deliver in person and was too unwtdl i.) v'sit 
 him. Serra came, and tlvught Rivera's illness, v.hicli 
 was a slight \)ii\n in the leg, gnvatly exaggeiated. 
 lie found his letters likewise broken open, fhougli 
 liivera assured l;im it was accidental and they had 
 not been read. He then told the ]tresident of hi- 
 oxconnnunicaiioii at vSan Diego, and Serra, altci- con- 
 sultation wi^h the San C'iirl()s trial's, a[)proved what 
 Fuster had done, reiusing to grant the captain's re- 
 quest ibr aI)solution, mitil he should give satisfactien 
 
 -"Pifnis was rcttiriiiiig in liis <'(>nip;iiiy to Snii Ainonio. Auzii, liinrin, 
 MS., IS,"), says ho tuok a Avrittcii uTti catc from the iiadics. ]'"<)nt, •Initi'inil, 
 MS.. 4.1, says: 'Wo siijiposo.! tliat lie lia<l ivturiKMl to .sjicak w itii Capt. An/a 
 hffuro liis (k'pavtiirc and tfcut abont liu' allairs (if tlu' cxin'ilitinn, ami that 
 wv Avn\\(\ j)i(ilial)ly liavo to ictui'u to Nfijiitcicy or at hast stay whiic we 
 'vcrc; l)nt. we soon foiinil that hisarriviil ilid not oaiiso us any dclentuai what- 
 cvi'i'. for wluMi wi' fell in with ('apt. liiviT.i, a short tinii' afti'i'Waid, the tHu 
 ■aptains sahitol each otlicr on passintt, and v itliont stojipin^ to spc n'; ahi js 
 anything ('apt. liivci-a iinn'.cdiatoly ut-nt o'l to Monterey, and \M' eonlinued 
 our jouiuey toward Sonora.' 
 
return 
 
 AXZA AXD rjVEPwV. 
 
 C71 
 
 io till' churcli l)y return ii)«j;' tlio fndinu Ciirlos to tl>o 
 sunctuarv, <in wliidi condition the San Diego minis- 
 ters could grant absolution without necessity of 8er 
 r;i s iiit'-rference. lie also wrote the guanlian aliout 
 till' matter, and after nuich. ditliciilty in gLing an 
 escort from Kivera, who put him oif with fri\H)l"i;s 
 jii'etcKts, lie sent C'aml)on with the letter to overt-'dve 
 Aiiza. The next day, Ajiril liUh, Kivera himself 
 st Mitel south aijain, recusing Serra's recji-est to t-o 
 with him on the plea of very great haste. 
 
 Camhon overtook Anza at San !.■ 
 
 .)n the 10th 
 
 iiiuging besides +hc president's letters for ]Mexic 
 in which he announced his purjiose to come dow 
 
 Olll 
 
 v.itji Ivivera if possible, and asked Anza to wait a 
 littK;; another from ]Moi'a«''a telliiii'- of Iliv(n^a's arrival 
 at ?donterey, and volunteering the opinion that the 
 (•(iiiiiuandant was insane; and still another Irom IJiveia, 
 liiinself announciii'"' his immediate deitarture, askiii'<' 
 fer a delay and consultation, and ajiologizing ibi' ])ast 
 (lisconrtesy on the plea of ill-health."' On th(> after- 
 iioeii of the 21st some soldiers came in saying that 
 j;i\era had encamped for the night but a little way 
 ell'. All/a at once sent a messau'e that he would con- 
 
 SU 
 
 It 
 
 W 1 1 
 
 lim on matters affectincf the serv 
 
 lee 
 
 ilia 
 
 tall 
 
 •ommunication must l>e in writing' 
 
 Xext 
 
 but 
 <lav 
 
 came hack a letter naming San Gabriel as the; \)\i\(') 
 ef coiiocdtation. Anza was there on the '20tli ,-■' and 
 
 m 
 
 '.a, l>iiii'"it 
 .loin-K'il. 
 
 'apt. All/a 
 au.l that 
 
 Wl'.liv v.l' 
 
 itioii \x liat- 
 
 ,1. tliu two 
 
 Milk al" ■■'■ 
 
 contiiUK'il 
 
 '■' I'liJoii, Xaf., ii. '21)1- 7. Another rrrioiis c.insn of trouble l)('t%vorn Eivi ni 
 a, '1 Sniii was tho iiclion of tho foniicr rcspcctiii;.; tlio iiiuk's \\liicli mcic 
 sc. t for nii.~!sioii use. One liniulrc<l inuli's were sent rid ]!ii jii Califoinia, 
 aihl S!) wore scut up by <!ov. Jli.rri to liivcrn, ■\vlio, kiuiwiii,!.; that tiny 
 IkIuh'oiI e.\clusivi'ly t( the missions, distrilmtcd tluiii all tlu' laiiie aiiioiic; 
 hi^ .'^nl'icrs, cxocjit 40 which ho hroUL;lit to Moiitorcy, ailinittiiitr wlu'ii i|\u-'- 
 lioiuil hat the imik'H wore not his, but iileadiii;^ military service. Siiii.-e- 
 i|iiiiitly a h>tter came to Serra for J ti vera orileiiiii; tho (listril...tioii of tlie 
 iiiils. '1 he letter was open, and was sealed and delivered after bein^i itad, 
 iiut b'i\ I.' never mentioned tlio matter iiL'ain. /'/.. "JOll 1 1. 
 
 --'!'; ..a, A'()^, ii. 'i!>7 '.'*^K says that An/a wa.s inilueed by the- jiacln-: to 
 nacl th' 1 'tter, but would not an<v,('r it. Ari'cu-diui; to this author J;i\-er.rs 
 aiiolo^'V , lis in the !iubs(-i|Uint h'tter. 
 
 ■''Ihis is .\n/a"s own versioii, li'iuno, MS., I,S!)_!)7. Vln^t. JmiriKil, .MS., 
 •It, tells 'as that Rivera, eanio to San Luis on tie' "J-M. an>l after sfayini,' a. 
 Viliile witiiout seeing' .\ny.a starteil foi' Sai; (labriel. I'alou al^o .si.\s that 
 liivera eanic to San Luis, got auyry because Anza refused to eonnnunicato 
 
K . J 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 27-2 EXPEl^ITIOXS OF AXZA, TOXT, AXD CAnCl'S. 
 
 found that Tvivcra had arrived two days ])of<)ie liim. 
 Here the two coininandaiits had no personal interview, 
 ])ut exchanged several letters, Anza sending to Eivura 
 a description and map showing liis sni-vcy of S.iii 
 Francisco, and giving him three days in wlilcli to 
 prepare such rejjorts or otlier communications as luj 
 might wish to forward to the viceroy. When tlio 
 time had [)assed liivera was offered more time, Ijut 
 re[)lied that no more was needed and tliat Jiis de- 
 spatches would soon overtake Anza."' Tlic latter 
 linally set out for Sonora May 2d, with the same 
 company he had brought from Moateroy and the i-c- 
 mainder of his ten soldiers. 
 
 Next day there came from Rivera, not his report 
 to the vicerov on matters connected with his com- 
 
 t.' 
 
 mand, but a }irivato letter to Anza in which he said 
 that he "lacked a paper bearing upon a criminal wlio 
 took refuge in tlie ])lace where mass is said at 8aa 
 Diego," and asked Anza to present his excuses to tlio 
 victsrov. He also enclosed a letter to the u'uardian of 
 San Fernando. Anza sent back both letters to the 
 writer, and went on to the Colorado; wliile Rivera 
 went innnediately down to San Diego. The quarrel 
 is certainly a curious item in the annals of Califoi'uia, 
 being a subject which it is difficult fully to compre- 
 hend. Ivivera was evidently a weak mar.. Whether 
 he was insane, or influenced solely by a s[)ii'it of child- 
 ish jealousy, of which we have seen manifestations in 
 a ])revious quarrel with Fages, is a question. Both 
 officers were subsequently reprimanded by Bucaieli 
 
 ('xce|)t in writing, and went on to San Gabriel followed liy Anza. Here nmy 
 1)0 mentioned a tradition of the natives recorded by Anza a? liaving ]tcvn 
 told to P. Fitcner, of the arrival and wreek, 'J.'{ yearH liefort". of a vcssil liuiii- 
 iug 1 "J white men like the Spaniards, who before their death in the wrck had 
 laniled and ga\ c; the Indians beiids and otlier articles, including the knives 
 fonml by the Spaniards in 17<i!'. " Que gente seria esta (jUeda al diseur.so ile 
 iiuien esta mas instiuido (pie yo,' writes Anza, and I can do no better tluui 
 follow his discreet exainiile. 
 
 "* I'alon says that Anza did not stopnt the mission buteneanipecl at a little 
 distance, fearing a controversy with Itivera; and that lie subscipicntly m nt 
 back Kivera's letters with the messagi; that ' he was not the mail.' 'J'he cor- 
 re.spondcneo between the two was sent by Anza to the viceroy but has not, so 
 far a.i I know, been preserved. 
 
 T'' 
 
 ik. 
 
WAXDEKINGS OF G.UICES. 
 
 273 
 
 fill' allowing' a qnarrel in matters of etiquette to iiiter- 
 I'cre Avitli tlie pul)lic service; but Iiivera's eai'ly re- 
 lunval to Lower Calit'ornia ])nt an end to the matter, 
 as it (li<l to his quarrel with the friars. 
 
 The return march of Anza's party to the Colorado 
 ni'cscuts nothinjj^ of importance. They followcNJ the 
 same route as before, except l)etween San Sebastian 
 and Santa O'aya, \^here they kept mori^ to the north, 
 ami ari'ived ]May 1 Ith at the l*orte/,uelo de la Con- 
 (•(■[iiioii, Just below Palma's raiicherfa, and nearly if 
 not cXJictly identical with tlie site of the modern fort 
 Yuma. Ileie they found Padre Eixareh in sal'ety and 
 iidded liim to the company; but of (jrar.-es nothin*^ 
 (juuld be learned exceipt that he had L^^one up the I'iver 
 to the countiy of the Jalchcdunes, wliither a letter 
 nt ordeiiu'j him to return. Palma with three 
 
 ■was s( 
 
 ( llu.i 
 
 natives also joinec 
 
 d tl 
 
 le par 
 
 •tv, b 
 
 emu' allowec 
 
 1 at 
 
 tli^ . ai'iiest solicitation of himself and nation to <^'o 
 with Anza to Mexico to present his petition for mis- 
 
 sionai'ies. 
 
 Tl 
 
 lev crossec 
 
 1 th 
 
 .11 
 
 le swollen iiver on raits 
 
 just below the Gila, followed the banks of the latter 
 stream for two days, and then. tui'nin<'; to the rio-ht, 
 returned to Ilorcasitas by way of Souoita, Caborea, 
 and Altar, arriving the 1st of June.""' 
 
 1 liavc now to narrate l>rieiiy the Californian wan- 
 derings of Father Francisco Garces, whom Colonel 
 Anx.a had left on the 4th of December IZTf) at 
 Palma's rancheria opposite the nu)uth of the Gila, 
 and whom he had subsequently seen at Santa Olaya 
 "u tile i)lh, the friar beinu' ah-eadv on his way to ex- 
 ploic the country and learn the disposition of the 
 nati\-es towai'd the (Christians. This first trip lasted 
 till -bmuary 3d, and in it the friar wandered with 
 
 -■'.h:«, y;/V/Wo, ;MS., IOS-'-'.^-J; Foiii'i^ Joitrnnl, MS., ^T-'ii; Arrith-ifu, 
 ('nhi. Sera/., 4(i4-S, 4!)(). 'J'liu last autJKir alliiins that I'alnia was well ivctivi'il 
 at .Mi'\icii. but tluTO was some ln'sit'itiini alnnit .sciidiiiL,' iiiissioiiaiii's, as lio 
 was uliicf of <J1K' laiulu'riaoiily. 1 kIiouIcI aiM tliat oiu' of tiic ilcst.it iiii,' inulc- 
 toers tMiiiilciniR'<l liy Anza to lomaiii iiiCalifdniia t'sca]icil fidiii San l>i(".'o anil 
 d'osscil the I'ountiy^ eastward alont^ and nnniolested, joiiiin;,' An/a <iii tlio 
 (.'"Imado. I'lie name of this first explorer on this route is not recorded. 
 UisT. Cai.., Vol. 1. 18 
 
 .; I 
 
 m 
 
:7i 
 
 EXPEDITIONS OF AXZA, FONT, AXD GAPXTS. 
 
 throe IiKlian intor])roters in all directions over tln^ 
 conntry hetwcxni Santa Olaya and the mouth ef the 
 Cohjrack),'-" everywhere kindly rc^'eived, everywhere 
 showing- his hanner with a picture of the virgin on 
 one side and of a lost soul on the other. The natives 
 invariahly looked witli jdeasure on tlic former paint- 
 ing, pronor.ncing it rnuij hiicna, hut turned V\ith horioi' 
 from the latter as somethiiH'' very had, t'^ th(3 uii- 
 ceasing delight of Garces, who regarded their ])reibr- 
 ance as a token '-f predestination to salvation. The 
 diary <'()ntains nmcli useful information respecting the 
 ahoi'iLrinal trihes. 
 
 On tlie return of Garces early in January tlic two 
 padres moved tlieir resitlence Iron) I'alnui's I'anelieii'a 
 to what thty calked the Puei-to, or Porte/.uelo, de 
 Concepcion, the site, as already stated, of the modern 
 Fort Yuma. They also examined the I'anchei I'a, or 
 pucfto, of San ]*ahlo helow on the river, and pro- 
 nounced it a suitahle site for a mission. Visitors 
 came in from diti'erent nations, and among othei's 
 from those dwelling in the mountains toward San 
 Diego. The people calhMl C^ueuK^'ahs announced that 
 those on the coast had already killed a priest and 
 burned his house, that w'ar was exj)ectcd, and that in 
 case it came all the nations m-ou]<1 cond)ine against 
 the Spaniards, askin»x the Colorado tribes to i-einaiii 
 neutral, (xarces paid, howevei'. V(M'y little attention 
 to this story, knowing of course nothing about the 
 massacre at San l)ic>go; yet he lost no opportunity 
 to insist on tin; n(!cessltv of maintaining the most 
 
 *■' . 
 
 friendly relations with these tribes, in (n'(h'r to nisure 
 the safety of the coast establishments and connnuni- 
 cation with them. 
 
 On February 1 4th Garces started up the livei', 
 always to the west of it, with two or three inteipivt- 
 ers to visit the Yamajal)s, as the ^[ojaves were oii'.;'- 
 
 ■•''■' Tlio general route is indiontoil 1)y dotteil lines on Font's mnp, Imt must 
 liavo luen iidikil ;ifter the diary was iini^lied. foi' tlieu Font had lieard iintli- 
 inj^ of tJarci's. This |iait ot tiio jiadi'c'.s MMnderint's nii,','ht, indeed, lia\e lii a 
 reported by ICixarch, hut not his northern travels, also shown on the map. 
 
 B-i'Sil 
 
 t.^iLiii w.. 
 
FROM MOJAYE TO SAX GABPJRL. 
 
 275 
 
 iii.illv calk'd, arrivin<j: on tlio 28tli in their coiintrv, or 
 I'athcr opposite, for they lived on the Oiist of the river, 
 1)1 'tween Avliat are now the Xeedles and Fort ^Nlojave.-'' 
 Dui'ing Ids .sliort stay two thousand natives canio 
 across the Colorado to visit the first white man who 
 liad rvrv been in tliat region. Here tlie adventurous 
 JViiir coiiceiveil the idea of crossing the eountiy west- 
 v,;ii'(! to visit the friars who li\ed near tlu' sea, and 
 was I'licouraged by the natives, who had traded \\iih 
 tlu' coast tribes and said they knew the way. Leav- 
 ing souii' of his not very bulky effects and one ol' hi •! 
 iiit(i[)i'eters, he started with the rest and a few Yani- 
 \ijahs ^Farch 1st and arrived on the 24t]i at San 
 (ial)i'iel.'*' The route was substantially that of the 
 modern road from Los Angeles to Mojavo, uji tlio 
 ]\i(ijave Iviver and through the Cajon l?ass; and the 
 jiiui'iiey was without incident re((uii;ingsp(X'ial mention. 
 ( larcL'S was warndy welcomed by the priests at San 
 (ilabriel, where it will be remend)er(,'d he had \)Ovn with 
 Aiiza in 1774, finding that estal)lis]inient "nuiy a<lrl- 
 aiitada en lo espiritual y temporal," and I'omaining ibi- 
 
 -' Tills l)ciii_u' tlic first exploration of most of tin's ro'^'ion, or of all ^\l•st ('f 
 
 tho river, I ,','iv(j the route in fill. See iil.so I'ont's ni!i]i route marked . 
 
 Pu'.rto do lii t'oiiceiK'inn, (!l 1. n. \\\; '2 1. w. n. w. tliroii^'h jtass in Sierra do 
 Siiii I'idilo to San Marcelo w;iterin,L;-]ilaee; ."> 1. N. \v. in si.L;lit of (.'aboxa del 
 (lipiiite in the east, (Grande Medanal, and vieiiiity "f San Sebastian, passing 
 near I'efion de la. Campana; 8 1. N. and N. N. \v. (lirou.!.;li ]ias,s in the siei-ra on 
 north"! tho Medanal to San Jose watering-place ',h> ~W; ',>!, 1. N. N. w. and K. N. 
 E., aerosH sierra to a valley; 01. N. n. \v. and ]■;. N. i;.; (il. i;. n. k. and N. into 
 •Sicrraof Santa Margarita to banks of Colorado, aeross valley to wateriii'^j'laeo 
 in ',\:y '2'i{':); 1 }, 1. \v. ; or 111. N. w. and \v. n. \v. to Tiuajas del Tezipiien, ono 
 ilay's journey from river; S 1. (orfi 1.) N. N. w. ami N. across a sierra, t > Santo 
 An;;rl springs iU' .'U' (in Chemelineve.s eonntty); (i 1. n. i;. and n. \v. : 7 1. n. n. 
 ]:. Jicross a sierra to Yaniajab nation, \vlu>-e ranelierias, J^al'asion, wereaerosa 
 the river. ('.',3' on Font'.s map. ) 
 
 '^'I'hc fnll route over a eountiy u hiidi f lareeswas the lirst, as also for many 
 yav.i the last, to traver.se is worth reeordnig as follows. (,Sec also maj): .'i 1. 
 N. \v. to ranelierias of Santa Isabel; .'il. N. vv. and i:. .v. \v. (sie) to .San I'edra 
 de los Vamajabs in Il.V I', still near the river; 'J.'. 1. s. w. (o San ( 'asimiro wells; 
 X\. \y. \ w. s. w. to M-ell--; .5 1. w., ;n. w. s. w. to Sierra de Santa (' >ieta; 4 1. 
 V.'. N. \v. aeross sierra (I'rovidenec Mts.) to Canada de Santo 'I'oinas; (i 1. w. 
 s. \v. to v.ells of Saw Inaw de lHos, wIutc thecnnntry of tin; IJeui in .* Iie;;ins; 
 •"il. to I'inta I'as.s ii.»<l Arioso de los Maitires (Itio !\lojave); I'll 1. w. s. w. on 
 same .stream; •_' I. w. N. \v", aixl 2 1. s. w. and s. :ir ."7 ; ■"> 1. .■^. w. up tho 
 stream; i-\]. up t'le strea«n; .'U. s. w. and s. to San lidiito raneheria; I! 1. .-i. .s. 
 w. across hierra (Cajon l\iss'. ni si;dit <if si ;i, and :i 1. i.. s. k. to Arroyo d<' hi9 
 M\a(k-<; -Jil. w. s. \v. i»*v> Aiwvu'h trail, and 81. w. N. W.; '21. w. N. w. to Suu 
 li.ihriel. 
 
 i 
 
 i5 
 
 i| 
 
.'T'l 
 
 EXrEDITlONS OF ANZA, FONT, AND (iARCi:S. 
 
 <tv(!r two weeks.'-'' It luul l)een his iuteiitioii tcn'eacli 
 San Luis instead of San Gabrii.'l, but the natives had 
 refused to <^uide him in that (hrcction. He now de- 
 termined to go up to San Luis b}' the highway, a ad 
 thence to ri'turn eastward to the Colorado across the 
 iulares. He appHed to the corporal of the mission 
 guard for an escort and su})plies for the trip, and was 
 refused, being subsequently refused also by llivera to 
 whom he wrote at San Dieu'o. The conunandant soon 
 arrived, however, on his way to Monterey, and a dis- 
 cussion ensued on the matter, which linally elieiicd 
 fi'om llivera, after various excuses, the declaration 
 that he was not in favor of any communication between 
 tlic natives of the Colorado and those of the missi(jns, 
 having alreod}- taken some measures to prevent it by 
 ordering the arrest of eastern Indians coming to the 
 missions to trade. (}arces deemed Ilivera's views 
 erroneous, but he was obliged to submit, receiving, 
 however, from the missionaries supplies which enabled 
 him to partially carry out his plans, though he did not 
 Aenture along the Channel shores. 
 
 Setting out on t!ie 9th of April, the padre crossed 
 the San Fernando Valley — I use here fen- convenience 
 modern names, referring to a note for those applied 
 at the time™ — and the Santa Clara Iliver; entered 
 
 -^ It appears by tlic inissioii record that Oarc(''s on April (itli baptized an 
 Indian of 20 yeais named .Miguel (iavet's, Sergeant Orijalva being godtatlK r. 
 San. (I'ahrif/, Lib. do lilisioii, MH., 10, It is very strange tliat neillier Aii/a 
 nor Font in tlieir diaries mention Oarecs' visit to San Oabriel, tlioiigii llie. 
 route is indicated on t\w lattei's map wliicli, as I have said, nnist liave been 
 made after the et)nipletion of tin.' iliaiy. 
 
 '"'See also Font's map. Siin (iabriel ; 1 \ I. N. \v. and w. n. \v. ; r-ih 1. n. 'v. 
 at foot of sierra; '2A1. N. w. to raneiieriii in .'U" l.T (vicinity of San Fernand) 
 mission); 21. N. to '■'anta Clara. Valley aiul l\\. \v. N. w. to n ririn'iin: !)1. u. 
 and N'. across (?) tlie Sierra Orande; il. N. K. to a lake where Isiges had b. iii 
 (Flizabeth Lake?); 51. across valley to Sierra de Sun Marcos; '2}, 1. N. ami '.<'. 1. 
 \v. across tin.- Sierra to San I'ascual rancheria of the Cuabajaj' nation (in 
 edge of Tulare Valley, but this nation farther west on map); 1 1 1. \v. n. \v. to 
 lancheriiv in i)')' !)'; 8 1. N. to Ai'royo de Santii Calarina in c(juntry of t!u; 
 Noches ; 1 1. K. w. to a great river San Felipe ilowing w ith rapid current from 
 eastern mountains (Kern I'iver above ISakerslieldVl and M 1. \. w. ami n. to 
 smaller stream Santiago (Posa CrcekV); 4.\ 1. n.; '2\ 1. s. to Kivcr Santa Cruz 
 (\Vhite Iviver?); 1 1. k. to rancheria. Piack to San .Miguel at junction of two 
 branches of River San ]''elipe; back to San Fascual rancheria : '2 1, K. and n. r. 
 ill sierra to lagoon of ;Suu Aeuuiicio; 3/j 1. K. \v. and s, i;.; IH. s. E. to Arroyo 
 
 f.n 
 
EXPLORATIOX OF THE TULARES. 
 
 2T7 
 
 (lio i^roat Tulare Valley by wjiy of Tuniur's and Tojon 
 ]),i>sis; crossed Keru Itivcr, which ho called Sail 
 J'\]i[)e, near Bakersiield; wciit up nearly to the lati- 
 tude of Tulare Lake, nliich he did not see, beinj:^ too 
 far to the cast; left the valley, prolcdily hy the Teha- 
 clicpi Pass but ijossibly by Kelso Valley; and thence 
 v.rut across to the jSlojave, and back by nenrly his 
 (iii"inal route to the startinu'-i)oiut on the Colorado. 
 Thus he had been the lirst to exploi'o this broad 
 region, the first to pass over the southern Pacilii; 
 railway route of the thirty-fifth parallel. His ]>etty 
 aihciitures with thccveririendlv natives in the Tulart! 
 
 A'alK'V are interestin'jf, but 
 
 canncj 
 
 t b 
 
 ill 
 
 e sunicien 
 
 tiy 
 
 con- 
 
 (I( used for insei'tion here. Seven days' journey north 
 (if the limit of his tri}) he heard of another great 
 river Mhich joined the San Felipe, and which (iar- 
 lliouirht niiuht be that ilowin-jf into San Fran- 
 
 ce 
 
 Cisco 
 
 ])av, the San Joaquin, as it tloubth 
 
 one 
 
 .'ss was. At 
 place the priest was <.^reeted by a native who 
 ask( il him in Spanish for paper to make cifjarritos, v.ho 
 said he came from the west, and \vlio was, doubtless, 
 a I'uiiaway neojdiyte frt)ni San Carlos or San Antonio, 
 livery N\here the natives were carefid to inquii'e of 
 the o'uides whether the friar was a Spaniard of the 
 We ;i ()]• of the cast, the latter bearinu' a much better 
 re'outatiou than the former. 
 
 Dii the Colorado Garce's received Anza's letter 
 ro(juiriug his n.'turn if he wished to accompany the 
 jiaity to Sonora. Uut it was already too lnt(>; tliei-e 
 was much to be done in his favorite work of makini^ 
 peace between hostile tribes, tlie Jnd'ans desii'ed liim 
 to stay, and there were otlier regions to e.\})lore. 
 ('onscpiently, althoug'h he had once startt.'d down iIk; 
 river, he suddenly changed Ids ndiid and decided to 
 visit the ]\loqui towns. l*arting- from his last inter- 
 
 <li' 1 1. A-nucion ; i 1 
 tu iVui Miirtircs ac ( 
 y<mc: -Jl. K. x. K. to 
 i; N. i:. ti)\vcll of San 
 yl. i;. :iinl s. K. to S; 
 
 .1(1 
 
 stiitioi 
 
 M. 
 
 (liHio; 
 
 1 ]'Y' 
 
 lipo \ 
 
 m L 
 
 asiiiiir 
 
 out of inoimtaiiis nivl ov<r plains; 7 1. s. s. \v. 
 1 in o4' ;{7'; hack to San .Juan (U- I'ios liy I'M 
 4', 1. v.. s. i;. aci'oHS .Sierra of Santa Colcta; .'!1. 
 
 cri ; .") 1. N. K. ; \\l. N. K. to Triniilad; I ' 1. n. k. ; 
 II. !:. s. w. (tiic) to ^tarting'i.oint. 
 
 ■h-if 
 
278 
 
 EXPEDITIONS OF ANZA, FONT, AND GARCES. 
 
 })ruter lie crossed tlic river uiul started June 4tli \\ itli 
 a l)arty of ]lu;da])ais lor the north-east, I'eaehiiiL;' tlie 
 ^fo(jiii tow lis tlie 2d of July. Here liis g'ood-lortnuc 
 di'serted liilii. The Moijuis (hd lU)t liariu liiiii, hut 
 would not I'eceive him in their houses, wtnild not ic- 
 eeive his iLjifts, looked with indill'erence on his paiiit- 
 inj^s of liell and heaven, and refused to l<iss Ihc 
 ( hrist. Ilavin<4' passed two nights in a corner of (Ik; 
 court-yard, and having written a letttu' to the miii- 
 istei' at Zuhi, (Jarces turned sorrowfully back and 
 let raced his steps to the country of the Yani;ijahs, 
 vlare he arrived on the 25th. He was a month in 
 going down the river to the Yuma country, and rea<'h- 
 nig San Javier del Vnxc, on the 17th of 8e[)teml)er.'" 
 
 The cxpt'dition oi' Domijigue/ and Kscalante iiiny 
 bo alluded lo heie as an unsucccssl'id attempt to rcnch 
 (,'alifoi'nia. The}- went in 1770 I'rom Santa Fe, Xcw 
 ]\Iexico, to Utah Lake. But winter was near, food 
 became scarce, re[)orts of the natives were nol i n- 
 (•(Hii'aging, and tluy soon gave U}) thcii' ])lan of I'ciich- 
 iiig ]\lonterey, returning tt) Santa Fv by way of the 
 Moqui towns.^" 
 
 ■"' r,'(nrr.% nUinn, 240-048. Signed at Iiiliiitaina .Tiin. ,^0, 1777. I'Whcs, 
 IH<l. Cal., ).'>7-(JL', t^aw i\\\s diaiy in MS., at ( Uiai-hi!;!; i.-a. Joiinu'y i:icii- 
 tioiu'd ill J'rnr. J.W., MS., i. 47-S; vi. .")!J. I'aluii, jS'ot., ii. 'JSl-L', inriitinii.s 
 ruiiuii'.s that (Jarcrs liad Ikcii iiillcd l)y suvagos. 
 
 '■'- JhiijiiixjiNz and l'.-<(<dt(iit<', JJiiirio ij Ihmitit'o, l",",)]. In lii^^ Citrta fh .:S 
 ih (Jrtiilirc IT! J, iiS., ]-]t>calaiitc favors a iimtc i'rcni .Mmitcny to the .^I' i]ui-i 
 i'lnd to Saiifa FO. He lias heard of some li;^ht-coloic(l natives soniev.Ii're nii 
 tlie route, \\lio Lad probably reached the interior fioni Monterey, by i.he irrciit 
 livers. 
 
 ik. 't 
 
CILVPTER XIII. 
 
 FOUXDIXG OF Tm: PEE8IDI0 AND MIS.^TOX OF 8AX 
 
 rilA.XClSL'O. 
 
 177(i-J777. 
 
 Anza's Exploration of tite Peninsula of Sax Francisco — Itinerary— 
 'J'lii-: C'a3ip on Mountain Lake— Sriivr.Y of the I'lCNrNsrEA — Arroyo 
 Di; Lo.s Dolores — Trii" to the Gukat Kiver — DLUNOtTts of Font i.v 
 
 ('oKIUX'lI.SU CrESPI— ItETFRN TO MoNTEREY— ORDERS EOPv THIO FofNDA- 
 
 TKiN— A Ilrr AT THE Fadres — Arrival of the Transport Vessels — 
 ^loRAOA Leads the Colony to the I^eninstla — Camp on Lakr 
 I »oloi:es— Coming o-^ tjii; 'San Carlos'-The Presii-io Focnhkd — 
 
 New ExPLtlRATlON OF Pa)lNl) ]>AV AND ElO DE SaN FrANCISCO— FlIOHT 
 
 OF the Natives— FoR>LVL Dedication of tiif ^Iission— Discfssion of 
 Dai'i:, Location, and Name — IOarly Puo(:i!Ess— Annals of 1777 — 
 Visits of Govkrnor and President and Commandant. 
 
 The expedition of Anza, described in tlic precediii'j^ 
 <'lia[)iei', was [ilaniied and executed v.itli almost exclu- 
 .si\«' I'l'fercncc to tlio establishment of a presidio at 
 Smii Francisco, and of one or two missions in tlie same 
 ]i\ii;i()U under its protection. Though I h;i.ve not found 
 the text of Bucareh's instructions to vVnzn, it was 
 I )r(il);ibly the intention that the foundation shoidd bo 
 accoiiiphshcd ckiring that officer's stay in C'ahfornia, 
 and lo a certain extent under his supervision. Tiie 
 '■xpcdition, however, for various reasons, did not i'c>acli 
 ( 'ahi'ornia so early as had been intended. T'he mattrr 
 was delayed by the critical state of tilings at San 
 Dii'go, and still farther dclaved bv liivera's idiosvn- 
 'lasirs: and Anza was obliged to leave thi' counti'v 
 iH'iore his colonists had been settled in then- new 
 lionio. Yet he did not go until he had made every 
 IH).- ilik; cflbrt to forv/ard the scheme by repeatedly 
 
 ( 273 1 
 
i { i 
 
 280 
 
 FOUXDIXG OF SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 ur<,nnq" its iiiiportanco U[)(»ii the; dilatDiy and (>l)stliiatt.' 
 (•(uniiiaiidaiit, aiul l)y making' in pci'soii a ik!\v (.'xaiii- 
 ination ol' tin; Sau Francisco region. This c\aiiiiii;i- 
 tioii, iiiiiiutcly <lcsci'il)C(l in tlu> oriL^inal records,' was 
 omitted IVoin its cliroiiolon'ical place as a ])ait df* 
 Aiiza's expedition, and must now receive attention. 
 
 W'itli Afoia^a, Font, a corporal, and two soldiers 
 from tlicj presidio, ei^•llto(' liis own men, and provisions 
 for twenty days, Anza left Monterey for San i^'raii- 
 cisco tlie L'.'ld of March 1"7(>, haviiiL,^ heeii l»ut two 
 days from his sick-hed at San Cju'Ios." 'I'he party 
 followed the route of lAiveraand L'alou in their jour- 
 ney of j)uceinhei' 1774,'' to the Arroyo de San Fiaii- 
 cisco, now known as San ]^^'ancis(|uit() Creek, at 
 a s]»ot \\hero the Spaniards had iiist encamped in 
 J)eceml>el' 17r;i), and which I'alou had selected two 
 years |)reviously as a desirable site foi' the mission of 
 San I^'rancisco. 'I'he cross set u}) in token of this 
 selection was still standing', but intermediate explora- 
 tion, as Anza tells us, rel'errino' presumably to 1 leceta's 
 tri}) of the year before, had shown a lack of water in 
 the dry season, vei'y unfortunately, as in res[iect of 
 soil, timber, and fjentilitkid the place was well adapted 
 I'or a mission. 
 
 Instead of enterin<^ tlie Canada of San Andres .\nza 
 seems to liaye lve[)t nearer the 1)ay shore — thoun'li 
 neither lie nor Font states that the bay ^yas kept in 
 sight; but after crossing- the Arroyo de San Mateo, 
 so called at the time and since, there are but slii^lit 
 data, save the L;eneral course, between north-west 
 
 i./1;/-.f(, J)!'U'!n, MS., 1.7)-7S; lout's. /ounidl, IMS., 'AO-l?,. 
 
 - J'alon, A'o'.. 'JS.VT, ."nys tlic .'itart was Mavcli 'J'Jd, ami tli<' total iiiiiiiliirot' 
 soldiiTs 10. ,\ii/a wislidl I'alun ti)::c) wit!i liiiii, hut .Scrni olijectoil. Two of 
 tlio siiMit'is, lidwuvi r, liMcl i]i'L'ii (jvcr tlie roiitu lietorc. 
 
 ^Sio I'liap. X. (pf this viihiiiio. 'I'lio itiiR'iai-y, \\ith T'ont's clistaiii''t'S in 
 Iiaroiitlicsos. \.'as ns follows: ]''rom Monterey, 7\ 1. (7) to Asinieion or Xativi- 
 <la(l aei-oss the IJivei- Monteri'y or Santa iJelliiia: 81. (l'_')to \'alley of Sau 
 Jiernai'dino or Arroyo ile las Llauas (still ealled Llagas (.'reek) across Arroyo 
 (le San Iknito and I'l'ijaro lliver ('.'); Si. (i'J) to Arroyo de San Jose Cu|)ertiiii) 
 {'X\ on iMiiit's niaj)) in i-i.,'!it of hay; 4 1. ((J ':} to Arroyo de San Franeisco. At 
 one place on the Avay the juiles u.sid to sujijiort the altar on a )irevious visit 
 of the Spaniards were found decorated with oll'erin.i^s of arrows, feathers, food, 
 etc., recalling the similar oceurrcnce at Monterey in 1770. 
 
^lAi' OF rxri.oiJATroN's. 
 
 2SI 
 
 
 iiiif 
 
 'III' 
 
 5 
 
 I'lNiN^iLA <>i' .San FiiANci.-co. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
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 Photographic 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 ;<> 
 
282 
 
 FOUNDING OF SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 fi- 
 
 and north, from wliicli to dutcrnn'no tlic exact route,* 
 until, (»n ^larc'li 27th, ho cnoani[)e(l at about 1 1 a. m. 
 on a lahvi near tlic "mouth of tlio port," out of wliicli 
 vas llo\vinL>' water enough, as the writer say.s, lor a 
 milh This was what is no>v Mountain Lake, to wliidi 
 the Spaniards at tliis time gave no name," thouuli 
 they called the outlet Arroyo del Puerto, now known 
 as Lobos Creek. As soon as the camp was pitdicd 
 Anza set out exploring toward the west and south, 
 8[»ending the afternoon, and finding water, pasturage, 
 and wood, in fact all that was required for his i)r()- 
 posed fort exce[)t timber. 
 
 Next morning he went with the priests to wliat is 
 now Fort Point, "where nobody had been," and there 
 erected a cross, at the foot of which he buried an ac- 
 count of liis ex]>] orations.*' Here upon the table-land 
 terminating in this point Anza <letermined to estal)- 
 lish the presidio. Pont presently retuined to cam]),' 
 while Anza and Moraga continued their explorations 
 toward the east and south-east, where the\' found, iu 
 addition to jirevious discoveries, a ])lentiful su[)ply ot' 
 oak tindx^r which, though nui'-h bent by the noitli- 
 west winds, would serve < ane extent for building 
 jturposes. About half a 1 jie east of the cani[illiry 
 
 *From the topography of the region, and from the fact that no mention is 
 made (jf sccin/^ or Ijcing near cither the )}ay or Lake Merced, it is most liiccly 
 that Anza followed the rontc of tlie present county ro;;d and railroad fiuiu 
 San Ih'uno to the vicinity of Islais Creek, thence turning to the Ict't jiast the 
 present A'n)sh<inso tract. 
 
 ^Tlii! l.!lc<! is called Lagiina del Presidio on La IVrouse's map of ITS'!. 
 That tlie lake on wliicli this ])arty encamped wm.h Mountain Laki'. an iiU'ntity 
 that 11') jn'cviDiis writer lias noticed, is proved not only hy ,\nza"s snlis(i|iiciit 
 niovenunts. Imt hy t!ie following in Fonfs .ImiriKil, MS., HI: ' 'I'lie coast of 
 tiie mouth (of San I'lancisco ]5ay) on this sidii runs from n. v.. to s. w.. U'lt 
 straigiit, hut fonniiig a heiul, on the heacii of wliic'h a stream, wliicii llows 
 fiom the lagoon where we halted, emiities itself, ami we called it the Aiidvo 
 del riierto.' No other part of the slioi'i^ coricsponils at all to this statiiiieiit, 
 
 •' Misled, pcrha|is, hy this nienlioii of the eidss, I'alou, A'o^, ii. -"'i, says 
 that AiK'ii followed his, Talon's, route of ITT-t until lie reached the cross 
 planted at that time. 
 
 ' Font in hi.; diaiy gives a long and accurate description of San FraiKisco 
 Hay. He ehaily mentions Alcatraz Island, though without a)iplying any 
 name. It is to he noted that he mentions I'unta de Almejis, or Mussel I'oint, 
 Btill m calh'd; hut this was not the original Mussel I'oint of 17(j9, thougli 
 Font very likely thought so. 
 
 m 
 
ANZA'S VISIT. 
 
 2S3 
 
 act route.* 
 
 1 limp (f 17^'). 
 kc, iui iJfiitity 
 i"s siilisi'i|ui'iit 
 
 ' 'I'lie riiiot lit 
 i:. (ii s. w., n"t 
 a, A\l]iih ll<)«s 
 
 it till' Arii'Vi) 
 ihis stiiliiiiciit. 
 I., ii. '-'.'■■(i, saNJ* 
 clad Ww L'los 
 
 Snii riiiiK-isdi 
 
 f 1700, though 
 
 (',11111(1 another largo lagoon, from which was (lowing 
 cuiisidi rablo water, and which, with some artiliciul im- 
 ]iin\( incuts, they thought would I'urnish a permanent 
 Mip]ily i'or garden irrigation. This was the j)rosent 
 ^\';l>h^•l•\voman's I^ay, corner of (jlreenwich and Octa- 
 via streets. About a league and a iialf south-east of 
 the eaiup there was a tract of irrigal>]e land, and a 
 jluwiiig spring, or ojo de wjua, which would easily 
 Mi|i|ily the required water. Anza found some well 
 (!is|i()sc(l natives also, and he came hack at 5 i*. >i. vciy 
 iiiiK li i>leased, as Font tells us, with the result of his 
 (lays search. 
 
 Xext morning, the 29tli, they broke camp, half the 
 iiH II w ith the ])ack animals returning by the way they 
 lind cniuc, to San Mateo Creek, and the commandi'r 
 with i'\)nt and (ive n)en takinu' a circuitous route bv 
 
 Ar 
 
 at tl 
 
 rivmg at the sprmg ami rivulet (lis 
 
 the liay sliore. 
 
 r ivci'ed the day before, they named it from the day 
 the last Friday in lent, Arroyo de los ])oloies.'' 
 Thc'icc ])assing round tlio hills they reached and 
 rrcsscd the former trail, and went over westward into 
 the ( ahada de San Andres in search of timber, of 
 V. hicli they found an abundance. They followed the 
 ^le!l sdine distance beyond where tlu; San ^Fateo 
 creek (lows out into the j>lain, killed a large bear, 
 I Tossed the low hills, and returned northward to join 
 llicir com})anions on the San Mateo. 
 
 The next objective ])oint was the groat Uiv'er San 
 I'laucisco, which had in 1772 prevented Fages from 
 
 * It ii to lip notoil tliat Anza calls it simply nn ' ojo <lo ncjua (i fuoiito ' and 
 I'oiit im ' •irniyo,' I)iit licitluT liuiitidiiM any la'.'oon. ralmi, liowcvir, says, 
 ■ Mil UMiliiii;,' tlic Iwac'li of t!to liay wliiili the sailms callcil IK; Ins IJoinijoi 
 (!li:it is .Mis>i(iii 15a\", ca!li><l LliTuiii's liy Ayala's iiu'ii on account of two wicp- 
 ill,' iiati\('s, SCO cliap. xi.), he ci^'issi'd an ari'nyo liy which iiiiplics a ;t;riat 
 
 l.i;;n(iii which ho nanud Itolorcs, ami it sccnu'd to him a ;_' 1 site tor the mis- 
 
 .-iiii,' itc. This may lie piiiutuated so as to ajip'y the name to the stream 
 railier than the laj,'oon ; luit I suspect that the la;,'iHin- snlisei|n.'ntly known 
 :i> 'I he Willows — w ith its stream was entiie'y flistinet from Aii/a's stream of 
 jliiluics. Of this nioi-e in note •_'(! of this chapter. Font from an emineiiee 
 imtiil the liiaiin;,' of the head of the liay I'., s. F... and of an imiiu use sprnee, 
 or iiilwooil, afterwards found it to lie l.">0 feet hij,diuiid 10 feet ia circumfer- 
 ence, on llic Arroyo dc Sail rruncisco, 8. E. 
 

 284 
 
 FOUNDING OF SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 rcacliiniTf Point Roycs." Save that in going round 
 tliu liead of the bay tliey nanjed Giiadahii)e and 
 Coyote streams, and further on the Arroyo de San 
 Salvador, or H lina, there is nothing of vahie id- 
 interest in tlie (Uaries until Aj»ril 2d when the ex- 
 plorers reaehed the' mouth of "tljo fresh water port 
 held hitherto to he a great river," that is, to the 
 strait of C;u-quines and Suisun Bay. The water ^\;ls 
 somewhat salt; there was no euiTcnt ; this great 
 lliver San Franeiseo was apparently no river at all, 
 hut an extension of the hay. The matter seems to 
 have troubled them greatly, and their observation-^ 
 were ehiellv directed to learninix the true status of 
 this body of water. There was no reason for it, 
 but tl^y were conl'used. Crespi's diary of the foi- 
 mer trip had described the body of water accu- 
 rately enough, and had not at all confounded the 
 strait and bay with tlie River San Francisco, or San 
 Joaijuin; but, possibly, Fages had also written a 
 diary in which he ex])ressed the matter less clearly. •* 
 TJie camp on the 'Jd was on a stream suj)posed t) 
 bo identical with the Santa Angela do FuJgino'^ nf 
 Fnges. On the 'kl they continued eastward past tlic 
 low rariL,e of hills, from the sunnnit of which, near 
 A\ illow Pass, like Fages and C'respi before them, tiny 
 had a iiiie view of a broad country, which they descriln' 
 more lully, but not more accurately, than their prede- 
 cessors.'-^ The long descriptions are interesting, but 
 they form no part of histoi-y and are omitted, strange 
 as it may seem, on account of their \ery accura(-y, as 
 is also true re'>ariliii''- Font's description of San l-'iaii- 
 cisco Pay. They described the country as it was and 
 
 "It is iKiticcaljlc tlijit All/11 several times implies tliat more than one e\- 
 ]il(iratioii hail Ijeeii niaile in this ilirection, but only oni', that of J'agis, is 
 I'eecirclcd. 
 
 '"Sec aci'oiiiit of FaLre4' tiip in I'liapter viii. Aeoordint; to AffhicUa, 
 Croii. S' n'lj'., W't 7, l-'onc nanieil the body of water I'lierto l)ulce. 
 
 " No. ltK)of I'ont's map. 
 
 '-' See also l'\iiit'.s map in preeediii'j; cliapter, on which 'a' in 'the hill to 
 whieh la.Lfesi arrived;' 'li" a ' rancheria at eil;;(^ of the water;' ' c,' a ' hill from 
 which we saw the tuhaes;' 'd' the 'summit of the eiifrni;' and 'o'some 'iiiLu- 
 csal hills.' 
 
 IS 
 
MOUTH OF Tin: SAX JOAQUIN. 
 
 2S5 
 
 is; it is only with the annals of tlioir trip and such 
 (111 lis in tli(.'ir observations as had or niij^ht have 
 liad an ert'e<-t on subsequent explorations that I have 
 to deal. There are, h<>\vever, errors and confusion to 
 l)c noted. It is evident that tor some reason they had 
 iiii imperfect idea of Fajjfes' trip. On the strait they 
 had labored hard to prove it not a river, as it certainly 
 was not, and as it had never been supposed to be, so 
 i'ar as can be known. Now tha':, they had reached tlie 
 liver and were lot)kin<T out over the broad valleys of 
 till' San Joaquin and Sacramento from the liills back 
 iif Antioch, they still flatteied themselves that they 
 wciv coi'rectin^- errors of Crcspi and Faj^es, and they 
 still laboi-ed to ju'ove that the broad rivers were not 
 rivers, lait 'fresh water poi-ts' extendi nj^ far to the 
 iioith and south, possibly connecting by tulares in the 
 tMiiner direction ^vith Bodega Bay. In all this, how- 
 ever, Anza was not so positive; but in correcting an 
 error Crespi never made respecting the Strait of (\u'- 
 i|uiiies, Font was singularly enough led into real error 
 left on record for others to correct. 
 
 Like Faijes, Anza descended the hills and advanced 
 siiine leagues over the plain to the water's edge,''' 
 l)Ut instead of turning back and entering the hills by 
 tlie San Ramon Canada, as Fages had done, aftc 
 some rather ineffectual attemi)ts to follow the miry 
 rivei'-banks, he kept on over the foot-hills, noting vast 
 herds of elk, or jackass deer, [)assed to the left of 
 what is now Mount Diablo, and crossed the moun- 
 
 lArricifitd, 
 
 "Font in one place calls the Iiill tlio terminus of Fages' exploration, and 
 s:iys; ' Fioni said hill which may lie about a Icai^tuc from tlie -water, Captain 
 I'iigcs and ]'. Cri'spi saw its extent and that it «as divided into arms widih 
 liiiiiMMJ islands of low land; and as they hail pieviously tasted the water 
 en till! road further haeU and found it to he fri'sh. they supposed without 
 <lii\ilit that it nuist Ije some great liver which divuhd itself here into three 
 Iniinihcs. , .without noticing whetlu'r it hail any cnrient or not, which was 
 imt lasy for them to do li'om said liill at siU'li a distance.' Font counted 
 Seven islands. An/a, l)i<irio, MS., KW, says of the htidy of water 'nos parecio 
 sir iiiiis una gran laguna (pie rio,' and I7-, 'Me iiizo estii noticia(the stiite- 
 iiiiiit ijf two soldiers that the tulares were imi)a.s.sal>lr even in the dry season) 
 y 1(1 (|iu' yo ol)si'rval>a acahunne dc conceptuar (jue lo fpie se ha tenido por rio 
 I's piu'iinicnte una grun laguna.' Sail liiuurdu was tlio uante givcu to the 
 niiK'liu'iia in the Antioch region. 
 
28G 
 
 rOUNDIXG OF SAN FRAXCISCO. 
 
 tains by a fliflioult routo not easy to locate, on Avlildi 
 lie named tlio Canada de San A'iconto and tlic Sieiru 
 del Cluisco, iindin<^ also indications of silver oic. 
 7V]>iil Gtli the party encamped on Arroyo del ("oy- 
 ote," and on the 8th arrived at ^ronterey. As beloiv 
 related, Anza started south on tlic 14th, and liis liii;i! 
 exhortation to liivera on the importance of prompt 
 action in the Han Fi'ancisco matter was accompaiiit il 
 by a diary and map of the exploration just descrihcd.' ' 
 
 With tlic arrival of the colony at ^Fontcrcy fi'om 
 the south, there had come instructions from Jiivoa 
 to build houses ibr the people, since thei-e would hr 
 at least a year's delay before the presi(Uo could \n' 
 foundtnl.''' And such were the orders in force, not- 
 withstanding:^ Anza's protest, when that officer tuiiicd 
 over tlie conunand to jNToraga,'' and left the country. 
 Ihit liivera, coming to his senses j)erhaps after a litrjc 
 I'ellection, or fearing the results of Anza's reports in 
 Mexico, or roally taking some interest in the new 
 foundation now that the object of his jealousy had 
 departed, cliangcd his policy, and the day after his 
 arrival in San J )iego, on ^Nfay 8th, despatched an order 
 to jNIoraga to proceed and establish the fort on the 
 site selected by Anza. He could not, however, neg- 
 l(H't the oj^portunity to annoy the priests by saying 
 that the founding of the missions was for the ])reseiit 
 sus[)ended, as j\loraga was instructed to inform the 
 ']n"esi<K>nt. Truly the latter had not gained much iti 
 the chaniT^c from Fages to his rival. At the sainr 
 
 • • • 1*1 
 
 time IJivera sent an order to Gi'ijalva at San (Jahi;' 1 
 to n'join the rest of the colony at Monterey with thf 
 
 '*Nf). lOlof tlioiilfip. 
 
 '-■'I'lie lonto <;f Anzji's trip is shown, but of course in a pcnrnil a\.i.v, im 
 rent's limp. ScL' fliiipti'r xii. The natives hail been its nsujil friendly in > vciy 
 i-anchc! la visi'ad. 
 
 "' l'(il<iii, A"'., ii. '2S3. From tlio viceroy Itivera luul iievniispiou iliti'l 
 Jan. llOlh, to ili'liy the exjiloration only until An/a's arrival. I'riii:. St. I'n/'-, 
 MS., i. l',);i--4. ]>ul of course the viceroy knew nothing yet of the Sau i>\i"J<> 
 all'ai r. 
 
 "' lY'b. 4t]i, liivera onler.'H Mornj:;ii to take roniniantl of the cxjic liti' a 
 after Anza's departure. J'ror. .S7. I'up., MS., xxii. I'J. 
 
rnnPAUATioxs. 
 
 cr,7. 
 
 <\\c1\(^ soldiors ami tlicir faniilios. Anza's dcj^artin'o 
 li.id, it sL'Ciiis, greatly lessunoJ the tluiigci' at Sail 
 
 (Ii'm^'ora brmvji'lit the order to San CJ;d)riel, ami 
 ( Ji'i j;dv;i, setting out at once with his coinjiany, carried 
 it 1o ^[()raga at ^Monterey. It was resolved to start 
 iidiih ill the niidcUe of Juno, and though the mission 
 iiiu-t wait, Serra thouglit it host tliat I'alou and 
 ( 'aiiihon, the friars destined for San Fianciseo, should 
 iicroiniianv the soldiers to attend to their spii-itual 
 interests and ho ready on the spot for I'urther orders, 
 M( aiiwliile the transport vessels arrived on their 
 ycaily voyagi>, having sailed I'roni San J>las together 
 on the Dth of ^lareh. The Smi yltifoiiio, ("aptain 
 J)iego Choquet, with Francisco Castro and Juan J J. 
 Agniiix', as master and mate, and Friar ]Jenito Sieira 
 !is rhaplain, arrived ]May 21st, unl(»ading sup[)lies f(»r 
 Moiileri-y and waiting for some j)iiie lumh'.'r for San 
 Diego. Tlie San Carlos, a slower vessel, arriv«'d the 
 :'(l of June,'^ under Captain Quires, ( 'ahi^:ares and 
 L'evilla as master and iiiate, with Santa ]\[aria and 
 X()ce;l;d as cliaplaiiis. She brought su]tplie3 for ^Foii- 
 tiiw and also for San Francisco, and many articles 
 W( re put on board to go up by water and Mve nude 
 tiaiispoitation ; but as two cannons were to be takt'U 
 
 hi 11 II liie 
 
 presidio an or< 
 
 l(?r fr 
 
 om luvera was necessarv 
 
 aiH 
 
 1 i!ie vessel was obliired to wait until this order 
 
 ciiuM 1)0 obtame( 
 
 ( )ii June 17th ]\roraga with his company of sol- 
 diers, settlers, families, and servants^' set out in com- 
 jiaiiv witli the two friars by the old loute, movin;' 
 vciv slowly, haltini'- for a day on [" 
 
 YdXl 
 
 L 
 
 rancisco 
 
 ;cnoriil w:iy, "ii 
 irii'iully ill 'V'l.v 
 
 oiini.-'si'in ilitnl 
 /',•(,(.■. SI. /'"/'- 
 f tin; Sun Uicjio 
 
 the cxiic.Uti'U 
 
 ■'.Tiiiio ."111, Moraj^a to Eivcra, .niinoiiiiciii;^ ■nrriviil of tlio tnxnspoits. Prnr. 
 Si. /'<>/.., MS., i. •„>;!_'-;{. 
 
 '■' Alv.iit till' miniln r of sf)l(li(rs there is iiuieli coiifii.sion. Eivoni'.s onler.s, 
 J'dliiii, Xiil., ii. "CO, liiid hicu to tiike 'JD <if tluiii. luit t!ic sum' ;iiit!i(H- s:iys, 
 l:i'-(' ."i.T, tliiit Mdijipi iiiiil Hi; ainl elsewliere, I'iilfi, "iu") 7, that there \ver<j 
 17. Jle f^till clniiiis that ll! of Aua's foiee were at Sail l;io,';(), Imt tlu'ie \a 
 iiMilniilit thi;t i'll tlie'i!)v>.i<' at Monterey iiiid that .•.her.t L';)/f them started. 
 'J here V. eie 7 tetllern with their families, ■"> vaipieres and mnleteers, "J Lower 
 t'aliliirnians, 1 Sun Cirlos iieo^jhyto, a mule train, and '2.'i.) head of cattle. 
 
•288 
 
 FOUNDIXO OF RAX FRAXCLSCO. 
 
 i 
 
 i' 
 
 1 ''. ■ M 
 
 Im 
 
 mm 
 
 Arroyo, notinjj tho abiindaiico of door and aiitoldpc, 
 and linally cnoanipinjjf, Juno 27tli, on tho LiiLTuna dc 
 lo.s l)(»l()ros in sight of tho Ensiinada do los Jjloronos 
 and of tho south-oastorn branch of tlio hay. An ahai- 
 was sot up and mass was said on tho 20tli, as on ovciy 
 suocoodin<jf day. Iloro Mornjjfa awaitod tho coniinT 
 of tlio San Ctu'los, bocauso tho oxact location of thu 
 prositho site was to dopond to soino extent on lur 
 survey for anchorage. A month was jiassed in ex- 
 plorations of the [)eninsula, in cutting timber, and in 
 other preparations of which no dcftailod record was 
 kept, and still no vessel came. The lieutenant iinally 
 <lotermin(d to go over to tho site selected by An/,a, 
 and make a beginning by erecting barracks of tules 
 and other light material. Thus far all had lived in 
 the field tents, and tho camj) was transferred on thi; 
 •Jdtli of July. The first building completed was in- 
 tended for a temporary chapel, and in it tho first mass 
 was said on July 28th by Palou."" Tho priests, jiow- 
 ever, did not change their quarters. They as well as 
 Anza tliought the iirst camp in a locality better fitted 
 for a mission than any other part of tho peninsula; 
 and though by Rivera's orders the mission was not 
 yet to bo Ibunded, tho spot was so near the presidio, 
 and tho natives wore so friendly, that it was deemed 
 safe and best for the two friars to remain with the 
 <*attlo and other mission property, guarded by six sol- 
 diers and a settler, who miijlit without disobedience 
 of superior orders make preparations for tluir i'uture 
 dwellings. Things continued in this state for nearly 
 another month. 
 
 To their great relief on the 18th of August the Sun 
 Carlos arrived and anchored near the new cam]!. 
 After leaving Monterey she had experienced co i- 
 trary winds and had been driven first down v > ihe 
 latitude of San Diego, then up to 42,° anchoring <»u 
 the night of the I7th outside the heads and north of 
 
 "" The camp was pitched July 2Cth, and building begun July 27 
 of Sal to Governor in 1792. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xl. 52, 54. 
 
 th. Letter 
 
THE PRESIDIO BEGUN. 
 
 280 
 
 Y 27th. Letter 
 
 the inti.inco. Quiros ami tlio rest liavincf approved 
 ihc (Ik lice of site.s, work was iimiiediately l)e;^am on 
 jKriiiMiieiit buiUliiijL^sfur tlie presidio, all loeated within 
 ii s(|iiare of ninety-two yards, aeeordiiij; to a plan luado 
 1)V ( "aiiizares. Quiros sent ashore his two carpenters 
 ainl a s(|tiad of sailors to work on the storehouse, coni- 
 )iiiiii(lanl's dwellinj^', and chapel, while the soldiers 
 elected hou.ses for themselves and families. All the 
 huildin^s were of ])alisade walls, and roofed with 
 ciirth. They were all ready l)y the middle of Septem- 
 ))(i, and the 17th was named as the day of ceremonial 
 fouiidiiiL;', l)ein<^ the day of the 'Sores of our seraphic 
 Hither Saint Francis.'-* Over a hundred and iifty 
 j)cr.sons witnessed the solenni ceremony. The Smi 
 Carlos landed all her force save enough to man the 
 swivil-guns. Four friars assisted at mass, for Pena 
 had 'onie up from Monterey, and the prescribed rites 
 of taking possession, and the tc ih'um laudamns, 
 wcic accompanied and followed by ringing of bells 
 jiiid discharge of fire-arms, including the swivel-guns 
 (if the ti'ansport. The cannon so terrified the natives 
 that not one made his appearance for some days.''* 
 Tims was the presidio of San Francisco founded, and 
 ai"t( !■ tlic ceremonies its connnandant, !Moraga, entei'- 
 taiiK'd the company with all the splendor circum- 
 stances would allow."' 
 
 AVliile the presidio supplies were being transferred 
 to tlie warehouse, a new exploration of the head <jf 
 the bay and of the great rivers was made by Quir(')s, 
 Cauizares, and Cambon in the ship's boat, and by 
 
 •' Oil tliat same 17th of September on tlio other side of the conthient Jjml 
 Jlii\v( '.■, Hessian and British tmojis were revelling in the eity of New York.' 
 JiUiiit, ill (hi rlund Month'ii, iv. .■!.■?() 7. 
 
 •-So ^;ily.■^ Palou, and it reads well. It must he added, however, that 
 iiccnidin^' til the same author all had left tlie jieiiiiisnla a month hefore. 
 
 ■'•'Ill eoiinection with the founding of tlie jiresidio it may he mited that 
 Miiiiira ill his preliminary searih found one or two tine springH vviiieh Anza 
 li:i.l iifjt nieiitioued. (Jen. Valkjo, in his iJi^curno /Hsfdrico. jirononneecl at 
 till' ci ntx'iinial celebration of the founding of the mission, notes tliat soiuo 
 iiiiiarkiilile (jualities were popularly attributed to the spring eulled Kl Polin. 
 ^\'lllnl| drinking the water were, it seems, made more than usually j.iolilii', 
 t'ivinj.' birth to twins in many iustauees. Several other Califoruians men- 
 tiuii this old popular belief. 
 
 Hui. Cai.., Vol. I. 19 
 
9M 
 
 Forxmxr, of sax rnAxcrsco. 
 
 li. 
 
 ^Tor.'V'a witli a iiartv <>f soldiers liv land. Tlic two 
 cxju'ditioiis Wore to meet heyoiul the 'round hay,' or 
 at till! mouth of the river, ou a certain day, a[)[)areiitly 
 Septendu-r iMIth, whence hy waU'i' and land tiiey \\( ic 
 to ^o uj> the I'iver as I'ar as jtossihle. They starti-d on 
 the L'.'kl, the land party carryin.if most of the suiiplii s, 
 vliilc the boat took only enou;L,di for ei<^ht days. On 
 the 21)tli Quiros returned, lie had reached the ren- 
 dezvous at the n[)pointed time, hut not meetiiiLj' 
 ^MoraLja, he had been ohlii^ed alter waitini^one day (o 
 turn hack for want of j)rovisions. AlthouLjh prevented 
 from exploring- the j^neat river, he was able to settle 
 another (hspute<l (juesiion and pnno that the 'round 
 bay' had no connection with IJodega. For Hailiiit;' in 
 that dirt^ction he had discovei'ed a new estuaiy and 
 followiMl it to its head, tindin<^ no passage to the sea, 
 and beholdinj^ a loft}' sierra which stretched toward 
 the west and ended, as Quiros thought, nt (*a[ie 
 !Mendocino. This was, probably, the lirst voya^i 
 ol" Eui-ojH'ans u[> the windings of Petaluma Creek. - 
 Kesi»ectin<j: the I'ciiion at the mouth of the meat 
 rivers he had done no more than verify the accuracy 
 of previous obsi'rvations by I'ages and Anza. 
 
 !Mea])while ^foraga, on arriving at the south-i-astern 
 head of tin* bay, had changed his [ilans, and instead of 
 following the shore had conceived the idea that ho 
 could save time and distance by crossing the sierra 
 eastward. This he accomi)lished without ditliculty by 
 a route not recoi-ded, but aj)[)arently at an uncxi)Ccte(l 
 cost f)f time; Ibr on I'eaclung the river ho concluded it 
 would be impossible to reach the mouth at the time 
 
 ''* Piilon, yofifin.'), states tli.nt Qtiin'is saile<l two days on tlic new cst<'ri', 
 nnrl lie nii^lit with uiifavornlilc winds have spent that time on I'ctaluiiiii. 
 Creek; Ijiit if he w.iitcd a day for Muraga. the two days jnnst inehide the wlmlu 
 retuiii voyage, lie had not, however, disproved Font's theory that tliehny 
 coniniuincuted witli llodega l>y way of the great ' fresh M'atcr port,' or lagmii!, 
 now called tlic Saeraniento IJiver. In his Vitia, '210-14, riiloii gives i.tiur 
 vaguely additional details. At the mouth of the great river was a fine liar- 
 l)or, as good as San Diego, named Asuneion {Suisun Day?). The lofty sifii.k 
 stretehing to Cape Mendocino was called San Francisco. The estnary on tlie 
 west of Kouud Bay, up wliich they bailed one day and night, was iiuuud 
 Merced. 
 
 ■J I 
 
TIIK MISSION AT DOLOURS. 
 
 291 
 
 Tllc two 
 1(1 I)ay,' or 
 i[)l)iiri'iitly 
 tlicy wt'iL' 
 started (111 
 
 J 8UI)[)liis, 
 
 (lays. ( )ii 
 il the icii- 
 ; iiK'ctlii;^' 
 me (lay to 
 
 [HVVi'lltrd 
 a to s('t.tl(3 
 lie ' round 
 • Hailiiit;' in 
 stuary and 
 ,o the sea, 
 cd toward 
 , nt ( 'a[ie 
 st voyaL;'e 
 »ti Crei'k.-' 
 the great 
 .' uccuracy 
 '.a. 
 
 th-easleiii 
 instead of 
 a that he 
 tlie sieira 
 tliculty hy 
 nexiieeted 
 lududed it 
 the time 
 
 |c new cst(i'i>, 
 on l'<'taliiiii;i 
 [lido tlu' wlmli; 
 that tlioUny 
 |)rt,' or liigiiciii, 
 III gives liitlirr 
 Ivas a iiiio li.ir- 
 lie lofty sicriik 
 ^stnary on tlu^ 
 It, was luiiiuJ 
 
 fmreed on,an<l resolved to direct his exjtloratioii in tho 
 (itlur direction. Marching loi- three days rapidly nji 
 till' river he I'eaclied a |»oint where tlie jtlain ni ail di- 
 rections If him /i(>n':i>iif<',i\\ai is, presented an unhroken 
 liorizon as if he were at st.-a! The natives pointed out 
 a \''Vi\, and Moiaga travelled Inr a tlay in the jtlain 
 hcynnd tlie I'ivt'r, seeing in the I'ai' north lines of trev-s 
 iuilicating th<' existence of i-ivei-s. Jhit lu had no 
 f'uinpass, and fearing that he might lose himself on 
 tlie>e l)road jdains ho returned l)y the way ho had 
 (•(inie, arriving at the presidio the 7th of Octoher. 
 
 Let us now return to the other camp at the fjagnna 
 (lelos ]^oloi'es, where since the end ol'July l^dou and 
 Canihon, reenforced after a time hy Pena a[)pointed to 
 Santa Clara, had heen making [>rei)arations for a niis- 
 sinn. Six soldiers and a settler had huilt houses for 
 till'!:' I'aniilies, and the estaldishnient lacked only cer- 
 tain dedicatoi'V formalities to be a iVLfular mission. 
 
 T 
 
 •lie 
 
 there w<'ro no converts, even cardidates, hut 
 
 tlie natives would douhtlcss conu! forward in <lu(! time. 
 Their temjtorary absence from the ])eninsula dated from 
 til-' I "Jth of August, before wITk^Ii tinie they had been 
 friendly though apparently unable for want of an inter- 
 pietejto comprehend the aims of the missionaries. ( )n 
 the date speeitied the southern i-ancherias of San ^Fateo 
 <a;iie u[) and defeated them in a great tight, burning 
 their liuts and so tilling them with teri-or that they 
 iled in tlieii' tule rafts to the islands and confrii cosfn, 
 niitwitlistanding the ofi'ers of the soldiers to ])rotect 
 thi in. l"\»r several months nothing was seen of them, 
 except that a small party ventured occasionally to tlie 
 lagdon to kill ducks, accepting also at such visits gifts 
 <'!' heads and fixtd from the S|»aniards. 1'wo children 
 ef presidio soldiers were l)ai»ti/ed before the founding 
 ef the mi.ssion.-" As soon as Quir<')s arrived he had 
 
 ■''Sail FrnniiKro, T/ih. <1c Minion, MS., .1. Tlicso arc the first entries in tlio 
 iiiissioii IxHiks; the tirst on August lOth was the haptisniof Kraiieiseo.losi' ihs 
 los Iiiilnri s Sdto. infant son of Ij^'uaeio Soto; the secoinl that of .Fuana Maria 
 Loviiiza Sanelitz l."> ihiys of age. on Aug. 'J.'ith. I'oth were baptized udiiixluiitem 
 murUiii without ceremony, the hitter by u eonuiiuu sulilici'. 
 
202 
 
 FouN'nixr, OF sax francisco. 
 
 ' 
 
 » 
 
 « f 
 
 mAi 
 
 [,MV«'ii his attention to the mission ns will as tlio ji;v. 
 nidio, and innnodiatdy Hot six sailors at work to .I'tj 
 the [iricsts in constructiniL^ a cliurcli and dwi lliiij;', so 
 tiiat tlio woik advanced ra|)idly. 
 
 No orders ranu' troni lliveraantborizinj^ tin* cstaK- 
 lisliin^ of a mission, l)ut Mora^ja saw no r(>ason I'm 
 delay and took upon himself the responsihility. A 
 ehurcli fifty-four feet long and a houso of thirty liy 
 fifteen fi'et, all of wood, j)last(>red with clay, and pdot'i ;[ 
 with tules, were finished and the day of Saint l''raiiiis, 
 Octoher 4th, was the time set for the rites of foiitid;!- 
 tion. On the .'id the church, decorated with hmiti:!^ 
 from the vessel, was blessed; l)ut next day only a mass 
 was said, the ceremony being j)ostjioned on account nf 
 the absences of AForaga. lie arrivinl, as W(! have seen. 
 on th(! 7th, and on October ;)th the sn/rniiic f'i'iH-l"ii 
 was celebrated in presence of all who ha<l assisted at 
 the presidio a month before, save only the i\'W soldii is 
 left in charge of the fort. l*alou said mass, aided 1 y 
 Cambon, Nocedal, and Pena; the imag(! of Saint 
 Francis, patron of port, presidio, and mission, was 
 carrie<l about in procession. Volleys of nuiskctry ivnt 
 the air, aided by swivel-guns and rockets brought fio!:! 
 the San Cdrlox, and fin' 'ly two cattle were killid In 
 feast the guests before i.iey departed. Thus was I'oi- 
 mally established the sixth of the California missions, 
 dedicated to San Francisco do Asis on the Laguiia 
 do los Dolores."'^ 
 
 -" TIio patron of this inisisiDn, it ia neciUcss to say, was the fonndcr of tlif 
 FrancisuiiM onlor of friars. He was born in tlio city of Assisi, Italy, in II '-. 
 in a .staljjo, ami on tlic tihouliler was a birtli-niark resembling ii cross. ^\ iili 
 a slij,'ht I'lliieation and tjoniewhat dissolute lialiits Jio was cniployeil in tnnlc 
 l>y liix fatluT until "i.") yciirs of aye. 1'ukcn ])risoni'r in a petty lo<:il war, Ms 
 captivity caused or was followed hy an illness durinf^ which his future \ ocatinii 
 was ri^vealed to liini in dreams. Useless thereaftei for business ;ind ictranltil 
 as insane by liis father, he renounced his ])atrimouy, vowed to live im ahiis 
 ulone, anil retired to the convent of I'oreiiineula near Assisi, where he laid tiie 
 foundations of his great <jrder. This organization was approved hy the pn|i(' 
 in l'20!l, and atthe first chapter, orassundily, in 1'21'Jhad over .■),IX)I) nieialiers 
 in its dillercnt classes. The founder gave up the generalship as an exaiiiiile 
 of humility, and went to Kgypt in VIV.) in search of martyrdom; but the Sul- 
 tan, admil'ing his courage, would not allow him to be killed. Amoni: tlie 
 many miracles wrought liy or through him, the most famous is that ul tlie 
 till ij mat (I, or Ikitjim ilc JeMia, the wounds of the nails and spcur iuilieled on llic 
 
KAULIKST AXX.VLS. 
 
 203 
 
 Till' !umal;'« of Sill! Vi-aiicisco for tlic first inonfli-^, 
 Ml' . \iii years, of its cxistt'iifu ari' iiitaiLfi'c. 'I'lio 
 IV. Hid is iiidrcd (•(iiii|)l('ti' ciiou;^!!, Imt tluri' was 
 icilly wry little- to ha rerordi.'d. ()ii Ortolkr 'J 1st 
 
 imssioiis, 
 
 I't' til 
 
 1 
 
 )hj,Iv I I' ('liri.-t iinprii:*' I '•;,• iiii nii"t'l on Siiiiit FrimriM nn lie Nlfjit. TIkiiiuIi 
 ill ImIi..' Iitalili 111' cciiilii. 'C'll I'l'iacliini; ; mil lii.s lUulli on Oii. i, I'J^.i. liu 
 « :. . .;;i ni/iil in 1-J8, ami ' i ff.stivjil is (•ilil)iiiUil oii llic tiny nf lii.i tlciitli, 
 OrtolKT-lth. 
 
 A t" till' exact ilate of tlit fciiniliitioii tlioro is u ilugri'u of uiici'rtiiiiity, it 
 l\iii ' 111 twci'ii tlio .'itli mill tl I- !>tli. Ti'iir, I'jilim, Xnf., ii. ."l-Jl), in n ^ tiiti'iiirnt 
 viliicli tVoui its I'Diiiicrtinn villi tin; <liito of .Moi'ii;,'a'H ri^turn ()>. Jtl.s) raiinot 
 li. a ■'■'•[> of till! I'l'il or t_viii),riiii!iii':il cirur, is lIu' oiilj- •i''liiiiiiy I'M- llio 
 fiiiln. i'i!:ilc, V. liiKi I'aliiii liimsi'lf, I'vla, •_'! 1, iiii'' all otiii'rniii' t ii ; (. \c'c]it- 
 iii;,' III I'liuisc II It'w Very ivcciit writers who I'ullow llio Aaiiri'i. \ i.icltnliiig tlio 
 aiiiiiial ami liii'iiiiial i-ciiorts of iiii.s.sioiiai'iis no far iis tlicy Live liciii jac- 
 \ a'.'i'i'c oil Oi't. !)>li. Vet this rviiliinr i< not so ovc'rv, nihiiiii;; in f,i\or 
 lat tir date iis it koi'Iiih, nini'u all piiiitcd works li v doubli' i.i tollov ni 
 1": I 1:1'.. I'i'f'i, and it ii iiol i.-' rlaiii that ilic rc';.;iilar w^ ,s alludi'd to .'iu not 
 full I'.v till- same authority. I havo kci n no ii'iiort jti'i'ri'din,',' I 7s7, tlii' dato 
 \\\w)\ I'i li .I's v.orl; was iinMishcd, wliiuli givi's the dato ill .li: Oniinaiily 
 tlio viiLli i of (.|iui;.l i'('i».rts olilaincd inch dates IVom tin' n.is. ion lioi.!>s, on 
 the titlc-ra;;i's of wliiili the dato of foundiii.i; is in ovi'iy titln 1 mission cor- 
 rio'.ly giviii; but Ktiangtly enough in tin.-, iiihtaiico iSau rraiiuin'o, J.il>. da 
 M^riii, MS., -2, tlu' date is ■^ivi'ii in I'alou's own h;indwritiii,L,' as Aiijn.it l.-it, 
 wliii'li i) not only im'orrcrt hut wholly iininti'llij^ihlc. Luckin;.; this soiiri'o 
 (it ial' .iraation 1 niiiijiusu tliu fiiar.s may have nsiil ralm's woik, vliii.li wu.t 
 ill ii:".4, if not all thu iiii.-^.'ion libraries. To naniL'thu writers who Ii:ive given 
 (lie date or the other would not aid in settling the ijiiestiou, mid it must bo 
 ](ii i.i doubt. Siiiee it is only oonjccturo that the source of information for 
 uliii i^ 1 I'i'iiorts was Talon's printed liook, the lialanee of evidence is of eoiir.so 
 ill lavorof Oct. Otii. ViiUejo, in liis />/(ie«/'.io lliMui'ko, MS., Htiites that tlio 
 fipiiuiliiii,' ■\va:j on Oct. 4tli, but in a note arpeiided to the tran:dalion of his 
 cliscoin-.ie, Sdii J'nuirisfo, (\ iitiiihittl Mviii.^ lO.'i-ti, as in conversation, lie «',\- 
 I'lains his meaning; to be that as Oct. 4tli wan the day arrointcd for the cer- 
 eianny, as it was the day of San I'Vancisco, and as it was the day annually 
 cell 'li'ated by the ( 'alifornians, it onijlit still to be the day celebrated as ait 
 aiiaivcr.iary. Vv'hatever may be s.'iid of tlio theory, it bus no bearing on tho 
 aril! 1 ('aic IS i'.n historical fact. \'alk-jo"8 buggcstion that liotli Oct. 8th and 
 (tit. Jitli ill i'aloii may be typogrnpliical eiTors is scarcely HOund. 
 
 i;cf,j)cclinL,' the locality of the mission there was a theory long current 
 that it was lii'iit founded on Washerwoinan's liay, the lagoon back of llussiati 
 Hill, mid snb,se(|iiently moved to its present Kite. Soiile^n AmiaU of S. /'., 
 \>\-'\ Titl/iil/'n Hint. Ceil., 85-0; and many other modern writings in books, 
 111.'. ;a:.iiics, and newspapers. This Kup[io.sition Mas unfounded, except in tho 
 Ktateiiieiits of I'alou, Viila, 20!)-10, the only authority e.xtant until quito 
 nreiitly, that Moraga'a expedition cncampcil June 'JTth 'on the bank of a 
 great la';oim which emptied into the arm of the sea of tiie port which extends 
 iiil.'iiid I,') leagues toward the .sontli-east,' and that a mission site was selected 
 'ill tin ; saim.' place at the lagoon on the plain which it has on the west.' To 
 .John \V. Dwincllc, Colon. Hist. S. /'., p. xiii., belongs, I lielieve, the credit 
 ef having been the first to show the iiiaccu>-acy of the prevalent opinion as 
 early/ as l;(i7, ;uid without the aid of I'alou'. Notidnn whfch he had never 
 seen. ])y the aid of the Vuliu of La I'erouse's map (which I reproduce in 
 t'lwiii. x.\ii.)anil the tcstimeny of Dona l.'ainien C'ibri.m de Benial, an old 
 lady at the mission, ho iihiitilied the Lagnna de los Dolores with 'The Wil- 
 lows,' ii lagoon, lillcd up in modern times, which lay in the tract lioiiiidcd by 
 ITtli, I'Jth, Iluward, and Valencia streets, diachurging its waters into Mission 
 
294 
 
 FOUXniXfJ OF SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 the Sd)) Carlos sailed for San Bias, Icavinjj^ four s;ill- 
 ors as lal)()ivi"s at the new mission, who eonipK-lcd 
 the l)uildini4"s and l))'oui(lit water in a ditch Woui tlic 
 stream, ^leanwhile llivera, having received at San 
 
 IJiiy. (!ov. Xcve in liis report to tlie viceroy of Feb. 2ii, 1777, in Pror, /,',,■., 
 MS., i. 141, siiys the mission vas 1| li'aj;iU'.H from the foit iiiul mar l.akf 
 ])(ilor('s. V.illi'jo, in lii.s J)!yrii}:-!0 J/isturiro, iidvanced the theory that LaLMina 
 lie his l)olores Mas ii small lake situateil between two hills to the I'i^^lit ot the 
 olil road fi'DiM tile jiresidio to the missictn. Jn tlie translation and ae(iini|iaiiy- 
 ini,' notes, Sail Fntunxro, ('eiiliiiiiifi/ Mem., '2."), 107, the lake is loeated, dsten- 
 sibly on X'allejo's iinthoi'ity, ' iu Sans Souei Valley, north of tlie .Missimi . , 
 and immediately hehilid the hill on M-liieh the IVotestiint Orphan Asyhim 
 now stands.' Dwinelle in his oration delivered on the same day and ]iiinird 
 in liie same book (p. 8(i) deehired in favor of ' 'J'iie Willows 'ami maintains his 
 jiosilion in a siipiilementary argument (jii), 1S7-!)I). 'J'hereean be iiodniilit, I 
 tliink, that the Laguiia de Dolores of I'alou was identieal witli the imnil i f 
 the Willows, formerly tht; head of an estuary, aeetirdiiig to the testimony nf 
 Sra liernal and other ohl residi'iits, tliou;,di fed by ."prings, and iidt with tin' 
 ]ioiid to wliieh Vallejo allmles. The statement of I'alou that the mission was 
 on the i)luin westwjinl of the laguiia, together with La I'erouse's map wliii h 
 gives the same relative positiiiii, seems eonelusive. 15ut while |)u iiicllrs 
 argument against Valh'jo is eoiielii.sive, it contains some curious ei'inrs. 
 I'ahm, A'o^, ii. JIO!), says the Spaniards eneani])ed on Juiit! "27111 ' a l.i orilla 
 de una lagumi (pie llaim'i el Senor Aiiza de Xuestr.a Scfiora de los Doluics ipic 
 esta iV la vista, de la ensenada de los Llorones y ])laya del estero 6 braxu de 
 mai- (jue eorre al Sudeste,' that is, 'on the bank of the lake which Aii/a 
 iiametl Polorcs, which is in sight of the iMisenada dc los Llorones and of the 
 beach of the estuary, or arm of the sea, which runs to the south-east.' Nnw 
 the ' Knseiiada de los Llorones, ' as Me have seen, was Mission May, the name 
 having been given by Aguirre in 177,") (see p. *247 '>f chap, xi.) from tliiii' 
 'weejiing Indians' standing on the shore. Dwinelle, however, tran^lntcil 
 JJi)riii;r^ tin 'weeping Millows,' which but for the circumstance alhuled to 
 would b(! correct ; and having the willows on his hands, must hav<' tioli 
 Water lor their roots, which he obtains by translating i iisviuuld as 'i reek,' and 
 thus identifying ]']usenad.i de los Llorones with a stream of fresh water ll.i« - 
 ing from a ravine nortli-M est of the mission and into the bay at what was 
 in later years City tiardens, a stieani which supplied the mission with «nti'r 
 for all ]iiirposes, being ' in sight of ' the mu^sion, iind moreover lined in Dv. i- 
 nellc's own time with willows. Then having fitted the name of one of the 
 objects seen from the mission site to the fresh-water stream, it rcniaineil tn 
 identity the other, the ' playa del estero o brazo de mar (pie cone al 
 Sudeste ' with Mission J5ay, v liich he does by a j)eculiar system of (iiiiwrit- 
 teii) punctuation and by changing '/c to <I(J, making it re;i(l 'shore of the in- 
 let, or arm, of that sea which trends to the south-east'! The nieaiiiiig of l!i'^ 
 original was 'in sight of Mission J{;iy and of the south-eastern braiu h of ."^iiii 
 Francisco l>ay.' Dwinelle's reasoning is a very ingenious escape from dilii- 
 culties that never existed. 
 
 After all 1 have an idea- that Palou iimde the first blunder in this mattn- 
 himself. ]t will be remi'mbered that An/a ap]i'ied the iiaim^ Dolores to au 
 oji) ill' (iijud, ;i spring or stream, which he thought ca]iable of iiri/iitiiig the 
 mission lands, making no mention of awy Imjinut. 1 siqipose that this v.. is 
 the frish-water sticani alluclcd to by i)winelle which did, as Anza IkhI 
 thought it might, sujiply the mis.- ion with water. Later when I';iloii (muh' 
 nji, for some uiu'xplained cause he transferred the nameiif Dolon-s to the ]!• ii 1 
 at the A\'illows, too low to be used for irrigation and probably at tliat time 
 connei'ted with tiile-water. 
 
 Kespectiiig the name of this mission it should be clearly understood that 
 
RIVERA AT THE NEW TRESIDIO. 
 
 SOo 
 
 ^ four s;ill- 
 
 couiplutfd 
 
 I from tlic 
 
 •c'd at Sail 
 
 ". in /Vol'. /,'.,'., 
 
 iind near J.^iki; 
 
 :)ry that I.aL!iiiia 
 
 till' i-i;;lit (it tliu 
 
 iiiid aciipiii|iaiiy- 
 
 s Inciitc'il. (istcii- 
 
 tli(! .Missiciii , . 
 
 )rpliaii Asylum 
 
 lay and iniiitril 
 
 id niaiiitaiiis liis 
 
 u In' lilt dni:lit, 1 
 
 vith the ]iuiid . f 
 
 ilio ti'stiiiKiiiy 111' 
 
 111 nut \vitli till' 
 
 the inissioii was 
 
 isu's nia[( \\ liirli 
 
 liiLlo, |)\\inc!!r's 
 
 curioiiM ci'iiiis. 
 
 '_>Tth 'alaiiiill:i 
 
 Ids DoloM's i|ui' 
 
 ;tt'ri) 6 lirazK do 
 
 ikii wliii'li All/a 
 
 I'onca and of tlii' 
 
 th-cast.' ^■nw 
 
 liay, tilt" iiaiiii' 
 
 xi.) from tliiri' 
 
 vvi; ti'aiislatul 
 
 nifo alhiilril to 
 
 list liavc fn-h 
 
 as ' tivi'k,' aii'l 
 
 ■fsji \y;\Uv I!"«- 
 
 y lit wiiat was 
 
 sion uilli watrr 
 
 r lined in I'v. !■ 
 
 of oiic of till' 
 
 it ivmainiil to 
 
 :ir (]nu cum' al 
 
 ;cni of (iiiiwvil- 
 
 .slioi'i' of till' ill- 
 
 nicaiiiiiL,' of till! 
 
 liiauili ot Sail 
 
 cape fniiii diiii- 
 
 in this niattrr 
 IViloMs to all 
 f iiri/atilij,' thr 
 
 i|' tllilt lllis V..H 
 
 as All/a liad 
 K'U I'aloll calili' 
 
 UTS tl'lllO ]!' lid 
 
 .ly at tliat tinn' 
 iidi'l'stood tliut 
 
 Dic'ijfo communications from tlio viceroy in which that 
 ofHcial spoko of the new missions in the north as 
 ]ia\ iiiLC hcen ah'cady fouiuleil, concluded tliat it was 
 tiiiit' to proceed nortii and attend to their founding-. 
 On the way at San Luis Obispo lie learned that his 
 (H'di rs liad l)een disobeyed at San Francisco, and said 
 lie was glad of it and would soon g(^ in person to 
 i'liimd the other mission. From jMoiiterey accom- 
 jiaiiicd by Fella, who had in the mean while I'eturned, 
 he went up to San Francisco, arriving November 
 •Jdth and cordially approving the choice of sites and 
 all that had been done. Three days later he set out 
 will) ]\rt)raga to make a new exploratiiMi of the gi-eat 
 ri\ei' and })lain, leaving Fena at the mission, and 
 jiioiiiising on arrival at ^lonterey to send up soldiers 
 I'm the founding of Santa Clara. ]^ivera's expedition 
 aifniii[>lished nothing, for after fording the river ho 
 (lid not u'o so far as !Moraga had done, fearing that a 
 rise in the stream might prevent his return. On his 
 wav back he was met bv a courier Avith news of 
 ti(itil)le at San Luis, which claimed his attention, 
 whereupon Moraga returned to his presidio, and Peha 
 was obliged to wait. 
 
 Til ])ecember the self-exiled natives began to como 
 hack to the peninsula; b"t they came in hostile atti- 
 tude and by no means dis[)osed to bo converted. They 
 began to steal all that came within reach. One party 
 discharged arrows at the coiporal of the guard; 
 another insulted a soldier's wife; and there was an 
 atteini»t to shoot the San Cilrlos neophyte who was 
 still livin<j here. One of those concerned in this 
 
 living 
 
 it was niniidy San Krancisco dc Asis and ncvor propi'i'Iy anything rlsi\ Asis 
 was ilriip]i('il in ci iiiiiion nsaj,'i' I'vcii liy tho friars, as \\as llorionu'i) at San 
 ('.irlosand AK'ahi at San ])i(';,'o. 'i'licn J)oloios was addrd, not as ])art of tlio 
 lialiii' hnt simply as tlio locality, like ( 'armcloat San ( Virlos, and, iiioio rarely, 
 Nipa'iiay at San IHi'lto. (iradiially, as San I'laiicisco wa.s also the iianie of 
 the picsiilio, and there was aiiotheiliii.sioii of San l''raiiiisci) Solano, it liecaine 
 ellstiiiuary among settlers, sohlicrs, and to some cNteiiL fiiaisalso, s|ieak of 
 tlie Mi.^ioii lll•|ll.^ Ihiliiftii, meaning simply 'lln' mission at lUiloies.' No other 
 iKoiie than San I'Vaiieisco was employed in ollicial k ports. l)olores\\as in 
 lull Niicstra Senora de los Dolores, one of the virgin's most comiiiou appella- 
 tions, yid ti Very coinmuu iiauiu for pkiccii iu all Spauisli countries. 
 
206 
 
 FOUXDING OF SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 attempt was shut up and flof^god by Grijalva, wlicro- 
 upon the savages rushed uj) and discharged a volley 
 of ai''"OAVs at the mission buikhngs, attempting n 
 rescue, though they were frightened away by a dis- 
 charge of musketry in the air. Xext day the sergeant 
 M'ent out to make arrests, when a new li<>'ht occurred, 
 in wliicli a settk-r and a horse were M'ounded, while 
 of the natives one was killed, another wounded, and 
 all begged for ])eace, which was granted after sundry 
 tlo!>i>inus had been administered. It was some three 
 months before the savaijes showed themselves au'aiu 
 at the mission. 
 
 Events of 1777 may bo very l)riefly disposed of, 
 and as well here rts elsewhere. The natives resumed 
 their visits in !March, gradually lost their fears, jind 
 on June i24tli three adults were baptized, the wlmlc 
 number of converts at the end of the year being 
 thirty-one.'-'' Some slight improvements were made 
 in buildings at both establishments; but of agri(,'ult- 
 ural progress we have no record. Jose Itamon ]»o- 
 jorges was the corjioral in command of the mission 
 guard. In April San Francisco was honored by ;i 
 visit from the governor of the Californias, who had 
 come to live at Monterey, and wished to make a per- 
 sonal inspection of the famous port."*^ May 12th the 
 ^Vr^c^/rtr/o, under IgnacioArteaga, with Francisco Castro 
 as master, and Xocedal as chai)lain, entered the harbor 
 with siip[)lies for the northern cstablishuients and Sau 
 Bias news down to the 1st of ]\ larch. This M'as the 
 iirst voyage to the port of San Francisco direct witli- 
 out touching at intermediate stations. Ai'teaga set 
 sail for Monterey on the 27th. In October the good 
 
 -'.S'rf?; Fravri-co, Lib. de3fi-'<ion, MS. Tho first convert was nanipd Frnn- 
 Cisco JMor;ip;t, the luiiiiiiiuulaiit of the presidio staiuliiig ns (.roil fat her. Tlio 
 first buii;>l of ii iieoiihytc was en Oetolier 20th. Tliere had ah-eady l)eeu tiulit 
 deaths oi S|ianiard», but tliere were no more for t'vo years. The Iirst iiiairiiiL'o 
 Mas tliat of ^hiiiaiio A. Cordero, a soldier, anu Juana F. I'iuto on XoNcinlxr 
 2S, 1770 ; the first burial that of Maria do la Luz Muuoz, wife of J. M. Vakii- 
 cia, a Koldicr. 
 
 •" His rcpoi-t to tho viceroy dated February 25, 1777, isiuProy. lice, M>^ . 
 i. 140-2. 
 
. FATHER JUXiPERO AT THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 297 
 
 iiM'lii' })resi(U'iito on liis first visit to San Francisco 
 Mirivi'd in time to say mass in the mission cliur<'li on 
 l!h' (lay of Saint Francis in the i)resencc of all tlio 
 •( M rc'^idcnts' and oi" sovonteen adnlt native converts. 
 ]*;is,-.inL>' ovei" to the pi'csidio October lOtli, and <^azinL'' 
 1 I' tiie iirst time on tlie blue waters under the pur[)le 
 ] illaisoi" the Golden Gate, Father Junipero exclaimed: 
 "Thanks be to God that now our father St Francis 
 wiili the holy cross of the procession of missions has 
 iv'iclu'd the last limit of the ("alilbrnian continent. 
 T(i Lio farther ho must have boats."-' 
 
 ■'Compn'llc^^^ivc rcfcvc nct'P. on tlic concnil .'i'i1)U'ct of this olinptor arc 
 I'nl .1!, X(t., ii. ■J:'.3-;M7; Ji'., l'kl(/,2')l-'ll. A fewmlditioii!:! iiMtcs on minor 
 tii| its lit' ;-;!!i l'''r;UK'i.s(.'o lii.slory j.iv i-.s follows: IVlj'. u:;ry "_"">, 1777, t'.;o j^ovt'innr 
 ic ;;'irt:i tli;it Moi;i;.^;i liii.s lii'ou orilcu'd to cncloio tlio ]:rL'.-i(lio, iinil li;is l'r;,-iiu 
 til' Work. TIk! Loiiiiiuiiii!;aitVi hoilso aiul tlio wai'clioi^c are of iulolic, thou;j;U 
 vivy uusubs'.r.ntial; all tlio other st'^uctinxs avo iinTi' huts. Prar. Un\, .MS., 
 i. 1 VI. On .Tinio 4;h tho ;;overnor notes tin.' arrival of ii i>ic'tnro of .'■it Franeia 
 I'lr the ]irc:;i(lii) elrijiel, /'/., (Jl), whieh it Hienis was sent at Mora.Ljaw renuest. 
 .I,-./). ,S(i,i/fi J!(' r'mrci, MS., vi, l.'jf). The value of eli'i et.s r( eeiveil in tho 
 warehouse in 1770 was 81t.('-T. S/. Pap. Sue, MS., vi. (iO. 'J"he expi iis(? of 
 li;'.ililiiig i!ie ^nesidii^ down to 17''>2 had been in good.s as per Me.\ie::ii invoieo 
 .*l/i:)i). III., iii. '2'.tO. Ei;,'ht servants at the niis:sion at end of 1777, iiauie.s 
 fiiveii. /(/., Jkii., i. 11. The. foiee of tho San Franeiseo distriet, ineliidin;.^ 
 San Jose, at the end of 1777, was as follow.s: Lieutenant Mora^'a; Ser;4i'ant 
 .lii.iu rahio ( iri jaha; corporals Domingo Alviso, Valeric Mesa, Talilo I'into, 
 (^iibiiel I'eialta, and Ramon Bojorges; 33 soldiers, ineludinj; mis.sion guards 
 lit San I'raiieiseo and iSnita Clara; .-settlers ^laiiuel (Jonzalez, Nienlas liirrey- 
 iv-a, I'asiniiro Varela, I'odro I'crcz, Manuel Ami'Zfjuita, Tibureio VaHi|U(z, 
 I'laneisco Alviso, Ignaeio Areliuleta, and relieiaiio Alliallo; airi if iil (at if tho 
 ]i;e-iilin, iiieliuliii|; meehanies, ete., .Salvador Jli'iiiiosa, Juan Kspinnsa, IVdri) 
 i.rjii/, I'edro iMJutes, Jnaii Sanehe/, ^relehor Canlenas, Tomiis de la, Cinz, 
 .^ii•,'Ul■l Velez., rdipu Otondo; nirricii/i-i of tho mission, I)ie[:o Olvera, AUjo 
 Felieiauo, Vietoriano I'loies, Joar]ilin Molina, An;;el Se;.;unilo, Josi5 Rodri- 
 piu/, .lo.se t'a.'-'tn), .Jose Gio.s; x'rridifci (tf Santa Clara, II (see eliapter xiv.); 
 lollies, I'rami.-.eo Ralon, Fedro I'enito (^unhon, .To.se Antonio Mur^niia, and 
 'i'ljiiiiis do 1 1 Fefia; store-keeper, IIei'iiieiie;.;ildo Sal. Total 80 men. Moraga'a 
 rciinrt in MS. Morwja, Iii/orme <lc 17'ii, MS. 
 

 ; 
 
 . -sir 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 MISSIOX PROGRESS AND PUEBLO BEGINXINGS. 
 
 1770-1777. 
 
 Indlw Affuigiit at Monterey — Fire at San Luis Obispo— Affairs at 
 San Dii:go — River^v and Serra — Reestablisiiment of the Mij^sion— 
 The Lost Registers — Fol'nuino of San J can Capistrano— Fatiieu 
 Serra Attacked— Founuino of Santa Clara— Change of Capital 
 OF the Califoknias— Governor Xeve Comes to Monterey— Riveka 
 as Lieutenant-Governor at Loreto — Promncias Internas — (lov- 
 ernor's Reports- Precautions against Captain Cook — Movements 
 of Vessels — Neve's Plans for Channel Establishments — Plans loii 
 Grain Supply — Experimental Pueblo — Founding of San Jose- Ind- 
 ian Troubles in the South — A Soldier Killed — Four Chieftains 
 Shot — The First Public Execution in California. 
 
 All that is known of Monterey affairs during tlio 
 year 177G has been told in connection with the found- 
 ing of San Francisco, except a rumor of impending 
 attack by gentiles on San Cilrlos in the spring, wliidi 
 filled Father Junipero's heart with joy at the thouglit 
 of possible martyrdom — a joy wdiicli, nevertheless, tiic 
 good friar restrained sufKciently to summon troops 
 from jMonterey; but the rumor proved unfounded.* 
 
 Of San Antonio nothinsf is recorded save that the 
 mission was quietly prosperous under the ministrations 
 of Pieras and Sitjar. At San Luis Obispo there was 
 a fire on November 29th which destroyed the build- 
 ings, except the church and granary, together with 
 implements and some other property. The fire was 
 
 tlie work of mnitiles who discharufcd burnin<jr anows 
 1 • • • • 1 
 
 at the tule roofs, not so much to injure the Spaniartis 
 
 ^ Pnhm, Villa, .SIS-'JO. Anza in his report, Dkirto, MS., I.S."), rcprcscnttd 
 San Curios us in u very prosperous condition, with over 300 neophytes. 
 
 ( m ) 
 
FRANCISCAN POLICY. 
 
 as to revenge themselves on ^ hostile tribe who were 
 tile' Spaniards' friends. Rivera hastened to the spot, 
 cajtturcd two of the ringleaders, and sent them to 
 the presidio.^ Cavalier and Figuer were in charge, 
 assisted much of the time by Murguia and Mugtlrtegui; 
 wliilc at San Gabriel, of which mission something has 
 been said in connection with Anza's expedition, Pa- 
 teiiui, Cruzado, and Sanchez were serving. 
 
 In the extreme south as in the extreme north tho 
 year was not uneventful, since it saw the mission of 
 8an Diego rebuilt and that of San Juan Capistrano 
 successfully founded. Rivera returned to San Diego 
 in ^fay, to resume his investigations in connection 
 witli the disaster of the year before; but he seems to 
 have had no thought of immediate steps toward re- 
 building the destroyed mission. His policy involved 
 long investigations, military campaigns, and severe 
 penalties, to bo followed naturally in tho distant 
 future by a resumption of missionary work. Such, 
 however, was by no means the policy of Serra or of 
 tlie missionaries generally. Throughout the north- 
 west both Jesuits and Franciscans had from the first, 
 on the occurrence of hostile acts by the natives, 
 favored prompt and decisive action, with a view to 
 inspire terror of Spanish power; but long-continued 
 retaliatory measures they never approved. Condemna- 
 tion and imprisonment were sometimes useful, but 
 niairilv as a mean? of increasing missionary inlluenco 
 ougli pardon and release. This policy, tliougli 
 sttiuetimes carried too far for safetv, was a wise one, 
 
 ^Pnhm, Not., ii. .339-40. Neve's Ecport of Sept. 10, 1777, in Prow LW., 
 518., i. l!(. The iiiinsiou register of iiian'inges waH I ii'sti'iiytd. NoUi t)f Senu 
 ill S. l.ii'i.t Oljispo, Lit), lie Ml-<ioii, !MS., 07. The luissinii \v;is twice tr^diii on 
 lire within ten year.-*, wh'ch caused the use of tilc.i for ninfs to lie universally 
 niluptcil. J'liloii, ]'i<lii, 14-2-3. Alvarado, y/;.s/. ('<(/., MS., i. >s:5, Bays tiia't 
 l;.'n;;cio Vallejo, the autlior'.s giauJfatlier, was at tlui inteices.sioa of the 
 inilrcs allowed to (juit the service temporarily to sujicrintend tlio rclmilding 
 ot the mission and the construction of irrigatiim works; anil in fact N'allejo's 
 name appear.s as witness in a marriage which took jilace the day after the tire, 
 lis ' caipeuter aud omployo of tho niissiou." tiun Luis Obhiio, Lib, de Misloii, 
 iJS., 07. 
 
300 
 
 MISSION rnOGRESS AND PUEBLO BEGINNINGS. 
 
 
 t : 
 
 and indeed the only on6 by which the friars could 
 liave achieved their pur[)Ose.^ 
 
 The viceroy on hearing of the massacre at San 
 Diego had given orders for protective measures, in- 
 cluding a reenforccment of twenty-five men; but a 
 little later he expressed his opinion, agreeing with 
 that of the missionaries, that it would be better to 
 conciliate than to punish the offending gentiles, and 
 that the reenforccment ordered should be employed 
 rather to protect the old and new establishments than 
 to chastise the foe.* Bucareli's communications, 
 though dated in the spring of 177G, seem to have 
 been delayed; at any rate liivera was doing nothing 
 towards reestablishment, and the southern fiiars were 
 becoming discouraj^ed. Serra therefore determined 
 to go down in person. As we have seen, ho had 
 wished to accomj)any Rivera, but that officer had 
 pleaded necessity for a more rapid march than was 
 suited to his advanced age and feeble health. Now 
 he sailed on the San Antonio which left Monterey the 
 last day of June, and arrived at San Diego the lltli 
 of July. Father Nocedal was left at San Carlos; 
 Serra took the latter's place as chaplain; and Santa 
 Maria accompanied the president, who intended to 
 substitute him for some southern missionary wliosu 
 discontent might not impair his usefulness, for three 
 had already applied for leave to retire.® 
 
 Serra found the natives peaceable enough; in fact 
 Rivera had reported them to the viceroy as 'pacified;' 
 but though the military force was idle in the j^rcsidio, 
 the friars for want of a guard could not resume their 
 
 'In a communication to Rivera Serra urges a suspension of hostilities, 
 M'liich would do more harm than good, and a light punishment to captives. 
 Let tiic living padres be protected ' as the apple of God's eye, ' but let the dc.id 
 one bo left to enjoy God, and thus good be returned for evil. St. Pop., MS., 
 XV. 14, 15. 
 
 ♦Bucareli's letters to Serra of March 2Gth and April 3d, in Arch. Santa 
 Bdrbara, M.S., vi. l-,3, and Palou, Vida, 187-90. It is stated in the letters 
 that instructions of similar purport were sent to Rivera. 
 
 ^ These were probably Fuster, the survivor of San Diego, and Lasucn and 
 Aniurrio destined for San Juan. Their petition to retire was simply a protest 
 against Rivera's inaction, and not improbably had been suggested by Sena 
 himself. 
 
WORK AT SAN DIEGO. 
 
 301 
 
 work. Tho president at once made an arrangement 
 witli Captain Choquct of the San Antonio, who of- 
 ii red to furnish sailors to work on the mission, and 
 \fn in person to direct tiieir labors. Tlien Kivera, 
 askod in writing for a guard, could not refuse, and 
 (k'taik'd six men for the service. On August 22d" 
 the three friars, Choquet with his mate and boat- 
 swain and twenty sailors, a company of neophytes, 
 and the six soldiers went up the river to the old site 
 ami began work in earnest, digging foundations, col- 
 lecting stones, and making adobes. The plan was to 
 erect lirst an adobe wall for defence and then build 
 a cliurth and other structures within the enclosure. 
 (nK)(l progress was made for fifteen days, so that it 
 was oxjiected to complete the wall in two weeks and 
 tho l)uildings before the sailing of the transport, with 
 time enough left to put in a crop. But an Indian 
 WQwi to Rivera with a report that the savages were 
 })rcparing arrows for a new attack, and though a ser- 
 geant sent to investigate reported, as the friars claim, 
 thai the report had no foundation'' the commandant 
 was frightened, and on September 8th withdrew the 
 guard, advising the withdrawal of the sailors. Clio 
 (|Uot, though protesting, was obliged to yield to save 
 liis own responsibility, and the w^ork had to be aban- 
 doned, to the sorrow and indignation of the missiou- 
 aries. 
 
 About this time a native reported that Corporid 
 Carrillo was at Velicatd with soldiers en route ft)r 
 San Diego. Serra was sure they were the solditMs 
 l)roniised him for mission guards, and Rivera equally 
 positive that they were destined to reenforce tho [ru- 
 i^idio; but he refused to send a courier to learn the 
 truth until a letter came from Carrillo on the 25th. 
 
 "Lasucn in his report of 17S3, in lidn-Hul, Doc. Jflst. Cal., ^IS., 2, states 
 tliat tho mission was reestablislied in June 1770. Tlicrc may, however, Ijo 
 ail error of tho copyist. 
 
 'The frovcrnor in ji hitcr report says that investigations had proved a 
 popoiiil convocation of '21 rancherias for liostilc operations, /'roc. /iVf., Jl,S., 
 i. 00-1, It is not certain however that the allusion is to this occasion. 
 
302 
 
 MISSION PROGRESS AND PUEBLO BEGINNINGS. 
 
 Three days later the viceroy's despatches arrived aii<l 
 proved favorable to Serra's claims, directing tlio 
 troops, which arrived on the 29th, to be used tor tlu; 
 restoration of the missions. The president celebrated 
 his triumph by a mass and the ringing of bells. Rive- 
 ra was obliged to modify his plans, assigning twelve 
 of the twenty-five men to the mission, ten to Saii 
 Juan, two to San Gabriel, and the remainder to the 
 presidio. Ho also released the Indian captives wlioin 
 he had intended to exile to San Blas.^ On the 1 1th 
 he started north to establish the missions near Sau 
 Francisco, learning on the way, as we have seen, that 
 one of them had already been founded in spite of his 
 orders to the contrary." 
 
 Work was at once resumed at the mission, and the 
 buildings were soon ready for occupation. Three friars, 
 Fuster, Lasucn, and probably Santa Maria, moved 
 into their new quarters and under the protection of 
 an increased escort renewed their labors, the date beinij 
 aj)[)arently the 17th of October.^" Already the lost 
 mission registers of baptism, marriages, and deaths 
 had been replaced with new ones in which the miss- 
 ing entries were restored, so far as possible, fioni 
 the memory of priests, neophytes, and soldiers, l)y 
 Serra himself, who added some valuable notes on the 
 past history of the mission, at various dates from 
 August 14th to October 25th; Fuster also added an 
 interesting narrative of the tragedy of November 5, 
 1775. These records, which I have had occasion to 
 
 * But this release would seem not to have been immediate, for the gov- 
 ernor in a letter of Feb. 27, 1777, says that there were still 13 prisoners iit 
 Sau ])ie;;o implicated in tlie revolt. Prop. lice, MS., i. 143. In a letter i if 
 Juno .'"(l he states that on receipt of the viceroy's orders of Feb. 2d, the tr(ioi)3 
 wcro drawn up, the prisoners called out and harangued on the ennrniity of 
 their oli'tncc meriting death, warned that if they abused the present ehiii- 
 cncy tluy must expect the severest penalty, and then they were dismissed 
 with fin exhortation by the priests, both soldiers and criminals uniting in a 
 cliecr, and a salute from two cannons celebrating this termination of a pain- 
 ful matter. /(/., GO-1. One of the prisoners had strangled himself on Aug. 
 1 .'jtli, the anniversary of the day when six years before he had attempted to 
 kill Father Sena in the first attack on the mission. Palou, Vidn, 87. 
 
 Tiilou, Not. ii, 325-37; Id., Vida, 191-3, 196-7. 
 
 »" Ortega to Rivera, Dec. 3d, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 151. 
 
rOUXDING OF SAN JUAN CAriSTRANO. 
 
 aos 
 
 use frouly In the procudiinjf chapters, arc anionjr the 
 )ii()st viiliiablo original authorities on the early history 
 of California." Palou asserts that progress in the 
 Avork t)f conversion was ra[)i(l from the first, wliole 
 raiicherias coming in from far away to ask for ba|)tism. 
 The only additional record for the 3'car at San J3iego 
 i.s in letters of Ortega to Kivera complaining of some 
 minor )natters of the presidio routine, among others 
 of want of clothing and tortillas.*' 
 
 In the last days of October, leaving San Diego 
 affiiirs in a satisfactory condition, Sorra started north- 
 wai'd with Gregorio Amurrio.and the escort of ten 
 soldiers" to establish the new mission of San Juan 
 Ca[)istrano," on the site abandoned the year previous. 
 Tlie buried bells were dug up to be hung and chimed; 
 mass was said by the president, and tlius the seventh 
 mission was founded the 1st of Xovember^' on or near 
 the site where stood the ruins of a later structure 
 a ci'iitury after,'" near a small ba}- which offered good 
 anchorage and protection from all but south winds, and 
 Avliich long served as the port for mission cargoes. La- 
 Kiieu, originally assigned to this mission, had remained 
 
 ".Verm, Notns, JIS. ; Fiistcr, Iie<jhtro<1e D('/iii)rionr.i, MS. 
 
 '-Oitegii to Kivera, in rror. St! Pap., SJS., i. 1.-2-,'}. 
 
 '■'Tlie mission gutiril umlcr Corporal Xicolas (^ii-al)anas includcil tlie 
 soldiiiH .lauiiito Gloria, Jos(5 Antonio IVfia, Francisco I'fua, I'io Quinto 
 Ziifiigii, Xieoli'is Gomez, Matias Vega, .Josi; Dolores Doniingucz, .Julian Aco- 
 IiiiIm, Mini .Tosu Joaquin AniK'nta. It is to be noted that many early C'ali- 
 f()nii:in.s wrote their names 'Joaoph' rather than Josi?. 
 
 ' ' 'I'ho patron saint of this mission was born nt t'apistrano in the kingdom 
 of ?\:ip!es in lUSo, was educated as fv lawyer, became a judge, and in 141 j 
 tiiok tlie habit of St Friancis. He was ncjted thereafter for his austere life and 
 his zr:d against heretics, occupying high positions in the LKjuisition. He also 
 ti-iivi'lled extensively in F.urope on diplomatic business for tlie pope. lie took 
 piut in the crusades, and hated .Jews and Turks no loss than heretics. Jle was 
 priiiiiiiKMit in tlie siege and Christian victory of IJclgiade in 14.j(), and died in 
 Uitolicr of that year, to be canonized iu IGOO. Ho was the author of many 
 ecclesiastical works, and his festival is celebrated by the church the 31st of 
 Ott';lier. 
 
 ' .S'. Jnnn CapUtrano, Lib. de MLsion, ^IS., title-page; Orte'ja, in Prov. St. 
 Pnp., MS., i. l.'il. " ^ 
 
 ''' According to Los Aiifjdcs, Hist., 5, the fii'st mission was located some 
 iiiilcu north-easterly from the present location, at the foot of tlie mountain, 
 tlic jilace being still known as Minion Vi'ja; but this can hardly agree with 
 rnlmra stiitement, I'ida, 197-200, that the mission stood half a league from 
 tic bay, on a stream i-unniug into it, and in sight of it as at present. 
 
so* 
 
 MISSION PROOnESS AXD PUEBLO BEGIXXINGS. 
 
 in tTauine's place at San Diogo, and Pablo Mugilrtocjui, 
 «})jK)inte(l in Jiis place, soon came down from San Luis. 
 A i'ew days after the founding Serra made a trip to 
 San Gal>ricl. While returning in company with a 
 pack-train and a drove of cattle he went a little in 
 advance with a soldier and a neophyte, and was nut 
 on the Trahuco stream by a horde of painted nnd 
 armed savages who approached with shouts and 
 hostile gcistures, but were induced to desist by a few 
 judicious falsehoods applied by the San Gabriel neo- 
 phyte, who afHrmed that there was a large body of 
 soldiers close behind who would take terrible vengeance 
 f(L)r any harm done to the friar. ^'' There were no lurthcr 
 demonstrations of the kind. The natives near the 
 mission were not averse to Christianity, and Amurrio 
 administered baptism December 15th, and Mugiirtegul 
 again on Clu-istmas, the whole number during the yvixv 
 being four, and during the next year forty. The 
 native name of the mission site was Sajirit."^ 
 
 As so<m as Eivera arrived from the south in the 
 autumn of 1776, he gave his attention to the two 
 new missions which the viceroy in his late connnuni- 
 cations had spoken of as already founded, and wliidi 
 the commandant now realized to have been too loiin' 
 neglected. One of them had indeed been established; 
 Tomas de la Pefia and Jose IMuro-uia had long since 
 been assigned to the other; mission guard, churcli })aia- 
 j)hernalia, and all needed supplies were ready; and 
 Peila had already been over the northern country and 
 
 "Nov. ]*2th Corporal Bcltmn reports tho hostile demonstrations njiainst 
 SeiTa and the soldier Pena, and adds tliat the natives are at tlie mission ready Id 
 tight. Nov. inth Ortega reports having sent Mariano (,'arrillo to inv(!sti,i.'at('. 
 He a<Ids that two soldiers and a servant liavo deserted from the new nii^simi. 
 Nov. '2.^d Carrillo reports that all isqniet sinee tho original demonstratimi; iill 
 round tlie mission were peacealde, and two pagan chiefs hadcomoto ask ])i'r- 
 mission to settlo at San Juan. One chief complains tliat a soldier lias tiiki'a 
 his wife, but the soldier will be sent to San Diego. St. Pap. Sac, MS., vii. 
 C-13. 
 
 ^^San Juan Capis-frano, Lib. de Minion, MS. In several of tho mission 
 registers the aboi'iginal name was written Qitaim-Savit, which was, in all hut 
 one, erased uud Sajirit substituted. 
 
GS. 
 
 FOUNDINf! OF SANTA CLARA. 
 
 :in.- 
 
 !>aii Luis. 
 
 a trip ti) 
 y witli a 
 1 littk' in 
 
 was iiu't 
 lutcd iiiid 
 outs and 
 , by a luw 
 briel neo- 
 3 body of 
 ^'enjjjoanco 
 no liirtlur 
 
 near the 
 I Amurrio 
 Aigarte^ui 
 g the yiur 
 ^ty. 'The 
 
 IS 
 
 itli in tlic 
 the two 
 coninuuii- 
 ukI will eh 
 .1 too long 
 tablishoJ; 
 long sini-u 
 prch para- 
 .>a(ly; and 
 luntry and 
 
 itions a.caiiist 
 BssiiiiUTadytit 
 [o iiivi'nti,L:atc. 
 new iiii:-.'*i"ii- 
 Imstratioir. mU 
 liicto a^ik ]"'• 
 JliiT has takiu 
 \ac., MS., vii. 
 
 tlic niissiiiu 
 t-U8, ill all lait 
 
 niado n]> liis mind about the mcyst desirablo site. Si't- 
 tiiig out in November to inspect tlie establishments 
 jit San Francisco, and accompanitMl l)y IV^^^ia, liivera 
 vi-iti'd on tbe way thepro[)osed site near the; banks of 
 th«' (Juadalupe Kiver in tiie broad San liernardino 
 jilain, since known as Santa Clara A^'illey,** Subse- 
 (|U('ntly Friar Tomas was left at San Fiancisco with 
 ihe uinlerstanding that Rivera on his return to Afon- 
 tcnv should send up the men and supplies, with the 
 ntlit r priest, and orders to proceed at onco to the 
 foundinu;. On account of the alarm at San Luis 
 Oliispo already noticed, these orders wore delayed, but 
 ihcv came late in Decend)er, and on the (!th of Janu- 
 aiv 1777, ^loraga with Pena and a company of wol- 
 dieis-" started southward. 
 
 A cross having l)ccn erected and an enramada pre- 
 jiaivd, Father Tomsls said the first mass on January 
 I'Jtli, dedicating the new mission to Santa Clara,-' 
 virgin, on the site called aboriginally Thamien, among 
 the natives known as Tares, who had four rancherias 
 ill tho vicinity.^ in respect of agricultural advantages 
 tills valley was thought to be hardly inferior to the 
 country of San Gabriel, but it was feared, and with 
 iiason as it proved, that the mission site might be 
 liable to occasional inundations.-^ The work of build- 
 
 "I'alou, Not., ii. 341-3, implies that the site Avas fonnally selected by 
 Miirai;.-! later; Imt this is not pii)bable; at any rate the site had doubtless been 
 ]hii^ l.if()i-c tixcd upon more or less deliiiiti'ly by the priests. 
 
 •'" '{'he soldiers destined for tlio new mi osiou were the remainini; ten of 
 .\iiza's ciiiupany wlio had lieen all this time at Monterey. Paloii, Vitl<i, 'JKS- 
 - 1. iiiiiilics that these soldiers witli their families came up to San Francisco; 
 whiih may bo true, but it seems more likely that they met Moraga at the head 
 ef the bay, the latter taking with him a few men from his own pnwidio. 
 
 '-' Santa ( 'lara was the daughter of a rich and noble family of .Vssisi, Italy, 
 bnrn in 1 1!I3, and wholly devoted to the fashionalilc frivolities of her class, 
 initil at the age of 17 she was converted by the preaching of Saint Francis, 
 ictind to the convent of Porciuncula, and l)ecamo ns famous for tlic austerity 
 iinil ]iict y of her life as she had Ijeen for her wit and beauty. She founded an 
 order of rdhj'tosas named for herself, died in 1253, and was canonized in \'17)T). 
 llei- (hiy is celebrated on the !2th of August. 
 
 •'■ I'efia's Report of Dee. 30th, in Arrh. Smitn Ihirharn, MS., ix. ."lO.Vf). 
 Tarcn was the native word for men. A newspaper scrap says the ]ilace v.as 
 lalliil Surnl.fiika from the abundance of laurels. The governor on Feb. i'lth 
 writes that the mission was located on Jan. 4th. Prov. /'ec, MS., i. 111. 
 
 ••" In .January and February 177'J the mission was twice ilooded. Several 
 Hut. Cal., Vol. I. 20 
 
TOO 
 
 IMTSSIOX PROrnESSt AND PUmLO PEriTXXIXOS 
 
 iiiL,' wns !it oiicc l)(>f^'ini witliln n, s(ni,'ii'(> of srvtuJv 
 ynrds. Fiithcr Mm-L^iiiunrrlvcfl with c.-itllr and ot'id 
 iiiissicM property <>n tin* 21st, ,'iii<l Mora;^;i went liack 
 to San I'^raiicisco. '^I'lio lattci* liowcvor was soon 
 r'^"all( (I, i'or the natives, tljoun'li fVicii(lly at first, sn,iii 
 developed a taste i'or ))eef', wliieh lIo:Lji;iii^'; and cni n 
 the hilliii'^ of llir(>o of their inunluM' did not eiilin Iv 
 er.'uliet'de.^' In jNTay an epidemic carried off in.iiiv 
 children, most of whom weri' baptized, and niissioiiarv 
 ■work ])roper Avas thns beL^un." 
 
 Accordinj^' to the minister's report at the end of llic 
 y(\nr there had been sixty-seven baptisms, inclndini^' 
 eii^ht adults, and twenty-five deaths. Thirteen Chris- 
 tians and t(Mi catechumens were livinuf at the mission, 
 and the i'(>st at the rancherias with tlieii- parents, in 
 the Avay of material improvements the new estab- 
 lishment could show a church of six by tweiitv 
 varas, tw(^ dv(>llini]fs of six by twentv-two and live l.v 
 thirty-one varas respectively, dividi'd into the; neces- 
 sary apartments, all of timber plast(>red with clay and 
 roofed with earth. There were likewise two corials 
 and a bridge across the stream."" 
 
 Since March 1775 Felipe de Neve had been rulinc; 
 at Loreto as <j^ovornor of the Californias, thou'di his 
 authority over Upper California had been nuivly 
 nominal, the connnandant of the new establishiaoiits 
 
 limisps foil and nil hn<l to bo moved to ln^ler ground. Governor's ropnit of 
 Aiu-il 4Ui, ill /'■ >r. J,W., MS., i. I'i.VO. 
 
 -Mldv. Xwc n 11 report of Sept. 19, 1777, in Prov. AW., MS., i. IO--JO. 
 
 ^'^Smit'i t'/ai Lih. (It; Mifiioii, MS. The first ijuptisin of a cliild i/c i-'i-jt}) 
 on July , Slot \\ lliat of an illcuitiuiato son of Jose Antonio (Jonz.ili/ aii'l 
 of a v.oi.ian \v. • niarriago with nnothor man t!ie next year is tin' I'l-t 
 recorded. The <t death was that of Jos(5 Antonio (iarcia in J.in. \"x. 
 lioth liiinion J]o [^ch and Gabriel Peralta are named as eorjionils of tliu 
 mission f/nard du i; the first year. Prov. St. Pap., lien. Ml/., MS., i. II. 
 
 '■"' jMtn'ijitia an Pcun, lii/orme de Santa Clara, 1777, MS. Tim nirrifiifii 
 of the mission— n' all 'scivants'as wc use the word, but including mecliauirs, 
 v.'upieros, etc. — v -ro Francisco Ibarra, Cristobal Armenta, Ac'u.stin Solieiaiic-, 
 Antonio Romero (1st and '2d), Joaquin Sanchez, Manuel Antonio, .louipiia 
 I'nga, Cirilo Gonzalez. Aloraga, in Prov. St. Pap. licii., MS., i. 0, and (;ici>.iii, 
 Hint. L'afh.Ch., ii. SO-2, say the founders reached Santa Clara Jiin. 1st. SImii, 
 Cath. M'.fi^., 100, tells us the mission was founded. Ian. (Jth. For acooiuit of 
 founding from I'alou, sec UaWs IJkt. Sail Jose, 41G-1S; T/ic Owl, Jan. ISTI. 
 
st;<» 
 
 TiiK r;ovi:n\oi{ to ltvi: at MoxTnuEY. 
 
 no7 
 
 »r scvnity 
 iind ol'icr 
 went It.ick 
 
 was Siinll 
 
 first, soon 
 and i'\i !i 
 
 ot cntii-ily 
 (»ir many 
 
 uiissioiiaiv 
 
 ond of flic 
 , iiicln<lin;4 
 teen Chfis- 
 iio mis-iioii, 
 :ironts. In 
 new estalt- 
 l)V twenty 
 \nd iivt' by 
 
 the neccs- 
 th clay ami 
 ;wo eoi'iiils 
 
 )een rulinj^ 
 
 diougli liis 
 
 leu merely 
 
 ^lisluucnts 
 
 i-nors ropnrt of 
 
 LcinL;' directly rcsjionslhle to the viceroy and suhordi- 
 iiate to the ;^'overnor only in beiiij^ i'e(jiiiie(! to report 
 I'iillv to that odii'ial. Soon however a change was 
 ordered, du(i largely it is hclieved to the inllneiiee of 
 Jusu du Galvez, now in Spain and iilling the high posi- 
 tion el' minister of state tor the Indies. The KJtIi of 
 Au-u^t IT".! the King issues a royal oi'der that (Jov- 
 einoi" Xeve is to reside at Monterey as cajtital of the 
 ]iro\ince, while l\ivera is to go to Lureto and rule 
 JJaja California as lieutenant-governor. At the same 
 time, })erhai)s, Xeve'.s cwinmissi(3u as governor is for- 
 warded, for his oflico down to this time had been 
 men ]y provisional under aj)nointment of the vicei(»y 
 i((|uiring the king's approval. A second royal onU-r 
 (if .\pril II), 1770, dij'ected the change to he made 
 iiiiiiiediatelv.'^ ItisditKcult to ascertain in the absence 
 el" tiii-'inal instructions of kmu; and viceroy exactly 
 vvh.it ellect the change of residence had on the respec- 
 tive powers of Xi'Ve and IJivera, es[)ecially tliose of 
 the hitter. But it is evident that while Ilivcra's au- 
 thority as lieutcnant-g(Jvernor on the peninsula was 
 loss absolute and his subordination to the goveiiior 
 <;i'eater than in Upper California as commandant, 
 N'eve's authority in the north was j)ractii"ally the 
 same as Ilivera's had been; that is, in California the 
 only change in government was in the title of the 
 lull r. The new establishments were recognized by 
 (Viilos III. as more important than the old. In six. 
 years the child had outgrown its parent. Monterey 
 was to be capital of the Californias as it had always 
 been of California Setentrional.-'^ 
 
 I 
 
 '•' Tlic order of Aug. IGth is mcivly I'ofrrrcd to in a list of documonts in Pror. 
 Si. /'h/i., Ms., xxii. l\, and may iiossiljly be an error. Tlio order of Ajjril l!)th 
 is rt'firred to in a letter of the viceroy in /(/., i. '203. Xevc'.s commission aa 
 iveiimr was forwarded to him Ijy tlie viceroy on Dec. '20, 1775. Prov. J'ec, 
 M.S., i. .'iO. 
 
 •"Tho formation of the I'rovincias Intcrna.s dc Occidente under Teodoro de 
 Croix AFf connnandant general with viceregal powers was nearly simultiiireoua 
 witli tlie ciiange in California; and to this new otiicial (Jov. Neve hccaino 
 vcsiKinsililc instead of to the viceroy as Rivera had been. Marcii S, 1777, 
 (Viiix writes to Xeve that Art. '20 of royal instructions renuires the frovcrnor 
 ami ullicials of California to render individual reports of acts and events to 
 
\l 
 
 308 
 
 :\ii.ssio\ i'ROORE>;,s and pueblo beginnings. 
 
 For the first time so far as tlio record shows, V'wi'- 
 I'oy Bucureli transiuittod tlio king's orders to Xisc 
 at Lorcto tlio 20tli of July 1770. "During this month 
 and the next a correspondence took place between tlio 
 two oliiciah/-" which, fi'oni its I'ragnientary nature ,is 
 preserved, is unsatisfactory, Init from which it ajtpeai.s 
 that l^ucareli was desirous that Neve should start as 
 soon as possible, that orders to Rivera were enclosvd 
 to the governor, that a herd of live-stock was to ho 
 taken I'roni the peninsula, and that twenty-five sol- 
 diers were sent by the Convcpcion to Loreto to accoin- 
 ]iany Xevc northward. Though Bucareli had nothiiiu 
 to do with the change in rulers and capitals, he coiild 
 not fail to be well pleased with the order received iVom 
 Spain, since it came just in time to relieve him lVo]ii 
 the untk'sirable task of deciding several quaricls. 
 Rivera's troubles with the J^"'rauciscans and witli Aii/a 
 are I'resh in the reader's mind, and Neve's relations 
 with tlie l)ominicanswerel)ut little less uncomfoi'tahlr. 
 Com})laints to the viceroy were frecpient, and it was 
 an easy I'eply t(^ say that the imi)ending change wcuild 
 }»robal)ly remove ail reason for dissatisfaction and pre- 
 vent the necessity for any specific measures.'"' Had 
 ]vivera's peculiar conduct been known in Spain it is 
 not likelv that he would have been retained in otlico; 
 but the viceroy ho[)ed that in a new field he niiglit 
 succeed better. 
 
 The troops referred to in the viceroy's coinmunica- 
 lions were ])robably tliose whose arrival at San Diego 
 in September 1777 lias been alread}' notic;ed, since tlieio 
 
 liini. Prov. ,^!. Pap.. MS., i. 'Jt."). Dec. 'J."), 17T(>, tlic viwroy iiotilio.l Xcvo cf 
 t'lc iiiijidiiitiin'iit of t'l-oix, t') wliDin lie is i,, cojiort diri'ctly on ociMirri'iiccs in 
 Cililoiiiia; Ixit for siiiiplics, etc., Ir' isKtill to c(jiiiiinniii'iit(^ witii the \i(Mio\. 
 Prov. Itii'., ]\lS.,i. t)(i-7. Nuvi' liail ^vrittcn to llio viceroy for ci'i tain iiistnu- 
 tions:, mIiIiIi were triiiisniitted to Croix. TIk'. latter write.s to Neve Aiii,'. I.i. 
 1777, tliat Iiis ill! ties in other jiroviiieea will jii'cvent his atteiitiou toCalilorniii, 
 anil ho hi- tlu'rel'orc tnrn'!<l tlio whole matter over to the viceroy for the 
 ]ivesent. Ife, however, asks foi- Nevt^'s sn^L^estions ies[)eetinL' ri'fornis, etc., 
 for a new •/•(•//»/;)(///() for (^ilifornia. Pr<n\ SI. /'a/i.. AIS., i. 'J.Vi-.'}. 
 
 ■»/'ror. ,sy. /•((/)., MS., i. -JO;! 7. 
 
 '■" J iiirareli m rote on 1 >ee. "Jo, 177li. tu Serra, announeing the change orilen il. 
 Piuuii, \''da, 1114- 5. 
 
 i ; :1 
 
INGS. 
 
 lows, Vico- 
 [•s to Xf\c 
 tills luoiith 
 jctwei'ii tlk' 
 )■ naturo as 
 1 it appeals 
 Lild start as 
 src cnclosv'd 
 c was to lio 
 ity-five sol- 
 ,o to aceoiii- 
 had iiotliiii'^' 
 lis, ho could 
 iCoivod from 
 
 liini irom 
 111 fpiari'tls. 
 
 1 with All/a 
 /s rolatioiis 
 L'onifortalilt'. 
 , and it was 
 iaii:L>'c woulil 
 ion and pif- 
 uvs.'"' Had 
 
 S])ain it is 
 ed ill ollicc; 
 il ho might 
 
 'onininnica- 
 
 San Diego 
 
 I, sinco thoio 
 
 •iiotifu'd Neve nf 
 li oi'c'nrrc'lR'rs in 
 Ivitli tlio vici roy. 
 •ci'itaiii iiisti'iu-- 
 f) Xcvc Aii.l;. I.I. 
 on t()('alit'>nii;i, 
 vict'i'oy fill' tin; 
 jiLT ivfonus, cti'., 
 
 L'liair_'o ont<-i''il. 
 
 XF.VE IN" CALIFOEXIA. 
 
 is no rocon 
 
 I of 
 
 ai 
 
 'J 
 
 .1(1 
 
 souiiors iiavinLi' oonic \m wi 
 
 "P 
 
 iih N 
 
 .109 
 
 ovo 
 
 ( xiipt an escort of six who i-c^tui'iiod with l^ivoiTi."*^ 
 Imhed, i'es[)cctino- Xcivo's journey to California noth- 
 ing is known heyond the facts that it was in;idi> hy 
 land I'/'d San Diego; that ho made close observations, 
 as shown by his later reports, of the condition and 
 needs of each ostablishinent on the way: and that ho 
 airived at Monterey Fel»ruary :>, 1777.^^ His Hrst act 
 altera I'oviow of the troops and a consultation with 
 Sena, was to fiend to Mexico a report on Febi'uaiy 
 L'.itli that the now presidio and the four now missions, 
 inehiding San DicL^o, had been successfullv founded 
 and wer(> in a condition more or less satisl'actory/'' 
 In March l^ivei-a started ibr IJiija (California, '^riieii 
 in April Xevo made a tour in the north, visiting San 
 Francisco and Santa C'lai'a. It had been proposed by 
 1'i\(ia to move the ])residio of ]\[ontei'ey to the river 
 cilice called Salinas, chielh'bcM'auso of the insullicient 
 
 ilv of water at the oriuinal site 
 
 ajijiro 
 expre 
 
 The viceroy 
 ved the mcasuro;'" but the royal orders to Novo 
 ■ly forbade the removal, declaring that the })i'e- 
 sidio n.nist bo maintained where it was at any cost, for 
 tlic I'l'otection of the })oT't. Still another matter had 
 heeii intrusted to the [tatriotic zeal of the new lader, 
 iliougli one that did not prove a very sovcn'o tax on 
 eithei' ability or time. ]le had an order from (he king 
 to lie on the watch for Ca}>tain (*ook's two vessels 
 tliai had becij despat(died Irom JMigland on a Novago 
 of (hscoveiy in the South Sea, and by no me;uis to 
 
 Ai'i'Dnliiii^ to a coiniiumicatioii of somo otlicial on Im'I). 10, IT7<>. in /'rm: 
 
 /,'..•„ MS. 
 
 I."!',), tlio cattle from tlic olil iiii<.-.ionM aniountcd to l,'_'l)l>. 
 
 ]>i 
 
 ire to lir sent .'p to tlio frontier, ■with SO innlcs and ;!(» horses for tin 
 
 o ri'i'iiiits. 
 I.ctUrof Nive t. vicerov, Im'1'. '2(lth, in /' 
 
 A'. 
 
 MS., i. Ki'.l-iO, ill 
 
 .■ondition in uhirh ho found the San 1 )i(.'Lro f 
 
 M lii.h li(- notes th(! had 
 rc'speet of elothinLT. arn 
 liasL'iven Jiivera full instrni'tion.s. .iinl the latter w ill depart ton 
 
 and 
 
 horses. 
 
 M; 
 
 oree iii 
 lewiiti's, /,/. i. ,")!•, that luj 
 
 writes Teh Cith, that Neve ha 
 
 s arnvei 
 
 it he isalioiit to retire to ],i 
 
 /'/•"■. St. I'ap.. MS., x\ii. '20. See also I'aluii, N«l., ii. 'MA-: 
 
 IVera 
 >leto. 
 
 .v. 
 
 Idi'i 
 
 ,/.■ 
 
 lie I\Ik /; 
 
 MS. 
 
 r. 
 
 140- 
 
 I'Veral other minor eoinniiinieations of tlu 
 
 governor written al.out thi.i 
 
 till 
 
 'Letter of .Ian. 1', I77.'>, in P 
 
 SI. I 
 
 ;ip. 
 
 MS., i. lOl). 
 
 ill 
 
f 
 
 
 310 
 
 MISSION TROGKESS AXD PUEBLO EEGIXXIXGS. 
 
 permit tliut navigator to oijtcr any Callforninu p )it."''' 
 The transports of 1777 were the San AnUiuiu aii.l 
 the Santiago, The former under Franeiseo A^illaioc], 
 witli 8erra as chaplain, arrived at San Diego in ^.Tay 
 with snpphes for tlie south, and having unloaded (-aikd 
 at once for San ])las. The latter, whose arrived at 
 San Francisco has already been noted, came dov.u to 
 JNFonterev and sailed for San Bias the 8th of Jiiiu'. 
 By her Neve sent a report on the Santa Bai'bai'a 
 Channel and its tribes, giving his views of what was 
 necessary to ])0 done in that region to control and 
 convert a large native jiopulation, that niiglit in tliu 
 future l:)ecome troublesome by cutting off laud com- 
 munication between the north and south, which from 
 the p(>cuHar nature and situation of their countrv tlicv 
 could easily do. His plan included a missi(,)n of Sau 
 Buenaventura at Asuncion at the southern extremity 
 of the channel, another of Purisima near Point Con- 
 cepcion at the northern extremity, and a thii-d of 
 Santa Barbara with also a presidio in the central 
 region near Mescaltitlan. The military fijrce required 
 for the three establishments would le a lieutenant 
 and sixty-seven soldiers. This report was dated JaiKj 
 nd, aiid next day the governor wrote ashing permis- 
 sion to resign and ioin his family in Seville whom ho 
 had not seen since 17G4, bein<>' also in ill-health - Tovr- 
 iuLi' out of seven years' service in administering llio 
 
 lleu'cs of Zacatecas. 
 
 college 
 
 80 
 
 The shipment of grain from San Bias for the raill- 
 tary establishments of the Californias was a wvy 
 (•xn(Mr;ivc and uncertain method of supply, and (gla- 
 cials liad been instructed from the first to suggest 
 some practicable means of home production lo hj 
 
 '■' Royal ordor, July 14, iTTIi; sent hy viceroy Oct. 2,1(1. Pmr. !?(•".. }V<.. i. 
 1.3; I'roi: SI. /'«/>., MS., i. '2V,]. 'i'lio governor ncknowledgea receipt ef tiio 
 onkr o'l .lime OLli. /'ror. /,',.■., 'MS., i. 70. 
 
 ^"Therc ai'c '22 eonininnications of Novo to I'uoarcli, written diiri'i,' tlio 
 fn-Ht lii'.lf of 1777, ]ire.-crvcil in J'rvi'. I!<r., MS., i. ,"l)-7!>. His euni-. ^' .I'ii mu 
 £ur the lust bi.x nionthy had lor the most part been lost. 
 
FOUNDING OF SAN JOSfi. 
 
 3)1 
 
 iiitr<»Jncecl as soon as poss^Iblo. In June 1 770, before 
 It'iaing Loi'cto, Xuvo in a coiimiuuicatloii to tlio 
 viccioy proposed an experimental sowing for aeconnt 
 of government on some fertile lands of the nt>rlliern 
 iiuiuier, both to snp[)lj the usual deuciency on the 
 pt'uiiisula, and esj)ecially to fnrni.sh grain at redueed 
 co.st for the new (establishments. IJueareli in August 
 ai)[>roved the proposition in a general way, but SLateil 
 that in view of the proposed change in the governor's 
 rcslacnco it would be impossible ibr Xeve to attend 
 pei'sonally to the matter, and suggested that tlie 
 scheme might be eari'ied out Vvith even better chances 
 of success in the fertile lands of Iv^ew California, 
 referring also to Anza's favorable re[)ort on the Colo- 
 rado Itiver region as a source of grain suij]>ly in ease 
 of special neecl."' 
 
 Accordingly Neve kcpt the matter in viev/ duilng 
 lii.3 trip nortliVv'ard, closely examining the dlu'ereiifc 
 regions traversed to fnid land suited to his [)urpo.se. 
 The result of his observations was that theie were 
 two ;-pots eminently fitted for agricultural ()])eraLions, 
 oiii' ])eing on the Ilio de Poi'ciuncula in tlie sjutli, 
 and the other on the Ilio de Guadalupe in the north; 
 and he also made up his mind that the only \v'ay to 
 uiul;:e the advantages (offered was to found two pueblos 
 oil ;!io rivers. To this end he asked for four laborers 
 and f>oine other necessary assistance.''^'* V/iLhout wait- 
 ing, ]iov,'ever, for a reply to this communication, and 
 jio.s.-^llily liaving received additional in.sti'Uc'Jous IVom 
 ^lexico, the giivernor resolved to go on and make a 
 
 •'" Xi.V(.'a letter of Jiiiio '21:it is not extant, but i.s rcfcrrcil to with ii 'ysunn5 
 cif it ! L'lT.itcnt.i ill t!io viceroy 'a Icttei- of An';iu!, i;i Pror. S'. P"p., MS., i. 
 •J(r,-(i. 
 
 ' ■ I'l'Ve'.i lettei' u mh.Awg ns before, but is .';l!ucli'(l t^ > iu ;>.. tjiiLasqu' at letter 
 of Ainil 17TS, in Prnr. />-•., MS., i. 7-0. Iu jiimtlier lette;' vS .T.';,c ■IMi. tlio 
 il;iy iiltir the ihyt, Novo s:iyn tliiit lie liiis niiulo no fonivl ciiUribiiiion of 
 1 :. I i toeil'.itr Get'Jer.i or ujU'.iei-.-;, e.veept to me :;o!i!iL'r {ikitro.i'.') 1.) whom 
 I'ivera in \\\\tX ye.ir.i lunl yiveu a title to u lot of land n'v •■.• S:'n C ■.:'I ) ir.n.i.'iioti. 
 .Msii lh;it U3 tliere iii'o no suiuible laml.s neiiv the ])rijiibo lie ciuiaoo foi- tho 
 jii'esent carry out tlio flowing order. /(/., i. (IS. '.'roni tlii.i it would seem 
 111.' ly tlvil. he hud received bunie nioie dinrt order I'lOiU i>uea.ieli to ;;jw neur 
 till' i!re.sidio. 
 
 'I 
 i 
 

 |.-:i 
 
 :v H ' 
 
 -i' I 
 
 31-; 
 
 MISSION PROGRESS AXD PUEBLO BEaiNNINGS. 
 
 l)OL>"inning of the nortlicriimoet of the t\V(.t jiucIjIc^. 
 He selected for this purpose nine of the presidio 
 soldiers of ]\foriterev and Sail Francisco, who kiicv. 
 soiiielhino' of farininj^, and five settlers, wIk^ had tninc 
 to California with Anza,'"'* and the fourteen with tluii' 
 families, sixty-six persons in all, started on Novemhcr 
 7th I'roni San Francisco under Moraijca for their iir\r 
 home. A site Avas chosen near the eastern bank of 
 the river, three (piarters of a league south-east of 
 Santa Clara, and here the new pueblo, the first in 
 Californin, was founded on the 29th under the ikiiih' 
 of San Jose de Guadalupe, that is San Jose on the 
 lliver (Juadalupe. The name was apparently selected 
 by Xeve as an honor to the original patron of the 
 California establishments, as named by Galvez in 
 
 The first earth-roofed structures of jJastcred pali- 
 sades were erected a little more than a mile north of 
 the centre of the modern city/^ The settlers received 
 
 ^'•*Piiliiu, Xot., ii. .'!4S-,")0, saj'a that all were of Anza's conipany, lying iiUo 
 at Sail I'raiK isco. Xcve, letter (if April 15, 177^, in Pror, lire, MS., i. s, 
 .s:iys ln^ tdoiv 3 (if those who had conio as jioliladores and 'rcoruitod' "J nmre, 
 fivmi wiiat bource itd(jea not appear. We have no list (jf the Sau.rosr.si.'ttK'n 
 nntil the more formal di.stri))iition of lands in 17SI, wjien the nuinlior v,:is 
 instead of 14. The n.anics of all the first scttlci's of 1777 cannot thei^lore \v 
 given; hut from Moraga"s list of all the pobladores in the San FraiuisL'o tlis- 
 trict in December 1777, in Prov. Si. Pop., M.S., i. S, 0, and from iin e\aiiiiii;i- 
 tiou of the Santa Clara records, Santa Clai-'i, Lih. i/c Afiiioii, MS., I conchido 
 tiiat 4 of tl]e ") original poljhulure.s of San Josii were Josi5 Ignacio Arehid(.'ta, 
 ^hitniel l"'rancisci)Amez(piita,.ToseM;uiu»10on/alez,and.ToseTilmn ioA'asiiaiv. 
 wliile tlietiftli was not improbably a lady, (Jcrtrudi.sreralta. Of Dsoldierscttliis 
 I e;ni give the names of oidy 4; Valcrio Mesa, corporal in connaand, ,'-'et\riii.> 
 Lugo. .Inan Manuel Marcos Villela, and .ToS(' Antonio Romero. ( labriel l'er.ilt:i, 
 Mas the corporal in 177!). Romero was the only .soldier whoi'cniaincd, and tlic l 
 jiobladores nientioucd make up 5 of the 9 names on the list and ma]i f:f .Viivil 
 17S1. See Sf. Pap. .!/;.«. and Caloii., .MS., i. '24.'}. Of the other 4, Cliiudio .\1- 
 vires was a servant before 17'S0, while llernardo Ro.sales, Seba.stian Alvilrt', a 
 soldier iu 17li'*-74, and Francisco Avila were new names. 
 
 '"Sic ch.'ipter iv. of this vohune. In tli(! heading of one docunn nt in 
 the archives I find the pueblo called San.los('' deiialvez. This name — tiiougli 
 jierhaps ;i copyist's error — would have been a most appropriate one. In la'nr 
 times an eli'ort was made to christen tlie town Sau Josi'^ de Alvarado, in limmr 
 of the governor; but it was unsuccessful so far as connuon u.sagc was ccm- 
 cerned. 
 
 " Xcai' the little stream crossed by the first bridge on the road Iciidiiig 
 from the city to Alviso. Ilnirn IHaI. San Jo-i'. 14-i!), 4(1. Tliis modern woik 
 CO -tains a tolerably accurate and complete history of .San Jose. Document^ 
 (in the early years are not numerous, and the author seems to have con-^nhid 
 luostof tluiii. There are a few errors in names and translatiou, but the huuk 
 
EARLY ANNALS OF SAN JOSfi. 
 
 313 
 
 cncli a tract of land tliat e<nil(l bo irrigated sunieicnit 
 I'oi' planting about tliroo bushels* oi" niaize, with a 
 ]i()iisi'-lot, t<jn dollars a month, and a soldier's rations. 
 l^ach also roceivcd a yoke of oxen, two hoiscs, two 
 (■(iws, a mule, two sheep, and two goats, together with 
 ]iires.-.ary implements and seed, all of which Avere to 
 Ihj repaid in products of the soil delivered at the royal 
 warehouse. The mission of Santa Clara being near, 
 t!ic ministers consented to attend for tlie jiresent to 
 tlic settlers' spiritual interests, and accordingly the 
 nanus of the latter are frequently found in the mis- 
 sion !)ot)k entries. In April of the next year Xeve 
 reported to the vicero}' what ho had done.'*'^ 
 
 The lirst"\vork in the ncwpueblo after building houses 
 to shelter the families was to dam the river above, 
 bring down water in a ditch, and prepare the iieldsfor 
 sowing; but the attempt was not successi'ul, and the 
 s )wing of over fifty bushels of corn was a total loss, 
 since it was necessary to change the site of the dam, 
 aiul tlie new one was not completed and water brought 
 to the Melds till July. The second sowing yielded 
 lit-'tween six and eio-ht hundred ])ushels. A second 
 (lam was built above the first to protect it in time of 
 freshet, and the irrigation system thus com[)leted was 
 planned to siippl}^ thirty-six .s'^cr^.v, or sowing-lots, of 
 two hundred varas each. As early as 1778 the gov- 
 ernor complained that the lands were nearer those of 
 tlie mission than he had intended, and badly dis- 
 tiibnttd. In 1779 much damage was done by high 
 water both at San Jose and Santa Clara, among other 
 
 i' t'.ir jiliovo the average of ■what lins Loon given to tlio Califoviiia puhlic as 
 history. Ildll's Sdit Jose, from tlie <S'»)t ./our I'ioiic<r, Jan. |SV7, lieing au 
 ^l'llln.^.,■^ liy tlio autlior on July -Itli, is full of errors, many of which are donht- 
 li'ssdiic tothe new,s[ia[)or anil not tlu^ wi'iter. 
 
 ^'Aiiril l."),:li, I'rm: AV''., MS., i. 7-S. A dnplieate was sent to General 
 Criiix. /'/., f), )(). See au Knglisli tran.'<lationof this report in y-'"'."/(('/A''s' o/do. 
 /(''•■.'. S. /'. a<Klenila, 8. Tiie viceroy's acknowled-nient of this I'eport and 
 apl'rovalof Neve's aetswas dated July '-'l', I77S. St.l'ap. M'iKyt.aii(lCo!nii..'S\S., 
 i. 'JS-O. J[y mentions i\ servant liesides tlie Ti settlers, and mikes the wiiolo 
 I'lii'ilMtion OS instead (if OI). Ite also siieahsof a. dam ii.it alluded to liy Neve. 
 (Vni\"s aclino\\lcd'j;iiient and aiijiroval was dated July 1!>, I77i', and iiiehideil 
 that uf tile king datetl March Otli. Jlall's /liil. SaiijU', 14- U). 
 
 1| 
 
li. 
 
 ^!. 
 
 ft 
 
 « i 
 ni 
 
 r, Hi 
 
 km 
 
 314 
 
 Mir-^iox rr;or;KESs and ruEr.LO eegixxixgs. 
 
 tliiiijTfs tlio ]ic\v dap.i at V.iq pueLlo l)cliii^' Avushccl awa}". 
 At tlii.3 c';ii']y <!ato also tlio governor notes the in- 
 flueiico of tlic friars as adverse to pueLlo }irogre.s.s. 
 Before founding San Jose lie had considered the 
 prospects of obtaining su])phes from the nii.ssions, and 
 had concluded lliat for some years, at least, the prod- 
 ucts of tlio nnssions would not increase faster tliaii 
 the nioullis of neophytes to be fed. The missionaiios 
 well knev,' that such v/as the prospect; but on geneivd 
 principles thej' v/ero opposed to all establishments iu 
 the country siive their own. The presidios Vv'ere a 
 necessary evil, i;nd the soldiers must be fed, therefore 
 the iiovernmcnt should feed them until the mi.'sious 
 coultl do so. As soon as Serra realized that Xevo 
 was in earnest about founding pueblos, he began to ho 
 very certain that his missions could have ..applied the 
 presidios; "but he forgets," says Neve, "tli;;t tliii 
 would not people the land with Spanibh subjects." 
 There is nolliin;,>' more to be recorded concernin:'- Sau 
 
 o o 
 
 Jose for several years, and down to 1781 the estab- 
 lishment may bo regarded as to a great extent provi- 
 sional or experimental.'*^ 
 
 Certain troubles with the southern savages, durin;;' 
 this year and in the spring of the following, remain 
 to Ije noticed in this chapter. They seem to have 
 begun iu June 1777 wlien the Alocuachomi rauchcii'a 
 threatened the neophytes of San Juan Capistrano, 
 and Cor])oral Guillermo Carrillo was sent with five 
 men to chastise the ofcenders, wh.ich he did bv killing' 
 three and wounding' several. Seru'eant Acinar was 
 sent by Ortcrj-a to invcsti!]fatc, and his re;;ort showed 
 the existence of disorders among the soldiers, m then' 
 relaticn to the natives, by no moans creditable to 
 Spanish discipline in California. A native chieftain 
 v.'ho was in Ictigue with the ofienders and who I'r.r- 
 nished women to the guard, was deemed to niciit 
 
 ■'■'^'ovoV, crniniT'r.iralioiis in Prov. Sec, WS., i. 10-2, 12.")- (J, ii. 21-2; 
 Prov. iSl. J op., iii. 143. 
 
INDLVX HOSTILITIES. 
 
 315 
 
 ^cs, diiviiv:' 
 U"', remain 
 
 lu'UIcU' Nvas 
 
 nrtocn lashos and an admonition from tlio minister; 
 and two cul})rit soldiers wore taken south to San 
 Di^'j-o. It was, perhaps, in connection v.'ith tlieso 
 (!is{urhance3 that the Indians of San Gabriel came in 
 anns to tlie mission to aveni'-o some outi-aivc : but tliey 
 were snbvlued, as by a miracle, when tlie friavs held 
 u[« a shininfj imaj]je of our lady, hneeliu!^, weeping'', and 
 embracing the missionaries." Hardly liad the ex.cite- 
 iiniit of tlie disturbances alluded to died out, when 
 1,11 .\ufni:-.t 13th four soldiers bearin<»' desin^.tches from 
 (JciK'j'al Croix to Xevc were surprised at midiiiglit, 
 at a })laco called Sati Juan just above San Die-^o, by 
 a ir.n'ty of savages who hilled the cor]joral in command, 
 Antonio Brioncs. The rest escaped with their liorscs, 
 af'tin" having repulsed the foe in an hour's flgh.t. Ser- 
 geant Carrillo was ordered to make a I'etaliiitoiy cau)- 
 paign, b'at tlie result is not I'ecorded beyond the 
 statement that a chief Avas arrested. In February 
 (if 1778 Carrillo was obliofed to make a ncv er.iiedi- 
 tiou to San Juan Capistrano, where several rancherias, 
 Amangens, Chncapamas, and Toban Juguas v.'ero 
 asMrmblcd and threatening. A chieftain's wife had 
 clopc>l with a Lower Californian, and the outraged 
 ]i\\: ' -iid made his grievance a public one by appealing 
 to t!^o natives to avenge the deatli of their comi'ades 
 .'^lain t !io year before; also charging that the Spaniards 
 wii'o really devils couic to destroy the ci'ops by 
 drou'.dit. 
 
 In 3Tarch it was reported that the people of Pamo, 
 on(> of the San Die™ rancherfas, were makir^'i" arroM's 
 to ijc used agamst the Spaniards, counting on the aid 
 of three nei'i'hborinii' bands and of one acro.-s the 
 f^iorrn, and having already murdered a Gan Juan 
 lin'.ian. Ortega sent a message of war-.i'.iig and 
 Aaaran sent back a challenc,^o to the soldiers to come 
 and l;c slain. Cari'illo's services were n'>ain c;dled 
 into requisition and he was sent with eight soldiers to 
 
 *'TI.i'; f-',ory i^ tc.M by Hugo i;.-.! nii.l rviijnnin Ilryc^ r.iv] it ii uh> Uic 
 BuLjtct of ii ^vjcni by Mi^s M. A. litzgcriild. ihnjcs' Mission Luok, i. hu. 
 
 ■,'H 
 
316 
 
 MISSION rROGRESS AXD TUEBLO BEGINNINGS. 
 
 ! '• 
 
 -'fi 
 
 cha.stlso tliis insolence, capture the chiefs, and to rrivn 
 thirty or forty lashes each to such warriors as inii^lit 
 seem to need them. In carrying out his ordei-s tin; 
 sergeant surprised the ibe at Pamo, killed two of tlie 
 numlier, and burned a few who refused to come out of 
 the hut in which they had taken refuge. The rest 
 surrendered and took their llo^'ofin"', wliilc the four 
 eliieftains were bound and carried to San J)ieg(). 
 Captured in this battle were eighty bows, fifteou liuii- 
 dred arrows, and a larijc number of clubs. Tlio lour 
 chiefs, Aacliil, Aalcuiiin, Aaaran, and Taguagui were 
 tried on April Gth, convicted of having plotted to kill 
 Christians in spite of the mercy shown them in the 
 king's name for past offences, and condemned to death 
 by Ortega, though that officer had no right to iiillict 
 the death penalty, even on an Indian, without tlic 
 governor's approval. The sentence was: "Deeming it 
 useful to the service of God, the king, and the [)uhH(; 
 Aveal, I sentence them to a violent death by two 
 musket-shots on the 11th at 9 A. m,, the troops t*) he 
 j)resent at the execution under arms, also all tlie 
 Christian rancherias subject to the San !^)iego mission, 
 that they may be warned to act righteously." Fa- 
 thers Lasuen and Figuer were summoned to prc'])aro 
 the condemned for their end. "You will coopeiate,"' 
 writes Ortega to the padres, " for the good of their 
 souls in the understanding that if they do not accept 
 the salutary waters of holy baptism they die on Sat- 
 urday Tiiorning; and if they do — they die all the 
 same!" This was the first public execution in Cali- 
 fornia.*^ 
 
 Illli 
 
 ■■•'' On these Indian troubles sec reports of Ncvc and Ortega in Sf. Pci/i. Ski'. 
 IMS., vii. ()l-.% viii. .Sl-5--'; Prov. lire, MS., i. 19, UO-7; P'rov. tit. Pu^., MS., 
 ii. 1-(J; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., i. 41-4. 
 
 ;rii 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 A DECADE COMPLETED— PRESroENT SERRA VERSUS 
 
 GOVERNOR NEVE. 
 
 1778—1780. 
 
 A ri;r,ioD OF Preparation — Schemes for the FrrrRE — Government Re- 
 1 (iKMy— Pi'Er.LOs — Channel Establishments — Neve Wants to Resi(;n 
 ANM) la made Colonel— Sacrament of Confirmation — Episcopai, 
 rowEiis Conferred on Padre Serra — Tour of the Missions— Qfar- 
 rel with Neve— Ecclesiastic Prerooative and Secular Authoritv 
 —A Friar'h Sharp Practice — Serious Charges by the Governor — 
 ^lovKJiENTS OF Vessels — Arrival of Arteaga and Bodega from a 
 Northern Voyage— The First Manila Galleon at Monterey — 
 Local Events and Progress — Presidio Buildings. 
 
 The years 1778 and 1770, completing the first de- 
 cade in the annals of Alta California as a Spanisli 
 jiidvince, together with 1780, formed a period rather 
 <it' |)reparation tlian of accomplishment, of theories 
 rati It r than practice, in matters aftecting the general 
 intiic'sts of the country ; though there was a satisfac- 
 Imy showing of local progress at the several missions. 
 One of the most important general subjects which 
 (laiuied Governor Neve's attention, was the prepara- 
 tion of a new rcglamento, or system of militaiy gov- 
 crunicut for the Californias; the new establishments 
 liavin»>' in a ijeneral sense outijrown Echeveste's rcLju- 
 lation of 1773, and some articles of that document 
 luiviiig in ])ractice proved unsatisfactory. The king's 
 order of March 21, 1775, for the reform of the sys- 
 ttiii was, on August 15, 1777, forwarded by Gen- 
 eral ( 'roix to Neve with a lettei' in wliich he savs : 
 "Lacking knowledtj^e on the subject, I need tliat vou 
 lepoi't to me at length and in detail what are the 
 
 ( 317 ) 
 
i 
 
 il 
 
 M 
 
 » 
 
 !!( If 
 
 I ^-t ,! 
 
 
 318 
 
 A DECADE co.MrLi"ri:n. 
 
 fiiults that Impair tlio usefulness of the did rcgulalinn, 
 .'iii(! wliat you doeni ueccssaiy for its relorin, so tliat 
 1 may 1k^ (iiaMod to decide ^vll(!n consulted about lliu 
 country." This request came l)y ti)e Santid'j) iu 
 June, j'ud on DcwMuher 28, 1778, Neve dated tln' 
 requii'ed report.* We hear no more of this suhjrct 
 till the aji[)earance of the regulation itself, full Iled;;c(l, 
 and with nil its reforms, accredited to Neve, as 
 anther, under date of Jane 1, 1779." 
 
 Th.it the preparation of so extensive and imiioitaiit 
 a state paper, and especially of those portions relating- 
 tt) colonization which was a new and difficult suhject, 
 should have been intrusted hi foto to the g'ovcrnor, 
 seem;; straiig'e, and equally so the fact that no coi'i'c- 
 s[)ondence on the subject has l)een jn-eserved; but both 
 Croix and Galvoz in sis^nifviniTi: the kinii's ai)i)i'o\al 
 accredit Xeve with the authorship. It was certainly 
 a mark of !>-reat confidence in his abilitv, and a si 111 
 greater conqJiment was the adoption of his plan willi- 
 out, so far as ai)pears, a single modification. Septnii- 
 ber 121, 17S0, General Croix writes to the govcnmr 
 from Ari;qic that the plan has been forwarded by tlio 
 viceroy to the king, and that provisionally, pieinliii'^ 
 the royal ap[)roval, it is to go into cflect in Califiniia 
 from the beginning of 1781.*'' The subject-matter of 
 the reglamento, and the new system of govermmut 
 resting on it, may be properly deferred until the bc- 
 gimiing of the next periodj^ when the changes went 
 into ])ractical etlect. 
 
 An inqwrtant and new feature of Neve's plan was 
 that r( ];;ting to pueblos and colonization, enibrced in 
 connection with the redistribution of lands in the 
 hitherto informal pueblo of San Jose, and the found- 
 ing of a new^ pueblo of Los Angeles on the Ivio J^or- 
 ciuncula. It is therefore in connection with these 
 
 > Xcrr, Iii/ormr sohre nqiJamento, QS de Die. J77S, IMS. 
 
 '^ Xerc, J,'( ;:litii)r)ilo r f ii.tt rtircion jiara las PrcthViO'i <le hi r'cn(n''iih( iJr '"'• 
 iforvhi, Errcrioii de A'ic-cos JIi-<ion<n y fomento del pueblo i/^et!tciii<ion (/■ l"i 
 Estnlih'Ciiiiii lito.-f dc Monterey, MS. 
 
 H'roix to Neve, Sept. 'i\, 17S0, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., ii. lit. 
 
NFAT/s rnaiKf'Ts. 
 
 319 
 
 (A lilt-, wltidi took place in 17S1, tliat tlu' ^ciioval 
 siihject may l)u best coiisidcrc!!. An')tlu'r inattoi* 
 pending was tlic occnpatioii l>y Siiain of llic ii;-1i and 
 (hiiscly populated central region along' Die . Santa iMi'- 
 li.ira I'lianiit'l. From observations made during liis 
 tir-t tri[) nortliwai'd Neve had sent in a report in .June 
 1777, urging tlie importance of sneli occupation and 
 till' dangers of itspost])onement; also giving liis views 
 as to the liest methods of its accompli. dinient. He 
 liivored the establishing of thi'e^o missions jind (»f 
 a ci-ntral presidio, recpiiring a force of .sixty-two men. 
 Cioix approved his views' and tluy were embodied in 
 tlic ]>1;ui of June. A correspondence respecting de- 
 tails f)llowed during 1779-80. ]^.leanwhile, liivera 
 was sent to recruit settlers in Sinaloa and Sonora, as 
 Well for the Channel establishments as f(!r th.o pueblos 
 d" Los Angeles and San Jese; but of tiiese special 
 |iivparations I shall sjieak as befiTe !tatc;l in tho 
 cliMptcrs devoted to results. At fh'st, as we have seen, 
 Xi've was wearied with long service or di:isati,siied with 
 liis position, and had asked leave to retire and go to 
 Spain. On January 14, 1778, the vicci'oy v.'iites that 
 till' request has boon forwarded to the king aiid will 
 
 hidhahlv l.)c entertained with flivor. At 
 
 ei 
 
 id of 
 
 Mav Xcve sent in his formal le.. ii;i;at:on, and in 
 August thanked Bucareli for a favorable report 
 t!u'r{M)n; but in October he requests the viceroy to 
 1^1 ip back his memorials and petitions respecting ros- 
 iLjiiatioii, The reason of his change of purpose is 
 ]Mi'!ia]!S to be found in anotlier letter of the same 
 (late, in which he thanks the kin-j" ibr ivi-omotion to the 
 ran!; of colonel in the Spanish army, he having been 
 «'iil\- major before.^ 
 
 Tlu' right to administer the rite of confirmation be- 
 jnaged exclusively to bishops, and coidd l»e exercised 
 cNcn bv the highest officials of the religious orders 
 
 'Sri.t. 1778, Pror. J?,r., SIS., ii. Ct, 7. 
 
 •'Pror. /.'.(•., MS., i. So-'M; Prov. St. Pap., M.S., ii. 8. 0. 
 
if 
 
 I 
 
 \l 
 
 r 
 
 K'l' « 
 
 320 
 
 A DKCADK COMPLKTRn. 
 
 <>!ily will) spccinl aiitlioriz-Jitloii fi-oin the jjopc. Tf; 
 Mas of roiirsu (Ic.'sii'uMu tluit mission ncopliytos shouM 
 ii(»t !)(' (l(![)rivtMl of any privilet^rs and coiisolntion.s 
 jiertaiiiiiiuf to thiMU'W i'aitli they had cinhraccd; hut 
 ill isolated provinces like the Cahl'ornias, episcojuil 
 visits must of necessity he ran*, so tliat most nm- 
 ]»liytes, to say notliin^' oC (/ciifc de razon, must ]\\\; 
 an<l die iinconfirme<l hut lor some special exercise of' 
 tlie ]);ij»al powei'. In fact Alta California, tlion;_;li 
 included successively in the hisho[)ri<*s of I.)uniii:;o 
 and Sonora, never was visited hy a hislioj» until it 
 had one of its own in 1H41. When Father Juni'[)( lo 
 first came to Lower California he found in the Jesuit 
 archives a hull of Po])e iH'nedict XIV. concedin;;- the 
 power of confirmation to ndssionary officials of tin; 
 company. Anxious that the net)phytes sliould lose 
 nothinn' of their i)i'ivile<Tfes under Franciscan manauv- 
 ment, In; soon forwarded the old l)ull to the j^uardiaii 
 of San ]*\'rnando, with a request that a similai- fa\()i' 
 he ohtained from the ]io])e in hehalf of himself and 
 liis Hock." The Franciscan authorities exerted them- 
 selves in hringing this matter hefore the po[»e, and 
 ohtained under date of July 1<), 1774, a pa[>nl d 
 ci'ee, a])proving that rendered hy the sacred vonyj 
 Illation ()f propaganda fide on July 8th, which au- 
 thorized the comisario prefecto of the colleges lor a 
 ])eriod of ten years to administer contirmation and to 
 delegate his power in this respect to one friar con- 
 nected with each of tbo four colleofes in America. 
 Jjoth church and crown in Spain were zealous de- 
 fenders of their rcspt.etivc prerogatives; and as n<>t 
 even a hishop could exercise the functions of jiis o!'- 
 lice until his appointment had received the royal ap- 
 2)roval, of course this s])ecial concession of e})isco[)al 
 
 '■'Pakm, I'/'./o, 22G-8, is careful to explain that Sen-a was too ImiiiUli' to 
 have soii;j;lit tlio episcopal power for the dignity involved ; in fact lic.iiin:,' 
 that a great lionor waa in store for him he had made a vow to acci I't u> 
 h(jnor that Mould separate him fiom his mission work, and had directed tlio 
 influence of his frijnds in Spain toward tlie obtaining of tliu episcopal puucr 
 in behalf of his neophytes. 
 
 e- 
 
 e- 
 
EITR OF CONFIRMATION'. 
 
 321 
 
 iiMWcrs must be suljinittod to tlu" kiiii^'s royal roiiiicil 
 (if tin' Indies. It was so .subinittod, and received tliu 
 .>;iiir(i<ni of that body J)eeend)er 2, 17"4, bciiiLf alscj 
 ii|i|iri)Ve(l by the audieiicia of Xew Spain Sejjti inbei" 
 L'7t!i, and by Viceroy Bucareli October 8, 1770." 
 
 On October 17, 1777, tlie eonnnissaiy and prefect of 
 tlir American collei^es, Futlier Juan Doininn'o do , 
 Aiii<i\ ita, well known to my readers as the chroiii- 
 (■]( !• of his collej^re,'* issued from Quert'taro in pondei'- 
 (iiis lalin the desired 'faculty to coniii'm' to President 
 .liiiiipero Serra. The patent with instructions came 
 lip i>n tlie Saiifid'jo and r(;ached Serra's hands in tlie 
 iiiiildle of June 1778. No time was lost in exercisini^ 
 tlic ncwl}' ac([uired power, and at different dates from 
 the L'Dtii of J unc to the 'JHd of iVui«'Ust, the president 
 ciiiifiiiiicd one hundred and ei^ht3'-one persons at San 
 Cuius. Then, notwithstandiu'L? his infu'niities, he em- 
 liarkrd for San Diego, and i'rom the 'J 1st of Se[)tend)er 
 tit the l.'jth of Decendier aihninistered confirmation, 
 witli all its attendant solenniities and ceremonies, to 
 llic ii(M)})li3'tes at each of the five missions on his way 
 liack to ]\lonterey, resuming the work in the north at 
 till' licgiuning of 177D and extending his tour to Santa 
 Clara and San Francisco. Two thousand four hun- 
 (livd and thirty-two persons in all received the rite 
 ill 177s 1), about one hundred of the number being 
 iji'hfi' <h' razonP 
 
 lint now the president encountered obstacles in his 
 wav. As we have seen, the aitostolie brief conceding 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 a 
 
 '' Furiilfii'l (h Confinnnr, 177-4-7, M!^., cnntainiiiL; the Decrotmn Hurrm 
 Coii'jri'jiilidiiU (i'c)ii ralln dv. I'ni/Ki'iuiiila Fhle liiil/ilc die S JiiliJ, etc., willi 
 tlic i)lh( r iliicuincnts rc'foiTcd to anil much additional cjrrj.'spoiidL'nco on thu 
 saiiU' siiliji'ct. 
 
 '' Arririr'ilti, Cruiiica Seriijirri dil Cdlcijio dr Sdiild Cruz dc (Jiii rttaro. 
 
 ■' Jli'.;istf'r()f coniirinations in San ^VoAjn, Lili. dr M'ls'nm, MS , '.Q-M, ■with 
 fill \iiliiiiatiiin of til'-' anthoiity to coiilirni mid oitiitiou of domnifiits ri'L-ordcd 
 I'.v S'iiM liinisL'lf, and in tlio books of thu othui' missions. It v.ill ho rcmom- 
 l"-'|-((| tiiat one ncopliyte, Juan I'lvanijclista, ^vas cariicd to Mexico hy 'f^^inix. 
 ill ilT^iand ifccivod the rito of confinnation from the Archhishoii of .Mcxiea 
 "u Aii'jus: 4th. iSiri'a entered tiiis fact in the l)<)ok of coiilirniations ac San 
 Cirlus when .such a l)Ook was ojiened in 177''^. In a letter of March L';5, Hbl, 
 Faciilind di' (Uwjirni'tr, ^hS., '1~(). Scira say.s lie had coniirmed "J,!."!,"! before 
 tlif [luwc:- w;iH susjiended, and tliu mission Ijooks make the number '_',457. 
 IIisT. Cal., Vol. I. 21 
 
322 
 
 A DECADE COMPLETED. 
 
 the rii^lit to coiifinu liad required sanction of tiio 
 ri)yal council, a requirement wliicli tlie Franciscan 
 authorities understood perfectly, and to whicli as an 
 unfortunate necessity they had submitted. Wh-jtlicr 
 this approval of the secular authorities was ceitilicil 
 in due i'orm in the document forwarded to Serra in 
 1778, and from which he derived his powers, tlitn'o 
 are no means of knowing; l)ut Xeve, as re})reseutativo 
 of the crown in California, had a right to know whether 
 the required formalities had been observed, and it was 
 clearly the duty of Serra to satisfy him on this }»oiiit 
 before exercising his new power. Serra, however, liad 
 no idea of huml)ling his pride of ecclesiastical preiuga- 
 tive bei'ore any Californian representative of royalty; 
 in fact to him secular authorit}' in the province was 
 somethiuix to be used rather than obeved. ICxactIv' 
 when or how the inevitable quarrel broke out tlio 
 records very strangely do not show; but it would 
 seem that in the middle of 177'.), soon after Sena's 
 I'eturn i'rom his first tour of confirmation in the soutli, 
 the governor summoned him to show the authoiity 
 under which he was acting. 
 
 Whetlier Serra from pride, or knowledge of their 
 defective nature, refused to sho^his pnjiers.or wliethei', 
 being shown, they were i)ronounced insulKcieiit l)y 
 Neve, I am not sure; neither is it certain tliat the 
 governor ordered an absolute suspension of coiitii'uia- 
 tions;^' but the indications are that Sei'ia refuse'd to 
 show his papers, and that Xeve to save his responsi- 
 bility ordered confirmations to cease, and refused to 
 
 '"111 fill o]iiiiion on tlic matter dati'il April 17, 17S0 — Fumllail dc ('i<i>- 
 jJrmrir, MS., 'J.")9— it is st;iteil that Serra coiilirmt'il in all the. iiiis-sidiis ixrtpt 
 (Sail I'laiuisLO ami Santa Clara, in which places he diil not, lieeaiis(> Nivo 
 rtfuseil him an escort and roqiiireil him to suspend conflriDat ion until he could 
 show the papal hull ajijiruved hy the Council of the Indies, which ScrnicoiiM 
 not tlo, since lie had no document to iirove it. The same slatiinent in iiuuh' in 
 a coniiminication from Ijonilla to Croix ou Apr. 'JO, 17S0. S/. I'fiji. Stf ., MS,, 
 viii. ."i."!. This is however partially erroneous, for Sena did ^n to Slu ( laia 
 and San Francisco with or without an escort. Tlieyiiardian siiiiiilysays, J'L, 
 2o'A, that Neve had raised a doubt whether the apostolic liiief has tlie jnn]" r 
 Biinctions. Ihid Sena's papeis lieeu defective he w(Mild h;ive laiov.iiil :iii',l 
 would have hesitated to administer a sacrament which laiglu jmxin c illegal. 
 
NEVE VERSUS SERRA. 
 
 323 
 
 ii>n of tlio 
 Franciscan 
 rliicli as an 
 AVli'.'tlR.r 
 !is cci'tificd 
 to Surra in 
 wers, there 
 rescutativc 
 )^v^v]l(•tIK'r 
 , and it was 
 I this })()iiit 
 iwevcr, liad 
 •al }iror(jga- 
 ot" roj^ilty; 
 'oviiici' was 
 ]']xactl\- 
 vo out the 
 t it would 
 ter Scri'a's 
 the south, 
 authority 
 
 ;'o of tlicir 
 )r\\li('Tlii'i', 
 IHciciit hy 
 1 that th'o 
 
 coiilii'ina- 
 rof"us(,'(l 1o 
 
 rusponsi- 
 rc fused to 
 
 nil till] do <'.ii>- 
 lissinllS I'Xct'pt 
 
 ln'ciUlsc Nrvo 
 
 until lu'oiuld 
 I'll Si'ii-.i I'diil'l 
 nit is inii'li' ill 
 
 ,.. ,W., MS., 
 
 to Sta * iniii 
 
 ii|ilys;i_vs. I'l., 
 
 lias till' ]ii('!i' r 
 
 kiiiiv.u II .iii'.l 
 ixivc illiiral. 
 
 authorize a continuance even by supjilying tlio escort 
 (liLiaiided, but did not of course attempt to enforce 
 his order, I'oferring the whole matter to General Crt)ix: 
 ia Sonera. At all events Serra paid no heed to Xeve's 
 orders or protests, but went on confirming through 
 the year, even administering the sacrament to twenty- 
 four or twenty-live persons in 1780, In October 1771), 
 liuwever, he reported from San Francisco to the ct>in- 
 niaiidaiit general, and also to the guardian of San Fer- 
 iiand(-), taking the |>recaution to forward to the latter 
 all the documents he had bearing on the matter in dis- 
 pute, having d(jubtless a shrewd and well Ibundc'd 
 suspicion that an order might come to deliver the 
 paj)ers to the governor. 
 
 Croix on receipt of despatches from California, 
 Y.liieh had been forwarded by Arteaga's explorii.g- 
 fleet to be noticed later in this chapter, referivtl the 
 subject in dispute to his im'nor, or legal advisei-, 
 Pedro Galindt) Navari'o, in acc(jrdance with whose 
 counsel ho sent April 20, 1780, an order to Xeve to 
 tiike possession of the original patent and instructions 
 which liad been sent by the guardian to Serra and 
 nmst still be in possession of the latter; and, further- 
 hioie, under no pretext whatever to permit the })resi- 
 dt'iit to go on administering the sacrament till new 
 orders should be given. The papers were to 1k' sent 
 at once to Croix, ^^ ho would communicate with the 
 vicoro}' respecting tl •-; original concession by the }io])e, 
 and would settle the matter as soon as ])ossibh'. To 
 Sei'ra Croix conununicated the})urport of the order to 
 Xeve, "charging and entreating" him to ol)ey the 
 Older punctually Ijy gi\ing up the pa[)ers." 
 
 The details of what took place between Xovo and 
 Serra on recei[)t of these orders must be left t;i the 
 '. igination of the reader. The ])residcnt could not 
 give up the papers because he lu'd taken fhe jaeeau- 
 
 " 'I'lic (.idol- to Xcve is not oxtaiit, l)ut its ]iiuii<iit is givon iv. Iho conimiini- 
 Mitiini to Sc'iTa in St. l\qi. Hue, .MS., viii. liS; ami F'f:,i'Utd dc Vuniiniuir, 
 MS., :20i>-G0. 
 

 ]2t 
 
 A DECADE COMPLETED. 
 
 ii'" i 
 
 tion to get rid of them; and he suspended ronfirnm- 
 tions, as he flattered himself, at the 'entreaty' nf 
 Croix and not the 'command' of Neve. The 20th <if 
 J uly Scrra rephed to the letter of Croix "about a con- 
 tinuation of administering the sacrament of contirina- 
 tion wliich I sohcitcd." Ho has the day before 
 received Neve's letter containing the general's onh r 
 to sus])cnd confirmation, \vhich of course ho will clicer- 
 fully obey; though lie regrets that the legal ad\iser li;is 
 not ii'iven more weii^ht to his argument on the ccossii) 
 and wonder that a suspension of the power toconiinu 
 will cause among ignorant })eoplc. In order, however, 
 to prevent this gossip as far as possible, he will .'d)S('if, 
 himself on some [)retext or otlier, when he hears that. 
 the vessel is coming, though that will be just the time 
 when his presence will be most needed. As to th(.' 
 |>apers, he has sent them nine months ago to his col- 
 lego, and as a tribulation sent upon lihii by an all-wise 
 (;iod, the vessels arc late this year and tlie doeuuiciits 
 have not come; but they will soon be here and will 
 bo delivered to the governor for the puiposes iiuli- 
 eated, thougli with a little delay they miglit be deliv- 
 ered in a more complete and satisfactory state.-^" 
 
 '- Farifliad dc Coifrmar, !MS., 2G0-0. There nrc tvo copies of the letter, 
 Jioth ill Semi's liamhvritiui;. ))ut dilleriiig sumowhat in the elosiiiL,' J);ji tiuiis. 
 'J !ic variations are not hnWfver in MibstaiK c essential. It in hut t'air tn Ihi; 
 jiailre to .siy that in speakiii;,' ahout the doennienls his lan^aiage is not elcar, 
 ami na<,'ht possihly ])ear a diilerent eonstruetion fnun that I liave given in t!u! 
 ti'sl; that is, he may mean to .say in snhsianee, 'I have sent enpics of my 
 jiajiers' (thougli it i-eads ' reniitiendo alld todos mis ])a|ieles ([tie haeian i.l 
 easo') to ^Mexieo for eomiilelion by the addition of missing oih.'m, and liy a 
 little delay 1 lonld send them in a eonijtkied state; hut as it is I givi; up lh(^ 
 oii;.'in;ds ."s tliey are to the governor. Or he might mean that ho had tivv.t 
 the inost ini|iortaiit papei's to Mexicoaiid would give up what were lift. Thcie 
 t. however no evidence outside of this letter that he evei' gave u]iauy iiapc;s, 
 l.ut it appears rathei' tliat ho gave up none. It is not ini])ossiblo tliat lii.s 
 language was intentionally maiie vague, tioveriior Xeve in a .sultse([Uint 
 K;t'r to Croix, ?ilareh '_'(!, ITM, in /'mr. I'lc, ]\IS., ii. SI, speaks very ]ihiiii!y 
 on tiio sulijeet. saying that Serra el.unied to have sent his patent to .Mexico, 
 and he does not deem it wise to take jiossession of and '-ieareh his paiiers, hi- 
 eause if he has not sent the doeument away he will have hid it 'with liis 
 iins]>eakahle artiliee and shrewdness;' and the only result will he troulilo 
 with the padres and delay in tlie<'hannel foundations, for which they vid 
 refuse to coiitriliute su]iplies. lieiiig exasperated tliere is nothing tliese friais 
 'v.ith their inimeasural>le and inereilihlc |iride'will not attempt, since on 
 more than four occasions it has reipiired all Xeve's policy and inoderatioii [o 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL TEEROGATIVE. 
 
 325 
 
 ^onfirnin- 
 •eatv' (if 
 ) 20t]i of 
 ait a C(.ii- 
 ?onlirnia- 
 y bi'furo 
 il's ordrr 
 ill clicrr- 
 viscr lijis 
 ic gossip 
 3 confirm 
 
 llOWOVeT, 
 
 11 absi'it, 
 ears tliat 
 the time 
 iS to tlic 
 J liis col- 
 i all-wiso 
 )cuuieiits 
 and Avill 
 SOS indi- 
 te {kll\'- 
 
 12 
 
 tho Ipttrr, 
 
 portiuns. 
 
 iur t(i tin; 
 
 lii)t I'lrar, 
 
 ivcii ill tho 
 
 i<'s of my 
 
 hiici.iii iil 
 
 and liy a 
 
 i\l! iij) tlu^ 
 
 had si'iit 
 
 :l. ThcM! 
 
 I y iiapcr.s, 
 
 o" that Ilia 
 
 il)se([iu'iit 
 
 ry |il:iin!y 
 
 (1 Mi'xii'o, 
 
 apui's, lii- 
 
 ' with iii-i 
 
 IC trouhlo 
 
 they will 
 
 lu'su friai'S 
 
 , h^iiii'i.' I'll 
 
 L'fatioii to 
 
 Tl:o eoiumandaiit general, on recei])t of Serra's kt- 
 ti'i', sinii»ly repeated on Xoveniber 2!)tli his previous 
 ordir tlitit the papers were to bo given up at onee. 
 This brought out from the venerable friar under dale 
 (if ^[nrch 2^), 1781, a letter in which he protests that 
 his ptitent is not in his iwsscssioii nor indeed in Cali- 
 f(!iiiia, but was sent to Croix by wa}' of Mexico, since 
 Xcvo was absent in IJaja California and the date of 
 his return uncertain, lie swears in verho sacerdotls 
 iiiid tadl pedori mcerdotali that ho tells the truth, 
 ;t!i(l wonders greatly that Croix has not received fronj 
 ^.Ii'xico all needed pa[)ers and proofs to settle tho 
 v.liolo matter permanentl}'.'^ For an explanation of 
 this extraordinary reply it is necessary to turn back a 
 little. The guardian, llafael Verger, on receipt (»f 
 Serra's first letter of October 17"!), had written to 
 Viceroy ^layorga — l:>ucareli having died in April of 
 the sjinie year — stating the case and instituting pro- 
 cctidings to obtain certified copies of all documents 
 bouiing on the subject of confii-mation.^'' This was on 
 December 17th; tho required certificates were ob- 
 tained without difiiculty, and on Februar}' 16, 1780, 
 the e-uardian sent them in duo form to Serra, to In; 
 shown to Xeve, at the same time f;icilit;iting a settle- 
 iiie'it of the matter in dispute by forwarding a co[)y 
 ! > Uoiieral Croix. The president received tho papers 
 1 V ■ ..e vessel which arrived at ]Monterev Oct(jber (ith, 
 ■■'r\ ill the confident expectation of an order from 
 C. ix t ) resuh-C confirmations, felt very independent, 
 so i.iich so that he deemed it safe to disreo-ard tho 
 ortlers both of Croix and of the guardian requiring 
 tlio delivery of the documents to Neve. Cireum- 
 
 tiini them from pnrrcptition.s conspiring aLrainst the govcrnim iit. At a, iiioro 
 )itlin;j; tiiiic it v. ill )»' well to carry mit certain incasurcM which he has dcci.ic<l 
 it hcst for the present to defer as the only means nf briii'^ing 'this president 
 t) ;i [iropor ackiiciwledgnieiit of the aiithnrity v, liich lie eludes v hih; prctc'inl- 
 iiii; til dlicy.' 'i'liis is very strung language from a man w ho was not [none to 
 txcit iiioni; or exagi;eration. 
 
 '• Jhrnl'ri.l ,lr '(\„iii,-iiit(i; ?ilS., 2(U)-T1. This u tho tii'st use, l.y the way, 
 ■ ' th" name ]>aia California that I have noticed, 
 
 '■ 'I lie triiiirdian nays nothing of having receiveil any jiapers from Serra ; 
 Lilt cf couioc this is not very sti(jiig evidence tiiul he did not j^ct them. 
 
 V> 
 
n2n 
 
 A DECADE C0:MPIETED. 
 
 w 
 
 stances favored his plans, for Novo wns at the time 
 absent from the capital on a visit to tlie frontier mis- 
 sions of the peninsula. Accordingly, appreheudin'^' 
 the receipt of more positive orders I'rom tlic goiioi'al, 
 and resolved to take no risk of eventual discomfitiuv, 
 the venerable friar despatched his patent forthwitli t(> 
 Croix, via Mexico, probably by the very vessel tluit 
 luul brought it. 
 
 Soon the governor returned to ^Monterey and on 
 December 30th demanded the documents in oi-ilcr 
 that '■ might forward them as ordered to Ci'^ix. 
 Serra ui . deign to say whether he had the pa[)fis 
 
 or not, bi., Jolly replied on the same date by saying;' 
 in sul)stancc: 'The whole matter has been settlud liy 
 liiglier authorities; the papers proved to bo all riglit; 
 I have written to General Croix, and he will doubt- 
 less be satsified with wliat I have said. You and T 
 have only to wait f)r orders." Neve for reasons 
 already mentioned did not enforce his demand, ami 
 Serra was hajipy in the thought that he had snulilud 
 his enemy. Then, as the president had anticipated, 
 came the order of Croix dated November 29tli, and 
 •^vritten before ho had received despatches from ]\T('x- 
 ico. Serra's reply was an easy one and has Ixeu 
 alreafly given. Meanwhile, Croix on recei[)t of tlio 
 ^Mexican despatches, sent as a matter of course tlio 
 corresponding instructions dated the 23d of ])ccoii!- 
 ber. They were received by Neve at San Gabriel, 
 wlienee in a letter dated May 19, 1781, he inf unud 
 Scri'a that as the apostolic brief had been shown to 
 have the requisite approval of the council, there ^\as 
 no longer any obstacle to his administering the sacra- 
 ment.^'' 
 
 During the continuance of this quarrel the [)rosi- 
 dent took advantage of another op[)ortunity to show 
 his independence of the government. The govern' ir 
 had been ordered to send in connection with his aii- 
 
 '■'All ilic coimnuuicatious referred to are fouiul in tho Facullad iIc Cuu- 
 Jii'iiuir, MS. 
 
FATHER JUNfPEROS MOTIVES. 
 
 327 
 
 '.lual rcjioits inventories of the lni^ssions; but Serra 
 roi'usod to render any account of the missions, claim- 
 in;^' lliiit lie was acting according to orders from tlio 
 ciuudiau, and would send the inventories direct to 
 
 5le'.\i''(..^\ 
 
 This o])isodo of California history, now for the first 
 time niado public, exhibits the character of Junijiero 
 Sena in a new and, considering the previous char- 
 acter of the man, in a startling light. And though 
 from tliis distance nothing can be seen in the contro- 
 vei'sy which might affect the interests of Christianity, 
 of the Franci! 'an order, or of the California missions, 
 we must conckuie that Serra was conscientious in his 
 belief that ])rinciples of the gravest character wero 
 involved or he never would have manifested the firm- 
 ness and the stubborn pertinacity he did from the 
 Ixgiiming to the end of this dis[)ute with the gov- 
 ern* >i'. Tlic great battles between the royal prerogative 
 and thofucro edcskistico had been fought in S[-ain; it 
 eeitriiidv could have been no t''i(iin<i' matter that would 
 induce this man of peace to renew them in California. 
 On the other hand Xeve claimed what he reu'arded 
 as a well known right, nothing in the slin'htest deo-reo 
 liuniiliating to the president, and so far as can bo 
 hnowii he urged his claims in ;i courteous and re- 
 .-■[u'etlul manner; and when obedience to his demands 
 was refused nothino- but his moderation and cool- 
 nmided patriotism prevented a scandal which would 
 liavo been unfortunate to the country, and })erlia[»s 
 (Hsastrous to the missions. No ardent churchman 
 enteitaiiis a more exalted o[)inion of the virtues (»f 
 •lunipero Serra, his pure-mindediiess,his self-sat.-rilieing 
 (lev()(ion,his industiy and zeal than myself Xor would 
 1 w illiiigly detract from the reputation of a man who 
 has been justly regar<led as an ideal missionary, the 
 lather of the church in California; jjut I am writing 
 
 "'Xcve to Croix Jnno 4, 1770, in Proi'. liCC, MS., i. 1"_'7-S. Tlic govornor 
 .«;i,ys lli:it till! iiativrsiiro tnufrlit tluit tlio padrcsi tiro supioiiic iiiul tho sLLiilia- 
 ollieials aio to bo i'u''tu'clcJ Mitli iudiQcrcuce. 
 
 r 
 
3-28 
 
 A DI'XADE COMPLETED. 
 
 history, and I must record the facts as I find thorn 
 and leave my readers to form their own conchisions.^' 
 The Hcense to confirm for ten years expired with the 
 life of Serra in 1784, before which time he had con- 
 firmed 5,309 persons. The privik-gc was again given 
 at Home in 1785 and forwarded by the bisho[) of 
 Sonora in 1790 to President Lasuen, who conlirnic;] 
 within five years about 9,000 persons. The llcen>;e 
 was never ai^ain renewed. 
 
 The transj)ort vessels of 1778 wore the San Carl on, 
 which arrived at San Diego in jVIay, returning ;it 
 once to San Bias; and the Santiago, under Captain 
 Juan Manuel do Ayala, pilotos Castro and Aguirre, 
 and chapUiin Nocedal, which anchored at San Fran- 
 cisco June 17th, one hundred and five days out from 
 San Bias. Besides more material supplies she l)ronght 
 an utmsu.il budget of news. An exploring fleet for 
 the northern coast was fitting out at San Bias; Teo- 
 doro de Croix had l)een appointed commandant gen- 
 eral of the Interior Provinces; a change was proposed 
 in mission government, making California a custodia, 
 thouu'h tliis was never carried out; and the riu'ht to 
 confirm had been granted to President Serra. The 
 tSaitti(((/o on her return touched at Monterey at the 
 end of July and at San Diego. 
 
 The Santiago returned to San Francisco in 1770, 
 but we have no further information about her trip 
 than that several of her officers served as godfathers 
 at the baptism of natives on the Gth of July. TJie 
 officers included Captain Estevan Jose Martinez, 
 Piloto Jose Tobar, and Chaplain Nicolas de Ibera.''^ 
 
 '" Fiilou, Viiln, 23.J-0, filluiles to the fiiiarrel very briefly, admitting that 
 Novo ua.s not actuated hy malice. In liiis Notlcldn ho dues not iiieutioii tho 
 sidjjict at all. Shea, <'nf/i. J/'',<s., 100, saya that Serra was for a tiiiK^ in- 
 vented by the government from exercising his right. Taylor, iJl-'coc. «/'■/ 
 Foi!ii(l< rx, ii. No. 2S, allirms that 1'. Junipero had a serious fright socju after 
 beginning to conlirm on account of a rumor from ^Mexico that there v as soiiu- 
 tiling irregular in his j)a]iers; but ou assurance from, ill the pronunent men aci'i'<- 
 sible that there was nothing wrong he was comforted ' Cdeeson, JH-it. < 'alh. C/i., 
 ii. .S4-(), attributes the hindrance tu the Chevalier de Croix who was opiuisc.l 
 to tlie missions, and would not; allow 8ei'i\'i to conlirm until the viceroy was 
 apiK ide<l to and told him to let the pailres alone. 
 
 ''*(b«>i Fnuuisco, Lib. ik MiAuii, MS., 10. She came back next year m iih 
 
EODEGA Y CUADIL\ AND ARTEAGA. 
 
 329 
 
 Entered San Francisco Bay the Favurita September 
 1 4tli, lollowed next day by the Priaccsa. They were 
 cxiiloring vessels commanded by lieutenants ]Jodeo-a 
 y Cuadra and Ignacio Arteaga respectively, the latter 
 "hclng chief in command.^" They had left San 131as in 
 I'VbriKuy, and had been up the coast to latitude GO", 
 and on the return had explored the old bay of Sau 
 Fi-ancisco under Point Reyes whore the San Ayuxtlii 
 was cast away, this being the first visit since the time 
 of Vizcaino. The men were many ( -f them sick with 
 sciU'N y and the ships remained for six weeks in jiort 
 f»r their benefit. In Cuadra's possession was au 
 iiiinge in bronze of Nuestra Scnora do los Hemedios, 
 [)ied from the original in Mexico, which ho presentetl 
 
 00 
 
 to the mission and which was placed on the altar with 
 ])r()])er ceremonies the 3d of October. Next day the 
 festival of the patron saint was celebrated, and in 
 connection with the ceremony three natives brought 
 from the northern coasts were baptized. Seira could 
 not come up in time for the festival on account of 
 d'aiuetos with Neve; but a little later he was met by 
 the naval officers at Santa Clara and came to San 
 Francisco to administer confirmation as we have seen, 
 insisting on walking all the way and refusing to have 
 liis ulcerated leg treated after arrival. A courier now 
 arrived overland with tidings of Viceroy Bucareli's 
 death and of the war with England. This hurried the 
 vessels away, and after hasty j^reparations in view of 
 possible hostilities on the high seas, they sailed Octo- 
 ber 30th, bearing important despatches from Serra, 
 and leaving Matias Noriega in place of Father Cam- 
 bon, wlio retired on account of ill-hcalth.^'^ 
 
 ; I 
 
 the siimc officers, except that 'Misjuel Davalos wns olmplain, entering Mon- 
 terey in Oetolicr nnd unloading tlirte, to tiu.' greii'^' inconvcniunco of San I^i'an- 
 ii.-<(u, wail her the cargo had to be carried bv la: d. J'rdoii, Xol., ii. oGS-O; 
 
 J'ror. j;<r., MS., ii. :\2--x 
 
 '" Accurding to S. /Vn??f(.-TO, Lih dc ilA'sjcff, !>,IS., 11-12; Pnloii, Vhia, 
 2.11-1!. Lieut. Quirc'is y Mii\inda was cue ol' Lj! u oliiccrs. Canizaivs and 
 JIaiiivllc ^\•ere also on the vessels. 
 
 ^'Siiii Fnninncv, Lih. ik Mix'ion, !MS., II: .'iQi'' :/n >/ C'uadm, Xarajririoii, 
 etc., 177!), MS.; Ai'kaija, l\rcint Ejciiloraciou, 2,70, ^IS.; Jlaurilk, Aute- 
 
 4 
 
i|i 
 
 330 
 
 A DECADE COMPLETED. 
 
 There is yet another iiuiritiinc event to be inchulcd 
 in tlie annals of 1770, namely: the arrival of the first 
 Manila galleon. OtT Monterey harbor the 11th of 
 Oetober arrived the San Jv.se, and the coniniandei-, 
 Joso Iniparan, sent a boat ashore asking for a ])ilot 
 and that buoys be i)laced to mark deep water, alluding 
 to the royal orders for the galleons to get water and 
 food here."^ Neve's reply- the records fail to show. 
 Palou states that the ship's boat took off a sheep and 
 basket of vegetables from Carmelo Bay, while the otK- 
 ccr went across to the presidio. There a bull was 
 given and the key of the storehouse, also the required 
 pilot, or a soldier who knew the harbor; but the boat 
 was upset just as the men boarded the ship and a sud- 
 den wind forced her to depart without anchoring, 
 taking the soldier with her to Cape San Lucas." l\n- 
 paran was however blamed subs^^quently for his action 
 in this atfair; for General Croix writes to Neve on 
 July 17, 1782, that the king has been notified of Tni- 
 paran's refusal to anchor at INIonterey;-^ and indeed 
 Minister of State Galvcz writes in February of the 
 same year that thouiih siijfnal fires were lit at Monte- 
 rey the galleon paid no attention, sailing for Cai)e San 
 Li'icas in defiance of ro3'al orders; that the ki'ig is 
 much displeased; and that in future galleons must call 
 at Monterey under a j)enalty of four thousand dollars, 
 mdess prevented by contrary winds. 
 
 Besides the arrival and departure of vessels, and 
 Father Junipero's visits to the different missions for the 
 
 gacion, ^NFS.; I>oih')a y Cucidra, Seqimda Sal'ida, MS.; Pyov. lire., JTS.. i. 
 U2-4; I'ror. St. J'f(p.\ MS., ii. 4!)-.")0; Pdhii, Not., ii. ;W;-(i4; Id., Vhhi, 
 1G")-71; Bustunuiidc, Stiph metdo, 34-3. There arc some iliH'eieiiees aliniit 
 the ilate of ile))artiu'e. The rumor of wnv with England e.aiiscd the two ( 'ali- 
 fornia transports iSVn) Ch/'/o.'J anil Sun Aidoulo to bo sent in the autniun of 
 1771) over to ihuiila to give notice of danger and carry .S;{(>0,000 i:i money 
 l'a(h'e Font went as ehaphhn on the Sen Cdrlon. Cunilwni recovered his 
 health, resolved to retnrn, and Ixjught maize and snj:ar with his earnings as 
 chaplain. The fsupplies he sent up on the Saiifiaijo, hut he way obliged iiini- 
 self to make a tii)) to Acapnlco and perhaps to Manila under Heccta on the 
 Priiirctri. P(dou, Not., ii. .'iO.j-7. 
 
 '^ lm])anin's letter in I'rou. St. Pap., MS., ii. 38. 
 
 '^-Pidoti, i\o/., ii. 3()3-4. 
 
 »' Prut: St. Pap., MS., iii. 228. 
 
LOCAL ITEJIS. 
 
 331 
 
 purpose of administering confirmation, there is but 
 little to be noted in the way of'loeal events. Neophyte 
 alcaldes and rcgidorcs were chosen in 1779 for the 
 older missions; two of each for San Cdi'los and San 
 Diego, and one for San Antonio, San Luis, and San 
 (iabiiel.fv Neve at his coming had found the so-called 
 lU'csidios to be mere collections of huts, enclosed in 
 slight fences of sticks called palisades, altogether 
 ina(U'(juate to purposes of defence, even against the 
 poorly armed Californians. He gave special attention 
 to this matter and with such success that on the 3d 
 of July 1778 there was complctccl at Monterey a wall 
 of stone 5-37 yards in circumference, 12 feet high and 
 iour feet thick, enclosing ten adobe houses each 21 by 
 24 feet, with barracks 13G by 18 feet not quite fin- 
 ished. At San Francisco walls were also being built, 
 but of adobe, which the rains of January and Feljruaiy 
 of 1779 undermined and destroyed, showing that hero 
 also stone must be used. At San Diego stones were 
 being collected for foundationp in 1778, but we hear 
 nothing definite of progress for several years. At 
 San Francisco presidio a new chapel was in course of 
 erection at the bcu'inning of 1780;"' while at San 
 Diego mission a new adobe church, strengthened and 
 rooft'd with pine tindjers, was this year completed. It 
 was ninety feet long by seventeen feet wide and high. 
 The farmers of San Jose M^erc prospering in a quiet 
 wav, vaisinof over 700 bushels of orain in 1780, and 
 lui\iug at that date nearly GOO head of live-stock, largo 
 and small. San Gabriel and San Luis had some 
 2,000 bushels of surplus maize."''"' 
 
 At the end of this first decade of its history the 
 Spanish settlements in California consisted of three 
 ])resi(Uos, one pueblo, and eight missions. There were 
 at these establishments besides the governor, two lieu- 
 
 -' A limiso was burncil at tlio presidio Oct. 1 1, 1770, ami with it tliu Ims- 
 pit;;! tiiit of tlio two vessels Pruicimt aii<l I'ururVa. 
 
 ^M)ii local matters 1778-80 sec Arch. St<i UarUura. MS., x. 40r)-."13; Proi\ 
 }!■<:. MS., i. ISI. -,1, 83, 80, 104, 117, l-'O, Vl'l-o, l'J7-8; ii. •-'l--.'j I'roc. St. 
 I'cp., MS,, ii. ;ji)-7. 
 
 I 
 
sn-j 
 
 A DECADE COMPLETED. 
 
 J 1 
 
 ■ I 
 
 tenants, tlirco sergeants, 14 corporals, about 140 sol- 
 diers, 30 HU'cioiU'ss, 20 settlers, live niaster-niechanics, 
 one surgeon, and three stoi-e-kcepers, IG Franciscan 
 missionaries, and about 3,000 neophytes. The total 
 ])opulation of Spanish and mixed blood was not l;if 
 iVoni 500. The annual expense to the royal treasury 
 ol'kceping up these establishments was nearly $50,000, 
 or some 610,000 more than was provided for by tliu 
 regulation of 1773.-" 
 
 "For a list of male iuhabitajits of California from 17G9 to 1800, see end of 
 this volume. 
 
1800, see end of 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 A NEW REaLA:MENTO— COLONISTS AND RECRUITS -LOS 
 ANGKLE8 FOUNDED. 
 
 1781. 
 
 NEVI;'s RKfiLAMENTO IN FoRCF,— INSPECTORS OF PRESIDIOR— ScrPI.Y SVSTKM — 
 
 I!ai;ii,itai)0 — Tuk Santa Uart.aca Ciiannkl to iik Occupikd — Coloni- 
 zation Systlm — Mission Extension— Preparations for New Estaii- 
 i.isiniENTs — Rivera's Kecki-itino in Sonora and Sinaloa — Plans vmi 
 Tin; ilAucH — CoMiNd OK ]1ivera via tuk Colorado, and of Zl.nkia 
 VIA Loueto — Arrival / • San Gaiiriel — Fol'ndixo of Los ANt;ELEs — 
 Neve's Instrfctions — Names of the Oricinai. Settlers — Early 
 ruooREss— Final DisTRiiirTitiN of Lands in 17SG — Map of Scrvev- 
 San Jose DisTuinuTioN in J7H3 — Map— Local Items — Lavinc; the 
 Corner-stone of the Cuurcu at Santa Cuvra — Movements of Ves- 
 sels AND Missionaries. 
 
 At tlio bcijiniiiiiG: of 1781 the new rcsfiilation for 
 tlie ij;'ovoriiiiieiit of California went into ofteet pro- 
 visionally by order of Coniandantc General Croix of 
 the Provincias Internas <le Occidente, receiving the 
 fuiinal approval of King Carlos III., October 24th 
 (•t'tlio same 3'ear/ but dating back to the 1st of Juno 
 1771), in its original drawing-up by Neve. Echevcstc's 
 ix'g'iilation of 1773,^ resulting chiefly from the labors 
 of President Serra in behalf (jf California during his 
 vihiit to Mexico, had been designed as a tenipoiarv 
 <-\}>L'(lient rather than a permanent system; and liio 
 ;i.iiii ill preparing ihe document to supersede it Avas to 
 Iji'iiig the Californian establishments, so far as possible, 
 
 ' V( (V, Ii('(]l(tmen(o 6 InMrucdoiu MS. For the Rcglamoiito in print see 
 Arriltd'jd, U<coiiihmou, IS'JS, li!l-7o. Orders of Cioix of Sept. •_'!, 17.S0, in 
 I'riif. SI, Pap., MS., ii. 1 14. Neve aekiiowlcdged receipt uf preceding (irder 
 •Ian. '-'(I, 17S1, Id., ii. 38-9. Sec iiist i)ages of cliapter xv. of tlii.s vo nine. 
 
 ■ I!' [ilatthnito (le:.'.'f ilc Moijo lllJ, and /</. , Ihliriiiinucion <!r S di- Jul'o, MS., 
 ■i; /'"/•'(, Xot., i. 550-71, Ot5'J-l)4. See chapter ix. of this volume. 
 
334 
 
 COLONISTS AND RECRUITS. 
 
 i 
 
 under the £>'eiic'r;il syfstein jir'uvalciit in tlio (iIIkt 
 interior provinces, anil cmlxKlicd in the rf)yal i'eL;ii- 
 lation for frontier presidios,^ with such luodilieatioiis 
 us were rendered necessary by the distance and pecnlinr 
 cii-cunistan(.'es of Cahfornia jis shown ]>y t^xpiritiicr 
 under the old system. Elscwliere in this series I 
 devote some space to a carefid study of the presidiij 
 system in all its workinn's and details. Hence to enter 
 here mto tbe minutiae of the new regulation avouM 
 .serve no usc:ful ])ur[)ose. I therefore notice the docu- 
 ment hrieily in its main features as the beginning' of 
 a new e[)och, its practical workings will in a general 
 way be apparent in the course of events from year to 
 year. Tlio reader will thus be led to peruse with 
 interest, (jualitied to study with profit, or enabled {o 
 omit altogetluvr the later analysis necessary in a woik 
 of this character for purposes of reference, but net 
 interestintjf to a larLre class of general rcadeis. 
 
 The distance and isolation of California prevei 
 regular visits of the royal inspector of frontier ^ 
 si<hos, the governor was made provincial inspeeti)i', 
 responsible by virtue of this new commission for the 
 enforcement of the reixulations. But that the duties 
 of the new position might not interfere with other 
 official duties, the actual work of inspecting the \nv- 
 sidioswas given to an adjutant inspector acting under 
 the inspector's orders.'* Supplies of all kinds were as 
 before to be shi[)ped from San Bias, being j.urchased in 
 accordance with annual memovias of articles required, 
 forwarded through governor to viceroy, and delivered 
 to soldiers and servants in payment of their wages. 
 There was, however, an important change in one re- 
 spect; for the former profit of a hundred and fifty pir 
 cent was relinquished hj the government, and sup- 
 l)lies were furnished to the men at their cost in San 
 Bias, no addition being made for transportation by 
 
 ' Presidios, lifrjlamaito ( Ivstrwcion de 10 dc Sept. 1772. 
 
 * Nicolas Soler iirst held this iJosition from November 17S1 under Inspect- 
 
 or Neve. 
 
NEW REGLAMKXTO. 
 
 3.n 
 
 sea. As an olfset to tlii.s reduction the pay of soldiers 
 uas reduced al>out forty per cent,'' tliey were oMii^ed 
 lo submit to losses and damage incurred on the voy- 
 iv^v, .'Uid tlicy Were obhged to pay two \n;v cent to an 
 /i<il)i/i/(i(Ii). This hist named oflieial tcjok the place 
 (if the old f/uanla-<dniaccn, or store-keeiier, and had 
 cliarL^e, subject to the ins[)ection of his conuuandant, 
 el" the reception and distribution of j>ay and rations 
 and tlie keeping of company accounts. The liabi- 
 litado was chosen from among the subaltern ollicer.^5 
 by each presidial company, and the com[)any was i-e- 
 .sjionsible for any deficit in his accounts." While sup- 
 plies were yet to bo imported from aln-oad as a mat- 
 ter of necessity, the habilitado was authorized to pui'- 
 cliase California productions whenever offered, and it 
 was exitected that all grain consumed would soon bo 
 i^rown in the couL'try, or in 'the j)eninsula,' as even 
 L'i)]>er California was still called. 
 
 Tlie new regulation provided for the occn[)ation of 
 tlie Santa Barbara Channel region, in aci-ordanco 
 with Neve's oriu'inal idea, by the foundin*'* of a 
 nrw })residio and nnssion of Santa ]3ai'bara in the 
 centre, and two missions, San Buenaventura and Pu- 
 ii^iina. at the extremities of the Chamiei coast. It 
 also made j'l'^^vision for two jjueblos, the one al- 
 ivady founded at San Jose, and anotliei- to be ostab- 
 lislu'd on the Rio Porcii'mcula and called Xuestra 
 Srnora do los Angeles. For the lour ])residios, and 
 tlio eleven missions and two pueldos under their [)ro- 
 tcc'tion, a force of four lieutenants, four sub-lieutenants, 
 or alfereces, six sergeants, sixteen corporals, one hun- 
 dred and seventy-two soldiers, one surgeon, and five 
 niaster-nu^chanics was allowed at an annual ex[)enso 
 lur salaries of $53,453. Froui this force a sergeant 
 
 ader Inspect- 
 
 * A ser.'paiit's pnywaa reduood from ^tOO to 82C'2,: corporal, 8400 to B'-2:r, 
 soliliw, s;{tJO to 8^*17. oO; inccluiuic, .S300 to$180. A liculciuiiit uas to get 
 ^■jM instead of .*!:">00 ; an alforez §400; and iv surgeon .'?4r)0. 
 
 'The lirst liabilitados, in 1781, were Mariano Carrillo at Monterey, Iler- 
 iiKii('.riiii,j ,sal at San Francisco, Jose do Ziiiiiga at Sau Diego, and Josu F. 
 Oituga at Santa Barbara. 
 
II 
 
 m-i^ 
 
 III 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i; 
 
 sno 
 
 COLONISTS AXD RECRUITS. 
 
 and fourteen men wore to be stationed temporarily 
 at San Buenaventura and Purisiina; a corporal and 
 five men at each of the other missions; four soldiers 
 at each of the pueblos f(.)r two years; and the rest t(j 
 be retained for presidio service proper.'^ 
 
 Section xiv. of the regulation deals with the new 
 and important subject of pueblos and colonizatir»ii. As 
 the foundation of pueblo land-titles this section Iia;-; 
 played an important part in the subsequent litic^'atioi is 
 of (.'alifornian courts, and has often been repuldlslied 
 and translated.'^ The system of distributing puelilo 
 lands, left somewhat vague at first, not reduced b) au 
 exact science in the pi'actical a])plication of ];i(er 
 years, and nlniost inextricably confused by tlie volu- 
 minous explanations of lawyers since 1849, need not 
 be cl(.)sely analyzed hov. It was only in its strictly 
 lesjfal asi)ects that the niieblo sv^tenv was va-'iie oi- 
 comjdicated. Historically all was (dear euougli. Ac- 
 cordincT to the ricw reLjulations settlers v.'ere to In; 
 (detained from the (dder provinces and estaldished i:i 
 California; to be granted each a ]iouse-l<)t and a tract 
 of la. id for cultivation; to be su})]died at the bv^'ginuiiig 
 %vitli the necessary livc-stoch, ini'dements, and seed, 
 which advance was to be gradually repaid witliin live 
 years from the i)roduce of tlie land; to ])e Daid ("iich nu 
 annual sum ^IIG.50 for two 3-ears, and of -VGO f )r tli ^ 
 next three years, the payment to be in clothing and 
 other necessary articles at cost prices; to have as 
 c;)nnnunities the use of government lands for pn^tur- 
 a'jfe and the obtaininuf of wood and water; and, tinallv, 
 to be free for five vcars i'rom all tithes or other taxes. 
 Government aid in the way of moiu-y and cattle was to 
 bo given only to colonists who hd"t tlieir own country to 
 come to California; but in respect of lands other colo- 
 
 'Tlii.s loft '27 iiipu to S.an Diego, 2^^ to Santa ]5dil)ai'a, 27 to Mdiih'ny, 
 mul 1!) to San Franci.sco. 
 
 "For translation koc Ilalhrk'.'i Hr/mrf, Sl.ft Coinf., Itt Smu., I/. Kr. J>>": 
 17, Y>. I'M: Join's' l?i/iort. Xo. 4; U. S. Sup. Conrf' I'r/ilx., i., llockwull, 4k i; 
 Dirjiirlk'.i Colon, llixl. S. /'., addenda, ;i ; //«//",•< /lis/. San Jo-^v, 40U-7;ii 
 bubidos rcfcreucca more or less complete in many \c^\A biiefd. 
 
PUEBLO REGULATIONS. 
 
 337 
 
 iii>t?,.-LK'li as discliargcd soldiers, were entitled to equal 
 
 tij ^iIonttTt \', 
 
 i)nviJe<i-es. 
 
 In return for aid thus received the colonists were 
 hiii)|>ly required to sell to the presidio^ exclusively 
 the surplus prtjducts of their lands, at fair prices to 
 he fixed from time to time by the fjovernmeut, in 
 accordauccwith market rates in the southern p''ovinces, 
 111 the total absence of other purchasers this re(piire- 
 lueiit would for many years at least prove a decided 
 IniieHt rather than a burden. Each settler must keep 
 liiiuself and horses and musket in readiness fin' military 
 service in an emergency. Other conditions were im- 
 posed, l)Ut all more directly advantageous to the set- 
 tler than to the government. Thus the jx^bladores 
 must take their farms together within pueblo limits 
 ((f four square leagues according to the Spanish law 
 and custom; they could not alienate their land, nor 
 in any way encumber it with mortgages or otherwise; 
 tliey must build houses, dig irrigating ditches, culti- 
 vate, own, and keep in repair certain implements, and 
 maintain a certain number of animals; they could not 
 kill or otherwise disnose of their live-stock except 
 under certain regulations to insure its increase; neither 
 could one person own more than fifty animals of a kind 
 and thus monopolizo the pueblo wealth; and finally, 
 each pueblo must perform certain community work in 
 the construction of dams and irrigating canals, on 
 roads and streets, in a church and the necessary town 
 buildings, in tilling the iwopioi^, or pueblo lands, from 
 the })ro(luct of which municipal expenses were to be 
 paid. ^Municipal o.ticers were at the beginning ap- 
 pointed by the governor but afterwards chosen by the 
 people. This system of colonization was in every 
 respect a wise one and well ada[)ted to the needs of 
 the country. If it was not successful, it is \o tlx; 
 character of the colonists, the mildness of the climate, 
 and the opposition of the missionaries that we must 
 look for the causes of failure. 
 
 The regulation provided in its last section for the 
 
 Hist. Cal. Vol. I. 22 
 
338 
 
 COLONISTS AND RECRUITS. 
 
 9 H 
 
 3 ^ !■ : 
 
 establislimont in the future of now missions, in addi- 
 tion to tho throe to bo immediately founded. By tlic 
 line of eleven missions located alon<^ the coast at in- 
 tervals of from fourteen to twenty-five leagues, with 
 four protectinj^ presidios at greater intervals, commu- 
 nication would, it was thought, be sufficientlv secured; 
 and new nu'ssions should be located on a second line 
 farther inland, each new establishment being as far 
 as possible equidistant from two of the old ones, and 
 from fourteen to twenty leagues east. Two ministers as 
 before were to be left in each of the old arid of the 
 three Channel missions, but the places of those mIio 
 died or retired were not to be filled so long as one 
 padre was left at each mission, except that at presidio 
 missions there were to be two friars until some other 
 provision should be made for cha})lains. New mis- 
 sions were to have but a single minister with an 
 annual stipend of four hundred dollars; and tliis sum, 
 with the $1,000 allowed each new foundation, must 
 suftice for all needs both religious and temporal. The 
 old establishments Avero, however, to contribute ani- 
 mals and seed, and they might also supply a compan- 
 ion minister for a year. No necessity for an increased 
 military force was anticipated, since the temporary 
 pueblo guards and the extra force at San Buenaven- 
 tura and Purfsima would provide for at least four 
 new guards without diminishing the presidi.il gan-i- 
 .sons. It will be noted that this section of the regu- 
 lation shows less indications of missionary inllueiice 
 in its shaping than did Echeveste's which was in- 
 spired by Serra; but we shall also .see that most of 
 the ])resent prf)visions were of no practical effect until 
 modified by Franciscan influences. 
 
 !;f? 
 
 Meanwhile preparatiims for the proposed ne\. ostah- 
 lishments were going on slowly, preparations that had 
 iK'gun with Neve's arrival in the country, his reiioit 
 of ,)une 1777 on the means and importance of con- 
 trolling the eight or ten thousand natives of the twenty- 
 
PKErAr.ATIOXS AXD INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 339 
 
 10 
 
 one Cliannel lanclierias," and liis provisional foundinc^ 
 of San Jose. General Croix approved the governor's 
 sL'henics for new cstabliyliraents in Septend)er 1778, 
 ;iii(l sonic correspondence on minor details followed. 
 Xcve as we have seen included his plans in the regu- 
 lation of June 1779, which Croix approved in Sep- 
 tcm1»('r. Actual operations toward a carrying-out of 
 tlic plans were begun at the end of the year by Rivera 
 V ]\l<)ncada, lieutenant governor of Lower Californi;i,'^ 
 will) at Xeve's order crossed the gulf and went to 
 Ari/.pe to receive from Croix certain instructions which 
 liDi'e date of December 27, 1779, and by which Rivera 
 was intrusted with the recruiting in Sinaloa and Sonora 
 (if soldiers and settlers for California;^^ the former for 
 tlic Santa Bdrbara presidio and missions, the latter 
 fur the new pueblo on the Rio Porciiiucula to be called 
 Oucen of the Anfjels. 
 
 111 a preliminary letter Rivera's attention is called 
 to the importance of his mission and he was flattered, 
 ns was the custom in such documents, with expres- 
 sions of confidence in his ability and witli prospectix'e 
 njiproval by tlie king. He is also reminded of a pop- 
 ular idea that Californian wa<jfes, while looking well on 
 pajxn-, are liable to a woful shrinkage in actual priic- 
 ticc; an idea that of course will seriously intnfero 
 with recruiting, and must lie dispelled by a careful 
 ('\])lanatioii of the exact terms offe'red, without ex- 
 ii'><>eration. The settler must understand that he is 
 
 to recei 
 
 ten dollars a month and regular rations for 
 
 V/w. TZ^-c.MS., i. 70-3. 
 
 '" i'rov. St. Pap., MS., ii. 0, 7; Pmv. 7?.v., MS., i. 12-2-3. Xcvo rm Sept. 
 '2'.\. 177s, iinnouiKX'il to tliu kiii^' what lie Imil doiio, iiml tiic kin^'".s appinval was 
 fnrwanlid ],y Croix .Tnly 1!1, 1770. Pmr. St. Pup., MS., ii. 47. 
 
 '' ' liivcia y Marcado, Comandaiito of tin; presidio of Monterey,' is m hat 
 Ifall calls him. ll'ist. Sun Jos''\ l'.(-'J4. This is a fair .sample of the w.iy in 
 »hi(!i ( 'aliforniaii alVairs are treated hy liioderu writers, llall as I liave .'<ai<l 
 licJM^ al]cjvo the avcratjo of his class. 
 
 '- ' ■/•(*/(•, In4nir''loii qiw d hr (ilmrrnir < I Cfiji'ttdn l>. Fi'vimvilo Jtin ra ij Mon- 
 ciiihi piirii la irvliild 1/ hd'iUlricioii de /ainiliitx, polihnlord^ // fro/fi, aropi'i ili> 
 inii,iliirii.-<, Irrt.ipoiir <lr l0'la-i 1/ ih iwih (iii.iilius que Im .sollcitdilo ij .-c rnnciil' 11 al 
 Cnr'HK I 1). J'dipi' (If .Xcrt', (luliirixiilor lit' I 'iill/oniin", para 1 1 rcsijiirtnlo, lum - 
 til i'l >/ f()u»n'(ir'ion lie loi nitcrus 1/ aiitl(jiiO'<cMahla:liui(jiitoii ilc aquilla Pniiii-''i'la. 
 .NhS. 
 
340 
 
 COLONISTS AND RECRUITS. 
 
 n\si 
 
 , I 
 
 tliroo ycars/^ beginning with the date of onhstnioiit, 
 and subject to no discount; but the advance of cloth- 
 ing, live-stock, seed, and implements must be gradu- 
 ally repaid, not by a discount on wages, but from tlic 
 surplus products of the land. Soldiers on the con- 
 trary, having a permanent and larger salary, must 
 lepay by 'prudent discounts' the sums advanced in 
 aid of themselves and families. 
 
 Coming now to the body of the instruction, wo 
 learn that the subaltern officers required for the in- 
 creased force of California, with one exception, liad 
 been selected and commissioned,''* and that twcutv- 
 live soldiers had been selected from the volunteers of 
 the presidial companies of Sonora to serve out thiir 
 time in California, their service beginning February 
 1st when they were to assemble at Horcasitas. There 
 were to be recruited twenty-four settlers and fii'ty- 
 nine soldiers, and to obtain them Rivera was alhnved 
 to go beyond the limits of the Provincias Internas. 
 as far as Guadalajara if necessary. Twenty-fivo of 
 the new recruits were to fill the places of those taken 
 from the presidios, so that ordy thirty -four soldiers 
 were to go to California. These and the twenty-lour 
 settlers must be married men, accompanied by their 
 families, healthy and robust, likely to lead regular 
 lives, and to set a good example to the natives. I'he 
 settlers must include a mason, a carpenter, and p. 
 blacksmith. All must bind themselves to ten years' 
 service. Female relatives of the pobladores, if un- 
 married, should be encouraged to accompany the fam- 
 ilies with a view to marriaixe with bachelor soldicis 
 
 :i 1^ 
 
 "This, strangely enough, does not agree exactly with the regulation, 
 vliich ollors Jjllt) per year for two years anil §00 for the next thi<;c, thcso 
 KuniH including rations; neither was the pay to begin aeeordiug to the rcgla- 
 niento, until tlie grant of a lot in one of the pueblos. 
 
 "These were lieutenants Alonso Villaverde and Diego Gonzalez, ••uid 
 alfereecH Mariano Carrillo, Manuel Gareia Ruiz, and Ramon Lasso de l.i 
 Vega, one alfuiez remaining to be appointeil after eonimltation with (inv. 
 Ni!ve. Lieut, .lose Ziiirga was a little later substituti^d for \'ilLiverdi', who 
 ni'ver came to California; Alferez Jose Dario Argiiillu was also sent in |ilaco 
 of Ruiz; and Josii Velas(£Uez was appointed to iill tl)e vacant place of tliu 
 fourtli alferez. 
 
 
ENLISTMENT IN SINALOA. 
 
 341 
 
 already in California. The rendezvous for the whole 
 company was to be at Alamos, except such as niijjjht 
 bu obtained in Guadalajara, who were to go by st>a 
 from San Bias. From Alamos the recruits and their 
 Ijimilics were to be forwarded by sea or land as might 
 bo decided later. Nine hundred and sixty-one horses 
 and mules were to be purchased and were to go by 
 way of the Gila and Colorado.^' 
 
 On February 10, 1780, General Croix sent to Neve 
 a copy of his instructions to Rivera, with the informa- 
 tion that the latter had already begun his work, that 
 tlie recruits would probably come in three divisif)ns, 
 and that the land expedition would start, if nothing 
 luippcned, in September or October.^*' The general 
 also enclosed copies of his communications to the 
 viceroy on the same subject, from one of which it 
 apjK'ars that the plan of obtaining volunteer soldiei's 
 from the Sonora presidios had been a failure, so tliat 
 all the new recruits must go to California. In another 
 couuiumication Croix called on the viceroy for various 
 measures in behalf of the new^ establishments, includ- 
 ing a resurvey of the channel with a view to find a 
 suitable landing-place for supjilies. He also called 
 attention to the fact that for tlie three new missions 
 six I'riars would be needed, four of whom should sail 
 from San Bias and accompany the land expedition. 
 San i)uenaventura had already an allowance of iij; 1,000, 
 and the same sum should be allowed the others, being 
 cxj)('ndcd in sacred vestments, vessels, and utensils to 
 be shi[)pcd from San Jjlas. Six peons with ])ay and 
 rations for three years should also be furnished to 
 cjicb of the new missions. 
 
 JJy the 1st of August Rivera had recruited forty- 
 tivc soldiers and seven settlers, and thouLirht he would 
 nave to go to Guadalajara; but l)y the 25tli he had so 
 noarl}' completed his full number at Rosario,in Sinaloa, 
 
 '■"Atthc end of the InHnicrioii (pp. SO-4) arc given full lists of the fiiti- 
 cl("<, chitdy of elotliing, to he fiirnislieil eacli recruit, soldier or poblador, 
 man or woiiuiii, l)oy or girl. 
 
 '' Crui.v to Neve, Feb. 10, 1780, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., ii. 89-9D. 
 
 •:.■' 
 
ir' 
 ii 
 |i| 
 
 i' 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 ii 
 
 • ■::i- 
 
 t.:; 
 
 '^:| 
 
 •i^' 
 
 fi 
 
 ■i'-j* ' 
 
 lili- 
 
 
 f 
 
 :m-2 
 
 COLONISTS AXP RKCRUITS. 
 
 that lie tlioui^ht it lu-st to uhandon tlie southern ivi^), 
 iiud ivturned to the iiortli." Mc obtained, lio\V(*vii', 
 l)ut little more than half the fidl nund>er of settlers. 
 In a letter of Deeeniher IHth Croix eKi)lains that one 
 party un<ler Gonznlez and Lasso will cross over in 
 L(»reto, proceed to San Luis Bay hy water, and theiicc 
 hy land to San Diego; while the rest, forty-two sol- 
 diers with their families, will march l>y way of tlic 
 (N)lorado under ]Vivc!ra in person, escorted above 
 Tucson by sixty-five men from the Sonora presidios 
 under Lieutenant Andres Arias Cahallero, This escort 
 was to be sent back Irom the Coloi'ado except such a 
 detachment as Kivera might deem necessary to go 
 i'arther, under Allert'z Cayetano Jjimon.^"* The date 
 when liivera and his land expedition Ivi't Alamos in 
 Sonora is not exactly known, but was probably in 
 Aj^ril 1781. With it went also ]jieutenant GonzaK'z 
 who had been transferred from the other party, and 
 AHerez Jose Dari'o Argilello. Thirty of the soldiers 
 w'ere accompanied by their families, but tlun-e were 
 no settlers proper with this expediticMi. Of cjvents 
 along the way there is no record. Progress was very 
 slow, in accordance with the orders* of Croix, to axcid 
 needless fatigue and hardship to lamilies, and also to 
 keep the live-stock in good condition. Neve, hearing 
 of Rivera's approach, sent Sergeant Juan .Fose llobles 
 with five or six soldiers from San DicLi'o and ^r(>nterev 
 to meet him on the Coh)rado. Joined by this guaid 
 Rivera sent back most of the Sonora troops; de- 
 s})atched the California-bound company — except fi\c 
 or six men whom he retained — to their d'-stination 
 under Gonzalez escorted by Limon and nine sokliers; 
 
 '' Croix to Neve September '21st, iiieiitioiiint; letters frnni Rivera, in Pror. 
 Sf. Pn/K, Ms., ii. <S!)-<(!). Xov. Intli, (luvoriinr Neve asks* tlie vieeroy fur 
 ?:},0(lO with wliiih to piircliafie yraiii I'roiu Sau (Jabriel and San Liii;''. 'Jlie 
 >/(r;/(o/v'«s asked for Sant.i Barliara amount to iJl'JjO.VJ, niueh of tiie amount 
 lieiiiii ill implements, etc., to tie eharged to settlers. I'ruv. /iVr., MS., ii. .")•!• 
 
 'Troix to Neve, December IS, I7S(), in /'for. Sf. Pu/)., ii. I17--o. I'mlia- 
 My 4"J soldiers — possibly one or two less —did start by this route as intendid, 
 and 17 by the other route, completing the full number of '■>'.). The settlers all 
 sirm to have come via Loreto, and so far as the records show there were 
 only 11 of them, two of whom ran away before i-eaching California. 
 
ARRIVAL OF SETTLERS. 
 
 313 
 
 uhilc lio witli Rubles and nine or ton men oncanipud 
 Ileal' t]i(^ river, on the eastern or Aiizona l^ank, witli 
 a vit w to aH'ord needed rest to a part of the live-stock 
 and tlien resume Lis journey wi'stward. (^lonzalez, 
 LiiiioM, Argiiello, tliirty-five soldiers, thirty families, 
 and tlie Sonora escort arrived at San (Jahriel the 14tli 
 ol'.luly. As it was deemed impossible to transj)ort sup- 
 ]»li(S .'in<l complete other preparations Ix^forc the rainy 
 .season, Neve decided to postpone the Channel founda- 
 linns until the next year.^" Limon with his nine; men 
 soop started back for Sonora byway of the Coloi'ado. 
 
 ]\leanwJiile the rest of the recruits crossed tlie gulf 
 i'lniii (Juaymas to Loreto, luider connnand of Lieuten- 
 ant .Fose Zuniga substituted for Gonzalez. Seventeen 
 men, i)rolja]jly soldiers, with their families, left Loreto 
 ^[arcli l"2th under Alferez Lasso and reached San 
 }a\U Bay by water April 24tli, soon followed l)y the 
 ]est under Zuhiga, this last division including nj)par- 
 ently ele\en settlers and their families, two of the 
 original number havmg deserted and one remainin<if 
 for a time at Loreto. All were en route for the north 
 (in May Kith, when Neve communicated the preced- 
 ing' I'acts to General Croix,^'' and all arrived August 
 LSth at San Gabriel, where they were obliged to 
 riicamp in (juarantino for a time, at a distance of a 
 li ague from the mission, some of the children having 
 I'econtly recovered from the small-pox."^ 
 
 That section of tlie regulation relating to pueblos 
 and eolonizalion had already been made public in Gal- 
 it'ninia in a special haiido dated March 8, 1781." 
 
 '■'Nuvo to Croix, July 14, 1781, in Prov. Her., M.S., ii. S7-8. .Some otliur 
 lining], ]it;iut corresponilcnco on the goiienil .sulijcct of tlio iiuw foumlalioiis is 
 f'Uiiil inJil., ii. 11, 40-1; Piov. ,St. Pup., Ben. Mil., MS., ii. 41 ; Pror. SI. 
 I'll I'-, MS., iii. 'lijo. 
 
 -"Xfvc to Croix, :\ray IG, 1781, in Prov. Per., MS., ii. 82. In tlii.s letter 
 Xevc jiiinoiuiL'e.s Inn intention to .send Itohles with I'J men to meet Kiveni. I 
 luive iihcady sstatetl that he sent only .'> or (> n\ili. I'iiloii, Xnf., ii. lis], ways 
 tile luiniljer Mils ■"). Rivera certiiiiily had 11 or ]'2 nun and all may li.ive Leen 
 tlio.e l^(.llt M ith ltoljle,s; but if he started witli 42 and only !i5 arrived, ralou's 
 vir.siun aeeouiits for the diserej'ancy. 
 
 ;;■ Xeve to Croix, Oct. 29. •'; ', in Prov. Per., MS., ii. 89-00. 
 
 '■'S/. Pciji. M't)<n. and Colon., MS., i. 105-19. This doc unient is literally 
 ideiitiLul with section xiv. of the rcylumeuto already referred to and found in 
 
 \%\ 
 
 
344 
 
 COLONISTS AND RECRUITS. 
 
 Thougli for reasons already given the foundation of 
 the Channel missicnis and the Santa Barbara presidio 
 was postponed, there was no reason for dela}' iu estah- 
 lishing the pueblo, since the site was near at hand and 
 the settlers had arrived. 3^]ven when Linion arrived 
 unexpeetedly at San Gabriel late in August with seven 
 survivors of his nine men, himself wounded, bringing 
 news of the terrible massacre on the River Colorado 
 in which Rivera had been killed, as will be related in 
 the following chapter, the residting excitement fur- 
 nished no motive for delay at Los Angeles. 
 
 Governor Neve issued his instructions fur founding 
 the pueblo of La Reina de los Angeles from Sun 
 (Gabriel on the 2Gtli of August. While au'reeiu"- 
 with, or literally copying the clauses of the regulati^u 
 which I have translated in the jireceding note, this 
 document contains many additional particulars rc- 
 
 1(1., 200-24, and clsewhci'c. The clauses relating to tlio distribution of lands 
 arc as followf!: 'The sulnrcs (huutiodots) granted to the new settlor:; must lie 
 designated by the government iu respect of location and extent aeeoiding to 
 the gronnd on wliicli the new pueblos arc established, so that plaza and stiicts 
 be formed as prescribed ])y the laws of the kingdom, eonforjiiabjy to m liiih 
 there shall also be designated for the pueblo a suitable cj'td'j (communs nr 
 vacant suburbs, to be divided into additional house-lots and given t > new 
 settlers if ve(iuircd) and diJusan (outside ]tastni-e-grounds iise<l in conniuin by 
 the settlers) with the sowingdands needed for jirnjihi-^ (lands rent( d for a 
 revenue to pay municipal expenses). Each siiuie (planting-lot) cf Inml, 
 wliether irrigable or depending on rainfall, nmst ])e 200 varas long and wide, 
 this l)eing tlic area generally occupied hy -a j'aia<ja, a bushel and a ha'f, of 
 maize in sowing. The distrilnition of said ntK rlcx, which like that of the .sol'.ifi -i 
 must lie made in the king's name, will be made l)y the government wiih 
 e([uality and with proportion to the irrigable land, so that, after making th<^ 
 eoi'responding demarcation and after reserving as liahtiiiK, or vacant, one fourtli 
 of tlie numl)ei' wliicii results from reckoning the number of settlers, tiny 
 (.iitrrtcs) sliidl bo distributed, if there are enough of tiiem, at the rate of two 
 niii'rtrH of irrigalile land to each settler and two more of dry; and of tiie irtil- 
 eiKjax (royal lands including the lots left vacant as aljovo) tlicre siiall lie sit 
 apart such as may be deemed necessary for the pueblo's projilo't (nuuiieipal 
 lands as above), and from the rest grants shall ))e made by the governor in 
 the name of his majesty '.o such as may come to setth; later,' especially to dis- 
 charged soldiers, etc. 'I'hc original is somewhat vaguely Mordcd and badly 
 punctuated, hardly two of the copies in r.ianuscript and print, or of the many 
 translations extant, being punctuated alike. The above is (lie meaning of tlio 
 clauses as clear as I can make it. I see no good reason for reproducing the 
 original vaguenessof expression wliere the meaning iselear, and in my opinion 
 the sendjolon objected to by ^Ir ])winelle, ('oloii. Jii<t. S. /'., adden('a, No. 
 4, brings o\it the signilication better than a comma. In learning the mean- 
 ing of a sentiiice even so frail athing as Mexican punctuation may be studied; 
 liaving discovered the meaning, there is no further use for the stops. 
 
to wiiii-h 
 ninons i>\' 
 I t ) new 
 iimnou liy 
 till fur ;i 
 f Inii.l, 
 and wiik', 
 ha'f, of 
 
 i\\V HOldl-l.-i 
 
 liii'iit villi 
 ikiug the 
 
 one foui'tli 
 iT.s, tiny 
 
 a 
 
 it< 
 
 f two 
 the /•(«/- 
 
 ill 
 
 L't 
 
 iniinii.ii)al 
 ovLTimr in 
 
 lytoilis- 
 ind liatlly 
 
 till! many 
 lin.i^iif thi3 
 hu-in,^ the 
 ny (ipiniiin 
 Uiu'a, No. 
 the iiiean- 
 )c atucUcil; 
 
 FOUNDING OF LOS ANGELES, 
 
 845 
 
 s])ict'iiii^ the siirv(>y and distribution of lots."^ Of 
 .siihst'ijiK'iit proceedings for a time we only know that 
 the pueblo was founded Septenil)er -ith, with twelve 
 settlers and their families, forty-six persons in all, 
 whose names are given and whose blood was a strange 
 mixture of IndiaJi and negro with here and there a 
 trace of Spanish."^ Two of the original recruits, ^Miguel 
 A'illa and Rafael Mesa, had deserted before reacliing 
 the country, one was still absent in the peninsula, and 
 
 ■^Xevr, Tmlrucc'wn para la Fimdacion de Los Awjdcs, /?6" <}i' At/of/o ITSl, 
 MS, After ticlecting a spot for a daiu and ditch with a view of irri'.-aun;.; tho 
 largest jiossible area of laiul, a site for tho pueblo was to lie seleeail on lii;,'ll 
 giuiind, in hig'it of tho sowing-lands, but at least '200 varas distant, near tho 
 rivi'i' or tho main diteh, with snllieient exposure to tho north and soatli winds. 
 Jhre a plax.a of "JOO x 'MO feet was to be laid out with its eornerH I'aiing tiio 
 lanliiial ]ioints, and with three streets running peipeudicularly from laeli of 
 its t'lar sides; thus no street would be swept by the wind, always sii])po.sint; 
 thiit the winds would eonline their action to the cardinal point-, b:it I lliinlc 
 till' Angeles winds liavo not always been well behaved iu this resjieet. Tho 
 lioiiselots arc toheeaeli '20 x 40 vai'as, and their number is to be eipial to that 
 lit' the available KKcrUs of irrigable ground, tliat is, more tliau double tliat of 
 till' ]H(sent inhabitants. Tlie eastern fide of the plaza is to be re^:e;■VL■ll for 
 ]nililic buildings. After the sun"ey and reservation of ri rdi ;/;/'(.sas ]ireseribed, 
 the settlers are to draw lots for the ««trtc'.<, beginning with those nearest tho 
 pueblo. 
 
 '" Ja>s A)i:i(lcf<, Padrondc llSl, MS.; Ortei/a, hi Sf. Pap., M!n-^\ and Culoii., 
 i. lO-t-o. The settlers were as follows: Jose de Lara, iSpiniard, T/J years 
 i)f age, wife Indian, A children; Josi5 Antonio Navarro, iue.-,tizo, 42 years, 
 wile luulaltiess, ;t children; Basilio Ivosas, Indian, (i!S years, wife jnulatUess, 
 (jcliildriii; Antonio .Mesa, negro, III] years, wife niulattress, "2 cliil livn; An- 
 tutiio (Felix) \'i!lavieeneio, Spaniard, 30 years, wife Indian, 1 child; JorA 
 \'aiiegus, Indian, "28 years, wile Indian, 1 child; Alejandn) Ilo.sas, Liilian, 19 
 ycar.-i, v.ife coyote (Indian); I'ablo liodrigucz, Indian, '2.') years, wif> Indian, 
 1 chilli; -Manuel C'amero, mulatto, 30 years, Mife mulattres.-<; Ijiii.i ;1r.in)oro, 
 negro, ,")j years, wife niulattress, 5 children; .Jose Moreno, mulatto, '22 years. 
 Mile inulattrcs-i; Antonio ^lirauda, ehino, oO years, 1 child. 'I Lo la;. ',-n;unci.l 
 was at lirst absent at Loreto. He was not a Chinaman, nor (-veu born in 
 (,'liiiia, as has b. en stated by some writers, but was the olispii!!g prolji'i;ly of 
 an Indian mother bj- a father of mixed Spanish and negro blood, rrom a 
 later paihon of ITS,'), Prov. St. Pap,, MS., xxii. '20, it appears that N;ivarro 
 v.as a tailor, and the age of several is given diU'erently. I'rom Jji-< A n'jt !(■•>, 
 y/(-'., 11, 12, we learn that two were born in Spain, one in (Tiiiia, a;.il tho 
 rest in Sinaloa, Sonora, or J5aja California, a very mild ^\ay of putting it, 
 though true enough except in the ease of the ehino; but the same woil; eiro- 
 neiiiisly states that tho 12 settlers had jireviously been soldiers at San ( labriel. 
 Ill the same work the plaza is located lietween Upper Main, -Maiilic, ault, 
 and New High streets of the modern city, the N. i:. jjouiid not bein,' i::jned. 
 'llie goods delivered to settlers on government account to the end of 17>SI. 
 amounted to ."-M, 1',;]. Prov. >St. Pap., MS., iii. •2(l.")-7. According to accounts 
 in Prov. ,S7. i'ap., Jkii. Mil., MS., ii. 4-7, 21-2, the eontracu of 11 l:;id been 
 made in 17.S0, and of one in February 17iSl. Tlicy v.ero engaged at ijlO per 
 iiionth for 3 years, and rations of one real per day for i'> ye;u's, though this 
 does not agree wiih tho rcglaniento; .?2,,")4G was furnished them in l-iiuoia and 
 ?oOO ill (.'alifornia, an I there was due to them December 31, 17t>I, 62,303. 
 See also Jd., iii. 13; 1 rov. Ike, MS., ii. 05. 
 
 m 
 
1' 1(5 
 
 !ff 
 
 fj 
 
 940 
 
 COtOXISTS AND RECRUITS. 
 
 throe wore tloscribotl as usoloss. But the rest went 
 to work, and soon the governor reported satisl'uetory 
 progress in their irrigating ditcli and mud-rool'ed huts 
 of palisades, the latter before the end of 1784 Ijoiiig 
 replaced l)y adobe houses, the needed public buildings 
 liaving also been erected, and a church begun of the 
 same niatcrial.'^^ Some changes also took place among 
 the settlers during those few years.-" 
 
 I have recorded the preceding items of local Angeles 
 annals beyond the chronological limits of this chapter 
 because they may as well bo iccorded hero as elsewhere, 
 and because a still later event of 178G seems to belong 
 hero properly. I allude to the formal distribution of 
 lands to the settlers. Some kind of a grant in the 
 king's name must have been made at the beginning,-' 
 and there is nothing to show that the survey and dis- 
 tribution made at that time were not permanent. 
 The fact that formal possession, or renewal of pos- 
 ses.sion, was given in 178G, just five years after the 
 founding, when accordinnc to the roLjulations govern- 
 ment aid to settlers was to cease and advances were 
 to bo repaid, has probably some signiiicance, though 
 there is nothing in the regulation to show that iuU titles 
 were to be given only at the expiration of live years.-"* 
 
 "For sci\ttprc(l references to buil<lings, see Prov. Tlcc, jMS., i. ITo-G, 184; 
 iii. '23; I'ror. St. Pap., MS., iv. Ul . 
 
 "" Ivirly in 17S'2 Lava, ^Mosa, and Quintcro, a Spaniard, and two ncgroo.-, 
 were scut iiw.xy as useless to the pucLlo and themselves, and their property 
 va;j taUou away \<y order of the governor. The reeord does not hiKjw that 
 Miranda, the 'chino,' ever came to Los Angeles at all, unless he he identical 
 •with anotlier 'useless' settler said to have been sent away in 1783. Jose 
 I'raneisco Sinova, who had lived along time as a laborer in Califoniia, applied 
 for admission as a settler in 1783, and was admitted, receiving the same aid 
 as the original colonists in the May of inipleiiienta and live-stock, save in 
 respect of .sheep and goats, ■which the government had not on h.unl. One of 
 the deserters, Rafael Mesa, seems tct have been caught and biought to Cali- 
 fornia, but there is no evidence that he settled at I^os Angeles. Two grown-up 
 sons of Basilio Ro.sas appear on the list of 1 78.'), as does also Juan Jose l)(Miiiii- 
 guez, a Spaniard; but all three disappear from the next yiar's list. Pri.r. 
 y.Vf., ii. 7!»; iii. IS-.; Prov. St. Pap., ^lii., v. 144-,j; xxii. '-J!) 30; Prov. St. 
 Pap., JJni. Jni., M.S., iii. L 
 
 '-''111 fact the titles given to settlers seem to have been approved by the 
 comni;iJulaut general on Feb. G, 1784. Pror. St. Pap., ^IS., x. 1.V2. 
 
 -'Art. 17, sect, xiv., simply provides that tlie governor or his ''omisioiia- 
 dos shall give titles and cause the same, with register of brands, to be re- 
 corded luid kejit in the archives — impliedly at the beginning. 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF LANDS. 
 
 347 
 
 irdwovcr this may liavo l)ocn, Governor FagcK, i»f 
 wlxisr aecossioii to therulo iiioro liorcafter, on August 
 II, 1780, witliout any preliminary correspondent so 
 lar as the records sliow, as if this was un(|UCstionably 
 till' natural and proper thing to be done at this par- 
 ticular time, connnissioned Alferez Jose Arguello to 
 • '■o to Angeles and put the settlers in possession ol' 
 tliuir lands in accordance with section xiv. of the 
 regulation."" 
 
 Argiiello accepted the commission September 4th 
 and on the same day appointed Corporal Vicente 
 Felix and private Roque de Cota as legal witnesses. 
 On the 18th he reports his task completed and 
 duly recorded in the archives. This was [)erhaps 
 the first important public service rendered by a num 
 vlio was later governor and father of a governor. In 
 the })crformancc of his <luty Arguello with his wit- 
 nesses summoned each of the nine settlers in succes- 
 sion and in presence of all granted first the house-lot, 
 thou the four fields, and finally the br-anding-iron by 
 v,hich his live-stock was to be distinguished from 
 that of his nei^jlibors. In both house-lots and fields 
 the pretence of a measurement was made. In each 
 case the nature of the grant was fully ex[)lained, the 
 grantee assented to the conditions involved, and for 
 cacli of the twenty-seven grants a separate document 
 was diawn up, each bearing, besides the signatures of 
 Argiiello and his witnesses, a cross, for not one of the 
 nine could sign his name. I give herewitli a map 
 showing the distribution of lands,™ Argiiello's sur- 
 ^■ey of the various classes of reserved kuuls is not 
 Aery clearly expressed; the pro])'u)fi. however, are 
 said to extend 2,200 varas from the dam to the limit 
 
 '^^1 
 
 o\(-il l)v tlie 
 
 ■■'•' LoK Auijoh'fi, Ucpartinon df Soltnrs y !^iirr'i'.<i, 17S(!, ^IS. The dDcuniont 
 tuiit;iins Aigiicllo'a aiipoiiitmciit, his iHL't'pt'iiici', tlic aiipoiiitiiiciit of two 
 M itiirsst"<, throe nidns dc diliijciicias, or rcieonls of m'aiitiiig lunisu-lot, liehl, 
 anil 1 r.ni(liiig-iroii I'e.speutively to each of !) Kcttler.s, one tnito of .survey of 
 imiiii(.i|ial and royal laml.s, ami a final certilieate of having completed his task 
 and di |Mjsited the records in the archives. 
 
 '■'■' f'ror. S/. P(tp., MS., iii. .V); /<!., Jlfii., ii. 2; .signed l»y ArgiieUo Deo. 
 -I, IT'Jli. The map of tlie pueblo i« on u scale live times larger than that 
 
S48 
 
 COLONISTS AND RECRUITS. 
 
 of distributed lauds, and the royal lauds were <mi the 
 river's (>[)p()site bunk. 
 
 At Suu J(we de (luudalupe, notwitlistaudiug tlio 
 iiif'onnality of its orij^iual foundatiou, uothiufj Mas 
 done under the now reiiulation until 1783, or five yens 
 after the bej^lnning, as in the south. Some of tho 
 settlers, not havinyj been anionjj the orijjiual foundi-is 
 in November 1777, were still receiving rations from 
 
 .' 
 
 ■nH 
 
 LJ"^ N- 
 
 
 N P N 
 
 Y 
 
 
 ' 
 
 J 
 
 4 
 
 
 ' K 
 
 
 . Y 
 
 M 
 
 bTbTa"! 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 -I 
 < 
 
 UJ 
 
 a. 
 
 L 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 Los Angeles in 1786. 
 
 of tho fields. The distribution is shown hy the letters as follows: A, guard- 
 house; B, town-houses; C, trozo del posilo: D, Pahlo Rodriguez; K, .los6 
 Vaiiegas; F, .Tost' Moreno; G, Felix Villavicencio; H, Franciseo Sinovu; ^^ 
 Vacant; J, Basilio Rosas; K, Alejandro Rosas; L, Antonio Navarro; M, 
 
rUEBLO MAPS. 
 
 349 
 
 V'o Hovcrnmont,''* In Doouinl)or 1 782 Governor Fa^^es 
 (■oiniuis.sioued Moraga of San Francisco to put tliu 
 settlers in formal possession of their lands.^- Alter 
 
 Maniul (\iinero; N, 0, streets; P, Plaza. Two other maps nru given— ,SV. 
 I'd/'., J/(.<.s. and Col., MS., i. lOH, 307 — one of wliich I rejiruiluee. For tlio 
 thiiil transfer 1 to 2; atki a lot at H; and move 4, 5, (i, 7 one tier to the east. 
 I siiiiposo those maps to have been of earlier date than 17'S<>. 
 
 ■" Aicordiiig to docuuicnts in I'ror. jSV, J'aji., Jten. Mil., MS., iii. •!',], the pay 
 (ir nitidus of (lof the 'J settlers eeased ISov. 1, 17(S-; one had latimis to .Nov. .'iil; 
 iiMil "J had rations all the year. Aceordin'; to other records in I'ror. St. J'd/'., 
 .MS. , v. '_'.)-(!, "JS, 4 had rations during; 1 ~b',i, and 'A at begiiinini.; of 1 7'S4. In Jd. , 
 iii. -14-7, ^loraga says that from June to Dec. I7S1 three settlers hud jiay 
 ami r;itions, while 2 had rations only. 
 
 ''- In I'rov. Uc.c, MS., iii. ].")4-(i, this docinnc^nt is given under date of 
 I'eo. '2(1, and is jireeeded, /'/., l.")I?-4, liy a. letter of instructions ilated JHr. 
 1-tli, iind oiilering that the «ir(/((/«/;((V///ti (the ddciiment (jf I>('e. '_M)lie ])iaced 
 iit tile hiad of each title. On Jan. 4, J7^l>, M(n-aga writes that he eannot 
 iiltciid to the distribution at once as onlereil Ijy the governoi' in letter of 
 I'tc. (Ith, but will do so at an early date. Slii.1. J'cip,, J/rv.s'. (aid ( 'atoii., .MS., 
 i. .")<•. In the regular reeord, however, Jd., -44-71, Moraga"s appuintnient as 
 cuiiiisioiiade, dillering very slightly from the doe. of Dee. "Jd, is dated \)ir. 
 -4;li, being followed by Moraga's auto dc ohcdicimicido dated Maj- l.'Uh and 
 luiitaiiiing most of the land elauses of the reglamento, and this by tiie 27 
 ilili'juiiria.i (/(' po.Hi'nion by which the !) settlers were granted their lots, fields, 
 iiiid hianding-irons; then conies the measurement of public lands, and linally 
 Jluiaga's linal ccrtiticate of Sept. 1st at San Francisco. 
 
350 
 
 COLOXISTS AND RECRUITS 
 
 some delay Moraga appointed Felipe Tapia and Juan 
 Jose Peralta as witnesses and began his task at Sua 
 Jose May 13, 1783, completing it on the 19th. The 
 proceedings and the resulting records were like those 
 already noted at Los Angeles, save in the settlers' 
 names and in the fact that the location of each man's 
 land is given. In the matter of education San Josd 
 Avas in advance of its southern rival, since one of its 
 citizelis, Jose Tiburcio Vasquez, ancestor of the fa- 
 mous bandit, could write, though the alcalde, Arcliu- 
 leta, could not. Here as at Angeles all four of tlio 
 fields granted to each settler were on soil that could 
 be irrigated, and here also a map is given in connection 
 with the records which I reproduce.^" 
 
 14 Way to Misiion 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 lb 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 FUEBLO 
 
 -J- 
 
 Map of San Jos£. 
 
 ".S'^ Pap., Ml-^s. and Colon., 'SlU., i. 
 243. On the original the names are writ- 
 ten on their reispectivc lots. I refer to 
 them as follows: a, a, a, Realeii^ras; 
 1, 2, Mam ol Amezquita; ',i, 4, C'lamlio 
 Alvirus; ;, (5, Sebastian Alvitie 7, S, 
 Manuel <ioi zalez; 9, 10, Beriianl" i!o 
 sales; II, 12, Franciseo Avila; LS, It, 
 Jose Tibureio Vas(^uez ; 15, IG, .\iiloiii.i 
 Romero; 17, 18, Ignacio Archuleta, As 
 I have before noted, four of these names 
 diCcr from thoscof the original foumli i-;. 
 Alvitrewasapioncer soldierof tlieearlii r 
 years ; Alvires had beena laborer ur serv- 
 ant before 1780; Avila and IJosalis :\\i- 
 pear here for the first time. 1'liis map 
 in the archives is dated at San rraiuisco 
 Jnno 1, 1782, and contains a statement 
 by Moraga that he distributed the lots 
 on April 23, 1782, all of which is ait i- 
 gether nnintelligiljlo. Evidently Imw- 
 ever the map was made before 1~M since 
 it shows only two lields for eae'' man. 
 Here as at Los Angeles there is i.dtliiii,' 
 toshowtho t at this linaldistributieii :':y 
 change was made. The map so fui'as it 
 goes agrees witli Moraga's loeatimi of 
 lots, anil tlio new lots seem to liave ex- 
 tended in difl'crent directions from t!;o 
 original. Hall, Ifist. San /o«', 2(!-.'ii, 
 gives a ^iretty f-dl account of Mor.iir.is 
 proceedings, and alludes to tlie map :i i 
 being dated April 23, 1783, an<l as show- 
 ing l'Js»';-fe,s-. Aftei granting t lie Tuiv.iJe 
 lands, Moraga went, apparently, to tiie 
 west bank of the livjr, wlieic lie iw^ny- 
 urcd 1,!)58 varus froin the dam down to 
 
 :'i 
 
LOCAL ITEMS. 
 
 351 
 
 A Vila; ly, It, 
 
 L), Ki, Aulouid 
 
 Beyond wliat has been recorded in connection witli 
 tlu' new establif^linients, there is very Httle to be said 
 of the year 1781. The natives were troublesome on 
 the frontier below San Diego, and Neve had planned 
 t(» niai'cli against them with forty men, but other 
 (lutiL's prevented the campaign.^^ Father Mugartegui 
 also wrote from San Juan Capistrano that there were 
 reasons to fear d rising of the gentiles reenf )reed from 
 the Colorado, a-^id that two of the six soldiers on 
 gu;u\] were unfit for duty.^^ At Santa Clara August 
 Vitli tliL' festival of the patroness was celebrated with 
 the aid of Dumct'c from San Cdrlos and Noriega from 
 San I'^rancisco. The latter, after accompanying Serra 
 to San Anttjiiio, took temporarily the place of Crespi 
 at San Carlos while Crespi went with Serra to San 
 Francisco on his tour of confirmation, this being the 
 venerable friar's first visit to the northern missions, 
 and his last journey on earth. Itcturnlng by way of 
 Santa Clara, they officiated with ^lurguia and l*eua 
 ell Xovember 19th in laying the corner-stone of a 
 iK'W church dedicated to "Santa Clara de Asis, 
 virgin, abbess, and matriarch of her most famous re- 
 ligion." The soldiers (»f the guard were present, and 
 Alfcrez Lasso de la Yega from San Francisco acted 
 as secular godfather. Under the stone were placed a 
 cross witli holy images and pieces of money.''" The 
 huilding was completed in 1784. 
 
 The supply-ship did not arrive this year, because on 
 account of trt)ubles with England^'' the Santunjo was 
 ohlig(,d to make a trip to Lima for quicksilver. A 
 small transport was laden at San Bias, but proved to 
 
 111 
 
 ■'Ml 
 
 Vm 
 
 
 tliL' Saiit;i Clara boundary, ilcsiLjnatiiif,' half tlio sjiacc (no vitltii i.s j^'ivcn) i\n 
 pruihtii ami tlio rust as :ya!i iiijus. 'i'lini the njidu.H 1,500 x TOO varus wcro 
 lijcitirj (111 tiic ciniiicnco ■whcio tho inieblo Btood. 
 
 " /'ror. ,S7. r,ip., MS., iii. KIO-I. 
 
 "'Letters of Sept. '2r>th and L'Stli in Mimtfri^ij Co. Arch., IMS., vii. .S, 4. 
 
 "'',^"11/11 <'hn-i, I'll), lie Mls'mii, MS., 1(1, 'll; /•((/(»', Sol., ii. ;t(i!»-TO; 
 Af'-h. Kill. Ilih-liiini, MS., xi. l.'!l ; I'afoii, I'id", '2'M')-~. A .seiap in Ln'^N's 
 .v/v(^.,./,(,f,/j ^'ly^ the site was called liy the nati.es Oergiicn.siii, or 'valley of 
 theoaks.' ■ 
 
 '■• Ordei'.s fur a war tax circulated ))y Gen. Croix and seat to California. 
 4f'//. MisloMii, MS., i. 5U-70. 
 
 Ii 
 
 I'll I 
 
 «. 1 
 
852 
 
 COLONISTS AND RECRUITS. 
 
 bo SO worm-catcii that she could not safely be trusted 
 to sail. In December the San Carlos tie Filipiuas 
 from ]\Ianila touched at San Diego. The old >SVi,; 
 Ctuios had remained at the Philippines and the now 
 vessel had been built to take her place. Father Caiu- 
 bon was on board as chaplain, and being unwell was 
 alhjwed to remain at San Diego. He had some vest- 
 ments and other articles for San Francisco which lie 
 had boLKdit with his wages, but thev were invoiced 
 for San Bias and could not be unloaded.'^^ Caml)()u 
 brought by a roundabout course the tidings that six 
 friars had been appointed for the three Channel mis- 
 sions, at which Serra rejoiced greatly, but about which 
 there is more to be said hereafter. 
 
 **Pulou, Not., ii. 309-73. 
 
 I : m 
 
be trusted 
 FlUpltms 
 3 old Sa:t 
 \ the new 
 ther Caui- 
 nwell was 
 jonio vost- 
 wliicli lie 
 3 illvoi(;ed 
 Caiul)()ii 
 js that six 
 annel iiiis- 
 lout which 
 
 CHAPTEK XVII. 
 
 PUEBLO-MISSIONS ON THE RIO COLORADO. 
 
 1780-1TS2. 
 
 rKi-MMrNAiiY Resume— Reports OF Gauges andAnza — Palmain Mexico — 
 Akimcivita'.s CintoNTt'LE — YrMAS Clamouot's roil Missionahiks — 
 OiiDEKs ofCiEnekal Ciioix — Padres Garces and Diaz on the Colo- 
 KADo— No Gins FOR the Indians — Disgust of tue Yumas — Mission- 
 
 ITKllLOS FoiNDED — A NeW SvsTKM — I't)\VEUS OF FuiARS ClIITAILKD — 
 
 I'liANcisLAN Cui ricis.M— A Danoerous Experiment — I'VtrNi'iNc ofL'on- 
 CEi'cioN AND San Pedro y San Padlo — Names of the Colonists — 
 Spanish Oppi:ession — Foredodinos of Disaster— ^rAssAcuE of .Ti'ly 
 17, 17S1 — Four Martyrs— Fifty Victims — Death of Rivi:i!a — Fisuit- 
 less Efforts TO PuNisHTiiE Yumas— Captives Ransomed — Expeditions 
 OF Fages, Fueros, Romeu, and Neve. 
 
 TiiK reader of Sonora history will rcineniber the 
 expeditions of Father Kino and his companions to 
 iioitliern Pinieria during- the Jesuit period, their 
 tlatteiing reports of prospects both s[)i ritual and 
 teni[)t>ral, and their eiforts oft repeated but always 
 unsurcessful to establish missions in the Gila and 
 Colorado region. The natives were always clamorous 
 Inr I'linrs; but the necessary condjination of cireum- 
 ^taln•cs could never be effected. The requisites were 
 a favcn'able dis[)ositionon the part of the governuKMit, 
 a favorable condition of European and ^lexican alfairs, 
 iDoiiey to spare in the royal treasury, and (juiet among 
 tlic Sonora tribes. What Kino's zeal in time of peace 
 could not do, was imj)ossiblo to the comparative luke- 
 warnmess of iiis suc>( ssors in limes of constant rebel- 
 lion and warfare with the Apaches. The Franciscans, 
 it' somewhat less enthusiastic than the earlier Jesuits, 
 and notwithstanding their greater difficulties, never 
 
 niar. Cal., Vol. I. 23 (iSi) 
 
 
 m 
 

 354 
 
 rUEBLO-MISSiONS ON THE RIO COLORADO. 
 
 allowed the matter to drop. The record of thcii* efforts, 
 as of earlier attempts, belongs in detail to another 
 part of this work; but there was little or no actual 
 progress down to the time of Anza's expeditions, niado 
 with a view to open communication by land with Cal- 
 ifornia.^ 
 
 With the second of these expeditions in 1775-(j 
 Francisco Garcds and Thomas Eixarch had gone to 
 the Colorado and had been left on the western hank 
 of the river with a few Indian attendants and under 
 the protection of Palma, a prominent Yuma chioftiuii 
 noted for his friendship for the white men. Both friars 
 were Franciscans from the Queretaro college. During 
 Anza's absence in the west, Eixarch remained on the 
 river, at or near the site of the modern Fort Yuma ; 
 while Garces travelled extensively down and up the 
 Colorado, west and east to San Gabriel and the ]\rorjiii 
 towns, well received by all natives except the IMoquIs. 
 So well were the Colorado Indians [)leased with An>:a's 
 treatment that, as Garces was led to believe, tlicy 
 refused aid to the hostile San Dio^'o tribes. The 
 onl}^ source of possible danger was l)elieved to be in 
 Rivera's tendency to ill treat those who for one pur- 
 l)ose or another visited the coast establishments. ]n 
 their explorations the two friars fixed upon the Puerto, 
 or Portezuelo, do la Concepcion and the Puerto, or 
 Panclieria, de San Pablo as the most desirable sites 
 for future missions. The former, Concepcion, was, as 
 I liave said, identical in site with Fort Yuma, while 
 the latter, San Pablo, was eight or ten miles down 
 the river on the same side in what is now Baja Cali- 
 fornian territory.^ Eixarch went back to Sonora Avith 
 
 ' Sec rlijiptcrs x. and xii. of tin's volume. 
 
 ''I 8ii]iposo that Sail I'aljlo was i'lontical with the Ranchcri'a or Lac;inia of 
 San I'alili), or ('apt. I'ablo, 4^ or 5 leagues lielowl'onoepcion, visited liy An/a 
 and inentionei] m lii.s diary and in that of 1'. Font. Arricivita gives the <lis- 
 tance hetwcen tlie two as three leagues. Taylor, in Uroiriir'.-! A. (V(/., .")!, 71, 
 dou))tless f,)llowing Arricivita, says the two were !) miles apart. 1'. Sales, in 
 liis A'o'/' (ff.-' (/f ( Vr/. , earta iii. (i.VT, says that the Friineisean luissioiis weri^ 
 on terv:tory coneecled to the Dominicans, so that they were even then in a 
 Kciiso considered to be in Lower California. The author would seem a'lnost 
 
PLANS OF GAUClllS AXD AXZA. 
 
 3o5 
 
 An/.a, and Garces followed a little later. Palma also 
 at'coinpaiiiod Aiiza to Mexico to present in person the 
 petition of his peo[)le for missionaries. All the rc- 
 tnrniiig travellers were impressed with the feasibility 
 and great importance of founding on the Colorado 
 0110 or more missions under the protection of a strong 
 presidio.^ 
 
 The viceroy favored the views of Garces and Anza. 
 Ho [H'omised early in 1777 to transfer northward the 
 ])r('sidios of Horcasitas and Buenavista as a protec- 
 tion to the proposed missions, and recommended the 
 wliolo matter to the favorable, consideration of Gen- 
 eral Croix.* Palma in the mean time was kindly en- 
 tertained; and after being baptized as Don Salvador, 
 lie was scut home with promises of friars and other 
 favors to his country and people.'' 
 
 Croix it is said entertained an idea of D'oins: in 
 pei'.-^on to the Colorado and to IMontcrcy, but he was 
 detained by illness in Chihuahua and had, besides, a 
 broad territory to attend to. Colonel Anza was about 
 tliis time sent to Xew ^Mexico as governor, and tlius 
 the northern enterjn'ise lost one of its most effective 
 su[)porters. In Marcli 1778 Palma, seeing no sign 
 that the promises made him were to bo fulfilled, came 
 down to Altar to ascertain the reason. lie was more 
 or less satisfied with the excuses offered b}' the pre- 
 
 to ('ntcl•^inn tlie idea that tlic Franciscaiisi, in tlicir zeal to get tlio rcwanln 
 ('ti'or<'il, liiuiiglit u[iou themselves the resiiltUig misfortunes by intruding on 
 ])i)iM'nio:i:i (^Tonnd. 
 
 ^(larets tiu,!,'gested a route by water by way of tlio gulf and river, or by 
 tiie ( (.'f:!!! t:) San ])i.'L^'i). lie also reonnuncuded (hat San IHcgo bo sniiject to 
 tlie Cii'iiiailo ]ii-e,-;i<Hi) instead of Monterey, s;) as to proteet conimnnieation 
 and invvent eonilicts with the ( 'alil'orni:!, aatliorities. Tims his views in lie- 
 halt ct lii.s college wen; .suniowhat andiitiou:H. \\'hethcr they resulted in some 
 (li 'ii • from his own treatnK-nt by Itivera, or whether Rivera's poliey wasin- 
 tliuiiei'd by the \ iews of Ciarees, tliei'c is no means of knowing. 
 
 ' In ITi'ii Ci'oix writes to (lalvcz on the iinportanee of coneiliating the ( ol- 
 orad ) and (lila tribes, and of founding settlements on the route to California. 
 I 'fJ !r^ DoritiiHntin<, ^MS., a. 
 
 •' Arriclrita, Cfiiiiica Scralica 1/ A/ioxtiillrn ihl ('olnfio (h Prnjm<i(infl<t F'"h' 
 <!'■ la iSdiild I'niz ilf (J'H'irtdro, 4"' -oil. This important W(jrk, the ollieial 
 eliroaide of t!iu Qi'.cr. taro ("oUegv. i.i the leading authority for tlu! eoulcnts 
 of th;,; ehapter, iu fact tlio only eoa'iinuous narrative of the whole subject, 
 thnii ,li as will bo seen there are other authorities that throw nuieh light 011 
 ecrtalu parts of it. 
 
 m 
 
 ■■ill 
 I 
 
 v:i 
 
' 
 
 3.-)G 
 
 rUEBLO-MISSIOXS ON THE RIO COLORADO. 
 
 , tiiii 
 
 fiidio captain aiul went Ijack to wait. Still no Span- 
 iards came, and Palina's people began to taunt liim, 
 and to more than hint that all the stories he had 
 brought from Mexico were lies. Palma endured it 
 for a while and then went again to Altar and then lo 
 Horcasitas to explain his difficulties. 
 
 General Croix, still at Cliihuahua, hearing of Pahna's 
 visit and knowing that his complaints were just, wrote 
 in Fobruar}^ 1779 to the president asking him to send 
 Garces and anotlu;r friar to the Colorado to begin tlie 
 work of conversion, at the same time ordering the 
 authorities of Sonora to furnish supplies and soldici's. 
 Juan Diaz was selected to accomjjany Garces. The 
 governor gave an order for supplies, but the com- 
 mandant could not furnish a proper guard, for his 
 force was small and the natives were unusually bitter. 
 In obedience to orders, however, he told Garce's to 
 select the smallest number of soldiers that would meet 
 immediate necessities. The friars realized that in 
 establishing a distant mission under these circum- 
 stances there was danger. But delay was also for 
 many reasons undesirable, and the early establisli- 
 ment of a presidio was confidently hoped for. There- 
 fore after much discussion, includint; a reference to the 
 viceroy and college, the two friars chose seventeen 
 soldiers from Tucson and Altar, thoutjfh when they 
 started in August for their destination tliey had l)ut 
 thirteen. After passing Sonoita in the Papago coun- 
 try, they were forced to turn back for want of water; 
 but Garces with two soldiers soon continued and 
 reached the Colorado at the end of August. He 
 found Palma and those of his ranchei fa verj- friendly, 
 but other Yumas considerably disaffected, the Jalclie- 
 chmes and other tribes bein<x also somewhat hostile to 
 the Yumas. 
 
 On September 3d tho two scddlers were sent bade 
 witli letters for Diaz and fi^r Croix, leavino' Garces alone 
 Avitli the Yumas. Rumors were rife of hostilities on 
 the part of the Papagos, and the soldiers at Sonijita 
 
A NEW SYSTEM. 
 
 3.-.7 
 
 were disposed to abscond. Fatlior Diaz sent to Altar 
 I'or aid, and received from a new commandant a letter 
 advising the friars to abandon the enterprise fjr tJie 
 pivsL'ut. Diaz declined the advice. He succeeded in 
 i\iiioving the soldiers' fears, and joined Garces'on the 
 ■Jil of October. The two friars with their guard of 
 twelve men and a sergeant now found themselves in 
 ail embarrassing position. Promises had been lavishly 
 bestowed on Pahna by the viceroy and by Croix in 
 ^lexico, promises which had not lost color in transmis- 
 sion, and which had roused expectations of lavish gifts. 
 TjDiig delay had lessened somewhat the native faitli in 
 raliiia's tales; but even now the contrast between 
 ixpectation and reality was great, and at sight of two 
 IViars bearing trinkets hardly sufficient to buy tlu'ir 
 dail}' food, the natives regarded themselves as victims 
 (if a swindle. Nor did they take pains to conceal their 
 disgust. The two padres could ])arely maintain them- 
 scKes in Pal ma's rancheria, that chieftain's authorit}' 
 proving to be limited, and his position being hardly 
 mure acjreeable than their own. Entreaties for aid 
 wore sent south, but the soldiers so sent were usuallv 
 ictained in the Sonora presidios on some excuse, thus 
 kssL'uino: the escort and increasiuij: the dancjer. 
 
 In November Croix arrived at Arizpe, whither 
 Diaz proceeded to report in person, and Juan Antonio 
 ])arreneche was sent as companion to Garces. The 
 gt'iicral listened to the padre's report, and resolved on 
 tlio establishment of two mission-})ueblos on the Colo- 
 rado, in accordance Avith a new system devised for this 
 oi-easion, the formal instrm^tions for which were issued 
 !March 20, 1780. There was to be no ])residio, mission, 
 or [lueblo proper, but the attributes of all three were 
 to 1)0 in a manner united. The soldiers, under a sub- 
 lieu'ionant as commandant, were to protect the settlers, 
 Vvlu) were to bo granted house-lots and fields, wliile 
 the friars were to act as pastors to attend to the 
 spiritual interests of the colonists, but at the same 
 time to be missionaries. The priests were to have 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 111! 
 
 Ml 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 
3oS 
 
 rUEBLO-MlSSIONS ON THK P.IO COLORADO. 
 
 i.'U 
 
 nothing to do with tcmporul nianagoiiicnt, and nati\'o 
 converts wore not to be required to hve in regular 
 mission communities, but might receive lands and hve 
 in the pueblos with the Spaniards. Each pueblo was 
 to have ten soldiers, ten settlers, and six laborers. 
 
 This was certainly a change in the mission system. 
 Palou italicizes it as a nncvo modo de conquistar, and 
 passes on without further connnent to relate results.'' 
 Arricivita denounces both the system and its authoi', 
 charging Croix with having been influenced hy polUin.ix 
 I'.rhitristas who knew nothing of the subject, and l)y 
 false notions of economy. And further with having 
 paid no heed to the advice of the only men who were 
 (jualified to give it; with giving instructions to the 
 friars in matters entirely beyond his jurisdiction; with 
 direct opposition to the laws of Spain, esi^ecially in 
 uniting Spaniards and Indians in the same pueblo, 
 and with having in his stupid pride and ignorance 
 exposed over fifty families to sure destruction. A 
 large part of the bitter feeling exhibited by Fran- 
 ciscans on the subject may be fairly attributed to the 
 tragedy that followed and to the removal of the tem- 
 ])oral management from their hands, a matter on which 
 they were very sensitive; yet it must be admitted 
 that Croix acted unwisely. The time and place were 
 not well chosen for such an experiment. Anza, a 
 warm advocate of the Colorado cstal)lishments, a man 
 of great ability and experience, and one moreover 
 who had seen the Yumas and their neighbors at their 
 best, had expressed his o])inion that missions could 
 nut safely be founded in this region except under tlie 
 ] protection of a strong presidio. At the time of Anza's 
 return it would have been hazardous to try tlio experi- 
 ment, but in the light of the friars' reports it was 
 a criminally stupid blunder. 
 
 As soon as he heard of the plan Garces sent in 
 lepeated protests and warnings tluit the aspect of 
 atfairs was worse then ever, but all in vain. The 
 
 '^ Palou, Not., ii. 374-S8. 
 
rURfSIMA AND SAN PEDRO. 
 
 colonists roacliocl their new liomcs in tlio autumn 
 of 1780 under tlio coniniand of Alfurez Santiago tie 
 Islas. The pueblo of La Purl^sinla Concepeion was 
 ;it once founded, and the adjoining lands were dis- 
 till )uted, Garces and Barrenechc being its ministers. 
 Very soon the second pueblo, San Pedro y San Pal)lo 
 do Bicuner, was established under the care of Diaz 
 
 The Colorado Missions. 
 
 and Matias Moreno. The names of the twenty sol- 
 tlicrs and of fourteen settlers have been preserved.^ 
 
 ' Tlicy fire as follows, those of persons who escaped from the subsequent 
 iimsiunc being italicized: P. Francisco Garcds, P. Juan Diaz, AllVrez San- 
 tiago Islas, (Jorpoi'al Pascual Mivera, P. Juan liaiTencclic, P. Matias Moreno, 
 Scr-t. Josi' (or Juan) de la Vega, Corporal Juan Miguel I'alomino. 
 
 Soldiers: Cayetano Mesa, (iabricl (or Javier) Diaz, Matias de la Vega, .lose 
 Ignatio Mai-tinez, Juan (Jailardo, (iabriel (or Javier) Komero, Pedro Kunpus, 
 i/cwr /,V//(.s" I'achcfOyJnan Martinc^z, (Jabriel (or Javier) Lu(|ue, Manuel Duarte, 
 IVnianlo ^lorales, Ignacio Zaniora, Faustino Sallalla, I'cdro Soldix-f, M'ujuil 
 Ani'iiiio Jioincro. 
 
 Sctller.s: ^'anucl Barragan, Josf; Antonio Romero, Juan Ignacio Roiiu^ro, 
 Jose"; Olgin, Antonio Mendoza, Ignacio Martinez, Matiafi de (.'nnlro, Carlos 
 (l.iUcgo, JiKin Romero, Josu lOstrvau, Jnsto (irijalva, (Iabriel Tcbaea, Nico- 
 l;is X'illalba, JikuiJosc Mirumln, J(Mi' Iiiii'icio BoKjarlirn, servant, ./o.<(1 Urre", 
 interpreter. Tliese names come cini'ily from the subse([nent exandnation of 
 survivors rceoidod in Prov. St. P<t/>., MS., iii. :{l!>-8'2. So far as soldiers and 
 settlers are coneerned the list is probably complete. All, or nearly all, had 
 families. 
 
 f ■ 
 
 J! I 
 
il 
 
 ■l 
 
 ii 
 
 
 i a' 
 
 y ;• 
 
 I-! 
 
 ( 
 
 liHr 
 
 1)00 
 
 rUEBLO-MISSIONS OX THE RIO COLORADO. 
 
 Tlic ooinim^ of the colon'sts luiturally afforded tempo 
 rary ivlief to tlie friurs, for a small stock of article; 
 suitaMe for gifts bro'.iglit a brief renewal of S[)aiii.sl. 
 popularity; but even at the beginning Garces and his 
 companions seem to have foreseen disaster, though it 
 is hard to tell how nnich was foresight and how much 
 may be attributed to the despondency of the fiiars 
 when their privileges were curtailed. In addition to 
 the old causes of disaffection among the natives, new 
 and more serious oner began to work. In the dis- 
 tribution of lands along the river but little attention 
 was paid to the rights of the aborigines, whose little 
 miljxiK, if spared in the formal distribution, wci-e 
 rendered useless by the live-stock of the Spaniards. 
 This great wrong, added to the ordinary indiffei-eiico 
 of soldiers and settlers to native ri-jfhts, and their 
 petty acts of injustice, soon destroyed any slight feel- 
 ing of friendship previously existing. The friars with 
 ditticulty and by patient kindness retained for a time 
 a doLjree of inlluence even in the midst of adverse in- 
 flucnces. They established a kind of missionary sta- 
 tion at some distance from the pueblo, where the 
 natives were occasionally assend)led for religious in- 
 struction. Some of them were faithful uotwitlistand- 
 ing the unpopularity brought upon themselves by 
 friendship for the friars; but their influence amounted 
 to nothing against the growing hatred among the 
 thousands of Yumas and nei<>'ld)orini>' tribes. 
 
 After the provisions brought from Sonora had 
 been exhausted there was much suffering among the 
 families, the natives refusing to part with the little 
 corn in their possession and asking exorbitant prices 
 for the wild ])roducts gathered. In their great 
 need they sent over to San Gabriel for succor and 
 were given such articles of food as the mission could 
 spare.** We have no chronological record of events 
 
 Talon, Not., ii. .'57o, says tliat in asking for this aid they (k-clnrcd that if 
 it woi'o not sent they wouhl havo to ahaiKlon the (Jnhn-ailo cstalplishnients. 
 Neve reports on .Juno 'J,'}, 17>S1, having sent the succor asked for Ijy AlfCrez 
 Islas. I'lvi: Ji'cc, MS., ii. 85. 
 
rREMONITIOX.S OF DISASTER. 
 
 3G1 
 
 dining'' tlio wiiitoraiifl spriii!;^ of 1780-1. Tlie .settlers 
 lived iiloiig in the lazy iinj)r<)vi(Ient way peculiar to 
 Spaniards of that class, attend! iili^ chieily to tlieir live- 
 stock. Xeith( r they nor tlic soldiers had any I'ears 
 (if inipendin;^^ danger, and rarely had either of the 
 jiuchlos more than two or three soldiers on iluty. 
 TJiey found time, however, to administer an occa- 
 sional floo-ging or confinement in the stocl: ; to ofK-nd- 
 iiig natives. The friars went on with llieir duties, 
 aware that trouble was brewing, and perhaps rleriving 
 a certain grim satisfaction from their prospect of be- 
 ing able to prove by their own death that Croix was 
 :vi<)ng in interfering with missionary prerogative.'' 
 ^Foanwliile a few leading spirits among the Yumas 
 were inciting their people to active hostilities, \\ ith a 
 virw to cKtcrminate the intruders. Palma himself 
 was among the nund)er, as were one or two of his 
 brothers and several chieftains who had accompanied 
 Iiiiii to j\rexico. Francisco Javier, an interpreter, is 
 also named as having taken a prominent part. Ig- 
 nacii) Palma, Pablo, and Javier were tlie leaders. 
 With a viev.' to conciliate the disaffected Aliei'cz Islas 
 made Ignacio Palma governor of the lower Yumas 
 about San Pedro y San Pablo, and a little later ar- 
 rested him and ]>ut him in the stocks, thus adding 
 fuel to the flame of the revolt. 
 
 Late in June Pivera y jMoncada arrived from 
 So'K.ra with his comjiany of about forty recruits and 
 their families bound for Los Angeles and the Santa 
 P;ivbara channel. From the Colorado he sent back 
 most of liis Sonoran escort, and after a short delay 
 for rest, despatched the main c()ni[)any to San Gabriel 
 HUiler the escort of Alferez Limou and nine men. 
 Having seen the company started on its way, Pivera 
 rc(Tossed tlie Colorado and with eleven or twelve men, 
 
 " Accoviling to Arricivita the priests for uiiiny days devoted almost their 
 mIhiIu atiL'ntioii to liibor ainoii!^ the Spanisli jiojmlation, striving to reawaken 
 interest in religious exercise;) and thus to prepai'o the souls of tlu; unsuspecting 
 null, women, and children for death. In these cll'urts they were also said to 
 have Ijeen remarkably successful. 
 
 I 
 
 
 !!■ 
 
3C2 
 
 rURBLOMISSIONS OX THE RIO COLORADO. 
 
 iv 
 
 A ■ -; ill 
 
 incliuliiiLf Scriroant TloMcs and five or six men .sent <<» 
 meet luiii lV(»m the California presidios, encamped 
 near the eastern ])ank ()[)posite Conct'peion, wliere lu' 
 j)i«)posed to remain for .some weeks to reston; liis 
 horses and cattle to a proper condition for the trip Id 
 Sail Gahriel. Iliveras eomin<' eontri!)iited nuthiii"- 
 to the pacification of the natives, hut had rather tlu; 
 contrary effect, for his large lutrd of liv'e-stock {V'- 
 stfojed the mcscpiite plants, and he was hy no nM>aiis 
 liheral in the disti'ihution of gifts. "^ From his clioicc 
 of a location for his camp it is clear that he attaclieil 
 no importance to the friars' ai)prehensions. 
 
 Early in July the natives hecamc somewhat moris 
 insolent in their actions, often visiting tlie towns in 
 a quarrelsome mood. On Tuesday, July 17th, the 
 storm hiu'st." Early in the morning the lower vil- 
 lage of San Pedro y San Pablo was attacked hy the 
 savages, who, meetinu: no i-esistance, killed the two 
 j)riesta, Diaz and jMoreno, besides Sergeant Vega, and 
 most of the soldiers and sc;ttlers. Only five men, 
 including two Indians more or less in sympathy with 
 the .savages, are known to have survived. Tiu^se 
 were made captive as were all the women. After the 
 Indians had taken everything tlu.'y desired they burne(l 
 the buildings antl destroyed all other property. Tl it- 
 bodies of the victims were left to lie where they fell, 
 except those of the friars, which, as there is some 
 reason to believe, were buried. ^■- 
 
 '"Ncvn in a letter to Croix of Nov. 18, 1781, says that tho Jnlclicdiuies 
 BCiit word in I'liveru that ii.s no gifts were niado, they did not wish to ivtani 
 tlie l)ad;^'e? of olUco formerly given their eluefd by Spaniard:!. Prov. Ua-., 
 MS., ii. (it). 
 
 " Arrieivita, followed by other writei.'-., erroneously states that it was on 
 Sunday. Tlie surviving witnesses testified that it was Tuesday, and the 17th 
 was certainly Tuesday. 
 
 '■-Arrieivita, .■")J9-.')4, gives some details respiting the lives of the mis- 
 sionaries. Juan ^larcelowas boi-n in 17;^;) in the city of .Vlajar, Spain, takiiii^ 
 the name of Dia/. \vh(>n ho became a Franeisean. ilQcamo to Mexico in 170;!; 
 in i70S became minister ai Cai)orca mission in L'ii.ierla Alta; and aec')m]ia- 
 nieil Anza as we liavo seen on his lirst expedition to California. .Jose ^Litias 
 Moreno was born in 1744 at .Mmarza, Spain; bccam..^ a Franciscan in 170-; 
 and came to Mexico in 1700. His first missionaiy service, save as superini- 
 nicrary, was at the place of his death. Francisco Tomiis ]Icrmene>;ildo 
 Garces •was born in 1738 in Morata del Conde, Aragon; came to thu Queretaro 
 
MASSACRE OF niVF^.RAS MRX. 3fl8 
 
 0(1 f1io same day jind at alxnit the same lioiir wIkmi 
 rutlici' (jraroL's was sayinjj^ mass," tln> lowii <>(' Coiuvp- 
 cioii was invaded and tlu; coniniandant, Islas, and a 
 (Diporal, the only soldiers tliorc at tin; time, were 
 killed, as were indeed most of the unarmed men scat- 
 tered in tlio adjoinin.'Lj fields. Some of tlu) houses 
 wore sacked, but the fi'iars were spai-eil, and a i»;nt (if 
 the men were not fouiul, the ravages heinL,'' sus[)ende.l 
 iiKout noon. Next mcjrniiiLf the sava<ges attacked the 
 (•;iin|) across the river. Rivera had hastily thrown up 
 seuiesli^ht intronchments and his men made a •^•allant 
 <l(it nee, hut the numbers aLjainst them were too L;reat. 
 One bv one the soldiers fell under the ari'ows and 
 (liihs of the foe until not one was left." Thus ilied 
 Captain Fernando Javier de Rivera y Moncada, one 
 nC the most prominent characters in early Californiau 
 annals, who had come in the first land expedition of 
 I7(i',), had been military conunandant of the Monterey 
 cstalilishnients, and who at the time of his death was 
 lieutenant-governor of Baja California. All that is 
 kn<»\vii of his life and character has been recorded in 
 tlu' preceding cha|)ters. lie was not the equal, in 
 ahilitvand force, of such men as Fa'^'cs and Xeve, l)ut 
 lie was [)0[)ular and left among the old Calilbrnian 
 stjldiers a better reputation pi'obably than any of his 
 <'()ntemporarics." 
 
 Ciil!(.'i,'o ill 17('I^; ami became minister of Sun Javier ilcl Bac in 170S. IIo 
 tiiivilh >t ('xteiisiv(^ly among the gentile ti'ibes, from his tirst eoming toSouoi'ii, 
 down to the time of liis dcatli. Juan Antonio Jjarrcneche was lioiii in Jjaca- 
 /iir, Navarre, in 1710, and came ■when a child to llaliana. Ue heeamc x\, 
 IVimcisean in 1708; joined the Qucrt'taro ( 'ollege in 177.'i. His first niission- 
 iiiT Work was in the Colorado i)U(,'l>U)a wiiere he died at the early a;;e (pf ,'iJ 
 years. Tlie author in connection with these f:icts ri'peats inueli of the liistoiy 
 told in this chapter, and adds many details of tlie lives and Christian viiluea 
 of these four martyrs for which 1 have no space. 
 
 '■' It is not im[]0.ssiblo that Arricivita draws on his imagination fur details 
 aliimt the religious services, supposing the day to have been Sunday. 
 
 ^\\\\ Pmv. Hi. Pap., Ucn. Mif., :MS., iii. 1!>, 12:2, are ;r»-:s7«.sof 17.'<- f-howing 
 the following soldiers of the San Diego and Montei-ey company who liud died 
 liesides Sergt. lioblcs; Manuel Caiiedo, Tomas .Malia Caniacho, Ital'ael }ilar- 
 i|Uez, ,loa(ii;in (JueiTcro, Josi' M. (iuerrcro, Nieol;i.s iJeltran, Ji:an Angel 
 Amarillas, I'rancisco I'ena, Joarjuin Lope/, Joarpiin I'Npinosa, .Vntonio l].-^]ii- 
 imsa, and I'uldo Victoriano Cervantes. Those 12 names doubtless include the 
 Colorado victims. 
 
 ''Fatlier Consag — ZcvaUox, Vida dc Konxaq, 14 — writing in 17o.> of his 
 tiiiid expedition says of Rivera: 'Xo pcrdouo ninyuu trabajo personal do 
 
 '■\ 
 
nu 
 
 H • 
 
 ' 
 
 it 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 V- 
 
 ■4-. ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 all' 
 
 ll . 
 
 1^ ■ 
 
 ■1 -i 
 
 3C4 
 
 rUEBLO-MISSIONS OX THE RIO COLORADO. 
 
 The natives roturiicd to Conocjieion the same al'tcr- 
 noon. The priests on tlieir approach escaped with 
 tlio famihcs and took refuge with some of their con- 
 vert friends. The buildings were sacked and burned 
 as at tlio lower village, and next day the two priests 
 were killed notwithstanding the efforts made by certain 
 Indians in their behalf. Only two men are known io 
 have saved their lives at Concepcion, and the whole 
 number of the slain at the two pueblos and Rivera's 
 camp was at least forty-six, probably more. We Ik ar 
 of no killing of women and children. The captives 
 •were made to work, but no further outrage is rc- 
 corded.^'^ 
 
 Alferez Limon after cscortinij the California c( lonv 
 to San (jabriel started back for Sonora by tlb) old 
 route with his nine men. Drawinof near the Colorado 
 lie Avas informed by the natives that there had beeo a 
 
 moilo que al Padre ya Ic faltaban palabras y trazas paraquc so cincsc A trali.i- 
 jo.s pi(i|iurci(iiiuilog a sii cariictur. ' Hi.s wife was Teresa de Ddvalos. A hdii, 
 Jiuiii j;;uili..ia J'rancisco .Maiia, was baptized Oct. 5, ]7')f>, by lather Iji.st'linlf 
 at I.oreto; another son, Juse Xicohis Maria. -May 8, ]T.')8, Ity Fatlicr A'cii- 
 tma; and still aiKjtlier March 1), 1707. Lorc'o, Liliro lu Minion, !MS., 174, 
 177, I'.T). Alvarado, ///VV. ('«/., MS., ii. 100-7, sny.s that his nieuiory was 
 Ion ,' honored by annivcrsai'y funeral masses at San V)icgo, and that Oov. 
 Eclieinuha in lb'2') proposed a nionnnient in his lio-ior 
 
 "'Tlu! infonnation that the hostilities lasted three days comes from Arri- 
 civita. ilost other arthorites staij or imply that the liloody work vas begun 
 aiid ciuV'd on July T/th; but Croix in a note dated July 17, 17S"J, and in cor- 
 re;\! in of a re]iort from Xcvo that I'ivera dieil on July 1st, states that it was 
 oil Jrdy bsth, thus sustaining Arrieivita. Pror. Sf. I'ap., lien. Mil., ^18., iii. 
 10. Xevc ill a h'ttcr to Croix of March 10, 178-2, Pmv. l,W., MS., ii. 70-S, 
 s:iy:j that the savages attaii^."d thr two villages and Rivera's eainji siunil- 
 tr.neiiusly and by 8 o'clock had completed their work at the former; tliat tliey 
 fouiii!. Uivera's men scattered and at lirst entered the encampment as friends, 
 {itiJK'king beforo the soliliers could be gatliered, aTid killing the last man at 
 iii'ht after ligiitiiig all day. In another letter of Sejit. 1st, J<L, 8S-!), Xcve 
 mentions a report brouglit by I.imon that Corporal I'ascual J'ailon (this 
 Ballon is mentioiii'd I'V others, but I suspect that he ami I'ascual Rivera, an 
 the sanu' person), witli soldiers, one settler, and a muleteer, was killed while 
 bringing sujiplies fi mi Sonora. Sales, Xofiria.-:, Curfa'n. (i.")-7, tells us tlic 
 ass 'iliMits were'2(),0l)(Mn number. Velascn. Sou., l.")!; iS'oc. ^Fe.r. 'iVo;/., /lolitiii. 
 X. 704, gives tlie nuniSer of killed as .");?. Taylor in Jjroirnt'\'i L. ('(iL, 71, says 
 the mas;:ici-c took place in the fall of 178-j. Rartlett, /'< r". Xar.. ii. l8;!-'4, 
 tells us that a mission establisiie<l by 1'. Kiiio at tlu; mouth of the ! la was in 
 existence as late as 1770! also that (larees established a inissioi- among the 
 Mofpiis which was soon destroyed ! See further foe brief mentir.i of the sub- 
 ject, ^f(lJhl.^l, L'.rplor, i. '284-(!: Hi'i-illn-aiiiido, Iiiformc '''' /; 'If Ahril /',''.', 
 \11; E.<nidiro, Xot.,Chih.. 'JJI>: dlnxoii'fillist. Catli. <'li., ii. 87-1*0; Taijlor, \n 
 Veil. Faniur, iMarcli 7, 180:2; »y/ttrt',s Cat/i. Mii^.i., )01 2. 
 
iry was 
 -tt Gov. 
 
 An-i- 
 
 ill cur- 
 it was 
 
 iS., iii. 
 70-s, 
 iiuul- 
 
 ittlu'V 
 irmls, 
 
 liiiii at 
 
 ), X.'VC 
 
 )ii (this 
 •r,i an 
 
 (1 \vliilo 
 lis tiic 
 
 /lol.tliu 
 I, sav.s 
 18:! 4, 
 was in 
 tho 
 
 ho suli- 
 
 ;/ 7, ';/.', 
 
 i/lur, ill 
 
 PRErARATIONS FOR VENGEANCE. 
 
 365 
 
 massacre; but, doubtiiii^ the report, he left two men 
 in charge of liis aiiinials and went forward to recon- 
 111 litre. Tlic blackened ruins at Concepcion nnd the 
 dead bodies lying in the i)laza told all. His own party 
 was attacked the 21st of August :u.d driven back by 
 the Yumas, one of whom wore the uni'orni oi' the 
 (lead Rivera. Linion and his son were wounded, the 
 two men left behind had been killed, arc! the sui'vi\- 
 (irs hastened back to San Gabii; i with news of the 
 disaster. Governor Neve sent Litnon and his })arty 
 to Sonora by waj' of Lorcto with a report to General 
 ( Vnix dated September 1st.'' 
 
 ^leanwhile the news was carried by tliu Pinias of 
 the Gila to Tucson, and by one of the captives who 
 managed to esca})e to Altar, and thus reached the ears 
 nf Croix in August.'^ On the 2Gth of that month 
 Croix wrote to Neve of the reports that had reached 
 him, warning him to take precautions. The 9th of 
 Scptonber a council of war was held at Arizpe, ari'l 
 decided that as the Yumas after urging the estab- 
 llslnnent of missions had risen without cause, they 
 must according to the laws be proceeded against as 
 apostates and rebels. A sufficient force must bo sent 
 to tlic Colorado to investigate, ransom, and punish, 
 and peace be made on condition tliat the nati\'es vol- 
 untarily submit, and deliver the captives and their 
 property; the riiigleaders should then be put to death 
 on tlie spot. If they would do this, well; if not, war 
 sliordd follow, and the neighboring tribes might be 
 employed against the foe. The commander of tlio 
 I'Xpedi'ion must report to Neve on arrival at tlio 
 Colorado.'^ In accordance with this i-esolution the 
 
 '■ Pro,: ncr., MS., ii., SS-0; Pror. Sf. Pap., IJai. Mil., MS., ii. 2?<; Pnh.n, 
 Vi'l'i, '2i± Palou, Xol., ii. .'>77, say.s that Liinoii waiitcil ti) talci' I'O men iiiul 
 (.'11 to chastise tho Yiunas, hut Xcvc iliil not appiwc tho jilan. The iiuthoi- 
 is incliiu'il, npjiarcntly uiijiistly. to lihuin' tho piovcrnfir foi' hi-; iiuKtioii. Tliis 
 Limon was .a soldier iit Altar in 1700, when hi.s daughter %\aa hajili-a'd hy 
 radrc Pfe'Terkorn. S. I'r.nifisi-o il I Ai'i, Lih. Ml.siaii, y]>>. 
 
 '*.\ri'icivita, yiiv^o 500, says that at tirst the rc|iiirt was not helievod and 
 tliat .1 sdldier ,<ent ujt to the ('ohn-adu to leurii tho tru;,li was killed. 
 
 ■'■' sf. Pap. 8<u\ , :*is. , vi. 1 -jo-sa 
 
 I 
 
 :I::i 
 
 Vt 
 
 m 
 
 i ^! 
 
 'ki 
 
rUEBLOOillSSIOXS ox THE RIO COLOP.ADO. 
 
 ; t:i 
 
 j]fcneral dcspatcliod a force to the Colorado under 
 the coiniiiaud of our old fi'ioud Pedro Fage.s, aljout 
 whose life since he sailed from San Die^'o in 1774 wo 
 know little bc3"ond the fact that he left California a 
 captain and now returns a lieutenant-colonel, lie 
 was accompanied by Captain Fueros of the Altar 
 presidio.-'' 
 
 Fnges and Fueros marched with a hundred soldiers 
 of their respective coni])anies and many friendly na- 
 tives to the Colorado, and forded the river to tlio 
 ruined villages. They buried the bodies of tlie vic- 
 tims which were found lying as they fell in the plaza 
 and in the fields. The Yumas had abandoned the 
 vicinity, but were found some eight leagues down 
 the liver in a densely wooded tract where it was 
 deemed unadvisable to attack them. All or nearly 
 all of the captives, however, were ransomed,"' and 
 both they and the natives stated that the latter liad 
 been frightened away by a procession of white-robed 
 figures that with crosses and lighteel candles had 
 marched through the ruins chantmg stran<>'e dirtjes 
 each night after the massacre. With the rescued 
 captives Fages retraceel his steps to Sonoita, wlioru 
 he arrived late in October. 
 
 Here '.vere found orders from the general, given at 
 the petition of the father president, to recover and 
 bring back the bodies of the slain friars. These 
 orders had been intended to reach Fages earlier and 
 not to necessitate another journey; but as he liad 
 made no special se^arch for the bodies, he eleemcd ic 
 best to return." Before setting out he lielel an exaui- 
 
 m-'- 
 
 ^"Iii a vocoi'il of certain California documents existing in Mexico in IT'.''. 
 Prof. ,Sl. I'ctj)., MS., xiii. '20.-)-0, is nicntioncil tlio original acccuint of tin; 
 expodition. JJ'inrio (Id vhije dr t'tcrrd /ic-hn al J'io Volorado <le op/ai (Id 
 CoDKiiulmitr U( ncnil, El Calinllcro dc Croix, al vinndo thl Tcnunlt; ('oruii'l J>. 
 J'cdro /Vr;/<'f, etc., dateilat Altar Sept. 10, 17SI (it Khould probably bo Souoita 
 l)ec. 'JOtli), a dociunent I liavo been unablo to find. 
 
 '-' I'alou, Viild, '247-.')4, who saw the ori,yinal narrative, seems to bo thu 
 authority for the finding of the Yumas down the river. ]Io is ([uotcd by 
 Arrieivitii, who, liowever, implies erroneously that the ca^jtivcs were ran- 
 Bonird on a s;ubse(|nent visit. 
 
 ^- Arricivita is the only authority who direetlj' mentions this Bccoud e\pL^ 
 
re:maixs of the aluityes. 
 
 367 
 
 lll'|.;'cs 
 
 rlioi'o 
 
 u at 
 ami 
 
 ajitl 
 l.a.l 
 d it 
 jxaiu- 
 
 II iT'.t.-., 
 
 jf tlio 
 •lit a (hi 
 
 Suiiuita 
 
 1.0 fhu 
 )ti;il by 
 'I'C raii- 
 
 il expo 
 
 illation at S(jnoita October 31^t and took the testi- 
 inoDV of .six men who luid survived the massacre, 
 inairria.l which I have already utihzed in describing 
 that event."^ At San Perlro y San Pablo on Decern- 
 her 7th the bodies of Diaz and jNIoreno were discov- 
 ered ill a good state of preservation, thongli tlie head 
 of j\L>reno had been cut off. At Concepcion the 
 remains of Garces and Barrenechc could not bu found 
 at first and some hope was felt that they had not been 
 killed; but in continuing their .search at a distance the 
 soldiers finally saw a bright green spot in the desert, 
 ami there, marked by a cross, under a bed of ^-erduI■o 
 and ilowers, they found the giave where the tv.'o 
 iiiartvrs had been buried by some of their converts. 
 Respecting this miraculous verdure, the su[)ernatural 
 jirocession at the ruined pueblos, and the uttt-r blame- 
 lossness of the fi'iars before and during the disaster, 
 pro[)erly attested certificates were drawn up and for- 
 warded to the Santa Cruz College in Queretaro by 
 Croix at the request of the Franciscans. The remains 
 of the four martyrs were carried south and buried in 
 one coffin in the church at Tubutama. 
 
 On September 10th Croix had forwarded to Neve 
 the resolutions of the council of the day before, to the 
 end that he, as the proper official to direct all mili- 
 tary operations in California, might on hearing of 
 Fages' arrival at the Colorado send orders or go in 
 ]ierson to ti\]io connnand. Neve did prepare a force, 
 coinposod chiefly of the men waiting to found Santa 
 Barbara, v.diich ho held in rendiness; and he seems 
 also to have sent AlfL'r<v. Velasquez with a small 
 party to }nake inquiries about Fages' coming, lint 
 A el;is(|uez brought Ixiek nothing but an imintelligible 
 ruiiii,]' iVom the natives about some white and black 
 
 (litiiiii; lint liis stntonioiit is jwrtijilly coiTol)(ii';)'c'(l by ccrtaia circunistanlial 
 eviilcnue in oliiciiii ('onniinnii.'ali(ins in tho arclii\ cs. 
 
 ••' Jitrcstiiiufliiii sijjri' la iiiiK rh' df Ion ri:li(jiofi--i, dr., ciirUuhi.t <i hi riilxfrinn 
 (I' !"i iji )/tl('loi (Id Co'unv/o, 17X1. -MS. Ono of tho witnc.'-sfs was an Indian 
 iiit(r|iiot('r nanii'd Unxa. mIkiui Anioivita nai.ios as a traitor tu ulioni tlio 
 uiunlur of the padiva was largely due. 
 
'368 
 
 PUEBLO-MISSIONS ON THE PJO COLORADO. 
 
 '}' 
 
 n i 
 
 liorscmcn who had come four moons ago to burn 
 and kill."* Fagcs' diary of liis expedition was dated 
 Sonoita, the 20tli of December. 
 
 Another council had been held at Arizpc the lotji 
 of November, on receipt of news respecting the first 
 return of the expedition to Sonoita. Fages' report of 
 October .3 1st was read, announcinuf his intention to 
 retui'ii to the Colorado on the arrival of certain pack- 
 mules with supplies. His action in ransoming the 
 captives and sending them to Altar was aj)proved, and 
 lie was instructed to march without delay to attack 
 the Yumas. He was to announce his arrival to Xevo, 
 and if his first attack on the foe were n(jt decisively 
 successful in securing the death of the Yuma leaders 
 and establishing a permanent peace, the command was 
 to be transferi-ed to Neve, and military operations 
 were to be continued. After the enemy was fully 
 conquered the governor must select a proper site fir 
 a presidio on the Colorado, which would ail'oid ade- 
 quate protection to future settlements, and re[)ort 
 in full as to the number of men and other help re- 
 quired. Government aid was to be furnished to the 
 families who had survived the massacre.-'' 
 
 These resolutions of the council not havin-'' 1»een 
 received by Fages until he had returned from his 
 second trip, or at least until it was too late to carry 
 theni into execution, the same body met again Jaii- 
 uar}^ 2, 1782, and modified somewhat its past action. 
 Fages was to press on as rapidly as possible witli 
 forty men to San Gabriel, where he would recei\e 
 instructions and aid from Neve. Meanwhile Fuero.s 
 with a sufficient force was to arrive on the Colorado 
 l)y A})ril 1st at the latest and there to await orders 
 from Neve, holding himself meanwhile strictly on the 
 defensive unless some particularly good o})portunity 
 
 '■"Croix to Ncvc, Sept. 10, 17S1, in Sl.I'ap., Sac, ]MS., vi. 120-2; Novo to 
 Croix, iSov. IS, 17S1, 1111(1 M.ir. 10, 1TS2, in J'ror. JUr., MS., ii. US, 77-S. 
 
 " /'we. -S7. ]'(ij>.. Sill-., MS., iv. 21 S; (luiiliciitc in A/., xv. 5 10. "N'cvo 
 iicknowlc'd^'cd the icccipt of the dociinicuts of Nov. l,")tli, on !MarLli 2, 17^-, 
 aiao that of tlio subst'niient uiiler.s of Jan. 2d. Pruv. live, MS., ii. uG. 
 
FIX;.L CAMrAIGX. 
 
 869 
 
 the 
 and 
 
 1 )Ocn 
 
 II his 
 caviv 
 
 Jaii- 
 
 ti(»n. 
 
 with 
 
 occivu 
 
 iiei'o.s 
 
 orado 
 
 Kjrdei's 
 
 III the 
 unity 
 
 Novo to 
 
 ). X('V<: 
 
 •J, 17N-', 
 
 should offer of strildng a decisive blow. The gov- 
 ernor was instructed to take all the available troojts lu 
 California, suspendini^ the Channel foundations teni- 
 jiorarilv for the purpose, and to begin the campaign 
 by the"' 1st of April.-" 
 
 ]''ages seems to have arrived at San CJabri^d late in 
 ]\[arch and a messenGfor soon brouLiht Xcve back from 
 the Channel, where he had gone to sui)erintend the 
 new foundations.-'^ Ileceiving the desjiatehes brouglit 
 ]>y Fages the govei'uor decided tliat it was too ca;-ly 
 in the season f(n' effective o})erations on tlie Colorado, 
 liy r(\ason of high water, and postponed the campaign 
 until )September, when tlio river would be Ibrdablo, 
 ;ind when the Yuma h.arvest would be desirable spoils 
 I'lir native allies. Faf>'es was suiit to the Colorado to 
 give the corresponding instructions to Fueros, who 
 was to proceed to Sonora and v/ait, while Fages re- 
 turned to v.'ait in California. C^'oix seems to ha\e 
 ;ip])i"oved the change of plan, and on ^lay KJth the 
 council met once more at Arizpe to issue thiiteeu 
 I'csolutions respecting the fall campaign, the substance 
 ol' which was that about one hundred and sixty men 
 wore to be on the east b;ink (^\' the Colorado on the 
 morning of Septend^'r Ljth to meet the Calil'ornian 
 troops and sliow the rebellious i'umas the [lowcr of 
 S[!anish arms."'^ 
 
 The I'esolutions were to a certain extent carried into 
 eil'cct, but about the result there is little to be said. 
 
 ,■ 
 
 ■'■Proi: St. Pap., MS,, iii. '2.%-!). 
 .1;ni. .'1(1 ami .Jiiii. (iUi. /(/., 'J;!*;, Is-J-.'?. 
 /'/•'/(■. Her., MS., ii. 57. Maicli ISlli 
 iii:iix'li. l'rot\ Si. Pup.. Ms., ii. l,s.'). 
 lagc's liad anivoil at San (lahiicl a 
 cmatiy and ictifcil io that 'A tin- Y 
 ^l;u-( li 'J'.lth Ik' !ia;l \vi'itt('ii in answrr 
 iiii; a iiij.^tpouemciit uf llio canipaij;n 
 MS., ii. .-si 
 
 ■'■ IM.m, Xof.. ii. .^"<3, sav.s tlmt th. 
 t!i'' -;- V (lav lie liad left Sa'n (ial.riL'l 
 
 ■ 'V(-/\ St. Pnp., .MS., iii. l!JS-'3 
 IHfW ci)!iniu»uifa; ing t'l Nt'vo tlio 
 ii'K.jicing Uio i^'iidiiii: of 'J(K} liorsca 
 
 tl'ilDJlJ. 
 
 HXBT. Cal., Vol. I. 24 
 
 Croix coinniunicatcd the jilan to Xcvo 
 Ncvo ackn )\vk'dL'i-'d rccciiit .Man-li "Jd. 
 Croix annouiu'i's that Fages i.s on tlic 
 .Ajiril ;S(»lIi Xcvo wrote t.) Croix that 
 nd that the Ymna.s had left tliiir <]U,i 
 aniajaljs. /(/.,•_'.'>.'{. And still lar'.iir on 
 to ( 'mix's letters of .lanuary, annouie- 
 until September. /(/., I'.tS; Prvr. J'lC, 
 
 > inrssenTer oveiLiok X'evo March '2(ith, 
 to t'oiind San Ihu iiaventura. 
 )',, ineliidini; a letter of Croix of .May 
 jnnta":* action, and another lettiu' eii- 
 and 40 mulc:'! to mount the Ctiliforuiau 
 
 ;i5 
 
 III 
 
370 
 
 rUEBLO-MLSSIOXS OX THE RIO COLORADO. 
 
 Ca[itaiii Josu Antonio Ronioir^ with a force of mu- 
 liiUHlrcd and eij^lit nvjii rcaclicd tlu; ^^cat of pro{)n>c,| 
 Avar at thti si)ecilic(l time. Novo, having intrusted lii> 
 adjutant inspector, Xico];is 8(,)lcr, with the tcnij)()r;ir\- 
 jy^ovornnient of Cahfornia, do[)artod from San Gidjiii I 
 Au<_--ust 21st,"" witli Fa<;es and sixty men. Souk.' 
 three days' journey before reacliini^ Concepcion a mes- 
 senger met the party with despatches for Fages wliicli 
 caused liim to return and assume the governorsliip «il' 
 Cahfornia/'' while Neve proceeded and joined llonuu 
 on the IGth, not returnin!>- to San Gabriel, but ji'oiu"" 
 to Sonora after the campaign to assume his new 
 otHce of ins[)ector general of the Provincias Interiias. 
 About the campaign we know little save that it was 
 a failure, since the Yunias were not subdued, peace 
 was not made, and the rebel chiefs Palnia and the 
 rest wei'e not captured. Yet there was some liglit- 
 ing in which a few Yumas were killed.^- The nation 
 remained independent of all Spanish control, and was 
 always more or less hostile. Neither presidio, mission, 
 
 •*Ron)eu, .iftcrwanls governor of California, had been A\ith Fueros on the 
 Colorado (Milior in tilt' year, and liad M-ritten n diary of that ex])i;dition, \\hii.h 
 by re^olntiou of the junta \v;i.s sent to Xevi^ for liis instrnetion. 
 
 ""Neve's iiismietions to Soler, July 1-J, l7Si2. I'roc. S/. Pup., MS., iii. I'JO. 
 Ncvo to Ci jix, Aug. .'{, ITSl', reeeipt of letter aniKninciug aj^proval by llie 
 junta of tjic suspension of Ynnui eanipaiLjn. I'rov. Iter., MS., ii. (J.T (i. >,\ ve 
 to Croix, Aug. 1"J, 178'2, announeing nuii'eli of troops on Aug. "Jlst, and Iiis 
 own di'parturo on Aug. '-'."ith or 2(itli. 1<I., 47. 
 
 •'' I'dloii, Not., ii. .'}90-'2. More of tliis ehange of governors in a later 
 ehapter. 
 
 ■"-'In Prnr. Sf. Pap., MS., xiii. 'lQTi-i\, there is mentioned as existing in 
 Mexico in 170.") a l)iai'i» <}<• hix miirflaiK y oriirrciic'iux . . .dcsdi' i!l i/c Aijusi:) 
 i/<s'..', which my seareli of the archives lias not brouglit to light. A short let- 
 ter of Xeve toV'roix dated Souoita Oct. Wiih—Pmr. /.'.r,, MS., ii. ."):1— is tlic 
 only original account extant. He lays he scut an all'crez with 8 men to I't'con- 
 noitrc, heard tiring, and hurried ui> to supjiort thealfei'ez, but tlie enemy ilcd. 
 Then liiiuieu attacivcd a ^'unui raucheria and inflicted some loss, ha\ing l i-ol- 
 dii' v.'iviudcd lie vaguely states that ho should have subibu'd the Yuiuus 
 anil left cninnumieation by that mute .secure, had it not been for di.-ti'ust 
 eau.'cd partly by the imprudent actions of pi-ei'ediiig expeditions. Arrieivita, 
 ('run. Si nif, ~>\4, says lOS natives «ere killed, S."> taken prisoners, 10(Jlnisti;iiis 
 freeil from ca[itivity, an<l 1.0 IS horses recovered, but all without iiaeii'yiug 
 the foe. I'alou states thataftir receiving his appnintmeid as inspector, Xcm? 
 did not care to march against the ^'iimas. The enemy, howevei', came out 
 boldly io taunt and challenge the Sj>ania.i(ls until one of the Sonoi'a ca|itnuis 
 (Ri'lneu) could endure it no longer, and obtained Xevc's permission to puni>li 
 the Viima insolence, wiiieh lie did in three days' lighting in whieh man; 
 natives tell. 
 
THE FIELD ABAXDOXED. 
 
 371 
 
 iior piul)l() was ever ag*ain established on the Colo- 
 i;ul(i; mid coimiiunicatioii l)y tliis route never ceased 
 t(j 1)0 attended with danger. Truly, as the Franciscan 
 cliroiiiclcrs do not fail to point out, tlio old way was 
 lest; the innovations of Croix had led to nothinu;- but 
 disaster; the nuew modo de comj^aistar was a failure. 
 
 ,3 ;■ 
 
 Nl 
 
 'I 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 FOUXDIXG OF SAX BUEXAVEXTURA AXD SAXTA BAIIB.UIA 
 PRESIDIO— PAGES GOVERXOR. 
 
 17S2. 
 
 Reahy to BEfiix — Missionaries Expected — Xeve's Instructions to Oi;. 
 
 Ti;<iA — I'ltECAUTIONS AGAINST DiSASTKK — INDIAN PoLICY — RaIUCAL 
 
 (.'iiAN(ii;s IX Mission System— San Ik'KNAVKNTCiiA Estauusukd— I'uk- 
 siDio OF Santa Barbara — Visit of Faoes— Arrival of the Tkans- 
 PORTS — X^'ews I'lioM Mexico— Xo ^Iission Stpplies— X''o rnii;.sTs— 
 Viceroy and Gcardian' — Six Fkiahs Reitse to Skrve— Control of 
 Temporalities — False Ciiakges against Neve — Changes in Mission- 
 aries — FACiES appointed Governor— Xeve Inspector General— In- 
 
 STKUCTIONS— Fl'GITIVE XeOPIIYTES— LoC'AL EvENTS — DeaTII OF ^IaKI- 
 
 ANo (Iarrillo — Death ov Juan CrespI. 
 
 The now cstablislimcnts of the Channel, of wliicli 
 •so nnicli has been said, were not yet founded. The 
 required force liad arrived late in the sinnnier of 1781, 
 but it was deemed best to delay until tlie rainy season 
 had passed, and moreover the disaster on the Colorado 
 liad resulted in orders to suspend all operations and 
 settlements that miijht interfere with measures atjainst 
 the Yumas. The forces had therefore remained in 
 camp at San Gabriel, where some sliglit barracks Iiad 
 been erected I'or their accommodation,^ under Ortt\^a 
 who had been chosen to connnand the now presicHo, 
 Lieutenant Ziinii'-a takint!^ his old command at k?an 
 Diego. 
 
 'Oct. 20, IT^il, Xeve -writes to Croix that he lias taken a corporal iiml 7 
 iiK'ii tVoiii MiiiifiTcy ami the f-aiiie imnilier from Sail ]>ii';'o to roiiii a hasis fur 
 tlie Santa ll.irhara ciinijiany, and also tiiathe has Imilt-lO small huts to shelter 
 the men and their fiinnlies (lniin_q the rainy season. I'ror. /'ir., AIS., ii. 8!), 
 91. Iteviews (hiring tiio ^vinter show a lieutenant, Orteua, an aliere/, ArLtii- 
 cllo, .'{ srr,i,iants, '_' eor)ioi'als, and 4'J or oO suidieis. I'i'uc. SI. I'up., MS., iii. 
 201, 204; at. Pai>., Miss, and Colon,, MH., i. J04. 
 
 m' 
 
llU'll 
 Tlir 
 
 •ason 
 ra(li> 
 
 and 
 linst 
 ill 
 
 liad 
 
 i»li(), 
 
 Sail 
 
 mill 7 
 
 sis fill- 
 
 icltir 
 ii. S!», 
 Ariiii- 
 S., iii. 
 
 PRESIDIO IXSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 373 
 
 III flic sjirinj^ of 17S'2 it siMMUod t<> tlio o-ovt'i'iior 
 lliat liu might proceed in the matter \vit]i()nt prejudice 
 to (ttlier iiit(M'est^, and accordingly in l^V-bruary lie 
 wrote to President Serra, announcing his intention 
 and asl<ing for two friars, for San lluena\-entura iind 
 Santa Barbara respectively. Serra had l»ut two super- 
 iiiiniciary friars in all California, one of whom wa^ 
 needed at San Curios during his own occasional 
 absence. ]3ut lio was extremelv desirous that the 
 new inissi(Mis should bo establishetl, and he exj)ei'ted 
 six; new friars by this year's transport; so he went 
 south himself, administering confirmation en route at 
 San Antonio and San Ijuis, reaching Angeles on 
 ]\rarcli ISth, and San Gabriel the n(,'xt day. Here lie 
 lie met Father Cambon, who at his order had come U]) 
 IVdiu San Diego, and the two aijrocd to attend to the 
 spiritual needs of the two now establishments till the 
 oeniing of tho six missionary recruits." 
 
 Meanwliile on ^farch Gth Governor Novo had issued 
 Ills instructions to Ortega, indicating the lino of policy 
 to \h; followed at the new presidio and the missions 
 under its protection and jurisdiction.^ Like all the 
 jii'o(hictions of Neve's mind these instructions were 
 models of good sense in substance, though difluse as 
 usual. The first duty urged was that t»f vigilance 
 and precaution. Late events on the Colorado would 
 liave suggested extraordinarj' vigilance anywhere; 
 l)ut tile comparatively dense native [)opulation in the 
 ( 'liannel country rendered it especially necessar}' there. 
 Tlic erection of dtd'ensive wi)rks must be the com- 
 mandant's first care, and lieyond a few tem])orary 
 shelters of ])i'Ushwood for the families, and a ware- 
 lioust! for the sup[»lies, no structures could l)e built 
 
 ''I'liUw, Xot., ii. .380-0; /'/., Vhin, '24;?-7. Ftbruiirv S, 17S-_', ^riiiistcr 
 Halve/, (■niiiiiuiiiic.'itc'd Ut Cn>i.\', \\\w fcrwanleil it cm .luly '1\{\\, tin; i-oy;il 
 iinlcr iipprnviii;,' Xov(.'".s Jicts (iiid pnipDsitioiis fcspcctiiiji tlit' three new fdiunla- 
 tiuiis iis niailc known to him in ivttei'aiid documents (if IVbruarv "J.'i, 17S0. St. 
 /•iij: S.ir., MS., iv. :]0-|. 
 
 ■' A' *v', lii-^ifxi-rioii qui' ha dc (j.ihrrnnr ul (\n)iri}i'frn>fr ihl }>rr<'ifl}i) ih' Saiihi 
 Ik'irhririi, \~S-1, MS. Thi.s doeunient was exaniiiied liy l'"a,L,'es at Santa Ilailiaia 
 on U'tulier l.st, and Ortega was or<lerud anew hy him to obey its reiiuirenients. 
 
 ■i; I 
 
;. I 
 
 .'!7t 
 
 FOUNDATIONS; FAGES GOVERNOR. 
 
 uiiiil tlio square was safely enclosed 1»\' a line uf 
 eai'tliwoiks and palisades. The natives were net \n 
 l)(! allowed within the lines except in small nunihtrs 
 and unarmed. The utmost efforts were to l)e nmdc 
 to win and retain the res[)ect and friend-hip of tlir 
 native chiefs, and to this end a policy of kiiKhicss .ind 
 strict justice must be observed. Soldiers must he 
 restrained by the strictest discipline from all outi'ai,'e, 
 o[)pression, or even intermeddliuL^. They were not 
 to visit the rancherias under severe penalties, such 
 as fifteen consecutive days of guard duty wearing Wnw 
 cucras, unless sent with delinite orders to escort a 
 friar or on other necessary duty. 
 
 The natives were to l)e interfered with in their 
 rancheria life and gf)vernment as little as was possi- 
 ble. They were to bo civilized by exani[)le and pic- 
 ce[tt and thus gradually led to become vassals of tlic 
 king; but they were not to be christianized by i'ovc(\ 
 Any outrages they might connnit must be ])unisli(d 
 firndy by imprisonment and flogging with full e\- 
 })lanation to the chiefs; but to remo\e the strongest 
 temptation to Indian nature, the soldiers could at 
 the beginning own no cattle. Trade with tlie na- 
 tives was to be encouraged by fair treatment and fair 
 prices. In a word they were to be treated as human 
 beings having rights to be respected. In that part 
 of Xeve's instructions relating to the friars and the 
 missions, however, there appeared a palpable trace of 
 the policy inaugurated by Croix, on the Colorado, 
 with the most danu'erous features omitted. In tact 
 I am inclined to think that the Colorado experiment, 
 so far as it affected the relations between padres and 
 the temporalities, was largely inspired by Xeve, an 
 intimate friend, whose advice had great weight willi 
 the general. In the Channel missions the priests 
 were to be virtually deprived of the temporal man- 
 agement, because there were to be no temporal intei- 
 ests to manage. They were to attend exclusivcdy to 
 the instruction and conversion of the natives, and tu 
 
NEW MISSION REGULATIONS. 
 
 HTJ 
 
 tliis did were to bo iiflordrd every nicilily l)y tlie iiiil- 
 il;iiv; but the iiativis iiuist not be tukcii Iroiii lliilr 
 
 raiicheria.s or re(jiiir(^( 
 
 I to li 
 
 \'o ill nu.ssioii eoiiiiiiiinltic 
 
 •\<(|)t a lew at a time, who might be persuaded to 
 live tein})oi'arily with the missionaries for iustruetioii. 
 The reasons given I'or these regulations wens the 
 siiudl area of liHable land in pidpoitidii to the ninii- 
 hcr of inhabitants, I'cndcring agrieultural mission 
 (■(iiiiniuuities iinpracticabK', and tho great danger that 
 wiiuld be ineui-red b}' any attempt to break ii[» or re- 
 iiirange the numerous and densely populati'd native 
 tiiwns or raneherias alon*'- the Channel. Without 
 (l(Mil)t also another motive, (juite as powerful, was a 
 (loiie on the part of the governf)r to })Ut a curb on 
 iiii>.--i()nary authority. The new system whieh it was 
 iiiiw jiroposed to introduce was a good ouo in many 
 
 ]'t'>|»ect? 
 
 aiK 
 
 I was at least worth a trial; but it ^va^ 
 
 nc\ertheleHS a complete overthi'ow of tlu; old missi(»n 
 system in one of its most important (eaturi'S, and the 
 Wonder is that it did nc/t jji'ovoke a general and im- 
 iiiediatc outburst t)f Franciscan indignation through- 
 out the whole jiroN'ineo. No such denioiisti'ation, 
 liowHiver, is I'ecordt'd, thf)Ugli much was written on 
 tlic subject later. It is }>robable that the I'riars, at- 
 tiibuting the proposed innovations to the local au- 
 thorities, strong in the result of recent ex})eriinents 
 on the Colorado, and believing they could intei-pose 
 such obstacles as would prevent any very brilliant 
 succi^ss of the new ex[)eriment, determined that (piiet 
 and j)i'olongcd effort would be more effective than 
 open denunciation, trusting to their influence in ]Mex- 
 ico and Spain to restore the old state of affairs. Their 
 practical success was rapid and not very ditlicult, as 
 
 \\c 
 
 snail see. 
 
 All I 
 
 jeinii rea( 
 
 ly tl 
 
 10 company 
 
 sot out from San 
 
 *Tlioi'e iire throe copies of tlicso instini'tions, in one of wliicli tl\oy iU'o 
 ]ii'cc((l(j(l by some jircliiiiiiiary leliiaiks of .-i guneial iiatuie ruspuetiiij,' past 
 i.iti'iviiurso with the Channel ti ihes, thtir inteitrihal (luaii'els wliicli will 
 lavcir the Sp.nnish settlement, and the j^'eneral poliey tu he followed. 
 
 ^I'aloii, I'idu, L'45, says it 'was the largest expedition ever seen in Call- 
 
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 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
 
/% 
 
 
370 
 
 FOUXDATIOXS; FACES GOVERXOR. 
 
 ■ I ; 1 
 
 1, ' M 
 
 'r 'i^'. -s 
 
 Gal>i-icl tlio 2Gth of March. At tlio first cncanipmont 
 Faj^cs' oouriur arrived with ordci's i'or Novo, wlio was 
 obh't^ed to roturii witli his escort; but the coinpaiiy 
 (•ontiniU'<l and arrived on the 29th at the first ran- 
 cheria of the channel, named Asuncion, or Asuin[)ta, 
 hy Portola's party in 17G9. Tliis had long aj^o been 
 selected as a suitable locality for one of the three niis- 
 si(^ns. A site was chosen near the beach and adjoin- 
 in;^ the native town with its neat conical huts of tule 
 and straw, and here next day a cross was raised with 
 t\\v required shelter of bou^dis for tlie altar. With 
 the usual ceremonies, including a sermon from Serra, 
 on the 31st of ]\Iarch the mission was finnided and 
 <ledicated to the 'seraphic doctor' San Buenaventura," 
 in the presence of a large attendance both of Spaniards 
 and of natives, the latter expressing much ))leasure at 
 what had been done, and cheerfully aiding in the work 
 of building. 
 
 About the middle of A[»ril Xeve came up from 
 San Gabriel and expressed his satisfaction with the 
 progress made.' Cambon remained in charge of the 
 nc;w mission until the coming of ])umetz and Santa 
 i\[aria, assigned tt) S.-r ' iuenaventura as renular 
 
 fomia, including besi'les oflicera To ■ liora with their families, to say notiiing 
 of X eve's escort of 10 men from Monterey. The 70 should however inchiilu 
 tlio 10. 
 
 ''Siin BiiPiiaventiira, Lib. ile Migmi, MS. On the day of foundation Serra 
 writes to I.sKsucn expressing his yiy at witnessing the fonndatiitn. Ar/i. Sin. 
 Hiirhiirn, MS., ix. '^88. Gen. Croix congratulates Sena in letter of .Inly '.'■_', 
 1 78-*. /(/., i. 'JOI-"_'. April li4tli, Xevc writes to Ooix tiiat hy April IJtii tlio 
 eiiL'lusure of 40 liy .")0 varas, of palisades 4 vai'as high with two ravelins, a 
 gate, .ind a small warehouse had been completed. Facilities were good for 
 inigalion and for obtaining building material. Pror. Hn-., MS., ii. (Jl. 
 <liovauni di l'"idanxa was burn at Bagnarea i:i Tuse:.ny in \'1'1\. St l^'raucii 
 of Assisi, meeting liini one day and foreseeing his future greatness, e\elaiined 
 '<) buona venluia ! ' and the iianic, Ihicnavcntm'a in Spanish, clung to liini. 
 He became bishop, minister-general of the Franciscan order, and caidin:d. 
 Mis title of seraphic doctor was founded on his skill in mystic theolngy, to 
 \s liich a large part of his numerous writings was devoted. He dietl in I'JTl. 
 liisduyis July 14tli. 
 
 ' I'alou, Vhla, •_'.'i4-r), says that the nusaion had been established on the old 
 footing though Xeve luul entertained the idea and had been instructed, as 
 it afierward proved, to found it on the (,'olorado jilan; but late events had 
 ilianged his mind and he nuide noobjection. Thisnoui; 's soniewhat strange, 
 in connection with the instructions already noted. Possibly the nature nf tlio 
 iusiriictions was not made public at tlrst, and tlita accounts for the (juiet of 
 the pricata. 
 
FOUNDING OF S.\XTA BARBARA. 
 
 377 
 
 iiiiiiistcrs ill ^r.iy. Only two adults received tlio 
 ritf <«r haptisni in 1782.'' 
 
 Al>»)iit the middle of April the governor, pivsident, 
 coiuinandant, and the whole company of soldiers, 
 (■\(t|it a sergeant and fourteen men left as a guard 
 fill- Ihe mission just founded, started up the coast to 
 otaltlish the presidio of Santa 13arbara. The site 
 clidscn was on the shore of a small bay afibrdinn- tolrr- 
 jihly secure anchorage, at a place said to have been 
 ralltd San Joaquin de la Laguna in the first expedi- 
 tion of 17G9," and near a large native town, which, 
 like its tciiii, or chief, was called Yanonalit. Xear 
 the lagoon were found springs of a peculiar water, 
 and an eminence suitable for the fort. The formal 
 otalilishing was on April 21st, when Serra said mass 
 and clianted an alohado. The natives were more 
 IVlciiilly than had been anticipated, and Yanonalit was 
 wilhiig to exchange |)resents. AV\)rk was at onco 
 begun and oak timber felled for the requisite shelters, 
 and })articularly for the palisade enclosure, sixty vara;^ 
 ^(lu;u•e, which was later to be replaced l)y a solid wall 
 t'ucjinsing an area of i-ighty yards scjuare.'*' The natives 
 were hired t(> work and were paid in articles of f(M)d 
 and clothing. Yanon;dit ha(l autliority over some 
 thirteen ranchcrias, and his friendship proved a great 
 aiKaiitage. 
 
 Affairs }>rogrcssed favorably, and Ortega even 
 I'liuiid time to construct irrigation works and pre- 
 jiai'e lor farming on a small scale. Seri-a, on ascer- 
 taining that there was no immediate prospect of 
 I'ouuding another missit)n, wrote to Fuster at San 
 .lu;;n Capistrano to come uj) for tenq)orary service at 
 
 * Til Dcccnilier 17S'2 a Fi'onchiimii, I'uti-o Ri>y, was a mrriciiff at tin; mis- 
 fion. N. Hill iiiirr iihirii, L'lh. M'l^idii. MS., 'J. 
 
 °Tliu (ifiyinal diary {/avc im such naiiii". Sco oluip. vi. of tliis xoluinc. 
 lint tin: j)lauu was callid I'luljlo <li' la La_'Uiia iiiul Coiiccjiciid) I.a','iiiia. 
 
 '"On fiiiiuilatioii of Santa IWrliara lutsiilio sec li'ttcr (if Ncvi- (o Croix 
 Aliiil -.U, ITS-.', ill J'nii: J,'cr., MS., ii. (Il-'J, (it: Sena, A])ril 'Jil. )7S-.>, in 
 Anh. Sunlit, liiu-hdrn, MS., i.\. •J!)I{-4 ; liaptisinal liook of jticsidio in A/., 
 vii. ."'J ;!; Croix to Neve, .luly '2'2. \~S-2, r.i>iirovinj; fonmlation, in I'ror. >7. 
 /'"}>.. MS., iii. •_>:]•_'-;{; JiL. iii. i-_'S-!); iv. .'18; vi. 1 ?-»:{; Nfvc to Fagis August 
 iV), 17,S3, in SI. I'ajK, Sac, MS., .\v. IS. 
 
878 
 
 FOUNDATIONS; FACES GOVERNOR. 
 
 Santa Barbara," and liimsolf returned to ^Monterey. 
 During the montlis of May and June Lieutenant- 
 colonel Pages made a tour of unofficial inspection 
 from San l)iego to San Francisco, including in his 
 route tlie new presidio of Santa Bilrbara.^' 
 
 Just l)efore Serra reached Monterey from the south, 
 May 13th, the transports Favorita and Princcsa, under 
 captains Echeverria and Martinez," brought full ear- 
 goes of supplies for the three presidios and also fur 
 the old missions, together with Cambon's gift for Saii 
 Francisco, purchased in China, as already related, 
 with his earnings as chaplain on the San Cdrlvs. 
 There also came by these vessels many items interest- 
 ing to the friars, with other unrecorded news d()iil)t- 
 less of equal interest to other Californians. There 
 came tlie report that Antonio Reyes of the Queretaio 
 college had been made bishop of Sonora and Cali- 
 fornia; tliat Rafael Verger, the ex-guardian of San 
 Fernando, had been also made a bishop in Spain:'* and 
 that it Mas again proposed to divide the Franciscan 
 missions into lour independent cu.stocUas, a measure 
 that was never carried out.'" 
 
 What the transports of 1782 did not bring, greatly 
 
 " Palnii, r;r/rt,2.M-0. The same author says, Nof., ii. 388-9, that Cainhon 
 was to come to th(! presidio while I'^ister was to take his place at San Bueua- 
 Veil Linn. It is not cii-taiu that i'ustcr ever came. 
 
 ^- I'll Ion, Sol inns, ii. .■?!)()• 1. 
 
 '■•Tliti oliicers of tlic riirorita were At^istia de Eeheverrfa, captain; Jose 
 Tobar, sucoiid; and .Io.~:>.'' Villavcrde, a clorf,'yman, as chaplain. Those of tlio 
 Priiiri'Kit were Kstevau Martinez, captain; Juan I'antoja, second; and Miiriu'l 
 l>;iviiloM, also a cliriijo, tv.i cliaplain. IJoth vessels lia<l left San Bias tlie .same 
 day, and, tliouyli tliey anchored the same day at Monterey, had not .slmii 
 <'aih other after the I'lrst few days of the trip. /*o/o«, AV., ii. .SSG-0. The 
 two ves.sels were at Sta. Daibarii, Aug. 4. Prov. St. Piijk , Bin. JUL, MS. , iii. 17. 
 
 "Vcr/.'cr was bishop of Nuevo Leon in 1785-7. Letters in Piitaif, Cut. 
 JJor. V,.,:, MS.. 1.-);!--). 
 
 '■"' i;i»hop Itcyes was con8rcratc<l at Taciibaya on Sept. \!i, 178'2. lie ic- 
 inaiiK'd for some time at tlie two colleges, where there was much discussina 
 about his future plans and I'onsiderablo opposition on the part of the colleges 
 to fiviiig iij) the iiii.-'sions to ciisti>ilio.-<. The bisiiop iinally proceeded north to 
 establisli the cii.stoiHa of San (Viilos de Sonora, and proposed later to go over 
 and establish tiiat of San (Jaljriel de California. In connection with this 
 movement tlie Dominicans were to give up Lower California. Siicli was tlio 
 news that came to California in.Iuno 17S;J. Poloti, Xol., ii. 31)4-5. Bishop 
 licyes was vicar general of the Californian troops. Proi\ lite, MS., iii. 1S3; 
 Pr'ov. St. Pap., MS., iv. 121. 
 
COXTROVEnSY IN MEXICO. 
 
 370 
 
 to tlio surprise of all, was the six oxpocted friurs, and 
 sui>[>lies for the missions of Santa Barbara and l*uris- 
 iiiia. The reason of their non-arrival came, howewr, 
 and that carries us back to an intcrcstinjjf dispute and 
 corresitondenec in ^Mexico. Viceroy ^lavoioa at the 
 re((uest of General Croix, Decend)er 7, 1780, called 
 on the college of San Fernando for six friars to serve 
 in the tlu'ee Channel missions about to be established. 
 Four of the number should be sent to San I>las to go 
 by sea, while two should proceed to Sonora to accom- 
 jtany Kivera by the Colorado River route. The vice- 
 I'oy announced his readiness to furnish such aid as 
 might be required. 
 
 The guardian, Francisco Pangua, replied December 
 IRth by stating that the aid required for the new 
 missions was the same as that fui'uished the old ones, 
 tli;it is, a full complement of church vestments and 
 utensils including bells; a proper sup[)ly of live-stock 
 and seed grain; an outfit of im[>lements for house, 
 shop, and iicld; and one thousand dollars to be ex- 
 ])«'nded in clothes and various articles uscfnl in attract- 
 ing the good-will of the natives. A full list of t)ic 
 ai'tides needed was annexed. A year's stij)end must 
 he paid in advance. The friars could n(jt walk eight 
 livmdred leagues, nor were they accustomed to ride 
 on horseback, and the viceroy was entreated to per- 
 mit that all mi'''ht <j:o by sea. It was iiho sULTnested 
 that if tluM'o was any doubt about the trnnsj)orts of 
 1782 being able to carry supplies for all the new 
 I stablisjnnents, it would be better to attend to the 
 wants of the old missions and let the establisjiing of 
 new ones be postponed. Al'ter tliese preliminaries 
 the guardian named six friars selected for duty in 
 California,^" who M'ould be ready to sail from San lilas 
 with the supplies asked for and expected. 
 
 Mayorga's reply was dated April 5th, and in it he 
 
 ""'Tlio friai'R were Antonio A/nar, Diego Nohoa, .Iii;m I'iolMio, Maniu'l 
 Ati'viilo, M:!tf() I'eavidu, and Josii Estevcs. Only the sucund und third ever 
 wiuic tu Cuiifuniiii. 
 
 m 
 
3S0 
 
 FOUNDATIONS ; FACES GOVERNOR. 
 
 declines to furnisli either church para^jheriuilia or tlie 
 implements of house and field as requested; the f(jrni( r 
 l)ecausc tlK!y had already been ordered as a matter of 
 course for the new missions b^' General Croix, w ho aloiic 
 had control of the matter; the latter because neither 
 jfeneral nor governor, though well acquainted witli 
 the country, had indicated that any sucJi imi.lenients 
 were needed. If after the friars have begun work 
 they find that the necessity exists, they can re[)ort, 
 and the subject will receive due attention. The vice- 
 roy not only consents to an advance of stipends, but 
 authorizes the payment of two hundred dollars to eacli 
 friar for travelling expenses. He urges the guardian 
 to act with the least possible delay. The Franciscan 
 authorities now saw clearly what they had previously 
 more than suspected, that an attempt was to be made 
 in California to overthrow the old mission system. 
 No imrilements of house and field sionififd no agrieult- 
 ural and mechanical industries, no communities of 
 laboring neophytes, no temporalities Ibr the friars to 
 control. Pangua notified the viceroy on April 7th 
 that, while the right to the inq)lements in (piestiou 
 was not relinquislied but would be pressed at a future 
 time, he wouhl despatch the missionaries on the terms 
 proposed. This signified nothing, however, fjr the 
 guardian was not inclined to take ventures; and two 
 days later he sent to Mayorga a communication from 
 the six friars, in which the}' tlatly refused to serve in 
 Califoi-nia on the proposed basis, Pangua exjiressing 
 his opinion that no others could be induced to go in 
 their place, but promising to write more fully after 
 easter. 
 
 The promised communication was dated the 10th 
 of April. In it the writer, after calling attention to 
 the fact that under the laws no friar could be com- 
 pelled to serve as a missionary against his will, pro- 
 ceeds to justify the refusal of tlie six. The argument 
 is that onl}' by gifts can the missi<3naries gain the 
 good-will of the savages as shown by experience; that 
 
C03HPLAINTS OF THE GUARDIAN. 
 
 381 
 
 <n) ill 
 after 
 
 lOtli 
 on to 
 ooin- 
 
 pro- 
 inoiit 
 . tli'j 
 
 that 
 
 tlic only way to the native heart is through the na- 
 tive stonuK.'h and pride of personal adornment; that 
 not only are laborious habits essential to eivilization, 
 l)ut such habits can be formed only under the friar's 
 influence based on their havinjf the exclusive riLjht to 
 distribute the fruits of neophyte labor; and that while 
 at best the work of conversion is difficult a!id dis- 
 courairinc;, without the old advantaires of inateiial 
 rewards to native faithfulness coming exclusively from 
 the padres, permanent progress will be impos>*ible, 
 friars' efforts will amount to nothing, and their sup- 
 ])()rt will be a useless expense to church and crown. 
 The soldiers are not only fed and clothed but armed 
 and equipped for their work of conquest and defence; 
 why should the militia of Christ be denied arms and 
 aiimumition for spiritual warfare? 
 
 Yet another point de no menor consitlcracion is 
 hrought forward in this document, which is signed 
 not only by Pangua but by the other five members of 
 the colleije (h'i<crcton'o. This is the "irreijular manner 
 in which missionaries arc regarded and treated in 
 those establishments" of California. So pronounced 
 is Neve's aversion to the friars that the soldiers are 
 warned not to become fmUeros, not to perfoiin any 
 service for the missionaries, and not to aid in briiiLriii''' 
 back fugitive neoph^^tes. The natives lose their re- 
 spect for the priest when they find he is not supported 
 l>y the civil and military authorit}^ and the result is 
 of course disastrous. Again, subaltern officers and the 
 soldiers under them, encouraged to disregard alike 
 the teachings and chidinjjfs of the ministers, form scan- 
 (lalous connections with native and other women, and 
 tlius, with the tacit approval of the governor, they 
 intirely neutralize all missionary effort and teach the 
 natives to despise Christianity.^' It is impossible to 
 arrive at any other conclusion than that these charges 
 
 '' Tlic pricstH go so far na to charge tlint on o:ic occa.siiin tlio gnvoriior nntl 
 his osciirt (ju the inarch from one iiiistsion to aiiotlicr (lohhi'.nitcly (^101)1)011 aud 
 waitt-il vliilo one of the iiuiiibi'r «e i<ciiur(i jmra ir d sun liviandudis. 
 
I = 
 
 n 
 
 -: i 
 
 
 FOUNDATIONS; PAGES GOVERNOR. 
 
 a«,^alnst Governor Ncvc, resting on tlie bare assertion 
 of llic auiliors, were in part exajxgerated, and in pait 
 false. There is nothing in Xeve's j)reserve(,! writuigs 
 or in the annals of his time to show dislike to tlie 
 friars, disinclination to aid them in their work of con- 
 version, or a tendency to overlook inunorality on the 
 part of his subordinates. He favored a change in the 
 mission system because he believed the missionaries 
 were inclined to abuse the powers given them under 
 the old rejime, and this to the prejudice of the royal 
 authority which ho represented in Callfornia.^'^ 
 
 The viceroy allowed the matter to rest here but 
 reported to the king for instructions. Such were the 
 facts that came to the knowledge of Junipero Serra 
 at IVIonterey in May 1782. Clearly the proposed 
 foundations nmst be postponed; in fact, instructions 
 soon came from the college that neither Santa Barbara 
 nor any other mission must be established excejit 
 in accordance with the laws, that is, under the old 
 system.^' San Buenaxentura, however, need not be 
 disturbed, for it had been provided for long ago, and 
 the supplies of different kinds had been in readiness. 
 Neither Xcvc nor Images seems to have made any 
 special eftbit to enforce the new regulations here. 
 Like the viceroy, they were content to await the 
 decision of the king. Fathers Dumetz and Santa 
 Maria w^ere appointed to the new mission; Canibon 
 returned to San Francisco; Fuster went back to San 
 Juan, or possibly had never left that mission; there 
 were now just eighteen padres for the nine missions; 
 and Santa Barbara presidio had no chaplain.-*^ 
 
 '"The preceding correspondence is found in Arch. Santa Bdrhara, MS., i. 
 2.']l-4(i; vi. 200-71. It is a fact worthy of notice that Palou, j^'o^, ii. ;{S8, 
 does not argiio the case, and that while opposed to Xevc'.s poV y ho niakis 
 no charpo a^'ainst him cither of immorality or of bitter fecliiij^ a'rainst tlic 
 friars. Glccson, Hid. Cath. Ch., ii. 93-4, tells us that Governo' C"oi.\ of 
 California wanted to found missions on the Colorado plan, but I'lo priests 
 refuscil to serve. 
 
 '"Guardian to Serra, Jan. 8, 1783, in Arch. Sla. Durham, ?*IS., x i. 158-0. 
 
 '■"'July '21, 1782, (icnoral Croix refers to Serra '.s request for Ii 'e-.stoik, 
 Bervants, and other aid for the San Buenaventura padres, and sceuis to favor 
 giantiny the rerjuest, although contrary to the reglamento. Prov. A". Pap., 
 
END OF NEVE'S RULE. 
 
 3S3 
 
 Oil leaving San Gabriel for the Yuma canipaij^jn, 
 Xtve left Captain 8i)ler, his a<Ijutant-ins|»ect(>r, in 
 coiiniiand. Ills instructions to Solor as teni|)orary 
 ruler were attached toothers of July 12th relating to 
 liis duties in connection with the presidial ins[)eetions, 
 and tl ley contained but little beyond the teelmiealities 
 nf loutinc duty. They enjoined care and kindness 
 ill dealing with gentiles, but discouraged the use of 
 force in bringing back runaway neophytes.'*'^ Neve and 
 Fages, as wc have seen, marched together from Sau 
 Gabriel on or about August 2 1st for the Colorado. 
 Whctlier either of them anticipated an early change 
 ill his official position I have no means of knowing; 
 hut shortly before their arrival at the river in the iirst 
 <lays of September they were met by a courier, who 
 uiiiong his despatches bore a promotion for both, from 
 Croix, who had appointed Neve inspector general 
 of the Provincias Internas, and Fages governor of 
 Caliibrnia."'" At the camp of Saucito September 10th 
 the office was formallv turned over to Faues, whoso 
 governorship dates from that day."^ Neve's instruc- 
 
 MS., iii. 231. December 30tli he writes to Seira that beyond the six sailor 
 sirviciitca allowed Ijyliim to the Channel nuayions and the £<1,0;;0 uUowod by 
 tlie junta for live-stoelc and implements, no furtlicr aid can be granted— not 
 even raLions to the padres. The s;tipead i.i Hulileient and older missions eau 
 help llic new. Arrh. Santa /Idrharn, MS., i. "JTT-S. 
 
 '-' jV' re, Jnstriiccioii id Ayudanti- Iiixjwvtor Nh-olun Solir, 1,1 ili' JtiHo 17S,1, 
 MS. At the Ijcginning of the year Soler had been in Lower (Jalifoi'ni:i as sliowii 
 by letters of Ncvo in fd., '2-'J0. Anj-f. 7, IT'i-, Xevo announces to Croix that 
 biilcr will come to >San Gabriel and take his [ilaee. J'ror. lice, MS., ii. oO I. 
 
 -'-'Tiic appointments, both provisional or rc(|iiirin,',' confirmation from the 
 kin;,', were dated July 12, 17>S2. Pror. Her., MS., i. 179; ii. 4S. Neve an- 
 nuu.icrs tlienews of the appointments Sept. 4th, v>hich was perliai)s the date 
 tlicy v.eie received. Pror. St.. P(i/>., .MS., xxii. 20-1. Also in Sept. Croix 
 aiiniiunced tliat by a royal order Nevo had been rewarded with the cross of tiio 
 Older (f San C.irlos. Pror. l!cc., MS., ii. 4'>-;); Pror. St. Pap., MS., iii. 224. 
 
 '-' Xevcto Gonzalez Sept. 10, 17;i2, in /'/•(//•. Si. Ptiji., MS., iii. ^^-(j. Faijis 
 to r. liidalvjo Dec. 0, 17'S2, in Pror. lar., MS., iii. (ii), 72, nnnouneii;',' his 
 takiiiv; jiosscHoion, and his salary of ?,^2,."0;), which he thinks will be .V 1,000 
 \vli( n it i:i eouiinned. Sec also Pror. J'ir., ^IS., ii. 92, an<l Id., iii. 227, in the 
 licUer <>i which Faj^'cs seems to Hay that he took poysession on Sept. 12tli. 
 lib. 2 ith F;;;;c3 thanks Xevo for hi -i inlluence in ;jetting his pa.y inerea^ud to 
 f 1,000, and also thanks Gov. Corbalan of Sonora for his inlkunc;' in his favoi'. 
 Pror. I'ir., MS., iii. f>~>. The royal conlirniation of I'a ;es' ap'xiiatnu nt was 
 •laud .luIyO, 17S3. Pror. St. Pap., MS., v. 247. Aug. 19, 17:i;{, i'ages is 
 grunted by royal order the subdc legation of the r'rc cf'/w jiatroiniln. Id., xxii. 
 "). IV'b. 1(), 17^.,'], Fa'jen orders Xevo to be proclaimed aa Luspector-gencral of 
 all troops in California. /(/., iv. 3'J. 
 
 ■Hi 
 

 I -1 . 
 
 1: 
 
 3S4 
 
 FOUNDATIONS; FACES GOVERNOR. 
 
 tions, or memoranda, for the guidance of his successor 
 liad hceii dated at Saucito three days earher; l»iit 
 there is very httle in tlie document that recjuires notici', 
 save that lie repeats the advice ahvady <,nveM to Solcr 
 respectliiL^ the necessity of taking every precaution to 
 mamtain friendly relations with the gentiles, and dis- 
 n[)proves the use of soldiers to bring hack fugitixc 
 converts, who should rather be persuaded to retuiii \>y 
 the friars and by Christian Indians. In this last of 
 his official papers Neve shows more opposition to the 
 friars than ever before, for he implies that they are 
 •wont to ask for escorts on frivolous pretexts. Ife 
 thinks that a priest actually going to administer sac- 
 raments should have a guard oi' two soldiers, who 
 should, however, never pass the night away from the 
 mission, and no friar should be allowed to acconqiany 
 tlio soldiers on their expeditions to the rancher fas. 
 jMoreover, care should be taken to enforce the laws 
 forbidding missionaries to board the galleon, slKjwiuL,' 
 that even at this early day they were suspected of a 
 willingness to indulge in clandestine trade. If tlie 
 governor was somewhat severe at the last, it must he 
 admitted that his j)atience had been sorely tried. All 
 the varied interests of presidio, mission, and pueMo 
 are commended to the watchful care of his successor.'' 
 Governor Faeces returned westward to San DicLjo, 
 and during the month of October made another tour 
 from south to north, visithig and studying the inter- 
 ests and needs of each mission, personally exhorting 
 the neoj)]iytes to good behavior, promising pardon to 
 such runaways as would voluntarily return to duty, 
 but threatening severe punishment to those who 
 might refuse. His eftbrts in tliis direction, as Palou 
 asserts, were successful, most of the fugitives return- 
 ing. At the end of October the governor reached 
 San Francisco, whence he turned back to Monterey, 
 
 '^* ycrc, Instniccion que da sohre (fohierno inferino de la pciilnsrda , 7 dr Si t. 
 li'fii, MS. Neve speaks of the instructions as secret in I'rov. li<'<'., MS., ii. 
 4;i Solcr wa.s still to beayudante inspector and coniandante de annas. I'ror. 
 auPitp., M«., iii. 20. 
 
 'I 
 
 y-i I 
 
CHURCH AT SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 3So 
 
 flic cMpital. Tt must Imvc Imhmi a scvorc Mow to Scrra 
 til stv liis old eiHsinv, whom lie had worked so hiird to 
 iiinove from tlio command whtii ho was hut a sim|)lo 
 liiiitt-nant, ivturniii^ as hcutenant-colonul to assume 
 the iLfoveniorsliij) of the [H'ovuico. ^lucli as tho friars 
 hated Neve, a change in favor of Fages can liardly 
 liave l)een weleomc; hut their feelings on the suhjcct 
 iit this time are not on record. So far as Faiji's was 
 (itMcerned his pohcy respecting runaway iu-oi»hyles 
 >Ii(»wed a disposition on his part to let the old (|uarreU 
 (Imp. 
 
 Oh tlic 25th of April there was laid at San Fran- 
 cisco mission the corner-stone of a new church, with 
 all the ceremonies [H'escrihed for such occasions hy tho 
 Koman ritual. Murguiaofiiciated as })rester, assi.sted 
 liy Palou and Santa Maria and in the presence of 
 lieutenant ^[oraga, his son Gahriel, Alferez Lasso do 
 la Vtga, Surgeon Davila, the mission guard, and a 
 hddy of troops from the presidio. "There was enclosed 
 ill tlie cavity of said corner-stone the image of our 
 holy father St Francis, some relics in 'he form of 
 hones of St Pius and other holy martyrs, five medals 
 of various saints, and a goodly [)ortion of silver coin." "' 
 
 In May of this year the old presidio church at San 
 Biego washurned; and in Novemher fire destroyed a 
 laig(> part of the mission huildings at San Luis ()bis[)o 
 with some six. hundred bushels of maize.-" At ^lon- 
 ti ley in January there occurred the death of two 
 pi'oiiiinent men. One was ]\Iariano Carrillo, a picmeer 
 soldier of 17G0, who from the first had been Ortegas 
 most elficient aid as corporal and sergeant, in the miii- 
 taiy service required for the jjrotocticni of Spanish 
 interests in the south, and who had latelv been trans- 
 Iriied to tho north and had been given tho commis- 
 sion of alferez."' The other death was that of tho 
 
 ".•?. Francisco, Lib. ih MUwn, MS., 10, 17. There is no evidence that this 
 oonuT-.stone Ii.-is ever hecu disturbed. 
 
 ■'■ Mnii/<-iri/ Co. Arch., MS., vii. 11; Prov. lice, MS., iii. lJS-9; Pror. St. 
 /'-//'.. MS., iv. l»a-l. 
 
 -' Cunillo w.is a. native of Lorcto and entered the service oa a private in 
 Hist. Cal., Vol.. I. US 
 
886 
 
 FOUNDATIONS ; FACES GOVERNOR. 
 
 I * 
 
 '!** 
 
 vonor;il)l(; niissioiiMiy Fatlicr Juan Crcspf, whose jicn 
 Ijhs kit oii^'inal records of the first exjilorations liy 
 land of (Vdil'ornla IVoni the peninsnlar Irontiei' to the; 
 Strait of ( 'arqiiines. It is as the chronicler of thosu 
 iirst exixiditions that his memory will live; ot'hissiiK- 
 fscfjuent lile as a missionary, chiefly at ^rontoicy, wo 
 know hut littlo save that ho 'vas a faithful worki r, 
 beloved hy his neophyte flock and by his conii)aiiinu 
 friars. ] n the disputes between secular and missi( )ii;iiy 
 authorities his name never appears. He died at Sun 
 Carlos Januaiy 1st at the age of not quite .sixty-ono 
 
 as (I 
 llo 
 
 years.'*^ 
 
 the i^rcsiilio company on July 20, 1750. He camo to San Dic^o in IT'!!) 
 coriKiral; wns iri;;<lo ticr^funt in Aju'il 1771; and alftTc/ in IVb. 17J0. 
 was «il;'o li;il)ilityilo of tlic Monterey company at the tinii' of ills dcatli, wlii.li 
 occurred on .I;in. 'J7tli, litin^' Imricd liy 1*. Scrra on .Jan. 'JStli. ll\-i linj.i ,li> 
 mrvhlo, ,'!/. J'(!j>. <V(/\, M.S., i. lOS-9, represents him as of 'medium' valur, 
 upplic:;ii()n, and capacity, of good conduct, and unmarried. 
 
 '-".) u:;n ( 'rcHi;l~lhcrc i.i a uluidow of doubt wliether it shoidil be so w rittcn 
 and prjuor.uccd, or without the accent — was born in 17-1 on llie i.^hiiiil of 
 MallorcM, v.-'icrc lie \va ; alio educated, bcinji.'i sdiool-matc cf Fr.UK'if^c ) I'alnii. 
 Ho Wiia di iliu',r.i.;lied iVom the Iirst lor humility and piety, if such expns.-^icii.H 
 from a i).ic.;Jy biu^^'nijilier and eulogist mean anythini;, iiml >\as .sipiiictiiiics 
 calkd Ijy fe'low-rtiid'iily 1]1 IVato or El Mistico. Flo came t" San I'trumulo 
 do Me:.iL' > in 1711) and was sent two years later to the I'ame missi(in:i ui the 
 (Sierra ( lorda, where he licrved over sixteen years, particidarly ilislin'^uisliin^' 
 himself l,y llio erection of a large .stone church iu the Vallc del Tilac.i, tlio 
 nunal decor;'.'. ions of vliich he paid for out of his own scanty salary, lie 
 arrived in li.ija C'.diforuia in April 17(>S, ami served on tlie peninsula at l.a 
 I'uri iina. ]Iuaccom;ianicd the lir t land expedition which i-ea( hcd Sail llie;_'o 
 in May IIC'J, r.ud a lii^tlo latia- wa.. no of tlu; ))arty that searched lor Muntiny 
 and di..e,)Vored San rn:neiico L!a ^ . His diaries of both these trips are o.lant 
 and Ik'.vo be: n utilized in my narrative. Jieturiiiujr from San l)ie;to to Mna- 
 tcrcyiii lV7^Jlie;w rioted i iifuiindin,^ the missionof, San Carlo ; in. June, and served 
 there !M i.iiiujter until M;irch 177-. Then he went with J>ieutenant l'a;L,'es to 
 tho {■•an .Jo;;fir.ia lliver, of which exploration his diary i.s the only record. He 
 was novi' uen i tiJUtli to : erve with Jainne at San l)ieL;o from May to .Septembi r. 
 and r<. '..uni:r,' re uiiied lii.j duties at San (Virlos, where M'ith tlie exception of 
 two I'-iort p; ri,)d.j (,f a!) enee, he toiled until his death. l''i'om.June to -Vu ti^t 
 l"7i lie ryrveil a;; clu'.plain on board the Sunlhvjo in northern waters, writing 
 a diary of t'.ie voy;!;.fc; au'l in the autunni of 17>Sl he aecomjianied Serra to 
 iSaal ra!!el.:co and Santa Clara. On his return from this last journey lie v.as 
 attached by a fatal illness. It was from his ohl fiiend, com]rani(ai, and 
 snpcri r T lilier .Ju.iipcro, that Crespi I'cceived the last consolatory rites of 
 Ilia rcli'^ion, and hia body was interred in tlie missi(jn clnueli within tlai 
 presbya'vy on t'le {gospel side, with tho assistance of commandant and garri- 
 son, ;,n 1 amid tears from his flock of neophytes, who lost a true friend iu 
 IVlie Juan. 
 
 t ■■ 1 
 
 IliT 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 RULE OF FACES— (iENERAL RECORD. 
 
 1783-1790. 
 
 Av UxEVF.NTFni, Decake— Statistics op Pkooress — .Mi ^^roNs, Presidios, 
 
 AM) rUEULOS— Poi'ULATlON, PAMIES, AND XeOPIIVK.. -PeDIK) FaOES 
 
 DuiNGS HIS Family TO Camfounia -DoSa Eulalia — A Jealoi-s Cata- 
 lan—A MoNTEKEY CorUT ScANDAI.— F.yCES Avn iSOLIU — InsI'EC^IOS 
 
 cir PJiEsiDios — SdLEu's pKoroHEi) Refokms- !' ijriiLES with ? aiii.i- 
 
 TAIiUS— (JoVEUNOKAXO FRANCISCANS— A NeVEU ExUIN(i ('oMKOVEKSY — 
 !;• ,EU\L llEl'dUTS OK PALOU AND I4ASIEN — CUAIIi,E> AND Coi'NTER- 
 CIlAIUiES — FllANKIXCi PniVII.EdE — CuiELTi' TO I\\T1VES — CllAI'I.AIV 
 Si:i;VH'E— PATIIONATO-PIIICES Foil MISSION PuoKICTS — In VENTOItlES — 
 
 License to Retire — Natives on IIouseback — Mission Escorts- 
 Native Convicts and Laborers. 
 
 The rulo of Pedro Fa^ros as governor (if Calii'oriiia 
 cxttiuk'd from 1782 to 1 71)0. It was an uneventful 
 jitiiod, the annals of \\liic-li include little beyond }H'tty 
 jncal ]iiii)[)enings; yet it was u period not of stagnation 
 liiit rather of silent unfolding, as may be seen from the 
 filhjwing statistical view. The nine missions* were 
 increased to eleven before the close of Pages' rule by 
 the founding of Santa Barbara and Purisima. In 
 round numbers tlu^ neophyte ]iopulation under mis- 
 ^i()nary care and living in mission eonnuunities grew 
 fi(.ui 4,00(3 in 1783 to 7,500 in 1790, this being an 
 average gain per year of .')00. In the mean time 
 2, HOG had died, 0,700 liad been bn])tize(l; while about 
 400 liad a[)ostatized and iled to the old delights of 
 savagism. In temporal mattei's jirogress had been 
 yet more pronounced. The mission herds of hoi-ses, 
 
 ' Tlitso were in tlioir onlir from south to north: San Picgo, San .Tuan, Sjin 
 Oahiitl, S;iii IkiLniivcutura, Sua Lnis, San Antonio, S<- a Curios, Santa Clara, 
 San Francidco. 
 
 (387) 
 
. l\ : 
 
 388 
 
 RULE OF FAGES-GENERAL RECORD. 
 
 imiles, and hornod cattlo multiplied in the sevi ii 
 years from 4,900 to 2'2,000 head, while sheep, goats, 
 and swine inereased from 7,000 to 2G,000. Agri- 
 cultural ])roduets, chiefly wheat, maize, and barK v, 
 amounted in 1783 to 22,500 bushels; in 1790 tluiv 
 M'erc 37,r)00 bushels, though these flgures give no 
 accurate idea of progress, since the harvest of several 
 intermediate years had been larger than in 1790. 
 Improvement in buildings, corrals, fences, and irrigat- 
 ing works was constant, tliough not to be so briclly 
 indicated in figures. Several new churches were 
 erected, few of which, however, were the permanent 
 structures still to be seen in different stages of ruin. 
 In 1782 tliere were nineteen friars in charge of the 
 nine missions — the full complement of two to each 
 establishment, besides the president. Before 171M) 
 sixteen new padres came, five retired, and four died at 
 their ])osts, leaving twenty-six .still on duty.^ 
 
 Xo new pueblos were founded, nor did any new 
 immigration of settlers take place. A few pobladores 
 left the country; a few soldiers became pobladores, 
 and a few boys growing up adopted an agricultural 
 in i)reference to a military life. Hence the united 
 poitulation of San Jose anil Angeles varied from 18.') 
 to 220, men, women, and children of scvcalled gente 
 do razon. The pueblo herds increased from 750 to 
 4,000 head of cattle and horses, while the small stock 
 remained at about 1,000 head. Agricultural products 
 were 3,750 bushels in 1783, and over 0,750 in 1790, 
 
 ' The 10 serving in 178.3 were: (vambon, Cav.allcr, Crcapf, Cnizado, Dumetz, 
 Figuur, Fuster, Lasiien, Mufrartegui, Murguia, Noriega, Talou, I'at.'iiia, 
 IViia, I'icras, Sanchez, Santa Maria, Sirra, and Sitjur. The I(i new-cimioiM 
 >vei'e: Arroita, Arcnaza, Calzaila, Danti, Oarci;', (liribet, Maiinei', Noliiia, 
 Oniinas, Kiuhoo, llnbf, Santiago, .Sefian, Sola, Tajjis, and Torrente. J.ctt 
 < 'alifoniia; Mugartegui, Pahjn, Xoi'iega, Sohi, and Rioboo. Pied: Cavallir, 
 Fignor, Mnrguia, Sei'ra, and Crespi. In ITS."), Ang. 2()th, Father Saneho, the 
 guardian, made a full report to the viceroy on the Californian missions. iSdiiclm, 
 lii/nnm', I'lSo, MS. It was largclj- devoted to a description of tlie sy-tciu 
 and routine to be ntilized elsewhere ; it predicts that 'many years' will ela])se 
 l)oi'ore the Indians will be fit for any oflier sy.stem ; enters somewhat into 
 the controversies to be noted presently; and stiites that up to date there had 
 been "),S08 baptisms, .5, .'JOT eonlirmations, and 1,1'J'J marriages. Iliere were 
 I2,'JS2 head of livu-stock, ui>d I'J, ll'J funegas of grain ut the loat harvest. 
 
 \\.m 'Si 
 
 II,: I 1 • .... 
 illii'lifli 
 
STATISTICAL VIEW. 
 
 880 
 
 more than the average at the missions; while in 1790 
 Aiijjjiles produced more grain tlian any mission except 
 San Oabriel. But the puehlos were not yet on the 
 wliolo a sueeess. They were far from fullilhng tlio 
 liiL,di expectations with which they had been foundtnl; 
 tluy liad l)y no means repaid tlic government i'or 
 tlicir cost. At the four presidios there was no change 
 lliat can be statistically expressed. The regulation 
 allowed a military force of 205 men for garrisons and 
 mission guards, and the ranks were generally full, 
 never lacking more than ten men. The places t»f such 
 jis (lit'd or served out their term, were fdled for the 
 most part from boys who became of age in California, 
 iuid thoui»h individuals were doubtless recruited from 
 other ))rovinces and from the transport vessels, theie 
 is no record that any body of recruits was i>ver sent 
 to rej)lenish the ranks. INfost of the soldiers Mere 
 UMirried men, and their families, added to the j)Ueblo 
 inliahitants, the priests, and the sirvientes from other 
 [irovinces, made the total population of gente de razon 
 ill round numbers one thousand souls.^ 
 
 ] laving thus presented a statistical view of the 
 jieiiod under consideration, I })ass on to a study <>f 
 eeitain events connected with the provincial govern- 
 ment and its officials, which have something more 
 than a strictly local signification. 
 
 ]"\igcs came to jMonterey as we have seen late in the 
 antmun of 1782; but in the spring of 1783 he went 
 south again to Loreto to meet his wife Dona ]']ulalia 
 (lt> Callis and his little son Pinlrito whom he liad 
 left heliind in Sonora. The ladv ha.d consented at the 
 solicitation of General Neve and Captain ]iomeu, and 
 on theii assurance that (California was not altogether 
 a land of barbarism, to live at Monterey.* ]je'aving 
 
 ' Aceordinp to .a Itrxfimrn ih' Pvlilnnon for 1700, in St. Pdj),, MiiK., MS., 
 i. T-, llic iii(i])liyti's Moi'c 7.3.".'?, im<l tlio {^'rntt- tk' liizoii !'7(^. 
 
 ' l>(i'. !>, 17S-. Fiigt'.s Miitrs to liis iiiiitlicr-iii-ltiw l)iiiia Itusii CiiUis, (li.at 
 Neve li:!M iindcituktn to attend to liis wii'c'.s dtjiiirtiirc; iiiid nii l>oi". "Jlut lio 
 asks Kumuii to use his uiUuuiicu to induce Dona Lulalia to come. I'rov. Jkc, 
 
 \m 
 
I I M 
 
 ll 
 
 -If! 
 
 r '! 
 
 f If 
 
 
 390 
 
 RULE OF FACES— GENERAL RECORD. 
 
 Monterey in March the Governor reached Loreto Iii 
 May. He set out on his return in July, and on Xovt-in- 
 ber 13th was congratulated by Palou on his safe ar- 
 il val with wife and son at San Diego/ and by tlio 
 middle of January was back at Monterey. The jour- 
 ney was delightful. Everywhere along the rout^', 
 writes the governor to his wife's mother Rosa, padics, 
 Dominicos and Fernandinos, troops, settlers, and ovcii 
 Indians vied with each other in showering attentions 
 upon the travellers. "The Senora Gobernadora is 
 the Benjamin of all who know her; she is gettiiiL,' 
 on famously, and Pedrito is like an angel; so rest as- 
 sured, for we live here like princes."* Dona Eulalia, 
 a native of Catalonia, like her husband,'^ belonged 
 apparently to a family of considerable position and 
 influence, a fact which I suspect had something to do 
 with Don Pedro's rapid promotion and invariable 
 good-fortune at court. She was perhaps the iiist 
 woman of her quality who ever honored California 
 with a visit. It is related that on arrival she was 
 shocked, and at the same time touched with pity, at 
 the sight of so many naked Indians, and forthwith 
 began to distribute with free hand her own garments 
 and those of her husband. She was induced to sus- 
 pend temporarily her benevolence in this direction l)y 
 a warning that she might have to go naked herself 
 since ladies' clothing could not be obtained in the 
 country. Nevertheless after a long residence at ^len- 
 terey she left a reputation for her charities and kind- 
 ness to the poor and sick.* 
 
 MS. , iii. 72. For further correspondence on tliia pnljject sec Id., SO-0, flO, 10". 
 It seems that Captain C'afietc was sent over from Loreto to escort the luily, 
 MJio, as the fond husband atiirmed, was to have in California a reception belit- 
 ting a (|ucen. 
 
 ^ Palou writes from Sun Francisco Nov. 13. Arch. Arzoh., MS., i. 7. There 
 are however some documents to show that Fages was at t>'an Ferr.an<U) ile 
 ^'elicat:i in Deeemlwr, the lady being delayed by a niiscamac,'c at ^IuIcl'o. 
 See also Fages' trip. Prov. live, MS., iii loi, 108, 111, I'l'l, 1S8, 200-2o, •J4'J; 
 Proi'. St. /'<!],, MS., iv. 04; Pulou, Xvi., ii. 392. 
 
 «iVoc. Per., MS., iii. \'27. 
 
 ' San Fmiicinro, Lili. dc Mishn, MS., ^0. 
 
 * VatU'Jo, lliat. Cal., MS., i. DO-L 
 
A JEALOUS CATALAN. 
 
 891 
 
 It would be pleasing to record a continuance of 
 tranquillity in domestic life at the gubernatorial nian- 
 hlon; but the archives contain records revealing the 
 presence of a skeleton in the household, a court scan- 
 dal at Monterey which cannot be passed over without 
 notice. At the end of a year's lll'u in Califoi'iila the 
 'seuora gobernadora,' having in the mean time borno to 
 Ikt husband a dauijhter, whose birth is recorded in the 
 luisslon register of San Francisco under date of Aug. 
 o, 1784, expressed herself satiated with California, 
 and wished to leave the country. Don Pedro was by 
 no means disposed to give up his lucrative and hon- 
 orable position for a woman's whim, and a quarrel 
 ensued, during which for three months the governor 
 was exiled by his spouse to a separate bed. Finding 
 tliis treatment, however, less effective than she had 
 anticipated in ov^ercoming the executive obstinacy, 
 Dona Eulalia set herself to work to learn the cause 
 of Ills lonely contentment, and found it as she sus- 
 pected in the person of an Indian servant-girl wlioni 
 her husband had rescued from barbarism on the Colo- 
 rado and brought to the capital. On the morning of 
 February 3, 1785, the irate gobernadora followed Don 
 Pedio when he went to call the servant, accused him 
 of sinful intent, heaped on his head all the abusive 
 c[)itliets in the vocabulary of an angry and jealous 
 Catalan, and left the house vowing divorce, and ring- 
 ing out upon the wind her wrongs. 
 
 The governor went over to San Cdrlos and en- 
 listed the services of the friars to briuijf his wife to 
 reason, but she was not to be moved. All tlie more 
 she scandalized their reverences by ikitly declaring 
 that the devil might carry her off before she woukl 
 live again with her husband. The padres examined 
 witnesses and decided, so says Fages, that there was 
 no ground for divorce; but sent the case to the bishop 
 and ordered the ladv to remain meanwhile in the re- 
 tu'ement of her own apartments, separated from the 
 gubernatorial bed and board, and not at liberty to 
 
802 
 
 RULE OF FACES -GENERAL RECORD. 
 
 repeat her charges througliout the capital. Tilings 
 remained in this state for a week, when the govcrnoi-, 
 obliged to go south on business and unwilling to Iviiw 
 his wife alone in the casus realcs, wrote to rather 
 Noriega, who had acted as ecclesiastical judge in thi; 
 {)ast investigations, asking him to remove the lady to 
 tlie mission where she might be kept in the seclusion 
 customary in such cases. Noriega sent an alferez on 
 the 12tli of February with the proper documents to 
 effect the removal; but this caused a new outbreak, 
 for Dona Eulalia not only refused to go, but shut 
 herself up with Pedrito in her private apartments. 
 The door was forced open by the husband, who after 
 threats to have the lady tied, carried her to San 
 Cilrlos. At the end of the month he set out for 
 the south taking his son with him to be left at San 
 Antonio." 
 
 During the governor's absence Captain Soler was 
 applied to by both parties, by the wife to defend hei- 
 honor and innocence from outrage; by the husband 
 to effect a reconciliation. Soler's letters are not alto- 
 gether intelligible, but they show that tlie priests had 
 found the lady by no means an easy subject to nian- 
 ai^-e. There had been new outbursts of furv and food 
 for scandal, occurring apparently in church, and the 
 prisoner was threatened with flogging and chains. He 
 warns Dona Eulalia that she nuist moderate her 
 actions and restrain her wrath; while he urges Don 
 Pedrt) to return as soon as possible, and claims that 
 the lady wliether guilty or not should not, in consid- 
 eration of her position and breeding, be subjected to 
 sucli indignities. Fages writes from San Gabriel in 
 Ma}- that, while he admits the superior station and 
 birth of his wife, he cannot forget the outrage and 
 contumely slie has publicly heaped upon him. Sub- 
 sequent links in this chain of family discord are miss- 
 
 * I'nrTs to liosa Cnllia, Fd). 8, 178.'); to Gov. Corlialan of Sonora, saiiio 
 •lato; U> r. Koii(gu, Feb. lltli; to V. I'ulou, Feb. 'Jlst, iu J'lvv. Jkc, MS., ii. 
 lOJ-0. 
 
GOVERNOR AXD INSPECTOR. 
 
 393 
 
 inn'; l»ut on Se[»tcniber Lst Fagcs M'vites to Bishop 
 ]ioyos that his wife has rcturnod to liini, satisfied that 
 the charges against liini wore unfounded. It must 
 IK it be supposed, however, that Doila Eulaha gave 
 up lior original scheme of quitting California and 
 Inking the governor with her, for in October he wi'ites 
 that she has sent to the audiencia a petition asking 
 Ills removal on the plea that the climate was injurious 
 to his liealth. He begs a friend to interfere and jire- 
 ■vent the document from being forwarded to S[)ain."* 
 We know n'»thing further of Don Pedro's domestic 
 affairs; let us hope that all quarrels ended with the 
 year 1785. 
 
 There were, however, other difficulties in the ruler's 
 jiatli, though none of them assumed serious pro})or- 
 tions. Among these minor troubles were the actions 
 ot'Soler, the inspector of presidios. When Xeve de- 
 jtartcd from San Gabriel for the Colorado he left Soler 
 as temporary governor and inspector, and a little later, 
 (111 Fages talking the governorship, Neve wrote to Soler 
 that lie was still to retain the military command. Wliy 
 it was tliat Fages, especially when his a})pointment had 
 leceived the royal confirmation, did not become, as })re- 
 scribed l)y the regulation, conmiandant inspector, I 
 Jim unable to explain; yet he frequently admits that 
 he has nothing to do with the military comman<l," 
 (iiily claiming a kind of civil jurisdiction over Soler as 
 a fitizijn of the province which he ruled. Tlie two 
 ■were personal friends and compadres; and, so long as 
 their jurisdict'ms were separate, seem to have made 
 an earnest eftbrt to avoid an open quarrel; yet all the 
 
SM 
 
 RULE OF FAGES-GEXERAL RECORD. 
 
 Im 
 
 same neither was ever entirel}' satisfied that tlio oilier 
 was not eneroacliing on his prerogatives. Xo one of 
 the petty disagreements is of sufficient importance to 
 be noticed here. 
 
 At last the respective powers of the two dignita- 
 ries were fixed by an order of the connnandant gen- 
 eral, dated February 12, 178G, whicli arrived August 
 8th, making Fages commandant inspector as pn- 
 scribed by the reglamento. Late in the year Soler 
 accordingly turned over the office to his chief and re- 
 sumed his old position as ayudanto inspector, in which 
 sub»)rdinate ca})acity he still ventured to disagree 
 with his compadre to such an extent that on one oc- 
 casion he was jjut under arrest at jNIontero}' with 
 orders to go on with his duties, but to enter the 
 presidio always by the little door, and to pass back 
 of the church to liis office!^'' 
 
 In November 1787 Soler made a long report to the 
 general in reply to a request of that officer for Lis 
 views on needed reforms in the administration of Cali- 
 fornian affairs.''* The author was not a man overbur- 
 dened with ideas, and such as he had were pretty 
 eftectually suftbcated in a mass of unintelligiblu verbi- 
 age, but the leading points in his proposed reform 
 were as follows: The presidio of San Francisco should 
 be abandoned and its company transferred to Santa 
 Barbara, whicli, as well as San Diego, should be imder 
 a ca[)tain instead of a lieutenant. The missions should 
 furnish supplies to the presidios at fixed prices, and 
 thus the expense of the San Bias transports be avoided, 
 since articles necessarily imported could be furnished 
 at prices to include freight, the missions and presidios 
 being equalh' benefited by the change. Garrison 
 soldiers should be relieved of the care of live-stock, 
 
 " Proi'. St. Pap., MS., vi. 21-2, 136, 138, 154, 189-93; xxii. 31; Prov. lice, 
 MS.,i. 30-1, 'JOO-'i, ii. 137. 
 
 '^ Sulir, Iiifoi-inc ill Comandante General nohre Policla y Gohhriio, 3 tie Xov. 
 1787, MS. At tlio l)e}2;inning tlio author says, 'I cotifcss, Sefior, tlmt I havo 
 Lail no head to pre.-eiit any project or circumstantial ]ilau,' which may bo 
 taken as a resume of the whole document with its 'Jo articles. 
 
 !, 
 
 f! m 
 
 *P 
 
CAPTAIN SOLER'S PLAX. 
 
 /.V 
 
 nnd thus be loft free to master the duties of their 
 iir(>})c'r service; and to this end the presidio stock 
 Mh<iuld be greatly reduced in numbers, and the [)ractice 
 dj" sui)j)lying cattle to the southern frontier should bo 
 st()i)i)cd. Some adequate provision must be made for 
 the (K'scendants of the present population. The gov- 
 trmncnt can furnish no increase of military force, anil 
 it is useless to found new missions which cannot be 
 ])rotccted. The ]>rohibition of killing cattle by private 
 individuals, established by church influence in the 
 iutcrestof the tithe revenue, ought not to be enforced. 
 It would also be better to grant grazing-lands, recjuir- 
 iiig the grantee, if necessary, to pay the natives for 
 daiiinge to their food supply; since under the present 
 system soldiers who have served out their term leave 
 the country for want of facilities to establish tliem- 
 si'lves in California. The natives have been neophytes 
 long enough; they are fitted for civilized life, and the 
 government has spent all the money on them that 
 can be afforded. The pobladores have more land than 
 tlioy can cultivate; the ])Ueblo rcaleugas' should be 
 gantcdto nativ'e families; Spaniards should be granted 
 lands at the missions, and the military escorts should 
 he withdrawn from both missions and pueblos. Then 
 tlic gentiles will be attracted by the good fortune of 
 tlio old converts to follow their example, the v^ork 
 of the priests being thus simplified and promoted. 
 
 To Soler therefore must be accorded the authorship 
 of the first direct proposition to secularize the Cali- 
 fornia missions, although some of Neve's propositions 
 had tended more or less in the same direction. Soler 's 
 l)lan involved a complete overthrow of the old mission 
 system, putting Spaniards and natives on the same 
 footing as citizens, dependence on persuasion and good 
 example for future conversions, dependence for sup- 
 ]»lies on home products, and restriction of the soldiers 
 to garrison duty proper and the keeping in check such 
 gentiles as might fail to appreciate the advantages of 
 civilized life. Whether under his plan the new con- 
 

 806 
 
 RULE OF FAGES— GEXER.YL RECORD. 
 
 i !■: ' i 
 
 verts were to undergo a preliminary training as neo- 
 phytes under the friars' care, or were to pass dii-ectly 
 to the state of citizens and hmd-owners, does not 
 clearly appear. 
 
 This scries of recommendations was sent to tlic 
 general through the governor, who witli them for- 
 warded also his own comments. I have no need to 
 say that Fages opposed any plan suggested by liis 
 compadre." There is no record respecting the fato 
 of the propositions as annotated after they left Cali- 
 fornia; but they at any rate were not adopted as tliu 
 law of the province. 
 
 Soler had other troubles besides those with the 
 governor, especially with the habilitados, few of whom 
 escaped his criticism and few deserved to escnpo it. 
 It was very hard to find officers with sufficient (piali- 
 tications for keei)ing the not very complicated presidial 
 accounts, and it took time and patience to distribute 
 the abler ones, Ziiniga, Sal, Goycoechea, and Argucllo 
 in the four presidios, especially as Argucllo was the 
 only one in whose ability Soler had confidence, and as 
 it was well nigh impossible for him and Fages to 
 agree respecting the merits of any one. Though l)y 
 the regulation the soldiers had a vote in choosinLir th(! 
 habilitado, for whose deficits they were responsible, 
 yet practically the governor and inspector gave the 
 
 " FmjfK, Comoitarios sobre Informe dd Capitan Solev, S de Nov. 17S7, MS. 
 While fipproving Soler's views respecting tlic cxistciico of certain minor evils 
 in tlic present sjstcm, and claiming to have .already suggested measures for 
 the removal of those evils — for instance, annual slaughters and exportation of 
 meats to San Was to reduce the exccsRivc number of presidio cattle— he de- 
 clares that it would bo folly to abandon Sau Francisco and leave the northern 
 missions unprotected; that there is no reason for transferring the Loreto cap- 
 tain to San Diego in order to get rid of Ziiiiiga, wJio cannot bo spared; that 
 tlic soldiera' work in earing for cattle, though considerable, is exaggerated hy 
 tlic adjutant, and the existence of wild cattle would be a great evil to the 
 iountry; that the cattle of settlers as yet do no h.arm to the natives; that 
 iiiducemcnts to remain in the country are good, and more discharged soldiers 
 n'uiain than go away; that the natives arc kept in order as neophytes only by 
 the unremitting cfi'orts of the friars, and are as yet wholly unfit to become 
 eiti/cny; th.at the pobladores can and do cultivate all thelanda given them and 
 (il'lcn more; and finally that the introduction of Spanish settlers into the 
 iiii.^.sions would interfere with the laws of the Indies providijig that the mis- 
 Bion lands are to belong to the natives eventually when they shall be fitted to 
 profit by their possession. 
 
FINANCIAL TROUBLES. 
 
 39? 
 
 apjioiiitmcnt to cither tlic Heii tenant or alfercz of tlio 
 i(iiii[)aiiy accorclini^ to tlio relative fitness of tliosc 
 otlicers. They divided all the officers into two classes, 
 til.' intelligent and stupid, according to ability as 
 accountants, for as a rule there was no question of in- 
 t('L,nity, and were careful not to assign to any presidio 
 two iVoin the same class. With all j)OS3ible pr-ecau- 
 tioiis deficits occurred frequently, as we .shall see in 
 local annals, and Soler was always ready to suspect and 
 cl large irregularities, sometimes where none existed. 
 At last the inspector and his aid could no longer get 
 alcii''" tofTcther; Fajj^es asked for Soler's removal, and 
 Sdltr demanded a court-martial and a full mvestiga- 
 tion, being unable to discharge propei'ly his duties 
 under the govei-nor's onlers. The result was that the 
 office was abolished, Soler was summoned to Arizpc 
 ill 1788, and was made commandant of Tucson, dying 
 about 1790. Strangely enough after all his fault- 
 iinding and his constant search for defalcations on tho 
 part of others, he left California with a deficit of 
 about $7,000 in his own accounts; that is, ho owed 
 that amount^^ to the presidios, and it is difficult to 
 
 '^Oii troubles with litibilitadus' iiccounts see chapter xxi. of thia vohiinc ; 
 jilso l'ii>r. St. I'tq)., MS., vii. 114-1(). Fages Miitcd to .Sokr that lio waiitd 
 111) lli^;^'ns.sion to embitter friendly intercourse, but prcfera to leave all (jiics- 
 tions to superior authorities. Jd., vii. 14;{-,"). July M, 1787, Soler, who has 
 liLcii accuseil by Fages uf earelessuesa, del'euda himself with uiiintelligiblo 
 virliiagc made worse by Latin. Iil., vii. i'il. Ijeforc coming to Cali."orni;i 
 Suhr had served aa lieuteuant-governcr at El Paso, Chihuahua. I'ror. liir., 
 -MS., ii. 7."). lie was only lirevet captain, for the general roconimenda Juno 
 •Jl, 1 7S7, that he take connnand of a presidio in ease of a vacancy if he ranks tho 
 iillicr lieutenants. I'rov. iSl. I'd/)., MS., vii. 5(i. Being sick in 17bG he induced 
 t'le captain of the Piiiinsii to leave his surgeon, Carbajal, for his eon\ rniencc, 
 at which the Mexican antlioritiea lind fault and order the surgeon back to 
 San i!!as. Jil., vii. 2, 108. llis private troubles with Sal arose from thu 
 jealousy of the latter who suspected hiui of an intrigue with his v, ile, and 
 threatened to kill him. Soler w;ui arretted by Fa';es to protect him from Sal'a 
 v.ratii. /(/. , vii. l'J4-r). About his relations M'itii tho padres we have only 
 Ids own remark, ' suelcn (lo:; jiadres) criar nuiy nial huiiior y mi naturalei-a 
 cs nuiy propensa al conta';io. ' Jd., vii. l.Ti. A[)ril 17, 1788, ho writes to tho 
 general demanding a court-martial, ilay '2()th he aclinowledgca rcceij)t t;f 
 t'lder to proceed to Arizpe. August Dilth he writes to Fagcs announcing his 
 il(]>arturo and tlie end of the inspectorship, and referring t.i slurs ca^it upon 
 liis character. Id., viii. 50, oG-Ol. June IS, 17!'0, (ien. Ugarte writes to 
 I'age.s that the king has approved the suspension of tho ins].cctoral!i]i; that 
 Soler is to be eai)tain of Tucson; and that the governor is hereafter to inspect 
 tiie troops, going down to Loreto once iu two years for that purpose. J J., ix. 
 
i 
 
 
 . •., 
 
 i , • 
 
 Vj ;*• 
 
 v'Ib 
 
 ;,vr ii 
 
 pi 
 
 -; 1 1 (■ 
 
 } ■ i 
 
 ■ ,;,; 1 
 
 t'l 
 
 
 ti 
 
 Ijip.l 
 
 RULE OF FACES-GENERAL RECORD. 
 
 account for sucli a debt except on the theory tlmt lio 
 took improper advantage of his official position. The 
 debt had to bo paid out of his half-pay after hia death. 
 
 The controversies between church and state were 
 never ending, and though not particularly bitter dur- 
 ing this period, ever require attention as a leading 
 feature in early Californian history. The regulation 
 of 1781, it will be remembered, provided for founding 
 the Channel missions on a new basis very unfavorable 
 tt) tlie fiiars' plans; but by refusing to serve in Cali- 
 fornia the Franciscans carried their point and the new 
 missions were put on the same footing as the others. 
 The number of priests was to be gradually reduced 
 to one for each mission with certain exceptions; but 
 after several emphatic protests this regulation was 
 also rendered of no effect.^" 
 
 Thus the features most objectionable to the priests 
 were eliminated practically from the law, but there 
 
 S'll-S. Faqos alludes to Solcr's death in letter of Feb. 20, and Gen. Nava on 
 June '2')th. Id., x. 115, 1G4-5. Kis debt caused some trouble before ho loft 
 ("iiliforiiia, niid tlio matter Wix" not settled until long after his death. Three 
 tlioUKand live lumdrod dollar3 of his pay Mas bj' order of the viceroy on Jniio 
 8, I7f''7, socnrod for the btncllt of hi:? wife Dona .Josefa Rodriguez (fo Vargas". 
 Jil., vii. ((, 10. A large part of his debt ivas owing to the presidios and mis- 
 pioiirs. /^Kiv. St. I'ap., Pirsiil/ijx, ^IS., ii. 51-.'l. March 4, 1797, the governor 
 rociivcd 83,Ci);) on the dobt. J'rov. Her., MS., iv. 209. Nov. 7, 1797, tlio 
 liabi'.itado general pronounces the decision in favor of Solcr's widow unjust, 
 but xays an ap; c: 1 to tlie king would be very costly. /(/., iv. 103. Finally in 
 lM-.;0 ('apt. Ziiiiiga of Tucson i-i ordered to pay. SI, 002 of Solcr's debt to the 
 San T)i;'g() eo!!ip:',ny. J'ror. >S/. Pap., MS., xix. l.'iO, l.")3. 
 
 ''Jan. i\ \~t.'3, the guardian writes to Serra complaining that the govern- 
 ment in the i;(v/ roglamonto seems to aim at the destruction rather than sup- 
 pert of the mi. sioua. Xo more missions will be founded till the regulation is 
 inndiliod. It i.i bettor to abandon a mission than leave it in charge of one 
 priest, and any priest left alone may refu.se to serve without fear of conse- 
 f|ucncerj. Arrh. iSaiitu liiirham, ^IS., xii. I.'m-S. I have an original letter of 
 ]/;suen to the gnartlian, apparently written in 1784, in which he prot"sts mo;:t 
 carnchitly against tlic reduction, explaining tlie difficulties involved, and 
 declaring hi.! intention to rcyign his position^quit California, and if necessary 
 sever his connection with the college rather than serve alone; for nothing save 
 tlie commir-^inu of sin could lie so tcrril)le. The author of the project must 
 h;ive misunderstood the king's intentions. La>ii:eii, Carla de 17\^.'i. MS. In 
 hi i report of Oct. I7S7 he says 'no one can convince me that I am bound to 
 icni;,iii solitary in the ministry.' Arrh. Saiit't liiU-hara, MS. viii. 01. Aug. 
 10, 17!'!), the guarilian writes t'> the president that he has reliable iuformatidri 
 that the oljectien.'.ble clause in the reglaniento is aboli.-lied. [d., xii. ;.7-t". 
 I'alou, ill Id.. \\\. 40, .says tii' clause was annulled by ilie king'.s order of May 
 20, 1762, providing that cuch mission nmst have t\vo priests. 
 
CHURCH VERSUS statr. 
 
 899 
 
 were left .still some f^rouiuls on which to hase a qiiar- 
 iv\. Fages on assuming connnand anil during his 
 whole term of oftico .seems to have made an earnest 
 liJort to conciliate the priests and prevent a I'eopiMiing 
 of the old troubles. Considering his rather irritahio 
 nature and the bitterness of the old feud with Serra, 
 he was not altogether unsuccessful; still he was tho 
 successor of the hated Neve, the originator of tho 
 nylamcnto, largely committed to Neve's policy, and 
 icsponsible to the king for the execution of the laws. 
 IVil'ect accord was impossible, and causes of conjplaint 
 on one side or the other were not infrequent.'^ 
 
 l*ostal charges and especially the franking privilege 
 <)[' tlie friars furnished occasional matter for dispute. 
 
 '• 'Es ya (loclrtrnda la opof-icion tlcl 1'. .SciTa il tod;i providcncia {jubcnia- 
 tiva, si.'jiiiiicuila no snlo <•!> ]);ilabi'aH sino con Dbras y por CL-crito,' Mys r;i;'c:i to 
 the in. pL'ctor general on Mui'uli 1, 17S.1. Ho cliai'yc:i the (resilient witii too 
 great fjeverity not' only toward Indiana but the pailres. J',oi'. I'a:. MS., iii., 
 87. On Sept. 1"), /(/. I'Jl 5, he siiys that Serra 'traniph m Tipoii tho uieaMii-cs 
 of the government and bears liiniscU' with much drKji.t'rj'KZ and total indif- 
 ference.' Tlie padrea eommir many abuses in oppouti(j;i to tlio jiivcnmicnt. 
 Id., ii. lli.S. Sept. "JO, I7S,">, Fages writes to tho bi.sh(i|> cu the [ludre.",' neglect 
 of eliMplain service, and avers that they cannot be ipolan to on the most 
 trivia! matters wit' lut .showini.,' disdain. /(/., ii. 109. (!u the ramc d;py to 
 till' viceroy ho protests a;,'ainst; the fatal eonsoipicnecci ( f the mis.-,ionai'y policy, 
 vliicli i;' (li:inietric;dly o])pos( d to the rcglaniento. Ji/., ii. {)."). l-'ee. 7, i7'">» 
 IVigcs complains to (.'ambon of Palou's sullen and cold l)eh,:v!(jr, and of tho 
 jadrcy at Sisn l ';';r!os u ho have tv.ice received him (Iho ;over:ior) Avilh dis- 
 re^•;lcctfr,l cries and stanipin,'^; of feet. Yet ho Ikis I)c n so devoted to tho 
 ]i:ulrcs as to have drawn upon liini'^elf the name of ^/'/c'/cro. Several friars 
 liave (old him to his face tliiit they doubted liis word, TjiYjotting tho respeet 
 (hie him (IS /governor. Letters are written him wi.hout ]!ro;)er polit"nes.s. 
 ]io will no longer endun^ this, even if he be termed a jx-r/ccitor ( f friars; 
 yet he V. ill novcree.nse to vonc r;it(! them. A/., iii. <!!)-;]. Jr.l;/ 'JlIumki Iflth, Fages 
 jjives iinlrrs forbidding public murmurs against the p^.dres jnd i rders tlio ar- 
 icj't of .soldiers who make public comments on their eonilnct. Pior. .'.7. Pap., 
 JIS., vi. ]*;■>; x;;ii. '1\. Aug'. 10, I7;i(>, the guardian iniuniis tho presiilcnt 
 IIkiL projects for tlio weal of (.'alit'druia have been pi'ts; nlcd to thc^ vicii'oy, 
 find the opinion of tho liseal and his agent is that the proposals .'Iionld bo 
 tarried out and the govei-nor restrained. I'agcs is warned tlir.t he must havo 
 a ciire and that on the lear-t complaint of tho ] adres lie v.ill lo;;u his position 
 find honors. Arrlt. Santa Hih-hara, MS., xii. ;i7— b', Aug. 1^.3, I7H7. ]''age3 to 
 I.asiien, regrets that he can m.iho no ]>rovision without being HUsiicetcd. '([ue 
 i!o se haga niistcriosa.' Proi\ l'<'<\, MS., iii. CA-'t. Nov. 10, 17:K», L;isi:en 
 to the padres, a secret letter referring vaguely to a hi'ido v.hicli I'lo p.a.'.rcs 
 must obey because they can't help themselves, iho'igh b.o Ikis n jiresontaii) on 
 the subject. Arch. Ar::il''s/iailo,'Sl:-':,i. I."), iii. ^lay'J'!, 17')l, lag'; i recounts 
 the trnnbles to liis suecessoi'. He ,says quarrels with tin; I'ernandinos have 
 been frecpient, since tlu'y are very much opposed — ajiin f^.'i.^iiiiv-' — to the max- 
 ims of the reglamento, wishing t'> be wholly indepemient. At .San lluciia- 
 VMitura it even came to blows with I'adre Santa Jlaria. J'roi\ S(. Pap., MS., 
 X. 14U-oO. 
 
f I 
 
 I 
 
 J t .; 
 
 ,'Wm. 
 
 ,11 , 
 
 Pi 
 
 400 
 
 RULE OF FACJES-GEXERAL RECORD. 
 
 Oiu' of tlio i)ri\ ilriTfs (>l)tiiiiio<l 1)V Seiiii for Uk; ini'^- 
 Hioiiaiit-'s i;i ]77;i wuh that of Hcmliiij^ IctUr.s to tliu 
 collo*,^' flic of cost, and certain otluir letters to and 
 from the }>iesident were also exempt froni [lostuj^fe as 
 official coniniunications. The friars were iiulined to 
 include much jtrivate correspondence in the jtrivile^fd 
 mail mattei", and not much attention was given to the 
 subject ordinarily. In these later years, howevci-, 
 officials hy the <j^overnor'8 orders became more strict, 
 imposing on the missionaries what was deemed by 
 them a heavy and unjust burden. Hence much dis- 
 cussion without i)raetical result, since the law was 
 clear enough, aiul was not changed, the strictness of 
 its enforcement depending on the dis[)osiiion of the 
 local offici.vds. As a rule the friars gained nothing by 
 agitating the subject, though in some instances they 
 obtained a decision in their favor from ^Fexlco or 
 Arizpe.''' In real or affected ])ity for the natives, the 
 governor complained of ext-essive severity on the [)art 
 of the missionaries toward their neophytes. lJ;»u1)t- 
 less there were instances of cruelty, but not many 
 could be cited in these early years.' 
 
 10 
 
 '" Jauuary \2, 17S3, FiiTCa writes to Sal that Serra's claim for free scn(liii,f» 
 of lii«i k'tti'ivi to co1!cl;o anil to tlio padres cuuuot Ijo granteil, i\ icn iuy to iM\al 
 t'L'tlula of October '_'.'>, 1777, and viceroy's instniciious of Ai)rii l';) 17^1*. 
 Serra picailcd [loverty aiicl told Sal to keep his letter.-) if hu would not lurward 
 tluiii free. Snlitieijiieutly, ho\ve\er, I'ages conaeuted to liavo the Icili^j for- 
 Vardeil, and an acconnt kept of them until KU})e'.ior insiruetlon;* e aid lio 
 received. 'J'lio expense seeuia to have been iiually ehai'Hcd to the /government. 
 J'ror. /.','•.. ,MS., iii. SO-I, 88, lii'.i; .^^ I'd,". -S'-fc, MS., i. l-JS-l), 1;;!; I'nu: 
 (SV. /'((/'., MS., iv. .*)_', \'22-'.\. Augu.st 1(1, 17S(i, the guardian iuiya the junta 
 real has alicnved letters between padres nd the college to pa: .< free. 'J liey 
 must be in a ; jiaiato i)acka<,'C and dii'ectcd 'Contador (Icneral de Curreus. ' 
 Arr!i. SdiiUi Bi -/irni, MS., xii. ,'}7. July '2:2, 17!M, rrcsident La..uen i :sue:i 
 a circular sstatii that last year the formalities were not obs^rvud, and tlio 
 result wa.s a e( of ^.'!S for postage. Jd., ix. oM. October '2.2, ]~'.,o, ho issues 
 onother eircnl;! > the cllect that private letters had been sent in the padres' 
 package, aud Ih must be stu] ped, for there is a danger of losiiig tlio franking 
 jirivilege. /(/., i o'Jo-G. See also y«/., ^i. 104; xii. ID- -1; J'uloii, yol., i. 
 f)3-_'. 
 
 'Tutting nei -hytcs in irons and forced labor very frequent in all the 
 missions, and p; iciilarly at San Carlos. Fagcs, 17S.3, in J'lOr. ]'(<■., MS., 
 iii. 87. June II, I7.S,">, lagcs writes to Noriega that the natives accuse him 
 of beating tlicm with chains for trilling faults, charges which ho has investi- 
 gated and found to be true. Implores him in the name of Innnanily i'.ud of 
 the king to change his course. /(/., iii. T)!. Lieutenant Zuuig.'K-omi.lained in 
 1788 that the natives of Sau Diego were overworked and too severely pun- 
 
ro\Tr,>)vr:n';Y with tut rniAiis. 
 
 401 
 
 Fiij^i'f^ Ht'iit ft (locniiK-ni to tlio vio(M-<»y tlio 2C,i]\ of 
 Sipti'MilxT 178'), ill wliicli he lundo a iuniiiil cniintlaiiit 
 im-'iiiist <li(^ ])ri('stM for llicir opposition to the law, an 
 
 wo 
 
 (iiipoNiiioii wliirli was injiiiious to tlio I'oyal sciv 
 nnd to tlio spiritual n'ooil of tlio troops, lie oiiuinoi'' 
 ntofi li^o ;4roniuls of complaint wliicli T shall noti 
 
 itivsfiitly.""" ]>y tli(^ govornnii-nt tho niattor was ir- 
 forrod to tho colloii;o of San l'\'rnan(lo, and a i-onoit 
 was iiiado l»y (Juanliaii l*alou, who (Icniod all tho 
 allo'-ations and pri'scntod conntor-charLifos in holialf 
 
 of tho niisHionarios 
 
 21 
 
 Tl 
 
 10 audioncia was iiiiz/ 
 
 dod I) 
 
 cuntradif'tory ovidoiK^. A fow roconiniondatioiis woru 
 iiiado on dilforont points, and on Jaimniy 1-, 1787, 
 tlio ( . pcdlc nt(.' was sent to Coniniandant (loiioral 
 V<'arto y Loyola Avith iiistrnetions to niako I'urthcr 
 iiivc^stigations and pacify tho ooiitondin.ij^ partios as 
 best ho could.-" (jloncral Uj^arto wroto t»n April 2"Jd 
 to Prosidc'ut Lasuon, ordering coniplianco with tho 
 
 sn""'es 
 
 tions of the andicMU'ia and oalliii'': for a full r< 
 
 port on the disputed points, which was rondorod oii 
 tho 2Jth of October.-' 
 
 23 
 
 From Iho documents just mentioned wo learn tho 
 foU) dation of tho controver.'^y. Fages' first chargo 
 was that the ])residio of San J^Vancisco had been de- 
 prived of mass for three j'oars notwithstanding tho 
 obligation of tho friars to servo as chaplains. Palou's 
 rc[)ly was a denial that the i'riai's were required to 
 serve gratuitously as chaplains; a claim that such 
 service if I'liidorod was to be voluntary; and that tho 
 article treating this point, also reducing the number 
 
 i'ihcil. /(/., iii. 07. Fiiljcs lifis soon P. Perm draw 1)lootl l>y pulling; a l)oy's 
 car, iiiiil the natives accuse liiiii ot liiiviiit,' killed one of tlicir miiiilicr. J'n>i\ 
 Kt. /'(ip., MS., <. J(17. An <iiisiL'iH'(l scrap of 17S."i .sjicaks of irreyiilar coii- 
 tliict of ii padre and ohject;* to mode of cliastiseiiieiit. /'/., v. '2.T. 
 
 -'' F'l'jiM, Hvjifi « iitiicioii miifm Ion Frai/is, JO dr Sit. J'!S.', MS.; alluded to 
 villi miieral stiiteineiit of its purpoi't ill /'/■()('. I'cr., MS., ii. t)."). 
 
 '•' I'dloii, liifnritif Kohrr (Jiirjiis il< I Otjhi niaihir, J7S(j', MS. 
 
 •- A'.i-pi'iiii'iifc nfihrc rccijifociin (/ni jn-i ihl (liilnrDdilor dc ('njijbriiri'^ y ni'H'.l- 
 ioxox ii/iahiirrns, /7S7, MS. Addressed to (!eii. Ugaiio on Jun. I'J, 17^7, l»y 
 Jose Antonio de Urizar and other oidores. 
 
 ^'' L'i<iii->i, Jiifiirnu- y siiiixi'mrion id .S'/'. Comnitdank Gevcralsohre qnejan del 
 Goix nittilnr, ..',j ilr (Jrf'. i:s7, MS. 
 Uisi. Cal., Vol. I. 20 
 
402 
 
 RULE OF FAGES-GEXERAL RECORD. 
 
 of priests, liacl been annulled by royal ordei. l^nsiinn 
 .states that the padres have never refused oi- hesitated 
 to attend to the spiritual welfare of the sohHers; that 
 ho personally served the presidio of San ])iego wluii 
 a minister of that mission, tliough six miles distant; 
 that at Santa Barbara the missionaries of San Bncna- 
 ventura served though eight leagues distant; and that 
 the laek of service at San Francisco was becauso 
 there was until recently no decent place for it, nnd the 
 mission was so near that the soldiers c(nild easily go 
 there for spiritual care. The friars, h<jwever, w»'iu 
 offended because the soldiers insolently claimed their 
 service as regular cliaplains, when it was really a mat- 
 ter of voluntary charity. The viceroy's order on this 
 subject Avas that a proper allowance bo made to the 
 friars for their services at presidios.-* 
 
 The governor's second charge was that the padres 
 refused to recognize the govei'nment in n)atters per- 
 taining to pi'operty and the patronaio. Lasuen states 
 that th.o friars manage the mission tem})orali^'es by 
 order of the kino- thoucjli the manaLi-ement v.as at 
 first reluctantly assumed; that the vice r('(]iop<-tri>iifito 
 has little or no ap[)lication in a country like CVilireniia, 
 but that they will gladly observe any rules that may 
 bo prescribed. Palou charged the govei-nor vitli a 
 disposition to interfere illegally and despotically in 
 the management of tempoi'alitics, and declared that 
 
 {■■■I .1 
 
 *'Iii a corrcspnirlonro lietwccn Gen. Ucr^rh; ami I.asiuii in Marcli ITSH, 
 tlio latttr makes tlio same rejily on the S:in Fran-isco matter ai in his 
 infonue. Arch. S'lifii BdrJiura, .\|S., i. 'JS.') -7. Maivli .'), IT'%'', t!ie patlrcs of 
 Sau J"'i'aneisco to l'"a;,'cs excuse themselves lur failure to say nuisM o.i the plea 
 that ti;e jdaee is iinliealtiiy, there are no proper impleinents, the solilicrs have 
 IV) i-eu:aril I'^ir the missioiiarits, ami stitrniati/.o tiicir trier'<li ixi^fnu'vfti.x. The 
 corporal liiiil eveii ordered that no soldier must ajiproaeli the pa:lre i' honsc. 
 Fages (lire(.'tn the connnaiidant to Ije indiliercnt uuiil oider.s como fiom the 
 general. /'/'•'■;'. /.'ic, MS., iii \)\-l. Several communications resjiocting fail- 
 ure to say mass at San Francisco in Pfuv. Jtrr,, MS., i. lll'J; iii. "Jl, 1('(), '2'M, 
 nil written liy Fa'_;es. Orders from commandant that the re;j:lar.u nto r.iuut ho 
 enforced. Pn.r. ,v/. P(ij>., MS., vi. Uo; Arch. S/ct. ]l>nh ■m, M.S., viii. l.TJ; 
 xl. ',\~,')-l). In these orders it is eha%'ed that fees are ))eiiiy collected liy tlio 
 friars; and Fages makes the same stitement. Proi: lire.. y['A., iii. i\~. The 
 governor also com])lains on several occisions that the other jiresidios aro 
 iicglefted, and the jiueMo (tf San .losi'', wheri? 1*. I'eua lia.s rofuscil confession. 
 Id., ii. lOU; iii. 171; <V. Piqi. ''^^(c., MS., ix. S3-4. 
 
 :!!" 
 
CHARGES A\D COUXTKRCIIARGES. 
 
 403 
 
 ]k' luul no pi'opor uiulorstaiulinix f>f tlio jxtfroiiafo, 
 tlaiiiiin^' the right to require or permit work on days 
 of Irstival. 
 
 Thirdly the padres were accused of refusing to sell 
 mission produce at the prices fixed by the gove'i'n- 
 lucnt. Palou claims that there is no j)ro()f' that tlio 
 ti>iill' rates have ever been aj)proved by the kinn' ; 
 that those itrices ouu'ht to be reofulated bv scarcitv 
 (ii abundance; and that the president should have a 
 vc'icc in the matter. Lasuen, however, knows of no 
 instance where the missionaries have refused to sell 
 at tlio prescribed prices when they had orain to sell 
 at all; tliouL>'h durinj^ several years of scarcity- the 
 |)ii((s have been ke[)t down to a figure barely endiir- 
 ahlc in years ,of plentiful harvests." Tiie next causi* 
 (if complaint was the refusal of the friars to furnish 
 inventories (^f jiropeity, yearly increase, and the dis- 
 position made of mission products. Lasuen in re})ly 
 says that the reports furnished to the governor are 
 exactly the same as those rendered by the padres to 
 the president, and by the latter to the c(»llege; that 
 until now these reports have been satisfictory to all; 
 and linally that there are no laws recpiiring tlie mis- 
 t^ioraries, who are not mere treasury oilicials, to render 
 itemized accounts of what has been dime with each 
 bLushel of uiaize,'^'' 
 
 ■-'L.T-nea ndiiiits that P. IVn.-i sncrgcstctl an increase in price, forAvliicli lio 
 Mils (Iiil> rcinovcil; and lie says that tlic ■ovcinor himself increased the price of 
 cnin, wliiuli is shown to bo true hy a letter of Fa;,'es in I'lr,!: ,S7. J'a/)., MS., 
 vi. 10,>-1, in whicl) Sal is ordereil to pay two reah's extra for ni;ii/,e from S. 
 (Vii'lo.-,, Sta. Clara, and r-'an Jos . Ah-n ."lan. -J, 17S7, Fai.'es niodiiies l!ie tarilf 
 prices. /</., vii. KiS-'i; and July '2U, 17S7, lie ask.s l.asiien for harvest retm'ns 
 tliat he may regulate jirices. Ai-i'h. Sta. Li. rharci, :\IS., vi. 1!». J'a;;es eoni- 
 li!;:iiis of IViia't! refusal to furnish grain on Xovendier S, 17S,"), and .Mareli T,, 
 17M!. Arch. St<i. liiirh'irii, MS., x. •-'.'>-.'!'.». ],asuen"s r.pli-s l)ein>; that lie is 
 ^■■^yjlnd has I'eproved 1'. I'ena or will v. rite to him. Fa-es alo siiy.-uiii Si'pt. 
 -<>, I7>>"), that a mule train was sent back from San Carlos uithout mai/e. 
 Vi-i,.: lki\, .MS., ii. l-..'S-!». 
 
 -''.May "J, 17^<i, I'ai.'es eomplains to tlie ;.'(<neral that the ]>ailrcs are I'cluc- 
 tant to siiow theii- inventories, do not nia!;e tlieni out aeeordiuL: to ruk', ami 
 omit liie register of iiihahitauts. I'rm: ];,,•., MS., ii. l;!(i. Feb. 7th he eoni- 
 I'lains to tiie iire-ident that 1'. I'ena ri'fnsed his aid .•iiid (he nnssion lioohs for 
 aeciiiu.s. 'J'lie president eNplains tiiat the ennimandant had ii<jt aske.l in a 
 piejicr nnniier. ]{e has reipiesled all iiudres to give the re<piired aid. Anh. 
 Hill. Ikiihuru, MS., .\i. 
 
404 
 
 RULE OF FAGES-GEXERAL RECORD. 
 
 Finally it Avas alleged that in defiance of the law 
 tile FraiK'iseans insisted on retiring to their eollego 
 Avithoiit obtaining permission from the governor. 
 Palou replies that by an (»rder of the viceroy dated 
 jMarch 2!), 1780, afi'iarhad only to sliow the govei-imi' 
 a license I'roni his prelate. Lasuen goes more fully 
 into the snbject. In Xeve's time, he sa3's, a pric-t 
 I'etired with his prelate's license and the viceroy de- 
 cided that there ^\•as no law to })i"event it. Palui 
 dei)arted in the i)resencc of Fages, who is I'esjxinsi' ' 
 
 d 
 
 P 
 
 uc 
 
 f >r any irregularity in the })roceeding. The next year 
 I'ao'cs on being considted made no (jbiection to the 
 (le})arture of liioboo; but tinally there came adecrci' 
 of Viceroy Galvez, forbidding the entry or depart ui< 
 of any friar Avitltout his li 
 
 ceijse. 
 
 Tills order has 1 
 
 X'cll 
 
 obeyed in the case of A'^oricLj'a, and it M'ill be obeved; 
 l)ut tlic president goes on to argue earnestly against 
 the justice and ])or!cy of such a requirement, sub- 
 jt'cted to v.diicli the friars %vill serve only with reluc- 
 tan 
 
 •27 
 
 I'^igcs had also found fault, though ajiparently not 
 in his f )rmal comjilaint, because^ neopliyteswerc allowed 
 t) ]'ide too nnich, the ])oli(y of tlie g(jvei'nment being 
 opposed to this, in fear that like the Apaches the (';d- 
 ifornians miu'ht become skill'ul warriors. The friar.s 
 admitted the danger, declared that their interest Mas 
 ideiitit-al with that of the government, but claimed 
 
 '-■'Tlin viceroy's communiv-ationa of ^lar. 20, 17S0, wliicli aropvcn in.l/v7/. 
 Sid. jHfrlicrii, ^IS., vi. -7--'i, ."i. 'J.VCi, aie nut coiroctly fiti'il hy I'alnu, 'J he 
 viecniy, \\ liilo fipprovin",' tlio claims of tlio coIIcl'c. turns; tli<> iiialtcr over to 
 ll'.o co!iiin;m<laiit general. ■\vlu) lie f<ay.i inay liave liad yooil i'ea,;(ms for liis 
 orders. ']'\\v drcrec reiniiriiitr tlie viceroy "s perniis.'siou for any ji.idrc! to come 
 or go WIS dated Dec. 7, 17Sli. I'n^i: ,S7. VVf/i., MS., vi. •JO'J:!. In April 17s7 
 the lisc'd of tlie roj'al treasni'V explained that as the movements of the jiadrcs 
 vere ji.aid from the missionary fund, their .troing toCalifoiiua if not needed or 
 ij.irint,' for a. mere whim would euns(^ useless I'Npense; tliei-ofore, the go\erH- 
 imnt had a ri;;ht to kmav the reasnns. April 'J:!d the audiemia decreed in 
 eonfornnty to the liscal's opininn; May '21st the arcldiislwip ■■omnninicated tlio 
 d"cision to 1'alon ; and .liine '2'2i\ and 'JSd Fai,'es isiixo correspondin^' orders, 
 tlioiij;h tlie president of lia ja. ( 'aiifornia, prote.ited that tills was eniitrary to 
 loyal orders. Jrrli. Arrjihi^/ifi'/n, ^IS.. i. S, !(; Anh. Sfn. Jli'a-h.u-it, .MS., \i. 5,^. 
 .luly !'. nSS, the viceroy infoi'in.s the ;ioveriior that the viceri-Ljal authorities 
 J lid not the .Lfcueral \y\\\ determine tli ■ sending and recalling of friars eei n if 
 the eonuiiiiiKl becumey independent of Mexico. I'loc. St. I'l'p., MS., viii. l-o. 
 
yiTTX^ OF FATHER LASUEN. 
 
 405 
 
 't)^ 
 
 lliat tlicro wore none l>nt native's to serve as vaqiiei 
 ;i;i([ that the woric could only 1k' done on liorseback. 
 ]Iaving re])lle(l to tlie governor's s[)eeitle charges, 
 Lasucn proceeds to hiy before the governni(Mit certain 
 C()ni[>laints on tlie part of tlic niissi()nari(\s, namely: 
 tliat the soldiers, being occu])ied largely witli matters 
 (lutside of their projjcr duty — that of aflbrding jiro- 
 te^ tinn to the Iriai's in their work of christianizing 
 the natives — neglected that duty; that in consequence 
 dl" a long peace they were 1)ecoming careless and neg- 
 lecting precautions against disaster; that an insuili- 
 cient guard was given to the missions, the most useless 
 ;ni<l the worst e(|uipped soldiers being detailed ibr that 
 (hity,and only one soldier lacing allowed to escort the 
 friars on Ion'.;; journevs;""' that the soldiers of the 
 guards kept much live-stock to the ])rejudice of missi;'; 
 interests; that Indians were condenuied to work as 
 
 'J'liis suliji'ct (if mission 
 
 ''u.'inls ;iii( 
 
 I til 
 
 .lut 
 
 ics ^\■nH n'allv oiu; ^i 
 
 if til 
 
 most serious in tiic wliolo eontrovi'i'sy. I'lii' pfi(ircs wisiiod I'utiro coiitidl of 
 tiio soldiers to uso as tlioy ik'snied lust, and |iaiticidarl\ in puisuiii!,' runaway 
 cuiivorts. Ntivo iiail opjiosvd the cnijiIoymLiit of suldiors to linnt lugitivos in 
 (ji'diiiary cases, bi'L'ausi; lie dicnii'd otiicr iiiwiiis liottcT iitttil foi' tin' iiuriiosc, 
 and lici'uuso incii cnougli could not lie .spared foi' etlectivo and safe service, 
 I'li/i: Sf. /'»'//., MS., iii. rj;i-4. 'J'lie Frencli voy.i.;er La, I'ei-onse pr;iises 
 Neve lii;;ldy tor Ids jiosition on tliis ]ioint. Ld Prr^iiKi', Veil., ii. t.".)7-'S. In liis 
 instruetions to Fa^'t's, Sejit. 7, 17S"_', Neve advised that not more tlian two 
 s(il<liers should ineoin|>aiiy a jiadie to eoid'ess, etc., at a I'ancheria, anil th.it 
 tlit V .should not lie alisent ov( rni','lit. 'J'lie Inilians must not learn to lijht 
 
 .SV. /',//,.. MS., iii. i:!S !). Vet Fa-is did not rely 
 
 fii;^i lives, lint lavoii'd a I'csort to amis 
 
 1 us ]it rsujisions hy jiadres, seiidiii;,' 
 
 V. itii Jind kill. soldiers. /' 
 
 iiiiiiely on ]le^sua.■^ioll to biiiig ha 
 eiily alter all other means had failt 
 • if lienjihytes, ai)|ieal to eliiet's, (jller of Jiresents to gentiles, etc. .Sec F,l-t 
 
 iii<tiueiions to soldiers sent aftt'r runawavs in 
 
 lt> 
 
 MS., iii. l.-)l-'_'. "Ii 
 
 17s4Fam 
 
 s reliea 
 
 its tl 
 
 i(! on 
 
 ler f<irl>id! 
 
 in 
 
 III escort of nioi'c tl 
 
 t\V( 
 
 I) sohliers. 
 
 st not lie aliseiit over niulit. 'J' 
 
 rty of the mission di'inands th 
 
 ]iixsencu ( 
 
 if all. 
 
 and the kin 
 
 ■h 
 
 as eoiilirniecl oiiler 
 
 to tiiat ell'eet. /' 
 
 -MS., iii. 47-S. 'J'lie latest orders do not jn riiiit him to let the troojis ])iirsuo 
 
 eiiininoiii I exeejit in extreme eases. 
 
 /.Vc, MS., ii. KKi-i Oct. r 
 
 ,S.>. 
 
 to I)unietz. .Ian. .">, \~,S7\, in /' 
 
 to.S.ii 
 
 X 
 
 o eseo 
 
 ii t to lie L' 
 
 iveii to 
 
 ]':idi-es except uhen they go to say in;: 
 
 !i'. I' 
 iilii 
 
 it )) 
 
 lios. or to coiifos or li.-iiiti/c, 
 
 'iji.. line, MS.,ii. .")1. ]'!scoltas refusi'd, exeept as aliove. at San Antonio 
 
 .'Santa IJiirli 
 
 /• 
 
 .v. /' 
 
 '/' 
 
 MS., V. 1 !•_'. I(i7. ]'. Pumetz at San 
 
 ]!aeua\entura Ik in^ refused an escort to go to .S.m ( Jaliiicl s ivs, I'eli. 4, 17Sd 
 
 m su 
 
 list, 
 
 mice: 
 
 I er\ 
 
 well, 
 
 ' are to lie thus ri'strietei' tooin-i 
 
 y 
 
 '■/'■ 
 
 t th 
 .MS.': vi. 4.'>-(l. 
 
 can no lomicr visi 
 
 iiicsidio, which is In 
 
 cvonil 
 
 our .iirisi 
 
 licti 
 
 Mi 
 
 .'(, I7S(), however, I'.ige.s orders 
 
 iiissioiis \',e 
 
 /'/•«/■. SI. 
 
 cort til lie 
 
 fiiniislied wlieiitli" jadresof San riiU'navcntuia wish to visit San (laliriel and 
 Santa Ikirliar.-i. /'/., vi. 7-. Aug. I(i, 17SS. i'. .a long letter to F<asmn Fagea 
 e\i.l.uiis the policy of the gov( rnment respr.'ling isnn'ts. and the forcilile cap- 
 tuiu of cinianones. Airh. Sic. Ui'irliant, M.S., i. l(J7-7«i. 
 
|:l# 
 
 0t 
 
 'I 1 ; 
 
 400 
 
 RULE OF FxVGES— GENERAL RECORD. 
 
 l)t'on,s at tlio presidios for stealing cattle and for otJK r 
 offences, the punishment of which should rest c^xdu- 
 sively with the friars, tlie sole ohject being to get fiv.- 
 laborers;'"' that the settlers of San Jose employed 
 jtagans to do their work, demoralized them by b;,d 
 example, and even persuaded them to avoid Chris- 
 tianity and its attendant slavery; tliat the disposition 
 to make mission alcaldes independent of the I'riars in 
 jumishing offences greatly impaired their usefulness, 
 tliL' law having been intended only for curates and not 
 for missionaries; that illegal and unequal measure-; 
 were used for mission produce; that the raising (;(' 
 Ccittle by the presidios and the jnvfereiice given to tlio 
 pueblos in buying supplies would soon deprive tlie 
 missions of all means to j»rocure needed articles inr 
 the neojihytes, especially as i\\o articles most needed 
 wei'e ol'ten refused by tlie habilitados, or prices made 
 too high in pro})ortion to those of mission pnxlucts, 
 and yet the [)adres would submit humbly to the deci- 
 sions of the connuandant general. 
 
 Palou in addition to the preceding charges, declares 
 that the regulation was never proclaimed in Calif )rii!a 
 until September 1784, and was not really in force. 
 that of Echeveste being nuich better ada})ted to llie 
 needs of the countr}'. He says that the regulatimi 
 was not carried out, the articles on the inspection <>(' 
 presidios and on pueblo management being notably 
 disregarded, and that not only were the [)Ueblos iu a 
 sad state of decadence, but that San Jose, on tlie rapid 
 I'oad to ruin, was by its a<>'<>'ressions under tlie li(i\- 
 
 ' t' " 
 
 eiiior's i)olicy draLrLiiii'>' the mission of Santa Clara to 
 luiii with it. Finally, the governor, instead of obey- 
 ing the law, had not given the missions the slightest 
 
 "'•'Tlic sfoular iuitlioiitk'.s, in tin- liglit of pnst cxpr'tiencc in dtlicr provinros, 
 PCM in to liiivr tTi;<U(liMl tlio stcjilintr of c:ittU' a.s a iiincli inot(! serious oHi'iici", 
 iiiiil one much more dangerous to S|iaiii.>li tloiiiinatioii in Califoiiiia, tlian did 
 till' ])adres. It was liy no means one of the trivial faults in wliieh the friars 
 h::d exelnsive jurisdietion. Fai^es has sonietliiiiir to say on this siihjeet in llic 
 li'Uer last iilhidi<l to. Still tliero is no duuht the military authorities ilid 
 uliuse their pow er in this diieelioii w ith ti view to yet workmen free of cost. 
 
GEXERAL REPORTS. 
 
 407 
 
 ciioonragomciit or aid eithci^ in spiritual or temporal 
 atliiirs. 
 
 The reader wlio has followed this and precedinj^ 
 quarrels between the political and missionary aiithor- 
 
 PALoa's Map, 1TS7. 
 
 itic;-; iu California, will have noted that they were 
 ul'tni petty in all their pliases, and such as mi^'lit 
 easily have been avoi(K."d by slight mutual ('one(^ssi(ins 
 and ellorts to ])romote harmony. It is not neeessary 
 In decide on the mei'its of the rt'spective }>arties in 
 eacli dis[)ute, even if it wei'e possible; yet it is apjiar- 
 «iit (hat the friars were (U'termined not to \\v\d a 
 single point of their claimeil jirerogatives until I'orced 
 to do so, and tiien to yield onlv to the highest auth(»r- 
 itics, to the king if possible, or to the viceroy, but 
 

 k 
 
 408 
 
 RULE OF PAGES— GENERAL RECORD. 
 
 never to no iusiijfiii^.eant an official as llie i^ovcrnor. 
 whoso presence they regarded as an oiiti'age it" lie liad 
 a will of his own, and whose authority they practically 
 disregarded in a way very hard to bear. Yet in his 
 general report on missions rendered in 1787;"'^ (Jon- 
 ernor l^'ages speaks in the highest t(,'i-nis of the zeal 
 and eiliciency t)f the missionaries, and his personal re- 
 lations with them were for the most })art i)leasant. 
 It was only as governor and president, as re})resenta- 
 tives of Carlos III. and St Francis, that the}' (piar- 
 relled, save in the case of a few individuals or in the 
 ruler's irritable moods. One of the friars, however, 
 in an interesting report on the missit)ns in 1789 cunld 
 not deny himself the satisfaction of stating that while 
 the kiuLc's i)rovisions had been all that they could 
 desire, there had been great and cveri ulpable remiss- 
 ness on the ])art of the royal i-epi'esentatives, or 
 agents, in California.^^ 
 
 3« /'rtr/r.-!, htformr Oanrol dc ^nsioiic", J7S7, ^IS. This is nn c::'jclleiit 
 r^'suiiu'' (if the i)iist progress and present ('(iiiditioii of the ("aliforiiiau cstahli.-h- 
 nients, fontaiiiiiiL.' a sejiaiato notice of eaoli mission and some general su',;- 
 gestions of needs, hut with no referenee to eurrent eontroversies. A statistical 
 jiresentation of the sulijeet seems to have aeeonijianied the original, \\hii:ii 
 ^^as iiiatle in answer to an order of the general of Deeendier 1, ITSIi. The date 
 ill 17^7 is not given, and it may hav»! Keen aft i' the receipt of the king's order 
 of Mai-eh'_'l, re(juiring governors to render such rejiorts every two or tiireo 
 years. Of this ee(lnhi I have an original in print with autograph siirnaturcs 
 in J)or. J/isl. Oil., MS., iv. .SI- 3. 
 
 ^^ liij'itnnc lie lo 5/;«.'i jxriifiar ilr hi ^Tiirrri Cnl'iforu'ifi, J7S9, MS. This 
 report was prohahly ilireeted to the bislioj) or archbishop, lint there is noth- 
 ing, in my copy at least, to indicate the author. The document contain'; 
 general information ahout the Indians and thu mission system, without much 
 of chronological auuals. 
 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 RULE OF FAGES, DEATH OF SERRA, AND MISSION PIIOCJRESS. 
 
 1783-1790. 
 riiKsrDJ'.NTSF.nrv.v'.s Last Toms — Ti,lnf.ssandDkati[ — ■Bi'iiiALANiiFrNKKAL 
 
 ]I(,iN()HS~niS Lll'K AM) ClIAKACTKR— SrcC'llSSION HP 1'aI.OU AM> l.ASIKV 
 
 — MtJGAUTE«ui AS Vice- PRESIDENT — Confirmation- —Notre of I'ai.oi's 
 Htstokicae Works— Viua he JrxirEuo— Xuticfas de C'ai.ifouma — 
 ^Iap— I'uorosELi Erection' of the Missions into a Cfstohia — Xi:\v 
 Missions— FouNDiNd of Santa Darkara — Innovations Defeated — 
 Five Years' Progress — Mission of La rcRisiiiA Concefcion FonNDED 
 — Early Annals. 
 
 Ix 1784 tlio Californian missionaries wore called 
 U]»()u to lose tlioir well beloved master. l*i'esi(K'iit 
 -luiiipero Serra died at San Ciirlos on tiie iZHlh 
 fit' Au^'List. In January he had returned from his 
 last tour of coniirmation in the south, during whidi 
 lie visited every mission from San Diego to San 
 .\iitonio. In June he came home I'roni a last visit to 
 the northern missions of San Francisco and Santa 
 Clara. He left jNEontercy by sea for the south so ill 
 tliat all, including himself, deemed his return doubtful. 
 He was near death at San (labriel, and when he left 
 Santa Clara it was with, the avowed intention to pre- 
 ])are for the final change. He had long been a suf- 
 I'frer from an affection of the chest and ulcers on the 
 li'i'-s, both a'Ji'lxravated if not caused b.y self-iiiilicted 
 liardshi[) and a pious neglect of his body. The slcalh 
 of his old companion Cres[)i had been a heavy blow; 
 his sorrow had been dee[) at p; rtial failure in his 
 elforts to ])lace California cxclusi/ely under mission- 
 ary control, and to revive under better auspices the 
 Jesuit epoch of the peninsula. 1 he return of Fages 
 
 ( WU ) 
 
.1.1 
 
 
 410 
 
 DEATH OF SERKA; MISSIOX rROGRESS. 
 
 to [)owcr was not oncouraging to liis plans nnJ liopes;. 
 His license! to confiiiu, unckT wliicli ho had achuinis- 
 tered the sacrament to over live thousand persons, 
 cx[)ired in July, and discouraging news cnnie at tlie 
 same time from jMexico aljout the prospect of obtain- 
 ing new friars. The death of Father Murguia broke 
 another link that bound him to this world, and the 
 venerable apostle felt that his work v/as doae, his 
 reward was near at hand. To all the Franciscans was 
 despatched a letter of eternal forewcll, in every word 
 of which seemed distilled, drop by drop, the very soul 
 of the dying man, while from each of the nearer mis- 
 sions a padre was summoned to take leave in person. 
 Palou from San Francisco, the only one wli(3 arri\ed 
 before Father Juni[)ero's death, was obliged to say on 
 August 19th the regular monthly mass in honor of 
 St Joseph, California's great patron, but in other 
 religious services the saintly sufferer insisted on taking 
 liis usual ])art. Irritants were ap])lied to his chest by 
 the presi.lial surgeon on the 2;3d without any bene- 
 ticial effect. On the 2Gth he made a general confes- 
 sion, and next day walked to church to receive the last 
 sacrament in the presence of friars, officers, troo[is, 
 and natives, having ordered the carpenter to make his 
 cotHn. The night was passed by the dj^ing man on his 
 knees, or a i)art of the time reclining in the arms u\' 
 his neophytes. Having been anointed, and I'ecitcil 
 with tlie others the litan}', toward morning he re- 
 ceived absolution and the plenary indulgenc(^ of his 
 order. In the morning of the 28tli he was visited l)v 
 Ca[)taiu Cahizares and other oflicers of the vessel in 
 port, and he asked that the bells might be tolled in 
 honor of their \isit. Then he conversed with his old 
 frieml Palou, requested to be buried in the churcli 
 near Crcspi, and promised to pray for California when 
 he should come into the presence of the trinity. At 
 one moment a fear seemed to oppress his mind, but 
 soon all was calm, and he went.Oi;t of doors to gaze 
 for tlie last time upon the face of nature. Iveturning 
 
 w 
 
 mi 
 
LURIAL OF FATHER JU^'iPERO. 
 
 411 
 
 at one p. >[. lie lay down after prayci-s to rest, and was 
 tliouu'lit to be sleeping, but within an hour Palou 
 fdund tliat he was dead. The bells announced tho 
 iiKiurul'ul inteili<4-eneo. Clad in the iriar's simple robi.- 
 in whieh he died and wliich was the only ganiKMit lio 
 over wore, save when travelling, the body was ])la<'(,'d 
 in the coffin, with six candles beside it, and tlie weep- 
 ing neophytes came to cover tlie remains of tlieir 
 beloved master with flowers, and touch with tlieir 
 iiiedals and rosaries the lifeless form. Every article 
 of cluthing save the one that served as a shroud was 
 distributed in small fragments as i)recious relies amoiiLr 
 the pople, and notwithstanding all vigilance a part 
 of the robe was taken also. On Sunday, the 2'Jth, 
 the body was buried in the mission chnn.'h by Palou in 
 
 th 
 
 pr 
 
 es(. 
 
 ince of all the inhabitants of jMonterev, and 
 
 with all possible ceremonial display, including military 
 honors and the boominu' of o-uns from the fort and 
 
 anizares vesse 
 
 lat 
 
 ancnor m 
 
 the bi 
 
 ^y- 
 
 The life of Father Junipero Serra is so closely 
 
 ' A full account of Scrrn's sickness, tloatli, and burial, much lon';;rr ami 
 more (lotailc.'tl than I Lave space to icprotluco, is given in P<ilo>i, I'itla, '2l)\~ 
 ',]'Xt. Anitl'cr qoixl autlioritj-, incluiliii;,' a sketch of Sci'ra'.s life i.-i Pdhm, 
 ])i ni)ir!':ii (hi n. P. /';•. Jiniijxro Srrra, ilS. ; translation in ^\rch, Mi.-i'ioiii's. i. 
 ";>-(). There arc some slight <lili'erences in the two accounts not woi ;li noticing 
 here, except p('rlia):.s the statement in tlie latter that Scri'a ilicil just lieforo 
 4 r. M. (lov. Fa','cs was not present at the funeral, lieiuL; ahsent from Mon- 
 terey. Capt. Soler \v:!s the hi^^iiest ollicial wlio took jiart in tlse ceri'monies. 
 I'almi was aided by I'l*. Sitjar and \(jrie;_fa, and by Dia.'; the chaplain < f tho 
 S/iii I 'diioii. On Se|it. 4th tlu.'rc was a renewal of funeral honor,! with tho 
 sanie crowded altencUince as before, and with the a(Mition;d assi^itancc of 1', 
 I'aterna (^f San Luis. Now the relics were blessed. The crew of the ptiijiwhiit 
 see\n-ed Serra 's tunic which was made into sciipularics; the small clothes were 
 di:-h i!i',:tcd by lilt among the troops aM<l others; and the surgeon oiitaincd :k 
 lianukei'chief, which cured a sailor of a headaclie, as <lid a girdle cure I'. 
 I'aterna of tiiecnljc. 1'. Serra's boily was buried in the )n'esliytery of the 
 church on the epistle side befdi'e the altar of our huly of Dolores. \Vheii llio 
 new church was built tlie remains of bc^tli Serr.i and ('respi were probably 
 transferred, but so far as 1 know there is no i-ecord of such transfer or of tho 
 ]ilace when' they finally ivniidned. Taylor, in Ifnff/ihiy.-i'' M<i<f., ^lay ISiiO, 
 ami in f V(/. Farmer, Xov. "JS, ISii'J, ;-ays that the body lies near tho altar 
 covered by the debris of the roof, wliich fell in ISo'i. The pari.h priest made 
 
 -ii., 
 
 II'- 
 
 an unsuccessful search for it in bs.'i."). Visclicr, Jl!<.-<iniis (•/ ('a 
 saysthe remains are su])posed to have been taki n to Spain, shortly iificr 17' I; 
 and that t!ie priest in his 'anti(iuariau mania' found tin- remains of anotlicr 
 fri.ir which believers sei/cd upon as precious relics. 'J'here is no doubt tl'.o 
 bodies still rest at S:in (Virlos, and in ISS'J they were identilied to the satis- 
 luction of the parish curate. 
 
i\ i 
 
 412 
 
 PEATII OF fERKA; MISSION PROCKESS. 
 
 Ui'ii(k';l witli tlio first (irtucii years of Calif" )niiii mis- 
 sion history that any attempt to [Ji'esi'nt it ho-c would 
 result in au iiniieeessai'V rcsunuj of tlie pi-eeedln;^^ 
 chii[<ters. I suhjoiu however in a note" for convenient 
 
 '-Mi;,'iul .Fos(' Sfi'in, son of Antoiiii) Scrra mid Miii'u'ai'ita Ferrer, vas Ijurn 
 iit Fctra (;ii tliu i.-^lauil (if Mallmca Nov. '21, ITI.'t, tuck tin; I'raiici.si'aii Italjit 
 at l'ali!;a Scjit. 1 1, I7.'>(), ami iii:hU' lii.s luolcssioii Si]it. l.">, ITiil, on ^^ liii !i 
 (nL'asioii he assiniicil tlio iiaiiic .)iiiii|icr(j. Jn early IiovImjoiI lio mcivuI a.s 
 chorister ami aeojytu in tin; ]iarish ehureli ^'reatly to the ileli^'ht of his ]':ireMts, 
 a ( lod-feaiiiig ooii])lo of lowly .station. The li\es of the .saints were his favorite 
 ieadiii;4, and his fondest and)ilion was to devote hi.s lifi^ to reli,L;ious work. 
 He \v;is an cirnest and wonderfully jiiolieient .student, and tan;^hl iiliilosMpliy 
 for a j'oar Ixfore his ordination in the ehic f convent of I'alinn, then olit:iiiiini.; 
 a deirree of S. T. ]). from the fanio\is i..ulliau University with un apixiintnient 
 to tiieJohn Seotn.s chiiirof jihilu.sojihy which hi; held with great sneees-i until 
 he left Sp.dn. Ho was also noted for iiis <loctrinal Icarnin;,' and still more ."^'i 
 as a .sensational preacher, lie was wont to imitate San Francisco Solano mid 
 (iften hand his .shoulders and .scoui';;ed Ii'iuself with an ii'ou chain, extin- 
 gnishe<l li'.,'hteil candles on his llesli, or |)i;unded his breast with a lai'.ice stniio 
 a.s he exhorted hi.s hearers to peniteneo. Thus he is represented in the 
 engraving.,' which I'alou has attached to hi.s life, but which lui.s probably little 
 or no merit as a portrait. 
 
 March .'>!), ITii), after repeated apiilications he obtained his patcntf: to juiii 
 the college of San Fernando and devote himself to mis.sionary work in 
 Anierii'a. With Palou he left his convent April l.'lth ancl sailed v'ni M;il;i',M 
 to ( ';idiz where In; ariivcd May 7th. On the way to M;ila;;a he maint.iir'd 
 a continuous disputation on doj^matic thcoloiiy with the hei'etie master <if the 
 ves.scl and would not yii Id even to the somewhat forcililo tlioULih heteroilux 
 ai'guments cf a da'.'ger at his throat and repeated threats to throw him o\ i r- 
 board. Sailin;.; from (':idi/ Au,^'. -Sth, he touched at I'uerto Piico where ho 
 sjient 1.") days in preachiuL', anehoi'ed at Vera Cm/. ])ec. Otli, and walked to 
 .M'xioo, rcjiehing the college .(an. 1, 17")0. Assij.'ned the same year to the 
 Sierra ( !orda missions of (Jnerctaro ami Sau Luis I'otosi, he made tin; journey 
 (in foot.'ind reached Santiago de.lalpaii on June Kith. l'\)r nine yeai-s he served 
 here, ] .-irt of the time as president, devoting himself most earnestly and sue- 
 oe.ssfnlly to the conversion and instruction of the P.uncs. In 17"i'.> or ITiiH he 
 \\ns recalled tmil appointed to the so-called Apache missions of the IJio S:iU 
 Sab.i in 'iVxiis; but the plans being ihanged he was ri'tain"d by the coIU .o 
 and employed for seven years in jircaching in ^Mexico and the surnuiuiling 
 bishoprics, in college service, and in jierforming the duties of hi.-' oliicc of 
 coiiii.sario of the inquisition held since; 17.">-. 
 
 .Tidy 11, 17117, Scrra was named president of the Pi.nja ralifoniian missions, 
 arrived at 'i'epie Aug. 'Jlst, sidled from Sau lilas March VI, 170''^, iind ivaclud 
 Loreto .V[iril 1st. March 'JS, 1700, he started — alway.s on foot — for t!ic 
 north, founded Sau Fe;'iiando de Velicita on May 14th, reached San ])iegi) 
 duly ist, and foundcil the lirst California mission .July Kith. Ajiril \C), 1771', 
 he saile<l for I'le north, leached Monterey May .'Jlst, and founded Sau Carlos 
 Juno .'id. .Tilly 14, 1771, he founded Sau Antonio. Aug, '20, 177-, he 
 starti/d south by lan<l, founded Sau Luis Sejit. Ist, and reached Sau ]>iego 
 Se])t. KUh. On'Oet. 'JOth he .sailed from San l>iego, reached San ISlas Nov. 4, 
 and M'xieo I'eli. (i, 177.'{. Leaving ^Mexico in September, he sailed from S.iii 
 Jilas .Ian. "24, 1774, ariivcd at Sau l)iego ^larch Kith, and went ii[i to ;\Ioii- 
 teiey by land, arriving !May llth. I'rom .Tune X), I77l>, to .Tnii. I, 1777, he 
 v.as ab.jei't from San (Virlos, going down to San l>iego by water, retnrniii;,' by 
 land, and founding S:in .Tuan C,i[iistrauo on Xov. 1st. In September and 
 O-tidier 1777 he visited San Francisco and Santa Clara. I'k.iii Sejit. 1 ">, 
 1778, to .Jan. .">, 1770, he made another trip south, eouhvming at all the mis- 
 
LIFK ()F .TUXil .•IKO SKRRA. 
 
 413 
 
 rffrrcn^c nn outline of dntis witli some iti'iiis Illus- 
 t);itiv(! of his cliiUMcU'i' and liaiiits taken iVoiu liis 
 
 niisnii Iris wiiy liJH'k: ami in ( tctulior mid Xdvciiilit r Ihm isitcil Siiiita ('l.iuk 
 il San I'laniisiM) nu the .siiiii: ii 
 
 'nil 
 
 Ant 
 
 iinii). San 
 
 ]' 
 
 In Sijiliiulicr iiml Octulur IT^^^l !■ 
 
 (1, and Santa ( 'lain. In . March 17^- 
 
 lii'Wciit ti) Los Anu"'U'.s and San Oiiliiicl, fdimdcd Sun lincnuvrnturii Miiiili 
 
 id 
 
 nil 
 
 iiLfaiii visiter 
 
 IJlst. «as iirr.st.iit lit tlit! luundilu,' of Santa Jlarl ara iiii 
 
 rtiiint'(l to San ( Virl 
 
 Ai, 
 
 .uis and San Antonio aliont tlif niidi 
 
 .liinc. Ju Aiij.'iist \'s:\ lie saiii'd for San J)iL';,'o. arii\ inj,' in Scjiti'mlit r. rotuiii- 
 in.; Iiy land, xisitini; all the istaMishnR'nts, and ai'iivin^'at lionii' in .'annaiy. 
 I'.ctwicn till' end of Api'll and the early part of June 1784 he visitt'd Sail 
 I'liimiHco and Saiitii I'laia. 
 
 Ill tlic last ihaotir of liis Mo;.'ia]!liy I'alon icH'apitiilatcH ' tlio virtues* ulii'h 
 vei'' es]ie(ially lirilliant in tlie seivant of (lod, l'"r. .lunijiero,' declaiini,' that 
 
 'his 
 
 IS ialiiiiion.s and exeiniiiaiy luo i^ nutliin 
 
 ev( I V c'ass ot llowers ot I'xcc 
 
 ■Hint virl 
 
 liut a heautitul Held tlei'lied w itli 
 l'"iist ill the list was his |irofonnd 
 hniiiility, as shown by his use of sandals and hisalaieuationof self. We. always 
 (Icniiid liiinself a useless servant; deemed other missionaries more sueeessfiil 
 than himself; and rejoii'i d ill their sueee;-s. Ife av(.ided all honors not arliially 
 fonrd uiion him, shniiiied liotiee and ]iraise, sou;,dit the lowest tasks, kisse<l 
 
 the leet of ill! even to the lowtot 
 
 jli 1 
 
 ea\in^' >^|iain am 
 
 I ^1. 
 
 Xlro, I'aii 
 
 liw.iy tVom the ollice of ^Miardian, and was in eoiistant fear of honors from his 
 oiiKr or from the elinreh or kin^'. Then er.me the cardinal virtues of piti- 
 liee, justice, fortitude, and tem|ierui;ee, resting like eoluiiins <in his liumil- 
 
 itv as a 
 Il'i 
 
 id 
 
 '|ioitii 
 
 th 
 1 
 
 iimptuous fahi'ic of Christian perfcetion.' 
 
 til 
 
 ]'indenee was shown in his )>iana.u'ement as jn-esident of the missions, 
 
 i()UL:ii he was always mmU 
 
 st and 
 
 dy to 
 
 lit with the 1( 
 
 st alioiit 
 
 liiiii; iiis jiistieo was shown liy his kindness and charity to all, his exact oliedi 
 
 totl 
 
 le commands of sujicrior; 
 
 tied i^artieiilarly in his \iri;ii 
 only I'lur days liefore liis dea 
 
 lett 
 
 d liis iiatience \\ itli enemies 
 
 er in fa\dr i 
 
 •f J" 
 
 I'Xem]) 
 
 1 to the yicero\ ; and 
 
 he {rave a blanket to an old Woman wiio at tlie 
 fouiidiiijl,' of iSaii Carlos hail induced a, lioy to kill tiie friar's only eiiicki'ns. 
 His liii titudi! apjiearcil in his re-istance to phy,' ical pain and constant reiusal 
 of medical trciitmcnt, in his self-restraint, in his steadfast adhercncp to his 
 purposes, in liia resolution to remain at San ])ie^'o alone if need he when it 
 
 ■• propose! 
 
 lit- 
 
 ;don tl 
 
 le I'oiHiuest, in his eon 
 
 illict %\itli tli(! indiirereiicc or 
 
 oi'jiosition of the military authorities, and in his conra.u'e in the presence of 
 
 hostile Indians— for he only feared death or ran from dan''er liocausc o 
 
 f th 
 
 vtn^'cance that would be taken on the jioor Indians; and linally his tem]ier- 
 niie; was such that he had no other ])assion than that for the pnipa^jation of 
 the faith, and constantly mortilied the lic.sli by fasting', vi,L;ils, and scoin'/.'in^u'. 
 On t in sc eolunnis rested a iuperstrueture of theological virtues, faith, chai-ity, 
 
 iion, of Mhich a nieiiti 
 
 >illjt 
 
 'J'hc author, how ev( r. 
 
 I not 
 
 claim foi- his hero the gifts of contemplation, of tongues, I'cvelation, ]'roiiliec_\ 
 
 miracles 'and all that a|i]iaratus of the ;//•(■"■/./,■,■;//• 
 aiile and stiikiuLr the saintlin 
 
 r((Hs (/rf/c/.; which 1 
 
 iiiaUe iKlnnv 
 
 if some servants of Cod,' but Avhich are not 
 
 essen'.ial to holi 
 
 Di 
 
 h 
 
 itiate I'adre Jim 
 
 was small ami sickly, but he 
 
 'wiih the profesi-ion 1 gaimd heaUh and streni;th and gritw t 
 statuie.' Of onc^ of his sermons an able critic said: 'It is worthy 
 
 says, 
 o nu'diuni 
 
 ininted in I'.itcry of jrold.' A MoUian lul 
 
 « shouted duiin'' tine of 
 
 ;;e;inons. 
 v.as excetdint 
 
 'th. 
 
 halt not lini.-h tiie lenten season,' auil then the jiadre 
 
 f 
 
 or or courte 
 
 the fa 
 
 ilher ot lies could insj 
 
 truth 
 
 Sullering from want of water on the voyaue to Mexico he said to eoliiplaincrs, 
 'the best way to jiieveiit thirst is to eat little and talk less so as not to w.-istc! 
 the saliva.' In a mutiny and a stoiin thieuteuiiiLt death to all he was jicrfcetly 
 calm, and the storm ceased instantly when a saint chosen by lot hail b< en ad- 
 dressed in prayer. On the way from Veia Crux to ^fexieo Kuveral miruelea 
 
; f 
 (V 
 
 U\ 
 
 DKATIT OF SKRRA; MISSION PROflRESS. 
 
 lti()UfriH»liy l)y Padru Palou, juid lils k'ttcrs in tin- 
 mission mvliivt's.'' 
 
 Sori'ii (I()ul)tK'ss owes imicli of liis faiiio to liis posi- 
 tion as (ii'st jti'i'sidcnt of the ("alilornia missions and 
 to tlic puMication of a hio!j;rapliy l>y a warm personal 
 iVit'iid. ]]ut it did not rcv^ lire Palou's eidogistic pen 
 
 vxTo « rouglit ill his favor. Contiiig to a swiilk'ti stream by a town in a ilin 1; 
 
 iiiirlit tlitrc \\;in a inim <in tlic ntli 
 
 ik t. 
 
 til. 
 
 (1 iinil , 
 
 ill 
 
 liiiii t< 
 
 Inil'.'iiii,'. A ni.'in, jicrliiips tin' same, nut .Innfjiero ami liis t'oiiiiiaiiidti next 
 
 iliiy mill j^iivu till 111 a i)iiiii(';,'iiiiiat(! 
 
 •ll llilil a ruflutillill;,' i'irci:t, 
 
 SllU 
 
 1 ill r 11 ni.'ui 1,'iivi' tlicni ii Mt of inin-bivad of cxcelli'iit Havni'. It wim ini tii 
 
 jimnn'y tliat liis le;'H iirst 1 ami! swollen, fioiu tin; itl'uits of iii()si|iiitii-liitrs) 
 
 (IS Man ;uiiiii()sc(l, nsultiny in ulcers that lasted all liis life. 'Oil, fur a fmest 
 
 ■f .1 
 
 UllIlM 
 
 eM'laimed a liiar 
 
 at th 
 
 .11, 
 
 wlieii Sena ariived. In one of 
 
 Ids revival nicetiiij.'s in lliiasteea lie was beating liiinself witli a chain, wlnii 
 
 man took the ehain from hit 
 
 d with it beat himself to ileatli as a in 
 
 .' tile thinner in inesinee of tiieerowd. Sixty jiersons who ne^rleeted to atti'Uil 
 Ids meeting's were killed by an epiili'iuie which diil not cease until ielii;iiius 
 duties Were ^^eiierally atteiidid to. (Jii his way back frem lliiasteea he v.as 
 well Icid ,i'd and entertained in a eottaLie by the way; but later he leariieil 
 tiiat there was no sinli cottai,'e on the road; and of course coneliideil that liis 
 ( ;itiitaiiurs were .losiph, Mary, and Jesus — in fact he had noticed an extia- 
 nrdiiiary air of neatness about the ]ilace. Poisoned oiico in takiii;:,' the eoiu- 
 )imiii<iii he refused the antidote and was cured by a simjile dose of oil, jieihaiis 
 isly as he thought. It was at V'elicata in May 1701) that he lirst 
 
 nuiaeii'm 
 
 saw and baiitized pagans. 
 
 Si I ra, ( 'ornsjjdiii/i iichi, 1777-^-, MS., is a collcctifjn if his Ictter.s to dif- 
 
 L'i'ent mis. ioiiaries and ollieiab 
 
 It 
 
 is llJlllOSSlll 
 
 le 1 
 
 IV means o 
 
 f e.xt 
 
 racts to 
 
 m 
 
 j.'ive any ]iroper idea of these lol'g, ramliliiig, and ])eciiliar epistles. I'al 
 has selected the very best of his letters for publication, if indeed he lias not 
 cli.iii'eil and im]>roved them. I.arge jiortions of some of them are utterly 
 U!iiiitelli';iblu and were ap])arcntly intended to be so for the ordinary reailer, 
 
 /-„/(> 
 
 /""' 
 
 jj; 
 
 whether the sub 
 
 nut siuiuar pious ixpiessioiis are useil m gi 
 
 lea 
 
 tl 
 
 irotusinu 
 
 iiii])ortant or trivial. To Picras he gives the most 
 
 niiiititc directions how to answer the governor's letter and how to make out 
 
 nianuer or matter to tin 
 
 lui.sion rc]iorts and inventories, leaving nothing in 
 padre's judgment. JIc wishes all made ready for signatures because tlie 
 most serious part of it is to feed the governor's agents while doing the business, 
 deep pity for some condenined criminals, and directs a padre to 
 itual need'-. 'It w.ll be some work, but very holy and 
 
 III 
 
 Jitteiii 
 
 e expresse: 
 
 to tl 
 
 leir spill 
 
 liici itoru.us. 
 
 I'l 
 'J'o 1, 
 
 iMiiii, iini'ouu- lu'' .lie 
 
 cort, he .«ays 
 
 g'> 
 
 •'s refusal to iiicrca 
 
 d thi;- till I'.siil'. of all niv eilbrts and all a vi 
 
 loei'oy s rec- 
 
 om.nieiiilations, and in response to. ■> a alTcctionatc and humble suggestion made 
 
 wTi.i a 
 
 II til 
 
 c iioney my mou 
 
 til 
 
 aid hold. IJelievo me, of all the drau;'lits 
 
 I have to swallow none is so iiil'.er.' 'I and your Reverences — for this once 
 I naim; myself tirst.' In the matter of rsriiZ/nx, however, he directs the padres 
 to 'go on as if they had a legion of soldiers; punish whoever merits ehas- 
 tisinient; and if in the exact performance of the holy minis ry troulile 
 all cs not to be reiiressed with the force at hand, then retire to tie piisi<li 
 
 wn 
 
 te me the facts in detail; then iH 
 
 niii !i (/iri'iiiox 
 
 He writes a long letter 
 
 to induce I'lguer to give u]i his intention of retiring, reminding hiiu that 
 
 r 
 
 h 
 
 ilieiice and suH'eriiig are the inheritance of the elect, the coin with whicli 
 bought.' fie begins by an anecdote of a friar at matins who 
 
 ishcd to retire to his cell not feeling in a 
 replied that if such an excuse wen 
 
 good -humor, ami to whoai th 
 imitted all would retire, 'and I 
 
 among the lirst.' Then he compares Sa.a Diego life with that at other mii 
 
SKRRA'S CHARACTER. 
 
 415 
 
 to j)rovo Iilin a <4r<';it iiiid a ri'iiiaikaMi" man. Yvw 
 \\\\n caiiit' ti) C'alilnriiia <liiriii_!jf tliu inissioiiary re^iiiiu 
 \\t'ii' liis v(i\\a\ ill (luvotiou to ami hucccss in his woi'k. 
 All liis i>nt'i<4'V and iMitlnisiasm wci-o dircctiMl to tlio 
 |u'itorma!ico of lii.s missionary duties as outlined in 
 the regulations of his f»rder and tho instructions of his 
 superiors. Lim[)ing from mission to mission with ;i 
 liuno foot that must never l)e cured, fasting nnieh and 
 jKissing sleepless nights, depriving liimself of eomfort- 
 iihle clotliing and nutritious food, ]io felt that he was 
 imitating the saints and martvrs who were the ideals 
 (if Ills sickly hoyhood, and in the recompense of ahsti- 
 iiciice was happy. ] It; was kijid-liearted and chaiitahlo 
 t ) .ill, hut most sti'iet in his enforcement of i-eligious 
 It never occuried to liim to douht his ahso- 
 
 (liit 
 
 le.- 
 
 luteri^'ht toiloo'his neophvti'sfornny sliu'ht neu'riL''eneo 
 ill matters of the faith. His holy desires tromhled 
 within him like cartlujuake throbs; in his eyes tliere 
 was hut one object woith living for, the performance 
 (if I'eligious duty, and hut one way of accomi)Iishing 
 
 that object, a strict and literal com[)lianco with Fran- 
 ciscan rules; he could never understand that there 
 
 •tl 
 
 w.is ;uivtnuig hevont 
 
 d his narroN',' field, of vision. 1 
 
 u 
 
 an eminent degree he possessed tho faculty of apjily- 
 iiig spiritual enthusiasm to the [)ractical affairs of life. 
 
 Tn'cause h 
 
 e was so irrand a nus.sionar 
 
 ,'] 
 
 10 was none tlio 
 
 th 
 
 lc>s money-maker and civilizer, yet monov-making and 
 ciNJlizing must ever bo subordinate to missionary 
 wcik, and all not for his glory, but the glory of (Jod. 
 A St Aii'.>ustine in his relinioii, he was a Juvenal in his 
 ])liil()sophy. "He manag(,'d wisely the mission interests 
 hntli spiritual and tciujioral; and his greatest sorrow 
 was that the military and iwlitical autlioritie 
 
 .>s Were 
 
 sinns, sliouiiig that cacli liris its iiihant.ngcs niul disailvantagcs. lie suggests 
 K' <nu'.-;ti(iii vliicli is wiiisu 'to l)o liuiiuiy aiul liavf udtliiiig tn cat or iilfiily 
 
 tl: 
 
 ' lat anil 
 
 no a]ii:('tito. 
 
 Wli 
 
 icn Sail FraiKisco ami SiiiitaClar 
 
 ll llDtlllllg 
 
 it tlii'y attiilmtcil to this Mant 'cl no liattT j)i 
 
 )i'uili';uis tlo coiivc.sioML's; 
 
 liut now that thuic is food there is iioliody to eat it. 'Tliereforu, my bi uiiicr, 
 ht us go oil with otir matins to the ■■^luiifo siiii'-toir.'' 'Adondu iia el Kney 
 
 my 
 
 ijur iM.> are? sino va ;i C'anipechc?' Soino who have gone away would j^terliaps 
 gladly take \\hiit they left. 
 
41G 
 
 DEATH OF SERRA; MISSION PROGRESS. 
 
 II III! 
 
 
 not BO easily managed as padres and neophytes. In 
 liis controversies M'itli the governors he sometimes 
 ]uished diplomacy to the very verge of inconsistency, 
 but all apparently without any intention of injuring 
 them, though he knevv' he was dealinij: witli men who 
 cast obstacles in the way of his great work. His let- 
 ters wore long, verbose, and rambling, but left no 
 minute detail of the subject untouched. The loss of 
 a sheep from a mission iiock evoked a communication 
 of the same stylo and length, with the same ex])res- 
 sions of trust in heaven, as the conversion or destruc- 
 tion of a whole tribe; and it is to be noted that in 
 Avriting to his friars, especially about his political 
 quarrels, he adopted a peculiar and niystcrious stylo 
 wholl_y unintelligible, as it was doubtless intended to 
 be, to all but the initiated. On the whole the pr<> 
 ceding remarks fail to do him justice; for ho was 
 a well meaning, industricnis, cntlinsiastic, and kind- 
 hearted old man; his faults were those of his cloth, 
 and ho was not nmch more fanatical than others of 
 his time, being like most of his Californian compan- 
 ions a biilliant exception in j^oint of morality to friais 
 of some other lands and times.* 
 
 Ill 
 
 At the death of Serra the presidency of the mis- 
 sions naturally fell temporarily to Palou as the senior 
 friar in California, who had also held the position 
 
 hf.L 
 
 ^ Xcavly all tlio books tint have been Mritteu .about C.ilifornia have some- 
 tliiiig to stiy of Jtinipcro Sori.i, and it is not necessary to ruf or to tlio loii;^ 
 li.^t. It in KonicAvIiat I'eniarkaJjlc, liowc'vcr, that there are very few .if any 
 oliieial eonnniinieations respecting; his death preserved in the arcliives either 
 secular or missionary. Hittell, 7// ,'. S. /'., ;{;i-',), gives a very good account of 
 the jiadro'.s life, coneludin;,' tiiat 'his cowl covered neither cried, guile, 
 hyjiocrisy, iicjr ])ride. He iiad no ([uarrels and made no enouies. lie sought 
 toheas;m|ile friar, and lie; v.as one in sincerity. I'loljab'.y few have ap- 
 proaciicd nearer to tlie iileal pcrfecti)n of a monkish life than he.' I liavo 
 his autogr.iph signatures in N. Aiilouio, Ihjc. Sial/u--^, !), VA, 17. See a poem by 
 M. A. Fitzgerahl on hi.s death in J/(nii n' Mi.i^. lUiok, l.">2. I'alouV. V'tdii i->'\\- 
 tains a portrait more likely to Ite like the original than any other extant, 
 (fleeson, ///-7. Cd^h. Cli., ii. fi-ontisp., lias one copied from a painting in tli'J 
 library of the California pioneers, aborit the authenticity of which nothing is 
 known. Dr 1'aylor, ])iKri>r. and Foinider/i, ii. 41, claims to have olitained in 
 ISoI} a photograph from an original painting at tlie college of Sau Fernando, 
 of which a caricature was published in Jlutrhliiyti' Muij. in I8G0. 
 
 I 'k1i\ 
 
PRESIDENTS PALOU AXD LASUEN. 
 
 417 
 
 avc some- 
 tlio loii:j; 
 
 l;\v .if any 
 cH cither 
 
 ICUOUlll lit' 
 
 m1, K'lii'^' 
 
 losoULii.t 
 
 Ikivo iqi- 
 
 1 Iwno 
 
 I ))<)ciii I'.V 
 
 1- CXtilllt. 
 
 iiig in til'! 
 urtbin.i: i-^ 
 taiiiL'il ill 
 '"crnamlo, 
 
 Ixforc in Serra's absoneo. Palou at first declined to 
 iu't as president, partly from real or afl'ectod modesty, 
 l)iit chiefly because lie desired to leave the country as 
 soon as possible. lie had, however, to yield to the 
 unanimous wish of his companions, who claimed that 
 a vacancy would prove injurious to mission interests, 
 and reluctantly assumed the duties until a successcjr 
 could be appointed.^ The choice of the college fell 
 on Fermin Francisco Lasuen of San Diego; his pat- 
 ent was forwarded February G, 1785; and he took 
 possession of the office probably in September. Fa- 
 ther Mugartcgui was named to succeed Lasuen in 
 case of accident, and August IG, 178G, was appointed 
 vice-president of the southern missions." By a later 
 patent of March 13, 1787, issued in accordance with 
 a decree of the sacred congregation at Home, March 
 
 4, 1785, which extended the i)Owcr to administer the 
 rito of conlh'mation for ten years, Lasuen received the 
 same powers that Serra had held; but he did not ob- 
 tain the document until July 10, 17U0, and had con- 
 sequently less than five years for the exercise of his 
 privilege. During that time, however, he confirmed 
 10,13!) persons.' 
 
 Ill connection with the departure of Palou, the 
 com})letioii of his historical writings on California 
 deserves notice as a prominent and important event 
 ill the country's annals. The notice however need 
 not be long, because tlio reader of the preceding chap- 
 ters is already tiiniiliar bv constant reference with tlie 
 
 •''Tluj rocovds arc very mcaL'ro on Palou's term nnd I find no official act by 
 liini iis president, rayeras, writini,' in IMIS, j^dves sulistantially tiiu vei'siou 
 of luv ti'xt. Arr/i. Sfii. Ji'iirlinra, ^la., xn. 4^i:i. Mng:irti'i,'ui m rites Maieli 
 
 5, l7S,"i, tliat Palou deelined to serve. J)or. IIU. rV(/.,"'MS.; iv. 'J'.t. May -JK. 
 ITS'i. raises urges I'alou to aecejit fur the f,'uod of tiio conntiy, r(.'L;rettinL; 
 Ills illdiealth. Prov. L'cc, MS., iii. ."iO. See liiograpliy of Tulou in next 
 cliaptt.'r. 
 
 *'Arrli. .S7(7. lidrharn, MS., ix. HOO-O; xii. .Vi-O, eontnining the patents of 
 I.a'^nen and Mng:irtc;;ui. l.asuen's Tn^t record as ]ii-e>ident was .liin. "27, 
 ITMi; Imt he seems to liave serveil froui I'alou'.s depai t'.u'e, wliieh was proh- 
 alily .11 Septeniljcr or a little later. Prov. y.Vc.'MS., -. IM) ii. 1-J8 !l. 
 
 '•'S. rW/ Ai.v, /,;/). Mish'ii. MS., (iO-8; .S'. /A'(</o, Uh. .¥/«;■(.». -MS., 4J. March 
 -, 17!<(), (len. Ugartc orders Fagcs to interpose no ol»:taclos, Proc. Ht. Pap., 
 Ms., ix. ;i5(t. 
 
 UisT. Cal., Vol. I. 27 
 
418 
 
 DEATH OF SERRA; MISSION PROGRESS. 
 
 .lit!. 
 
 scope and contents of tliis author's literary works. 
 There was no man so wc'i qualilied by o])portunities 
 and al)ilit3'- to write the early history of California as 
 Palou, and he made excellent use of his advantai^cs. 
 As early as 1773, and probably before that date, lio 
 began the accumulation of material by copying oriuf- 
 inal documents and recording current events, without 
 any definite idea, as it would seem, of publication. 
 He continued this labor of preparing careful historical 
 notes down to 1783, devoting to it such time as could 
 be spared fi'om his missionary duties at San Fran- 
 cisco. During the years 1784-5, having apparently 
 suspended work on his notes, he gave his attention t(. 
 the preparation of a life of Serra, his prelate, foi'ia' v 
 instructor, and life-long friend. This work he com- 
 pleted in February 1785 and carried it to Mexico 
 later in the same year, where it was published in 
 1787. It was extensively circulated for a book of 
 that epoch, though since considered rare, and it has 
 been practically the source of all that has ever been 
 written on California mission history down to 1784. 
 Very few of modern writers have, however, consulted 
 the oriu:inal, most contenting themselves with a weak 
 solution of its contents at second hand; hence the 
 numerous errors extant in books, pamphlets, and iiows- 
 papers. The manuscript of the historical notes after 
 lying for some years in the college vaults, was copied 
 into the ]\Texican archives and finally printed in 1 8r)7, 
 though it was utterly unknown to writers on Caliior- 
 nia until 1874, since which date it has been as care- 
 lessly and superficially used as was the life of Padic 
 Junipero belbre. The Noticiu.-i is far the more exten- 
 sive and complete work of the two,^ though both cover 
 
 ^ Pa/on, Jichirinn Ilhttirlra dc la V'ula y AposUiVirnx Terras <lrl Vnicmhlc 
 Padre Frail .Jinifpi o Serra y dc laa Jlisioiirs (/iie j'luidd in la California St'p- 
 trntririiiid, ;/ ninro-i ('ulrdilichiiiiii/on de Mmifi riii. LWri/a por fl If. /*. /'. /''. 
 I'ranc'iACO Pidoii, (Jnard'ian nrtnal del Coli'i/io Aprmfoliri) ile S. Fernaiulo <h' 
 iMi'.rifo, ij ])<Mijiiil<) d<l VvncraliU'. Finidadnr: diriijif'ad sn Santa I'ror'niria d<; 
 la Iteijnlar Olfirranrlade Xro. S. J'. S. Franrlsro d,- la l.-la de Mallorra. A 
 erprn^an de hail Miiiticl Oiinzidi n (Jalderim, Sin<liei> dc diehn Apoxldl'ieo ('oh'- 
 yio. Mexico, 1787, Svo 14 I. 344 pa^L's, with mup uml [loi trait. TLo uuthur'd 
 
PALOU'S HISTORICAL WORKS. 
 
 419 
 
 substantially the same ground. While my researches 
 anioiij^ original manuscript authorities have brought 
 to light a largo amount of material not given by Pa- 
 le )ii, yet his writings contain a few diaries which I 
 liavo not found elsewhere. I have sometimes been 
 
 (Itdiratory letter nnd protesta is dated San Francisco, Feb. 28, 17S5. Tlie 
 liiciiso of the audicnciu to print is dated Dec. 7, 173U; and the latest of tiio 
 v;:rii)ii.s apiirovals of Franciscan autliorities on March 12, 17S7. In his j)r(i- 
 liiLruc tht! author, afti r exjilainiiig tliat the work, written for the province of 
 ^Malliiica, is published at the urgent request of certain friends of Serra who 
 l)c:ir the expense, goes on to say: 'I well know that some who read new 
 thing's expect the historian to indulge in theories and to clear up all difli- 
 culJcs. 'liiis method although tolerated .and even applauded in profane his- 
 tories, ill those of saints and servants of (!od written for edification .'ind to ex- 
 cite imitation, is deemed by the best historians a fault, the which .^ '..:vu 
 aimed to avoid. As the soul of history is simple truth, thou canst have tho 
 .listinincc that almost all I relate I liavc witnessed, and the rest lias Ijcen told 
 me liy otlicr padres worthy of faith.' On Aug. IG, 1780, I'alou Avrites to 
 Lui-iHu, AriJi. Sla. B<tvhuru, M.S., .\ii. 41-2, that everything is going well with 
 the book, which ho is told will circulate all over Europe, where all are curious 
 ti> Icain about California. He tliinks it has been heard of at court, will send 
 some copies to California, nnd asks Lasucn to pray for its success. It was 
 Pint to California, wJiei'c each mission library bad a copy. The work has be- 
 loiiic less rare and costly of late years than formerly. I have three copies, 
 till' iiio.-t expensive of which co:t less than .?2o, I have also the editi.iu nf 
 Mixiei), IS.VJ, in which it was published with Clavigero's history of Lower 
 Caht'iiniia in a vdlunic of the JJililiofeca Nuciomd ij E-itmiujcra. It was also 
 np; lilted in a newspaper of southern California and in the form of scrai)s is 
 fotiiid ill Ilni/e-i' MixtJon Booh, i. 
 
 /'i luK, Aotk'ias da Iti (Aiiliijiia y) Niiera C<diJornia. Escritas por cl li. V. 
 Fr. F J'alnit (torn. i. ii.l, in Dor. Jli-t. jl/c'.r. , i;cric iv. tom. vi.-vii. ]Mexico, 
 1S,".7, Xvo, 088, liWi pp. Tho latest date mentioned is in .July 178;t, about which 
 time it was doubtless concluded. A passage in tom. i. 2li!), shows that chap. 
 V. of |iait ii. was written as early as 1773 at Monterey. It is evident that 
 the autlior collected material from his first arrival, and wrote up the rccipnl 
 to date at intervals as allowed l)y his duties. The original manuscript in tho 
 CI l!o!:o of San Fernando has disappeared; but by royal order of ]7!IOuc(ipy 
 was made under tho direction of 1'. Francisco Carcia Figueroa, who certilicil 
 to its accuracy Decenibcr K and 4, 1702. This copy, a duplicate of which Ma.j 
 scnc to S|>ain, has .since been preserved in Mexico with otiier ducunicnts 
 i'f"i(icd unc r the h.iwa order, whicli form the lirst .'52 volumes of the Aixliiri) 
 U'riic -ril, an iiivabuib'i! collection, all tiie volumes of whicli (except tom. i., 
 v.hich has liecn lost from the archives) are in my Library, sonx' in print, 
 otliers copied for the ^laximilian Imperial Library, and the rest copied 
 f •qii'cs;;ly for my collection. I'alou's work formed tomes xxii.-iii. of the col- 
 li'ilioii. In 18.")7 (not i84(i as Doyle says), it was jirinted in the form of ii 
 j'o'h'iii of the I)iai!() Ojiciid, forming the last two of a set of 20 Noliinus of 
 lAx'ur.K'uts for the History of Mexico printed in the same way and selected 
 largely from the same source. This collection, thougli badly printed, is tho 
 most iiunortant source of information extant on tiic history of Soiiora, Clii- 
 iiu:'.!;i;a, and Xt'W Mexico, as will as California; but it is very rarely to bo 
 foiinil complete, find has been utterl.v unknown to modern v.'riters on histoiy. 
 I'alou'N M(jrk i.i divided intti four parts. I'art I. includes the annals of llaja 
 I'alifornia, under tiie Fninciacans froni 1708 to \~1'.\, and extends over 24.5 
 pa'jcsof the llrst volume in 40 eiiapters; I'art II. descriljes tlie expi'diti<ins to 
 Jlonterey and the foundation of the lirst live missions, extending from pago 
 
420 
 
 DEATH OF SERRA; MPSION PROGRESS. 
 
 tempted to entertain a selfish regret that Palou wroti\ 
 or that his writings were ever printed, yet all the 
 same he must be regarded as the best original au- 
 thority for the earliest period of niission histor\'. 
 I have copied his map of Upper California." 
 
 The missions had a narrow escape from ruin or from 
 v.diat the I'riars believed would result in ruin, in the 
 form of their erection into a custody. Sonora and tliu 
 Californias had been formed into a bishopric in 177'J, 
 and Bishop Reyes came in 1783, with full authority 
 
 2-17 t'> il' 8, in 59 chapters, an<l covering the period from 1709 to 177;^; T.rt 
 III. is , un of original documents ou events of 177;}-':, not arrangeil in 
 
 ehaptciv 'ling 21 1 pii'^es of toni. ii.; and Part IV. continues the narra- 
 
 tive in 41 ■^rs. pages '2l3-."!1(i, from 177."» to 17S3. At tlie lieginning of 
 
 torn. i. the u..ch-jr gives tlic following prefatory notice: 'Jesus, Mary, and 
 .Tosepli. Summary (of tlio aniial-;) of Old California dui'ing the time th;it 
 those missions were a Imiuistered by tlio missionaries of tlie Regular Olisci v- 
 ii lice of Our Seraphic Fafher San Francisco of the Apostolic College of San 
 Fcruiindo in Mexico — and of the new missions Avhich the said niissionarii's 
 founded in the new estahli.slnneuta of San Diego and Monterey, written Ijy 
 l!ic least (the jnost unwortliy) of said missionai'i's, wlio worketl in Old ( 'aH- 
 fornia from the time it was intrusted to said Colle^'o down to its delivery to 
 the reverend fatliers of the sacred religion of Our '• Clierubie" Father Santo 
 ])(iiningo, and who later with other missionaries of the same C'ol'e;;e of San 
 Fernando went up to Monterey, having no other aim in this material work 
 v. hich I undertake tha!i that alUnvcd mo by the apostolic ministry, wliieli is 
 t> leave on record all that has hapiicned and nny happen while (jod gives mo 
 life and health to work in this new vineyard of the Lord, so that when tlio 
 ehronieler of ov.v a^>ositoUc colleges may demand from that of San I'ernundo 
 nutes of its apostolic labors I may have them e!inl])iled in a volume, (U- moio 
 Biiould there be 'Miough to note, leaving it to the skill of the ehronieler to put 
 them in the style for publication, and to his prudciiec and " religiosity"' to 
 leave to the secrecy of the archives those whieli arc written only because tlity 
 jiiay be needed to shut the mouth of those rivals in the apostolic ministry wlio 
 are never lacking in new conversions, so that if tliey should talk some day of 
 DU.'isionary achievements there may be had in readiness all th>! events as tiny 
 really oceiu-re J in ('alifornia, both old and new , all of whiv')) with all siueeiity 
 and truth I will narrate in this sunnnary. di\ ided into four parts,' etc. Tiiis 
 j;ives an idea of the authoi''s purpose, but hanlly of his style, which was ti^l- 
 erably good. The book has many typographical defects, but few or noiio 
 wUieh may not be corrected in substance from the archives. I have refcrnd 
 constantly to this original edition, using for convenience torn. i. andii., instcan 
 the torn, vi.-vii. of the ( ollcetion. In lK74-r), Mr.lohn'J'. Doyle issued in 
 San J''raneisco a reprint of I'alou's XoHi'iun in four 8vo volumes, one vo'.ume 
 to each jiart, well ]irinted on good paper, and with a few corrections of typo- 
 ;4raphical irrors. The prefatory notice just (pioted is omitted in ilie reprint; 
 there is a transfer of a diary from one jiait to another; some ])liotograiihs ni 
 mi.ision liuildiiigs and other Californian scenes arc adde'l; aiul the whole is 
 jjiui'aeed by a long and a'dy written note by Mr Doyle on I'alou's life, the niis- 
 liion ; ystem, the jiious fund, etc. 
 
 ^('ali/iiriiuis. AiitiipiuiiNvcvA . . .Longitmle reckoned from San I'las. Diego 
 Fraiiciseo, sc., JI"xieo, 1787. Many strangu inaccuracies will be notiecd, 
 e^ jieeially in the location of Santa Clara, San Antonio, and tlie Colorado 
 luitebions. For map see p. 408, this vol. 
 
CUSTODIES PROPOSED. 
 
 421 
 
 froir tlio king and the Franciscan coniniissary general 
 to make the clianu'c, Avliicli tlunio-li it was to leave the 
 iiiars in control and give the l)islu)[) but little if any 
 incrrased authority, was doubtless iiitended as a step 
 toward secularization. By it the connection Ix'tween 
 missions and the colleges was to cease; the missions 
 were to become hospices and puehlos de visitd, tbe 
 president would bo replaced by a custodinn, who with 
 liis eouncil oi dcfuudores took the place also, in a cer- 
 tain sense, of the college guardian and r/(i'.vcr(Vf)r/o; and 
 the system was to be suj^poi'ted largely by the beg- 
 uiiiLT <^f all. ,s. The colleq;es naturally i)rotested acjainst 
 the ehani^c, e.aimini; that new friars would have to bo 
 brought from Spain at great expense, since the old 
 luissienaries would not sever their comrection with their 
 colleges; that the new system made no provision f >r 
 new conversions; that, in California particularly, there 
 were none to p-ive alms; and that there were manv 
 of'tlie custody regulations which it would be absolutely 
 iin})Ossible to enforce in these provinces. These pro- 
 tests were of no avail so far as Sonora was con- 
 cerned, where the custody of San Curios was formed 
 ill Octtiber 1783; but the collenre of San Fernando 
 .succeeded in posti)oning acti(Mi in the erection of San 
 Gabriel do California until the practical result else- 
 where could be known. As the system proved to work 
 very l.)adly in Sonora, Calif )rnia escapeil the experi- 
 iiieut which would almost certainly have provecf de- 
 structive of mission prosperit}'. I hear nothing of 
 the scheme in California after 1787.^" 
 
 '"For a full account of tlio experiment in Sonora sco Arrir'vUa, f'ron. 
 {■'"i-i'ij. , .";i)4-7'>. The royal order in f;ivor of custoiV's was dutod -May "JO, I T'-"-. 
 Aug. 17, 179-, aftor numerous petitions, Die kin;/, on advice of genciai, jrov- 
 tranr, liislK)p, and audiencia, issued an order which rcstoreil the old sysu :ii. 
 •hui. S, ly.Sli, theguardian sends t') S"ri-a the Init f ami liiw.i for custndie.H wi.h 
 t!ic' remark that iiicy contain many falsehoods and iiujiossihilities, Raying, 'v.o 
 Work iierc with ;ill our might to ovcrthrovi- these projeil..iu thelii";inniiiL', re;'l- 
 'y-''nvj, that merely to attempt them will cause ;^'rcat niiscliief.' The l)iihr,:(\ iil 
 try the experiment in Sonora, and ^^ e Khali he Irl't in peace foraw liilu at ;;:,y 
 late. If yon got orders from the lji.-'h"p you nnist rep!y that yor.r i;ii[!erior i Tio 
 he consulted. Arrh. Sl<(. liurhar". MS., .\ii. l,")(i- S. Fcli, ;i, '\'i':,\ the g:'arili;ili 
 of San Fernand;) and a;;(nit.s ff Santa (.'ruz and (luad:'.!:ii,e eiil!eg(-s n'.iit(! iu a 
 prutchit to the viceroy, hi, .\ii. 21'2-i;i. Jan. 1-1, 17S4, (ialvez informs tlic 
 
422 
 
 DEATH OF SERRA; MISSION PROGRESS. 
 
 ! i:.' 
 
 Xot 011I3' did tlic missions escape separation from 
 the control of San Fernando, but their number was 
 increased by the foundin*^ of two new establislmients, 
 Santa Barbara and Purisima, the long-talked of mis- 
 sions of the Channel. In 1782 these establishnionts 
 had been suspended as will be remembered because df 
 a plan of the secular authorities to break up the old 
 system and take from the friars the management of 
 temporalities, and the consequent refusal of the friars 
 to serve. The matter was referred to the king, but 
 I Ihid no record of definite action thereon. The guai- 
 dian instructed President Serra and his successor 
 Lasuen not to allow any new establishments excejtt 
 on the old basis;" a good excuse was accordingly ready 
 Avhenever any suggestion w^as made by goNernor or 
 general; and finally by the tacit agreement of their 
 opponents the friars were allowed to have their own 
 way. In April 1786 the guardian informed the pres- 
 ident that friars will come to California this year, and 
 Santa Bdrbara may be founded, if the old system bo 
 allowed, but not otherwise.^" 
 
 viceroy that notwithstanding the opposition it is the king's -(^ill that tlic cus- 
 todius b( ^iromotcd. April 12, 178.3, gnardiau informs Lasuen that there is 
 nothing for it but to be silent and cautious. /(/., 214-15. It seems tliat gen- 
 eral Neve had favored the eustody in California. Pfov. St. Pup., M.S., vii. 
 1;>-11. March 21, 1787, the kingordered that if there were not enough friar.s of 
 Sau Fernando for the California missions, others might be taken from Michuii- 
 can. Airh. Sin. Burbara, MS., x. 287; Poc. Hid. Ccd., MS., iv. 32. 
 
 "April 1, 1784, the general Avrotc to Fages authorizing tlio founding of a 
 mission at Montecito near tlie presidio of Santa Barbara. The governor noliiicd 
 ]'re3. Seriu on July 27tli from San Francisco. Arch. S/a. Hiirhura, ^IS., vi. 
 1!)4, xi. T). Is'o notice seems to have been taken of this. March 9, 178.'), ( leii. 
 lieiigel, presuming tliat the padres sent for have arrived, orders Fages to jno- 
 cced at once to found a mission at ^lontccito. Instructions have been f.';iv eii 
 tu jiay tlie $1,000 allowed each new mission. <S7. Put)., Sac., ^IS., iv. ;i4-."i. 
 S-']it. IiOth Fages notifies Lasuen that in company with 1*. .Santa Maria he lias 
 o.plored the Montecito site tliree fourths of a league from tlic presidio ainl 
 fountl it suitable for a mission. He has informed tlic general wlio orders :iii 
 inuiiediate foundation. Prov. Pec, MS., iii. oo. Tlie same day Fages al.so 
 writes to Lasuen tliat as tlie two padres (Noboa and Kioboo) have arrived, lie 
 hopes he will proceed atonce to found the mission. Arch. Stn.. Burbara. .M.S., 
 xi. ;KSli-7. Lasuen replies that the padres are destined elsewhere and there 
 can be no foundation yet. Id., 389-90. Pi*. Mariner and Giribet came in 178."), 
 but still nothing wa ; done. 
 
 '-'Guardian to Lf suen April 1, 1780, mArch. Sta. Burhnrn, MS., viii. Kl.'i- 
 4; xi. 214. thi the same date he forwarded instructions, not extant, and directs 
 Lasuen to show them to the governor if necessary, but on no account to allow 
 
FOUNDING OF SANTA BARBARA. 
 
 423 
 
 Prosicleiit Lasuen went down to the presidio at the 
 end of October with two of the newly arrived friars, 
 and suporlntended active preparations for the new 
 iiii.s.sion wdiich was to be formally dedicated the 4tli 
 of Doccniber.^^ On that day the cross was raiscxl and 
 l)li'>,sed, and that day, the festival of Santa l^arbara 
 Virion y Martyi',*^ is regarded as the day of the niis- 
 bioii's reLTular foundation, thouijh the ceremonies were 
 not comj)leted on account of the governor's absence 
 and his order to suspend operations until his arrival. 
 Possibly Fages had some thought of insisting on the 
 innovations which had caused so much controversy, 
 but if so lie cbanged his mind, for after his arrival on 
 Dcccuibcr 1-ith the friars were allowed to go on in 
 their own way. On the IGth the first mass was said 
 by Father Paterna, a sermon was preached by La- 
 suen, and thus the foundation was completed.'' 
 
 Fatliers Antonio Patenia from San Luis, and Cris- 
 tobal Oramas, one of the new-comers, were tlie miais- 
 trus faudadores, the latter being replaced in 1790 by 
 Jose de IMiguel.^*' The rainy season did not permit 
 
 niiy i'.ifrinr;cnicut on the old systom, or any experiments like those on the 
 ('ij1(ii;k1i) liivei', which ho fears iire still intcndcil. Id., xii. 24-."). April Utli 
 he Lduiiuiiuicates the royal orders that older missions arc to cuntrilmto stock 
 ;nid </.vinn for 8;inta ]>;'irl)ara. /(/. , xi. (i. The new padres, six in niiuihcr, were 
 Arciiaxa, Arroita, Ordmas, Santiago, Sola, and Toirente. 
 
 " Oct. '27, 178(1, the connnandant writes to Fages asking him to he present 
 !i( the ceremony, an<l stating that the president and j)adres arc a))out to arrive. 
 Nov. loth, he writes that timher has becu cut and prejjarations have been 
 riadt! for sowing. Prov. St. Pu/i., MS., vi. .51, 58. 
 
 " Santa B/irbara, the virgin and martyr, is a saint whose existence is tivi- 
 ilitionary and very doubtfully authenticated. She was the diiu;;hter of one 
 lUoscoro who lived once ujion a time in Asia Minor, a cruel idolater who gave 
 his daughter to be tortured for her adherence to Christianity, and cut oil her 
 licail witli his own hand after she had borne unflinchingly tlie most cruel tor- 
 ments. Slie was and still is the patron saint of artillerymen in tlie Spanish 
 army, and the powder-magazine on men-of-A^-ar often liears her name. 
 
 ''Title-pages of nii<sion-books signed by Lasuen in Mf(. Ilnrliani, L'lh. de 
 Mis'ioi}, MS., 4.1; Arch. Sla. Jldrhcmt, MS., xii. .'1, 4, 1.V17. In the (ir.st 
 annual report of the nii.ssion tlio date of tlie first mass is given as l)ec. ITith, 
 mid the site is called Peilragoso, one fourth of a league from the presidio. Jd., 
 V. ,'{, 4. Dee. lltli Lasuen writes to the general aiiout tlie governor's order 
 siis[;cndiiig the foundation. Jd., xi. 7. April lltli the giueral aekiUAvledges 
 receipt of news of founding, and in June of progress. I'lVC. St. I'ciji., MS., 
 vii. 4:1, r.8-9. 
 
 '''See lists of padres at Santa Bdi'bara from the beginning, conipikil from 
 the records by E. F. Murray, in Arch. Sta. JJiirlara, MS., vii. 8-10, 'Jj-'J, 
 oU-4:3, 08-70, 7^7. 
 
424 
 
 DEATH OF SERRA; MISSION TROGRESS. 
 
 fr <" 
 
 w t 
 
 the erection of buildings at first, and the first bap- 
 tism on December 31st was administered at the pie- 
 sidio. On account of the proximity of the pi'esi(ri(» 
 only the ordinary guard of six men was allowed.'' 
 By the end of 1787 there had been 188 ba])tisms, 
 which number was increased to 520 in 1790, wilh 102 
 deaths, leaving 438 existing neophytes. At this time 
 large stock numbered 296 and small stock 503 head, 
 while products of the soil amounted to about 1,500 
 bushels. A church 18 by 90 feet was com])letcd in 
 1789, and by the end of 1790 other mission buildings 
 of adobes with tile roofs were sufficiently numerous 
 and in good condition.^** 
 
 Respecting the founding of the third Channel mis- 
 sion little material is preserved in the archives. As 
 early as 1779-80 it had been determined to locate the 
 mission at the western extremity of the Santa Bar- 
 bara clianncl in the region of Point Concepcion, and 
 that, not improbably with some reference to the name 
 of the cape, it should be dedicated to La Burisima 
 Concepcion, tliat is, "to the singular and most pure 
 m^-story of the immaculate conception of the UKJst 
 holy virgin INIary, mother of God, queen of heaven, 
 (jueen of angels, and Our Lady." The foundation was 
 suspended like that of Santa Bilrbara, and operations 
 were resumed when certain restrictions obnoxious to 
 the friars were removed. In June 1785 Governor 
 Pages recommended a site on the Santa Bosa Biver, 
 now called the Santa Ines; and in March 178G General 
 Bengel instructed the governor to proceed with the 
 establishment.'" At last Bresident Lasuen, doubtless 
 
 " Fancii, fii/oniio (h MisioncK, MS., ]3")-G. 
 
 '*" Full sUitistics of b.'iptisma, deaf lis, etc., with inventories of mission prop- 
 erty, aiid lists of l>uil(liii;j;.s n.s completed from year to year ill J'a'crmi, fii- 
 j'iiriti<.-< (If 1 1 Misioa til' Santa BuHiuni, 17S7-9,J, ilS. Want of water ii great 
 (li:\\vl)ack in ayiiciiltural ojieratioiis. I'lf/i'K. Infonnc dc 2J iaiuio i, l.JJ-7. !• ir.it 
 sowing' of wheat did not eoino up. Prov. St. Pup., MS., vii. (io. Owing to 
 lack of mcaiLS to support Indiana only voluntary converts were admitiod at 
 iirst. /(('., vii. Til). 
 
 ''•'Fa-cs to Rcn,!,'cl June 2, 178.'), in Prov. Pec, MS., i. 1 1)2-0. Rengel to 
 Fagcri March 24, 1780, in Prov. Si. Pap., MS., vi. 112-13. lie calls the site 
 
FOUNDING OF TURlSIMA. 
 
 425 
 
 accompanied by a military guard, went up fnim tlio 
 i)rcsidio of Santa Barbara to tliu site sselected, called 
 1»y tliu natives Alg!>acupi, where on December H, 1787, 
 he blessed the spot, raised the cross, celebrated mass, 
 and preached a sermon. Thus the mission was nomi- 
 nally ibundcd, and the day was afterward given iu 
 mission reports as the anniversary date; but there 
 Avas in reality no beginning of the mission worh proper 
 jit this time. The day was that of La Purisima Con- 
 ccix'ion and was therefore selected for the ceremony ; 
 Ijut the spot was subsequently abandoned for several 
 months, all returning to the presidio on account of 
 the rainy season, as had doubtless been the intention. 
 In the middle of ]\Iarch 1788 the mission escort, 
 probably under Sergeant Pablo Antonio Cota, with 
 a band of laborers and servants, went up to pre|)are 
 the necessary buildings, and early in April President 
 Lasuen returned wdth the two Qiilnistros fundadores, 
 Vicente Fustcr from San Juan and Josd Arroita a 
 new-comer of 1780.-° The former was succeeded late 
 iu 178D by Cristobal Orauius from Santa Barbara. 
 As early as August 1788 seventy-nine neophytes 
 were enrolled. In September Corporal Jose M. Or- 
 tega took command of the mission guard.'* The site 
 we shall see was changed in later years.^^ 
 
 iis 
 
 S( Ipctcd Santa Rosa dc la Gaviota, and says ho will apply for the $1 ,0(H) 
 allowed each new mission. 
 
 ■^'TiUc-pngo of l);tptismal register signed by Lusiien, in Piirinimn, I.'ih. ilt>. 
 2Mi.-:i"ii, ^IS., 1-3. Fiii^cs' instruction to tiio sergeant in conimnnd are datcil 
 at S;m Gubiicl on April Ttli. They arc very complete and carefully prcpareil, 
 cujoiniii'; j_'re;it caution, kind treatment to the natives, and hanuoiiiouji 
 r('hiiioii.< with the missionaries, the conversion of gentiles being thoeiiicf aim 
 of tlie e(in(ju( st. J'aijrK, Orilciia (jenvruhft que thhc oh'^frvar cl San/cnlo oirar- 
 ij(i'l() (If la E.irolta di' In Xvcni Mi.tion tie la Puria'nrta Coucrprloii, //Xs', MS, 
 'i'lic scr'_'«int is ordered to explore for the shortest way and best road lo tlio 
 Lji;; iiiii Larga. 
 
 ■' frni: Sf. rap., MS., viii. 87, 110. Ey the end of 1790, .301 natives 1-id 
 lic'^ii l)iiptized, 2'.\ had dieil, and the number exi.-.tirii; was "J.'M. Small sv. k 
 li;i(l iiuM'ea.'ed to 731 and large to 2o7 head. Th^ mission crops in 1790 wero 
 !,7<t() bushels. 
 
 --List of over 50 rancherias in Purisima district, in Puris'ima, 1/ih. M'tnioii, 
 :MS., 10, 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 RtrUE OF FAGES; FOREIGN RELATIONS AND COMMERCE. 
 
 1783-1790. 
 
 No Fears of Foreigners — Isolation of California — War Contributiosh 
 AGAINST England — Visit of the French Voyager La rEitorsE— His 
 Instiicotions — An HosriTAisLE Reception — The Strangers at .San 
 Carlos — Fate of the Expedition — Orservations on the Country 
 and the Mission System — Commerce — The Salt-trade — Tiu; Yin- 
 
 TRADE— VaSADRE'S PROJECT — A FaILCRE— ThE MaNILA GaLLKON — 
 
 Current Prices — Arrival of Transport Vesskls — Xorthi.rn Xhy- 
 ages of Martinez and Elisa — General Washington's Ship tuk 
 ' Coi.rMBiA ' — The Chigoes — Ex-governor Neve and the Provinci.vs 
 Internas. 
 
 yi 
 
 .a.^■ 
 
 Although fears of foreign encroachments had been 
 a principal motive for the Spanii^h occupation of Cal- 
 ifornia, and these fears were still entertained in Spain 
 and Mexico respecting the far north, there was littlu 
 anxiety on the subject in California. I'ruc, ordcis 
 had been received occasionally from the king rocpiir- 
 iiig precautions in view of special dangers real oi- 
 imaginary,^ and such orders had been made public with 
 
 'July 2G, 1778, Croix to Neve, strict neutrality to be (il).scrvcil in tlic 
 Anglo-Freiich'Wiir by royal order of March "22. Prov. St. Pap., ;MM., ii. "Js. 
 Aug. G, 1771), Gen. Croix forwards to Gov. Neve royal orders for dcfouci' uiid 
 reprisals against the English with whom Spain was at war. Pror. Sf. Pii/'-, 
 MS., ii. 49. Feb. 11th and ISth, Croix to Neve forwarding ordei'S for n<iii- 
 intereourse, reprisals, etc., /(/., ii. 102, 108. Aug. 2,"), 17SI), Croix to Xevt.' 
 warning him of Admiral Hughes' departure from England in March 177!) with 
 n fleet to operate on west coast of America. /(/., ii. 112-13. Sept. 22, 17'S<), 
 Croix expresses to Neve the remarkable, not to say idiotic, opinion that to 
 stop the breeding of horses in California and otlicr frontier provinces would 
 keep foreigners away 'pues dificilmcntc lo emprcnderan (intcniar.se) faltaiido 
 los au.silios principales para transitar los desiertos ijue promedian.' Pror. SI. 
 Pnp., Pen. Mil., MS., iv. 14. March 22, 1781, Neve orders CarriHo to drive 
 away the live-stock incase the English Occt should appear, inon'er to be free 
 
 (420J 
 
 wm 
 
WARLIKE PRECAUTIONS. 
 
 427 
 
 fill due formality, but always without producing tlio 
 ^linhtcst ri})|)lo of cxcitenicut. There was not even 
 tliL' oocaHional a|)i)earanc«.! of a strange sail off the 
 coast which ])rochiccd such a ttanpest in a teapot at 
 the south. No foroijjfncr was sccmi in California dur- 
 iiig the first sixteen years of her history. Knowledgo 
 of curient events was limited a})parently to the names 
 of ruling king in Spain and pope at Home. If they 
 knew more the records do not show it, and there is 
 no evidence that the great conflict on the Atlantic 
 side of their own continent was beard of until long 
 after it was over. 
 
 Yet iu the war between Spain and England, lasting, 
 so far as knowlcd<xc of it in this far north-west was 
 I'onccrned, from 1780 to 1784, the Californians were 
 called upon to aid their sovereign with their money 
 and their prayers, antl they responded very freely to 
 tlio call. In 1780 Carlos III. called upon his American 
 subjects for a donation, fixing the contribution of each 
 Spaniard at two dollars and of each Indian vassal at 
 one dollar. A year later General Cr 'x forwarded 
 this order to California with instructicus for its pub- 
 lication and enforcement.'^ Nominally the contribution 
 was to be voluntary, but in reality was so managed as 
 to leave no convenient method of escape. All pci'sons 
 under eighteen years of age were exempt. Neophytes 
 niiglit contribute produce which was to be sold at 
 tarilf [)rices; but it was of course a mission contribu- 
 tion made by the friar in charge from the connuunity 
 property in proportion to the number of male neo- 
 phytes. Places that had suffered from epidemic or 
 other special disaster might be declared exerinn ; but 
 
 to (Icfiiid Monterey. Pror. Sf. Pap., ISIS., iii. .SO,"), llardi 17, ITSi, treaty 
 of ]ieucf lietween Si)ai!i and J]n'jlai;(l sent tu California. J'r(,i'. St. Pup., .MS., 
 V. .'id. Nov. ]."), 17M4, Fages to coininandant general, lias learned that a for- 
 ei!,'ii power intends to send dis;^nised eniiHsaries to Mexico; v.ill ane ;t any 
 .sueli who may eoinc to California. Pror. llci'., MS., i. IH'i. Xov. lotli, Id. to 
 id. tuideistands that no foreigner."? nui.st be allowed in the country, ci-.^jecialiy 
 at the ports. There arc none here now. liL, i. 181. 
 
 ^lioyal order of Aup. 17, 17S0. Forwarded by Gen. Croix Aug. \'2, 17S1. 
 AitJi. St:i. B(r-liaro, JIS., xii. 'J"2:?-0; vii. 147-'^3; Cfo'j:, Inntruccioa sobre 
 Donativo en L'alij'ontia imra la ijutrra con Liijlalerru, 1781, MS. 
 
428 
 
 FOKEION RELATIONS AND COMMERCE. 
 
 ifl' i 
 
 I ,:* 
 
 full lists and records of the contributors in each cstal)- 
 lisluncnt were to hv niadu Jind forwarded to Sjtaiii. 
 It was the o[)inion of (Joncral Croix that the soldiiirs 
 should not bo required to aid in the donation, hut 
 might do so if tlujy wished. The missions of Saa 
 Diego and San Juan Capistrano [)l(iade(l poverty at 
 Hrst,'"' but seem to have borne their part of the burden 
 at last, since for any missionary to refuse was to i>ut 
 his mission in an unfavorable light for the future. 
 The whole amount raised was over four thousand 
 dollars, of which the governor personally contributed 
 two thousand.* 
 
 The first intercourse of the Californians with sub- 
 jects of a foreign power was with Ihc French under 
 Jean Francois Galaup de La Perousc in the autunni 
 of 1780. Tliis distinguished navigator had sailed 
 from Brest in Auijust 1785 on the fricfate Jioiissole 
 with the Astrolabe under M. de Langle, on a scient"'^ 
 cxploi-ing expedition round the workl, fitted out 
 despatelied by the French government. A full Cw. ^ o 
 of scientific specialists accompanied the expedition; 
 Uiinute and carefully prepared instructions were given, 
 accompanied by reports and charts of all that had been 
 acconn)lished by the explorers of different nations; tiio 
 connnanders were carefully selected for their ability 
 and experience; and in fact every possible precaution 
 was taken to make the trip a success. In the king's 
 general instructions dated June 26, 178o, occurred 
 
 3 A rrh. S/a. Burharn, MS. , i. 2o9-G0; xii. 230-2. President Scrr.a approval 
 the plea of San Diego. According to I'rov. lice, MS., iii. 132-3, several mis- 
 eiona .sought exemption. 
 
 ■■The sums paid by each CF,tab)ishment were as follows: San Francisco 
 presidio and two missions, .?373; Monterey, $833; San Carlos, $10lj; S.iii 
 Antonio, $ll'2; San Luis, §107; Sta. Barbara presidio, §249; Los Angeles, .*l"i; 
 San (iabrid, 81.'i4; San Jnan and San Diego, §229; San Diego I'r., $.')l."i; 
 toLal, !i:-,()S3, but tlicrc is some variation in tlic records. Dee. 7, 17''i2, (Sin. 
 Croix names tliu total amount as !?4,21G. Besides Gov. Neve, Ignacio Valleji), 
 ir.ajo. dun'.o at Sun Ciirlos, is tlic only contributor named. He gave i 10. San 
 Jotii would seem to have done nothing. Sec Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., 
 ii. 5, iii. 11, 27-9; viii. 4; Prov. St. Pap., MS., iv. 70; Pror. L'ec, MS., ii. 
 70. 74-5. In accordance with a cijdula of June 15, 1779, received in Cali- 
 fornia June 13, 17S0, ^irayers both public and private were ordered by the 
 padre presidcnte on June 24tli. Arch. Slu. Barbara, MS., ix. 277-80; x. 273. 
 
 ¥ 
 
VISIT OF LA PitROUSE. 
 
 429 
 
 I'ancisco 
 Olj; Siui 
 lcs.)?l.'); 
 
 ., r-i"-; 
 
 i2, {Irii. 
 
 Viilkjo, 
 0. Siiu 
 
 /.,MS., 
 
 M.S., ii. 
 
 ill Cali- 
 liy tliu 
 x." 273. 
 
 soino passages relating inoro or less directly to Cali- 
 toniia.'' 
 
 La Perousc brought with him, besides the historical 
 \\(»rk of Venegas, a printed account of the Spanish 
 (■\j)e(litions of 1709-70," and other narratives in nianu- 
 Miipt or print of subsequent Spanish voyages u|» the 
 coast, several (jf which are ti'anslated and published 
 with the journal of this expedition. 
 
 Having doubled Cape Horn, visited Easter Island 
 and the Hawaiian group, the Boussole and Astru/ahe 
 crossed to the American coast, anchoring July 4, 1780, 
 ill the Port des Francais in 58" 37'.' The naviii'ator's 
 instructions had been to visit Monterey first and tlienco 
 to explore the coast up to the Aleutian Isles; but a 
 knowledge of the j)rovaiIing wind had led him to a 
 liigher latitude; delays at Port des Franyais left no 
 time for a northern vo^-age; and it .\as decided to run 
 down the coast without stopping, ()l)tain supplies at 
 ^lonterey, and hasten back to the China coast, where 
 the expedition was thie in the early spring. On the 
 vova<»e southward no observations were made on the 
 California coast ou account of tlie dense fogs, save 
 tliat one night there was seen what seemed to be a 
 
 '•' ' If in the survey wliidi lie is to make of tlie nortli-wcst coast of Americii 
 lie t'aiils at iiny points of that coast forts or tradinu'-posts l)eloiiginy to ^i^^ 
 Ciitiioliu Majesty h(! will scrupnlonsly avoid cvorytiiing which might givo 
 (illiiico to the coinmandants or diiefs of tlio.se estaldishnients; hut he will u.so 
 with thcni the ties of l)looil and friendslii[) which so clo.sely unite the two 
 sdViii igiis in order to obtain hy means thereof all the aid and refre.-shnuMit 
 which he may need and which the counti'y may l)e aide to furnish. . .So far 
 as it is jiossilde to judge from the relations of those countries which liavo 
 reached Franco, the actual possession cf Spain docs not extend above the porta 
 (if San Diego and Montciey, where she has built small forts garrisoned by 
 (litiichmcnts !'rom California or from Xew Mexico. The Sieur do J^a IVrouse 
 will try to learn the condition, force, and aim of these eshdilishments ; and 
 to infoim hiuLself if they are tlie only ones which Spain has fnunded on those 
 coasts. lie will likewise ascei tain at w hat latitude ii beginning may be made 
 of ]irocin-ing peltries; what (piaiitity the Americans (Indians) can furnish; 
 what articles would be be>t adapted to the fnr-trade;' what facilities there 
 might be for a French establisinnent, all this relating of eouiso chielly to the 
 noilliern coast. La J'troiiKC, Vdijajc ib' (Jean Fr.iiK^thn G'lilnuii) dc la l'< rouse 
 tiiitoiir (ill maudc, puhlir coiij'ormi'iiii'nt au <t'rt /(/' da J^ A rrU I'l'Jj , it /■«//';/.' fmr 
 M. L. A. Md('t-Mur<au. . .Paris, 170S, 8vo, 4 vol. with atlas in folio, tom. i. 
 'JS-il. It does not seem desirable to mention here the various translations 
 and abridgments of this narrative and its accompanying documents. 
 
 '' !>oiibtIcss the Moi.li ir;/, Ei/rnr/u di- Xoti(ia<, or dcildiisii, Ijiavio Hint. 
 
 ' On the northern explorations sec Uht. Xorthwe/it Coast, i. 17-1-7. 
 
! 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 W 
 
 r 
 
 430 
 
 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND COMMERCE. 
 
 volcano in active operation below 41", until tlioy 
 entered Monterey Hkiy September 14tli, aneliorino- 
 next day among the whales which came boldly witliiu 
 pistol-shot to spout vile-smelling water round about 
 the vessels. 
 
 The French navigators had been expected. The 
 authorities had received orders to accord to the foreign 
 ileet the same welcome as to vessels of their own nation, 
 so that La Perouse had little need to show his open 
 letter from the minister of Spain. The transports of 
 this 3''-'ar, the Princcsa, Captain Estevan Martinez, and 
 the Favorita, Captain Jose Tobar, were now in port, 
 and their boats were promptly takim out by their ca[i- 
 tains to pilot the visitors into the harl)or, seven guns 
 fron\ till fort saluting them as they dropped anchor. 
 Don Pedro Pages not only carried out the orelers of 
 his superiors, but says La Perouse "he put into their 
 execution a graciousness mid air of interest which 
 merit from us the liveliest acknowledgment. He did 
 not confine himself to obliijfinij: words; cattle, vege- 
 tables, and milk were sent on boa'xl in abundance. 
 The <lesire to serve us well nigh caused a disturbance 
 of the harmony between the commandants of fort and 
 corvettes; for each wished the exclusive right to sup- 
 pi}' our needs; and wlnni it came to settling the score, 
 we liad to insist on their receiving our mo'iey. Vege- 
 tables, milk, poultry, all the garrison's labor in helping 
 U;i to wood and water were free; and cattle, sheep, 
 and grain were priced at so low a figure that it was 
 evident an account was furnished only because we had 
 I'igorously insisted on it. Isl. Pages joined to his gen- 
 erosit^'tlie most gentlemanly demeanor; his house was 
 ours, and we might dispose of all his servants." 
 
 "The jiadres of San Carlos mission two leagues 
 from i\[oiiter(>3' soon came to the presidio; as kind to 
 us as tlie officers of fort and frigates they insisted on 
 our going to dine with them, and promised to ac- 
 quaint us in detail with the management of their 
 mission, the Indian manner of living, their arts and 
 
RECEPTIOX OF THE FREXCmiEX. 
 
 431 
 
 tliov 
 
 11' 
 
 ciistoins, ill fact all that might interest travellers. We 
 accepted with eagerness. . .]\1. Fages wished to ae- 
 foinpanyns. . .After having crossed a little plain cov- 
 ered with herds of cattle. . .we asccudod the hills and 
 heard the sound of bells announcing our coming. We 
 were received like lords of a parish visiting their es- 
 tates for the first time. The president of the mis- 
 sions, clad in cope, his holy-water sprinlder in hand, 
 received us at the door of the church illuminated as 
 on the grandest festivals; led us to the foot of tlic 
 altar; and chanted a to deum of thanks!.>ivin!»' for 
 tlic happy issue of our voyage. Before entering the 
 eliiirch we had crossed a plaza where Indians of both 
 sexes were ranged in line; their faces showed no sur- 
 prise and l(>ft room to doubt if we should be the sub- 
 ject of their conversation for the rest of the day."*^ 
 After leaving the church the visitors spen!: a short 
 time in examining the mission and in making a careful, 
 tliough necessarily brief study of the Franciscan 
 rcgiiiie and its effects on the natives. They probably 
 visited San (*arios more than once. 
 
 "As the scddiers had rendered us a thousand little 
 services, I as!ced leave to present them a piece of blue 
 cl'ith: and I sent to the mission some blankets, stntls, 
 beads, tools, etc. The president announced to all the 
 villa'jce that it was a uift from their faitliful and an- 
 cieiit allies who professed the same faith as the S[>an- 
 iards; whicli announcement so aroused their kind 
 feeling tov/ard us that each one brought us the next 
 day a bundle of hay or straw for the cattle and sheep. 
 Oui' gardener gave to the missionaries some potatoes 
 iVoiii Chili, perfectly sound; I believe this is not 
 one of the least of our gifts and tliat this root \,'.\\. 
 Mir-ceed peri'ectly aro;ind ]\Ionterey." j\I. de Langlo 
 also presented San Carlos with a han<lmill for gi-ind- 
 iiig grain which would enable ibiir of the neophyte 
 women to do the work of a hunth-ed in the old wav.'' 
 
 "All Pcrv.tixi\ Vdi/aijf, ii. 291-4. 
 "/(/,, ii. -Mo, 'JUl). 
 
432 
 
 FOREir.N RELATIONS AXD COMMERCE. 
 
 ! i- 
 
 !-.f 
 
 I ; 
 
 l|i 
 
 ,j. ,.. 
 
 Durincj the brief stav of ten days the crew were liiisv 
 
 O V t.' », 
 
 in obtaining wood and water; while tlie botanists, 
 geologists, and olher specialists pursued their studies, 
 made drawings, and gathered specimens. Three shoit 
 letters were written by La Perouse and one by !M. dc 
 Langle, to be sent to France by way of ]Mexico,'" On 
 the 22(1 all was ready for departure, and fai'ewcU wns 
 said to fifovernor and missionaries. Next dav tlio 
 winds were contrary, but early on the 24th tlie navi- 
 gators parted from INIartinez, who came oil' in his loiiir- 
 boat, and set sail for the far west. Then Calilbrnia's 
 relations with the outside world were for a time sus- 
 pended." 
 
 '" /f?., iv. 17G-S6. In a note of Sept. 14th (?) the commander says: 'Xns 
 vaissiaux out Otc rcciis pnr los l''S|.agiiols coinincj ol-ux do lour propro nation ; 
 tous les scoours possibles nous out etc pro(liijru(''.s; los )-eli;;lc;i.\ L■llal•^L•s di's 
 missions noua out cuvoyc' uno (piantit6 tros-eousidcralilo ilu provisions do tui'te 
 espi'cc, et jc! lenr ai fait prosont, pour leuis ludion-., d'uuo iuliuito de poLius 
 aitioles q\ii avaieiit eti'' ('inl)nn|U(''S h Brest ])our ect objv. t, et qui leur sennit 
 de la, jilus ;;raiulo utiliti'.' Again Sept. lOtli: 'Xous soir.iues arrives a .Mon- 
 terey le, 1.") septoinhre; les onlres du roi d'Esjiayuc nous y avaieut pr; ciMks, 
 et il eCit <^\.'i impossible, dans nos jiroprea eoio-.iies, de recevoir un uieillrur 
 uecueil.' JI. do Lauglo .says on Sept. "JiJd, of ('apt. ^lartinez: 'II a pruvenu 
 nos besoius avec uu zMo iufati'^able,' et niuis a rendu tous les .services qui 
 dt'pendaient de lui. 11 m'a ebarj;6 do vous .supplier do lo recoi.imauder a sun 
 miuiitre. . ..Je pais d'iei saiis avoir uu uialade.' A.;o'i from .Maeao .Ian ;M, 7'/., 
 iv. 'J.'!.'), La I'erousc writes : 'I semi the ebart of Monterey made by ourselves ; 
 I have met at Monterey oliiecrs of the little San Lias establishuu'ut w iio cei-- 
 taiidy are not without ability iind who seemed to me very capable of making 
 charts with exaetitude.' 
 
 " La I'liouse's visit left but a slitjht record in the Ciliforniau arehives, yet 
 it is alluded to ii; several ollicial eommuuieations. Sec Pi-ow St, /'"/»., JJ'ii. 
 Mil.. .MS., viii. IL Piov. St. Pap.. ISIS., vii. (!, 42, l:i."i; letter of (iovernor 
 I'nges of Septendter'iSth.in^i'c'V'aiA' .)/(./■., ii.'JSO-S, Sei)temberbStli, I.', ij.'isuea 
 writes to l,a, Lc'rou-ie seudin;.,' him three jiici'cs of reed and a sfiiue worked by 
 tho Santa, l>arl)ara Lnliaus. Will serid 7<* fane'.'as of frr.-dn. Arch.S'd. Iliir- 
 fiKft, MS., xii. ."liiL 'I'aylor. hi^foi'. (tiid /■'-/'//(/., No .SLii. )!).'!, tells us that 
 il, pietui'e of La, I'ei'ouse's vessels by one of Ins ollieers was preserved for many 
 yeai'S at Sa.n ( Virlos, but dis;i]ipeared after is;!,'}, having lieeu eai'riecl away as 
 the old si^ttlei'i isay by I'ctit-'I'lioiiars. This writer is very liki'ly wroiii,' about 
 the sidijectof the ]iieturc. An anonymous S[ianish \xriti'r in l.SI.'i, ('. S., Ih- 
 gfri/ici(jii. T<ifi<iijn'(i!i'fi <lr hi^ Mixhiiic!*, Pn<hl<:.<, ij /'ri.<hli'>-< il< i Xortc i/ ih- hi 
 Kuvrn-l'ulij'dri.'iii, iu A'cc/V/rt Cirnfnica ;/ L'l/., i. .'{'JT-!*, F=:i.ys that (Uie of l.a 
 I'erouse's ollieers made a sketch of his reception at San ( '.irlos by I'alnu (La 
 suen) and two pailres, which was kept iu the missior l-iriilorio. Caplain 
 r>(-ecliey wished to )iuy it, but P. AbeUa refused to ]iai with it. When I'etit- 
 Tliouai's came it iiad disniipeared, 1"!.^; m riter made every ellbrt t) llud it, 
 olVeriu',' as hi.-h as .Sl.OOO, but iu vain, it was thoULjlit to have been sloKii. 
 'J'he writer found at San (Viilos (no date) two Lxlians who remcndieied all 
 about I,,a I'erouse'.s visit, l-'inally Mrs Ord, Oci'm iiri'ix rn ('uUfdrnUi, .MS., 
 fiT-O, says that P. Nbireuo, soon after his arrivjil (IS.');!), ;;ave the paintin.j; t i 
 her brothel-, Juaa tic la ( iuerra, who on his death-bed presented it to her. in 
 
OBSERVATIONS OX THE COUXTRY. 
 
 403 
 
 Crossino^ the Pacific the Frenchmen visited tlie 
 Phili|)[)iiio Islands in February 1787; then tliey coasted 
 Japan and China, and reached Kamchatka in Septeni- 
 Itor; at the Navigator Islands in December, ^l. do 
 LaiiLrlc, with eleven of his men, was killed bv the 
 Indians; and the last that was ever known of vessels, 
 c;)nnnander, or crew, they wx>re at Botany Bay on tlie 
 coast of New Zealand, where La Perousu'.s jouinal 
 vAuh witli January 24, 1788, a subsequent letter being 
 dated Ft.'bruary 8th, at the same jJace. 
 
 Tliough the stay of the ill-fated navigators at 
 ]\[()nteiey was brief and uneventful, I have deemed it 
 worthv of somewliat extended notice, not onlv as the 
 iirst visit of a foreigner to California, but on account 
 of tlic remarkable accuracy, comprehensiveness, and 
 kindly fairness of La Perouse's observations on tlic 
 province and its instituticjus, "His account of the 
 natural resources of the country and its character- 
 istics," sa^'s a modern writer of scientific attainments,'' 
 '' was never surpassed in fidelity by his successors. 
 His ol)servations on the adnnnistration of the missions 
 especially arrest our attention as tiie testimony of a 
 Catholic concerning people of his own faitli." 
 
 The navigator's observations can be only very briefly 
 alhhlcd to here, since they are in part scientific and 
 beyond the province of history, and because many of 
 thc^ institutions mentioned have been or will be fully 
 treated elscwliere in this work by the aid of this and 
 (•tlier original testimon}' ; yet a general glance at those 
 impressions of an enlightened traveller seems appro- 
 priate, l^a Perouse's geograpliical explorations on 
 the Californian coast tiniount to nothing. His atla ; 
 contains the whole coast laid down ironi S[)anl>!i 
 sources in his general maps, showing little detail and 
 
 IS^S or IS.'ID it wna atoKii from Ikt trnii!i. !iiicl in spite 'pf all her efToi'ts lias 
 never lieen reeovcreil. She desei ilies the jtaiiiliiiL; as showing I'. Norie.L'ii ami 
 two other friars at the iloor of the eliui'eli, naked Jn<liaiis riuL'iii.L,' the l)v'l!s 
 anil lookiiii,' on as .sjieetators, and J^a I'eroiise, u tall, thiu guutlenian, willi 
 loni; ^vny hair in a uneiie, \vi>h some ollieers of iiitj suite. 
 '^iS'/ ;//;;(,/,/, in >)n rinii'l Monlhli/, n.'2o'-S. 
 Hiur. Cal., Vol. I. 'Jtj 
 
434 
 
 FOREKiX RELATIONS AND COMMERCE. 
 
 ■*i 
 
 :■ 
 
 not I'oquiriuuf notico, yet copied hero bocauso of its 
 date, being the first to show certain parts of the sea- 
 board. Additional charts are given of San Diego, 
 ]\roiiterev, and San Francisco, that of Monterey oul)- 
 pai'lially fi'oni original surveys, the first from Si)anish 
 sources and accui'ate, and the last a rude sketch which 
 is )'e[)roduced in the following chapter. The featur(,'s 
 
 ('C.Rond 
 
 3. 
 
 C Pcrpetua 
 
 C.BIano 
 
 J Port Trinite 
 
 l4o:. 
 
 Cfhiniovhio" 
 
 \Pte. Dcluadu 
 
 ) '' Pt. St.Frangoii 
 
 '-' MON 
 
 ^-..V... \. 
 
 TEREY 
 
 ■ ''\K^Pte. Conception 
 
 l,s^E.c»-Hc^l^l:'^ oP(. SM.D/caa 
 
 La I'liKousE's ]\Lvp. 
 
 of the country round ^lonterey with its plants and 
 animals, aie liowever fully described, and a page in 
 the atlas is devoted fo an excellent engraving of a 
 pair of California, quails. 
 
 Of tlie countiT anil its resources La Perouse speaks 
 in tlie most tiattering terms, as also of its ultimate 
 prospects, though he believes that under Spanish con- 
 trol its progress will be slow, the fur-trade being the 
 
 ri 
 
 To the 
 
 most promising interest in the near futuic 
 
 '^ ' TIio siihiliiilv of tlic (lir, tlio fertility of ;li(> soil, tiio nlmiiiliiiice of sill 
 kindi^ (if iicltiit'S give tliis jiiirt of Anieriea iiiliiiite jKlvjiiifaLiis nver tlic old 
 Ciilifoujiii.' 'IS'o eoinitry is more nVmmliiiit in (isli iiiul giiiue of all Kiiuls.' 
 'I'liis land is also of an iuex^ncssiblc Icrtilitj ; vegetablea ol every kind sue- 
 
LA PEROUSE ON THE MISSIONS. 
 
 435 
 
 alt »i'iuinal i nimbi tan 'j'< he mvcs much attention and 
 iiiids in them physically, mentally, or morally hut 
 little to praise. The author is in error when he state.-^ 
 that these Indians cultivated a little maize before the 
 Si)anish settlement. A vocabulary of the IVEontercy 
 laii'-uaii^es is included in the iourn.al.'* A brief but 
 accurate account is presented of the military and 
 political government with some items of history and 
 general statistics; and in fact the only element in the 
 Californian system that this writer failed to notice 
 was that of the pueblos. He evidently did not hear 
 oi" San Jose and Angeles, for he states that there 
 were absolutely no Spanish inhabitants but the sol- 
 diers. 
 
 But what more than all else attracted the attention 
 of the Frenchman was the mission system, respecting 
 which he made a wonderfully exhaustive and accurate 
 
 s and 
 e in 
 of a 
 
 cccd perfc>.tly. Crops of maize, biirloy, wheat, an.l peas can be comparcil 
 only to those of Cliili, wheatyiekliiigouan avcrago 70 to 80 fold. Tlie Llimato 
 (liilers little from that of our soiitlioni provinces in France, hut the lieat of 
 siiniiiior is much more moderate on account of the constant fogs which will 
 give this land a moisture very favorable to vegetation.' California ' wouh' be 
 iu no wise beliind Virginia, which is opposite, if it were nearer Europe, out 
 its pioxindty to Asia might iiulemnify it, and I )>elieve that gooil laws, .-.imI 
 especially free trade, would soon bring it some inhabitants; th(JUgli tlie p(i>;- 
 scssioiis of Spain nw so broad that it is inij)osyib!e to think that for a lung 
 time jiopulatiou will increase in any of her colonies. 1'he large number of 
 celibates of both sexes who as Ji princi[ile of jn rfection have divoted theia- 
 sclves to this condition, with the constant jiolicy (jf the government to admit 
 hut one religion and to employ the most violent means to maintain ii, \\ ill 
 ever oppose a new obstacle to increase. M. Monneron, iu a note on Monterey, 
 toui. iv. 1"J2-I{, says: ' A century will probably pass, and ]]erliaps two, before 
 file Spanish establishments situiited to the north of the Californian peninsula 
 Clin attract the attention of the great maritime powers. That which is in 
 ]>osscssion will not think perlia])s for a long time of I'stablisliiiig colonies sns- 
 ci'ptilile of great progress. Yet its zeal for the spread of the faith has already 
 founded there several missions; but it is to be believed that not even the 
 )iii:i'Lcs will interfere with the friars.' 
 
 "'i'lie nund)er of natives in both Californias is estimated at r)0,000. 
 ''i'hcse Indians are small, feeble, and do not show the love of inde]Kndenie 
 which characterizes the northern nations, of which they have neither the .-irts 
 nor the industry; their color is very similar to that of negioes, with stiaiglit 
 li;iir.' The governor said the Iiid'ans plucked out tlie hair on face and body; 
 while the j)resident thought it was naturally laiking. They are very skilful 
 hunters. M. de Lamanon obtained the vocabuhiries chielly from two Indians 
 who spoke S|ianish. M. lloUin. surgcon-in-chit'f of tlu^ cNpedition, wrote a 
 Ml iiliiirc j/hl/s/(il(iillqiiril ii(tt/i(i!oilii/llc, .-•■(/;• /^sy I //)(■;';>« (;/,s, joined to La 1 '('rouse's 
 journal, tom. iv. oU-TT, which relates largely to the natives of California and 
 is of great importance. 
 
ft 
 
 43G 
 
 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND COMMERCE. 
 
 stiuly, considering the brief time at liis disposal. Doiiln- 
 less the fact that he represented a CatlioHc nation ditl 
 niucli to open the hearts and mouths of the friars, wlio 
 seem to have held nothing back. The author not oul y 
 presents a general view of the system, and of the mis- 
 sions in tlieir material aspects with statistics of the 
 condition of each establishment, but he gives an excel- 
 lent i)icture of the neophytes and their routine of 
 daily life. Of the missionaries personally, of their 
 character and tlieir zeal and their motives, he speal^s 
 in terms of the highest praise;^^ but their efforts for 
 the civilization of the natives did not seem likely to 
 succeed. The neophyte was too much a child, too 
 much a slave, too little a man. The mission regime 
 was not fitted to dispel ignorance, missionary eii'orts 
 were directed exclusively to the recompenses (jf anotlirr 
 life, the present being disregarded. The community 
 system based on tlie prejudices and ambition of the 
 Jesuits was too servilely imitated. "The government 
 is a veritable theocracy for the Indians; they l)cliovo 
 that their superiors are in immediate and continual 
 connnunication with God." " The friars, more occupied 
 with heavenly than temporal interests, hare neglected 
 the introduction of the most common arts." La Pe- 
 rouse saw in the tout ensemble of the Franciscan 
 establishments an unhappy resemblance to the sla\o 
 plantations of Santo Domingo. "With pain we say 
 
 '^ 'La piC^to espagnolo avait entreteim jusqn'an present, et h gi-anda fnii:;, 
 ces missions ct ccs ]nvsi(lios, duus ruui(|Uo viie ili; coiivcrtir ct du ci\ iliscr ic-i 
 Indiciis do cuH cimtrucs; f-y.stC'ino Lieu plus diijuo dVloffc (jue ooiui do oe.i 
 hoimuos avidos ()iii .scmblaieut iiV'lro rcvctus do rautoiito natioufilo i^uo pour 
 commottro iiiipuiioiiu'nt lus ]ilus cnioUos atrocitos.' 'It is witli tlio swoitost 
 satisfiiction that I shall luako known tlio pious and wise ooiiihii't of those trials 
 who fulhl so poifoctly tho olijoct of thoii' institution; I shall not conooal \vh;it 
 has soourmI to mo, ropi'ohonsililo in thoir intorior ri'ginie; but I shall aniiouiR'o 
 tJKit iudividujilly good and hunuuio, they tonipor ))y their gcntlonoss ai;d 
 oharity tho harshness of the rules that have been laid ilown by their superiors. ' 
 'I have ali'oady made known freely my opinion on tlio monks of (Jliili, whoso 
 irrou;ulai-ity soeniod to mc generally scandalous. It is with the same trutli 
 that I shall paint those men, truly apostolic, wlio have abandoned the idle 
 life of a cloister to give thomsolvoa u]) to fatigues, cari'S, and anxieties of os cry 
 kind.' 'Thoy are so sti'ict toward thoniselvostliat they have not a single rouiu 
 with fire though tlie winter is somotinios risorous; ami tho greatest anchorites 
 have never led a more etlifying life.' 
 
THE MISSION SYSTEM CRITICISED. 
 
 437 
 
 it, tlic rcsciiiblancc is so i»oi'focttliut. \vo liavosoeii iiuii 
 aii'l vroiMcn in irons or in tlic stocks; and v\\:\\ lliu 
 si'imd of the lush nii^'lit liave sti'uek our cars, tliat 
 punishment hcing also admitted, tliough practised witli 
 little severity." Like (Governor Xex'e, s[)eakinn' of llie 
 custom of liuutiiig neo[)liytes with soldiers, he"thou::;lit 
 tliat the progress of tlio faith would be more ia})id, 
 and the prayers of the Indians more agreeal)le to the 
 supreme being if they were not under constraint." 
 
 '• 1 confess," to give a final (juotation from the 
 I'lvnch navigatoi', "that, i'riend of the rights of man 
 rather than theologian, I should have desii'ed that to 
 pi'inciples of Christianity there might be joined a leg- 
 islation which little by little would have made citiziiis 
 of men whose condition hardly ditfei's now from that 
 of the negroes of our most humanely governcvl colo- 
 nies. I understand |)erfectly the extreme difficulty 
 of this new ]»lan; I know^ that these men have feu- 
 ideas, and still less constancv, and that if thev arc 
 not regarded as children they escape those who have 
 taken the trouble to instruct them. I know also that 
 reasonino-s have almost no weight with them, that it 
 is absolutely necessary to strike their senses, and that 
 corporal punishment with rcH.'ompcmse of double I'a- 
 tions has been so far the only means ado[>te(l l)y their 
 legislators; but to ardent zi'al and extreme patitincu 
 \\'oul<l it, be impossible to make known to a few fam- 
 ilit s the advantages of a society based on nnitual 
 rights, to establish among them a right of propeity 
 so attractive to all men; and by this new oider of 
 tilings to induce each one to (,'ultivate his field with 
 enndation, or to devotee himself io some other class 
 of work? I admit that the progress of this new 
 ('i\ilix;ation would be very slow; the pains whieli it 
 v.oidd bo nccessaiy to take, \ery hard and tii'esome; 
 the theati'es in which it would be necessaiy to act 
 very distant, so that a|>plause would never make itself 
 heard by him who might consecr'ate his life to being 
 woithy of it; and therel'ore I do not hesitate to de- 
 
4ns 
 
 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND COMMERCE. 
 
 clarc that human motives are insufficient for such a 
 ministry, and tliat only the enthusiasm of rehgion 
 with its i)romise(l rewards can compensate the suci i- 
 liees, the ennui, the risks of such a life. I have only 
 to desire a little more philosophy on the part of tlio 
 men, austere, cliaritable, and reliL^ious, whom I have 
 met in these missions." M. de La Perouse lonj^id 
 for the existence of qualities and views that liavc 
 rarely been possessed by missionaries in California or 
 elsewhere. 
 
 ,i U 
 
 Previous to 178G California, beyond furnishini( 
 occasional supplies to the Philippine galleon, and 
 sending to San ]il;is by the returning transports now 
 and then a cargo of salt,^" exported nothing; and little 
 or no advantage was taken of a royal order of this 
 year by which trade with San Bias was made free for 
 eiglit years, and duties were reduced one half for live 
 years more." 
 
 The publication of Cook's voyage of 1778-9 on the 
 Northwest Coast first opened the eyes of Spain to 
 the importance of the fur-trade and led to some feeble 
 attempts on her part to prevent so rich a treasure 
 from passing into the hands of foreign nations and to 
 utilize it for lier.self A scheme was projected by the 
 government in 1785 for tlio opening of a trade be- 
 tween California and China, the intention being to 
 exchange peltries for quicksilver, and to make the 
 fur-trade a government monopoly as that in quick- 
 silver had always been. With this view Vicente 13a- 
 
 '•^ The records .ni'c meagre about this salt supply. There are sevei'al orders 
 ill the archives rc(|uiriiig that salt be shipped irom Monterey, and some indi- 
 cations: that it was so ship])ed. Sept. 1, 17S4, Capt. Cafiizai'es at ^lontcny 
 informs (iov. Fages tliat he has orders to load with salt. Prnc. St. Pap., ^IS., 
 iv. lol. Order of the commissary at San JJlas to same eflcet. Id., l.'ri. July 
 2, (rcu. Neve onlers Fages to liavo'the salt ready so that no detention nny 
 occur. /(/., V. i'vl. Order given by Mexican government March 8, 17^4, and 
 repeatetl .Ian. 11, 17^7. /'^, vii. II, \'l. Nov. Id, 17S4, governor undeistauds 
 that salt must be collected at Montiu'ey. /Vor. /.'cc, MS., i. IS'J. Sept. 11, 
 Fages tells Canizares that as sailors are refused to get the salt none can be 
 furni lied. Id.,\\. M'l. As early as 1770 the .*>«» .h/Co/fw was ordered to load 
 with salt in California. I'fov. ^^ /'«/'., MS., i. 71. 
 
 " /bwACCrt and Urrutia, lUxt. Goi., ii. 84. 
 
 \' ,1 
 
BASADRE'S PROJECT. 
 
 430 
 
 sadro y Vega was sent as a commissioner to California 
 to investigate the matter and to make a beginning of 
 collecting otter and seal skins.^*^ 
 
 ])on A'iccnte came up on one of tlic transports of 
 1780 which left San Bias in June, bringing with him 
 his ercdentials and instructions to Fages from Viceroy 
 Galvez, which were made public in the governor's proc- 
 lamation of the 29tli of August.''^ The skins were to 
 1)0 collected from the natives by the missionaries, who 
 were to deliver them to Basadre at the taritf [)rices 
 ranging from $2.50 to $10, accordino- to size and color. 
 NcDphytes must relinquish to the friars all the skins 
 ill tlieir possession; skins obtained from neophytes 
 by soldiei-s or settlers were liable to contiscation, the 
 informer receiving one third of their value; tlioso 
 legitimately obtained from gentiles nuist l)e sent at 
 once to the nearest authorities; all trade by private 
 persons was prohibited; and any skins reaching Sau 
 ]^las throuti'h other than the reixular channel woukl 
 bo confiscated. The aim was to make the government 
 through the commissioner the sole purchaser, though 
 peltries were to be received and forwarded by com- 
 uunnlers of presidios after Basadrc's departure. The 
 friars favored the scheme since it put into their hands 
 a new branch of mission temporalities.-^ 
 
 '^Agooil account of tlie project and its results is givci) in FouKtca and 
 Umiihi, lli.it. (_,'c:i. Rial Jluciciu/a, i. 37--81. 
 
 '^Tlie r(jyal ccJula was dated June (July ?) 2, \'S'>; the v cci\jy's letter an- 
 lioiuu'iu^ Jiasadre's eoiiiiny to Fages, Jan. '2'i, ]7S(i; vice; oy's 'cttcrto J.a.sui n 
 on saiiie .suliject Mareli 1, 17S(i; Fages' |)r»clainati()u Auj,'. 'J!), 17f>ii, including 
 VLgulutiuns fcir the collectiou of skins. J'roi'. Sf. I'uji., MS., vi. .'^S !), ;">_', I 10-- 
 5, ■JO-l-(i; Arch. St(t. Burliar<(, MS., i. 2^3-4, x. !S-IO. (.'uriously tliu earliest 
 dcKUiiient in the archives relating to the otter is dated Oct. 'l-\, \~f>'i, after 
 tlio king's order was is.siied but hefore it eoulil have reached Caliiornia. It ia 
 an order from Fages to Jgnaeio Vallejo at Sau Jo.se that if any one goes out (o 
 trade wiih the Indians for otter-skiu.s ho is to be punished. iMjil. St. I'up. S. 
 Jvsc, MS., i. (J, 7. 
 
 -"^iarcli 8, 17S7, the aiidicueia eomjilained that the prices were too higli, 
 siiU'«; i^kins could fonnei'ly be bought for from one r"il to .SI each; besides 
 oltii', iitlierskius .sjiuuld beeollec'.ed. Ari-Ji. S/(i. Jhirhuvu, ^IS., x. 1. '_'. Sept. 
 -llli, J..a:-'ueu leiilies tlmt the former cheapue.-^s resulted from givat abundance 
 and no demand; eomjie'daon ( !) reiluced the t)tters and tailed [nice-^; if the 
 niissiims Mere allowed to tiade with China the prices .-ould be ^'jll hi ^her; hp 
 intimates that the missions slamld have ."i ;ii;;:!opoly of the catch; i^Kl states 
 that there are no bcaversor martens. /(/., x. 3-7, ^3-10. Sept. 1 jth and liOtli, 
 
440 
 
 FOREIGN KELATIOXS AXD COMMERCE. 
 
 s = 
 
 f: •■' 
 
 rv-i 
 
 AVc liavo scon that La Peroiiso had Ix'oii insciMiftiMl 
 \)y tlu' l''r<,'U{'li <j;-()Vc'i'nnK'iit, |)r<)iui)t('(l like the Spiiiiish 
 ])y (Jook's nari'atl\'i', to make a special iiiNcstii^'aiiim 
 ot' the fur-trade and its |)t)s.sil)ilitic.s. When lie ar 
 i-ivcd at Monterey ho found Basa(h'c ah'cady there 
 and tlie country considorahly interi'stod in the suhjuct 
 of liis coininission, Don ViecJiite is spoken of as "a 
 young man of intolHgonco and merit, who is to depait 
 soon for China for the purpose of making there a 
 treaty of connnerco in otter-skins." La l*erouse l)e- 
 heved that tlie now branch of trade niiglit prove to 
 the Sj)a!iiar(ls more protital.)lo tlian the richest gold- 
 mine of ^lexico. Fages told him he could furnish 
 20,000 skins each year, or by moans of now establisli- 
 ments nortli of San j^'rancisco many more.'' Yet 
 notwithstanding the tenijxjrary cntlmsiasm of all eon- 
 cerned, this attem])t of Spain to buihl up a proiltable 
 peltry trade in California was a failure. 
 
 ])asadre, though complaining of obstacles thrown 
 in his way by Fages, obtained 1,G00 otter-skins, wi'h 
 
 FaiifCH issued a decree f>roliibitiii<{ gentc do razon from acquiring otter-skins, 
 giving t!ic right cxclu-iively to tlio Indiiiiis and missions. LI., xii. li; Pic>\ 
 J'c^., ^IS., i. ;i.")-(j. .luly ."JO, ]7<SS, Liisuou coinjilaias to tlic viceroy tliut 
 priocH are too low, and on Sept. 7ih Eages seems to have issued a new t;iri(I'. 
 Air/i. Sill. JJdrhiini, :MS., i. liSU-JiJ, ii. 'l. Maroli IS (or iKissil.ly M:iy IS), 
 17.)0, a new pviee-li it Vv"itli reguLilions in detail was issued in Mexico. Tlu: 
 pvieef* were to r;ingo fro:ii i;''2 to .S7; ;ind neither soldiers nor settlers wi'vo pro- 
 l:i')itL'il from jjatlieiingiikins provided they dispose of them pr(j[ierly; Imt tliese 
 l'e''-ulatious prohaldv had no (;li'cet iu Califonda. /(/., ii. 4-S; Ilcjif. St. I'Ltp. 
 
 ;■.•;./„>.!, MS., i. ;!]-.-). 
 
 -' 'We e;'.nnot fail to he a'tonished that the Spaniards, liaving so eloso 
 and freijueiit intereourse -with C'una through ^Manila, should liavo lieen i'.rno- 
 r.int uuLil now ol' the value of this p'.eeions fur. ]]efore this yt.ai' au otter-; kia 
 \va.3 worth no more than two I'aiilnt-skins; the Spaniai'ds did not suspeet 
 tlicir value; they had never sent any to ]']unjpe; and Mexico was so hot a 
 cor.ntrv it was supposed that there could lie no niaiket tliere. I tliink th(,'re 
 v.ull he ia a few years a great revolution in the Russian trade at Iviatcha from 
 the diliicilty tln'3' wid have to liear this competition. The skins in the south 
 arc Ui liLile inferior in quality, bat the ilill'erenee is. . .imt nion: than ten per 
 CLiit in the sale price. It is almost certain tliat the new ^lanila (Ainipnny 
 will try to get po.«scssion of this trade, ■which will he ii lucky thing for the 
 Rus.jian3, hccause 't is the nature (;f exclusive privileges to carry ih'atli or 
 sluggishness into all hi'.anches of commerce and industry.' La J'iroii.'<r, ]';/., 
 ii. .'Ju',)-ll. The Spaniards 'do not cease to keep tlieii- ej'cs open to this im- 
 portant hranch, in which the king has rescrvecl to himself the I'ight of pur- 
 chase in the presidios <jf ( 'alifornia. Tlie most northern Spanish estahlisinuent 
 fr.rni:dies each year 10,000 otter-skins(?); and if they contimio to lie sold 
 advantageously to (,'hina, it wid he easy for Spain to obtain even ."0,!iOO, and 
 thus to destroy the conuuercc of the Russians at Canton.' Jd., iv. 177-S. 
 
THE SPANISH FUR-TRADE. 
 
 441 
 
 AVi; 
 
 aiH 
 
 :;li lu' ivtunicd to ^Mexico at tlic nid of tlic year 
 I ;)rocoi!(k'(l to Manila early in l7iS7. Jn't'oic 171>0 
 tlu' whole ninabor of ottt'i'-skins IVoiu hotli ( 'alilornia.s 
 .sunl to]Manilaon account of tlie I'oyal treasury under 
 llisadre's system \va8 1),721), the total cost at Manila, 
 i;!cludiii,n" ]>asadre's salary, beiny; .':<.S7, '!'.)'.).'""" In I7S() 
 lh(,' l*hilii)[)ino C()nij)any liad u[)])lied thi-ouu'li the 
 huiist; t)t' Cosio for an cxchisivc jtrivilei^e of tlu' I'ur- 
 tiadi;; and the j^'overnnient had been willinn' to n'l'ant 
 it (in condition of ])ast exixMiditnres hein<j;' reiinhuised; 
 hut, the conijiany did not aci-e[)t the terms. JJasadru 
 relumed to S[>ain, and the Lfovernment iinally de- 
 (i'kd in 171)0 to drop the project and pay money lor 
 (iiii'-ksilver, leaving' the fur-trade to i)ri\'ate enter- 
 
 1> 
 
 il'ise 
 
 "-' Fiiii~i'cii .and Urrut'in. ll'i-^t. f!i 
 
 Tlr 
 
 ■(l^^ of tin.' fikiiH ciillectcil .nro 
 
 l!U':i'.;rc' iui<l i:Hi,iii[>lotc. (M. ,,\, 
 
 IVMI, J-itiit. / 
 
 iini'^ii < 
 
 ■ t Sii 
 
 ! iii'i;( 
 
 iUn of 
 
 liiMili,' sonic lime in the ]i;ist shipiied .'r'_',OUO-\vi>rtli to .Fosi' .Mmihi, Arcc. I'riii, 
 SI :l. I''l]>., ^I'^., vi. ;iS. Sipt. !•"), I7S7, -iosc'^ Soliel.ilicn rli:il';ci| iyCt foi' dlVSS- 
 in,' !)."» oiteixikius. I'rov. Si. J'tip., Jim. Mil.. MS., i\. (i. Oct. <i. IT.sT. thero 
 \Vi r!'.-!ii;ii)eil (111 tlu; <SV<// ' Vo'/os- iiud /•uro/vVa '_'o7, of wliich !t7 In lou'^cil to 
 ji I iilio of Moiiterej', O'J lo Lieut. ()iteg:i, ."i() to Smi Cdrlo.s, iuid ."rj to Siiil 
 .\ir..)iii.). 111., i.\". 14. .Inly ol), 17"^)^, I.MSiieii .'^iiys tt) viceroy tluit I'liis.idri- col- 
 
 ii'o'.u tiie missio: 
 
 (M otter-^fkiiis worth .^10,"). Arch, iil'i. Hurl" 
 
 -MS. 
 
 ■J :i. X( 
 
 !), 17«!». 
 
 e( iiiiMiiiuliiiit of .Santa IJarliara to j 
 
 (ovenior. 
 
 lie 
 
 r.l- 
 
 (l tle'ivercil to ( 'afiizaies of the J 
 
 ;Yor.fC.7 ( 
 
 1 ottel•-^^kins from i' 
 
 .1 iVoiii ."-^aiitii Jj.ir'oa 
 
 SI h\ 
 
 'Mil line 
 
 naveiitnra, besiiKs ;{i2 
 
 to.K-skms. 
 
 Pr>.r. St. P<(j>., MS., ix. no. AiiL,'. K), 17!>1), t!ie I'rociira'' 
 
 i])el.iyi 
 
 il for t)tter-skiii.s remittetl 17S(i-!», .^l.-fT^ on Iti!) .skins t(j kin''; ^\', 
 
 IS to l!;is:iihi'. Arrh. Sla. Jliirli( 
 
 i; 
 
 ^hircli -JiJtli, Prov. Sf. /' 
 
 •7' 
 
 MS., .\ii. 4, ."). 
 -MS., ix. 144. Tin; following' note.s 
 
 ini I'.se an hives are all I have fcjund for the ])erioil of 17!>;)-lM)!t, and sonuj 
 
 t!i<:n inilicale that notwithstanding,' the royal onler of 17110 some skins 
 
 1 re ; ;iil Ijiiu.'.'ht ou goveinnient account. Auj,'. J!, 17!H, Sal to Itomcu asking 
 
 l.ir<.>7 
 
 Me 
 
 /' 
 
 .SV. ] 
 
 ti/' 
 
 MS. 
 
 1711-'. 1 
 
 reasury 
 
 ■\< 
 
 i'J for .".!) skins from .Santa 15:irhara Company. /(/. , xxi. .SO. Dei 
 lieeroy to court of Spnin says some otter and s'al skins are sold to 
 
 itin; 
 
 111. 
 
 l" 
 
 ,S7. J\ 
 
 7' 
 
 Mi 
 
 (ir 
 
 MS. 
 
 i. i: 
 
 1m 
 
 17:u, 
 
 V orH.tr o 
 ^■:ii. 141 
 
 f viceroy <ii,ter-skins may he ex|iortcil free of duty. I'rov. live, .MS. 
 
 ■rov 
 
 SI. J 
 
 ('/'•• 
 
 M.S. . xi., l."i!t. .InneS, 17!'."), ;.;overnor tf) eomman- 
 
 (kint. Ivinu allows Nicoh'is ,N":an/anili of Sau IJl.is to take otter-skins to 
 
 China from> California 
 
 d trade f. 
 
 ds. J'r,r. It: 
 
 ^\r 
 
 IV 
 
 i:i4. l\ 
 
 17!!."), the governor ex|)lains that the jirivilege of t.akinjj; <jt(eralon'4 the 
 
 is to nothi 
 
 they 
 
 fiiast amonii 
 ■ moi 
 ■'eously take uu the fur-trade. It is kn 
 
 t l)uy (,'hina uo(jds at Canti 
 
 pnvi;e,L; 
 aiivanta 
 ii:(ri;;uii 
 t!'.< 
 
 'polk^cd liy the I'hilipiiine Company ; yet that ef)mpany miuht 
 
 that the Jhi'^lish arc 
 
 :,' for it. ]'>y the treaty of Oct. '-'S, 17!l(>, iMtween Sp.-dn and K 
 ir power was prohiliittd froni takin.i; otter within ten lea;.^ues 
 ] a: 1: i.'f the coast occupied hy the former — that is, all of ('alifornia In 
 
 .-•1:, 
 
 ea;.^ues of ;iny 
 
 1' 
 
 id from cn,L.'a,uin,i.' in illicit trade with the .Spanish cstahii.sh- 
 
 iiiculs. C'aloo, litcutil compkt lUs TruiUs, iii. ;]oG-U. 
 
442 
 
 FOP.KIflX RELATIONS AXD COMMF.RCR. 
 
 ^m/I^' 
 
 The causes of fiiiliirc, without .i^^f'in^j; into )»cHy (K'- 
 tails, WL'iv uiaiuly as follows: the I'urs ()l)taiiH.'(l in (jili- 
 foriiia wei'u less iiuiiierous th;u» had liccn cxjiccti'd, tiit; 
 iiatlNcs lackiiii^ hoth skill and iuiiilcnicnts for ottcr- 
 iiuntiii'L;-; thu ((uality was not cM|ual to that of tlie furs 
 hronn'ht to China from the Northwest Coast; tlio 
 tarilf of prici's lixcd hy l^asadrc at first was thou^lit 
 too hiiuli; the I'oyal fur-traders were not content with 
 a fair pi'olit; Hie Soaniards hud no experience or skill 
 in [)re[)arin'L,^ assortinn", and selliiiiL^the I'urs; and there 
 wore some diplomatic (obstacles to ho overcome in 
 China. No private company ventured to engage in 
 the trade thus abandoned by the crown; but skins 
 in small quantities continued for many ycais to he 
 collected by natives for the friars, who sent them by 
 the transports to San Bias, whence they found their 
 way to the I'hilippines. Later the American smug- 
 glers afforded the Calilbrnia traders a better market. 
 
 In other branches of connnerce there was no develop- 
 ment whatever. Tlie Philii)pine galleon was retpiired 
 to touch at j\[outerey on ea .h eastward trip, and was 
 furnished with needed supplies on account of the 
 royal treasury; but the conunanders often did not 
 stop, preferring to pay the fine imposed;""* but all trade 
 with this vessel by the missions or by private persons 
 was strictly forbidden and, except hi the form of 
 occasional smuggling, prevented."" Governor Neve 
 when he left California had in mind a project fa- 
 trade with the u'alleons, which was further auitated 
 by his successors; but after unfavorable reports had 
 
 '-' ' Dims la viic. r;iiis doute, do favorisor Ic ]M'<!siilo do MontiToy, on oblige 
 depuia plu.-:it'ur.s jiiiinV's, lo j,falion I'evi'iiaiit do .Manillo ;\ AcajiuKM, do i il,i>ln r 
 dans CO port; iiiais cvtto I'oiuclio ot cot attcrra'/o no sont pas > i nooo.~iiiios, 
 que, nunio oi tonips do paix, oc vainsoati no protoro ipulijuoiois do contin'.nr 
 8:l I'onto, ot d,' payor uno oortaino sonnno, par fornio do di'donnuaj^iinoiit c!u 
 bien (|u'il aur.-.it lait on y ■■( laohant. ' Munui rati, in J,n /'('■/•'■ii.-<c, I i//., iv. I'J-. 
 
 -'i'ur ordors a,i,'ainst trado witli tlio galloon in 1777, 17^1*, 17'''."!, and 17.'i7, 
 8ve Prni: L'n-., VlS., i. 0t~5; /'/v<c. .s/. i'.;<., MS., iii. loM); iv. D',) KO; 
 vii. liS-!). \(jv. I."), 17SI, tlio govoraor asks lor int'onnatioii on tlio oliai';o 
 that a i)adro and other persons wont on hoanl tlio j.^dloon and hidu.'lit oil' 
 four halos of yoods. J'rov. J'er. ]\;s., i. JM,'. in lioiiid)oi' I7'"i.") I'. Noiio'.'a 
 denies that thovo lias been any trading betweeu ini.5sioi)s and j^alleoii. Jio.f- 
 tciTi/, Parroiju'iU, MS., 'I'i. 
 
PRICES crRRRNT. 
 
 44S 
 
 Ix'i'ii received fi'om ln.iU Soler juid Fnj^es, tlie iifeiHM'.il 
 ilecidi'd to coiitimie llie j)r<>hil)iti(>n.^" 1 annex in tlio 
 loiiii of a iioto ji list of tliL' piiees ciiiTent in Culi- 
 1' uiiia at this epoch. -^ 
 
 ■•'" Sol^r, /'(iriri )• Kiilirr rnmirrlo rail 1 1 /liitjuc dc C'hlnn, 1 '/ f/i- IJnrro 17,^'T, MS. 
 /'(;/'.-■, Iiifiiiiiif siihre ('oiiicn-iii run. I'l jinn ilr C/iiiiri, IS dr I'rhii ro J!'!!', MS. 
 Till' iciisoiiM iir;,'eil a;:aiiist I'reo tiailo were, that n) far as (lu? wnlilicivs wrvu 
 iniucriH'd lit ttcr gonda wi'io ivrcivcd with f,'rt'ati'r rcj;iilai it y aiiil at ilkho 
 iitiil'iiiii iniccs liy tho iircsciit Hvstciii ; aa tho gallcini tdiilil ii'it tipiich at 
 all till' j>ri'.'iilioH, 11 iiiniiiiiiiily and iiici(iiality vould liu caiuscd; tin; suldicrs 
 lii'cuiiiin;,' tiadciH Would liu distiacU'd fitjiii their li'^'ular diairs ; a\ai icn aiiil 
 |iiidi) Would \)v I'li'/cndi'ivd in California; CIdnii goods wcro not littid for tho 
 i'ldiioiniii tradf; and there wan no money to pay for them, ^t■t Soler 
 fiivnriil till! trade it the barter of peltrii s could l)u inehlded; ami FagfM \\i\n 
 (lisiiosLcl to favor takin;,' no noii>;eof the l)arter of ti'illin;^ artielcs hy indi- 
 viduals, duly 14, 17'S(>, Cen Uy.irto asks Fagcs for hu views on the matter. 
 J'lof. Si, J'(I/i., MS., vi. l.'M-,'. June'J.'J, 17^7, having received tiie reiiorts, ho 
 renews the •Ad jirohihition. ft/., \ii. ;tS-!). 
 
 ■Man. 1, i7iSl, <<ov. Nevo lormed :i new (irniirtl in nccordanee with royal 
 onlirof M irch '_'!, I77">, and deereo of andiencia of Jan. II. I77IJ. I'rov. ■' t, 
 I'd/I., MS., \ i. 11, I,"); niinouneed to Cen. Croix March 4tli. /'/■")•. Jlir., MS., 
 ii. 41 ■_'; apinoved by Croix Jidv -7, I7'SI, and by king I'eb. 'J'J, I7'-'-, anil 
 loyal approval published by Fages tian. I'J, 1784. I'l-w: S/. J'a/>., MS., iv, 
 |.")i;-S. 'iliis a'':uieel given in full uniler date of Aug. I'J, 17''i-, in Artinrd de 
 J'lVfio.-i, \~S'2, .MS. Jannai-y '..', 1788, Cov. Fagea issued a new ara^ircl which, 
 li(j\vevei', oidy included live-stock and agricultural iiroducts, or articles likely 
 to bo purchased by the government. AnuirrI dc I'rcridn, 17SS, ^IS. Manu- 
 .script copy eortilicd by Gov. l>orica, in L'stiidilh, /Joe. IJist. ( 'at., i. 7; Sai-ni/o, 
 Iiiy. Jli.il. Cid., MS., 2; Pror. St. I'fip., MS., viii. ."JU-H. Li tlie followi'n;; 
 list the prices of 1788 are given in parentheses — nalri expressed in 'cents': 
 Horses, .SI) (-S-'i-yOl; asses (iii(i-.S7); calves (iJb.jO); bulls (.S4); sheep (7r)C. -?_'); 
 swiu(! (.Sl-Sl); cocks (l'_'e.-'_'.")c. ); quail, per doz. (•2.')e.); hares (1-V.); mnlcM, 
 .S|ii-.SJO (;?14-S'20); horses (unbroken, colt.s, mares, fi'.i); cows (sl); oxen (6">); 
 g lilts (7oc.-.Sr,; hens (•J.")e.-;i7e.)'; ipigcons, per p;iir (^.-ic); ralibiti (l-c.) 
 1! ■( f, j'rkcd, per ■_',■) Ujs.'(7r)e.); I^ccf, fresh, perl'.') Itis. ^l.^"le.): e;.";f, p:.rdoz. 'Jlc; 
 hides, untaniii'd (.■I7e.); hides, tauned, ^2.7'> (•'?-.-">); wool, jicr 'J.i Win. (.si. •_',")- 
 >•_'); tallow, ])or "i.') lbs. (.'i?l.'J.'5-8-.'>0); candles, per "Jo Uis., .s;{ (SJ,.")!)); lard, 
 per "J.") llis. .S;i (•>{); shecp-skin, r>Oc.; ileer-skin (J.'ic); dog-skin, 7'c.; luuk- 
 sl;in, or antelope, tanned (.sl.'J.l-Jl.aO) ; cheese, per lb., 0[c. Win at, per 
 fanega (S'J); barley, per fan. (.^1); lentils, ])cr fan., !ir-.50; mai/c, per fan., 
 SI. .")(); bean.'*, per fan. (§•_'. 50); peas, per fan. (.iiil.-'iO-ii?;!); llour, ]m r '_'.') lbs. 
 (sl.il")-.^!'J); .s-J per 'J.'t Itis. to .S(} per fanega. Sugar, lb., 'J,")C. ; iianochu, lb., — ; 
 biauily, pt., 7"ic. ; sallron, oz., oOc. ; olive-oil, jar, !r''4..'i7; ligs, lij., Il'c; gun- 
 powder, lb.,i?l; soap, lb., ISc. ; chocolate, lb., ;i7c.-r)(ic. ; cloves, oz., 0'_V'. ; 
 ciimamon, oz., 02e. ; cumin, oz., .'ic. ; red pepper, lb., 18e. ; pcp;ier, o/.., Oi'.; 
 t^ibacco, ill., .Sl.L'.j. Anrpicra, .sl..")0; awl, l-'c. ; shield, .s_' ; kettle.! (calde- 
 retn), SI; stirrups, woodei^ 81 ; gun-caso, .'i<i ."JO; saddle-iron?i, SI ; lance, f-.7c.; 
 penknife, 'J.jc; earthen pot., iL'c.-lSe.; jilatcs, 4c.-1;h;. ; comb, (;c.-5;)c. ; 
 rosary, .'le.; ear-rings, pr.,75c.; saddle, .sl'J-.s|0; punch, *J,")o.; cnp, IKc; 
 dagger, '2'Je. ; anqucra tra]ipiiigs, ^'J.TiO; earthen p::n, ISc; wooden spoon, 
 (Jc; spurs, ])r, .SI ; rnvord, .V4..')0; gun, ^J.uO-JsKj; bridle, li,d ; lior.;e:i!ioes, ; et, 
 ^'1; jiocket-knifo, ."lOc. ; rax ir, lijc, ; coppijr pot, C\i.."0; paper, '[uire, 'I'lC.; 
 needles, paper, .sl. "28; needles, per'Jl, Il'c; bridle-lines, ,") 'c. ; Ib.ly Clu'iji', 
 ^M-""); chisel, I'Jc; seis.sors, ;i7c.-l)2o.; screw (jf gi'.n, "ioc. ; y.'.j, I'Jc. 13:;i;:e, 
 yd.,."Oc. ; CO.: rso linen (CoteiLSe), yd., .'>7e.-7"'C. ; gold-luc, oz., vl. (.■!;; lilve;'- 
 1 ice, oz., .S|.()2; ribbon, yil., I'Jc.-T.'^c. ; cotton clot!), yil., •J';c.-;'7c. ; yiirA 1 v.i i, 
 10c. ; linen (I'lutilla), yd., t)2e.; Uritanuia (liiieuj, yd., U-Jc.-§l.'ir); Lrainaut 
 
444 
 
 FvORrJON RELATIONS AND COMMERCE. 
 
 m ; 
 
 E;i'']i yviw two of tiK' four transports arrived from 
 Sail l>las with Hunitlics for proyidios and missions, one 
 iisuallj visiting' San Dicg'o and Santa Inirbarn, and 
 the otiier San Francisco and I\[ontcrcv. TJie Jamr- 
 
 h( 
 
 f fi'oiu 17^;! to 1700 made tivo trij)s; tlic Pi 
 
 'IIIA-CS<t 
 
 and Sen Carlos, or Flit pi no, each four trips; and the 
 Araii'jcii tln-ee. The commanders Avero Martinez, 
 Aguirre, Camacho, Tobar, and Cahizare.^i. These an- 
 imal voyages present nothing re(]uiring attimtiou, 
 save that in 17S4 alter tlie luicoiita had sailed from 
 San Francisco rumors weiv current of a wreck and 
 four or live men killed at tlie n,K)U"h (jf the JMjaio 
 River, rumors Avliich ]»roved unfounded. The Manila 
 o-alleon tom-lied at ]\ionten'V in l/8i and 178."); and 
 in 1784 the Pn'iicc.^a arrived from the Philipiiines 
 under Ca'pt. ^Nfaurelle.-'^ 
 
 In 1788 Martinez with the Pn'itcesa and the San 
 Carlos made a voyage to the Alaska coust and on 
 his return touched at ^Monterey, where he remained 
 M-ith one vessel from September 17th to October 
 14t]i, the S(()i Carlos having gone back to San 
 Bias without stopping.-'' In his northern voyage to 
 Nootkpv the next yeni', in Vvhich ho captured several 
 I'higlish vessels and vi-ry nearly provoked a ]Miro- 
 pean war, ^Martinez did not toueh on the (.'allfoi'nia 
 coasts; but in 17U0 ^iie S((ii Cdrlos and Priiicisa, 
 
 u 
 
 nder Fidalgo and (juimi)ei-, touched at MontiM'cy 
 
 on 
 
 theii- return from Xootka i 
 
 n 
 
 ."1 
 
 •tend 
 
 )er, 
 
 ant 
 
 1' 
 
 )erlu!ps brought the Calilbrnian ;/ 
 
 wniortas by iii 
 
 by til 
 
 (linen), yd., S2t'.; I'nc'.e (jcrtrn), yd., ."7i'.; silvcr-tlirciul, oz., f-.-.'i; liii ii, 
 d'jnir.siic, yd., (iL'e. ; liiicii (vlii/tdj, yd., .'iTc ; idolh (ordiuiiry wonUcn), yd., 
 $1."J."); ijilk Iwifit, 8'_V'. ; wiclulotli, yd., 'J.le. Slnit (oroa), .S'$.7o: ; Iiiit (Ihun), 
 S'li.OO; Mimkot.s (pji.><t()i'iis) i,<\ ; liljinkct.s (canicr;;!-), Ji^-J; incdul.s, ov.. , I'Jc. ; isilk 
 shawl, ^-(i; hat, !*l. I'J; hanidvcifhirfs. silk, SI. ,",(». stuckings (thread.), ftii. Till ; 
 slockiiigy (wodlk'ii), T-"'!'.; htuckiu-H (.'^ilU), Jj-l-^H-"!''; ssIkic.'*, 7'ie. 
 
 ''^''' I'm' r('co\ils uf arrival imd dej artiive of tliu Ycsscl.s each year si'c /';•"'•. 
 .SV. /',(/.., MS., iv. (ii), i;i;!-4; V. Kit-."), 1(H, ICi); vi. f)(), .-),•}; vii. 4, 70; Mii. 
 li^, «!),!) 1-1 \!0; ix. lOO, -4;!-4 ; //or. /,'<--,, IMS.,!. )77-S; ii. !)."■>; iii. I- I, 
 •JOi); Pror U. Piii>., Ihii. Mil., :S1S , iv. '.1 ; S!. /•<•/:. So':. M,~'... i. .VJ, ii. 
 1(1, 17 ; iS'. Jlitivdit'iiluru, Lib. J/i.-ii^n, .^iS., 4; (n.a/i; ilc JJi.r., i. ii.; I'<iliiii, 
 
 ^'ol., ii. ;hkm;. 
 
 '•'"See //ii^f. JS'orlhti(.<t CdiuI, i.; i ;.d JJi.-l. AiutLi. r i.e ;.!.-u rei'eienees of 
 ^ireceding note. 
 
WARXING AGAIXST THE 'COLUMBIA.' 
 
 443 
 
 I'om 
 
 iitori'V 
 
 •, and 
 
 y tliis 
 
 .■; lili 11, 
 
 Inn yil., 
 
 1 MilU'lM, 
 
 !■_',•.; Kilk 
 
 '), ?<l..'>li; 
 
 scv /"/•../;. 
 
 7</; viii. 
 
 ; iii. I--I, 
 
 i. ;.-'. ii. 
 
 .; full III, 
 
 1 ;i luis of 
 
 somowlint rouiiflabout coiirso."" The Nootka voyages 
 \\\\\ (U'liu'iid our attention in a subsequent volume 
 of north- western annals. 
 
 As a continuation of Californian maritime history 
 for this period the following order issued by Governor 
 Fiiges to Connnandant Jose Arguello of San I'rau- 
 cisco ]\lay 13, 1789, ex])lains itself, chronicles Cali- 
 foniia's iiist knowledge of the United States, alludes 
 ,i) wliat n ight have been, but was not, a conflict be- 
 tween the Pacific province and the infant republic of 
 tJK' Allnrtic, and indicates the foreign policy of S[>ain. 
 "Should +bere ariive at the ]tort of San Francisco a 
 ship named CofuivJ)ia, which they say belongs to (jlen- 
 cral ^^ 'ishington of the American states, and v.'hich 
 under tlie connnand of John Kendi'ick sailed from 
 ])(iNton in Septend)er 1787 with the design of making 
 (Ijscovories and ins[>ecting the establishments which 
 the Ivussians have on the northern coasts of this pen- 
 insula; — yon will take measui-es to secure this vessel 
 and all the [)eople on board, with discretion, tact, 
 cleverness, and caution, doing the same with a small 
 cvatt which she has with hei' as a tender, and with 
 every other susjiicious foreign vessel, giving me 
 ]irom]>t notice in such cases in order that 1 may take 
 such action as shall bo expedient."^' 
 
 But Kendrick, in the (J<>hiinJ)i(i, had sought a more 
 iiorthei'n port than San Fi'ancisco, and no narrative of 
 a naval conilict has place in this chapter. Kendriek's 
 associate', (»ray, in the L<uhj U^ts/i/'in/foii, however, had 
 si'>iited C'alilbi'nia in latitude 41 'Jts' in Auu'ust 1788, 
 
 •'"IPs'. XorlI,ir,'<t Cons/, i. '2?,<), ct.'.; Fidnfi/n, Vin<ip, 17!I0, .MS.; 1,1., 
 Tiih',1, ^IS. ; (Jul III /n r,Si'(/iiiii!ii Ii\<:nii,, MS.; yiirarnlc, in iSiilit 1/ Mi .c, I'iioii', 
 Iiili-fiil., cNii. 
 
 ^'('iiliy oi'i'l'llcd l)y Aruiii'llo .filly It, ITs!), iiiW, /'n/i., Jfi^x, nml Cnloii., 
 Ms., i. ,">;<-4. Also |irintcil ti';iiisliitiniis in /.'rn.i/n'/ili's Onilinii; Hiilvliimjn'' 
 JA'I/., V. ;U(»; Klliut, in (h-irluml Mmiilihi. iv. 'XV, ; S. /■'. /■.'n tii,i;i /'<..</, .Tilly 
 'Jl, ls77. A tiiuislaticjn in tlii' J-ilir;iry of the ('iiliforniii, I'ldnccrs himmiis to 
 Iwivi! liven t'ollowid Ky nil uriliTs, who hiivc cojiicil tlu' I'l'i'oi' liy which tlie 
 Vi'liihili'u'n tenili'i' is t.'ikin tor the lni.it of the luisiilio hy the iiiil ot' whirh 
 .\i'4i'R'llo was to I'lroct the riiiitiire! Siveriil writers, iiiehidiiiLr Kaniliiljili, 
 Tui!ii',l, //;,s/, <'iil., 117, and J''ii;:net, i'ulil'uniic, Wl, have also Kut'teiied the 
 gii\enior'.s tern deeiee in(o an oiiKr merely to 'examine delioutcly ' or 'le- 
 ccivu with great reserve' the sus|iieious iialt. 
 
446 
 
 FOREIGN RELATIOXS AXD COMMERCE, 
 
 and passing nortliward had strangely identified a cape 
 in 43^ with Mendocino.^^ 
 
 Similarly ineffective though well meant was an or- 
 der that came all the way from the court of S[)aiii in 
 1787, to be published in all parts of California, piv- 
 scribing an application of cool olive-oil as a remedy 
 for nifjuas, or chigoes, sometimes less elegantly tcruied 
 'jiggers,' a troublesome insect of tro[)ical Americn; 
 but the chigoes, like the Yankees, avoided Calilbinia, 
 and the order of Cdrlos III. remained a nullity in this 
 pait of his possessions.^^ 
 
 A birth, marriaijc, or death in the royal family was 
 usually announced with all due formality in this re- 
 mote corner of the world; and on one occasion a de- 
 serter at Monterey, whose descendants still live in 
 California, took advantage of the general pardon ac- 
 companying the news of the happy delivery of the 
 princess.^* 
 
 The death of Carlos III. was announced in Febru- 
 ary 17S!), and orders were issued for tho salca fi'iaehr'' 
 and other lites at the presidios, with prayers by all 
 the padres.^^ 
 
 Felipe do Novo, ex-governor, went to Sonora in 
 the autunm of 1782, as we have seen, to take tho posi- 
 tion of inspector general with the rank of brigaiUer. 
 Early in 1788 he succeeded Don Teodoro do Croix as 
 conunandiint general of the Provincias Internas, a 
 jiosition second only to that of viceroy among Spanisli 
 officialts in America, though Neve, like his prede- 
 
 ^' rfnsin!/'.-! Voyarfe, J 787-9, MS.; /fhf. Xorf/urest Coai^t, i. \^7. 
 
 "A luvul ( rdrf of Nov. ;2(), 17S(j, forwardtd by coiimiuudiuit goncral, 
 Apr. -i'-', rs7. ,V. /',(/*., .)/;,s•^•. ami ('<ihii., MS., i. 51-2. 
 
 '■''* Priiv. /icr., Ms., i. 1.")!!. In 17S4 tlio I'riinrn'i. vrna illumiiiatoil ;it 
 liowa that rosal t\\ ins iiad lucu born; and tlie iircsidcnt wan ordered to an- 
 noiuKi! till! birth and give thank.s therefor. I'nji'. iS'/. I'a/i., MS., v. 117; 
 Ai' h, Sfji, I'.iirliinui, .MS., .\i. .'is.'). Aui;. 1st, Faycs notilios eouunand nt.s tliiit 
 (•iiiii;ratnlations ni.;y bo .si'nt in. I'ror. SI. J'(i/>., MS., iv. Id."). Oct 14, 
 17S."», the kinj; order.s thanks;.'iving cverywliero for bhth of I'l ine<! I'cinando 
 Maria. .S7. /'"}>., Siir., MS., .\v. '2(i. Nov. ', 17>>(), Santa liarlKua ordeied to 
 lire 21 gnus w'tli 'J.*? lbs. of powder on San ( Virlo.s d«y. /'rm: iSi. /'«/>., MS., 
 viii. 8!(. Oet. l.'i, 17>S"), ;.;cneral ]iardou pubUslied in California on aeeoiuit uf 
 birth of twins Don Ciiilos and l>on l''elipc. St. Pap., Sac, MS., iv. ."). 
 
 '''Arch. tiia. Uurbura, MS., xii. 300. 
 
 
DEATH OF EX-GOVERNOR NEVE. 
 
 447 
 
 a capo 
 
 rossor, was indepoiKloiit of viceregal autliority.^'^ The 
 clioicc was a ineritecl recognition ot'Xeve's abilities, but 
 liis I'ule was cut short by death at the end of 1784."' All 
 that is known of Xe"* c' - life has been told in the pre- 
 ci'ding chapters, and tue reader is already aware of 
 what manner of man he was, able, patriotic, and dig- 
 iiilled. Devoted to the royal service and to the true 
 interests of California, he formed and followed a well 
 dctined policy, rising above the petty obstacles thrown 
 ill liis wav by the friars. The dislike of the latter 
 was caused almost wholly by Neve's ureat influence 
 ill ^lexico and Spain, and by his op})osition to their 
 far-reaching schemes of unlimited contrt)l. Personally 
 he \\ as courteous and agreeable, more so than many 
 other oHicials; but while others followed more or less 
 faith I'ully the policy laid down in superior instruc- 
 tions, he largely dictated that policy. Finding that 
 the iriars would not submit to amicable recoLjnition of 
 the secular autliorities he proposed to restrict their 
 control of the mission tem])oralities and of the natives 
 ill tlio interests of colonization, of real civilization, 
 and the riglits of man. Whether his system or any 
 
 ^'■Oii np])oi)itmcntas i inspector see cliiq). xviii. yiiulv coiniu.'iiul.int u'ciu nil 
 Fc'l). ]."), 17.".;i. AeUii<)\vIeil;;i's l'aj,'esi' eoiiLrnitiilutioii.s I'vh. (I, 1784. April."), 
 I7>'''4, I'iiges lenriis ilmt Xcvu lias lioun giuiitt'<l !:-S,(X)l) s^jilary as coiiiiiKiiiilaiit 
 int;pi.ctor. .July IJ, 17«i^, royal ei'ilula fiinlirniini,' Xevi's .".i))")iiituieiit dituil 
 Julv 1'-', 178;). Sec Pfov. J.'a:, x\]S., i. liKi, 188; iii. 18-2; St. Pup., Sue, MS., 
 XV.' 18; Pi-'.r. Sf. Pap., MS., iv. (;_'-4; v. 12.'), SS. 
 
 "•'Ho dicdproliably o'l Ncnciiibor Dil, amllii.s death Avas aiuiomiced to Gov. 
 Facjes on Nov. ;X;tli. Pri>V. si. P<i/i., ^IS., v. ti:5-4. la-es spv,aU.s of his 
 deiTlh on IV.,. 1, anil April 'J-J, 178."). /'/■(;(•. Ihc, .MS., i. 2!)!, ii. 'Xi. Don 
 Felipe de Neve waM a major of the (^hieri'taro leL'imeiit ' f provincial <avalry 
 i'loiii it.s ()r;:aiii/;ition in I7ii'i until yepternher 1774, vlieu he was ki lected liy 
 Viceroy Ducareli to Hucieed ( lov. llari i in tlie California^, lie nssnnied tlio 
 titlico at J.oii'to on .March 4, 177">. W'Ikii tl'c capital Mas chaii:;ed ho cain;! 
 to Monterey, arriving,' on Fcl>. .'{, 1777. He made a lie;ciniiin'C of coloiii/alio'.i 
 ill 1777; oiicred his resignation, and was made colonel in 1778; jnepared in 
 I77llhii new re.<j;lamento; and had his c|uarrel with Serra in 17''(). Sulise- 
 (liuiitly he sjicnt most nt his time at San t lahriel t^u]H rintiiidin;,' the founda- 
 tion (f I.os Anjicles ami midciiij,' picjiarations for tliu ( 'liaiiiicl missions, (hi 
 All;,'. 121, 1782, ho .startttl for tlie Colorado River on a cainjai.L'ii a'.:ainst tlin 
 mui<lercr.s of River.i. hut on the way, unexiicct<}dly as it woidd scciii, he ic- 
 eci\cd notice of his ] loniotion ilaled .luly I'Jlli to he inspector j.'eiiri;il. Jn 
 Septcniher he received tlie cross of the order of San Carlos and at the sjiiiio 
 time or ii little later the rank of liri;.^adier jreneial. lie was made coimnand- 
 iuit geiKial l"el). 15, 178;i, probably; «as confirmed .Inly 1-. I7''.">: and dicil 
 Kuv. 3d of the ucxt year. 
 
448 
 
 rOREIGX RELATIONS AXD COMMEPvCE. 
 
 ■\ U:. 
 
 .. \ V. 
 
 possible system could have been successful, considerinn^ 
 the class of colonists obtainable, the character of tlic 
 natives, the isolation of California, and the general cui- 
 rent of Hispano- American affairs, I seriously doubt; 
 but unlike some Mexican governors who affected a likcj 
 position in later times. Neve was honest in his views 
 and worked cahnly and intelligently for their realiza- 
 tion. Such men would have tlone all that it was])0,s- 
 sibleto do with half-breed colonists, stupid aborigines, 
 and opposing priests. 
 
 At Neve's deatji Jose Antonio I-iengel M'as aj)- 
 pointed by the audiencia of Guadalajara to the teni- 
 pt)rai'y comn)and; and by royal order of October (!, 
 irSf), General Jacobo Ugarte y Loyola was phiced in 
 comniand,^^ wliere he remained until 171)0. lytn-in;;- 
 this period there were several subdivisions of the ii!- 
 ternal provinces, but Ugarte always possessed power 
 over those of the west, includino- California. ]Jurii!>' 
 the term of Viceroy Galvez, 1785-7, he had authority 
 over the commamh^nt general, who had before been 
 in(le|iendent; and after his death tlie de[)enden('e c(i!\- 
 tinued, though not very clearly defined, until 1788. 
 In 171)0 Ugarte was succeeded by Pedro de Nnva 
 undei' whose rule all subordination of the command 
 was I'enioved, and in 171)2 or 171)3 all the ]>rovinces 
 were reiuiited in one inde[)endent command.'"' 
 
 Vieerov Flores in his instructions to liis successor 
 
 ^iPror. S/. P<ip., MS., iv. l.")4-r); v. Ca-4 ; vi. lOG; On/rez, Itistrucdoit 
 formiida il< rml unloi, j;S'!, jip. 1 -.■)(!. 
 
 •''■' I'giii'ti' cDiuiiiaiiilcd ill ]iL'i>iiiii ill Sonora iind California; liiul a siilionli 
 nati^ in N.\ izciiya and Now .Mexico, and aiiotlu r in (Aialiuila and 'IVxas; v.a:) 
 subiii'dinalc ti) \'ici-'i'(iy( lalvi'z; lait bccniiu; indejicniluiit at ins dcatli. Iiis/riir. 
 cidiii'i </(' IV/v.'/'N, ]'J4-."); Midjcr MSS., No. ,S, Fubniary 10, i7'S7, I'vaito in- 
 forms l'"a,'.( s lliat liy diatliof ( lalvi'z his command au'ain liocomcs indrjitiidcut. 
 Pror.St. /V/i., MS., vil. 4;i-."). MaivleJ, ITS", r{)yal<irikTja;iviii.i,'Vie''r()yl'l<'i's 
 tlio .saiiin aiitliority that ( iahez had hold, lil., vii. .".I, viii. 40-1. Doei'iiihor 
 3, 17S7, comaiidancia dividod into eastorn and wcstorn )ii(>vin(;c!s. Si. /'";'., 
 Mi^.f. anil (Joliiii.. MS., i. ."S, (il. May (or March) II, I7.SS, kinL; f;avc \i.<- 
 I'oy iuciv;><cd and full ijowors over I'rovincias Interna.s. M<i;/<r MS'<., No. I: 
 Sim Miriiil, Htji. Mv.c, i;j. July (t, 17N!^, \icoidy Mores jjives Ui;arto luil 
 Iiowci'-. /'/or. <S7. Prtj)., MS., viii. 5, (i. March 7, 17!'i', I'garte snuco'dod 
 by Kava and Utraldo (in eii.sterii jirovinces) by J{ciigel. Mmfo- MSS., No, J; 
 November l'S, 17!'U, Nava announces his apiiointment. Pror. St. /'»■■.. MS., 
 ix. .'US. 17!'-, all jirovinces reiiniteil. UnciKh ro, Ao^ Soiii I'li, 71. 17'.'.">. ^■'■ 
 tilriocloius lie I'iiri/iS, •201. 
 
 M 
 
MEASURES IX MEXICO AND SPAIN. 
 
 449 
 
 rievilla Gi<^cd() in 1789 flevotod coiisidertiMo atten- 
 tion to California and to tlio iniportanfo of itn deilnco 
 and further colonization, recommend ini;' war-Acsscls 
 to protect the coast, since an attack hy loreioners 
 was ])ossil)le and the reconquest would he exticmdy 
 (litiicult. A reenforcement of soldiers vho wonM later 
 ijcconi''. settlers was likewise proposed I'or considera- 
 tion; i nd the viceroy had also asked llie kiiii;' lor a 
 fi-w families from the Canary Islands to ta1<e caie of 
 a lai'u'e nnmher of foundlin<ijs whom he intended to 
 send to California/*^ Dui-ing the period, howcvei', 
 tlu're was practically nothing" done in helialf of 'mIo- 
 iiization, beyond allowing discharged sailors in the 
 ports to he enlisted as settlers or soldiers; yet Fages 
 rcport(!{l strongly in favor of coloni:'.;ilion, since the 
 missions with their increasing nnmher of neophytes 
 could not bo depended on to supply grain for the pre- 
 .sidios." 
 
 The old desire for overland comnumication with 
 California had })retty nearly died out. F;igcs at the 
 ln'i., inning of 1785 proposed to lead an (>x[)euition and 
 to open comnnr.iication with New ^Mexico; but the 
 scheme met with no favor, and was positively for- 
 bidden by Yicei'oy Galvez in his instruction;, to Cen- 
 cial Cgarte in 17i-U), on the ground ^diat snui'l [jaities 
 Would be exposed to great danger on the route, and 
 large ones couhl ncjt be spared.''-^ 
 
 *" fi!>'(nicrion"-<i (Ii'V!rr>/<:<, i:W-40; Flnri'n, fiiffnirrioti, MS., '2:2-"). 
 
 "yv..('. y.'rc, MS., i. '•J0;j-4; ,S7. I^np., Sac, ii. 17; /*/■'.(•. .SV. Puj)., .M.S., 
 V. Ul-i. Feb. l."t, ITS."), (Ion. Keuf^cl I'orwiUilb onliia of kiii;.; f r v.t:;ulur 
 luporls t.vovy (i lauiitha. S(. I'dp., .SVc., MS., xv. 'Ju. Peo. ol, IT'S sthc^jov- 
 ci'iiur iciitlor.-i llic only ixport cxtiiiit lor lliis iliK'nilc, tk'sci'ibiji;? t!io clii.iate 
 ;is cold iuid luiliiii], cr.prcaliy at San FraiiiM^fo, hut hcittr for '^ji.iiiiaii'.i llian 
 natives; yet tlic re;'iuii i.3 fci'iilo and at'i.i;;etivc Willi ani' Ic reuou iei lo.' col- 
 <inii'.<. 'J'iie spiin;; niinsare i-.n in S| :iin, and tlii.s year liavo been very i.bundant. 
 
 llildi'inii ill' Tc,il/<(:iU»ir.:/<J lio.J, J\;S. 
 
 *- laves to (!en. j;en;:;el, .Jan. 14, ]7S.">. J^ar. /.'cc, i, 1,('., ii. ]()'-."i; Ren- 
 gel to IVi-jes, .July Ist. .sV. Pup., Sa<\, MS., xv. 'ill: (,''tlixr., Jush'wr o,i, r,\S(), 
 ^1S., .'il; J^srintiru, I\'of. So:i., 70; JIai/i r MS,-!., Nu. 8. In t!io di.iry ut" i.u 
 <\l)editioa to the 'i'ulure rigion in ISOIJ 1'. Muno,'. mentions a vepuit !iy tlio 
 c'liief (if a S'li .Ii)ai|inn ranel' ui tlii'.t some twenty _\eii!3 bui'o'.i;— 17')()- — i^ 
 I'aity of Koldieis iiad arrived iron\ tlic other side, killed Sdine oi the liaiives 
 Mlien atlaihetl, and retired. ']'lui padro tliink;s this uui«t have been a party 
 from New Mexico. Arch. S/<i. llurlmru, iv. 'Ji") U, 
 Hist. Cal.. Vol. I. 'iO 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 ri 
 
 t' i 
 
 •n->& 
 
 Uk 
 
 RULE OF FAGES j LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS, 
 
 1783-1790. 
 
 Plan of Locai, Axnals— San Biec.o I'rf.siuial District— Presidio Ofpi- 
 ciALS — Alferez Jose Velasqi'ez — Force and Poitlatiox — Urii.D- 
 iN(!s— Garrison Life— Indian Affairs — Explorations — San Dieiio 
 Mission — JrA\ FicrEROA — liionoo — Material and Si'IRITcal Puou- 
 ress— San Juan Cafistrano — Gregorio Amurrio — Paulo Mrcvu- 
 TEuri — San Gabriel — Pceblo of Los Angeles— Settlers— Fei.ix as 
 C'o.AUsioNADo— Presidio of Santa Barraka — Plan of P>riLT)iN(is- A 
 Volcano— Soldiers Killed While Prosfectino for Mines— San 
 Bpenaventura — Presidio of Montehev—OfficialChances— Sii;i;i.(iN 
 Davila— San Carlos — NoRuxiA — San Antonio — San Li'is Or.isi'o — 
 Josi; Cavaller — Presuuo oi' San Francisco — Lieitenants ^Iokaiia 
 and (Jonzalez— Lasso de la Yfma — Presidio Chapel — The Mission- 
 Francisco Palou — Map of the Bay — Santa Clara— New C'hui!CU— 
 Mdrguia — Pcerlo de San Josii — Vallejo as Co.misionado. 
 
 During the era of exploration, conquest, and foun- 
 dation, wliieli was for the most })art ended soon at'tei- 
 the heu'inning' of tlic second decade, the local liistoiy 
 of each new establishment has been a liidc in the 
 chain of provincial develojiment so closely united with 
 afi'airs oi" government and the general inarch of events 
 as to be susceptible of strict chronological treatment. 
 Local annals will be to the end an imj)or(:ant and 
 deservedly prominent element in Californian history, 
 as in any pro\incial history properly so called; but 
 hereafter it will be best, tliat is, most coiuhicive to a 
 clear presentment and easy stud}- of the subject, to 
 group these annals in decades, or other convenient 
 [)erioils, and to jircsent them side by side witli and to 
 H(«me extent independently of the more foiinal and 
 
 ( 150 ) 
 
AFFAIRS AT SAN DIEGO. 
 
 461 
 
 general narrative which they support and illustrate. 
 The present chapter I devote to purely local annals 
 of the missions, presidios, and pueblos during the rule 
 (if Pedro Fages, from 1783 to 1790, a period which 
 may, however, be regarded practically in most respects 
 as i>eginning a year or two earlier, and thus compris- 
 ing the second decade of Spanish occupation. 
 
 To begin in the extreme south ; the presidio of San 
 BicLTO i'rom 1781 to 1790 and for three years more 
 was under the command of Lieutenant Jose de Ziihiga, 
 who, as habilitado, was also intrusted with the com- 
 pany accounts. So far as the records show no com- 
 plaint was ever made against him in either capacity, 
 and lie not only enjoyed the entire confidence of both 
 governor and commandant general, but was popular 
 with his men, and efficient in kee])ing the savages 
 quiet.^ Th(! second officer was at first Alferez Jose 
 A'elasquez, who like Zuniga was one of the new ofiicers 
 sent to California under the regulation of 1781, who 
 (lid good service among the southern and frontier sav- 
 ages, some of whose ex[)lorations I shall liave occasion 
 to mention later, but who died at San Gabriel Novem- 
 ber '2, 1785.^ During 178G the position was vacant. 
 
 ^FiV'Sn to Gen. Ugartc Nov. 8, 1787, in Prm: Sf. Pap., MS., v. 4, urges 
 that it would bo unsafe to remove,' Zui"iiL,'a. in view of his fsueeess in ruling tlio 
 luitivea. C';;pt. lUjler wished to put him in eonniiandat Santa jlarhara.so that 
 under hi.s Hiipervision a stupid alferez mighthe utilized as lial)ilitiulo. /</.. vii. 
 IM-Ki. Lieut. Ortega, Zi'liiigas predeee.ssor, h'.d praetieally eommnnilcil at 
 .^au l;iog<i oineo its foundation, at first as .sergeant in eharge of tlie (■•icu la. and 
 afti.r ?.;ai'eli 1774, hi., i. 141(, as lieutenant and eoniniandant of the presidio, 
 liafj'.cl J'edro y ( HI, who as ijiiar<la-itliii(fcc:i had eharge of the aeeounts before 
 Ziii.i;;a's time, gave them up on Oet. I'J, 17cSl, and went to San Bias niidei- 
 arrest to aceount for a delieit of .s7,(!00. /-"/y/c. /,'«<•.. .MS., i. IIS; ii. 7(>-l. 
 I'tih'o y(lil^^■as .i native of liai'oea in Araj^'on, married to I'oua Josefa de 
 Clicvira y Lerina, a native of .laiiseo, by whom he had several ehildreu. tlneo 
 of tin 111 'born at San Di-go. S. JUkjo, Lih. tlr M'l^'ion, MS., !•_>, ]S, '20. Ho 
 cwww. i'.:i ,s'i.oredcecper in 1774, a.sked to bc^ relieved the ;:ame year, had a delieit 
 of .v;;ri:! i:i 177.'i, and a:~!ied again for dismissal bi.fore he was I'uined. Pivr. St. 
 yV/;/., ^;S., i. llo!-."), 'JliS. In 17''i'- his delieit was .'•,';),';(;0. MoiiIiti ij Cd. Arrli., 
 Ms., vii. (i. In I7'.>1 he was a revenne-oliieer in llt/atl.in, Jali-soo, and again in, 
 ilebt to the government. Nm ra JJs/iaiiii, Aciu ribui, MS., !(!. 
 
 - lie was buried Xov. .'?d by Sanehez in the mission chureli. ,SV//( (tiiU/id, 
 Lih. lie .l/;,s.o/(, ^iS., 8; Prov. 'Sf. P,ip., lim. JJ!I., MS., vii. '_'. Ilis deal.'i was 
 caused by a sore hand. Pruv. St. Pup., MS., v. lliO. In Pror. live, MS., ii. 
 
402 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AXD STATISTICS. 
 
 but early tlio next year Sergeant Pablo Grijalva of 
 the San Francisco company was made alfurez, or sul)- 
 lientenant, and sent down to take the place, whicli lie 
 held for the rest of the period.^ 
 
 Grijalva, it will be remembered, had come from 
 Sonora with Anza's San Francisco colony in 177G. 
 The serijeant of San Diefyo Jiad been Juan Jose Robles, 
 a victim of the Colorado River massacre, and after 
 his death Guillermo Carrillo served for a time, but 
 died in December 1782,* and after a vacancy of two 
 years Ignacio Alvarado was promoted from among 
 the corporals to fill the place from 1784. The pre- 
 sidial force under these officers was by the regulation 
 to be five corporals and forty-six soldiers, and tlio 
 ranks never hulked more than three of bcinGf full. Six 
 men were constantly on duty at each of the tlnve 
 missions of the district, San Diego, San Juan Capis- 
 trano, and San Gabriel; wliilc four served at the 
 pueblo of Aiigoles, t1nis leaving a sergeant, two 
 corporals, and about twenty -five men to garrison the 
 fort, care for the horses and a small herd of cattle, 
 and to carry the mails, wliich latter duty was the 
 hardest connected with presidio service in time of 
 peace. There were a carpenter and blacksmith con- 
 stantly employed, besides a few servants, mostly 
 natives. The population of the district in 1790, not 
 including Indians, was 220.® 
 
 l.'?2, it is implied that Velasquez hail heen habilitaflo, that tlie office fell to 
 Zuni;;;i at hin <leath, and that IvaimniKlo (Jarrillo was to be sent to aid Ziifiig.a 
 in lii mow duties; Init this is ecvtaiidy an <iTor. 
 
 '^ 1 lis coiinui-;.- ion as alferez of the San Dic'^o company was sent by the gen- 
 eral lYI). !), 17>'i7. I'rnr. St. . 'riji.. MS., vii. 4.j. 
 
 ^Soil JJiri/o, Lib. til' Miyiiiil, MS.. 7!'. 
 
 '•" (.'ompany rosters, eoiitaininif the names of all ofTieers and men, were 
 made out nioutldy lor each pret-idio. In the early year.? only a few of tlieso 
 rosiir.~i f<ir each year liave been preserved; but in later times they are nearly 
 complete. Tlie reqlamento fjavo San Die;'o lii!l'>,()00 per j'car; but the avcr- 
 a.TC annual e.-cpen.sc as shown by tlic company aceount.'j was about .Sbi.OOO. 
 The .iverago pay rolls were !;d"_',000,; ilexieo ■)iii-iiior!a-\ vS.OfU); and SanDIas, 
 fe','5,."00. In 17h"(» supplies to tlio amount (;f .\"!,(rs"} were bou^^lit of the mis- 
 8ion=i. Between ^?UK) and i^'M) v.erc relaine<l Irom soldiers' pay eacli year for 
 t\w/oiido <lc rdciiriuii. Jlilitary accounts in Prov. Si. Pup., lieu. Mil., JIS., 
 ii. •_']; iii. M; vi. 4; v. 9; viii. JJ-H; xx. (!, 7; SI. Pap., Mins. (ind Cu/oii.,'M^., 
 i. l(;;)-7<); Mf>ri!cr(ii Co. Airh., MS., vii. (i. For lists of arms and amnnmi- 
 tion see St. Pap., S'lic, MS., ii. "20-7, v. "23; Pfov. St. Pup., MS., v. 1HJ~'J. 
 
BUILDINGS AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. 
 
 453 
 
 Hespoctinj^' the presidio buildings during this period 
 the records are silent; but in view of Governor Neve's 
 ctibrts in this direction, of the fact that the work of 
 collecting foundation stones was begun as early as 
 1778, and especially because the correspondence of 
 the next decade speaks of extensive re[)airs rather 
 than original construction, I supj)ose that the j)ali- 
 sades were at least i'e[)lacetl b}' an adobe wall enclos- 
 ing the necessary buildings, public and private. Here 
 on the hill lived about one hundred and twenty-iive 
 persons, men, women, anil children. Each year in 
 summer or early autumn t)ne of the transport ve.'-sels 
 entered the harbor and landed a year's sup[)lies at the 
 cnibarcadero several miles down the bay, to be brought 
 up by the presidio nudes. Every week or two small 
 parties of soldier-couriers arrived from Loreto in the 
 south or Monterey in the north with ponderous de- 
 s[)atches for ofiicials here and to the north, and with 
 iti'Uis of news for all. Each day of festixal a I'riar 
 came over from the missit)n to say mass and otherwise 
 cyi'C for the spiritual interests of soldiers and their 
 families; and thus the time dragged on from day to 
 day and year to year, with hardly a rip[)le on the sea 
 of monotony. 
 
 There was an occasional rumor of intended hostili- 
 ties by the natives, but none resulted in anything 
 serious, most of the trouble occurring south of the 
 line in Baja Californian territory and retjuiring some 
 attention i'rom Fages during his southern trip in the 
 s[)ring of 1783. Hero in the south, as in fact through- 
 out the country, the natives M-ere remarkably quiet 
 and peaceful durinu" Eases' rule. This is shown by 
 the meagre records on the subject m connection with 
 the V, ell known tendency of the Spaniards to indulge 
 in loi;g correspondence on any occurrence that can 
 })i)ssii)iy be made to appear like an Indian cam[)aign.*' 
 
 I 
 
 "Juno .^0, 1783, Ftiges to I'.-i.hv Sales, in Pror. r<r., MS., iii. 218, wiys 
 that luHi:!'i onlcivd ii ; ally ;!.%'>.in;,t tlii.' (.'oluvado Iinlian;-; ;:ii(l Oct. "Jo, /</., 
 201, hu oidurs IScryt. Arou villi ii guard of 4 or 3 men to watch tliosuliuliaiis, 
 
in i^ 
 
 i ! 
 
 |l+i> V- 
 
 454 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AND STATLSTICS. 
 
 Neve's instructions on leaving California had included 
 a recommendation to open a new and safer route fr >m 
 San Diego to the peninsula. The exploration seems 
 to have been male, and the result, saving ten or 
 twelve leagues of distance and avoiding some danger- 
 ous bands of coast natives, was approved by General 
 Eengel in 1786J At the end of May 1783 AlFerez 
 Velasquez made a reconnoissance eastward from San 
 ]3iego with a view to examine a new route to the 
 Colorado River recorimcnded by Lasuen. He went 
 no farther than the summit of the mountains, found 
 tlio route impracticable, and returned by another way 
 after an absence of ft)ur days.* In CJctober of \hv. 
 same year Velasquez had instructions from Fages to 
 visit the Colorado, to examine a ford said by the 
 natives to exist near the mouth, to recover as many 
 horses as possible without using force, and to keep a 
 full diary of the trip;" but it seems that no such ex- 
 ploration was made. In 1785, however, Fages in 
 ])erson made a similar reconnoissance accompanied by 
 Velasquez, whose diary has been preserved.^" This 
 trip was made from the frontier where Fages had 
 been searching for a mission site, the outward march 
 being in what is now Lower California, but a portion 
 
 the guard to be relieved every 15 days. Aug. 21 st, Zi'ifiiga to Fages states 
 that the Serranos have killed a neophyte and threaten to attack tlie mission. 
 Ho has taken steps to keep them in check. J'rov. Sf. I'nj)., MS., iv. 77. 
 Nov. 15, 17'^4, governor to general, that a deserter, Ilermenegildo Florcs (an 
 Tn<lian probably) has been killed by the Indians. J'rov. Ike, il.S., i. ISl-'J. 
 Oct. 7, 17S0, Ziifiiga to Fages, that he has sent 7 nien to reconnoitre Toni-'a- 
 yavit. I'r«r. ,•<(. Pup., MS.", vi. 38. Dec. '21, 17.S8, the soldier Mateo Uiiliio 
 seriously injured while loading a gun. Id., viii. (iS. 
 
 Trov. St. Pap., MS., iii. KJl 3; /(/., Ben. Mil., MS., iv. 18; vi. 113-14. 
 Some details respecting the new route are given. 
 
 '' Velasquez, JJiarioy Mapit ilcnn Rrrniiorhnienfo desile S. Dierjo, 17SJ, MS., 
 with a rude sketch of the route, which although the earliest map of this 
 region extant, I do not deem worth reproducing. 
 
 '■>Proi\ nee., MS., iii. 188-00. 
 
 '" ]''(l'iH<jii(~., llilminn (/el Viajfi que. hho el Gobrniador Fcu/es, 17S5, MS. .V 
 continuation of the title exjilains the document: 'Diary made by order of 
 Gov. Fa'.;es of the exploration made liy Iiini in ]icrson from tlic frontiir, 
 crossin;.' the sierra, wandering from the mouth of the ( 'olorado Diver to the 
 gulf of California, jiassing through tlie cfiuntry of the Camilli;re^ Cucupacs, 
 (luyccaniacs, Cajuenches, and Yumas; and liis return across said sierra to 
 this i>residio.' Dated Sun Diego, April *27, 1785. The trip lasted from April 
 7tli to -JOth. 
 
 119' 
 
SAN DIEGO MISSION. 
 
 455 
 
 <){' tlic return north of tlio lino across tho sierra to 
 Sail Dioj^u. Tlicre was one fight in wiiieh the natives 
 ucic punished tor liaviu^- killed a horse as well as tor 
 |iri\ ious otrt'iiees with which they wore chari^ed. The 
 narrative is long and tilled with petty details, without 
 vahie ior the nu»st part, hut which might he (»t' some 
 L;('()nia[)hical interest it' pi'esented in full and studied 
 in connection with an accurate topographical niaji, did 
 such a thing exist. It may be noted ' .re that Fages 
 in 1782 had crossed di recti}' from the (Jolorado to San 
 J)iego, the tirst recorded trip over that route I ap- 
 pend a chart made by Juan Pautoja in 1782, which 
 was co[)ied l)y LaPerouso in substance.^^ 
 
 At the mission six miles up tho river there was a 
 total change in the missionary force about the middle 
 of the decade, caused by the death of one of tho 
 ministers and promotion of another. Juan Figuer 
 after seven years of service in this field died ]Jecem- 
 hcr 18, 1784,^^ and was buried in the mission church 
 next day. For about a year Fermin Francisco de 
 J^asuen served alone, until in November 1785 tho 
 duties of his new position as president called him to 
 San Carlos, and his place was taken by Juan Marin< i-. 
 Juan Antonio Garcia Rioboo was associate until Oc- 
 tober 178(), and was then succeeded by Hilario Tor- 
 
 ",V//'(7 y Mexicana, Viaije, Atla/<; La Pcrouse, Voy., Alius. I omit tho 
 soundings. 
 
 '-<S'f/;i D'i€(jo, Lih. de jtlinioti, MS., 80, containing his parlidn iIc cnlirrro 
 figncil hy Lasncn. Figuer was a native of Anento in Aragon, ami hccanic a 
 Fiiuicisian at /aragoza. Of his coming to America and to San J''crn uido col- 
 lege J have fiinnd no record. With '21) comjiauion fri.'ir.^ fur the Cidiroiniim 
 lie arii\ed at Tepie from .Mexico at tho end of 1770, and willi al'out J'l of tho 
 nuinlii'r saih'd for Lorelo in Fehruary 1771. The vessel was dviveii down to 
 .\cM]iu!r(> an<l in returning was grounded at Manzanillo. Most of the padres 
 retiMiied to Sinaloa liy laiul, hnt Figuer and Serra intrusted thenu'clves again 
 to the .sea, when the Sun Cdrlnti was got oil', iind after a tedious voyage 
 re;iehe<l Loreto in August 1771. Figuer was assigned to the 15aja t'iilil'oniiaii 
 mission of San Francisco de Borja. In Xovemher 177- he was sent up to 
 San l>iego liy ral(ju in company with Usson, Ijoth heing intcndid for the 
 ]iro])osed mission of San IJuenaventura ; In i, that foundation lieing jiostponed 
 I'iguer hecame minister of San (iabriel in May 177.'!. lie served at San 
 • Jaljriel 177'VI; at San Lnis Oliispo Oct. 177t to.June 1777; and at San Diego 
 until his death in D<'c. 17iS4. He was buried in the mission ciuuvh on Dec. 
 ItKli. liy his associate Lasuen. In 1804 his ri'mains, with those of (he martyr 
 ■launie and of .Mariner, were transferred with all dm; solcnniity to a new sep- 
 ulchre under an arch between the altars of the new church. 
 
m '\ 
 
 I! 
 
 i 
 
 P' 
 
 4o0 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS. 
 
 ic'iis. Till' lhrc'(> last named fiiai's wcic iicw-coiiicrs, 
 liiohoo liuviiitjf hecii si'iit u|) I)y llu' yuai'dian in tli. 
 vussrl ol' ITS;') at Scira's r(.M|U('si \\n- su]i(iiiuni<'rai'i(s, 
 and the (ithci- two liaAinn' ariivrd in ITSaand ITsCi, 
 
 HlMlundl' H.DlcKOi 
 
 Mai* of San Diego, j7S2. 
 
 doinjj," tlicii' ilrst work at San Dic-:^o. Rioboo is not 
 hoai'd o[" ailcr lie left this mission, and I suppose him 
 to have retired to his college at the end of 178G.'^ 
 
 '^.Tii:m Aiitciiio fliiicia Itiobno, vlio hIkhiIiI iiropci'ly l>c Hpokcn of ii'< 
 Gurciu-liiobuo, whose lust uauio should perhaps bo written liiobo, ami nf 
 
 %.^. 
 
LASUENS RErOUT. 
 
 457 
 
 III Juiu; I7H;} Lasiicii si'iii t<» Scnii a rcjiort on tliu 
 iiiissiiiii ol" Sum Dicj^o, wliicli iiicliuU'd jiiioiidiiK! ofits 
 |>;isl history, alri'iuly utilized in the preceding' ('liap- 
 
 '( ><>'■ 
 
 (lis, and a statistical statoincnt of agricultui'al pi 
 iTss, intciuK.'d to show that the jtlaci' was wliolly nntit 
 I'or a mission, although the spiritual interests of tin; 
 <niivei'ls made it necessary to keep U|> the establish- 
 nitiit, there Ijeinj^ no better site available. A <U'- 
 s<'ri[)tion ol* the mission buildings then in existence; 
 
 d t 
 
 11 
 
 TI 
 
 lere were 
 
 at tl 
 
 us 
 
 a< coiii]>anie(l tlie otiier papei 
 time 740 neo|)hytes under missionary care, and Jjasuen 
 otiiiiali'd the n'eiitiles within a radius ol' six or eiiiht 
 Ici^iies at a somewhat larger number. In 171)0 the 
 coiiverls had increased to HilO, ol* this number 480 
 lia\ing been baptized anil 278 ha\ing died. J^arge 
 stock had incicased IVom 054 to 1,7l!1) lu-ad, small 
 st(.fk IVom 1,:>1)1 to 2,110, and the harvt'st of i7'J0 
 had aggregated about 1,500 bushels. In his general 
 I'epeit ol" 1787 on the state of the missions Fages, 
 i'e[)eating the substan<x' of Lasuen's earliei- statements 
 resp( ctiiig the stei'ility of the soil, atiirms that only 
 about one half of the neophytes live in the mission, 
 since they cannot be fed there, that the gentiles are 
 
 vliosc" oiirly life I kiuiw iiotliin/T, ciinic from S;in IVriiniulo colU\f;(! to Tepio 
 pi'iluiMy in tlio suiic ciinipjiiiy jis Fi;;iU'i- (sec i'ot<' )■_'), in October 1770. llo 
 cnissod over to tlio iiuniiisulu with (iov. IJairi in .lanuary 1771. J.nd wns jmt 
 ill cliiir/^c of llict\\<i puclilos 1 It'll 1' t 'ape Sau Li'iuas. In May I77.t li<' siiiitd 
 fioiii Loivlo on Ills way to liis college. We li'^ar notliiii;,' more I'f liiin until 
 lu; \vii:i ah^sitim-il to tlie Santa liaihara Clianiiel missions, Imt rel'used to .serve! 
 iiiidcr liie new sy.sKim pi'o[(osed. l^ater, liowi^ver, he \v;,3 Kent up witli \olio;i 
 ii.s siipeinniiK'iaiy, aniving at San Francisco .Innc '2, I7''i;>, and s[ienilii g his 
 tiiiio at San Fraiieisco, San Juan, and San (ialniel until lie came to Saa 
 Dicuoi:i 17;^.'). It is pnihahlo that even iiere he wa.s not ie;;ulai' minister. 
 
 ^^ Ijimuii, Iin'(,ni.e <!<■ H'S'l, MS.; //((//'■■>' Jli-Kinn IJoofc, SD-iS. The report 
 wa.s lii;.t (hited May lOth, hut Serrii having ordered it kept l)ack -jMohably 
 in the U':.v that lu^ might have to show it to the secular antliorities — the 
 iiutlior made some additiiin.s under date of June iMst. The Imilding.s wen': 
 (hureli, '.'>{) X .">.") varas; granary, 25 x ij.5 varj's; storehouse, .S varas; house 
 for sick women, varas; Ikjusc for men, varas; shed for wood and oven; "2 
 padres' houses, o.ii varas; lai'der, 8 varas; guest-room; Iiato; kitclien. Tlicso 
 were of adohe .nr.d from ."] to rt.'} varas high. With the soldiers' barracks 
 tlu'se liuiidings lilled three .sides of a scpiare of .","> varas, jaid tlie fourth side 
 was an adnhe wall 3 varas high, with a lavelin a litile higher. Outside, a 
 fnimtaiii for tanning, "2 adobe corrals for sheep, etc., and one coi'ral for cows. 
 Most of tlie slock was kept in San Luis\'alley "J leagues away, protected by 
 palisade corrals. 
 
i 
 
 458 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS. 
 
 numerous and daufTjC'rous, and tliat it is onlv 1»v tlio 
 
 O ' t.' t ■ 
 
 unrcniittiui;' toil and sacrifice of tlie [)a(lres in coiiiu'c- 
 tiou witli tlio vigilance of g-overnor and connuaiidaiit 
 that this niissiou has manag'ed to maintain a ])i'eca- 
 rious existence. He adds, howevei', tiiat notwitli- 
 staiidiipjf all dilHeulties San Dieofo was the lirst mission 
 to register a thousand baptisms.^'"' 
 
 Of San Juan ra[)istrano there is little to be said 
 beyond naming its ministers and jiresenting a lew 
 statistics of conversion and of inchistrial progress. 
 Lands were fertile, ministers faithful and zealous, 
 natives well disposed, and progress in all respects sat- 
 isfactory. Fages in his report of 1787 alludes briefly 
 to this ostal>lishment as in a thoroughlyprosperous con- 
 dition. The number of converts was nearly' doubled 
 prior to 1790, and an occasional scarcity of water was 
 the only drawback, a])parently not a serious one , to 
 agricultural onerations.'" Of the oriLjinal mii.i>;fers 
 who servL'd at San Juan from the founding in I 77r), 
 Gregorio Amurrio had left the mission and [)robably 
 the country in the autunni of 1 779/' and had been suc- 
 ceeded by Vicente Fuster, who it the end of 1787 
 was tiansferred to Purisima, his place being filled 1)y 
 Juan Jose Xorberio de Santiago, wdio had come- IVoni 
 Mexico the year before and from Spain in 178J. 
 
 '"/rr^/(S, I iiforme (>)\er(il sobre Mhhniei^, 1787, MS. Owing to pcculiurtrai's 
 of the S.'iii Dicyo Jiiiliaua t'.icy wcro loft more completely iinlci- inidsioiKir' 
 control tiiau at other mis i );iis, there lieing no alcaldes. Id., 77 f"!. 
 
 "'t'Mverta ii 17':'>, ;!;i;i; iu 179;), 741"; new liajitisms, .'Oil; ileatl.s, 14!). 
 Large stock had inereu'eil iVom 47l( to •2,47:«; and Miiiall stock from 1,17") to 
 5,,')(l(). A ;iicnltiual proiluctc! for I7II() \\ ck; o\-er .'ijOOl) IjuslieLs. 
 
 " Aniiini.i v,ao one of the p;;rty who with i'i^'uer (see note 12) was iTLckcd 
 ut Manxanillo i:i alli'mp'Jnj; to cross from San IJlas to Lorelf) ia 17;'l. lie 
 came hack to ^■inaloa liy hind, reached Loreto in Novendier. and t\ervcd i:'., Santa 
 (Jerti'udisi dui in;i; Uiu inief occupation of the ]ieninsula Ijy t!io IVaiii. scans. 
 At the ce:T:-i(ii Ik^ eama with I'ldoil to San Uiej^o in Aii[;il t I77;i. Here he 
 remaiiied itnti. Aprd 1771, ^^ hen lie sailed fur Mimtci-ey, yulisenncally Kcrvin;,' 
 most of the time as supernumerary at San Luis Ohiopo r ..' il tho nt'.emptcd 
 foundaticm of San Juan in Octoher I77">. 'i'lie next yoa' lie r.peni ehielly at 
 Siin ])ic;;o, was jiresent as minislerat tlic succcssl'ul founi ationof ;jan.lii:ui on 
 Nov. I, I77i'; and lii.jhi:;t ealry iu tlie l';)iil;s of Mint u 'o.iion v.as ia Si'pU-ndju' 
 of 177!). 1 tliink he :^ailed in the transport of tnat year 1' '<■ Sau liitiH, retiring 
 on account of iiiipaired liealth. 
 
AXNALS OF SAX GABRIEL. 
 
 450 
 
 Palilo <le !Mugdrtej^ui, the other founder, left CaVi- 
 foiiiia at the end of 1789/'* Faster having returned in 
 September to serve with Santiago during the last year 
 of the decade.^'* 
 
 At San Gabriel, the third niisf;ion of Uk- San ]^iego 
 military juiisdietion, Antonio Criizado and ?.i.iguel 
 Sanchez served toixethei throuij^horit this decade as in 
 the next and a large part of rhe precednig, the former 
 havinu' Ijeu'un his service in 1771 aid th(.' latter in 
 177."), while both died ni. their posts after 1800. Tliey 
 had Jose Antonio Calzada as a supernum-jiary asso- 
 ciate fi'om 1788 to 1790. They l)apti:: 3d on an i^vei-age 
 a hundred converts each year, lialf of whor.! soon 
 (lifd. In neo])hytc nambcs Han Gabrit.'l was second 
 only to San Antonio, while in live-stock and farm 
 products this mission had in 1790 far outstiipped all 
 the rest."" The governor alludes to it as having often 
 lelieved the necessities of other establishments in both 
 Callfornias, and as having enabled tlie goverinnent to 
 cai'ry out important undertakings that without such 
 aid would have been impracticable. Prosperity did 
 net however carry in its train nnu-h excitement in the 
 way of local events, and the calm of this mission of 
 
 '' I'alili) (!'- ATnplrtetriii came to Cnlifoniia \ i^^li Sei'ra on tlint i'l iur's ivturn 
 from Alcxii'o, rn; vinj,' iitSiiu Diot^o March I'A, I77t. Ijt'in^' in jirioi- lii.viith lie 
 n'liiiiiiRil fur Boiiu: time iinatUicliod to any iiiis:'-.:;, lirst wrviu;,' r.s Kn]H'r- 
 luinniary at S.iu Antonio fnnn Jauuiiry to 'Inly l77-">. lie was in nistcr at 
 Siui I '.'i-s Oliispo from Auf^nst 177"> iiniil Novcnilur 177<>, ■"■nil at San Juan as 
 w( li;;\i !c\n fmni Xovcmlicr 177<»until Xoviinln r I7S!). lU'wrifcsl > Jjisucn 
 iM> Jan. .'SO, 17'JJ, fiuni tlio college, that ho hail lircn very ill luit v :i ■ now out 
 of ilaii'^cr. ]''r<>ni Au%'. I'i, 17>^<>, lie Inlil the olUco of vice-prcs!i1' iit of the 
 California. nii;:sioi!-t, Iiavinj:; chargu of tliu southern (listrict. Tayl.M, in <'(./. 
 fariiii r, .Fuly -U, ISO;}, says, erroneously I suppose, that he ilieil nn 'Jareli (1, 
 180.1, i'.t San liuenavcntura. 
 
 ''■' },Iueli of tiio information rcspcctini.,' the friars in charf?c< I Inn'o olitained 
 innn Sthi, Jii'ii! ('n/iis/anin, Lih, <lf Mia'ii) MS. Ainon;^ the vi il:in;c jiailrcs 
 wlioiilliciateil here (lurini,'tiH! )iorioil and ])efore were Serra, Oct. 177 : l''i:;uer, 
 June 17S0: Mi.'.nul Samlie/, May 17.S-; Lasuon, Oet. l7'-i:'>: liiolioo, lYI). 'l7Sl; 
 .Mariner, Oet. I7>i."): Jos • Arroit.a, ] >ee. l7Mi: -lose .\ntiiniii< 'alzaihi. A) 'il 17S'h 
 Torrent, (Jet. l7;iS; anil ( 'ristnlial Orama.s, ])i'e. 17'SStoJan. 17'i". 'Ihu.swu 
 see that San Juan for sonio not very clear rea.son was niueh less itMilaieil in 
 respect of visators t!ian San Dieyo. 
 
 ■'''Xei.p'iyLes in I7s:t, (i;!S; in I7!>0, l.OtO. Uajitisms iluiin;r perind. ,slS; 
 ileatlrj, ■)>'(). Inerr,-i e of larire stock. StiO to ■\:11\: Muall .siock, •_',U70 to 
 {>,Oi;j. Harvest ill 171)0, 0,150 bushels. 
 
] 
 
 If 
 
 i'r 
 
 is 
 
 m 
 
 ! i^i 
 
 *|l 
 
 l!l = 
 
 4G0 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS. 
 
 the gi'oat aicliaiigel on tlic river of eartliqualcos was 
 (listurljod only by one or two slight troiibl'js, or niiiioi's 
 (.)f' trouble, with the natives. In October 17>':;a tli(3 
 neoj)li}ie.s and gentiles were tempted by a woman, so 
 at l(>a:it said the men, into a ])lan to attack the mis- 
 sion and kill the friars. The corporal in command 
 prevented the success of the scheme without blood- 
 shed, and captured some twenty of the conspirat(.)rs. 
 Fages hurried .south from the capital, ])ut the four 
 ringleaders in prison to await the decision ef the 
 conunandant general, and released the rest with lifteen 
 or twenty lashc;, each. Two years latei' came ^.leneral 
 Ugarte's order condenming one native, Nicolas, to six 
 years of worl; iit the presidio followed by exile to a 
 distant niis^ ion. The woman was sent into perpetual 
 exile, and the other two were dismissed v/Itli the two 
 years' imprisonment already suffered.-' Ag;un in July 
 178G a gentile chieftain was arrested on a chjir; y pre- 
 sented by the chief of another rancheri'a that he had 
 threatened hostilities, but the accusation proved to 
 have little or no foundation.-^ 
 
 The annals of the adjoining })ueblo, (^ur Lady, 
 Queen, or 8aint Mary, of the Angels on the I^io de 
 Porciuncula have already been brought down in a 
 general wa}' to the distribution of lands in the autunm 
 of ]7y().-^ ]]y the end of the decade the niunber of 
 settlers had becMi recruited, chielly frc^m soldiers v.ho 
 had served out their time, from nine to twenty-eight, 
 who with their families made up a total [)')|)ulation of 
 oiui hundred and thirty-nine.-^ All of the original 
 pobladores who received a i'ormal grant of their lands 
 in J7!)G remained except Rosas.^' Sebastian Alvitrc 
 
 ■■"Fii.'H^M to (Icii. U;^•ll•to Dee. T), .TO, ITS."), in f'ror. /!,<:, MS,, ii. i:',l--J; 
 Ugurte U> I'agivt. Dec. II, I7S7, in Arr/i. S.'d. JJiirhnni, -M i., vi. ll(i-17. 
 
 ■"Z.i.i!".i. t ) I'ii'^L'.s, Au;;. 1.-), 1780, in Prof. Sf. I'aji., -Ms., vi. ;!,")-(;. 
 
 '''See ehujiter xvi., lliij volume. 
 
 ^* All <■.:'„,/ > of Au;;iu;L 1 7, 17!»0, makes the total Ml . M:ilc-i, 7.': females 
 GO. Uimianinl, '.H; married, 4-1; wiiloweil, 0. I'lnlir 7 ypars, •17: 7 to 10 
 years, ',]',,; 10 to •_':) yeai.s, ]2; "J!* to 40 years, 'J7 ; 40 to !\) ye.'is, Kl; over 
 0.) y<.':'.rs, 0. Eiiro[iL-';i:is, 1; Sprniards, 7"2; Indiann, 7; iiui!; ttoe.:, 'Ji; iaesi,i;;os, 
 39.' /'/•<;(•. .S7. /'. /i., MS., ix. l.-)_». 
 
 *•' Tlie "JO new seltler.i Were; Domiiigu Ani/, Jiiaii Alvarez, .(oa[iiiii Av- 
 
HAPPEXINGS AT LOS ANOELES. 
 
 4G1 
 
 ]\i\(\ proved iinmanageal)lo at San Jose and after four 
 or live years of convict life at the presidio li;ul been 
 scut to Angeles for reform. The settlors vrcrc not a 
 very ordei'ly connniinity, but thej^ seem to ha\'o given 
 some attention to their fields, since tlie pueblo ])ro- 
 duced in 1790 more grain than any of the missions 
 e vcept San Gabi'iel, its neighbor. Th(;ii' dwellings, 
 twenty-nine in number, were of ad(»bes, liK'e th- puljlic 
 town hall, barrack, guard-house, and granaries; and 
 all were enclosed within an adobe wall, there bein'j: 
 also a few buildings outside the wall.-" 
 
 Vicente Felix was at first corporal of llio puel)lo 
 o'liard furnished bv the 3an Diego presidio; but he 
 soon dcvelo])ed s[)ecial ability and intcMi-t in general 
 management and was made a kind of direct(;r before 
 1784. Thouo'h sonic con snlaints were made ao'ainst 
 him by the settlers, and Zuhiga at one time favored his 
 removal, the governor's confidence Avas not shaken, 
 and he finally made him coniisionado, intrusting to 
 him the management not only of the pnel>lo but of 
 its alcalde and reo-idorcs,^^ he being resoon:;ible to the 
 !>'overnor throuo:h the connnandant of Santa B;irbara 
 i'or any failure of those officials to attend pi'operly to 
 their duties. Fages' instructi(ms to Felix were dated 
 Jan. 13, 1787, and required the latter to see that the 
 
 Tiioiitii, .Tiiaii namiro:'', Aivllano, Sebastian Alvitrc, Fiotjuo Cuta, FaustirKi Josi; 
 ( Vii/, .Jiiaii .I(iS('' l>(iniiii;,'Ut'Z, ^lamu;! Fi.LCiicroa, ]''cl'|io S;:utiay') (iai'cia, 
 .liia([uiii llicriK'va, Juan .lusu Lolw, ,]oh6 Oiitivcros, Saiitiaj^o <le la Crti;'. I'icii, 
 l'iaiici:co llcycs, Martin IJcyi's, PcmIto Joso Konioro, Jlli'u'nio Jliii/, Mariano 
 \ c'filu^m), ,]u:>Ci Villa, l)L!siil('S X'iix'nti; FiMix, riir])(iral (iiul ojijii:-; jnado. lii 
 ITMt there had liecii .") n<lilitiiinal names: Jdso Silvas, Jlcji:, HM), Franeisco 
 l.il;,'M, ,Mi!eeio \'alile.s, ami Rafael Seprilvcda, or at least la'.id:f wore ordered to 
 111' j,'ranted to these men. Xino (iid\' drew i)av ami ratioti s i:i ]~n'.). f'roi'. Sf,. 
 I'a/i., MS., V. l29-;}(;; ix. FJO, l."i!)-tj:i; I'ror. St. I'ctp., Jivn. .U/., MS., x. •_'-0; 
 N'. J'<iji., J/('.s.s'., i. Oi)-7-. Lar';e ylmk had increased I'nin olO to '..'.n'-O Iiei'.d; 
 t'liiall stoek from "JiO to-l.'iS; and the eropsof 17!ta amounted to'l,.")!);) Imsheln. 
 
 -'' /'ror. Sf. Prji., JliM., M.S., i. (IS, 71. iVug. 10, 17. r>, ,",■) i)oum!:a jiowdcr 
 :iiid SOO bullets .sent to An;i(des us reserve ammunition for sr-ttlers. J\\,r. /t'cc., 
 MS., ii. 7. Xov. ',), 17S(), Uoycoechea, to F.i.ttes, will take Htcps to sto]) ex- 
 cesses. Pior. St. J'fi/'., MS,, vi. ■")7. May S, 17S7, conraand.ant f cner.d con- 
 gratulates Fa^fca on pro/xress re[i()rted, Ii/., vii. 41. Piu hlo called Santa Maria 
 de l(is An'^eles. S>. J'ii/>., .l//^•.■^. and Colon., MS., i. lu'"). 
 
 '-' Prue. J!,::, :MS., i. 1(;:F4; Pmr. St. Pap., v. ISII; ix. lO.", 110-'.:',). -jr. (i. 
 ■hiS(^ V"ane!,'as was the lirst alealile In 17SS; ,Tose Siuova (lie fcoonil in 17^!), 
 uilh I'rlipe (larria, and flannel Camero as rcLjidores; a.nl Mariano N'enlu^'o 
 tliu third in 171)0. 
 
 
■M' 
 
 4G2 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS. 
 
 settlcr.s pci'tbrmed all the duties, coiiiplicd witli all 
 tlie conditions, and enjoyed all the privileges enjoined 
 by the regulation; to watch and instruct and cooj)erate 
 vith the alcalde in his efforts to insure good ordir and 
 justice and morality; and to attend to the carrying- 
 out of some very judicious regulations \vhi(ih aie 
 included in the document respecting the treatment 
 of the natives and their employment as laborers.* 
 
 23 
 
 At the Channel presidio of Santa Barbara the f )rce 
 maintained was from fifty to fifty-four j)rivates, two 
 cor])orals, two or three sergeants, an allerez, and a 
 lieutenant. Of this force fifteen men at first ;ind 
 later ten were stationed at San Buenaventura, filteiii 
 at Burisima, and from three to six at Santa Barbara 
 after those missions were founded, and two generallv 
 at Los Angeles. The so-called white population of this 
 presidial district was about tw-o hundred and twenty, 
 or three hundred and sixtv with Los Anixcles."'' 
 
 Lieutenant Jose Francisco Ortega, the original 
 conmiandant, retained his position together with that 
 of habilitado, until Januar}^ 1784, when he was sent 
 to the peninsula frontier and Lieutenant Felipe d(! 
 Goycoechea came up to take his ])lacc, which he held 
 until 1804, Ortega was removed by the general at 
 the request of Soler, who alone fnmd fiult with the 
 lieutenant, and who as we know was a chronic t'aulf- 
 finder. Soler subsequently complained of the new 
 commandant's lack oF a])plication, and wished to put 
 in the place Zuhiga with a stupid habilitad'- ov Ortega 
 
 "^ Fil'ics, IilKlnicrioil piirad riiho (Ir fit E.-trnllil ihl puchlodp Z(W Aniichs roitio 
 C'on>i'''iiii"ili> /lor 1 1 ifitili ri:o /xtrd iliriijir al nlvnhfc ;/ li Iok rciiiiiuri-f, J !:'i \ MS. 
 -"The ^-ilulil Liirlijirii .s7/»(f/a liy tlio rc^'laniciito \viis.Vl4,-17-; iivirn'^c jiay- 
 roll, .^? I. "i, Til 111; iivi'i-ii/'.o j^fmo/vV/-.' (if sii]ipl;eH, .vl -J, ")()(); .'ivi'i'a'.ro iota] ci liabiii- 
 tach/.'i iiL'fiiiuits, .sj(i,000, (if which aimiit .V((,(!()i) was ii halanco of irdi^dsim 
 liaiid ; j'liiii/o (/(■ iir(ilill<'rtrioiiy .SJ,(I()(>, and j'oiiilo (h' irlmr'ioii, .Si, (;;;;( in 17S4; 
 /'iiiiilixli' '(iinUiilosnwd Mmifi jiio, .S'4'i7 in ITf'-. C'('Miiianvacc(ji:n;s in /'nn: <V. 
 'P'lp., Pnsii/lus, MS., i. -J, !)0; J'r<,r. ,SV. Pn/)., JJ,,.. J//"/., MS., ii. I, N, •JO-'.', 
 .'{S-!); iii. 18; iv. 'J'2; \i. Ii; viii. 115: ix. I?. 4; xiv. (i, ?. luvcntiiiicH of .•iinia- 
 inont in Pror. St. Pap., .MS., v. l)(i-!l; vii. 8(i: Sf. Pap., Sac, 3IS., i. (!, 7- 
 A list of inhaliitants ^\ith fanulics, ago, etc., showiiij,' ((7 male heads of fami- 
 lies, dated Dee. 31, 17S.">, in Si. Pap., J//.«., MS., i. 4-1). 
 
SANTA BARBARA RRESIDIO. 
 
 463 
 
 witli ail able one, but Fatj^cs could not spare Zuuiga 
 iVoiii San Diej^o. In 178G, however, in consequence 
 of the vacancy caused bv the death of jNIoraiJi'a at San 
 ]''rancis('o, the governor ofibred Ortega liis clioice of 
 the prooidios, and he at first chose Santa ixirbara, l)nt 
 iiually took connnand of Monterey. J(»se Argiiello 
 was company alferez from the l)egimiiiig down to 
 7\.pril 1787, when he was promoted to the command 
 of San Francisco, leaving a vacancy not iilled until 
 after 1790. The sergeants wcr(3 l*ahlo Antonio ( 'ota 
 and Ignacio 01i\x>ra, with Ilaimundi; Carrillo alter 
 1781,^' p<jrhaps from 1783. 
 
 Work on the presidio buildings m.is pushed for- 
 ward, in the Iiispano-( 'alil'oinian sensc^, tliioughout 
 tlie [)eriod, and tlie couunandant's connnunications to 
 I'ages t>n ])lans antl ])rogress, on delays and accidents, 
 ou the making of adobes and tiles or llio ix'ci'iiit of 
 l)cams, on laborers and their wagi's. and on other 
 matters connected with the structine wore very nu- 
 nici-ous.''^ Tile buikling material was ehieily adobe, 
 though moi'tar, or cement, was used in some build- 
 ings, and the outer or main wall st(X)d on a I'ounda- 
 linn of stone. Koofs \\v\\i for the most ])art of tiles, 
 su[)})()rted by timbers which were brouglit down by 
 the transports from the north. The laboifi-s were 
 
 ■'"Ortiv'ii fippointcil oomnianiliint of Sta. B:iil)ina Sept. S, )7SI. Prni\ St. 
 Pdji., J'n niili.g, ^l.S., i. 1, 2. Ortcfra rciiKivcd I'ur iiii.'iii;i])i tciuy, not luicU'r- 
 stamliu;; liin own accounts. Solcr, .lunc 7, 17>7, ia J',(ii'. ^'. Pup., ^lS., vii. 
 ll."i. (/■.•ii"'a !Ui(l (loj'cofi'hca onki'i'il to clian^i' jilaccs. Solcr to 1 a;.;cs, May 
 I I. 17'ii!, in Pror. Pic, MS., iv. 1"_'()-1, l.'i'J. (ioycoic'u'.-i'.s coiniiiissinii .sent to 
 liiia .).i:i. 17, I7'''.>. Id., i\\. .").">. (loycccchca airixcil at San Dic;;o cii route 
 iiorlli Aui;. '1\, \',^'.\. Pi-ar. Sf. Pn/i., MS., iv. ~s. Ortc'ja jravu up coniniaml 
 J:iii. lV), i7;'4. Pror. Pre, M.S., i. Iti-J; ij. 4, Oi't.-.ca. thanks l'ii,:"u for oll'i r 
 of any JMcridio. ainl sclcct.-i Santa IJarliara .Tun. .">, 1';..7. i'rat'. St. J'n/i., MS., 
 vii. ]i.i. S('l i-'s oon!]il:niit.s a;,'aiust ( Idycocclita and su ;;;c;.;io:i of c!i.'in;.'cs 
 Marcli and June, 17S7. J'l., 1I4-I.">, l.S."). Ar.iiiiillo lift f.-r Man Fi-.uici.-jco in 
 A]i!il, I7l>7. 'llure «as souio coi'rcsjiondoncc Jilioiitt loycocclica ^iviuLC u[> the 
 /('/W '('.;.</(. I,/., .")!>, (17. V'::ai'tc to I'agcs Oct. "2."), ]'i'o~, Tlu; viceroy will 
 lill t'.io vacant jilace of a!f( re/.. LL, I! I. llcrnK ue.jiklo Sal \v;* one of the 
 S(>rj!i':nts at the foundation l)ut left thi^ company vciy soon. /'/•'/('. St. Pu;i., 
 lill. .!/■/'., MS. It would si'rvc no useful purjiosc to ref<r here to th'' liiui- 
 d reds of company rostcn-i^ and isiinilar ilocunient;-; se:it^ered through dillcrint 
 archives an<l v,hieh have aH'oi'dcd nie inueh infornuriinn. 
 
 *'/VoA .SV. /V(/>., MS., iv. 14:! -44: v. l.V>. 107: vi. 4S, ."H), .V), ol), (jj-;}, li>;, 
 72; vii. *i, 7; viii. 00, 114; ix. lOS, 1(JS, 17.!; xii. <k» I. 
 
 s 
 
 l-i 
 
 i 
 
 i.jij 
 
 
'.. ki. 
 
 W 
 
 rrifiiin 
 
 \ i 
 
 4(U 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS. 
 
 tlic solJiors tliomsclv^es, some tliirtv sailor^^ ()1)t;iiiiod 
 jit (lifibrt.'iit times I'roin the San IJIas vessels, and na- 
 tives who were paid (or their v/oi-lc in wlieat. The 
 soldiers and ollieijrs eontrihuted id)Out -s 1,200 for tJie 
 work fi'oni 178G to 171)0, an amount wdiieh seems 
 however to have been returned to them later as ,1 
 
 17 
 
 18< >18 
 
 -a 1- 
 
 1: 
 
 i 1 9 
 -+■ 
 
 ..3-. 
 
 PLAZA 
 
 auo I'lL't Scjuare 
 
 3-- 
 
 3-. 
 3-. 
 3.- 
 
 3 
 
 t3"T 
 
 ZT 
 
 nn 
 
 14 
 
 E] 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 I'l-AN oi' Santa 1'.aui!ai;a I'ur.siDio, I7S8. 
 
 ij-ratultv. TIkj ht'st description of \\\q result is the 
 annexed plauwhicii was sent hv ( Joyeoeehea to i^ aj4'es 
 in September ITTS. At that time the western line of 
 JKmses vrere not roolt'd and Vav outtT walls were net 
 vet he-^'un; hr.t heibre tlie end of 171)0 at least three 
 sides of l!ie main wall had been built."^ Idle natives 
 
 •■'■'L eliii'f ciilviiiu'.^. !•_' ft.; '1, stoivlioiiscs, Ki x (U ft.; .'?. IS finiiily lii'tises. 
 1.', X 21 ft.; -1, lalsf .l.ui', r.jufc.l. i) tt.; .">, .•lunvli JixOOfi.; (i, .•^acllsty, 12 x 
 
EVENTS AT SANTA KALBAKA. 
 
 4C5 
 
 n> liiied ]a1)orcrs worked well, ;iii(l the ti,rain raisod at 
 tlir I'lX'sidio to 1)0 dealt out in waives was so ahundaiit 
 that in 1785 orders came IVoiu tiie "general not to sow 
 any that ycar.^^ 
 
 The diseovery of a so-calI('(l volcano in 17S4 was 
 the source of some locad cKcitement, and was duly 
 icjioi'led to Mexico and Ariz[)e. Tlu,' volcano was ii 
 Ica^^'ue and a half west of tlu' presidio ;it a heud or 
 hreak in the shore line, and ahout a thousand \aras 
 in circumference. The _L;')"ound was so hot that the 
 ceiitre could not be approacln^d ; lire issued from thirty 
 difrcrent ])laces with a strong' iume of suljihur: and 
 the heat el' the rocks caused the water to boil wlicu 
 the s})ot was ct)vered at ]ii'.;h tidt;. There was no 
 crater })roper, or ratluu- it was covered up with frng- 
 nicnts of rock and with ashes. Fauces went in person 
 to examine the sul])hur<'us phenomenon and learncil 
 from tlu> natives that the volcano had been long iu 
 operation.'^ 
 
 I'he alioiiofines in this district i^'ave the Si^aniards 
 veiy little trouble beyond the occasional thcil of a 
 cow or sheep from the mission herds, engagin.u' in 
 liostilities among themselves, or rarely committini^ 
 outrages on neophytes which called for Spanish inter- 
 ference. In Aun'ust 1790 Sei'u'eant Olivera with ei<>dit 
 men went in search of an Indian deserter, and were 
 instructed also to prospect for mines. While tlie force 
 was scattered somc^what in the search for mino'als, 
 tlu^y were attacked by a large numl)er of Indians 
 of the Teno(|ui raucheria and di'iven away with 
 the loss of tv,o soldiers killed, Espinosa and ( ar- 
 lon. Goycoechea' was blamed by Fages for having 
 
 l."> ft.: 7, alf^'rcz' suite, 3 rooms; S, cnninuiinlaiit's suite, 4 rooms; 0, 1.") fjiniily 
 liiiiisi-;, l."»x"J7ft.; !() cliuiiliiin's '2 riiiiiiis; i I , sci-L'i'uut'.s liou.se, 10 .\ l.'i it.; 
 I'-', (iViiii tei'S and guard lonui; \'A, coiTals, kitclu'ii, ami ilisj:(iifi i of alter, x; 
 14, eoriiils, kituliLii, and i/i.i/iriis'i of eouiiM.iii'iauv; I"), cliaplain'.s eoiral; 10, 
 wosteru liastion; 17, eastern Iw.stinii; l.s, eoirals. 
 
 ^■'/V../-. St. Pfip., MS., V. 1.M4: J'n.,'. U,<\, MS., j. 171, ]-,-,. In lVs7, 
 liowi ver, the wheat erop V as destroyed liy rain ami !^uo\^■, whieli rausid Iho 
 seed to rot. I'ror. SI. I'l'p., MS., \ii. (».'). 
 
 ^'Pnr. I!,:, M.S., i. l,si; ii. ni)-2U; SI. I'kjk, Sac, MS., .\v. 10. 
 UiBT. Cal., Vol. I. 30 
 
 ■i.'- ! 
 
^!r 
 
 n f 
 
 I i 
 
 4UG 
 
 L(JCAL i;Vi:XT,S AND STATISTICS. 
 
 cn,ii:;!,n-o<l ill iniiiinn- ojjcratioiis at the risk of his s<;]- 
 
 (;it'i> 
 
 l\-i.';S.'-' 
 
 At Sail Ilucnavciitura, tlio soutlienunost of the 
 CJiaiiiicl laissioiis, ]JiniK-tz and Santa .Maria, tlie iirst 
 regular ministers, served wilh much zeal and success 
 
 t!irniioli()ut tjie decade, increasing the list ()rii('(.j)liytes 
 I'rom -l-l to ;J8S, hapti/.ing .t'JS, and losing 1 1 5 hv dJaHi. 
 Large stock inci-eased from 1U;J to DGI ; small stock 
 li'om 44 to 1,50:]; and the crops of I7;)0 wwva over 
 0,000 hiishels. The surrounding geni ill's werealwavs 
 iriendlv, hut on account of their large niiml)ers'a 
 larger guard was stationed there tliaii at other mis- 
 sions, la men at lirst, and later only 10. Sergeant 
 I'ahlo Antonio ('(4a commanded until the end of '7 ;\ss, 
 wli.'M on complaint (.f (lu' padres Sergeant llahuundo 
 Carillo vvas [)ut in his j^ace.'^^ 
 
 The missions of Santa IMi'bara and Puri'sima, he- 
 longing to this military distiM(4, as new estahlishmcnts 
 have been disposed of in the preceding chaptei-. 
 
 The regulation calJed Inr a ])residial force at 
 llonterey (4:' lii'ty-two men under a lieutenant and 
 
 _ ■■■■*( loycocclica to Fngos, S<p(. 2. I7!)a, in Pr. i: Si.P,!,,., 'kn J/,7 MS 
 IX. (;-;.; lagoa to Koiiicii, in Pmv. SI. J'a/,., .MS., .x. ].;<. Sept. 17 ' l7S;i' 
 At^tiick on Coiicjo iiiul Eocorpion liinihei ias, wlio ]i;ivo stolcu uattle, to l,o 
 dc.fciTc.l J'r<.r. Per., .AIS., i,i. Kit). In.lum ( iiptuu (Inc,. hijlr.l by c^iiitain 
 ot_.si',|::hiyo.;i!i r;uiLlHTi;i iind oUior.s Mav '27, I7;i.'.. l\or. St. J',//,.', MS v 
 '■.'V. ''l"-Y •''''' i;"iii'iH'opIiytrs lleil iind witli pa-un.i a'chickcl a, ram-lic'iia 
 r ,"'';.■; "' '■'■'''''"^'"» *"'"• ""-■ Ivil!i'l-nf l;! „f thrlv kinsiurn. J /., vii. 'J' 
 .Inly 2nh, liayanofi have ki'lcl some cattlo at An-cfe, l.ut MVkncs.s in tli.^ 
 lyuipaiiy pi'cvwiw cIia.nisfniL'at at pivdont. /-/., G:.<. Oct. ;k)t!i,AV:icii i.icut 
 (.om.a,o;c i>a«:.;.c,l tlir,>ngh Kapaili ranrla-ria a woman wis cut in picxv.s m- 
 porliaps m «cv( ral piiMTS-fm' ixfasing to yiel.l to the wi-^hcs of u ,sol,licr. / / , 
 ,y)-f, .)!. In August 1 ,s7 (]„,,, ^a.s an cxpudiiion to punish i.a-ana lor out- 
 rages on i.eophytcH. Several arre.sts were nu-le an.l .onio fngii'ixv, '.rmfht 
 u\. Jhe Uua!iu,is:it ranehena was the priueiiiul one involved. I>1., 7(i-7 
 Jan. l,)vS, Seiv.-t. ( ota went to the Ta.'hieo^ raneheria, in the mountains to 
 eaten a neophyte tliiet, hut was atttieke.l and liad to kill {$ and woun.l S. J,l 
 
 MM. i-;{. . ' 
 
 ■■"I'agcs in Ids report of 17S7 refers to San Ihieiiaventui'a: as havin.r 
 iiuu.e very satisfaetoiy progress in e.ll respects except e,at the church i- a very 
 poor al.an'. ,y A;/.. !//,«, .,„,/ (<o/o,>., MS., i. I;i:U-,. Seven huu.scs for 
 ianidies completed by May J-J, I7SS. Pror. Sf. Pap., MS., viii.. lo!) jiivciii 
 replaced by ( ,mllo, (Jet. 178S. £,/. US. 122. See S. Uu-,uu-a,tara, Lib. de 
 Mtsioii, M.S., tor names of soldiers, chUdn e, etc. 
 
ANNALS OF MONTERF.V. 
 
 •u\- 
 
 .-iHrrcz, and tlie imiulttT duriii'j; llii.s (K'cacK' iicvt'i' it !l 
 l/c]()\v iil'ty,tli()U^li, iiiflu(liii_n' invalids, it wasHoiiU'tiiiu's 
 as Iii_i4li as sixty-two; and tlieiv were, besides, a surncnii 
 I two or llu'ce meohaulcs. A uuard of six nitii 
 
 aiH 
 w as 
 San 
 
 ];('[)t at each of the three iiiissidns of San Carl 
 
 (),- 
 
 A I it 
 
 OHIO, an( 
 
 I Si 
 
 m 
 
 jUIS 
 
 01 
 
 )1S1)(I 
 
 aiK 
 
 I i 
 
 our men 
 
 were rurnislied for San tFose pueMo Ijeyond the limits 
 ol' the district, wliidi had in l"l)() ;i })(>|)ulali(in of" 
 
 ite d 
 
 e razon nunihennu: 
 
 tw.. 1 
 
 nindred 
 
 At 11 
 
 ic same 
 
 time the presidio herds numlxn'ed I'our thousand head 
 of live-stuck tj;Meat and small. ^' 
 
 Lieutenant Diego (ion/alez, like Zuhii^u one of tli.' 
 n''\v ofHcei's who came under the re^'ulation ol' 1781, 
 was connnandant until July 1785, when he was sent 
 to San Francisco. The connnandant at ^lonterey 
 ] laved a less prominent ])art in history, er at least in 
 
 (Is. h 
 
 llic records, oy reason or tlie goN'eruors presence, an 
 
 1 
 
 Ltle is known of (jlou/.alez' acts here save that he 
 v.as arrested at the ^•o\-ernoi-'s orders for insuhordiua- 
 tion, i;'aml)lin^', and snuin^ijlini^'; but we shall hear of 
 
 him au'Min. The aherez o[' the 
 
 comi)anv 
 
 P 
 
 ane 
 
 I al- 
 
 :0 
 
 ]i;l:ilitado, was 1 [ernieneu'ildo Sal, who had come t^ 
 
 ( 
 
 lUori 
 
 nia as a private with Anza in 1770. Sal I 
 
 jecami 
 
 •ling connnandant on tlie departure of ( Joiizale/, and 
 ■Id that j)osition until 17S7. He would probably 
 
 :ive 
 
 'I 
 
 itth 
 
 i<! command had it not been 
 
 Ibrh 
 
 us (piarri' 
 
 ah'i'ady alluded to witli ('aj)tain Solci', wliosc ill-will 
 
 mcui 
 
 red and who claimed to ha\(! diseowi'cil 
 
 serious deiicit in his aecounts. It was in August I7.'';7 
 tiiat the charge was made, and Sal was [)laced undi r 
 ni'i'est by order of the governor, his pro[)erty being 
 ii'itached and two thirds of his ]>ay be'ing kej)t baelv 
 at llrst, and later all but two reals per day. ('orre- 
 s[»ondence on this uiatter was (piite extensive,'"'* and 
 
 =• Sihimlo !il!o\vc:l l>y r<\','lamL'iit:<), 817, 7!'-; p.-iy-idll, about §13,000; totiil 
 I'f li;il)ilita(lo"H yearly accounts, s.'(."),U;)(). Cniiijiaiiy accounts in A it fi. <'"/., 
 li:is iui. 
 
 ^- Letters (if Sal, Solcr, ami I'a,'.'. s in I'mv. ,s7. /',>/,.. MS., vii. (;n 1 
 
 'II 
 
 I.I. i;:i, 1()7-S; viii. 41 -J, :A-.'>; ix. 110 I: .x. Hi.' :i; J'ror. S/. J'u^'., L"','. 
 :jtt., MS., X. 10, 11; iii. !»; I'ror. Ike, MS., i. ;{;i-l. 
 
" 
 
 tt I 
 
 i; 
 
 4r)S 
 
 I.OrAL F,V i:\TS AND STA'llS'rrCS. 
 
 sliowM tliat tlinuu'li Sal M'us ])f'rs()iii»lly soincwlial 
 iii\t»lvf(l ill (l(.'l)t, the cliai'LTt! <»t' dctalcatioM in 
 
 (•nil • 
 
 licet ion With till' coiiipany accounts was nuloiiiHlcd, 
 Instead of owiii^f the (:()in[)any S;'), ()()(), the coinpaiiy 
 owed liini ahout SOOO, It re(|uired three years to set 
 Doll lleriueiioi»'ildo ri^litjand in ilw mean time Ortega, 
 wlioin it had been intended to restore to his old |iic- 
 sidio of Santa ]>;irhara, came to take the C(»niniaii(l 
 and the olHee of hahilitado at ^Monterey instead, iVoiu 
 Sc|)lemher 1787."" The serij^caiit of the company w.is 
 Mariano A^-rdu^o until 17S7, succeeded l)y jMaiuul 
 A'ai'^-as. "^I'lie surj^eou was Jose Davila.'" 
 
 ])ey()n(l matters comiccti'd with the L^'ovcriuneiit, 
 Avith the visit of J^a IV'rouse, and with otiier cwnts 
 of oeneral interest recorded in jirecedinu^ chajiters 
 thei'e is nothing' to he said of this presidio excejit to 
 note a conilanration that occurred Aui^ust II, I7M». 
 ^\i firing' a salute to the Sail Carlos on her nrri\;d in 
 ])ort the wad of the cannon s(.'t lire to tlu; tule roofini;', 
 and ahout one half of the huildinns within the ,s(|uarc 
 were destroyed. Ile[)airs were i'ar atlvanced hy the 
 end of 17yO> 
 
 3 !' 
 
 1^1 
 
 P(; 
 
 At the three luissions of this presidial district, San 
 Carlos, San .Vntonio, and San Luis Obispo, there is 
 nothinu: in the way of local events to bo noted duriir^' 
 the period covered by this cha[)ter; but the statistics 
 
 ""OrtcL.','! pivn lip his onmmniul on tlio fi'oiitiur to Gonzalez M;iy .'M. left 
 San Mi;,'iR'l in May, w as at San Dif^'o on .Tuni^ ."itli, arrivcil ah Santa 15;irliaia 
 ,)inii' "JTlli, ami started north Aiil:. "-'Lst. J'rar. Sf. I'<i]<., MS., vii. 71, 7(i, 7 v 
 Si, !().■)(). At'tur his accounts AVi'iv si'ttluil S,il iliil not ivsuni(^ tlu; \^\;\w. of 
 hahilitado at Monterey, l)iit was sent to San Francisco in April 17(H, Ar,L;iie!lo 
 coniinL,' to tiic cajiital. 
 
 '"Surgeon D.ivila came to San l^iego in .Fuly 1771 and to Jlontereyiii 
 Doccniber. As early as 17S1 < !ov. Xevc favored grantiiiL; liis jwtition for lea\ e 
 to quit tlio coiuitry as heing iuconipetont and cajitioiis. Pror. lire, MS., ii. 
 (iS. The exact date of liis departure does not jippear. hut it was before Deec in 
 her 17S;!. Pnn\ Si. J'aji.. MS., v. .")7-S. I)fivil;i"s liist wife, Joscfa (^^arhajal. 
 died at San Francisco in Xovenihcr 1780. San Firiiiri.-'ro, L'lh. dv MUhni. MS.. 
 I'J, i;[, and in .Tanuary 17S'_' ho married Maria Fncarnaoion Castro, a daughti r 
 of Isidoro Casti'o, Sin. Clnfd, Li/i. Ic Mis'oii, MS., 40, 
 
 ■^ /'ror.S/. /','/)., MS., i.x. I, -J: X. Klil: xiii. l!tl; xxii. 87; /'I., n,)i. MU., 
 i. II. 'I'Ik! old presidio chapel stood in the middle of the square, and April 14, 
 17MI, Fagcs had ordci'ed adobes made fur a new one. 
 
 
MISSIONrS or .MON'Tl'-llFA' DISTRICT. 
 
 ■ji;!) 
 
 as <j: 
 
 r..ih 
 
 ivcii ill coinun'tiiiii mIIU otlit-r missions ai'o jis 
 
 »\vs: At Siui (Mrlos .luiiiiitri) Sci'ni mikI Matias 
 
 1(! Santa Cataiiiia v X<>ri('n'a scrM'd until 
 
 AnlDhio < 
 
 Au'^iist I7.SI, when till' lonnri- lia\iiiL;'( 
 
 ,S('1'\('<I 
 
 Oct. 
 
 I .■^/ 
 
 I »Sl' 
 
 raiila Soi'i-iii iVoui that liinc oii, liuvini;- 1. ascu 
 
 li.'.l, 
 1 
 
 h.' latl.T 
 
 I'aiicisi'ii (iii 
 
 M 
 
 ir 
 
 tint'/ dr Ari'iia/a as associalf iVoni !7S'.), ami Lasiu-ii 
 as president IVdui I7'.)(). The iViars nanicd wciv tliL- 
 
 liar luinistiTs so lai as tlif records show, hiitol licr 
 
 irsis ari'ivm''' l»v sua, li'oni oau 
 
 lili 
 
 IS oi' coiiinin' m 
 
 Iron 
 
 I (jthcr missions ot'ton spent .some hnie here 
 
 >() 
 
 thai there were neai'ly ahvjiys two and ollen niorr. 
 At San Antonio d<! IMdna the foimdi'rs ol' 1771, 
 Mi^-nel IMeras ;ind l>uena\'ent ui'a. Sitjar, serv.d 
 
 Ihi'oU'^ho 
 .!iv 
 
 ut this (ku.-ade, liaA in'-' at its close 1 ,0/ ('. n.'o- 
 
 !rs nndcr their cliar^'e — th(Jar^•est nnssioii comi- 
 iiiiinity in Calil'ornia." At San Luis ( )I.Isi)o .hV^ 
 C.valier served continuously lV<>m the loundution in 
 
 to liis death on Decemher i), I7s;). 
 
 ILi 
 
 to was Antonio Paterna until J)ecenil)er i 
 
 when he wen 
 
 t to found Santa 'IVirhara, and ^lli^^uel 
 
 Ciri 
 
 bet 
 
 came m 
 
 1) 
 
 ecem 
 
 her I 
 
 ] 
 
 >etwe( 
 
 I hiid that ^^•ulstino S(jla, liad cliari;' 
 
 II the two 
 the mission 
 
 ■ Mati;is Aiit'iiiii 
 
 Smita Ciitariiia (written also Catharina and Catatiiia) 
 
 \ 
 
 . .()rii.'.i,'a, who w.ms lirst known liy tliv naiuo N.jtie,'-'a. c'aniioii)aHoiiiqiUun on 
 tlu transport of ITTH, ami tooli Canilion'ii jilaio at San I 
 
 \h 
 
 I thoro until IT^Sl, and tlii;n served at San Curl 
 
 til n 
 
 WlicU lio 
 
 
 dtolr 
 ncroa'fc o 
 
 !lo-c. 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 larLto stock, (JJS to 1 . 
 
 converts its;! to 17!i:>, HI t to T.'i.")-. bapti.sms, 0:!',l: deatlis 
 
 I'fcs 111 his I'L'iicral rcpor 
 
 iS; :^nia 
 1 
 
 U Sti) 
 
 U:> to l.'J(i;{. ('ropsin ]7!i:>. 
 
 Mlihli'll I 
 
 iiiii.a'.ity. (Vop; 
 a pt wt 1)0011 foni 
 
 liaiiucs of heat aii'l colil 
 
 have Mceii ,u'oo( 
 
 rt of I7S7 alludes to tiio eliinato with its 
 tiling to i\(> with till' Lrreat 
 n'cmrut.s for irri.ijatiuu liavo 
 
 IS havuiL' .SOllK 
 
 plot 
 
 CI I 
 
 ,S7. /' 
 
 /;»., 
 
 1, t! 
 Mi 
 
 louuli arraii 
 
 v. 'ni( 
 
 y\^ 
 
 iicrcaso in ncop 
 ■12.) Ui 
 
 lylcs, .'iS.') to 1.071!; baptis 
 
 i:!IM!). 
 IcatliM, :i 
 
 ,-J.._'; sma 
 
 11 St. 
 
 a','os says 
 
 il is lolcialilv 
 
 4(!i!to I.flS4; oroiisin l7lli>oiiIy Klol) Imslicl 
 
 id tl 
 
 loujili irriLf-i 
 
 tioii is dillicnlt, 
 
 1 t! 
 
 lia I tl 
 
 lias raised onoil.uli for In r o vn use aiulastiri)lus for sale San Ant' 
 best eiiiirch in (.'alifoiiiia cxci'ptin^, pcrliaiis, Santa Clara. .SV. /'( 
 
 Cavalier 
 
 i. MS., 1 1" 
 
 native of till! town 
 
 .f 1" 
 
 ■t ill C'atald 
 
 11. 
 
 ft 
 
 le collc^'o in Mi'xieo ill October 177v>. sailed from San litis in .lauuary 1771, 
 •aelu'd iSaii Ui.-'o in Man^li and Monterey in May, reniaiuiiiL; there .'n siqier- 
 
 iiinuerj'.vy tin 
 
 til 1 
 
 le, W'elit to loan 
 
 jaiis in Sept. I77-. liis remains 
 
 led in the mission cliurcii, and he left tlie re]mtation of a zealous and 
 
 oflll 
 
 iinssioiiai 
 
 y. ,S'. L 
 
 l)iK. SadluK, M.>. 
 
 Hl-i OhlDpO^ 
 
 Lih. dr Mi 
 
 MS., :1S; autoL;rapli in -V 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
 .„. ^ ■■•" <ie Jf^ 
 
 y. 
 
 t/j 
 
 & 
 % 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 11-25 llu 
 
 25 
 
 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 
 k 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (7)6) 872-4503 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 4^A 
 
 %> ^^ 
 
 £. 
 
! 
 
 I : 
 
 470 
 
 LOCAL F-VEXTS A\D STATISTICS. 
 
 for a few months, but am unable to completely fill the 
 A'acancy even with one padre.*" 
 
 Lieutenant Jose jMoraijfa was commandant and 
 habilitado of San Francisco until his death, wliich 
 occurred on July 13, 178;"),''' from which date (;!(>n- 
 zalez, transferred from Monterey, became comm;ui- 
 dant for two years, and Jose llamon Lasso dc l;t, 
 Ve;;^a, the alferez, served as habilitado. Duriiii^^ lh<' 
 two years tliei'c was troubh; with both these ollicials. 
 ]]efore leavin^,^ ^Monterey (lonzalez had once bt-i'n ])Ut 
 under arrest for insubordination, <.^amblini,% failiiiL,^ t* 
 prevent i^amblinL'', nnd f)r tradiui^ with the jL^alleuii. 
 At San Francisco his irre^'uLu" conduct contiiuied in 
 spite of warninufs and re-arrest; and in 1787 the gov- 
 ernor was obliu'ed to send him to the frontier, lie 
 never returned to California.''^ 
 
 ^"Increase iu lu^opliytc's, 4!»2 to QO't; baptisms, ■'{Hi; deaths, I.^D; larm' 
 Btock, SI.") to;{,81(); .small stoi-k, IXiO to .S,?.'."); crops for M'J'K '2..'A\i Inisiicis. 
 ^Vallt of water was tiie eliief lU'awliaek at'coiiliiig to Fai^e.s' report. 
 
 orau'a, or aa lie alwaj.i siL'Util liis name, .Josseph 
 
 mil what has heeii t ild in tlio text, lli^ eaniu 
 
 eommaiiilaiit of San rraiieisco from the lirst, 
 
 I tlio piielilo of Sail .lose. lie 
 
 Ih 
 
 ' Of J, 
 
 >a(iuiit 
 
 M 
 
 Mora.U'a,' little is known h 
 
 Wltll 
 
 Anzii in 177< 
 
 I /<>, an 
 
 foiiudin,!,' the presidio 
 was t,'odfatheiof the h 
 
 wo missions, am 
 
 [iliyto at Sail r raneisro, whorereived hi4 name 
 
 d he was secular spousiir at thi- la\ Iml; of t!ie eonier-stoiie of the iid^si iii 
 elmnh still standiiiLT, as also at the dedieati(»n of the Santa <'i.;ra ehiiiili. 
 
 is \\it'o was 
 
 record as an otlieer was au h 
 
 il.r>' 
 
 ud stainless (m 
 
 11 
 
 ■1 I' 
 
 de L 
 
 oil y l>ai(i'l( 
 
 I, who died iu Oetoher ls;»,Saiiil 
 
 was 111 rem 
 
 d 
 
 Hi 
 
 Man; 
 
 in Ui< 
 
 II.' Iiiiiiii'it a son < iahriel to ("dilornia who aflerwards luiaaio Ji lieutenant, 
 
 ii hiiiious liulian lighter, .nnd the auctstiT of a family still miiviv iiig. !)• ii 
 
 m Fiaiieiseo eeineterv. her hush, 
 
 reiiiMiiH resting iu tiie <hiiieh. 
 
 ise s nieee 
 
 .Mil 
 
 I. 
 
 a, was the \\ ife of .)i 
 
 idK 
 
 Tl 
 
 le eoaimam 
 
 is deserihed as having lu'eii .") ft. '2 inein s and J lines iu hci'. 
 
 Irit 
 liat the'o is 
 
 ira.on t i saj^iose tiiat tlie /lir i/cl riif ined i.i measuring tliu heightof s ildlers 
 was longer than the ordinary Spanish foot, which was S per cent shorler tii;;u 
 our loot. 
 
 ''"(lonzalez' arrest at Alontercv in Ai 
 
 st I7S1. P 
 
 /."'<•., MS., i. ISC. 
 
 l(t-'-;i: J- 
 
 .S7. J' 
 
 '/>■ 
 
 II 
 
 MS. 
 
 41. 
 
 ,h 
 
 hides to his 
 
 iiiiicliii ri ■ 
 
 II, IT''^!!, ami proposes Argiiello as a sneecssor. I'mr. St. I' 
 
 '!>■ 
 
 M- 
 
 vi. i;iS; vii. Ill-Mi. ( ion/alez arrested at Sail Francisco hv La -;so at Sole's 
 
 J' 
 
 l''el>. 4, ITS?, and sonfc son 
 
 ith tl 
 
 •t V. 
 
 M; 
 
 h iSlh. /./., vii. !!• '.I; 
 
 A'. 
 
 MS., iii. .'ill. Fages tells the stoi'y to his sneecssor, llomeil, Fih. 
 
 'Jii, IT^'I. /'''lie. .>V. /'((/)., Ms,, X. ll)2 l{. Oeneral approves measures against 
 (lon/:de/. J(/., vii. .")(). (loiizalez was liorn ."<, Ceste del Caiiipo in S|)iiii, ami 
 
 enlisted as a jirivate at atioiit the age tf 'J(i in IT'i 
 
 ]1( 
 
 e .'•ei'ved it years as ii 
 
 ]iii\atc, 2 Ills eoi'iioial, lo as si'ig-eant, and a little over one yiiir as iilfi'ie/, 
 ll;i\iiig seen iniich service in indiaii caiii)iaigiis iu the I'roviiicias Interna-', he 
 was ladniotid to he lieiitcuaiit ior( tdifoinia service' in I)ecenil)er 177!' //':/" '''' 
 
 /' 
 
 SI. i\ 
 
 J!> 
 
 Mil., MS. 
 
 1-J-lM; iv. K 
 
 :i''es .savs el 
 
SAN FRANCISCO OFFICIALS. 
 
 471 
 
 Lasi=o tli(> ]uil)ilitn(l(> was a stupid fellow, tlioUL;li 
 ii(itlicr lislioiu'st nor dissipated, always in trouMc 
 with his accounts, and always ivconinu'iidcd to the 
 executive cleuiency. J)uring- his iirst hiief term in 
 1781""J he managed to leave a deficit of ahoiit !^800; 
 and eaily in 1787 Cajitain Soler discovered a still nioio 
 Miious and inexcusable del'alcation. I fis usual excusi'.s 
 of i()]-L;-e{ fulness, stealinijf l»y soldiers and conxicts. and 
 ihe nieltinLi-away of sugar (huiiii;' tianspojt at ion v. on Id 
 
 no 
 
 M'^er save 
 
 hini: 
 
 lie was susncMH 
 
 P 
 
 ik-d f 
 
 roui oincc 
 
 placed under arrest, and ohlig'ed to live on twenty-li\ e 
 ceiit>. a (lav, the rest of his i)av as alferez beinn* reserved 
 to make up tlu> deficit in his accounts. This state of 
 thin^^s continued lor over lour ycais, and then, tlu.i 
 amount havinn" heen in great [)art rej)aid, he was <lis- 
 missed from the servict;; hut the king suhseipn ntly 
 
 !ian 
 
 ted! 
 
 um retu'enient an( 
 
 1 half 
 
 iiav 
 
 Jose .Vi''ii' 
 
 was tak(,'n from Santa iJarhara and proniotetl to h 
 
 liim nftcr lie m;is sfiit to the finiitici' 'no ticnc iiaiizcs iii ■■isiciitn. ' ]'n,r. Si. 
 
 J'(i/i., MS.. X. I4S. Jll Nov. 17111 the kill!.''.-! ]iC'llllissiiiU Wlis sent to tlio ^'i)\- 
 
 rnior t!> I'lit (Iniizalrz on tliu ntii'fd li.-.t. /</., lU. Ilf iitirxl jis inrtdi-ln to 
 liii^iirio ill Soiioiji, iiiiil Ills iiiinii! Wius (Iroin.id from tlic i iiiii]piiiiy rolls al'tur 
 
 .Jim. 1. ITJCi. /' 
 
 Hi 
 
 MS. 
 
 I.-.7. 
 
 'On IjiissDs San Franfisco troiilik's .si'c corit.'v]ioniliinc in /' 
 
 i. i;!(;~!l; ii 
 ll-'J; viii. 
 
 ;): xi, 
 
 17!l; .x> 
 
 St. P 
 I.- 
 
 MS., vi. !l;!-4; vii. 114 17, l.'l 
 
 MS., 
 , l-'s. 
 
 r 
 
 SI. i\ 
 
 /;. 
 
 .)/'/., Ms., Niii. |(». 
 
 Ni'|it. Iii, 17">'i, Fa','tM H|)c;iUs of tlii' a]i|iointnii'iit of Script, .lo.s,- 1' 
 
 I'Mian- 
 
 (Ic/ as iiliVi cz of .S.ui I'laiK 
 
 l>iit it 
 
 1 not doiii' l)'.'foii' I7'.><>. (In .-anil' <1 iti; 
 
 lie oiilcis tiic (klicit iliaij^iil to tlic <oni)iany. .Inly (i, 17s7. Fa,:ji's Manns So| 
 
 rr 
 
 for not liaviiiu; Ijfin nioro sti-iit lu 
 
 ,Sol 
 
 It J. 
 
 cr wi'iit iij) to stiaiuliicii 
 
 isso"rt ai'i'oiints, but liiinsclf niailc ii Miiiidi'r, (iroliaMy iii 17>i-. An;.;, '.i. 
 
 17^*^, tk( 
 171»l,(;ov.' i; 
 
 111 orilt.' 
 
 L 
 
 ;is.-^u s (li: nil 
 
 -sal u 
 
 Kll 
 
 Uh 
 
 lIclKlt IS |)i 
 
 d. Dv 
 
 I. 
 
 !i-'l)('iiil.s liim from rank and jiav. Ijis.so was rommi-'sioni d 
 iiUVrcz 1-VI). Ii), 17S(). I'n,,:. St. J'a/,., /.'<//. J/-/.. ".MS., iv. I4-I.">. lu I7'.i()li 
 
 was.'!! vuars 
 
 mil i-inuk'. St. J' 
 
 ,l/(.sy., .MS., i. S4. tlioii.-li li- had waliti d 
 
 to iiiari'v in 17iSl. and (lov. Nivu had ln'c n ordcrfd to dismiss liim froiii tli 
 
 sirviii' I 
 
 f lie Jll 
 
 <Ui\ in kit infi'iitioii. /' 
 
 /.'i 
 
 MS., 
 
 .s4. Al 
 
 \~>U in tliO midst of his (nmlilfs l.c w i.-lnd to take a v ifc, ln.t his |i(lition U 
 
 dl-vL 
 
 nil was n fnsid. Arr/i. Slu. llirin 
 
 .MS., xii. ;Hi4 .".. 'J'!n'ro\.d 
 
 oMJur (if ritirciiiiint was forwaidtd hy tiic vicrioy, aiijilitd lor in 17!I4, vitTioy 
 
 to F 
 
 /' 
 
 .sv. /'. 
 
 Am,'. -•4tli. rn.i: St. /' 
 
 '/'• 
 
 .MS , \i. I7'.i, Ai.iil II, I7'.i-'. and 1)V tiieyovcrnor 
 
 MS. 
 
 Xlll. 
 
 KI.V, I'rur. /.'. 
 
 M.S. 
 
 V. C 
 
 d A. 
 
 'I'V.i (in; ;,'o\»'rnor writes to Anilla".a 'our | oor Lasso has rcciivnl lii;i n linnieiit 
 
 Wltll 
 
 hah- 
 A'l 
 
 pay as alien/, as jietitioiiid hy you, for v liieli may ( Jod re wan 
 
 \ 
 
 Iv. 
 
 Jiarte 
 
 (If c.Hiiiiun 
 
 - /' 
 
 ;v !. 'II 
 
 ,sv. / 
 
 loiiL'h 'i|Uiso i,i natiirali z 1 ne'.'aile una pieei ■.•i 
 
 "/• 
 
 MS.. \ii. Ill — vet hvl'irlh levas eiili- 
 
 111 il to I'e called '1*( n.' ] K' Was of ,S|aiii.--li Mood and a lalive i f t hiliiialiil:' 
 
 It 
 
 v,a;i iii-liool-master ut San .Iom' in 1 , 
 
 .1 (), as 
 
 to ]iay a lial; 
 
 inei' .siill <lu( 
 
 y 
 
 y.'i 
 
 .MS. 
 
 lat. 
 
 Al 
 
 d 
 
 !!•, Ii 
 diid Nov. :,(). IN.'I, 
 
 at the aire of 04, heiiiL; buried at San liafael. Anh. Mi 
 
 MS. 
 
 1. 'JO.'). 
 

 Ml 
 
 it 
 
 
 472 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS. 
 
 lioiitonant from June 17.S7, takinijf diarn'i' at tlio same 
 time of the accounts.'"' Juan PaI)lo (;liljalva was tln' 
 (•omj)aiiy',s ser^'caut until 17s7, when he was sent as 
 alfei'cz to San Diego, and IV'di'o Amador was promoted 
 to ill I his ]»lace. 
 
 Tlu- prcsidial force was thirty-four men besides tlic 
 officers, from liftcen to twenty of whom served in the 
 {^•arrison wliile the rest did iruard duty at the mission, 
 at Santa Clara, and at San Jose. With their families 
 they amounted to a ])oi)ulation of ahout one hunch'ed 
 and thii'ty. Oi the })residio l)uildini;s there is noth- 
 in*'' to Ite said l)evond the fact that from want of tini- 
 ber, bad (juality of adobes, and lack of skilful workmen 
 no permanent ]»ro!^ress was made during' the decade. 
 Some ])ortion of tin; walls was generally in ruins, and 
 the solchers in sonn; cases had to erect the old-fash- 
 ioned palisa(k' structures to shelter their families.'^ 
 Local events as n-corcU-d were neither numerous n<ir 
 very exi-itini*'. The natives gave no trctnble save by 
 tlie raiv thel't of a horse or cow, for which ojleuc^e 
 
 tl 
 
 lev we 
 
 re chastised once or twic(> in 17S.">: and 
 
 17yG neo})hytcs were arrested and Hogged for ra\a 
 among the soldiers' cattk'.^ 
 
 Tl'S 
 
 Tl 
 
 lese ca 
 
 ttle 1 
 
 )eeame so 
 
 numeious as to be troublesome, and slaughter was 
 begun as early as 1784 to I'cduce the nundtcr to eight 
 or nine hundrt'd.''^ Ca)>tain Soler complained nuich 
 of the bad climate of the place, and even advocated, 
 
 IS We Jia\'e sei. 
 
 n, its abandonment; but in tl 
 
 le e\'es ol 
 
 higher oiiicials the importance of the location on San 
 F]an<isco l>ay, and the duty of protecting the mission, 
 outweighed the peculiarities of the })eninsula climate.'* 
 
 •''" Af^'ii<llo'.s f()!iiinif:si(iiMViis forNMUik'd liy tlu; gdiciiil ]V1). !l, 17^7. /'ri>r. 
 ,S7. /'<!/,.. MS., vii. 4.'.. ]lc left Siiiitii Jliirlliira Aio-il l-_'th. Id., 07. Tn,,k 
 
 I 
 
 loississiiiii (if oilici' .'it Situ l'"riiiKis(.() .(iiiic I'Jtli 
 
 /'roi'. St. J'(ii>., MS., X. )(i(i: xi. .".:{. lit .1; 
 prcsiilio was lildv. ii d iwii in a jinle. J(L, v. U'.t. 
 
 'y 
 
 I7si t 
 
 ic ruilR'l' o: 
 
 f til. 
 
 'Scix'i 
 
 r. S/. I\ 
 
 'I' 
 
 M 
 
 .•>.. IV 
 
 •Jl, .S(l; /' 
 
 iis., ii. i:u. 
 
 iiut Urijiilvji liail ipVci- ."lO li(a<l, .mikI was (irdcicd U> loiiiovi' tlio sur- 
 
 plus \\ liLit' liny wiiiild not inti'itVri' v itli tlic niissinn luids. J'n.r. y.'c., MS. 
 1. 17^1, If^I. .lanuar.N "J.'i, 17^S, l'a,:;<s savs tliat lii'Mdl siiid nun to Imild 
 (•(inal at San Malio and tluic to /.'atliiT sfoek llom Sun Jliuno to SiUitii Clalii 
 
 it' jasti 
 
 61 
 
 ' ^'I'dWs staiic. /'/., iii. 10. 
 
 I'iul: at. I'ui'., MS., vii. 117; v. 4, 5. 
 
AFFAIK.S AT SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 473 
 
 Tlirrc was some trouble about tlio ]ioi-(<irnianco of a 
 < liaplaiu's duties at the presidio, and i'oi- over two 
 vears the soldiers heard no mass unless at tlic mis- 
 n; hut in Fe'jruary a chapel was comi'li'letl, after 
 
 which time the friars madi; occasional visit: 
 
 Sau 
 
 I'i.'incisco was honored hy scvei'al visits from tlu; gov- 
 cnioi', and in Au^'ust 1784 was the hirthplaci; of his 
 dau!j;hter,'''*' A sailor from the Pn'nccsa, who had 
 scr\ed out his time, remained at San Francisco in 
 17h4, intending to establish a school; but it does not 
 iijijiear that he succeedc.'d.'^' 
 
 The mi.>si<')n ol'San Francisco in respect of neophytes 
 wa-i the smallest of the old establishments, havini^ 
 increased in llie ei^ht years from 21.") to 4."5H. ]]ap- 
 ti.-iii.s had been a.j I, and deaths 203. '"^ T\ui inci"<'asc 
 of herds was, of lai^u stock from 554 to 2,000, mill of 
 small from 2S4 to 1,700. Notwithstanding' the small 
 aiea and barren nature of the soil, which, as Fan"es 
 States in his |i>"eneral re})ort, had yielded but Muail 
 cr(»ps, wetind that the yield in 171)0 was ;.),700 bushels, 
 excelled by only four in the list of missions. ]t ap- 
 pears, however, that the 8:>winu^ Mas done mostly 
 at a s[)ot ten or twelve miles distant down the penin- 
 sula.''' 
 
 In the ministry Pedro Benito Cambon, the foundei', 
 sci'vc'd thi'ouj^'hout the whole ])(.'riod; and l''i'aiieisco 
 I'alou, also a founder, until 1785, when he I'ctired to 
 his colh'ge at a ri[)e old age."" Miguel (jiiribeL waa 
 
 •J'rrr. St. Pap., :MS., vii. 0!); Prov. ItiC, MS., i. I'Ji 
 
 ',S'. J'niii'inco, Lih. (/(> Mialuii, MS., 'JO-1. 
 
 •/Vo/'. y.Vf., MS., i. i,s:{. 
 
 -ill 17S4 the govfiiior I'uports italsoas having one of the poorest cliurchc:!. 
 
 .1/;, 
 
 'I'l 
 
 .1/; 
 
 I'al 
 
 '/(/ Ctiloii., MS., i. 14.")-7. 
 
 <l ('o/<in., MS., i. 14.^ 
 
 raniisco I'ahni, s mictinu's written with an acci'ut l',il'>n, Mitlmut any 
 
 Ml reason 
 
 far a-i 1 1, 
 
 now, was h'lin 
 
 it I'ahiiii in the Island nf Mai 
 
 [niilialily in 17--. Mr I'nyle in liisintiMilui'tinii to tln^ reiiriiit ef /' 
 
 (■■■"<, i. iii., iiifer:< that the tlate was 
 
 iit I7n»; lint in a Icti 
 
 it.il J7S:J, 
 
 J.'af. Mdi., iv. (17-8, tiie jiailio ealls liiiiiMlt' (il years (if a:,<'. 'J'akiii..; the 
 liaMtof San Francisco he entereil the laiiuip;;! convent of the city, ami in 
 17-i>) liee^iiiie ailisriple of .)niu|ieid Sena. ^\ ith \\ lioni ami with Juan ( 'respi of 
 
 til 
 
 e same ei:n\eii 
 Xo'.nnteered f .r l! 
 
 t h 
 
 Ai 
 
 intiacled a lile-loii'_' li ienii;-ln|v 
 
 Willi 
 
 iK 1 lean inissiuns in 
 
 v.). 
 
 It 
 
 ■ \\ 
 
 (VmI; 
 
 August, and luudcd at Vera Cruz in DeceiiiLier. Joininy the college of iSau 
 

 !, i -.' 
 
 *' 
 
 Ui 
 
 474 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AXD STATISTICS. 
 
 stationed luiv in ITSf)-?; Santia'L^^o in 17Rn-7; S-.jla 
 and (larcia in 1787-1)0; and Danti iioni 17i)U. 
 
 IJcrore Icavinu;- San Francisco 1 present a map wliidi 
 l)elonL;s to the period under consideration, liein^' ;i, 
 copy of a Spanish cliai-t pnhlislied in \ai J/erousc's 
 atlas and ])rol»ably obtained l>y that voyayer at r^Ioii- 
 torey in 1780. 
 
 At Santa Clara Mission the nc>w adobe cliurch was 
 dedicated on Siuuhiy, ^lay la, 1784, by Serra, J'aloii. 
 and l\ua, in the presence oC Faires and ]\[oi'a''a, tli.' 
 
 Fi'i'iKiiidii, lie \v;iM iitJ.si','iR'(l ti) till! Sicrni ( Innlii iiiissicii'^, wlicri! lie ;i( i\t il fimii 
 IT'iO to I7"i'.l, H.il(oi'i|n(.'!illy liviii:,' at llic ii)llci,'o for S yiiii-s. Aj>[>iiiiit(il tn 
 l':ijii( 'alil'd'.iiia hi! ;>riivcil iit Lorclo in A])ril 17*>S, touk t'!iar;;e of Sail iVaiiciscu 
 .Javior; and in 17t>!t al'.ci' Suii'a'.s ilciiailiii'c for tlic liorili liiraiiio avliii.; jii'f. i- 
 
 (Iviit. Ill May )■ 
 
 lie luirn iii'.iTcil till' iiiissioiiM to tliii l>.iiiiiii 
 
 Irani am 
 
 80011 jstarteil iiortli, aniviiit' iit San l>ii'oa 
 
 it 111 
 
 if Au'.i'.ist aii'l at .Ml 
 
 t ri'y ill Xovi'iiilii T of tlii! saim: yoar, .sniiling in the lirst aimiial ri'iinrt on tlit- 
 inii-sioii.-s and ait in;,' as ]ii"sldi'!it until Si rra's ivtnin at tlio lii'^inniiij,' nf 
 1771. l'"or two yi'aivi ;;iid a half hi! ki'ImmI at Sail ( Vulos, and in .lunu I "(i 
 
 vunt to foiinil the San Franc 
 
 stahli 
 
 L'lltS, 1 
 
 lavinif liii'VK 
 
 ^ly 
 
 iti'.l 
 
 t!ui ]K'niii.siila twice, in Nov. 1774 and Sc)it. I77(>. His lirst entry in the 
 mission ri'^iistiTs bens date of An;/. 1(1, 177(1. before the nii.^.sion wai fonii- 
 Jilly founded, and his h^st was on duly '_'."), I7sri, and not July 'JO, 17Sl, as 
 
 J).i 
 
 says. 
 
 S. J\ 
 
 l/,h. <lr M) 
 
 MS. 
 
 'I' 
 
 lero IS I'.notuer 
 
 entry of .July l.'S, I7N'>. About 17^0, by reason of illdiealth. 
 
 sked le 
 
 to retire, \vliieli was panted; but wliieh he eould not jirolit by at tiist for 
 want of tiausporlaf ion, then for want of a mb.stitute, and linally on aceonnt 
 of new in-triietioiis eoiineeted with the foundation of a eustody; but in 17s;j, 
 feaiiii;,' by lousier d. lay to be ineapaeitaied for so Ion,' a voya;,'e, he w iiite to 
 
 ]).in .lose lie (!, he/ to obtain from the k 
 
 in 
 «'f Aim. lo, 17Ji.'f. in lll.-t. M 
 
 (Kt. 5. 17^4. and 
 
 '/;/., ly. ()7 !•. 
 
 iiiL,' new jie'.iiii.-sion to retire, 
 
 Letter 
 
 t'i:'t Faloii return to his eolh 
 
 I eiinespi.nuinu; decree o 
 
 Tl 
 .f tl 
 
 result was a royal order of 
 lieiiii.i of l''tb. IS, 17s"), 
 
 le am 
 
 A/., Hit. Meaiiwli 
 l)li 
 
 lie Sena i 
 -t h 
 
 lied 
 
 17S1 and I'alou aa senior nii^.;ionary was obli;,'id auainst his own wishes to 
 ill;,' jiresideiit, rcsidiii;,' part of the time at San C.irlos, but eliielly 
 
 61 rye as art 
 
 il Sa 
 
 111 I raiieiseo eie'aL'iil in wri 
 
 itili!.' his Life of Sen- 
 
 I, nil 
 
 til L; 
 
 isiieii riceiyiM 
 
 !0 ap;i iintiniiit la Sej 
 
 t. I7S.' 
 
 I'al 
 
 on was now frei! to iro, mid sailed, I ; 
 
 pose, on llij lar-tfi/d late in .Seiitrmber, which touched at ;-aiita 
 ivith ii lend of himlicr, /'roc S/. l'']i., .MS., vi. biti, and arriyed at 
 
 l!dil);'v;i 
 
 oil Noy. 1 1. (/ 
 
 fVn (/<■ 
 
 Th 
 
 lire i.-i, lioueyer, a i 
 
 lillielllty; 
 
 or the 
 
 rifa torched ut Saiila Jiarbara Oct. 1st, and FaLjes in Monterey wrote on Oct. 
 
 3d. 
 1 
 
 ^ylolllll;4 thejiailn 
 
 l^li 
 
 :isant voyaj,'e. 
 
 y '/•«(■. Jill-., MS., iii. 
 
 'I 
 
 lere may 
 
 )e an error in one of thef~u dates, or else possibly i'alon departed in the 
 Manila [ralieoii .'•>'((/( ,ii.,i ' \yliicli touched at Monten y iu Noyember. /'/•..(•. Ihr. 
 MS., ii. 
 Burt a V 
 
 11. !i.1 
 
 li 
 
 uiy 
 
 e he reaeliei 
 
 th 
 
 ■re on Feb. •_'!, 17s;i. An-h. Sl'> 
 
 jS.. xii. '2'.t; and oii.luly 1st was elected L'uatilian. Iil., \\. '.'l t-l •"). 
 Sometime befon: .Ian. \1, I7S7. he ]irisented;i report to the .u'oyii-jiineiit 'U the 
 Btaio of tiil'airs in t'alii'oi;iia. Id., yiii. .'$:(. Nothiii;; further i-i l;iioy,n of him, 
 bat he txei.iS to baye In ed only it few years. I think l:e died b. fore I7'.l'*. 
 The >;iiarili,in in I7'.IS, mentionim,' the death if X'iceroy tlalyex, wliieh occurred 
 in Xoy. I7>''(>, tay^i that I'alou dieil 'a lilt'e latii,' aiid imi'liisthat it was 
 before IJomeu's rule which bef.:aii in 171(1*. St. I'nji., ^l.'.w. (iinl Colon,, MS., 
 
 i. 4S. The earlie.'.|, eoiiiiiniiiic.'.tion that I 
 
 liayc Keen .'•■,iL;nci 
 
 1 b\- his srcce'- 
 
 us guar 
 
 iliuu is (kited IS'oyeiiiber 17t»-*, thouyli it is of course possible that 
 
SAN FRANTISCO AND VICIXITY. 
 
 475 
 
 La P^nofSE's M.\i- i>v San Fi:ANcisto. 
 
476 
 
 LOCAL KVnXTS AXD STATISTICS. 
 
 I'oi'incr scrviii;^ as jxulr'nio, willi all tlio solcinnltics 
 prc'sci'IlMil li\ tho lilomaii ritual."^ 
 
 Tlii.-^ •liurcli was the liiu'st yet ercctt'd in Calitnniia; 
 vi't its (li'vlicatiou was a sad occasion, since uiidcr tin,' 
 c'llilicc lay tliu liody of its architect and hiiildt r. tin' 
 l')ii]idcr<»t' tho mission, FatluT A[urL>iiia, who had died 
 only I'onr days bci'oro, a missionary well beloved and 
 motirned hy all."" His comi>anion lounder, Toiicis dc 
 la I'eha, served until 171)4, althouj4'h tlier(> were c'liu- 
 ilaints a'-ainst him lorcrui'ltv to the neo|ih\les under 
 h.is chai;;'e.'''' ^lur^uia was succeeded hy J)ie«^<) do 
 Noboa, and I'l'osideut Lasuen seems to have resided 
 
 I'nlou resi'.'iicd. Taylor, Diiroi: ami I-'mntil' ry, ii. Xi>. '_'S, 17I, sjiys In' stems 
 
 to linvo (lit'd iil)i)ut IT'Jii. F 
 
 villi: lie (if liis Im 
 
 Bi;;iiatiii'»' NCI' S. Ai:l<iiihi, Doc. S.iillus. ^JS., 1,'J. 
 
 luhviiting wiili aiitDuiiilili 
 
 It i 
 
 ■s cliu ;:y 
 
 through liis \viitiiiL'.s, tlic Vida ih: Jimi/.n-o N< /•/•■' inn 
 
 Kolir'dx ill' CiiHh ruin, liotli of which have licm iiotic;i 
 
 I fnll\ 
 
 1 t! 
 li 
 
 cliiii(t( r, tli.it I'lilou's fame will live; yet as u liii.ssii)iiary iiud as a man 
 
 111 II iiieiHilini; 
 Ic 
 
 (Icsei-yco a very liig'l jilaeo anion 
 
 the ( 'aiironiiaii friar.- 
 
 I 
 
 bat little inferior to Serra in executive alaliiv and in de\otioii to his \Miik 
 
 .h.ilc 
 
 e HI e-.'eiy other resjicct, save )io»sili!y in 
 
 theoh 
 
 d ami doL;iiiatic I 
 
 tam- 
 
 ing, he wa.-i fully hi.< eijual. His views as j-xpressetl in his \\ riliiiLS art; nota- 
 bly broad, iiiactieal, and liberal. 1' ' 
 
 lion, .^cira, 
 
 d (' 
 
 1 iirescn 
 
 I'ooi 
 
 U\ 
 
 -f tl 
 
 u-' niissionary. 
 
 iii cliaract'-r, but rather f 
 
 frienilship did not lesuli froiii ; 
 I 'tl 
 
 riini tipiiosite (]Ualities; and their rei-i|irocal coiih- 
 
 ted three 
 
 ■iieila; iiy 
 
 il 
 
 • Icnee aiu 
 
 1 /cal for a eonnnon oljjeet.'as ])oyle remark 
 
 hi not fail to 
 
 nrove most beiicliciiil to the enterprise in which tiny all Idl, the greatest 
 
 interest 
 
 11 
 
 <((,//'( CI ira. Arch. Parroq., MS., 1'2. Hoof of beams 'labradas y ei 
 
 lo i)jsil)le.' Fa 'es to general, in /';•■ 
 
 M,- 
 
 V, 
 
 llali'.'i lilt. X. .lu 
 
 AVo-'l\)\ LcvitlnScraii Bui'k. The date has been incorrectly giveiias May hit! 
 
 Poliij 
 
 '-.b)se]ih .\ntonio de Jesns Alalia de .Miirgiiia was born J)ec. 10, 171">, at 
 
 iva, Spain. JIc came tt> Americii as a layi 
 
 but became a 
 
 Franciscan at Sau Fernando college .Inne l2!>, 17;i<i; was ordained as a juics^t 
 
 Fame missions of the Sierra (iorda in 1 7 If*. 
 
 ill 1711; and was assi 
 Jlcrelit^ tnihdfor l!»'ve 
 
 d to 
 
 the 
 
 years aiii 
 
 1 built the I'rst 
 
 t'.'.at of San .Miguel. Transferred in 17lJ7 tt) IJaja Calif 
 
 (iiiry church in the distiict; 
 
 oriiia 
 
 he It 
 
 d J 
 
 ore to 
 
 A;)ril 1, 17'iS, and was assigiietl to Santiairo mission, wiiere he seivcil uiuil 
 
 >■ 
 
 I7i)'.'. Ill June he was at San .losil' del ( 'alio wailiii'' to eiiibaik for ( al- 
 
 ii iinia: Imt sickness saveil his life by ]ireveiitin;,' liini from sailing on tli 
 
 f ted Sn II Jb 
 
 lit 
 
 e subseijUeiitly sei vi 
 
 d at San .1; 
 
 lint 
 
 j iiictl I'aloii at Santa Alalia and 1 
 
 Hiaiiied him to San I)iego, arriving -Au;. 
 
 th. licsidiiig for a while as supernumerary at San .\iitonio, ho bec.imc 
 
 luiiiister of San Luis Obispo in Oclolni' 177;!, and in 
 Santa ( lai'a M here he served continuoiislv until his deal 
 
 \} 
 
 iov tit 
 
 ai y 1777 foiiii ieil 
 ilictl while pre- 
 
 lication the church on which he had workc. so hard asarchiicct 
 
 tlii'cctor, and even laborer. He wa; 
 tlie iii>w eili ice by I'a'oii, Siuifri < lit 
 
 Inuicd on May I'Jtli n the [ircsbyti ry of 
 
 (/-■ J/; 
 
 .M,^ 
 
 :! 4, 1. 
 
 y Sena anil ollit 
 
 had 
 
 leea rcgart'.ei 
 
 y wliom as 
 L'l friar. J'ul'ni, IV(/((, 'Ji > (i. 
 
 that 
 
 I''a,a's in a. leport to tlie;:eiieral in l7''<ls|ie;!ksof these complaints, stai 
 
 or tvm hiili 
 
 d from thiullecli of liij wverity, ami that Ir 
 
 will be retii'cd to his college. I'ruV. Si. I'ciii., MS., ii. liiO. 
 
PUEBLO PROORESS AT SAX JOSft. 
 
 477 
 
 lull' imicli of tlio time from 1780 to 17S0. There 
 were no serious troiiMes with the natives, though the 
 IK ■< 'I iliytes were sometimes inchned to taiie part in tlic; 
 jietty wars of the "^entiles."^ In agricultural advaii- 
 t;ii^('s Santa Clara was deemed su[)eiior to any otlui" 
 mission exeept San (Jahriel, an<l erops of i>rain and 
 fruit were usually lar<je, althon''h in 17!)0 the harvest 
 nf L'jSrS hushels was less than that of San Francisco, 
 l^ar^'o stock had increased since 17.s:{ IVoui 4<K) to 
 L'.S I 7, and small stock from ')P)4: to H;]G head, ilapt isms 
 had heen 1,-70, many more than elsewhere, hutdeatlis 
 had heen (531), a pi'oportionally laruje tiiLnu'e; yet with 
 ail increase from .338 to 027, Santa (^1ara stood thinl 
 iu the list in respect of the number of converts. 
 
 Of the nine settlers of San Jose to whom lands 
 were formally distributed i?» 1783, but who had be- 
 come settlers in 1780 or earlier, the term of the last 
 one. Claudio Alvires, ex|)ired in August 1785, and no 
 rations were subsequently supi)lied by the <;()vein- 
 nient. Sebastian Alvitro had bi-en expelled i'or bad 
 conduct; but in 1780 ei^ht of the or;,;inal nini; I'c- 
 luained, and ten new names had been added as sol- 
 diers or (f (J )'('(/(.« I OS. Ten more wT're added before 
 ]7'.M). This latter class was composed of discharu'ed 
 soldiers who became settlei's, ditl'ering irom the pol)la- 
 (lon s in receiving no pay or I'ations, The soldiers of 
 tlie guard were practically settlers froui the iirst, men 
 being selected for the duty usually whose time of dis- 
 cliai'ge was near, and who intended to remain perma- 
 nently at the pueblo."'' In 17l»0 the total populati; u 
 
 •"'^Two or tliro'^ neopliytos woro cliastiseil l)y tlic padres for liiiii^' pvosciit 
 at a L'liitilo figlit, ami Scrj^t. Amador was sent to warn tliL'pa.i,'aiis not totfiiipt 
 the converts. A paj.'an laborer ef San .losi' was lloLTged and imprisoned for 
 iiKitiny hostilities. This in 17'Sti. Ai;,'iie]loto l-'ages, in J'nir, ><. I'a/i., MS., 
 viii. 7'i-7. Scrgt. Cota ordered toexjilore from Santa Clara to Santa Ro:;a on 
 the other side of the siirra, May "J, ITS.'). J'ror. I'k:, ^IS., ii. ". 
 
 ■"The ten names of 17<S(5 were: M muel Diitron, Ignaeio Castro, Manuel 
 Higiiera, Ignaeio Linaies, Sefcrino Lugo, Milario Mesa, XasarioSae/, Ignaiio 
 Soto, Felipe Tapia, Ataiiasio Vaz(jue:'. I'mv. Sf. /'«/)., MS., v. 'J4-."), JT-H. 
 Four received rations during the year, doid)tless as invalids. See also St. 
 J'(q>., •S'((C., Mis., i. 30. Mauucl Valencia Mas a settlor who died iu 1768. I'rov. 
 
478 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AXU STATISTICS. 
 
 i<\ 
 
 Hi 
 
 ', i t 
 
 Mas iil)()utc'i»;lity. Aijfrluultui'ul prodiK.-ts iuiioiiiiitd to 
 ul)i»ut 2,"J;30 laishcls; wliilo lariife stock had iiicivascil 
 from 417 to 980, and shi.'e[» liad decreased IVoiii ,S(ju 
 to COO. 
 
 San Josu was less prosperous than Los Anjj^elts, .it 
 least during tlie first lialt' of the decadi'. Seveial 
 causc!S cf)ntributetl to tiiis result, one of \vliich \\iis 
 inellicient inanaj»'enient and local y'overnnient. Tlic 
 regulation allowed the governor to appoint alcnhhs 
 tlie lirst throe 3'cars, after wh id i time they were t«> ho 
 elected by the peo|)le. Fages, however, permitted an 
 election, Ignacio Archuleta was chosen for I7S:!, and 
 ]\resa, corporal of the guard, was i'emov(Ml iir Se[>leiii- 
 lier of that year for inharmonious relations with tlie 
 alcalde. Who held the position of alcalde in 17S4 the 
 reconls fail to show; but by reason of irregularities 
 and slow progress the governor was obliged to resume 
 the power of a[»pointment, naming Manuel Cjonzalez 
 as alcalde I'or 178.") with liomcro and Alvires as 
 regidoi'cs, and also appointing a eomisionado to man- 
 age these otKcials. C^trporal Jose ]Jominguez, the 
 successoi- of JMesa, M'as at lirst made eomisionado but 
 died ])rol)ably before the a]»poiiit'ment reached him.'" 
 Ignacio Yallejo, who had been sent to San Jose in 
 January to make a survey for a new dam or rcservoii', 
 remained as corporal to succeed ])omingue/,, and in 
 ^Afay was appointed eomisionado by Fagos, with duties 
 
 St. I'np., MS., viii. 71. Mesa, Tapia, Ifigncra, niul Lugo were soltlici-s in 
 ]'^'l nud tilt" (Hicstioii came ii]i wliotliiT tliiy ouyht like tlie oiii;iiial .scttlui-f 
 to lio t.'.\(iii]it tViiin titiii'H fiiiici.' tiuy cnUiviitcd lamls like tlio rtst. /'/vt. J!ic., 
 MS., i. l(i;{-4. .Inly .■{!», IT.'iN, Ar'ticlli) iT'ixirts having gone tn San .]iis('' tn 
 put iguacivi Castro ami Sefciino J.i!:^i) in ii'iMscssion of Lmds, lait did not du 
 K') liccan.se tlicy claiiiiod pay and rations, only allowed to the oiigii:al settlers. 
 .S . i'fi/:, J/Zw. (ti.fl Ci.luii., MS., i. .■,0-1. 'la the list of ITiK) the liaMie vi 
 la'cia diNajiprrr.s a.id ther;' appear those of .Toa<|uin Castro, .\ntoni;> Ali'grc, 
 ..Viitoiiio Aceves, l;'naeio Jliguera, ami I'eilro Cayiit'las, ";/(■(;/'(•'"■'■■.■ (!alirirl 
 Prralta, L'ainoii I'ojorges, ami .Inau Antonio Ainez(inita, tuvtU'do.i; and 
 J'acario Custro, eorporal of the gnard. " Argiiello'.s report in <SV. ]'fip., Jliat., 
 
 MS., i. IS, (;o-;i. 
 
 •'•'Kaj'es to general I'Vl). 1, 178.', in I'ror. Pur., MS., i. IST S. Ho 
 nnnounees the eliange.s mentioned in my text, ami asks if he eaiinot reajipoint 
 (ion/alez the next year. The record.s do not show if this was perniitled, the 
 next alcalde mentioned being Antonio Koniero in 1790. Dominguez dii^d on 
 ,lan. Hist, tiie day before the date of Fagcs' letter. Sta. Clara, Lib. dc 
 Minion, MS., 3o. 
 
 I< • 
 
OFFK^IALS AND EVEXT.S AT SAX JOSi':. 
 
 470 
 
 llkr those of \'i('(Mito I'Y'lix at AiijL'vU.'s."' Vall'-jit liud 
 ^.llllt• N]K.'cial litness lor <lii-cclin<^ a;L,'iiciiltin"al opera- 
 tions, was allowed to cultivate vaeiiiit lauds on his own 
 iiccouiit, and held his position lor seven years tliou^LJfh 
 
 ioL withtuit opposit ion. 
 
 Tol 
 
 uni, or latliiT to t lie wist; 
 
 iii.>trU('lions j>iven him, Faues attributed the puebl 
 
 us 
 
 i' 
 
 lo s 
 
 latei' pros})enty 
 
 The jiuehlo did not luako umjc''. advance in the 
 mat lei- of huildin,L;'s, since notliin;,^ hut |>a1isMde struct- 
 ures with roofs of earth were erected; hut theie was 
 ydod I'eason for this. The s'ite at lirst selected foi* 
 tlie house-lots proved to bo too low, and e\|iose(| to 
 inundation in wet .seasons. 1'hei'e was a ])rojK)siti(»n 
 W) to move the town a. short dist.ince to a hi-'her 
 
 in 
 
 .t. In I 
 
 / i^t 
 
 (jieneral L",i4aitu aut!iori:'.ed the ti'an.- 
 
 I'cr,an(l it was made soon after, certainly bclore 17'.)i, 
 the sliu'lit nature of the buildini.M makinj^ the opera- 
 tion an easy one."* 
 
 ( );!e of Fa'^es' ilrst acts on t:dciii!jj command was to 
 iiiai'ch in January ]7s;^) again t t!iu gentiles of tin.- 
 S.ui Jose region who had stolen some hoi'ses Ironi 
 
 MS. 
 
 \';ill(';i)'s iipiKiiiitiiii'iit fliiti'il .(u1y IS, lys.'i. JustriK'tiniis in /' 
 
 rji-; 
 
 an. 
 
 Mill, V 
 
 voir. JJ'j't. S/. /'.'/-., .S". ./'. 
 
 alU'io ii:nii('ii 
 , MS., i. 
 
 I ti> iiiiikc cNjloratidii.f tor l\w w^vv- 
 
 'Fa'xs t.) Itonicii, Fil). •-'(!, I7!)l,iu I'rov. St. Pa/:, MS., x. l.-.-X In 
 OitulAi' 1787 ('apt. iSdiiT WLiit i'> Sail .Jut^u it iiivL'sti;;ato LLTUaii ili.irycs of 
 
 tl.f p ■( pF,' aL'ainst tln^ cm 
 
 iii.iaiiailo. 
 
 AH that tlic taiiU-fiMilin;^ ill :pc(;t(iro()ulil 
 iiml n;ain:;t V'alli'J!), in his ollicial ca]i.aity at Ica-t, Mas a nia:r':i i.i.ii/iitt'i, 
 \,liii'.evL'V (hat may hu. He ivcDiiiiiuink'.l that he liu put tu pfi'.soiial lahor iu 
 till' luLlij; Imt iiothini.; was dune in tlic^ inalicr. lit., vii. \V,2. 
 
 '"Hall, Jii.<f. S'lii ./.«••, 4:i-.");), irronr.)ii.-ily .states that there vasalonfj cor- 
 lespfiiiik'nce on ihu .suljcct in 17'.>7, aiul tliat tho roiKisal v.ai cu'i'i'icil i.i that 
 
 i:;dj 
 
 I.ut tlie 
 
 pi.;i 
 
 iloftl 
 
 at year vas aljcmt 
 
 (la 
 
 ;l);t 
 
 1, ami ni the ocrrcsiioniicnco the 
 
 Mit; I 
 
 ■f l! 
 
 tl 
 
 woi n nil ^.-i in iuu 
 jwu' i 1 niuiitiont"! 
 
 i.iurcuvLi' 
 
 1' 
 
 :ir:i;:i 111 
 
 lii iiistriu'tions of I7!*l lo I! 
 
 ;;( c 
 
 f tl 
 
 lu ciian''j 
 
 10 
 
 Irciuly flioctcd. Pi:,r. St. P'l/i., .MS., x. \o2. N'allojo liitit urged tl 
 'V;^l on Fell. "JO, 17;i"<, in a e jniliiiinieatiun ti» .Moivva. I'lr..' la.t. ;• I'ouii 
 
 i ui...ealt to decide liee. 
 
 !■' ia'!V 
 
 ited to settlei 
 
 Hi 
 
 ,1 
 
 the land on Ui<' prop.i-id fiito li.-.d iiheady luen 
 
 dii"'lv addl^■.s^ltd Fav.e i on .\ii; 11 Ist. /' 
 
 MS. 
 
 V. -Jii. 
 
 On .Maivh 'Itli F, 
 
 :;c.s wPKc;! 
 
 ill iiie. 
 
 id^ 
 
 Ihi 
 
 Pi'/'f. St. Pep., ,s'. ./o.vr, MS., i. -J.") 
 )f San .rosi!! that lliey shall Ih! at no expense in t'io reniovr.l, and tliat 
 
 to \':.l' 
 J,;ly 
 
 e, I i'.p|ivoVili^,' tll'3 
 
 7Ui lij ii.isur'.s 
 
 1' 
 
 ill F 
 
 wo no l,-,nil -I'or it .secnis tliere v.\im a fear that to move t!ia 
 
 1 wo'.ilil also move thi' houiidaiy lielweeii ihi; pU'.hlo and Ini.-^ioii land 
 
 1'.. 
 
 }.h<., iii. I)l)-1, J'a'.'ea icfer.s the matter to I' 
 
 ii. 1-(J 
 
 :)n Auu. ."itl 
 
 (I that I'liieial 
 
 .h 
 
 !1, 17S7. [;Taiits i: 
 
 le ]e,icion < 
 
 f th 
 
 and order.s I'lat there be no cluuigu in the buundary lines. St. Pctp. 
 id Culo.i., MS., i. 274. 
 
m 
 
 LOCAL FA'EXTS AN'D STATISTICS. 
 
 the Rottlcrs. Th(? warliko jj^oviTnor killed two of llic 
 t'lit'iny, IViLrlitc'iM'd tlio rest into compUto Kulmiissioii, 
 jiiul for yrais al'tcr attributed to this campai^ai the 
 prevail iiii,' (jiiiet ainon;,' <,a'ntiles. ]Jut a<^ain in I7ss 
 it W'iXH iie('(!ssury to iilace til'teen natives, inelu<liii'; 
 three ehiels, at w.)rk in the presidio, for horsi'- 
 stejiliiiLj.'" I'lu-re is little more to he said of loc.il 
 happeniiijj^s at San Jose for this period. Sonu' of 
 the settlers were imprisoned and put in irons f(»r 
 refusiiiLj to work on a house for the town eouiicii, 
 I<^nacio Archuleta, ex-alealde, heintr ringleader. Tlie 
 river hroke through the old dani and tlu; <^overnor 
 r(>solved to huild a new one of niasonrv. I'wo ho\s 
 drowned an Indian to amuse themselves, hut in eon- 
 siiloration of their tend(>r years were dismissed with 
 twenty-tive lashes administered in presence of the 
 natives. All this in 1784; the tithes for which yea 
 amounted to .^1"J8.'" 
 
 ^T,tln„, X„t., ii. :JI)2; Prnv. /.Vc, MS., ii. 9S; I'l., iii. 9S, 170. Tliiily- 
 five ll(s. jxiwilcr, S(K) biilli'is, mid \i)') flints sent to San Joso as ruserve ainiiiu- 
 nitinn in Auu'iist I7'"^">. /'/•. iii. •!'• 
 
 " /'/•()/•. Ji'ii;, MS., i. KIS, 17-; iii. 22-:i. A wooden ffrannry liad )m"1i 
 completed ill i'l'ceiiilji'r \'^'2. J'n.r. St. I'ltp., MS., iii. |(;(>-7. A Kettler juit 
 in tiie stoeiiM in 17f>''< for assuultiny liia coqjoral, and corporal reprini.auded 
 for bia violence. Ii., vii. 131. 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 RULE OF ROMEU. 
 1701-17fi^. 
 
 RkHIH NATION fiF pKnUO FaOES — TUANSFEK oF THE OnirK, AT I.nltETO — 
 InsIKIC TIONS T(t TIIK NeW (JdVKUNOi; —LAST A( rs (tK FACliS - I, Hi; AND 
 ClIAltACTKIl — AUIMVAl, i)F lloMEf I'AII.ISr HeAI.TH .iiil K". 1;Y Tci MmN- 
 TEItEY— I'liLlCV WITH THE FllL.. ..J— KdMKU's T^UATII — Vlsll' «>1 M VI.AS- 
 IMNA IN THE 'l)i:S( IIIIKKTA' AND ' AtKEVj i'A '— TlIE Fl ItsT Am I.Kli AN IN 
 CaIIIOUMA- F' EI'AliATIONS Toll Nl'V Ml.i.iMVS— LasI|:\"s lllliiUTS— 
 
 EsTAiii.isHiNd <iE Santa Curz — Annals of Vdist J)i;('\1)I. Imuan 
 Tuoi'iii.Es— Statistics— CHriicu Dedicated — Fi.oritiNd Mii.i. Mis- 
 
 FOItTlNE— (^t'AUUi;I„Hl>ME PADIIKS — Al.oNSO IsiDKU SaI.A/AI: -I>AI.1><>. 
 
 MEiu) Lopez— Manuel Fernandez— ForNinNo and Ivm.i.v A- naus of 
 SoLEDAD Mission— Immoual Fuiaks- Maisiano Ilinf— Statistics. 
 
 Pedro Fages, worn clown b}^ work, and more by 
 tlie nnxieties imposed on a nervous teniiK-rament 
 growing; out of the responsibilities of liis position Jis 
 governor, asked to be relieved of the oflice iuid ti) bo 
 {^'ranted leav(> of absence that he nii^lit revisit S[)ain. 
 In ^iay 1790 his resii^Miation was accepted byA'^iceroy 
 Ikcvilla (jiii-edo, and lie was ordered to IMexico to 
 receive twehe montlis' advance pay as colonel witli 
 wliicli to defiay his ex[)enses in Spain; Jose i\nt >ni() 
 ]h)meu was named as his successor. Tiiis inlorma- 
 tion reached Fages at iNIonterey in September, and 
 Mas all the more agreeable from the fact that IJomeu 
 was his personal iViend. In Febiuary 17'.) 1 I'ages, 
 who had awaited letters announcing liis snccessoi's 
 coming to j\ionte"y, received orders from the viceroy 
 1)V v.hich, after setting tl)o connnandants an<l habili- 
 tados at work upon their re pective presidio accounts, 
 he was to proceed to Loreto and tliere make ibrmal 
 
 BiBT. Cal., Vol. I. 31 (4tjl) 
 
1^. 
 
 uriS 
 
 
 IB'' 
 
 IS'-' ' 
 
 ill 
 
 is;. 
 
 IH 
 
 • ;■■ 
 
 III 
 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 482 
 
 RULE OF ROMEU. 
 
 deliver}' of his office to Romeu; or, if not able to do 
 this, lie Wiifi to send orders to Arrillaga, tiie command- 
 ant at Loreto, to surrender the office in the govjrum's 
 name. As the state of Fages' health would not })er- 
 niit a journey overland to the peninsula, he forwarded 
 the necessary orders to Arrillaga, lieutenant governor 
 of the Californias, who accordingly transferred the 
 conmiand to Romcu at Loreto on April IG, 171)1, 
 which is therefore the date when Fa<jes ceased to 
 rule.^ 
 
 With his orders to Arrillaga under date of Febru- 
 ary 2Gth, Fages transmitted the instructions which 
 it was customary for a retiring governor to prepare 
 for the use of his successor, outlining the country's 
 past histoiy and present condition, and endxxlying the 
 results of his own experience in recommendations re- 
 specting future policy. The historical portions of this 
 important docunient have already been utilized largely 
 in the j)receding chapters; but a brief consideration 
 of the paper as a whole, will throw light on the con- 
 dition of affairs at the time of llomeu's accession. 
 The development of the two pueblos, says the retir- 
 ing governor, and the settlement in them of retired 
 soldiers, has received and still merits the deepest 
 attention. Their products are purchased by the pre- 
 sidios and paid for in goods and drafts. The distribu- 
 
 ' The viceroy's order granting Fagcs' request and appoiiitiii'^ Romeu, dated 
 May 1(1, 17'.)0. ^J'lor. St. Pa/>., JJen., MS., i. 8-10. .M;iy I'TLli sicenin t > !iavo 
 been t'lo date of the viceroy's coiiuuunication to king; l)iit of tlie ki.ig's 
 approval and ccjiifirmation of Jiomeu wo only know tliat it reaelicil Mexico 
 before ^hiy IS, 17!)1. J'ror. Sf. Pap., MS., x. i;;i). Scjiteml tr 1, 10, i;!, 
 1700, the viceroy instructs Fagea about the transfer, hi., ix. "OS, ;!i()-7. 
 September 14, 17iH), I'age.s to IJomcu, expressing his jileasuro at the hitter".s 
 appointment, de: cribing (he presidio, saying something of the condition if the 
 country, and saying; 'You will lind in this casa real, which is .sufiiciently 
 cai)aciou!j. the necessary furniture; a suliicieut .•^tock of goats and slieej) v. liich 
 I have r.;ised; and near by a garden which I have made at my own t^qjcnse, 
 from which you will have line vegetables all the y.'ar, and will enjoy the fruits 
 of the trees whii'h I have planted.' lie asks for information as to when and 
 by what route Riniu'U will conic. Pror.Sl. 7'«/<.,y^;/.,MS.,i. 8-iO. liomeu takes 
 possession A])ril 10, 1701. Pror. St. /'up., MS., x. I'Jl; .S7. Pup., S(ir., .MS., 
 V. 8(»-7; Arch. Stn. llirhnm, MS., xi. 414-1."). lebruary '2(i, 1791, Fa^cs 
 notilies Romeu that lie has ordered Arrillaga to nudie the trau'-fer, and has 
 directed presidial accounts, etc., to bo mudc ready. Pruv. St. Pup., MS., x. 
 144-5. 
 
FAGES' FINAL INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 483 
 
 3C1 to 
 
 tlon of lands has been made in duo form, and — together 
 with certain changes at San Jose rendered necessary 
 by the moving of the houses — approved by the superior 
 authorities. It was intended at first to remove tlie 
 pueblo guards after two years, but they arc to bo 
 maintained as long as necessary. In the first years, 
 on account of bad management, San Jose made little 
 progress; but the appointment of a comisionado as at 
 Angeles and the subjection of the alcalde to him, liavo 
 itstored prosperity; and these measures were approved 
 ill 1785-0. 
 
 In the missions great care must be taken to guard 
 against the increase of veneral diseases which are 
 causing such ravages in the peninsula. The sending 
 of soldiers for escaped neopliytes is extremely dan- 
 i;crous, and should be avoided, being resortetl to only 
 alter other means — the best beinij: for the friars to 
 send other natives with flattery and trifling gifts to 
 enlist the services of chiefs — have failed, and then 
 with every possible precaution. The granting of 
 escorts whenever asked for has also proved dangerous 
 and inconvenient, since only two men could be sjiared, 
 leaving the mission exposed and the friar only slightly 
 j)rotected. It has therefore been restricted, and the 
 soldiers are not allowed to pass the night away from 
 the mission. This j)olicy, notwithstanding protests, 
 and in consequence of Neve's confidential reports, has 
 been approved by superiors and by the king. 
 
 In the case of mail-carriers and escorts passing from 
 one [)residio to another, carel'ul orders have been given 
 to prevent disaster and at tlie same time to insun; 
 humane treatment of the gentiles. Each presidio lias 
 in its archives properly indexed the orders that liavi; 
 been issued for its government and the prevention of 
 all disorder. The abundance of {)roducts in proporti<tn 
 to consumers has led tt) a reduction of some of the 
 prices aflixed by Neve to grain and meat. CattK^ 
 bi'longing to the crown are kept <rom excessive in- 
 crease and consequent rumiing wild by annual slaugh- 
 
 IttHH 
 
ii! 
 
 484 
 
 RULE OF ROMEU. 
 
 tcrs for the supply of presidios and vessels with beef. 
 The breeding of horses and mules, just beginning to 
 prosper, should be encouraged. The fiiars often w isli 
 to buy these animals, but have been uniformly refused. 
 All trade with the Manila ship is strictly prohibited; 
 but trade with San Bias is free for five years fn^ni 
 October 1786, and subject to only half duties for five 
 3' ears more — a trade which is bad in its effects, lead- 
 ing to 'immoderate luxury,' for the inhabitants c;m 
 buy all they really need at cost prices from the meiiio- 
 rias. To provide the wasting of clothing and other 
 useful articles in barter with the sailors, Fages has 
 forbiddcni the opening of the bales uiitil the vessel 
 leaves the port. 
 
 In articles 21-3 of his papel, Fages tells the talc 
 of three or four incorrigible rogues, Alvifre and Xu- 
 
 vila of San Jose, and Pedraza, a 
 deserter from the galleon, whose scandalous conduct 
 no executive measure has been able to reform. Arti- 
 cles 24-7 are devoted to past troubles between Cap- 
 tain Solcr and the habilitados, with which the reader 
 is already familiar; and finally, after devoting some 
 attention to the condition of the dificrent presidios, 
 the author closes by alluding to the charges of cruelty 
 pending against Father Peila of Santa Clara, and to 
 the orchard of six hundred fruit-trees, besides shrubs 
 and grape-vines, to which since 1783 he has given 
 much of his attention.^ 
 
 "Fanes, Papel cle rrtjvVw pitntoa concpriiicntes al Goblerno de In Peiiiufitla d' 
 Culljhriira e Iiispecriou <le 'J'rnpui, ipie recopi/n el Curoiiif 1). Pedro Fnijoi id 
 Tdiiinle Coroiitl l>. Jour Anioiii'i liomeii, M de luhrero I'i'Jl, MS. On Miiy 
 2Stli ]'ii_;t.'.s wi'dte a;,';iiii to IJoiiu u a most iiitorcstiny letter in which ho gives 
 his (liiinion of vmiimsi persons witli w'loni his siieeessor vill conio in eontaet. 
 lie speaks \ iTy Iiiglily of Ai'riIIaL,'ii, Zuf'iga, nnd Argiiello, deems (jloyeocelie.i 
 Honiewhat prone to earelessness, siiy.i nothing of Ortega, and ]>roin)unec3 
 (ionzak'z lit only for his pn^scnt position on tlio frontier. Nono of the f,er- 
 ueants ixro snilalilc for hahilitados, tliongh Vargaa i.s faitliful anil can wi'ite. 
 NV'itli tlie l)iiminieans there haj liei'n no serious tronMo.iuid I'rejiident (!omez 
 is disposed to sustain liarmonions relations; Imt Mitli the Fernnndinos (|iiar- 
 rels have been fie((nent, sin( ,• they arc 'opttexlltihruiH A las niiiximas del regla- 
 iiiento y /.'ohierno' and insist on lieing independent and idisolnto eaeli in his 
 own mission. I'ages <lonljts that Itonien uill he ahlo to endure their inde- 
 jiendent way of proeoedlng. The priests at San Francisco and Santa Clara 
 are forming separate establislanenta at some distance from the mission, which 
 
 r. 
 
 hi 
 
 \\ 
 
LIFE AND CHARACTER OF FACES. 
 
 4S5 
 
 oiitact. 
 .^ooclicii 
 
 lOUUCC.S 
 
 liu Kcr- 
 
 vritc. 
 
 (Jomiz 
 
 3 (|iiiir- 
 
 n;;:Ia- 
 
 ill lii.s 
 
 iiule- 
 
 Cliini 
 
 whii-h 
 
 Don Pedro sent liis wiu; and children .sontlnvnrd in 
 advanco of lii.s own tle[»Mrture, probably on board the 
 Sin Carlos, or Pr'uuvsa, which left ]\Ionterey for San 
 ]51a.s in the autumn of 1790.'' lie remained at Mon- 
 terey, thouj^di ho made a visit to San Francisco in 
 ^[ay/ and still exercised by common consijnt a kind 
 of superintendence over the actions of his ibrmer sub- 
 ordinates, tliouj4'h now addressed as colonel instead of 
 governor. There are letters of his in the archives 
 dated at ^lonteroy July l;)th.'' His intention was to 
 reinain until October or Xovend.>er, and I sin)[)oso ho 
 ciiibarl;ed on the San Carlos for San IJlas November 
 9, 17DI, tliouj^li possibly his dc])arture was a month 
 earlier." In 17!)u he made a report on the California 
 ])rcsidios, and in October 1794 was still residing- in 
 ]\Iexico. Of Pedro Pa^'es before he came to Caliibr- 
 nia in 1709 and ailer his departure in 1791 we know 
 
 littk 
 
 AVll 
 
 h 1 
 
 US career in 
 
 th 
 
 I 
 
 th 
 
 le province tiie reauer is 
 
 dc 
 
 familiar/ and will part with the honest Catidan, as 1 
 do, reluctantly. 
 
 matter nccda looklnr; after. Mission stock is increasing too nnicli, and tlio 
 ncoi,hyLC3 arc becoming' too skilful riders and acijuiring ' Apailn' iuso'.eiiue.' 
 8tinio advice i;i [jivou about the joiinu'y nortli. AiudUiiseij luado of more 
 letter:,, ;uid Fa- cs closes by niaUiii;,' a present of his f.-niions orcliard, uell 
 plea:(.dthat the fniita of his labors and e:;]'.( nditr.res are to Vw ii:j,>yed by 
 hi* fiic'.d. FaijcK, /j'vntK.i Patii<'>il(.tir< a' O'o' r. I'l.iiicii ,.':' ilc ."/(ijo I'/Jl, 
 JMS. On ^lay 1st he liad written ti) Konieu Uiat he was jieviniiiid to tako 
 av.iiy V, iih hi;!i six mules and as many liorsis if the eonnnandi r uf i he vessel 
 liisl n:) cbjeelions. I'rov. St. I'a/i., >.JS., x. I !7. Theio are al.o eoiniuuidea- 
 tioiis ( f lagcs t:) llouieu on matters of trilling impoitanee dated ^iay iltitli, 
 3t;th. June l:,t, July 4di, i:;tli. /./., 111-70. 
 
 'In his letteref JIay'28, 17'JI, Fiiges expresses his pleasure that Ronieu on 
 Iiis journey — probably at San Bias or between tlicn^ and Mexico — hail met his 
 faiiiily. lie states his intention of staying at Monterey until Uetober or 
 A'civnuber. Pr<v. St. Pup., MS., x. 1-18, l.")0. 
 
 ;/'/., X. 44. 
 
 ''hi., X. 14J-3, ion. In line of the Utters ho says that, snlfering in his foot, 
 lie \. i;ii;d)'.e to review the troops at Santa llarbara. 
 
 '';-;'.i;:ngi.f the.S'((« tV/'/o-Xov. li th. .S7. /V7;., .SVir., .MS., v. !)l. Aecnrd- 
 ing to,-', Ictterin Prur. Si. Pap., MS., x. \',\\. hov.ever, the schooiii.r .V. ■/«/»/■/(« 
 firm '.Gotka was at Monti rey on Oct. 1 LIi and ready to lail fer Saa I"l;is, so 
 tliiit r;'.;jr.'j i.:ay have railed in her; yet il tin le is no error it is .•itn.n.e that 
 V l.ile the arrival 1 f the Siui < 'i. ;•'(;.; was aiinoiiei d tiiCIcii. Xavacin Xov. .'! 'th, 
 tl.Jii of the ScUiirii 1 1:11 \\uti not announeid riiitil I'lc. 'JlM. Sf. Prp., S.ic, .MS., 
 iv. n. 
 
 ' I'lilio IVjes, a ni'tivc of ('a. tali iiia, ar.d f'l.t liiuteiiaiit of a C'lniiiiy of 
 the 1; :,1 alta'.i; n.'.M I c; iiiR'iit.i'f till. (.'r.tr'.aiA'olunteirLi; 111 liii',;iiti\v, pi l.iMy 
 kit t'paiu with liis battalion iu May 17o7, anil soon alter his arrival in Mexico 
 
48G 
 
 RULE OF ROMEU. 
 
 He was a peculiar man; industrious, energetic, and 
 brave, a skilful hunter and dashing horseman, fond ot 
 children, who were wont to crowd round him and 
 rarely failed to find his j>ockets stored with dulccs. 
 Of fair education and executive abilities, hot-temperctl 
 
 u\ 
 
 was sent with Col. P^Hzondo's expedition against tlic Sonera Indiana. In tlie 
 autunni of 17G8 Ijy order of the visitador general, ( Jalve/, he was sent over from 
 <iuaynia8 to Lii I'az by Klizondo witli '2'* men of his com/iania J'ruiica for the 
 California expedition. In January 17(i'J he endiarked witli his men on the S^in 
 (,Ytrl<i.tuin\ arrived at San Diego May 1st. Fages was military ciiief of the sea 
 braneJi of the expedition, and eoniniandant on siiore from Jilay 1st to iluiiu 
 'i'.itii, thus being California's hrst ruler. After I'ortohl's an-ival on June '2!lth. 
 he was second in command and Capt. Rivera's superior. With seven of hi:) 
 men, all that the scurvy had not killed or <lisabled, he accompanied the lirst 
 land expedition from San Diego to Monterey and San Francisco from July 14, 
 I7G!), to Jan. 24, 1770. He .started north again April 17th with Portolii and 
 reached Monterey May 24th. When I'ortold left Monterey July Dth, FaLTiM 
 was left as commandant of the (Jalifornian establishments, a position wiiicli 
 lie held until May "2.3, 1774. His commission as captain was dated May 4, 
 1771, and in tiio same year he went down to San Diego by water, retui-niiig 
 by land. In March and April 1772 he led an exploring expedition uj) to wliiit 
 are now Oaklan<l, San I'ai)lo Jiay, Caniuines Strait, and the mouth of the San 
 Joaijuin. In May 1772 he proceeded to the San Luis region and spent some 
 three months hunting hears to supply the Monterey garri.son with meat. 
 I'erhapsit was here that he gained the sobriquet of 1"-1 Oso often ap]ilied to 
 him in later years, though there is a tradition that the name Old JJear was 
 given him for other reasons. He went to San Diego in August, and tlicre 
 incurred I'adre Serra's displeasure by refusing a guard for tiic founding of a 
 new niissi(m. The object of Serra's journey to Mexico was chiefly Fages' re- 
 moval. The friar rt.'prcsented him as a man hated by all the soldiers, incom- 
 jietent to connnaiul, and a deadly foe to all mission progress. The cliai'ges 
 were largely false, but tiiey served Serra's purpose whether believed or imt, 
 for the government could not allbrd at the time a tjuarrel with the mii'siuu- 
 aries; and Rivera was sent to supersede Fages, taking command on May 2."i, 
 1774. Subsequently Scrra M'rote a letter to the viceroy in which he exjires^ed 
 regret at Fages' removal, commendation of his services, and a desire that lie 
 be favored by tlie government. Arr/i. Ufa. Biirlinrn, MS., xi. 37()-S0. Tlie 
 friars I'cgurdcd this as a praiseworthy return of good for evil; others miglit 
 apply a dili'erent name. 
 
 Fages sailed from San Diego Aug. 4, 1774, on the San Antonio with orders 
 to join hi J regiment at I'aehuca. On the way to Mexico at Irapuato, (luanii- 
 juatc, he was roblted of a box containing his money, by liis own servants as it 
 seems. I'ror. St. l'(i/i., MS., i. 1!)0. lie reached Mexico before the liid nf 
 1774 in ])oor healtli. He dated in Mexico, Nov. .'10, 177">, a report on Cali- 
 fornia, addressed to tlie viceroy, and devoted ehielly to a description of tin! 
 province, its natives, animals, and plants; but also giving a tolerably ciiinjilrti! 
 Kketili of the lir.-it expeditions and the condition of the missions at tlw aullini'.-i 
 ileparture. This document, of great iiiiportance and interest, v/as tr.iiislatiil 
 from llie original in tlio liljrary of M. Ternaux-Comiians and publi-.heil iix 
 Junjis, I'vifdijc vt) Valijhniic, in Noui\ Ann. <h'if I'oi/., ei. ll.")-S2, III I 47. At 
 the bi.'ginning the author says: ' .Ayant etc cliai'gi'' ;lu connnandcinent niilitaire 
 du jioiU; de .Monterey, dei)uis le connnencenient de raniire 170!), vt inoli ilnf 
 don Diego I'ortola (jui s'endjarqna le it de .luillet h bord du paipieliot le Smi. 
 Anl'inio, niiij'ant fortement rei'ommande de m'oceuj)er ties etablirseliieiils 
 situi's dans la [lartie se)itintricin;de do la Califuriiii', jo ni'y suis liviv piiulant 
 plus de qiuitre ans. J "ai rasscmble le plus de renseignements qu'il m'a etiJ 
 
THE OLD AND NEW GOVERNOR. 
 
 487 
 
 til (ii'di't's 
 
 ( !u:iii;i- 
 
 lii.s lis it 
 
 I'lul nf 
 
 (111 ( 'ali- 
 )ii itt tliii 
 iiliiplrtc 
 ilUtlliil's 
 ni.-.liitcil 
 ■■Ju'd ;is 
 
 1 ;. At 
 
 iiilitairi! 
 
 |ii!l I'lll'f 
 
 t lo Sini, 
 
 I'lllCllts 
 
 ' n(hiiit 
 u'ii ito 
 
 niul inclined to storm over trifles, always readv to 
 (jtiarrel with anybody from las wife to tiie padre [»res- 
 idente, he was withal kind-hearted, never feeling and 
 rarely exciting deep-seated animosities. He was 
 thoroughly devoted to the royal service and attended 
 with rare conscientiousness to every petty detail of 
 his oflicial duty; yet his house, his horse, and above 
 all his garden were hardly second in iini)ortanco to his 
 otlice, his ]>rovince, and his nation. ILi j)ossessed less 
 lireadth of mind, less culture, and especially less dig- 
 nity of maimer and character than Feli[>e do Neve, 
 hut he was by no means less honest and i)atriotic. 
 Tlie early rulers of California were by no means 
 the characterless figure-heads and j)ompous nonenti- 
 ties that modern writers have painted them, and 
 among them all there is no more orl-nnal and attrac- 
 tive cliaracter than tho bluff Catalan soldier Pedro 
 Fages. 
 
 Jose Antonio Romeu, a native of Valencia, Spain, 
 liad served in the Sonora Indian wars with Fai^es in 
 and before 1782 as captain. As wo have seen, ho 
 took part in the campaigns following the Colorado 
 
 ))()ssil)lo 8ur cos pi-ovinccs (^'loipi(''es, siir lea nations qui lea liabitont, la nature 
 (lu lour turrituiiv, scs productions, los nioours ct coutuinca dn hi popidjiticjii, 
 ct l)i'iiucoui> d'liutrcs siijets doiit jo traitcrai dans Ic lonis dc cctto iclation.' 
 
 Cajit. Fagos was in garri:i(in with his conipany at ( Juadidajaii!, wlicii Iio 
 was ordered, perhaps in 1777, to the Sonora, frontiei'; and tlieru ho serveil ia 
 tile wars ayaiiist Apaches and other savages for live years, reeeiviiig in tho 
 mean time a lieut. eolonel's coniinission. In 17'Sl-'2 he iiiadi^ several exjiedi- 
 tions from Sonora to the Coloiado to avenge the death of his former rival, 
 IJiveiis- and visited California twice in 17SiJ liefore he came as goveiiKir, mak- 
 ing the tirst trip from the ('olorado direct to San Diego. Ho was in the (Colo- 
 rado regiini when on Sept. lOtli, hy an appf)intinciit of July I'J, \~S'2, lie 
 took jio.ss(-ssion of liis otliiH' as governor, ami readied .Moiiterev in Xovcniher. 
 l7Mi was spent ehielly in a journey to l.oreto wlieiue he hioiigjit !iis wife, 
 Dmia i;iil:di:i de Callis, and sun to the capit.d. lie had at hat two eliildrell 
 liorn in Caliiornia, In I7''^i'> he hail trouble with his wife, w'lich does not 
 heeiii however to lia\e outlasteil tlie year. From August 17"'d, by <!en. 
 I'garies order of I'ib. ilMi, I'ages became inspector of iire-idios. liiseoin- 
 iiiissiiiii as colonel was datiil Feb. 7, ll^'.K His governui'siiip ended April 10, 
 I7'.ll, and Iii^ .'ailed Irom Monten y in the aiitiinin ot the .'aiiie year. Taylor, 
 iJixcdf. mill I'^iiiidi cv, ii. 171*, says he died in Mexico before IT'.'ti, but it is by 
 no means cei'tain that he had any authority f(.r the ; tatcincnit. -Vug. 1-, 
 17'.K1, he ma!;es a itjiort on Monterey I'residio buildings at .N.e\ico. /'inr. Sf. 
 I'd]'., -MS., Niii. l'.)l; and ill Oct. 17'J4 he resided iu tho city of Mexico. Cos- 
 Utiixu, Jiij'oniii', MS. 
 
 HililH 
 
488 
 
 RULE OF ROMEU. 
 
 disaster. In INTay 1700, when appointed governor lie 
 was major of the Espaiia dragoon i-cginient, also liold- 
 ingtlio rank of'Heutenant colonel. He was ])rohal)ly in 
 Mexico at the time of liis a])pointinent and ])roceed(Ml 
 to his province; by way of JSan IJlas, since he met the 
 family of his predecessor and friend on their way 
 from California. Accompanied by liis wife, Josefa de 
 Sandoval, and daughters Romcu arrived March 17, 
 171)1, at Lorcto by the schooner Santa (hninidis. On 
 April IG, as already stated, he tool: formal possession 
 (»f the governorship, Caj)tain Arrillaga re[)resenting 
 Fages in the transfer of the necessary papers.'^ The 
 reason why the new governor was ordered to assume 
 his oliico at Loreto instead of i)rocecdin!^ directlv to 
 the cajjital was that ho might attend to his duties as 
 inspector of presidios in the south, thus avoi;ling a 
 useless lepetiiion of the journey, and that he might 
 make ceitain investigations of pi-esidial accounts. 
 These Californian accounts had been in sonic confusion 
 since 17()9. Details it is undesirable as well as im- 
 possible to explain; but many men had unsettled ac- 
 counts running back to the earliest period of Spanish 
 occupation. The treasury officials in Mexico, attrib- 
 uting the prevalent confusion to the incompetence 
 of habililados, were themselves greatly puzzled," and 
 liomeu seems to have been selected with a special 
 view to his fitness for unravelling past financial com- 
 plications and effecting a fin.d adjustment. 
 
 Whatever may have been his abilities in this special 
 direction, ho had very slight opportunity to show 
 theui; for from the moment of embarking on the 
 Saxta (jciirucUs his health failed ; indigestion, sleep- 
 less nights, and an oppressive pain in the chest left 
 
 * Spc references in note 1 of this chapter. Also letter of Arrillaga to 
 Fageii March '2\. 17!n,.'iniioiincinjj; liomcu's arrival. J'ror. .SV. Pnp., JIS., x. 3S. 
 
 " 'Jhe liiycn.iv Kdhrc Ion (ijiis/.cx de I'ohlntfori'K do la I'< hia di' La Aicjcle-^ i/ 
 dftnan (!(' /iiK I'nir<ii<ian de ('idifornian, MS., a report of the cimtador mayor 
 dated Mexico, l)te. TiO, ITtiO, and iillinji above (10 pages, is a specimen (if the 
 many wordy coniimuiicationa on the sul)ject which are extant in tlic archives, 
 1 have n!ad«! no aiti nipt to reacli the liottom of this iinancial puz/le. Vice- 
 roy's orde"s to llonieu on this subject Sept. 1, 17'JO. Prov. St, Paji., ix, 313-19. 
 
DEATH OF ROMEU. 
 
 489 
 
 Th 
 
 ling a 
 
 liim but little opportunity of Jittondlii'.; to p!il)li< 
 
 Il'.tlc; 
 
 Yet ho (lid iKjt lose coni';i'. 
 
 iUK 
 
 I latt 
 
 m 
 
 the .siiininer, after coinmiinieatiiiii;" liis instructioiis to 
 pivi-iidul oiiieers and satisfyinj^ liiiui-cir ol' Ari'lllaLCa's 
 entire eonijietenee, he [troceeded north, reaehed S.m 
 J)ie^o in Au','ust," and arrived at r^fontorcy Oetohei' 
 |;ith, doiihtlejss before the de})artui'o of his prede- 
 cessor."^ Throuijfh the winter his iil-hoalth continued, 
 and he was barely able to attend to tlie routine duties 
 of his Oiliee. Jtis oiKeial coniniunieations in the 
 areliive.s are few, brief, and uniniport int. His cor- 
 resp;)ndenee with I'resident L;i.ueii b >th at J^oreto 
 and i*.lonterey, tliough containin;^ little more thau 
 the foiinal ex[)ressions required by courtesy, indicate 
 a desire on his })art, such as most rulers entertained 
 hen they lirst came to California, to pre:ierve hai' 
 
 \\ 
 
 iiionious 
 
 ivlations with the missi(»narit 
 
 111 fact 
 
 u 
 
 •ou- 
 
 eitlun" by natural dispohition or by reason of feeble 
 health he was evidently moro J 'rdi/ci v than Fa'>es or 
 Neve. Un December 1st he received the royal e 
 tirmation of his appointment as ij^overnor 
 
 J^ate in i\larch 171)2 lionieu's condition iK'cantc 
 critical, and after a series of ccMivulsions it became 
 evident that ho had but a few days t(^ live. The sur- 
 ^•con, Pablo Soler, made a written lejiort to this ctl'ecfc 
 on .V[)ril 5th, and the last rites of rel'yion were ad- 
 ministered by the friars in attendance. He died at 
 ]\bjnterey April Dtli and was buried at JSan C;'u'los 
 
 "> Jhm(>ii,Cfirtn al Virrey, 21 de Nov. 1791, MS., in .S7. Pap., Snc, v. 91-2. 
 
 "I If was !it Sail Diego from Aug. 'JOth to Hist if not lon^'ur. Prnt; St, 
 Pup., MS., X. 10-;). 
 
 ^^ N'ov. :13, 17. )1, the viceroy ackiio\vleil<T('s the ivicipt uf lii;i lett< r of Oct. 
 Mtli, iiaiioiiiu'iii;; his Jinival on tlic l.'ith. I'r.-r. SI. I'lip., M -i., \. l;M. 
 
 ^'^ Hotiidt, ('uiiiiii ul Prcsiildilc Ldsiini, r,'jl, MS. Oa .hily KiUi from Ito- 
 s;irio lie V, rites: 'Aiiii(|Uo mi caudal tie mei'ito no cs oa'o ([uc d icmr luios 
 hiiiiios y con.itaiilc's descos do llcnar el cuinjiliiniciito »lc mi olili/aci ni, y Mcr 
 I'ltil y sin (iul)a!';:o de caivcer de a(iiie!!a:j a;;iici;J)!e;j circiinstai;ci;is condii- 
 ciiites a !.ai lo;;id de <\\\v. l;i bondad de \ . 11. lae ! i;]) aie acowipafiado, espei'o 
 nii'rccerli> T.e hi piodad del Allisiino al verme au\ili: ilo de la:< frr\ i atcs oiaei- 
 oiien do V. 1\. y de chos Kll. I'l'. mioionc lo.i ii lo:i (jne de imcv.i me eii- 
 cniaiiiido eornspondiemlo con igiialea a las cxpnsioaes linas coiljuu mo 
 lioMian.' 
 
 ".bV. Pai>., <!>'(jc., MS. V. 02. The cojifuumtioa was dated Feb. loth. 
 
480 
 
 RULE OF ROMEU. 
 
 » ' 
 
 tlio (lay followini^. By liis will the widow was made 
 executrix of his estate and j^^uardiaii of tlu-ir daiii^li- 
 ters. Dona Josefa eiuharked for San IJlas in Octo- 
 \)cr. Alfc'rez Sal in a letter says that Califoriiia was 
 not worthy of a <jovernor like llonieu. At his funeral 
 all who knew liini displayed deep grief.'^ 
 
 Local annals as well as certain general topics of 
 commercial, industrial, and mission dcvulopuuiit, 1 
 shall treat collectively for the decade from 17!) I to 
 1800, in subse(juent cha[)ters. Besides such topics 
 the visit of a scientific exploring expedition and the 
 founding of two new missions are to be noted during 
 RcMueu's sliort rule. Tiie expedition refcrrrd to was 
 that of Ak'jan<h'o Malaspina in connnand (»f the royal 
 corvettes Ucscubio'ta and Atrccida,^^ the latter being 
 under tlie innnediate command of Jose tie 1 justamante 
 y Guerra, and the scientific corps including 13;iu/;i 
 and Es[)inosa." jVIalaspina sailed from Cadiz in duly 
 178!), for a tour round the world, and after making 
 ex})lorations on both coasts of South America, and 
 from Pananiit to Aca[)ulco, left the latter port in ^May 
 1791 i'or the Northwest Coast, which he struck a little 
 above GO^ and carefully explored southward, sighting 
 
 ^^Proi'. Sf. Pap., iSIS., xxii. 7-9, 14; x. 130; xxi. 71, SO; .SV. /»«;)., Ftac, 
 MS., vi., 7(3; Proi: I'cf., M.S.,ii. 1.V2; San dir'to.^. Lib. dc Mls'in.), MS.; Tuji- 
 tor's Diicm: curl Foiinilcf.-f, ii. 179; Va'IrJo, JIM. Cal., MS., i. t).)-7. 
 
 '"Tho vessels IkuI, like nearly all in the Spanish navy, each a double name, 
 beint; called respectively Santa Justa and Santa liujina. St. Pap., .Shc, MS., 
 V. 9(5. 
 
 " A full list of oiaccrs made at Monterey, is as follows: Ciiptaim Alejan- 
 dro Mal.siijiina and Jc.k'' di! 1 Justamante y (Jucrra; lieutenants Dioiiirio (lali- 
 nno,*.b): e l].spi!i().sa, ('.'lyelatio Valik's, Manuel Kovales,* i'eruandu (^>uiiitano, 
 Juan lieniaci, iScer.ndino Sahiiiianea, Antonio do Tovn, Jn.-.n ('oiic!!ii. Josi^ 
 I'cibredo, Arcaco Zjbalios, Traneiiico Viana, and Arcadio I.incda;* ait'ercces 
 Martin Olavide,* Felipe liiuza, I'lavio Alcponzoni, and Jaeob:) Murphy; cou- 
 tadores l;:i.;i'l H)dri ;;ie/ dc Aria:i and Manuel Ksipicrra; c'.Kiplaiu:! .b):;!' ilu 
 Mesa ;ind Fr;uui uo tU- I'aul.i Ai'iino; surgeons Franciseo llore;! iiud I'edro 
 (lonzak'x; pilotus .Iu:in Dia.-: .Maqueda, Jose Sanchez, (jleroiiiuio l!el;::tdo. .luan 
 Inciarte y I'urtu, ;iu t .J(ia(|uin llurtado; apothecai'y Lain Nee" mid Tadeo 
 Ibicnek; pintor do pcispecliva Tumiis Suria; disecailor y dibnj;:nte ile )il:intiis 
 Jose dc (luio.* The n;;in('s marked uitli a star rcinaincl bc'iiiul i:i Mexico. 
 J\f(il(i'!/iiii(i, A*o^( lie (/ii'i-iafci (Ip Uiivrra y J/i)i/riri.i, A''.'"/v,'/,'.'-/r/,s, JJcli'uih'o.-i, 
 J)ibiiJ(niti .<, 11 JJi-icr(i(l(iri:f, i/i«' tiencn (Icntino <n las corl^iiat i!r S. M . iiouihrn- 
 ilti-^ Ih-xciili'niiit fi Ahrridii, que, ilan cudta al Globo. . .ijitc stdkron dc CiidL tn 
 00 dc Julio lie 17S'J, MS. 
 
MALASPINA'S EXPEDITION. 
 
 401 
 
 Capo ^rendocino September Gth, bcini^ off San Fran- 
 cisco the 10th,"* and ancliorinjjf tlio 13tli at ^lontercy, 
 whore his vessels remained till the 25th, tlienco ron- 
 tinuinj( the survey down to Ca[)e San Li'icas, San 
 Bias, Acapulco, and returninof to Spain by the Phil- 
 ippines and Cape Good Hope.*" 
 
 or the stay at Monterey, of scientific observations 
 there, of Malaspina's impressions of California and 
 its people we know little. The archives contain only 
 tlie merest mention of the arrival and of courtesies 
 exchanged between the visitors and LasuoTi, who 
 aided in gatherinjjf specimens,'^^ ISIalaspiua seems 
 entitled to the honor of having brought to Cali- 
 fornia the first American who ever visited the 
 country, and he came to remain, his burial being 
 recorded on the mission register under date of Sep- 
 tember 13t]i, and name of John Grt^em, probably 
 (jlraham, son of John and Catherine Groem, Presby- 
 terians, of Boston. He had shipped as gunner at 
 Cadiz.-* The reports of this expedition were never 
 ])ublished. The commander was imprisoned for cer- 
 tain crimes or irregularities, and it is only through 
 Navarrete's brief resunje, and an abridged narrative 
 by one of the officers, that anything is known of 
 results." 
 
 As early as 1789 it was determined to found two 
 new missions, in honor of * our lady of st>litude' and 
 
 "At least 4 or 5 shots were heard from a fojj-hiddcn vessel ou that date. 
 Ijuatamaiitc, in Caro, Trei^ Sifjloii,m. l(Uj-7, says lie left Noolka Aiigust 'ioth, 
 and i'uelioreil at Monterey Sejitcndjci' lltli. 
 
 ''•* For aeeoniit of ^lal.ispina's cxploralioiia in the north, see //(.s/. X. IT. 
 Cod.st, i. 2-1!); and ///••■'. Alashi, tills serii's. 
 
 ^"Sept. '-l, IT'.'l, Maliisiiina and lUi- taniantc to Lnfuen thankin;^ him for 
 aid. L:',Rnen in reply j;i\eH thr.nks for jiresents. 'J'iie lelteni are full (;f !l;it- 
 teiin;,' oxj re; sions, s'.nd the voya^'er.s iiromiseto nial;(; Iho Inn;; i'nd Ihc «drl(l 
 aefjiiuinted v,i;h their favmalili! inijnessions of Calilornia and v.itli the siic- 
 eoa and ;:eal of the ]);idres. Maloxiitiiit vw\ l!iixfaihiii:ti' — Cart' al /'. LdsiK ii 
 y ri:<jjii)'.-,>(i. I'l' il'fl.o J'cilrc, Sept. 17!)1, MS. ^'allll '..7, 171'-*, *<tn. >,uva hiid 
 learned of !Midaspina"H vi.-it. Arr/i. An.tlii-jKnld, MS., i. I!). 
 
 -' Tuijlur, in I av'Jic Motttldij, xi. tJ-i'J-.".0, frem Smi Cdrlon, Li'i. ile 
 
 '■-Xcraircti; Vlarirx Apdrnlh-", (14-8. 2(;S-70, .lin-'JO: ///.. in ,s'('/7 // M,.ri. 
 caiiu, ykije,IiUroil., exxii.-iii. 'Jajlor, hiJ'ac/jicJlonl/iti/, xi. C4!i, and L. Cut., 
 
 
RULE OF ROMEU. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 II 
 
 of tiu' holy cross. Tlio necessary prcTmiiii.'U ies were 
 arrai).i;(xl l)y torrespoMdeuce between jiresident, guar- 
 dian, Jiiid viceroy, and four new I'riars wei-e sc'lcctcd 
 to take eliari,;e, or enable others to tlo so, of llu^ new 
 establishments^'' Tlio information ivachcd ("alifornia 
 at the end of Jnly 1700 toi^ether with ihe lii;irs, 
 J)anli, }»ii^ii<'], liubi, and Tapis; and all the necess;ny 
 etlects except the church vestments and utensils, 
 'i'his omission caused delay, for the j)riests were not 
 disposed to take anythint^ t)n tri'.st in deiilin';' v.ilh 
 the governnic'it, and it was not until duly 171)1 l!iat 
 a ponit'.e assurance came from the \ iceroy tliat the 
 sacred utensils woidd be sent, to'^ether with nn (!r<ler 
 to proceed at once, borrow i n;^' tlie need».'d arti'-K' ; fiom 
 the oiliei' eslal)lishments."' Subse'pient |:rcliniiiiary 
 Avork is best described in the words (A' Lasiien, v.lio 
 writes the '21)ih of Sei)tend)er: "In vic^w of the 
 superior order of his excellency I at once n;nned the 
 niissionariis, I asked and obtained I'rom t'ae com- 
 mandant of this presidio the necessary aid lor explor- 
 iivjc anevv' the reiiion of Soledad, and tliere was eliosen 
 a site having some advantages over the two previously 
 considered. 1 apj'lied to the missions for veslments 
 and sacred vessels; and as soon as the commandei' of 
 the AriUi'xr.n i'urnished the sii'vientes all:)\ved rt)r the 
 new establi;;hnients I proceeded to Santa Clara in 
 order to c-xamine anew in person the site of |-'anta 
 Cruz. I crossed the sierra by a long and rough v.ay, 
 
 41, says thiit Malasjiina, tlirouj.;h tlie jealousy of (loiloy, was imprisoned U>r 
 14 yea'.H iiud ihialiy liberated wlien Marshal Soult took Ci<nifi:i i;i 1: 0.). 
 
 ^••(iiuiiditin Xorie!^;:i to viceroy, Sept. 'I'l, ITS'.*; vieeroy to j-uardi:iii, Oct. 
 31; fTuai(!iaii to La:iiieii, l)ee. 10, in Airh. Slit. Ih'.Hicnt, JlS., vi. '_. .)-'!. 
 Two llidusaiid ei;;!.t lumdnd <lol!ai's was to bo paid to tho iindieo, 01, C" >) iov 
 eaili iiiisoii, and !iO()() for travelling expensrs of eaili friar. A] iil I, 17!'»), 
 the siudieo, l"r. (ler< niiiio de Saiiipelnyo, sends iiri'M::ion;? and tools lor Santu 
 Cruz to value of Sl,OJl. Sla. I'riiz, Lih, tie Jlisioii, MS., .'J. 
 
 '■"An;.'. I!, l7'.'->, Liisuen to I'af^es, announces arrival of padrrs; nol'.iing 
 lacking Imt for the j.'ovcrunient to deliver the facred vc'sjiis; ho is ready. 
 Anil. A r.oh ',.<■! Kill I, ^iS.,i. I!); .Ian. '20, IT'.U. Viceroy to L;!s;:cn and lo;;ov- 
 einor, (jrncin' i.li-s, etc., will lie sent; let the old niisf.ionn Imd. July l..ili, 
 I.a.suen rejiKeo: n'l ri;.;lil:. Arc/i. S'a. JJilrlxira, MS.. .\i. 8 IC; Pn r. .SV. J''ij>., 
 MS., \. i;.,S. .lidy '__'. 17!'l. l.asuen issues a circular 1 > the pailrc;.; i.ia'.ing 
 known viceioy'ij crders; 1. 1 each padre mark on tlie margin the urticlcs that 
 he can lend. Air/i. tSiit. lUirbani, MS., i.\. ol(J-17. 
 
PREPARATIONS FOR MISSION'S. 
 
 403 
 
 .111(1 1 found in tlio site the same c-xccllcnt flincss fljjit 
 liiul boon rtj)()rto(l to mo. I found, hosidrs, a stivain 
 of water very near, copious, and iniportiint. On tlio 
 (lay of San Agustin, August 28tli, I said mass, and a 
 cross was raised in tlie spot where tlie estaMisliment 
 is to 1)0. Many gentiles came, largo and small, of 
 liotli sexes, and showed that they would <>la(ll\' enlist 
 under that sacred standard, thank (UnW I returned 
 to Santa Clara by another way, rougher but shorter 
 and more direct. I had the Indians im])rove the road 
 and was perfectly successful, because for this as for 
 evi'rythingelso the commandant of San Fr.tnciscc*, Don 
 Jlermeiiegildo Sal, has furnishe<l with tlio greatest 
 uctivits^ and promjitness all the aid I have asked for. 
 1 oi'dercd some little huts nuule, and I suj)posc that 
 by this time the missionaries are there. I found hero 
 in ^lonterey the two corvettes of the Spanisji exjK'di- 
 tioii, and the commander's power of phasing ol)ligod 
 1110 to await their departure. I endeavored to induce 
 tl m to transport the Santa Cruz sn[)plios l)y water, 
 but it could not bo accomplished. ])ay before yester- 
 day, however, some wore sent there by land, and with 
 tlitin a man from tho schooner which canio from 
 Xootka under Don Juan Carrasco.'® Tho plan is to 
 SCO if there is any shelter for a vessel on tho coast 
 near Santa Cruz, and there to transport what is left. 
 To-morrow a report is expected. Tliis means is 
 sought because we lack animals. To-dny cloven Ind- 
 ians have departed from hero with tools to construct 
 a shelter at Soledad for tho padres and the supplies. 
 I ;iiul the other padres are making pro})arati()ns, and 
 \\\y departure thither will bo, by tho i'avor of (jlod, tho 
 (lay alter San Francisco, October 8th, ;it latest." ""^ 
 
 Tlie preliminaries having boon thus arranged Alftjrez 
 Sal started from San Francisco September 22d with 
 
 "■''Tlii.s schooner was tlic Ilorrnn'itic^, which uiiiler Xnrv:\('Z Ii.'mI taken part 
 in Klisa'a noitherii explorations. Sec Ui4. X. IT. ('(<r^'.•^ i. •J44-'J.tO. The 
 Aivir.''Zii had also made a trip to the north, under Malute. 
 
 '''Ln.^iien, Carta (d Si\ Goberiuulor liomiu, sohre j'nudaclo,. ue Minioncn, 
 S'Jdc Sept. 17'J1, MS. 
 
404 
 
 RULE OF ROMEU. 
 
 Corporal Lui.s Porultu jumI two |)rivat<'s, nnivi!!;^^ ai 
 Hunta Clara in the af'termtoii.-' Noxt nioriiiiiji,^ lir 
 ])roo(.'t'(U'(l to Santa (Vuz, hisforoc l)oin;^ inorcastd l»y 
 I'athois Alonwo Salazar and I3al<lonicro l^opez, wliiic 
 the rest of the mission t^nard with six or sovon scrvaiiis 
 were left to hrinrj HUi)[)lies and cattle. On the 1141 h 
 Bonic Christian Indians of Santa Clara were set at 
 work cuttin;.,^ timber and building a hut fur the friars, 
 ■who busied themselves seeking a spot for sowiiii^- 
 twenty-five fanogas of wheat. A fine ])lain was found 
 Avell ada[)tc!d for the j)urposc, capable of irrigation 
 from a small stream called by the exjdorers of 17(i'.) 
 Arroyo tie San Pedro Ilegalado. The mission sitr 
 was about five hundred yards from the Kio San 
 Lorenzo, also named in 17(JU. The chief Sugert came 
 in with a few of his followers, and j)romised to become 
 the first Christian of his tribe, Sal agreeing to be 
 godfather. On Sunday, September 25th, as soon as 
 the soldiers and horses arrived from Santa Clara, 
 Sugert and his ])eople having been fortified by assur- 
 ances against the noise of exploding gunpowder, and 
 the friars having donned their robes, J)on Hermene- 
 gildo took formal possession as he says, "in such M'ords 
 as m}' moderate talent dictated," and at the conclusion 
 the guns were discharged. Five more salutes were 
 fired while the padres said mass and chanted a te 
 
 ^'Se])t. 17, 1701, Sr' to Romcu, excusing himself for sending, without 
 
 liaviuy iiwiiited KoiiuHi's arrival or oi'dciii, at Ljisucn's request, a yuard ami 
 
 iiiulo train for the ni!\v mission. St. /'aj>., Sm:, MS., vii. 18-i!l>. The corporid 
 
 of the inLssion f^'uard was fully iiistnioted respecting iiis duties under (hite <if 
 
 Supt. 17th. .S'((/, Jiintnirridii (il Cdha Liiix P< niltudl cdiyo (/c la K.i'dl(t ile In 
 
 Mixioiidi' Sfiii/a Cnr., jy.il, MS. Tlio general purport wa.s, constant pre- 
 
 •autions, kinihiess to ^.'entiles, hai'niony with paih'cs, strict performance of 
 
 I'lijiious duties, and the details of routine. The details wore niueli tlie same 
 
 1 all missions. Jt is to l)e noticed, however, that in the matter of escortini,' 
 
 .10 jiriests the soldiers were strictly limited, and were not .illowed to pass 
 
 lie iiigjit away inun the missiim. If a j)ricst d(^sired to go to a di.;tant niis- 
 
 ««ion, word must he sent to San Fninciseo and a guard ol)tained from the 
 
 jiiesidio. On the 20th or 30th of each month a report to Sal must he sent l)y 
 
 two soldiers to Santa Clara, where the two must wait till two Santa Clara 
 
 men carried the dcsj;atch to San Francisco and returned. As the rainy season 
 
 was drawing near, the gentiles might be induced to work on the warehouse 
 
 and guarJ-Uuuse by presents of food, etc., even against the wishes of the 
 
 padres. 
 
FOUNDIXO OF SANTA CRUZ. 
 
 405 
 
 (Ictnn, niul thus tlio iniHsion of Santa Cruz wan 
 
 Lociil annals of Santa Cruz to 1800 are host |nv- 
 sciitod licre and may bo briolly roconlcd. Often there 
 wcH! ajiprehensions of trouhle with the natives, but 
 Ihf fears of the friars rested for the most ]>art on 
 iKithiii;^ more soHd than rumor, tlie occasional lliu^ht 
 of a niMtphyte, or the loss of an animal, 'i'o keep the 
 suMieis of the ^uard on the alert they were once 
 (iideied t" liunt bears for tarj^et j)ractice."'' The neo- 
 ])hytes numbered 84 at the en<l of the year I~!>I. 
 Tin y had increased to 224 in another year; in 171X1 
 the number was r)23, the hif^hest ever reached, and in 
 ISOO they were 41)2. There had been 1)41), accordinjLf 
 to the rei,nsters, baptized, 27 1 couples married, and 477 
 hulled. J^ari^e stock increased durin<^ the decade fi-om 
 LMiJ to 2,:i:)4 head; .sniall stock from 174 to 2,08.".. 
 Agricultural [)roducts in 1792 were about 050 bushels; 
 
 ■^Snl, Dliirlo ill I /'iroiiiirimifii/o ih In MWinn dc Savfn Crin, JT'lf, MS. 
 Cirtirn':;te oil t'i)Uiiilati(Jii of tin- mission, diitod S^^\^t. 'J'Mi, t\ni\ sijiiii'il liy Siil, 
 ('ni(i. i\ I'lilt,), iiimI cDldiurSiilvadDr llij;iu'ra. S/. J'k/i., Siir., y\>>., ii. 1,'>7. Sal 
 ii tiuiic'd ti'Si.nta ( Ijiia Scjit. "JOtli, and San FianciscD Sept. 'JTtli. Stjit. 'J.")tli, 
 till' I adri':i iiiui'jinii'C! tlio funndation to-day in a Iclti r to IJonicu; situ line anil 
 |i|(i!-1i(c'l.s llattLiiii;,'. /,('/«; and Nidautf, i'drin ilr hix /'(n/rm i/r Santa Cruz 
 III 11, ,'ii'r, .ador, HUI, MS. Titlc-i)a;,'is of nii.ssioii n",'istei-s. Santa Cnr., l/di. 
 ilr Miyini, ^'lS., "iS. Santa Clara funii.slicd for Santa Cruz 04 cattlo, '22 
 liorsL-;!, 7>i fanc'as of >/raiii, and '-Mi loaves of liicail; San Franei.sco, ■") yoke of 
 oxen, "0 I lieep, inid •_' Inisiiela of barley; San (lii'los, 7 liiule:i and S liorses. 
 'i'lie j/uai'd fu'.iii.-lied tlio jiadi'es .*>4'_'.r)0 wortli of iirovi.-sions, to 1h^ repaid. A 
 li>t i<f tlic ehuieli vistinenta and sacred ves.-iels is also givi'n. C'o]iy from 
 Miis:-iiin reeon'a in Vidlrjit, J)nr. Ui<t. Cat., .MS., .\xviii. lO^'-ll. See also 
 ir.7/ v".< ( I iitciii'iid Shitih cf Santa Cruz, II, I'i. Simla Cnr. Sriilinil, An;j;. 
 I'J, l:(;.'). Antnlier record makes the eontrihution of Santa (Jlara l.'d eattle, 
 III liurses, 18 faue^'as of grain; San Franeiseo, (i yoke of oxen, lOO hogs, CJ 
 iiimIc:;; and of In r missions 8 heasis of burilen. Sidiizar, ('ondinon uctuul di: 
 Cid'h n^ii, nu!, MS. 
 
 '•"•■iliia was in I7!)7. Pror. Hrr., MS., v. lOfi. .Tan, 1704, Mission Rnard 
 iui'ie;!. ( il to f> men, lint reduecd to f) hi'fore Mi'V 17!>.'i. I'ror. St. /'a/)., MS., 
 xiii. ■j;,M;xii. 77. April I7!I'S, ilO fugitives gatlured in by Cori). Me.sa. /'/., 
 xxii. lul. Jtoad from Monterey tlireatened; a soldier //rfr /•///. 'iltaeked in 17!!-, 
 St. I'liji., .'r;r., MS. vi. 70-1. I''el). I7!K<, it neophyte:) brought in !• pagans. 
 Mountain Indian:-. f:aid to be making arrows. I'rur. St. I'n/i., M.S., xi. l.'i'J-.'!. 
 I'ee. 170.'), the eorjiorr.l and a soldiei' wounded; two paities sent from San 
 rr:nR-i.;eo to ].nn!Hh tlie natives. Id., xxi. I7(i. .Tan. I7!).">, Ser'ut. Amad(jr 
 sent to eapturo "ilni^iaiis who were makim.' trou1)le ois tin; l!io rai.ii'o. /V'<c. 
 St. I'aii., lU'ii. Md., MS., i. 47. Mareir7, 17!)(i, 1'. Sanehe/ asks for aid. 
 Indians t!ire:!tenin',r. St. I'ap.. Sac., MS., viii. ;t. Feb. '29th, Amador sent to 
 investi'.'ate a rumor that the Iiuliaus would rise and kill the padrua. I'roc. 
 mi. Pap., MS., xiv. 18. 
 
496 
 
 RULE OF ROMEU. 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 3,400 in 179G, and 800 in 1709; in 1800 wore 4,n00 
 buslielis; total yield of the decade, 17,590 bushels. 
 
 The church, whose corner-stone had been laid with 
 due ceremony on February 27th of the preccdiiii^r 
 year, was fonnally dedicated to its holy use the lOtli 
 of May 1794, by Father Pena from Santa Clara, with 
 the aid of Gili and Sanchez, besides the ministers of 
 the mission. Alferez Sal was present and as godfatlicr 
 of the church received its keys. Ail the ceremonies 
 prescribed by the lloman ritual were solemnly per- 
 formed in presence of neophytes, servants, and troops, 
 and next day a mass was celebrated in the new e(h- 
 fice. The church was about thirty l)y one hundred 
 and twelve feet and twenty-five feet hi'jfh. Tlie 
 foundation walls to the height of three feet were 
 of stone, tlie front was of masonry, and the rest of 
 adobes.'"''' There is some evidence tliat the site of the 
 mission had been slightly changed in 1792 to avoid 
 danu'cr from inundation. ^^ About the mission build- 
 ings but little is recorded except that tlie last two 
 sides of the square were completed in 1795; and a 
 tlourinij-mill was built and beijfan to i-un in the an- 
 tunm of i 79G, but was badly danjaged by the rains of 
 
 '"A full ncniint <if tlic ceremony and of the Imildiiig, sifjncd hy tlio six 
 pei'soiiK iiiiiiiuil ;;iiil liy Francisco (loiiicz, Josc .Mariii J.ojicz, J:;ii;uii) Cluiniii- 
 zcro, luid .li)S(! Antonio SljicIkz, i> given in .SVk. Cni-., Lih. dc Mis'n.i, MS., 
 38-40. Mr V.'illt y, ( '>,il, inrnl Sbtrh Sta. ( 'ni~, ]-2, pivo.i ti.e d;ito ti < .Mauh 
 lOtli, and this in:',y jioasilil , ho correct, as it is often dillieult to di.stinnni li in 
 old S|)i;ni.-<li manuscript J/V(/;j> from Maiio. J'ro^ress made on eliu;'c!i in 17!'.'!, 
 and ic vaa linished in 17!'l. N'. Pap., J/i'f'^., MS., i. 1'22; ii. 17. 15ein_L,' dani- 
 a.tjcd liy rainnin i'lUl. /'/., ii. \'22. Account of dedication in .SVa. CnzSin- 
 liiid, An;;. IJ, KS.;,'>. Accordi;iL,' to a scrap in llfiijc-i^ J/iss/nii J!,io/,; i. \'.',{\ 
 some coins and relics dp^)0' itcd in tlio corner-stnno ga"j rise to I'nmov.s of 
 treasnrc lor which searcli was madu wheu the building fell in isr»li; hut not 
 oven t'le .stone ^\aj found. 
 
 ^'Scpt. 1-J. \1[)2. Letter of the governor in Pror. /,Vr., IMS., ii. 1,10. 
 Iidiahitants ill l7!"'o: Corporal Josi' ^Viitoiuo Sanche;'.; soldier.! Joaiinin Li'inal, 
 Jose Accves (whoso n)arv:a;;c with a neo])hytj Moninu was the lirst nconliil 
 at Santa (;rn.; on March ;!,''171)4. SUt. Cruz, L'Ji. ili- Misioii, MS., -J!)), lliinum 
 Linares, ,loa(|uin Me.sa, and JosO Vi/.eari'a; sailor sirvienles, J.,opez, (^a-.ri'.lo, 
 Arroyo, IJaraji's, l!odii."'Uez, !;nd Soto; and tlie artisan Antonio ]Icni-i(picz. 
 All hut tlio Hailcr.s h,;d fauilii a. J'ror. N/. P(>]>., MS., xiii. ■J:i4. Nov. I, \7.H, 
 the jiadres conijilain that the Kailoi' laborers linow notiiin.LC of their ■\\("k and 
 should be ti;!UL-i'en'i'(l to the presidio. /(/., xii. -lO. Sr.pplies to iiresidios in 
 17!)o-(l, about SJ,(Jm,>. //., .\vi. -Jii;!, 'JUd; J'rnr. !,'(<•., MS., v. 70. Due from 
 l)residio to uiibsion in Itiut), ijltill. Sin. Cru~, Lib, de Jlmiuii, MS., ID. 
 
 i: 
 
EARLIEST ANNALS OF SANTA CRUZ. 
 
 497 
 
 December.^- The annual election of mission alcaldes, 
 which was required by the regulation, but had been 
 for a long time neglected here as elsewhere, began by 
 l^orica's orders in 1797.=^'' 
 
 Ill these later years the mission prospects were far 
 from encouraging, if we may judge from the tone of 
 missionary correspondence. At the beginniiig of 171)8 
 Fernandez writes that everything is in a l)ad way. A 
 lumdred and thirty-eight neophytes have deserted, 
 leaving only thirty or forty to work, while tlie land is 
 overflowed and the planting not half done. The 
 church has been damaged by the tiood; the live-stock 
 is dying; and a dead whale on the beach has attracted 
 an unusual multitude of wolves and bears."''* The es- 
 tablishing of Banciforte across the river, of which I 
 shall speak in another chapter, had nuich to do with 
 the friars' despondency. 
 
 The missionary founders, L-^ipez and Salazar, serve 1 
 here, the latter till July 1795 and the former to Jul}? 
 17SJ(), at or about whicli dates they departed from the 
 country to seek the retirement of their college.^^ 
 
 ^■' III ^larcli artisans were sent to build the mill nntl instruct the natives. 
 In Auj,'u.st a smith and miller were sent to start the mill. I'rdv. I'c-., MS. , iv. 
 'li'A -Jli-J; V. 50, 08, (jJ-G, 118, llo; vi. 08; Anfi. Sla. Udrhnra, .MS., ii. TS; .S7. 
 Ptili.. Sar., M.S., vii. 30. Four niillstone.s were ordered made at Santa Cruz 
 fill San ( 'lirlo.s. A house for the mill wi.s also built; a;id in I70.'> a gnuiary of 
 two stories and a house for looms had been iinishcd. St. I'up., Minn., !M8., ii. 
 17, 78. 
 
 ^■^ Saiifa Crux, Parroqnin, !MS., ir>, 10. 
 
 ^* Frni'iiidtz, C'ltrtd del I'adrc Mhustro unhrr la eoiidirion de Santa Cnn, 
 17'JS, MS. Aug. 1, 17li8, Engineer Conloba reports that Santa Cruz has 
 .■{,4.'ir).(!0() ! (|. vaias of irrigalde lands of which 1,1'20,()()0 are xin ahiir. I'as- 
 tuic's 1.5 .\ 8 or y leagues witli seven permanent streams. I'rov. i/tv., MS., 
 vi. !»!>. 
 
 ''''<)f Al'jnso Isidro Salazar we know nothing till he became minister of 
 Santa < 'ru/ in Sept. 1701, having jjrobably arrived from Mexico a littleearlier 
 in the siinn" year. Jle and Lopez did not get along amicably togctiicr, and 
 tlie archivi'S contain an order of the guiirdian to tlie ])rc.iident to send Salazar 
 to some other mission since he ami his confrere would not 'listen ti) reason,' 
 iiudmordcr ' to reduce theii- pride' Arch. Sla. Bdrlmra, MS., xi. 'i.'il-'i. He 
 nc\cr served at any other mission, and his license to retire, dated by the vice- 
 roy .hiu. 'j;!, 170."'>, reached him Ijitore.Tune lOtiiof the same year. I'rur. J'i'r., 
 MS., vi. 17. St. I'ap., Sac, MS., i. ,')(). \o reason foi' his retirement isgiven. 
 He (loiditlesa sailed in the transport of tliat iiutunni; and nn Miiy II, 17!1(), 
 lie urote at tlie collegi' of San Fernando a long report on CMlif'irnia, nf wiiich 
 1 shall iiave something to say elsewhere. ( '(nidirimi Ai'tiud ,1,' ( ',il,, M.S. 
 
 Ijuldomero Lopez, I i lie Salazar, camo to California in 1701, like hini served 
 lliHT. Cal., Vol. I, 'ii 
 
498 
 
 RULE OF ROMEU. 
 
 They wore succeeded by Manuel Fernandez and Jose 
 de la Cruz Espi, the latter beinjjf rei)laeed in May 
 1707 l)y Fi-aneisco (;ionzalez, while tlie foinier left tlic 
 country in October 1798 and was replaced by Domingo 
 Carranza,^" 
 
 We come finally to the other new mission of 1791, 
 La Soledad, True to the condition expressed in the 
 name, 'Our Lady of Solitude' has left but a meagre 
 record either of foundation or subsequent career. As 
 we have seen, Lasucn had personally selected a site. 
 The 29t]i of September a party of natives departed 
 from San Carlos to erect a shelter. The friar, delayed 
 by Malaspina's visit, intended to go to Soledad again 
 by October 9th at the latest.^" He did go on that 
 date or perhaps the day before, for on the 9th witli the 
 aid of Sitjar and Garcia, and in the presence of ]jieu- 
 tenant Jose Arguello, the guard, and various natives, 
 he spi'inkled holy water on the site, l)lessed and raised 
 the cross which all adored, and performed all the nec- 
 essar}' rites by which the mission of Xuestra Sehora 
 de la Soledad was ushered into existence. The site 
 was called by the natives Cliuttuso-elis and the rci-iun 
 
 only at Santa Cruz, ami like him was ill-tempereil to sueli an extent that his 
 constant 1)it;keiings with his companion received the reproof of lii.s sujx'rinr.-i 
 His teiii]ier was, however, hirgely the result of ill-health. Ife wns the vii' 
 tini of liypoelidnilria which nnlitted him for missionary duties and he retired 
 in August ITDli. Airh. S/.i. Udrlmm, MS., vi. l2i\S, xi. .")(j-7; I'rov. lln:, MS., 
 vi. l(i;t. in .Mexi"o it seems hi.s health was restored, for on Aug. 8, KslS, lie 
 was elected guardia:. of San Fernando. 
 
 '"' 1'. .Manuel Fernandez was a native of Tny in (Jalicin, Spain, horn in 
 IT'iT, \\Iii> liecame a Franciscan at ( 'oinpf)stela in 17^4. and juined tliecullegc 
 of Sau Ftinandoin I7'J.'{, hcing sent to Californiain 17!'4. Arrh. Sin. Jliir/i/irii, 
 MS., xi. 'JKS. Jle was (ine of live priests who came rccommendecl liy Mug:ir- 
 tegui as of a dillcrent kind from .sevci'al who had exhausted l.asueii'siiatici'. e, 
 these being in fact niodil missionaries. Miiij(irti';/iii, Cartit, nl J'. Laxmn .m <!'■ 
 L'liiro I'i'J.'i, MS. \n original letter. He was impetuous, vioh'id, cruel, and 
 a had manager of neojiliytes. J'ror. JiW., MS., vi. lO.'i; or at least over-zcnl 
 ous in con\ Citing pagans, and was admonished l)y the ]iresident to nioilerate 
 his wal. J'rur. Sf. I'oji., MS., xii. I'Jo-.'VJ. 'i'liis was at Santa ( lara wheie lie 
 Rci-ved in I7!I4. lli^ an as nnicli at San I'raneisco in the early jiart of I7!i"'. 
 ]>uriug his service at Santa Cruz in 171>o- 8 we liear no complaint against him, 
 and in ()ct<d)cr 1 7!'S lu^ obtained licen.se to retire on account of sickness. Anii. 
 Ar-iihinjitulii, MS., i. ."I'i. 
 
 •■' See p. 4113, this volume. 
 
 I I ; t- 1 
 
FOUNDING OF SOLEDAD. 
 
 409 
 
 had boon known to tlio Spaniards as Soledad since 
 tlio first occupation of tlie country. ^'^ 
 
 ]3oyond the names of officiating missionaries and 
 the usual statistics Soledad lias no recorded history 
 for this first decade. One entry in the mission books 
 liowever deserves mention, by which it appears that 
 on ^lay 19, 1703, there was baj)tizcd a Xootka Indian, 
 twenty years of age, "Iquina, son of a gentile father, 
 named Taguasmiki, who in the year 1781) was killed 
 hy tlie American Gret (Gray) captain of tlie vessel 
 called Washington belonging to the Congress of Bos- 
 ton. 
 
 Fathers Dieijo Garcia and ^Mariano Rubi were the 
 first ministers of Soledad, the former being present at 
 tlie foundinif and the latter arriving; shortlv after. 
 l\uhi left the mission in Januaiy and the country in 
 F(.'hruary or ^Nlarch 1793. Garcia left Soledad in 
 February 1792, but he returned, serving there from 
 December 1792 t<^ March 1796, when he was trans- 
 ferred to San Francisco. These two wei-e of the 
 ckiss alluded to by Muufarteoui as havinn- exhausted 
 tlie [)residcnt's patience. They were even worse than 
 Sala/ar and Lopez at Santa Gruz, for llubi was an 
 immoral man, while Garcia, if not ])artially insane, 
 was unpopular and disol)edient.*" After the terms of 
 
 ^^Solcilrifl, Lih. ^fisioi), MS., 1, 2. XiUT.'itivc siL,'n('il liy L.asucn. Itdinen 
 to viceroy Deo. ), 17'.)1, in iSV. J'ap. Sac, MS., v. It.'f. The lirst luiptisiii of an 
 al)(iri,ninal was uii Nov. 'Jlld. Tlie fnUow iiig names ficm the nii.ssioii iceunls 
 ai(> tlio.se of the sohliei's and sirvientes during the decaile: Soldieis, Macai'io 
 Castro, eorjioral in IT'.t-. Jynaeio Vallejo, eorpoi'al in 17!'.'{, Jose Dioni.sio l>er- 
 nal, l.coeadio C'iliiian, T('<i(loi() (Joniez, .Iom'! Jgnaeio Mesa, Antonio J>iiehia, 
 Mareos Villela, Manuel .Meiuloza, Salvador Ks|i\no.-ja, .Mi;,'Uel l^spiiK^a, < 'a- 
 yt'tano lOspiiiosu, Mareos 15riones, JSai'toionu'! ?Iateo Martinez, Jose .Mai-iii 
 Snlieraiies, .Jnaii Maria Pinto, jind .Maniul lopdriLriiez. Servants: .Viilonio 
 Santos, Leoeadio Martinez, Matias Sohi.s, Tedic- liautista Leonardo, Josii 
 Jirrnardino I'hires. 
 
 ■•\Snl.,/„>/, L;h. Mlgio»,yii<., 4. 
 
 *".Nhiriano Knlii was one uf the four pp'lrri wlin arrived in ralifon'ii:i in 
 .Iidy I7M> sent expresslv fur tlie iir"- estalili.>liments. }Io her\ ed at San 
 Antonio 17!)() to Sept. l'7!ll. and firm Oet. 17!ll to .Ian. i7!«. He relin'd 
 undi r a ]irovisioiial lieense, hein^; '.i iilduaitli. Arch. A r.<ihi>^iiiiilit, MS., i. 'X.\\ 
 /'r:.r. /,'m'., MS., ii. KiO. Jn()''>. I7!>;tand a^aiu in I'el>. I7!U tii.' >.';iardiaii 
 wrnti' to liie president askinj,' for detailed reports on liulifs eduduct and 
 e\>(sses, and an ollieial eertiheate on the nature of his diseasi, wliieli wa.s 
 doubtless venereal, lie was to he e.xpelled for the honor of tlie eoUege. J n//. 
 
500 
 
 RULE OF ROIIEU. 
 
 m 
 
 those first ministers the followino; missionaries served 
 for brief periods: Father Gili, like Rubi more miKjv- 
 rierjo than was well for his reputation and health, in 
 1793, Espi in 1794-5, Martiarena in 1795-7, and Cai'- 
 niccr in 1797-8. At the end of the decade the min- 
 isters were Antonio Jaime and Mariano Payoras, since 
 March 1796 and November 1798 respectively. In 
 neophyte population Soledad counted eleven converts 
 only at the end of 1791, but 493 in 1800, the baptisms 
 ha vine: a2:i;reo:ated 704, deaths 224, and marriaijes 1G4. 
 Large stock gained from 194 to 1,383 head; small 
 stock from 213 to 3,024. Agriculture yielded 525 
 bushels in 1792; 350 in 1794; 2,000 in 1797, and 
 2,000 in 1800. Total yield of decade 14,800 bushels. 
 In 1797 this mission possessed an adobe church with 
 roof of straw.*^ 
 
 Sla. Blirhara, MS., xi. 229-.31, 255. Of Carcia's sViortcomings I sliall have 
 more to say hereafter. At Soledad he once neglected to sow graiii on some 
 frivolous pretext, and the neophytes were near stai'ving in consequence. 
 
 "*'«. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 120. Supplies to the presidio in 1796 §418. 
 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 203. 
 
 ti! 
 
 -1 
 
 l^'r: 
 
 .-,•! X 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA— VANCOUVER'S VISITS. 
 1792-1794, 
 
 Council at Monterey to Appoint a Temporary Governor— Arrillaga's 
 Accession — Arrival at Monterey — California Separated from 
 Provincias Ixternas — Arrillaga's Policy and Acts — The Jordan 
 Colony — Maritime Affairs and Forekjn Relations— Northern Ex- 
 plorations — Spanish Policy — The Nootka Qi-estiox — Voyage of thk 
 'Sutil' and ' Mexicana' — Boundary Commission — Vancouver's First 
 Visit — Reception at San Francisco, Santa Clara, and Monterey — 
 English Deserters — The Governor in a Dilemma — Precautions 
 against Foreign Vessels — Revilla Gigedo's Report — Attempted 
 Occupation of Bodega — Vancouver's SecondVisit— ADisgusted Eng- 
 lishman — Suspicions of Arriliaga — Hospitalities in the South — 
 End of the Nootka Settlement — Vancouver's Last Visit — His Ob- 
 servations on California. 
 
 In view of the governor's illness a council was held 
 at Monterey April 5, 1792, by call of Lieutenant 
 Argiiello/ to decide on whom the command should 
 fall in the event of Romeu's death, which Surgeon 
 liable Soler pronounced to be near. The council con- 
 sisted of ArgUello, Ortega, Goycoechca, and Alferez 
 Sal. The decision was that according to the regula- 
 tion the governorship ad interim would belong to 
 Captain Jose Joaquin de Arrillaga, connnandant at 
 Loreto and lieutenant-governor of the Californias; 
 that the provincial archives should be kept tempo- 
 rarily by the council, and that Arrillaga should be 
 notified at once of the state of aftaii's. Goycoechca 
 and Sal should return to their presidios, and Ortega 
 
 • Argiiello had succeeded Ortega in the spring of 1791, and Alf<5rcz Sal had 
 been put io commaud at Suu Francisco. 
 
 ( 601 ) 
 
 i I 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 '■;'> 
 
 B 
 
 502 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA. 
 
 on Romou.s death should proceed directly to Lorcto.'' 
 This decision was communicated on the same day to 
 Arrillaga and to the connnandants not present at the 
 council. The date of Arrillaga's accession may there- 
 fore be considered as identical with that of llomeu's 
 death the 9th of April. On May 4th Arrillaj^a an- 
 nounced his succession to the viceroy, and on the 7t]i 
 to the officials in California, who acknowledged the 
 receipt in June.^ 
 
 Arrillaga chose to take a modest view of his own 
 abilities and a rather exalted one of his new duties, 
 askincT for counsel and sujxijrestions from his subordi- 
 nates. "From this moment I unload my conscience 
 upon each, and hold him responsible for results," writes 
 the new ruler, "since an officer must be directed in 
 his acts more by his own nonor then by fear of 
 authority." Viceregal autliority for his exercise of 
 the chief command bore date of the 8th of July. It 
 was his intention to remain at Loreto; but on Sep- 
 tem1>er 28th he was ordered to Monterey, where he 
 arrived early in July 1793, soon visiting Sail Fran- 
 cisco and returning to the capital the 17th of Sep- 
 tember.* 
 
 Arrillaga's attention was given almost exclusively, 
 durinix this first term of office and lonsT after, to the 
 inspection of the presidios and to the adjustment of the 
 old presidial accounts in continuation of the task that 
 had been intrusted to Romeu. He worked diligently 
 
 ^ Junta <le 5 de Ahril de 1791 en Monterey, MS. Arguello's letters to coni- 
 manilants Zurni;;i and (tonzales, same ilato. Prov. St. Pap., JI8., xxii. LS-IT). 
 
 ^Prov. Si. I'ap., MS., xi. 4, 7, 8. May 4tli, Arrillaga to viceroy. Id., 
 xxi. 71. May 7tli, /</., to lioycoocliea ami Argiiello. /(/., xi. 25; St. Po/t., 
 (SVtc, :MS., i. 115. May 7tli, Id., to Lasuen, and tlie padre'.s cougratulations 
 on June 25111. Arch. ArzohiKjiado, !MS., i. 27-8. May 10th CJen. Xava sends 
 to the governor a copy of Xeve's ])rcvioiis instructions to Fages ; but tliis 
 ilocuniont was jirobably intended fi>r Komeu since Xava first announces knowl- 
 edge ot liomeus death on June 17th. S/. Pup., Sac, MS., i. 72-.3; Prov. St. 
 Paji., MS., xi. 59. 
 
 *June 8, 1792, Arrillaga to commandants in St. Pap., Sac, MS., vi. 76-8. 
 Viceroy to governor, July 8, 1702, in Pror. St. Pap., Ben. Md., MS., xx. ,S. 
 Sept. 28, 1792, Arrillaga ordered to ilonterey. lb. At San Diego in March 
 179;{; at ^loiiterey, before July 8th; went to San Francisco July 27tli; 
 returrod Sept. 17th. Prov. Si. Pap., jSIS., xxi. 92-3, 101, 109, 110. His last 
 conmnnii cation from Loreto is dated Dec. 29th. 
 
 
A ^W GOVERNOR. 
 
 C03 
 
 to Loreto.'' 
 anio day to 
 ;sont at tlie 
 may tlicrc- 
 if Komeii'.s 
 i-rillaj^a an- 
 on the 7 til 
 'ledged the 
 
 of his own 
 new duties, 
 lis suboi'di- 
 
 conscicncu 
 ilts," writes 
 directed in 
 by fear of 
 exorcise of 
 f July. It 
 »ut on Se[)- 
 , where ho 
 
 San Fran- 
 th of Scp- 
 
 xclusivcly, 
 ;er, to tht; 
 ent of the 
 task that 
 dih<]fcntlv 
 
 letters to com- 
 
 , x.\ii. l,S-].5. 
 
 viceroy. Id., 
 
 25; St. Pap., 
 
 ongratulutioiis 
 
 n. Xava iseuds 
 
 es; but this 
 
 ouiicOH knowl- 
 
 2-3; Prov. SI. 
 
 MS., vi. Tfi-S. 
 , MS., XX. ',\. 
 icgo ill Maicli 
 ;o July 'JTtli; 
 IIG. His lust 
 
 at tlie comphcated task and with much success, though 
 niJMiy years passed hefoi'o it was comph^ted. Beyond 
 the details of this adjustment, and tlie ordinary routine 
 of oftieial correspondence with commandants, general, 
 oi' viceroy — for early in 17y,'3 California became by 
 rovid order separated from the Provincias Iiit(.'rna!4 
 and sul)ordinate directly to the viceroy" — the archives 
 contain but little on this administration, which con- 
 tinued until 1794. 
 
 Airillaufa carried out conscientiously the instruc- 
 tions of general and viceroy on the strengthen iiig of 
 coast defences and assistance to north-coast establish- 
 ments, lie met the English navigator A^ancou\ er on 
 his second visit to jMontercv, leavini*' a not very favor- 
 able impression on the mind of his visitor, and urged 
 the viceroy to put the presidios under cajitains, who 
 should have nothing to do with the financial accounts.'"' 
 He granted lands provisionally to three or four men 
 in the Monterey region," issued in the interests of 
 agriculture a proclamation forbidding the natives to 
 kindle fires in the fields, and in the direction of ])ublic 
 works opened a new road and ford at the Piijaro Iviver. 
 By Ariillaga's advice the proposition of the clergy- 
 man, xVlejaiuho Jordan, to found a colony in Califor- 
 nia for the supply of San Bias with products at clu^aper 
 rates, was declined by the king in 171)4.^ Besides 
 
 ■''The king resolved in council of Sept. 7, 1702, on making the Fnivinciiis 
 IiitcMiiis iiKkpendciit of the viceroy; but the Califoniiiis and sonio lasti-ru 
 )ii()vint','.s were excepted in military and political matters, lit v'llla^ di'i/f''), 
 ii'ii)tlo-<, (jl!. Feb, ]•_', 17n.'>, viccrry gives corresponding orders to the go\-- 
 einur. I'mv. St. J'd/i., ;^|S., xxi. 100. 
 
 Muly It;, IT!)!.', y n,c. ,S7. 7'-ri,...MS.,xxi. lOS-O. Inl7()l tluMilliicdf haliili- 
 tai1i> geiirrul ul' the ( 'alilornian I'resiidios had been created with ]\lanuel (':;r- 
 (alia as Ih'st iiicumbrnt. /</., x. l,'J(!-7. 
 
 ' An illa:M Hr.y.'i that bis [iredeci'ssors liad not granted any lands, he favois 
 it and has granted ranches to several invalids on the river .'J or -I Ica'.'ues frum 
 Abiiiti 'ey. /'*■',)•. .SV. J(tji.,\n, 4.j-7, I!"!'; xxi. 1I!"2. It was in his rule, 17'.'.'!, 
 that ( leneral \ava's ordi r, allowing eoujinandants of presidins to grant lant^.a 
 witliin 4 leagues, was app.oved by the viceroy. S>. J'o]'., J/m.~'. '/;"/ Coloi., 
 
 -MS., i. :!-jo-i, :!n--j. 
 
 '' ArriUaga to vii'emy, November S. 17!'l?, in Prov. Si. J'ap., MS., xxi. S.Vli. 
 .Tordaii is s^iid to have t^unt 8 niontlis in Alta Califoniia at some jrevious 
 time, and to have caused yonio dissatisfaction by his intrigues, tliougli I lind 
 no other record of his presence than Arrillaga's statement. Jonlan a;iked for 
 
504 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA. 
 
 
 ordering the appropriate nianifesstations (jf rejoicing at 
 the queen's liappy ilehvery in 1798, the governor con- 
 tinued the collection of alms for the Capuchin nuns of 
 Granada authorized before his accession, and in 1794 
 had tlio pleasure of forwarding California's contribu- 
 tion of !?154 for so pious an object." 
 
 From what has been said it will be apparent to the 
 reader that little occurred to distract Arrillaga's atten- 
 tion from his figures. The period was one of quiet 
 prosperity for the missions, and no new establishments 
 were founded. The governor was liked by the friars, 
 with whose management he made no attempt to inter- 
 fere. Ko had no quarrels ; introduced no reforms ; met 
 with no disasters, but regarding himself as merely an 
 accidental and temjiorary ruler he was content with 
 the performance of routine duties until a successor 
 could be selected. We shall hear more of him later. 
 Local events during this and the preceding and fol- 
 lowing administi'ations I shall group into the annals 
 of a decade. General topics of provincial progress I 
 shall gTou[) practically in the same way by attaching 
 the little that belongs to Romeu and Arrillaga to the 
 much that is to be said of Borica's time. 
 
 pi; 
 
 Maritime affairs and foreign relations, or the dread 
 of foreign relations and consequent precautions, form 
 the only general topic of Arrillaga's term which <lo- 
 mands extended notice. The subject is somewhat 
 closely connected with the annals of the Northwest 
 Coast, fully recorded in another volume of this work, 
 
 §4,000 salary, 18 men, an<l a, supply of implements. Arrillaga thought tliat 
 the expense of a colony woulil outweigh its advantages, sinee the supply- 
 ships might take south produce ol)taineii from the settlers. August 7, 1T!'4, 
 the viceroy communicates to the governor the king's decision against the pro- 
 posal, ou the ground that free trade witii San ]>las would of itself accomplisli 
 t[uite as satisfactory results. /(/., xi. l!f2-.3; I'rov. Kcc, MS., viii. 14."). Tlie 
 king's order was dated Mfircli 7, 1704. Niicva Etpaiia, Acu(r(h.-<, ^IS., 170. 
 
 "May 8, 1703, order for te deum on queen's delivery. Prov. Uic, MS., 
 i. '210; Arch. Ar~Mhi.<pii(lo, MS., i. 34. December 1, 1701, authorization of 
 Capuchin collection by generu\ Prov. Si. Pap., MS., xi. '23. June (i, 1704, 
 viceroy acknowledges receipt of $104 collected at Monterey and San Fran- 
 cisco. Id., xi. 17'2-3; §32 at San Francisco. Id., x. 14, 40; Jtxi. 110, 132, 104; 
 Provliec, MS,, i. 213. 
 
THE NORTHWEST COAST. 
 
 SOS 
 
 and therefore briefly referred to here,*" Spain no 
 longer attached the same importance as in former 
 years to her exclusive claims in the far north, now 
 that the geographical relations of America and Asia 
 were approximately known, and the occupation of Cal- 
 ifornia had furnished suitable ports for the Philippine 
 trade. After the explorations of 1774-1) to latitude 
 G0° nothing was done for a decade. Had it not been 
 lor the possible existence of an interoceanic strait and 
 tlie ever present fear of foreign encroachment from 
 the north, the Spaniards would have given no more 
 thought to these far-off" coasts. Xcw rumors came, 
 however, that the Russians were advancing south- 
 ward, rumors proved to be of no serious im|)ortance 
 by the expedition of 1788; but this expedition brought 
 the more alarming report of a British plan to occupy 
 Nootka. Therefore Martinez was sent in 1789 to pre- 
 vent this step and establish a Spanish post at that place. 
 In th(^ execution of his duty Martinez seized several 
 English vessels as prizes. This led to com|)li'- itions 
 between the two nations which nearly [)lunged Europe 
 in war, but were settled by a treaty of 1790. ]jy this 
 treaty Spain virtually relinquished all her claims to 
 exclusive sovereignty on the Northwest Coast, the 
 right of navigation, fishery, and settlement being made 
 common to both nations. 
 
 The establishment at Nootkawas kept up, liovv ever, 
 from the spring of 1790, before the date of the treaty, 
 and was regularly supplied from San Bias by the Cal- 
 ifornia transports which often went direct to the 
 northern post and touched at Monterey on the return. 
 Xootka was simply an extension of the (*alit'orniau 
 establislunents. Spain had, as already explained, no 
 desire for northern possessions, but she maintained 
 the post for five years for two reasons — first, because 
 if a strait or an inlet leading to New Mexico could be 
 found it would be important to hold it, and to that 
 end exploration was zealously prosecuted; and second, 
 
 "See Iliat. Northwest Coast, i. chap, v.-ix. 
 
 : 
 
 i' 
 
iU i^r T?^ 
 
 806 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA. 
 
 because if tliero were no strait the position could be 
 used ill tliploinatic negotiations to secure a favorable 
 boundary further south, such as the strait of Fuea, 
 the main object being to secure a broad frontier be- 
 tween San Francisco and the first fortngn post. It is 
 only certain voyages connected with the exi)lorati()ns 
 and negotiations refc^rred to that have a bearin<>: ou 
 California history. The touching on the coast of 
 several Nootka vessels connected with the oxj)edi- 
 tions of Elisa, Fidalgo, Quiniper, Saavedra, INFatute, 
 and Malaspina in 17D0-1 has already been noticed. 
 
 In the s[)ring of 1792 three vessels sailed from San 
 Bias for Nootka, oao of tliein bearing Juan Francisco 
 do la Bodega y Cuadra as Spanish connnissioner to 
 settle certain questions still pending with England. 
 At Nootka he met Vancouver, the British commis- 
 sioner. ]>y the treaty Spain had agreed to restore all 
 lands of which England had been dispossessed. Cuadra 
 claimed, as ^\•as indeed the fact, that there were no 
 such lands and therefore proposed to fix a boundary, 
 offering to give up Nootka and make Fuca Strait the 
 line. Vancouver demanded the unconditional surren- 
 der of the port, and declined to treat on the boundary 
 question at all. The commissioners not being able to 
 agree, left the matter to l)e settled by their respective 
 governments, and soon all the vessels, Spanish and 
 English, sailed for the south. 
 
 The Sati/ and Mexicana had been sent from Aca- 
 pulco in ]\rareh under captains Dionisio Galiano and 
 Cay eta no Valdes to explore the strait of Juan de 
 Fuca and the coast to the south. After exploring the 
 sound in company with Vancouver's fleet the two ves- 
 sels i-eturned to ]\Ionterey^^ where they arrived Sep- 
 tember 2'Jd and remained till the 2Gth of October. 
 
 '* For northern explorations sec JUi^t. N. W. ConM, i. 270, etc. Previous 
 nrrivals of 17!'- hiul ]j;'oii tlie Vowrprioii, ('!i])tiun Klisa, frtini Xootka, ll'uviIl^' 
 supplies at Monterey .1 uly !Hh, at Santa IJarhara, Sept. Stli, and at San 1 )iegii, 
 Oct. SlIi; \\wSaiitn (A /■/;•(((//'.'<, (,'apt. Torres, from Nootka, toiieliiuj,' at M(jnterey 
 Aug. 1 1th to Oit. 'Jitli. en route lor San IJlas; lunl the, S'«/*' ;•;;/((«, ^vllieh arrived 
 from Sau lilas at San 1- laneicieo Sept. lOih and at Monterey Oct. 1 7tli. For urri- 
 
 i\. ■ : ;" 
 
•SUTIL' AND 'MEXICANA.* 
 
 807 
 
 Tlio author of the diary devoti's two clmptcrs to Cul- 
 it'oiiiia, which contain a (IfHcriptioii of Alonterey and 
 its surroundings, a somewhat oxtondud account of 
 ahoriginal manners and customs, and a supeilicial l)ut 
 nut inaccurate view of the provincial esta!)lishments, 
 iii(lu<hng a table of mission statistics, lie speaks 
 highly of the country and of the missionaries; hut 
 there is nothing in his observations on California that 
 j)()sscsscs any special value as throwing new light on 
 her condition or institutions. He presents, however, 
 the following not very wc^ll founded comjjlaint: "These 
 (U'serving soldiers, and )iot less useful colonists, live 
 with the atHiction that when with failing strength they 
 can no longer supj)ort the fatigues of their })r()fession, 
 they arc not permitted to settle there and devote 
 themselves to agricultural occuj)ations. This prohi- 
 bition of building houses and tilling lands near the 
 presidio seems directly opposed to all the pui'poses of 
 utility, security, and prosperity of those establish- 
 iiKuts, and contrary perhaps to what good jiolicy 
 sliuuld dictate. Were the soldiers permitted while in 
 tlic service to em[)loy their savings and n)oments of 
 leisure in forming a hacieuda and raisini>: cattle, both 
 for their families' convenience and as a resource 
 against poverty. . .it is very likely that within a few 
 ycais there would be plantetl a Ihjurishing colony most 
 useful for its inhabitants and of great service to Span- 
 is] i navigators." After leaving Monterev (iJaliano and 
 ^ 'aides sailed down the coast, making some obser- 
 vations without anchoring, and conununicating witli 
 the transport Conccpcion as they ])assed San J)iego. 
 ^[ost of tlieir sta}^ in California had been spent in 
 preparing their reports and charts of northern re- 
 gions.^' I reproduce the general map of the Califor- 
 nia coast. 
 
 vals and cicpnrturcs of vpssols see Pror. S>. Pup., MS., xxi. ".Vfi, R8-9, l.")0, 
 ltVJ-:{; St. Pup., Sac, MS., iii. 17; vi. (iS, ~-2: ix. S-_' :!; Pror. Jlcc, MS., ii. 
 141, Ij"; Navurrete, Introd., cxxiii.-xxxi. Tlicre is some confusion rcsptct- 
 iiiy duties. 
 
 '- SiitU y Mfx'ienna, R'Jnc'uiv <lil Vlaur hfrunynr ht.^ i/olclnx SiitH y }[e.vicii)iii 
 en d uilo de 17'JJ para reconocer el L'ntrccho dc Fuca; con una liUruduccion, 
 
608 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAQA. 
 
 w 
 
 Map of 1792. 
 
 TllO pr 
 cominissic 
 t!u> Calit; 
 tain l>y 11 
 liospitalit 
 jinivcd at 
 iiliiit, iK'ai 
 lyiiiLij at }- 
 us s(»()U a> 
 in accord; 
 iiistfuctioi 
 was not t( 
 i)ro[)()se(l. 
 tlicro was- 
 yi't tlicy 
 the IIot'C( 
 thvowAi t 
 AranzazH, 
 the north. 
 
 I'tf. Miulriil, 
 (in f';iliforiiia, 
 iiicliuliiig Ciili 
 fliiu't of San 1 
 iiml a map of 
 vol. I The moi 
 cidii in que xc ( 
 I:'.-<li(iiiol< s en h 
 ttliirli has oft 
 inya','i;s oil thl 
 iftc, whoso iia 
 thu hfst, by i\ 
 cliargc, Or. iii 
 .staiiifs, ivspt'i 
 tln^ truth,' lia 
 w lio \ isitotl ^ 
 Trafalgar. Tl 
 I'xiikiration. / 
 MS., xi. 40. 
 
 '■' Arrilhigii 
 jiiaiiilaiits on !■ 
 i. 4-.'-;i. Oidi 
 icci'ptioii and 
 never arriv(,'il. 
 
 to <lov. Ai'rill 
 \»ant tlio niou 
 nil. Sept. J)t 
 vessel off tiic 
 night about a 
 
ARRIVAL OF SPANISH VESSELS. 
 
 SOD 
 
 Tlio probable; arrival of thu Spanish and Eni,'Hsli 
 conimissioncrs had bceu announced in ailvancc, and 
 thi' CaHt'ornian authorities were instructed to niain- 
 tiiiii l)y a cordial reception the S[)anish reputation for 
 hospitality.'^ Cuadra on the Activa from the north 
 jirrived at ^[onterey the 9th of October. The Safitr- 
 iiiiHi, beariui^ important despatches for him, had been 
 lyini; at San Francisco for a month and came down 
 as s(»(»n as his arrival was known. Tliese despatches, 
 ill accordance with a late royal order, contained new 
 instructions from llevilla Gigedo by which Nootka 
 was not to be surrendered as the viceroy had at first 
 |)roi)osed. Since the proj)osal had not been acci'ptcd, 
 tlure was no sjtccial haste about the new orders; 
 yet they were sent up to Fidalgo at Nootka l)y 
 the Ilorcasitas,^* and Cuadra remained in California 
 through the winter. Before the end of October the 
 Araii'.o:K, under Caamano, arrived at IVIonterey from 
 the north. 
 
 vh: ^hulrid, 1802, 8vo, 71. clxviii. 18.5, 20 pages with folio atlas, riiaptora 
 (in Califoniia, 157-77. Tho atlas contains a general ina|) of tlie whole coast, 
 iiicliiiliiig California, ami a chart of Monterey, made hy the.sc explorers; a 
 eli;ut of San Dieyo, made by Pantoja in 1782 (given in eliap. xxii. tiiin vol.); 
 and a map of tho coast from Vizcaino's survey of l()(>2-;{ (sec; cliap. iii. tliis 
 vol.1 The mo.'ft valuable part of this work, however, is Xniyinrlf, In/roiliic- 
 rioii III qiK- Ki' (la iiotiiid tic liin E-rjifdic'ioitcs fxfriifiii/ftn uiifi'ri(>riiii n/r jmr las 
 K.iji(tPii)l( s en hitsra tlvl Pano del JS'irociti' ilc. In A inirifn, i. clxviii. This woik, 
 which has often been cited by nie, is probably tlie best ri xiiiin- of Sjianish 
 loyjc'cs on tho I'acilic coa.st. Itwa.s written by Martin Feinandi'/. de Xav;ir- 
 rete, wiiose nanio does not appear a.s tlie author, but whose facilities wen; of 
 tlie bist, by reason of access to Spanish ai'chives and of ability. < Irccnhuw's 
 ciiiHL;!', Or. mid <V//., 241, of 'gross and palpable niisstatciucnts nf cirtuiu- 
 stiiiiccs, ivspccting uiiich he undoubtedly possessi'd the means of arriving at 
 tlic truth,' has, I believe, no just founilation. (Jaliano, Valdcs, and Alava 
 who visited Monterey a little later, all fell at tho fiinious naval battle of 
 Trafalgar. The vicercjy had at iirst intended Lieut. Maurelli- tu make this 
 exploration. Rci'Ula-< I'ojedo, laloriiu' d<l,' dv AlirU 17'J-'i, 141; Pn'f. Sf. Pd/i., 
 MS., xi. 40. 
 
 '■■ Ari'illaga. still at Loreto, communicated this ordci' to the presidio I'oni- 
 luiinilants on Sept. Ki, I7!»2. i'ror. St. I'ap., MS., xi. .T); Si. J'h/j.. S'n-.. MS., 
 i. 4_'-;i. Orders had al.-.o been given in the spring of I7!>2 fur tin- friendly 
 reception and aid of the French ex])edition in search of La reronse, which 
 never arrived. Pr<,v. Si. /'(!/>., MS., xxi. 7.'!; SI. /'a/i., N^c. MS,, i, 112. 
 
 ^' Itirll/fi-diiifdo, liifiiriiif ill' i; de Ahril l^'.il, V.\~. Oct. ;!lst, Sal writes 
 to <luv. Arrillaga that he judges from ('nadr.a's remarks that the hlnglish 
 want the mouth of .San Francisco IJay for a bonndary. St. I'ti/i., Si' ■ MS., i. 
 ll!l. .Sept. ((th, Sal had written to Arrillaga that he had .seen a .sii. p/icious 
 vessel nil the port on the 7th, and lired (5 shots at her. She anchored for tho 
 night about a league from Mus.sel Point. /(/., i. (j'J-71. 
 
510 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA. 
 
 i) I 
 
 M : B ! 
 
 Ill April of this year Captain George Vancouver 
 in the Dlscorci'ij with the Chatham under Lieutenant 
 Broughton, on a grand cxph)ring voyage round the 
 world, liad crossed over from the Sandwich Islands 
 and made observations on the California coast as lie 
 sailetl nortliward from just below Cape Mendocino.'' 
 Now six months later, coming from Nootka, tlu 
 Eniiflish navijxator sailed down the coast without 
 anchoi'ing, and on November 14th, in the Discorcri/, 
 entered San Fraiicisco Bay at nightfall and anchored 
 in front of Yerba Buena Cove, having received a salute 
 of two guns as he passed the fort.'" Next day he was 
 visited in the morning by Sergeant Pedro Aniadoi' 
 and l*adre Laiulaeta, and later by Conunandant Sal 
 and ]''atlier Danti; while on the Kith bv advice of the 
 S})aniards, Private Miranda serving as pilot, the JJi.s- 
 cocertj was transferred to the usual anchorage nearer 
 the presidio.^' 
 
 Vancouver's reception at San Francisco was most 
 cordial and satisfactory. ]']very attention was shown 
 and every possible aid furnished the visitors by Com- 
 mandant Sal and his wife and the IViars at the mission. 
 Couriers were despatched to Monterey with a messages 
 for Cuadra. Facilities were alforded for obtaining w< xkI 
 and water; feasts were given at both presidio and mis- 
 sion, and meat and vegetables were sent on board the 
 vessel. Indeed everything the Spaniards had in this 
 the most poverty-stricken of theii" establishments was 
 at the disposition of the strangers. On the HOtli of 
 November A'^ancouver and seven of his officers made 
 an excursion on horseback to Santa Clara, being the 
 first foreigners who had ever penetrated so far into 
 
 '■' Vaucourvrs Vo'iage, i. in()-200. For hia northern explorations with 
 niii]i8, sec H:st. N. \V. Ciififif, i. '274, ct scq. 
 
 '"/(/., i. 4:!-.'; Sill to Arrillnua Nov. 14, 1792, in St. I'<ip., Sac, MS., i. 1 i.V 
 17; /'/. to /</., Nov. .'iOth, in A/., iii. •-'•-'. It ii^ »triin,:.'u tli::t Sal iiiikos the day 
 of arrival Nov. 1,'StIi, while the voyager's diary lian it Nov. 14tli. The same 
 (liMcrc'jnHR'v i\ist;< rcsiiciitiiit,' tlio dale of I'liaiiLtinganchorayo. On the loralioii 
 of Verba liiiena. .see < haji. xnx. of tliis volume. 
 
 ''The eouiniaiider of the Sdiitd (IfrlrudiK iiad left a note fur Vaneouver. and 
 a liorseniau liad th.-refore lieen .stationed at tho head.s to give uotieo ui his 
 approach. St. J'tqi., Sac, vi. 7-. 
 
VANCOm'ER'S FIRST VISIT. 
 
 511 
 
 the interior. Tliey were escorted l>v Amador \vitli 
 ii s(jiiad of five soldiers, and were delighted with niueh 
 of the intennediate country. After most lu)s])itable 
 treatment by lathers Pena and Sanchez at Santa 
 Clara, the}' returned to San Francisco on the 2'2d. 
 The Cliafham had meanwhile arrivi^d, and jireparations 
 were hastened for departure. For su[H)lies furnished'"* 
 Don Ilermenegildo would take no pay, actinij^ as he 
 said under instructions from Bodet^a y Cuadra; but 
 he accepteil from Vancouver some imiilemeiits and 
 ornaments besides a hogshead each of wine and I'um, 
 all to be distributed to tlu; presidio and two missions. 
 The two vessels sailed away the 2Gth and anchored 
 next morm'nij: at Monterey.'" 
 
 Vancouver found lying at anchor in the harbor of 
 ^[onterey the Ihvdahin, his store-ship which had 
 joini'd the fleet at Nootka, the Act'tra bearing 
 Cuadra's l)roa(l pennant, the Arn)iZ(r,n, and the llor- 
 oisifKs. The presidio and Cuadra's flag each received 
 a salute of thirteen guns and each returned the com- 
 }iliment. From Cuadra, Ai'gilello, (\iamano, and all 
 the S[)anisli oflicials the Englishmen n-ceived the 
 same courteous attentions as at San Francisco, and a 
 series of social entertainments followed on shore and 
 on deck which were mutually agreivible and j)roduc- 
 tive of i>'ood-feelin<jf. Orders recentlv received fi'om 
 S[)a!n ! ot to molest English vessels but to ca]>tnre 
 iill the c of other nations led both connnanders to 
 hclle\'e that the Nootka ditticulties had ln'cn settled 
 by thi'ir respective governments: conseipiently \^an- 
 t-oiivei- mad(> arrangt'ments with Cuadra to send 
 Jh'oun'hton to Euixland ria San JJlas and ^Fexico, to 
 
 1 
 
 r. ami 
 A lib 
 
 Tli^ 
 
 icsi" HUpplics wore, iicconliiig to n 
 
 lis! 
 
 Ill 
 
 ,sV. !'< 
 
 ■t. of Ciuuh 
 
 -II 
 
 I slH'l'p, 
 
 1(1 :iiriil)a 
 
 '/'■ 
 
 r'., MS., 
 tl'cf lliplii Sii 
 
 lives, 4 blii'cj), 1!)() piliil)pkilis, 10 liaskrts vciftalilr.-i, 
 
 1 -2 
 
 It -load of 
 
 iliUo. '.).') foul, .|(K>e; 
 
 'Oil \'aiii.'oiivi r's stay at Sjm l^'rancisco. visit to Santa Clara, ainl voyai_'('. 
 
 •ii/i'jf 
 
 ii. i-:si). \vs< 
 
 it tliu Jhiiliihlti (111 till' -2il ' coll 
 
 v 
 
 its (o Ai 
 ,M.\ (I 
 
 ma on 
 
 N. 
 
 ;)t!i, till' iii-rivii 
 
 Anson,' iintl of tlu' J> 
 
 i.<niri nj 
 
 ami ('/i!i//i'(iii on llir "J'tili, one day liofuro N'iinooiiviT'.s date, as at San I'M 
 
 .SV. / 
 
 'dp., Sue, MS., V. 97. Tho dutc ifs given as Nov. 'JJtIi iilso iii 
 
 I'rui: at. I'ltp., M.S., x.\i. U3. 
 
■^ir 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 as 
 
 512 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA. 
 
 which end the Spanish commander offered every fa- 
 cihty. The Discovery and the Chatham remained at 
 Monterey for about fifty days for reloading and 
 repairs. A tent and observatory for astronomical 
 observations were set up on the beach, and the Da'- 
 dalu.f sailed in December for New South Wales with 
 a load of cattle and other supplies generously fur- 
 nished by the Spaniards. 
 
 Vancouver and party went over to San Cdrlos the 
 2d of December, and were hospitably entertained, as 
 La Pcrouso had been six years before, by President 
 Lasuen and the other friars. The nativ s .^,ci\e an 
 exhibition of their skill in killing deer by r';" ^agem. 
 Back at the port a dinner was given 'Mj 1r ;-d the 
 Dificoi'eri/ which proved agreeable until Se-.ioia Argii- 
 ello and other ladies as well as some gentlemen were 
 forced by sea-sickness to retire to tierra firme. A pic- 
 nic dinner at the presidio garden several miles away 
 was another day's progrannne. Subsequently a dis- 
 play of fireworks delighted the Spaniards and aston- 
 ished the aborigines. When this pleasant intercourse 
 was over and the day of departure drew near Bodega 
 y Cuadra, who in addition to constant kindness had 
 prolonged his stay at Monterey for no other jnirposo 
 than to carry Broughton to San Bias, refused t j take 
 pay for cattle or other stores supplied to the fiei^f; 
 and Vancouver was obliged to be content with a uvw 
 distribution of such useful utensils as hisvesf.els Jisihi 
 supi)ly.-" At last January 1 5, 1793, after an ineffectr.ii 
 [)ursuit of two desei'ters^^ and the reluctant acceptance 
 
 '-"Rt'villfi-( !is;('(lo, Iiiforr"' ih 1,2 ilc Ahril, 130, says Vancouver's gifts wcro 
 MTirth iil)()iit .*!J,()()<). Salazai', ('onillrion itrtiin} ilc Cal., MS., (17, cstiitiati's 
 all (if ^'aln•l^uvl■l■ -i ])i-esi'iit.s in liis tiireo visits at )?10,(HM), ami ssays tliat Santa 
 ( 'niz nii'ivcil ,SI,(K)() witli wliit'li a mill was built. 15y the viccniy'.s unliT nf 
 Si'jit. .'{(), 17U4, any doKts on Vancon vol's account i'xcc])t cxjicnscs for secur- 
 ing t'.esoitors were cliargeil to the San Bias departnieiit as exiicuscs of the 
 houndiiry cnmmi.ssion. I'rur. SI. "u/i., ,MS., xi. '_'(K). 
 
 -'Aliont tiiesc (le.scrtei's tliece is no lack of information in tlio ai . ves. 
 Besides tile '_' from the f 7(f(//(r(;/( there were U from the J><v<l(thiA. (;•>' .!ii>r 
 to viceroy March Id, WM, says thiit :< are t'atholics and deserted bcci'i, ' v. t 
 allowed 1o attend mass; the otliers desiie to liecome ('atholics. They ..re 
 prisoners at Monterey. C'nadra on Jan. Httli had (n'derid Ihcni sent. A 
 caught, to Nootka mt Lorcto. I'ror. SI. J'op., MS.,xxi. 1(4-7. Ciov. to Ar- 
 
 
VAXCOLTER'S DEPARTURE. 
 
 313 
 
 by Vancouver of the only smith at the presidio in 
 place of the lost ai'niorer, tlie fleet of live sail, two 
 English and three Spanish, disappeared in the; south- 
 west behind Point Pinos and lei't to jMonterey its 
 usual solitude.^" 
 
 (Governor Arrillaga was not pleased when he heard 
 of the excessive iVeedoni that had been allowed Van- 
 couver, and especially did he disap])rove of the I^ng- 
 lishnian's visit to Santa Clara. He felt that a kind 
 i'e(;eption to the boundary conunission according" to 
 viccrc'gal instructions did not include such extraordi- 
 
 giiello ?ir;iiTh U'Ttli, ] )csci't('rs not to lie (Icliverud to iiiiy I'lnglish vessel except 
 
 X'iiiR'oiivL'i'H anil tlic'ii only on liis jiayiiig tlio oxjn 
 
 adiiiittcil to (';it!ioliij fjiitli until furtlic onlcis, excojit in 
 
 'i'liu 2 not to lio 
 
 ilwitli. To li 
 
 supi 
 
 ilicil iit rate of 18 cents jier tlay for r.ilioi 
 
 ml elotlies. 
 
 May 1)0 eni]iloye(l at their trades. Arrillajra (lisapiirovt s .snnliiiL,' tliem 
 
 L 
 
 to 
 MS. 
 
 jreti 
 
 ,SV. ]' 
 
 iS(ir 
 
 MS., i. 107, 10!» 10: 
 
 vii. S_>: 
 
 /' 
 
 l(!l- 
 
 Aujr. ICtli, 'J'liey nnist l)e given np to an lui, 
 
 d 
 
 or t*i'nt to San I'las. Clothes furnished to he cluirgcil to account of Ixnuidary 
 commission. I'rm'. St. I'aji., MS., xi. !),")-(>. In Sept. 17!W the ■") di serters 
 
 were sent to San IJlas on the J'riiiri'Mi. P 
 
 St. 1\ 
 
 MS., .\xi ii; 
 
 !), 17!)4, viceroy tells gov. that they vill be sent liack for delivery to Vai 
 
 couver. 
 
 •J-.'d, Vai 
 
 icouver IS eliarLteil wi 
 
 th i^r.^ 
 
 •xpcnsts at San 
 
 lihi 
 
 He must returu the three borrowed .sailors. A/., xi. I,").'?, itiS, xxi. \\1. May 
 lOtli. viceroy to gov., 'J'hc "> have been sent by tin; ('• 
 
 oiif<'iiciiiii : 
 
 largcs ."^r-VS 
 
 to b(! ]):iid liy Vancouver; else tiicy arc to be sent to ISOotUa for diii\ery to 
 .souK^ Kngiish vessel. /(/., xi. 171--. June !)th. Id. to Id. Another <leserti«' 
 taken atSan lliego is to ln' given up. /</.,xi. 17.'>-4. June ll.'th.< iuv. to vireroy. 
 As \ani:ouvir had no Sjianish money he has presented the amount in tiiii 
 if the Spanish nation. /'/., xxi. 144. Se]it. i'-'lh, Arril!a;.^a t) Aruiielln 
 
 il (if the (i in ('• 
 
 amtouvei'. 
 d 
 
 1,1. 
 
 11a 
 
 IIICI'jiClllll. 
 
 the 8'.iSS 
 
 niKl lauons 
 
 to be ciiUectcil from 
 
 xii. UJ7-!>. Sept. :$Oth, Ai 
 
 ■Uo t( 
 
 .\rri 
 
 k 
 
 miller surveillance; w l 
 to a Siianish ves 
 
 ill deliver them to N'ancouver, ti 
 
 !■ 
 
 lIL'llsU VC.- 
 
 the (i 
 icl, or 
 
 db^ 
 
 louiid for Xootka. Some want to be C.itiiolics and some 
 
 di.->t. III., xii. 14S-!). Nov. r.th, .\rgiiello toCajit. I'ligetof </,(i/l<, 
 
 iiLT '-'of t!ie (1. Total bid !?747. /'/., xii. 170-1. Xi 
 
 1(11! 
 
 to f'llV. 
 
 !•• 
 
 that :i of the (i 
 
 it Uritisli subicets iind Mill iiol claim 
 
 thi'in. Has no instrnclions to jiay the bill but will lay tiie accoiiiit before 
 theaibniralty. /(/., .\ii. I.M-.". Xov. Kith {"V 17th;, < iov. to \'aiicouvcr inter- 
 
 I'ciliii'.; lor 
 
 tin; 'A dcsci'te 
 
 rs j'lveii lip am 
 
 I cIiaiLiing .*:>•_'.") fore: 
 
 nse.i. 'Ilie tli 
 
 ri e 
 
 it given u]) were '2 l'iirtu"ilese and one Oane. /(/., <ii. 17-'-:{. The iiurport 
 
 ivecndmi; coinmr.iiii'MiMMs r.i I iiiicdiiV'I 
 
 of 
 
 I7'.!4," I'idalgo'takes th< 
 
 tiie.Sl-M of eliargcs. /(/., xii. 171 
 
 uaining deserters on board his vcssi 
 
 nl/iK/c, 111. 
 h 
 
 4. Xi 
 
 idtl 
 
 •-'0, 
 
 lilt 
 
 174. 
 
 ^1 I'dild'/r o/' J) 
 
 Kriiv, rij 
 
 ^l (he North /'(iri/irO. 
 
 ''(fill, lllllf I'lliU !• 
 
 ,1 
 
 l!if Wiirlil. . .17'J(l-~i. Loud ill. 1 7'.IS, ;i vols. 4to, and folio atlas. On this visit 
 
 to Ml 
 
 mterey 
 
 see vol. ii. •j:)-4!l, '.)!)-l(»."i. Other ed 
 
 iiiiiiis iiin 
 
 1 translations of 
 
 coiivcr's voyage witli numerous aliridgeil 
 
 Iroin this ori'. 
 
 iiial 
 
 nan 
 I do Hot diem it 
 
 iitivts and refi 
 
 er llces a 
 
 I 
 
 Ucc. !,"., 17'.t-', l/mien wri 
 
 thissioiui. Arili. S,'ii. Jliir'. 
 
 ^ary to notice here. 
 
 Sc 1 to N'aiicoiiv r tliankiu'.; Iiim fur his gifts to tlio 
 
 MS., vi. 2(10-1. .Maivli bi. I7;».f, Vicroy to 
 
 neatest 
 
 ivcr, ha.i ; iveii Lieut, i'.roughtoii all possible aid, and with ll 
 
 pleasure. 
 
 / 
 
 ror 
 
 .SI. J'i 
 
 '/'■ 
 
 MS. 
 
 U3 4. 
 
 UiBT. cal. Vol.. 1. ja 
 
514 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA 
 
 nary license to a foreign power. He was only tem- 
 porui'y governor and he entertained a. nervous dread 
 of overstepping the Hteral instructions of his supei'iors. 
 He feared that wliat had taken place would he disap- 
 proved, and that he would he held responsihle. His 
 trouhl'j was increased by an order from the viceroy 
 dated November 24, 1792, to be on his guard against 
 English ships, and especially to prevent the weakness 
 of the Spanish establishments from becoming known 
 to I'oreigners.^* No wonder he was alarmed and that 
 n his way up to Monterey in the s[)rin', of 179;5 he 
 -'rote to chide Sal for having permitted Vancou\er to 
 gain a knowledge of the country, at the same time 
 instructing him and other commandants to limit their 
 coui'tesies to foreign vessels in the future to the mere 
 granting of needed supplies as demanded by the laws 
 of hospitality."^ The presence of two Englisli vessels 
 on the coast in March did not tend to allay the gov- 
 ernor's lears.-'' Sal humblv confessed that in permittinsf 
 the visit to Santa Clara he had connuitted an iuex- 
 cusalile I'ault. " I am human and 1 fell into an error 
 which I cannot mend," says he. But he claims that 
 with Father Landaeta ho endeavored in dissuade his 
 guest from his pur})ose, thus exciting his disi)lensure, 
 and that tliere was no other wavto iirevent tlu; intru- 
 si(^n but to remove the horses. This diffei's materially 
 from Vancouver's account, where no trouble is hinted 
 
 i. ; 
 
 ^= Pror. SI. Pap., lini. J/;/., :\I,S., xix. 1, 2; xx. 3, 4. 
 
 ^'Afi'illaga to Sal, ALirch •2!i, IT.''!. Only t!ic oininnimilor or his represent- 
 ative iim.st 1)<! iK'niiitted to land. J'rin: l!i<\, .MS,, ii. 14'2-4. ]Miiy "Jd, Arri- 
 llagii say* ho has given order.s not to let any JMiglisli land. Pror. St. P((j>., 
 MS., xxi. !l8-!t. April 1st, meat and veyetahlcs to he snpplied sparingly aa a 
 niattei' of ])o!iey (inly. /'ror. //re., .MS. , ii. l()-2. 
 
 -•' Martli l(i, \~',i'.i, Sal to i^oveinor, ainionncos the arrival of an I^n^'ii.-iU 
 vessel undui- ('a])tain Jhown, a.^kin;' for water, wood, ;ind nie.it. Siie I'.ad a 
 snspiriiiu.s ajipiarance, .said she eanie from Monterey and was honnd fur 
 NootUa, and was said l>y the nativis to h 'vo been lianL^inu' about the eo. ; t for 
 two niiintlis. ,SV. J'n/i. , Sac. , }il!>., ii. l;!l-'J. 'l"wo Ktiglish vesseL-^, one of (hem 
 the /'rhiccyn, obtaincil wood and w.iter at Monterey early in Mareli. /'rnr. 
 J'lr., .MS., ii. Hii. Mareh or February, an En;.,'lish ve:;sid at nioulli < f San 
 ]''raueis('o, and anotluT at ]>odeL,'a, wiih gnns landed. 'J'he presiiiioM i.re unde- 
 fendi'il and the Kni;lish have nolieed it, saying that pirates -.wc innnri'ons and 
 iin invasion not unlikely. So sii s the governor to the viceroy. J'ror.Sl. Pa/i., 
 MS., xxi. 'M. 
 
COAST DEFENCES. 
 
 5U 
 
 at, and it is only said that in consequence of despatches 
 received by Sal, and tlie indisposition of one of the 
 Iriars, they begged leave to decline the engagement.''*^ 
 
 Together with his order requiring precnutions 
 against the English and other foreigners with a special 
 view of keeping Spanisli weakness from their knowl- 
 edge, and subsequently, the viceroy announced his 
 intention of remedying that weakness by strengthen- 
 ing the four presidios and by the immediate occupation 
 of Bodega. The IGth of July Arrillaga sent in a 
 :'"port on the state and needs of Californian defences."^ 
 A an<x)uvcr, unwisely permitted to investigate, hatl 
 been surprised to find California so inadequately pro- 
 tected, and tho Spaniards seem to have idealized the 
 utter insuiriciei',cy of their coast defences at about the 
 same time; but nothing was accomplished in 17i>;j 
 beyond an unsuccessful effort to occupy Bodega Port. 
 Their Bodega scheme and the whole project t>f 
 st lengthening the Californian defenses were devised 
 by Viceroy Itevilla Gigedo, and urged most ably in 
 his report of April 12, 1793, a document which covers 
 tlie whole nortliern question from a Spanish st;ind- 
 j)()int, and although little consulted by modern writers 
 is really a most important authority.-'* After giving 
 
 ''■' Aiiril :jn, nn.S, Sal to Arrillaga in Sf. Pa/)., firir:, ?,IS., v. 0; Vanro'n-fr'.'i 
 ]'oi/afjr, i'l. Hi. 1 susjxH't that a iii';Iit"s s'.cup oaliucd tlic SpaiiianlH' cntlmsiasiii 
 fjouxnvliat, ami showtil tliciii that they wvw j.'.n'iwj too i'ar; tluMvfoic-' tiny 
 niailo cxL'UKcs intfiuliil as a hint whieli the l^n^iliyhniaii iliil not caro to t.-kc. 
 
 "' Ari cUkju, Jjij'iirme at I'ini/nihri' d<j'i)isa <lv luCos'a, 1!9.j\ MS. ]"(li. 
 IC), 17!"), viceroy to governor, ajiprovi'n fortiliuation < f the iircsiilios and has 
 (T.^rcd i'.rlilloi'v and olhcr material .sent. /'/., xx. 4. The governor .say:> tliut 
 Mentcrey han H gnus ami '.'< ];eclr(res; Sau Franeiseo '2 nselcys gnns; Sant:i 
 Ij.irbara ■_' j'Uns and a i:i driro v. ith jiohody to niaii.".ge tlnni; and San l''it".'o 
 ;i giun disnionnted. The i:oniin;il foree free for aei ion in the 4 jiri^idioM i ■; '.',r<, 
 lir.t ;.ft(.r dediie'.ions only ene or two men to each fort, lie reeoinmeiids n. 
 foreu of 'J;,'4 men; want:i a vesi>el at Monterey or San Francisco; andappro'es 
 the oeeiipalicn of liudega. 
 
 ■"* /i'< (■('("« t/.i/i'i/o, ] ii/t.rmo (h- los Siirr-iny omrr/dos en hi Pcniin'nla ilc Cult- 
 j'irii;(:.-< it il< /iitrtuiiK iifo dc Sun lilan, d< ilr i ! (ifm </'■ J",(iS. Mi j'lcn 1 : dr Ahrll 
 dr y,'',<, in Jjiiti/aniindf, Sr]ilni,rid'i li la JlisI, di: lo" Tn •! S/ij/nn ilc M(.,-ii-n. lii. 
 IIJ C4. Another im;:ortant ".t)ilc Ijelongin;,' to this year and written liy tlio 
 s:'.i!io j.iithor ia Ihrdia O'iiinio, < 'iir/ii dh-iijiild li In coiir de J.'s/tiii'm routi-<t'ni(to 
 li ft riirt didrii H'jhri' ri!l<d)liriiiiii'idos dc iiii.'<ioiiin, J/uiri}, „'7 dc l)U-'i'i:ilrr i!e 
 JI'JJ, in jUiccioiiario Univermt, v. 4'20-70. I'he part relating to the California 
 
nio 
 
 RULR OF ARRILLAOA. 
 
 a complete liistory of lils subject the distlngnislu'd 
 autlior argues that distniit aiul costly outposts in tliu 
 north are not desirable for Spain; and attention 
 slioukl bo given exclusively to the preservation and 
 utilization of the establishments now existing in Ci\V\- 
 fornia, and to the prevention of too near approach by 
 any foreign power. To this end Bodega should be 
 held and the English plan of making a boundary of 
 San Francisco Bay be thus defeated. Probably tliis 
 one measure may sufiice in the north; Nootka may be 
 given up, and Fuca, and also the Entrada de Hcccita, 
 or Columbia River, unless it should prove to afford a 
 passage to the Atlantic or to New Mexico. Mean- 
 Avhile the presidios should be put in an effective con- 
 dition; a new one should be founded on the Bio 
 Colorado, and an able successor to Bomeu be selected 
 as governor. The department of San Bias should ])e 
 transferred to Acapulco, and certain reforms be intro- 
 duced in the management of the pious fund and of 
 the salt-works. 
 
 Because of its supposed excellence as a harbor, and 
 because of its vicinitv to San Francisco, niakingf its 
 occupation by England equivalent to an occu|)ati()n of 
 that harbor for purposes of contraband trade, it was 
 decided to found a Spanish settlement at Bodega. 
 Moreover there were rumors that foreigners were 
 ah"cady taking steps in that direction.-' To this end 
 the 10th of February the viceroy announced the giving 
 of orders to the conmiandant at San Bias to despatcli 
 a schooner and long-boat for the service, and Arr'- 
 llao-a was directed to jzo to San Francisco to meet tlie 
 
 vessels 
 
 He gave orders the 20th of March to have 
 
 missions is found on pp. 427-30; and this portion in manuscript is nlso in Sf. 
 Pap., Miys. iiikI Colnn., j\IS., i. 'J-'2S, See iilso extracts in Joncf' liriiovt <iii. 
 Lniiil TUIi'fi, No. 0; llai/i'.i' Mission linok, 1 7(). Tliis re]iort is .n. careful statement 
 of the- mission comlition and sj-s^tcin r.t tlic time, and is used in another chapter. 
 ""Oct. 8, 17!'-, Sal informs tlie jrovornor that according to Indian reports 
 two vessels — presumably l^iglish, for tlie men wore red — were at llodega, got 
 wood, water, and deer, and asked tliC natives to get cattle for them. <S'/. I'd)'., 
 S'lC, MS., vi. 07-S. Jan. 1.", \~'.)'.\, two I'lnglisli sliips said to lie at IJodega. 
 Five shots heard off San Francisco on Kith and 17th. /(/., vi. J)8. 
 
 imi 
 
ATTEMn TO OCCUPY BODEGA. 
 
 517 
 
 a roiid (»[)cncd fVoni Sun Fiaiu-isi-o atToss t<) Bodega. 
 I'licse instructions came up on tlie Aranzazu, wliicli 
 arrived at San Francisco the 24tli of July."" Arrillaga 
 ohtained boats from the vessels, set across some thirty 
 liorses, and on the ath of Aujjfust Lieutenant Govcoe- 
 choa with a sergeant and ten men set out to open tne 
 rmul and to meet at ]]odeu'a ^NFatute, who with the 
 Sut'd and Mcxicana had probably been sent direct to 
 that [)ort from San Bias. Unfortunately I have not 
 I'oiinil C^o\'coechea's diary which was sent to ^[exico, 
 ami we know al)solutelv notliini>; of either the e.\])l(ira- 
 lien by sea or land, save tliat ^latute returned to San 
 Francisco on August 12th, and five days lati'r Arri- 
 llaga inibrms the viceroy that the occupation of ] lodcga 
 is [»ut olf for this year. The postj)onement proved to 
 be a permanent one, for some unex[»lained cause, and 
 tlic ten soldiers and five mechanics with some stores 
 intended for Bodega were retained by Sal at San 
 Fi'ancisco."^ 
 
 n .9'. 
 <-t on. 
 lliriit. 
 |itt'r. 
 "XH'ts 
 L'l it 
 '(II:, 
 
 Coming from the Hawaiian Islands Vancou\'er 
 touched ao'ain the shores of Calitbrnia, or of New 
 Albion as he is careful to call it, in tlie spi-ing (»f 17'.>;5. 
 Fi'om the 2d to the ath of May the Discoceri/ was at 
 
 ^'Tlic Princcm, Fiilalgo, from Xootka, .irrivcil iitSan FrinKisLo.Tuiic'Jl.st, 
 S^.ii ])ic!;o, Oct. '24th; Arti^rMzii, ^Icnuinlcz, from San ]'>la», .'•-iiu Fiaiici-sco, 
 .lulVllt'li, MoiiLcivy, AiiL,'. L'.-.tli, San Dic-i), Oct. -J-IlIi-, Art:r>i, llli.a, fn-m 
 S;iii VAr'.i. Sail lVanci:-t;o," Aug. iltli, Saii^Diogo, Oct. •J4t!i; ,SV/.7 and .l.'i.--- 
 i'-iiiiii, ^latiitc, fnmi San IJlas, San Francisco, Ang. I'Jtli — Oct. liitli; \'au- 
 CMUvi r's vcs-scl.s, Trinity l!ay, May '2d, San Fruici.ico, Oct. I!)tli, ^Moiiti rcy, 
 N'wv. 1st, Santa ]';': liara, \ov. Olli, San J)ie"0, Nov. '27th. On Uio arrivals 
 iiiid dcp..rtnrca of vessels fur 17".'5, thcro hcing as usupI sonic confasion in the 
 dates, see I'roi: St. Paj>., MS., xii. lO;!; xxi. 101, 10!), HI, 121-2; Si. J\i/>., 
 Sue. MS., i. (!1; Pn.v. J'n\, MS., ii. I(,2. 
 
 ■'" Governor to viceroy, July Kith, Au;;. 17th, '2()th, in Prov. Sf. Pti/i., !MS., 
 X'i. iri7, 111, ll.'i. Aug. lid, gov. orders Sal t') receive the men jnul itores. 
 /'/O''. /i'<r. , ^.IS., ii. 141-5. Aug. 4th, gov. instructs (!oyc(jcchea t ) ii: e ean- 
 tiiin, treat tlie Indians well, etc. /'/. . i. 2:i(i. Sej)t. '24tli, gov. to viceroy, 
 i'sking for a lioat for IJodcga to carry linibei-; so that the j.rojcet was not 
 }\t quite rliaiahiKd. Pror.Si. Pcj)., J!S., x:ci. 117. Feb. '^S, 17!M, viceroy 
 has h(:'rd that tin; /S'((/,7 and M(\r'c(ni<i have .sailed, Ic.ivin.i; Uu' 1 ) suUlic.s and 
 a liricl;! :yor for Bodega. LI., .\i. UiO. As late as .luly (i, 17'";>, tlio viciroy 
 repeated t!io orderi to open a road. /(/., xi. 02; but June !), 17'.'4, lie au;;v.era 
 tlie iXMiuc'jt for a li;iat by saying that it will not bo needed, as the new es.alj- 
 b liiiu nt is susiieiided. Id., \l. 17"). .Iuly2."i, 17'.)4, Sal mentions the suspeli- 
 bijii. Piw. St. P(q>., Ben. Mil., MS., xix. 5. 
 
51S 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA. 
 
 -*l 
 
 jtiK'hor in Trindad Bay, whore Vancouver founrl tlio 
 cross set up by Cuadra in 1775 with its iiiscrii)ti(m 
 Carolus III. Dei G. Ilijspaniorum Rex. ObtaiiiiiiL,'' 
 water, surveying and sketching the region, after some 
 intercourse witli the natives the voyagers departed 
 with a very unfavorable idea of the harbor, and sailed 
 northward.'*^ 
 
 Returning southward some months later the /)/.s- 
 covo'ij anchored at San Francisco the 19th of Octo- 
 l)er.^^ Commandant Sal came on board, courteous 
 as before, with welcome European news; but mindful 
 of his former indiscretion®* he sent letters asking a 
 formal statement, for the governor, of Vancouver's 
 object, the length of his stay, the supplies needed: 
 also making known the current orders respecting for- 
 eign vessels, and politely informing the visitor that 
 only himself and one officer could be permitted to 
 land and visit the presidio. This restriction seemed 
 to Vancouver "ungracious and degrading, little short 
 of a dismission from San Francisco," due as he was 
 given to understand to "sentiments apparently not 
 the most favorable towards foreign visitors" enter- 
 tained by "a captain named Arrillaga," who had taken 
 command the preceding spring, and whose orders Sal 
 seemed to obe}'' with reluctance. It was a chilling 
 reception certainly in comparison with that of the 
 year before and with the Englishman's glowing ex- 
 pectations. But ho complied with the formalities, 
 and on the 24tli as soon as ho had been joined by tli(3 
 Cliiitham, which had been exploring Bodega and had 
 obtained a sup[)ly of water, he sailed for Montei-(>y.'' 
 
 Having anchored at Monterey November 1st, A'an- 
 
 '- Vanconver''s Voyarje, ii. 240-50. Hist. X. W. Coat, i. 291, for nortlni ii 
 ■voyii,ti;c. 
 
 ^■' Strangely enough in this case as in that of the former visit the Spniii.^li 
 rce'ords nialvo the arrival a day earlier than the voyager's narrative. 
 
 '*' C)et. 21st, the governor had ordered Sal to fiuni.sh \'aneouv<r wliat In; 
 nbsolntely needed, and to insist on his sailing at once without visiting any 
 other port. J^ror. licc, MS., ii. 1 tT)-!}. 
 
 '■'■' Vdnroiivi )•'■•* I'oi/a'if, ii. -l.'VJ-S. Pnget in a slight examination of Jjodegu 
 had understood from the natives that the Spaniards M'ere tlic>n in pos.sessii.n 
 ol a [lart of the bay. Just out of San Traueisco the Dadalns from across 
 
VANCOUVER'S SECOND VISIT. 
 
 619 
 
 ig a 
 
 c'ouvor licld a slioi't intorvicw with Arrilla^a, and a 
 writtuu 0()i'res|)()iKlenco t'ullowcd, in which the j^'ov- 
 ornor cxjilainud tlie hospitahtios to which ioi'ciij^n 
 vessels wei'e enti'ded in Cahloj'nian ports, asked tor 
 a formal statement of the voyager's aims, and, while 
 desiring harmony, insisted on the enforcement oforders 
 that only the connnander with one or two otli(;ers could 
 land. Vancouver replied exjtlaining the scientific na- 
 ture of his voyage, and the benelits to he derived 
 irom its r<>sults by S[)ain as well as England, alluding 
 to his kind reception of the year before, inclosing let- 
 ters of the viceroy which approved the attentions j^re- 
 viously shown him, and stating his desire to retit his 
 vessels, transfer stores, make astronf)mical observa- 
 tions, and give his men some tixercise and recreation 
 on si lore. Arrillaga's answer was that the viceroy 
 had sent no orders respecting a second visit, that there 
 were no royal orders in Vancouver's favor as in the 
 case of La Perouse, and that Cuadra even had left 
 instructions thr' the former attentions were for that 
 time only and need not be repeated.^" Yet as he 
 desired to render all possible aid to so worthy a cause, 
 lie would permit the landing of stores, which might be 
 de})osited in the warehouse at the landing under lock 
 and key or elsewhere if the warehouse were not deemed 
 suitable, in care of one or tv*'o men from the vessels 
 and protected by a Spanish guard ; but on the condition 
 that all the rest of the Englishmen retire to the vessels 
 at night. Astronomical observations must have been 
 well advanced during the former long stay, yet an 
 observatory, to Yh) used in daytime only, might be 
 
 tlie occiui joined the fleet. Mention of arrival .intl (li;|)iirture from Sau 
 Kraneiseo in .S7. I'n/i., Sur., MS., ii. !»:)-l, iv. !); I'ror. ^V. />,,/,., MS., xi. KKt; 
 xxi. l'_'l-'J. A I'lmitli ves.sel, the I'urfiK, is mentioned. Sn]iplietf amounting 
 to.S7.'>7 '.vere funiislied. Sal says the vessels left on Oet. '-'Jltli. 
 
 ^''I'licso instructions or similar ones dated .laM. ]'2, ]~U'.). anil addressed to 
 Ar;,diello are in /'n>r. S/. /''iji.. MS., xii. Ki.'i. Tlie letter of the viceroy to 
 \',uicouver ilated l''eli. IS, 17!l.'{, in answcn- to N'uncouver s letti'r of >)au. I.'itli 
 is found in Id., xi. 1 1'J-IU. lu it tlie writer says : 'I am i;lad that as you say in 
 your letter of .laii. KUh of this year all the siilijects of Mis .Majesty under my 
 ordirs and rcnidiug in the rc^gions of New Orleans (sie) of this America wlioro 
 you liiivu been have treated you witli the greatest liosiiitulity and frieudahip.' 
 
 ! I 
 
\ 
 
 ». 
 
 1 
 
 ki 
 
 .'.1 • 
 I* • 
 
 jl,: 
 
 
 Si- i 
 
 i 
 
 
 B20 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAfJA. 
 
 erootcd near wlioro tlie ciiri^^o was deposited. Tlit* 
 naturalists iiiiL,dit inakc^ their iiivestinatioiis and tlu^ 
 men iniglit take exercise on ioot in the vicinity (d'tht; 
 ]>resi(no. Water and wood might he pi-ocured witliout 
 restiiction save that the men must not pass the night 
 on sliore and tlie work must he com[)leted with all 
 ])ossihle despatch. In his official capacity this was, 
 he said, as tar as he could go; hut to ])ersonal ser- 
 vice he i)laced no limit, being desirous of proviiig his 
 regard."'' 
 
 The governor thus courteously tendered to A^an- 
 couvei" all the; hospitalities that he had a right to olt'er, 
 or the navigator to expect; hut the contrast was so 
 great between them and those previously tendered 
 by Cuadra in the absence of any res})onsil)le author- 
 itv, that A'ancouver was oflended. "On due con- 
 sideration of all these cii'cumstances," he says, "1 
 declined any further correspondence with, or accept- 
 ing the inconnnodious assistance proffered by Sehor 
 Arrillaga; and determined, after finishing our investi- 
 gation of these shores, to retire to the Sandwich 
 Islands, where I had little doubt that the uneducated 
 inhabitants of Owvliee, or its neiohborinnf i.sles, would 
 cheerfully afi'ord us that acconnnodation which had 
 been unkindly denied us at San Francisco and Mon- 
 terey." ^^ 
 
 He did, however, here as at San Francisco accept 
 some live-stock and other supplies, ]iayment for which, 
 aceordini>- to the records, he was obliijed to defer until 
 
 ^' /l/-;'.V/r((/(', Borrnlor dc Curia ol Capifaii Vanrnnvi r, Xov. 17'J.i, Ms. 
 I have /civi 11 tlu' ]mij'.()rt of this letter somewhat at Uiiyth l>ee itise Vraioouvcr 
 iiiisreiiresiiit.s it liy stating that there was no elioice oU'ered of a spot to 
 <h'i)o^:it tlie lar^'o, the phicc sutigcsted lieiiig the slaughter-house in the niiilst 
 of ]mtricl otl'al ami ineonveiiient on account of liigh-ruiiiiing surf; liy (iniitting 
 to state that an Kii'dish guard for tiio stores was jieniiitted; and liy ether 
 slight ehaii;res not favorahle to the Spani.sh governor. IMotters <if Ariilliiga's 
 and translations (]f \'aiu;ouver's other letters in Pior. St. I'lip., ^IS., ,\i. I()!» 4. 
 
 '■^'^Vaiii-ounr'tt I'vi/tojc, ii. 44'2. In other jiarts of his narrative the ;iiitlior 
 treats Arrillaga very unjustly, accusing him of having misre2)reseiited the 
 vieeroy'.s orders, iiiul making him resjxjnsihle for matters over which he had 
 no control. In a letter of Feb. "28, V794, the viceroy fully approves Arrilhigas 
 policy and orders a contiiniaiiee of it, though he desires harmonious relations 
 vith Vancouver. I'rov. St. I'ttp., MS., x». lG'J-3. 
 
VANCOU\"ER AND THE GOVIT.XOR. 
 
 521 
 
 .-(uric moro coiivt'uiL'nt occusioii ;'" mikI om the r)tli of 
 Xovrinlxr \\v sinlvd H(jiitli\vat'(l to iiiaki' t'urtlicr cx- 
 |il(ti'ati()ii.s oil tliu coast of this inliospltalilo proviiicu 
 l)( Inic lie df[)arte'(l to take advantage of baiharic lios- 
 |iilality. 
 
 ]f Vancouver was ofteiided at AnillaL^a's antions, 
 the U'overiior had his suspicions aroused hy tliose of 
 his visitor in departini,^ without water and leavinjjf 
 some supplies tliat liad heon ])re]>are(l foi- him. It 
 sii'UuhI to liini that A'ancouver's disph.>asure was ex- 
 a,u;L;'erated, and he feared that liis ohject was not so 
 much to ol)tain necessary su])phes as to make; ol)ser- 
 \ations respecting tlie Spanish estahhshments. Ac- 
 cordiii'^ly he despatched onk-rs to tiie commandants 
 f ])re.4(ii()s forhid(Un!^'' the I'urnisliin^' of aid or fac-ih- 
 
 ties f>r ni vest ligation 
 
 40 
 
 ancouver contmuec 
 
 I 1 
 
 ns 
 
 I)servations ah)ng the coast southward, naming' Point 
 Sal and Point Arjjfuello in honor of his I'riends, re- 
 ceived visits from the Channel aborigines, and ancliored 
 November iOth at Santa I'l'irbai-a. Here he found 
 (Joycoeclia very friendly, . >v at iirst he had not re- 
 reived ArrilUc'-a's strict orders and was inclined to 
 construe preceding ones liberally. Hence as Van- 
 
 ^•Xov. ."til, Vannonvcr to Arrillnga, regrets tli,?t Ik; has to depart MMtliout 
 paying i"V supplies (>l)t;;i;ie(l at Monterey ami S:iii l''raiieiseo. Jli' may I'e alilu 
 to get tiio riidiiey fioiu some English vessel. J'lar. >/. J'l'p., MS., xi. !)S. 
 .\!iil!;!ga to \'aneouver, urges him to feel no anxiety alxiiit leaving tlie deht 
 niinaiil ; ri'turn« the iliaft in favor of .Sal ; and asUs him to aeee[>t .some ealves 
 asiijTesent. /(/., .xi. tliJ-KK). 
 
 ■'" While the ves.iels were in port Arrillaga sent to the eommandants an 
 order i:i whieli he says : 'I i^avo ofl'ered all the aid they nei' I to nn<lertake 
 their voyage; tliereforoif they toucli at any of the ports nnih r the jiretext 
 of getting food or water their reijuest is to be 'lenied, and with ])oliteness 
 they are to 1/0 ni:i<l(! aeijuainted with the order' t'a' reijuire them to I'eliie.' 
 /'/■"(•. SL Pup., ?vlS., xi. {)7. Attaeheil to th.'* ■■•,er is a doennient whieli 
 seems to lie t;eeret -rf'.>r/vv((//.'.7"//(((.s'— instructions to th<^ goxcrnor from the 
 viceroy reiiuiriiii; him in the most jiositiv e terms to allow no iut'reour.^e with 
 any foi'eign ves-el exeept to furnish, in eas*' of urgent ne<'d, sucli lelief as is 
 demanded hy the hiw of nations — ami es]ieeially to ]ire\ent any knowledge 
 of the eonntry Ik ing aei(nii-ed. 1'here is little doulit tlierefoi'e, tiiou"ii this 
 ]i'!per is unsigned auil umhited, that ^Vrrillaga, aetfd umler direct order.-; fidm 
 hi 1 superiors. S'.e also LI., xxi. I'JI. .Ian. l.">, ITi'l. Ai'rilla'ra fays to the 
 viieniy tluit Vaneouvei'appi'.rently did not want.^uipplie ; I mt merely toexjilore, 
 :;nd he \\v.^ v.-anii d the eonnnandants aeeor.iingly. A/., xxi. VM Nov. 14, 
 17'.';), .Vrrilla'.a. to (Joyeoeeliea of Santa Jjai'liara, Vancouver is to lie nfuLCil 
 supplies since he has declined thcni at Moutcrcy. I'roc. liic, .M.S., i. "JOT. 
 
'\l 
 
 r 
 
 
 I: 
 
 ,i 
 
 f ' 
 
 C22 
 
 RULK OF ARRILLAOA. 
 
 couvci's .anticipations wore loss liij^h tlian forniorly 
 tlio J'^ii'^lisliinan was in jLJood-hunior, True; (loycoo- 
 olica, ]'o(|uii'c(l tli(^ nu^n to rotiro to tlioir ships at Jii,!j;'lit, 
 and Vancomrr hinisolt' ordorod Ids nion to kocp al- 
 M'ays in sii^Iit of tlio piosidio in their rooroations ; and 
 though poi'sonal kindness from otticials witii pei'niis- 
 Bion t<.> ohtain wood and water an<l moat and vegetal >los 
 woi'o the oidy hospitalities extended, yi't the visitoi' 
 was dehnhtoil with Ids reception, and it never occurred 
 to him that it was not so very different from that in 
 the north. F;ithors Mij^uel and Tapis were very kind, 
 tlioui^li it does not quite appear that they entertained 
 their ij^uost at thonussion; and Santa Maria hastened 
 lip from San IJuonavcntura with a ilot.'k of siioep and 
 as many vegetables as twenty mules could carry. 
 After spending a most agreeable wock the navigators 
 sot sail on the IHtli. 
 
 Santa ]Maria returned to San T naventura in the 
 Discorcnj, and A'ancouvor sjiont ; at that mission, 
 
 where he had the good fortune to intercept a courier 
 bound for Monterey with the latest European news. 
 Naming on the May points Felipe, Vicente, Dumetz, 
 Formin, and Lasuoii, he arrived at San Diego Novem- 
 ber 27th and was kindly welcomed by Grajera and 
 Zuhiga, who had, however, received from Arrillaga 
 "many sovoro and inhospitable injunctions" which 
 they were obliged against their inclinations to obey, 
 though they ivceived some packets to be forwarded to 
 San ]^lus and ^Mexico. Lasuen arrived from San 
 Juan Ca})istrano just before the departure of the ves- 
 sels, too late to bring su])plies from San Juan as ho 
 wished, but in time to receive a handsome barrel- 
 organ as a gil't for liis San Carlos church. Vancouver 
 left the port of San ])iego December i)th to cross the 
 Pacific. During this second visit to the coast he had 
 learned nothing respecting the Nootka question; 
 neither had he recovered his deserters, who had l)eeii 
 Bont to San Bias as already related.'*^ In ]\Iai'ch of 
 
 *'Oii tliia voyage after leaving Monterey, sec Vancouver's Voy., ii. 443-70. 
 
MAUITIMR AFFAIRS. 
 
 523 
 
 tliis year Don Juan Francisco do la Bo(lot,^a y Ciiadra, 
 cominander at San Bias, and discf)veivr of tin; Cali- 
 Ininian l)ay that boars his nani(% dicul, an<l was suc- 
 cot'dod by General Jose lilanuel do Aluva. 
 
 ()iic(! more did Vancouver visit the coast, and be- 
 sides his visit there is not n»ucli to be saiil of mari- 
 time affairs f»r foreign relations durinijf the year 171)4. 
 TIk^ viceroy approved Arrillaga's ])olicy and acts 
 toward foreign vessels.'*' A report was receivd from 
 Saavi'dra, now commanding at Xootka, that a forty- 
 gun slii}) was coming from England to relieve \'an- 
 couverand settle the northern question; but Arrillaga 
 replied that a treaty had been formed and no danger 
 need ))e apprehended.'*'^ The dniecpclon, jNTenende:^ 
 in command, brought up the supplies and five [)adres 
 to San Francisco in June, and during the year visited 
 all the Californian ports. Two Manila vessels, the 
 Viddes under Bertodano, and Ilorcasitas, under Mon- 
 dojia, touched at Monterey in July and August.'*^ The 
 A)'<uizazu made two trips down from Xootka arriving 
 in July and September. On the former voyage slio 
 was under an American conunander, John KcMidrick. 
 He came for supplies and also for. the men that had 
 been destined for Bodega; but the latter had ah'eady 
 been shipped on the Conccpclon. Father jNIagin 
 Catala caujc down with Kendrick and refused to re- 
 turn to Nootka, though the president had no author- 
 ity to send another chaplain in his place and though 
 the pious captain vowed he would hold the ])a(lres 
 I'osponsible before God and the king for the lack of 
 spiritual rations on board his vessel. TIk; diiliculty 
 .seems to have been settled by Gili going on board the 
 
 *'-June 11, 1704, viceroy to ;_'ovrnior, .appioviiig the n'oejition of Viiii- 
 couvcr iuid orders given to coiiiiiiiiiichiMLS to i)i'evoiit an exiiiuiniitioii of tiio 
 country nnil the shipment of cattle to foieiL'n estiil)lishnu.'nts. I'rur. Si. /'(i/i., 
 MS., xi. 177-S; linr the ilay before lie Irnl forwaniitl ii royal onh i- of Mnrcli 
 •_'.j, 170.'?, frrantini; shelter to Mnjiiisli vessels in Spanisli ports. /(/., 17(>. 
 
 ^■'Saavethii to Arrill:i'.:;a, .liinc^ 1.'). ITOl, in J'ri,r. ,S/. I'ap., }.!.-;., :;ii. •J07. 
 Arrilla-ii to Saavedra, July l.",'h. A/., 'JOS. 
 
 " On move nients of vessels for 17i)l see Prov. St. /''■/>., ?i!;-^.. si. iiil>, H'.')- 
 G; xii. 12, U, l()(J-7, 121, I.VJ-1, liiS, iOl-i, 1211; x.xi. 140-7; /'/"C. AV-'., 
 MS., vi. -JS, 30, 43; viii. 14U. 
 
 I 
 
524 
 
 PwULE OF ARRILLAGA. 
 
 Conccprion, whose rci^ulur (.•liM.plaiu wa.s transferred to 
 tlie .\,\iii'm:.u. Keiulriek was luialJe to obtain ali 
 the sui)])hes ho desired, especially in hogs and medi- 
 cine; neither were there men enough that eoidd be 
 s[)ared as sul)stitutcs for the sick he brought down, 
 thougli two or three were sent.*' 
 
 xVljout the Nootka settlement ni connection with 
 California I have only to say hero that the reasons for 
 itij maintenance by Spain had ceased to exist, and bv 
 the terms of a treaty of January II, 1794, it was 
 al)andoned by both powers in March, I7i)5, California 
 obtaining apparently a few of the retiring soldiers/" 
 
 m 
 
 Vancouver came back across the Pacific and ai- 
 rived at Nootka in September J 71)4. He found thei'e 
 Alava, the successor of Cuadra." Alava's instructions 
 had in it however arrived, and after waiting till the 
 middle of October both commissioners went down to 
 jMonterey, in the Pn'ncc.sa, J)/scorrri/, and C/«if/ioin, 
 arriving on the 2d, (5th, and 7th of November.^" The 
 old slights were still weighing on the Englisli com- 
 
 *'' Keii<lr'i''l\ Cnrrenpovilenna con el Golicrnadar ArriUafin xohre cosrt.s de 
 Kixitbi, ]~'M. .MS; < 'af(i/(i, < 'aria sohrc Kodt/.d, 1704, MS. Soe !:l.'o7Vor. .SV. 
 /-'(/.., AIS., xii. I!IS- !), 'JlKI-i;}; xxi. 111."). Tliei-u luiil been sdiiio minor lorre- 
 spomk'iRto Ll;:'.t liiisiiot lit'i'ii iiicntioiit'd .iboiit snp) lies, etc., for\<)olk;i in 1701. 
 Sia. Ihn-hiira. .MS.. .\i IIS; /V./c. .SV. Pup.. MS., x. 1, •_'. 4.V(i, 140. 
 
 ■"iSoi! llisl. X. ir. C()a>~;,\. ;i(iO-l, tlnn sirin. Doc. 10, 1704, ;,'(,vonioi- to 
 viceroy iisUin^' that tlio unniarrioil soltlii'is from Nootka lii' ictaincd ti liU 
 Viiwniuiis iu Calilornia. J'rar. Hcc, MS., vi. ',V2. (Iranted ilaicli II, 170.">. 
 I'rar. St. I'fi/i., ]MS., xiii. \'2'2~'.\. Tlio Ar.li'a, ("apt. licrtodano, airivi<l at 
 Jlontcroy, lob. I.'i, 17!).">, and sailed March l'2th, having; on hoard Pit ice and 
 Alava, the. l".ii;;li,-h and Siiani.sji commissioners for tiic 'disoocuiiation.' Tlie 
 PriKCCKii. iiiid* r ridaljrii lel t .Mrmtcrey for San lUas Ajiril 8lh. The San ( 'I'lrlas 
 uiidei' Saa\ ttira, arii\ed from Nootk.i ^lay I ■Jtii. and sailed forSau l!lasin.lune. 
 Saavedra- liron^lit down '21 natives nom Nootka wlio were l),i|)ti/;cd at San 
 (.'.'irlos t\.i 17 otiiers had heeii iu Xo\-einl>er 1701. ilnrila ,li' Mi.r., vii. 2ti(j ; 
 J'roi: ,SV. I'(i/i., -MS., xiii. SO, S!»; I'rur. Her., MS., vi. ;;7. 41); 'laiilnr'.-< hU- 
 V(tirirrf!(ii,i.' I'iKuiili r<, No. 12."), ]i. 141, No. 'JS, p. 177; /'/., in I 'aK /■'irnn r, A]iril 
 20, ISi'O. 'J'ayliir repeats a groundless .^tory tliat th<' Nnotka chief Miii|uinn:i 
 came down witii a siu and (laughter; (Jregorio and .Jo.^e Tapia, living at Sanla, 
 Cruz in i(i.".4, ))( ing his caainlsoiis. 
 
 ■" May 10, 1704, viceroy to governor, Alava to ."ail iu tlie Prinro'^a and to 
 receive all aiil and attention in California. Prov. SI. Pu/i., ]MS., \i. 171. Aug. 
 'JO, 1704, thi.-i onler cuhimuuicated hy governor t(j comniauc'auts. J'rur. Jiic, 
 MS., iv. 117. 
 
 ■"•Xov. .'id, .Argiiello to governor, aiUKJUncing the Chatliain'.-i arrival on 
 Nov. 'id and Nov. 7ili, that of tlie ])i.<n,ri rii on Nov. .")tli; delivery of desei't* 
 er.s; tiuuding a courier to San Diego. Proc. St. Pap., ^iS., xii. 144-7. 
 
VANCOU\'ER'S THIRD VISIT. 
 
 525 
 
 uiandor's mind; but ho wai< comfbrtcxl by loarninir 
 I'lom Alava that tlio viceroy's "very liuuianc and 
 hberal intentions had no doubt been materially mis- 
 understood b}'- Scfior Arrillai^a;" and still nnn't; uheu 
 he knew that, "Arrillajja liavinLf boon ordered to 
 some inferior establishment,'' ArgUeJlo Avas tem])o- 
 ])orarily in command until the ^'overnor should arrive. 
 Argliello placed everything at his visitor's disposal, 
 and as the latter had now learned not to construe 
 Spanish expressions of courtesy too litc?rally, all went 
 well.*'^ No instructions for either Vancouver or Alava 
 luid arrived, and a courier was sent to San Diejjfo. 
 On November 1 1th Governor Borica arrived to con- 
 linn and continue the courtesies olfered by the com- 
 mandant. The same day despatches came ibr Alava, 
 who ooniided the information tha! the Nootka (pies- 
 tit)n had been amicably adjusted at corut, and that a 
 new connnission had been issued relieving A^ancouver. 
 Borica received similar information IVoni the new 
 viceroy, Branciforte, with instructions to receive the 
 new commissioner.^" 
 
 Beniainiii<j: at Montercv till December 2d Van- 
 couver was chiefly engaged in preparin.g his I'eports 
 and ''liarts, a copy of which was sent to ]Cngland 
 thi'ovinh ]\[exico. In the mean time liis (h^sorters were 
 recovi'retl, the vessels were overhauled, and an exeur- 
 
 ^' \ov. lUtli, the governor writes to the viceroy that wliili' liiirmoiiy was 
 pivserveil, X'aiu'oiiver was j^'iven to iiiiderstaud that lii ; adiiiissi'iii to the tort 
 wan a N|'i'eial favor, ami adds that on aeeouiit of XanconveiV past i'liriosity 
 ]>i'eeantioiiary orders had Iieen f;iven to eoiniiianclaiUsaiid |iiidres. /';■',■•. A'(<-., 
 MS., v". ■_'!). Dee. "JOth, the governor says \'aiieoiiver was .satislied witli Ids 
 treatment, hut was noc alh)wed to make observations on those matters that 
 Were to lie kejit from him. I'lOi'.S/. J'a/i.. .MS., xxi. "JlO-li. .V eireuhir order 
 dated Nov. I'Jtii was sent to the missions fori lidding' tin- ' lUneoursi^ \t-itli 
 foreign vess' is, or any fnrnisjiing of sii|i]iiii's, exeept in eases of nrgent neees- 
 sity. when the co.'poral of the guard may furnish w hat is ;di::o!ute!y neeessary 
 and (U'uiandeil hy *he laws of !ioS|iitaiity. Vaneouvcr has l)i rMi .supplied aiid 
 must reei'ive nothing more. Arrh. J r.iJiiiiifi /i>, .MS., i. 41, 4:!; I'lor. lUr., 
 MS., vi. l4l-'2. The p.idres ]'ronnsed oliedieiiee; at least all but those of 
 Siiledad, who .said they ivould he glad to eariy mit the govi'm^r's iiistrui'tious 
 'sliould it ever plctihc divine jirovidcuce to favor theii inland niissioM \iiliia 
 port!' 
 
 •'^ May 1(5, 1704, viceroy to governor, mentions a))pointnu!nt of a ni'W 
 
 ^'iimi.v- ioner. I'mr. SI. /'n/i., MS., xi. 171- 
 aeknowleilgcb receipt. Pivv. lice, MS., vi. 2D. 
 
 Nov. rjtli, gov. to viceroy, 
 
 j: 
 
 \ Ml 
 
 i > 
 
620 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA. 
 
 sioii Avas made into what is now known as Salinas 
 A'alloy. A large amount of supplies was obtained 
 from Monterey and Santa Cruz.^^ This done, and 
 having left on the beach certain articles of iron-ware 
 M'hich the governor had refused to accept, the p]ng- 
 lish naviijator bade adieu to California and sailed for 
 England by way of Cape Horn, giving the comman- 
 dants of presidios no occasion to exercise the precau- 
 tions still ordered in case of trading at any other 
 port.'-- 
 
 Captain Vancouver was an intelligent and honest 
 Ih'itisli sailor, a good representative of a good class 
 of explorers and writers, i)lain of speech, and a reliable 
 witness on matters which fell under his personal ol)ser- 
 vation, and in which his national pride and prejudices 
 W'cre not involved. His statements of the condition 
 of the (liiferent establishments visited have a special 
 value and will be utilized in my chapters on local prog- 
 ress. His geographical and scientific researches, much 
 
 *' Vancouver snys that Swaine was «oiit with three boats to Santa Cruz 
 Nov. 27th tor garden stilll', and v.;w toleralily successful. Tho archives eon- 
 t;iin, however, hcveral (htcuinents on tlie suhjeet. Xov. 2."i, 171I4, governor 
 to padres, \'ancouver liaving sent thi'ee boats insto/id of one the ))adres must 
 not visit tlieni i)ut send su{)jilies liy Indians and wagons. I'rnr. 7iVc. , ' 'S., vi. 
 ]4"2-;^. Mov. 'J.'jth, gov. to i'or]>oral iit Sta. t'ru/, 'J hree lioats will eonio for 
 suiii)li('s; (hin't let them l.ind, for the I'adres \\ ill send luiUans v. ith the ru|)- 
 j)lies. /(/., v. '2',i. Nov. "Jltth, ('orporal Siiiiehoz to gov., he ordered the llnglisli 
 conunande,' not to It t any sailor.s go to the mission and ohedienec was pioiii- 
 ised. The natives lirougiit tiie supjilies and the, lOnglish di'parte(l in |»eace. 
 7Vo". /S7. /'.(/'•, M.S., xii. 43. X'ov. .'iOth, Sal to gov., Xov. -Jiitli, the cor- 
 jKiral reporied tho l-Jnglish lioats ajiproaehiiig, an<l .'^al sent live men from San 
 l''i.nici ii'o, v.ho returned saying that tlie foreigners had retired Nov. ■J>tli 
 Mithout ilisorder. The soldier who brought the news was put in irons for 
 reporting ineorreetly. /(/., xii. '.\--',i. 
 
 ■"'-' l)ec. ."!, 17'.'4. governor says that Vancouver left o!i the short" .^oO.') worth 
 of iron-ware. /'rir. llic, ^IS., vi. ',V1. Jle left well supplied and emitented. 
 /'/., vi. .Tl. Pij. 1st, .Vrgiiclli) cci'tilii's a list of goods including "Jt hlaiiUets 
 left in .';pite of governor's excuses. I'rov. SI. J'n/i., lUii. Md., MS., xxi. o. 
 ])ee. I7!'4!ind I'eh. 17!)"i, some not very cle.ir comnniniuitions of the com- 
 mandant of ^^•lnta I>;irl)ara ahcnt the gifts made. J'ror. SI. Pap., !MS., xii. 
 87; xiii.'J;!. Dec. 1st, gov. to Sal, I'epeats '''.e old orders forliichling intercourse 
 with foreign ves:-els. I'rov. /,'ir., ^MS., v. *Jlj-7. Feh. -.'!, 17!>'', viceroy to gov., 
 approving tii" restrictions imposed. Vancouver should regard his admission 
 «s a special f.ivor. /'roc. .SV. /'(//*., MS., xiii. II. April II. I7'.l"), viceroy for- 
 wards rovid decree >'oinmending the governor's acts in not allowing \"anciin\ er 
 to examine the country or to take breeding cattle for lOnglisii colonies. A':in- 
 c'ouver is alluded to as having >isitetl Siinta I'iirliara ami San Diego ' luulei' 
 pretence' of wanting wood and water. LI., xiii. 103 4. 
 
VANCOUVER'S OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 527 
 
 jor^s extensive In California tlian in the far nortli, need 
 no further attention hcre.'^^ His persistence in ignoring 
 the name California and extending New Alhion down 
 l)eyond San Diego by virtue of Drake's so-called 'dis- 
 covery' is an amusing and harmless idiosyncrasy. His 
 ignorance of the Spanish lanirua<jo and the i)ecnliarlv 
 delicate position in which he was placed on account 
 of international jealousies led him into many errors 
 respecting matters with which he became ac(piainted 
 hy conv'crsation with the Spaniards, his narrative in 
 this respect presenting a marked contrast with that of 
 La l?('rouse; yet his errors are mostly contined to 
 names and dates and minor details, and his general 
 statements are more accurate and comprehensive than 
 might have been expected. With the natural advaii- 
 tages of the country he was favorably impressed, and 
 of them he lei't a fair record. Of the Spanish j)eople 
 Avith whom he came in contact, always excepting 
 Arrillaga with whom he was unjustly but naturally 
 offended, he speaks in kind and ffattei'ing tei'ins, 
 though ciiticising their inactivity and iiulisposilion 
 to ta!-:e advantage of tlu' possibilities by which tluy 
 were surrounded. The natives, exci>pt some in the 
 Santa .l>;irbaia (^hannel, seemed to be a race of the 
 most miserable [)eings ever seen jtossessing the faculty 
 of human reason, and little if any advantages had 
 attended their convei'sion. Yet he tcstilit-d to tlieir 
 aflectlonate attachment to their missionary benefac- 
 tors, wliose ain)s and methods, without attempting a 
 discnssioii of tlie mission system, ho njipi-oves, look- 
 ing for gradual success in laying foundations for civil 
 society. For the friars personally he had nothing but 
 enthusiastic [)raise. 
 
 What was needed to stinudate true progress in 
 California was a friendly conuiiercial intd'course with 
 foreigners, to create new wants, intrt)duc(( new coni- 
 
 ■'■'' Viiiii'duvcr's (itlas contains a caivfully prf'p.'ircd ninp (in ii ]:\v^f sonlti, 
 lic:ttur tliiin liny of carliui' diitc, of the wholi' Califoi iiia ito.ist, wl.icli I repro- 
 duce. Tin re iiru eliartrt of 'I'rinid.ul V>:\\. San lUeL'o, and tlio entriince to San 
 Frunciseo, and seven views of points along the coast. 
 
 w 
 
i 
 
 I' 
 
 f mill 
 
 Ml 't b 
 
 m 
 
 Li. i! 
 41 
 
 
 528 
 
 RULE OF ARRILLAGA. 
 
 Vancoi vi;u's Map, 17!)4. 
 
AN EXGLISH VIEW OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 620 
 
 forts, give an impetus to Industries and a value to 
 lands and produce; this and a proper decree of atten- 
 tion from the court of ]\Iadrid. For with California 
 considered as a Spanish ])ossession the English navi- 
 gator was greatly disappointed. The actual condition 
 of the pco[»le "ill accorded with the ideas we had con- 
 ceived of the sumptuous manner in which the Spaniards 
 live on this side of the globe." "Instead of finding a 
 country tolerably well inhabited and far advanced in 
 cultivation, if we except its natural pastures, Hocks 
 of sheep, and herds of cattle, there is not an object to 
 indicate the most remote connection with any Euro- 
 ]»can or other civilized nation." At the weakness of 
 C'allfornian defenses Vancouver was particular!}- sur- 
 ])rised. "The Spanish monarchy retains this extent 
 of country under its authority by a force that, had we 
 not been eye-witnesses of its insignificance in many 
 instances, we should hardly have given credit to the 
 jiossibihty of so small a body of men keeping in awe 
 and under subjection the natives of this country, with- 
 out resorting to harsh or unjustifiable measures." 
 The soldiers "are totally incapable of niiddng any 
 resistance against a foreign invasion, an event which 
 is by no means improbable." "Why such an extent 
 of territory should have been thus subjugated, and 
 after all the expense and labour that has been bestowed 
 on its colojiization turned to no account whatever, is 
 a mystery in the science of state policy not easily to 
 be expkiined." '* I shall chronicle in the succeeding 
 cliai)ters a series of cfibrts, not very brilliantly, or at 
 least permanently, successful, to remedy the evils 
 complained of by Vancouver. 
 
 ■''*For ijenernl rcmnvks. in atlditiou to those scattered tlirougli the narra- 
 tive, sec l'<i;iai,i(\ ii. 4S()-,")()4. 
 Hist. Cai., Vol. 1. Ul 
 
CHAPTEK XXV. 
 
 Ifr"!- 
 
 RULE OP BOIIICA, FOREIGN RELATIONS, AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. 
 
 1704-1800. 
 
 Diego dk Borica — Akrival at Loreto— Branciforte Viceroy — Borica's 
 Journey TO Moxterev — Arrillaga's Instructions — Ciiar.ms oe Cali- 
 fornia— Resume of Events in Borica's Term of Oitici': — Coast 
 Defences— Promised Rienforcejients— Fuencii War Contrirutkin 
 — Foreign Vessels — Precautions — The ' Pikexix' — BiiouGimi.s's 
 Visit — The 'Otter' of Boston — A Yankee Trick — Arrival of 
 Alberni and the Catalan Volunteers — Engineer Cordoba's Sur- 
 veys — War with England — Coasting Vessels — War Contribution — 
 Distribution of Forces — Map of California — The 'Eliza' — Tin; 
 'Betsy' — War with Russia — Indian Affairs— Minor Hostilities — 
 Campaigns of Amador, Castro, and Moraga. 
 
 " The new governor whom his Majesty is to ap- 
 point in place of the deceased Lieutenant-colonel Don 
 Jose Romeu must have the advantages of good talent, 
 military skill, and experience, robust health for the 
 greatest hardships, prudent conduct, disinterestedness, 
 energy, and a true zeal for the service; since all theso 
 he needs in order to traverse frequently the broad tei- 
 ritories of the peninsula, strengthen defences, regulate 
 the prcsidial troops, prevail by skill, or if that suffice 
 not by force, over the ideas and aims and pnyudiciid 
 introduction of the Enfjlish, and contribute to tlus 
 advancement of pueblos and missions." Such were tlio 
 views of Viceroy Hevilla Gigedo;^ such were the qual- 
 ities sought in Ilomeu's successor, and believed with 
 much reason to have been found in Licutcnant-colon(>l 
 Don Diego do Borica, adjutant-inspector of jiresidios 
 in Chihuahua, who early in 1794 was appointed g<»v- 
 
 ^Jievilla Gigcdo, In/orme de 12 de Abril 17D3, 152-3. 
 
 (630) 
 
COMIXG OF THE GOVERNOR. 
 
 531 
 
 ornor, political and military, and comTnaiidant-inspcctor 
 of tho Califoriiias. He took possession of his oflico 
 at Loreto the 1 4th of JNIay, having arrived two days 
 l)of()re bj^ sea from San Bias accompanied by his wife 
 and daughter. On the same day he communicated his 
 accession to officials in Alta California and sent Ari-i- 
 llajjfa instructions to continue actinix f^s Qfovernor until 
 ho should arrive at Monterey.^ Shortly after Borica 
 jissumed office his friend the viceroy, to whom proba- 
 bly he owed the appointment, was replaced l>y the 
 Conde de Branciforte, who on July 12th took posses- 
 sion of the office. His succession was announced in 
 California in November.^ 
 
 Borica remained two months and more at Loroto, 
 attending as may be supposed to aflairs of state, but in 
 the mean time by no means neirlectino; the friends left 
 in Mexico, to whom he wrote long epistles narrating 
 iu a witty and jocose vein, for he was "a fellow of 
 infinite jest," the details of his journey to California 
 with its attendant sea-sickness, which had rendei'td 
 the mere mention of the ocean a terror to tho kuUes. 
 At Loreto, where the governor represented liimself 
 as " haciendo en esta Barataria mas alcaldadas que 
 Sancho Panza en la suya," health was regained and all 
 went well. The 1st of July he sent to the king a 
 lietition for a colonel's commission, which he received iu 
 the autunm of 1795.* It was his intention as announced 
 in several letters to complete the journey to Monterey 
 by land, but as the ladies regained their health and 
 
 ^Letters of Borica in May 1794 to various persons in Prov. St. Pap., MS., 
 xxi. 190, 198-"20."); xii. 174; ProL'. A'c., ^IS., iv. Il,j-1G; vi. •J.S. Tlicrf .sceiiia 
 ti)l)o littloornodoubta])ontMay 14tli as tho date of taking possession; biittliu 
 (l;iy <if arrival is given by Uorica himself in ilillerent letters as May lltli, TJlh, 
 inid IlJtli. Miiy ;jlst, Lasnen from Santa Barliara congratulates tlie new gov- 
 (inor. Arch. Artoh'iniiadn, MS., i. ."(i. July Hist, Conimamlant of San Oiego 
 lias received the anncnuicement and proclaimed it in his district. Pnv. SI. 
 J'l'li., MS., xii. 20. Arrillaga to same elleet iVug. 4tli. Iil., xxi. 19(J. \ivv 
 riiy has received the news Aug. .")th. /(/. , xi. 190-1. Aug. '2d, Argiiello orders 
 Uorica proclaimed as gov(!rn()r at .San Jose. (SV(/( Jd.'k', Arch., M.S., iil. •J.'i. 
 
 ■'July T), 1794, Uevilla (iiyedo amiounecs tlie arrival of ids successor, llo 
 will he glai' to keep up a private ci>rrespundence witii Uorica. Proc. SI. /'ii/>., 
 M.S., xi .... July rjth, ISranciforto announces Ills accession. /</., xi. iSi). 
 
 ' J'mr. St. Pa)>., MS., xi. 197; xiii. bo; xiv. "29; Pruv. lice, MS., v. 71; 
 vi. 20; at. I'lip., Hue, MS., xvii. U. 
 
032 
 
 RULE OF BORIC A— FOREIGN RELATIONS. 
 
 ! U" ] 
 
 courage, and M'crc made acquainted witli the prospec- 
 tive difficulties of the peninsula route in time ol' 
 drought, the plan was changed. All went on board 
 the Saturnlna July 20th, and four days later set sail 
 for San Luis Bay far up the gulf. The winds and 
 other circumstances seem to have been unfavor.'d)le, for 
 on the 28th the governor decided to land at Santa 
 Ana and make his way to San Fernando and across 
 the frontier by land." With the exception of sonic 
 correspondence about the furnishing of escorts and 
 animals by the different commandants along the way 
 we know nothing of the journey until he reached San 
 Juan Capistrano in the middle of October." 
 
 Here he met Arrillaga, who had left Alonterey in 
 September, and spent four days in consultation with 
 that officer, starting northward the I7th of October.^ 
 Here I suppose were delivered by Arrillaga the 
 instructions left by each retiring governor for the 
 guidance of his successor, though the document as 
 preserved bears no date. It was intended to acquaint 
 the new ruler with the condition of affairs in the 
 jtrovince; but it is devoted almost entirely to local 
 and minor details, containing nothing of general in- 
 terest with which the reader is not already acquainted, 
 
 *Oii embarkation and voyage, see Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 75; Pror. Rir., 
 Ms., vi. 134. July 10th, governor writes to viceroy on the dillicultics of llic 
 l;ui(l jciirney. /(/., vi. 'J(i. I think the name Santa Ana niaj* ho an ornn-, or 
 tliat there miiy have boon a locality of that name north of Loreto; for it sccnis 
 hardly probable that the vessel was driven far south, or that Lorioa visi'ad 
 Loroto a^'ain on his way north. Vancouver, Voyaijc, iii. 330-1, tells us that 
 Lorioa had come all the May from Mexico on horseback. 
 
 •^.Tuly 28th, Borica to 1'. Calvo, asks for 24 mules and 2t natives, for his 
 journey to San Fernando. Prov. Per., MS., vi. l."4. An';ust (ith, (.!r:ijcia to 
 iJorica, Has sent 2'J mules, 35 horses with 8 soldiers under Corporal Olivcra 
 frnm San Diego. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 10. Sept. 8th, 'N.' from San Fer- 
 nando to commandant at Sta Bdrbara, asks for 10 men and ol animals to lie 
 pent at once; similar demand enclosed for commandant at ^ilonterey for escort 
 to be sent to San Luis. Prov. Pec, MS., iv. I. Sept. 15th, LToycoeclica 
 Avi:ihes a pleasant journey and a safe arrival to Borica and ln"s wife and 
 dau-hter. 'C. P. B.' Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 102. Oct. 1st and 2d, Ar- 
 giiello to Borica and to Arrillaga, Has sent CO animals with 10 men to San 
 Luis. /(/. , xii. 147. 
 
 ' Arrillaga was at ^lonterey Sept. IGth, and left before Sept. 22d. Pmr. 
 Si. Pap. , !MS., xii. 152-3. Oct. lUth, Boi'iea to viceroy announcing conference 
 with Ai'rillaga and intention to stai-t next day. Pror. I'ec, M.S., vi. 2.'>. l)ec. 
 17th, viceroy's acknowledgment of above. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xi. 207. 
 
A CONVIVIAL RULER. 
 
 633 
 
 tluTcforc I do not deem it necessary to reproduce it 
 liere even en resume.^ Arrillaga proceeded to Loreto 
 to resume his duties as lieutenant-jjovernor: wliile 
 JJorica contnuied liis journey northward to the capital 
 where ho arrived the Dth of November." With Mon- 
 terey the new ruler was delighted, deluging his 
 friends and relatives with letters in praise ot' the 
 country immediately on his arrival. *'To rivir miicho 
 and without care come to Monterey," he tells them. 
 "Tliis is a great country; climate healthful, between 
 cold and temperate; good bread, excellent meat, 
 tolerable fish; and hou hurneur which is worth all the 
 rest. Plenty to eat, but the most astounding is the 
 general fecundity, both of rationals and irrationals. 
 'J'he climate is so good that all arc getting to look 
 like Englishmen. This is the most peaceful and quiet 
 country in the world; one lives better here than in 
 the most cultured court of Europe." He was busy 
 with routine duties at first, but he found time for 
 convivial pleasures with Vancouver, Puget, Alava, and 
 Eidalgo, all jolly good fellows, and not one of whom 
 was more than a match foi* iJorica "before a dozen of 
 Ivhine wine, port, or Madeira. "^*^ 
 
 The Spanish authorities were now somewhat aroused 
 to the importance of strengthening Californian coast 
 defences, and this subject was therefore still more 
 l>romincnt in Borica's term of office than it had been 
 • hnin<jf Arrillacja's administration. To conniensate 
 the soldiers for labor begun on the presidio ))uilding8 
 in Eages' time an appropriation of §5,200 had been 
 made from the royal treasury to be expended in sup- 
 l)lies.^^ In the middle of 17Do some guns and work- 
 
 ^ ArrUhtfjd, Papcl de Pinitoi^ ])ara conodnuento del Gobernador de In 
 P'uhisida, ho.',. MS. 
 
 "ill three It'ltors Boiica says he arrisoil on Xov. 9th. Prov. S(. Pap., MS., 
 Nxi. 'J07-S; Vmt VniKouver, y<iiiii:jv, iii. .'i.SO-l, tiHirms it was on the 11th. It 
 is diliiiult to miiUrstund lioweiihcr could mistake. 
 
 "]'.orica,'s Letters in Nov.-Dcc. 1704. Pioi: St. Pnp., M.S., xxi. 207-1'-'. 
 
 "Oct. '2(i, 17'J1, viceroy to governor, Has ordered the ST'.SOO paid to tlu; 
 habililado general; §1,000 for Monterey, and §1,-00 for each of tlie otl.er 
 
 
 ■'■'•'I 
 
634 
 
 RULE OF BORICA-FOREIGX RELATIONS. 
 
 H -'i 
 
 men liad been brouglit up from San Bias, and at. 
 Borica's arrival in the autumn of 1794 work had been 
 «4<jin_i^ on for over a j'ear on the San Francisco defences, 
 Ix.'sides some slight preparations at jNIonterey and San 
 ])icgo. Details of })rogress at the different presidios 
 may be more appropriately given in connection with 
 local annals in another chapter, and it is only in a 
 general way that I propose to treat the subject here,'' 
 Viceroy Ilevilla Gigcdo earnestly recommended 
 the fortification of the coast in his instructions <»f 
 1704 to his successor Branciforte," who called uj)on 
 (/olonel Costanso, the same who had visited Califor- 
 nia with the first expedition of 17G9, for a report on 
 the sul>jcct. Costanso's report was rendered Octo- 
 ber J7tli of the same year, and was to the effect that 
 the difficulties in the way of adequate fortification 
 were insujierable. The author had no faith in forts 
 situated in a distant province without home resources. 
 The only way to protect the country was to encourage 
 f^ettlement and commerce.'' In this report, however. 
 
 presidios. Jan. 15, 1702, V. R. to gov.. Gen. Cnrcnba snys that .?."), 200 i.s not 
 cnmigli, since Fiigcs liad ustiniated .^12,000 for three presidios. The \'. IJ., 
 however, chiiins tiiat Fagcs' estimate \va.s on the basis of l.")()percentadvaiu'e 
 oil goods, or §5,200 without that advimce; though Fages later raised the esti- 
 iiiati; to li,>12,000, but tids had no approval of general and Iving. He therefore 
 rrfuses to give more tlian tlio §."), 200 with 8-100 for iiackage an<l fivight. S/. 
 J'ap., Snc, MS., i. 40-7; I'rov. St. Pnp., MS., x. 112. Some details aljout 
 the tlistrlhution of tlic uniouut among the presidios. Id., xi. 54, 57; xii. 57-0; 
 I'rur. Ji'cr., iv. .S, 4. 
 
 '-licginning of work at San Francisco .".anounccd in August 1703. Pror. 
 A/. Pnp., MS., xxi. 113. !Mareh 18, 1703, commandant of San IJhis writes 
 t'lat lie has ordered fortification of Uodega and the presidios (except Sta ]!ar- 
 bara, .supposed to lie already in good conilition). The vessels will bring the 
 needed aid and the work is to begin at San Francisco. July Sth, governor has 
 lieard of the viceroy's approval and order for vcssids to carry material. Pnn: 
 Si. Pup., MS., xxi. 100-7 Jan. 22, 1704, V. R. to gov., says the Juntii 
 Superior, after consulting the fiscal determined on Dec. 28, 1703, to conclude 
 tlic presidio works, the cost to be paid from the tobacco revenue. Tlie gov- 
 ernor must form estimates and finish the work fis solidly and <!cononiically as 
 possiiile. /(/., xii. 180-1. The documcntof Dec. 2Stli, in jXiKvaEs/iafia, .Icii- 
 irliiK, MS., 13, 14. June 9th, V. R. to gov., has ordered BUj)ply-vessels to 
 transport timber from Monterey for the southern defences. Pnu;. S/. Pap., 
 MS., xi. 175-0. Arrillaga, Papdih Puiitoi^, MS., 102, explained his plan that 
 tiie workmen at San Francisco should come to Monterey to prepare timber 
 for that place and for the south. 
 
 "y.Vc(7/a (Ivji'ilo, Instrucdon, MS. i. 530. 
 
 " Ci,n(an,s(), Iiijorme ■^ohrr d l^rni/cio (li'for'ijicar los Presidio^ ih' hi Xmvit 
 Calfj'oruia, HO.}, MS. Tliis ollieer seems to have been prominent in his pro- 
 
COAST DEFE^•CES. 
 
 635 
 
 and in anotlier of July 1795 made l>y a ooniniittco 
 composod of Costanso, Fidal^o, and Sanclie/, bat- 
 teries of eij^'lit twelve-pounders were roconuncnded 
 with ci^rhty guiniers for the ports, with a view solely 
 to protection against corsairs. Defence against a lios- 
 tile squadron was pronounced impracticable, and in case 
 of attack nothing was to bo done but to withdraw tlui 
 ])eo})lo and live-stock to the interior. Vessels should, 
 however, be furnished for coasting service, for which 
 ])urposo three very small ones were available at San 
 J)las.^" As we shall see it was decided to send rciin- 
 ibrcemcnts. 
 
 During 1795 while some slight progress was being 
 made with the fortifications, the war in France was 
 inciting the government in Spain and jMcxico to still 
 llnther measures of defence. 13orica had asked early iu 
 this year for armorers, guns, and munitions for the bat- 
 teries being constructed; and on July 25th the viceroy 
 replied, promising not only what had been asked but 
 also a strong retinforcement of troops. He announced 
 that a con)pany of seventy- two Catalan volunteers 
 under Lieutenant-colonel Pedro Alberni would soon 
 embark from San Bias, picked men, robust, well 
 l)ehaved, and for the most part married, with the 
 best arms and outfit obtainable. With this compaTiia 
 franca there were to be sent seventeen or eighteen 
 artiller3'men and three armorers. The commandant 
 general had orders to furnish needed aid from Sonora 
 and the commandant of San Bias to send up the re- 
 quired armament. Moreover two small vessels were 
 to run up and down the coast to bring news every six 
 months. The viceroy concluded by a repetition of tho 
 old orders respecting foreign vessels visiting the coast, 
 ]']nglisli ships to be treated more hospitably than 
 
 
 fussion. I have before me several originiil rcportd on government ^\■orks in 
 tlitlercut parts of Mi'xi(.'o from 17S8 to ISOO. He is inentiontd by Viceroy 
 A/anza. Ynstrmnon, MS., l.")!). Ho reported on tlie fortilicatious of Vera 
 Cruz as late as 1811. Mixko, Mem. Oiurra, IS.'/O, 20. 
 
 ^^ Saiic/icz, Fidithjo, anil Costaiis6, Infonne sobre auxilios que se propone 
 euciar u la Cali/oriiia, IJ Julio, 1705, JI8. 
 
 i 
 
S36 
 
 RULE OF BORICA-FOREION RELATIONS. 
 
 otlicTR, l)ut none to be pcrn»ittccl a long stay or any 
 insjK'ction oCllie country.^" 
 
 The news that ^var had been declared between 
 Spain and France came to California in Octol)er 179;?, 
 with a decree of the viceroy calling on faithful sub- 
 jects of Carlos IV. for a contribution. The decree 
 being duly published the Californians responded with 
 !ir740, as was announced by Borica in March 171)4; 
 but the amount was declined with thanks by the 
 viceroy in June, and thereupon redistributed to the 
 donors.^' In April 1795, however, thin;.;-5 in Europe 
 assuming a darker aspect for Spain, Branciforte again 
 chancjed his mind and indicated his willinofuess to 
 accept the Californian donation, and even urged iu 
 June a special eflbrt on the governor's part to increase 
 its amount. Borica publishcid the api)eal, and calling 
 on officers, friars, soldiers, and neoj)hytes to assist, 
 headed tlie list himself with $1,C00. The missionaries 
 still ])rofessod their inability to give anv but spiritual 
 aid; but (jtlier classes responded generou ;} , and con- 
 tributions reached ^3,881. In the early spring of 
 1797 tlie return of peace was made known in Cali- 
 foi-nia.^^ 
 
 '" Drandfortc d Uorira nohre/nrtalcer Jas Baterina tin !>rm Franasco, Montr' 
 rnj, etc., Il'^J, ^IS. On «!inic il;itc, July 'Jotli, viceroy toj'ovonior, of Banic pur- 
 port, nu'i lioiiiiif^' the sending of an engineer, nnd iilso deelaring it inipossiljlo 
 to fortify iind ilefenJ the whole coast a,i;iiinbt superior forces. In eniergiii- 
 cies aid ) v:.:t lie kcjik;!;!/ from Sonura. I'r'iV. St. Puji,, MS., xili. o?>-4. 'I'lio 
 actual force in (.'aHfornia %vus '2'2o men; Arrillag.a's plan called for 271; and 
 l'>orica'.s, X)'). I'n.v. St. /'(tji., Leu. J/(7., JIS., xix. ."J, 4. Hept. 22, 179.'), the 
 V. R. announces that tlie company of volunteers -was inspected at Mexico on 
 8ept. lltli by Col. Sah'cdo, and found in good condition. Pioz'. Sf. Pep., 
 xiii. S.'l; Xov. ] 1th, he speaks of the artillerymen, ami says the royal treasury 
 nt Vera Cru/, pays the expense to the end of 17i)a. /(/., xiii. 74; St. Pap., Sac., 
 MS., vii. 4t-."). 
 
 ".Tune •12, 170.1, viceroy's <lccrcc. Prov. St. Pap., MS., \i. 120. Oct. Oth, 
 Arrillaga to commandant of Monterey, mentioning decree of June lOtli. St. 
 Pdji., Skc., MS., i. 111). Oct. 2Sth, Lasueu says the padres v.ill contrihuto 
 what they can — that is their prayers. Ai-ch. Arzohisjiado, MS., i. 30. l)''c. 
 7lli. decree hiis been published in l.oreto. J'rov. St. P((p., ^18., xi. 14!). 
 March 4, 1704, (!ov. to V. R. announces §740 as the amount. Id., xxi. i;i;>; 
 xii. 03; Pror. J.'cc, MS., vi. 31; dncrla dc Mrx., vi. .">78. June 20th, V. K. 
 declines with thanks in the king's name. Id., xii. 3o; xi. ISO, 1.S2; Pror. 
 ItiC, MS., viii. 144. Xov. 11th, (Jov. announces the restitution. Pror. Ilcc, 
 MS.,iv. 120. 
 
 '''April 4, 170.'), viceroy to governor, accepting the donation. Pror. St. 
 Pap., MS., xiii. 114-15. June 17th, V. R. to gov. and other later corrc- 
 
THE 'PIICEXIX,' CAPTAIN MOORE. 
 
 687 
 
 Th(! orders rospectiiiGf precviutions UL^aiii.st f(>roii>;n 
 vessels wore duly prouml^ated;'''' Imt opportunities inr 
 e;irryin,L( them into execution were rare in 17!)"). The 
 visit of tlie English merchant vessel PIkcuIx, Cap- 
 tain jMooi'e — if that may be taken as a satisfactory 
 average from the j\Ior, Mayor, INIoor, Murr, and ^lorr 
 of the archives — was the only sensation of the year, 
 and was indeed a mild one. She touched at Santa 
 ]>iirl)ara in August from Bengal for supplies, affording 
 ilie pi-ovinci;il authorities an excellent opportunity to 
 ri'pi.'at tlie old orders, and the local powers to carry 
 out the hos])itable hut strict policy in such cases pre- 
 scribed. They were fortified with the treaty of 17*J0 
 and otiier formidable material for a discussion on inter- 
 national ohlirations; but the Pli/cnlx was content to 
 receive a few needed supplies and sail away. jNIooro 
 left with Goycoechea a Boston lad who desired to re- 
 main in the country and 'become a Christian;' but ho 
 was sent to San Bias a few months later."" Six letters 
 
 spondcncoon subject. St. Pap., Sac, MS., v. 99-105. July lOtli, Oct. r2tli, 
 lOtli, CIov. tocf)::iinaiiil!int3aiHliia<lrpa. /Vor.yiVc, .MS., iv. ;j()-l, \',)'>, i;>7; vi. 
 l.")l. Oct. lSt!i, Lasiini tof^ov. explaining (lio poverty of thopndrcs, the front 
 st'fvice.i tliey are n ndering the king, and their inability, with the beat Mislies, 
 to give anything but their prnvers for the victory of Spanish arms. Arrh. Sla 
 JUU-hftm, MS., xii. 'J.')-!; St. J'fip. Sac, MS., i'x. 88-9.'}. Mardi I'J, 17!»(i, 
 announcement (f results, bliowing that San Francisco gave JjTOT ; .Monterey 
 and San .lose, i;!''"!; Santa, li.irliara and Angeles, >r'!)SO, and San Die-'o, .*().",!l. 
 St. Pap., Saf., MS., V. 98; viii. 7"); Prov. Her., MS., iv. LVb .)an. 17, 1797, 
 \ iceroy';i tlu'.iik.i for aid, ineluding the prayers. Arch. Slu Ijurhura, MS., xii. 
 '2;!i; Prov. J.'rr., JiS., vi. 181. I'eaee announced by V. 11. Nov. i:9, 179.">, 
 and solemn mass Cif thanksgiving ordered. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 7.'1. 
 ruljlished by gov. Feb. '29, 1790. J'rov. LW., MS., iv. 144. Original letter 
 of Lasucn afking ] adres to f-ay mass at each mi.ision. JJoc. ll't<t. (,'(tl., MS., 
 iv. C,")-7. (icaeral amnesty and panlon on account of peace, and of marriage 
 (jf princesses. I'ror. Pec, MS., vi. S'J; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 40. 
 
 '* Jan. (), 179.'), gr-vernor orders tiiat oven in the case of San lilas vessels, 
 tlic first perrons hauling must bo closely examined to bo sure they are really 
 Spanianl.s. Prov. St. Pap., ^iLS., xiii. 10-17. Nov. '2d, Sal to coniisi(jnadi) 
 of S. .lorse urging itriet compliance with the V. \Vn orders of July ■2."). N. ./oxj 
 Arch., MS., iv. "Jo. Nov. 14th, tToyeocehta to IVn'iea. No foreigner.s will ))0 
 allowed to visit tlic country on horseback or to get breeding animals. Prov. 
 St. Pap., MS., xiv. 29-:]n. 
 
 '■'" I'ortrait of Thomas Murr sent to viceroy (?). Prov. liec. !MS., viii. KiO. 
 Sept. .'')th, (loycoeclica to lloriea. Says tlic boy's name was Dostones and ho 
 was of good parentage, a pilot and carpenter. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. 09- 
 70. Cai't. Matule is asked to cany the young IJostonian to San IMas. A/. , xxi. 
 '2;)0. His naiKC v.as .loscph O'Cain, an Irishman, an<l he »vent in the Arnir:a:.ii 
 (perhaps in 179(j). i^rov. 7.Vc., MS., iv. 22-,1,.']0-l. 'This Englishman isanativo 
 of IrckuJ and liia parents live now in Boston.' Frov, St, Pap., JJcii. Mil., 
 
538 
 
 r.ULE OF BORICA— FOREIGN RELATIONS. 
 
 IV m 
 
 M'itli English addresses were taken from the mail tliis 
 year and forwarded to the viceroy by B(jrica's order.-^ 
 
 Throughout the year 179G precautionary orders 
 against foreign vessels continued to bo issued, pre- 
 sentinnr no variation in matter or manner from those 
 of former years, yet it may be well to notice an order 
 of Borica to the effect that large war-ships, able to 
 seize San Diego, were not to be permitted to enter 
 the port, supplies being sent out in boats. Just how 
 they were to be kept out does not clearly appear, 
 since no such ship came to that harbor." In July a 
 I'oport reached INIonterey ooming from an American 
 captain at Nootka, who je?eived it fi'om an Englisli 
 captain at Botany Bay, that the Englishmen had 
 orders to attack Spanish vessels; but the report did 
 not receive much credit, and the viceroy's orders dated 
 November 30th to make reprisals on all English craft 
 entering the ports, did not reach Califoi'uia till the 
 next year."^ 
 
 Only two foreign vessels made their appearance on 
 the coast this year. The first was the English man- 
 of-war Proridcncr. under Captain Broughton \A\o had 
 visited California before with Vancouver. She anch- 
 
 MS., xxi. 11. Tlicro is a Josi! Burling also mentioned as an Irishman ■hIio 
 finived in or ahoiit this year. St. Pap., Sa<'., MS., xix. 8,0. See also on the 
 visit of tho I'/iu II ii\ Piov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 17-tiS; xiv. (i7; St. Pap., 
 Sue, ]\]S., xvii. 1; Pmr. L'cr., ^IS., iv. '22~'A. Another hn-lish vessel, tho 
 J'cuoliilioii, (.'apt. liOciii (Loeko?), vas; reported by (Irajcni of S;'n j>iego as 
 having tuuehed at Todos Santos Bay in A'.sgust. Pror. St. Pep., MS., xiii. 
 (i(5-70. 
 
 ^' /Vor. St. Pup., !MS., xiii. 17o. Tho only S]ianish vcsi;els of tho year 
 «eem to have lieen the Coiiccjicion, Melendez, and the AruuMiii, Jlatute, 
 uitli the inciinr'taif. 
 
 --'Jan. 17ntJ, viceroy to governor, no person from a fn-eign vessel to ho 
 admitted into California. Pior. lltc, MS., viii. MS; ;^t. Pap., Sac, .MS., x\ii. 
 7. Mai-eii ,'?Ot'.i. Sal to I'driea, fur ,'<uji[)lies fnrnis'ied a leeeipt to bi: taken anil 
 sent to gov. I'rav. St. Pap., ^IS., xiv. 104. Xo goo<la to bo taken in letnrn 
 f ir supplies. St. Pap. '>'«,-., MS., iv. ('9. April 7th, ]]oriea to eoiiimanil.iut i-f 
 San l>iego, war-vessels n(,t to ]ic admitted into the ports. Piov. I'lC, }dS., v. 
 i.'4'_'. April It-ith, Indi;nis to be sent to liodtga to look out for foreign vessels. 
 J'ror. St. Pa\, Jlr-ii. Mil., I\IS., xxi\, 11. Nov. 'Jd, Borica to \'. 1!. St. Pap. 
 Sac, MS., iv. (il. Juno IStli, viceroy orders strict ))recaiitions. Prvr. .V. 
 J'ap., MS., xiv. l.".l, 
 
 "JxUv IT), 17!)'>, governor to comiT.andant, private. Prov. Hcc, ]^IS., iv. 
 M!t. Aug. '.V.th, (irnjera to gov. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. liri. Nov. liOth, 
 viceroy to gov. /i/. , xiv. 17.'?. Oct. lOth, a eonrier arrived at Monterey from 
 Sun Diego, uunouneing that 18 sail had been sighted. St. Paji.ySac, MS., vi. b'J. 
 
THE 'OTTEH,' CAPTAIN DORR. 
 
 dsa 
 
 oroJ at Monterey, obtained some needed supplies, left 
 some instruments wliicli had been intended ibr IJodeLra 
 y Cuadra, but whieh L>orica received and paid for, and 
 then sailed away. It is recorded not very clearly, 
 that Broughton after raising his anchor attempted in 
 boats some exploration of the Rio San Antonio, or 
 Salinas, and that his boats were fired at."^ The (jther 
 vessel, the first from the United States to anclior in a 
 Californian port, was the Otter of Boston, conniianded 
 by Ebcnezer Dorr.-"' She carried six guns and twenty- 
 six men, arriving at IMonterey on October 21)th, after 
 Jinving cruised in the vicinity for nearly a week. 
 ] laving obtained wood and water, freely supjilied by 
 the Sj)aniards on sight of her passport from General 
 Washington signed by the Spanish consul at Charles- 
 ton, she sailed on the Gth of November. Dorr asked 
 permission to land some English sailors who had 
 secretly boarded his vessel at Port Saxon. '^^ His re- 
 (jucst was refused, but he landed five men on the 
 beach at niuht, and tlie next nii^^ht five more and a 
 Avoman on the Cavmelo shore, forcing them from the 
 boat, they said, by the use of a pistol. Dorr's conduct 
 naturally seemed to the Spaniards ungrateful; but 
 his position was doubtless a difiicult one, and the nec- 
 essity of getting rid of his convict passengeis was 
 uvLient. Governor Borica rcj^arded it as a dislionor- 
 able trick on the part of the Yankee; but he had to 
 
 ^'Scpt. 10, 1790, vicci'oy to Borica, approves of his liavitig fired at tlic 
 Ijoats, suspecting that the aim was to exphiro the siiliiitiif, ami ho will hcitI n 
 vessel to irevcnt such attempts. St. Pap. , Sue. , MS. , viii. 71. The I'riti-hlcm-c 
 lii'ed a salute of 11 guns on entering and the battery rcpjiondod. Aeeording 
 ti> /(/., vi. S.VO, she sailed June l,Sth; but according to Prow St. /'ii/k, Jlcti. 
 Mil., MS., xxiii. It, •"), it \vas.July Sth. The instruuunt.s left were wurih t'2.">(). 
 Aei'drding to /</., xxiv. (!, the ves><el aj'pear.s to have been !it San I'nuieisco 
 (inJunuiOtli. Alberni iij tirdertd not to kt Broughton land. Unleni \\ ero 
 Stilt to other ])orts n(jt to permit a landing or to fuini.sh any nmre sup|)lieM. 
 J'rnr. Ji'ir., MS., iv. (17. Supplies fiunisheil anmunted to !?oOS, the l<ill being 
 Sent to Mexico. /(/., iv. ilUU. The instruments were sent to S;in Bias. Pmr. 
 
 SI. I'll,,., :>is., x\i. 'ivi. 
 
 -■"'She iscalled by the Sjinniards the O/lcr Boston, El otro PfiKloii, and Lntir 
 Jliisli.ii; and their eaptain, l)ow, iJour, jiur, l>;uir, l)uoi'. and Ixre. 
 
 ■''Herbert C Borr son of tlu.s eiiplain, a veil known H'l /7/'< cy residing 
 ill San I'laneiseo, tells me ihiit the.--e niiuwere ennviets fniin Butaiiy l!ay, 
 and tliat he has often heard his lather tell the stoiy of this voy;i^e and of hia 
 
 
 '• 
 
 >':1 
 
 ■1} 
 
f 
 
 540 
 
 RULE OF EORICA— FOREIGN RELATIONS. 
 
 !i 
 
 provide for the new-comers. They were se!; at work 
 as carpenters and blacksmiths at nimitcen cents per 
 ckiy, and tliey prov^ed so industrious and well behaved 
 that Borica would fain have retained them in the 
 country; but in obedience to royal orders he was 
 obliged to send them the next year to San Bias eu 
 route for Ctkliz."'' 
 
 On ]\Iarch 2 -3d and April 1st the Valdcs and San 
 Carlos aiTiAcd at j\Ionterey and San Francisco re- 
 8[)eclively with most of the compailia franca, and of 
 the artillerymen, the rest coming up the following 
 8[)ring, and the military force in California being thus 
 increased by nearly one hundred men.'^ Lieutenant- 
 
 s'* > 
 
 :;h :! 
 
 tror. bios with tlic'sc reckless men who used the Offer aa a means of escajio. 
 'llic Dorr family furnishtil several masters and owners of vessels engaged in 
 the fur-trad'j in )iortliern ^^•atcrs, as will he seen in the Ilitit. iV^ W. Count, tliis 
 Berics. 
 
 ■*'Nov. ."), 1790, Borica to viceroy, announcing arrival and stating tliat 
 no in'0.':ularir,io ! have hcen committed by tlie Americans. St. Pap., Sw., !MS., 
 iv. (!J-,'>; vi. 8(!-S. Nov. 10th. Borica to V. R., dcscriliing the sid)ser|npnt 
 ' irrc^iiluiLies.' Id., iv. G.'J-4. Dec. Gtli, ILis received order to send the irisli- 
 ni;;.i iJiirling and all other foreigners to Cadiz, will therefore send by first 
 ves.el the men left l>y Dorr, /(/., iv. (i8-0. Dorr obtained supplies to the 
 vahicof ylST. Proc. Ii\c., MS., iv. '2SS. Five Englishmen kept as prisoners 
 nntil the Aranzdzii arrives. Prov. tjt. Pap.,'M'i.,\\i. '241. Aug. 17!)0, V. R.'a 
 order to send Burling and fnrcigncrs to (,'adiz. Prov. I'ec, MS., viii. IG.'i; iv. 
 117. I suppose tins Burling and the Boston l)oy, and O'Cain to have Ikou 
 i)o:';iibly tlic .same pers(jn. Oct. 0, 1797, Borica toV. R., sends the 11 to Sun 
 Bias. Pi-oi'. Il(C., JNIS., vi. oO. Oct. 19th, Boricaasks Capt. Caamafio to take 
 them. Pr<v. St. Pop., MS., xxi. 270. Feb. \\, 3798, V. R. approves. I<l., 
 xvii. 17. Oct. 2nd, a strange vessel ancliorcd off Santa Cruz. Prov. lice, MS., 
 V. !"■!. Doubtless tlie (JItcr. The Spanish vessels of the year were the \'iildi'.< 
 and Siin dir.'o.i which brought troops, etc., from San Bias in April, toucliing 
 at ikm Frinicisco, Monterey, and Santa B;Ul)ara; the Sut'/l, Capt. Tobar, from 
 a lour in vho nortli; tlie Conrcjtcioii, Capt. Salaair from Manila at Santa Bar- 
 hiVM i'.i Ajiril; anJ the Aruiizcr.ii, Capt. Cosmo Bertodano, with tlia iiiciioria^ 
 at ^.loutcrcy and San Francisco in July, and at Santa Barljara in September. 
 Pr<.r. 7;«'.,'MS., iv. (JO-1, 7-1, 77, US; Pror. St. Pop., MS., xiv. 24, W), l.Tl; 
 x:;i. 2;!(i; St. Pap., Sac, j\IS., xvii. G. According to the Jtclacioii (!<' /"■•» 
 IJiiihcrcarioiiei que hiin rondachlo ios Situailun dc Ion.} prenldios d<' lo, Kmvii 
 C'.d'/.ini!i;, con cnpvrx'ioii dc lo.^ nomhrcx de siis comunilanfes, dcnde d tiuo de. 
 li.'l, hmhi 170(/, MS., it appears that since 17S8 only one vessel caeii year 
 liiul c'imc especially with the regular mc»)o/-/V(.»( of supplies, though aa we liavo 
 Been several vessels arrived for one purpose or another. 
 
 '''■" Airival of the vessels. .SV. I'ap., Sac, MS., xvii. G. Arrival of Conrrp- 
 c/oti, 17'.)7, witli Lieutenant Scarez and 4 privates. Pivv. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 
 14 !. 'i he con)]iania franca of Catalan volunteers consisted of captain, 2 lieu- 
 ti i';!iits, ;'. sergeants — .Foatpun Tico, I'rancisco Cutierrez, and Juan Ifiigues — 
 8 corporahi, 2 drunnners, and '>',) privates— 7-") men in all. Full list of names 
 in / nr. St. Pap., lien. Mil., ]MS., xxiv. 1-4. Tiie artillery ik'taeliment con- 
 eiiit: d of a sergeant — .lose Roca— 3 corporals, .and 14 privates — IS men in uU. 
 Toa.19.3. /(/., xxiii. 11. 
 
REENFORCEMEXTS FROM MEXICO. 
 
 C41 
 
 colonel Pedro Alberni, captain of the Catalan volun- 
 teers, became at once coniuiandant at San Francisco, 
 ^v•llcre twenty five of his men were stationed. Twen- 
 ty-five were , at to San Diego under Lieutenant Josd 
 Font, and eight under sub-lieutenant Simon Suarez 
 remained at Monterey, a sergeant and thirteen men 
 being scattered in various duties. The artillery de- 
 tachment under Sei'geant Jose Iloca was also distrib- 
 uted between the three presidios.-" With the troops 
 came the lieutenant of engineers, Alberto do Cordoba, 
 who proceeded to make an inspection of the coast de- 
 fences. In September he reported to the viceroy, 
 chiefly on the works at San Francisco, which he found 
 exceedingly defective and well-nigh useless. The bat- 
 tery at ^lontcrey was also useless so far as the de- 
 fence of the port was concerned, since vessels could 
 easily anchor and land men out of range of the guns, 
 Cordoba believed that effective forts and enough (jf 
 them could not be erected except at an enormous 
 expense, and he favored rather an increase of troops 
 and one or more cruising vessels on the coast. He 
 subsequently visited the south, and found the defences 
 n(jt more effective tlian those in the north, as the 
 governor informed Branciforte at the beginning of 
 J 797. Borica, however, found some comfort in the 
 tliou^-ht that the foes from whom attack niiulit be 
 I'cared v/ere probably igncjrant how weak the fortifi- 
 cations reallv were, 
 
 30 
 
 '".July 8, 170.3, the presidios had 101 muskets, r>0 pistols, 177 swords, 2'23 
 Innccs. J'ror. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 150-;{. July 10th, received from S;ui 15!as 
 loH imiikits, lt'2 sv/onlf!, !)(! Inucis— viiliic .'^'L'.Oi'O. /</., xxi. KM; rrur. St. 
 J'lip., lJi)i. JUL, MS., XXV. 1. Sept. 1."), 17!'.'>, 170cAVt. powder sent. J'rur. 
 St. I'„ii., MS., xiii. 81. Dec. 17Wi, 1\1). ]7!)7, l-'O!) imi.kcts, iOO y.i^tvh, -JCO 
 cnrtridg.s, '200 musket-ciises, KsCO;) Ciiits. J'rov. /.'.'■., MS., viii. 170, 17:); iv. 
 137; vi. .'■jS; I'rov. St. Pa/,., :SIS., xv. '2i.':}; xvi. '240; xvii. IK); xxi. •2-'/,',. 
 
 "" ( 'urdoha, liifonnr al I'in 1/ so' rr (hj'ci/.m.t tic < 'a/j'ciniin, IIVG, MS. Dec. 
 27, 17!H!, viceroy to uov. has received Cordoliii's jdausof Sun Fraiicidco, Mon- 
 terey, arid Santa Cruz, luis cudei'ed Iho littiii'.r-out of two cruisers, and has 
 tidicu liieasnres for the ]iroi!cr f-tn ii'^tiieniuLC of Sau Fraiicisco. St. !'•■ p., Sue 
 
 MS.. 
 
 5. Jan. '20, 17!i7, Lorica to V. R. Pnn: Pre., MS. vi. 7H. 
 
 (.'urdoha's first report was sent to JIe.\ic(j hy IJorica wif'i h'm conunuuiealiou 
 of Sept. '21st, onclosinff live )ilans and approvin;.; ('(irdoba.'a t u;^[!;e:.lion:i. St. 
 P' 7;. , Sac. , MS. , iv. .")(l-7. ]5oriea's inNtruetiona to ( '.'inloba for h\.i uoiithern tri;>, 
 Oct. 8, 170(3. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xxi. "210-7. lie w:i3 to gather inr.lerial for 
 
 •' ' ! 
 
 il 
 
■f*(!!:l- ■ 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
 642 
 
 PwULE OF BORICA-FOREIGN RELATIONS. 
 
 The transport San Carlos, Captain Saavcdra, arrived 
 at San Francisco Marcli 11,1797, and probably broii^iit 
 the news of actual war with England, though the 
 communication of the viceroy does not appear in the 
 archives;"^ for the 13th of Marcli despatches began to 
 circulate throughout the province, ordering the seiz- 
 ing of English vessels, instructing commandants to 
 redouble their precautions, and calling upon friars to 
 give not only prayers but Indians if needed. On th(j 
 lirst alarm of invasion notice was to be sent to !Mon- 
 terey, the military forces were to concentrate at the 
 threatened point, and live-stock was to be driven 
 inland. Men were drilled in the use of arms; messen- 
 ger's were kept in constant motion; Indians wore 
 harangued on the horrors of an English invasion; 
 sentmels were posted wherever an anchorage or land- 
 ing was deemed possible; able-bodied men were 
 gathci'od at the presidios, while the disabled ones 
 were detailed to protect women and children; and 
 strict economy was practised, since a non-arrival of 
 the supply-ship was feared. This state of things 
 lasted several months, but the popular excitement 
 was considerably allayed by the arrival c" the Con- 
 cepciou and Princcsa in April and May, and by tlic 
 delay of the English invasion, nothing more alarming 
 having occurred in the mean time than the rumored 
 llnding of some bodies of white men in the surf at 
 Point Ilcyes.^' 
 
 a general mnp of California. Dec. lltli, Cordoba arrived in San Diogo. St. 
 J'np., Ha<\, vii. 53. 
 
 ="Anival of Sun Cdrlox, Prov. St. Pap., IMS., xsi. 249; Pror. Si. Pa/'., 
 Pen. Hill., MS., xvi. G2. There is a letter of tlu; viceroy to I'oriea daliil 
 Jan. 2.'i:li, in Mliicli ho aHndea to some vague rumors of trouhlc v;ith Knglauil, 
 and rceominends prceautioiis. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. '218-10. 
 
 ^^ J'^areli l.lth, JJoriea to Lasuen, Prov. Pec, MS., vi. IS.'?. Boriea to coiii- 
 niaiidaiits. Jd.,'\\. \oo. !Mareh llithto 14tli, Lasuen to jiadres ordering prayers, 
 litany on Saturdays, mass onee a month, and exhortations pueli ns Maei al:etM 
 gave (Ir.riug t)ie canipaigu against Nieaiior. Arch. Sta Parlmra, MS., xi. 111-4; 
 J'of. Ui^t. Cid., M.S., iv. 8Ii-4. March 17th, liorica to comniandants. Pror. 
 Pre, ytS., iv. ]:..">-(;. Mnrcli Mith, 24th, Sal to B. Prov. S.'. Pap., MS., xvi. 
 220-22. March 22d, B. to eonmiandant S. F, Cautious witli i^traiigi' vessels, 
 v.ar-f.liinu to bo menaced. Pror. Pec, MS. v. S2-3. Marcli 2Sth, .\inil lOih, 
 2d, (ioycdecliea to B., Saiita B/irbara defences in a very bad st:;te t(] re^i^■l■ 
 attack. Id bUKpicious of tlic Indians to whom the British have yivcu Ijcad:^. 
 
ALARMING RUMORS. 
 
 543 
 
 During the mouths of July, August, and Septcui- 
 1»lt all soeuis to have been quict,"^ but in the niiddlo 
 of October there came a report from the peninsular 
 mission of San Miguel that five, ten, or even sixteen 
 vessels had been seen making for the north. The 
 falsity of tlic report was ascertained before a week 
 liad })assed, but not before it had been published with 
 all the precautionary orders of old tln-oughout the 
 province, and had been sent to Mexico.''^ This emer- 
 gency elicited from Governor Borica peremptory in- 
 structions which went all the rounds, to tlie etfeet 
 that in case he were taken prisoner l)y the English 
 no attention was to be paid to any orders purporting 
 to come from him, whatever their nature; but the 
 (•(jnnnandants were to cjo on in defence of Calirornia 
 as their duty and circumstances might dictate."^ A 
 
 riiinilica to bo frrnchi.tlly rcnioveil to Angeles. Pror. St. Pup., ^IS., xv. 40, 
 4)i-,"i, ISS-'J. Aliii'cli IJIst, Sal to 1>., all caro tiikon. rrovisions to l>o 
 (U'.--ti(.>y( il iuid iii/t !;lluwcil to full into the liiinils of the foe. /(/., xvi. L'vlO. 
 ^lurcli olst, April Ctii, May Iltli, (liajera to U., a sentinel on llic luacli .-it 
 Sail .luuu t'aiiistr;:iio. Invalids of Angeles*, San Galiriel, and Nietes lanciio 
 ready. If tlie Trcsidio has to lie aliaiidoned, shall it lie destroyed or not? 
 /./., xvi. •KuA), -Jll-l-J. April ."th, Fidalgo to 15. from San VAiix. Tlie Ojh- 
 v< jich'ti, t'aptain Jlanrinue, and the Prhitu.^a, I'ajitain Caair.afio, -will ]irotect 
 
 IheCalifc 
 sliriot 
 
 V'.nii eca:; 
 
 t. /./. 
 
 u; 
 
 inr,' every 
 
 Si'.ndi 
 
 AprilL'-lth, i!. to (ioycoetlr 
 
 Mf'et- 
 
 Indians n\iist he indiued ■\vitli anti-l''n':lish f^enti 
 
 mints, taniiht that the foe are hostile to reliLiiuii, violators of women. 7', 
 
 /.'. 
 
 :\hi 
 
 MS. 
 
 April 
 
 th, 15. t 
 
 o eoniniant 
 
 lants 
 
 ecfinonii;:e, 
 
 for the 
 
 plies of 170S eannot come. /(/., iv. I."i8. Ajiril .SOth, Alberni to ]>. 
 
 reftiro to j;o to I'odega fr( 
 
 fe;i 
 
 /' 
 
 s7. y- 
 
 ^u 
 
 i: 
 
 5th, I 
 
 d. /(/.,>;xi. •_'()!- 
 
 viDCffd at Sta ]>;'ii'l)ara with supplies. AVill reniain as a eoa.'^t- 
 
 .Tuno Sth, 15. to commandants. 
 
 If 1' 
 
 •esulio IS !iiian- 
 
 d, guns to 1)0 spiked and powder hurned. 1 
 
 i-df. 
 
 I'indin'' of liodi 
 
 Vt Reyes in .'\pril. /* 
 
 St. J 
 
 •op. 
 
 M.S., 
 MS. 
 
 )-l-.-) 
 ik; 
 
 'i'wo yiars later it was learned that San Diego Ray had been surv< yed by tliu 
 Kiiglish in 17^7 on a moonlight niglit. I'rov. ISt. Pup., Jl<ii. Mil., MS., 
 xiii. '20. 
 
 aj 
 
 t)et. 1st, Vallejo, writing; from San Josd, mentions the 
 
 il .if 
 
 ;in 
 
 I'jii:li.';h sih.ip at 'ianta Cm/, Pruc. St. Pop., MS., xv. l.").'), but nothing moru 
 
 )'i Ileal 
 
 d of the matter. 
 
 'Oet. l.:th, (; 
 
 ra.ie 
 
 ra to Roriea. Oct. ;2flt!i, contradieti 
 
 SI. I 
 
 op. 
 
 MS., xvi. HW-1. Oct. l!)lli, 15. to all, Sjiread (he news in all directions d 
 
 itn-caha'ln. Virilancia !! Pr" 
 
 MS., iv. Klv); V. i:."9. Dee. 
 
 4th 
 
 viei roy to 15. lii; doubts the accuracy of the repoi't, since the 6'. 
 
 d/' 
 
 '/" 
 
 MS. 
 
 ' came down the coast without seein ;an3 vessels. Prov. St. Pop 
 
 , XV. •_', 
 
 ' Oct. 'Ji 
 
 Alberni to eonii.sion 
 
 Roriea to comniandauts. /' 
 
 y, 
 
 MS., iv. Kil. Oct. 2'Jd, 
 
 of San .il St'. Son ./o-r, Arrh., Ml 
 
 :.s. X.A-. :{.i 
 
 (IiiyciHclK^a to 15. Pi-uv. St. Pap., MS., xv. 1.0. Nov, !)th, <lrajera to 1$. 
 hi, xvi. I'Jj-G. 
 
 IBl. 
 
M 
 
 644 
 
 RULE OF BORIC A— FOREIGN RELATIONS. 
 
 largo war-ship arrived at Santa Barbara on Doc. 17tli, 
 but slio proved to bo the Spanish j\Ia<jallancs, Caj-- 
 taln Espinosa, from Manila, and had couiu to protect 
 ratlier than to invade the country. Findiiii; no i'oes 
 in Cahfornia waters, she sailed for the south, as the 
 Conccpcion and Princesa had done a little earlier."'^ 
 
 The only subsequent events of the v/ar, so far as 
 California was concerned, were the contribution for 
 the relief of his IMajesty's exchequer, called for by 
 Viceroy Azanza through bishop and governor in the 
 fall of 1798 and paid in the summer of 1709,"' and a 
 Dcw fright, also in 1799, resulting in the u.sual precau- 
 tionary orders, and caused by the report ol' from fifteen 
 to nineteen English frigates in and about the gulf of 
 California. ^^ 
 
 i:i I 
 
 '" Of the jS'on Carfo« we know nothing beyond her an'ival on March 11th 
 at 8un Fruneisco. Tlic Cuncepcioii left San Bias in ilaich willi §1,088 of 
 j.rovisiona; she broii;;lit alno !) settlors, 2 yiniths, 4 solTicra, aiid 11 ]iailics, 
 I'.aving on board Alfcrcz Liijan and Lieut. Suarcz; arrived at San FrancisLU 
 A])ril llt'ii; was at Jlontcrcy June 2Sth; left Monterey .Sept. 4Lli; kit San 
 l)ie;',o Nov. Sth; arrived S. Bias Nov. •22i\. The J^riiiccsi arrived at Sta 
 Barbara jNIay "J/th witli 100 men, many sick with scurvy; was at San IJiugo 
 from June to (Jctober; and trailed wiLh the Conccprton. The Moijal aiua ro 
 inaiiicd only a few days at Sta Barbara and sailed for Acapulco. The only 
 other vessel of the year was the Activo, Captain Salazar, from ilanila, Vihitli 
 arrived at IMouterey Sejtt. 27tli, and sailed Oct. 7th. The vesscLs of 171*8 
 were the Concvprion, Caamauo, and the Activo, Leon y Luna. The former 
 arrived at Santa Barbara in May with 8 jiadres and 'J-t convicts, and left 
 Monterey in June. The latter arrived at San Francisco in June. Oii niovc- 
 incnts of ves-sels : Proi\ /.Vc, M,S.,iv. DO-1, 04, 10."), 157, K'-'; vi. 5-2, i:4, 5(i, 
 70, 87, 'J--'-4, 104, '1:M; St. Pap., ,V«i'., MS., viii. 7o; Pnv. Si. J'< jk, -MS., -W. 
 f.-J, (3S, IKVll; xvi. r>4, G2, 17."), 102, 107; xvii. 1; xsi. '2J0, 2:,r>-:>, L'^l. 
 
 3' Oct. -20, 1708, viceroy to pov. J'rov. Sf. Pap., MS., xvii. {-2. Nov. Kith, 
 bishop to padres, and Lasuen's refused. Arch. SUi Jiuiljnri, MS., x. 07-72; 
 xii. 2.')5-7; vi. '20(1-7. Jan. .'ilst, Borica to V. 1'., sends v!l,OfX) as a personal 
 contribution. /*i'Oi". /iVc., !MS., vi. US. Same date to eonnnandants, /»/., iv. 
 170. June '2'.'), account of results. Settlers and Inrliaus of the mi.'isions (per- 
 haps an error for Montcrej' including Borica's amount?) C'1,8.");!; San Fran- 
 cisco, .9242; An','elcs, )i;!l75; S;i!ita Barbara, ^'3~~>; San i)ie;;o, §.ilO; Catalan 
 volunteers, ^:•2:)7; artillery, $;iO; total, 8;i,400. Pror. Sf. ^Pop., L'cii. Mi'., 
 MS., xxvii. 7. Another account makes ^l,So.3 the total. Proi'. P(c., MS., 
 vi. 1-28. 
 
 ^''' July 4, 1708, Borica to commandants, 10 frigates in the Facific. Pivr. 
 Per., JIS., iv. 17'2. J\;Iy 12th, ir^th, Sal to comisionado cf San Jose, for- 
 warding orders and 1,000 cartridges. .V. Juxr, Arch., MS., vi.48-0. July lOtli, 
 15. to eonnnandant Sla Barbara, a place to be prepared at San Fernando fcr 
 archives, rescive arms, and church vessels. Prov. Pec., JIS., iv. 112. Aug. 
 3d, v. Iv. to r>., the Manila, galleons must remain at Monterey until tlie v.ay 
 is cleared of privateers. Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xvii. 2,'!7. (iovernor's oi'dcrs 
 in acuordance. Pror. Pec., MS., iv. 17(i; vi. l.'U. Sept. Uith, two Spaniih 
 vessels reported as captured, not in Cal. LL, iv. 173. 
 
AMERICAN SAILORS. 
 
 545 
 
 From 1707 to 1800 the military force and distribu- 
 tion remained })ractically the same as in 179G after 
 the arrival of the Catalan volunteers and the artil- 
 lery. In April 1797 Borica asked for twenty-live 
 recruits per year to fill vacancies and for an increase 
 (if thirty infantry and fifty cavalry, besides three war- 
 vessels. At the beginning of 1799 the total expense 
 of the military establishment as given by the gov- 
 ernor, was $73,889 per year. In March Borica urged 
 an increase of §18,G24 in the annual expense, by the 
 addition of three captains and an adjutant inspector, 
 niid the substitution of one hundred and five cavalry 
 ior the Catalan volunteers. Nothing was acconiplislied, 
 liowever, in these directions until after 1800.^''' In the 
 mean time some slight progress was made on local 
 fortifications, and the engineer Cordoba, having com- 
 pleted his surveys and made a general map of Cali- 
 fornia, had returned to Mexico in the autumn of 
 1708.**' 
 
 At the end of 1798 four sailors who had been left 
 in Baja California by the American vessel GaUaiit 
 More brought up to San Diego and set to work wliile 
 awaiting a vessel to take them to San Bias." In ^Fay 
 1799 James Rowan in the El'na, an American ship, 
 anchored at San Francisco and obtained sup])lies un- 
 der a promise not to touch at any other port in the 
 pi'ovince.*^ In August 1800 the A.merican ship Bdsij, 
 
 '^^ Pi-ov. liec, MS., vi. SG-8; Prov. Sf. Pap., Mii., xvii. 180, 188-9. 
 '"Oct. 17, 1705, viceroy to I'oiica, .«iiicaks of Ci'udoba'.s iipiiointnicnt. 
 ■ ■ ■ " Pup. 
 
 Ho 
 
 IS iiljle, veil behaved, and energetic. Prov. St. Pup., MS., xiii. 40. Jan. 
 IT'.iy, Cordoba at work on a map of California. Proi: I'cc, ^IS., vi. IS. \ov. 
 'Jii, 1797, IJorica forwards the map to the viceroy; received in March (or 
 Nov.) 1798. LI., \\.(\-2: viii. 18!); Pror. ,S7. J'ap., MS., xvii. 3. Xov. 27, 
 1797, Ci'irdoba ordered bj- V. 11. to return to Mexico. He sailed in October 
 170H. /</., XV. '272-A; xxi. i.',S(i. 
 
 *^Proi\ Pec, MS., V. us;}, 1285; vi. Ill; Prov. St. Pap., :MS., xvii. l!)7-i!02. 
 They wen: examined carefully but no information of importuneu was elicited. 
 "\Vm. Katt, Karnaby Jan, and John Stephens were natives of Bo.ston 'in the 
 American colonics.' ( iabricl IJoissc^ avms a FrcMichnuai. 
 
 ^-May 'J7, 1799, Rowan to cnmmandant. (iives the pi'omiso i-eqnired; will 
 pay cash; W(juld sail to-day if it weie less foifgy. i'rar. Sf. Pap., MS., xvii. 
 'J'J((-8. June lid, ISorica to vicenjy. 1'ho Elirji had \'l guns; gave a draft ou 
 I'.oston for $!'J4. Prov. Uir., MS.,'vi. llM-d. Auj,'. Hd, V. R. to 1!., Appn ves 
 his course; names John Kendriek as supercargo, and bays hov/islicd <ovv inter 
 at Monterey. 
 
 Hist. Cal., Vol. 1. 35 
 
540 
 
 RULE OF BORICA-FOREIGX RELATIONS. 
 
 Captain Clnirlcs Winsliip, (obtained wood and water 
 at San I^ieufo.*'' In Oetohor there anchored a hirjxe 
 vesse], of suspiciously EngHsh appearance and cai'iy- 
 'm\f twenty-six guns, off the nioutli of tlie llio San 
 Antonio in Montcro}^ l^'iy; ^"t she sailed without 
 conunitting hostilities." 
 
 In the spring of 1800 there had come news of war 
 between Spain and Russia. This brought out the 
 usual orders for precautionary measures and non-inter- 
 course, but it failed to arouse even a ripple of excite- 
 ment. An invasion from Kamchatka seems to have 
 had no terrors for the Californians after their success 
 in escaping from the fleets of Great Britain.*'' 
 
 Precautions taken to guard against invasion by a 
 foreign foe having thus been narrated, it is necessary 
 to give some attention to the dangers that threatened 
 from within at tlie hands of the natives. Although 
 tliis subject of Indian affairs, in this as in most other 
 periods of California history, is prominent n; the 
 archives, I do not deem it necessar}^ to devote much 
 space to it here. The Spaniards, few in nund)er 
 and surrounded by savages o[' whose numbers and 
 disposition little was known, were peculiarly situated. 
 
 *^rrnv. JRcr., MS.,viii. 132; xii. C; Proi: St. /^a;?., ISIS., xxi. 4t; St. Pnp., 
 Sfic, ]\IS., ix. 12, 13. She arrived on thc'2.")tl» and sailed Sept. 4tli; she liad l!> 
 men and 10 guns; she asked aid later at San lUas, Ijut was fri^ditened away 
 liy t!ie approach of Spanish vessels, leaving her supplies, papers, captain, su- 
 ]i"roarg(), and some sailors. 
 
 ■"Nov. 'M), ISOO, gijvernor to commandant. Prnv. J?ec., MS., xi. 14(»-7. 
 ( ! IV. to viceroj'. Pror. St. Pnp., MS., xviii. 07. Dec. 18th, V. R'.s order.s to 
 look f)ut for returning whalers. >S'/. Pa])., S(tr., MS., ix. oO. The Coiireiicinn 
 linnight tlio UK iiioihi.i with nine padres to San Francisco in May 179!t, lieing 
 kept in (jiuirantine l.'l days, and not leaving (\difornia until .Jannary ]S()(). 
 Coming hack she arrived at Monterey in August ISOO witli supplies, pa<lres, 
 and children, convoyed l)y tlie armed Pr'nirAj.m, Capt. Vivero. They were 
 at Santa JJarhara in Septt inher, ar.d left San Diego in November. Pror. St. 
 P,:p., MS., xviii. !», (it); xxi. 30, 43-4, 4S, 54; Pru'v. Pec, MS., ix. 1'2; xi. 84, 
 144; St. Ptij)., Sac, MS., iii. '.'0; vii. 70-7. 
 
 ^■' Doc. 21, 1701, viccnoy to lioriea. New.spapcrs announce Avar. St. Pa/i., 
 S.ir., ,MS., ix. 54. Felt. 8, ISOO, li. to connnandants. War not certain; 
 hut the province nuist he ready for an invasion from Kamchatka. Pruv. 
 S/. Pap., ]S1S., xviii. '23; Pror. ]!cr., MS., x. 5. March 31st, declaration 
 of war known at Monterey, lntcrcour.se witli Russia forbidden. /(/., ix. "2, 7. 
 Oct. 9, 180"2, muss ordered for peace. St. Pop., Sac., MS., vii. 1. 
 
INDIAN AFFAIRS. 
 
 647 
 
 They fully realized the dangers to Mliicli tlioy would 
 Ite exposed in case of a general ujirising among the 
 natives; and the consequence was tliat any unusual 
 action on the part of the aborigines, the rumor of 
 impending hostilities, gave birth to long investiga- 
 tions and a mass of correspondence out of proportion 
 to the cause. Nine tenths of the rumors investiij^ated 
 
 CD 
 
 |ir<)ved to be groundless, and the few that had real 
 I'oundation rested for the most part on petty events 
 of no interest save in the mission or pueblo wliero 
 tliey happened. Therefore I shall have something to 
 say of these matters in connection with local annals, 
 hut in this chapter shall enter but slightly into the 
 details either of events or correspondence. 
 
 In September 1794 fifteen or twenty neophytes of 
 San Luis Olnspo and Purfsima were arrested with 
 some gentiles for makinii; threats and incitlnof revolt 
 at San Luis. Five of the culprits were condenmcd 
 to presidio work. Throughout the year there was 
 some apprehension of trouble at San Josd and Santa 
 ("lara, caused mainly by the natives suddenly leaving 
 certain rancherias. Lieutenant Sal went in person to 
 make investigations, and the natives disclaimed any 
 idea of revolt, but Fatlier Fernandez was admonislied 
 to be somewhat less zealous, not to say cruel, in his 
 treatment of the natives.*^ 
 
 In Mareli 1795 a party of neophytes were sent 
 from San Francisco across the bay northerly in search 
 of fujTfitive Christians. After marching two ni<^hts 
 and a day in that direction they were attacked by 
 the Q'cntiles and oioht or ten slain. The friars were 
 l)lamed for liaving sent out the party, and tlio gov- 
 ernor deemed it unwise to avenge tlic loss and make 
 enemies of these warlike and hitherto friendly tribes. 
 ]n the south Alferez Grijalva had some trouble with 
 the natives on the frontier between San Diego and 
 San IMiouel. Tliis was in June and one or two sav- 
 ages lost their lives. Near Santa Barbara there was 
 
 *\rrov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 33, 49-53, 100-4, 124-32, 194. 
 
US 
 
 IIULE OF BORxCA— FOREIGN RELATIONS. 
 
 .ii I . 
 
 xH 
 
 81 U 
 
 a fi<rlii III October botwccn pa^^an'. and iieopliytcs in 
 wnlcli lives ^vcre lost on both side ^/^ 
 
 In June 1707 thirty neophytes were sent across tJie 
 bay tVoni San Francisco, in a direction not clearly 
 indicated, in search of fugitives, and they were rath«r 
 I'ouj.ddy treated by a tril)e of Cuchillones though none 
 were killed. This afl'air caused a long correspondence 
 and finally brought positive orders iVoni the viceroy 
 forbiilding the friars to send out such parties. In July 
 after many preliminaries Sergeant Amador made an 
 expedition against both the Cuchillones and the Saca- 
 lanes, mIio had committed the outrage of 1795. lie 
 brought in nine of the gentile culprits and eighty- 
 three fugitive Christians. The savages are said to 
 have dug pits which prevented the use of horses, and 
 obliu'ed Amador to tiixht on foot hand to hand, seven 
 or eight of them being killed. At San Luis Ol)ispo 
 a neophyte was murdered by a gentile and there was 
 a temporary excitement and fear that the mission 
 wouVl be attacked. Depredations continued on the 
 southern frontier and San Diego as usual was deemed 
 in danger.*^ 
 
 In 1798 the savages are said to have surrounded 
 San Juan Bautista by night, but they retired after 
 killing eight Indians of an adjoining rancheria. In 
 the resulting expedition to the sierra under Sergeant 
 Macario Castro, one chief M-as killed, four caj)tives 
 were taken, and a soldier was badly wounded. There 
 was a false alarm of impending attack on San jMigucl, 
 San Luis, and Purisima by the Tulare and cluumel 
 Indians. Around San Francisco Bay and especially 
 at San Jose Mission there were constant rumors of 
 preparations for hostilities that never occurred.''-' 
 
 m 
 
 " Prnv. Ri'C, ]\TS., V. 1227-S; iv. .S5-0; vi. 48-r)0, 50, 14(J; Prov. St. Par-, 
 MS., xiii. 82, 177-8, '21,'>-1(), '241-2, 27J-G; xvi. 71. Accordm<i io Cal'ija, 
 J'cy/iiics/a, MS., 12, the ranchos of four men in the Monterey district were 
 destroyed by Indians this year. 
 
 **l'rov. S/. Pap., MS,, xv. 19-27, 122-.-), 173-8, 282-3; xvi. 70-.3, 90, 2.39, 
 249; Proc. Hoc, MS., iv. 88; v. 20(i 7, 207. 
 
 "•i'/oc. y.'n-., MS., iv. 285; v. 210; vi. lOG-7, 100; ix. 9; Prov. St. Pap., 
 MS., xvii. 97, 100, 100-7. 
 
INDIAN AFFAIK.S. 
 
 CtO 
 
 Tlic only rocorcktl event of 1799 was an expedition 
 of IMacario Castro in June to the various nuielierfas 
 of the j\r(»nt(;i(}y district. His ohject was to collect 
 fugitives fi'oni San Carlos, Soledad, and San Juan 
 llauiista, and also to warn the jLjentiles aufainst har- 
 boi'int^ runaways. Fortified hy l(jn<i' and explicit 
 instructions from Borica, and accompanied by thirteen 
 soldiers and as many ii.,iives, Castro was successful. 
 In ^lay 1800 Pedro Amador made a raid from Santa 
 Clara into the hills. He killed a chief, broke many 
 weapons, and took a few ca})tives and runaways. The 
 native's again committed some depredations at San 
 Juan ]jautista, and in July Sergeant Mornga, march- 
 ing .'igunst them, cnpturcd fourteen.'"'^ From the pre- 
 cethug [)aiagr.'iphs it appears that Be rica's rule was a 
 j>eiiotl of peace so far as Indian hostilities against the 
 Spaniards are concerned. Naturally there were con- 
 thcts between neophytes and pagans, especially when 
 hands of the former were sent out by the friars to 
 scour the country for fugitives, and here and tho'e a 
 tliei't or other petty depredation was conunitted; but 
 the natives were not yet hostile, tLou-h they resisted 
 the soldiers on several occasions in the hills, and 
 showed that in case of a general war they might 
 prove forniidable. 
 
 •''>Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. .T25-.30; xviii. S.*?; Id., Dm. Mil., MS., xxviii. 
 10-12; I'rov. lice, MS., ix. », 10; St. Pap., Sue, MS., viii. 70-1. 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 RULE OF BORICA— EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 1794-1800. 
 
 Search von Mission Sites — Exploration of the Alameda— San Benito— 
 Las Pozas— Entino— Pale— Lasuen's Repoht— FonNnATiox ov Mis- 
 sion San Jose at the Alameda — Local Annals to 1800 — Mission San 
 Juan Bautista at Popeloctciiom — Earthquake — Mission San Mkuei, 
 AT Vahia— P/.due Antonio de l.v Concei-cion Hokua— Mission San 
 Fkknanho on Reves' Ranciio, on Aciiois Comihavit — Mission San 
 Luis Rey at Tacayme— A New Pueblo— Pkeliminaky ConnESPONi)- 
 ENCE — Seauch for a Site — Repokts of ALrKRNi and Cokdc a— San 
 
 FUANCISCO AND AlAMF.DA REJECTED IN FaVOK OF SaNTA C'l:rZ— Alt- 
 
 RivAL OF Colonists — Founding of the Vill.v de Bbancifoutf— I'uo- 
 
 TI'.ST of the FliANCISCANS — PLAN TO OPEN COMMUNICATION WITH Xi.W 
 
 Mexico — Coloiiado Route to Sonuiia. 
 
 It had long been the intention to found a scries 
 of new missions, each equidistant from two of the old 
 ones, or as nearly so as practicable, and all somewhat 
 farther inland than the orij^inal line. The friars of 
 course were familiar with the general features of the 
 country, and had made up their minds long ago about 
 the best sites. In 1794-5, however, explorations were 
 made by the priests, assisted in each instance by a 
 military officer and guard of soldiers. In some cases 
 this was a reiJ search for new information; in others it 
 was a formality, that the choice of sites might be offi-^ 
 cially conlirmed. This matter settled, the necessary 
 correspondt^nce b.'tween governor, president, viceroy, 
 and guardian took place in 1795-G, and in 1797-8 the 
 new missions, five in number, were put in operation. 
 
 In 1794 the eastern shores of San Francisco Bay 
 were almost a tierra incognita to the Spaniards. It 
 
 I 550 ) 
 
THE ALAMEDA SHORE. 
 
 8S1 
 
 M'ould j)L>rli!i})s 1)0 too mucli to say tlint tlioso slioi'rs 
 liad not hcoii visited i'or nearly twenty years, since; 
 the time of Anza; but there is no record of any i)r(^- 
 vioiiH raid ajjcainst the wntiles in tliat re'^ion, nmcli 
 less t)f any explornij^ ex|KHlition. In Xovendx-r ot 
 (his year, four natives were sent across to work with 
 the pagans, hut one of tlio two tule-rafts composing 
 this annada was swept out and wrecked on th(3 Fara- 
 llones, where two of tlie navigators were drowned In 
 ilui same month the friars wished to go with a small 
 guard up the eastern hay-shore i'rom Santa (*lara to 
 conquer the gentiles, taking advantage of their short 
 siij)ply of fi)od resulting from drought, but the com- 
 mandant at San Francisco refused, because the coun- 
 try was "almost unknown," the natives perverse, and 
 tlie adventure too hazardous.^ Before June Sergeant 
 l\'dro Amador visited the southern nart of this ter- 
 ritory, and in his re[)ort used the name of Alameda, 
 still a}»}>lied to county and creek." November 15, 17!);"), 
 in accordance with Borioa's orders of the 9th, Al- 
 ferez Sal and Father ] )anti set out from Monterey. 
 On the KJtli they exi)lored the San Benito region, on 
 the stream of the same name, where they found all 
 that was required for a mission; and next day they 
 found another suitable hx-ation on the edge of the 
 San Bernardino plain near Las Llagas Creek, or what 
 is now the vicinity of Gilrt)y. Having arrived at 
 Santa Clara on the 21st, they were joined by Allerez 
 ]»aimund»^ Carrillo, and started next day to examine 
 the Alameda j)reviously explored by Amador, whose 
 thai-y tho}^ had. The river of the Alameda was also 
 • ailed by Danti Ilio de San Clementc. The ox})lorers 
 continued their journey up to a point which they state 
 to have been opposite or in sight of San Francisco 
 
 >Xov. .30, 1704, Sal to Governor, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 28-9. 
 
 '^Amador's report is not ':'xtaiit, Imt the governor's ackiio\vleil,<_'nient fif its 
 roceijjt is dated .June "J, ITfl.'). i'loi: Ucr., ^IS., v. 54. I suiiiio.-^^e ii<' ai:|ilie(l 
 tlie name, or it liad been iiii])lied Lefoie, to a grove on tlic htreani, >\ut.'v it is 
 so apiilicd a little later. Alameda vas suljse(|iiently used for the soiitlieiu 
 Buctiou US was L'outra, Costa, for the aoitlieni, though much less commonly. 
 
n 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 ■m 
 
 652 
 
 EXI'LORATIOXS AND Xr.\Y FOUXDATIOXS. 
 
 Mission and Ycrba Buena Islaii'l^ nearly or quite to 
 the site of tlie niodern Oakland ]>erliaj»,s, and tlim 
 turned baekward, discovering- some important salt- 
 marshes, and finally erected a cross at a spot some- 
 what south of the Alameda and called San Francisco 
 Solano, arrivino- at Santa Clara, well soaked with the 
 I'ain, on the 2rjth of Novembor. Both commandant 
 and friar kejit a journal of this expediti<jn. The docu- 
 ments still exist and contain many interesting^ local 
 details, but are somewhat vaguely written. At all 
 events I have no space for their reproduction, and the 
 still longer explanation that would be required.^ 
 
 In August 1795 Father Sitjar of San Antonio maiU' 
 an examination of the country between his mission 
 and San Luis Obispo, finding no setter place for a mis- 
 sion than Las Pozas, where faniiing-ground for three 
 hundred fanegas of seed might bo irrigated from the 
 arroyt)S of Santa Isabel and San Miircos. lie was 
 accompanied on his trip by Macar.'o Castro and Ig- 
 nacio Vallejo.'* 
 
 ^ Sal, Informe qhp hare de los Parogen que .■<e hem rerojwidoen la AhunaJa, 
 J79,'i. MS. Dated San rranciseo, Xov. ,'K)tIi. Left San ]'"iancisco, (Jet. IGtii. 
 Sf. I'lip., Mis-i., MS., ii. fiO-1. j'Jaiilt. JJlario dc ini Urconoritiiii'iito tfi' la Ala- 
 1/ii-fla, 17'j5, MS. ])ato(l Siiu Franeisei), Deo. 2, 17!)."). It may he noted 
 tiiat Macaiio t'a.stro, of Sail .fe.se, had a lierd of mares at tlii.s time in the Ala 
 niechi. Also tliat one of tlie n irtherii streams vi.sited ■was; ealhd San Jiuni do 
 la Cruz. »>«/, Iiij'nrme en. el eiial maiiijwHalo (jiie ha ad'/ii'tridodc rurioti kiiiii/os 
 jiara cumio/irar/o at ijoheiitudor, ,]l de J-Jiier., 1700, MS., eontains the toUow- 
 ing geo,L,'raphieal information about the great interior valley -unintelligiiile for 
 tl'c nio.st part: About 1.") leagiie.s north from Santa Clara is the IJio del IVs- 
 cadi^ro where salmon are eaught. A quarter of a league further the Rio San 
 l''ranci>'eo Javier still larger. 'J'wo leagues beyontl, the Rio San Migu(l, 
 larger than either. 'J'liese three have no trees wiuro tliej cross the ItduV' n 
 valley. Five leagues farther is the Fiio de la I'asion. 1 ctw 'en the last two 
 is an ftir'nial in thiit j art of the Siei'ra Madre vhieh stretch 's north imd is 
 called the Sierra Xevada. Keeping in the eiiehiat and leaviig the t'dfrm 
 to the le't there is a legion of fresh-water lakes. The four ri\"rs run fr-in 
 east to west and empty into tiio eiifienada of the port of San Fra. 'isco. tide- 
 water I'unning far U]). The Sierra Madn^ is about eight leagues f nn liio de 
 la I'asion. Before coming to the "ivers, on the right is the Sierra ol San .hum, 
 II -hort distiinee fi'om tlie Sierra Xe\ada,and in sight from the ]irc i lio. Tlie 
 fiiur rivers werr' n;iniid by C;iptain liivera in December 177*i. 
 
 An Inilian saiil his jieoplc traded with a n.'ition of black lndi;u s wlio had 
 padri's. AnotluM- s])oke of the,Jul]iones, () o 'enscat, Taunantoe, aj ' <j'Misitiie 
 nations, the last bald from bathing in i)o ling lakes. An Indian v ^i.nan said 
 th.-it live d.'iys beyond the livers there wjrc soldiers and iiiidres. Loxcrs of 
 mjstery will liinl food fur rellcction aii : theory in the ))rceeding reiiiaiks. 
 
 *S/'Jar, ll(ciiiiiifiiiiitiit(ideSiliii)iar<ihii\ i.- ra Mit'inn di Sail M 'kjiicI . JVJo, M^. 
 Dated Aug. 'I'l th, uudaddrcssed toLasueu. See uXaoSt. I'up. ,MUs. ,ls\.ii. ,u.. M-',, 
 
NEW SITES IX THE SOUTH. 
 
 653 
 
 The region between San Buenaventura and San 
 Gabriel was explored in August 1795, in accordaneo 
 ■with the governor's instructions of July 2ljd, by 
 Father Santa Maria, Alferez Cota, and Sergeant 
 Ortega s- ith four len. The Eneino Valley, where 
 Fianeisco Ileyes had a rancLo, was the spot best 
 suited for a mission among the iij?ny visited, but the 
 gentiles being attached to ijie ])ueblo of Los Angeles 
 or to the privat-j ranchos, showed no desii'e for mis- 
 sionaries. ° In thv; preceding Juno Sergeant Ortega 
 had exploi'i'H ihe country northward from Santa 
 IJarbara and found a fertile vfd.Ly on the Ilio Santa 
 llosa, jjrobably near where SanL^ Int's was founded 
 in later years." In the southern district Father 
 ^Fariner \> ith Alferez Grijalva and six nun started 
 iiom San Diego on August 17th to search lor a mis- 
 sion site between San Diego and San Juan Capis- 
 trano. His report was in favor of the valley of San 
 Jose, called by the natives Tacopin, a league and a 
 half beyond Pamo toward the sierra.'' 
 
 The results of the various explorations were summed 
 up by President Lasuen in a report of January 12, 
 171)(), which was incor[)orated b}?^ Governor I^orica in 
 a report to the viceroy in February.** The sites ap- 
 
 "^ Santa Maria, Ifrri'islro que hho de lo« Para'jri' eiitrc Snn Guhrhl ij San 
 niit'iiaiviifui-a, 17'Jo, MS. Dated Foh. li, \~'M. Thu jjiuho xisit.il in this 
 tuiir Cayt-'uiK's rancliLiia, Siini \'alley, Triuiifo, ("iikiliazas, Knciiu) Valliy 
 with raiifhi'i-ias of (,hiapa, TaciU'iiiia, Tnyniiga, ft;i(l Mapipiiii'a, J.a Zaiija, 
 iicail (if Itio Santa. Claia, ami Muliii niin.lR'iia. Tho iKicunicut is badly 
 wiitti'ii, and also I susjicct liadlj' copied, and the : anics may lie inr.eeni'ate. 
 Ill soniL spots tho paj^'ans culti\att'd tho hind on tii. r own aecotint. (.,'oi'poral 
 Widugo owned J,a Zanja ranehn. (Joveriior's ord.- i f .luly 'J.'Id, in I'nir. /'<■■., 
 MS., iv. l!t. In .^7 /'(///.. J/i.sN., .MS., ii. 5j-G, it it stateil tliat Santa Maria 
 made an inisueeessfnl survey. 
 
 "O/Vi ;/(-(, JJiariu ijiic forma FtTipe ^farid Oe Or/ .'/«, Sun/r iifo (A- In Cmn- 
 'j<iifiiii di' Sidila JJiirliiira en (•v)iijiliiii'n)ifo d la comlaUui (jin' ithhiro dr J), Fi'H/ie 
 (/(' (idi/caci/iiu falifiido < i Inn li<.iid>rt.-- <i ri'coiion r lo.i I'llio.i jior d riiiidni dil 
 iKirle III el dia 17 a lu--< S dc In inaimiia ihl mrn dt' Jindo, y c.s i-i,iii(i xi jiif, 17'J,'i, 
 MS, Tho same diary inelmhs an examination of tho Mojomra region ou 
 .lune 'Jlilh to'JSth. Some exiilorations in 1 70S will bo given later in connect ii a 
 villi the foundation of Santa liu's. 
 
 ".Inly •-'.■!, IT'J.-), gdveiiwir's order. Prov. J,'n\, ^]^., v. -J-JO-.-iO. Aug. 14th 
 luid 'JStli, Sept. Iht and !)th, oomnuuiications of Mariner ami (Ir.'ijcra, /'ror. 
 SI. Piiji., MS., xiii. 1!)--J(); -S7. Paj>., .V/>., MS., 5:}-.-). 
 
 ^ Lamini, Iiij\,riii<' niiliiv Sdio.< jjiira Aicvnt tMisioiics, J7'J<i, MS.; Uoilcu, 
 Injur me de Kui-fus Miiiioncs, M dcFib,, 7750', MS. 
 
 M 
 
 i J 
 
5o4 
 
 EXrLORATIOXS AND A'EW FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 proved were San Francisco Solano, seven or eiglit 
 leagues north of Santa Clara; Las Pozas, equidistant 
 between San Antonio and San Luis Obispo; and Pale, 
 fourteen leaGfues from San Dieti^o and eisxliteen from 
 San Juan. The other two required additional exam- 
 ination, since two sites had been reconuiiended be- 
 tween San Carlos and Santa Clara, and tliat between 
 San Buenaventura and San Gabriel was not altoijether 
 satisfactory. Borica hoped that by means of the new 
 missions all the jjentiles west of the Coast Panoe 
 might be reduced and thus $15,0G0, the annual ex- 
 pense of guards, might be saved to the royal treasury. 
 He did not deem it safe to expose the friars witli a 
 small guard of soldiers east of the mountains. The 
 viceroy if he consents to the foundations should send 
 friars and the .^ 1,000 allowed to each now establish- 
 ment; but no increase of military force will ' needed, 
 since the presence of the volunteers and tl. ;<.' lillery- 
 men will release some soldiers, and the guards of some 
 old missions may be reduced. The saving of $15,000 
 and the unusual circumstance that no additional force 
 was needed, were strong arguments in Mexico, and 
 on the 19th of August 179G the vicero}', after con- 
 sultation with the treasury officials, authorized the 
 carrying-out of Borica's plan.'' On Septendjer 20t]i 
 Nogueyra, the guardian, announces that he has named 
 the ten friai's required. He asks for the usual allow- 
 ances, and begs that a vessel may sail with the mis- 
 sionaries as soon as possible, but protests against any 
 reduction of the guards at the old missions. Borica 
 received the viceroy's orders before the end of the 
 year, and on May 5, 1797, Lasuen announc(,>d that the 
 fiiars were coming and all was ready. ^" 
 
 ^Bnntciforti', A tdnrkarhm <hl Vlrreij para la/iimlarion de chiro viicmn )»/<- 
 ioiicn,J7i>0, MS. Sept. 'J!)tli, guardian consents. Pror. St. I'a/i., MS. , xiv. I'JS 0. 
 
 '"])fc. '2'^, 17!1(i, Uurica to viceroy, .S7. /'«/)., .S'.ic, MS., iv. 71-'-'. Miiy 
 t'), 1797, Laam'n to B., hi., vii. 'iS-Iil. Lasuen says it will Ijo hard f<ir the 
 (>1<1 niLssiona to contriluito for so many new ones at tiie s;nne time; yet he w ill 
 do his l)cst. San (Vulos, Sanla Clara, and San Francisco will lie called u|i(iii 
 to aid the two norllKin cstablishnioiit.s and to lend Indian.sand U»iU. J.ivc- 
 Ktock ninst lie f^iveii oiitrii^dit. Santa Cruz certainly antl Suledud i)roLaIjly 
 ,iuui>t Lu excused. 
 
 
FOUXDIXG OF MISSION SAX JOSt. 5J5 
 
 Prolimlufiries bciiiLC thus arrauu'cd, I come to the 
 actual I'uumliug of tlio iive missions, clirouolou^ical 
 order in this instance aiiTeeinuc with that of locahties 
 iVom nortli to south. Desirinu: to avoid anv umieces- 
 sary scattering of material I shall join t(j the estab- 
 hsliing of each mission its local annals to the end of 
 the decade, as I have done before in the case of new 
 establishments. 
 
 Borica sent orders to the commandant of San Fran- 
 cisco, the 1.5th of ]\Iay, to detail Corporal Miranda 
 and live men for the mission of San Jose to be founded 
 at the Alameda. On June 9th the troops under 
 Amador and accompanied by Lasuen started for the 
 spot,whei'e next day a temporary clmrch, m cni-a iik i(.hi, 
 was erected. The native name of the site was Oroy- 
 s<nn, and the nauio of the mission, San Jose, in honor 
 of the patriarch iiusband of the virgin Mary, had 
 been included in the orders from Mexico. On June 
 11th, Trinity Sunday, the re^'ular ceremonies of 
 foundation — blessing the ground, raising the ci'oss, 
 litany of all saints, mass, sermon, te deum, and the 
 burning of one pound of gunpowder — were performed 
 ))y or under the superintendence of Father Lasuen, 
 the only friar [)resent. The same day all returned to 
 Santa Clara leaving the new mission to solitude and 
 the gentiles. Five days later Amador and his men 
 came back to cut limber and prepare the necessary 
 liuildings. ]Jy the 28th this work was so far advanced 
 that the guaid, as was thought, could com|)lete it. 
 Water was brouglit to the plaza, and the soldiers, all 
 but ]\Iiranda and his five men., retii'ed to the presidio. 
 Tlie same day the ministers, Isidoro IJarcenilla and 
 Agustin Merino, arrived and took charge.^^ 
 
 ^^ Aii'ndnr, DUu'io dc la Expeil'icJon puni /".'•■hir Ja Mi^'mn deSfin ,A-».-V, 
 /r.'C MS.; Amiiilor, l'reirnrloiiff><dCahi)il<'la('fiilt'i<l('SiniJn^i,l^'J7y MS. 
 J';itiMl .Iiiiio 'Jstli, Still. Jii.<v, Lib. dc Mision, ^IS., tiLle-iiiiucH. Miiy l.'itli, 
 .!.'nvcrn(n''8 ordur to coimiiaiiilaut. Pror. Itif., MS., v. IU7. .Irno Illli, 
 !.:isiu'il to L'ov. A/i'h. iSIa IJurlnu-ci^yiS.. vi. 'Jl J; .S7. i'lip., Snr., MS., xviii. 
 •J'.l :;0; J'r^r. live, MS., vi. 1!K). .luly.M, ( lov. ,o\i,vroy. A/., vi. 1)L Juno 
 -!Hli, Miiaiula to ((iimiiaiiiliint. /';o/\ ,S7. /'((/»., .MS., .\'vi, !)i. 'I'lii: Indian 
 luuiii; of tiic bito id uUu u liUcu Uroj juii, Oruy-soii, and Urj sou. L'uiiliiLiulioua 
 
i 'ijiii 
 
 HI ll 
 
 jiJG 
 
 EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 In July 1797 there were rumors <jf impendinr,^ 
 attack \>y the savages, and sucli rumors were prevalent 
 to the end of the decade; but there was no disaster, 
 and I shall have occasion elsewhere to speak further 
 of Indian troubles round San Francisco I}a^^^" The 
 first baptism was aihninistered September 2d by Father 
 Catala. B}'^ the end of 1797 there were 33 converts, 
 and in 1800 the nundjer had increased to 28G, the 
 baptisms having been 3G4 and the burials 88. Mean- 
 while the larije stock came to number 3G7, and there 
 were 1,000 slieep and goats. Cro[)s in 1800 were about 
 1,500 bushels, chiefl}^ wheat. Total for the three years 
 3,900 bushels. Padre Barcenilla, a man who, by reason 
 of ill-health as was believed, was extremely irascible 
 and always in a quarrel with somebody, particularly 
 v.ith the corporal," remained at San Jose till after 
 1800. Merino was replaced in 1799 by Jose Antonio 
 Uria. All three were new-comers, and none remained 
 long in the country. A wooden structure with grass 
 roof served as a church. Miranda was re])laced by 
 Luis Peralta in 1798.^' 
 
 from the three northern missions for San Josd were 12 mulcn, 39 horses, 12 
 yoke of oxon, '242 sheep, and 00 pigs. Arrfi. Minloiies, MS., i. ,')". 
 
 '-Sec Chapter xxxi. of this vohnnc. July 15, 1797, (.'orji. jNIiranila to com- 
 nianilaiit, says tliat on acuouut of tlic danger, the padres wished to abandon 
 the n.i^siou, ))nt he lias dissuaded them. J'ror. <S7. J'<(j>., MS., xvi. !)(>. Aui;. 
 17, 1797, Ania<l(n' to 13orica. Some gentik-.s ■want to eonu^ ncir llic mission to 
 live beeaiiso llu; Sacalanes tlirenten to kill tl\eni for their iVii'Uihliip to th<' 
 Christiana. /'/.,xv. 17.'i -4. AprilO, 179.S. Argiiello to 15., Indians makingarrows 
 to attack tin' ndssion. lieenforeenients sent. The coriioral has orders not to 
 force Indians to eonie to the mission. /(/., xvii. 97. April 17tii, Amador says 
 20 Indians consented to come and he made Christians. /»/., x\ii. 101. Tin; 
 making of arrows seems to have been for linnting pnrposcs. Jd, xvii. 100. 
 June 0th, (!(iv. to Corporal IVndta ord"ring great caution and pnidence, but 
 the Indians must be ])unis]ied if fair words have no ell'ect. I<1., xvii. Kit! 7. 
 
 '•''Sept. 27, 1797. IJarcenilla writes to the connnandant tiiat tlie sohlicrs 
 will nut h lid a hand even in eases wliere 'the most barbarous Indian would nut 
 refuse his ai<l.' Private Higni'r.idoes nothing but Mag his tongue against such 
 jis assist the. padi'es. Corp. -Miranda is much changed and will not work e\cn 
 for ]iav. Miranda explained that the padres were angry because the sohlirrs 
 Avoiild not act as vaqueros. /Vol). St. I'ap., MS., xvi. 47-8. Details of tlic 
 trotilile in /(/., xvi. .'J.VS, 40-7. 
 
 ",S7. l'fii>. J//.SV., MS., ii. 122. Soldiers of the guard before 1800, aecord- 
 ing to S. JnMi', L'lh. ill' Mis'mii, ^IS., .luan Jos.' Iligiicra, Salvador Higucra, 
 Ju.in (iarcia, (,'ornelio Kosales, Rafael < Jalindo, .luan .losi'' Linai^--;. Uamnn 
 Linares, l'"raiieiseo I'lorcs, .bjsi' Maria Castillo, iligucl Sala/.ar, liilaiio Mi 
 randa, and Hcrmeiicgildo liojorges. 
 
 //'« 
 
FOUXDIXa OF SAX JUAX BAUTISTA. 
 
 667 
 
 COIll- 
 
 aiiilim 
 An- 
 ion to 
 
 i> the 
 
 TdW.S 
 
 lot, to 
 
 SlIVS 
 
 i. loo, 
 
 llUt 
 / • 
 
 licvs 
 (I not 
 . snrli 
 c\('n 
 
 if I ho 
 
 .1.1- 
 
 anion 
 Ml- 
 
 For the second mi.ssion Borica instructed the coni- 
 niandarit of Monterey on May 18th t(j detail Cor- 
 poral Ballesteros and a guard, ot five men.'^ Next day 
 Merc issued IJorica's instructions lo the corperal, simi- 
 lar in every respect to documents of the same class 
 already noted in past chapters. It is to he noted, 
 Iiowever, that the matter of furnishing escorts to tho 
 friars is left more to the corporal's discretion than 
 l)cforc, the al>sence of soldiers at niu:ht bciinL"- declared 
 inexpedient but not absolutely prohibited. Sending 
 soldiers after fugitive neophytes was, however, still 
 I'orbidden. These instructions, though prepannl es])c- 
 ciiilly for this new mission, were ordered published at 
 all the missions.^" 
 
 The site chosen was the southernmost of the two 
 that h;id lieen examined, called by tlie 8[)aniai'ds for 
 many years past San Benito, lint by the natives 
 ]'*opel()utchom.'' Here as early as June 1 7th, Corporal 
 Ijlaliesteros liad erected a church, missionnry-house, 
 granary, and guard-house,^'' ari<l on June '24tli, day of 
 the titular saint. President Lasuen with the aid of 
 j'athcrs Catala and ^Martiarena founded tho new mis- 
 sion of San Juan Bautista,^'' the name having hcvn 
 
 'i Pror. St. Pap., ■\[S., xvii. 144- '>. A list of supplies funiishod tlio 
 osfoltii is givL'ii !i.s follows; l'_' f;in. niai/o, 4 fan. licans, 1 liuttof fat, 1 Knrcl, 
 1 pot, 1 pan. i iron laille, 1 nictato, 1 cuitlicrn pan, 1 fi-ying-pan, 'J Ijiiivos, 5 
 axes, ;$ lioc's, 1 iron liar, I inaclu'te, (i knives for outtiii<,' j.mmsh ami tiiles, 10 
 hiilcs, ■-'muskets, 1,000 cartridj^es, Xo. 14, 1 .000 lialls, 'JOO Hints, ."(» Ihs. pow- 
 der, 1 ]iair of shaelcles, 'J fetters, 1 door, 1 padloek, weigiit.s and measures. 
 List also in S!. f''i]>., .1//.«. . MS., ii. ijl-'j. ]Ma\- UHh, lioriea gives sonic gen- 
 eral orders about tlic two new missions. Pnii'. >'/. /'(■'/>., MS., xvii. 1.S7. 
 
 ^'^ llorica, Iiiti'mcc'ciii /.<ir<i <f Ciiiiifunlaiifi' il<' In K.%-ollii (./(•.■^/intnla li Id fun- 
 darntii ill' III Minimi ilr Ni//; Jiirin Uniit'ista, 1VJ7. MS. 
 
 '"Written also I'oiipelonteliun and I'opelout. The '2H raneberias lielong- 
 ing to tliis mission were Onexta'-o, Alisayrue, ^lotssum, Trutca, 'relioaltac, 
 Xisca, or Xixeaea, '^ligu.'xy, Tipisastac, Aus.iima, I'oytoqiii.x, (luaeliurrones, 
 I'agosines or I'ayeines, ('alendanie, Asystarea, Pouxouoina, Surieuiiina, T.i- 
 niarox, Tliithirii, I'llijaima. Ciiapuna, Slitaldejama, Keliantae, and Nclnius. 
 
 "*/Voc. 7,V--., .MS., vi. 1!I0 I. 
 
 '* Lasuen Loth on the title-]iage of .s'. Jumi /itiiiH.s/ii, J/ih. ilr Mi.-^ioii, ^IS., 
 and in a letter of .Iiiin' '21l\i. to the governor, An/i. Sfa Iitirlmra, MS,, vi. 
 •JJ li, eoniniits the strange error of making the foundation oi\ June '21st. In 
 another letter dated . I line '21th, he gives tlie date eorreetly. iSV. I'lip., Siir., 
 MS., xviii. "JS- 0. .luly 'Jd, goveriKir aniiounees th(^ foundation to viceroy. 
 J'rur. I\d\, ^IS., vi. !)4. Sec iilso Id., iv. "JoO; Arroijo ik la Ctiealn, Grain. 
 Mutsuii, p. vii. viii. 
 
|:iiii 
 
 I' 
 
 5JS 
 
 EXrLOr.ATIOXS AND NEW FOUXDATIOXS. 
 
 indicated in tho orders of tlic viceroy, and the day 
 having l)een selected jis appropriate. 
 
 Jos6 Manuel Maitiarena and Pedro Adriano INIarti- 
 nez were the first ministers, both new arrivals of 1794 
 and 1797 respectively, the latter serving at San Juan 
 until the end of 1800, the former leaving the mission 
 in July 1799, and Jacinto Loj)CZ coming in August 
 1800. The first baptism took place on July 11th, and 
 before the end of the year 85 had received the rite, 
 as had G41 before the end of 1800, G5 having died in 
 the mean time, and 5 1 G remaininnf as neoi)hvtes. Live- 
 stock increased to 721] large animals and 2,080 small; 
 agricultural jiroducts for 1800 — much the largest crop 
 that had been I'aised — amounted to about 2,700 bush- 
 els.''^" A mud-roofed wooden structure was the mis- 
 sion church hefore 1800. 
 
 Beyond the statistics tjiven there is nothing to bo 
 noted in the local annals of San Juan Bautista except 
 certain Indian troubles and the earthquake of 1800. 
 The Ansaimcs, or Ansayames, were the natives who 
 caused most trouble. They lived in tlie mountains 
 some twenty-five miles east of San Juan. In 1 798 
 they are said to have surrounded the n)ission by niglit, 
 but were forced to retreat by certain ])rompt measures 
 of the governor not specified. In November another 
 band known as the Osos killed eight rancheria Ind- 
 ians, and Sergeant Castro was sent to ])unish them. 
 Tliey resisted and a fight occurred, in which the chii'f 
 Tatillosti was killed, another chief and a soldier were 
 wounded, and two gentiles were brought in to be 
 educated as interpi-eters. In 1799 the Ansaimcs 
 again assumed a threateninjTf attitude and killed five 
 jloutsones, or Mutsunes, who lived between them 
 and the mission. Acting under elaborate instructii)ns 
 from Borica, ( 'astro visited several rancherias, i-ecov- 
 ered over fifty fugitives, administered a few floggings 
 
 '" Tlie soldiers uaiiicd in the mission-books before 18(X) were eorpnml .1 ..an 
 Italli'stcids. .Vntoiiiu iMiiitiiu/, .Tosi' Manml Ili^uoin, .JiiseCtUiKlalupr llaiiiiivz, 
 Matian IJodrii^an'z, Manuel ISiioncs, Liicas Altamirauo, Isidiu ikiics, and 
 Jose Iguacio Lugo. 
 
FOUNDING OF SAN ]MIGUEL. 
 
 569 
 
 \vitli no end of warnings, found some <»f tlie prevalent 
 juniors of past niisdeeds to Ije unfounded, and brought 
 in a few captives for presidio work. Again in 1800 
 the Ansainics killed two ]\tutsunes at San Benitt) 
 ('reck, l)urned a house and some wlieat-fields, and 
 were with difficulty kept from destroying the mission. 
 Sergeant Gabriel Moraga marched with ten meji and 
 hrouglit in eighteen captives including the chii'ftains 
 of tlie Ansainu! and the Carnadero ranchei'ias."^ 
 
 There were shocks of earthquake from the 11th to 
 the 3 1st of October, sometimes six in a day, the most 
 severe on the 18th. Friars were so teriificd that 
 they spent the nights out of doors in tin; mission 
 carts. Several cracks appeared in the ground, one of 
 considerable extent and depth on the [tanks of tlie 
 Pajaro, and the adobe walls of all the buildings Avere 
 cracked from top to bottom, and threatened to fall. 
 The natives said that such shocks were not 'ncom- 
 Hion in that vicinity, and sp(>ke of subteri-anean ils- 
 sures, or caverns, caused by them, frum which salt 
 water had issued. " 
 
 The site of the third mission, between San Antonio 
 and San Luis Obisjto, was called Las Pozas by the 
 Spaniards and Vahid l)y tlie natives.-' "I[ere," says 
 
 ^' /'roc. R<c., MS., ix. 0-11; vi. 100-7; Borica, Iih<tn(rcioh "/ Sdrijuilo 
 ('(intro xohir rccorrrr lax I'diichcrias dc O'liilikx, IIW, ^IS., in f'ror. Si. /*"/'., 
 xvii. ;i'2.1-8. l)atc'<l Monterey, June Ttli. (!untro, Diario dc mt Expcilii'iiiii d 
 I'ifi Ildiichi ria<, It'JO, MS. l)iited June '2'Mi. It .seiiiis tliut llie Spauiunls 
 Were in the liubit of goiiii; to the Ansaiiiic country after fi'/ni>tjiiiif, or salt- 
 IH'tre. Besides thope nauied in the text the Oi'estaco and < luapo raneheria.s 
 are mentioned. Seealso.S/. J'd/i., Sac., MS., viii. hO- 1 ; Prur. S/. /'.';i., MS., 
 xviii. I!3. In ISOO the San Juan Indians .scut 'A wagons, yoke of oxen, !> 
 hiir.se.-*, and I.") Indians to Mimterey when an attach from foi'cii:u vessels was 
 feared. I'or this they were n luuuerated hy onh r of the' viceruy to encourage 
 zeal in like<ase.s. Jd., xix. 7. 
 
 2-Coniandante Sal. to governor, Oct. .'il, 180(), in .?/. P(i]>., .l//>^. and ('olim, 
 Ms., i. 40-'2. Nov. llllth, governor aeluiowledges receijit. /';■(. c. /,'<(•., .M.-n., 
 XI. 147. Dec. Sth, governor to viceroy. Prar. St. I'd})., MS., xxi., .")!. Feh. 
 Kith, v. II. to gov. Id., xviii. 09. This earthiiuake liai? l)een noticed also in 
 /,''iiidn'/d,'.'< OniHoii; Vdlijo, ]Iht. Cid., MS., i. I(i7: T'lll'dr.-i /l!st. Cn/.. 11(1; 
 Triisk, in t'(d. A''iul. Xid. Sricmr', iii. 1,'!4. On Nov. 'JJd a, sIkk k was felt in 
 the e-itreme south. Pror. Sf. Pa/i., MS., xxi. M. 
 
 '•''I'lierc i.s nnieli <lou1>t al>iiut tjiis aiiorigiu'd nanip. Tiill'i'rent cdpyist.s 
 I rom Lasuen's original 'ettersand entries in tlie niissioud)oiiks make il; \'iitie;l, 
 Havaijc, in title-page of S. Miyiul, L'dj. dc Misioii, .MS.; Vahea, another fronj 
 
 I 
 
 i.' a 
 
 ■J-f 
 
SCO 
 
 KXrLOP.ATIOXS AXD NEW FOUXDATIONS. 
 
 U'^ 
 
 M" ■%- 
 
 Lasuen on July 25, 1797, "with tliu assistance of tlic 
 liuvcrend Padro A])osto]ic Pruaclier, Fr. Jjiionavcn- 
 tura Sitjar, and of the troop destined to guard the 
 new estalihshnient, in presence of a great nuiltitude 
 of gentiles of both sexes and of all ages, whose i)leas- 
 ure and rejoicing exceeded even our desires, thanks 
 to God, I blessed water, the j)lace, and a great cross, 
 which we adored and raised. Immediately I intoned 
 the litanvof the saints, and after it cliant(;d the mass, 
 in which I preached, and we concluded the ceremony 
 by solemnly singing the tc deum. May it all be 
 for the greater honor and glory of God our Lo)'d. 
 Amen." Thus was founded the mission of San Miguel, 
 ill honor of "the most glorious prince of the heavenly 
 niihtia,"' the archangel Saint Michael, for which Sitji.r 
 and Antonio de la Concepcion Horra, a new-comer of 
 J 790, v/ere a[)pointcd ministers. Jose Antonio Ro- 
 driguez; was corporal of the guard.-* 
 
 A beginning of missionai-y work was made by the 
 baptism of 15 children on the day of foundation; at 
 the end of 1800 the number had increased to 385, of 
 ■whom 53 had died and 3(52 were on the registers as 
 neoj)hytes."''' The nundjer of horses and cattle was 
 372, while small animals numbered 1,582. The crop 
 of 1800 was 1,900 bushels; and the total product of 
 the three years, 3,700 bushels.'-^ Sitjar left San ^ligiul 
 and returned to his old mission of San Antonio in 
 
 sanu! f)ri.eiii;il; Vahirt, Murray, from Lasnon's letters of ,Tuly 2r)th, in Arch. 
 Slit Udrhiirri, JIS., vi. 23-4; \'ahc;'i, Pina, from ]5oi'ica, July 31st, in J'ror. 
 n<c., IMS., vi. 04-0. 
 
 ■-'.SV(,( Mlt/iicl. Lll). (If ;V;.sv"o», MS.; Itodiiguez' letter of .July 2r)th. Si. 
 Pup., Sitr., ]\1S., xviii. 27-S; Lasiien's letter of Ai'g. Tith, referring to the vn- 
 iisualiy favoralile disposition of the native.^, l)Ut suggesting eaution. Id., vi. 
 0(1-7; Pror. h'lc, MS., vi. 103. See also refoienees of preceding note. Con- 
 ti il)\iti<ins from San Antonio, San Lui.s, and I'urisinia were S mules, 23 horses, 
 8 yoke of oxen, 12S eattle, lS4sl'eep. Arrli. Mi.ii(iii(:s, MS., i. 2(11. 
 
 2' I give the ligures as they stand on the records. The sum of the deaths 
 and rx>-l<iit( >^ is rarely the same as the liajitisms. When less, the delicioiKy 
 may he attril)uted to runaways; but when greater it i.s inexplicable Sixve oil 
 the theory ol an error in the registei'. 
 
 ''"The soldiers of the guard were .Tost'' Antonio Rodriguez, corporal, Man- 
 uel .Montci'i), Jose Maria (iuadalu])e, and Juan !Maria IMnto, according to liie 
 niission-linok. According to the report of 1707-8, the bell iit San Miguel was 
 soon litter its hanging found to be cracked and worthless. Arch. Sla Barbara, 
 MS., xii. G(J. 
 
FOUNDING OF SAN FERNANDO. 
 
 Ml 
 
 August 1708. Juan ^lartiii Ix'g'aii a very long tei'iii 
 of niinistiy in So{)t(iiilx'r I7*J7, and iKtltasar Car- 
 nicer a short ono in ^fay J 71)0. Iforia, l)L'tt('r l;iiown 
 l)y the name of Concupcion, served only ahout two 
 months, Avhen, being' charged with insanity, he ^^■as 
 enticed to visit ^loiiterey on some }>r*'ten(led Imsi- 
 ness of ini[)ortanoe and sent to his college l)y order of 
 .Ijasueu and c(jns(Mit of tlie governor, sailing on the 
 Conccpcioi) or Prlnccm, which loft Monteicy in St'i)- 
 
 tenil 
 
 )er 
 
 II 
 
 IS sai( 
 
 1 t(» 1 
 
 lavc been a \(i 
 
 y 
 
 d^i. 
 
 anc 
 
 1 
 
 worthy fi'iar Leforo he came to Calilbrnia; and in 
 ])i'oof of his insanity notliing more sc-rious is rei'oi'ded 
 than baptizing nati\'es without sutlicient preparation 
 and neglecting to keep a proper regist<;r. ""I'liere is 
 no special reason to doubt, however, tliat the chai'ge 
 was well founded. After his return to the college, 
 on July I'l, 1708, lie made a long report in which he 
 rharii'ed the CaHfornia I'riars with gross mismanau'c- 
 nient, with cruelty to the natives, and with inhuman 
 treatment of himself. Tliis report I shall have occasion 
 to notice more fully elsewhere. In tin.' mission-books 
 of San ]Miguel tliis padre's signature a}t])ears but 
 once — on the title of the death-register, where his 
 statement that he was ono of the founders was sub- 
 sequentl}' struck out. The original mud-roofed wood- 
 en church was not replaced by a better structure 
 until after 1800. 
 
 I'iltllS 
 
 For the fourth mission, between San Bnenavcntura 
 and San Gabriel, additional exploration revi.'aled no 
 better location than tliat of IleN'es' rauclio in Encino 
 A'allev, called bv the natives Achois Comilunit. A. 
 ([uarrel between lieyes and the friars respecting the 
 o\vnershi[) of the land W(jul(l be an aj)])ropi-iatc intro- 
 duction to the narrative of this foundation; but no 
 
 -' Aiig. 20t]i, Lasiicn to ;,'overnor in St. Pii/i., S'lv., MS., vi. !)3-4. Sept. 4th, 
 gdvev'-oi- to viceroy. /'/.,viii. 4. S('i)t. 'Jil, ( lov. to LasiU'ii. Proi: lu'., MS., 
 vi. UK), llorra scomsto liavo jjcen tran.--fciTi(l sulisi'(|iuiitly to tlic Qucirlaro 
 iiillegc, for wliii'h tlio iniai'diau thanks (iod in u letter to La.suen, May 14, 
 17'J'J. Arrh. SM /,'-;/•/„;,■,/. MS., xi. '2S0-1. 
 
 IIlHX. (.'AL., VUL. I. 3li 
 
 * 
 
W2 
 
 EXPLOr.ATIOXS AND XEW FOUXPATIONS. 
 
 siicli fontrovcisv I>< rcf'oi'dcd, tlioiiLili ihv I'.'inclici'd's 
 lioiiHC was a])[)r()|tiiatt'(l as a (l\vc■llill^• lor the iiiission- 
 arics. Jjasiicu liad gone down fVum 8aii ^li^^ucl to 
 Santa Barbara, wliencc ho started at tlic end of AnjLj'ust 
 Avitli Serjeant ( )hvera and an escort. WItli the aid of 
 Father Fi'aneisco ])unietz, on the 8th of Sej)teinher, in 
 the pj'esenee of the troo[)s and ii great crowd ol'iiatives, 
 lie |)erf()rmed the usual ceremonies, and dedicated the 
 new mission, as required by instructions from ^lexico, 
 to San Fc rnando, liey de Fsj)ana.-^ Francisco Javier 
 XTri'a was tlu; associate of iJumetz, and botli served 
 until tlie end of IHOO and later. Ten cliildi'i'U werel)aj»- 
 tized the first day, and thirteen adults liad been added 
 to tlie list early in October. There wej'e 55 neophytes 
 at the end of "l?!)?, and 310 at the end of 1 SOO, i)a|.- 
 tisnis having anioimted to o52 and deatlis to 70. Five 
 liundred and twenty-six was the nundjer of cattle, 
 nudes, and horses; and GOO that of sheep. l*rodncts 
 of the soil in 1800 were about 1,000 bushels, thongh 
 tliey had amounted to 1,200 bushels the year before, 
 the total yield for three years being 4,700 bushels. 
 
 V\ \l> 
 
 The fifth and last of the new estal)lishmcnts was not 
 founded until the next year. In October 1797 a new 
 exploration was made between San Juan Capistran(» 
 and San Diego by Corporal Lisalde, with seven sol- 
 diers and li^'e Indians, escortin<jr fathers Lasucn and 
 
 -*St Fcnliiiaiul was Fernando III., Kinj; of Spain, vlio roigncd from I'JIT 
 to li!.")!, luidri' ^\ liosc! rulo tlic crowns of (.'astile and Leon wuri; united. Jlr 
 was canonixud in 1071 by (,'Ionient X. Aug. "JMtli, (Joycocclica to IJorica uu- 
 nouncing Lasuen's departure for Iteycs' ranelio. J'rui: Ht. I'dj'., MS., xv. 
 fi'2. Sejit. Sth, Lasuen's report of foundation. .S7. I'd/)., Sn'-., .MS., xviii. "Jll-T: 
 Arrh. ,S/a Jldr/iara, MS., vi. '-'4-5. Sei)t. Stli, eertitieate of Sergt. Olivera; iif 
 calls the site Aehoie. I'ror. Rrr., MS., iv. 02; vi. ]!)!, l!)(i. Out. 4tli, (loyenc - 
 elu'a to Ijoriea, sends Olivera's diary. (Juarddiouse and storediou.' e linislu d. 
 Tv.T) house!-- hegun, clnireli soon to bo begun. Pror. St. P<y., MS., ■ i. "itl! 7; 
 I'ror. J't'c, IMS., iv. !l'2. Contributions fi'oni Santa ]5;'ubara, San onenaven- 
 tiira, San (labriel, and San Juan were IS mules, 4(j iior.ses, ](i yoke of oxin, 
 .T 10 cattle, oUS sheep. Arrh. Mi.<im>f:s, :MS.,i. 'J02. 'riii; niissiond)ooksof Sim 
 Fernando I examined at the nussion in KS74. They consisted of l)aj)ti.<ni;d 
 register 1 vol., 17!)S-18,J'J, 1st entry April 'JS, 179S, signed by l>umetz; mar- 
 riage i-egister, 1 vol. 1797-1847, iirst entry, Oct. 8, 1797; and tlie Lihra <!■' 
 Pufcufr.-! y lie fiirriitdvlo.i. In the legal ditlietdties that followed the deatli uf 
 Andres I'ico the books disappeared and could not be found by Mr Savage in 
 1877. 
 
FOUXDINT; of SAN LUIS UFA'. 
 
 B63 
 
 Saiitiaufo from Sail .Fiian. Tlio party so]>arat(Ml to 
 ii.lurii north and south at the old Capistrano, wliich 
 thoy douhtlcss selected at the time, Octohor Gtli, a.-< 
 the best mission site, for we h(.'ar no more of the I'alu 
 of former exj)editions.-'' ])nrin;^ JJeeember there was 
 a eorrespr)nden('(^ lietwecMi ])orica and Lasuen on the 
 subject, 1)}' which it a[i[)ears that the lai'gt; nunii)er 
 of docile natives was tlie chief inducement to ibund a 
 mission in this re<j^ion, l)ut that a^n'icultural and other 
 advantai;es M'erc believed to be lackinijc. The ij-ov- 
 I't'iioi" insisted on the f tuiidation, and projthesied that 
 diili(,'ulties in the futui'o would be less serious.^" 
 
 The u'overnor issued ordi'rs the 'J7tli of Februarv 
 1798 to the c(^nnnandant of San Diej^o, who M'as to 
 furnish an escolta and to recpiire IVom the soldieis 
 pei'sonal labor in erecting' the necessary buildiii'^s, 
 without nuH'muring at site or work, and witli implicit 
 obedience to Lasuen. ^^ The records show no subse- 
 ((uent proceedings till the ICtli of June. On that 
 (late at the spot called by the natives Tacayme, an<l 
 by the Spaniards in tlie lirst expedition of 17G!) San 
 •Juan Caplstrano, or later, Capistrano el Viejo, in the 
 jiresence of Caj)tain Grajera, the soldiers of the guard, 
 a few neophytes from San Juan, and a juultitude of 
 o'cntiles, and with the aid of fathers Santiai^'o and 
 Peyri, President Lasuen with all due solenmity, su])- 
 ])lemented by tlie ba})tism of fifty-four childi'i'U, 
 ushered into existence the mission of San Luis, ]iey 
 do Francia, it being necessary hereafter to distingui?- h 
 
 "" Lixahic, Rfconor'nnicnto dc lets tkrras para sitiiar la Mis'ion iJ'- San Lnii, 
 11U7^ MS. Tlic pliiccs iianifd nrc Ins Aiiimns, Las Lai<iiiiitas, Teuii'ca laii- 
 tliciia, raniiia, I'llllala, ami San .luaii Caiiistiaiif). lu (Irijulni, Jii/'i,riii(i 
 I'fJii'e Idn ruiif/n-riiiH (pic .-c hulliin <ii lai I'li rrnn v.rjilnrnihis yur tl l^ailrt Marl- 
 ?"';■, llU.'i, MS., tlicre art! iiaiiRd the follow iiit,' raiii'licrias; Mcscuaiial, I'o- 
 iia|ia,( iaiial, Mocoqiiil, and Ciianii, ina littlo valley called J'lseli.'i; I'auui.f lante, 
 Algiialcaiia, Cai)ata_y, Tarupin, (^'iiLriias, C'alagua, Matagiia, and At;i, in 
 iinotlier valley tlifee leagues distant; Cnrila, Topanie, Luquc, ('iipaine, 
 J'aunie. and I'ale, tlireo leagues frcini fdrniiT \alley, and sjieakiiig language 
 (if San Juan; I'alin. Panianie, I'anuia. and A^iihiijines, lower down; ( liae/ipo 
 anil I'anianielli in Santa Mai'garita Valley; Chunielle and (ihusini)le in Las 
 riores. 
 
 ^"Ijas\icn to Borica. An-li. Ai-r.oh\^i>udu, MS., i. 44; to Lasuca, Proi\ Jhc, 
 MS., vi. -JOl. 
 
 "'yVut'. y.Vc, MS., V. ■-•73-4. 
 
 
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 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 

 <° ^^ 
 
 7. 
 
 
664 
 
 EXrLOPwVTIOXS AND NEW FOUNDATION:^. 
 
 l)i't\vo('n tlie rstaMishiiR'nt of Sail T-iuis, kiu^", and 
 San liiiis, l)ish(»j).^' All was i>ro.s[»L'iily at first. Jn 
 a week Aiitt)ui(i» l*<'yri, tbo uiiorgetic fouiulcr, liad 
 seventy -seven children baptized and twenty-tliit r 
 catt'chuniens under instruction. By tlie first t>f .July 
 lie had six thousand adobes made ior the niis^ioii 
 buildings. In July he -was joined by Jose Fauia, 
 M' ho was succeeded in the autumn of 1800 by Jose 
 (jiarci'a. Jose Panella was assiijjned to this nilssinn, 
 and served for a short time in 1798, durin^j^ the ab- 
 sence of one of the ministers, who went to the bat lis 
 
 o 
 
 so 
 
 f San Juan Caj)istrano for his health. Panella iiuuK 
 hiinsi>lf unpopular by his harsh treatment, and 
 great vwis the discontent of the natives and the claim ir 
 for a chanci'e, that Lasuen was obliiJ'ed to send him 
 away and promise the return of the other padic, 
 jn'obably P<'}ri, who was greatl}* Ijeloved.^ The ba[i- 
 tisms in 1798 were 214; before the end of 1800 there 
 neophytes, 371 having been baptized, and 
 
 were 
 
 .).)/ 
 
 50 beinir the number of burials, Thei 
 
 e were 
 
 Gi: 
 
 horses, mules, and cattle in 1800, besides 1,000 shei j> 
 
 Products of the soil were 2.000 
 
 .le 
 
 Is of wheat, i-JO 
 
 of barley, and six of maize, tlu' , .tcr being just tlie 
 amount sown, while eight bushels of beans produced 
 nothing. Tlie mission-books of San Luis Ivey iwv 
 the (.tnly ones in California which I have not exam- 
 ined. Their whereabouts is not known. 
 
 It had long been deemed desirable to promote 
 colonization in California, and tlie prevalent fears cf 
 forei'jfii aggression did much to cause definite actif'ii 
 
 "-S.iint Louis was Ldiii.s IX., kinj^ of France, who ixigiied fiviui l-'Jd to 
 1'270, Jiiid (•iuni'il liis rc]iutiitioii for jiicty l)otli at Iiuine and in tlio 1.111. ;iili h. 
 •luiK' nitli, I..iisiu'n to IJdiioii n'liorting the founihition. An/i. >Va lUrhnnt, 
 MS., vi. •_'.') T: xi. 11; J /•■//. .l/-;..///.>7*f(./(., MS., i. 47-l». Julyl-Jth, li. toLafiiun. 
 /'ror. I!,r., MS., vi. -JlS 10. Auu. Ist, 15. to viciroy. /<'/,, v. -JT'J; ^i. !;s <(. 
 ('onhihiitionM of Saiitii IJarhani, San (JaljiicI, San .Inaii, Sun I'ioyo, ami Sai. 
 l.iiis l!(V; <i4 horses, •_'.S yoke of oxon, 31U luad of cattle, 0O8 bIu p. .1/vA. 
 Mis:„ii<s, MS., i. -JOJ. 
 
 "■'Tlic governor in a eo'iiniunication to Lasuen on the Huhject calls Ihc uli- 
 Kent niissionary .liiiin Mai Mm/, luit there was no such jadre in (.'uliioinia. 
 J'riii'. /,*..■., MS., vi. •J-JJ-."!. Dee. 7, 17!W, lioriea also writes a letter of warn- 
 ing and advice to the friar. Id., 'J'J7-8. 
 
A NEW rUEBLO. 
 
 50.-) 
 
 to 1)0 tnkoii at tliis epoch. TIjc coinplctcd liiu' of 
 iiii>si(iiis as |>lanii((l was rapidly to civilize the natives, 
 it a larger Spanish poi)ulation was desiraMe and new 
 
 swell 
 •hided 
 
 ]uui>h»s of <jr(.iite de razon were ia he founded a 
 
 ;is new nussions. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ihiect 
 
 ns suoject was doubtless iiu 
 
 htl( 
 
 ill a <]jeneral sense in IJoiiea'sorit^inal instructions; hut 
 llic lirst definite action is seen in a report of the loyal 
 trjhunal of accounts to the viceroy, dated Xovt'nil)er 
 IS, 170."). In this document it is reconnnendtMl as ji 
 iiidst important measuiv for the wi-lfai-e and pv<itcctiou 
 III" the S])anish possessions in Califoi'nia that the ^ov- 
 rniDi', with tlu> aid of Engineer Cordoha and other 
 I Dicers, proceed to select a site and to found a jtuehlo, 
 ill' villa, to he called Brancifoi'te in honor of the viceroy. 
 This estahlishment as a coast defenct' should he put 
 oil a military hasis, securely fortified, and settled 
 with soldiers as pohladorcs. The site must he stilected 
 and the lands divided accordini^ to existinL( puehlo 
 rciiulations and the laws of the Indies. Each ollicer 
 and soldier is to have a housedot, and hetwecm those; 
 of the ofHcers lots are to he assioiu-d to chieftains of 
 rancherias who may he induced to live with the Span- 
 iards, thus assurino' the lovaltv of their suhjects. 
 Live-stock and imiilements may he lurnishe<l hv the 
 i;i>vcrnment as hitherto. Insti'ad of an hai»ilitado 
 lliere is to he a town-treasurer; and Alherni may com- 
 mand, actinu^ as lieutenant-_i;'»»vernor. As the time 
 of the infantry soldiers e\]>ires tluy are not to ho 
 icenlisted, hut new recruits ohtained from New Spain 
 will cr(\'ite an immi'jfration without the hcivy co^t of 
 
 liiino'niijf ui St 
 
 ■ttl 
 
 ers as stich 
 
 It is to he supi)osed that the vicel'oy ap[iro\'ed this 
 plan in its main feainics at least, and sent corr»s]tond- 
 I'llers to ]»orica, though no sut-h order aj>pcars 
 ^ archivi's;''' Jt had l»t'en indicated in the plan 
 
 til 
 
 ■"' l!riuii'i/(irfi\ Iiiforinc <hl Heal '/'rlliininl saliri' I'lniildcinii ilr uii ;. 
 
 I'„i 
 
 I 
 
 iiKirii I'miiriloi'li', 
 
 /.:, MS. T 
 
 •(■]i(irt M'.is j)icj)arcil hy l>iltr;iii k 
 
 Niiv. ITtli, 1111(1 aiiin'iivcil liy till' trilmiiJil Nov. Ist 
 
 ^■'' The order (lati'il Dec. It"i, 17!'"', ini'l iin lo.'-iiig tlic iiiu]it.ir's ivport j.'iv(i 
 iiliovo is jilliitk'il to liy IJoriea on June 10, 17'JO. ^''. l'ni>., Mii^x. unil Colon. 
 M.S., i. 304. 
 
600 
 
 EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 tlmt the nt'W cstablislimcnt should bo on or near S;iu 
 Fraiiciseo Bay, and in the spring of 179G, on rociipi 
 of tlio viceroy's instructions, wliatever tlicy may luac 
 been, tlic governor began to move in the niattci', 
 though in January 1795 he had instructed the coni- 
 niaiulants to rcjwrt on suitable sites for new pueblos, 
 and though Sergeant Amador seems to have explond 
 uith the same view as early as July of the same year 
 the coast region from San Francisco to Santa Cruz." 
 On May 2 1st Borica requested Alberni and C6rdt)l»ii 
 with an escort of six men to meet him at Santa Cruz 
 on the 28th. During the next few weeks, the thne 
 made some personal explorations not described in 
 detail, and June IGth the governor asked the others 
 to report on the best place for the town, and to give 
 their ideas generally in connection with the plan of 
 foundation. Private letters of similar purport weic 
 written on the 17th and 18th.^' 
 
 Alberni's report was dated at San Francisco July 
 1st, and that of Cordoba the 20th, the two being in 
 substance identical. Three sites were considered: the 
 Alameda, San Francisco, and Santa Cruz. The first 
 was pronounced unsuitable for a pueblo, not only li»- 
 cause the bed of the creek was so low as to prevent 
 irrigation, but because there was no wood, timber, 
 stone, or pasturage, except at a great distance. San 
 Francisco was declared to be the very worst place in 
 
 '"Jan. 9, 1795, Borica to commaiulants. Prov. Ifec, iv. 12(>-7. Ainwl"r, 
 licronochiikiifii dc Tcrrcno drmle Suv/n ('niz hnsta San I'riniciKCO, i;.7.j, MS. 
 Dated July 4th, he describes particiihirly four fertile spots witli more m- Irss 
 advantages for settlements at distances of 8, \'2, loS, and 20 leagues from Sini 
 Francisco, the last Ijcing 5 leagues from Santii Cruz. July '2',k\, lias i-crcix* il 
 the report of .July 4th, and orders Amador to improve the road with the .liil 
 of commandants at Santa i'niz and Santa Clara (San Francisco ?). Prm: Hi ■•. , 
 MS., V. .'j7-(S. May 11, 179(i, Salazar in his report to tin; viceroy mentiniMd 
 a spot suitable for a pueblo about midway between San Francisco and Sjiiita 
 Cruz where there is an anchorage. ,San Benito was also a gooil site, buttlitii' 
 were many Indians retjuiring a mission, as there were not at the fonm r 
 spot. Arch. Sta lidrhnra,'Sl>''., n. "liy-l. 
 
 '^' Prov. St. J'a/i., Jliii. Mil., MS., xxiv. 6, 7; Si. Pap., il/ws. ami Colmi., 
 MS., i. 304-5, 374-."); Translation in Sl,i Cniz, P<<p, T)! ; Prov. St. J'n/'., 
 MS., xxi. 241. In his letter t<)(.'6rdoba, Borica says tliat the viceroy ciiiiihit 
 entertain the request of tlie Catalan volunteers to have lands granted tluin, 
 but instead will foun<l a new town and give them luuds therein ua a rccom- 
 peuso w lieu thuii' term cxpiics. 
 
A SITE FOR THE VILLA. 
 
 867 
 
 ;ill ralifornia for tlio j)urpc)so in view, sinro tlio jicn- 
 iiisiila aiVoi'dod ncitlu'r lands, timber, wood, n<»r water, 
 iiotliinif l)iit sand and brani1)le.s and raij^inii* winds. 
 Tlie Santa C^ruz site, across the river from tlie mis- 
 sion, liJid all the advantaj^es wliieli tlie otliers lacked, 
 ;ind had besides ])roximity to the sea, atiurdiii;^ facili- 
 ties for export, plenty of tish, witli an abnndanc-e of 
 stone, lime, and clay for building. The establishnuMit 
 of a town hero could moreover do no jiossilde harm to 
 the mission. The settlers should Ite j)ractical I'armers 
 from a cold or tem[)erate climate, and should have 
 jiouses and a granary built for them at ex})ense of the 
 L2()vernment in order that thev nii!»ht apply tliem- 
 selves at once to aixriculturo. The soldiers and inva- 
 lids arc entitled to more assistance than other settlei-s 
 by reason of their past services. The scheme of add- 
 ing Jndian chiefs to the town is impracticable, since 
 there arc no chiefs; some mission Indians, however, 
 might be j)rofitably attached to the settlement to work 
 and learn in company with Spaniards.^"* 
 
 August 4th B<)rica transmitted tlu'se reports to the 
 vicei'oy with his own enthusiastic aj)proval, jir'fnounc- 
 ing the Santa Cruz site the best between Ca|)e San 
 Lucas and San Francisco, and giving some additional 
 jiarticulars about the anchorage. He recommends 
 that an adobe house be built for each settler so that 
 tlie ])revalerit state of things in San Jose and Los 
 Angeles, where the settlers still live in tuh^ huts, 
 l)eing unable to build better dwellings without neg- 
 lecting their fields, may be prevented, the houses to 
 cost not over two hundred dollars each."'^ On Sc])- 
 tcmber 2;3d another communication of the gf)vei-nor 
 
 ^^ A^hrrni, Ptiririr nohrc cI ni/io rn ijiiP (hhr finnhtrsc el iillrro Pmhh) ill' 
 Itraiirl/nrtr, J7!ii!, MS. A Y'.nt is traiisliiti'il in J)iriiii l/i\i Col. lll.^f. S. J'niii- 
 l■i.^<^l), Ai'j). IS. Curiloliff, /iil't>r>ii)' unrcir ilil r^itio ilr llniiirijnrli', J7!H!, MS. 
 \'vvy iiiacoin';iti.'ly transhitrd, niul ilatiil ,Iuly -M, in Sla Cnr., P<ip, ;>.'l-.">. 
 r>ii(f iiicntioii lit' the (K'cisiiiii a'.'aiiist Sail Fiaiu iscd in Itdiid'i'/ili'.-i (truiimi, 
 ;«l'.l: Tiilliiil's J/i^t. Ciil., UKt; L'lllof, in Ofrlfiinl M,,ii//ili/, iv. :t:t7 s. 
 
 '•'■'S/, ]'(!]>., J//S.S'. mill Ciiliin., MS., i. 'J.")S-(i(). 'I'li(> vcltiiiticrs kIioiiM lia\n 
 ;i year's pay, ami as a ri'hiinjro, '1 mares, '1 chwh, 'J slii'i'jt, '1 ;,'iiatH, a ynko uf 
 iixi'ii. iilough, liaii'Dw, lioc, iixi', knifo, imiskct, and "J lior.scs; otlior aciiios 
 besidt'd the huuse, stock, tools, etc., jiud ^'lO per month for a year. 
 
508 
 
 EXPLOriATIOXS AXD NEW FOUXDATTOXS. 
 
 to the viceroy contained surrf,'estioiis of siinilai" pur- 
 port, and as];cd for (ourclasses of scttlcj-s: iiist, )'(»l)Ust 
 countrv [)('()j)li' iVoni cold or temperate clinies; second, 
 carpenters, sniitlis, stone-cutters, and masons; third, 
 tailors, tannei's, shoemakers, and tile-makers; an<l 
 f'ouith, sliipwrights, and a few sailors, to take advan- 
 tage of the ahundancc of wliales.*" Ifavini^ received 
 ]^orica's re])ort and also the opinion of the le^al 
 adviser of the royal treasurv, the viceroy on Januaiv 
 25, 1797, in accordance with that opinion, ordered 
 liorica to proceed innnediately with the foundation. 
 II(^ had already sent a list of eight men who hail 
 volunteered at Guadalajara as settlers." The begin- 
 ning was to 1)0 made with such settlers at San Jose or 
 Anijft'les as had no lands and )ni<>ht he induced to 
 change their residence to J3i-anciforte. New settlers 
 and artisans were to he sent as soon as possible: in 
 fact, orders had already been issued for the collection 
 of vagi'ants and minor criminals to be shipped to ( 'ali- 
 fornia. The pi'esident of the missions was oi'dei'ed to 
 render all possible assistance; and IJorica nnist for- 
 ward at once an estimate of cost and a memorandum 
 of ne(;ded impU-ments and other articles.^' 
 
 The recei[)t of the viceroy's orders was acknowk!dg<'<l 
 by Borica on April 20, 1797, and three days later lie 
 sent the necessary orders to the commandant of Santa 
 Barbara and the comisionado of San Jose in order 
 that recruits for the new establishment miirht be oh- 
 tained iVom the settlei's and rancheros at and neartlie 
 two old pueblos. At the same time Lasuen directed 
 liis friars to allbrd the required aid, though he had 
 received no instructions on the subject from his collegi>, 
 and deemed it strange that the king should have oei- 
 niitted the foundation of a villa so near a mission 
 
 <"w. p„p., f;ac., ^rs.. iv. r)7-8. 
 
 <'()ot. --'i, i7!)(j. r.n,'. St. Pnp., MS., xiv. ion. 
 
 *'■ JlitiiKijof''!', J):rf(uiirii ihl Fkcnl di' liml Aiidipiiria mhrr In fuinhv'nm ih' 
 In V'illdtlr linutiifiiitc, AjirolxK/o par cl I'irn;/ ai ,.'.'> ilc L'lit ro /,",'',■", MS.; 
 inaccurate' triiii.slition of cupy ciTtilk'd by liorica May Oth in S'a Cnir., I'njt, 
 Cl. Mention in Dipt. St. I'ap., S. Josv, M.S., i. 70-7. 
 
FOUNDINf; OF BRANCIFOIITK. 
 
 cst;il)lisl)C'(l witli royal .ij>i>r«»v;!l/'' T1k> O^nrrprion 
 arrived at ^[oiitcrcy May li'tli uitli ;i party <»t' col- 
 onists on l)oai'(l_ in a pitiaMc i^iiitv. of (K'stitiition and 
 ill-lu'aUli."" It was necessary to provide some kind 
 of a liome for them; and before the vnd ol' ^Fay (Ja- 
 hriel ^loi'a^'a was sent Jis oonnnissioner to wvci Imi- 
 j)orary shelters at IJraneiforte, sinee Cordoha, who 
 was to superintend the I'ormal estahlislnnent, had other 
 duties which woidd keep him busy for a time. Jt is 
 impossible to give, the exact date when ^Moiai^a be_^^all 
 his woi'k, when the first settlers took jtossession of 
 tlieir new homes, or when the formal foundation oc- 
 curred.*' 
 
 Tlie 17th of Jidy, possibly at or about the time 
 that tlie st'ttlers left Monterey for Ih'anei forte, lioiica 
 issued instructions to Comisionado ]\lora;_;a for the 
 internal uianaj^fenu'nt of the villa. The town.^ men must 
 be made to live in peace and liarmony; no concubin- 
 a'jfo, <>'and)lln'«", or drunkenness, which oilViices, like 
 
 'en' 
 
 43 
 
 April 20th, Roriea to viceroy. Pmv. J,',r., MS., vi. !M -J. M:iy '2<\. 15. to 
 
 i-oininiind lit. A/., iv. 8'.t-!»(». 1'.. t 
 
 l> Cdllll.-iKlIlill 
 
 May nth, LiisiKii to 15. St. /'«/»., Sn<:, MS., vii. 'JT-.S, 
 
 do 8. Josi-. /./. 
 
 T 
 
 icy Mi'ic 
 
 ,l( 
 
 ) l{ii))hs, Fiiiiiiii Cordcro. .Tosc' N'ici'iitc ^^)ji^■a 
 (or M()rir(i\ wilV ami live chilili'iii, .lost' Maria Arcco, .lu !• I'.^iilio a and uifc 
 
 Ant. 
 
 Jiisi'' Silv(■^;trc .Miichnca ai'.d witV 
 
 .F< 
 
 •do, .Tdsi'' Mi'.'iK 1 I 
 
 A''ii.stiii Xarvaiz. 'J' 
 
 dilU 
 
 fi'i'iit lists I.I' arrival, di|iartui 
 
 .losti 
 I'ttlcIlK'Ilt 
 
 rioi^ 
 
 dillcr KOHK'\v!i;it. 'Flic lirst huU.-i the la.st four iiaiiics i.iid lia<<la!iari 
 
 mil 
 
 (lit/nian whicii iiovor appear «;;aiii. Tlic iiiiio colonists vitii their fauiilie.<< 
 17 [lersons, wen; of t'lo vapdiond and eriininal class, lint tliey dilieieil Iron 
 
 the (iist .«cttlcrs f,f the oti 
 
 ]illelil 
 
 IS III lielll'_ 
 
 for the must part 
 
 alh'il 
 
 .Spaniards. Tliey iiicliided 'J farmers, '2 tailors, 1 carpenter, 1 miner, I mer- 
 
 chant, 1 ciii,'ravi 
 
 I with no trade. ,V/. I'ai,. Mi.i.<. ami < <.lo,i., MS., i. VM- 
 
 r.; /' 
 
 /,' 
 
 8!l-!>0; xxi. uViC. 
 
 vi. <)2; I' 
 
 .St. J'(i>)., MS., xv. ^'S.iA: xiii. 'J77-S: xvii. 31, 
 
 ^■'M:.vl"J. I7!I7. P'oriea to commandant. When the .settle 
 
 forto, cattle, iiiipl' inents, etc., iviillie furnished. an i 
 
 .tor 
 
 each. I 
 
 •ri)i' 
 
 SI. I\ 
 
 after completin',' t! 
 
 '/' 
 
 , MS., xvii. :{1. Mav I.'itii, I'.. tiiC 
 
 ICCollIlt hcingiipcneil 
 
 ranci- 
 
 itU 
 
 It S. !■ 
 
 rancisco, thi' shim 
 
 ,r til 
 
 oha. 1 >ileets hii 
 
 <t:l ( 
 
 \, 
 
 efiil 
 
 ami 
 
 dary, ;ind tha' for a removal of S. .losi'', to (.'o to Sta Cniz and make 
 survt'ys and jihiiis for the town of Uianciforte ;ind its huiidin'.'s piil 
 I'livate, M'ith ;in i' tiinate of expenses, hi., xxi. '21 in 1. M.iy 'JiiMi, l>. to .Mni:i;.'a. 
 Jnstriietions t"i hiiild some temporary huts for himself ;ind the '.'nanl and to 
 take his fninilv (here to live; then to Imild snme lar';e hiit.i to aeeomiimdatu 
 
 I.- 
 
 :i» f 
 
 imilies each, also temporary. 
 
 Th 
 
 irs must woiU and th 
 
 o 
 
 cohinists al o if they arrive liefore the woiiv is dmie. Iniplenieiits. stoeU 
 
 ill he S'llt hv ,Sal. (Ji'irdolilV irs to Im olievi d V hen lie conns. 
 
 etc., \\ i 
 
 Cnr:, Arrh., MS., OT-S; /V- 
 
 Slu 
 
 MS. 
 
 IV, 
 
 M7;.SV-( Cniz, I 
 
 'J7th, Sal actiie' 
 
 Vr/,, 
 
 M. 
 
 en tary for I'orica forwards hhmk-hooUs, j.apcr, and mu- 
 
 tcrials formaUin'' ink. Sin Cruz, Arch., MS., G'J. 
 
 'i 
 
S70 
 
 KXI'LOUATTOX.^ AXT) XEW FOUXPATIONS. 
 
 
 neglect of puMic work, must l)e piinislud. Mass must 
 l)eiitteii<k'(l on liolidays, on penalty of tliitc liouis in 
 tlie st(»eks; prayers and tlie rosary mn^it close tlie day's 
 labor; and certificates of eomi)liance with the annual 
 <'ommunloi! and confession must be forwarded re<iu- 
 larlv t(» the (governor. All intercours*; with the uiis- 
 sion Indians and gentiles was prtiliibiti.^d; and the most 
 friendly relations must be maintained with the friars 
 of Santa Cruz. T\\e greatest ])recautions iiuist be 
 taken to insure proper care of the colonists' clothing, 
 implements, and other ])roperty, and to prevent sales, 
 which were to l)e void. And Ihially all labor, before 
 ( \)rdoba's arrival, was to be directed to tlu; i)reparatioii 
 of the nct'ded shelters for men and animals, monthly 
 reports of ])rogress bi'ing sent to the governor.''" ].>y 
 August 12th Cordoba was on the spot, had surveyed 
 the lanrls, done some work on the temp<)rary houses, 
 begun an irrigating canal, and was in search of suit- 
 able stone and timber for the permaneut edifices, lie 
 also furnished Borica with an estimate of cost, !?-•'>,- 
 405, which early in October was forwanled to the vice- 
 roy, and a little later by order of October 24th, the 
 work at Branciforte was susjiended for want of funds, 
 Cordoba retiring to the })residio.''' 
 
 Thus the proj)osed greatness of the Villa of Bran- 
 ciforte was indefinitely jiostponcd; l)ut there remained 
 the tenn)oraiy huts, the nine pobladores, the comi- 
 sionado, and the military guard. The colonists, though 
 not convicts, were of a class deemed desirable to get 
 rid of in and about (xuatlalajara whence they came. 
 They had bei-n aided at the bcL'^innini'- to the extent 
 of from .$20 to .$25 each; and they were to receive 
 from the government .$11G annually for two years, 
 
 *" Ijorira, Tiixt merlon dr dirhjir lafiindwion ile la Xiievti Villa (/'• llniiici- 
 forte, 1707, MS. 
 
 " Aug. \'2th, O.nloba to IJorica. Pror. fi!f. Pop., MS., xvii. 149; xxi. "JCm (i. 
 The irrigfiljle laiuls were 1,.100 x 1,.")(X) vara.s; thoso (U'liemliiig on rain 'J. ()()() 
 to ;{,0()0 varas. Oct. "tli, (<<>y. to victroy witli estimate of cui^t. Prm: /I'r.-., 
 MS., vi. "lO. Oct. '24tli, to C('i>«l()l)a onk'i'ing snsiiuiisinu of works, tliuiigli lie 
 is to k'ave the inissiou mill in good .shape. Pror, S/. P(i]>., xxi. '_'7-. Aug. 
 2-d, Boiiou orders a ' model fence ' to be erected at Biuacilorte. Id., xxi. iiUlJ. 
 
PROGRESS AT BRANTIFOIITE. 
 
 CTl 
 
 and ^C)C) for tin.- iK-xt tliroo years/" Ijcsldcs tlu' livo- 
 ^totk aiiil im[>leiiu'iits for wliicli tlu-y wiTc »)l»liL;t'<l 
 •gradually to pay. Tluy wci'e thus (.•iiablcd to livf altrr 
 a fasliion, and they never became noted for ilevotiou 
 to liard work. There was no change in the nunihcr 
 of regular jtohladores down to 1800, thoui^li lialf a 
 <lozen invahds and discliar<^ed soldiers wei'e adtk-d to 
 the settlement/'' perhaps more, for the I'eeords on the 
 subject are meagre. Corporal ^foraga remaint-d in 
 charge until Xovend)er 17'J'J, when Ignacio N'alK'jo 
 was ordf.'red to take his place as comisionado, arriving 
 about the 20th.'''" Tiic settlers raised in ISOO about 
 1,100 1)Us1r'1s of wheat, maize, and beans; and their 
 horsi's and cattle amounted to about 500 liead. I 
 aj>[iend in a note a few minor items which make up 
 all that ]>rancirorte has of history down to the end 
 of the decade and century.'^^ 
 
 <f Prov. Sf. Po/)., MS., xvii. 31, 41, 80-90. 
 
 *" Fil). 1, 17IKS, tlio govuriior statis to tlic viceroy thattlu'ii' wire, hfsidcs 
 tlio it. two invalids tiiid Olio discliai'^joil soldiur. /'cor. AVv., MS., vi. (i.^. li 
 
 list of 17!t!>, P 
 
 >SV. Pup., xvii. •i()4. six invalids; Marcrlino liiavo, Mar- 
 
 fu.s liiioms, Marcos \'iIUla, Josc'^ Ant(jiiio Rodri^'in/, .liiaii .lose l\ialta, .loa- 
 i|uin Castro. Tlio iiojuilation tables niako the nunilicr of imiiiu ls()(». 17, or 
 ()(» persons ill all ; but I ku])1)osc tlii.s may have included be.sidis those jn.st 
 nieiitii>nid t'ldUi ;{ to ."> soldiers of the 1,'uard with tluir faniilic-:. ^'et I'l .set- 
 tlers, <ine an Indian, are reported by Vallejooa Dec. .'il, 17'.)0 St. Pap., Mi-m., 
 
 MS. 
 
 51 
 
 i'ror. J?>'r., MS., iv. 302; Savt,f Cruz, Airh., MS., fi.-.. 
 
 The work called S'n Cruz, A Pfcp into the. P'i>it, 'J'/ir Eni-hj Drii/x oft Zip. 
 ViUitiji' if /Jrinicl/orlf, should be noticed liere. It is a seriis of articles pub- 
 lisliert in tlio S/n Cnn Luciif Itan from •Inly ls7(i to An;,'. IS77, wliicli I h;ivo 
 i-oUeeted in a .scrap-book. Each of the 4'i articles contains the translation of 
 an o)i;.;inal document from the archives with preliminary remarlisof consider- 
 able interest by the translator, Mr Williams, iin old nsideiit of S.aita Cruz. 
 
 d till' result so far sujieiior to 
 
 'I'l 
 
 ,f tl 
 
 10 jilan or this work is so jiraiscwortliy, a 
 
 th 
 
 what newsp:ipcrs usually funiish in IIjc way of local history, that the numer- 
 ous inaecurncies of detail may almost lie panl'incd. 
 
 Ill the fiilhnvinjj I omit many itemsof no iiiiiK.rtanco or interest. Dec. 14, 
 
 ll 
 
 Sal to MoraL'a, SiiuL; (i v;iras of 
 
 for each setlltr f'r bedclothes. 
 
 Sffi Crin, A )•'•/>., MS., »;;*. .Tnii. '28, 171'S, jiorica 
 
 toM. 
 
 r.'iL'.'i, .Must teach the 
 
 Oui 
 
 dal; 
 
 iiari'iios a''ricu 
 
 Itur 
 
 ,d sti 
 
 inst tluir iiiitural l:i 
 
 treat 
 
 tlieiii with charity ami love, but punish j.'rave faults ami malirious failure to 
 
 rk. /'/., 71; -S/fi Crin, l',rp, 
 
 •I; /' 
 
 /.'. 
 
 MS., iv. 'J(i4. March ;id, I'.o- 
 
 rica says the community iiuist till the field of .N'arvaez if be is ill. /'/., iv. tlWi, 
 May 3(illi, cows a nil .slut p jiroini i 'I. Each self ''.'got three cows. /(/.. iv. "271, 
 274, Jiily27tli, a settler to attend to no other vork tliiiii tilling his own lields. 
 Sin Cruz', Arch., MS., 70; S/n Cnr., Pvcp, 11. Oct. 29tli, Cordcio and Arceo, 
 rumiways, if caught must work in irons. ]il.,'i\ and 13. Oct.2Stli. r.orica orders 
 Moragu to iiis])ect the wardrobe of settlers" wives and r"port vliat is needed. 
 Prof. I've, MS., iv. 282. E.xpense for wages ami rations to cud of 17!'8, 
 
 'I 
 
 I 
 
 g 
 
 I ' '» '■ 
 
 I ■! 
 
 : ■' 
 
 M 
 
 'xa*. 
 
673 
 
 F.xri.onATioxs axd new foundattoxs. 
 
 ^rc'iinwliilc ill ^Fcxioo Au«,aist .']0, 171)7, the San 
 Fcrnaiido cdllc'ru scut to tliu viceroy a protest against 
 the choice of a site so n<';M' that of the mission. The 
 utihfy <»f the new estahhslmient was not to be (jues- 
 tioncd; l)nt the villa site was on tlie j)asturage-;^roun(! 
 of till' natives; troubli's would surely result; the laws 
 allowed a mission at least one league in every direction ; 
 and, according t<^ a rej)oi't by Father Seiian, there 
 were good lands nearer San Francisco. The only 
 result of this protest before 1800 seems to have been 
 a icjily of the governor dated February G, 171)8, in 
 whi'/h he gave statistics to show that the mission had 
 more land and raised moi'e <;u;in than could be attended 
 to; that the neophytes were dying off and there were 
 no more pagans to <'onvcrt; and there wa-^ no betti'r 
 site b(;(Aveen Santa Cruz and San Francisco than that 
 at Branciforte.^- 
 
 81,7-0. J'no: SI. r,tj,., MS., xrii. 41. Fvh. 4, 17!)0, a close watch to ho. 
 ki'lit (111 t!io const. SidCnn, /'i<'/>, IIJ. ^loiiii,'ii must ^o on>vit!i lii.s ilutiix, 
 for liirt fliancc of iir()inotion dcpeiKlt on it, IScttcr times ooming if tli'" wiiiat 
 crop is lart'd for. 'J'lic king will send Jiis troops where tiiey firu noedcd, not 
 wlii'M- tiny wisli to go. S/aCniz, Arch., MS., iVZ-'.'i. Marcli (itii, I'orica wants 
 infonnatiou aliDut a .site for iiraiioho for iioi'scsand eattlciieartiio villa. Mai'iii 
 •'J7lli.il llie i-et tiers olijeot, let notliinfj; i>e done; tliconly ohjeut was toaid them. 
 77.. (il- 2, (':i; /' »,', IT), 1!). April .'Id, iJoiiea constnts to divi<ling of sowiiiji- 
 lands. Will hold Moraga res|)onsil)lc for i-emissiiesa of any settler in earing 
 for his land. Sial'niz, Arch., M.S., (i-. May I'Jth, the settlers' two years at 
 f'!l(> ))( r year cxpiic; to-day. St. J'a/i., ^fi■■i<. timl Culoii., MS., i. .'ISO-l, ;js,'i. 
 ( >et. Kit !i, two s( ttlers may f,'o to San .lose and return on a fixed day. S/n ( 'rir., 
 Airh., M;?., (i.")-(i; J'kji, '2',i. Nov. 'Jlst, Sal notilies Moraga that Vallejo will 
 supersede him as eomihionado. IJ., '2.'t. Dee. 'Jdtli, Sal to Vallejo, LiUfls of 
 the lattery at Monterey to ho lired. I)on't he alarmed. /(/., '2.">, 127. l)eu. Jllst, 
 Sal as.-ures Ci i lea that Vallejo will pelfol'm his duties faithfully. J'ror. Sf. 
 J'li/i., MS., xvii. "JsO. Settlers must not make ]ileasure trips tcj San ,Io.se. 
 ,S'((;( ,/u.i\ Arrh., MS., iii. .V,); Sta t'ntz. Arch., MS., 18. Jan. .'{, ISUO, .set- 
 tlers in iieid of eorn and heans. The eomisionadu of San Jose to make a 
 coiitraet with some jierson to furnish these .supplies at the expense of the gov- 
 enitiieiit. S(ni J<i.<i' Arch.. MS., iii. iw. Feb. lOth, Sal to Vallejo, at the end 
 of 17!'!* t!ie !-;etllers owed the treasuiy )?.V)S; the a])proi)riatiou fur ISOO is 
 §!"i4!>, so that receiving ni)thing they would still ho in deht. The delivery of 
 cigairitos and other articles not I'ations and tools has been suspemhid. Slii 
 Ciiiz, Arc/i., MS., (;.3. Oct. 9lh, aid to be furni.shed to the jiadres it asked for. 
 S/aCriiz, I'lip, ."Jl. Dee. Tith, governor to viceroy, the ISraneiforte settlers 
 lire ii scandal to the country by their immorality, etc. They detest their 
 exile, and render no service. Daily complaints of disorders. Prov. St. I'fiji., 
 M.S., xxi. ."iO-l. Dee. lllh. death of Comandante Sal announced at liranci- 
 fovte. Sla C'riir., Pup, 45. The nine jiohladorcs received in 1800 rations at 
 ^10 each. Piov. St. Pnp., llni.Mil., M.S., xxvi. 10. 
 
 ■ -/iriiirl/'irtf, L'l /linnrturin </.- Sun Fnu'iiulo nl Virrry unhre vl xitio ilc la 
 Xuecu I'llla, 1','j7, MS., Feb. Uth, liorica to viceroy, hi Piov. lite, MS., vi. 70. 
 
COMMUNICATION WITH NEW MKXICO. 
 
 r.73 
 
 Tii(l('{i(ii(k'iit of tli«! ('\[>loi'uti()ns umuV' \vitli a \ icw 
 to iH'W I'stiiblislinieiits, Jioric.-i luid a sclii iiir of (ijn'ii- 
 iiiL^ ('(tiniMUiiicutioii with New Mt;\ic(», mIk re, as Im; 
 liad licard from CJovornor Concha t]iidiiL;h (hinral 
 Nava, tljcrc wire liftcL'ii l»U!i(hv(l j^i'iitc do razoii with 
 iR'ithrr lands nor occupation. ]!<' sent io >[i\ic(t 
 caily in 17J)r) lor cojiics of (jtarct's' diary and n':t|>. 
 Jla\in<'' obtained these lie instructed (-It'VcoecIica ol' 
 Santa JJiirbara at the end of the y<;ar to make in((ui- 
 j'ii's ahout the eastern country and to sugije.^t some 
 way to send a letter aeross to the governor c»f X<.w 
 ^lexico l»y the natives, who could at tlie same time 
 explore the route. In January 17i)(5 (joycoerhea sent 
 to the cfovernor such va<jue and unrellaMe rmnors as 
 he could {gather from the natives (^f the channel re- 
 specting^ the country heyond the Tulares; and in 
 Filjruary he informed ]^>rica that ]\o had made; 
 arrangements with the native chief, Juan ^Fajia, and 
 four com.i)anions to carry the letter, but that ]''at!ier 
 Tapis had forbidden their departure, at least until an 
 Older could be obtained from Lasuen.''^ 
 
 This state of the matter was reported to the vice- 
 roy in ]]orica's conununication of Octobe^r l2d,'^ and 
 the attorney-general having ie[)(>rtedfavorai>ly on the 
 scheme of interconununication as useful to Calitor- 
 nia's connnerce, development, and defence, the \ Ict'roy 
 recjuested Borica to send to 3Icxico tlie maps and 
 papers on which his prctject rested; that the jiioject 
 be also sent to the cc»mmandant general for his in- 
 s[)ection; and that ]iasuen forward his views about 
 the employment of the Santa IJarbara Indians. This 
 was in January iri'T, and in .Xjtril l^asuen aiiswered, 
 
 ' April '29, 170.">, Jjorii'a to viuiidy. / 
 
 MS., vi. -14. Di'o. Mtli. 
 
 liorica to (loycotoliL'a, /</., iv. 41. 4o 7. .Ian. IStli, tJuvciHch-ja to iJiPiiia. 
 /'/•«,(•. S/. Pd/K, MS., xiv. l(i, 17. Fil.. lOtli, LI. to Id., ,S7. l'(!/i., Siu., MS., 
 iv. 74-7. Sept. 'JStli, r>orit'a oriki-.s till' i«ulr(-i to uso f,'ciitlo iiKasuri -i willi 
 till' Tiilan! liiiliaiis so that tliiri' may I'o no lUlliculty on llic piojiusiil iciiitc. 
 /'/•')('. l,'(i\, M.S., vi. 174. .Sals re)iort of .Ian. olst, alivaily ailiidcil to, was 
 
 in()iiii'ii s sint liini 
 ■iiiiniiii<(i(iiiii fun 
 
 l.v tl 
 
 le ji(jvi rnoi-, 
 
 [H'olialily ill an.swor ti 
 
 •'' Jlurlrx, liifi 
 similar conirnunicatiuii dated Uotubi-r 5th id givoa in Ai\li. SUi. Udrbuni, 
 
 M, 
 
 i:ur,, MS. 
 
 M.': 
 
 73 (i. 
 
 1 
 
r.Ti 
 
 EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 ar^j^uiiiL,' tliiit it was dangcrouH to stinl a party (if 
 iiativfs so far ainoii<^ forci^ni and hostile tribes, siiici' 
 on oii«! side or the otlicr excesses would sun;ly In- 
 eoiiimittcd. Moreover the chief it was proposid to 
 s( iid was very useful to the luission and any accident 
 t(» hini would lead to trouble with his n(!0[tle; and 
 finally Tapis had not forbidden the expedition, but had 
 simply refused to urge the neophytes to undertake it."'^ 
 Ifere, so far as the archives show, correspondence on 
 this matter ceases. It is probable that more was 
 written, but not likely that any actual expedition wjis 
 made, and certain that communication was not opened 
 with Xew Mexico. Neither was there anvthini- 
 accomi»lished toward opening the Colorado liivcr 
 I'oute l)etwe(>n California and Sonora, a subject slightly 
 
 ag 
 
 itated during this period.'^^ 
 
 ''"'.Tim. 11, 1707, viceroy to I^asiicn. Arch. Stn. Bi'irhnra, MS., x. 7^ 7. 
 Apiil -IMh, Lasucii to V. It., Id, 77-H3. Im'1). 14, 1798, V. K. calls for Aiii- 
 lla;.'ii'.s iiliMs on tliu i)roject ami the best way to exccuto it. Pvov. St. J'nji., 
 MS., xvii. !t. 
 
 ^'"Ajiiil 10, 17!'"), IJorica to viceroy, asks to have Fagcs send his i)ap( f.-i 
 rclatiii!,' t') liis <-'.\iicilition to the Colorado. Prnr. Itiv., MS., vi. 44. S( jit. I, 
 17!l7, IJoriia lliiiik.s no party of less than .*?.■» can siifely pass to Sonorn. /</., 
 vi. .'»;i. Dec. 'I'l, 171I7, ri'fers to Arrillagc's report anil sciienies of Oct. "Jti, 
 17!»<>; 1st, a presidio (,f 100 men at Sta ' lya with 'JO at S. Felipe and "JO :it 
 Sonoita; 'Id, a jncsidio on California side .t mouth of Colorado, to lie crossed 
 in lanoes. IJoi ica prefers the latter, and advises that all attention he f;i\(ii 
 at jirtscnt to jiacilication of the Indians between Sta Catidina and the Culn- 
 rado. /';oc. AVc, MS., vi. (Ja-O. April 24, 1798, Amadorsays that the padiv 
 of Sau .)os('' went to the Colorado, and that the Indians iled, fearinc enfnrct d 
 liaptittni. I'rov. St. I'np., MS., xvii 123. Iicfercncc to the general topic in 
 A:.aiaa, YitHlruccion, MS., 90. 
 
CIIAPTiCli XXVII. 
 
 MISSION ruoonKss. 
 
 1701-1800. 
 
 AliUIVAI. ANT) T)i:rAl!Tri!K OF rAUKKS— (I K.NKUAI. StATISTICAI- VuV— TiIP 
 
 ri;i:siin:N( v • Ili-iscopAi, I'owKits — Tiii: iNytisiTioN- l!r.V!i,i. ; (iicKHu's 
 
 RKPnIiT— VllWS OF SaLAZAII — CaUMKLITE MOXASTKI:- I'ldl s FrMi 
 HacIKNDA — ("oNTIloVK.liSlKS— TlIK ()l,l> (^tlKSTIoSS 1)I>. ISSlIi .A S KV 
 Ki:i)rrT|ri» JN NiMllKK OF FuiAlW— llKTUlKMKVT— TlIAVI.I I i ■ (i Kx- 
 I'KXSE.S— I IIAl'l.AIN lilTY— (iLAltUa — IlUNAWAY NldllUTI -MIS8IOV 
 ALCAt.M'.S - Isid ANS CiN lIoIiSF.IiACK — LoCAl, Ql'AliKl.l .. — ClI \ liliF.S OF 
 
 (.'oN<-i'i'(iii\ m; IIdkka— Invi:sti(;atio\- IIoimca's Kiiti.i;n (Ji-ksti-'Ss — 
 
 ItKl'I.IlN of ( 'uM WOWTKS AM) FuiAliS— I'UF.SIDF.XT LasIEN's l! KPOUT— 
 
 Tin: .MissKisAiius AfyciiTKU — Ecclfsiastical AIiscki.i.anv. 
 
 At tlic luniiiiiin!;^ of this dcoiidc tlio iiiis.sioiis M'tTo 
 L'lovcn in miiiiljci'; at its end tluy liad been increased 
 l)y new estalilisliiiicnts, as reeordcd in tlu^ i»)'ef'edin^' 
 chapters, U) ( inhteen — \\itliin three of the ]li^•hest 
 number ever reached.^ In 171)0 there were twenty- 
 six friars on duty, liefore 1800 there came up from 
 the colle<^(,' thirty-ei^ht new missionaries; twenty-one 
 retired— some on the expii'ation of their r<\L>ular term 
 of ten yciirs, otlierson account of faihnu' lieaUli, f(»ur 
 virtually dismissed for l>ad conduct, and four sent 
 away moi'c or less aftlicttMl with insanity; while three 
 died at their ])osts. This left forty still in the ser- 
 vice, or two ministers for each of the einhttH'U missions 
 and four sn|!tMiiumeraries. Six of the old jtioneers 
 who had come before 1780 were still left.''^ 
 
 ' The sevi'ii mw missions in tlic ordci- nf tlicir tiiiivling wci-o: Santa frnz, 
 Solodnd, San .l«isi\ San Juan IJautista, San .Mi;-ucl, San rcnamlo, and San 
 l.uis ]{t'y. 'I'lirio wdv siiliscinicntly fuumli'd Santa In' s, Sai- K.. "ad, and San 
 Franc'ist'o Solano. Vur n ^'ciu'rul statistical view of the missions in 17!M) 
 Ki'o fliajitfi- xix. (if tliis volume. 
 
 '■'The ori^'inal •_'(>, the names of pioneers Ix iiij» italicized, were: Arroita 
 Ai'cnuza, t'al/ada, Cambou, Cruzado, Duinetz, l>auti, Fustcr, (lania, Giiibet, 
 
 I 075) 
 
 
 I Kuil 
 
 ill' 
 
676 
 
 MISSION r-ROGRESS. 
 
 Tlic average of integrity, zeal, and aLility among 
 tlie new friars was lower than in the ease of Junipero 
 Serra's eonipanions, sinec a tlt)zen or more were either 
 refractory, innnoral, inefficient, or insane; yet the Hst 
 inchuled such eminent names as Pe^'ri, Payeras, Via- 
 der, ^Fartinez, and Catala, together with many laithfid 
 and efficient Christian missionaries. 
 
 The eleven old missions in 1790 had in round num- 
 bers 7,500 converts; in 1800 they had 10,700, a gain 
 of 3,200 for the decade, 320 a year (jn an average, 
 or about 80 a year for each mission. During the 
 period the pi'iests had baptized 12,300 natives, and 
 buried 8,300, leaving 800 to be regarded as approxi- 
 mately the number of deserters and apostates. 5lean- 
 while in the seven new establishments bai)tlsms had 
 been 3,800 and deaths 1,000, leaving 2,800 converts on 
 tlie rolls. Thus for old and new missions toirether 
 
 La-'iiini, ^rarincr, Miguel, Xobon, Onimas, Patcrna, Pciia, Picras, Piiilif, 
 Huiic/itr., Saiila Muria, Santiago, Soiian, Sifjar, Tapis, ami Turrciis. 
 
 The new-conuTSJ, I5S in miinhcr, were: Abclla, ]5arccuilla, IJarona, Car- 
 iiiocr, Carranza, Catala, ('atalan, Cipn's, Corti'a, Iv-pi, Esti'vaii, Faura, 
 I'c'rnaiiilt /. (;'), (Jaivia, (!ili, Guiizalez, Ii(jna, Iturrato, Juiiiie, Laiulaeta, 
 I.opez ('.2), ^ilartiruTiia, ^lartiii, MartiiU'Z, Merelo, Merino, Panella, I'ayeras, 
 Pcyri, I'uyol, Salazar, Uiia ("2), Viailf-r, and Viilals. 
 
 The deaths were Mariner, J'al' nia, and Fi(n'<!i\ There left California, "21: 
 Arroita, Arenaza, Catalan, Danti, Oninias, E.^pi, Fern;uidez (2), (Jareia, 
 llnbi, Salazar, Giii, Girihet, llorra, Lopez, Torrens, Canibon, Nolioa, I'eiia, 
 I'leras, ^lerino. Lists of friar.'i in difi'erent years, with f^cneral flatenicnts of 
 inniihors, in S/. Pap., JA/w., MS., ii. 4, 7^-8, 100-2, 107-8; iii. .1-."); Anfi. 
 (SVft liiirhara, ]MS., xii. O.l-O, 01, 00, 08, 'I'.io; ,Sf. I'np., Sac, MS., iv. 14-17; 
 J'ror. Sf. J'aji., MS., xvii. 8.'>— 1. These lists, however, aiford Ijut a very 
 small part of the data from whieh I have formed my loeal tables and l)io- 
 graiihit's of padres, ddia which I have had to collect littlo by little from a, 
 thousand siuirees. 
 
 Arrivals in 1701 M'crc Gili, Landactn, Baldomcro Lopez, and Salazar, in- 
 tended for Santa Cruz and Soledad, or to replace others who were to be sent 
 to those new missions while Cambon retired. In 179- eame Lspi; and in 17!'.'! 
 Catal.i, the latter as cliaplain on a Xootka vessel. This same year Orainas 
 and Itubi— the latter a black slutp of the I'raneiseaii iloel; — departed, and 
 I'aterna, an old pioneer, died in harness. In 1704 live new priest:i \tcre sent 
 to California — nu'U of a diflerent stamp, it was thoufsht, from those who liad 
 givin tlie 1 resident so much trouble. Minjc'rtojui, in Doc. I:l<K ' c/., MS., 
 iv. ,'fO-40. 'i'hese were Martin, Martiarena, Ksti van, ^laiiuel I'ernande/, and 
 (Ire^'orio I'ern.uidez. The dejiartures were Xoljoa, I'ieras, I'ei'ia, and (lili — 
 the latter another source of scandal — who sailed on th^'Ctjiici iic'oii, \\v\. 1 1 tli. 
 J'roi: St. Pap., MS., .\i. lo?, 17.'), 'JOi'; xxi. 1 4-_', 140 7; Arch. Arzoi,t<i>udu, 
 MS., i. ;iO. A'ieeidy"s license dated Jan. 10th; governor's, ^lay .'Ust. In 
 170."> .lainie, Cijil'i's, and Tnyol came; while Salazar and Sefii'.n I'etired, the 
 latter ten, jiorarily. SI. P,ip.,Sn<\, ilS., i. .",0; Pruv. /.Vc, MS., vi. 17; /Vw. 
 ISt. I'iqi., Sis., x.\i. "JoO. Danti, Lopez, Culzada, and Arroitu sailed in July 
 
ar, 111- 
 
 SCllt 
 
 iiiias 
 rai.l 
 
 V f-l'Ilt 
 
 , had 
 MS., 
 . au.l 
 
 nth. 
 
 . In 
 
 1. tlic 
 
 I'nr. 
 
 July 
 
 STATISTICS. 577 
 
 we have a total population of 13,500, a gain of 0,000 
 in ten years, during- which tinio the baptisms had been 
 i(;,100 and the deaths 9,300. There is no doubt tliat 
 the deaths W'ere largely in excess of the births, though 
 there are no available means of accurately estimating 
 the latter.^ 
 
 The mission herds and flocks nndtiplicd about three- 
 fold during the decade. Horses, mules, and horned 
 cattle increased from 2'2,000 to 07,000; small stock, 
 almost exclusively sheep — goats having diminished 
 very rapidly antl swine being comparatively few — 
 from 20,000 to 80,000. Agricultural products had 
 been 30,000 bushels in 1790, the smallest subsequent 
 crop being also 30,000 in 1795, and the largest 75,000 
 in 1800. ' About three fifths of the whole croj* in 1800 
 was wheat, whicli was less proportionately than usual, 
 one fifth corn, and one tenth barlev, the remainder 
 being beans, pease, and various grains. Wheat yielded 
 
 or August 1 700. Other priests wished to retire, but the guardian thought, as 
 they had been eager to conic to California, it was best nut to iierniit them to 
 leave without the most urgent reasons. Arr/i. Shi ll'nlxini, MS,, xi. .")(}-7, 
 'J74; ,St. Pap., Sac, MS., xvii. S; J'rov. Sf. Pnp., MS., xxi. ■J4(i; Proi: /.Vc, 
 MS., vi. 103. The now-eoiners of 1700, arriving in June by the A lairMzn, 
 were: I'ayeras, Jos(5 Maria Fernandez, Peyri, Viadcr, and CortLS. /'/•(/(•. .S7. 
 Pap., MS., xiv. 130; Pmv. Sf. Pap., B< n. Mil., MS., xxiv. 7; also Catalan 
 and llorra. In April 1707 the Vonceprion is said to have brought 1 1 priests. 
 Pri'V. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 145-0; xxi. 'J54; but there were really only 7: 
 IJai'cenilla, Caruicer, CJonzalez, Martinez, ^1. lino, Uria, and I'anella. The 
 same vessel carried back to San Bias in September, (Jareia and A.reiiaza, who 
 were ill and luul served out their term; anil also the insane priests Jos6 Maria 
 Fernandez and ( 'oncepcion de llorra. Prov. Per., JIS., vi. !)4, !)8, lO'i; Prov. SI. 
 Pap., MS., xxi. *J(i4; Areh. Sta linrham, MS., xi. 57-8; St. Pap., Sat-., MS., 
 vi. 107-S. On her next trip the Coiicepcion brought to Santa Barbara in May 
 17il8 Scii:m and Calzaila, returning from a visit to Mexico, and also llie si.K 
 new friars: Banma, Faura, Carranza, Abella, Martinez, and Viilalcs. Arrh. 
 Ar.ol<is}>a(lo, MS., i. 47; Prov. Pre, MS., vi. 75-0; J'ror. St. Pap., MS., 
 xvii. 1!(; xxi. '27!); St. Pip., Sar., MS., viii. l.'{. ^lanuel Fernaiiclez and 
 Torrens retired this year, i.s did Tl'. Landaetaand Miguel teni]wraiily. Arvh. 
 SI, I ndrbam, xi. 00; .S7. P(.p.,Sac, :MS., vi. 107. /Vl/r. ,SV. I'ap., .M'S., xvii. 
 ■J, n. In 1707 Merelo, Jaiinto Lf>pez, and Jose Uria arrived; while Fspi, 
 (iiribet, Merino, and Catalan, the last two alllieted with insanity, obtained 
 leave to retire, sailing in January 1800. This last year of tlie decade Fuster 
 and Mariner (lied; Landaetaand Migutd came back; and Carcia and Iturrate 
 were added to the force, soiiic of them api)arently against their wishes. Prov. 
 /.'m'., ]\IS., vi. 1-27-0, '24;}; ix. 12; xi. 144; xii. 1; J'ror. SI. Pap., :MS., xxi. 30, 
 44, 202; St. Pap., Sac, MS., vii. 77; Anh. Sla. linrlmra, .NiS., ix. 24; xi. 
 01-2; 281 -'2, 284. 
 
 ' The governor in a report of 1800 states that the number of deaths is ul- 
 niost double thnt of births. Bandinl, Doc Hist. Cut., MS., No. 3. 
 Hist, lal., Vol, I. 37 
 
 i'il 
 
 
 II 
 
-.78 
 
 mSSION PROGRESS. 
 
 on an averairc fiftocnf'old, barley cightccnfokl, and corn 
 iiinety-tlireetbld for the ten years. 
 
 Forniin Francisco Lasuon remained at the hvad of 
 the Franciscan community as president, perlbrniiii^' 
 liis duties to the satisfaction of all classes, loved and 
 respected by friars, officers, soldiers, settlers, and 
 ne<jphytes. He received no pay for iiis services, beiiiL^ 
 a suj)ernunierary friar, and no stipend being allowed 
 except to the two regular ministers of each mission. 
 Tlie duties of the supernumeraries were as arduous, 
 and tlios(i of the president more so, than those of the 
 ministers, yet though petitions were made and the 
 viceroy was disposed to grant them in Lasuen's favor, 
 tlie attonu^y general always interposed objoctidiis. 
 ])umetz and Peua held patents after jNIugdrteguis 
 depaj'ture to assume the presidency in case of acci- 
 dent.* The power to administer the sacrament nf 
 confirmation, grajited by the pope In May l?."^."), 
 cxpiied ^Tay 4. 1795, althoiigh Lasiien had actuallv 
 exercised it only since 1790, or half the full period. 
 The privilege; was never renewed, and there wei'c no 
 more conlirmations until California possessed abishoji 
 of her own.^ Tiie ordinary episcopal powers of ad- 
 ministering sacraments other than confirmation wciu 
 conferred on the president by the bishop of Soiiora. 
 As vlcdt'io foirntco Lasuen exercised those powciN 
 toward the civilians, and as vicario castrcnse towanl 
 the military; that is to say, as a kind of chaplain 
 
 *Arch. S/n liiirhini, :MS., xi. 220, 2r.0-.1. Vicorny Rcvilla C;i,^(Mlo in 
 liis rtport of ITIKi, St. J'dji., JZ/'.^v. ami Co/oii., MS., i. IS, 21, iiiiiilu's tluit 
 iiii.ssioniii'ios iirc! (iftcii rcin.ivcd iiniR'ccss.iiily l)y llicir prolate; Ijut it il'n-< 
 not doarly fiiiiii'jir tliat lie icfcr.s particularly to ( 'alifoiiiia, \vlicn; lie .^-lys 
 till' friai.s ))i'it'iii'iu tii( ir dntifs in a ino.st (.'oniiiiciulablo inaniicr. Soo iiopcV ilr- 
 cri't'S(jf.J,iiy 8, 1701, ami 1 )(•(.•. 12, l7!l7oii (lualiticalioiis, <lutios, In mors, etc.. <'f 
 friars of tlio l'r(iiiai.'aiiila ride c(illc'j:;os, in ^IrcA. tiiu Udrhara, M.S., x. \W- 
 :i(i; ix. ;{7-40; /Voc. ,S7. /'((;)., .MS., xiii. 272-:i. 
 
 ''Sept. 0, 17!)2, pope's license forwarded from ^'.xico. Arch. Sta Uilrhiu-d, 
 MS., X. 2S;); yet I.a.suen say.slio ie(eive<l (lie power on .Inly l.'i, 17'.I0. .S'. J)hji>, 
 Jj'ih. <l<: Mi.-^inii, Ms., 4'). Kxpires May 4, 170."). Arch. SI a lid r'na fit, MS., >.i. 
 2:i;t; I'rnr. St. ]'(i/>., MS., xx. 2St. April ii, 170.'), Uorica to Lasiien, leiirii;) 
 that tlie president is liurrying tlirongli the province to use liis priviKgo 
 %\lulo it lasts, /'yor. y.'i(.'., MS., vi. 144-5. 
 
VICEROY'S REPORT. 
 
 579 
 
 o-cncral. The new Ijishop renewed the eoncci^ision 
 ill 17!)G, and Lasuen .sul)delcgated the authority to 
 liis subordinate missionaries.'^ Lasuen was also coni- 
 issary of tlio holy inquisition for California after ITl.T), 
 but so far as the records show his oidy duties in this 
 capacity were to receive and publish an occasional 
 edict on general matters.^ 
 
 In an exliaustive report on the missions of Xew 
 Spain Viceroy Revilla (Jigcdo presented to the king 
 in 179.'3 an liistorical, descriptive, and statii^tical view 
 of the Cahfornian establishments, which is an inter- 
 esting and iinj>ortant document, though e.\pr(>ssing 
 only cii rcstoiic what I have presented in detail i\\n\i 
 the same original papers on which tins re])ort v.as 
 founded. An effort was made also about this time 
 by the Spanish and ^Mexican authorities to insure 
 greater regularity and thoroughness in reports of 
 missionary progress.*^ Father Salazar having returned 
 
 ''Sept. .SO, 1700, Insliop to Lasuen, confirming faciiUii's. Dec. KItli, 
 Lasuen to hit-hop, cxpressinp thanks. MareJi '_'(), 17i>7, Lasuen tal;es the 
 (i.ith as vicario loraneo heloro P. Arenaza. June IDtli, liisliop reserves th<i 
 ri^ht of granting ilivoix'c and sonic (itlier episeojial faculties. A nil. Sl<i ll'tr- 
 liiint, MS., xii. l!)i2-8. Dec. 18, 17!t(>, Lasuuns eircuhirto llie padres. 11., 
 \\. i;!'J— tl. Mareli *20, 1707, Lasuen notifuH IVirica. Is only iiwailiiig tlio 
 license and hlessing of tlic guai'dian. Arch. Ar.iJ'iyiiiido, ALS., i. 4'), Mareli 
 -2{\, ]5. to Lasuen, will proclaim him juez vicurio celesi:istic(j in tin; jnc- 
 sidios. I'ror. L'lr., :MS., vi. 1S4-.:'). Juno 'JOtli, 15. sjiys tiic title of vicar 
 must ho ju'csented to the government. /»/., vi. 1!("J-H. It appears tiiat '•«<- 
 In iini' powers were conferred hy Lasuen on only seven friars. An:h. Sla Udr- 
 Inini, ^IS., xi. 14.")-(i. 
 
 "Oct. lo, 17!'."), Lasuen's jirifeiitc ih Comhion dfl Santo Oficio pent from 
 Mexico. An-h. Sl'i Durham, AhS., xi. .Ki. Several edicts of 17!'.'), 17117, and 
 lS();)in.ln/i. J/^s■;o/H.^, MS., i. 1S7-8, 'J-JS; Dor. J/isl. C,,!., MS., i\'. (;7 8. 
 In ollcuces of wliich the inip.isition had cognizance tlie natives were nob 
 <lirectly snhject to that triiiunal hut to tiie ]irovisor cle Indias, « ho, with the 
 Kiiowh'dge of the in(|uisiliiin, acted as judge, /•'/•/'(•'/'.'/''ox ///• /mlio.i, MS.. (5. 
 Some ad'iitional itemson C'cele^iastical matters ;i re given latei^ in tliischapter. 
 
 * III rllht (liiirdii, Citrhi :.vhn' nii-i'Oiir.-^ </<:,.'! ilf Jj/riiiiilirr <fr /,'.'/./, in /'''■/•. 
 Uiiir., v. 4_'7-lill; also MS., i. Seo also chap. xxiv. of this volume. Oct. 'J:2, 
 I7!!4, viceroy to governor, urging eumpliancc willi rnyid order of ^I;;rc!l ■_'!, 
 17'^7, which rcijuired attention to mission welfare; and re])orts eveiy tw" or 
 three years on mission progress. /'/■/(/•. <S7. J'tip., MS., xi. '20'.>. .luly 'JS, I7!'"i, 
 llrancitorte sends I'mrica ;i eo|iy of his predecessor's report of 17I''! to r.rrx e an 
 a guide for new rc))orts; and also calls fiir su;.';';estions. S/. /'//;/., ,l//w. ini'l 
 fill., MS., i. 1. .Ian. '_', I7!l'>, Lasuen in !i circular says the council of the 
 ludies have read the mission repiirt.s ;uul than'; ul o> king's nani'^ hjr progi-iss 
 niaile, which is great comi.ared with other missions with heltci' advaula jcs. 
 The guardian sends tho thanks of the college. Anii. Sta liurhara, MS., ix. 
 
580 
 
 MISSIOX PROGRESS. 
 
 from California was called upon by tho vicerojr for ^ 
 report on the condition of the country, which was 
 rendered ^lay 11, 179G, but contained little of value 
 respect ing the missions. Salazar estimated the wealt 1 1 
 of the Franciscan establishments at $800,000 in build- 
 ings and chattels ; but he complained that progress was 
 impeded by the excessive labors imposed upon the 
 friars; also by the preference shown to settlers in tho 
 purchase of supplies." 
 
 On the subject of secularization, not referring par- 
 ticularly to California, Revilla Gigedo expressed his 
 dissatisfaction with the condition of such missions as 
 had been given up to the clergy. He would take mt 
 steps in that direction without a better prospect of 
 success. Curates could do no better than friars in the 
 instruction and improvement of the natives.^" In a 
 letter of 179G Governor Borica says that accoivling 
 to the laws, the natives are to bo free from tutelage 
 at the c'ld of ten years, the missions then becoming 
 (loctrinas; "but those of New California at the rate 
 they are advancing will not reach the goal in ten 
 centuries; the reason, God knows, and men know 
 something about it."" 
 
 Two s|)ecial projects for the advancement of Cali- 
 fornian interests were devised in Mexico durinsf the 
 decade; and both, being opposed by the Franciscan 
 authorities, seem to have been given up at the end of 
 1797. The first was to establish a Carmelite monas- 
 tery at San Francisco, wliich was to consist of twelve 
 friars, and cost from $25,000 to $30,C00. It was to 
 be supported by an agricultural establishment, become 
 the nucleus of a settlement, and thus promote both 
 the colonization of the country and the civilization of 
 the natives, to say nothing of the usefulness of tlio 
 monastery towers to navigators as landmarks. This 
 matter was referred to two friars who had been in 
 
 ' Salazar, C'ondicion Actual de Cat., In/orme General al Vircy, 11 dc Jlai/o 
 179G, MS. 
 
 '"/.V'ivV/fr, Gifjrdo, Carta de 1793, MS., 25. 
 
 "Aug. 3, 17'JO, Borica to Albemi. Prov. St. Pap., Ben, Mil., xxiv. 7, 8. 
 
PROJECTS DEFEATED. 
 
 581 
 
 Calirornia and who roportod adversely. The seooiid 
 j)n>ject was to estahhsh a hacienda of the pious fund 
 in Jacoj)in Valley near San Diego, but the guardian 
 of San Fernando pronounced the sclienie iiu[)ractica- 
 hle if not absurd. The ijfeneral ariJiunent of the- 
 Fi-anciscans on these questions was, that so far as 
 the conversion of the natives was ct)ncerne(l the old 
 methods were sufficient, and any iiniovation would be 
 dangerous; and that for the promotion of settlement 
 ly gente de razon the new establishments would luive 
 no advantages over the old, which were far from pros- 
 perous.'^ 
 
 The regulation of 1781, as we have seen, provided 
 for the sjfradual reduction of the ministers to oik^ at 
 each mission. Until this was effected friars retiiiiig 
 or dying were not to be re})laced. This regulation 
 was disregarded by the friars and the secular author- 
 ities made no attempt to enforce it. The subject came 
 up and was discussed during this decade, but nothing 
 was effected. The law renjained unchauLred, and was 
 jtractically disregarded as before." Respecting the re- 
 
 iM."'. iliU rL|)UlL, llilLUU \JK\:. -.Ill, IS limilj IIUVIIIIII lU illUHlUl SUIIJLLl, I'l 
 
 wIiIlIi iiKirc anon. It is iiuticualilc that tlie p;iuiri)iaii sjuak.s very ironica'.ly 
 of tlic 'ilaiiicsticated' gun(ilus whose scrvict's it was juiiposcil toiitili;:e in Iho 
 nt'W cstaMishiiiunts, greatly cxaggeiatin!^ the ilaiigcr of the old missions and 
 imehlos from the natives, and innilying without iiitendini; to do s.) that nt.i; 
 imuli ha ' l:'i'n e'l'ected liy ni'arlv 3(/ years of niissionarv worlv. Ijorioa also 
 
 l;ri>n e'l'ected liy iii'arly 3(/ years of missionary worlv. Ijorioa alsi 
 disapprj'. the iiaeienda beeausc there would i^e no marUet for 
 
 Vr^.r. I!t;., }.!S., vi. (il. 
 
 '^lluvilla (ligodo, Crirfii do J70J, 24, disapproves the reiluetion, anion; 
 other reasons beLau-;e it would favor inniioraiity on the ]iait of the friars. 
 Api'il .'k), I7y(>, the trnardian writt's to l,asnen that the ti-eal wants to Ui 
 reasons for non-coniplianee witli the reglanjenlo; eonsri|uentiy ail th(^ a 
 
 ' produee. 
 
 illoU' till! 
 
 d'nii- 
 
 than tli;;t on themselves. Pror. J,',r., MS., vi. CO 1. .Sept. :t, lO'.lit, I'adni Lull, 
 IJ.'jiOf-ii'ioii. ltd tludidinii xohrv In rcdnci'iuii ilf Mlxioi/ii'ii>< fii ( 'fl inriiin, /,',''.'', 
 MS., pi'esc nts the usiud arguments against redueiug the ninnlter of missiim- 
 nries, and also opposes Ilorica s scheme of reducing the kiikjiIo, not only iieeausu 
 it is contrary to tlie king's intentions, but because, while, us lioviea nays, tho 
 
o8u' 
 
 MISSION PROGRESS. 
 
 tircmcnt of fi'iars to Mexico tlicro M'as now no conti-o- 
 versy between the secular and Franciscan authorities, 
 because the latter were consi(leral)]y troul)led to keep 
 the missionaries at their posts, and welcomed even 
 secular interference to aid in the task. In 1795 there 
 came a royal order that the governor and president, 
 mi<dit urant license to retire for duo and certiiicl 
 cause without waituig for a report from Mexico; huo 
 before the end of this decade this rule seems to have 
 been modified." Since 1787 and down to 1794 friars 
 cominu' to or rcturninij from California were allowed 
 two hundred dollars for travellini^ expenses on land 
 and ninety-tlv^e cents per day v.iulo on the water. 
 Subsequently their stipends wore allowed to cover the 
 time consumed on the journey provided there were 
 no unnecessary delays.^'' 
 
 two priests spoiul k'>3 I'.iria ('lOO on thcmsrlvcs tlioy spend the remainder for 
 tlic natives, ;!';:1 Ll.i'3 ii pnicticdly the only wiiy of obtaining ncec'-s;irv iirli- 
 eles liinee tlicrc i:-i no market for mission produee. In ISOO, or perhaps laiei', 
 Lasiien i;i i'- Liter to the guardian argues the same .side of tlie eayo liKi.-t 
 earnestly, .'.'.i.eaks rather bitterly of any ^ehemo to econiimize on the I'lsy of 
 pO!,v over-Vidrked fri:ir.s when the king is so liberal in other expense;;, and w- 
 I e:: lS his old determination to retire if tlie eliango be insisted on. Lamu ii, ( 'or- 
 ■trN/iniiilnici'i, MS., ;jj:)-3.'!. 
 
 "17i>.'>, a priest retired on a provisional license of the comamlante at Mr.a- 
 terej'. Afr/i. Arr.ohtsjxido, ^IS., 1. S.'?. 17i>4, the lOyearsof Gcrviec to count 
 from the date of cniljarking from Spain. Arch. Sta Barhara, MS., vi. ■_".14- 
 ."). Roj'al oi'ders referred to in my text dated Sept. Ki, 171)4. Sent from Mex- 
 ico .liuioS, 171)."). Pniv. St. Ptiji., !MS., xiii. J"J4-."). Just before the uccipt 
 of this order lioriea refuses Danti'fi petition to retire until leave is obtained 
 from Mexico. Prov. lice, MS., vi. 149. I)ee. !), 17'.I7, viceroy to the ; r.av- 
 dian, friars must not go to ^Mexico to Bolieit license to retire to I 'pain. .I/'' .'/. 
 Sta lidi'hara. MS., xi. 59. Sept. 1, 1^0!), governor to viceroy, luider.-taaile 
 that no leave to retire is to be given, even on expiration of term, until ;r.;l ;i- 
 tutes eri'ive. The pri'.'sts are not pleased at this. Prur. Sf. Pap. . M;i.. xxi. !-'. 
 
 '■'On measures adopted I7S0-8, see Arch. Sta IJdr'iura, ^IS., x. 'J, 17 V'.'; 
 
 •J41 
 
 xii. 40-1; Pror. St. Pap., MS., vi. •2;)l>-.'?; viii. I-!). 
 
 It 
 
 XI. .)! 
 
 Beems that the .'>J(*.) vas to be paid, like the stipend, horn the pious lunil. wlnoU 
 in 17t>7 vras charged with .S'^944 for friars' travelling expenses f rthc j a: t 'JO 
 yeai'S. In IX'eendi;r 17!'3 the guardian attempts toseenrc travelling expeii.es 
 for sp.pernumerary fiiars going to C'alih:rnia, and succeeds after come e:: re- 
 Kp-.judenco in getting aii advance of thiir stij^eud to jay these cxiea e:, 
 thou; li their stipend would eeaso on arrival until asi-igned t) a minion, rr.i'.u 
 this i-orre ■ponde'.iee it appears that by royal order of April '20, 17!'.t, the i ;i- 
 jiend began on the ihdo of departure from ]\Iexico. Arch. Sfa JJilr/iara, }.;S., 
 xi. "240-. d. ]>y order of Sept. K?, 1794, ilic stipend was extended to date cf 
 arrival in Mexico on return and all gratuities for travelling exj.enses wee 
 abeli.^hed. I'rov. St. }\i/>., 'Mt<., x'ni. l'24-.j; Arch. St'i JJ-rfiara, MS.. i\. 
 '.i-2l-r>; Va'fcjo, J)oc. lli^t. Cat., "'S,, xxviii. date .July '20, 171).'i. 'i'lie friars 
 subsequentl.v had nmeh trouble on account of the naval authorities v. Iio 
 demanded li>'.'2j i)erday instead of 95ets. Jloreover the government in :'c'iiO 
 
MISSIONARY ESCORTS. 
 
 583 
 
 IMany of tlic old :n;ittors of dispute still rcniiiinod 
 o|)L!ii, but as a ride tlicy gave risu ttj no very bitter 
 c-oiiti'oversv durinu^ this pei-iod. No regular chaplains 
 were appointed, though liorica made' an ellort to 
 secure such a[)[)ointinents; neither dt)es it appear that 
 the IViars got any [i;iy for attending to the sj)iritual 
 interests of soldiers and settlers."' In the niattei' of 
 mission escoi'ts and their iluties there were no radical 
 changes and few disputes. The soldiers were in- 
 structed to treat the padres always with respect and 
 evilently did so, the chief complaint being that they 
 would not always serve as vatpieros and servants of 
 all work, a rclusal the padres could never (piite un- 
 derstand. The guard furnished to a friar engaged in 
 his several duties abroad was still regulated by the 
 governor's or commandant's instructions, or in some 
 cases left to the cor^toral's discretion. The b'iai's 
 desirud discretionary powers, but submitted. The 
 strict rule of Fa'jfes that no soldier on cscf^rt duty 
 should sleep away i'roni the mission was relaxed some- 
 v.hat in urgent cases by the viceroy's orders; but the 
 order that no stjldier should be sent after fuiritixe 
 natives or allowed to visit the rancherias of gentiles 
 without superior command was strictly enforced, 
 and the friars, now that their temper had cooled a 
 little, doubtless recognized the necessity of such a 
 rule. The instructions of Borica to the i>uards show 
 an earnest desire to maintaii; harmonious relations 
 with tlie missionaries, as well as a prudent and wise 
 })olicy toward the gentiles. Doubtless the fKitience 
 of the friars was often sorely tried by tlic indolence 
 
 cisps when the return voya;,'c was very long 1)y no fault of the piii'.sts refiiseil 
 to pay the i'uU btipeud as pur royal orilir. Arch. SUt Iklrharn, MS., ix. 41-.'i, 
 
 ''' Sept 20, IT'Jn, governor to viceroy asking for a friar for each presiilii', 
 ii9 the niisKionavie.s have too niiicli to attend to. Pror. SI. I'liji., MS., x\i. 117. 
 .Iiinc 18, 17!)i, viceroy must liave more infurniation before decidimr. /</., xi. 
 h'^l-'J. Novcniher 'JSth, gov. eireidates nine (lUcstioiiH on tlie perf(jrinan(;c of 
 ihapLiin's duties liy padre.s; and A]iril li, IT'.T). explains more fully to the \". 
 1!. asking again for eiiaplains at a salary of .SiOd. I'ror. I'tr., MS., iv. Vll; 
 Ai. 41-'J. ^Nothing more is heanl from Mexieo. June 17. i7i"i, Coniandanto 
 • ioycoeeliea eoniplaiiis of the padres having deuliutd to hear eunfeasioni. St. 
 Piq'-i Suf., Xm., ix. 73. 
 
 
 ■I! 
 
 'li' ! 
 
584 
 
 lilTSSIOX PROGRESS. 
 
 and insolence of individual soldiers, but of the govern- 
 ment they had no cause to complain. The guards 
 were reduced in n'.ost of the old missions on the estab- 
 lishing of new ones, and this brought out a protest 
 from the Franciscans, which was in some instances 
 successful.'^ 
 
 Desertion of neoph3^tes became prevalent, especially 
 in the northern missions, the pretended motive of the 
 fugitives, and in some instances the real one, being 
 ill-treatment, overwork, and hunger; l)ut oftcner tlit- 
 true cause of apcwtasy was a longing for the old free- 
 dom and dread of the terrible death-jatc in the mis- 
 sion communities. As we have seen, the soldiers of 
 the guard were not allowed to })ursue runaways; 
 neither was the practice of sending neophytes after 
 them, ap|)r()ved by Fages, allowed during Borica's 
 rule. Gentiles might be bribed to bring tlieni in; 
 
 " Ilnncit, IiiK/riirfion /larii hi Enmltn dp Snn Junn Baiil'tstn, J'i'J?, MS. Tliis 
 iliicuiiKiit was orduri'd to he posted in every mission for tiio j;uiiliiiico of tlic 
 corporal. Snl, Iny/nirrinn ul dtho dc Sta Cruz, l'"i, MS.; /I/'/c.-,', fiiftnir. 
 para In J:'si-t,l/a do /'iiri-<!iiia, l^SS, M8.; Id., Jimlnir. jmni S. M'njittl, J7S7, 
 MS. ]'i-oliil)itioii of I'SL'orts for long cli-stanees, ajipi-oved liy Idni.', .Ian. 1."!. 
 1700. Juii/m, Pa/Ill de J'liidos, MS., !.").">. 17'J4, soklicr.s to liu alturnatiil in 
 oscolta anil ])i'fsiilio mTvico. Proc. St. Pap., MS., xii. 8; Proi: ll<<\, MS., 
 V. 4S. Muskets to lie 11 red and reloaded once a week. Some com|ilaiiit nf 
 failuic to keep wateli at night. No e.scorts for long distances. Arri/liKj'i. 
 PajKl d<; Pitiifo.'f, MS., I'.Mi 7. May IT), nOi"), escorts of pailres must return 
 to mission same day. I'rov. Jtcc, ^IS., iv. llV^. .June .'Id, Doriea to viceroy. 
 The padres still ask for escorts to visit ranchcrias; Ijut I attribute present 
 tranipiillity to the measures of my predecessor and refuse. We nmst not risk 
 our peace in the hands of a careless soldier. Pror. I'a:, MS., vi. 5'i. Oct. 
 5th, approval of ^'. ]{. J'ror. St. Pap., MS-, xiii. i'l-'.\; but on Nov. 7tli the 
 V. R. , on petition of tlie guardian, reconnuend« concessions in uigent cases, 
 alwa.ys with due piudence. /(/., xiii. (M-Ci. On tliis ground, Lasuci-, March 
 5, 17!)G, informs the jtadres that the old restriction has been removed, the 
 matter never having been jn'operly understood in Mexico before. l>uc. lli-^l. 
 Cal., MS., iv. ii(i; Arch. Sta lidrliara, MS,, xi. 137. Corporal at Soled.id 
 had to give monthly reports on manufactures, etc. Proc. Iti'f., MS., iv. \~'\. 
 Must keep a diai'y of events to be sent in every month. St. Pap., Sar., MS., 
 vi. 1. Escoltas to build themselves houses to save paying rent. Pr^r. Si. 
 Pap., MS., xiv. 17r). .June J>, 1790, padres to have escorts on journeys, or 
 on going to confess, etc., but not to pur.sue fugitives. J'rnv. /Ac., MS., iv. 
 (M; v. S{>. No aid to padres to punish Indians unless two agree; Init to alle- 
 viate sufTcring the reipiest of one to suUice. LI., v. 8!). April 'J'.l, 17!I7, 
 Argiiello reprimands a corporal for having furnished only one soldier to escoit 
 seven padres. J'roi: St. Pap., MS., xvi. 57. Lasuon, Jiij'inne BUmd, J7U7-S, 
 MS., (')7-8, objects to the leduction of the guard in the old missions. Oct. 
 11, 170!J, the guai-dian complained to the V. R. ihat the escoltas were too 
 small; and the report was sent to Rorica on Dec. 17th. Prov. Ht. Pap., MS., 
 xviii. 148-0. 
 
1 
 
 REOULATIOXS. 
 
 685 
 
 and occasionallv an expedition of presidio soldiers wati 
 sent out to make a wholesale collection ol* apostates, 
 but such raids were not yet very frequent. Kintl 
 treatment of returned fu<,dtives was required by the 
 oovernor, and was to a larjjfe extent enforced. Neo- 
 j)hytes sometimes stowed themselves away on the San 
 Jilas vessels, or escaped by land to Sonora.'^ 
 
 The laws required an alcalde and several regidores 
 to be elected annually in each mission, a policy which 
 had in earlier times met \vith considerable opposition 
 from the ptJ,dres, who insisted that the natives w'ere 
 by no means fitted for S(;lf-government even to this 
 slight extent. After 1792 those elections ceaseil alto- 
 gether until Borica brought up the matter in 179(1 
 and insisted with the viceroy's approval on the en- 
 forcement of the law. President Lasuen obeyed, 
 but in his instructions to the padres he clearly indi- 
 cated that the election was to bo a mere formality 
 and the autliority of the native officials merely nom- 
 inal, the whole system being intended simply for tlie 
 instruction of the neophytes in the forms of civil 
 government with a view t(j the time w-hen the missions 
 sliould be secularized. After 1790 the elections wei'o 
 regularly reported to the governor each 3'ear, and the 
 padres sometimes caused the choice to fall on a 
 trusty neo[)hyte wlio could be allowed to exercise 
 slight authority as a kind of overseer. The 
 
 gov- 
 
 '" 1701, Fagcs' policy of sending neophytes. Fiirjrx, Papel dc Piiiffnn, ilS., 
 I.')!—"). Jjiii. 1."), 1704, govoinor to viceroy. I'rogrcss has liccn niiulo in llio 
 rodiK'tion of gentiles and fugitives by gentle measures. A chief has even 
 l)rought in fugitives voluntarily. Proi: Sf. Pap., MS., xxi. l.'Jl. 17'.)o, lio- 
 riea approves siiiding pagans after fugitives. Prov. Pec, MS., v. (i!). 171Mi, 
 fugitives to 1)0 treated well. Pror. si. Pap., MS., xix. 17<!. 1707, vierroy 
 forbid* any Indian being taken to Mexico. J'ror. I'cc, !MS., vi. 1!)."). 17'.)N, 
 ninety fugitives (if Santa Cruz reeoveved l)ysoldiera. I'rui'. Sf. I'ip., MS., xvii. 
 101. Kov. S, 1708, viceroy to Lasuen, disapproves the sending of neoiihytes 
 after fugitives, except in extreme eases after consultation witli tlie governor'. 
 Arch. Sin Jiarhnru, MS., vi. 73. Mar. 4, 1700, Lasuen instruet.s the padres 
 
 accordingly. /'/., xi, 140-7; La-suen's original order in Poc. Hi t. Cal., MS., 
 iv. 7l-;i. July 'J2, 1700, governor to padres of San .Tuan. Tlicy may send 
 Indians after fugitives to peaceful ruueherias. /'roc. Ji'cr., MS., vi. '2\2. 
 I'iight of Indians to San Lias and Sonera. Pnn: St. Pup., MS., xi "iOO; xxi. 
 1S.~); I'lvr. Jt(C., ilS., iv. 58. On fugitives from San Frunei.-ico v here tlio 
 most trouble occurred sec chapter xxxi. of this volume. 
 
586 
 
 MISSION PROGRESS. 
 
 friHiiont (lid not choose to interiei'c so lonj^ {is tlio 
 prcsciihod I'ornialitics wore complied witli." The ^sec- 
 ular authorities still found fault because tin; nc;o|ihytes 
 were j)erniitted to ride and thus fitted to he formi- 
 dahle I'oes in the future; but the friars, while appreci- 
 atinix the dantjer and adniittini^ that one white man 
 was e(]ual to six or eij^ht Indians to care for their herds, 
 claimed that as there wej'e no Sj)aniards to be had 
 even if the missions were able to pay for their services, 
 they must necessarily employ natives as vaqueros.-" 
 In two" local controversi( -* elsewhere narrated, that is 
 to say at Santa Clara respectinii;' boundary lines be- 
 tween missioTi and pueblo and at San Francisco 
 respecting the establishment of the raneho del rev, 
 the friars were victorious in the first and defeated in 
 the second, receivini^ strict justice at the hands of 
 the authorities in California as well as in Mexico. 
 Indeed, throughout this decade there was an evident 
 disposition on the part of viceroy and governor to 
 j)romo(e friendly relations; while guardian and presi- 
 dent, especially the latter, were much more disposed 
 than formerly to conciliatory methods."^ 
 
 "On mission alcalilos before 1790 sec Prov, lice, ^IS., i. 1'20; iii. 71, 170; 
 Arch. Sta lidrliurit, MS , x. !J4-(J. Sejit. '22, 179(i, Borica to Lasuen anil tu 
 till) paih'i's, requiring' coniplianco with the law. Prav. Pec, MS., vi. 17.'); Sfn 
 Cruz, J'(trroi/iiia, MS., Hi; Arch. Ar:.nlii.</in<lo, MS., i. 44. Nov. '2, 17!'!!, 
 Lasiieii'.s circular to tlic pailres. Arch. Sta JSurlntru, MS., xi. lliS-t); vi. IIS- 
 I'.l. Xov. 19, 1700, Tiorica to viceroy stating his action in the matter. S/. P(ijk, 
 (SV(r., MS., iv. G()-7. I'ce. "20, 1707, vii'croy to Lasuen. Arch. S/n JJdihnrd, 
 MS., X. OO-.'l. Dec. 2, 170(), ]5(jrica to Lasuen, ap])rovin:,' the election <jf neo- 
 phyte alcaldes and regidores who arc to act generally under the padres' direc- 
 tion, hut in criminal matters under the corporal of the cscolta. Prot: lice., 
 ^IS., vi. 17S-0. Jan. 7, 1707, Borica orders padres of San Diego to depose a 
 l)ad alcalde and elect a new one. hi. Jhirch .'10, 1708, Borica tells padres of 
 Soledad they were wiong in changing alcaldes without subuiittiiig the case ti( 
 the government. Prov. lice., MS., vi. 210. 
 
 '"' Tills matter was pretty well settled before 170G so far i\n t!ie mi.ssions 
 were concerned. Prov. 7iVc.,MS.,iii.(i4-."), S7; Arch. StaJj(ir!iura,}>lH.,\i.'){>'2- 
 fi; viii. (jo. jNlay 28, 1701, the governorsays the Indians an; getting too nuich 
 meat to eat, are becoming too skilful ridei's. and are acrpiiriug the insolence o* 
 Apaches. Pror. St. P(i]i., MS., x. 1.jO. Strict orders against any gentile or 
 any Indian servant of soldier or settler being allowed to ride or to have anu>. 
 iV. Jo^c, Arch., MS., ii. SO; iii. 05. 
 
 '■" For the controversies at Santa Clai'a and San Francisco see chaptir 
 xxxi., this volume. Revilla (iigedo, Carta ile 170J, MS., 21-."), dwells en 
 the importance of pti'omoting harmonj' with the friars. Jan. 2, 170">, Lasui-n 
 in a circular ordur.-j the ]jadrcs to forward to him uU consultations of the gov- 
 
IIORRA'S CnARGES. 
 
 :.S7 
 
 The leadinuf controversy of the deoaclo in Frnnciscaii 
 circles resulted from certain char<>-es made aLjainst tho 
 missionaries by one of their own number, thoni^h in 
 subse(|uent investigations tho secular authorities be- 
 came involved. The results of these investigations 
 ])resent the best information extant I'cspectinuf the de- 
 tails of the mission routine in certain of its phases, 
 and they will be used elsewhere in a cha[)ter ilevoted 
 to the subject; but here I present the matter only in 
 a g'eneral way as a prominent historical event and as 
 illustrating the missionary policy of tho time. In 1 71)7 
 1 *adre Antonio do la Concepcion Ilorra, who had come> 
 to California the same year, was sent back to ^lexico 
 by Presid(!nt Lasuen on a charge of insanity. Back 
 at the college on July 12, 1708, Horra addressed a 
 memoiiai to tho viceroy in which, besides complain- 
 ing bitterly of the treatment to which he had been 
 ]»ei'sonally subjected on a I'also charge of insanity, ho 
 made some serious charges against the Californian 
 iriai's of cruelty and mismanagement. There was 
 nothing in the document to indicate that the writer 
 was of unsound mind, unless it was his closing re(juest 
 to be sent away because his life woulil bo in danger if 
 it were known that ho had revealed prevalent abuses 
 to the viceroy."'^ 
 
 rnior. Arch. Stn Bdrhnra, xi. l.^.l. Ciita!:'i'.s reported liostility to sottlora 
 ril)iiktMl. y'roi'. ViVc, MS., vi. l(i!)~70. li: ciiso of iiiuovntions the padres to 
 li;' caiUious and consult the president. Lusmii, ('ornsjji,i/il< iirict, M.S., ;ilS- 1!*. 
 ])(•('. 14, ITOo, IJuiica to Ooyeoeeliea, ho must give tho jiadres all nec'led 
 aid hy vieeioy'3 order. Pruv. Jkc, MS. iv. SO. Jan. IT!'", eorporals Mo- 
 r,i'/a iind \'allejo forced to apologize to (.'atala for tiieir rudene.^s. /(/., vi. 
 17!!-S;); iv. 'JO-i-,j. A padre must .settle Iiis troubles v. itii a conipaniim nr 
 ajipeal to the prelate; the governor will not interfere in such niuttei-s. A/., 
 vi. li)7. 
 
 -"■' Jf'irrii, Itfpn'tentaclon al Virnj roulr<i lo!< Miskmi'rfmde (^(ilil'uniat, 17')S, 
 MS. Sitj.-ir, Lataun, and Miguel were? the jiarticuhir ol)ject.s of llo:'ia".i 
 ■wrath. Sitjar, oliended at I'adre ( 'cincejciun's criticisms, went to his inti- 
 liii'te friend Lasuen, who believed the -ihsurd story of insanity, and .sent 
 Mi'ruel who treati'd him as a maniac, even layin;,' violent hands on him and 
 nialtrtatin'; liim all the way from San MiLjuel to Monterey wluie he was 
 tlaown into a fever, all of which could be proved by I'cyri, tho soh'aei's, ancl 
 tlie surgeon. He cites many witnea^■,es ineludin,' (Jov. l)i)riea to prove tliat 
 he \A not mad, and others to prove his past services; but lie can j.ct no jus- 
 tice at tho college because all tliero arc frieniLs of l^asuen. isec also chapter 
 x.wi., en Tadre llorra's life and experience ill Culiioriiia. 
 
 I 
 
 
5S8 
 
 MISSION PROGRESS. 
 
 On Aiiujust 3 1st tlio viooroy sent tlio rcprcsonta- 
 tions of Jlorra to li(»rica, wlio was ordered to investi- 
 gate and report on the truth of tlio chariLfes. IJorjci 
 uccordini^dy des|)atclied pi'ivate instructions to tlie 
 four eonmiandants to send in answers t(» fifteen r(U('s- 
 tions pro[)ounded on the manner in which the IVi.irs 
 were discharging their (hities.-^ This was on I )ecenihrr 
 (kl, and before the end of tlie month tlie required rep(»rts 
 were made hv Argiiello, Goycocchea, Sal, and Actiii"- 
 Comandante Rodriguez; while Crajera sent in liis 
 reply in March 171)!). These replies, especially those 
 of (jroycoechca and Sal, went iar to supjxirt some of 
 the mad friar's accusations.^* The report which Jjorica 
 jtrobahly made to the viceroy on receipt of his subor- 
 dinates' statements is unfortunately not extant.'-' It 
 was not apparently until this report, including those 
 of the connnan<lants, reached ^lexico that anything 
 whatever was known at the college of liorrti's repn-- 
 sentation against the friars or of the resulting investi- 
 L^ations. In February 1791) the guardian sent Lasueii 
 a statement of the charges,-" and a little later copies 
 of other documents which were lost in crossinuf the 
 gulf of California, and Lasuen did not receive the 
 iifteen (piestions and the connnandants' rej)lics until 
 Septend)er 1800. In October Tapis and Cortes of 
 Santa Barbara sent in to the president a long and 
 com[)lete rejily to Goycoechea, wh-^sc statements had 
 been more full t lan those of the others and sliiihtiv 
 
 ^'Aui;. .list, viccro_ o Eorica, in Pror. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 40; Borim, 
 Qithire /'/•''(/itiita-i "of/rc imo.i dc MiHioiirroH, 1708, MS. 
 
 •^ Arn'udlo, Uc'imeslu la.i Qui lire Prcijitntwi mhir Ahiinofi (fc Jflnioiirro^, 
 1708, iMS. Diitc'tl San F ucisco, Dec. 1 Itli, nml more favorable to tin- ])ailris 
 than tlic otliiTS. lloi/ron a, I'r-^jnicclu, etc., MS., Sta Iji'irbaia, l)uo. 14tli; 
 Sii/, ltc-<j>ii(stii, etc., !MS Monterey, Dec. l.")tli; Itoilr'tiiiu::, L'ly/nicsla, vie, 
 MS., San Diego, Dec. 19v ; C'rajera, IteypucMa, etc., MS., San Diego, ^larch 
 21, IT'Ji). 
 
 ''■'On Oct. .to, 1708, liowcvcr, Borica in a letter to the viceroy expresses 
 his opinion tliat tlie best way to insure the advancement of the natives wa.s 
 to form a re;j;lamento for the whole mission routine, inclniling instruction, 
 food, dnss, (iwcllin.L's, care of sick, labor, punislnneuts, and amu:;emeuts, 
 and to hold the president responsible for exact compliance with the rules; tor 
 at present his authority is sometimes disregarded. Prov. AVc, MS.,vi. IOj-Ci. 
 
 ^"Feb. ti, 1800, guardian to president, in Arch. Sta Uurbara, MS., xi. 
 2S4-7. 
 
LASUEX'S RnroKT. 
 
 fiSO 
 
 less TiivoraMc to the friars," And filially pjv; MiMit 
 Ijasiun (li'votcd liimsflf fVoni NovciwIht \2, IhOO, to 
 .luiio ID, I HOI, to tli(! juvpaiation of a coinpiclu'usivo 
 r\|M»sitioii of tho whole suhjoct, which is not only the 
 hiulinn' production of the vcnorahlo authoi-'s pen, hut 
 till! most eloquent and complete defence and present- 
 ment of the mission system in many of its phases 
 wliieh is extant."'* It is in a chapter on the mission 
 system and routine that the details of all tliese docu- 
 ments must he chieily utilized as already intimated; 
 i)ut it seems necessary to present here a general view 
 of the questions at issue, which difficult task 1 pro- 
 ceed to perform as brielly as possible. 
 
 It was tho policy of tlie government and tho duty 
 of the iViars to introduce the Spanish language in place 
 of the vernacular, thus fitting tho natives for future 
 citizenship. Padre Concepcion accused the friars of 
 an almost total neglect of this duty. According to 
 the commandants religious services and some teachings 
 of Christian principles were conducted daily in the 
 north in Sjianish ; in the south the natives were taught 
 in their own language, thoujjjh the doctrina was often 
 repeated to them in Spanish. In general intercourse 
 the vcrnacularwas used wherever the friars had learned 
 it, and in some missions exclusively. Nowhere were 
 the natives compelled to learn Spanish, and every- 
 where tho friars were more or less inditierent on the 
 subject. Padres Tapis and Cortes affirmed that at 
 Santa Barbara the doctrina at mass was taught in 
 Spanish and in the afternoon cither in one language 
 or another; but ^hey admitted that the natives were 
 not required, only persuaded, to use the Spanish. 
 And finally Lasuen, while maintaining that it was usc- 
 
 *' Tapis and Cortds, lifplira de los MinUtron dc Sta Bdrhara d la llei^pnexta 
 ijuc. did (I C'omandaiile Clorjcoechea a las quince ])rc<iuu'u8 dc IJorica Kohre (ilntsoa 
 dc MisioiicroK, ISOO, MS. Dated Oct. .'iOth. Other padres, not unlikely ouo 
 from eacli mission, sent in similar reports on the subject, but I have found 
 none of the documents except this. 
 
 ^^ Ldsucii, Ikpreufntachm sohre los Punfosrepresentadoa al Superior Gohicmo 
 por cl P. J'l: Aiitouio dc la Concepcion {Ilorra) contra los misioneroa de esta 
 Xacvu Catlfornia, ISOO, MS., with autograph signature. 
 
 IJI 
 
 I; .1.1 
 
coo 
 
 MISSION PROGRESS. 
 
 loss to preach to the natives in a languar^e they did 
 not understand, claimed tliat an honest eftbrt was niadu 
 to teacli Spanish, that exercises were conducted in 
 that lanLjuage once a day, that the natives were com- 
 pchcd to use it in tlieir petitions, that premiums were 
 olFered for acquirini^ it, and moreover that the nativus 
 were inchned to learn it."*^ 
 
 Respectinj^ Ilorra's statement that natives wui-i! 
 baptized without sufficient instruction in the faith, and 
 then oi'ten allowed to return to the forest, to be w- 
 haptized })erhaps at a later date, the commandants 
 thought the preliminary teaching of eight days' (ir 
 more and rarely less might be sometimes too littlo, 
 some padres being more careful than others, and that 
 rebaptism might occur, though they knew of no in- 
 stances where it had occurred. The padres claimed 
 thateiji'ht davs was the minimum, tliat the instruction 
 was am}de, and that a second baptism could never 
 happen under their system of registers. Lasuen knew 
 of but three cases of rebaptism out of 27,000 con- 
 verts. All but Go^'coechea agreed that neophytes 
 were never allowed to return to the woods and moun- 
 tains except for definite periods and purposes. In 
 answer to the charge of insufficient food many details 
 weie given of the rations actually served, which 
 though insipid and unvarying in quality seem to have 
 been sufficient in quantity. Sal and Goycoeclua 
 deemed tlio amount of food too small for laboring 
 men; but Lasuen affirmed most earnestly that tin- 
 natives had all they wanted, not only of the everlast- 
 ing afofe and pozo/c, but regular allowances of meat 
 and milk, with fish occasionally, and always a plate 
 
 '•^'Ttfivilla Cli'.'oilo iimlerstaiuls tliat tlic natives permanently Hrttlcd uso 
 Spanisii; liiit tlio tVinr.s Kmi'u the veniarular to advance tlieir iustnu tinii. 
 Carta i/e n'.U, MS., 11, l,"). Rl). 1!), 17!),-), I'.i.iica to president, eiKLi>iiii^' 
 ro\;d order tliiit native.-! lie tau^dit S[iiinisli. l'r>iv. lli<\, MS., vi. M.'i. Fel). 
 'j;!d, eircidar (if president reipiirini; padre.s to promote learning; S]i!inis!i aud 
 forliid tlie use of vernacular. Airli. Sla Hdrlidta, MS., xi. l'Ji>. Dec. ITi'i^i 
 ]k)rica says that Sitjar of Sau ]Mi.LCiiel tea-lien in the vernacular. Vroc. Jin'., 
 MS., vi. ...■>. March •_'!, 17'.)!), (irajera says tlic natives !.t i^aii l)ie;.'o aro 
 taught the doctrines in their own laiifzuage 1)V educated iudians, no cH'uit 
 being made to teach Spanish. J'roi; .bV. J'aj>., ^IS., xvii. 11)2. 
 
TREATMENT OF INDIANS. 
 
 r.O) 
 
 from t]io padres' tablo if asked for. The inissi(Mi 
 Indians were always latter than the gentiles, their 
 work was easier than that required to gain a subsist- 
 ence in the old way, and the gentiles gi'eatly preferred 
 tlie Spanish grains to their wild seeds and fruits. 
 Still, as the president admits, the neo[)hytes did desert 
 and plead hunger, and they were always glad to get 
 permission to go to the moiite for a time to live in the 
 old way. Such pennissions were given more freely 
 in times of short supplies; but no Indian was ever 
 com])elled to go. As to the clothing of the neophytes 
 there was a substantial accreement on the one or two 
 l)laakets, breech-clouts or jDctticoats, and shirts given 
 to each native every year or two, iftid no expression 
 of <)].)inion that the supply was not adequate to their 
 wants, exce|)t by Sal. 
 
 1'he dwellings of the neophytes were, as Lasuen 
 admitted, in many places like those of the geniiles, 
 but cleaner, better on the Channel than elsewhere, 
 and in some missions already replaced by adobe houses 
 ■with tile roofs. These dwellings like the presidios 
 and other buildings went througli successive stages, 
 and were improvetl as fast as possil)le. Unmarried 
 females it wa.^ found necessary to lock up at niglit 
 and to watch closely, but they were given generally 
 tlie best room in the mission, and subjected to no hard- 
 ships, Ti\ only "<; few missions were bachelors loclced 
 up or forced to sleep in the mission. On these p(jiiits 
 llorra liad made no special charges except as thty 
 w<'re included in the general one of ill-treatment. 
 
 On the subject of labor tliere was a radical differ- 
 ence of o[)ini()n. According to the connnandants 
 the -working hours were i'rom six to nine hours p^r 
 day, varying with the season, with extra work <»n 
 sjiecial occasions as in harvest-time. Task worlv was 
 also eoiiunon, 1)ut the tasks were so heavy that tin' 
 time was not materially reduced. Wonu^n nmst cai'ry 
 adobes, stones, and l)ricks, and wlien with child or 
 giving suck their tasks were not suiiicienlly dimin- 
 
 I il 
 
692 
 
 MISSION PEOGEESS. 
 
 ishcd. Children were employed at driving away birds 
 or at other lii>hter labor: the aged and sick wore 
 exempt. The I'riars on the contrary aflTrm that work- 
 insjf hours were from four to six hours; that not moro 
 tlian hair the natives worked at tlie same time, the 
 rest escaping on some reason or pretext, for they wcn-e 
 always excused even when their plea was doubtful; 
 thnt many did little even when pretending to work; 
 that tasks were assigned whenever it was possil)le, 
 and so light that the workers were usually free in the 
 afternoon or a day or two in every week, and finally 
 that all proper allowances were made for women in 
 their various conditions. Lasaen compares the mis- 
 sion tasks with those imposed on such natives as were 
 sent to work at the presidios where they were obliged 
 to toil from morning till night; and he ventures to 
 doubt the sincerity of the commandants' compassion 
 for the poor overworked neophytes. 
 
 The commandants in answering Borica's questions, 
 and indeed the governor in asking them, touclied on 
 several points not included in Horra's accusations. 
 One complaint was that too short a time was allowitl 
 to the neophytes for gathering wild fruits. The 
 answer was that at Santa Barbara one fifth of the 
 whole number were allowed every Sunday to go to the 
 moide for a week or two, and elsewhere a similar sys- 
 teni was adopted. If the converts ai'o to be freed 
 from every restraint like the pagans, says Lasuen, 
 when are they to become civilized ? Another charge 
 of Sal and Goycoechea was that the natives were 
 carefully restricted from all intercourse with the geiito 
 do razon, and were not allowed to visit tlie presidios 
 or to afibrd any aid to the soldiers, the missionaries 
 being afraid of losing their services. These state- 
 ments the friars denied as false and cahnnnious. 
 There was no effort to restrict intercourse except in 
 special cases with vicious persons; any neopliyte was 
 free to visit the presidio on holidays or with leave of 
 absence, and none had ever been punished for helping 
 
CRUELTY TO XEOriTYTES. 
 
 50?, 
 
 the soldiers, except sometimes tor abscondinq-. ]\rore- 
 over the })residios had always been supi)lied with 
 servants of all kinds for no compensation save; what 
 the employers cliosc to pay, and neither missions nor 
 natives h;:d ever been l)enefited by this intercourse. 
 The alxn'iqines did not like to work at the presidios, 
 where tliey were ill-treated and often cheated out of 
 their pay; yet most of tlie work on the jn-esidios had 
 be(!n done by laborers furnished from tlie missions. 
 
 '' The treatment shown to the In(Hans," savs Padro 
 Concepcion, "is the most cruel I have ever read in 
 history. For the sliixhtcst things they receive heavy 
 |lo<jroiiiM-s, are shackled, and put in the stocksj and 
 treated with so nuich cruelty tluit tliey are kept whole 
 days without a drink of water." The con)mandants, 
 witliout expressino- an opinion as to the })ro])ri(>ty or 
 undue severity of the punishments inflicted, sim[)ly 
 sjiecity those punishments, administered by the padres 
 at will, as tlog;L:,ing, from fifteen to fifty lashes, or 
 sometimes a novenarv of twenty-five lashes per day 
 for nine days, stocks, shackles, the covma — a kind of 
 h(jbble — and imprisonment in some of the mission- 
 rooms, for nciilect of work or reliixious duties, over- 
 staying leave of absence, sexual otlences, thefts, and 
 ([uarrelling auK^ng tliemselves. Ilarely or for seri(tus 
 oifcnces were the natives turned over to the military, 
 nr assistance asked from the soldiers. The friars ad- 
 mitted all this, exce[)t that they denied that more than 
 twenty-live lashes were ever given ,^° affirming more- 
 over that only at Santa Bdrbara were M'onien put in 
 the stocks, and that they were very rarely flogged. 
 Til'}' claimed that according to the laws they stood 
 /// loco pare»^/.s' to the natives, must necessarily re- 
 strain them by punishments, and inflicted none but 
 proper penalties, pardoning first offences, and alway.s 
 inclining to mercy and kindness. The soldieys were 
 
 ■'"Sept. '20th, 170fi, Borica saya to a padre that only 2') lashes may lio 
 f,'i\i'n ; heyoiul this the matter belongs to royal jurisiUctiou. f'ruv. Jicc, MS., 
 
 vi. 174. 
 
 Hist. Cal., You I. 38 
 
 
 1 1 
 
594 
 
 MISSION PROGRESS. 
 
 not asked to render aid because Governor Neve liad 
 opposed It; and natives were not sent to the presidio 
 because tliere they were ill-treated, used merely as 
 peons, could easily escape, and always came back 
 worse than ever. Lasuen admits that there mav haw^ 
 been instances of undue severity, and that one niis- 
 sionarv had been removed; but he denies the charnfcs 
 of cruelty at San Francisco, which had had most 
 weiti'ht with Borica, and insists that for cverv instance 
 of apjjarent severity there have been many where tlic 
 commandants have blamed the friars for excessive 
 tolerance and yielding."^ 
 
 Father Concepcion renewed the old complaint that 
 the padres in selling mission products to tlie presidios 
 disregarded the tariff of prices established by tlie 
 government. Although the president indignantly de- 
 nied any variation from the legal rates, and altliougli 
 the different statements arc somewhat confusing in 
 detail, yet from the testimony of the officers and 
 from the admissions of Ta[)i3 and Cortes it is evident 
 enougli that, except in the articles of Avheat and corn 
 in ordinary years, and in the more oi'dinary qualities 
 of animals, little attention was paid to the price-lists 
 either by missionaries or any other class in California. 
 It was easy for the friars l)y jjleading the needs ot" 
 the neophytes or the choice quality of the article 
 desired, to avoid selling or obtain an extra price; but 
 grain and ordinary live-stock they were almost always 
 olad to sell, and sometimes at less than the leo'al rates. 
 That wines and liquors werci bought by the friars at 
 high [)rices in addition to the quantities obtained in 
 ^lexico, was unsu})ported by any evidence. Finally 
 the missionaries were accused of havinix accumulated 
 wealtli, though the}' pleaded poverty. To this the 
 connnandants re})lied that they knew nothing of tlie 
 
 ^' Soo chapter xx\i. of this vohiino for tho charj,'c of cruelty at San I'l.in- 
 c'isi'o, wl.iih l>oriia l)tlie\c'(l to lie well foinidi'd; al-so Prur. Jlic., .MS., v. •JiKi; 
 vi. !)7-8, ll.j, 172, ITii; PrM-. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 8S; /</., lini. Mil., \\\'~ . 
 8-10. liistnictioiis of t!io viceroy in \'\y>\ and 1797. in favor of kilulne^i and 
 uierey to tlie Indians so fur as justice and caution may allow. ,S7. Pap., Mi<.-<. 
 add CoL, .MS., i. 'J3-4. 
 
THE rPvESIDEXT'S COXCLUSIOXS. 
 
 503 
 
 mission wealth, beoausc tlic fi-iars Iccpt tlic matter 
 s('eret,an(l simply gave some figures respL'ctiiiL;- amounts 
 paid and due ibr mission su])plies to the pii'sidios 
 during the past year or two. The- padres made no 
 reitlv to the main charge, thou!>h announeinu: their 
 readiness to repl}^ when lecpiired to do so hy tluir 
 sU})('rioiTs; l)ut they indignantly repelled the insinua- 
 iiou that there was anvthinu; in their iinaneial manai>'e- 
 nient or condition kept secret from the government."'' 
 ' Such was the controversy and such the statements 
 presented on the leading points hy hoth parties, though 
 the resinne does but scant}' justice to the subject, and 
 (Specially to Lasuen's report, many of the minutiiv 
 being necessarily omitted. The author manifests some 
 dissatisfaction that the charixes of ji man who left Cal- 
 iibrnia under such peculiar circumstances should huvo 
 been made the basis of this investigation without a 
 ] preliminary taking of testimony as to the state of 
 ill-; mind. He is indignant at the conmiandants, not 
 only ibr \\hat he I'cgards as misstatements on certain 
 details, but cliiefl}' ibr what they failed to say and I'or 
 what their silence implied. They had failed to rei'ute 
 
 "'Of the Rupplii'S fninif^lic'd liy missions tn ]ir<'siili<)S the accounts prcricrved 
 !nc vtry iiic;;;n'e :\w\ i'uvnitntary, soiiio of tl.n in licing prc.scnt'il wiili l.ical 
 .•inn:il.;. IVrliaps an !ivcia;;e of .Sl,'Ji;o per ytai' i'or e;;cli niiriK-ioii durinr; tliis 
 <lrc::(Ic wouid he a. fair CKtiniuto. This amount and the ^^tipend of '"■SCJ for 
 ci'.eh r.-ir:.' ion was; ;'ll the revenue of the j^adres to snipport theniHclvca and 
 Keep their chureiies in order. So far iis can Ite ji:d;;ed Inni the p;;rtiul 
 accoi'.nts (,f the proeurador extant, the annual imnn.r'u^ <.<{ supplicM ord(n'e(l 
 hy tl:c iiiai'S were fully C(pial to tiieir ereilit?^. I th.iuli there v.;!'! little 
 foundation for the eharj.'c tliat the padres were accunmhitin;; money either at 
 the rui^iiiion:) or in Jleideo in these early years. ];;:'aiiee a,'-i:inr>t the missions 
 Sept. G, 1;'(.!0, t?!!. rretcurador's accounts in .SV(( (V/'", Pan-oijH'fi, JIS., 18. 
 M;y 11, 17Wi, Salazar e:;tiinatcs the mission wealth, in l)uildin"3, etc., at 
 S'v.\C.id. Si:la:.ar, Cuiid/duii dcfiial dc ('(tl., .MS., G(-)-7. l^cc. 171^8, Eoric;^ 
 to viceroy, he never interferes in mi.SLsion linanees, and is merely inl'ormed 
 at 1 ud of each year (li produce exislinj;. ]3olh he and the couimandants 
 luliivc the j^idres to h;.vo largo surpluses it Mexico auil in the coders at 
 S.tn I'ic o, San .Tuan, ( 'aiiistrano, and .San (labriel. lie advises investigation 
 ill Mexico. The president aids 7iew niissioUH ahundantly. 'i here are com- 
 plainl.'iof not f(H(,v.iiig the tarill', hut I'.oriea e:;] rei^ses no opinion. ]'roi\ 
 l!<<\, ^iS., vi. 110-17. Aug. U), 17!'r), Lasiun to ISorica. repre eiiling Iho 
 iiijui.ute < f liceping /. rain at the same low pi ices as in yti-is ( f pluity. Arrh. 
 >'7 l,i'rl,ar(i, ^iS., vi. !i7-l(>l. In 17!>;'. I'lclio A. de Aiitepaiiduccta, canon 
 of ruehhi, left a legacy of -SoOO to the Calii'ornia niisi-ioiis, i;;:i(i apiiee wiih 
 SK) f ji- Sta IJaihaiii and Soled.ad, and !:(;() for Sta < in::. /</., xi. '2:.r>. On 
 luissien trade for this peii(.d :ee next chajiter. Lists ef iiii rea.se in church 
 \cstnients, etc., 17o4-o. iSV. rcji., JUnti., MS., ii. 15- 'J7, "iH-'J. 
 
C96 
 
 MISSION PROGr.r:.^:=l. 
 
 
 the stati'incnts of cvcr-coniplainhig no()pli3'tcs \vi:f:i:i 
 tlicMi- ov.ii observations nm.st liavo .shown to he uiiic- 
 liahle witnesses; and because of certain petty quarrels 
 about the services of tlie natives as peons at the foi ts, 
 tliev hnd u'iven weiu'ht to the charo'e of a nia(hu;;ii 
 and had done ijreat wron!jf to the missionarv cause. 
 Lasuen chunicd tliat he and his band of friars were 
 working- lionestly for tlie conversion of the natixH.-; 
 accor(hn_L,' to the v.ell known rules of their order and 
 the reiiulatioiis of the Spanish !>-ovcrnnient, b^' wliidi 
 they stood in the ])ositiou of parents to tlie aborigines. 
 He admits that, being but men, they chffered Ironi 
 one another in judgment and patience, and conse- 
 quently that errors were couuuitted; but he aflhrns 
 most earnestly that the natives were shown all the 
 kindness that was consistent Vvith the restraint implied 
 in the missionary and ])arental relation. The venei'- 
 able i'ria.r's words and manner imju'css the reader 
 most forcibly, and a close study of the sul)jcct has 
 convinced me that he was right; that down to 1800 
 and considerably later the natives were as a rule most 
 kindly treated. We are by no mear.s to conclude 
 that tlie friars were now free from all blame in their 
 ([uarrels with the secular authorities, or that they 
 had lost the arbitrary spirit that had distinguished 
 them in the davs of Serra and Fages. Xeither are 
 their protestations of a scrupulous regard for the wij;- 
 idation in the details of business management to be 
 implicitly credited; but in the matter of neo[)liyte 
 labor at ])residio, [)ueb]o, and rancho the friars hero 
 as elsewhere wei'c usually right and the military 
 wrong; and so fir as they touched this point, cruelly 
 to natives, or accumulation of wealth, Horra's charges 
 must be regarded as for the most part unfounded. 
 After I'cference to the fiscal and the usual delays, in 
 April 1805 the viceroy i'cnder(>d Ins decision, coiii- 
 j)letely exonerating the missionaries."'^ 
 
 "•'' April 10, 1805, viceroy to governor, the padres .ire cleared nnd arc to 
 ,contiuuc ill Ibo same course of zeal aiid brotherly love, etc, Coiuiiwialauli 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL MATTERS. 
 
 597 
 
 Tlioro arc a few inisccllniu'onstopit^s conncctod with 
 the cc-clcsiastical adiiuni.stratioii of the province that 
 may appropriately receive hriet' notice hero. There 
 were as yet no regulaily appointed clia{)]ains, and the 
 i liars continneil to care for the spiritual interests of 
 soldiers and settlers, a]ipare'ntly without any compen- 
 sation. An income was, liovvevei", dei'ived IVoni the 
 saying of masses for souls in purgatory, some soldit.-i's 
 leaving a large i)art of their small properly to he t:l^^5 
 cxitended, or durino* their own life iinviii''" i'ees lor 
 niemhers of their families."^ ]\lo,-.t of the mission.^ 
 
 If >ii';,'c'(l to jnomotc liiin 
 
 s/. r 
 
 ap. 
 
 ?kIS., xix. 2, X Saiuo dati: 
 
 \'. J;. ti> yiuirdian to same oh't'ct, tiio fiootl jiaiuc t.f tliu jiailiv.; iu iio\vi.;ij tav- 
 
 (Oi'i du. 
 
 1 l.v 1'. C( 
 
 (jiici'iicioii tj cliai":i;; 
 
 ;1 (li; 
 
 ;-tlr 
 
 10 cnianatuiiia of nii nusoiind luiiiil. 
 
 •uuiciit i.i lay collection, ivt'creiieu 
 
 cal's ()iiiui(ai is alr.i) extant. J', 
 
 MS. 
 
 lo:<t.) Ail 
 . I :5. lie i 
 
 ';r.Rnt of tl;u l!wi- 
 hisca tliat t'lcio 
 
 lo .';v;ce]aii',f deeiciou liecausc a few points may be pi'oved. Tlicrc i 
 
 i a 
 
 natural e-juiiictof iutcre.st.-i between patlrea and eoniina 
 liave to tome to the forinei' for s " 
 
 .sliict dcali 
 
 [ppl: 
 
 id til 
 
 ince tlicLii;:er 
 jfr.l niana.'fciner.t iiiul 
 
 jf tlie friars arc attrilmlcd to 
 
 iiioa.nnes.s or 
 
 then 
 rpi;; 
 
 (1i:j..enh;ioiiti Ijetweeu the Iiidi 
 
 (1 .soWi 
 
 d' 
 
 r:pite 
 
 iloivover 
 the re;;orl.j of 
 
 pnr.i hnienta are inllieted ■\vliie!i seem to tlio pailiva too tcverc. It 
 is dillieulfc to olitain testimony from di:uiitereKted parties i:i California. It in 
 
 1 i;y the poor India.ii l:as to ):e all his life in the 
 
 J otii 
 
 eis, lleVi-r 
 
 (nvns aiiyiliin^r, and is fed on ra.tions. yet it cannot now lie lielred. 
 
 Iti 
 
 ip: 
 
 tha 
 
 th: 
 
 Iriar.i th 
 
 tl 
 
 rlvin the decade there had Letu an iitleniV-t to take from 
 
 10 ni:!na';cnicnt of the tcniiioraliiies, c ri'";ir.at<'( 
 
 L'h 
 
 (1 l.y !;oi!.c tf 
 
 to I, a 
 
 :;0, 171)4, I'. Miui'irte.^nd, f(;rmc;ly(,f Cii'.iioiT.ia, w 
 
 ■; iea 
 
 iiien e,\preu.iiiig in slron; 
 
 la 
 
 ■d liy tome iiu n 
 
 .f t! 
 
 lie 
 
 ^e hid opi:o.sition lo the j n j o;:iti! ii 
 
 ;e efille^c 
 
 to ! JVC ii;> the ten'.; < 
 
 n 
 
 lid 1)0 ii ]:ity 'for the disconnected reaooniir.s of two 
 
 '.la! l!>rean c;;;;rl:vtati3 
 
 to stop t 
 lirojcets o 
 
 he \\oi 
 f the V 
 
 k Ijeynii by a holy Maliore:iii.' I'(.Ltiin;iteIy, however, 
 loiilddie n foniieiM meet wiih but little ciiec/i'.ra'feine'.it, 
 
 the hamo may lie .'aid of the eoiii])l:.iiits (.f two oilier pa<Iref!, Cili and JIubf, 
 
 who have spoken a-jaiiut the (' 
 y;.V^ .A]S. April ;;0, 17!!1, the b 
 
 liiornia n:l.-;;j)oiialKS. 
 
 i llijU 
 
 jf Sonorii eall.j L;;l! 
 
 ';/'■', 
 
 Utcniir-ii 
 
 the ri'Val order of March (i, IT'Ji', .'.raiitiii!' an eeelo:jiaKtic:d tax on ail ie\e- 
 
 iue'.lldin'' till 
 
 of mi.-^sionr.rica 
 
 ; l:s liini ti; 
 
 V) I tr ce: 
 
 .t. f.r 
 
 fi'ur yea.rs (ii the : tii:(iids of all the friars and all other rcvcmies. Lasrcii 
 replies that the California i a.dres have no revenue, except the sti;;end of ^-l.-O 
 
 la..';:, j-nd even with that they have iiotliin^; 
 
 eaeii, jiveu as a 
 
 name the articles needed for the eluircl 
 
 to di: 
 
 •.tt:. 
 
 Mild I CO a 
 
 ilk 
 
 e colicr'o collcc.ci 
 
 1 
 
 th. 
 
 I pel 
 
 1 v.illi thcni paid for llic invoic 
 
 If the kin' v.- 
 
 to re 
 
 UCJ 
 
 the !-,;ipeiid l)y a tax, let the inattir Ijo arraii;;ed a.t the erllu;e; rrauci 
 
 fii 
 
 lars lu.vc no^ 
 
 liin;' to do or say about rev 
 
 .statement, tlioiiijh rej^rettin^' that his word di;e.s i: 
 lirn-<i, ^!S., X. (d-S. I liear no more of this r.ia.ttei 
 
 eiir.e niat.ers. 
 
 ot EV 
 
 11 
 
 fV.OVU 
 
 lace. . !/•<•/(. ,S7; /.' 
 ;e:;t. 1!), ]?.,0, Eo! 
 
 says that a royrd order decides that temporiditics are to !;e ii:corporated 
 
 m 
 
 the royal hacienda. / 
 
 of teniporali'd 
 '2y{). 171)-', 17'J( 
 
 (lor 
 
 Ai 
 
 J,\ 
 
 MS. 
 
 IV, 
 
 171. i; 
 
 17'J"S d'y.-i 
 
 •cctor-.',Tuera 
 
 ippoint- (1. /' 
 
 S\ l\ 
 
 :m: 
 
 stipends. 
 
 Arrh. Arr.,!:, 
 
 i, roxenior si; lis cirlilicates f( r the jadres to <.xt their 
 
 do, Jl; 
 
 P 
 
 tl ('. 
 
 Mf 
 
 VI. 
 
 ^' Sant-i Eirliar.i .Misdoii receive 1 alms f^ 
 
 1800. Arch. ,SOi lidrl, 
 
 ir /.-( masses sai 
 
 Ii 
 
 1 fr 
 
 !ll ti: 
 
 rhiiri(. 
 
 MS. 
 
 \',\\. Tiie fiiar.s had al.-o mai-scs to tay 
 
 ' ¥i 
 
508 
 
 MISSION PROGRESS. 
 
 liad now a palisade or adobe enclosure serving" as a 
 cemeterv. No pueblo, and of the presidios oiiiy San 
 Diego, liad a cemetery. It was customary to buiv 
 jj^ente de razon in the churches or chapels, but the 
 I'riai'S made an efl'ort to break u[) the [)ractice.^'' ]v)t!i 
 soldiers and natives often esca[)ed a tloyging by takin;;' 
 advantage of their rio'lit of church asylum, and occa- 
 sionallv this taking refuge in the sacred edilice led 1;) 
 j)etty misunderstandings between the officers and 
 iViars, though there were no notable instances during 
 this decade.''^ 
 
 The perl'oi'mance of religious duties by the })e(>|i]c 
 was rigidly enforced, as is shown by many orders iu 
 the archives."' Papal bulls or indulgences were sent 
 to California every two years, and such as were imt 
 sold were burned at the end of a specilied time. Tin.' 
 habilitado of ]\Ionterey was general administrator of 
 this branch alter 1797, and each commandant attended 
 
 foi" ineml)ers of t'.icir onV'v abroad. Oct. 2'J, 1705, L.isiion says in a ciicular 
 that tlio iiuni'.'n.us ik'atlis of friar.s at San Fernando ami otiicr i.'o!lc;;<s ami 
 (■.:/ routf, Ikivo liuiduncil llic i-onnnunity with over 7,000 uiawsus. Jlauh ] aih'i; 
 i.i to say liow nuiiiy !k' can take. /./.. i\-. ,';i2.'5-4. Deo. 7, ISO!), Lasucn oiiiirs 
 mass and Ic <lLiun on tlu; accession of J'opc. Pius VII. hi., xi. 14S-!). 
 
 ''>l)(c. L'i), 170-_', Lasucn to AiTiUa^L^a. Arh. Ar.<jl,if^;.(i<l:,, .MS., i. '1^ \). 
 17ni), ScAan l■cfu^^('.'^ to liury ^Maria del ( 'dnncn .-Vlviso in the in'cwidjo eh;;;.i 1. 
 J'rnr. Sf. J'tiji., J'lin. Mil., J\1S., .\x. ,5, (!. Two soldiers Ijuried ia the cli;:;;cl 
 at San l)ie,i,'o. Pn,i\ St. J'n])., J^re-ililios, MS., i. 5;}, CO. 
 
 ^''' JiUy "JO, ]~',)i. .uovernor order.s an Indian cnlprit to 1)0 taken out of the 
 church at Santa Chira by foi'ce since his oii'cnce was not subject to ccclcxiiis- 
 tical inunmiity. J'roc. Itvr, MS., ii. 1,")0. l>ee. 0, IVDS, l.asuen ccrLilie ; that 
 he found a soldier in the church claiming asylum for having struck a ■\vonimi. 
 lie was ordered on .L';uard, and as there wa < no one to ri'placc him Lr.aaen ;:ivo 
 liiui ;i2'"/"'f/'' i'jli.'i'ii toi)rotcct his right of asylum. Ai-rli. Ar.o'il'ijiif'n, }.1S., 
 i. o;). ^lar. "Jit, l.'iOO. commandant of Monterey orders a soldier to 1><' given 
 \\\t for trial on Ix'.il. Id., ii. 5-lJ. 
 
 "' Maich i!S, 17"'l, Arrillaga to commandants. All oiriccrs and men 1 y ;!il 
 day of Pentecost are to show cer'ilicates of h.'iving compiled wilh e!:!;;'i.h 
 rules. .S7. I'd])., Sac, MS., i. li;i. April, 171)'i, Padres of Sta Cvvy., Siii 
 Clara, und S. Fninciseo certify to those who have eonip'.reil with the aii:iU:d 
 jireeeptof coufe:;: ion and connnunion. Pror. SI. Paj'., IMS., xiii. 'J.'M— !i, '2t2 4. 
 S'ept. 'J;', 17I'.">, J"'.'! K) couii.iionr.do of San .lose. T(;har is ;-ent to the piicUu; 
 if he doe.i not confess williin !.'> days he is to he sent to Monterey in ir. :i.;. Pe 
 must also go to work. San Jom-, Arch., ^IS., iv. '27. Jan. 14, \7'jo, 1.;'.: .na in 
 a circular rc;a"et:i the c:uvlessness of many. All must ■oninni;;c on c:;tcr 
 «n<l he exaniineil ia the doetrina. Atr/t. Sla Jidrlidr >, M.-^., xi. 141-,'. dune 
 (jtli, ( 'orpond I'erulta is to ai'rei't any of the San Jose Mission j'uard ;;nd l:cv.i> 
 them so initil they perform their duties, /'nw. .S''. ]'a/i., MS,, x\ii. 1('7. 
 li'.iman, the tailor, nnist he kept handcuiled until he eonii>lies. Pior. Ji'a:., 
 ilia., iv. 1)0. Arrellauo to be shackled. Prov. St, Pup., MS., xxii. 24. 
 
IMAGE OF THE VIRGIX. 
 
 599 
 
 to his own district. Some statistics on tlic sul)jcct Jiro 
 oivcn in connection with local annals. So far as can 
 1)0 deternuned IVoni the records the annual I'evcnue 
 from this source was from fifty to a hundred dollars."** 
 A sacred imago of our lady of Guadalupe sent to 
 California in 1795 was hy license of the highest 
 ecclesiastical authorities allowed to be touched hv tlie 
 original picture. In one instance the soldiers estah- 
 lished a kind of ranclio where was raised a herd 
 devoted to decoratintr the iiuao'e of the viru.in.^'^ 
 
 ^^Prm. nee, IMS., iv. MS, 290; Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., ix. 241; xv. 42-.1, 
 4S, 77-K; xvi. !)S, 2J0; /,/., Boi. MU., :MS., xxviii. !); Si. Paj>. .!/;,«., MS., ii. 
 (i.'>; .S'. ,/(>/, Arch., M.S., vi. 42. The bulls scut sold from 2 reals, or 2.5 cunts, 
 to §2 each. Tho iliilfcrunt kinds woro vivos, latichdos, composicioii, und 
 di/itnld.'i. 
 
 •'"J'rou. St. Pap., MS., ix. 194r-5; xiii. 79. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 PUEBLOS, COLONIZATION, AND LANDS— IXDUSTRIES 
 AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 1T91-1800. 
 
 PPEBLO PnOOUKSS — STATISTICS — JoRDAN's PUOPOSED CoLONY — EFFOnTS OF 
 GOVEIINMKNT — MAltUIAdK EXf'OUKAfiEI) — InNS — ViEWS OP SaLAZVU, 
 SkSaN, AM) COSTANSO — Wo.MEN WaNTKL) — CoNVlCTS — FOLNDLINll.S— 
 TeNTKE of LaM>S — rt'ElSLO AM; MISSION SiTF.S — C'lIUoSOLOCU'AL .STATE- 
 MENT, 177;;-!!0 — PllESIDIAL PlTEDLOS — PliOVISIOXAL GllAXTS — LaNU- 
 TITLKS AT I'^XI) OF C'ENTrilY — LaBOU — IXDIAN LAIiOREItS — SaILOHS— 
 AkTISAN IxsTlUCTOns — MANrFACTUREIlS — MiXIXO — AoUICULTLliE — 
 
 Flax and IIkjii-— St'orK-iiAisixo. 
 
 The missions, as may be seen from the prccediiiif 
 sketch, if \\c regard only tlie primary object ibr wliicli 
 they were founded, were successful and prosperous. 
 Given a band of earnest and able missionaries, a 
 friendly native population, and a military force for 
 protection if needed, there was nothing to prevent 
 success and pros])erity in a land so blessed b}' nature. 
 The p'overnment had nothin;*' more to do in the matter. 
 If the towns were less successful in their efforts at 
 colonization and progress it was not because they were 
 deemed of less impoi'tance or received less attention. 
 Nor was it because the colonization system was less 
 judiciously managed by the crown than the uiission- 
 ary system by the Franciscans. It was because this 
 problem was more complicated than the other. It 
 would not solve itself, and faithful provincial office is 
 with wise regulations could not solve it. It is not 
 necessary to claim that tlie king's officers were as 
 devoted to the welfare of the towns as the friars to 
 
 (COO ) 
 
PUEBLOS NOT rnOSPEROU.S. 
 
 001 
 
 that f)f tlicir missions, for tlu'V liad otlior diitles und 
 lacked the iiiccMitivc; of holy /I'al; hut had their oppor- 
 
 tunitu' 
 
 th 
 
 d 11 
 
 leii' authorit\\ and tlicir enthusiasm corri'- 
 
 th 
 
 ^pon 
 
 led t( 
 
 o and exeeetleil lliose o 
 
 Ith 
 
 tl 
 
 lo missionaries, thev 
 
 never could nuve ma( 
 
 1 h 
 
 de tl 
 
 le 
 
 1 
 
 hl( 
 
 >uei>l()s 
 
 prosj 
 
 )er. 
 
 T 
 
 wo 
 
 CO 
 
 i'atal ol)stacl(?s to success were the worthless character 
 of the original settlers, most of them half-hi-eeds of 
 the least enerL;"etic classes of Nueva A'i/caya and 
 Xueva (hdicia, and the lack of provincial connuer 
 to stimulate industry; for before 1800 the settlers 
 c<juld not have sold additional jiroducts of their lields. 
 I ij^ive elsewhere the local annals of the three ( 'ali- 
 fornian j)Ueblos, San Jose, Los An^'eles, and JJranci- 
 I'orte — tlie latter honored with the title of villa -during 
 this decade.^ The united p()[)ulatiou of the three 
 towns in 1800 was about oaO in something over ;i 
 hundred I'amilies, including a dozen or fifteen men 
 wJio raised cattle on ranchos in the vicinity and v.hose 
 families i'or the most part lived in the [)Ueblos. About 
 thirty families had been brought from al)road as set- 
 tlers and had been paid wages and mtions and (other- 
 wise aided ibr a teiin of years; while the ino'ease 
 came i'rom childi'en who gi'ew to manh(!od and from 
 sokliei's Vvho had sirxcd out their term of (.Milislnient 
 
 ami retired, oiten with pension^ 
 
 Tl 
 
 ies(>, although 
 
 ;enera 
 
 iiy 
 
 (.Id n)en, weic as a ru 
 
 letl 
 
 U! most succe>- 
 
 4ul 
 
 iarmers. The onlv industries of the settlers wer(i 
 
 Iti 
 
 aericulture a 
 
 did stock-raisinu'. Thev had 1(;,50() head 
 
 o 
 
 f catile and horses, about 1,000 she 
 
 ei> 
 
 !•' 
 
 an( 
 
 I t! 
 
 lev 
 
 raised about !),000 bushels of grain each year, suiplus 
 jiroduets being sold to the presidios. Each settlei' had 
 liis lield which he was required to cultivate, and he 
 had to contribuce a certain quantity of grain each 
 year to the conunon fund from which municipal ex- 
 })enses were jjaid. Each pueblo had a small guard of 
 soldiers, who were practically settlers also; and each 
 
 m ad(Ution 
 
 liti 
 
 to its alcalde and reuidores had a comi- 
 
 m 
 
 * See cliMptev xxix. of this volume for Angeles; ebapter xxxii. for .Sui 
 Jose, mul eliaiiter xxvi. for lirancifoite. 
 
C02 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND IXSHTUTIOXS. 
 
 sioii.'ulo, gi-'iicrally oorpDnil of Hk; muai'd, wlio rcpi'o 
 f-H'iiti.'d th(j governor luul reported directly to tlio 
 eoiiiiiiMiidaiit of tlic nearest nresidio. Labor was 
 largely doiK' by lilivd gentiles, j^os Ang(des was more 
 pojiuloiis and prosperons than either of the otliei's, 
 Mhile Jh-aneiforto was as yet but a burden to the 
 ijoverinnent. 
 
 A Si)anisli visitor in 1792 stated in his narrative 
 that sohhers in California ^vhen too old for service 
 Avero not allowed to settle as farmers, and he eiit icised 
 this state of thin^i^s very unfavorably; but needlessly, 
 I'or no such conditions existed. jManv of the invalids 
 went to live in the pueblos, a few obtained ranchos, 
 and others remainctl at the presidios, performin;^" a 
 certain amount of military service. It was even per- 
 mitted them to settle near the presidio but outside 
 the walls, though it does not appear that any did so 
 at this early period." Ak^jandro Jordan's [;roject for 
 a colony to be established iu the interests of trade 
 under govermcntal protection and with somewhat ex- 
 travagant emoluments for himself, was disapproved 
 by the king on Arrillaga's advice, as already noted, 
 after neo-otiations lasting fi'oin 171)2 to 1704.'' Revilla 
 (jiigedo in 179o favored the settlement of some Span- 
 ish families at the missions, though he admitted the 
 great ditliculty of iiudin;j: families possessing the re- 
 (juired moral qualilications.* Costanso in his report 
 of 1794 f-ays: "The lir^t ttiin<j: to be thought of, in 
 my opinion, is to people the country. Presidios to 
 support missions are well enough for i\ time, but there 
 seems to be no end of them. Some missions have 
 been lor a hundred years in charge of friars and pre- 
 sidial guards. The remedy is to introduce gente de 
 razon among the natives from the beginning. Cali- 
 
 ^Siittly Me.rirana, Vhirjr, 102-.3. Oct. 24, 1792, governor orders tluit no 
 quiet rccliio is to lie prevented from settling at ilie presidio of Monterey. 
 J'rov. ]l(C., .MS.,ii. MX). V.inconver p:ives it ratlier .niperlicial and inaccurate 
 account of the ].ueI)los, which he did not visit. Voyaijc, ii. 49j-G. 
 
 ''See chapter xxiv., thi.-i vohinio. 
 
 Uiccilta (Jhjcdo, Carlu de 17D3, 23-4. 
 
srKciAL rnojKCTS. 
 
 003 
 
 foriiiMiis iiii(l(i'st;iii(l this, iuid clunior for iiidiistiinu.s 
 citizens, Iv'icli sliip should carry u iniiiihcc of taiiiiru's 
 with !i |>roj)(i- outiit. Tlic kiii_n' supplies his soldiiM'! 
 
 with to(»ls, why noi. the larnier and niechaiiic as \V( 
 
 Tl 
 
 K'V sliould l)e St 
 
 ■tiled 
 
 near 
 
 the 1 
 
 ■IH 
 Missions and ininulo 
 
 with the natix'es. I'hus the missions will heeonio 
 towns in twenty-live or thirty years.'' 
 
 In 171);') ]]orica made some special efl'orts to pi 
 
 mote marriai^o among soldii'rs and settlei'shy iavorablo 
 ren'ulations, and lie even discouraij'ed tlu; enlistment 
 
 es 
 
 (»t' the sons of settlei's in the ])residio com])ani 
 hut an ahsurd pro})osition Ironi AEexico tt) establish 
 imis for the convenience of travellers at ten suitable 
 s[)ots in C'aliiornia met with no favt)r from Boricii 
 and tlie pi'oject died a natural death.'' 
 
 In J7!)() u sp(M-ial agitation of this subject of colo- 
 nization began in ^[exico, with the founding of Jh-au- 
 <-iforte as a result, as ("Isewhere narrated. Father 
 Sala/.ar, lately fi'om California, was calli'd U[)()U for 
 his views on the condition of the country. His ie|/ort 
 on the jtueblos was not an enc()uraging <;ne. The in- 
 habitants were idlers, paying more attention to gam- 
 l)ling and playing the guitar than to tilling their lands 
 
 id edueatinu' their children. The pa'jf'ans did most 
 
 ai 
 
 P 
 
 6 Costcuisd, I:>fi,rmc, V.'^U MSi. 
 
 "April i;i, ITD's Jjorica tu eoniinaii<laiits, nmiTia2;cs to bo promoted by 
 all lur.iorablo lucaus. Soldiuis to bo aided with anearsof p^'y, with what 
 they have in thu./oy.'i/y-', or even by an advance of I^'IO. Parent.s of enutraet- 
 iii;,' partie.i to be aided with sueli ell'eetb as can be paid for from their erop^i in 
 a year. L\^/h,I:IIo, Due. lli.^t. CuL, MS., i. II ; /Vor. /.Vr., MS., iv. bJlJ-.-JO; 
 J'if.r. St. J'<i/>., ^bS., xiii. 'J27-S. (loyeoeehca'.s reply. May l.")th. /(/., xiv., 
 T'i. Xov. I!), ITDli, V>. diieets the coinniaiidant of San I'raueiseo to try and 
 ]ire\-ail on Maria .'-imonaOrtejra, a v.idow, to nniain in tin country; for sooner 
 or later sunie i oldier or civilian will ask la r hand in man i:\iv. l'r,i'. SI . I'li/i., 
 Jirii. J/,7., ?iIS., xxiv. 10, 11. Feb. It, IT'.lo, (ir.'ijeva has received n.'.scjnler 
 not to accept ajiy recruit from An;,ales, "in order that the pop ilation may 
 not be ies.icncil.' /(/., xxi. 7. March b_', 171'."), 15. to viceroy, explaining that 
 the popnlalion ef Calirornia, \\hieh he p,iveH as 1,'J7">, !■■* luiieli too KiaaU for 
 the lv)inn'i propoKcil; also that travellers have to sleep out of doors to caro 
 for their animals, etc. .S7. /'«;<., Sar.. MS., xvii. ;]-(». Oct. .".tli, tlie U-ViiinuL 
 lie rijiitwlih id atlvises the V. It. to subnut the scheme, recouunenileil by IJel- 
 tran, to a coureil before adopting it. J'ror. St. Puji., JiS., xiii. Ili7-!'. Oct. 
 l.'>, 170('>, ];. asi;.s for a, list of settlers living on ranchos and for an opinion 
 whether they should be allowed to do so. Dec. 2i)tli, he decides that r.nless 
 tile lanclicros will keep slicep they must live at the pueblo. Proc. Jhc, MS., 
 iv. ~i), 8tj. 
 
604 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 of the worlv, took a large part of tlic crop, and Nvoro 
 so well supplied thereby that they did not cai'e to 
 be converted and live at the missions. The fiiars 
 attended to the spiritual needs of the settlers free 
 of charge, and their tithes did California no good. 
 Young n)en grew up without restraint, and wandered 
 auKjng the raneherias, setting the Indians a bad 
 example and indul<>:in<'' in excesses that were suic 
 sooner or later to result in disaster. The !>reat 
 remedy was to build up connnerce and give the colo- 
 nists an incentive to industry. Now they could not 
 sell all their produce; they obtained a small price lor 
 what they did sell, and often they could not get the 
 articles they wanted in payment, or had to pay exces- 
 sive rates lor them. 
 
 Without the encouragement of trade the country 
 could never prosper; but other reforms were alsct 
 needed. There should be a settlers' fund similar to 
 the military funds, in which each settler should de- 
 posit annually a sum varying according to the size 
 of his i'amily. In tlie sale and purchase of su[)plies 
 an oi'icer should stand betwei'U the settlers and the 
 habilitados; each pueblo should moreover support a 
 j)riest and a teacher.'' Father Jose Senan was teni- 
 ])orarily in ^Mexico, and a rep(-)rt was also obtained 
 from him which agreed with that of Salazar in most 
 res[)('cts. This writer, however, attached special ini- 
 j)ort;aice to the introckiction of a better class of set- 
 tlers. Mo would appoint to c>ach pueblo a diroctoi', 
 or comisionado, of better abilities and not j'elated t.» 
 the inliabitants, and he would enlbrco residence ofisll 
 settlers in tlie towns, and not on distant ranches out (»!" 
 I'each ol" .''.plritual care and exposed to dangers. Abo\ e 
 all, toVv us should not be placed too near the missions.^ 
 
 ' Suluzur. Cf)i:il!r 
 julvouatcfi llu' lr;ni:'rc'r of 
 
 Ar'nal </.' Cal. 17U(',, MS., T:'.-S-'. The iuitlior also 
 
 Sim ]jla.s r.aval slali(. 
 
 oil and slii[i-y;',ril 
 I'raiii'i. CO Of }.I(j:i'(nvy. Tliio woulil lie for t'lu iiitfiu^ t if tiio (Ic'pr.i'tiuint 
 
 siiu'o v/a'ca ami food woul 
 
 ilevi'loii tliu iiiiaiHtricH o 
 
 f Cali 
 
 cheaper tliaii at San JUa 
 
 !;• 
 
 ')" 
 
 ,./« r/(/ yV/i//r (il \ 
 
 II'' u 
 
 Jiff I 'i.ini 
 
 '■lOII ( 
 
 h' r 
 
 and it wouli 
 
 CiiH, 
 
 Ilia, 1700, MS. Diiti'il at college of Sail lenmiulo i\lay 14, 17Wi. Jlarcli I'J, 
 
CONVICT vSETTLERS. 
 
 605 
 
 In Ills coiTcspondonrG of 1707, Borica si ill ureses 
 colonization, substantially approving the ideas of Sal- 
 azar and Scuan, and issuing orders which conipelleil 
 retired soldiers to live in the pueblos.'' We have seen 
 that nine persons, though lather of a woi-se than l)et- 
 ter class compared with the rest, were obtained f)oni 
 Guadalajara and settled at Branciforte. In 1797-8 
 an eHbit was maile to obtain a reenforcenient of mar- 
 riageable women, in which the governor v as seconded 
 by the viceroy, but in which he does not seem to huvo 
 been successful. ^° 
 
 There was another class of colonists much more 
 casil}' obtained and by no means beneficial to the 
 country. Unfortunately California was from this time 
 to a considerable extent a ])enal colony for ]\Iexico. 
 (xovernor Fages was perhaps responsible fur the be- 
 ginning of the })lague. In 1787 ho proposed that 
 artisans imprisonctl in ^Mexico and (jiuadalajara shouM 
 have their sentence commuted to exile to California 
 on condition of woi-king out their term at the presi- 
 dios or missions, and subserpiently remaining as set- 
 tlers. Nothing was done on this proposition; but in 
 l7i)l three ^>rc.s^/t?/rtr/(w, or convicts, were sent up to 
 
 1707, P'orii'a to viceroy, refers to voluntary eiuolment of settlers at Cuaxla- 
 lajani. I'ror. He, vi. S3, 
 
 "Xiiv. 1(1, 17117, liorica to viceroy, iavoring commerce and admitting; that 
 tlio jMnliliis luive a Rurjilus of 12,000 l;i".!_'as of grain for which there is no 
 niiirk't. Twelve sailors from the ('r»>ri /ir'idii and Sail Cur/on have vnhmU'ered 
 to remain at M.>:itercy. /'/•'»•. ],; ■., ?,!S., vi, OI-_'. Oct. loth, ]!. to eom- 
 mandiuit nt Monterey, invalided or disehav.'ed snldiers niu.st live iu the tow iis 
 auil not on ranehos nor in tlie ]ircsidio. indci-s fhey v. isli to continue niilitaty 
 ^<erviee, Cmrnt, Dor. ]li<t. Cnl., MS., i. 10'.)- 10. ' Miiy I7i>!>, Setller llosales 
 petitions tlie viceroy for permission to lr:-,ve ( 'alifol•nia^\ itli his finnily. I'mr. 
 Hir., MS., vi. li!.'), Ihancit'oite in his Iii.ilniri\oii, MS., oJ-S, speaUs of Cali- 
 fornia's need of colonists, and of his eH'mts in her hehalf. 
 
 '"Sept, 17, 1707, lloiic.'i to vieei'oy, wants good wives, stroni; yonng sjiin- 
 sters, cspec!""y for criminal scUlers, since tlie ])adres ohjected to the nativu 
 women i m .ng such hnshand.s. IJesidcs good lieallh tlio girls must hring 
 good clothes, so that they miij- go to chmcli and he improved. A shii' ijiia 
 mill of a (.'alifornia fiiualo colonist must iie a si'ri.'e pett'ooat, .a nlnr.o mr- 
 rii'iitc, a linen jacket, tv.o woollen shit'ts, a pair of stoeUiii,';s, aiid a pair of 
 strong shoes. Hror. l!(i\, .MS., vi, ("."i-O, .Jan. 'Jo, 170S, viceroy .says iir'K:« 
 have liecn given to procun^ young, healthy, single women fur the ]V)lylad(ir.s, 
 hut the ta.sk )ircseuts some diiliculties, Prov. St. Pap., I'.!,*-'., xvii, lO-'-'O, 
 June !; 17'IS, liorica says one lumdred women arc wanteil, Pruv iicc, Mc}., 
 vi, 7o. 
 
COG 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Montoi'oy to labor with sliackled foot for rations; and 
 the sainu year wo licar of a convict blacksniitli tcacli- 
 ing tlio natives at San Francisco.''- In 1798 tlic Con- 
 ccpeurn brought twenty-two convicts, of various grades 
 of criminahfv, sonic of them merely vagrants like 
 those formcily destined for Branciforte. Tliey wen; 
 set at worlc by Borica to learn and teach trades, a 
 saving of nine tliousand dollars beiniif thereby effected 
 as the governor claimed.'^ Three convicts had arrived 
 the year before, and subsequently such arrivals were 
 of iVequent occurrence. Some artisan instructors 
 sent to tlie country by the government will be noticed 
 a little later. In 1800 nineteen foundlinos were sent 
 from ]\Iexico under tlio care of Madrc jMari'a dc Jesus, 
 nine bo^'s under ten years of age, and ton girls soiiu' 
 of them already marriaixeable, wlio wore (hstributed 
 in respectable himilies in the difierent })residios.''' 
 
 TIk'1'0 wiis a royal order forbiddiiif; convicts from scttliii;^ in piiuliloa 
 
 tintil t!i( ir sci 
 l)roi'o:ili( n ill !;is 
 <;f I7!)l v.er.' 1l;iki 
 
 v.iio served (lUt. /' 
 
 .S7. J 
 
 ■np. 
 
 .M: 
 
 VI. !>S. 
 
 Iij'annf (I'lii. ilr M/s'io>i(.<, MS., I.")-!. The three jir"siili:iri()H 
 •uenz, l{;it',>el I'aeheeo, and Felipe Alvarez, sent iiji l)y 
 
 IJdiiieu from J^oreto. J^roc. SI. J'aji. ^IS., xxii. 1."). Smith lit Sun Fraueisei 
 J</., X. 11. 
 
 '- The three of 170" wore l^afael Arriola, Tomas l^seamilla, and Je 
 
 IT!*.' 
 •is.-.: 
 
 ,s/. / 
 
 «/> 
 
 MS., x\ii. I.'U. t'orrcsjidnderice 
 
 /' 
 
 <SV. /'-//).. ,MS., XV. '24!t-r)0; xvii. 7, SS-i), IS-'; xxi 
 
 I?<r., MS.; vi. !)!-•' J()!-'J; S/. J 
 
 the '22 .''ent in 
 -., L\SO. 
 
 7.~i-(i. I'oiir (irlivo liht.s ai'o }:ivcn, the IV 
 
 '(ij>., S(ir. 
 
 viii. n-i;t, OS U; Ix. 
 
 intrhein'' the names: Jose iK 
 
 llevos. .Tuse !Maria I'ere/, Jose X'aziniez. Juan Hernandez, Jo.se ^'ehls(|ucz, Cor- 
 
 lielio l[ 
 IJalderr 
 Jiradeia 
 
 Ciiavez, Jose Salazar, Antonio Ortega, .Itli: 
 
 L 
 
 la, Pedro Osorno, .lose Calzado, Jt 
 
 Aviia, Jose J lei 
 
 |iez, Josi5 
 dez, .losi^ 
 
 J. 
 
 1! 
 
 JiisC' lio.sa.s, .id.stj C'havira, C'asiniiro (onejo, I'ali 
 
 Franeo, Maria IVtr^i Arand.'i, .Inse iiareena, Felipe Ilernundcz, Ivaiail (! 
 Juan lil.ineo, 2V) in all. tiiou^h the nnnd'er is sp(jk<'n (if a.s from 17 to 'J I, and 
 :.re said io have laniled. They arri\i.'d in August. The expense of smidiiiu 
 
 them \\as :}i()'>. Tl 
 
 lere \vere ,5 
 
 hattei 
 
 miners. 
 
 1 .sh 
 
 1 sil 
 
 verslinili. 
 
 1 tr;ide 
 tiade, I 
 
 l.akeis, I tailor, I hiaiiket-niaker, I laborer, I overseer, ."{ without 
 
 <1 1 
 
 Tl 
 
 lero were 
 
 4 S 
 
 jianiaids only. 
 
 There wvix 
 
 a saddler 
 
 iiid 2 earpenti I's, not convicts, perhaps included in the list I 
 
 Sever.il I' 
 
 liars ai.si) came on 
 
 the same vessel. After tile arrival of these cme 
 
 vielsall ].erson:! not lia\ ing jiass; orts were orderid to be arrested. I'rur. lli 
 
 MS., iv. bid. ]Vb. •-'(•), r,!)S», I 
 
 >orii,'a 
 
 ■ul 
 
 jlisiies a ser 
 
 ics of 1 :\vA for the 
 
 duet of the ciinvict workmen. They v.ere subjected to stiiet surveillance an i 
 
 iil( 
 
 .1 f, 
 
 w 
 
 liande:; alio 
 
 jprivilcf^;! 
 
 r 
 
 ri>i\ 
 
 S/. I'd/'., ^IS., xvii. -Ji:)-!. August iSO.t. lb r 
 
 Nov. ls;„t, J, 
 t> 1 
 MS., XN 
 
 o\v( il to c.'U'n wages liy 
 
 hist 
 
 rade as siidiller 
 
 /' 
 
 A'l 
 
 MS.,ix. \: 
 
 Vis. Simelital sentenced tod vear.s iis .settler in ('alilorn 
 
 le acconi!iaiiu 
 
 4. 
 
 d by his wife. Si. /'((^>., .SVfc, MS., ix. ")7-S; J'rci: S/. /''//■, 
 
 Tveiity-one children left Mexico f(ri' San Was and one died on the 
 
 voyage. The expense is aaid to have been §4, 703. There 
 
 , pl.'ii. to tie. Hi 
 
I 
 
 TEXCRE OF LANDS. 
 
 C07 
 
 The toimro of lands i.s an interesting topic of Cal- 
 ifornia history, botli in it.solf and especially in view 
 of tlie litigation of later times. In its earliest })hases 
 the suhjcct falls more naturally into the annals of this 
 decade than el.;ewhere, though a general statement 
 Avith hut i'evv details is all that is re(|uired here. As 
 soon as the territory was occupied hy Spain in iTGi) 
 the absolute title vested in the king. No individual 
 ownership of lands, but only usufructuary titles of 
 various grades, cxisted^i Califin-nia in Spanish times. 
 The king, however, was actually in possession of only 
 the ground on which the presidios stood and such 
 adjoining lands as were needed in connection with the 
 loyal service. The natives were recoi2fnized as the 
 ownrrs, under the king, of all the territory needed for 
 their subsistence; but the civilizing process to which 
 they were to ])e subjected would greatly reduce the 
 area from that occu[)ied in their savage state; and 
 thus till 're was no prospective legal hinderance to the 
 establishment of S{)anish settlements. The general 
 laws of Spain provided for such establishments, and 
 the assignment to each of lands to the extent of Ibiu' 
 S(|uaro leagues.'* Meanwhile neither the missions, 
 nor t liC IViars, nor the Franciscan order, nor the church 
 own-d a)iy lands whatever. The missionaries had the 
 us(. of ^.U( h lands as they needed for theii^ object, 
 u .)!< 'i w.-'S to j)reparo the Indians to taki; possession as 
 indivio' '.ais cf the 'ands they now held as connmmities. 
 When tins was acconn)lished, and the missions had 
 become jRieblos, the houses of worship would natu- 
 rally become the i)ropei'ty of the church, an<l the Iriai's 
 would move on to new spiritual concjuesls. Jvich 
 mission ;md each presidio was at the ])ropei' lime to 
 become a, [)Ueblo; other pueblos were expected to be 
 
 'JO' .y;i(iii'l tlic wir.io iimiilK'r of girls. Two of the jiirls wi-rr ni.-ifiinl hctdi'u 
 tl.. I'ld (/f llic yiar. .SV. /'"/)., .Sar., MS., iv. 71; vii. "i-C; /'n.i: .V. J'n/i., 
 MS , iii. !>, IH, :il; Nxi. ;U, 47: /,/., JIni. M!/., MS., xxviii. •-'-'; I'ror. /.',.•., 
 -Ms., ;. 11, I'J; .\r/i. .SVft /l'<r/),irii, MS., xii. ;{U7; Jlii.-i'nuKiii/f, Siijilrnn iilo, 
 i.^i. J■.((//;^ /,i..lr:i'-cloii, MS.. SS--). 
 
 ^^ l!(ci,i,i:u(i )i( (If l.iil'iin, lili. iv. <it. v. ley. vi., x. I intentiouully avoid 
 couditioiia ami details in llii.s chapiter. 
 
 
COS 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 f'ouiRlcd from time to time; and four square leao-uos 
 of land was flie area to be assigned under oi'diiiary 
 eircunistances to each; but the fixing of boundaries 
 was tacitly left until the future increase in the niunber 
 of establishmeiits should render it a necessity, noth- 
 ing in the mean time being allowed to interfere with 
 the area to which each pueblo would be entitled, 
 though the missions in their temporary occu})ati(jn 
 were not rest'icted. 
 
 In his insti ; ,' * • • of 177-3 Viceroy Bucarcli author- 
 ized Captain Iii to n)ake a beginning of the I'utuie 
 ])ueblos by distributuig lands to such persons, either 
 natives or Spaniards, as were worthy and would dedi- 
 cate themselves to aLTriculture or the raising of stock.'' 
 liivera did grant a [)ii3ce of land in 1775 to ^fanuel 
 Butron, a soldier who married a neo])hyte of San 
 Carlos; but the land was subsequently abandoned, and 
 if any other similar ij^rants were made by Rivera there; 
 is no record of the fad,. In November 1777 the 
 pueblo of San Jose was founded and a somewhat in- 
 formal distribution of lands to settlers was made by 
 order of Governor Neve. In 1781 Neve's rcLrulatioii 
 went into effect, and one of its sections regulated the 
 distriI)ution of pueblo lands; prescribed the assign- 
 ment to each settler of four Yields, each two hmuhvd 
 varas square, besides a house-lot; specified the lands to 
 be devoted to various uses of the conununity; and 
 made jtrovision for the gradual I'xtension of the town 
 by the granting of new lots and fields. Under tliis 
 regulation the itueblo of Los Anwles Avas founded in 
 the same year of 1781. The formal distribution ef 
 lands, however, and the giving of written titles toek 
 place for San Jose and Los Angeles in 1783 and I7S(! 
 lespectively.^" These titles were the nearest apjn-oach 
 to absolute ownershij) in California under Spain; b'lt 
 the lands were forfeited by abandonment, I'ailure to 
 cultivate, and non-compliance with cerlain conditions, 
 
 ^'•BiicareU, Iiistriicrinii th- 17 dc Agosto dc 1773, MS. 
 '"On foiuulation of San .los^' and Angeles and the distribution of lands, 
 SCO chiiptLr." \iv. and .wi. of tliis volume. 
 
 tllC 
 
 >S(. P(,p 
 
PRIVATE RANCHOS. 
 
 COO 
 
 Tlicy could not be alienated; and one instance is 
 recorded of lands being taken for hemp culture from 
 a settler, who was given others in their place. New 
 grants of pueblo lauds to new settlers were of con- 
 stant occurrence hereafter. Neither in the regulation 
 nor in the proceedings under it was any attention paid 
 to exterior pueblo limits, save the vague establishment 
 of a boundary, at San Jose at least, with the adjoin- 
 ing mission. This matter was practically and natu- 
 I'ally left to bo agitated by the crown should there 
 ever in the distant Tture be danixer of the town 
 exceeding its four leagues, or l)y the pueblo itst'lf in 
 case of encroaehments by other towns or by indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 In 1784 application was made to Fages by private 
 individuals for o'rants of ranches. He <>'ranted written 
 permits to several men for temporary occupation of 
 the lands desired,^' and wrote to the conniiandant gen- 
 eral for instructions. General Ugarte replied in 178(1, 
 on the recommendation of his legal adviser, Galindo 
 Xavarro, by authorizing the granting of tracts not to 
 exceed three leagues, always beyond the four-league 
 limits of existing pueblos, without injury to missions 
 or rancherias, and on certain other conditions includ- 
 iiiuf the buildinsr of a stone house on each rancho and 
 the keeping of at least two thousand head of live- 
 stock.^^ The instructions required the inniiediatc as- 
 signment by clear landmarks of the four leagues to 
 each pueblo; but there is no evidence that au}^ such 
 survey was made, that any documents were given in 
 place of the temporary permits, or that the few pro- 
 \isional grants subsequently made differed in any 
 respect from those [sennits. 
 
 ^' The ranclios since known as Los Xictos and San Rafael were thus Rrantod 
 to Manuel Nicto and Ji)S('' Maria \'enltigo in ITSl. In the case of Xieto his 
 lung possession until 1801 and that of liis eliihh-en after liim vas ui'i^ed aa 
 iilfording presumption of a complete title; l)ut the supreme eourt hehl that 
 lages' written permit destroyed this presumption. Tiie land conuuission luid 
 aheady taken a, similar view. Nieto vs. ('(trprulir, 21 Cal. 4.")(i. 
 
 "* Fagea' report to Ugarte Nov. 20, 1784. Xa»;arro's ojiinion, Oct. 2", ITS."). 
 at. Piqi., JlisK. ami Colon., MS., i. 3-5-7. Ugarte's order June 21st. Id., i. 343. 
 Hiai. Cal., Vol. I. 3» 
 
CIO 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIOXS. 
 
 Til 17S9 ti series of instructions was irsncvl \vit!i 
 royal a});)rovul I'or the c>stal)lishnicnt of tliu Villa of 
 Pitic in kjonora since called Ilennosillo, instructions 
 wliicli were to be followed also in the founding of 
 similar esLal)lishnients throughout the northern i)ro\- 
 inces. Omitting details unimportant to my jiresent 
 ])urpose, each pueblo was to have as.signed to it with 
 tiehnite bounds four square leagues of land in rectan- 
 gular form; the land given to each settler to depend 
 somewhat on his character and needs, but might be 
 fifty j)er cent larger than that already given in Cali- 
 fornia; aiid after four years the ownersliij) might be- 
 come absolute. I do not lind that this regulation cvei' 
 had any chect at Los Anwles or San Jose.'" In l7i)0 
 a pensioned corporal, Cayuelas, who had married a, 
 neophyte of San Luis Obispo, asked in the name of 
 his wife for lands at Santa Margarita belonnimx to 
 that mission; but the grant was opposed, probably 
 with success, by the friars, on the ground that the land 
 was needed I'or the community, to which the neophyte 
 in question had I'endered no service.-' 
 
 A beginning of the presidial ])Uel)los was made by 
 General Nava in 1791, when he autliorized com- 
 mandants of presidios to grant lots and fields to sol- 
 diers and settlers desiring them within the prescribed 
 four square leagues,"^ but there is no clear ovidoncu 
 
 '"P(7«', hiH'rmx/nn aprohdda por S. J/', que fcforwd para <l estnhlrv'imU'nlo 
 dc la wti-ra V'd'a dc I'ilir, // nt'Uid'ida (tda/ihir d hi.i d< iivis iiH(;r((>; jtohlaeloiKS 
 jiruiiiiiddu.-), 17i>'d, MS. ])iito(l Cliilai;i]iu:i, Xov. 14, 17^1). 
 
 ''"yl/r/f. ,<ln JJiirhara, j\lS., xi. .'iaS-!), 40l)-J; J'nn'. St. Pap., MA., ix 
 ]().']-(». This instiiiicc ami that of ]>uti'ou are tho ciily ones rin'ovdcd <if hud 
 bfing asked for liy iic'()]!liytes hoforo 1800. In faet only '2i ni'iiphyto -WDnirii 
 li'>(l niaiTiud gcuto do lazoii since 170!). Lafiien, in Arch. Sla liurbara, MS., 
 ii. 1!)-'. 
 
 *' Xava'.s (loerce, dated Oot. 22, 1701, at riiihualina, and approved ])nivi- 
 .«ionally I)V tlio viceroy liefoio .Jan. 10, 17!):$. .SV. /''//)., J/;,sv. and i'olou., MS., 
 i. :\-10--l, :U1-'J; Prol: St. Pap., MS., xi. 27-8. This deeroo lias l)een often 
 translated and referred to in legal reports, i*onietinies erronconsly under the 
 date of March 22d. AccordinL; to tiie Ordciiair.a (!'• [idrmlcid' " of 178(1, the. 
 royal intendentcs had l)een intru.stcd with tho <listril)ution (if royal landN; 
 but this order .'ihows that tiio four leagiics belonged to the pueblo and were 
 not included in tiic king's lands. I)iriiicll(\i Colon, llisl. S. P., VA-'>. In C >. 
 Slip. Court Hi pl.t., !» Widlarr, OHO, it is stat<'d that tlie words ' tho extent of 
 4 leagues inea.sured from tho centre of the plaza of the jnvsidios in eveiy 
 direction,' foun<l in an order of Xava of .lune 21, 17!)l, and in other ]iapeis, 
 cuuscd Los Angeles to claim before the land coniniiissiou 10 square Icagui.s 
 
LAND GRANTS. 
 
 611 
 
 <liat any such iG^rants were made. Arrilla_i2;'a reported 
 to the viceroy in 171)3 that no grants liad heeu made 
 by his predecessors under the oider of 1780, and that 
 on account of this failure to act, and because of the 
 ultimate riujlit of the natives to the best sites — • 
 although lie was constantly asked for ranches and 
 believed that it would be well for the country to 
 grant them — he would not act witliout further in- 
 structions.--' Yet early in 1794 he reported that ho 
 had permitted several persons to settle on the Rio do 
 Monterey from three to five leagues from the pre- 
 sidio, the ])ermission being only provisional."^ In 
 April 1795 Borica sent to the viceroy his views on 
 the subject. He did not know why his predecessors 
 had failed to grant sites for cattle-raising, but he did 
 not favor such concessions. It would be difficult to 
 tell what lands the missions reallj^ needed, since new 
 convei'ts were C(3nstantly made. Troubles between 
 the owners of ranchos and ranchcria Indians would 
 lead to excesses and war; the animals of the settlers 
 would do injury to the food-su})ply of the gentiles; 
 the rancheros would be far removed from s])ii-itual 
 care and from judicial supervision; and linally the 
 province had already live-stock enough, there being 
 no ex|)ort. Borica therefore proposed that no ranchos 
 should be granted for the present, but that settlers 
 of good character be allowed to establish themselves 
 pro\isionally on the land asked for near a mission or 
 pueblo, to be granted them later if it sliould prove 
 best. In fact several ranchos already existed under 
 those conditions."* 
 
 instead of 4. This wiuilil literally Ijo CA square leagues; but the ori;,'i"al 
 '■4 1. ineasiiriMl from Uie ecntro of tliu i)laza, - in each <lircction,' might— like 
 the corri'spoiiiliiiL; di'llnitiou in tlie Jircopilncion tic Jiuli(i.-< — bo inicrpn-tod 
 naturally KJ sipiaro Icauues. It is a curious comi)Iic ilion; but that an artUi 
 of 4 siitiaro lca;irue.s, either ill aquarc or reetan;:nlar form, was what was 
 intended, and in hundreds of cases actually surveyed for each Spuuisli puebhj, 
 tlu re eiu be, I suppose, no doubt. 
 
 *■-' I'lV. St. P(i/>., MS., xii. 4.J-7. This report was sent back to lioriea 
 for his o[)inion on Au.^. '!'>, 17'J4. Arrillaga recognizes the four-lcayuc limit 
 even in the case of nussions. 
 
 ^■'/Voc. ,S7. /'«/)., MS., xxi. \n-2; xii. 189. 
 
 2' April ;$, 17'JJ, Uurica to viceroy, rruv. Rec, IMS., vi. 30-41. 
 
Cli 
 
 INDUSTRIKS AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 There was certainly a degree of force in sonic of 
 Boriea's arguments, though most of them were quite 
 as conclusive against his substitute for lancl-L>rants. 
 Indeed there is something mysterious about the pref- 
 erence of successive governors for provisional ])erniits 
 of occupation over the regular concessions authorized 
 by superior authority. I suspect that the preference 
 ma}" have been largely on the part of the settlers tlieu)- 
 selves, who did not like to comply with the conditions 
 attached to a regular grant. There were some sixteen 
 I'anchos in the retnons of Los Angeles and Monterey 
 thus provisioiiall}' held by some twenty men in ]7t)5. 
 Two and doubtless more similar permissions were given 
 l)efore the end of the decade."' In 179(J a part of 
 the land which Fages had allowed Ni»jto to occujiy 
 was taken from him, on the claim of San Gabriel mis- 
 sion that it Avas needed by the natives. In 1707 the 
 Eneino Kancho, held by Francisco Heycs, was taken 
 from liim, and both land and buildings were appro- 
 l)riated by the new mission of San Fernando. This 
 same year the Villa de Branciforte was founded, pi'e- 
 sumably on the plan of Pitic, though there is no [posi- 
 tive information extant respecting the distribution of 
 lands in that famous town. In 1798 Borica gave 
 some kind of a confirmation to the title of Verdugo 
 at San Ilaiael, but we know nothing of its nature. 
 The condition of land matters in California at the end 
 of the decade and century was then briefly as follows: 
 There were eighteen missions and four presidios, eacli 
 witln^ut settlers,-" but each intended to become a 
 ])ueblo, and each entitled to four square leagues of 
 land for distribution to settlers in house-lots and sow- 
 ing-lands, or for other pueblo uses; three pueblos of 
 Spaniards already established, entitled like the })ros- 
 
 ^*Sec chapters xxx. und xxxi. for lists of the ranchoa ^vith adilitioniil de- 
 tails. ]>oiica, wliatovcr nuiy have been his real motives, opposed even Ihu 
 provisional conccssiou.s iu several instances. 
 
 ^"It is noticeable, however, that some of the tracts occupied near Monte- 
 rey under the jirovisional permits were probably within the limits (if the 
 prospective presidio-pueblo, where there was uo legal authority for grauthig 
 lands for stoek-riiisuig. 
 
MAXUFACTURES AND LABOR. 
 
 613 
 
 pcf'tlv'o ones to four leagues of land, tlioni:(h like tlieni 
 as yet without lixed boundaries, inhahitod by o.ver 
 one hundred settlers, each of whom held about four 
 acres of land still subject to conditions and not to 
 be alienated or hypothecated; and linally twent}' or 
 thirty men raising cattle on ranchos wlijch thoy occu- 
 ])ied temporarily by ])erniission of the authorities, 
 without any legal title, though some of them or their 
 children subse(j[uently became owners of the land. 
 
 Besides the missions and pueblos, conversion and 
 colonisation, there are various institutions and indus- 
 tries of the province whose progress during this peried 
 merit brief notice here; though in most i-espects that 
 })rogress was great oidy in comparison to that of otlier 
 epoclis of California history. The oreler in Vvhich tlie 
 several topics are treated being a mutter of no mo- 
 ment, I beii'in w'ith that of manufactures and labor. 
 At tlie lirst occupation of Upper '^^Vdifornia soiue 
 Christian Indians I'rom the peninsula; the oidy per- 
 sons lor many years who were honored witli the name 
 of Califoi'nians, were brought north as servants of all 
 work in the new missions. The presidial com[)anies 
 usually had a few smiths, armorers, and (•ar[»entcr.s 
 wliose services were available at times, as well for the 
 j'riars as ibr the sokliers; the soldiers themsdves 
 were oljliwd to render assistance in buikliu''- and 
 some other kinds of work. Gentiles were hired iVoiii 
 the rir;>t, especially on the Channel coast. After 117 -^ 
 men were enlisted and paid as sailors to serve iu Cal- 
 ifornia as laborers, and amoni«' the settlers at the 
 ])Uc'blos were persons of various trades, on which, 
 liowexi'r' none seian to have dej)ended for suljsist- 
 cneo. This was the condition of mechanical indus- 
 try down to 1700. Besides the rei)airs executed on 
 arms, ir(ij)lenK'nts, and articles of clothing, there 
 were rude attempts at tanning and various other 
 simple and necessary processes suggested by the 
 needs of the soldiers and ingenuity of the friars ; but 
 
 111' I 
 
C14 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 progress in tlii.s direction was sliglit uiid is but vagiu-ly 
 recorded. 
 
 During the last decade of tlie century all tljo classes 
 of laborers mentioned continued to be eni[)loyed, except 
 that no new natives were brouglit IVoni l>aja Cali- 
 fornia, Neophytes were extensivoly hired i'roni the 
 iViars for all kinds of presidio work, the mission and 
 not the Indian receiving the pay, and there were lew 
 Spanish families without a native servant. This (jues- 
 tion of neo})liyte labor was, as we have seen, a I'luit- 
 fid source of misunilerstanding between friars and 
 olfieers. Gentiles were also hired in larue nuuibcrs to 
 wark botli at presidios and ])ueblos, being paid cliielly 
 in grain, but also with blankets and other articles of 
 elotlilng. Neg(jtiations for laborers were made for 
 the most part with chiefs who contracted to supply 
 the required number. It is not improbable that the 
 chiefs were already so far advanced in civilization as 
 to make a profit on the contracts. Spanish regula- 
 tions required kind treatment and fair comi)en.';:ili;)n 
 to all Indian laborers, and any notable or liabitual 
 abuses in this respect would in these eai"lythne,; have 
 largely cut off the supply. The friars eomplaine I I'lat 
 the ijentiles earned so much grain and clotliiu''' tliat 
 one of their ciiief in(;entives to become Chrisiians v.'as 
 lost.-' The sailor sirvlentes, several of whom Vvero 
 
 '^'Xov. 10, 1701, Scr'^t. Orte'^ja wanted men to build a house, etc., r.t ^■;m 
 Gabriel; but the ^^(h'cs rcfuKud to furnish any even for v/agcs. Pr >r. ,''!. Prp., 
 ^IS., X. 4, 5. The f^enliles, t!iouf,fli la::y, oIHt thcnisclvcri t.) v,-ork ic.v ;i ,.:<::it(i 
 and ild'.y ratior.3 of meat antl boiled maize. The best are cho.:cn, v.!; )t:d;o 
 their lihmkclj, l:;y dov.ii their arms, and go to work brin^;iiH; builili;i;;-;:uito- 
 rials. 1SV/.7 // M<.c., Vhij', l(U-j. (Jrcat caro taken in eniployi;ij i;:d'r.r.s, 
 and a daily nwv.x of money raid. Vduruiii.rr's I'l'i/afU', ii. 4D7. Jd::y 7, 171)4, 
 governor to Sal, if padres want a gratuity for Indiana al)ovo wa;:c:i ii r.i;;st 
 1)0 refu:;ed. At Sia, 13:irl)ara liiey L;vt I'.) eents per d:;y, and an rJ..ii!:l cf cr.'ii 
 per week. S::n Ant.rnio Indiain at tlie l!anch:> del lley jL^et a c:.to:> an 1 'avnda 
 jier r.iurdh. liven if eontent v. ith little they should bo given all they dc.-.crve. 
 /';•»'. />('., M.v, ii. 147-Ji, b>;5. Dec. 17t'4, at San Diego Indiuua rot (no 
 real and ration".. /Vjc. Si. J'uji,, MS., xii. 7. Inilian:3 must bj (rc;;l.:d v. dl 
 and v.oik erinally. i'mr. 7.Vc.. jMS., iv. l.j, 1(5. Ajjril, 17!H5, Indian 1., borers 
 not to be oblaineil widiont governors permission. I'ror. Sf. Pap., MS., xiv. 
 17t). 17!Ki, Sal semis ;;;> blankets to San Jose witli whieli to hire ',',i Indians. 
 They wi.l bo trcr.ted \-,ell. Any cipUaivjo helping to get them maybe given 
 n. iji:it'li-ar'o!i. Travelling e.-vpcnsea pai(b Later some invalid; are i.cnt to 
 lo(jk after the oJ; who were to be treated with (tljumt coitusirac'iod. S. Jii<c, 
 
ARTISANS FROM MEXICO. 
 
 015 
 
 furni.slu'd id each of tlio new missions, did not in ninny 
 instiuu'cs oivo Hati.sihctiitn. There was also some diHi- 
 ('ultval)out tlieir waives beinii' paid by tlie royal treas- 
 uiy, and they were all sent baek to San IWha in 171);"), 
 lliou^li sailors were sLdjse(|Uently allowed to remain in 
 California as workmen at the presidios and as settlers.-"* 
 In the promotion of manufaetures, however, a de- 
 cided eil'ort was made in this decade, and with consid- 
 erable success. The ])lan atlo]»ted was to send skilled 
 artisans from ^Mexico under government pay to ti-ach 
 their trades to neo{)liytes and to white aiiprvntices. 
 About twentv of these artisan instructors were sent 
 to California, chic-lly in 1792 and 17'J5, a few of whom 
 remained ])ermanenlly as settlers, but most retired on 
 the expiration of their contracts before 1800.-' 
 
 Airh., MS., ii. T."). W.'i':;cs paid to niission, not to Tiidiiins. Prov. S/. Pap., 
 ^IS., .\xi. \7)6. li^O;"), iiiijsiou liuU;;ii3 got two reals ]iur day, one in extra 
 fo(xl and eiic in cloLli, or Koinetiiau.! money Ironi jiresidiu-s. i'livatc persona 
 jiay ill corn cr meat. Arch. Sla Hdrhiini, .MS., ii. 11!). 
 
 -' Prov. St. P.:p., :.!S., xii. l!)3-4; xiii. GO, VIWA; xvi. 'J; Prov. Rrr., MS., 
 iv. 2'.)-; V. 5. The fjailur «.';•(•/( ;(^s j.'ot.t'^U) per nionlli and lit ctii' rations. 
 
 One slave i/> ine!!li;;ned dn!in,%' tl:e decade, lie was owned liy > i. Albcrni, 
 and wa;i tried I'l.r robbery in I70S. Pna: Per.. .NLS., vi. 102. 
 
 -''i iieir niiiiKS v.eie: Sa;itia;_;o l!uiz, Manuel 1). liuiz, Toiibio Ruiz, Salva- 
 dor li;v(ra, Jcacje.in liivcra, and I'edro Alcihitara, nia: on:;; .^i;lrianf^ Tajiia, 
 potter; C'ayctinioLope:^ mill-maker; .lose \. Ramirez ;nid .''■alvador Vejar, car- 
 penter;-:; ?,.i;:ucl Sa.!:,qi';:dor, tanner and shoemaker; .loa([nin Avalo.s, tanner: 
 ^iariano Taj into v.wA .leamiin IJotello, tailor.s; IV'dro (Jon/alez (iarcia, .lose; 
 Arroya, ar.dJosJ F. Arriola, Maeksmiths; Antonio l)(jni. llenriipie;'. ;.n<l -Mari- 
 iino Joiio Jlendoza, weavers; Manuel Munoz, lii/oiirro, ribhon-nialcer; Joso 
 dc Lcii Reycb and Ai;tcnio Hernandez, .saddlers. One or two of tlie^e names 
 nay have l;ccn ther.e of settler-s who had trades; and one or two of convicts. 
 A few of tlie VKicn/rox u'ot td,0(.)i) per year, and the journeymen from !?.'iOU to 
 SjOO. The con.ti'acltJ v.crc for four or li\'c years. Sept. It), ITHO, rai,a's speci- 
 fies ol mechanic:! ncoded, besides teachers, millers, and a surveyor. <S7. /'"/'■• 
 ,S(f., MS., XV. l;!; Sf. J'f//>., Jilix., MS., i. 8-J. 17!K)and 17l/J,'lists of trades 
 cxistin^'r. /,/., i. 'J:;, !)S, l(il-'_'. Salvador Rivera, the stone-cutter, v.as at lit t 
 left at Xootka in 1701. SI. Pa/>., S'o-., yi>^., y. <)."). l''our mechanics arr'.' I 
 in Dec. 17'.)1. J'ni: S/. Pep., JJi ii. Mil., ^]S., xv. 0. Viceniy s:iy;!ii carx^ei.;. r 
 mu.st tcacli his traile to at least 1:2 Indians in the four years. I'rur. St. Pap., 
 MS., X. i;!7. In 1701 tailor at ?.lontercy tlid .^-Ki-j v.orth of work for ))riva;o 
 jiartie.'j. Prcjv. Si. I'i'p., Ji<ii. JP/I., ^iS., xiii. 11. June •_';», 17'.'-, opinion of 
 the l:..;c;!l on the project, includin;; provision for grantin;.; the i!rLis::ns land anil 
 makini; pernianeut: eltlers of tlicni. The en;„'ineer Mij'uel ('(istansi'i appears as 
 one of the r.dviotr:j in tlie matter. -SV. J'(i/>., Sar., MS., ix. (V2-H. Mai-eh 170.'!, 
 three arii;an:i sent back as useless. Pror. J!(r., MS., ii. IV)'.]. .Jan. 1704, no 
 visible pro;;res3 ma.de thou^di the artisans work well. I'rov. .SV. I'(tp., MS., x.\i. 
 178-0. Uf the value of work done by the artisans half goes to the tn asury, one 
 third to apprentices, and one sixth to artisans. /</., xi. l.-).Sj /'ror. liic, MS., 
 viii. 149. April 'i!), 170o, V. It. wonders that tliou;.di wa/res have been paid, 
 §10,000 ia yet due the artisans. Id., iv. 227. July 19, ]VJo, new opinion of 
 
 1 
 
 III 
 
CIO 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS, 
 
 At first tlie artisiiiiH wore distributed in tlic missions 
 and presidios, or in some cases travelled from one place 
 to another .u'ivinijf instruction. Tlie i'riars were of 
 course pleased, for tliey thus received almost withnur, 
 cost instniftioMS for themselves and their n(M)ph\ies 
 which in the i'uture must contribute huj^cly to the 
 prosperity of their establishments. But they were 
 «lee])ly j^rieved when they found that the kind's 
 mechanics were by no means disposed to rcLii'ard them- 
 selves as mere mission servants to be utilized aeeordiiii;' 
 to the orders of the padres, and at the necessity of pay- 
 inii somethin<x for the work done by the artisans in 
 the course of their teaching. As usual they wanted 
 all the benehts of the entei'priso and its mana'>'en)ent, 
 but pleaded poverty when payment was asked. T\\v 
 Movernnient was not willinuf to do so much for the 
 missions, and after J 795 the fi'iars were obliged to ]);r 
 for the Work done, to pay the artisans' salaries, or 
 send their neophytes to the pn.'sidios to be tauj^ht. 
 In many eases tlu^y refused to do either, and ([uite a 
 controversy ensued. But the dilliculty settled itself 
 as the terms of contract expired, and before 1800 the 
 neopliytes had acquired a stock of instru(.-tion whieli 
 it was thought would suffice for the ujission needs."" 
 
 the fiscal on dctnils. Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xiii. .')0-C0. Av.g. 24, 170.'), B. says 
 \ . li. liiis onlci-od work of ;irtis;ins to cease lit missions. Priv. I'cc., MS., v. (Jl. 
 I'liy bcgiin ^\]im iirtis;ins left Jlexico. Si. Pap., Sac, MS., vii. 41 .*!. I'iity 
 dollars adviiiued for travelliiii^ expenses. The nianied ones to I)', ^.iveii in 
 California a male and female Indian servant for eacli faiiiilx', to he feil ami edu- 
 cated. J'rcr. S'. Paj,., MS., xiii. -KVl-A; Piov. lUr., MS'., iv. 1.S4. j)ee. 4, 
 17'.)."), liseals rejiort, witli details of contracts. Jd., xiii. .■!4-4"2, .Tan. 17'.><>. the 
 missions must he ."sked to .'Uipport tiie new ai'tisaiis ex]iected. J'roi'. J'cc, M^., 
 V. 7N. 17!l(l, ciloit to oi)taiii Mhitc apprentices. I'ror. pif., ]MS., iv. ."i:?-4, 
 7li-3; V. 'IV.); J'rov. St. Pa]>., MS., xiv. I(i. Jidy 17iHi, l.mds ordcied -ranted 
 (in puchlos) to seveivd arti.^ans. J'roc. Pec, M.-^., viii. Hit. 17117. the l)asis ef 
 jiay was chaiiL;cd in later years, one ei ;hth of the value of wo'k done I'oiii'i t^i 
 the aiti-an, and se\eii eiglitlis to thi treasury. Prov. Pre, MS., vi. !)U-1 (and 
 inany other rifercnces). See also for voluminous coirespondence on this siih- 
 ject--eliietly on tlie names, salaries, en;;a!finj,', distriljulinn, arrival and dijiart- 
 me of the artisans — Pror. Si. Pap., JLS., x. 41; xii. 10:2-;); xiii. 40-"-', .ii! .'!, 
 00, 107, l-JlJ-7; xiv. (i; xvi. -J;).', •_>!;]; xvii. 40, l.'!."); xxi. :{0-7, 44, 7:1-4. Wl-Hd, 
 '2-J!t, -JiK). 'r.S, 'Jo.'J, -280, -287; /'/., Uen. JPiL, MS., xxi. 0; xxiii. ;!; A/., /V- 
 fiiiHu.<:, MS., ii. 4,."), S2-;i; ,SV. J'ap.,Sac., MS., ii. 9, 10; iv. •_', (i-2; vii. 47 '•>; 
 xvii. S; J'rov. P,r., MS., ii. 137; iv. 190, 210; v. 14; vi. 32, 35, 70; Arrli. 
 Arzoh'ispado, MS., i. ;>,3. 
 
 30 Dec. 21, 17'J2, Lasucn to Arrillaga, some of the artisans show a ten- 
 
 
WEAVIXr, AND TAXXINO, 
 
 017 
 
 Soino wliitc apprentices were olitaiiied and taujj^lit, 
 tliouj^li instances were not \vantin^L( Avhci'u ])areuts 
 deemed it de^radinin' to i)ut their sons to a trade. 
 
 The results of all these eflbrts were that heforo 
 1800 rude looms were set up in many of the mis.si(>ns, 
 on which hy Indian labor the wool of the country was 
 woven into blankets and coarse fabrics with which the 
 net)pliytes were clotlied;^* hides were tanned and made 
 into shoes, some of the coarser parts of saddh's and 
 other leatlier i»;oods bein']f also manufactured, thou«ih 
 
 ilfury to •.\ct i\» iijjlci ri< rt\.t\n}V iUnn ! ii>itrucfon<. The tailofsdfin'tiiiiiouiittoimich, 
 ill fiR't t::il(irs tuv not iiuK'li muduil in a coiiiitry wlieru tacli nativu i i tail'ir f(,r 
 liiiiisclf. Jt i.^ iHjt well to send tlio liiitives to tlio in'usidio.s for instnu'tioii; 
 )iut it would lie a i^'ood idi'a to let certain artisans tiavel from niis.icjii lo mi ;- 
 sion. Arr/i. Ai-.iihi!Hi<iil(t, MS., i. 'M-2. 17'JU— t, several Sail t'arlos ludiaiH 
 iiistiiicted in Htone-eiittin;,', ln'icklayinj,', etc. Arch. Shi ll'lrhnrn, MS., xii. .!>. 
 I'ee. I7!'."i, l)Oi ica, oi'der.s mis.sioiis to .'■ieiid eaeli foil!' or 11' hidians to i)i'csidio.-<. 
 'I liiy will lie .supporteil and will liave a soldier to tearli them relii;ion. I'lin'. 
 Ji'cf., Ms., V. 'J,'i.)-(i. July 'JS, I7!l(i, J>asiien in a eireular le.i.'rets the restric- 
 tions, but orders the jiadres to send the neoiihyte.s to the [)residi(is, not how- 
 ( \'r e.speetini.,' any good lesult.s. Ai-f/i. Sta JJarlnira, MS., \i. i;;S. Aug. S, 
 ITIHI, 1>. says to Lasuen seven eiL;hths of iiroduet.s of work must go to Ireas- 
 ui'v and one eighth to artisan. An Indian hoy and girl must he suiiidied, tin 
 servants, or a]>]ieal will lie made to the viceroy. J'ri'i: Her., MS., vi. l(i(i-7, 
 jii."! 4. Dee. 'Jil, 17!i<), V. Iv. pays th:;t the artisans arc eng;aged to teach tho 
 natives and not to .serve at missions. Tho missions nmst pay. Arch. S/a 
 Jliirlmrc, MS., ix. 1()7-S. .Vjiril •_'(!, 17!I7, J>asuon to V. IC. jrotesting against 
 giving the artisans one eighth of the value of their work when the mission 
 furnishes all the material, and also ag.'iinst sending Indians to the ]>resid.iiii 
 as being suliversive of all.suliorilinalion. /'/., ix. l()!)-7-; J'ror. S/. I'd}'., MS., 
 XV. i'Si-'J. Xov. I'J, ]7!!S, 1). bus given a mission the free use of a smith and 
 ei'.rpenter for a year. I'nn: l.'cc, JMS., vi. 'JJO. Sept. 'Ji, 17!t!l, ^'. 1!. to gov. 
 iind president, asking them to eomo to some eoncln.-ion how bi st to instruct 
 neophytes witliout li.ik to Christian duties. Arch. Sin, Hnrlicrii, MS., ix. I7.'i- 
 -1; I'ror. Sf. Piif., MS., xvii. n.",!); Vror. ]!rc., .MS., viii. I',):!. Jan. -I'l, ISCO, 
 l.asuen to V. 11., neophytes ought not to be sent to the piesidi(js where they 
 ar(^ nr.ed as peons and often run away; still S'lmething may be eli'ected by 
 sending docile youth and rctpiiring a stiict watch over them. Tiie ohjectinii 
 to the artisans coniing to the missions, is tho re([uired payment for theai-tieh a 
 niade by them which the mission <'annot ali'ord, especially after funiishiuj^ 
 servants and material, and as the oljjects made are not sold. Arclt. Sla IJur- 
 bara, MS., ix. 17')-M). 
 
 •'"For items about weaving sec I'ror. Ucc, JFS., ii. I(i2-(t; iv. OH-'), "J.'il, 
 :!()0; V. '_'()(;. •J45-7; vi. ;i, 7!'', SI, 117, -'30; ix. .->; I'rov. .SV. I'n/,., MS., xii. 
 •_'l; XV. (;7-S; xvi. '2?,■^, '2i)]-2; xviii. IS, 10; xxi. 1SI»; /-/., Jlcn. Mil., xxv. 14; 
 S/. Pdj,., J/;.-w., MS., ii. 100; ,SV. Pap., S'ic., ^LS,, vi. 103-:); Arch. St.i Mr- 
 l)'trit, MS., ii. (iS, !)i;-7; ix. IdS-'J; ]'inicoun r.'! I'oi/a:!'', ii. ll-l.'i. Mo blanket.H 
 wei'o broight from Mexico after 17!)7. A little eottori cloth was wo\en from 
 material brought fiom Sau Lias. Tho Indians had soin(! naturrd skill at dye- 
 ing. 'J'he ribbon-maker was found to bo of no use. Tlieic was a prop(Jsitioii 
 in 17!t7 to nudce the learning of a trade obligatory. \\'eaving was a failuio 
 at jMonterey. Some lump was used lor neophytes' garments. I'. l']s|)i 
 wanted to establish a fulling-mill, but the governor di<a]>iiroved the scheme. 
 The pueblos ^ot none of the instructors, but some weaving was dune there. 
 
618 
 
 INPCSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS, 
 
 not enough as yet to avoid imjjortation from jNToxico.'''' 
 Soap Avas nuulo of suitahlo quality and rjuaiitity to 
 su})[)ly lioiiic needs after 171)8 ;"'■' coarse jtottcry \v;is 
 ])r()ducod at San Francisco and several other places;'" 
 ai]d water-power flouriiio'-niills were built at Sai)tu 
 Cruz and San Luis Obispo, possibly also at Saii 
 Gabriel and San Jose, which with the (ahonas worked 
 by horse or man power and the mctatc.s of tli(^ nco- 
 jiliyto women, supplied the province with ilour.''' 
 Some details of these different branches of manufac- 
 tures will be found in local annals of the dill'erent 
 towns, missions, and presidios.^'^ 
 
 In the way of jjublic improvements, repaiis were 
 several times ordered to be made on the roads, espe- 
 cially at the crossings of streams where couriers were 
 liable to be delayed. There w^re several supp<jse(l 
 discoveries of rich mineral deposits, including one of 
 quicksilver in the black nmd at Santa I^arbara in 170G. 
 In fact Father Salazar reported that the province Wi\s 
 .supposed to be very rich in metals, which were not 
 developed for fear that foreigners would rush in, but 
 actual mining operations were confined to an occasional 
 tiip after t('qitcs<ju>te, or saltpetre, and the extraction 
 of hrca, (n' asphaltum, from the pitch- wells of tbo 
 Channel coast, used to some extent i'or roofing."'' 
 
 ^".^ Pap., Bnu, ]MS., i. 4G-7; Piov. Hoc, MS., iv, 50, 220; Arh. Sm 
 Ldrhnnt, MS., ii. 72-H, 129. Some 2,000 hides were tninicd iit Snnta Clara :is 
 early as 171)2, luit very few of tlicm coulil be sold. At Sta Barbara the em- 
 poral of the i;u;iril was paid Sl.'O per year to attend to the tannin'/. 
 
 33/Voc. y.'<<\, MS., iv. ;);{, JS, .-,0, Kk H;.", •M.\; v. 211 ; i\. i"; Pro,'. Si. 
 Pap., MS., xvii. 111). Abont .'?l,00() worth of soap was rocjniivd ciieh yeai'. 
 There w-.m a niaiiufaotory of this artiele at the raueho del rev in Mimti'rev. 
 
 = '/V(w. .sv. P,//,., MS., xvi. 2.j; xviii. 2o0; J',ol\ AVc, MS'., iv. 7.'>; v. W: 
 Arrli. S/fi. Iliohant, MS., ix. ;{i:{. 
 
 =■■' Pn r. /,•>,:, .MS., ii. 1(;2-;5; iv. 177, 1S7-S, 221, 2:V2, 2.V., 2^,",: v. .^0: vi. ('., 
 ()S; Ari'lt. Sla JUirlmra, MS., xii. o!); Lo'i Aii'/cioi IPt4., 7. Jldlin Hid. S. 
 Joxc,l\4. 
 
 "'See also /general eonnnnnieationson the prosressof the various inditstri s 
 between ^Mvernnr and viceroy in J'rur. h'rc., MS., vi. ()7-^', t'D-DO, 117; S!. 
 i'«y)., J/;.«. and Co/., :\IS., i'. 70; Uc/'t. S/. Pup., S. Jo.--;', MS., i. 4(1; St. 
 J'lip., il/;.s.><., MS., ii. 0, 
 
 " J'rov. Sf. Pap., MS., xiv. 107, 17."); xxi. 170 7; Pror. P,r., MS., iv. .-.7-^: 
 '.irfi. Sill, lii'riiufd, !MS., ii. M-T\. The only ship-bnildin;.; in<lustry reeorde 1 
 U the buildin'j; of a large boat by the sailors left by Capt. L'orr in 1700. Pro ; 
 lice, MS., vi. 79. 
 
AOEICULTUEE. 
 
 C19 
 
 32 
 
 t(. 
 
 Agricultural statistics arc given elsewhere in cliap- 
 tcrs devoted to missions, puel)los, and to local prog- 
 ress; but it is well here to give the giand total of 
 produ{!ti()n, which was on an average 50,000 bushels 
 ot" grain per year during the decade Of this yield 
 3G,000 bushels were wheat; 11,700 bushels, corn; 
 5,400 bushels, barley; 1,800 bushels, beans; and 1,200 
 buj.Lcls, miscellaneous grains such as pease, lentils, etc. 
 Of other crops no statistical records were kept, though 
 each establishment had a vegetable L,nirden, a fruit- 
 orchard, or a vineyard, most having all of these in 
 ji prosperous condition supplying the wants of the 
 country. There have been some interesting discus- 
 sions in modern times I'cspecting the dates at which 
 gra])es, oranges, and otlier iruits were introduced in 
 California; but there are no records whicli can throw 
 light on the matter. INIany varieties of I'ruit, includ- 
 ing j)robably grapes, were introduced irom the penin- 
 sula by the earliest expeditions between 1700 and 
 1770; nearly all the varieties were in a nourishing 
 condition on a small scale before Junfpero Serra's 
 death in 1784; and very few remained to bo introduced 
 after LSOO.''" 
 
 Lorica gave and reqrnred his commandants to give 
 nnich personal attention to the ad\'ancement of agi'i- 
 cultural interests, using various ex[)edi'jnts of reward 
 iind threat to accustom the settlers — for there was 
 rarely any occasion to interfere with the friars and 
 tlu'ir subjects — to habits of industry and to precau- 
 tions againr-.t possible I'aniine in years of drought. 
 
 ''■' Tiifi)rmiititiii (ni tlicsc inattcrs is very iricnjTrc ruul of ;i f'cncnil imtiu'c. 
 Viilli jii l;;isi licaril from Iii.s fullicf aii'l oUicrs of ihf J'liinliii/iin -i Ur.-.t viiua 
 were Lroi'.'ht u;i in ITfiO, ami [ihintwl at Sail Oicijo. Tc/.V/o. Doc. Jtisf. ('a!., 
 MS., xNxvi. 'J: iS. raloii, V'ala <li' Jinn'/nri Strm, IflO, 'J-0, eti'., incntinns 
 }.'r;'.l)<.M, vc/'cUillc's, fruit?,, etc., as lIuiiiisliiiiL; in 17S4. Yiild of MouttTcy 
 gavilcu si'.r.ifici.t to j)ay for.apu'diiL'r ill 17S4. J'lor. .V/. /''''/'., MS., v. .')4. I.ii 
 I'li'oiK.ii Ici'l; tlm llr..L potntoi;; in (,'alifoiiii;i in 17N!. TIhTi: arc oonio traili- 
 tioi'S of wild I rapes foiuul in tlic country mar San Antonio, and inijiroxxil liy 
 cuhivalion. ii'oiiif-., Lo (/tie naf.c, }i\^., lU.'i-O. I'agcs' (.ankii in IT'-iMH witii 
 'JOJ fr;!iL-irc'c:'., vines, etc. Pior. .V. J'ii/>., MS., x. KiT. Ve.ncoiiver naim .s 
 iiii ny kinds if fruit raised in 17!'-. \Vine inannfaetnred in llii' souiIk rii 
 mis.' ion ; in 17! 7-'l Arrfi. Xt JJarlxmi, MS., .\ii. (Xi, 70, 17!"'^ Tlic culturo 
 of \ inc.s ;.n.l ulive.i niu.it bo eiicourugcd. Proi'. Jive, MS., iv. IGU. 
 
 m 
 
620 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Regular weather reports were insisted on, though very- 
 few of th(nu liiive been preserved.'"^ T]ie hardest years 
 for the provinee were 1794 and 1795; but even in 
 those years tlie drouglit (Hd not extend over all lli«' 
 territory, so that more than half the average erop was 
 ])rodueed. In 1793 the governor seconded by l*resi- 
 dent Lasucn prohibited the kindling of iires by nco- 
 })liytes and gentiles which had in several instances 
 caused considerable damaixe in the grain-fields/" In 
 1795 owners of gardens were required to fence theiu, 
 or at least to make no C()n![)laints of ravages by cat- 
 tle." The chief enterprise, however, of an agricult- 
 ural nature in which the government took an inter- 
 est was tlie attem])t to introduce the cultivation of 
 flax and hem]). The establishment of this industry 
 in the American colonies oF Spain had been orden;;! 
 by the king in 1781, and tlie orders had been jjroniul- 
 gated in California as elsewhere, without receiving 
 any practical attention; but in 1795 special or. Icrs and 
 a ])acl\age of seed having been sent U]) to ]),I<)ntercy, 
 the experiment was undertaken in earnest by I>ori(a's 
 directions, San Jose being selected as the spot and 
 Ignacio Vallejo as the su])erintendent, with the aid of 
 a soldier who knew sometliing of llax-culture. S<^nie 
 tletails of the e\])eriment will be found in conntction 
 with the local history of San Jose I'or this period. 
 There were some iailures of crops, and others ivsidt- 
 ing from inexperience in the various processes to 
 Mhich the product was subjected; but sev(>ral lots of 
 the staple sent to jMexico gave satisfaction, and in 
 1800 the prospects of the new industry were consid- 
 ered encouraging, and ]ireparations were made to send 
 Joaquin Sanchez to sujierintend it in California,'' ' 
 
 '^ MiiHir ofmnmiiiicuticiis of tlio povcniorou nsriculturc. Pror. Hrr,, ]\!S., 
 iv. 'y2-:i, (i!l-l;,(i; v. (i;!; vi. 07, SO; J/<j.f. >7. I'ap. S. Jo>i(!., MS., i. .VJ. J5uri.a 
 oU'i'itil ,1 jiiviiiiiim cf S'J,") till- tin- Imv.'i'st crdii in 17!H(. 
 
 'Tnr. S(. /'((y,.,.AlS., xii. IST-S; /''., Jltn. Mil., xx. 5; An/i. Jo./,;.- 
 ;)«(/<>, MS., i. ."4; Arr/i. Sin Jli/rh/u-a, MS., vi. "JIO 14. 
 
 " /',■<, r. y.'rv., :\1S., iv. Ill, 17, 'Ji), ;'.:J-4, '27'J, 'J'.KJ; /Vol', f:i. J'np., MS., 
 xiv. 77. 
 
 ^-Nov. i;!, 17S1, lojiil oiik IS iniblislicd by Ncvc. Pror. S(, Pup., MS., 
 
STOCK-RAISING. 
 
 621 
 
 The companion industry to agriculture, and tlio 
 favorite occupation of Californians from the first, as 
 requiring less hard work than tilling the soil, was 
 stock-raising. California had in 1800 in round nuni- 
 hers 187,000 animals in her herds and flocks: 74,000 
 cattle, 24,000 horses, 1,000 mules, and 88,000 sheep, 
 not to mention the com])aratively few asses, goats, 
 and swine. Of the total number the missions had 
 150,000; the presidios 18,000; and the pueblos 1G,000. 
 The increase had been uninterrupted from 17G() except 
 in the year 1794-5 when there was a slight decrease. 
 The king's rancho at jMonterey witli branches at San 
 Francisco and San Diego furnished to the presidial 
 (.'on)panies a very large jiart of the meat consumed 
 and nearly all the cavalry horses emjJoyed in the 
 service, the ])roceeds of sales on royal account varying 
 from i;iU,000 to .^3^000 per year. The missionaries 
 always looked with much hostility on these establish- 
 ments as depriving the missions of the best and almost 
 the only market for their produce; but liaving founded 
 
 iii. 2-17-."r!. 17S">, other orders of the iuidiciiL'ia published. //., v. 2.")0-l. 
 !pt. 115, ITS."), .JosL' de (ialvtzto ]''iii.'os on aiding' the ciitcrjiiiMu. iSV. I'op. 
 Sac, ?,1S., iv. ;!."). Sept. (i, ITH^!, vieei'oy onlers lliix-enltni'e to he jiromoteil 
 ill iill the missions. Arrh. Std Dnrhdru, .MS.,xi. "ili!!— 1. Sept. Ttli, ;,'n;iidi,ni 
 al.-jo reeoinmends the mutter, siijiii;.; that a wihl iiax is found on tiie (Jali- 
 foi-ni.i eoaiit. Yi/., xii. 11,1,'). A\v^. l.'i, IT'.M, two faiU'Lras of hemp-seed sent 
 to J^asuen. I(l.,\{. 2(i7-S. Instnietioiis for hemp-eidturo. Instruments sent 
 171)o. ,sv. />((/.., Sac, MS., XV. 15-17; Diji'. St. /'up., S. Josi', MS.,i. ,'h\ {>; 
 I'l'iir. !,'('(■., .MS., iv. lie. See eha])ter xxxii. for experiments at San Josi'. 
 .Niay'Jl, I7!'li. 'iax find iiLiVip to ho free of dutv, aurl implements free from 
 (axca. dii'ila In ,1/r.,., viii. '.),V8; I'roi: S/. /'(■///., :MS., xiv. 1!)4. Dee. I!», 
 1 790, ]-orica to V. ll.,'M fanegas of seed harvested. Missi(jns as a rule will not 
 1h; fihlo to raise hemp. No success yet in working the inatei'ial. .SV. /'«/*., 
 Sit''., MS., iv. 7>). lleni[) e\])orted in 171)li-7 of no use. Pror. ]'■<'., MS., iv. 
 'J7iJ. 17il;\ samjdea sent to .Nlexieoand a]ipioved. 7.7., vi. 1(1.'!; viii. 1S!)-!I!). 
 I'm,: St. I'ap., MS., xxi. 272, 2.S7. May :!, 17!»S, hemp sent to V. Viader 
 to try experiments in spinning. I'ror. It<i\, MS,, vi. 21:>. 17!)!l, 2.") arroha.i 
 <'f hem]) sent to Mexico. I'riee $l$oO. I'lospects favorahle. Prov. St. Pii/>-, 
 MS., xviii. iSli-4; xvii. 2111. Culture mn-t he introduced at lil•ancifort(^ A/., 
 xvii, ;U4-1."). San Carlos using hemp lor oi'dinary cloth for neophytes. 
 /';■()'. JiW., vi. 117. l!'.(X», crojis not good. /(/., ix. l."i; S. Jo.ti! Arr/i., MS., 
 iii. 70. Ariangemcnts in .Mexico to continue to cncourngc the new industry 
 and to send Joaijuin Sanchez to California. .S'. t/o.sc', Ari/i., MS., v. 'M; St. 
 J'fi/K, J//.s,s'. (ui:( i'»l., MS., i. 5.V7; Si. Pup., Sue, MS., ix. 102-4. I'.y 
 tlicse arrangements the mcinorki ships were to take Iiax and hemp in good 
 condition and pay for it in cash. Sanchez ilid not sail for Califoinia. (I'ln rru, 
 J)iii\ Wit. ('((/., MS., iii. 17(>-!). Vague indications that cotton was also 
 tried. Prov. lice, MS,, iv. lOS; vi. 201); ix. 0. 
 
C22 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 tlie ranc'lios at a time when the missions bad no live- 
 stock to sell, tlic government was not disposed to 
 abandon tliem later; and indeed it was claimed that 
 only by means of tlie rancbo del rey and of the fixed 
 tarilis of prices were the friars kept from maintaining,^ 
 an oppressive monopoly." 
 
 In l7'JG-7 Borica made a special effort to promote 
 tbe raising of slicep in connection with tlic mauiifae- 
 tnre of cloth. Statistical reports do not show that 
 the increase in the mission llocks was much great.-r 
 in those than other years, though it was uniibrnily 
 rapid; while in the pueblos, to which Borica gave liis 
 attention more ])articularly, very little was accom- 
 plished.^' The Calilbrnian cattle were very prolilic, 
 and, under the carl}^ regulations forbidding tlie 
 slauglitcr of cows, multiplied with wonderful rajiiib 
 ity. The pueblos were not allowed to let their large 
 stock increase beyond fifty head to each settler; the 
 rancheros had no very large herds before 1800; and 
 in the missions durinuf the last decade efforts wwc 
 directed rather to restrict than encourage further 
 incre;ise; yet in s|)itc of all restrictions, and of the 
 ravages of bears, wolves, and Indians, and of tht; 
 constantly increasing slaughter for meat and tallow, 
 c.'.ttle were becominix too numerous for the needs ut' 
 
 *^ Prov. St. Pap., MS. x. 01; xii. .-^O, 07; xvi. 02; xvii. U-IO; /r/., Uni. 
 MIL, xiii. 1-7; xvii. 1; xviii. 4, f); xxv. "2-4; Prov. Hie, MS., i. 2().S; iv. IC, 
 117, i:;4, 2.V)-(!, 27:!, 2S.-,; V. 04, (!S, S,"), 2(!0; vi. 100, 104, 100; St. Pup., J/Zs-., 
 MS., i. 7.")-4; .SV. /'"/>., Misx. and Col., MS., i, (58-78. Soc also cluiptcrs \w. 
 {)iiil xxxii. for locril items rispcctini; the raiicho ilol rcy. 170."), ctittlc lost on 
 tlic! roiid were cliav(;c(l to the eoiisumptiou of the troops. 1700, 4,000 ciiUlu 
 l)eloiiu'iiii4 to the leal liaeieiula, fi'oiu which many private ])er.soii.s were ^^iip 
 plieil. 170."), each soldier inight have two miich cows. There seem to li:.ve 
 l>eeii .soiiio siieep 011 the raiieho. After 1707 an account was made of tlie 
 liides, which hetore had hceii left to the soldiers. 
 
 <' J'^IIort.s at Sta IJarliara. I'rcv. Per., MS., iv, 00. liancheros must keep 
 shwp or live in the ]nielilos. /</., iv. 8(i. Introduced at Angeles, S. ilose, 
 an<l San Francisco. Jil., vi. 70. livery settler should have at least 1! .-.'iee;<, 
 tor Mhiili Ihey may pay in grain. /</., iv. 147. ]>reedln;;-slieep t'^ he iiur- 
 chased and .sent to Monterey. /<(. , iv. 02. Six hundred and tourt<'on slirep 
 at 7 ''eals, wethers >"-2, received from San ])ie,i;o. iSV. J'oj)., iS.'C, MS., vi. (1. 
 \Vool iit S. (laliricl 20 reals per ari'oba. JiL, vi. (i. Two hundred slucp dis- 
 trihuted at Aui^'eles Aii,i;ust 1700. /(/., vi. 1. Every settler a'., San .lose iriust 
 keep ;{ sheep for every larger animal. JJqit. St. Pap., S. Joii', MS., i. 7i> 4. 
 Tlie liiced at San I'rancisco was merino, and better than elsewhere. J'ror. SI. 
 rap., MS., XV. S, !). 
 
■^ 
 
 HORSES AND MULES. 
 
 G:3 
 
 the country. Horses, not being used for food, nor 
 as yet stolen extensively by Indians, were largely in 
 (excess of all demands at four or five dollars each. 
 Mules at iiftccn dollars were generally in demand, 
 com[)aratively few being yet raised. Tithes of all 
 live-stock except in the missions were branded each 
 year in October or November and added to the rancho 
 del rc}'.'*' 
 
 *^1701, mission stock should be reduced to prevent dispersion. Tlie 
 Indians cat too iiuieli meat. Missions not allowed to buy animals from tin; 
 troojis. Tlio rai.sing of horses .ind mules should bo promote<l. Yearly slaughter 
 for meat ordered. Fa,"es to liomeu, in Prov. SI. I'up., !MS., x. 15'.). \'u, 170. 
 17!'-, no more fat to be shipped from San Bias, ami 'J'lO ccjws to bo killed 
 each year. It is Ijetter to make monthly <listriljations of meat. Arrillacra, in 
 /'/., >:i. 1)7-8; Prov. J'cr., MS., ii. l.Vi. VanetJiiver took some eattlc away 
 for ISiitany I'aj- and the Sandwich Islr.ndH. V((iirouv(r'.'i I'n;/., ii. 1)0; /•/•()(•. 
 St. PdjK, MS., x.\i. ]22. 1791, no market for horses. Mules promise bettei-. 
 I'ueblo SLoek nnieh exposed to Indians. Soldiers allowed only three or four 
 cows. King's SLf)ek not much all'eetcd by the removal of females. Adobe 
 houses built for soldiers guarding stock, in place of huts of hides. j\rr/IUt;in, 
 J'((/iil i/ij J'nii/i-n, MS., IbiU-'Jl. 17!)r), rancheroa have but litilc stock and it 
 nmst not incn^a.sc. Prov. SK Pcip., MS., xiii. 'HY.), 210, Si'l-,'). 170(1, wild 
 Ix.'asts troublesome, jirevcnting the increase of tithes. A lion attacked a cor- 
 poral, soldier, and Indian ^\oman at Kancheria Xueva. Prov. l!<r., MS., ix. 
 (I, iv. (ilj. 1707, no settler to have over 50 head of large stoelc, for each of 
 which three head of small stock must be kept. /(/., iv. "204, '284; />('///. SI. 
 P(i/i., S. Josf'\ MS., i. 7.'!-4. Two reals to be paid on each heatl of cattle 
 killed, f^. Jnsr, Anh., MS., v. .31. Tithe cattle to l;c brandc I with royal 
 rancho brand applied crosswise to prevent confusion. /(/., v. .'11. Over I2,U(K) 
 horses on the .\lonterey ranches in lS(K)(evidently an error). Arrtlbtja, L'atado 
 ill'. JSOU-1, MS., in Duiaiini, Doc. UUt. Cal., 3, 4. 
 
CHAPTEE XXIX. 
 
 IMDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 1791-lSOO. 
 
 CoMMERCR — Trade of the TRANsroRTS — Otter-skins — Projects of Mar. 
 Qi'EZ, Mamaxeli, Ixciarte, Ponx'e, Mexdez, axi) Ovixeta — Provixcial 
 FiXAXCES — IIabilitados — Factor axd Comjhssary— Complicated 
 Accounts — Supplies axd PiEvexues — Taxes — Touacco Moxopoly— 
 Tithes — ]STilitary Force axd Distrip.utiox — Civir, Coverx>[ext — 
 Ppoposed Separatiox of the Califohxias — Administratiox of Jus- 
 tice — A Cause Celebre — Executiox of Rosas — Official Care of 
 Morals — Use of Liquors — Gaiipxixc — Education' — Rorica's Efforts 
 — The First Schools and School-masters. 
 
 California had as yet no commerce. Not a tradinQ:- 
 vessel proper touched on the coast before 1 800, tliough 
 there had been some Httle exchange of goods for meat 
 and vegetables on several occasions between the Cal- 
 ifornians and such vessels as arrived for purposes other 
 than commercial. " It is sad to not see a single shi[»- 
 owner on the Pacific coast," wrote Costanso in 1794; 
 no trade in the South Sea, and therefore no revenue, 
 a lack of population, and great expense to the crown. 
 The Cadiz merchants from mistaken motives stifled 
 the coast trade in its infancy. A grand commereo 
 might be developed, affording California colonist", a 
 market for their products, including fish and salted 
 moats.^ The Spanish laws strictly forbade all trade 
 not only with foreign vessels and for foreign goods, 
 l)ut with Si)anish vessels and for Spanish- American 
 goods except the regular transports and articles 
 l)roughf^ by them. At first the transports were for- 
 bidden to bring other goods than those included in 
 the regular invoices to the habilitados, and great prc- 
 
 " Coslansd, In/oi-me de 170.}, JIS. 
 
 ( C24 ) 
 
TRADE WITH THE TRAXSPORTS. G25 
 
 cantioiiR were insisted on to prevent smui^t^liiig iJy 
 friars, soldiers, and sailors. After 178;"), liowevor, 
 trade was Tree on the transports except that I'roni 
 1790 to 1794 one half the regular rates of duties must 
 be jiaid, and that at no time could foreign goods he 
 introduced. The methods of conducting tliis traf- 
 fic are not clearly indicated, but apparently the olil- 
 cers and even sailors of the transports brought up 
 from tSan Lias on private speculation such articles as 
 they could I)arter with the soldiers. In the absence 
 of money this trade could not have asstuned large pro- 
 j)ortions; but the soldiers ibrmed the habit of exchang- 
 ing the regularly I'urnished sjfoods needed bvtlKirfam- 
 Hies I'or liquors, bi'ight-colored cloths, and worthless 
 trinkets. To prevent this the gov(>rnor sometimes 
 dela3'ed opening the regular su])i)lies till after the v(!S- 
 sel had departed. The supply-ships continued during 
 this decade as before to take an occasional small quan- 
 tity of salt or salt meat to San Bias, besides receiving 
 the needed supplies for their retui'U trips. The iin- 
 jiortation of mission produce from Lower California 
 v\-as allowed, but naturally little was done; in this 
 direction, thouu'h one or two lots of brand v, ii'>s, and 
 raisins for the liiars were sent up overlan(h- 
 
 'Fcli. 2n, 1701, Tugrs (lisafiprovcs tlio froo tr.'iile \vi(Ii S:in IjIms hccniiso 
 tlie polilicis f::i(.i'i;ice I'.scfut iii'liclcs in liai'tcr fm- luxiiiics iiiid li(]iU'v. J'njiil 
 tia Pini'i K, Ms., ITiS-O. 17!'.'$, the viciroy thinks no ln-jinrh of (nnnn'Tfc is 
 lil;t'ly to sni-C'tnl unless it nuiy )»o thi,' shijinuMit of f^rnin to San lUa'^. It' rill'i 
 ii'i'jcdii, Car' I, (Ir J!',/.!, MS. 171*-1-, (lov. allows iniixji-tation I'ioui liaja Cali- 
 fovnia, cxct'pt of mescal anil f)f her licpu-.rR. J'ror, S>. Pap., .MS., xii. il!) II. 
 Xov. 17r4, jnihlifa; 1(11 of till' kin^Lj's renewal of iici'n.su (i.f I'd), l'!, 1701), for 
 free trade v, i Ji f an lilas for 10 years. J,/., xi. 1^(1-7; xii. 0, l'>, 177-«. .May 
 '27, 170"), v. li. has learned tliat the hahilitados have ) aid the half diitie.s on 
 S.ui r.'.as imports down to Nov. '.!l, 1704. This would indicate perliaps that 
 tliis duty was j^aid i;n tiic regul.';r iiiciDorri^, a.s well as on extra (joods. /'/., 
 xiii. 01-2; xii. \'>~k .luno S, )70.''>, all foreign floods except sneli as are in- 
 eluded in the rc'oiLir invoices of the hahiiitado ;reiieral arc to he eonli ■cated 
 hy v. R.'.s or. er. //., xiii. I'DS; I'm: AVc, .AlS., vi. 47; <S'. ./'«'•', Arch., 
 MS., iv. ;!1. July 7, 170."), f'erez Fernamlez of San Francisco wants instiaie- 
 tiona how to cany out this order. .S7. /'«/)., S<tr., .MS., i. '_'!-■_'. I70i'), loyal 
 order not to admit goods frf)ni foreirai vessels, /ror. L'lC, MS., viii. Iiio. 
 An.L'. 17, 170(1, \'. 1;. transmits loyai order of May Hth approving certain 
 restiielioii.'j imposed on the leaving ■ . ^ititli, etc.. in payment fn- supplies hy 
 captains Mooi'c ! nd Locke. I'nglish cunning and pretexts fur traiio must 
 l)evatcli((l. :/. I'cji., Site, MS., v. HO 1. 170S 0, Ijiandy, llgs, and ruisiua 
 sent xij^i fr( ni llaja ('a'.iforiiia. Prov. lice, MS., vi. "JIU, UoS. 
 Ui»T. Cal., Vol. I. iU 
 
 l!ll! 
 
 Ill 
 
626 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Witliiii the limits of California trade consisted in 
 the delivery of goods from the presidio warehouse to 
 the soldiers for their pay and rations and to the set- 
 tlers in [)aynicnt for grain and other supplies, the ha- 
 bilitados being required to purchase home productions 
 rather than to order from JNIexico. Money was ])aid 
 but rarel}^ but goods were delivered at cost. For 
 the benefit of the pueblos Borica urged not only the 
 exportation of grain that the settlers might have a 
 market, but the sending by the government of special 
 invoices of goods to be sold to them at a small advance 
 on cost, in order that they might not be compelled to 
 purchase inferior articles at exorbitant prices from the 
 San Bias vessels.^ The missions also sold supi)lies to 
 the presidios, and sometimes received goods in i)ay- 
 ment; but they preferred as a rule to keep an oj)en 
 account which was settled once a year by a dral't oi' 
 the habilitado on Mexico, with which special invoices 
 of articles needed by the friars for themselves or their 
 neoi)])ytes or their churches were purchased and sent 
 to California free of all duties. The friars still scut 
 a few otter-skins to Mexico, and an occasional carn'o 
 of tallow ft)und a market at San Bias.* 
 
 ^ 1/04, orilcrs to try nil possiljlc lioine products, paying in goods nt cost. 
 Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xiii. 10;)-4; xii. 01, 00; xiv. 70-7; I'rw. V.Vc, JLS., ii. 
 r27-8; i\'. lis. 170(), care uuist bo taken to prevent the si'Lllcrj fjulliiijj; too 
 iiuich of tlitii' grain, and keeping none for seed. .S'. Jour, Arch., JiS., ii. 7;>-4. 
 Correy;iondence hetween governor, viceroy, and iudjilit.ado geiieiv.l alioiit tiie 
 prcjject of special invoices of goods for ilio puelilo trade. 'I'lic! nialter was 
 taken under consideration. St. Pup., Sac, MS., ix. IS-'JO; Pror. P.rc. MS., 
 vi. 7, l;),'>-4. Tlio settlers were disposed to cheat the government liy selling 
 damp Hour. S. Jour, Arch., ilS., vi. 4G. 
 
 * Till! only eoinnninication which I find respecting tlio fur-trade in tliia 
 decade is a somewhat remarkable circular of I're.sident Lasucn dated July 'Ji, 
 1701, iii Arch. S/u Bdrh(tr<x, JIS., ix. HM-l."), 317, in whieii ho says that 
 advices from Mexico promise better prices for otter-skins, which r.iay there- 
 fore be aeeuniulatcd. They ct.n be sent to the Mission sindico so ]\ieked and 
 mixed wi^h other goods that the contents of the packages may not Ijg appar- 
 ent; liiit the guardian or procunidor should be notiliud as to the detr.iis of 
 marks, etc.! Lasuen in the same circular, /(/., ix. .'iJ.VlO, s;iys that too 
 much tallow 1 xs l)ecn sent to San IMaa and the price is lower; therefore the 
 remainder may be disposed of to pWvate persons. 1704, the guardian ;;ivcs 
 the bad quality of tlie tallow as the reason why the ships have rei'uocd it. 
 1'hey will take 500 or 000 arrobas yearly at §2.r)0 if well pre; ared. IIo semis 
 direclions for preparing it. Doc. Jlixt. t'a!., MS., iv. al-'J; Arch. Sin r.ar- 
 (iiira, MS., xi. 'i.'iS, '204-7, 271-15. Salazar complains that ]uiel;l(;s have the 
 preference aa sellers, and also of tlie long time that the missions have to wait. 
 
COMMERCIAL PROJECTS. 
 
 C27 
 
 In 1793 the king granted to Roman Marqucz of 
 the Coniercio do Indias license to make an experi- 
 mental trading voyage from Cildiz to San Bias and 
 California, with the privilege of introducing Spanish 
 goods free of all duties, though foreign goods must 
 pay seven per cent. Californian products exchanged 
 for these goods might also be exported free of duties. 
 Due notice was forwarded to the viceroy, and by him 
 to Borica and Lasuen, who notified friars and com- 
 mandants to bo ready for the expected commercial 
 visitor. It was announced in November 17D4 that 
 the vessel, the Levante, had actually sailed. A year 
 later came the notice that as jMarquez had failed to 
 carry out his enterprise it would be undertaken by 
 Ignacio Inciarte. Here the matter seems to have 
 droj)ped out of vicw.^ Meanwhile the king and vice- 
 roy in 1794-5 approv^ed the petition of Nicolas Ma- 
 maneli who proposed to make a trading voyage from 
 California and return; but nothing more is heard of 
 the scheme.^ Permission was also granted to Antonio 
 Ponce to build a schooner and open a trade ])ctween 
 San Bias and California.^ 
 
 I have alluded to Borica's reconnnendation in favor 
 of the sending of special invoices by the government 
 for pueblo trade. In May 1797 the habilitado gen- 
 eral made a long report in favor of the project, ex- 
 plaining that nothing but a market \\)r produce could 
 arouse Californian industries from stagnation to pros- 
 perity; enumerating the facilities for a profitable 
 exportation of furs, hides, fish, grain, llax, oil, and 
 wine, and especially sardines, herring, and salmon, and 
 insistiui; that the u'overnment must take the initiative 
 in ()[)ening this provincial commerce, since the pros- 
 
 Coiiil'ii'ion Actual <h CuL, MS., 71-3. ITOrt, contract.s not to 1)o mnili! with 
 Missi(!ii nin jofilomoH without consent of jjidic. .S'. ./o.sv', Arch., MS., vi. 40. 
 
 '' \'ii;ci(iy"H (.oiuniiuiiiation of Ai)iil "J, IT'.M, ciicl' ::i:;i,' royal oi(\r of Out. 
 1, 17!;:5. find otlicr pajurs. Prov. SI. /'a/K, MS., xi. lOS, isS-O; xii. '2] -2; 
 J'ror. />(■., MS., iv. lllJ-17, 111), 140; Arc/i. Arzoln.^i'Uilu, MS., i. 40; Cntu- 
 laro. MS., i. '240. 
 
 Til). '28, 1705, viceroy to governor, in Pror. Si. Pap., MS., xiii, 12. 
 
 ' j\'«em Espunu, Acucrdos, MS., y'2-3. 
 
628 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 pccts ot tlio first were not sufficiently flattoriiig to 
 attract private companies. Ho ur^ved the sending of 
 an experimental invoice of .$G,000, and gave many 
 details respecting the management of tlio business. 
 Here so far as the records show the matter ended 
 without practical benefit to Los Angeles and San Jose."* 
 Two other commercial schemes in behalf of Califoinia 
 were devised in 1800 and were still in abcvance at 
 the end of this decade. Juan Ignacio Mendcz, wlio 
 had brought some goods to California for sale on the 
 su])ply-ship in 1798 and had worked in the country 
 as a carpenter, asked for a license to export California 
 proikictions on private account by the same vessels. 
 Juan Bautista Ovineta asked for the approval of a 
 contract which he had made with the settlers of San 
 Jose and Brancifortc for one thousand fanegas of 
 wheat each year at two dollars and a half a fanega. 
 The viceroy and fiscal were disposed to favor l)ot]i 
 projects, but called on the governor for his opinion.'' 
 
 ^Ctircaha, hiforme del IldhUitado Oencrnl sohre la rcmis'ion de memoriae de 
 E/crtm para Ion Pwhhn dn ('ali/oniia, 179T, MS. 
 
 "Oct. .'], 1800, viccioy to ;,'ovi'raoi', on tlio Mondcz proposition. <S'^. Phik, 
 Sac, ^18., ix. 104-(!. Doc. IS, 1800, fiscal to V. II., on Ovincta's contrai t. 
 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 12-'i. Viccioy Azanza in his yiisfniccloii, Ms,, 
 91-2, speaks of a proposal of Tcpic merchants to supply California with in r- 
 clmniliso. On prices 1 .nppciultho fol'owing items: Feb. '20, 1701, Fiij^es su;,f- 
 gests a reduction in soino of tlic tarilF prices for grain and meat. Pror. S/. 
 7\(/)., MS., X. l.'()-7. Prices at Sta Barbara and S. Ijucnavcntura, 1704 (d 
 ls-_'l. Arrh. Sla Barbara, MS., vii. 44-Oli, 80-111; ix. 48,j-7. Sei.c. 22, 
 170."'), liorica gives a list of articles which could be advantiigeously sold iu 
 Calilornia, including hats costing S22 and scllingat §.30 per dozen; stockiii.--. 
 ?9-§ 12 pur dozen; handkerchiefs, §i;i-§18 per dozen; gold lace, §2S-^,.C)0 jur 
 pound; chocolate, 1.7'> leales to 3.5 rcales per poun'.l. J'ror. St. Pap., Jim. 
 MIL, JIS., xxii. 2. 1700, cojiiiU/o-i, saddle-pads, 50 cents a pair. Prov. /.'<'•.. 
 MS., vi. 100. Wheat, §;{ per fanega. Ihpt. St. Pap., S. Jose, MS., i. (;ii. 
 Freight on grain from Angeles to Sta Barbara 7 reals. Prov. Pec, MS., iv. 
 82-.'J. 1797, wool 18 reals per arroba (9 cents per pound). /(/., iv. 01; i-'i 
 at Monterey. Drpt. Si. Pap., S. Josr, MS., i. 78; Prov. Jlec, iMS., iv. 21 I. 
 Lambs olFored, 7 reals; asked by padres, §1. Prov. St. Pap., 5IS., xv. SO. 
 1708, tiles S20 per thousand. /(/., xvii. 97. Bulls, 8-1. A/., xvii. 103. Calves*, 
 f!4; cows, §.'). Proc Jier., MS., iv. 102, lO.'i. 1799, blankets .?4.r)0; brandy, 
 J! 1.07 per ci/fr»'^7,'o; Tigs, .SO cents per pound; olive-oil, 40 cents per pound. 
 J'rov. lli'C, ilS., iv. 110; vi. 233. Chickens, 50 cents per dozen. .S'. ./oni', 
 Arch., MS., vi. 41. June 20, 1799, Borica favors reduction iu pric(! of horses 
 fr(jin .i;'9 to .'?7; marcs, .?4 to §.'); and colts, .§5 to §3.50. Other tariff prices fair 
 enough. Prov. Pec, MS., vi. 120-7. Soap, 15 cakes for §1. Tithe wheat 
 niaj' be sold for 13 reals for cash or on 4 months' time. S. Jose, Arch., MS., vi. 
 48, 41. 
 
TROVINCIAL FIXANCE. 
 
 G29 
 
 Till! matters of provincial lii)an('i\ pn'sidial sn])j»li(^s, 
 and habilitjido's accounts aiv closely allied to tliat of 
 coniinorcc, since the distribution of su[)|)lics consti- 
 tuted for the most part the trallic of the country. 
 Tlun'e were no ladical chani^'es in the system of hnan- 
 cial manai^ement during this decade. ]Cacli year an 
 a|)[)ropriation from the royal treasury was made in 
 ISIexico to cover all Californian expenses, according to 
 the pay-roll of officers, soldiers, artisans, and settlei's. 
 Ijelbre 179() it was about i;iUU,O00; subse(iuently by 
 reason of the reiinforcements of Catalan volunttsers 
 and artillerymen, of artisan instructors, and of the 
 settlers of I)rancif>rto, the amount was raised to about 
 $81,000.^*^ ]']ach year in !March or April a list was 
 sent from California of all the articles which v/ould 
 be needed for the following year and which coidd ii<»t 
 be [)urchased in the |)rovince. From the a])[)n)[)ria- 
 tion was cleducted the amount of drafts on 3Ie\ico 
 with which supplies obtained in California had been 
 paid f )r, and also the amount of various royal revenues 
 iitained in Calilbrnia and represented by drafts. 
 Then there was added the amount of su[)[tlics furni.slied 
 in (Jaliibrnia to vessels oi by (hie authority to native 
 laborers, or othei'wise jiroperly disposed of ]''inally, 
 the mcmorias of needed articles \\'erc purchased at 
 j\lexico and San ]jlas and shl})})ed regulai'ly to tlie 
 north. The accounts of each presidial company and 
 of the vohmtecirs and artillery were kept separate, and 
 tliere was visually a balance of a few hundred or a few 
 thousand dollars for or against each company, accord- 
 in<>' as the memorias were less or greater than the net 
 ap])ropriation. The ]ial)ilitados were not allowed to 
 include in their lists articles of luxury. Some coin 
 was sent with each invoice, enough to pay the salaries 
 
 '" For sopunito iircsiiliiil iiccouiits sco cluiptcns xxx.-xxxii. Th.a fdllowiiig 
 rc'foi'ciic'H arc soincwliiit i;ciu-i'al in tlnir ii.'itiu't', I'lnbraciiiL; accounts aiiil iVag- 
 iiicuts iclaliiig to all tlio prcsiilios: ,SV. /'«;<., Sw., MS., i. 47-'s ii- •>•>, -W; vi. 
 ll.'i; ix. 4S, .iS-OO, T-Mi; xv. li) I'J; Pror. .SV. l'<i/>., Jh'ii. M,/., MS., xiv. 8; 
 xix. ."), ?-!•; xxvi.."); xxvii. ■'),(!; xxviii. '2\-2; Prm\ Her., MS.,ii. IG;); v. ii, 7, 
 10; vi. rj;)-l; I'rvv. SI. rap.,Uii., xvii. 3o-Ul; I'roi: St. !'•'}>., J'n.'iidtos, 
 MS., ii. 70-68. 
 
 i 
 
 ; 
 
 I III 
 
 Ill 
 1 i 
 
 I ii 
 
 fl 
 
630 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 of tlio pfovcrnor and one or two otlicr officers, witli a 
 Hinall iiiDount for tlie soldiers. There was at one time 
 an order that all balances due the conii)anies be s(!nt 
 in coin, but I find no evidence that anything of the 
 kind was ever done." 
 
 Until 171)1 the purchase of supplies and j^^eneral 
 management of California business in Mexico was in 
 the hands of a i'actor, Pedro Ignacio Ariztegui being 
 tlie last to hold that position, preceded by Kan ion 
 ^Manuel de Goya from 177(5, and his place taken by 
 Jose Avila from 1785 for several years. Francisco 
 Hijosa as conmiissary attendetl to the business at 
 
 '•From the voluminous correapondcnce on tlio topics treated in tliis and 
 the next pjiragriipli I present the following items: 171M), full details on 
 forniH of aeeounts. Prnv. Sf. Pap., MS., ix. •JSll-O'J, .'JO"). Viceroys orderij 
 for rejjorts, etc., to aid llomeu in his) investigation of presidial accounts. /(/., 
 ix. 3i;{ I!). Sept. 2(1, 1790, Kevilla (jigcd(j'.s letter to court recommending tlio 
 appointment of Carcaha as hubilitado general, and explaining the desira' il- 
 ity of the new oliice. EdndUlo, Doc. Hid. (Jul., MS., i. 8, !). May 14, 1701, 
 royal order creating the ollicc. Pruv. St. Pop. Bin. Mil., MS., xxv. 2. Oct. 
 ',), 1701, viceroy communicates royal approval of (Vircaba's appointment to 
 governor. Pron. SI. Pop., MS., x. lI}(i-7. Sept. '20th, habilitado's di.licits 
 to be charged to the company pro rata, and he is to live on 2.5 eta per day under 
 arrest, his property also being sold. /(/. , x. 7(i. Some clerical fees Irul to l)o 
 paiil from (California on statements of account. /'/. , xii. 10,'). Damaged ellects 
 ehai'geil to tho factor; expenses to company. Prov. I'cc., M.S., ii. \'>S, .Ian. 
 4, 170.'}. Sending of supplies suspended until accounts arc cleared up. Pnn'. 
 Sf. Pup., livn. Mil., MS., XX. 4. Jan. 23, 1794, habilitado geii':ral, his appoint- 
 ment, accounts, etc. Altera Efipailu, Acii< rdos, MS., 40-.'{. May 12tli, guv. 
 complains to v. U. of lack of system in tlie accounts. Pron. Si. P(tp., Al>., 
 xxi. l.')S-40. 17!'4, Col. Alberni was refused 50 arrobas of flour, because^ it 
 could be bought in (Jalifornia. St. Pop., Sac, MS , ix. 41-2. Article:! of lux- 
 ury not to be included in niemorias. balances in coin, one fourth in small 
 change. Prov. liec, MS., iv. 124-,"); Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 182-3. Dec. 
 170."), 10 ])er cent advance to be charged on goods distributed to In<lians. A/. 
 The habilitados had to send wi!h their memorias .in account of tiie conditiuii 
 of arms, dress, and other kinds of property. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 01. 
 .Jan. 1, 170,"), liorica to Qft'caba, complaining of the inellicieney of liis olliciis 
 especially as habilitados. Orajer.a is named as an exception. Prov. >/. /'c/'., 
 MS., xxi. 21.3-14. April, S!(i,o'0O in silver coin sent to CaUfornia. I'ror. Si. 
 Pap., JJc/i. Mil., M.S., xxi. 10. Report of Feb. 10, 179."), on tho accounts of 
 the expedition of 1700-74. Prov. SI. Pap., MS., xiii. 5-0. Haliilitadu ^.'iii- 
 eral eonsiilered as agent and apoderado of the California Indians. Pror. /'"■., 
 MS., vi. 2. (,'ompany accounts must bear th^ signature of conunaiidant and 
 altVrez l)esidc3 that of the habilitado. .SV. Pap. Sac, MS., vii. 4',). 17!i7, 
 precautions a;;ainst counterfeit money, '.vitli inilications that some of it was 
 in circulation in (Jalifornia. Prov. J!cc, MS., iv. 154; vi. 7<S; Prnr. St. /'";'., 
 MS., xvi. 245. j\Iarch 10, 1707, Borica asks for a release of habilitad(n Irum 
 some duties, and the appointment of administrators. Prov. Jif., ]\iS., \i. 
 8.'! -4. (jov. still at work on the accounts of 1781-02. I<l. Care dja succrcdid 
 by (A)lunma. C.'iierro, Dor. Hid. Cal., MS., iii. IGS-O; I'ror. St. Pap.. MS., 
 xvii. 200, .322-3; Pror. LW., MS., iv. 112; viii. 224. Arrears of pay at S.m 
 Diego. Prov. St. Poj)., MS., xxi. 34, GO-3. 
 
HABILITADOS. 
 
 C31 
 
 San Bias until 1795 and pcrliaps throuu^liout the 
 decade, in 171)1 jNEanuel C.ircaba, at the leeomnien- 
 (hition ol'Kevilla (iiL,a'do, was put in possession «»t'the 
 newly created office of habilitado <i^eneral with the 
 rank of captain and the jiay <»f !i? 1,200 a year. Ue 
 was to devote his whole attention to (Jalifornia busi- 
 ness as the factor had not done. The office was to 
 he elective; and in 171)0, Ciircaba ol)tainin,ijf leave of 
 absence, Eucario Antonio Cohunna was appointed to 
 succeed him ad Intcrua in ^lay, and the choice was 
 duly ratili'^d by the presidial companies in August 
 and Scpteinoer. It is not certain that Cohunna ever 
 took possession of the office, there l>ein«jj souk; indica- 
 tions that ('arcaba held it again in 1802. Through 
 want of skill on the part of the habilitados the a(!- 
 counts were always in confusion. IJelicits during this 
 decade are noticed in local chai)ters. In 171).) the 
 J forwarding of sup[>lies was once suspended till the 
 
 ii accounts could be adjusted. In 171)5 the final orders 
 
 Mere issued for settling the old accounts of the ih'st 
 expeditions of l7Gl)-74. Manyof the soldiei's were now 
 dead and their descendants scattered. Whenever the 
 sum due was large, the heirs were to be sought; 
 otherwise the money was to be spent in masses for 
 the souls of the dead pioneers. In 171)7 ]]orica in the 
 north and Arrillaga at Loreto were still at woi-k on 
 the accounts of the past decade. There had been 
 $12,000 due the presidio of Santa Barbara in 171)2, 
 and in 1801 the governor expressed doubts whether 
 a settlement would ever be readied. Truly there was 
 little inducement to the soldiers to live economically 
 and to leave large balances in tlie hands of the ii'ov- 
 ernment. The procuradores at San Fernando college, 
 charged with the transaction of business for the (Jali- 
 fornia missions, were Jose ]\[urguia and Tomas de la 
 Pena, whose duties were simply to collect the friars' 
 stipends and drafts sent from California, and with the 
 proceeds to purchase supplies for shi|)ment accord- 
 ing to the orders received. Of the pious fund, source 
 
632 
 
 INDUSTRIES AXD INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 of tlie stipends, nothing In particular is known pertain- 
 ing direeUy to this epoch ; but Rovilla Gigedo in his ro- 
 l)ort of 17'J3 represents tlic fund as rajiidly lunning to 
 decay, and precUcts that the royal treasury wi 1 liavc 
 to make new sacrilices in behalf of the missions.^- 
 
 The Californians were free from alcabahis, or excise 
 tax, on articles bought and sold for live years I'roni 
 1787 to 1792, and again for ten years from 1794. 
 From 1792 to 1794 one half tlic regular tax of six 
 per cent was paid, but statistics are insutlicient ti) 
 show the revenue from this source, which was very 
 small. There was also a tribute of one fanega of 
 cori) per year paid by tlie settlers, which yielded to 
 the king something over 8t00.'^ From 8 100 to .s200 
 a 3'ear resulted from the sale of papal indulgen^-es, an 
 ecclesiastical revenue, but nianao-cd bv the treasurv 
 oilicials.'^ Another ecclesiastical revenue belonging 
 to the bisho[> of Sonora, but by him sold to tlK: royal 
 treasmy, was tliat of diezmos, or tithes. 1'his tax of 
 ten per cent on all products must be [)ai(l by settlers 
 after live years and by the ranclio del rey, only 
 the missions being exemj)t. The treasury gained 
 live ])er cent by the purchase from the bishop, the 
 habilitados received ten per cent of gi'oss re('ei|)ts for 
 collection, an<l it was customary to sell tlie tithes for 
 a year in adviince at auction whenever a ])ui'chaser 
 coidd be found, the p)'ice being the probable proceeds, 
 and the purchaser making his profit l»y a more careful 
 collection than the officials would enforce. This tax 
 was collected in kind Jbr grain and even for live-stock 
 when the animals could be used at the [)residios. The 
 net proceeds, paid by drafts into the branch treasury 
 at llosario, or at Guadalajara after J 795, were over 
 $1,200.1"' 
 
 ''^ L'criHa Ghjrilo, Carta <h> 179.1, MS., IS, 10. 
 
 '^7Voc. .SV. J'lijK, MS., X. ITS; xi. S, !); /'/., Jicn. jV/,'., xviii. (i, 7; x^^'- 
 0, 7; S. J(i.sr Aiih , MS., iii. '.M. TrUmtiM i)iii<l iit ^^I'litorcy in i7'.Ki, «in^ 
 SI-. mill ill 17'J4, S--. Ill 17!)7, ~\ mim paul S;)7. Alati.iilui at MMiiluiry in 
 
 I7'.i:!-i, ■'?j;;o. 
 
 " Sc(.' chapter xxvii.; also local itcm.s in diaptcrs xxx.-xxxii. lliis \oliiiiii'. 
 '•' 17'Ji, titlius i)aitl iuto real caja ilc liosaiio. I'rov. >St. I'oj)., MS., xii. 
 
 P' 
 
REVENUES. 
 
 633 
 
 The largest item of I'oyal roveiuie in Califoniia, as 
 in all other Si)aiiisli provinces whore no rirh mines 
 weie worked, was that prodnced \)y the sale ot tobac- 
 co, nhvays nR)nop(jlized by the government. The net 
 ])ro(hict of cigars, cigaritos, and snuff, little or no 
 tobacco l)eing used for chewing or smoked in })i})es, 
 was not less than ^G,000 a year on an average.^*' 
 Postal revenue amounted to about $700 a year, the 
 liabilitados serving as post-masters at their rospecti\ u 
 presidios, and receivirg eight per cent of gross re- 
 ceipts as a compensaLion for their services.'^'' 
 
 ihe management of all branches of tlie revenue was 
 
 1.'!."). St;i Di'iiliiir.a titlics for 1704 were 8*i"-S. Tlio governor .nntliorizcs tlm 
 eoimiiaiKUuifc lu f cU tlmn for two years iit$4!,'0. J\-or. J'er., jNIS., iv. <(, 10, 
 2Ct. (.'ajit. OitcL.a Mil J^-J(10 {|ier year) on eoiulitioii that tlie pi-csiilio iiiircliaso 
 grain iiiul eattlo at tarill' ]iriecs. Pn.f. ,V. />«;■., ]\IS., xiii. IT."!-!. (Kt. I7!l.'>, 
 ti-iu -i £ iid (juick^ilvcr revenue of California tianf;l'erreil to (iuadalajaia. /(/., 
 Mii. U~r,; xiv. 5; J'ror. Uec., IMS., iv. M.'i; SI. Pn/>.,Siic., MS., xvii. 'J. 
 ll'.'i't, items 'bov.iiiij that tlic tithes on live-sto<k, when ]iaiil in money or 
 grain, v.ero hoiu )() to 25 eents jur liead, or for ninlis i>0 eents. I'rov. iSV. 
 /'(//'., MS., xvi. 17.S, lMI; 1,1., 1',-rMio^, i. S; S. ,/.,.« An/i., M^.. v. '_'!). 
 llalalitaiK s iilhnvid 10 jier eeiit. I'ror. St. Piiji., ^IS., xvi. 178, Xo ofl'era 
 toreiitt::c titb.encf Sta Darliara in I7!I0. J'nr. /,'<•-•., MS., iv. 109. .Tan. 'Ji.', 
 ]S(iO, Sal i > comi:;iona(]o of Saii.IoHc', nr.Lring liiiu in no gentle tei'iiis to hasti'U 
 the biaui'ing. JOxeoiiniiunication is tlii^ ].eiialty for faihiie to ])a3' tithe.s. S. 
 J'.y'. Anh., ^.IS., iii. .'"17. Twenty-live ewes elaiine<l oi;t of every tliousaiifl 
 killed, S'. J'liji. J/(.^■. and t'utoii, MS., i. .38. Tithe eattle sold at Sl.'Jo eaeh. 
 A. Jos-', Arch., .MS., iii. (Ki. 
 
 '''Troiluet iii 17''0, ir'D.OlO. Consunii)tion in 1700, 7,7")I ]iek;rs. oigarn, 
 7i.;'.2l> jiekgs. cigai'itos, and Hi llis. of snull'. Sf. I'cjk, Sih\, 2*iS., iii. ,'{, 5, 7. 
 Kcveiiue ill 17..';), !: 1.0 IS. Pruv. St. Pa^>., :MS., xi. I;.;i; x:;i. V:,V>. ^n 17!l<i, 
 87,!)1S. Prr.i\ rt. Pftp., Prcsidio/t, MS., ii. 8'.)-()0. In ISCO, tT.OSl. J'r<>r. SI. 
 P('}i., ]'-ii. Mil., ^iS., xxviii. 8. The hahilitndo.s receivixl 5 jier eent on 
 gro^.j ^a'.^.s, and tlie habiiitado of Monterey as administrator got S")4.") a year. 
 Id., wvii. 8. 
 
 "Ill t!ic nnmcrm'.- eommunieations in the archives respecting the luanage- 
 nient t.f ilie niai!;i d'.ring thi.s decade there i.-i very little matter of interest or 
 v; Inc. 17'.'0, .^'jrA) jiaid for a siieeial exjiress from \ootka. ■ 7'/'oc. iSV. Pap., 
 Pick J/.7. , MS., xi.v. 10. 17!)l2, eourier.s to leave Sail I'raneisco on 1st of 
 eceli n;o;itli, Picir. Per., MS., ii. l.^i^, 17'.t.'k a courier sent from ^Muiterey 
 Nov. Kith, arrived at San liicgo Xov. 1?A, and at Loreto Dec. 7lli. 'J he day 
 and hor.r c f arrival an I depariuro at eaeli nii-isioii r.re given. The .stay at 
 each station was gcnendly an hour. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xi. 77-^il. In 
 ]71'4a. eh.iiij.e v,;'.:i made in route, mails going via Chihuahua and liuen.-ivista 
 initcad of yManios and (luadalajara. I'rur. Pc-,, M.S., vi. "-'•'i; viii. 14.1 (I; 
 / )•■ r. St. P(ip., MS,, xi. 1!)4. l^m^li.di letters taken from the Ice s and sent 
 t<^ .Mexico ill 17i:4-.">. Prov. /.'.v.,\MS., iv. <l, l-.'h /'n r. .SV. P,i,':, MS., xii. 
 ];M; xiii. 17">. 17'.i."), liiail.H have Mnnttiey on 'Ad of taili inonili fur' south, 
 /■'/•('('. /,'((., MS., V. ;'iC4, Xet jnoeeeds in 17'.)<l-7 were .v7o8. Prnr. Si, Paj>., 
 Jii'ii. J;//., J;S., XXV. 14. Xew niaildiais in I7'.»7. /'/(/c, -S7. Pa/t., MS., xvi. 
 1!".".. Adniini^lratois of 1'. (). got 8 jier eent. J'ror. SI. P'lp., Ihn. :.lll., 
 MS., .s.wiii. 11. Ve;;:;el carrying the mail aero.ss the gulf lost ill 1800, y'/'i<c. 
 St. Pap., MS., xviii. 80. 
 
 
 iii:: 
 
 ''^!ii 
 
634 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 in the liands of the liabihtados for their respective^ 
 jiirisilictioiis, the aecouuts beini*' sent to ]Montei'ey 
 for transmission to Mexico; until in 1799 ITerniene- 
 gildo Sal, as hahilitatlo of Monterc^y, was formally 
 appointed administrator general of royal exchecjuer 
 revenues for New California. ^^ 
 
 The military force maintained in California during 
 this decade was 280 men of the presidial companies, 
 besides governor and surgeon, and 90 Catalan volun- 
 teers and artillerymen after 179G. There wei'o 12 
 connnissioned officers, 35 non-commissioned officers, 
 2G0 })rivate soldiers, GO pensioners, and four (;r livi' 
 mechanics. Grades and salaries I append in a note.'* 
 In 1799 an effort was made by the officers, supported 
 by the governor, to obtain an increase of pay to tlie 
 extent of $150 per year. It was claimed that the 
 sum I'eceived was insufficient to supply food and elf fil- 
 ing to the ofiicei's family, his children going barefoot 
 and ill rags, while his wife had to take in Vvashing and 
 sewing. No innnediato result is recordetl. With 
 tlieir ]jay the cavalry soldiers must buy Ibod, elothiiig, 
 arms, and horses; but the latter were taken back and 
 
 '»Nov. 7, 1700, Sal declared administrator. Pror. J?,'r., M.S., iv. 17G; 
 Pror. St. P<'f>., MS., xvii. 'J<S,">, ;H5. 17!),"), tobacco accounts pent to linhili- 
 tado of MontcM'oy, as also catUc accounts; tithes to Itosario; mail accounts to 
 administrator ^ tnoral iit Mexico; huhs to tlis respective branch of the treas- 
 ury. I'tor. St.'^Pfip., MS., xiii. I'O; Prov. Pec, MS., iv. i:!;S. 
 
 '"^■ala 'ies paid were as follows; governor (lieut. -col.), ^H,000; captain Cat. 
 vol., CW;;); a]fi'i'c;;or sub.-liont., ^;:!|(;();alferpz (,'at, vol., .SIW-l; ser-eaiit, !;.Oi2..'il); 
 sei'iicaiit artillery, -..^U); ser,<;eant Cat. vol., .^1!)-; .soldiers, .'i. _'l7.'i!'; fioldieis 
 Cat. Vol., >^\'.)2; coldier;'. artillery. .^dSO; invalid aU'ercz, !;?2>X); invalid ctnjMind, 
 $!l(i; Rur;;to!i, iJti-iO; liculenaut, ii-.VjO; lieutenant Cat. vol., .'vlSO; bleeder, .':"!()tl; 
 eorjior; 1, C--''! eorpoi'id !ir;illery, iir-lM; corporal Cat. vol., (i;d.*(!; r-uchanir-'. 
 ^b'.Ct; dnuntner Ciit. vol., ^l-M; armorer, .S'J17; invalid sergeant, .'^IJ ); i;ivaliil 
 fjoldii r, i'. (i. Nov. "), 17.'~, Arrillai'-a, to viceroy, iir^riii;,' a ]irovi ion for .siiid- 
 iii;; the f;(jldiers' pay in advance, as was done in some otliir iircsiuios, tlmimli 
 <'ontrary to the re;;!a;(ieiito. The delays, es|iecially in tittin;; out new re- 
 cruits r.nd in pay in;; of) .soldiers whoso term had expired, cau.sed ; reat hard- 
 ship. J'rar.Si. y*(i//., MS., x.ii. SO-t. Oct. 'J, 171'.'!, vicei'oy orders tuo ]]ay- 
 nunts in advance t(j litntena.nts ( Irajera and I'arrilla fur travellin;; expenses. 
 St. I'dji., .SV(r'., MS., ix. 71. 1T!)7, sailors employed in defeniivc duty L^it 
 'J.') cents per day. I'l'or. S/. Pun.. MS., xxi. 'J."i(i. 17!'!), corres]iondence he- 
 tween c i,iman<lanls, ;:overnoi', and viceroy respectin,i; an increase of |!;iy tor 
 the jircidial ofiicers. SI. /'</;*., iS'((f., M8., i. l'2'6-i; Proi: /iVc, MS., iv. ll.'i; 
 vi. li'J-1. 
 
MILITARY FORCE. 
 
 638 
 
 credited at the expiration of the term. The Catalan 
 volunteers received less pay, and had no horses to 
 buy. For them and for the artili*. 'ymen separate in- 
 voices of eftccts were sent from Mexico, to the amount 
 of about .$15,000 per year. This infantry company 
 was i<.'>t deemed a very useful addition to the foi-ces 
 of the country, and it was hoped tliat most of the 
 raenibers at the expiration of their term might be 
 induced either to recnlist in the cuera companies or 
 remain in the country as settlers. "^° 
 
 I explain elsewhere the military and presidio sys- 
 tem. Here it is my purpose to note brielly the con- 
 dition of military affairs and the slight niodlfications 
 that occurred during the decade. The regular term 
 of enlistment was ten years,"^ but at least eighteen 
 3'ears' service was required for retirement as an in- 
 valid on half-pay pension, and the pensioners wore 
 often retained a long time in the service for want of 
 recruits to fill their places. From the pay of each 
 
 '" The compania do voluntarios dc Cataliifia was also railed the coriipiiriia 
 de fusileros do iiKintaua. Prov. St. /'ap., MS., xiii. 180. Dec. l~'X>, t!io j)eti- 
 tioii of the volunteers for travcllmg expenses denied. I'r a\ J'cr., MS., viii. 
 I.^S: St. Pup., Ml-ix. and Colon., MS., i. .Sti.'J. June IT'.'T, vohmteers may 
 enlist in the eoni)ianies on expiration of their term, but not Ix'foie, end enjoy 
 the !idvantni,'ea of their previous serviees. They were enconiaiced to marry 
 eiii-isliani:a'd natives as a. means of retiiininj; theiu in tlio eountry. J'roi'. St, 
 Pnp., MS., XV. iV.'-;?; Prov. lice, MS., viii. 17.'). July ], n'!)(i, Albei'ni 
 (irgurs that the volunteers desiring to heeonie settlers should reeeivo douhlo 
 allowances, on aeeomit of their lo or 'JO years of service and lieeause it i.i liard 
 for an old soldier ti) bend his body to the axe, iioe, and )'.iow. <S7, Pup., Jlisn. 
 anil Ci'loii., MS., i. ll()S-9, olU. Marcli 17!'!', llorica favors an iiu-rcase of 
 cavalry in place of infantry. Pror. J'rr., JNIS., vi. 121-2. Auj;. 17''!>, 1'. f^ays 
 tlie artillcry-nu'n live at the liatterics and altei'uate with tlio infantryuien in 
 their <hitics. Vt'lun I'ree tin y promenade about the presidi(w. >.'o com- 
 plaints of injustice heard. /(/.. vi. I'JS. 
 
 '^' 'i'heni are nu records that any recruits were obtained from abro:;d dur- 
 inj.; tiiis dcciule — certainly there \\erc but very few; neilliei' do the i-.rcliives 
 sliow \ut\v many recruits were i)l)taini'd in California to keep llie coui[:iinics 
 full; but nianv of the young nun elmse a military ea!'c( r. 'i'here v.'a'i no 
 Inmuty ))aid. Pror. St. Pap.', .MS., ix. 1!)'J-.1; Vallrjo., J)<r. //:st. (<:l. MS., 
 XV. ,")--()(!, <;!), 7~', ■''•">, !I2, Jan. 15, 17''4, governor says li ■ f >un t laany I'.selcsa 
 men at tlie presidios and tried to promote leeruiting .so iv.i to bll t'.io \.'ie. neies 
 with ^;o()d nicn. Pror. St. Pup., .MS,, \xi. IliJ. .Marcli. 17!''', Cov. ordeis 
 conHn:indantofl'r(jnteras to enlist b'lor'J )yiiunL,'men. Pror. J:,c,, y..-i., v. ,';!0. 
 I>ec. 17'.i7. eorpoial f^ent to .Vmjeles to recruit (i youths so t'.iatuiKKusv invalida 
 may be released. A/., v. 201; ^Pror. St. P.'ji., MS., xvi. l.M. Ju;)e'l7il!). Sal 
 wants a healthy robust man from San Josii to fill u vacancy. Not a widow's 
 son. .S'. /oac', Anh., MS., vi. 47. 
 
636 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 soklicr was kc v)t back a certain suiii coiistitutiiiL;' the 
 Joitdo ilc rcfciicion, to be paid iiim on bis cli.scliargo. 
 Tbis was fifty dollars till 1797, wbcn it was raised to 
 one liundred dollars, to be made up in four aiuiual 
 retentions.--' 
 
 In niilitarv discipline tbere was notliinix notable at 
 tiiis time.-'' In 17SJ;3 tlie governor rcconunendcd that 
 San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and San 23iego be 
 commanded by captains wlio should have nothin^■ t<» 
 do Vvith the presidial accounts,"* but the supf^'estioii 
 was not I'ollowed, though several of the lieutenants 
 were brevetted captains before 1800. In 17'.)4 the 
 presidios v.'ero reported to have no Hags and no ni;ite- 
 rial with v.liich to make tliem; accordingly one ilag 
 for eacli estaldishnient was sent from ^Mexico the 
 next yeai'. ' In the matter of unifoi'm and e!jui]»- 
 ments buckskin cliiipas, or jackets, and breeches were 
 allowed to be worn on active duty, and anquoxi.K, 
 heavy leather covei'ings for horses' haunches, were 
 prohibited in l7i)4.-^ In 1795 the royal tribunal, 
 
 ■■^2 Prov. St. Pa})., MS., xvi. 03, 223; xv. 50. The other militiiry 'funds' 
 were the jOiulu dc 'jnii'ljicucioii, an allowance of !;:!lO fur each luau in tliu 
 companies jier year l(jr luiseellaneous eompany expenses; t'av. jhii'lo de hiciJ- 
 lido-', a Kiuad ili.seount on Buldiers' ■vviii;e.s, 8 inaravetlid on a dollar, for the 
 payment of pensions; and the ,/'(i/((/o dc inoidc/iio, a discount of ol'.ieers' ]i;iy 
 lor Kimihir jiurjxjses. Feh. 17'.'->, the king oi'dered !:o )ier nionth as ahiis 
 paid totiieold ci.rpenter Lorenzo J ".sparza. Prur. S/, Pu]k, Jl< j. Jld.,^!.'-., xxv. 
 Ui. This yinn \vas laid to IJsparza nntil his death. April ITUo, 7v) pi rsons in 
 the for.r j lesidius entitled to reurenient Init no reeruits to replace tlicin. 
 Prou. St. Paji., 2*18., xxi. Vl'21-l!. Dec. ti, IT'Jti, royal order le ;ulating de- 
 tails of jiension.s. Proe. Pec, MS., iv. lol-'2. Oct. 171)7, invalids dee.iiiiiig 
 to live in tlio laieblos nuist stand gu.u'il at the presidios. Pivr. St. Pap., MS., 
 xvi. 80-7, l;;-l; xv. U!)-]00; Piov. Uvr., xMS., iv. KV.MIO. Oct. \',.)S, retired 
 oliicers who held governnieut positions get no half-pay. Prur. Pec, MS., \i. 
 104. 
 
 ^^ 17!/.->, Ser!.^t. Ruiz reports that the .soldiers at Sun IJnenaventura iiave to 
 be treated with severity. Their iiisuhordination has reached siudi a iioiat 
 thiit they liavc to be threatened with kicks. J'mr. St. J'lfji., MS., xiv. ■!■"). 
 Dut Rui/. was arrested tor ollensivo language to private i.,ugo. /(/., xiii. II. 
 Albino Toljar sent or.t of the countiy for bad eonduut. /'/l/C. L'fr., IM.v. \. 
 (J2. Two soluieis given two hours of extra ).:uaril duty ]j(r day, weaiiug 
 their riirrtt.<, fur < i;.ht days, having allowed some Indian pristmers toesca^'c. 
 
 .S7 J 
 
 P 
 
 up. 
 
 M:v xvi. 173. 
 
 /. PftiK, A;S., xxi. lOS-0. 
 
 Larl 
 
 eant.nn also 
 
 ia I7i)!). I'rov. J.\ 
 
 MS. 
 
 121. 
 
 [tropose 
 
 l1 for Santa 
 
 .S7. /'(»//., MS., xi. 2(10; xiv. .'iS: xxi. I!I0. 
 
 Pr 
 
 St. J 
 
 up. 
 
 ll> 
 
 xu. 
 
 i4;i 
 
 xvu. 
 
 AS. S. Jv^t, Arrh., M; 
 
 or. 
 
 MS., iv. S; V. 24. 
 
GOVERXMENT. 
 
 637 
 
 tbroufrli Contador Boltran, reported io the viceroy 
 that the Cahf'ornia soldiers had too many duties not 
 belonging to their profession, servirig as vaqueros, 
 farmers, couriers, artisans, and butchers, so tliat but 
 little time was left for rest or for their proper duty of 
 protecting and advancing the spiritual conquest.-' 
 The governor also urged the necessity in 17\)3, and 
 again in 1799, of appointing an adjutant-inspector to 
 relieve him of some of bis duties.^^ In coimection 
 with the apprehensions of attack by foreigners in 
 1797, a slight attempt was made to organize tlie militia 
 of California, and a distribution of arms and annnuni- 
 tion was made among the settlers, the emi)l()yment of 
 the natives as auxiliary forces being also contem- 
 plated.^^ 
 
 Civil and political government had but a nominal 
 existence at tliis epoch, consisting mainly in the facts 
 that the comandante de armas was also political gov- 
 ernor of the province and that each pueblo had its 
 alcalde. This is not the j)lace to attempt an analysis 
 of the relations between military and civil authoritv, 
 in which there was sul)stantially no change I'lom tlie 
 beginning down to the end of Spanish power i'l Cali- 
 fornia. The only topic that requires notice in the 
 annals of this decade is the proposed separation of the 
 two ( alifornias hitherto forminLT a sinG!;le i)rovince 
 under one governor. This separation was recom- 
 mended in IMarcli 1790, by Beltran of the court of 
 exchequer in i\Iexico, who based his argument on tlie 
 great distance between Loreto and j\[onterey, and 
 the consequent delays in the transaction of all public 
 Ijusiness, Arrillaii'a at Loreto could Uikc no action 
 until he had communicated with ] >orica at ^lonterey. 
 Orders from ^Mexico for Loreto nuist make the jour- 
 
 " Pro,: St. J'(ip., MS., xiii. lSr)-(;. 
 
 28 April;?, 17!r>, March 18, I?.)'), ISorica to viceroy. Pror. /,Vv., AfS.. vi. 
 I"_'l; Pr">\ St. Pciji., M'., xxi. '2-1. Tlicrc liiul bociuio such (jlliccr since the 
 tirnr of (..'.•ipt. XiodLis Solcr. 
 
 « /Voc. li'ec, MS,, iv. 87, 93, lC>r>; Pixr. St. Pap., MS., .\v. lUl-'J; xvi. 
 
CSS 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 ney to ^Monterey and back, and reports from Loroto 
 made the same circuit on their way to Mexico. The 
 inconvenience of all this was apparent, and the separa- 
 tion in military and political rule was greatly iaeili- 
 tated by that alread}'' existing in mission affairs. 
 Borica made a full report in favor of the change in 
 September, declaring that the interests of both parts 
 of the province could not be properly attended to by 
 a governor at Monterey, favoring in connection with 
 the change a transfer of the capital of the peninsula 
 from Loreto to the frontier, expressing the greatest 
 conlldence in Arrillaga's ability, and sugg'esting an 
 increase of his salary. No one had anything to say 
 in op[)osition to the separation, which we shall see 
 was accom[)lished during the next decade.'""' 
 
 On the administration of justice, we learn that in 
 1794 Ignacio Rocliin was shot for murder at Santa 
 Barbara, on a sentence coming from the audiencia of 
 Gua(lal;\jara.^^ A soldier was sentenced to ten years 
 public labor at San Bias for incest in 1791), wliile his 
 daugliter and accomplice was condemned to seclusion 
 for two years.^' There w'eru six or seven cases of 
 murder among the natives, the culprits being con- 
 demned by the viceroy to terms of four to eight years 
 of presidio work or imprisonment together with llog- 
 
 gmgs 
 
 33 
 
 3" March 7, 1700, Bel Iran's proposition. Prov. St. Pap., :\IS., xiv. 140-4. 
 Marcli l,Mst, vicLroy to Ikirici), trausmit'Lin^? the proposition. /(/., J 10; I'ror. 
 y.Vc, Mo., v. .'vM; viii. l.">!». .Inlylltli, lioriua to Arrilla^'a on the iiubjeut, 
 in wIul'.i ho calls Loltran 'J:;i Tiurto.' /</., v. 84;?. Aug. ISJi, Aniilaga 
 f.ivora tho clian!;c. /r/., iii. '208. Sept. lltli, Borica's icpoit to viceroy. 
 Jlori'Ci, J'ro'xrto .-uhrc dirisioii dc Ian Lurfondun en dos jirorui'ii!!<, l!'j:J, ^IS. 
 
 "' .Seo chapter .\.\x. In l! 01 Cri-stohal Siiuental is nieiitioudl ;. i liaviiii,' 
 arrived at Monterey for tlic audiencia of (Juadalajara; l)ut nuthin,;,' i.-i liiiowu 
 of Inn hu.siness. J'ror. Ilcc, MS., x. II. 
 
 3^SV. J\i/>.,Sar., MS., i. I'J-J; Prov. Per., MS , iv. lOt); viii. 1S7. 
 
 '^ 17U0, four natives for nnn-der of anotlier, fou" years of ])riaon with oO to 
 1 00 lashes. Proi . Jv'c. , M S. , iv. 43-4, 84. 1 797, Indian who un( Icrtook to punisli 
 his wife and throuyli ignorance 'overdid it,' four yearson jHiliHo v.orlcs. Pruv. 
 .S7. J'up., y.^., XV. '.^77. 17'J!*, wife-nun-derer at Santa Ijiirijara, ci'^;I.t years of 
 liard lub(;r in eliains. I a]ipend some minor eases of iuterett: UC), Kafael 
 (Jouie;!, apparently for lying, condcinncd hy P. Catala, conmiis ioncd by 
 Lasueii, to sweep the church daily and attend mass, besides aalang a p.adrc'a 
 jiai'don, being ]>ut in irons to await tho governor's approval of thi i ; enlencc. 
 Hun Jos-l, Arch., MS., iii. oo-l. IIO'J, no cases peuiiiug which belong to the 
 
 ,««»».,s.v«*i>M«ft(»;i: 
 
I to 
 ish 
 
 CRIMINAL RECORD. 
 
 The most striking criminal case of the jieriod, though 
 by no means a pleasing one to describe, was that of 
 Jose Antonio Rosas. He was a native of Los An- 
 gelo.s, only eighteen years of age, and a ])rivato soldier 
 in the Santa Barbara company in the guard of San 
 Buenaventura. In June 1800, while in charge of the 
 animals at La j\Iesa, he was seen to commit a crimen 
 iicfando by two Indian girls, who reported the mat- 
 ter. Criminal proceedings were at once instituted by 
 order of Comandante Goycoechea, Alferez Pablo (^f>ta 
 being prosecuting attorney, the cadet Ignacio ]Mar- 
 tlnez actiu'j: as clerk, the soldier Jose jNIaria Domin- 
 guez as interpreter, and the retired sergeant Joso 
 ]\Iaria Ortega as defender of the accused. liosas 
 made a conlession, ])leading only that ho was tempted 
 by El Demonio. Cota demanded the death pc>nalty, 
 Ortega made an eloquent appeal for mercy, and in 
 July the case went to the viceroy. The sentence ren- 
 dered in September, after consultation with tlie audi- 
 tor de guei'ra, was that Bosas must be hanged and 
 the bod}' burned together with that of the nude, "eji 
 quien cometio tan horrible delito." Tlie execution 
 took place on Feb. 11, 1801, at Santa ]]arbara presi- 
 dio in the presence of the whole garrison; but there 
 being no hangman in California, tlie boy had to be 
 
 aiulicncia. Pror. Si. Pa/i., MS., xxi. 200. 1707, iiiilivcs for assnult on iieo- 
 pliytcs sciitnici (1 to work on presidio in .'OiackKs I'ur a month i.v two. Priii\ 
 ■^t. Pdji., !MS., xvi. 77-S. J79(!, carpcntor Martinez exiled to San .losi' for 
 eiyht years furas. ault an<l wouniliny. J'rin: /I'l'C.jMS., iv. I'.iS. ]7I'7,('rist('il)al 
 ]!(.'y prcseenU'd for assault, witJi some detailsof proceeding's. Pror. Sf. P(ij>., 
 MS., xvi. 2,d-'2. Natives .seiiteneed hy IJoiiea to from 10 to DO lashes for steal- 
 ini,'. /(/., lUn.MlL, MS., xxvii.4. 17!)!>, slave Mi'ixinio senteneed to fonr yeai'S 
 servieo on the royal ves.^els for stealinij silver-\v:ire from his master Alherni; 
 and the soldier Ose^aiera to live years foi'reccivin;; the goods. I^rov. Prr., MS., 
 vi. I Ul. lour hundred doUars stolen fmm the wj'.rehouse at Monterey. liL, 
 iv. 171. 17i;H, tv.o soldiers at San Franeiseo i)ut in iron;i for st alii:;,' a eidf 
 and .sheep from the mission. Pruv. St. J'c])., MS., xvii. III. 17!).">, I'wenty- 
 live la; I;es and thi-ee months' work in sliaekh's for stcalin'.,' clothes. A Sina- 
 loa Indian at San .lose. Pror. I!<i\, ^IS., v. 40. 18C0, two soldieis sentenced 
 to a year'ij presidio vrork foi- breaking' ojien a trunk. Pri^r. SI. J'l'ji., I^rn. Mil., 
 Ms., x;.ix. 1. 17'.!<i, viceroy scuds scntcneo of i"0 lashes and 4 years' lalior 
 against thi'ee neciphytes and a pairan. ^V. Pup., S(U\, MS., xiv. l.'i. A settler 
 • if San Jose leeeived "2,) hlows with a stick. J'rar. SI. I'ti/K, Jirii. Mil., MS., 
 xxvi. II. ( '( ri'.eio, a settler of liraiicifortc, sentenced to a montli of liaril 
 Work forstrikim: the eoininaiidaut, \vlio was rejjrinianded forliLs hasiy action. 
 SaiUa Cruz, Arch., ilS., 09-70. 
 
 mill 
 
C40 
 
 IXDUSTRIES AXD INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 sliot after rccciviiif^ from Father Tapia the last com- 
 forts of religion and reciting the service in a firm 
 voice. On a burning heap of wood near at hand the 
 rest of the sentence was carried out, and the charred 
 nnnains of the victim, fitted by the purification of 
 Hame for rest in consecrated ground, was buried in 
 the presidio cemetery.^* 
 
 Thus we sec that the morality of the Californians 
 was somewhat closely looked after by the authorities. 
 The settlers at the pueblos gave more trouble tlian 
 any other class, being free fr'om military discipline and 
 enjoying greater facilities for sinful dissijiations. Se- 
 l)astian Alvitre of Los Angeles and Francisco Avila 
 of San Jose were usually in prison, in exile, or at 
 forced worlc for tlieir excesses with Indian women and 
 with the wives of tLch' neighbors; and there were otlier 
 settlers wlio were scarcely less incorrigible. Concu- 
 binage and all irreuular sexual relations were strictly 
 ]>rohibited and the authorities seem to have worked 
 earnestlv in aid of tlie fi'iars to enforce the laws.^' 
 
 '< nosa.i, Causa Cnmhial, jSIS., 1800-1. Certificate of cxocution. Prnr. St. 
 Pup., Jifii. Mil., xxviii. 17. (Joy cocci lOii 1)cl;s the governor for a postpoiie- 
 uiciit on uccunnt of a prevnilin.i,' illness wiiicli i-euders it (lillicult to s[iaro 
 a man. A/., xxi>;. 4. JJnrial. Sin. JJ/irhirra, Lih. J\/isiiui, MS., 2'^. Aiij,'. 
 11, 1S04, governor says a mule is to bo given to the owner of the one 
 liurned. /'ror. Ji'cc, ^IS., xi. Id'-'. The author of lioiiKro, MemariiK, M.-v, 
 was ])resent at the execution, lie .says the hoy's Ixnly was mei'ely passed 
 tiirough the Haines as a formality of purilication; while the mule was entirely 
 consumed. 
 
 ^j .Shortcomings of AlvitJ'eand Avila. Pror.Sf. Pup., Be)). J\Fil., MS,, xiv. 
 f); Prov. SI. /'";).. ]\1S., i\-. •JI.VKi; x. Kil. Navarro exiled from Los Aii'.'el.s 
 to San Jose'', and relajising, to Sau l''rauci>'eo. /</., x. 1(!0-1. 17!'.'5, Higncra 
 living iniprnperly. Men in such cases to lie handcnH'ed; women must not go 
 to the ]iuet»lo ^\•llen theii' hushands weri' ahsent; men and women \\ ho go to 
 the mission v.ithout leave to sleep to he ]mt in the stock. Si. Pap., Sue, 
 ^18., iii. 2. 179.", < loycoeehea to lioi'ica, 'Como solo so castiga a los hondircs 
 amaneehados, que se ha de liacer eon las mngcrcs fpie haecn gala dc ello'.'' 
 /'mr. S/. /'tip., MS., xiv. ,'?.'!. lUirica replies — warnings, thri'ats, cxposnic 
 to hus)i;inds, and finally seclusion in res])ectalile housi's M'ith hard wmk. 
 i'lor. I!('-., MS., iv. .'JS. 17!t7, concnliinage strictly forliiddcn. i"-!. J'"/'-. 
 J/f'.sw. and Cd/'in., MS., i. ."(iO. 17!.W, adulterers to be warned .and then pun- 
 ished. 'J'he governor ■will decide about the women. J'rnr. J,'i(\, MS., iv. '277. 
 1700, .'iO lashes for a man who abused Indian women, hi., v. 1 14. Adultery 
 case at San ]\Ii;.ruel. Pvar. SI. I'ap., j\IS., xvii. -."lO. IJuiz found in bed with 
 his corporal's wife at San jiiego. l*nt in irons and the woman sent to l.os 
 Angeles. /)/., xvii. 'J."i.">. Investigation of the ease of an Indian woman at 
 San .luan Capistrano who gave birlli to a dog. /(/., xvii. 'J30; Prov. lite. -MS., 
 V. 280-7. 
 
SPIRITUOUS LTQUOIIS. 
 
 041 
 
 Tlio ])C'()|)U; \vc'i'(! also rloscly ivstricted in <lic use 
 of iiitoxieatiui'' li(|Ui>i's. Ijorica net only cKi'icisc'd his 
 uutlioiitv tbroiii'li his coiiiuuiudants to pivNcnt and 
 punisli excesses and (h'unkenness, hut restric-ied tlio 
 intro(hiction and sale of rKjuors so lar as was po.ssililo 
 un<ler national conuneivial regulations. Wine and 
 biandy made in either Up[)er or Jjower Calil'oi'nia were 
 of free sale. Then,' is no positive pr(Jof that any 
 hrandy was nianui'aetured in l"j)per California Iteforc 
 LSOO; hut Ortega liad a still, and it is probable that u 
 bc^innini;- was made inthisdeadly industry. Toward 
 the close of the tlecade it was decided that the intro- 
 duction of brandv and mescal from abi-oad could not 
 be prevented, l)ut the n'ovi'rnor could still re^'ulate the 
 sale to soldiers and others undi'r ^'ovi'i-nnient ])ay.''''' 
 (^ambliuL;' \\as another weakness jirexalent in Cali- 
 fornia as elsewhere in S[)anish Aniei'ica, and reipiirin;^ 
 frequent attentit^n from tlio authorities.''" 
 
 ^'' 1704, no mescal or oven iicmiitted lic^nors to Ije iiitro(liKi'<l 1)y tiailcM 
 who hai'tir at tliu missions, /'mr. S/. J'ap., MS., xii. 111. IT'.t.j, two liairrls 
 of wine Immglit from Santa ]!;iil)aia to Monterey. /'/•.(•. Jt'rr., ;MS., iv. i;l. 
 liorica to eoiiiinandants, ilfiiikiiii; ami ^'amlilin'j; must lio stoiijied. /'rur. St. 
 Pciji., MS., xiii. 'J40; Sun Jos", An/i., MS., iv. '-U. I7!i<), sergeant at Mon- 
 terey liaa .some Spanish biamly for sale. Can only .sell two reals worih in 
 mornin;; and one real in evening to one ]ieison, to he drunk in iiis ]>;esei;ee. 
 I'ror. J'lr,, MS., v. ;>l).'i. I7i)7, edmm.ind.mis mu;;t ]iromole maniiiae'ture of 
 liraiidy fn ni su'rar-cane. /'/., iv. !i(). Frci' inlrodnelion sinee Ndv. 17'.17 of 
 home-maile Ii(|Uors; Imtno deltt ean lieeolleeted for lii[iior fiirnisiied to troc)}s, 
 etc. I'l-or. S/. Pap., MS., xv. Ill'; xvi. IS!); ]>i:.r. Hir./w. \{\;\. ,);iii. 17. i7, 
 ;;( ncral i)ardon to all inii)risoned tor contrr.haiid making of i/i'iii[n:ri/o, ]i!(>l)- 
 alilv of no ellect in (-'alilornia. J'ror. St. I'up., MS., xv. IS, 1217 1'^. »\pril, 
 17!)7, Diandy 'es de venta luita.' J'mr. Hie., MS., iv. l.'iS. Oct. I7!IS, I',,)- 
 rieii solicited ;i jirovision fcirhidding tlie introduetii)u of mescal on accoimt of 
 the iiiro.fciii' nil .i 1/ (.<c''//^/f/Aj,s resulting; ln»l; the viceroy in ^lay 17'.)!' declared 
 tliat trade in mescal and ag'Ur.iiiirntc (( 'alifiirnian aguardiente was hrandy; hut 
 tlio imported article may have been — thougli it. jiriil)al>]y wns not — ru::i, v, Lis- 
 key, cir other alcoliolic liquor, the name heing eonnu<)n to all I was free. !nd 
 therefore other ways must he devised to stop druidienness. I'mr. St. Pep., 
 MS., xviii. 300; xvii. 'JOO; I'roi: /iVc, ;MS., vi. 104. 1700, some wine made at 
 southern missions, and soon hrandy enough will he produced for mo<leriite eon- 
 sunrptioli. Pror. I!(C., M.S., vi. KJO. I'adres rec ive from San lih.s tiie me; eal 
 they need. Proi: St. Pup., MS., xvii. 7.S-0, l».">. Sept. ;t, 1700, liorica prohihits 
 selling' mescal. Dijit. St. l'(ip.,S(ni Jok'', MS., i. Oo. Aug. 'l'.\ IJorica a; k.; that 
 only two barrels of me.scal \y imported foi' each n.ission. Eighteen 1, arrets (pf 
 agnanlicnte from IJi.ja, California ini[ir>rtcd this year. Pror. l!rr., MS., vi. KID. 
 
 ^' ]\".isee!laneous connnuiiicatiiins, nothing imjiortant. I'rur. J.'ir., MS., iv. 
 
 I'J'-';,^ ■»./'«-■, Arrh., .MS., ii. 7.'i;iv. -j:!; Pmr.St. Pap., MS., xv. 1-27; .'V. /'«/-., 
 
 ;!/;».■. (niiK'iiliin., M <., i. Wi'u). 170S, Hurica granti'd the petition of eiiixens of 
 
 Sun Jose to he allowed t> \i\ay inalUla on Sunday. s in the guard-house. J)viit. SI. 
 
 Hist, Cal., Vol. I. -11 
 
842 
 
 INDUSTRIES', ii.ND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 There were no schools in Cahfornia before I3orlca 
 came as j^overnor, at a time when many natives, of 
 Spanish blood, had become parents of children grow- 
 in*^ up as they had done in ij^norance. Few of tlie 
 soldiers could i-ead or write, and in fact this continued 
 to be the case throughout the whole Spanish peiiod.'^ 
 Officers tauLjht their children, and occasionally a 
 woman acted as amnja, and instructed not only lier 
 own children but those )f her nei<^hbors, oi even iin 
 ambitious soldier who aspired to be a corporal. In 
 1793 a royal order was issued and published in Cali- 
 foinia requirinj^ the establishment of a school in each 
 ]>ueblo, but rcferrinnj ap[)arently to the education of 
 Indians only. Nothing was done under it, excej)t to 
 render a formal promise of compliance"'' at the end of 
 1794. 
 
 Borica began to agitate the matter by making 
 inquiries respecting available teachers and sources of 
 a school I'und. liefore the end of December the 
 retired sergeant ^lanuel Vargas had started the first 
 school in tlie public granary at San Jose.*'^ The gov- 
 ernor's connnunications continued througli 1795; the 
 old aherez liamon Lasso do la Vega was sounded as 
 to the terms on which he would become a teacher; 
 
 Pap., SnnJosf', MS., i. 1.39. Tlictv.idcrGallcgo forbidden to liold raffles. Pro?'. 
 JiC(',, -MS., iv. 108. 179i(, ?««//■//(« and/fovo'H to be played only on feast days; no 
 player must lose over i?2; and no credit is to be jrivi n. Jd., iv. 'JDl. Gov- 
 ernor orders a sum lost at (illmir-i to be returned to Larios. llebukes Comis- 
 ionado of San Jose for habitual gambling at his bouse. /(/., iv. '2!),'3~4. I'l'f- 
 rir.o, fiinini, viuHlla, and ficiilo-s may be played Sundays, if .stakes arc not 
 over .*!1, iind tlio sexes are kept .separate. /</., iv. '2di. Cliildren gand)led fnr 
 buttons, some of tlicui eutting otf the buttons from their clothing. I'rouii- 
 iient men often bjoked on and made bets on the children's game of tuiKjano. 
 Aniiiilor, Mciiionn.-i, MS., 'J"_'7-S. 
 
 ■'"' IT'S I, alcalde of San Jose un.iblc to write. P'tco, Doc. Ifi.it. Cal., JIS., i. 
 l.'i. IT'S."), only 14 n>it of .")0 of the Monterey company could write. I'rov. St. 
 Pdji., lien. Mil., M.S., vii. 1. ITSd, seven out of 30 at San Francisco. /'/., 
 vii. -. ITl'l, two out of L'S at San Francisco. /(/., xv. .'{. IT04, not a man 
 at San Francisco can write. The connnandant asks that one be sent from .Santa 
 Biirbara. Prow St. Pap., MS., xii. 41. 1800. many soldiers acting as e.'V- 
 poials could not be promoted because they could not read. Amudor Mem., 
 M.S., •->!!». 
 
 ^Anh. St,i. Pdrhara, j\lS., vi. 203-4; J'rov. St. Pap., IMS., xiv., (iO; 
 P)oi\ l,W., MS., iv. 1-2'S. 
 
 *''JMj>t. i>t. Pup., IS. Josi; MS.,i. 45; Prov. lice, MS., iv. 210. 
 
EDUCATIOX. 
 
 Ct3 
 
 Jost' iSIannol Tocn, nppaiviitly a (/ninirfr, or slil])-h()y, 
 from one of tlio transports, arriveil at Santa JUuhara; 
 Vai'Ljas was olforcd .s2r)0 a year contributed 1)V citi- 
 zons to _i(o to San Uioj^o; coni])ulsory attendance and 
 a tax of tliirty-ono cents a nioiilli [)er scholar wei-e 
 ordered at San Jose; Santa Ijiirhara was re(|uired to 
 pay 6l-a, oacli soldier [)ayinj4- one doll u*; soldiers, 
 corporals, and sej'gcants were ordered to j;-o over their 
 studies and prepare for promotion; and [)rimaiT teach- 
 ers were asked for from Mexico." No (loul)t hefore 
 the end of the year Var<»'as was teachin<j at San iJien'o, 
 Lasso at San Jose, and Toca at Santa Barbara. The 
 doctrina cyistianawas first to receive attention by the 
 governor's orders, and afterward reading and writing 
 weie to bo taught. Paper was furnished by tlui 
 habilitados, and alter beinu: covered with scholarly 
 ])othooks, was coll(!cted to bo used in making car- 
 tridges. In 171)G the above-named teachers continued 
 their labors. Corporal Manuel Boronda, si rving also 
 as carpenter, taught the children of San Francisco 
 gratuitously; the soldier and carpenter Jose Ivodri- 
 guez (.lid the same at Monterey, and ]>orica continuiul 
 to interest himself greatly in the schools, recpiiring 
 fi'equent reports to be sent him with copybooks for 
 examination.^^ 
 
 In 1797 Toca was called awav from Santa Barbara 
 to attend to his duties on board ship, being re[)laced 
 by Jose jNIedina, another grumcte; and Boronda was 
 
 *^Prov. JRec, MS., iv. ."^1-2, 1,10, 2-21, 220; Pmv. f!f. Pop., MS., xiii. 10, 
 M-'t; xiv. 27; I<1., IJnt. JUL, MS., xxi. 11; Dipt. ,'it. P<i:;., ,Sau ^o.v, .MS., 
 i. 50. 
 
 *- Feb. IS, 1700, 27 cliiklrcn attending Lnsso's school at San .Jost?: funr ]>:\y 
 iiotliiiii.', and tlie nst two find ont^ lialf rcids yur nioiitli. Pror. !■•'/. /'"/'■• ^'S., 
 xiv. 101. I'cli. 20th, lioiieato La.sso, uvifoa gic."*^ care. His pay will l)c ad- 
 vanced from lliu tiiliacco revenue and coliected from tlie .sctth/rs. A house to 
 lie furnished for L. and family. J'mf. yiV'.-., MS., iv. ISl. l"el>. 2.")lii, children 
 attendin^r S.inta I'.iirliara .school, ;?2. I'lor. ,S7. J'ajK, MS., xiv. 101. May Otii, 
 ]>orica sjic'dis of Ikiromla and ]{odrigue/ teaching at San Francisco anil Mon- 
 terev. Lasso at San ,](jse, a teacher at Santa IJarhara at ^['2.'> [nv year, and 
 Vargas at San Diego at .?100. Pn>v. lUr., MS., v. :J3S-0. Sept. 20th, San 
 Diego school ha.s 22 pn]iil.s. Prov. Sf. Pciji., Presidios, MS., i. tii. (iovernor 
 orders reports, cojiyhooks, etc., to lie sent liini oveiy two, three, or six months. 
 Prov. lUc, MS., iv. 50; ist. Pup. Hac, MS., vi. 7. 
 
eu 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Kuopccdi'd at San Francisco by the artillcrvmati Josu 
 Alvarez, who lor his services received an addition of 
 two <lollars per niontli to liis pay. Evidently the 
 schools went on with coiisideiahle p)'os])ei'ity this 
 year/'* but of their [)ro!jfress for tlie rest (d' the tlecade 
 wv know little or nothing.''* 
 
 " /'rnv. St. Pup., ]MS., xvi. 41, 108-0; xxi. 2(;-2-.1; I'ror. lire., :\IS., v. 
 101, lOiS. liiiiidoiiili, Oralinn, hijcuIvS of cnjiylxioks Kunt from Siiiita li.ir- 
 luiiii, Im'1). 11, 17117, wtill ]>ii'scrvi;(l in tlui uiciiives, tliu Hiimpltn liiing .SLiiji- 
 turo ti'xts in m, full' I'oniul iiaiiil. 
 
 ^'Duc. 17!'\ N'iii^'.i.s tiunsferrcil to Sta IWrhnru. Pr<>v. ],',.•., MS., iv. 
 10!). Uiiricii coiniiliiiiis tliat few imjiils iitti'ml at San niciro Tari'iits must 
 l)(j Htiiniilati il. /'/., V. L'li.'l. iSdl, coMiplaints of cliililiin {.'row in j,' up in 
 i;_'noran(.'t', ami ot' ^ivat ncccl of tiaclicrM. /'/v.r, ,S7. J'li/i., MS., xviij. Tit ."i; 
 xxi. ()."> Says .Tu(l,';(: Si'inilvcila; 'Tlicy couM learn very little in those days; 
 Hcliools were few, linoii.s lare, and tlie iniisiiits of tlie jk^ojiIo rei|iiiicil nut a 
 Very extensive lioiik-learniiiL,'. \\'li<n any wiitin;,' was neiv^ed tii(y ennlil 
 (Msily aplils' to tile few mIio were the deoositaries of lej,'al fuini or i'|iistolary 
 lihility.' S< /ii'i/rid.!, Ili.<t. Mt m., MS., ,'{, 1. Many mis.^ii n lihraiies had 
 I'alou's Lif,' of .Serra and jiiTJiajis one or two otliel' histoi ical works lieforu 
 ISOO, l)eni(hs a few theolo'.;ieal liooUs. A few Frencli hooks v.en^ j;iven to 
 ]jorieii hy Capt. Don".-; I'rencli i)ilot in 17'J7. I'rov. j'lVc, MS., \i. 70 7. 
 

 CJIAPTER XXX. 
 
 LOCAL F-VEXTS AND PROGliliSS-SOUTHIiRN DISTJJICr. 
 
 1701-1800. 
 
 SanDiKCO rUKSIDIO— LlErTENANTsZrSldA AND riKA.II.li A -Mll.lT AliV FoiirK 
 — I'olMI.ATKIN- I'ANCno DKI, Hi'.V— l'"l NANCr.S - I'llISI I)II) I'.r 1 l.l'INliS — 
 
 Vancoi'vuu's J»i;s('iiii"i'i(tN — Fokt at 1'uint ( lii.iAuium — Imiian Ak- 
 FAiits — I'ni'.cAriioss acjainst J-'ukiicskus -Ai!1;ivai,s ok \i;ssi;i.s - 
 MissH.N San I)iK(;n- 'I'ouiiKNs am> MAitrNKi!- -Stati.-tics - San l.ris 
 I{i;v— San .Iian Capistkano -l'"r.sT!;it - liiii.niNcs- I'ri'.iii.o dk I.os 
 Ancklks-I'isivati'. IIanciios— San (lAiiiui;r.--()uAMA.s— San I'kiin ando 
 — l'i;i;sii)i(> (II- Sania ])AI!1!AUA — ()i'i-iri:iis, l''()U(r..s, and roi'ii.ATioN - 
 l!rii.i)iN(is AND Indi'stiuks— Ijdt'Ai, J'lvKNTs — I''ii:sT MxKri TUiN in Cai.i- 
 I'liiiNiA — 'I'liK 'I'liiKNix' — A (,>iu'ksii.vi:r Mink— Waui.iki; I'ui'.i'AiiA- 
 
 TKlNrr -DlCATlI (IK OUTKC A — MiSSIoN Ol' SaNPA 15aI!1!AI:A — I'ATKIINA — 
 RANCIIKliiAS OF TIIK t'llANNKI,— XkW L'UUltt'lI — SaN BuKN AVKNTCllA — 
 
 La I'liiisiMA Co.NCEPcioN — Akkoita. 
 
 LiKL'TEXAN'T JoSE DE ZuXIGA roiliailicd ill coniin.'lIl(l 
 of the; San Diego |)residi(j^ till ( )('tol)er 17!);]. I n May 
 of tlie preeediiii^ year ho had been promoted to (•a[»- 
 tain and appointed connnandant of Tucson in Sonora; 
 hut he was ohli^'ctl to wait the arrival of his successoi-, 
 who iissuined the otiices of eoniandantc and hahllitado 
 on tlio JDth of Octolx^r. Zuhi_n'a was })re])arinL;' for 
 departure in Xovend)er when A'ancouver visited tliis 
 port, and but little is known of his sid)so(|uent ciueei'. 
 He had been a i'aithful and oMieii'nt ofhcer, one of the 
 lew who in the performance of military duties, and 
 especially in kee[)in:L,^ pi-esidial accounts, had given no 
 cause of com[)laint.^ His successor was Lieutenant 
 
 • F'(ir tuuiiils (if San Diego from 1780 to 17!K>, wliu'Ii I Ian; coiilimn' to 1800, 
 SL'o cliaii. xxii.. this volume. 
 
 ■^ .lo!-(5 ilo /liriifiii c;nli.ste(l as a iw/'/ftf/o iUt<fhi(i>iii/() i)cU>hiv IS, I77"-3| went 
 through the grmk'S from corporal to alfcrcz iu 1778-0; was nia>lo liuutunaut, 
 
 (CIS) 
 
C4« 
 
 LOCAL F-VEXTS IX THE SOUTH. 
 
 Aiiti)iii() ( Jrajci'ii, of" the ]']sj)an;i dragoon ron'imiMit, 
 who had ani\('d at Sail Francisco iVoin San Jilas in 
 July, and wlio assunitsd tlic duties of his oliice on the 
 day of his arrival at San JJiego. 
 
 'I'hoii'^h (il'tecn years a soldier Grajera had seen no 
 active service, Ijut he was an ahle and iaithful man, 
 and |Kiiornicd his official duties to the satisl'action 
 of all during' a term of six years in California. His 
 private and social record is less favorable. J le had 
 no family, and it was not low^ before his liaisotis with 
 ANonieii of the ju'csidio uave rise to scandal. Jiis 
 excessive use of intoxicating li([Uors finally atlected 
 his mind, and broke his constitution. He gave up 
 his oiiice temporarily in August 1791), and ne\er 
 resumed it, ha\ing, however, been made a brevet ca})- 
 tain in 1 7!)7. Oiitaining leave of absence to visit 
 ^lexiro ne sailed on the (Junccpc'wn and died two days 
 out of port JaiHiary 18, 1800.^ From August -J:!, 
 
 Apiil 121. 17 .i>: (■(iiuiiiMiKlaiit <if S;in l)i(\i,'o, Sept. S, 17SI: liahilitailo, Oct. l!i, 
 17^1. Ilc'iiri' ciiiiiiiiL; to ( 'alifoi'iiia liu liad seen niiicli .si,'r\ ici; in Jmliau cam- 
 jiaiuiis ill Si'iiDi'.'i and ( 'liiliualma. J'rur. Sf. J'<i/>., Jl'ii. Mil., MS., viv. !); wi. 
 I. la \~'.y-\ ho wa.s i^qautcMl Icavodl' alisciire on jii'titioii oflii.i nio'lior to visit 
 Aii'Nico ami 'it tern I to a k\^'afy; liut sct-nis not to liavo lift liis jiost. He sliowcil 
 niurli i tli'ntion to Xaiiconvcr, who named I't Zi'ifiijiii on the 1 a\ci' coa t in 
 his hoM'ii', and v. ho .^puakM of slioals in San Diet^o ISay <;alk,Ml on a Sjiani.sii 
 chart of 17''-' ' l!:irios(l(!Zoonij,'a' ( l!ajios (U' Ziiiliya). Scu 1 autoji'.s map, li.4~i(i, 
 this vol.; i'diicdiiri r'n I'o//., ii. 470, 47.'{, 4'-''..'. Letter of viceroy aiuimnicin!.' 
 liis apjHiiiitnicnt a.s ia[itain oi 'I'ncson (hdcd Maj' 'ilt, 17!'-. J'lur. Sf. /'"/'•> 
 MS., .wi. 7."). I'.y a h'ttcr of ^hiy :{i», ISIO, io appears that lie still licld the 
 sanii^ position, and ha<l licca iiiado licutcnaiit-eoloiiul. ProO. iSV. I'n/i., Jim. 
 MIL. MS., \\\s. I. 
 
 •' .\iitiinio (Irajera, enlisted as a private An;,'. 1.'!. 177-; served 4 years as 
 ))ri\ate, 4 as corjioral, 7 as serLreant, and I as lla^-ln arer; was made alierez 
 Apiil 1."), 17S!); and was aiipoinled lieutenant to eoiuniand San i)ie'.;o Jiil,v 
 14, 17!)-'. /'"■(-. SI. /'.'),.. .MS., xsi. Kll. 174; St. I'li/,., S,ir.. MS., iv. |S; 
 I. 1)4. lie aiiivtd at r ,n I'raneiseo .Inly"-"), 17!'!!, and at Sau l)ie.',f<) Oct. 
 L"). Cliaij^es of lieeiitioK.siu'ss and drunkenness liy an oliieer on the ('mi- 
 (•(•l>r!on Nov. 17!)!. J'mr. .sV. /'„/,.. .MS., .xii. 11, Vj; xvii. •J,')!---'. I7!I7. a 
 corpoi.il asks for transfer on aeioniit of 1 Jrajera's dis^'iaeeful connection \\ith 
 his wife. /»/., xvi. l!),'i. h.'yal order of pionintioii to hi'evet captain, .lime 
 I'J. and viceroy's des)iatcli Oct. "Js, I7!l7, ackno\vledL;i'<l hy i>onea I'eli. 'Jii. 
 I71»S. //., XV." •_'(!.■>; I'm,: h'vr., vi. 70-1; Afth. A>z.[M:<.,\. -Ml. No\. II, 
 1711!'. peiniission from ilorica to j,'o to .Mexico. I'ror. /Ac, .M.S., \. •J.'lii 7. 
 Oeparlure .Ian. Kltii. and death .Ian. IS, i8(H». /(/.,v. xii. 1.; J'ri'i . SI. /'n, . 
 Ms., xxi. ;t!), ;!.'>. Feh. II, l.SOO. decree oi V. i{. to put Crajer.i, on 'i..: 
 retired list, and nainiii'' Alfiie/, Manuel l!odri<'Ui'z <if the San I'r.imisco c piii- 
 
 paii,v to replace 
 
 /Voc. SI. J'lij'., IS, II. Mil., MS., xxvi. |s; 
 
 '/'■ 
 
 <S'"''., MS., i\ , 7- li; J'ror.S/. ]'ii/i. , 'S\ii.. wi. .".(i. N'ancomcr in Noveii ' • r 
 1711.'! was \-eiy Kindly treated hy Orajera. ard applied his name to a p(iint 
 below San Die^'o. Vuiicoiicur'ts \'oijaij(, ii. 470-1,478. 
 
SAN DIEGO DISTiaCT. 
 
 on 
 
 1799, l)y onlcr of Jioiiea, Alic'ivz !MaiiiU'l Ti<)(liiL;ik'/ 
 
 (liuit of the ('oini);uiv, Avhilo 
 
 ocame actinsjf foiniiian 
 
 LieiitciKUit Jo.se Font of tlu' Catalan volunteei>, j-ank- 
 iiig lio(lii«4'uez, ^^'as uiado temporal;.' coniaiidaiite of 
 the niilitaiy post. Jvodi'i^uez liad been lial-ilitado 
 since the middle of 1798 and luul really perforn ed 
 the functions of connnander; aid hi.s regular :ip[)oint- 
 ment, dated in ]\[exico Feb. 11. 1800, reached San 
 
 !) 
 
 U'l^'O 
 
 in ]\Iav, thoULih Ins commi-M )n as lieutenant 
 
 did not leave ]\[exico until Julv isui.' 
 
 Pablo Grijalva was alfeiez of the company tu'til 
 December 1790, when he was ictired, after thiitv- 
 thrce years of service, on half-i)av of alferez and with 
 
 } 
 
 rank of lieutenant, s|(cndin<'' the remaining twelve 
 years of hiy life in California. Jlis successor, who 
 served throughout the decade, was Alferez Jose JiU- 
 
 ui, a new-comer 
 
 J 
 
 the C( 
 
 from 
 it. 1 
 
 :\[ 
 
 exico. 
 
 Lii'nacio 
 
 Al 
 
 varado. 
 
 om[)any sergeant, Jiavmg become a. pensioner o 
 
 f 
 tlio Santa Barbara company, was ]'eplac(;(l in 17i)(t by 
 Antonio Yorba, one of J'\ii'es' ori<>inal Catalans and a 
 son-in-law of Grijalva, who was retired as an itualid 
 and succeeded by Francisco Acebedo in 1798. The 
 corporals and privates, with generally an armorer and 
 car{)enter, \aried but slightly in mmd)er from lifly- 
 seven duriii'jj the t^n years, not ineludinn" the rellrcd 
 soldiei's, or invalids, who gi'adually increased I'rom inur 
 in 1792 to fifteen in 1800." Fi-on-. this force iroiii 
 
 
 If! 
 
 I 
 
 w\ 
 
 niodrigupz hiiliilitado from .Iiilj' :U, IT'.tS. J'ror. Sf. Pap., Jim. M,l., 
 Ms., xvii. 1. I'dliaps ii)i]i(iiiiU(l ill .M;iy. /'/oc. /.'cr'., M.S., \-. "jyil. I'loric.i .s 
 ordur of Xwi. 'IW, \~\)\). hi., v. 'J't,'!-!. liudiiiiuc/,' ;ipp(iiiitincnt ii.s coiuiiii- 
 diiine l(y viofioy I'lli. II, l.sO;). /';•((•. St. i'dji., Jlni. Mil., .MS., x.wiii. I 'i. 
 lic'cainc fidl (iimMiiiliiiito M.'iy -I, ISOi). Jil., xx\i. I.S. CVjniuii.s.siuii ;i-i liiii- 
 t iniiit sint tiDiii MixicD July 17, l.SOl. /'/••(/•. Sf. J'nji., .\I.v, xviii. !iti. 
 Ki»liii,'iU'Z liiid lu'Vor Wl-l'Ii idlVi'u/ ot Uio .S;iu iJicyo l in[i.iiiy, li«l(.n,L;iii^' iiond- 
 iwilly to that of .San I'raiuiM'o. 
 
 'I/niacio Italaid Alvarado, not an iiiu'csttir of tli<! l.'itcr ^'nvfrnor, cidistrd 
 in 177') at tlu' ai^o cjf '!'.]. ]|c canio tu .'-^aii Dirj^o in I77t, \v.'.s made a, inrjio- 
 lal in 17'il, and .'<i'i;,'('ant in 17 li. In i7l'."> tlif f.!<iV( iiior ('((n^iilaini'd of lii.^ 
 L'lrU of icsoliUion, and in 17117 lii.s odula ilt iurd'.ihi was icccivid. \[v. uas 
 Rtill on the li.st of jiCMsionci'.s in l.SO.'i. 
 
 '' '1 liu Loutr ( 'alil'oiiiian mission of ,San Miu'ntl htloii^'( d at thi.-i jum iod to 
 San l'it'j,'o, as did Los .■Vn;4ult'S as late as \~/M\, at Ic.ist ^o far as (lio niili'ai'y 
 guard was (.(jneerncd, thoti^li in other ies[i('ets the ])uelilo was s!d)j''et lo.San- 
 ta Darbarii. tiau Liabriel had its guard from Sau Dieyo tlirouyhout the di:i^- 
 
? 
 
 C48 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 t\vent3'-scvcn to tliirty-three nion wero roiistantly 
 tlotaclied to form tlie fivo or six guards of the juris- 
 diction. After 1 71)G Lieutenant Font witli twentv- 
 five Catalan volunteers of the new reenforeeincnts 
 was stationed here, as were six artillerymen undn- 
 Sergeant Jose Koca, increasing the effective force to 
 nearly ninet}^ men.' The white })oj)ulation of this 
 southern district, consisting of the soldiers and their 
 families, was ahout three hundred at the end of the 
 decade, or two hundred and fifty exclusive of San 
 (jabriel and Los Angeles, more conveniently classed 
 with the Santa Barbara district.** Ahout one hun- 
 dred and sixty lived at the presidio; and the rest 
 wero scattered in the missions, or lived as pensioners 
 at the laiehlo. Ei^ht foundhn''' cliildren from ^NFexiro 
 were sent to San .Diego to live in 1800.'' The native' 
 ne()[)hytc ])opulation, excluding that of San Gabriel 
 and San ^NFiguel, was not quite three thousand. 
 
 There is no I'econl of any agricultural operations 
 whatever at or near tin; presidio, nor were there any 
 private rancho;-- in the whole region before 1 HOO. That 
 some of the sfJdiers came down from Presidio ILill 
 and cultivated small patches of vegetabli's would seem 
 not unlikely, but the archives contain nothing on thi; 
 subject. There were kept here, however, from DO!) 
 to 1,'_'00 head of live-stock, including the company's 
 liorses, from oO to 50 nudes, two or three asses, pos- 
 sibly a few milch cows by the soldiers, and from ;U)0 
 to 700 liorned cattle in a branch of the rancho del ny 
 
 iulc. l\ni\ ,SV. /',(/)., MS., xvii. \\)1. Feb. 1, ITIKi, llorica ordered oscolt:is 
 til 1)0 iis I'lilldw.s: S;iii Miguel, S; Sun ])ici,ni, ,'!; S;iii .liiiiii (';ii;istr;uii), S; S;;ii 
 (^dirid, 4; J-(M An.u'rles, 4. /'/v.r. /.Nr., SlS., v. 'IM. San Luis Jlcy, founded 
 in IT'.'fi, ju'dlialily li.''d (i men iit lirst. AecordiuL,' ti) onlei's, /'/-oc. Si. I'nj'., 
 MS., xii. S, it WHS uustoniiuy to have snldiei-s serve iilternately in eseoltiis and 
 pi'esiilio, t!i()UL;ii it eiiuseil uineli inconvenienee on aeeount of their t'aniilies. 
 
 ' (,"i)inpa!iy rostei's ami staienient.s of fcji'ce ami distribution si-atten d in 
 the arehives. ehi<lly in Pint\ SI. I'l'ii.. Ii< n. J/e'., MS., xiii.-xwii., and SI. 
 Pup.^Siir., MS.,i. vi. 
 
 •■ hi the various rejiorts on the population df the sontliei'ii distriet in ITl'It 
 and hitei'. tiu' ( seorts and families are credited to the mis^^ions iu.-.tead of the 
 presidio as liel'ore and as in other part.s of the country. List of rank and Ide 
 of the presidial company in iTi'S. in Prtiv. Si. I'aji., Ben. JUL, MS., xvii. 
 lt-l(i. 
 
 ^J'lot: SI. Pap., h'cii. Mil., MS., xxviii. 'Jl'. 
 
 
 nil 
 E;| 
 
 thi 
 fit 
 
 onl 
 
 a 
 
 \\\ 
 
 ye; 
 
 '^11 
 
AFFAIRS AT SAX. DIEOO. 
 
 CAf) 
 
 inaiiitninod liere durinuf tlio Inst ])alt' of the decade.^" 
 Each year iu Mexico an a})])i'<)i)jiati()ii was iiiado from 
 the I'oyal ti'oasnry for the prcsicho expenses, vaiyinuc 
 from si 4,0U0 to Sly, 000; ami inv(tices of ooods, has(.'d 
 on the lial)ihtado's estunate of needs, were sent with 
 a small amount of coin bv the transports from San 
 J-Jlas, varyiiiL!^ in amount irom >*?! 1,000 to si 7,000 per 
 year. San J )i(.'L»'o usually had a credit halance of tVom 
 i^l,000 to s:;,000 in its lavor. The si/mnlo, or allow- 
 ance, for the yolunteers and artillerv was not included 
 in the amounts ahovo mentioned. Su[)plies to llie 
 amount of about i?15,000 ])er year were sent to ('ali- 
 f'oriiia I'oi- them, and San J)iei.>(» recei\'ed not (juite one 
 third." There! ai'e no I'ecoi'ds of the anmial suj)[)lies 
 obtained from missions, but durinij;- tlie last thive' years 
 of tlu! decade the presidio was indel)i'j(.l to the mis- 
 sions about SI 0.000. 
 
 "The J'rt'sidio of St Dic'^o," says Vancouvei', wlio 
 visited it in Xoveml)er 17!);>, "seemed to be the least 
 of the Spanish establishments. It is in'e^ulai'ly built, 
 on very iuie\en o-rouiid, which makes it liable to some 
 inconveniences, without th(' ob\ iousaj)i)earanco of any 
 object for selecting,' such a spot. With little ditH(;ulty 
 
 '"The ri'ijiinls are fraLtiiU'iitary ami coiitraclictury. Statistii/al ri']xiit.i 
 .'«iim'tiiiii'S ii'.rliicle tlio kind's cattle aii<l Minietimi's not. 'J'liei-e is no evi- 
 (lenee l!:at t!ie iaiielio at this jieiiocl iiKhnleil any linrscs; in fact it liail \fin 
 estal/.i.shcil to ;;voicl driving cattle from tlie iioith. In ITi'T it containi il CiSl 
 cattle; increase for the year \',i~ ; sak'H, .'!0; killeil hy natives ami wihi heasts, 
 '27; ]iroeee<!.s lif s.;les, Si-."); tithes i)ai 1, .Sl'd; net ]vr(>lit to tie,i:-nry. f '.)'.). J'rni: 
 >/. /'"/I., Ill II. Mil., MS., XXV. 4. 1'iie total amount of titiies in the jurisdic- 
 tion \\as.'^;!4. /'/■(//'. ,S7. /'ii/i., MS., xvi. ]~S: and this dillcrence of .SS is the only 
 iniliealiou 1 lind of the ])ossilile existence of a. private rancho. Cattle at end 
 of ITi)', .Va ; jiroceeds of sales. .^•.");{!l. /</., xvii. I. TSdll, cattle, ()!)(); i)roceeds, 
 $:'A-2. hi., .will. ."., 
 
 " S.iu l>i(';;o ('oni]iany accomits in l^iar. St. Pii/>.. MS.. \iv.- xxxiii.: Sf. 
 /'i()>. S<i-\, y\S., i. ii. vi. ix. J.oss sustained on tlic '/ovcrnment for;'(' and 
 carpeniers shoji lor 170T, STC J'l'ni: Si. J'dji., M.S., wi. IT'.'. I'muld ilf 
 iiriilijiriu'ion for I7!'7: income .*;t,()7"i, cX|>elided SJ. (141 . /'/'■ '•. .SV. /'"/). I'l-fi'l., 
 MS.!i. 1(12 .'i. /'o/cAi,/, /,'-/,./„;o/( for ISOO: .s:!,7'><t. J'fi: St. /'n/i.. j!< ii. Mil., 
 .M.S., xx\ iii. IS. Invi'iitoiy of eH'eets in ^^arehou^e 17'.'.S, ."^-1 ;!,!!'. 12. /i/., xvii. 
 4. I'ajial hulls on hand Nov. 17!''', •'■■4,l!li!». //,, xiii. .">, nccivtd from /ini^ii 
 vith the ollice liy (ii'ajera. I'rur. Ji'c., MS., \-. '227. JJuUs neediil for 
 l7!tli-7, UiOat "2.") cents for /v'co.s,' 101) at 2.") cents lor ilij'iiiil>i.t; ,'>{), In, /irinio: 
 2 or ',i rdiiijinsiciiiii. /'ror. St. J'l'/i., I'm., MS., i. 12. Net I'.venue of Sail 
 Dicijo iiost-olliee for I7!)4. 871 ; lor I7!)l>. S'.lo. /'/•'„•. .S7. /'„y,.. I'„,i. Mil.. MS., 
 xxi. 2; xxiii. S. Accounts of ])residio witii missiun.s 17'.*7-lyUO. /i/., xxxiii, 
 i;j; /'/■(.(■. St. J'~ijK, MS., xvi. 2(m; xvii. I'Jo. 
 
 k^ 
 
650 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTIL 
 
 Mai* of San Diego District, 1800. 
 
rnESIDIO liUILDINCiS. 
 
 G51 
 
 it miglit be rendered a place of eDiisideraMe Ht!'eiiL;l]i, 
 by establisliiiiL;' a small I'oree at the entrance of the 
 port; where at this time there Mci'e neither works, 
 guns, liouses, or other habitatit)ns lu.'aier than the 
 ]?resi(li(), five miles from the [)ort, and where they 
 have only three small pieces of brass camion."'" In 
 August of the same year I^orica had infornu ;l Hk; 
 viceroy that three sides of the jiresidlo walls wire; in 
 a ruinous condition, owing to the bad <|uality of the 
 timber used in the roofs, though .^M,20() had been 
 sj)ent in re[)airs since the establishment. '!'he w. ire- 
 house, church, and oftici'rs' houses lbrmin!>: the Ibnrth 
 side of the square were in good condition. Workmm 
 were at once set at work to (^ut timber at ^loiiterey 
 which W71S shipped by the i'*r//Hv.sv^ in ( )ctobi'r to be 
 used in I'epaiis and also in the construction of some 
 new defensive works in connection with the- old ones. 
 What ])rogress was made in these imjjrovcmcnts on 
 Presidio Jlill we oidv know bv a vai-tu' I'cconl that 
 esj)lanade, })owdei'-maga/ini'. Hag, and houses for the 
 volunteers were blessetl by tlu,' IViars iuid dedicated by 
 a salute of ai'tillery Novend)er S, 17;);!.'' At tlie end 
 of I7'J4 tlie ^•iceroy expi'cssed a desij-e to have a fort 
 built similar to the one just comphted at San I-'raii- 
 cisco, but without cost to the king. "]'erha[)s he' 
 wishes UK! to ])ay the expenses" wi-ites ])orica to a 
 fiiend. J'^arly the next year J'oint (uiijarros, (.'obble- 
 stone point, was selected as the site of the fort wlios(! 
 absence \"ancouver had noticed, and prepmat inns were 
 at once begun. Two di' thri'e workmen, and the nec- 
 essary timbei', wi'i'e sent down by tile iiaiisports from 
 ^lonterey. Santa JJarbara fmnished tla; axle-trees 
 and wheels for ten carts, while bricks and tiles were 
 
 'M'ffHrowivc'.'j Vwifaije, ii. 495, .")01. 
 
 "•All'. -i», 17!'.">, govi'iiior to xiocroy. /'/'■'•. Si. /'"/-., MS., xxi. ll.'i, 
 August istli, litiilKi- til 1)0 cut at Moiitcny uiiil t;ikin scmlli hv tlir I'riiir, sn. 
 Ifl., x\J. ir.'; rrur. /,W.. MS., ii, 1(1.".. Oct. 1 Itli, liic vo.ss.l'jiiis .s.-iikd w itii 
 tiniliMT. J'iin\ St. /*►»/>., Ms., xi. If)?. Stjit. KJ, I71U, ;!')Vi rnor to .\i'i;(ioll(i, 
 onlciiii'.; liim to m.'1h1 tiiiilHT in tlic Anth-.Tji foi- ('.s|itiii;nU' iiiiil Itastioii.-.; 
 
 Imt nunc vn^ st-Mt. A/. 
 
 50, l.VJ :i. Nov. 17. I7'.'<>. 'ovuii.-r to Uw 
 
 friai«, l)l> "tiiui; oi the woik.s. I'roi;. A'tc, MS., v. 'J471j. 
 
C.-,-2 
 
 LOCAL I'^VENTS IX THE SOUTH. 
 
 lijuilinl from tlio ])r( sidio to tlic 1)e;icli and tulvon across 
 to tlic point 111 a llathoat. In JJeccmlier i7'J() tlio 
 (jiiiiiiiocr ( 'ur(!()l)a anivccl to inspect the Sau Die<jfo 
 detbnees, in wliieli he loiind no otlier niei'it than that 
 an enemy wonld ])erha})S he ii;'norant of their wealc- 
 ncss. l)Ut the I'oit liad eviilently not heen huilt yet, 
 f'oi'euily in 17i»7 JJorica a})proved Cordoha's idea that 
 the lorni sliould not he eircuhir. Nothing- more is 
 known of this foi'tilication tiU ai'ter 1800, save tliat 
 it was intended to mount ten guns; that on hatteiy, 
 magazine, hai'nick, and ilathoat Sl),()-_:o liad heen e\- 
 jionded hel'ore ]Mar('h I "1)7; and that in 171)8 tliere 
 was a project under considi'ration to oj)en a road 
 round the bay -to connect Point Ouijarros with the 
 presiiho.'- 
 
 The natives gave the commandant and pe()])le of 
 San ])iego hut little trouble, the few de[)re(l;u!oiis 
 committed beinu' chiellv directed au'ainst the JJomini- 
 can establishment in La. Frontera. In 1704 three na- 
 tiveswere lidd ;:s ])i-isoners, one of w horn, a iieii])hyte, 
 had been leadc'i' in a })roposed attack on Sail 3di;_;iU'l. 
 Scvei'al baiids had ap])roached the mission l)y night, 
 ])ut finding the guard moimted and i'e;idy liad )■(•- 
 treated.'' In ^.la}' or June 171);") Alfc'rez (Jiijalva. 
 Mhile returniii;;' IVoni San Miguel wi(h throe natives 
 arrested on a (■'!• vge of mui'der was attacked by some 
 two hundred savages, on(> of whom was killh'd and 
 two were wounded in the skirmish, (Jrijaha having a 
 
 "/Voc. .SV. /V/;<., M,S.,.\iii. 0!), Km; xiv. lOS; xvii. !l, 10; xxi. il-J, -JKI-i; 
 
 24S; /V„c. />•., .MS., iv. ±) \; v. 
 
 •_'7.S; VI. 
 
 :>. Wiitrr lia<l to 
 
 In' carried from V.ir. jiw-idid, Mhcrf a well loiii; iiliaiicldiuil A\'as rudju'iicd. 
 One liuiidrcd and (.liin' plauUs, '_'_' t'c.'t Iniig, were jniion^' the; t.hilx'i' sliippi'd 
 from .Moiitrrcj-. A i'vw iiHJusti-ial items arc as t'ollows: I'ur u time alter 
 Way 17!)i' Iki'o was no annniiT, llic old mie lia\ in.,' jcit after a service ai \H) 
 years. I'nir. St. /'dji., .MS., xiii. .")(!-S. In IT!*') the niis:-i()iis of t'.iis di triet 
 were rei|iKs'a(l to »eud eaeli four or )i\e lixlians to the |residi.) to liarn .stone- 
 euttin;,' and Iiriel:layi;i". /';•'.''. /.Vc.,^lS., v. 'Jli.Vd. .Jan. 17;' >, .", weaver \v;is 
 ti) go to San JJio;'(j to teaeh. Jil., V. 7^. 'i he conuuidante tried to imliito 
 Spanish youth to learn trades, liut without success, souie of them deeniiiij^ 
 the rei|Ue;:t an insult. Pi-'n: S/. /V(/)., MS., xiv. l(i. 'I'lic forre and carpenter 
 shop dill y'J'.] wortli ef woik for soldiers ami missions in 17!)7; out as e\[)enKes, 
 iueludin;,' t'.'. o appreniiees, were .V'l(i:>, llie King's exchequer w;;si not pereiptii)Iy 
 lienelitL'd. I'l., xvi. 17.'. 
 
 I"' J /•/•;//!;;/,(, I>,ip,l <lr I'uitto^, !!).">, MS. 
 
FOREIGX VISITS. 
 
 GS3 
 
 horse killed under Iniii. Tliis idlair caused soinc fear 
 
 and pi'ecau 
 
 tiuns at .Si'.ii J)it'L;"o, rcdoultlcd a \\'\v days 
 later on rumors uf new hostilities; hut (j!rijal\:i went 
 Koutii. and {'ound all quiet, llaids on llic cattle of San 
 jSliguel aj^'ain rc(|uired the attention of a sergeant and 
 oiylit men in Apiil l/'J?.^** 
 
 San J)ieg<j did not come much into contact with 
 the outside world. The lirst foreign vessels that over 
 entei'eil tliis line harhor were those of the I'^iiLrlish 
 
 n a VI ''"at or v ancouver, w 
 
 hich 
 
 1 remaniedat anclior some 
 
 three miles and a half i'roni the |»residii) frDUi Xovei 
 
 n- 
 
 her -JZtli to 1) 
 
 court eou 
 
 ^v 
 
 ecember Oth 17'.):). V 
 I hv ( 
 
 mcouver was 
 
 recoive( 
 
 jiraiera ano 
 
 Zi 
 
 nn-'a, a\- 
 
 h;»\\e\er, en account i)f Arrilhu 
 
 as s( vere a; id nilios- 
 
 pital/le injunctions" were 
 
 not 
 
 ai)le 
 
 to 
 
 a I 
 
 ei:4'ners sucii l)rlvde^•es 
 
 as were desired. Th 
 
 e Eirrlish 
 
 man, thou-^'i he visited the ])i'esidio, spent most of his 
 time on lj(.)arvi in preparing joui'nals and despatches to 
 he sent to ]']ngland by way of !^[e\ico, having littlo 
 ojiport'dnity tor observati*.)ns." In t!ie early j)art of 
 17'J7 an ICuglish invasion was supjx^sed to he innni- 
 nent, and all possible prej)arations wei'e made byCJi'a- 
 jei'a. Gi'eat reliance was placed on the batteiy at 
 l^oint (Juijarros; l)ut Grajera was also cai-eful to 
 
 obt; 
 
 I instructions res[)ectinu" what was to be (ha 
 
 le 
 
 should the enemy succeetl in entering tlie bay, oi* 
 .should it be necessary to aliandon the jiresidio. In 
 case of juich disasters it was decided to spike the guns 
 and ')urn the powder and j)rovi.sions, but to leave the 
 
 buil 
 
 dmg.' 
 
 m 
 
 tact. A 
 
 reser\t 
 
 of 
 
 anunumtion was sioi'e( 
 
 I 
 
 at San fJuan, whither the sacred vessds. ar(hi\es. and 
 
 otiier val;!aldes were 
 
 tob 
 
 e carri(^( 
 
 lif 
 
 necessai'\' 
 
 Th 
 
 IV 
 
 ]aig!ish did not a]i|)ear; the armed frigate Priw 
 
 in port iVoin Juui' to ()ct<ib(>r; and San 1 )ieg(> escajx-d 
 
 desl 
 
 rue 
 
 ion. 
 
 At tl 
 
 le end ot 
 
 :»; 
 
 11. 
 
 to 
 
 I't w; 
 
 SC'Ol 
 
 /' 
 
 d 
 
 visit 
 
 ed 
 
 liv foi\ iiiiiers, this linn- b\ four 
 
 n<r.. MS. 
 
 •2J7-S-, iv. SS; VI. 
 
 ■■0; /' 
 
 St. I\ 
 
 2ia-r 
 
 >;vi. 
 
 Vti.'CDin'i r* Voi/fii/r. ii. ((i!l-T<i. 
 'I'ror. licr., MS., V. -lo-l o; I'roi: SI. Pojk, M> 
 
 117, •-■! 
 
654 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IX THE SOUTH. 
 
 Boston sailors who liad been left on the lower coast 
 and weie ]»ut to work in the presidio to earn iheir 
 living' nntil a vessel came to carry them to San JJlas.''' 
 Yet onee more was the port visited by the Amei'ieans 
 duiiiii;- tills decade, when in Angust 1800 the Jidsi/, 
 ( aptain ( 'harles Wiiiship, obtained wood and water 
 liere, I'emaininn' ten days in the bay. Later, on Xo- 
 veml^er 2L*d, there came an earth(piake which in six 
 minutes did moredanuiixo to the adobe bniI(Un<''s than 
 had l)een done by either the British or Yankees."" 
 
 At San Dioi^o mission Juan Mariner and JTilario 
 Toi'rens served as associate ministers nntil the last 
 years ot'tlie decade. The latter left (VdiCornia at the 
 end of 17'JS, dyinu^ early in the next year; while 
 the Ibrmer died at San ])iego on January '29, 1800.'^ 
 Their sucessors were pach'es Jose Banella and Jose 
 Baroiia, both I'ecent arrivals who had lived at San 
 Dieoo, the former since Jun(; l7i)7, and the latter 
 
 ^'■> /'ror. ];,,■., MS., V. '2K\, 'JS.->; vi. Ill; Pn.v. St. Pup., MS., xvii. ]!)7 
 2()'J. 'J'licir iijiiiRs -wire \\\\\. ]\;itt, lliirniiliy .Inn, .loliii Slt]'lit'iis, ainl (i,i- 
 l)ri( I lloism'. 'J'lie ciiptoi's of a Spiuiiisli ^■(■.s.■^l■l in 17l'!( I'liiiiiu il tluit sdinedf 
 tJKir iiit'ii, lii'iii}.; (Ill tlio cimst in 17l>7, a.s piirt of tlio crew of two (iui^Lrlish) 
 .sjiips Liul t'utficil S;in Diego jiiid iiiiide soiiiidiiign by iiiooiiliglit. I'mr. 
 SI. I'li/K, Bill. Mil., .MS., xiii. 'JO. 
 
 '"J'l-or. !!(('., jMS., viii. YM; xii. 0; Prov. Hi. Pup., MS., xxi. 44, ."il; 
 xviii. 07; AV. Paj'., iSnc, MS., ix. I'J, lU. The iaitii(iiiake oeuunvd at liliO 
 r. M., and tJic soldier.s' lionscs, warehouse, and tlio in \v d willing of thi; vol- 
 nnteiTS were oonsideralily eraeked. 'J'lie drought of 17!'.") and an i'|iideiiiii! 
 diarrlio a in 17US ar(' the only other natural ulUictions noted. J'ror. Si. J'c/'., 
 MS., xiii. 4; xvii. G!». 
 
 '' Jlih.iio 'J'orrens — thn.s he .signed liis name, but liy his eoinpanions ii was 
 IViore freijiuntly written 'J'oi rente or Torrent, to say nothing of several otiier 
 variiitions — was a native of ( 'atalouia, wliei-e he was for a long tiiiie jirer.ii-a- 
 dor, lor three years guardian, and also viear. lie came to Califurnia in 17'^i> 
 with the highest reeoniiuendatious fi'oin lii.s eolli'g(> for tak'iit, cNiierieiu/e. and 
 rirciiii.^/iiiiriiis. Serving .'it San 1 )ii'go from Xoveinber 17MJ to Xovendicr I7!''^, 
 lie hail but slight o|)portuiiily to distinguish liiniself save by a faiild'id |iei- 
 forniaiiee of Ids missionary iluties. His license to retire v\as signed by tiie 
 viceroy ?tlar( h 17, 171)'S. lie sailed in the /'riiiiisii on Xov. cStli and May II. 
 ]7!l!t, the guardian wrote that he had died in a convnbion. Anh. Stii. Pnihin-ii, 
 MS, xi. '.iSl ; xii.'Jd 7; Prar. SI. P(ii).,w\. 187. Of Juan Mariner .still less is 
 known. He eaiiie to California in i7>S,'>, .served at S;iii Diego lioiii Xoveiiibei' 
 of that year, made a trip m itli (irij, ha in July t7'.l") to explore for the new 
 mission site of San J.iiis ]i\ y. ]le tlied Jan 'J!l, iSOO, and was buried in tiie 
 in'esbytery by I'adre I'aura on Jan. .">Utli. Finally April 'Jti, ISIM. his ri mains 
 Mere removed and placed, together with those of .iauine and Figuer, in ;i se[i- 
 ulchrc constructed f(jr tiie jiurjiose under the small arch bet\\eeii the tv.d 
 altars of the new church. San Jjkijo, Lib. t/c JIt<ioii, .MS., bl, S'J. 
 
lis 
 
 1' ' 
 lu' 
 
 SAN DIEGO MISSION. 
 
 Gd5 
 
 since May 1708. Aiiotlu-r suponiumcraiy was Pedro 
 (le San Jose Estevan, (Voni April I7!)G to July 171)7. 
 The only one of the missionaries with whose eondiu't 
 any fault was found, so far as the records show, was 
 Panella, who was accused of cruelty to tlu; neojihytes 
 and was reprimanded hy Pi'csideiit Lasuen, who de- 
 clared that he would not ])ermit one of his suhordi- 
 riates to do injustice to the natives.'^- 
 
 13ui'inL( the decade the neo[)liytes of San ])ie,LCo 
 intMoased from 85G to 1,523. There had heeii ] ,'.>'20 
 l)a])tisnis and (528 deaths, San Diego had thus passed 
 San Gabriel and San Luis Ohispo, and now was the 
 most ])opul(>us mission in California. In the number 
 of b;n)tisms ibr the ten years it was excelled only by 
 Santa Clara. The baptisms in 1707 were f);)-!, the 
 lariicst si)iritual harvest ever fjatherod in one year with 
 one exception, that of the year 180;] at Santa IJarbara, 
 when 8;31 new names were added to the re,L,dster. 
 The deaths moreover at San Diego were less in pro- 
 ])ortion to baptisms than elsewhere except at Purisima 
 and Santa liarbara, tliough the rate was iViglitfully 
 large, over lifty [)er cent, even here. The greatest 
 mortality was in 1800 when 9G natives died.-^' This 
 comparative prosperity was, however, more ap[)arent 
 than real in some respects, since the San Diego con- 
 \erts were left more at liberty in their rancher/as 
 
 2- Sept. 30, ITOS, Lasuon to r.orii.'a. Arrh. AnohUpu<h\ MS., i. 51. .July 
 14, ITil'.l, Lujan iiistriictotl to ri'iioit coiifnientiiiUy on tlio trealiiiciit of tiio 
 iiatiM'S. Pror. St. I'liji., MS., xvii. 'J47. July 17, ITOT, (liajcra oxiilaiiis liis 
 tii'atincnt of the natives. Douh not allow thuiii to have imicli iiiti'ivoiir.su wilii 
 tlio.so of itlior iiiissiiiiis, to invvciit illicit iiitiTcoursc. Id., xvi. 17-. 17'.''>. 
 padres to ilu]iose inislicliaviii!.,' alcaldes and appoint otliois. /'/•■.(•. /•"■., MS., 
 \i. I7S-!). .laiiiK^ Saniii[) and Auloaio I'cllau wcic alcaldes iu 17'.'!'. .1/' •'/. 
 Ar~.fhi-''hui!o, MS., i. 'J_'0. Time ncopliyto stowaways were fmind mi tlse 
 ro,(r(7<(7'ort eiirlit (lays out of port in I7!lt. 'J'licy did it, they ^aid, in sport, 
 and Mere .sent liaek from San Ulas. /'/oc. SI. I'aji., MS., xiii. ■21i)-l7; /'/c'. 
 //(.'., MS., V. '22i>; \i. "JdO. Aj;ain in 171IS a runaway neojihytc was .sent 
 I'aek from Tei)ic. I'mi-. Sf. P(i;i., MS., xxi. 'JSll. In tlic iai:-sion rc^^isteis 
 appear tlio names of f.atliers Cayet.ino Tallas, M.iriano A[io!inario, .Idsi- 
 Ciin.anse. and IJanion Lopez, IVmiinieans from the ]ieninMila who oliiciated 
 here at (lill'erent times; also ]iresliyt-ers Loesa and .limenex. eh:ip!.iins of San 
 IJlas ves.sels, and a dozen Franciscans fnim diliVri nt inis.-inns. Sau I ih ijn, l.'ili. 
 (h: Mi.-<i(tii. MS. 
 
 -^ Lasuen confirmed C>.JG persons hetween 17'.iOand 171.'o. S. iJU'ju, Lib. da 
 Mmon, -lo. 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 Wi. a 
 
030 
 
 L(JCAL KVEXTS IX THE SOUTH. 
 
 tlinu In otlu'i' cslaMisluDciits, Cliristiaiiify Ix.iiiLj 
 Ihcrrroic soiiuraliat less a Itur'dt-ii to tluiii. .Mraii- 
 uliili; tlic iiii;-isioii lu'i'ds multiplied iVom I,";!') to C./.n".!) 
 head, and its Hocks from L',1()0 to ('),00(). Tlu- liarvest, 
 (i|* ani'ieiiltural [U'oiliicts in ISOO was '2,('A)i) luislicls, 
 the lar;.'('st eixips havinjjf been i),4j0 hushels in I7'.)'> 
 and 17'.)'.), sni'iiasscd only hy those of San (Jahriel and 
 San JiuenaAcntura in 1800, and the smallest (iOO 
 liusliels in iri)."), a Year of drouuht: averaLi'e eroos 
 l.C.OO hi^^hel.-;. 
 
 Ives; lectin' »' material imiirovements in and al^Mit 
 the mission we have hut iVa'^'UHMita ry data. In 17'.':! 
 a tile-i'ooibd ^Tanary of adohes, ninety-six hy twenty- 
 i'our i'eet, was huilt. In I7'.)4, besides some extensive 
 ^epai^^^ one siJ.e of a wall which was to enclose and 
 ]ii'oii'ct till- mi: sion was constructed, and a ^■ineyard 
 v/as surrounded hy ii\e hundred yards of adohe w.ill. 
 In 17*.).j work was heyun on a newly <liscovered sonicc 
 of water-sui)i)ly for irri_L;'ation."* Whether tliis was 
 tlu! hej^'inniuL;' of the extensive works whose ruins are 
 still to be seen, and which Hayes sui)[)oses wiih some 
 plausibility to have been constructed before li^OO, 1 
 know not, f )r there arc no i'urther ivcords extant.-' 
 Of manufacturing- and other industries durin;>" this 
 period nothing' is known, nor are there any me.ins of 
 a.scertainin<jf if the teach in <jrs of the artisan i]is(i'uc|t>i's 
 sent by government to California penetrated to llus 
 southern establishment. In res[)ect to connnerci' 
 nothing i'urther appears than that there was clue the 
 
 '".SV. Pap., J/;.v.-'., :MS., i. ll.-J; a. 20, 20. The iieopIiytM' lints at San 
 Diego ii:i late as 17;'!:* wei'o like those of the gontik'3 of -Hdiid iiiul g as.s. ciJii- 
 ■■'■'■ reil liy tlie cuiiiaiKlaiite an sullicieut protection a^wimst the \\e:.tlirl', if 
 
 not against lire. /'rev. >^ P<i/i., MS., xv 
 
 Xanus of lanelu'iias in thi; 
 
 not against lire, j rar. '^r. i tip., .ms., xvii. /.i. ^Naiius or laiieiu'i las iii iiu^ 
 
 L'.l). M/.'ii'iii, MS., ;!. 4: Cosoy, San J'ranciseo, Sole<la(l, S. Antonio or J.a.s 
 
 Ciioyas, Santa Cruz or foajian in San Luis \'al]ey, I'm isiiiia, or Aiinoi|iirli', 
 
 S. Mi;;iU'l, or.Tanat, Sin Jocoliie de la .Maiea or .Jaiiioeha, San .Iiian ( aiiis- 
 
 trano or Matanio, and frn Jorge or Meti. 
 
 '■'■' llinjdi' Ktii'i'jr>iHt Xiii<.'<, I.")."!, 477, til).'!. Hayes gives from personal uli- 
 
 scrvatiini a most iiiti're-<ting deseriptioii of tjiis diuii aiiil a(HU'diiet, ^\ liii ii I 
 
 sliail niitiei! in a. siibseiiueiit chapter, as I am inclined to tii in); wiilioiit having 
 
 any very strong evidence that the Avorks were laiilt or com] le-.ed in the next 
 
 dccadi'. In a report of Marcii 17!)!) (irajcra sjiealcs of an at.unpl to hi ing in 
 
 v.ater, at wliich the Indians hail liecn overworked, but which was not a !?uc- 
 ,...L.^. /_'....:...,. ;> (., Aic !("> I 
 
 tess. O'nijmi, Ju!<puc!<'<-i, MS., l!/!J-4. 
 
SAN JUAX CAPLSTRANO. 
 
 Co7 
 
 mission .'it tlie end of each of 11 u: latiM' yrars a) tout 
 J?;},r)0() I'oi- supiilirs ti) the- presidio.-'' 
 
 San Luis Itcy, a iii-w rstablisliincnt of l7t)S, where 
 Padre JV'vri was at work liuildini;' u|> one <4" the 
 grandest of the ( "alifornian missions, has heen (li.:])osed 
 of for this period m a jireeiMlin^,'' <'ha])tei'.-' A\ San 
 Juan Capistrano, next northward l''iist< r and San- 
 tiago were the associate.' ministers until 1 <S00, wlien the 
 former died,'-' and Jose Faura fi'oni San l^ui s I'ey 
 took his phuH'. These missionaries 1)a])ti;::t.'d in the 
 decade 1)40 converts and huried (KJH, the eonununity 
 being increased from 7H to 1 ,0 It). J lorses .-'.nd cattle 
 from 'J,r)0() became H.aOO, San dnaii heing tliir I in the 
 list, while iii sheep with 17,000 it was farahea 1 oi'any 
 other mission. CVops in ISOO were (),;]()0 bushels: the 
 average, 5,700; the best croj), in I 7!)-, 7,400, and the 
 smallest, in I7'.)S, ;),700 bushels. In I7'.)7, there was 
 due San Juaii for suj)plies furnished to San Diego and 
 Santa I'.irbara pi'esi(hos over S(i,000.-'* 
 
 In 171)4 there were l)uilt at San Juan two large} 
 adobe granaries roofed with tiles, and fortv housi's for 
 neophytes, some with grass roofs and others tiled. In 
 
 '"'/'/■or. ,SV. Pap., MS., xvi. l!).'), 1!I7, -iU."). 
 
 ^' Sco chapter xxvi. of this vohuiie. 
 
 -^ \'i<_'L'i:t',' Fiister wjis a iiiitivo of Ai'a;^'<iii, who liad «!i;;iiially lel6 Mi'xico 
 in Octolitr 1770, .inivc.l atLoicto in Xovcniljur 1771, scrvi!!! at Velic.iUi, ami 
 canio up fiimi thu ]ii'ninsula with I'alon, iiniviuj^at San J)it,^'o Aiijiiwt I5',), 
 177."{, where lie scrviil \inlil 177(>. Me «a.s willi .laiinie on the terriWe ni^'lifc 
 of ]S'(ivi!:ilier T), 177"', when the mission was de.s'a'oyeil ami his coir.pani.in win 
 liiurilcieil. ]lis pen has grapliieally deserihed the liolTors of l.iat ni^'ht. 
 Aftei' living; at San (Ir.hi'iel ami otiier niiisions as su]iei'nni;H':a;y he was 
 minister of San .Juan Capistrano from jNoveniher 177!l until Di'ecii.her 17S7, 
 when he fonmleil i'urisima ami reni.uneil there till An;.'. 17;j.l. Then ho 
 returncil ty .'•an .Tni.vi and seived until ins dea Ji on Oet. L'l, l;i. 0. lie w.is 
 hui'ied hy Jv^ti'voii, ;'antia,i_'o, and ]'aur;i in the mis.sion chr.reli. lie had 
 received the last saeramen!:, writes I'',stevan, ' with the most ]>erfecfc corf irmity 
 to the divine wid, (giving ns even to tlie last moment i)f his lii'u the nv t iUiis- 
 tr' IS example (/f iho I'esiguation and lo\e to (ioil our J^oi'd and his h'/!y law 
 w..k1i lie had preached in his life, hoth hy works and words.' ; cpt. 0. 
 1800, w itli i-U d;:e sidcinnity I'ustcr's rem ;ins were Iran: feritd to th' ir tiiial 
 restini,'-plaee in the pre^liyleiy of the new eliuivh on tlie epi,-,tle ; idi. ,Siii, 
 Jitdii ( iijifs.'i'mio, L'h. (l.r Mislim, MS., 'Js, .'il)~4(l. 
 
 ■*"■' Due San ,Juan iro:u Sla. P.irbui"i.S| ,(iJS. i'rnr. Sf. Pop., iMS., xvii. v:0--l. 
 l-'roni San Dicmj in I7U7, .':H,7''^'i; in 17'.IS, .SJ, .-),'>;!. /</., xvi. 1'.)'), •l",'i. Mar. 
 1."), 17I>7, draft on Mexico in favor of tlu^ padi'es for .V^i.Ow ). /'/• r. I!ir., 
 IMS., vi. 1st. July 171)4, draft drawn hyCirajera fur .S_', 000. Pioo. M. Pnp., 
 MS., xii. 17. 
 
 Hist. Cal., Vol. I. i'i 
 
 
^. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET {MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 U 
 
 
 M IIIL2.5 
 
 12.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 I.B 
 
 1.25 |U |,.6 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 6" 
 
 >■ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 fV 
 
 ^ 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 LV 
 
 <> 
 > 
 
 <o 
 
 O^ 
 
 ■<# 
 
 «.\ 
 
 33 WIST MAIN STRIET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
 (716) S72-4S03 
 
 
 <^ 
 
 i. 
 
058 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IX THE SOUTH. 
 
 F('1>runry 1797 work wasbui^'un on a now stone church 
 which was to bu the finest c(Hlice in (^alil'oi-nia. A 
 master mason was obtained from Cuhacan and the 
 sti'Uitnre rose slowly but steadily for nine years.^' 
 
 ^[arlaiio Mendoza, a weaver, was sent from ^[oii- 
 terey in the summer of 179(5 to teach the natives. If 
 he neL;l(!cted his business, he should be chained at 
 niiilit, for he was under contract with the ufovern- 
 ment at thirty dollars a month. A loom was set n[> 
 M'ith other necessary apparatus of a rude naturt', 
 witli wliich by the aid of natives coarse fal)rics and 
 blankets were woven. Ivirly in 1797 the friars were 
 iiotiiied that if they wished the services of Mendoza 
 for a loniLjer time they must pay his wages; but thiy 
 thouglit his instructions not worth the money, espe- 
 cially now that they had learned all he knew, and the 
 wea\ing industry liad bei'U successful!}' established. 
 IJesides home manufactures San Juan supplied frijm 
 its lai'ge ilocks quantities of wool for exi)eriments at 
 other establishments.^' 
 
 Vancouver, sailing down the coast in the autunm 
 f i79;5, noteil San .In u as "erected close to the 
 
 o 
 w 
 
 ater-side, in a su sandy cove; very pleasantly 
 
 ^" S/. /\i]>.. Mi.'i.'i,, MS., ii. 20. A nmsoiiscnt iipby Arrilliiun, who ifpnrts 
 to llic \ii-(i"y .1.111. II, I7!'!t. J'rnr. S/. /'ii/i., MS., x\[. \r>. Ijiskcm in i'r|"iit of 
 ITll'.'-l""'*) sMy.H till' ('luiruli liiis Ik'i'Ii ))uili|in,i; tour yi'.irs. .I;v7/. .s'/ri llirlnirn., 
 MS., \ii. US. liiiti; of lu'L'iiiiiiiiLr, «S'. .hi'Ui C'l/i., Li'i. </<• Mis'i'iii, MS,, •_'(!. 
 Di'o. ITS'", tliinii of luasourv Mill; iiivlics Ikmiii,' i>uilt .").'{ x lOviUJi-i. .SV. /V//'., 
 M'c-x., .MS., ii. no. 
 
 ^' Miiy IT'.'fl, ii wc.'ivcr {f'Jnhf <h- anrhn] scut. Prnr. J!i'i\, MS., v. T!', 
 24."), '_'17. Aiiiil li!, IT'.'T, I'cilro I'oyorciia's iv]iort to (li;i jcr:i. ULiiiUi'ts, 
 wiilo \\oiilliii cloths, ■}H<ui[ia-< tor Viii|Mcros, ;)() yiiid.s of VKd./n, J!0 y;irls of 
 liiii/t' sii((('s.-;fiilly wivi'u. Not so |nricc't fi.s .M( xicaii iroocls. hutuooil oiionL;h 
 for tliis coiiiitry. Tho ii.itiw woiiicii spin ami jiick wool ainl lotinn, iiiiil al.so 
 <lyo tolci.ilily well. J'ritr. ,'S/. I''i}<., .MS., xvi. •illU-J. .\|iril ITtii, nport of 
 jadrc.-i oil ]iro:,'r('ss. 'J'lic wciivir'n attiiiiptti at ilyoiiii,' with vini':r.ir, etc., not 
 t'i|ii,!l to what the natives louhl do with ('aiiipnlii', lir.i/il, ami /acata^tal 
 wooils. St. /'fi/>., S,:r., ,MS., vi. 10:)-.">. April 'J.stli, < ir.ijcia to Jloiica. tlii! 
 rariiiiitcr ( Jutiem/, the only man who can ]mt up looms, /'rur. .sV. /'«//., 
 M.S.. .xvi. '2(!l. .\pril 'iDth, lloricii topadri'H. May.'ilst, l'"iistir to IJoi-ica. .N'en- 
 dtp/.a'.s KiTvicL's ill the (la.'it not worth nuich, lint he A\ill ]),iy what I.asiien 
 deem.s just, .lime ".Jdth, Jioriea to eoinniaiuliint of Monterey. Make an 
 nrran^'enicnt with Lasiien mid p.iy one eighth to Mendo/ii ami si'ven (;i;rhtlia 
 to royal treasury. J'mr. .Si. /\i/>., II' ii. Mil., MS., xxv. 1.".; I'mr. i;<:, 
 MS., vi. l.S.VCi, IS!). ^Vool pureliusud for Mouturey and SauUi Uailjurii. Id., 
 ix. o; St. i'lip., Sue, M.S., vi. "J. 
 
LOS ANGELES. 
 
 CTJ 
 
 situated in a strove of trees, wliose luxuriant and 
 diversilied foliage, wlien contrasted with the adjaoiMit 
 sliores, gave it a most romantic a[)j)eai'ancc; having 
 tile ocean in front, and being hounded on its other 
 sides by rugged dreary mountains, where the vegeta- 
 tion was not suHicient to hide the naked I'ocks. The 
 buildings of the mission were of brick and stone, and 
 in their vicinity the soil seemed to be of unconunon 
 and striking fertility. The landing on the beach in 
 tlie cove seemed to be go(jd."^^ In the fear of Eng- 
 lish invasion which agitated the whole country ia 
 ]7S)7 a sentinel was posted on the beach at San Juan 
 to wat(th for suspicious vessels, since it was notd()ubted 
 tliat England had her eyes upon the cove anchorage. 
 Whether a four-pounder was mounted here as recom- 
 mended by Ca})tain (Jrajei-a does not a[)pear. The 
 arrest of a neophyte Aurelio for the murder of his 
 wife in 17!)7, and the earthquake of November 'll, 
 1800, which slightly cracked the rising walls of tiie 
 new church, complete the amials of the decade. 
 
 33 
 
 llespccting tlio pueblo of Los Angeles from 17'.) I 
 to I SOU, tiie information extant is exceedingly slight. 
 The number of families residing here increased friMii 
 thii'ty to seventy, and the white })opulation from 140 
 to ;)ly, <'liieily l>y the growing-u[> of children and the 
 aggregation of invalids from tlie <litl'erent jjresithos. 
 Ibirses and cattle increased I'rom .'>,000 to 12,500, ;i 
 larger number th;in is accredited to any other Cah- 
 f tiiiian establishment. Shee|) numht-red 1,700 only, 
 thougli a s[)erial eilbrt liad heen made since 17'.).") to 
 increase the [)Uel)lo Hocks with a virw to the industry 
 
 ^2 I'micmivi r'x Vniiwio, ii. 4li7. Tliis iloscriptioii scciiih to loojitr tlio iiiis- 
 Bi'in iiiiuli iiciin T tlic .shore tliiiii it i-i'.illy is, liiit it cyiilil lianily liiivo lucii 
 iii^i\( il lirl'oitj 17117 uiicii the new cluu'eli was l)e„'iiii, uinl eertiiiiily not later. 
 (See (■!i:q)ter xiv. tliia vol. 
 
 '^^'rov. St. I'ti/i., MS., xvi. in.Vd, 170, '.MD-r.O; x\i. ."il. The lii'liiiii 
 Aurelio W.as not sevei'ely piillislieil. Jn .a tit of jealousy In; ]iin(i eili'l to 
 ai'.uiiiiister some eohjuj.'al diseipline, niiil in his zeal oviriliil tlie duty as he 
 iratiUy eoni'e.s.seil. llr hail no intention of Uuling her. The uuthoriliis de- 
 fidud it not a matter for criniiuul iirocuss. 
 
660 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IX THE SOUTH. 
 
 t)f weavinj^. Crops in 1800 were 4,000 Imshels, tlio 
 largest luiving been 7,800 in 1790, and the smallest 
 2,700 in 171)7. Seven eighths of the entire harvest 
 was usually maize, though the inhabitants offered in 
 1800 to contraet for the supply of 3,400 bushels of 
 wheat per year at $1.00 a bushel for the San Bias 
 market.^* 
 
 Map of I^iis Ancjklks Ukimon' j>f 1800. 
 
 '* From to 1'2 jioliL-idorr s in 17!'"'. I'^xponso of pay .ind rations 81,.VJS. 
 /Vie. .S7. /'(F/i., lUii. Mil , MS., iii. |(i. J>i<t(it'4'J iiiiiiu'a of nuilo settlers in 
 17l>!>. 'SV. I'dj:, Mh.f., MS., ill, it, 1(». Two iiiiii.livil slu-ep .listrihutiMl in 
 Auirust, 171HI. /V'/i'. /.''■<•., ,MS., iv. 74; vi. 7!i; St. Pup., Nrc-., MS., vi. I. 
 17!'i!, lioricii onh'i's that lainl In; jrivcu to luiiils of families who liavc imiu', 
 but tlii'V Miust eiiltiviite it. I'ror. AVc, MS.,iv. -I i-o. 17!l">, coi'respoiiilenre 
 Jind iirdirs recniirini; needed lauds to lie fi'ueed. Jii ono ease a willow feiii'ij 
 is uKMitioned. i'ror. /,'<r., MS.,iv. I'J, 111, 17, -!>. J'mr.St. /Vi/i., MS., xiv. 77. 
 Till- same year es|ieeial elliirt was made liy tlie ?mV( ruor tliroUL'li Cumuiaudiint 
 Goycofchua to eucouiayc tho sutllura to raiso guoil crops iu view of tlic gciKial 
 
AFFAIIIS AT THE PUEBLO. 
 
 COl 
 
 Vicente Felix reiiuiiiUMl in cliarne of the pueMo ms 
 
 |)t ])erliii])s 
 
 e, exei'i) 
 
 conii.sionado tliiounliDnt the deead 
 
 for a brief period in ITD.Vd wlicn Javier Alvaiado 
 
 seems to have held the oili 
 
 ee 
 
 'J'iie snccessivc aleald 
 
 cs 
 
 we're Mai'ianc* A'crdn^'o, elected in 171)0; I'^rancisco 
 lleyes, irD^J-f); Jose Yanei«[as, 170(5; ^laniU'l Arellano, 
 171)7; Guillernio Soto, 17U8; Fraiicisfo Si'rrano, I7l)l); 
 and Joaquin Iliguera for IHOO. The puehlo was in 
 the jurisdiction of San\a liarbai-a, the coniisi(»nado 
 receivin;jf his orders from tlu; commandant of that 
 |)rL'sidio, though as we have seen the small military 
 j^uaid was i'urnished hy the San Diei^o comjiaDV. ( )f 
 local events I'rom year t(i year tliere is practically 
 nothing- in the records.'"' 
 
 It is in eonnectioii with the puehlo of l^os .Vn^cles 
 that the most interesting' to[iic of eaily land-grants 
 
 ni this southern central rej^ion may most conveniently 
 be noticed. In Februai-y 171)."; there were live ranchos 
 in private |»ossessi()ii, held under provisi(»nal n'riints 
 and sup[)orting seviral thousand head of live-stock.'"' 
 The iirst was San Jkafael, granted by I^'ages October 
 20, 1784, to tlie retired corporal of the San J)ie 
 
 conmai 
 
 pany 
 
 lose 
 
 M; 
 
 uia 
 
 Yerd 
 
 U<'(). 
 
 Jt 
 
 io 
 
 was also l<nown as 
 
 diouu'lit. /f/., xix. :?S-40; /'roc /I'c'., MS., iv. 1."). i'io|i()s;il to fiiniisli -wlii-iit 
 fill- tliu San IUjis iiuirkct. /'/• i\ Sf. J'ii/>., MS., xviii. ;")(). 17^7, ^'uiiii sold t<) 
 Siiiita U.irlijira, .t'lUS. J'rufi. SI. P(i/>., Ilm. J/,7., MS., ix. 4. Kmh scttltr 
 liiilsL give anmially two t'iint'L'iis of iiiai/e or w liisit i'of a JuikId dc /irnjinns to 
 Itu siieiit tor tli(' gooil of the coniiiinnity. /'/v*c. /Ac, MS., iv. !)S-!». 
 
 ''•'' AiTilliit;a n polled tliat Lou Aiigtlcs was in ijiiiut in 171'-', but certain 
 Hnnily pc :i3 were ordered to leave, and tliouyli they did not ;.;o, tlio warn- 
 ing' ]>roveii elleetive. I'idi: Sf. J'(i/'., MS., xii. INS. Oct. II, I71'"», IJorica to 
 coiuandante, if tiie eoniisionatlo is not active enouj^li lie niu.st lie reiiio\('(l. 
 /'(•(.(•. J!,,:, MS., iv. 'JD :U». .Mvarado conii.sionado l7!'.V-(;. /-/., iv. :i!»; 
 i'l-i r. Sf. J'fi/i., MS., xxi. •J:M; //., /,'./(. Mil., xv. 7. 17!)(i, Francisco .\vilii 
 drowned in the tiilares. Su-> icions of murder proved j.'roMndIess. i'mr. /,'..■, 
 Ms., iv. (i(i, 71. I'ec. 7, 17!'7, the settler.s .\vila and .\reli.ino must l»o 
 eli;istis(<l and turned out if they coiitinno to distiiili thi' imihlo. Jil., iv. 
 i).'{-4. I7'.'f^, allusions to .speedy coniplelioii of a jiil. I'niv. L'tr.. iv. IdS. 
 I'ailro S;i!ay.ar rel.itis thai \\ hen he v.as here in ITs'oaman who had 1.(100 
 mures and c.ittle in iirniiortioii came to San < J.ilirii 1 to lieu' I'liilli for a sliirt, 
 for none could In: had at piulilo or piesidi(j. Arih. Sid Unrliiiiti, M.S'., 
 ii. 77. 
 
 •''L'"'l>. 24, 17!l">, floycoechea's re]iort to Boiica in J'ror. Si. I'nji., /l<ii. 
 Mil., x>.ii. 7, H. Apiil, I7'J.'>, Horica to viceroy. I'rnr. /,',,-., vi. 40-1. 'i'ho 
 I'ormir important report seems not to liiive been seen by either writers or 
 lawyers in tlic past. 
 
602 
 
 LOCAL FA'ENTS IX THE SOUTH. 
 
 J^n Znnjii, (lesc'ril)oil as across tlio I'lvcrniid loiirloac^iios 
 IVoiii Los Aii^vles, and was coiilinnod by IJt)! ica 
 .January I'J, 171)8."' The second ranclio was that, of 
 ]\lanucl Xicio, lu-ld under Fai^'es' permission of No- 
 veniher I7S4, the largest and best of all, sujijtortinL;' 
 l,lUUliead ol" cattle and lai';4e enoun'h t'oi- a pueblo, 
 .since Well known as Los Nietos, and t'ornierly gi-anted 
 in several tracts to Xieto's heirs by Figueroa in 18;54,''"' 
 The third was the I'anieus San I'edrt), or J )oininn'uez, 
 rancho, occu})ied by Juan Jo.se L(jniin_L^uez with ai)out 
 a thou.sanil head of cattle under a permission given 
 very likely by Fages, but the date of which is not 
 known. It was regranted by Sola in 1822, and is one 
 of the few Califoi-nian ranches that have remained in 
 the i)ossession of the original gi'antees and their dr- 
 sceiidants."^ Fourth in the list was the rancho at l*oi-- 
 te/uelo, smaller but fertile and well watered and stocked 
 with cattle on a small scale, situated about four leaniies 
 fi'om Los Angeles on the main road, and occui)ied by 
 the old veteran Sei'geant ^lariano de la Lttz ^'erdu- 
 The iifth and last was the Lncino rancho, where 
 
 li'o. 
 
 "" AccDnlitiu; to /i';/. Jlmud", M.S., IV2-X F;i,','f's porniittcd Wrihi^'o on 
 Oct. '-'Otli til kt'i'ii liis c.ittlc at Arifiyu Hondo, one iiiid ii liiiit li'agiics iVoiii " ;iii 
 i !;ibrii'l on tlic loinl to .Monterey, on eondition tiial no liarni was dono to niin- 
 sion or jinelilo, and tare taliin witli the liativt's. Jan. Il', I7!'^>, in aii.swer to 
 jelition of Nov. 4, 171*7, Uoriea jierniitted liini to selile witli liis ianiily, rtla- 
 tixc^, and jiroiierty, nnder likt: eondilion.s, and the new one ol raisin:; ulieci", at 
 Lr. Z:injii. 'i'liisjanelio was visitt d in -Vnyust ll'Jo liy the party tseekin;,' a nii.-i- 
 sion «ite, S/n Maria, ItiijiMio, M.S. 
 
 •'"In 17!lo-(i the mission of .San ( !a1)riel laid elaini to Xielo's land, ealli il 
 at thi' time l.a Zanja. After an investi;;ation Boriea allowed Nielo to reinin 
 ^\llat land lit' had aetnally nnder cultivalion and in u.se, the rest to Ic u.sed 
 liy the mission without iirejudici! to Nieto's Ic.^d ri,.;hts. i'lor. J,'ir., ^i.S,, iv. 
 4), .M-'J, (il-l!. It wimld seem that other ]iersons hesidis Nieto were liviu;.; 
 hei'c in 171'7, w hen the inhahitanls were ealled ou to Lo ready to resist l]n,L;li li 
 invasion. J'ror. St. J'<iji., MS., xvi. 'JI!)-.">(>. This grant eame lietoru tiie I'. S. 
 land eomissiou in h;,ter times in live separate tracLs: Los L'errito.«, Los Ceyutes, 
 Las ISoi.sas, Lo.^ Alamitos, and Sautii (jei'trudia, aggregating .'to wj. leagues. 
 J/iij!'iiiaii\i Land ('((HIS. 
 
 "'•Mi ran ted iiy Sola Dec. .SI, IS'JiJ, to Sergt. Cristiibal Doininguezas ne[ilie\v 
 and heir of .hum .losi'. AV;/. Braml.'i, MS., 35. 'i he author of Luk A,:iit!<i>, 
 Ji'isl., S, {>, supposes this irrant to ha\c 'lecn ori;;inaliy made hefore 1M,0, 
 eliiellyou the testimony of ,\hini;el l)omin;:ue/andoll,er old .settlers. No (-ne 
 lias until now siiowii any doeuiiu ntary proof. 
 
 *'' N'enlngo enlisted at Ijoretooii llee. !.">, 17tJ<i, .M'rviii;; as ]iiivati\ oorporai, 
 and sergeant, seven years in each ea]iaeily. lie eaiiiewiih t'.ij.t. Li\eia y 
 Moiieada in the lirst e\i ediUon of I7ti'.>, and s.rvdl in sevnal Lidian e.iiii- 
 paigns. iiis name apjieais among the godiuthers at the first Lapti.sms ill .'--uu 
 
EARLY LAND-GRANTS. 
 
 603 
 
 Alcalde Frniu'isco Ixevos had a house and wlioi'c! ho 
 kept liis own livi'-stock as well as that of C'ornelio 
 Avila and othui-s. This was wIkti' San Fernando was 
 estahlislu.'d in 17'.)7, the i'riars taking' possession of 
 lieyes' house, a i'aet that illustrates the sli^lit t( nuii; 
 by which tliese early jjjrants were lu Id, Between I Z'.i.") 
 and ISOO tliere wvm |)erhaj»s ^rantid two other ran- 
 ches within this jui'is(hction, San Jose de (Ji'acia, do 
 Sinn' to Javier, l^atricio, and Miguel Pico in orahout 
 171).'); and El lu^ru_i:;i(t to Captain .Fose Francisco 
 Orteo'a or his sons a yeai' t)r two later." 
 
 San Gabriel, belonginir throuj^hout the decade to 
 
 Dic-i 
 
 1(11 
 
 II, jiiKl li<; conimam 
 
 1.(1 th. 
 
 (1 at San L 
 
 Ol 
 
 iis|i() in \ 1 1 
 
 1773. H< 
 
 tuniiiorarily in ciinunanil at San l>i('L,'(jin Xnvcniln'i' I77'>at tlic tiinc of t!io 
 
 Iiiassaoro, licin;,' tlm iir.st ti/ vcaoli tlio niissi(jn ami i('i)()it the iv 
 
 < 
 
 iK'eiiinnann 
 
 .[< 
 
 l)V 
 
 Xrvi; to till! Colorado in I7S"_'. lii 
 
 |)r 
 
 event. 
 Maria, 
 
 inadauiiK 
 
 Ln 
 
 o, was I in 
 
 lied liV i.l\i- 
 
 it San IHeu'o Al>iil j.'i, I7N0, and liu 
 
 8ulpse'|nently iiianird (!ret.'()ria Ivsjiino-sa. l''roni alioiit I7.s(l lie was ser.L'eant 
 
 if tiio Moiiteivy '(inniaiiy till 17^7 n\ lien he was ])idliiilily ietiix'(l arf ; 
 
 St. r 
 
 J!< 
 
 .1///., MS., ii. 14; viii. S, <»; .\iv. I, 
 
 XXil. / 
 
 7; /• 
 
 did. 
 
 r. S/. 
 
 J'(i/i., MS,, i. 1', 4. ."i; .V. JJieijo, Lib. de J/wkh, MS., 10, 77; Sail Luis OltUiio, 
 
 L,l>. <lr Mi 
 
 MS. 
 
 'rill? Siiiii Itaiielio, ai'cording ta J't'j. }>rfin(l.<, MS., ."3, and Ilofmnii'i^ 
 
 d (• 
 
 was LCiaiiteil by IJoriea in I7!l'), Ixiint; rei'ianted, 
 
 petitioiKMl for, in IS.'I, and also liy Alvarado in 1S4"_'. .\( 
 lirdiiil.i, .MS,, Wl, VX ]{,efuL;i() was j^T.-mted liy I'.oriea, tliereforc In 
 
 at least 
 ill',' to Hcj. 
 
 isoi). 
 
 to t'apt. Orteira, tlierefore liefort; 17!'S when Oitoj:a died. 1 think there is 
 room for doi'.lit ahout one or liothof these j;iants. Jlespei.'tini; liotii it ni;iy lie 
 
 said that Jl 
 
 does not S(>elii to lia\e fa\(ireil siicli L'lalits. As to Si 
 
 wiieii ail exiiloiiii'' part vvi>iteil the v 
 
 illev 111 
 
 A 
 
 111,'llSL !7'J-") tiieV did not lliell- 
 
 tioii aiiv lanilio as tliev did Jicves" .miiiI \'erdiii.'o"s; and not oiilv this liut in 
 
 Ainil 17i"i Ii 
 to le 
 
 ive tJK 
 
 lea exiiressly retllsi 
 . lilo and settle oi 
 
 d to grant I'ieo (no j:'ven name) |ieniiis>ioii 
 1 a raiieho. As to I'il JiifiiL'io, we know tliat 
 
 ()ite,L^,i. ill 17!Hi w;is in troilMe alioiit a delieit in his J^nrelo aeeumits. /';■■<(>. 
 lice, MS., iv. (is, 7-, M-'_', SO; his son .lose Maria wished to take a land-L'iant 
 
 (111 whhh to woil 
 
 id 
 
 advised him a'.'ainst tiie seir 
 
 iiay Ins f 
 
 ^tl 
 
 ler s )l|(l> 
 
 litedi 
 
 and allhoii'li 1 
 
 .on. 'a 
 
 still a L'raiit was ordereil to lie inade to him 
 
 (if the /.I 
 
 iija, it 
 
 (_'ola lands if iiiii 
 
 T 
 
 le author o 
 
 if y,. 
 
 S, !), lliiiiks tiiat Saiitia^'o de Santa A 
 
 /I »;/./'.■■, //;./, 
 
 iia was one i 
 
 if the 
 
 se early j^rant- 
 
 lli 
 
 reasons a re: A po|,iilar liilief tliat this w.is one of the oldest raiuhos; te-liinony 
 
 iutl 
 
 K' district I oiirt that tli 
 
 e oriirinal oei'ii 
 
 [laiit was < Iri jal\ 
 
 the prolialiility 
 
 that the f^lant to Vniha, in ISIO was a re:.'raiit to (Jiijaiva's .sun-iii-lau; and 
 finally a reeojniitioli hylhe eoiirt of the I'eraltas' elaiins as deseeiidaiits of tiiu 
 ori'^inal oeeiipaut. Tlii.i is fiu iii.Ljenioiis Iiiit probably erroneoii.s arL'nmeiit. 
 Lieut. <!iijalv.i was a- jiensioncr of the San Die^^o eompaiiy atter 17li!ias was 
 Serf.'t. Vorba, his .son-indaw, after 17'.'^; but Oiijalva, dsiiiL,' at San l)ie;,'o ia 
 
 mil nioreovor ho 
 
 18()(i, named no land in his uill tlioti','li he did name iratll 
 
 refused to !,'ive his daiiu'litel's aiiytiiiii;.'. on the i;riiiind tiiat tliey had been pro- 
 
 vided fii 
 
 it tl 
 
 leir mariia'_'e — one wiUi 
 
 111 V. 
 
 in \~W1 and ll 
 
 le ct'.ier 
 
 with 
 
 IV.'i'alta in I7~>."). reralta's elaiins resulted from the fact that .\riil!aL'a's j:rant 
 
 of Julv 1. ISiO, was to Vurt 
 
 .1 1 
 
 Nov. '1\, ISO.I, Yoiba sav? 
 
 'eralta in eompany. In hi< ]iefition of 
 
 olh 
 
 A'.;/. U 
 
 ih, MS. 
 
 s notluiii,' ol any previous uucupaney by liiiiuse 
 
 .;lf or 
 
G04 
 
 LOCAL KVPIXTS IN THE SOl'Tir. 
 
 lite jiiris(lIc<iori of S;m l)i('t^f>, was oiio of tlio most 
 flnurisliiii'^r of tlic missions, l»ut its iiimals may '><' very 
 luiclly (lisjioscd ol". Cnizado and Saiiclicz still Inllcd 
 t(tL;rl Iicf as ministers. ( 'alzada remained niitii I7'.)J. 
 ( Visl('-I)al ( )r;inias served liei-e in 17'Jii :!;''' Juan Mar- 
 tin in I7l)l r»; ,lnan L(»|K' Cortes in I71)'i-H; and 
 J'edro <li^ San .los*'; I'^stevan to IHOO and latei', so tiiat 
 the mission had always three j>a(hes. TiKfy ha|)tizt!(l 
 1,2(57 natives, hut they hiiried I, I lM,*'' so that tlu; coni- 
 mnnity was inei-eased only from 1,040 to 1,140, stand- 
 int;' now tliiid instead of sec(»nd in the list. Jn lari^'e 
 stock San (-laiiriel stood lourth, with a ,nain Irom 4, 220 
 tt» 7,0'.>0 hca<l; while in shee]) it was second to San 
 .Inan oiiiy, its llocks ha\inu^ increased from (i,00() to 
 I2,.">(i0. In a'4iicnltui'al ])roducts San (ilainiel was a 
 tieViiih San Ihienave'it nra in ISOO, with a ci-op of 
 i), 400 hiislu Is, tlie smallest having been ;J,000 in i7*J;;, 
 and the a\(ratjje al)out (5,400. 
 
 Jose Maii'a ^^'l•duL^•o, owner of a randio in the 
 \icinity, was cor|>oi\il of the mission ouard much of 
 the time down to I7'.)H, and his successor was iV-dro 
 Poyonna. Jose ^ligiiel Flores, a dischai"jj;'ed soldit-r, 
 was majordomo down to his death in 1 7l)(5.^* A 
 stone church was half linished in 17!)4, hut in ISOO 
 it had net yet heiMi completed. Thei-e is no record 
 of maimficturiii'jf industi'ies save that a little cotton 
 oht;;ini'd from San JMas was woven; hut 1 sujjpose 
 that a hcLiinninsi' of wcaviiiix woollen stalls or of aonie 
 
 geai 
 
 ♦•'Of ('risNil):il ()i:iiiiaa wo only know that ho liad l)oon for fivo yo^irs 
 assi;it;iiit iiiiiili' Mini ln'iaiiic ii friar only a yoai' lirfoiv coiniiii.'' to ( 'alifornia, 
 « liillu r he liiMn;;Iit ill I7m> a most llattoiiii;,' lTi>utatioii from tlio j^aiaidian 
 for ^'('iiiii;< ainl iMiii'ilarv coinliiit. Arch. S/.a /liirhdin, MS., xii. "Jli-T. Ho 
 Ki'iviil at Saiila ll.iiliaia, of w liiili mission ho vas a foiiinlor, fi'om l)oi'oml>or 
 IT^'li to 1)ooiiii1m- \~ :•'.); at i'uii^ima until N'ovomhor 1 7!'-: aixl at San (.-ialiiiol 
 tintil So;itoiiI)oi' ]~'.K\. wlion Itrohoii down in lioalth iio ii'iiiod to I'lo ooUoge. 
 
 '■''flii.-i iloalli-raio of !K> jior oont of liaiitisms ami doiilitloss h'.) jicr ooiit 
 and moro of liirllis vra< not causod hy any j^''oat oiiidoniic in ono 'lai", for tlio 
 dcath.s run i|iiilo ovonly as follows: 104, 84, DS, G."), SO, S7, i'-, '.'(i, i:!S, and 
 L'oO. 
 
 *' Siiii Hnhr'iil, /Jfi. ih' Mi<ilo>i, MS., passim. 'Iho niission-ho( ks oontaiu 
 but li'.tlo hoyoiiil tlio namos of padros and of persons haptizod. i laniiil, or 
 bnrit'd. 'I'lu- oiirinal resistors iiro also inipericct, parts of several books 
 liavinjj' ditappoaroJ. 
 
RAXTA BARBARA DISTRICT. 
 
 668 
 
 otlicr l)iaiicli of lUMinitivo inaiiuraclnrcs iniist have 
 liccii iiiaili- at this iktIikI, for Sail (Ja')r!i'l, so lloiii'isli- 
 iiiL;- aihl so |)roiiiiii(iit in later yeais, would iiat;i;ally 
 have heeii aiiioiijL? the iirst to make experiiui'iits. 
 Kveiits iiii|»ortaiit or [^etty thc>r(^ are none to re.-ord. 
 Sail {•\'iiiaii(lo, the new establishnuiit in I'Jiciiio \'al- 
 ley hrloiii;iii;^r to the jurisdiction of Santa IVirbaru, 1 
 have already noticed in another cluijiter. 
 
 43 
 
 Santa H.irhara presidio remained under ilw, ahle 
 command of Lieutenant Feli[»e de (jloyeoeehea, who 
 was also h;d)ilitado, and was in 171).S jiromoted to he 
 hi(\(t captain. l^d)lo Antonio Cota was |)roniote(l to 
 iill the vacant post of allerez, and si rved throu'^hout 
 the decade, dviii-*' at the end of IHOO.'" Jose i\Iaria 
 Ortega, son of the lieutenant, took C'ota's [)lace as ser- 
 geant with Olivera and Carrillo; and when the latter 
 went to Monterey in 1795 he was i-cplaced hy Fran- 
 cisco ?.raria Kuiz. The ])residial Ibrcj was hfty-nino 
 men, IVoin which number o'uards were supplied to San 
 iJueiiaA'eiitura, San l\!rnando, Santa J>url>aia, and 
 Pun'sinia missions. The number of ]»ensioners in- 
 creas'-d from one to seventeen, and all, with their 
 families, constituted a pofiulation dc neon which in- 
 
 ^■^« lunili-liuildinc;. St. Pap., J/wf., MS., ii. "), '20, 100. 1 10. rottou-wcav- 
 inj;. /'/., ii. ti, lOi); An-h. A,Z')' i-^j>iiih>, MS., i. .SO-l .luly, I7'.!(;, •_:();» juTnhas 
 of v.ixil c':iii I'l' li;ul at '20 reals. .S7. Pup., Sue., MS., \ i. (i. l)tn; inis.sioii 
 fi'Diu jiicsiilio (it San Die^'o, 17!>7, Jji-'.SMl. J'ror. iSV. J':/)., .MS., xvi. •_'!!.'». l'"')r 
 ITU'i. ■:;-'..i!»7. /'I., xvi. I'J.'t. lluo Irom Sa.ita l!;ir!.ara, 17:»7, .^."t.:!!!. A/., 
 xvii. 7S Si. 'J'wo runaway neopliytcs from Si^n (ia'irifl lirouglit in hy tlio 
 IVipa'nw to TiKsun. /'ror. /'(■<■., MS., iv. .")S. 
 
 *' I'mIiIo Aiilunio Cota was horn in 1714, and cii'istcl in 17!'''^, coininL; to 
 Calilniuia ] ii ii;.lily in I7<i!l, imd oM'tainly licforo 177't. llu .'^i I'lns in lia\u 
 coinniiuiii' (i l.ii! ':uar!l at San livuMiavi nlura fi-oni i," ; I'lunilalion in 17 >- nntil 
 17.S7, v.Iun lir Vi:m rcmovi'd on foniijlaiut of tlii' [iidris. Ih; .>ful)sci|U('utIy 
 connnand-.il at I'lirisinia until rtii'iaciil hy Coiiiiial Oi-t;' ';i in Sf;i;c'nih(;r 
 17SS. I)iiiin;; thi.s time ho was t'ni:a,','td in one or two niiiior <'X|.liii-,itions 
 and luilian c.i!ii;>:ii:;ns. His ((ini'uissiDu as allVivz was xi irmI in Mixioo .Ian. 
 l.'i, I 7' ct. .SV. /'('/(., Sai\, MS., i. .V). His wit'i' wa.< Dofia Mar:.i Rosa dr Lui^'o, 
 wlio died .l.-n. 10. 1707. N. litunini: iitunt, Lih. dc Mhimi, MS.. "J, .">, 0; Sl(t 
 ]}-',-'iit,-ii, L'Ji (If .MisUiii, MS., ,'{0. In Au'_;iis; 170.) he i'onniiau<li'd th'' jiaity 
 f\|il' 1 i.: ;• tor tlic mission siti' of San !•'( rn.'iiido. Shi Miirm, Hi j'lsfi-n, MS. 
 H.' (lied IVc. :;0, ISOO. /',v,c. ,S7. Pap., .MS., xviii. .'.7; xxi. .";.!. <A [.!> misy, 
 wliieii claiini; thi s e-old niiny winter attacked many persons at Santa liarhura. 
 J'roc. SI. I'up., Ihii. Alil., MS., xxix. 3. 
 
000 
 
 LOCAL KVEXTS I\ THE SOUTH. 
 
 ('rons<Ml from 200 to ^70.*' Tlio total white i)o])ula- 
 tioii of this (hstrift, iiichi(liii_t^ Los Aiij^flcs and (he 
 I'aiicho-;, was (I";'), and n(.'o|»]ivt('s, iiichidiiiL,^ San 
 (iahiicl and San Ffrnan(h>, innnhci-cd almost I,0<)0. 
 IlaxinL,'' no tort,*' Santa J>;ii'itaia ohtaincd no part oj" 
 thf iTLMiritrccmcnt of artilloiymcn and inlantiy .st;nt 
 to ("alilornia in 1 7!)(J, and was «;ariisoncd hy cncra 
 ('avah-ymun only. The annnal a|)[)roj»riation lot- (his 
 |)i(jsi(lio IVom the royal treasury did not vaiy nnich 
 I'rom .sl."),0()0.*' 
 
 It lias lu'cn seen that now jjrcsidio buildini^s had 
 l)e(!n completetl or nearly so hy 17D0; hut sonu; ot" the 
 I'oofs were constructed of tules; some of the timbers 
 su|)[iortin<^ tile r(.»()fs wore bad; the {family kitchens 
 were inside the ]ious(>s and not dotaclied as was best; 
 a lire (Hd consi(leral)le damaiix- in Auirust 17S'.);and it 
 S(.'oms that no now cha[)el had been built. Fages in 
 
 ' Cum pan V rostoi-s in Prov. St. Pop., IJi'ii. Mil., MS., xiii.xxvi.; .5/. 
 
 .N'U 
 
 MS., i.-iii. l,i>t of alxiiit 100 jieismiH in 17!I7 \\\\^t liave o 
 
 l)lioil witli irliuioiis oliliu'iitioii.s. Prov. Si. /'ti/i., MS., \v. Si)-!):!. List of U 
 
 y^miiL; imii lit tnr military .sirviix', l)iit wlio.sc |)iiccnt.s nii'il thiir can 
 
 .\v. 1()l' -t. I'lill list of (iliicci-s and nii^n i 
 
 in ITitS. /' 
 
 ,S7. J'. 
 
 Hi 
 
 I'/.. 
 M<l., 
 
 M.S., wii. •_'()!. iMiur l'(i-.in(lli!ii.;.s uanif liiio to live in hSOO. /'/., xxviii. ]>y 
 lioiica's onlcr oacli nii.ssion csi-iilta was rccliici'ilhy one man in IT'.'J. Prar. 
 
 .M.S., iv. •_'.-); /' 
 
 SI. I' 
 
 '/' 
 
 MS., xiii. 171. 
 
 ■""(Jnc liijuss ()-)i(iiin<li.'r an<l tliri'C .snialit'C iron pieces nt tlio pvpsidio with 
 four iron j.'un.s at l\w tliree eoa.st missions were the armament in 17!IS. Pror. 
 Si. J'liji., ill II. .Mil., MS., xvii. ."). raper supplieil to school anil coUectid 
 
 aiiain t"r eal'tinl'ies. 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 MS...iv. :\-2. 
 
 ** ( 'oiii]);iiiy aerount.i in Pmr. Si. Pap., Jlrii. Mil., MS., xv. x 
 
 xvu.-vni. xxi. 
 
 Sxiii. xxviii. ; .SV. Pap. 
 
 Snr.,M!i. 
 
 'V 
 
 !<i;!,(i!;() to .si7.<iu!t. Accoiuit of I7'.t4, cre.iit, !<:;i». 
 
 le mciiioiias ot supjilics were Iroiii 
 
 .v. /• 
 
 /' 
 
 d., MS.,i. W. U. for I7!»7. e 
 
 r.,**:;, 
 
 ■Kit. .--.■!s,(i;i». /' 
 <Ir.,.si;i,0'j.'). .S7. I'd p., 
 .MS., ii. (,s.' M. f.,1- I7'.:s, or., .•:<Kt,.V_'(); <ir., .S4i),(US. /';•./•. .V. /V//)., P.ci. 
 Mil., MS., xvii. !l-ll. 'J'otal I'd'eipts <if siipiilics in n'.'o, iiuluilin:,' !^ i.S.'ii) 
 n n.is.sioiis, .':r--.".")7. /'/., xxi. !». Waste in List niemoii.i l7!)o. i^'i'M). 
 
 in i7'.)S, .S7.-,(i. 
 1. 
 
 I'lOl 
 
 MS., iv. 80. :! 
 
 !-'sion Slip] 
 
 lies in 17i)7, ■'^l,t) 
 
 /Voc. Si. pop., Jlfii. .Vi!.,V,S., xvii. 10,11. hiventoiyofj 
 
 o'm;s on jiam 
 
 J). 
 J' 
 
 M;- 
 
 !1, 17!!:^ 
 
 J,/. 
 
 Account I, f I7li!l, or.,.st. 
 
 l'(i,>. 
 
 V, 
 
 /In,. 
 
 M. 
 
 1. /. 
 
 j'.l. Postal 
 
 revenue Iroin 
 
 r.,si:l.l4H. 
 d to .^10."). 
 
 .1/;/., .NiS., xxi. (!, !); xxiii. S; xxv. II: S(. Pin>., ,SV 
 
 01. li 
 
 i.ies eolicei 
 
 .1 Svi 
 
 iiii SL'dO to :'S()() per yc 
 
 tl 
 
 10 exiieiisc 
 
 .f^ 
 
 ketini; 1h in;^ froui ]■'> to -U per cent. /';•■*(•. Si. Pn/i., P>i ii. .Mil., M.^., xix. 4; 
 
 (J; /' 
 
 MS., iv. 4.".-(i; vi. •_': />i; I. Si. /'"/»., MS., x. :\,'i;Sf. Pa 
 
 Su- 
 
 SI. Pap. 
 
 MS., i. 1::4. In 17:)-'-:!. the jiapal liiiils soi.l 
 
 itctl to .S!)J. Prii 
 JJiii. Mil.,MX,s\\.(>. From I7ii0 to I7!l.', only !:-S (Mit of .'r;:!,!'; 
 
 itli sent. /'/., xiii. 4; xxi. !•. In I7!'7. i^-'u worth sold 
 
 am 
 
 It 
 
 in:r onk leil Imimil. /'/'"C. 
 
 -MS. 
 
 It 
 
 hecms t!i;tt tins sa't^ was a 
 
 nose I'lin.'inL 
 1. 
 
 Bpeoial one of hulls of the holy orusailo. I'roc. St. Pdji., MS., xv. 7'J-SO. 
 
SANTA BARBARA. 
 
 C67 
 
 IjIh iiistnu'tlons to lloincti of Fihruiirv 1701 rcpnitt'd 
 this Mtatr (»r thiiiifs and liopcd all would l)o coiiiplctcd 
 tliat vi'ar. In Aii'nist 171)."} tlui <n»v<'ni'>»" proiKMiiKvd 
 till' presidio ImildiiiLC^ the hest in C'alilornia owiii'^' to 
 (loyiM)oc'hoa'.s activity, hut still some roofs needed re- 
 jiaiis. All would he done that year except the new 
 ••hapel and a cemetery outside the s(|Uare. A'an- 
 couvcr in Xoveniher found here "the aiUKNuanee of a 
 
 Map of Santa BAnnAitA Dihtkict, ISOO. 
 
 far more ci\ilixed ]»l;ico than any other of the S])anisli 
 estrihlishnients had (.'xhihited. The l>uiltling'saj'[)i ared 
 to he regular and well consti'ueted, the w.ills ehan 
 and white, and the roofs of the houses were coveivd 
 with a liiT^ht I'ed tile, 'i'lie jU'e^idio exc( h rdl the 
 othei's ill neatness, cleanliness, and other smaller 
 th(»UL!;h essential comforts; it is placed on an eh \ated 
 part of the [ilain and is raised some feet iVom the 
 
668 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IN THE .SOUTIL 
 
 j^rouiid l)_v a Ijascnifiii story, wliich adds iiiiicli t<» its 
 plensaiitiuss." Jii Ot'tohiT 171)4 the ('((iiimaiidaiit 
 i'lTtilicd tliat to conqdc'tu the l)iiildiiii,^s jil'tivii lahoivrs 
 I'or .six inoiitlis woro necessary at u cost of 6'j''>l. 
 Tlicn upoii work was stojipcd cxcc'iii n))<>n the cliiircli 
 and (lie most noci'ssary rcj)aiis; and at (Ik end ol" 
 I71HJ the vit'uroy declared tliat the sailor-\\diI;nieii 
 could no Ioniser bo eniployeil at royal expense; hut 
 the clia[)el was hlessed on (iuadalupe day in i7!.>7,'"' 
 
 Though Santa Uai'hara seems (o have had as yet 
 no hiancli of the rancho del I'ly like IIiosl" at the otiier 
 ])resi(Hns, yt t it is ci'edited in statistical reports witli 
 from I, ()()(') to 4,000 horses and cattle, and \\-~m\ -JOO 
 to (!00 she( p. This live-stock is not to he conl'ounded 
 uith that (il ihe mission, hut it wasprohahly identical 
 to some extent with that of the randieros within the 
 jurisdiction already refeiTetl to. 'i'here were also 
 aufricuUuial operations carried on hv the soldiers dis- 
 tinct from tliose of the mission neoj)liyt('s. iJecords 
 of rise.lts ar(^ very mea^i'e, hut in 171)7 thi'V reached 
 1, (■).")() hushi Is of w heat, corn, and heans.''' (5f niechnn- 
 ical inchistries there is notliin;'' to I'ecord save that 
 the attempt to obtain white a])pi'entices v*as more 
 
 »"Fr».'/rv, /',i)H'l (Ir PiiiitoM, :\TS., IGO. Au^'. 20. 17!>.^, j.'ov.rnor ti) viooroy. 
 J'rar. S/. P'l/i., MS., xxi. ll.'>; Vniirniirci-'s ]'iii/iiij<\ u. l.")l,4..'(. Out. II, 
 171)4, 1.") 111(11 iit Is cnits inT ihiy luul M f;iiu';,';i ; of iiiiii::t' i;t D! ivn'.s, mci's- 
 Kiry toiDiiiiiliU' till' lmil(liiii.'s. j'rur. iSV. ]'"/>., .MS., .\ii. (ij. Oct. "J-Mi, Imilil- 
 iiiLj i.'\]iiiisi;i to stoj>. J(l., xii. !KS. iJco. l.'Jtli, IJoriiii isays tlic iliiiicli is to lio 
 vuhivi.',i^'\ nl ri:nt uf \\\v /(iikIo i/c ijrtitijicdriiiii . /<!., .\ii. ."..S. i;';[iiii i' ; Ironi I7S1 
 to 17!!4, fir-'. •-.">(). /'ror.'s/. I'np., licii. Mil., MS., .\xi. 1-'. \kr. Ki.li, viciioy 
 to governor, tin; S i.iiiii-boys and other woikiiicii ciiii no Ion; it l>c iiiiil from 
 trc.'isiiiy I f Sun Illas. St. I'dji., Sa<\, MS., vii. .".7 ^i. Clnitl to ln' Misscil 
 r.i ( lii,ii!!i!r.iK' (liiy. /'rav. Iter., M.S., iv. S7. 'I'lif J^J.'J.'id i liiii';.;('il U)j'ini(lo(/i'. 
 ili-t(tijinii'i'<,ii \>y ordur of Ainil '2H, \'U7. A/., iv. ^!l. 
 
 ■"'.Ian. I.'), 17^14, governor onlcrs tliat ciuli soMier In' ;i!k)Wi'(l only lour 
 e>\v.s. '1 lu'sc to 111! luaniled anil tin? rest n!aii;lilei't,'il. J'ior. J'cc, ^i.S., i. 
 'Ji.S. I7!M ."), eonmiauilaut a.sks for and obtains from governor 'JO) rteer:i for 
 r,. lions. /./., iv. 1(1; i'mr. SI. Pu;>., MS., xii. !)7. Oet. -JJ, 17!)'>, lA.riea 
 order.s (loyeoeeliea, Orleg.'i, and iitlier ollietrs to fenec tlieir ganlen.'; .•aid 
 read.s tlielii ;> leeture for eolii]ii.iiiiing of ijic po.ir soldiir.s' eatLle. Wliy ^ lioiild 
 so many liiiti'er for the eoi,venieiiee of a few ? I'ror. l!ir., 1.\\'., iv. ',)',)—{. la 
 I7!">aii ell'oit was made Inre as elscwlure to );roniotu slieep-rai; ing. Let 
 I'lfia have sumo l:;iiil, .'-ays the governor .luno !>, I7I)<>, if he v, il take I'ieo as 
 a partner .•iiid raise tv, iee as ni.Miy slieep as otiier .'^toek. Jlaneheros nuiiit go 
 to the ])Uil>h) to livi' he says, Dec. 'J'Jth, uiilesiS they will raije sheep. I'lOV. 
 Jiec, M.S., iv. tJO, SO. 
 
SANTA BARBARA. 
 
 000 
 
 siicoessful lioro than at Sun Dlc^jfo, s'mcc six l)oyn 
 wore tau;^lit !>>' tliu woavor Enriinuz durinj; liis soutli- 
 orn tour ill 171)8." 
 
 Vancouvt'i-'s visit in 171)8 was first in the sliLflit 
 chain of local events to bo reconU'd in tliis dccadf. 
 He anchored hero November 10th and sailed i\\v I Sth. 
 His reception in comparison with that at MontcMcy 
 antl San Francisco seemed to liim aureeablf, tlioiii^h 
 the dillerciice was chielly ima<;inaiv. ( iovcoecliea 
 was courteous and hospitable, m(I Vancouver had 
 learned not to expect too much. Little was done 
 except to ol)tain wood and wuti v, pmchasi' supplies 
 from private individuals, an<' 'ake r('(juiv ,1 cxtrcise 
 \vitliin sii-lit of tlu; jn-esidio. retn'in;^ on board at nin'ht. 
 An excellent sjiriiijjf, said to ha\e 1 '''.n unluiown to 
 the Sj laniards, was found near the old wells, heathers 
 Miguel and Taj)is were particularly affabl(> and anxious 
 to entertain and aid the foreij^^ners, who cariiiMl away 
 a flattering opinion of Santa ]]arl)ara and its ])eo- 
 ple.'"' January 10, 179-1, there was a [<ui(li<- execution. 
 Ignacio Kocliin was shot, there beinu;- no hangman in 
 the country, i'or the murder of one Alvaro/. Tlie wile 
 of the victini, Kochin's accom[)lice, was condeiuned to 
 hard woik as a. servant, the sentences coming finally 
 from the audii'iicia of (fuadalajara.'* 
 
 In August 1705 the English merchant ship P/taiil.r, 
 Captain ^loore, touched here for supjilits and lel't a 
 'Boston boy ' who was soon sent to San J Mas as idready 
 related."' Tlie same year the inhabitants contributed 
 nearly one thousand dollars toward paying the ex[)cnses 
 of the war with France. 
 
 "r/v-n Ifi'-., MR., iv. no. Jiilyt'l. ITOfi, r.oriia tdflxycorclifa. The snin 
 of soliliuis niid sottlcis iiaist bi' uru'cil to k'.nii wciiviiiLi', tiiiluiiic. iiinl |H>ttt'iy. 
 /</., iv. 7--;{. A IjiicUnviT, ii (•;ir[iciit«'r, ;iii(l n roJiji/.-fd. ia tlic lompuiiy iii 
 17'.<S. /'/., iv. 9.">. liiiiluT foroaix s<'iit ti» S.iii Dic^'o. /(/.. iv. 8S. 
 
 f'^ Vdiirn/ir' r's Vcyiijc, ii. -I'm <!, 4!Ki, -litT, r>t)(). Tlic Kiiirli-'li iiiivi:.;at>r was 
 surprised iit tlic failiiro of tlio Spaniards to fortify so HtroiiL; and inipurtant a 
 position. Ill' mentions two lirass nini'-poiMidii's iH'forc the jMisidio entrance. 
 
 ^* SUi J!dr'iririi, Lil). di' Mitioii, MS., "J!*; t'ror. J'ir., MS., iv. ">, 7; /'rur. 
 Sf. J'dji., MS., xii. 1)2; xiii. 171); /(/., Hai. JUL, xxi. 8; Oanun, llirlioi<, MS., 
 1,2. 
 
 '*'Sce p. 53U, this voluiuo. Prov. St. Pap., Ucn. Mil., ^IS., xxi. 9. 
 
C70 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 Tile year 17'JG was niarketl by tlio discovery of 
 wliat was thouLjlit to bo a (juicksilver iiiliic in tlio 
 black mire at the Puuta del CJerro de la Lacuna. A 
 load of the metal-beaiiiig mud was taken to the ju'esi- 
 (lio I'or examination by Borica's orders, but notliinj^- 
 i'urther is hoard of it.''" In February 1707 a soldier 
 named Gonzalez is said to have boon poisoned by the 
 natives, who thus revenu^ed tliemselves for wliat tliey 
 legarded as cruel treatinent.^^ In INIarch and .\[)ril 
 came the alarm of war with England. Couriers wcr(! 
 despatched, sentinels i)0stcd, guns made ready, the 
 natives exhorted, and abundant reasons given for not 
 doing more.''^ In May the Princcsa arrived off the 
 mouth of the Ilio Purisima and landed thirty of her 
 hundred and sixty men, who were suffering lV(jm 
 scurvy, l)ut who rapidly recovered.'*" In ])ecend)er 
 there arrived the M(i(j((llancs, a full-rigged ship of war, 
 which had anno over from Manila to make observa- 
 tions and if necessary convoy the San Bias vessels 
 southward.'* On February 3, 1798, occurred the 
 death of the old [>ioneer of 17G9, Brevet Captain Jose 
 Francisco Ortega, former connnandant of Santa Bar- 
 bara and for several years living as a retired jx nsioner 
 in tliis vicinitv. lie lel't manv sons and dauiditers, and 
 many of his grandchildren still live in California."^ 
 
 ''"/'/■oc. /.Vr., MS., iv. :)7. 
 
 ■>' 'J'lio <l(jatli of liaf.icl ( icranlo ftonzalcz on Fel). ] ttli ia roconlcd h\ Sfa 
 Ptdrharn, Lib. ilc Minion, MS., ;iO. 1'ln; faut that Ik.' was ]i(ii.<i>ii' il vusts on 
 t!io statcnii'iit (if his son Itat'ail (lonzaU';', still living; at Santa Ijurhara, dmi- 
 vili'z, Kx/ii r!ciiriu.<, !MS., I, "J, wlio wa.s lioin a few (hiys after liis faUiiT's 
 death. Jlo 11ol;;.'ciI snnio boys who allowed tlic crows to eat his eorn, ami the 
 natives soon iiivitLil him to a feast of jioisoned lish. 
 
 ■'~ ! love(>eeiK'a to Jioi'ioa, .March "JS, Aj)iil 10, 17!'") iixProv. SI. i'c/'., MS., 
 
 XV. ri-.'s rss-'.t. 
 
 •"''•'/'/., XV. iVJ; Prov. /.Vc, MS., iv. 00-1. 
 
 «"/',or. .SV. I>„/,,, :ms., XV. li:i-14; xvi. IS."); xvii. 1 , fi. 
 
 ''' .lose Fianeiseo ()itei.fa was a native of the town of Zelaya in wliat is now 
 till' State of < iiKina jnalo, where in liis early yontii he Mas enijiloyeil as a ware- 
 honso ekrk. lliilistini,' Oct. I, ITo."), he served in the cnera emnpany of 
 l.oreto ten months a's private, two year.s and a half tin corporal, and fourteen 
 and a, half as ser;j;eant. Some time after he was first madt; sei-ueant he ob- 
 tained his di.schargeand gave hisattention to mining in iiaja (.'alifornia, \\ hero 
 lie was f(jr a time a kind of alcalile of all the minin,u-eami)s of the )ieiiinsulii. 
 \\ lien I'ortohi came as govirnor. Ortega was readmitted as sergeant and for 
 a year or more attended to the acconnts of the royal varcho\ise. lie accom- 
 panied the second laud expedition northward iu ITU'J uuder rortokiaud with 
 
CAPTAIX ORTEGA, 
 
 671 
 
 At Santa Jjuiliara mission adjoininuj tlic [Jix-sidio, 
 Padrc! AntDuio l^atcrna, the roinuk-)-, and an old 
 
 Jmiipiro SeiTii. On the way he rrcL'ivod a letter fioiii Don .To.-tO <le (ialvc/ 
 jMcjiuisiii^ iiini tlio j)liieei)f lieuteniiiit at Lineto on liis reluin. On this march 
 
 hodisiinmiiBlied liiuinelf hy hi.s tireless iieti\it\, 
 
 the viiN 
 
 .•ilways ;.'olll;,'.'llieuil to explore 
 
 )l.i 
 
 il triivii>.ii]:f tlio routu threo times lieloie ho iiachecl San \>iv' 
 
 Tlien lie went on with tiie hr.st expedition to -Monterey, and was i)erhap.s the 
 first to discover San J-'ianiicico Hay, |nobahly the lir>t to \isit tiic site of the 
 jne.sent city, anil certainly the one who exiilorid the hay ri'_don most extcn- 
 6i\e]y on tins tiip. LiacU at San JJicuo he was lor a time in command of the 
 
 ^uanl, hut ^JOon retiuncd to L 
 Btant journeys to Sinaloa an 
 
 n-eto w here the 
 
 I to San J)ieL'o, and 
 
 )Viin(ir Uept him 
 in tx)ilirations. 
 
 l)M.-v incon- 
 
 JJvl 
 
 lis zea 
 
 in these early ixpedilions, Ortega made himself a pviil fa\(Jii,i; with the mis- 
 
 Bioii.iries ami espicially \v itli Jiinipero Serra, who in ITT.'i ni^'id li 
 liient as commamhiiit in (,'alilornia to succeed K 
 
 >( ;■/•", 
 
 '/' 
 
 IS ap[ioint- 
 
 Sl lltllfillll llli 
 
 J. I <!<• M(ii)') J, ',.:, iMS. It is from this docunicnt that we obtain many of the 
 facts about his larlicr life and services. ^luch is also gatheiid from his own 
 lati'r narratives. (PiIkju, Mi nnjrial ill < 'tjm<iii(liiilc (Iiik ral Kulirc //e /•/Vo.s // xar- 
 viciu.i iii'liliiiT^, cV (/(' Jiiiiht I'iSij, -MS., and ()rl''iii, I'rtiijini iito, .M.S., both of 
 
 not make him commandant, but he was made lieulciiaiit ami conimauded at 
 
 fol- 
 
 owcil tiie mas.-^a;ro of I77"> have Ijeen already recordc<l. Jn 17^1 he loiiiided 
 
 ■which are very important docnments on early history. Serra's ellbits con 
 not make him commandant, but he was made lieulciiaiit ami conimaiidec' 
 San J)ic;.'o for over eight years. His services in the exciting times \\ hicli 
 
 1 ■ ; 
 
 iSanta Ikirbara, jilamiiii;.,' the buildiiij,'s, foriilications, and irri^'aiiii!/ works in a 
 manner w hi -h liained him ''I'eat ciedit, and .^erviiii.'a* eomiiiandaiitand habili- 
 
 tad 
 
 o im;i 
 
 L I7.'"i4, when he was transferred to the fronlier. Here in 17S(> Ir 
 
 petitioned for jieuuidary relief and for retirement, being nnlittcd for duty by 
 
 30 y. 
 
 rcaisof active ticrviio and by iiicriiising obesity. Jlis jielition was not 
 
 luted, but ho was transferred back to Calif 
 
 ornia ami was ni eommand at 
 luiiterey from Se[itembcr 17^7 to .Maich I7'.*l. A jear Liter he went down 
 
 during Arrillaga's absence until 17fi'"), 
 
 to Li 
 
 loreto an 
 
 I w; 
 
 nianihint th 
 
 ■when h" Ma.s ivtiri'das brevet captain on half lieutenant, '.s Jiay, attached to tli^ 
 Sauta Jifiibaia connianv. J'ror. iSV. I'dn., li'ii. Mil., .MS., x\ii. 4; xxiii. J 
 
 LiU 
 
 o most oilier ohicers who .str\ed as habilitailns Oitei-'a w;is in ."^oine 
 
 troiib 
 
 with hi.s accounts during this last t;'rm at i..oii ; 
 ill the last years of his life The delicit was .SJ 
 
 d Was ojipressed by debt 
 
 a. J I 
 
 .Nli 
 
 Ilia Oricua, his son, as 
 
 sked te 
 
 o be ilisunai 
 
 .SV. /'( 
 ■u'cd fi 
 
 ,■>«- 
 il 
 
 .MS. 
 
 rom iiiiuuirv service 
 
 J tired 
 
 IS iiivami 
 
 to b( 
 
 :ra 
 
 lited lands that h 
 
 :iit 
 
 pay oif tiie 
 
 delicit. 
 but 
 
 liorica wrote .ii.ly 1 1, 17I">, ap|iroving the sons desire to clear his lather, but 
 disappr )\ iiig tiio scheme as not; likely to succeed liecans ■ the missions would 
 
 L'lling grain, Jle thought the captain would be 
 I of his pay. Oct. •JMli, he sent the discliarge of 
 
 lavc tie prelercnce iii 
 
 alhi 
 
 oweil to Keep a iiorlioii < 
 10 ca[itaiirs sons, and ordered tin ir grain to Ik' benight to ]);iy the delicit. 
 
 tl . 
 
 A strict watch wa.i to be kept on the property to jirevciit o;la;r cicilitors fr( 
 
 being favored. 'I'lie sons liiially paid up the delicit. I'r'if. /.'cc., ,NiS., iv. 
 
 U;)-7-', S1-. 
 dl 
 
 ii 
 
 L IS IIOSSI 
 
 ble, ihoiiuh not certain, that i\i' 
 
 re was provision- 
 
 ireil t ) the I.uiiily at this tiiiie or before I'iUi), the rancho de Xiieslro 
 
 ally grai 
 
 Seiiora del iicfugio, which remainei 
 
 I h 
 
 in the f 
 
 imily and was t.imous m 
 
 coiiiieciion Willi smnggling operations during tin; -Mexican ride. C.ipl. Ortega 
 dii'd Hnddenly on I'cb. ;!, 17'J>S, at the (Jasil laiicheria while on his w: y to tlr 
 ))residio, and was biiri 
 
 ,SY. / 
 d,' Mi 
 
 ■lip. 
 
 h'ni. Mil., -MS,, xxvi. 
 
 eil next d.iy in the iiiissi iii cemetery by 'lapis. I'ro 
 
 r 
 
 j;, 
 
 .MS. 
 
 !!7; Stj( Ilh-lK 
 
 Lib. 
 
 'SI- 
 
 111. OrteL'as wife was l)oi"i,i .>!; 
 
 iria 
 
 -Vnlonia N'ictoria (,'ar- 
 
 rillo, v.ho died very suddenly and w.is buricil in the jiresiclio ciinreli on 
 
 May 
 
 8, b'lO.i. /'/., liH. in IMIJ she received a [lensioii of .■:;•, lod. I'l-ar. SI. Pn/,. 
 Mil., XXX. 4. They had several cliildn^n w hen they came to San Jliego 
 
 11 
 
 .b 
 
 .Mil 
 
 de, 1'' 
 
 Mian, 
 
 \h 
 
 III. I l.iir-a. am 
 
 1 M 
 
 inn. 
 
 cording' to Tuylur, and there were bora at Sun JJieyo, Jose i'laneisco Maria, 
 
672 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 pioneer of 1771, died in 1793"^ and was succeeded 
 by Estevan Tapis. Jose do Miguel had served since 
 1 ''OO, and was succeeded in 1798 by Juan Lojie Cortes. 
 By this missionary force 1,237 natives were ba[)tizcd, 
 G34 were buried, and the number of neophytes was 
 increased from 438 to 8G4 in the ten years.''^ ]Mean- 
 while liorses and cattle had multiplied from 29(5 to 
 2,492, and slieep from 503 to 5,(515. Crops were 
 3,000 bushels in 1800; 5,400 in 1797; and only 150 
 bushels of wheat in 1795."* 
 
 Juan Capistrano Maria HornKigcncs, ^Inria Antonio do Jesus, and Jos('^ Maria 
 Martin. San Dkijo, JJh. df Minion, AIS., 1'2, 14, 17, 1!>, -7, ~M\ Lonlo, Lib. 
 Minion, ^iS., I'JS; 'J'ltij/or'n Di,i':ovi rcrs and FoiaidiTx, ii. No. '27. 
 
 ''-'Antonio I'atorna was a native of .'icville, and served 'JO years in the 
 Sierra (ii^rda niissiijns liefoi'o coming to California. He left liis eolleiiu in 
 ()etol)er 1770: saikd from San lilnsiu tlie SnnAiilunio.luu. '21, 1771; aiiived 
 at San l)ieg() March 12ih, at ^lonterey May 21st, and hack at Nan l>iego 
 July 14th. lie was siipeiiiunK'rary at San tialjriel until May 1772, and min- 
 ister until Se|itenilnr 1777. During this time he wa.s acting presiilciit in 
 1772-;! until I'aluu'.s arrival. lie was minister at San Luis UUIsjh) fnim 1777 
 to 17'S(); .ind at Saiit.i IJ.iihara fioni its foundation, Dec. 4, I7S(!, until his 
 death on i\lp. ]',', ]l'.y,l. S/a JJiirhi'ni, Lih. dv Minion, MS., 44-."); Arrli. Sla 
 li'irli'ira. MS., vii. ■">, (i; xi. 221. Ho had been a zealous and faithful Mdrker. 
 His liody was laniiil in thu mission church on Feh. 14tli. \\liether it was 
 sul)se(|r,i ntiy tr:,nftVrreil to tlie new church does luit apjjearfroni the lecords. 
 
 ''•'' Tlu^ discreiKincy of about 200 niaj' result from the hajitism of certain 
 natives w ho were allowed to remain in tlieir raucheruis and not included on 
 the mission legislers. 'i'here was some eorresjumdenci! in 1 7!'() about the ran- 
 eherias of the channel, and their willingness to become Chiisii ins if not com- 
 ])elled to leave their lands and lisheries and live at the missions, lloriea 
 favored allowing tliem to rem;:in and adding an extra friar to Santa lliirbara 
 and l'uri.;ini;i, to attend to their instru'.tion, In m.sesoi' stations being establisheil 
 at suiiable ]ioiniS. SI. /'.;>., Mins., M.S., ii. ()2-S; I'mr. llcf., MS., iv. ij.j-(i. 
 ]n AugU'^t i7i'7, r)u() natives near tlie jinsidio were given over to Lasuen for 
 bai)ti:;i,i on eondiiion of not leaving their rancheria. /(/., iv. !)2; vi. ■")4-r». 
 Ai:cording toa re])Oitof (Joycoeehea, March 12, 17!ll>, the rancherias from San 
 15nenavt:ntura to I'urisinia were a-i follows: Sisolopoiit S;in iiuen.iveiituia: Ml 
 Uiiicon, o league:^; ].;i I '.upinteria, 11; VX I'arednii, Jj 1.; Munlecito, ][1.; 
 Vu(.'tu, at presidio, I ', 1.; Sae[ii!i, 2],1.; Alcas: Celijec; tleldo; .Mi\'ui';ui, .'1 I., 
 Casil, ;{ 1. ; (^hnuiuhil 1 1.; Caviota" .SI.; j:i Ihdito i;stait. 21.; Sta'J. \as (?), 
 21.; i:i (,'ojo Sisilo]-o, 111.; Kspaila, \\\.; I'ldernales. 1,11, Total number 
 of geiitiusj, 17S;!. 1^7. Pitji., Minn., MS., ii. 1)4. Najalayegua, Matita, ami 
 Somes are also named. 
 
 '"We.itlier rej. oris at Santa IVirbara. Much complaint in 17!'-"), 17!!7, and 
 ISOO. /Voc. Si. /'(:;>., MS., vii. (»,">; x. 117; Arch. S/u Ji-irh^frti. .MS..,\ii. (12; 
 St. I'a/).,Sar., MS., vi. I(;i»-1; St. I'aj:, .U;«., MS.,ii. |l);;-(;; J'ror.Sl. I'a/'., 
 Jliii. J/.7.,MS., xvii. 22; I'ror. Her., MS., xi. l.'ii!. According to accounts in 
 Airh. Sl<i ;;.('/■/;((,•«, MS., ii. i;>:i-!); i.\. 470 S.'!. 404 (1, the ini.-sion lad in 
 ISOO a, credit balance in Mexico of ^.li'S; a diaft from the habiiit;i(h> for 
 i:?l,2(i7; .V'.itiO ill UMiUey a! the nns:'ion: ^i.OCd diU'fi'oni ]ircKidio: and !;'t!(i due 
 fi'om pri\;ite indivii'ua!:-!; total, •?.'!, .'.'d i!iad<liiii>n to buihliu'.'s, etc. Siqiplies 
 furnished to jin sldio from 17:Ki to ISOO. S.),170. Otti r-skiu;; .sent to .Mexico, 
 $!!,<)24. .\ full account of mi.><sion Hni'plies jiurehased in Mexico is given in 
 Sunlit Itoi'iiira, MiniuriaadelonKjcclon imiilidon (< l<i Misior jiara Ijs uilos 
 
SANTA BARBARA MISSION. 
 
 673 
 
 Much progress was made in mission buildings dur- 
 ing this decade. In 1791 a guard-house and three 
 tool-houses were added; in 1792 two larije stone 
 corrals. In 1793-4 a new churcli ot" adobes, tiled and 
 plastered, 28 x 135 I'eet, with a sacristy 15 x 28 feet, and 
 a brick portico in front, was erected; and in 1794 tiie 
 improvements were a granary and spiniiery on stone 
 foundations, a cemetery enclosure 48 x 135 feet, and a 
 sheep-corral. In 1795 a corridor with tile roof and 
 brick pillars was added on the side of the square next 
 the presidio, and another to the spinnery; four new 
 rooms for the friars were completed; and beams of 
 alder and poplar were replaced with ])ine wherever 
 they had been used. In 1797 several rooms for 
 granaries, store-rooms, and offices were completed. In 
 1799 there were built nineteen adobe houses for 
 natives, each 12 x 19 feet, plastered, whitewashed, 
 and roofed with tiles; and an adobe wall nine feet 
 high was extended for 1,200 yards round the garden 
 and vineyard. In 1799 was added a warehouse, and 
 in 1800 thirtv-one more dwelliuLi's in a row, and cor- 
 ridors on brick ])illars round the three I'umaining sides 
 of the square were conqilL'ted; while preparations 
 were made for the construction of a reservoir for 
 drinking-water, to be made of stone, brick, and mor- 
 tar.**^ In 1800 sixty neophytes were engaged in 
 weaving and other work connected with that branch 
 of industry. The car[)enter of the presidio was en- 
 gaged at one dollar per day to teach the natives his 
 trade; and a corporal taught tanning at $150 per year. 
 OF the two soldiers tliat constituted the guard one was 
 em})loye(l by the iViars as majordomo.'^" 
 
 17SC Imsla JSJi), MS. 'i'lii'so supplies were purcliiist'il l)y l\w. piidros uitli their 
 salaries and wiili tlio [iiiMlucts ot' salis of prodiuc. 'J'licy consist of iiii|)lo- 
 inents, grociiie.s, cluiiih vistiuents, aiwl vi'ssels, elotliiiig, tto. 'J'lie total 
 ninouiit for Hiis (lefinlc was Sl(l,."iC)l>, of w iiieli Ss,(M)0 was jiiiiil hy tlie niiioihix, 
 mid the rest liy ihafls from the iialjilitado, Jn |s()0, as I have said, the iiiis- 
 siou was .S")'J8 ahead; hut hefore it (jwed from SlOO to .'ir'J.OOO. 
 
 'Klrrli. Sin liiii-h'tra, NhS., v. -Jd-lilt, .'ilt, A-l-:>, 4',l, UW, 58, CI-'.'; ii. 09, 
 i;]8-4l); .S7. /',(;,., .l/;,s.v., .N[S,, i. 117; ii. 71, 7!'. 
 
 '^Airh. Shi Jldrlxirn, MS., ii. !Mi-7, TJO. i:!7-H. IJefore Octoher, 10.") 
 na()uas of home maimffteturo hail heen distributed, 800 yds. of cotton anil 
 HlbX. C.\L., Vol. 1. Ii 
 
674 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 San Buenaventura, the southernmost of the channel 
 estabhshmcnts, remained under the care of its founders, 
 Francisco Dumetz and Vicente de Santa ]\Iaria, until 
 1797, when tlie ibrmer was succeeded by Jose Fran- 
 cisco de Paula Senan. Thougli its jjopulatiou was 
 smaller than that of any other mission exce])t San 
 Francisco and the new establishments, it had more 
 cattle and raised more grain in 1800 than any other 
 place in California.*^' Vancouver landed here Novem- 
 ber 20, 1 71)3, havin<jr brouu'ht Padre Santa Maria from 
 Santa Barl)ara,and spent a lew hours very pleasantly 
 at the missifjii, whicli he I'ound to be "in a very .supe- 
 rior stvle to anv of the new establishments yet seen." 
 "The g'arden of Buena Ventura iar exceeded anything 
 I had before met with in these rc^'ions, botli in resi)eot 
 of tlie quantity, quality, and variety of its excellent 
 productions, not only indigenous to thu country, but 
 appertaining to the temperate as well as torrid zone; 
 not one species having yet been sown or ])lanted 
 that had not llourishcd. These have principally con- 
 sisted of apples, pears, plumbs, figs, oranges, grapes, 
 peaches, and pomegranates, together with the plantain, 
 banana, cocoa nut, sugar cane, indigo, and a great 
 variety of the necessary and useful kitchen herbs, 
 plants, and roots. All these were nourishing in the 
 greatest health and perfection, though separated from 
 the sea-side only by two or three lields of corn; that 
 were cultivated within a few yards of the surf" 
 
 The buildings were also of a superior class, a pre- 
 vious destruction by fire, noted only by Vancouver, 
 liavinQ- caused tliem to be rebuilt.''^ The church was 
 
 tnpamho woven, TOO yd^. of blankctin;,'. One thousand and twenty dollars 
 vortli of Sdaji fmiilihcd to Monterey, perhaps by the presidio, in l~'JS. I'ruc. 
 /.'«•., MS.,iv. 10."). 
 
 ^- Jnereanc of neopliyti.'S, .'iS' to 71'i; baptisms, 737; biiriah, 41"2; cattle 
 and honsc.",, DGl to 10,(/1:!; i.lieep, K.'jO.i to 4,U2_'; crops in lb,')!*, !),K).) bushels; 
 1,500 bushels in ]7'.)7 waii t!ie luiallc^fc eroji; twerago yield, -LSOJ 1)us!ic1h; 
 wheat wi'.'.i n^t largely rai.ied until ITO^i, when it became Uio chief crop, ov<h' 
 8,000 bushel J per year. 
 
 *'" I'liiicoiiirr'.. Wi/'Tjf, ii. -157-01, 404, 407. One reason of Santa Maria 
 for gouig on board the ship wan to remove a prejudice anion;,' the natives 
 against loroi^uers. 'Ihey bcyged him for God'd sake not to intruat himself 
 
SAN BUENAVENTUllA. 
 
 675 
 
 not yet built, but it was begun about this time and 
 half linishod in 1794, all the rest of the scjuare being 
 conqtlete. The new eliureh was of stone, and in 1797 
 is spoken of as nearly hnished. It was not, however, 
 coniitleted before 1800.®" A fight between tlie neo- 
 phytes and pagans in 1795 seems to have afforded the 
 only exeiteniont of the period. The Christians were 
 victorious, killin<>' two chiefs and takinj>' six or seven 
 captives, but having several wounded. The leaders 
 on both sides were admonished or punished, the neo- 
 phyte Di^mingo being put to work in chains.'"' 
 
 Purisima is the last mission of this district. Here 
 Father Arroita served until 179G when he was per- 
 mitted to retire, having completed his term of ten 
 years.'^ Oramas remained until 1792; Jose Antonio 
 Calzada from October 1792 until August 170G, re- 
 turning in May 1798; Juan Martin served in 179G-7; 
 and Gregorio Fernandez from 179G. Baptizing 1,079 
 and burying 397, the missionaries increased the neo- 
 phyte eonnnunity from 23-4 to 959. This w;>s the 
 largest proportional gain and the smallest death-rate 
 in California. liive-stock, large and small, increased 
 to 1,900 and 4,000 head respectively; and cro[)s in 1800 
 
 to the Rtrancier's care, and were positive he would never return. On arrival 
 the surf prevented hmdiu^ at the lirst attempt, and the pachv was not a little 
 frightened as he had nut lii.s prayer-hook with liini. When the natives hrou;,dit 
 the book hiscouraf,'e returned and he laughed at his former fears as the sailora 
 had laughed before. On lauding linally, the natives erowded round their 
 padre to wcleome him home and receive his blessing. Vancouver v,as deejjly 
 impressed with the missionary's piety and t!ie earnest devotion of his 111:0- 
 l)hytes. He noted that the natives were always addr<ssed in their own hin- 
 guaue, !uid thcr is other evidence of this. Prov. St. Pap., ^IS., xvii. 71. 
 
 •".SV. Pap., .!//.■>■.<., MS., li. ."), -24, '2'J, 71, 100. In 1701 there were two bells 
 here belonging to Santa llirbara, which the friars refused to give up. Pror. 
 ,'<l. Pap., MS., X. 171. In Sail Uiicnuri'iiliira, Montirhm de Kj'iclv I'lnlfhlD.i 
 :i la Mixiiiii, HOU-ISIO, MS., we have the mission accounts of supii'ies from 
 Mexico, but not so complete nor so clearly stated as in tlie ea-e of Santa 
 IWrbara. The mission was from iJ-OO to !i>l,"JOO in debt during tliis decade, 
 but cleared itself early in the next. Due mission from the presidio iu 1707, 
 gl,(il2. J'mr. SI. Pap., MS., xvii. 78-81. 
 
 ■"yVoc. liic, MS., iv. :{,-)-(). 
 
 "Francisco Jose de Arroita came from Spain to !Mcxico in 17S'>, was 
 appointed U) California in April 1780, ami came to his post with a re|iutation 
 from tlie guardian of being, like his companions, a good man. thou;'h some- 
 what lively (viro) and without much experience. Jle served at S;in Luis 
 Obis])o from April to December 17'i7, ami at I'urisiuia from its establishment 
 till J une 17i)0, about which time he sailed for 8au lilas. 
 
676 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 were 2,250 l)uslicls, 4,000 in 1799 bcini^ the laro-est 
 and 1,200 in 1795 the smallest. Wheat and corn were 
 the cliiefproductions. Mission buildings were of adobes 
 and tiles, and the houses had after 1794 corridors of 
 brick. In 1795 the old church M-as in a bad condi- 
 tion and materials were being collected for a new one, 
 there being no record of further progress.^^ j^^r^j.!^ 
 and rattlesnakes were a prominent feature in the re- 
 gion of Purisima. Two of the latter bit a neophyte 
 at the same time, writes the minister on June 3, 1799." 
 
 «4n"'^/; ^"^':', ^ii''-' ^3,' " 2-' 7^- ^"^ '"■^s'on from the presidio 1707 
 ^40.,. Pror. .s Pap., MS. xvii. 7S-8I. List of members of tho p.anl, 1707, 
 6 marned sokhers an.l 3 bachelors. Id., xv. 93. Antonio Enriquoz, th^ 
 wciwer, tau^'ht the natives at Purisi.na in 1797. Prov. i>t. Pap., JJ'u. Mil., 
 MS., XXV. 14; Proa, lice, MS., vi. 18d-C. 
 '■' Arch. Arzobigpculo, MS., i. 59. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AND PROGRESS-MONTEREY DISTRICT. 
 
 1791-1800. 
 
 Monterey Presfdio — Military Force and iNnABiTAXTs— Officers— Leov 
 PvUiRiLLA — Hkrmexegildo Sal— Peri^z Pekxamjez— Puksiijio Di ili>- 
 ixGs — Battery — Raxciio del Rey — Piiivate Raxciios— Indc^tries — 
 CoMrANY AccorxTS — IxDiAX Affairs — San Carlos Mission— Mission-- 
 arv CiiAXfiEs — Pasccal Martinez dk Arexaza — Statisth'^ of Aoki- 
 CI7LTDRE, Live-stock, and Populatiox — Vancouver's Descrii'tiox — A 
 New Stone Chlrch — A WiFE-MrRDER — San Antoxio de Pauca i>f, 
 Los R(jdles— !MiarEL Pieras— Benito Catalan — San Lcis Omsro — 
 Miguel Giribet — Bartolomij Gili — Indian Trolrles. 
 
 The presidial cavalry company of INIontcroy con 
 taincd from sixty-two to eighty-five men, includini^ 
 two officers, six non-commissioned officers, a surgeon, 
 a pblebotomist, two or three mechanics, fifty privates, 
 and from two to twonty-four pensioners. After 179() 
 there were also stationed here seven artillerymen and 
 twenty Catalan volunteers of Alberni's company, in- 
 creasing the total force to about one hundred and ten, 
 who with their families constituted a j)Oj)ulation th 
 razon in the jurisdiction of about four hundred, or four 
 liundred and ninety including ]>ranciforte and Santa 
 Cruz. About thirty of the cavalrymen were stationed 
 at the six missions subject to Monterey — San Carlos, 
 San Miguel, Soledad, San Antonio, San Luis Obispo^ 
 and San Juan Bautista, in which the total population 
 of christianized natives was four thousand.^ 
 
 'Sec company mils in J'rriv. S/. Pnp., Dm. M'lL, MS., xiii. 0: xiv. 2; 
 xvii. (i; xviii. 1; xx. 1; xxi. 2, 11; xxii. a; xxiii. 2; xxvi. .'1, 4, I,"); xNvii. 4; 
 Si. /'(ijK, iS'oc, MS., i. 10-i;{; iii. 14; iv. 20. Mission.s inohuK'il in llic jiiiis- 
 (liction. Sal's rciKtrt of \~UH, in Pnn; St, Pnp., MS., xvii. (i:!. Wliitf jmiihi- 
 lation iu ISOO, 518; ludiuu population, '3,*Ji'J. St. Pup., JJi-'<., MS., iii. 15, 
 
 1077) 
 
C.TS 
 
 i.oi AT, i:vEXTs MoxrrnEV dtstrk^t. 
 
 l)i!'<n» (J«>ii/;ilc/ kc|>t liis placid <»n ilic r)»1Is ns iioin- 
 iicil lirii<(Mi;iiil(triIi<' Nioiit.crcy (••mipMiiy until An^^iist 
 I 7l>-, mHIioII'^Ii lie Ii.id loiiL^ Ihm'Ii j»Iis('Ii( ; iilid his ,sil<'- 
 ccssof \\;is LcoM l*;ui'ill;i, wlio licid ilic pl.-icc lililil 
 S('|)<ciiil)('i* ITDf), ;il<Ii(>ut;li IVoiii iiic<)iii|)(«t('iH y, ill- 
 IicmIIIi, iiiid jiarti;il insanity lie ncvor exercised any 
 audioiily." 
 
 Meaiiwliile tlio coninmndanfs wen^ ()rte<;a, of i]\o. 
 lioi-eto company until ISIarch 171)1, und Ai-triiello of 
 the San I'' rancisco company until ^larch I7U(!.'' 1'heu 
 Sal, who in Sej)tt'nd)ei' I7'.>r)ha(l been promoted iVom 
 allVre/ to lieutenant, took the conunand which lie held 
 
 until his death in I SOO,* when ho was s 
 
 uccee( 
 
 led I 
 
 y 
 
 Twelve s;iil(iin fi'diu tlie. ( 
 
 iiin'c/ii'iiiii 
 
 iiiiil Sun Cdrliii Vi 
 
 lii) 
 
 M)i-ers III 
 
 !)j 
 
 t\V( 
 
 .f t 
 
 leiii .'IS soldieis. 
 
 fiiiiii(lliii!,'s ill ISOO. /' 
 
 ,S7. /' 
 
 remained at Monterey as 
 AVf., MS,, vi. (;•_>. two 
 .1//'/., MS., xxviii. '2-2. List of ll> 
 
 /' 
 
 will kiiieii 
 
 \\\ 
 
 lo eallie m 
 
 ITIIS 
 
 til(! C 
 
 l!» •_'(>. List of 
 
 I'oiinniiiy in I , 
 
 IT! IS. /,/., /;, 
 
 ilirijiCdil. 
 
 /• 
 
 •SV. /'(I/)., MS., xvii 
 
 ;l//7., .MS., xvii. 17 l!l. List of 
 
 «'at,il.iii voliiiiteeis ill I71l!t. .S7. /Vf/i., Mis.-i., MS., iii. ". 
 
 - l.eoii raniila Was )iioiiiote(l to lie lieutenant of the .Monterey eoli)])any 
 
 K, I7!1J 
 
 Hi 
 
 IS [last servici 
 
 il lieeii three veals as ea(ht, three \(;irs 
 
 as i^iiichni-hearer, and four years as alfi'i'e/, tiist in the dragoons anil later in 
 
 the rev^iiiieiil of Ivspai'ia. He iiad never; 
 
 iveii jil'iM 
 
 .f of 
 
 coiiiaLie <ii' a]i|ilie.illon, 
 
 .•ind Ills natural aliilities weri- theined onl\ inediiini. /'nrrilhi, //liti. i/r Si 
 
 MS., in /'for. SI. /'-/»., /.'. 
 
 .1/;/. 
 
 4. J I. 
 
 arrived in San I'' ran 
 
 .SV, /\ 
 
 S(i,: 
 
 MS. 
 
 ciseo .Inly -•>, 17!'.!, and soon proeeedeil to Montirey. 
 
 iv. IS. Here he ininiediately lieeanie unlit to ji'iforin liie (hities of eoiii- 
 
 niaiiil.'iiit and ii;iliililii 
 
 ei 
 
 IllilUK 
 
 a|i|irov.i 
 
 Ml t^ 
 I. /' 
 
 ly reason of tits of insaiiily; eonsecjiuntly ;\r;,'iielK) 
 
 > iliseliar-'e 
 
 A', 
 
 MS. 
 
 hit I' 
 
 le i;overiior s onler aiK 
 
 1 tl 
 
 !<• vieiToy H 
 
 /' 
 
 Sf. /■ 
 
 l.yt 
 
 vieer(\v to j,'overiior. A]iril '.!li. I7!'l, in 
 
 MS., xi. IC.it. Au,i,'nst i;!, I7!U, Anil 
 
 MS.. I!l( 
 
 ( I , savs 
 
 tol! 
 
 las to lie eoiiliiied to his I 
 
 am 
 
 I had to II 
 
 itly <leiiiented, and 
 
 sonietinies esca]ied at iii,L.'lit 
 
 iii;;ht li:ak liy loive. Onee he tried to eseapi; liy se.i in :i 
 
 I that I'arrilia is iiieapaMe. aji 
 
 lolise Ulliler yr 
 
 H> 
 
 iioat. Hee. l;t. I7!l I. Sal ]Mdlioiinees liiiii ineapalile of keeiiiiv.; hooks. /' 
 
 .S7. / 
 
 (iji. 
 
 MS. 
 
 140. At the end of I7'.I4 llorii a tieelares liini iiseKss for 
 
 any serviees. and ]iidiiiises lo send hi.ii away in the lirst vessi-l for .Sail lilas. 
 
 •J'l 
 list 
 
 lis was done, am 
 
 d apjii 
 
 .1 liy tl 
 
 le \ leeroy. 
 
 r 
 
 irrilla, was )iiit on Ihi 
 
 rtired 
 
 Midi a, pension from .Inly I, 17!l.">. I'lor. SI. J'n/i., MS., xxi. "Jilt; xiii. 
 
 r_':!. •J7(); /'/., n, 
 
 .)/;/,, MS., xxi. 4. 
 
 'Oiti'ta di 
 
 I not. 
 
 'Ver. leaver Monterey unt ij !May 170'2. Avjiiello in 
 
 I7!U \\;is adiiiinistrator of tohaeeo revenues and had a kind of siiperx isioa 
 
 ovi r 
 
 dl 
 d 
 
 )r<siilii» .•ii'eoiints. Sal in I7!M( was ealled adn 
 
 strad 
 
 or yeiiera 
 
 da for New Californi 
 
 SI. r, 
 
 •.VS.'>. :!1 
 
 .MS. 
 
 I7(! 
 
 '/'• 
 
 MS. 
 
 I .-it 
 
 )-/ ; xvii. 
 
 * ll'inieiii 
 ilh A 
 
 III' 
 
 do Sal seems to have ec 
 ledition in I77l>. 'I'liis won 
 
 t I raliforiiia .as ;i private soldier 
 
 1.1 
 
 I'liiaik.'ilile f( 
 
 or a man ol 
 
 jdiihty were it not for eertain hints that he eame under ])!ii'd(iii for soiiio 
 (id'eiiee not s]ieeilied which may have reduced him to the r-inks. I'ror. /I'rc., 
 
 M.S. 
 
 San l\ 
 
 1. Hi 
 
 ;i native of the \'illa de Valdem 
 
 Castilla. la Xm 
 
 l/.h. ,lv .]/;. 
 
 .MS.. 10; ,S7. I'diL. Siir., MS., iii. I, '_>. He nas 
 
 V 
 
 ith ( 'a^it. Jiivera at .San l>iejjo iu 1770, I'rot'. SI. /'"i'., MS., i. '_'!!», and 
 
 was 
 
IIERMENEGILDO SAL. 
 
 (;7!» 
 
 llniinumlo C.'irrillo. It must l)o iiotcfl, liowcvor, that 
 while! Sal and CaiTillo were (loiiimaiidcrs of the jiix-si- 
 (lial c'())ii|)aMy, Licutciiant-coloncj Alhcnii cuiiic dowii 
 IVoni San J''i'aii<'isc'() early in I HOO and hy sirtuc; oi' 
 iiis superioi" raidv bccanu; ooinandante ol" the ])()st. 
 
 Iiy tliiit odicpr jmt in <niar^'c of tin; niilil;uy Viaicliimsc of S:iii I'liiiicisco. 
 Il(!r(; (lov. Novo iiolii'cd liis iiitclli'^'cnt iii:i!i;i'^'iii<'iit of liiiiiiiri.il iillaicn in 
 M;iy 1777, 'iinl tlio next ycjir obtiiiiic^il liis ii|i[ii)iiiliu(Mt a.i ;,'ii.irilM-.iliii;iicii, 
 uliirh jHisilion lio lii'lil until I'cliniiiry I7'V-, wlnii lin \v;i;i <;illii| to Monti riy 
 to sctLl<! tlu'iii:(;ount:-t(;f llio defunct 8tor('-k(jii>ur. J'roi: /.'.'•., .MS., i. (»!l, 1 1!); 
 
 II. 4->; 
 
 Sit II, 
 
 I'l 
 
 l/ih. ,!<■ Mi 
 
 MS., (i. M;iy 1!). 17^-*, 1 
 
 KiTLjciiiit of tin; Sunt I l>ii'l);ir;i. ( 'onip.'inj', iunl in Au'just lictiivicl lii i coniini.s- 
 hion iiH aUVi'c/ of MontiTcy, il.iti'd .M;iy 'JIHli. His connnission .-h lirutcnant 
 
 IH dated Ajnd '..'7, 17'.*.), and \vu;^ r< 
 
 d in AuLju^L or Sciitcnilp^ 
 
 ,S7. /', 
 
 •]'■ 
 
 MS., 
 
 lilil; /• 
 
 /;, 
 
 MS. 
 
 II. (i. 
 
 \:\i; SI. r 
 
 I /I., Site 
 
 i'. 
 
 MS. 
 
 iii. I, •-', ;..'.. He ua.iat .Moiilerov from 17S- to 17!)1, and fiom 17i)l to ISOO, 
 
 >ein>; lialiilitailo Imni I 7' 
 
 lo 17fS7 and from I7H7 to |S(,'(», and edininam 
 
 ant 
 
 I'om J I 
 nd aeti 
 
 17n.> to 17.S7 
 
 am 
 
 1 17!l>i to ISOl). \[l^ waa at S.iu Fr.inei.-ieo a.s 
 
 hul 
 
 jditado 
 
 nnuamlant from I7!)l to 171*'l. Jii iiilditioii to liis otiiir <lntie.s 
 
 li 
 
 Sal aeied as ;.';overiior"s .secrit.ary diiiiir; ,'i lai';;o jiart of r.oric.i'.s administra 
 tion. He wait present at tlie founding,' of Santa iJi'n/. in I7UI and at tin; eon 
 
 .s<'i:ralion < 
 
 .f 
 
 is eluireli in 
 
 17!)k In 17'.'.'. I 
 
 k; aceomnaniei 
 
 f. 
 
 or 
 
 inisKion siti'>'.. l)oii IIernK'ne''ildo liad 
 
 Jianl 
 
 t in a nearcl 
 
 i)od education for Ids fiinc, 
 
 V roti! a line hand, and wa.i ])rol)aliIy tlio l)ei,t aecountant and the eleaicHt 
 
 lieaih'd liiisincH:) man in ('alif( 
 
 Only 
 
 \\i\n fault found with lii.s 
 
 lecoiint.'^, and an invei-iti'.'atioii .showed lliat^ iii.sle.id of his i 
 
 KJ.OOl) as was ehar 
 
 ,^'' 
 
 d, t! 
 
 k; i;ompaiiy wa 
 
 s in <lel>t to him. II 
 
 owini:; tlu! company 
 
 _ haaty, 
 
 (|nick-tem[iere(l man, jironc; as a commander to order .scvci'e i)enaUies for 
 
 .!H 
 
 inst li 
 
 dtl 
 
 1th 
 
 •d( 
 
 n 
 
 leiiees aLiainst ni i sirict (iiscipiino, .and ineii lo countermand iiic order win 
 his au,uor had ])asscd aw.iy. iStiin;.,' liy tin; taunt.s of an anonymous Icttvr 
 lie once in.id<! a personal attack upon Capt. Xico!;:s Soler, accusing,' him of an 
 intri;_'in! with his wife. Sal married at San Francisco on May id, 1777, .^Iari;^ 
 Jose Ainezipdta, S'Ui Fniiic'.^ro, L'lh. da jMi.^inn, ^iS., 10, oo, 7-, I>y wlmm he 
 had sever.d children, kouk; of whom <lii'tl in infancy. \'ancouvcr, who iijxalcs 
 in tin; hi'^liest terms of Sal and his wife, ^^■.•ls also diliL'hted wilh tiie decoroua 
 lichaviorof their two dany'.itcrs ami son, and tin; attention that had evidenUy 
 liecn paid to tinir edne.ilion. \'<iiiroiir /.i l'o>//i;ir, ii. S. One d;'.n,c;hler, 
 Haf.-iela, was tin; lir::t wife of Lid ; Antonio Ari^iiellu and died at S;;n I'raii- 
 cisco I'cli. (i, isl 1, as t;houn hy the mi.A.'iion n ccrds. .\iiotlicr, .Josefa. was 
 thi; wife of Script. Koca who commanded the artillery at San Uic>i,-o, and w;w 
 left a w idow in ISll. S. niciji), Ij':h. dr .)l!s!oii, ^IS., ',)4. A third, iiniii.irricd, 
 was tin; •.■.ncst of 11. ('. Hopkins of San Fraueisco in isti,"!, ami died heforo 
 IS(i7. J>ir!ii( n<'\s Colon. J/i.<t., xvii. Jos.; Maria Amador .spcakLi of a :ion, 
 Domingo, who v,aH ii K'llilddo (liyliii'iiiii/o in the San i^'ranciseo eoin]iany and 
 <licd youiicr. Aiiiador, J/od., MS., 1"21. Another ton, Meliton, was htu ied at 
 San J'ic2;o, Aug. 'Jl, ISIO. Sail J)ir'jo, Llh. dc Mi.s!oii, .MS., 42. .Suli'erinr^ 
 from )i!ilhi3!3 iind iinalilc to di.scliargc elliciently his duties, on Mrrcli 1,S, 
 LSJt), Sal petitioned tlie liiiig for retirement with rank of captain. The viceroy 
 granted tlie request jirovi.sioiially on Aug. 1st, with ( ncouragcment to hope 
 for sncces.i at I'onrt. S'. I'a/i., Sac, MS., iv. ',]-2; i\-. (10. Jn Scpleinlier a 
 settler named llorhosa aitt-nipitcd lo murder him with a claggcr, Imt v.ij.s j.rc- 
 vented hy Surgeon Solcr. Pivc. 11(C.,\\. 11. ')-(!. I'iually he ilicd at .Montcrej'. 
 Dee. S, I.SOO, ami his leiiiaina were interred a.t San Ciirlosinisvion wiih miiitary 
 honors. His executors were Lieut. Arglielloaud Scrgt. Itcjca. I'ror. St. P(ii>,, 
 MS., xviii. 10-17; /('., Hen. Mil., MS., .x.xviii. ',]; .xxxii. 7; Pror. lU'c, MS., x. 
 I). His disease was in thoso days regarded as coutagioii.s, and therefore, at tlio 
 
680 
 
 LOCAL F-VF,\TS- MONTEREY DISTRICT. 
 
 The position of lijiltilitado accompanied that of com- 
 nian<lant, excci)t that Jose Perez Fernandez held it 
 from Aj)ril 171)0 to .) une 1797.° The company alferez 
 was Sal down to 171);") and Carrillo down to 1800. 
 Pablo Soler lieM the ])lace of surgeon throughout the 
 decade. Manuel lujdrlguez was connected with the 
 company as cadet IVom 1794 to 1797. Manuel Var- 
 i^as was the sergeant until 1794, when he became an 
 invalid, and ^Nlacario Castro took the position." 
 
 The ravages caused by the fire of 1789 had been 
 nearly repairetl before Pages left the country, and, 
 with the exception of the chapel, the buildings seem 
 to have been completed in 1791,' though another fire 
 
 rcoommentliitioii of llio sur^'oon, all his clotliing ami bedding were burned as 
 ■was tho roof of lii.s lioiisc after tlio plastering had been removed from the 
 walls. St.. I'd/,., Sa:, MS., iv. '20; Pror. lice, MS., xi. 140. 
 
 * .To3i5 I'ei'cz Fiiii.iiKJcz wa.s in 1791 a sergeant attached to the Lorcto 
 company, Iiavini; I'dinc llierc that j'car after Ki years' service in tho Kspafia 
 dragoons. In ITi'l lie was recommended by tiio governor in a <ffr?Kt with 
 Carrillo and Amiidor — Imt with a preference by reason of his skill in ac- 
 counts — for alft'Tt'z of San Francisco. Ho was commissioned Ang. IT, 1792, 
 and held the jilaco until 1797, being habilitado and acting commandant from 
 July 1794 to April \7'H'k Then he served as habilitado ut Monterey, though 
 still belonging to the San Francisco company, until June 1797, and two 
 months later he was transferred to Loreto. He was bom in 1749. St. Pap., 
 S(tc., MS., i. 5."); V. 7(i; Prov. lice, MS., v. 2G8; vi. 78. 
 
 * It would serve no good purpose to give all the multitudinous references 
 from which I lia\'e formed tho preceding account of Monterey officials. The 
 following arc a ii'w of the most important, or at least the most definite : 
 Ortega givs u[) habilitacion to Argiiello March 31, 1791. Prov. St. Pap., 
 Jieii. Mil., ^(S., XV. 3. Argiiello commandant as early as .July 1791. Arch. 
 ArzohUjtado, jNlS., i. 20, 03. But in Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xiii. 9, 
 Ortega is called commandant until May 1792. There are indications that 
 Parrilla may have attempted to perform tho functions of his office in 1794. 
 Prov. lire, MS., ii. 152, 105. There is some confusion about the habilita- 
 cion of Sal and I'orez Fernandez in 1790-7. St. Pap., Sac, MS., iv. 20; vii. 
 38-9, 47; Prov. /.Vc, MS., iv. 200-7; v. 77, 208; vi. 2, 4. Arguello is spoken 
 of as commandant in April 1797, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 212. Sal 
 called justicia mayor of the partido. S. Jos6 Arch., MS., iv. 22. 
 
 '' The total cost of the restoration was §2,009, and Fagcs, in a report dated 
 Aug. 12, 1793, took great credit to himself for having done the work so 
 cheaply l>y means of voluntary labor of gentiles, soldiers, and sailors. Prov. 
 St. Pap., MS., xiii. 191. Elsewhere the expense exclusive of the church 
 is given as .^2.302. Id., xxi. 125. Jan. 23, 1794, viceroy approves account 
 of §2,009. Id., xi. 1.59. Oct. 31, 1795, Arguello to habilitado general, §1,000 
 in effects received in 1792 given to persons who worked on presidio to end 
 of 1792. These were 3 sergeants, 9 corporals, and 103 soldiers, whose 
 gratuity amounts to §1,181. Prov. St. Pap., Presid., MS., ii. 2, 3. Dec. 1795, 
 §3,122 paid over for building expenses. St. Pap., Sac, MS., vii. 41; Prur. 
 It'cc, MS., iv. 182. March 12, 179.5, Borica to viceroy, tho buildings would 
 have cost very heavily had it not been for the convenient supply of stone, 
 lime, sand, and timber. The other presidios have not such advantages. St. 
 
AFFAIRS AT MONTEREY. 
 
 681 
 
 did some dainaj^e in October 1792. Vancouver de- 
 scribes and jifives a view ot" the j»residio as it appeared 
 in 1792. It was lilvc that of San Francisco'' exce[)t 
 that the enclosure was complete. There was a circular 
 block-house at each corner raised a little above the 
 top of the wall; there were two or three small doors 
 besides the main •'•ate-wav, and the eonnnandant's 
 house had bi^arded iloors. lie is in error when he 
 states that the square was .'500 x 250 yards, and that 
 the structure had not undergone the slightest change 
 or improvement since the i'oundation.'^ 
 
 According to a report of Carrillo at the end of 
 1800 each side of the square measured one hundred 
 and ten yaids, the four walls were built of adobes and 
 stone, and the buildings were roofed with tiles. On 
 the north were the main entrance, the guard-house, 
 and the warelunises; on tho west the houses of the 
 governor, connnandant, and other olHceis, some fifteen 
 apartments in all; on the east nine housc-s for the sol- 
 diers, an^i a blacksmith sho[); and on the soutli besides 
 nine similar houses was the presidio churcii opposite 
 the main gate-way.^" All the structures were again 
 in bad condition; the walls wgre cracked, having been 
 built on insutKcient foundations after the fire; and 
 
 /'«/)., Sac, MS., xvii. 3. Three thousand one hundred and twenty-two dol- 
 hirs was the total expense down to Die. .'Jl, 171l.'>. I'ror. Sf. J'dji., MS., xiii. 
 H)0, 201. Aug. -0, \~'Xi, bastions unfniislied, and house of tlie alfc rez necJa 
 repairs lilvo some of tlio soldiers' dwellin;,'s. 'J'otal cost of repaiin to date, 
 g:-2,000. /'/., xxi. 115. lure of Oct. lo, 17<J-'. Ji/., xxi. !>0. 
 
 "See next cliaptcr for plan and description of San Fiancisco I'residio. 
 
 ' Vuiironrcr's VoycKjc, ii. 43-4: View of jiresidio, ii. 440; view of seenc in 
 Salinas Valley, iii. 3o4. Vancouver deemed the site cIkjscu l)y no means the 
 best in the vicinity. There was low niardhy ground between tlie sijuaro 
 and the beacli. 
 
 '"Aug. 0-0, 1791, instruetions addressed to Argiiello alx)ut building the 
 church. I'ruv.St. J'np., MS., x. 4i.'. MarL'h 1, 179J, viceroy oidcrs woi'k 
 suspended until further orders. .SV. I'aj>., S-ir., MS., iv. 1. April 4tli, viceroy 
 sends a plan for church, made by the directors of the academy of arcliitecturc 
 of San Carlos, Mexico. Id., i. li'2. Fages .says he followed such a plan, but 
 this must have been an earlier one. /'rov. S/. Pap., MS., xiii. 1!»1. Van- 
 couver's picture represents the church as completed. The cost was .*! ,.)()0, 
 which was refunded to the comiiaiiy by the government, /'ror. Hcc, MS., iy. 
 20(i; «. /'"/'•. 'SV/r. , MS. , vii. :>^; I'roi'. St. /'iij>., yiS., xxi. 'J-J7. If I 't 
 ]>een built by day-laborers in the usual way tlie expense would have !>> i. at 
 least $5,000, as 15orica believed. It was done )jy troops, sailors, Indians, and 
 convicts. /(/., xxi. '207-8. 
 
082 
 
 LOCAL KVENTS-MONTERFA' DISTRICT. 
 
 further delay would greatly inoroaso the cost of 
 prosi)Cctivu ie|)nirs." Tlic arniaiiu'iit of ^Fontt^rey 
 at the time ot" Vancouver's first visit consisted of 
 seven small t^'uns jtlaiitrd oulsi<lo tin; juvsidio walls 
 without breastwork or ))rofe('lion IVoni the weathrr. 
 At the same timr l^odi'^a y Cuadra loll some mate- 
 rial, and men \vvn' set at work on a hattc.'iy to be 
 erected on a m.'iijhboriin'' eminence. Accoidinu'ly t)n 
 VancouverH return in 17'.);^ he I'ound the guns mouiilcd 
 on a "sorry kind of barbet battery, consisting chielly 
 of a lew logs of wood, irregidarly placed; behind wliich 
 those ciunion, about eleven in number, are opposed to 
 the a,nclioi'ag(>, with very little j)rotection in the Iront, 
 and on tlu-ir rear and iianks intirely open and exposed." 
 This work cost ii?4r)0, and, while it might servo to pre- 
 vent u I'oe irom cutting out vessels at anchor, was 
 entirely useh.'ss, as (Jordoba reported in 17i)G, ft»r the 
 det'en(;o of the; port. It tloes not a])})ear that any- 
 thing was done Ibr its improvement before 1800.'- 
 
 Connected with this presidio was the main establish- 
 ment of the i^ancho del re}', located where now stands 
 Salinas City; or at least that was its location in later 
 years, and 1 tind no record of any transfer. At the 
 beixinniui' of the decade there were 5,000 cattle and 
 2,000 horses in this royal establishment, and during 
 the fust half of the period the net annual proceeds 
 of sales W(>re from $3,000 to $2,000; but subsc- 
 qucnth' the sum was diminished to but little over 
 $500, . nd in 1800 the cattle had dwindled to 1,000 
 
 " Car 0, Lou Edifrion dc Montcreii, 1800, MS. Albcmi on coming to tho 
 'Corto C !oriiian;i ' in ISfK) found tilings in a dcplomblo state, and built 
 four boutst for married soldiers at bis own expense. I'rov. 8t. Pnp., ^IS., 
 xviii. 11. 
 
 '- 17!)-, igbt description of presidio buildings in SiifU y j\fcxicava, Viaur, 
 IG'J. C'uai' iH battery oi four guns on tbc bill. I'ror. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 89, 
 IG'l; Prov ./re, MS., ii. 1,")S; I'aiicourfr'.^ I'oyaijr, i'l. BOO. 1790, buttery of 
 ten guns of small calibre. Vessels could easily nnclior beyond their range. 
 Cordoba's report, in Prnr. SV. Paji., MS., xiv. HU. Lists of munitions, 179(]-7. 
 St. J'ct])., Sac, MS., vi. 91 ; viii. 70-7; ix. .'n. Ksjilanado, casaniata, and bar- 
 rack cost .?4.')0, biult very ecouoniically. Prov. St. Pu})., MS., xxi. 'J07-8. 
 Viceroy ordered S41t ])aid in 1797. Prov. /.Vc, AbS., iv. I'O."). Three hundred 
 and eighty-one dollars spent in repairs before February 1798. Prov. St. Pap., 
 MS., xvii. 11. 
 
RAXCIIOS AND IXnUSTRIKS. 
 
 683 
 
 vliilo (lie liorsos liad iiicrcaMC'd t<> ',000.'^ Ik's'kKs 
 tilt' kind's llvf-stock the coinpiUiy or its iiicuiIhi-s had 
 ill IHOO over 1,000 horses, 700 cattle, 'JJO luiilcs and 
 asses, and 100 sliee|). The horses had iiieicascd very 
 rapidly :iiid sul)se(|ueii(ly deereascd as al)rui>(ly so I'ar 
 as we iiijiy ti'ust the lueaj^re statistics. Sheep had 
 decreased iVoni 700 in 1794, in spite of special ellorti* 
 made in 1700 tw foster this branch of indiistrv. Thesu 
 last iiL;ures include, I su[)pose, the live-stock l;e[)t on 
 the hall'-do/cn pnvatcranchos in the ^[oiiterey region. 
 These ranchos, liki? those; already referred to in the 
 south, \ver(! [)rovisionally granted to sitllers and ])en- 
 sioiiers; l)iit unlike the I'ornier none of them seem to 
 have heen rendered permanent by suUsefjUent re- 
 grants.'* 
 
 In the early part of the dc^'ade industrial opera- 
 tions were confined Ibr the most [»art to tin; labors of 
 (;ar])enters, bricklayers, and masons on the ])residio 
 buildings; but later, a tailor, saddler, and one or more 
 
 "Til ITf^S tlin clmiifrc Wiis still more niaikeil, ulu'ii tlic tc -.wc said to luivo 
 been 7,4!)! Iior, c:! and 1,200 cal tic. This result wus iiltiilnit d ti) ili(iti"lits, 
 tlicfta, ixji'ii't (.f IVr.iali.s to IJaja Califoriiiii, lava.ijeM (if liwif.H rud wolves, loim- 
 (latidii ( f tlio l.i"iu!i at San l'"i;uiei.se(), and the lack ( f ii niarl.et I'di- liuiscs. 
 Sergt. Miiearii) C:;. tro had charge df Hk; raiieho as luaj )i(Lniiii, with six Bol- 
 tlicra. Cov. to vici roj-, l)e(,'. .'I, I7US. I'rur. AVc, MS., vi. Ii,4, l^I). Aecounta 
 of the rnnclio in I'rar. Sf. I'liji., Jim. MiL, MS., xiii. 1, -I; xviii. I, "J, 7; 
 xxiii. ;>; xxv. 12, .'!; xxviii. 4. 'J'wo hiiiiilred fat cattle t;) lie ki'.hd aumially; 
 lio tallow to come from San lilas; >Sta l!,irl)ar;i ti> i)j .supjiliud — 171'-. I'ruv. 
 7iVc., MS., ii. ]."(j. Cattle very iiunierous in 1704. Prir. SI. /'ap., MS., xii. 
 lcSi)-!)l. i;ea:';s vei-y numerous and trt>nljlesonie in 171)-', d in;,' (axat harm 
 both to live-: toek i:nd to;,'ardens. I'lVi'. Ji'cc, MS., ii. 1.'.',). Siieep-rai.sing foa- 
 tered, 170(.>. /</., vi. 70; iv. (W. 
 
 "The ninelioa were six in number iu January 170."; r.ucnavista, 5 
 leagues from Mciilerey, held by .r(jse Soliernnes and Joa'ir.in ('uilro; Salina, 
 4 league:;, by Aiili i;io Aeeves iind Antonio liomero; j;;ii;iil:i, a llucrla Vicja, 
 ^ league, by Ani niiu ^Montanu; Canada de lluerta Vu ja. .,' lea"ue, by An- 
 tonio Uudna; M;;i;i de la I'lilvora, a musket-shot, by liii'ienio bo.sali.i; and 
 (.'huiiadero, 1 mile, by IVrnardo Ibreilia and Juan radiila. 'I'iieie weie on 
 these ranchos i;7V cattle, 11:2 horses, 110 slieej), and 1) nudes. .MimU nij, 
 I'iniflioH f.,/.-f<i:/(:i fii J70.'>, MS. J5ut this very year, aieonjih;; to i'lil'ija, 
 Ji'csjiiiCHtd, ^L'v, I'J, one of these ranchos, tluitof Aceve:< and l;onu'ro, was dc- 
 Btroyed by Indian^; and al.so another not in the list b^longin;' t ) <!. una and 
 Ah'gre. Lar.d.i wwe granted ]irovisii)nally to in\alids )ii:d .sittlei : on the 
 river (Salinas) near .Montei'ey liefon^ I7!i;{. /'/., xxi. ili'J; xii. l.'i'.); /',■•<. r. /.Vc., 
 MS., vi. 4(1-1. A 1 niall jiieee of land had been granted liy i:i%er;i in I77"> to 
 Manuel ISutron; but liutron was now an inhabitant of San .lusc, and tin re is 
 no evidr'nec of any lands whatever held by the soldiers, exoejit the six or 
 Bcvcu rauchus mentioned. 
 
684 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEREY DISTRICT. 
 
 weavers were kept at work. The looms turned out 
 only the coarsest varieties of blankets and woollen 
 stuffs; and so unsatisfactory were the results, duo 
 largely to the poor quality of the wool, that Sal in 
 1800 determined to stop the work, employing the 
 workmen in sweeping the plaza and serving the offi- 
 cers.^" 
 
 The subject of prcsidial finances and supplies at 
 Monterey as capital of the province is naturally more 
 important and also more complicated than at the 
 other jurisdictions; but unfortunately the preserved 
 records, though bulky, are far less complete and satis- 
 factory here than elsewhere. The pay-rolls and ordi- 
 nary expenses of the Monterey company were about 
 $15,000 per year; a sum which was increased by the 
 salaries of provincial officers and other government 
 expenses to a total varying from .$19,000 to $25,000; 
 and the annual supplies from Mexico and San Bias, 
 thoutih varving considerablv, do not seem to have 
 fallen sluu't of the total appropriation for exptmses, 
 although supplies to the average amount of $5,000 
 were obtained from the missions, and others from San 
 Jose. In fact these supplies ■were purchased with 
 articles sent from IMexico or with drafts on j\Iexico, 
 so that in either case the amounts were included in 
 the mcniorias. Tithes and postage in this district 
 
 "Aug. 1701, four inccliank's canio. Tailors cliil 8l'2.j of work for pri- 
 vate parties. .SV. i''ip., Sac, ]MS., v. 0.'); xiii. .*?. 17'.>-, stouc-cuttcrs and 
 masons, Santiii'^o ]!uiz, Salvador liivcra, and I'odro Alc;uitara. IiL, ii. !), 10. 
 Six nK'cIiMni(':4 arrived in July. Prop. St. Pep., MS., xxi. 7.>— t. \7'X], tlio 
 armorer i'ldro ( ionzalez (Jarcia ordered to remain at Monterey. LI., xiii. ."iCi-S. 
 17!'i, one l)!ii'Ulayer and a carpenter, also three masons to work <jn ■ hnreli. 
 Jil., xii. ID'J-;!; xxi. I'JS-!). 17!)((, a tailor and ii lit/oiicro to vunxiun. Proi\ 
 J,'fr., MS., V. 7S. Aleantara left tlii.s year. Prur. .S7. J^(i/)., MS., xxi. '2'Mt. 
 Salvador li.jnr eu'raged as carpenter in April. /'/., xxi. 'JliS. Antonio ller- 
 iiandez, a saddler, in August. /(/., xxi. 44. April "JS, 1797, weavers r.U'iidoza 
 Jind J']ni'ii[iHV, inu.st bo Kent to IMonterey; 'JOO armljcts of wool to bo bought in 
 the south. J'ror. /.Vr., MS., iv. 89. July 20, 1797, a ninnnfactory of bliudiets 
 renders iui|;ortatioii uniieccs.sary. Sal to lioriea, in Prvv. SI. Pup., MS., xvi. 
 2;W. In 1797 the tailoring account was as follows: work done, ■'?.")7.'!; expense 
 of supporiiii',' .six apprentices, )?29."); paid to the tailor i of proceeds, h'-'A; net 
 proceeds, §ji4. Pron. St. I'lip., Jl,>i. Alii, MS., xxv. ,"), (i. I'roceeda in ISOO, 
 §?•_':.'.">. /'/., xxviii. H. The weaver and saddler earned in l.SO:), down to the 
 time of d'seharge, .Sl.-'H)."). /</., xxviii, (J. Weaving suspuadcd by Sal. J'fuv, 
 at. Pup., MS., xviii. IS, 10. 
 
 y^ 
 
 $2 
 
 $7 
 
 fei 
 
 Ii 
 
 fro 
 
 haJ 
 
 to 
 
:u 
 
 /.a 
 ill 
 
 MIXOR HAPPEXTNGS. 
 
 685 
 
 yielded to the royal treasury about .$400 eacli per 
 year, while the toljacco revenue was from .$1,000 to 
 .$2,000, and the sale of papal iudulj^ences yielded from 
 $75 to $125. The annual inventory showed the eon- 
 tents of the warehouses to be usually about $40,000.^" 
 In addition to tlie forei^oinij statistics jNIonterey ainials 
 from 1791 to 1800 present nothing of interest whieli 
 has not been recortled in preceding- chapters devoted 
 to gubernatorial changes, jirecautions against foreign- 
 ers, and the movements of vessels. The oidy foreign 
 craft that touched at IVIonterey during the decade were 
 those of Vancouver in 1702-4; the English Proc'tdcnce 
 under Broughton in 179G; the vVmerican Oltei' under 
 Dorr in the same year; and an unknown vessel that 
 anchored in the bay in 1800. The only j.ndian 
 troubles in this district that require notice were thoso 
 at San Juan and have already been described.''' 
 
 The mission of the Monterey jurisdiction, besides 
 the new establishments, San ]\tlguel, Soledad, and San 
 Juan Bautista, wore San Carlos, San Antonio, and 
 San Luis 01)ispo. At San Carlos Father Arenaza 
 served as minister until 1797, when he left the coun- 
 try.^"^ Sehan was permitted to retire in 1795 to the 
 
 ''ilontcrcy prcsiiliiil accounts in Prov. St. Pop., Uen. J[iL, MS., xiii. '2, 
 20; xiv. 4,8; x\i '>; xvii. 8,0; xviii. 1,5-7,8-11; xix. 7-'.); xxiii. 7-!>, H; 
 xxiv. 17; XXV. ,'!-,"), 8-0, 11-1.']; xxvi. 5-7; xxvii. 1, 5, (J; xxviii. 0, 8, 0, 'JO; 
 xxxiii. i:5, 14; .V,'. /''ip.. Sue., MS., i. 1-4; ii. 'M, 04; v. 71; vi. IIS-'JO; vii. 
 .'JO, 81-Sr ix. 48; Prov. S/.Pup., /{<ii., MS., i. KJ; ii. 17, IS; Pror. S/. Pap., 
 MS., xvii 8, 11, .'JG-HS, OS; xxi. ]'20; and Pcnz Fcrtiundiz, Cwnta (niicj-al 
 ill' la lliihilit<ti'ioi(<lr Miuitorii, 1700, yi^., which i.s ii very conijilctc rcpurt 
 rcndcn-'l on turning over tlic company accounts to Sal. In 170:! tlio /.(dv- 
 ci'uor piiinli'd out ail ci'ior in tlio treasury accounts of about 6''>>','X)(). 'I'lio 
 totals of tlio hiil)ilitaili)".s accounts varied from S()0,000 to $S,"), (>:).). Tlie lial- 
 ancc dui^ tlic treasury or the comiiany was usually only a few hundred dnUars. 
 Tlio coir|iaiiy iipplittl to its use the jiroceeds (jf tithes, powta'^'e, and toiiaeco, 
 uud ])ai<i tlio amounts hy drafts in Mexico, which were charged on tiie next 
 ini'inoriii. Tlie Iialiilita<l )'s commission in 17'.'d was !?2,7M). Uebt of com- 
 ]>iiny ill 170(i, !;'0,7'iH. In I7II'.( a rohlniy of .ss(i;)froui tlu'warelio.isc is noted. 
 Tlie./i'("/o'/'' rficiir'inii iwmmwU'A in 1700 to .S,'l.()l«7 alter §r)S7 had licen paid 
 out. This fund was due to lilt men, or not (piite iislOO to each. 
 
 " Se(\ chaiiter xxvi., this volume. 
 
 'Taseual M.ntine/, d(> Areuaza ejiuie to !M'xico from his native ljasf|uo 
 province of Alava in \~S't. He vohmtcred and was assigned tu < 'aliforuia in 
 178(1, with a good leputatiou from the guardiiiu, tlmugh his expeiitnee wa.s 
 hmitecl mid his eliaraeter somewhat viro. Anli. Slit Ihii-lnirit, .MS., xii. 
 20-7. iVJtcr a term as supernumerary hu served as minister at Sau Cdrlua 
 
 i:iiiD 
 
CSG 
 
 LOCAL EVEXTS-MOXTEREY DISTRICT. 
 
 college, tliougli lie subsoquciitly came baelc to Cali- 
 fornia. Areiiaza was followed in the ministry by 
 Francisco Pujol who completed the decade; Senan by 
 Antonio Jaime in 1795-G, j^tariano Payera;s in 179G-8, 
 and Jose Viiials from 1798, Carnicei serving also for 
 a short [)eriod in 1798-9. Throughout the decade, 
 moreover, President Lasuen made San Carlos his 
 home when not absent on one of his frequent tours 
 through the province. Although the baptisms, 790 in 
 immber, exceeded the deaths by 220, yet the neo- 
 l)hyte population increased during this decade only 
 
 from 
 
 /J.) 
 
 to 758. San Carlos had reached its hiirhest 
 
 figure, 927, in 1794, and was now on the letrograde. 
 Meanwhile horses and cattle had increased from 1,378 
 to 2,180, and smaller live-stock from 1,203 to 4,1G0. 
 The crop in 1800 was about 0,000 bushels; the largest 
 in 1797, 7,-100 bushels; the smallest in 1795, 1,100 
 bushels;^^ average 3,700 bushels. 
 
 Vancouver was at San Carlos on Sunday', Decem- 
 ber 2, 1792, and while he gives no detailed descri[)- 
 tion of the establishment, contenting himself with 
 the remark that the buildings, though smaller, were 
 similar in architecture and material to those of San 
 Francisco and Santa Clara previously visited, he pre- 
 sents a diawing which shows four buildings irreLjularlv 
 arranged and partially enclosinf>' a s(iuare. The 
 
 ig a square. 
 
 The old 
 
 from 17SS to 1707. On tlic expiration of his 10 years of service he was 
 grantcil periiii^iSiiiiii to retire on July 8, 17'.'7. Tlie hist ti'aee of his pre:5enee in 
 Ciilifci'iiia i:i on Oct. ',)d of thv same year when he olliciated at Solcdail, Stili- 
 dail, L'h. (Ic Miiioii, MS., '2i>. After his arrival in Mexico ho died of phthisis 
 before May 14, Hi)'.), as we learn from a letter of the guardian in Arc/i. iSVit 
 liufJmr.i. ;MS., xi. 'JSl-'J. 
 
 '"I'larlcy was ii^iuaUy ]iroduccd in as large quantities as wheat, and maize 
 was not far hchinih In 1705 botli were a total failure. Thi.s year suppUes 
 had to he ()l)tained from Santa Clara. Arcli. tSta ISarbimt, ilS., ii, "JJiJ-oO. 
 17'.IG wa; not nuieh l)etter than 17'Jo, and in \~\)- the crops liad lieen very 
 light. nn<l lu avy rains after the harvest not only injured niuih grain in the 
 waieiiouiHS, I)iit prevented the hauling of supplies from abroad. St. Pap., 
 Snr., MS., vii. 08. April 'J, I'iHi, governor says the troops are snli'eriug 
 want in eonseipii nee of drouglits for tliree successive years. J^mv. St. Pup., 
 MS., x:.!. 'J;!.'). Aug. 12, 17!'7, he rejoices at a surplus of l,7v!!)fau(gaj of bar- 
 ley and L'wO of pea;je at San CVirlos. Pror. Jt'cc. , MS. , vi. 1!J4. There was a gen- 
 eral diought in IfiiM), bid S; n (jirlos had good eroi)s. Id., ix. 7; St. P<i]>., Sue, 
 MS., vii. (it). Sn; plies fnnudu'd to tjie presidio in 17'J''>-(i, $l,7li8 and 1;U,;W4. 
 iVt-r. m. Pop., 2iiS., xvi. 2U3, -IW. 
 
SAN CARLOS MISSION. 
 
 687 
 
 I'O 
 
 ill 
 
 church, partly thatched and partly tiled, stands on 
 the left of the pictia-o, and probably on the west side 
 of the square. Three bells hang on a frame raised 
 on a stone foundation; a lolly cross, bearing a close 
 resemblance to a modern telegraph -pole, rears its 
 head near the centre of the })laza, and just beyond, 
 almost in contact with, and a])par('ntly north-east- 
 ward from, the old church, are tlie rising stone walls 
 of a new one. Bevorid, on an eminence, mav l)e seen 
 a corral for cattle, while at the right are tiie conical 
 huts of the neophytes. The new church was being 
 built of a soft, straw-colored stone, which was said to 
 harden on exposure to the air. The lime used was 
 made from s<!a-shells. This church, the rnins of 
 v.-]iicli are still to be seen on the banks of tho Car- 
 melo, was completed and dedicated in September 
 1797.^^ Notliing occurred to vary the monotonous 
 r(.)utine of mission life at San Carlos, unless a rather 
 curious illustration of the method in which justice 
 was administered be worth a place in the record, 
 Estanislao, a neophyte, did not live happily with his 
 
 '"There is noinc co;ifii.siou anioiv-; the diflcrciit .iiithoiiiie:! rcsjiectiiig this 
 churcli. Vancouver, I'oi/wjr, ii. 10, o4-(J, gives the views iiihuled t(j, aiul 
 saj's distinctly that the natives \\ ere at work on the new ehurcli at tiie time 
 of his visit in 17'J-, tlie only \i.sit mentioned in his work. ]!iit Fresident 
 Lasucn, in two letters of .June 7 and Dee. 10, 1704, Arch. Slii lidrhara, ,MS., 
 vi. "JID-'JO; Ai-ih. Arzobispudo, MS., i. .'fS, says that the lirst .stone was l.iid 
 on July 7, 17!tl}, or a year af ter N'aneouver's vi;;it. lie says that the nia.son 
 Ruiz c;unc to Sau (,';alos in l)eeend)er 179-, hut tliat no uKifenul-i vrrc rculi/, 
 and he had to wait luitil the rainy season was jiast. It is inipossihie to 
 reconcile these two statenients; the dihieulty may, howevc'i', he partially 
 removed hy supposing that N'riucouvrr's picture uas made at his th.ird visit, 
 in nS'-i. Ta)doi\ JJisror. ami J'oti inters, ii., Xo. "JS, 1(J7, tells us that the new 
 church was ik'clicatcd L'cl). 'J, 17'j;i; while David Spence, /</., ii., Xo. '21, '.i, 
 says it was linished in MSiy, tliat it .stood north an<l scuit i, iorining tho 
 west side of tin; square, and coming up nearly to the west end of the ju'csent 
 church; that the foundations were stiU visihlc in is.ll; an I that Serra's 
 remains were removed on tho day of dedication, being hui'.'jd at the foot 
 of tho altai', 17!'!, masonry church half linishcd; 1707, ' n uj' ailelantada.' 
 St. Pap., J/;.sv., MS., ii. .1. -Ja, 100. 17'.)7, linishcd, with t;ie roof. ]<t., 120. 
 Consecrated in Seiitcmber 1797. Lasucn, in Arch, ."^''i lidrliara, MS. , xii. 
 G(i. In 1708 the Indians still lived in mi.-erahle j:-.ass huts. Sal'.s Leport, in 
 I'ruv. St. I'ap.. .MS., xvii. U.'). no^)-!, several ] ulians wcrk as cari)cntcra, 
 bricklayers, and stone-cutters luuler the inst' uction of tho king's artisans. 
 Arch. Sla lidrhara, MS., .xii. ,"0. 1701, o'.o master of each of the trades 
 mentioned assigned to San Carlos. Pror. St. J'ap., MS., xii. 102-1]. 1799, 
 hemp used to some extent for clothing for ueopliytcs. Prov. Ike, MS., vl, 
 117. 
 
 ■liii i!i 
 
 4 
 
 I If 
 
 !l 
 
 'ii 
 
688 LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEREY DISTRICT. 
 
 wife, and finally left her in the woods, after having 
 administered some severe blows. So he confessed to 
 his mistress, and so he testified before Sergeauo \'ar- 
 gas, who was sent to investigate after the dead body 
 of the woman had been found. But Estanislao's tes- 
 timony was somewhat conflicting as to the force and 
 manner of his blows, and he was acquitted on the 
 theory that his spouse might have been killed by a 
 bear.'^^ 
 
 At San Antonio de Padua de los Robles the gain 
 in neophyte population was from 1,07G to 1,118, with 
 7G7 baptisms and G5G deaths, this mission thus reced- 
 ing from the first to the fourth place, behind Santa 
 Clara, San Diego, and San Gabriel. Cattle and 
 horses had decreased from 2,232 to 2,217, having 
 been as low as 1,175 in 1795. Small stock had in- 
 creased only from 1,984 to 2,075; but 240 goats had 
 disapi)eared altogether. Crops were 1,700 bushels in 
 1800, 4,200 bushels in 1799 and 420 bushels in 1795 
 being the extremes, and the average 2,200 bushels.-^ 
 In 1787 the San Antonio church was mentioned as 
 one of the best in California; in 1793 a block eighty 
 varas long and one vara thick was built for friars' 
 houses, church, and storehouse; and in 1797 the church 
 is mentioned as of adobes with tile roof. The huts 
 of the neophytes were of a more substantial character 
 than at San Carlos."^ The two venerable founders 
 Pieras and Sitjar served together until 1794, when 
 
 ''^ Arch. Arzohii^pudo, ^IS., i. 20-7. Estanislao was freed by an order of 
 Arrillaga dated Loreto, Sept. 13, 1702. 
 
 -- NVheat ^\as tlio leading crop, barley and corn varying greatly, but the 
 latter gonenilly in excess. 1794-0 Averc very hard years. In 1795-0 tlie 
 Indians killed a good deal of stock, and Lasuen favored severe measures, to 
 dispel the Indians' prevalent idea that Spanish forbearance proceeded from 
 weakness. Arch. S(a Ihirbnra, MS., xii. 04-5. Supplies to the presidio in 
 1795-0, §1,490 and §48;$. J'ror. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 203, 200. Hard times 
 in respect of church vestments in 1795-1800. Arch, Sta Barbara, MS., xii. 
 »J2, 04. 
 
 ■'^ Fa<if'<, I)}formv Gin., MS., 140; St Pap., Mhs., MS., i. 121; ii. 120-1; 
 Sal's Report in Pror. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 05. The exact meaning of the re- 
 port of 1793 is not clear. In 1794 an adobe room 14 x 9 varas, and a tile- 
 roofed pozokra, or porridge -room, were completed. 
 
SAX LUIS OBISPO. 
 
 CS9 
 
 the former, worn out with his long labors, retired to 
 his coUc'gL',-* and was succeeded by Jose de la Cruz 
 Espi in 179:3-4, Jose Manuel Martiarena in 171)4-5, 
 and !Marc(lino Cipres from 1705. Sitjar was absent 
 at San ^liguel from July 1797 to August 1798, and 
 his place was filled by Benito Catalan, who served 
 here from 179G to 1799." 
 
 ■ of 
 
 re- 
 lic- 
 
 At San Luis Obispo Miguel Giribet contimied as 
 senior missionary until 1799, when he left California 
 for his college;-'"' and President Lasuen seems to have 
 acted as senior minister after Giribet's departure until 
 August lyOO, when Jose Miguel came. The [)osilion 
 of associate was held successfully by Estevau Tapis 
 in 1790-3, Gregorio Fernandez in 1794-G, Antonio 
 Peyri in 179G-8, and Luis Antonio Martinez, who 
 began his long ministry in 1798. Bartolonie Gili 
 spent scnne time hero before his departure in 1794.-^ 
 
 '* ^li.Kucl Pierns was a native of the island of Mallorca; was ap])(jinte(l to 
 the Caliloiuia iiiissious in Au;,'ust 1770; kt't the collogo in Octnlwr; .saikil 
 from San VAaa in January 1771; arrisxil at San lJie;,'o Manli 1-tli, anc] at 
 Monterey May "J 1st. His only service as regular minister was at San Anto- 
 nio where lu :<erved from the foundatidu July 14, 177-, to April nr May I7!l-t. 
 His last siu'.aturo in the mission-hooks was Ajiril •_*7th. IJis lieense from 
 the vicei(.y was dated Jan. lUth, and that of tlie governor (m May :ilst. I 
 liavo found nntliing in the reconls Ijearing upon liis character. l'"orliis hand- 
 writing and autograph sce.SV(« Aiilniiio, J)o<-. Siiflfn.<, MS., IS, •_'•_'. 
 
 -■' Notliiiig is known of Padre Denito t'atalan beyond the tact that ho 
 served at San Antonio, was one of the nnfortunati^ padres alllicted with in- 
 sanity, Ldsiicn. in Arrli. Anohl^jiwh), M.S., i. jfi, ancl sailed from San Diego 
 ou the Cona./iriiiii in January 1S()(). 
 
 '■"' Miguel < liril)et came to California in 178.") where lie served two years at 
 San Francisco and PJ at San Luis Oljispo. It is noticeable that President 
 Lasuen in a letter of Aug. l.'J, 171.I9, to llorica, credits (iiiibet witli only P2 
 years of .■service in (,'alifornia. He was zealous and successful, but as was so 
 frequently the case his health was uneiiual to Ins task, ills last sign.ilure on 
 the San Luis Imoks was on Oct. '2, 179'.*. llis license from tlio giivcrnor was 
 dated Anv'. -■-'d, and lie sailed from San l^iciro on Jan. PI. ISOO. lie died in 
 lS04atthe eullege. An/i. Sin Jlurlifira, MS., xi. Ol I- 1 , -js:!, •J!)4; Arrh. Ar.o- 
 biKp'nlo, MS., i. ,)ti; ,S. J'ruiii:if<f(), Lih. (/(' Elision, MS.; S. I.ui-' (Jl)i<jiu, Lih. 
 (Ic M'isidii, MS. 
 
 *' liarti'lonie (Ijli came to Califcjrnia in 1791, and served irregularly, as 
 supermimi I'ary for tlio mrjst pait, at San Antonio, Sulcdad, ami San Luis, 
 from 1791 to 1794. lie wascmeof the few l)lack sheep in tlie missiduaiy fohl. 
 He askeil ](a\e to retire in I79."{ im a ]'lea nf ill-healtli, but his rei|iicstwas 
 denieil until a fidl re[i(prt could be reuih^rid resjiecting tlie peculiar n.-itiire of 
 his illness and his imnioial exces,<es for a I'criod of li\e years. 'J'he full nsults 
 of tile investigatinii are not known; but Ciili sailed as chaplain of the Cuu- 
 opcimi in August 1794. 
 
 Ilisr. ('Ai.., \oL. I. U 
 
 :i '1 
 
 'IIHlll 
 
600 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEnEY DISTRICT. 
 
 San Luis with G,'5 baptisms and 523 deaths liad 
 gained in neophyte pojjulation from 005 in 1790 to 
 720 in 1800; but this mission had reached its highest 
 figure of population in 1794 with 94G souls. Cattle 
 and horses had increased to G,500 head; sheep to 
 0,150; and 2,700 bushels of grain were raised in 1800, 
 4,100 bushels in 1798 being the largest yield, 1,800 in 
 1791 the smallest, and 3,200 bushels the average. No 
 barley was raised at this mission.'^^ A water-power 
 mill was finished early in 1798; a miller, smith, and 
 car|)enter of the king's artisan instructors were sent 
 liere in 1794; and a small quantity of cotton from 
 8an Bias was woven on the mission looms. ^'^ The 
 church, of adobes with tile roof, was built before 
 1793, in which year a [)ortico was a'^dcd to the front. 
 In 1794 the ministers' house, work-room, barrack, 
 and guard-house were completed. The native huts 
 licre were well built and afforded sufficient })rotection 
 against everything but fire.^" 
 
 In 1794 a slight ripple of excitement was caused 
 l)y what seems to have been an attempt to incite an 
 Indian revolt at San Luis. Foiu' or five gentile chiefs 
 were the guilty parties, and they sent agents with 
 presents to enlist the neophytes of Purisima. Indeed 
 this sending of agents was ap[)arcntly the only overt 
 act con.nnitted; but the neo])hytes refused to attack 
 their Christian friends for any such paltry presents as 
 were offered, and the matter ended with the condem- 
 nation of five ringleaders to hard work at the presi- 
 dios."^ Subsequently in the beginning of 1797 the 
 natives were in an excited condition over the nuuxler 
 of a nooplu'te by two gentiles, but the presence of 
 Captain Ortega served to restore quiet. 
 
 '''Supplies to Monterey presidio in ITO.j-G, $2..')04 .and 81,1.'M. Prw. St. 
 Pap., MS., xvi. I'O.'i, '20(1; "/Vo?-. j\'ie., MS,, iv, '22± The ;,;()verni>i' i,nalito<l ;i 
 jiieccot land at Sautii Margarita to the invalid corporal Cayiiehi.s in the nanio 
 ot' his neiijihvte wife, lint J.Msiicn olijected. Arch. S'lt Jliirlmrn. MS., xi. ;}I)S. 
 
 -Wi,r, /.'(■(■., .MS., iv. 177; vi. (iS; J'ror. St. J'a,,., MS.. .\ii. V,)2--[i; St. 
 Pup., MiM., MS., ii. (I, lOS; Anfi. Ar.o'>;.^/,uilo, MS., i. .SO- '2. 
 
 ■'" .sv. Pdj,., ;l//.ss'., MS., i. 1 1!); ii. -il, l-JO; Prut: St. Paji., MS., xvii. 05. 
 
 "'/'/•<„•. St. Pcip., :MS., xii. 100-;}, l'J4. 
 
CENTRAL DISTRICT. 
 
 O'Jl 
 
 •liicfs 
 
 witli 
 
 iidocd 
 
 )vcrt 
 
 attack 
 
 its as 
 
 idoin- 
 
 ]trcsi- 
 
 tho 
 
 ui'dcr 
 
 I CO of 
 
 'roi: St. 
 
 TMlltod il 
 111' llillllO 
 
 \i. ;}!»s. 
 
 •_'-;); .St. 
 ii, 05. 
 
 Pta.Cilii :s^: 
 l!.'>ii;n 
 
 P.ta.S, 
 
 Mili'll.;!! 
 
 Ptit.S.LIlih 
 
 M.vr oi- Mo.NTiiiiEV. 
 
CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS AND PROGRESS— SAN FRANCISCO 
 JURISDICTION. 
 
 1791-1800. 
 
 San Franxtsco Officials — Military Forck— Population — Finance — Pre- 
 sidio Buildings — Plan — Castillo de San Joaqdin at Fort Point — 
 Cukdoba's Report — Ravages of Elements — Repairs — Battery op 
 YekbaBuena at Black Point — Vancouver's Visits— Caitain Brown — 
 Mines Discovered — Alberni's Company — Wreck ok the 'San Car- 
 los ' — Tue ' Eliza ' — Rancho del Rey— Mission versus Presidio — 
 Indian Affairs — Runaway Neophytes— Amador's Campaigns — 
 Padre's Cruelty — San Francisco Mission — Fathers Cambon, Espi, 
 DANTf, GarcIa, and Fernandez — Buildings, Statistics, Industries — 
 Pueblo of San Jose — Inhabitants and Officials— Statistics — Hemp 
 Culture — Local Events— Proposkd Removal — Boundary Dispute — 
 Santa Clara — PeSa and Noboa — PoruLiVTioN, Agriculture, Build- 
 ings, AND Manufactures, 
 
 The official list of San Francisco for this decade is 
 confused, though the minor complications arc hardly 
 Avorth recording. Josd Argllello was the lieutenant, 
 brevetted captain in 1798, of the company, and properly 
 its commander throughout the period; but he was 
 absent in Monterey from 1791 to 179G, during whicli 
 absence Alferez Hermenegildo Sal of the Monterey 
 company was acting comandante until the middle of 
 1794, and Alferez Jose Perez Fernandez from that 
 time till the spring of 1796. The same persons acted 
 as habilitados, except that Raimundo Carrillo served 
 in 179(3-7.^ It must be noted, however, that Lieu- 
 
 ' These brief statements are made from a careful study of the 05 distinct 
 references to different archives which are bef re nie, but which it Avould servo 
 no good purpose to print. About the date ot Argiicllo's return there is some 
 confusion. May '2, ITOo, viceroy's order t! at Arguello rejoin his company. 
 I'rov. jS7. Pup., Ms., xiii. 85, 91. Ordered by governor in January 1790 to 
 
 (C02) 
 
PEESIDIAL COMPANY. 
 
 G93 
 
 tcnant-coloncl Pedro dc Albcnii, captain of the Cata- 
 lan volunteers, by reason of his superior rank in the 
 army, was commandant of the military post from 
 April 179G. The alfercz of the prcsidial com[)any 
 Avas Ramon Lasso de la Vega until the end of 1791, 
 Josd Perez Fernandez from 1792 until 1797, and 
 Manuel Rodriguez from 1797 to 1800, although lie 
 never served at San Francisco, and the place was 
 practically vacant. The position of sergeant was held 
 throughout the decade by Pedro Amador. 
 
 The company was com[)Osed of thirty-one privates, 
 besides the sergeant and four corporals. After the 
 middle of 179G the military force was augmented by 
 detachments of twenty -five Catalan volunteers and 
 seven or eight artillerymen. There were also from 
 three to eight pensioners, making 79 men in all, who 
 with their familins constituted a population, not includ- 
 ing San Jose and Branciforte, of 225 within the juris- 
 diction. With the two pueblos the population was 
 4G0, and the christianized natives numbered 2,G70. 
 Not less than twenty of the soldiers were usually 
 scattered in the mission and pueblo guards, so that 
 before the infantry reenforcement came the presicHo 
 had but a very small force, and when parties had to 
 be sent with despatches, or against the natives, or for 
 
 turn over command at Monterey and go to San Francisco. iS'^ Pap., Sti'\, 
 MS., vii. 38-9; J'rov. Jiec, MS., iv. ITS. Took coniniiuul in April. /'/., v. 
 85. ]5ut tlierc are indications that Argiiello went again to Monterey to eoni- 
 jnand for a short time in the spring of 1797. He returned to San b'ranoisco 
 April 18th. Prov. St. Pap., MS., -xvi. .57, -1"2. Sal g.avc up the comni.md to 
 Perez on June 30, 1794. Id., xvi. 84; Prm\ n,r.., MS., ii. 149. Perez retained 
 tlie command until November 179<"), when Sal .seem.s to have resumed it for a 
 few months until Argiiello's arrival. Id., iv. 237; v. 7-"). But Sal did not 
 resume the hafiilitarion, which Perez gave up to Carrillo in April 179(», accord- 
 ing to orders dated Nov. 8, and Dec. 11, 179."), transferring him to Monterey. 
 /'7., iv. 237; v. 74. Carrillo gave up the liabilitacion to Argiiello on Sept. I, 
 1797. /'/., vi. 7. Carrillo's accounts at the end of August showed a di;licit of 
 ?1,823. Figures given Pror. St. Pap., Presid., MS., i. 81-2, 84-7. Also stated 
 to have been 81,42.'), and .i?l,94G. Prov. Her., MS., v. 20,'), 2(17; Prov. Si. P<rp., 
 MS., xvi. 80-1. This amount was charged to the com[iany, until it could ho 
 repaid from half of Carrillo's pay as allVrez. It was a great hardship to tlie 
 soldiers and their families; and Argiiello thought it particularly unjust tliat 
 the presidal company should have to bear the whole Ijurden while the volun- 
 teers and artillerymen were exempt, and also while Lasso de la Vega was re- 
 ceiving half -pay and was not requii-ed to pay up his old indebtedness. Id,, 
 xvi. 40-1. 
 
C94 
 
 LOCAL F.VEXTS— SAX FRANCISCO DISTfJlCT. 
 
 siipplirs, tlio post wjis left almost doscrtod." From 
 the tVagmoiitaiy company accounts that liavo l)ccn 
 preserved wc learn that the annual a[>propriati()n for 
 ])ny-roll and contingent fund of San Francisco was 
 a little less tlian $10,000; supplies from ^Mexico 
 amounted on an average to about $7,000; and sup- 
 plies from the missions about $3,000. At tlie end of 
 each year an inventory showed from $11,000 to $1G,- 
 000 worth of goods in the presidial warehouse,'' 
 
 The subject of presidio buildings received a large 
 share of attention and correspondence between 171)1 
 
 '^ March 4, 170'3. Xov. 1, 1704, complaints of coniniamliint. Prov. St. Pap., 
 MS., xi. ol-'i, 5(i; xii. 42. Thirty Boldiers were left at .San Francisco in April 
 ITi'T.'H a temporary expedient, Jd., xxi. 2.")5-(*; Prov. Iter., MS., viii. 178; 
 and there were also workmen left at other times not included in the statistics 
 of popnl.-ition. Tlie (.{uard at Sau Francisco mission was four men. I'ror. St. 
 Pnj)., MS., xii. 2."), 77; xiii. '2'M. List of the cuera soldiers and tiieir fumilics 
 in I7!).>. Pror. ,St. J'aji., MS., xiii. •J.SO-7, '242-4. List of the artillerymen. 
 /'/., xiii. 75. List of volunteers. /(/., Bfii. Mil., xxiv. 1,2. List of pi'csidial 
 coniiKiny in 1708. /(/., xvi. 1(1, 17. Company rolls and statement, in Prov. 
 St. J'li})., Hen. Mil., M.S., xiii. xxviii. ; St. Pap., Sac, MS., i. v. 
 
 ^Company accounts in Prov. St. Pajt., Jlrii. .1/(7., MS., xiii.-xvili. passim; 
 St. Pap.,S<ii'., MS., i. 'yl; ii. 3(»; v. 00, 7.'?-4; vi. 120. Argiicllo's account a.s 
 iial)ilitado for 1800 is as follows: charges himself with ellects on hand iJec. 
 31, 1700, S14,74S; .supplies from Mexico and San IJlas, 1800, .S 10,870; balances 
 duo soldiers, .*!,"{, 200; funds of mniitepio, innilhlns, and rctciirimi, (amounts 
 held for the soldiers), .^004; proceeds of toi)acco, post-otlicc, aiul tithes, .'?1,403; 
 diht to presidio of Monterey, !?8S1; supplies received from missions, .'?.'{, 417; 
 draft on hahilitado general, .S(i80. Total, .S3.'),748. (Jredits himself with: 
 pay-roll of company and pensicmers, §0,o04; amount paid company on old 
 account, !?.'?, .")73; other sums paid, S-'iG.'); paid debt of 1700 to Monterey, 
 f<J,.jO;$; paid missions for supplies of 1790, •$."{,770; amount charged by habili- 
 tado general, .S3,0S1; eilcclson J)ec. 31, 1800, §12,885. Total, .S35,077. "jJalanco 
 in favor of ArgitcUo, .§220. The ^b»(/o ile rdoimoii (money held back from a 
 soldier's i)ay to be given him at discharge) amounted in the early years to 
 aliont .SI, 200, but later, when added to the j'undo dc uirulldu.i (percentage on 
 pay reserved with which to pay pensions), and the J'oiido de moiiti pio (per- 
 centage on ofhcers' pay for their widows), it amounted to only about 55700. 
 SI. Pap., Sac, MS., v. 00, 73-4; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 202-3. In 1705 
 the hiibilitado reports only .$3,400 to pay for the next ye.-ir's supplies. St. Pup. , 
 Sue. , M.S. , i. u2. Of .SI , 122 in coin sent uj) in 1700, .S200 was paid to soldiers, 
 .^"lOO to the mission, and .?4(X) to Argliello; so that the sergeant ajiplying for 
 money was told to wait. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. i. In 1708 the presidio 
 git §().404 in supplies from the missions. Id., JJeii. Mil., xvii. 12, 13. In 
 1707 tJie amount was .«!S,073. Id., xxv. 0, 10. In 1709 it was .$3,770. Id., 
 XX vi. 7, 8. In 1800 it was §3,417. Id., xxviii. 18, 10. Accounts of tithes arc 
 neither complete nor .altogether intelligible. For some years the proceeds are 
 {jiven as !?500 and in otlici's §80, some reports perhaps including the whole 
 jurii^diction and others not. Papal bulls j iidded in 1797 only §2. The net 
 pn )cceds of the post-ollice .averaged §83 per year for the decade. Revenues f roni 
 tobacco sales were from §500 to §1,500, averaging §1,1 00. Pror. St. Pap., MS., 
 i;xi. .'9.">; /(/., Ben. Mil., xiii. 7; xiv. 5; viii. 14; ix. 1; xvii. 12; xviii. 2, 3; 
 xxi. 1, xxv. 9; xxvi. 7; xxvii. 2; xxviii. 14, 15. 
 
TRKSIDIO BUILDINGS. 
 
 C9o 
 
 and 1800, with but inraj^n; results so far as the 
 l)r(jsitli() proper was coneenied. On ^lareli 4, 17l)-J, 
 Conumdaiitc Sal sent the jjfovenior a description 
 accompanied by a i)lan wjiieli I re[)r()duce.* Three 
 sides of the S(iuare of 120 yards were occupied by 
 adobe walls and houses, both of ad(jbes and of rou<,Hi 
 stones laid in mud; and the fourth side was i)i-otected 
 by a primitive palisade fence. All the structui'i s 
 were roofed with straw and tulcs, exi)oscd to fire and 
 at the mercy of the winds. All, exce])t the coiu- 
 
 Plan of San Francisco, IT!)-. 
 
 mandant's house lately coini)leted and two or three of 
 the soldiers' houses, were, throuufh the poor quality 
 of materials and want of knowledj^e and care on the 
 part of the builders, lial)lo to fall at any moment, the 
 church beini;:^ in a particularly precarious condition. 
 None of the structures were those originally built; 
 each year some of them had fallen and been restored 
 in the same faulty manner with the same perishable 
 
 *Sal, Informes sobre los Edijidos de San Francisco, 1702, MS. 1. Com- 
 mandant's house, 4 rooms and yard, .'J7 x (i varas, of adobes. 2. Serjeant's 
 house, of stopc, without mortar. ,3. Chapel 19 x 8 varas. 4. IJarracks, 
 guard-liousc, and calabooses, of adobe and stones. 5, G. Warehouses for food 
 and clothing, of stones and mud. The other structures are tiie soldiers' 
 dwellings. 
 
COG 
 
 LOCAT. EVENTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT. 
 
 matoriiil. Tiinljcr liad to bo broiiLdit thirtv miles, and 
 tulcs nine miles. The tjarrlsoii was so sniiill and its 
 duties so many that Sal deemed it im[)ossil)le to accom- 
 }»lish the necessary repairs. At the end of ihe year 
 the same condition ot affairs existed, and Sal urjjfed 
 the jn'overnment to send elucht or ton sailor-workmen 
 and a bricklayer; otherwise an appropriation of s;l,000 
 would be required to hire Indian laborers. Mean- 
 Mhile Vancouver visited and described the ])residio in 
 November, and he describes it as a "s((uai'(; area 
 whose sides were about two hundred yards in k>ngth 
 enclosed by a mud wall, and resend>ling a pound for 
 cattle. Above this wall the thatched roofs of their 
 low small houses just made their appearance." Ono 
 side was " very indifferently fenced in by a few bushes 
 hei'o and there, fastened to stakes in the or)und." 
 The wall was ** about fourteen feet high, and fiv(,' feet 
 in breadth, and was first formed 1)V uprights and hor- 
 izontal I'aftcrs of large timber, between whicji dried 
 sods and moistened earth, were pressed as close and 
 liard as possible, after which the whole was cased with 
 the earth made into a sort of mud plaster, which gave 
 it the appearance of durability." The church had 
 been whitewashed and was neat in comparison to the 
 rest. The floor in the commandant's house was the 
 native soil raised about three feet above the original 
 level. The windows ^verQ mere holes in the thick 
 walls, without glass^ 
 
 In 1793-4 conipkiints and calls for aid continued, 
 but attention vv•i^. given almost exclusively to new 
 fortifications on the shore to the neglect of the presidio 
 
 * Va)ico7irev'fi Voi/ctffp, ii. 7-0. There is a conimunication from Sal to 
 Arrillajja ilatccl Nov. '20th, stating that worlc on the huildiiiLC was finished, 
 tile roofrt on the cliurcli, wareliouscs, and nine now liousi.s fiu' soldiers; ]mt 
 this <loo3 not agree with tlie other recordf, and I am at a loss to know wliy 
 anch a lettiT was written. St. Pap., Sac, 'MS., \. 118. August '20. 170:t,tlie gov- 
 ernor informs the viceroy of the bad condition of the buildings, although 
 $<l,4()0 have been spent on repairs since the foundation. Prov. Sf. Pup., MS., 
 xxi. 1 I4-l."i. Dec. '29th, Sal to Borioa, the $1,*200 gratuity for the troops for 
 buililing the presidio not yet received; nor ai-e there any lists. Hints that 
 the otiier presidios get §4,000. /(/., xi. 54, 57. 
 
PROGRESS IX BUILDINGS. 
 
 007 
 
 square." Late in 1 704 Sal proposed removal to a better 
 site near Fort Point. IJoriea would not consent until 
 he had made a personal examination; hut in Juno 
 1795 ho reported in favor of the sclieiue and esti- 
 mated the cost of the new presidio at .^l 1,7 H5. The 
 viceroy disapproved so lar^e an outlay for huildinu^s 
 of doubtful utility, the matter was dropped, and the 
 rains and winds coutimied their ravaws,' the drirtinijf 
 sa!id contiibuting to the devastation by coverinjj^ tlio 
 ])owder-manazine, notwithstandinj^ tin; soldiers' efforts. 
 Quarters of some kind must have been built for the 
 volunteers and artillerymen,^ but I tind no evidenco 
 that there was any material ini|)rovement within the 
 presidio square from the date of Vancouv'cr's visit to 
 1800. 
 
 Still there was some buildinii^ done in the way of 
 fortifications. lu the general movement already 
 
 * Auj;. S, 1704, Porez Fernandez and others state that nothini,' has luen 
 <1ono, anil the soldici'sarc civcrlmrdenccl with work. The l)uildin,i;s should Iw 
 Sdlidly lOMsti'iiL'ti'il to avoid later rcjiairs, and lit! and the c(innii:iiidant will 
 L'uanintci' to foinjilctc tlio work ceonoinically and well if a few inochanii'scia 
 lu- furiHshcit. ,S7. I'dji., Snr., MS., v, lOS 10. Ari'illai.'a informs lioiica of tlio 
 needs of San I'ranci.seo in 17!>4. J'ii/.ef. (f<- Piiiih,.-<, MS., I'.CJ. .hm. :il, I7!U, 
 eonniiandant to L'ovei'nor; honsc of lM oliiccr in a had state; adohes and tiles 
 melting away; will try to save the tinihcis. I'ror. SI. Pop., MS., xii. (i(i. 
 I'eh. 1, 17!U, rain eanio near .spoiling the powder, hut hides and tiles wero 
 arranged to save it. /(/., xii. .")0. 
 
 ' Nov. 1, I7!U, eonnnandant to governor. Pro'-. St. Pap., MS., xii. .'55-0. 
 T)ec. 3, Jjoriia"s reply. Pror. lice, MS., v. 28, .54-"). Juno 27, 17n.">, J>. to 
 vicei'oy, old hiiildings ready to fall; total expenses since 1770, .'JS, KSS; i)resi- 
 dio, 2,8.n!» vara:! lidin fort; new one, 4S1 varas. /</., vi. 51. Dee. 4, 171I5, V. 
 ll. to 1)., advises that the new strnctnres he not undertaken, hut wants addi- 
 tional information. Pmv. SI. /'«/(., MS. , >;iii. .'{2-fi. .Ian. 22, I7!M), a heavy 
 Lrale did nineli daniajie to ehureh and one house. Pmr. SI. Pup., J!<ii. Mil., 
 MS., xxiii. 0, 7; I'lor. 7,Vc., MS., v. 81. June 10, 1>. ealls for a rej.ort from 
 Allierni. /'/-,,•. ,S7. l>,tp., Ilrn. Mil., MS., xnIv. 7. .Tmie :!(»tli. Alherni to 15., 
 lie di.saii]irov";4 the removal, heeause the S;in .hiaijiiin Lill has no water and 
 is less slielti red; hut the coming rains will hiing the old huildiiiL;s down, and 
 a new presidio blioiild lie hegiin. Curdoha agrees with Alorrni. St. Pup., Siii\, 
 MS., iv. ;5t)-7. July 20, 17!l7, Argiiello to 15. The old complaints. Nothing 
 done yet. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xv. 11, 12. Aug. 8, Id. to lil. Warehonsis 
 badly huilt and in great danger from lire. /(/., xvi. ;5!). Aug. Ifl, li. oideis 
 Argiiello to have warehouses of stone oradohe huilt. Prov. lice, MS., v. 207. 
 In January 18(X) a huricano tore oil' several roofs; SI .7!)!) wei'! sjient in re]\iii-3 
 during the year; and complaints contunied. Proc. SI. Pup., M.S., x\iii. 24-7; 
 xxi. 31. 
 
 * One liundrod and ninety-two dollars spent on quarters for volunteers. 
 Expenditure approved by viceroy Feb. 28, 1798. Prov. St. Pap., JIS., xviL 
 10, 11. 
 
608 
 
 LOCAL EVEXTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT. 
 
 noticed towards tlic strcnfjtlicninij of coast defences 
 San Francisco could not be neglected, since it was 
 recognized as the strongest and most important natu- 
 ral position in California. Vancouver as he entered 
 the bay was saluted by a brass three-pounder lashed 
 to a log at Fort Point, and he found another mounted 
 on a rotten carriage before the presidio. There had 
 been two guns here, but one had burst shortly before 
 in firing a salute on a saint's day. No wonder the 
 Englishman was surprised at the unprotected condi- 
 tion of so important a point. When he returned in 
 1793, eleven brass nine-pounders were lying on the 
 beacli, and a number of natives were erecting what 
 Kccmcd to be a platform or barbette battery at Fort 
 Point; but this was intended by the Spaniards to be 
 a much more formidable work, the Castillo de San 
 Joaquin, to command the entrance to San Francisco 
 Bay. The guns had been sent from San Bias in the 
 Aranzazu, and a gunner's mate, master-carpenter, and 
 one or two workmen had begun work on the fort in 
 August.'' Thirty neophytes were hired from the 
 mission, and as many more gentiles from San Jose. 
 Choppers were sent to the distant forests down the 
 peninsula; twenty-three yoke of oxen were employed 
 in hauling the timber; adobes, bricks, and tiles were 
 rn[)i(ll3' prepared, and the work was pushed forward 
 until interrupted by the rains. Soon after its resump- 
 tion in the spring of 1794 tliere came an order from 
 the viceroy that the works here and elsewhere were 
 to be constructed of fascines, to avoid heavy expenses; 
 1)ut so much progress had been made that it was 
 deemed best to complete the fortification as begun, 
 
 ' VaiiroHrer''.s Voj/arjc, ii. 9, .WO. Sept. .30, 1792, S.-il reports the bursting 
 of tlui f;un into 10 pieces, nobody hurt. »S7. Pii)t., Sm-., MS., vi. 74; i. 117. 
 AItlion<;h Vancouver says .a gun was fired, Sal reports to the governor th;it 
 the ( 'hitthitm i,'C)t no sahite for want of a cannon. liL, iii. 'l',\. Oct. .Slst, Sal to 
 Arrillaga. Only one cannon, and that burst sevend years ago. Cuiidra gavo 
 some powder and prondseil four or five guns. So it seems that tlie presidio 
 gun was not so efl'ectivo even as Vancouver supposed. /(/., i. 119. Aug. 'JO, 
 T79;?, Arrillajra to viceroy, announcing tliat \rork had lieen licgnn on a fort. 
 After eonipl ting it the men will go to Monterey, i'rav. St. I'd/)., MS., xxi. 
 113. Dec. Hi, 1793, statement of nuinitiona. Si. Pup., Sac, MS. v. 01. 
 
 I 
 
CASTILLO DE SAN JOAQUIX. 
 
 COO 
 
 espccinlly as earthworks iind fascines were tli()nj;'lit to 
 be useless here. The fort was coin])leted and bh'ssed 
 under the name of San Joaquin on December 8, 1 794, 
 the eiglit guns of the l)attery being mounted, the 
 sentry-box, casemate, and other necessary buildings 
 being attached, and nothing more being required but 
 a garrison to prevent any hostile vessel from entering 
 
 the port — so at least Arriilaga believed. Wo have 
 no detailed description of this foi't, iuii its main walls 
 were of adobes, faced in the embrasures with briejcs. 
 The annexed plan i« from an original in my possession. 
 
700 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS-SAX FRANCISCO DISTRICT. 
 
 Tlic Castillo was of horse 'loc shape, about one hundred 
 by one hundred and twenty feet. Its cost was !?G,000, 
 which was paid with some reluctance l)y the royal 
 treasury.^" 
 
 The elements had now another object on which to 
 exert their destructive power, and repairs kept pace as 
 nearly as possible. The San Carlos brought sonic 
 new guns in April 179G, and the Concepclon left 
 twenty-four sailors. Cordoba examined the fort on 
 his arrival, and in September reported unfavorably. 
 The structure rested mainly on sand; the brick-fucod 
 adobe walls crumbled at the shock whenever a s.sUit? 
 was fired; the guns were badly mounted and fo; ihi.- 
 most part worn out, only two of the thirteen tw onU- 
 four pounders being serviceable or capable of sending 
 a l)all across the entrance of the port. The wliolo 
 work, protected by an adobe wall with one gate, was 
 commanded by a hill in the rear, and the garrison of 
 
 '"Jan. 30, 1704, Sal to governor, lias begun to fell timber; guns ou tlio 
 esplanade. I'ror. St. Pop., MS., xii. 47-">l. Jan. Slst, guns in the battery 
 fiuiiig the harbor. Id., xii. (i7. The padres endeavored to obtain an exttu 
 blanket and pair of brecehes for eaeh neophyte laborer per month but failed; 
 ],.')()() adobes being n.ade daily. April ItOtli, a .sergeant and four soldiers in 
 cliaigeof the laborers. Id., xii. 74. T\veuty-t\va Indians ran away in April. 
 /(/. , xii. r>;i. .lune Otli, viceroy acknowledges reeeipt of advices on measures 
 t;dien to complete the provisional esplanade. Id., xi. 174. Jan. lOtli, vice- 
 roy's orders to use fascines and reduce expenses. June I'Jth, governor's 
 re|]|y. /'/., xxi. 143-4; xii. I'JO. A oindcK/ahte, carpenter, and two sawyers 
 sent from San Jllas, and a ))ricklayer and tile-maker were also retained. Tho 
 troops did most of the work. A rrUhniu, in Id., xii. I'Jl-'J. Dec. 1st, eom- 
 mandant .says the M'ork is almost ilnished, and he sends the wrkmen to 
 Miintcrey. hi., xii. .'U. l)ec. 3d, governor refers to the tower, sentry-box, 
 and other buildings as being nearly done. I'mr. I?cc., ^IS. , v. 'J!>. Fort 
 blessec. on Dec. 8tli. Id., v. 31-'_>; Prov. St. Pap., .MS., xii. -JO. Jan. 1, 17'.>o, 
 g(i\ernor sends the viceroy a )dan of tho work, and asks for a garrison of a 
 ca|itaiii. .sergeant, and 11 men. Prov. P<r., MS., vi. 3,"). I copy a plan of 
 what I su])i)oso to be this fortification from A/ri,w, I>oc. Hist. Cu/., I.jU. 
 F.lliot, in Orcrlaiid Moiithh/, iv. 344, says be has the phm in his possession. 
 Oiii' (if the old guns, four of which serv»! as fender-posts of the ])re,sent fort, 
 biai's tlie inscrii)tion ' li'on niinido /<»• si norm <lc la I'nd A iidiofia ilc IJiiia.' 
 Cii^t of building tluw«s7;//o, .'i^(),40l, which real hacienda is ordered to pay oa 
 Ort. S. I7!».'), as V. ]{. inf(.rms the gov. Pmr. S/. J'ap., ilS., xiii. 4.">, Hi-'; 
 Pr,,r. Rci:, MS., v. 3,"). .'?(J,.">()3, according to St. Pap., Sac, iv. .TJ. Dec. 4, 
 J7n."), viceroy to I'orica, SI,4S'2 have been paid over to habilitado general in 
 favor of company fund; Prov. St. /'(//»., MS., xiii. ;V2. May Kl, 17!!."), .Iosi5 
 (iaiaycoechea, rrtiiih stidili' diKt'iiiijiiiilo dc (irt'dlcrld ili' iiKtriiiti, employed on tho 
 fort, discharged, his work being done. Prar. ]{<•(•., MS., vi. 4<!. Dec. 4th, tho 
 viceroy complains that a fort, costly and not needed ('.'I, has been improperly 
 constructed, without iuvestiyatiou or bkill. Prvv. St. Pup., MS.j xiii, 3--C>. 
 
BATTERY OF YERBA BUEXA. 
 
 701 
 
 a corporal and six artillerymen was altogether insuf- 
 ficient. There were several places between jNIonterey 
 and San l^rancisco where an enemy might land, there- 
 fore the cavalry force should be increased. To repair 
 Fort San Joaquin would be very costly; but a new 
 fort should be built on the hill just back of it, and 
 another across the channel at San Carlos." 
 
 Beyond the constant repairs by which Fort San 
 Joaquin was kept as nearly in its original state as 
 possible, and some changes in the disposition of the 
 guns under Cordoba's instructions, I find no evidence 
 of further progress at Fort Point during tliis decade. 
 There was, however, still another battery establislied 
 in 1797. This was to the east on Point Medanos, 
 later called Point San Jose and Black Point, re- 
 named Mason, and long occupied by a battery. It was 
 
 "fViv/ofiff, Informr cil Vircy. MS., S'2-.3. The point across the cliannd is 
 called Puuto lie nonetes in 177(5. Arch. Sta li., MS., iv. ir)3. Feb. •2-2, 17!Mi, 
 •.liiiiiiigo to foi't liy a storm from the north. Pruv. St. Pep., MS., xxi. '2^4. 
 Mar. '22d, refereiiuc to a sentry-box erected. April, Borica orders mortnr to 
 bi! used in the looling, and tiio powder-house to have ju new a<lobe wall at 
 Boi'ie ilistaneo. Proi'. Pic, ]MS., v. S3, S."). Arrival of guns and sailcirs. J'mr. 
 St. Pop., MS., xiv. m, 17."); /(/., Ui'ii. Jfil., xxiv. 1'2. July !lth, Alberni to 
 ha'. e charge of the Avork, 41 Indians from Santa Clara at work. Pruc. Pa., 
 MS., V. S7-8. .Inly Kith, ('orduba has been at work on repairs. St. Pup., Sar., 
 MS., xvii. 8. Ndv. L".)th, 0.000 ball-eartridges being made. Prov. St. Puji., 
 MS., xiv. 119. Dec. (ith, Borica to V. Iv., announces damages caused by 
 rains. ,S7. Pup., Sac. MS., iv. (iO. Dec. •J7th. V. K. to 15., will send tho 
 needed armament of heavy guns; meanwhile let guns be taken from (ither 
 ])laees m hire they are less needed. /'/., vii. H'i-o; Pruv. St. PiiJ'., MS., xxi. 
 'Jol. Jan. ■')(), \~U~, Ilabilitado Carrillo asks for reiTidiiu'.scMicnt of S^dS 
 ppent on casemate, etc. Pror. St. Pop., MS., xvi. (ii). Maich "JOth, Ciirdolia 
 \vants M ^4-p(mnders; smaller guns of no use here. J'mr. J,'<r., MS., vi. 
 SO. Aprd •till, ]>. forwards V. It.'s orders for lepaiis, etc. Pror. St. Pup., 
 Ms., xxi. •_V(i--J; /'/■(((•. Pre, ]SIS., V. lO.'i. April ."Otii, work on fort not yt 
 begun, /'/'w, .SV. i'((/i., MS., xvii. 14S. Juno, fort repaired, with guns in 
 front and 3 on each side. LI., xxi. 'J04. Oct. '24th, L'4 sailor.- left on the 
 Snu Curlux for S:,n Jilas. Pmr. Pir., MS., vi. Feb. I, I7'.IS. B. asks the 
 Y. I{. for a new r<irt on the otiier shore, an ini'icuse of armament to '-'(I "-'l- 
 pounders, an inenase of I'JS infantry and I!) gunners in tiie j^arriMnis, and a 
 boat witli a pation and 10 sailors. Prar. Jiir., MS., vi. (10. .Nbinli lo, 17!MI, 
 anotliei' appeal for a boat. /(/., \'\. 120. l>ecend/er Ifl, 170S, tlieievere ;t 
 iron 24-])ounders, 1 iioii 12-)oun(iii', and S brass S-potindeis. J'mr, St. P<i/i., 
 Jldi. Jfil., !MS., xvii. 7. Fxpi nsi s of the yt ar for rejairs ■S(i()l. /r/., xvii. III. 
 March 2, I7!l'.t. B. informs ^'. li. that a rainstorm catiseil the Malls of the fort 
 to fall, also the new casemate Mall, and the barracks are thn ati nod. /'rnr. 
 MS., vi. 1 10. Jidv loth, v. I!, will attend to the matter. Meanwhile 
 
 let tlie works be rejiaiied with adoln s, faseini' 
 
 d 
 
 rth. Pmr. St. P 
 
 '/' 
 
 M8., xvii. ."41. In January ISOO a hurricime broke the jjag-stair which tell 
 on the barracks of the L'anison and smashed boine tiles. Id., xxiii. 24: xxi. III. 
 
702 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT. 
 
 Icnown as the Battery at Yerba Buena, clesigned to 
 command the shore stretchiiij^ westward to Fort 
 Point, and that stretchiiiijj eastward to what was 
 called later North Point, together with the body of 
 water between that shore and Alcatraz Island, already 
 so called, known as the anchorajjfc of Yerba Buena, 
 though it does not appear that any vessel excejit that 
 of Vancouver ever had anchored there. Thus it will 
 be seen that the name Yerba Buena, while it may 
 1, \ been given in a general way to the whole eastern 
 ]);,.' he peninsula from Black Point to Bincon 
 
 Poii, as applied in these early times particularly to 
 the North Beach region and not, as is commoidy sup- 
 posed and as was the case after 1830, to the cove 
 south of Telegraph Hill. Of the battery we know 
 but little save that it was a less elaborate work than 
 Fort San Joaquin, being hastily constructed of brush- 
 wood fascines for the most part, with eight embrasures 
 and five eight-pound guns not needed at the fort. No 
 permanent gariison was kept here, but at least until 
 after 1800 the works wore visited daily by a sentinel, 
 and to a certain extent kept in order. ^^ 
 
 ..■IS / 
 
 I have spoken several times of Vancouver's voyages 
 and his observations in California; but as his was the 
 first visit of a foreigner to San Francisco Bay, as it 
 
 '■-TIic battery is (ivst iiicntionod by tlic governor in coninmnications of 
 April 4, J7!'7. On A])ril littli Argiiello rccciveil IJorica's orders to fiiriiisli 
 n ill. Apiil SOtli, Cordoba objected on account of small jjarrisons and distiiuce 
 from tlio fort. IJiit May .'id lie was ordered by Borioa to bosiu work, and in 
 dune it was almost lini.slieil. J'mr. St. Pciji., MS,, xvi. Tm; xvii. l-lS-lt; 
 xviii. 2S; xxi. -J.")!--', '2rt(\, '2M; Prov. HiC, MS., v. KKl, 107; vi. oli, ti!». 
 The iirst use of tlie name Verba IJuena tiiat 1 have seen is in Sal's letter of 
 Niiv. 14, 17!'-, announein.t; \'aneouver's arrival. IIi^ is said to have aneliored 
 'eomo i'l una legua mas aljajo del ])residio frente del parage (jue llamamos la 
 ^'erba lUienn.' >SV. /'"/'., iSWc, !MS.. i. IKi. It is also used iu Sal's letter of 
 Nov. ,'!Ot]i. Id., iii. -1. Vancouver's anchorage wa.s about midway between 
 ])lack IViint ami North Point. I'aiiroinrr'ti idi/difc, W/a.s'. Q'he name is that 
 of a species of mint. Wliether it was lirst applied to the island and from 
 that to the eastern part of t'le jieninsula, or ricr rcnsK, I am uncertain. T'-u 
 name Tsla del Alcatraz is used by liorica in July 17!t7. I'roiK Sf: I'up., MS,, 
 xxi. "JOl. I mention tliis fact l)eeanse it lias often been stated tiiat tlie orig- 
 in;d iind correct form was vMcatraces in tli(! pluial. The name is that apiilicd 
 by Califonnans and Mexicans to tlic pelican, though more properly belonjj-'.ig 
 to the ulbatruss. 
 
 u 
 
 'I 
 
MAP OF SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 703 
 
 3ASTA 
 
 
 Map of Sax FUiVNcisco Distuict. 
 
704 
 
 LOCAL F.VEXTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT. 
 
 was hcic that ho had the best opportunities to make 
 observations respecting the institutions of the country, 
 and as liis visit was one of tlie chief interruptions of 
 the dull monotony of San Francisco life during the 
 decade, I deem the subject worthy of brief additional 
 mention here in connection with local annals. 
 
 As Vancouver entered the port at nightfall Nov- 
 ember 14, 1792, he looked in vain for the lights of 
 the town which he supposed to be planted here, and 
 next morning the only sign of civilization was tlio 
 herds seen in the distance. After a quail-shooting 
 expedition on the hills where the city now stands he 
 came into contact with Commandant Sal and was 
 entertained at the presidio, where the wife of Don 
 Hermenegildo received him "decently dressed, seated 
 cross-legged on a mat, placed on a small square wooden 
 platform raised three or four inches from the ground, 
 neaily in front of the door, with two daughters and a 
 son, clean and decently dressed, sitting by her; this 
 being the mode observed by these ladies when they 
 receive visitors." Then he was invited to the mission 
 and "as most kindly treated by fathers Landaeta 
 and Danti. He saw all that was to be seen on the 
 peninsula, much more than it was prudent to lot him 
 see, and though greatly surprised at the weakness 
 and povertj' of the Spanish establishment and the 
 lack of "those articles which alone can render the 
 essentials of life capable of being relished," yet for the 
 kindness and hospitality of the people he had nothing 
 but words of praise. The Spaniards as is their wont 
 l)laced everything at his disposal, and he inter])reted 
 their offers somewhat too literally, making a visit to 
 Santa Clara that gave Sal many forebodings. He 
 made no survey of the bay, but found Yerba Buena 
 a better anchorage than the usual one nearer the pre- 
 sidio. Every facility was aftbrded him for obtaining 
 wood, watei', and supplies, though the carts ])laced at 
 the dIsj)()sition of the sailors were found to be a more 
 clumsy and useless contrivance on land than the rude 
 
FOREIGN VISITORS. 
 
 705 
 
 10 
 
 lo 
 
 balsas of the natives as water craft. Vancoiivor sailed 
 for ^Eoiiterey on the 25tli of Novenil)er. He cauiu 
 back in October of the next year, but was obliged to 
 put up with tlie ordinary courtesies allowed to for- 
 (iigners in Spanish colonial ports, and so great was 
 the contrast that ho left in disgust after a few days' 
 stay at anchor.'^ 
 
 The 13th of March 1793 a strano-c vessel was an- 
 nounc(xl at the entrance of the port. A guai-d was 
 posted and the live-stock driven in. A boat came to 
 land in the afternoon, with six men who said the 
 vessel was English and the captain's name Brown, in 
 need of watci-, wood, and meat, for which he would 
 send the next day. The vessel anchored beyond Point 
 Ahnejas, opposite San Pedro rancho, fired a gun, 
 and displayed the English flag. On the 15th she 
 was seen near the Faralloncs, and ou the IGth Sal 
 reported these facts with his opinion that the foreign 
 craft meant mischief, though pretending to be bound 
 for Nootka." 
 
 In 1795 three mines were discovered somewhere 
 within the jurisdiction of San Francisco, called San 
 Diego, Carmen, and San Jose, with the respective 
 aliases of IJescubridora, Buenavista, and Esperanza. 
 One of them was expected to yield gold, and the others 
 silver or cpiicksilver. Specimens of the ore were scnit 
 l)y Perez Fernandez to the governor, but ^Eonterey 
 experts failed to discover metal except in one speci- 
 men.''' The coming of Alberni and his company of 
 volunteers Avas the event of 179G, but beyond a bai'e 
 mention and the eiU"olnient of the reenfoi-cements on 
 the military recoixls it left no trace in local annals; 
 yet as almost doubling the population of San Fran- 
 
 " Vavcovirr'ti Voynrjc, ii. 1-27, ■in.V4. For further .account of tin's voy- 
 age, and a map puMislicd in Vancouver's Mork, see chapter xxiv., this vol- 
 ume. 
 
 '< March Ifith. Sal to Borica, in St. Pap., Sa>'., MS., ii. i:)i-2. 
 
 '^Sopt. 'JS, ITJI-"), I'erez Feniaiulez to P.nrica. ,S7. I'ap., Snr., MS., vii. 
 (if)-?. S( ]it. UOth, I'.'s rejily autliorizing ore to be bent to San Bla.-j for assay- 
 ing. Pror. y,'.r., MS., v. 70. 
 
 Ui82. Cal., Vol, I. 15 
 
 
706 
 
 LOCAL EVEXTS-SAN FRAXCLSCO DI.-^TraCT. 
 
 cisco it merits mention.'"' In 1797 thevu was a propo- 
 sition to establish a Carmelite convent and hospice at 
 San Francisco, but it was (li.sai)proved by both the 
 guardian and the fiscal, and consequently was aban- 
 doned.^" The leading event of this year was the 
 wreck of tlie transport vessel San Carlos in the bay 
 on the night of the 23d of March, No details are 
 known except that little of the cargo was lost.^^ The 
 dmcppcion as a coast guard spent a large part of the 
 year in this port. At the end of May 1709 the 
 American sliip Eliza of 13G tons and carrying twelve 
 guns, bound for Boston with hides, under James 
 Rowan, obtained supplies under the prescribed re- 
 strictions.^-^ 
 
 There were two topics of local interest at San Fran- 
 cisco during the decade whicii affected the mission not 
 less than the presidio. These were the establishment 
 of the rancho del rcy, and Indian affairs. The royal 
 rancho had been founded hero in 1777, with 115 head 
 of cattle, whicli were pastured on the hills about the 
 presidio. The animals multiplied ra[)idly notwith- 
 standing annual slaughters in the later years and the 
 
 'Tt is implied l)y Borica, Prov. Sf. Pop., MS., xxi. 2-H, that Albcmi's 
 men liail Liiiils ynuitod thoinat San Fi'iiiicisco and tlu^ Ahiiiioil;i; but .sucli was 
 proliably not the case. Allierni and his company iinivcd May 7, 17W>, on 
 the San r«rA)x. Pror. St. Pap., Ben, JUL, MS., xxiii. S.'}. 
 
 "Arch. .SVf( /i(?W>om. MS,, iv. 180-!«; ix. 10-11; xiii. 84. 
 
 ^<^Prov. SI. Pap., MS., xvi, 57-8, 181; xvii. -J-l-J; xxi. -J^l, '203; Prov. Per., 
 MS., vi. S(i, !)_', !),'). Tlii.s was not the original San Car/os of 1709, Init hci 
 Bticcessor surnaiiicd JJl Filipino. The (Tew were ol)liL;ed to remain for some 
 time in California. Tl;e oidy stores specially named as Lwt are 4 lioxca of 
 cigars and I .'> His. of pow der. April 'JOth, Capt. Saavcdra says to Argiicllo that 
 most of hi.-! men hat their clotlus, tobacco, and soaj) in llio wreck, lie asks 
 for them the advance of a month's pay, which was granted to tlio anioinit of 
 f!|,0"2(i. The troops Mith ."if) natives worked to save the cai'go. April 'J4th, 
 the padres answer the complaint that they failed to render aid, by stating 
 that Fernandez was absent, but Landaetasent all his dispo.sablo Indians, who 
 voiked waist-deep in water for three days and nights. SI. Pap., Sac, !MS. , 
 vi. lOS-!). April 14th, the finding of a white man's Ijody in the surf at I't 
 Keyes is i-e])iirted, and tiie mission majordomo had seen a vessel oil' the l'"ara- 
 lloncs sliortly before. Prov. Si. Pap., MS., xv. 11(5. AUjerni at tjie same time 
 wished to send natives to sec if there were any vessels at Bodega; but they 
 refused ivinn fear of their enemies. /(/., xvii. \'y2. 
 
 ''•* May •J7th, I'owan to Argiiello, will obey the governor's orders to Rail 
 ■as soon as possible and not to enter any other poi-t. Pmv. St. Pup., xvii, 
 20G-S, -J.'iS; xviii. 20. .Tune 3cl, Boiiea to viceroy, llowan left a draft for §24 
 on Boston. Prov. liic, MS., vi. 12j-U. 
 
RANCIIO DEL RFA'. 
 
 707 
 
 rava^'cs of wild Ijeasts,"" so that in 1791 they numbered 
 over 1,200. At the end of March of this year tlio 
 cattle were transferred to Monterey, except a few 
 milch cows which the soldiers were allowed to keep. 
 This change seems to have been made by order (jf the 
 comandante general at the petition of the padres 
 who represented that injury was done to the interests 
 of the mission. SubscquenJy the garrison was obliged 
 to obtain meat from Monterey."^ In 179G, at the 
 sun'ijjestion of Sal, Borica determined to reestablish a 
 branch of the rancho del rey, and this was accom- 
 plished in September 1797, two hundred and sixty-live 
 cattle being purchased from the missions and i)laced 
 at Buriburi between San Bruno and San Mateo."' 
 
 When the news reached Mexico it brought out a 
 protest of the guardian, in which he narrated the 
 past history of the rancho, claimed that Borica had 
 acted in opposition to the king's wishes that the 
 mission lands should not be encroached upon, and 
 demanded an order to remove not only the rancho 
 but the cattle owned by the soldiers. The pasturage 
 it was claimed was all needed for the mission herds, 
 which now must be driven far down the peninsula; 
 and the natives were suftering great injury in their 
 
 '"' In the cattle acconnt of 17S2 appears an item of three arrohas (if yrrha 
 dr. Piic'ila with wliioh to poison wolves. Prov. I'rr., MS., iii. ll">. ^Vpril and 
 !May 1 7'JO, commandant refers to ravages of bcar.s and sava^'cs. I'rof. S/. i'ftji., 
 Ms. , ix. 'Ji;!-14. Bears numerous in 17!)S. /</., xvii. 10;J. 
 
 -' Cattle of the rancho in ITW), 1,174 head. Prov. .S7. Pnp., P.ni. }ni., 
 MS., xiii. 0,7. Xet proceeds of sales, .<!;)1. Iil. Sales in 1791, .SSI. Iil.,\\. 
 5. Xumberof cattle at transfer on :\Iarch 31, 17!tl, 1,21."> head. .S''. J'fip., 
 Miii^. and Colon., ^IS., i. OS, The rancho was moved hy order of Fages, 
 /(/., or by onlcr of commandant gcnend at rcrpie.-.tof padres. Proc. St. Pup., 
 Ms., xvii. 14-10. Statistical reports show that tin-, soldiers liad frcim !)(i to 
 147 cattle down to 17U7 and then the number increased to ."lOO or (iOO, not 
 including the king's cattle. In 171'3 the number was 11."), and the names of 
 14 owneis, 'J,'l credited to .Tuan Bernal being the largest munber, yri^ given 
 from an old inventory in llallet/s (.'< iilciininl Y<ar Book of Aliiincihi. Ciiiiiiti/, 
 27. There is (pute a mass of iuforniation from the arcIiivLS given in this 
 work, but there are nearly as many blunders as words in tlie translation, 
 copy in'/, and printing. In 17!)4, 7-'> cattle for food W're .sent up from Monte- 
 rey. J''roi: S/. Pup., MS., xii. 30. 
 
 " Uorica to conniiandants April ."^0, 170G, Aug. 15, Sept. 1, 1707. /Vow. 
 Pec, MS., v. 8J, 209; iv. 2JJ-G. Argiicllo to B. Sept. 29th. Prov. St. Pap., 
 MS., xvi. 92. 
 
70S 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS -SAN FRAXCISCO DISTRICT. 
 
 natural and legal rij^lits.-^ IJorica, lu'iiig called upcii 
 lor an explanation, asked Argiicllo lor a re[)<)rt in 
 Avliieli ilio governor's eleven (question were cleaily 
 answered. According to tliis re|)ort tlie mission was 
 in no respect injured l)j the king's cattkvat IJurihuri, 
 i'redini; on the liills westward to the Canada de San 
 Andres and south-westward for two leagues, nor 
 \voul(l it he injured even should its cattle greatly in- 
 crease, for it still had several large sitios: San Pedi'o, 
 iive leagues southward on the coast, where horned 
 cattle were ke[)t; another two leagues to the south, 
 where Avere the herds of mares; El Pilar,-' wliere 
 thei'c was ahundant pasturage for the oxen; San 
 INFateo, five leagues from the mission, stretcliing to 
 Santa Clara on the south-cast and to San Pedro on 
 the west; besides the smaller and nearer tracts of La 
 A'isitacion, San j^runo, and Lake ]\Iorced. Argiiello 
 also proved that the mission had been accustomed to 
 sell to the presidio and the vessels cattle about one 
 third smaller than those of jNIonterey at j)rices ex- 
 ceeding those of the taritf, besides obliging tlie jnir- 
 cliaser to i»'o lonii' distances after the animals.'^' His 
 arguments seemed conclusive to the viceroy, who in 
 jNlarch 171)9 ordered the ranclio maintained, notwith- 
 standing the opposition of tlie friars.-" 
 
 The natives, Christian and gentile, caused more 
 trouble in the region of San Francisco than in any 
 other part of California, the troublesome gentiles 
 being chiefly those inhabiting what is now known as 
 
 '-'Feb. 5, 1708, guardian to viceroy, in Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xvii. It-Ki. 
 Horses were kept 10 lea^'iies distant; sheep under a salaried man six leagues 
 .TWi'.y; and the oxen not aetually at work were also pastured at a lonj; dis- 
 tance. 
 
 -* Rut aceoi'ding to Prov. Per., MS., v. 103, Ai-giiello himself had received 
 a provisional grant of Kl Pilar in 1797. 
 
 '■'■Mune 14, 1708, Rorica to Argiiello. St Pap., M'ikk. ami Colon, MS., i. 
 (')S-70. -1 njidUo, JiiJ'ornie mhrc el J'aticho del Jiei/ y na iiijliieiiria y rdacion cuii 
 /■/ Minimi (Ic S(i» Francisco, 2.'). ile Julio 17'.)S, MS. Salazar speaks of S. I'edro 
 or I'unta de Almejas. Arch. Sta Jliirhani, ii. 7.'>. 
 
 -''jNIarch l.'{, 1709, Viceroy Azanza to ]]orica. Prov. S'f. Pap., !MS., xvii. 
 '220. Jiuie r)th, to conniiandiint. Prov. li<r., ^]S., iv. '298. iXc. .'ilst, nuni- 
 licr of catth? in the rancho, 879. Net yield from sales, §179. Prov. til. Pap., 
 lien. Mil., MS., xxviii. 5. 
 
IXDI.W AFFAIRS. 
 
 700 
 
 Alameda and C'onti'a Costa coiiiitit'S, actiiH^' in coii- 
 jmir!i'»n with dcst rti-rs iVoiu San Francisco uiission, 
 l)ut threaten ini;" more seriously ^Fission San -Jose. 
 All was (piiet, however, until I7!)j.'"" In ^Farch of 
 that year Father Dauti stMit a party of fourteen neo- 
 l)hytes to the I'ancherias of the ( 'liadanes, or Sacal- 
 anes, to hring in some fuLjitives, but they were attack^'il 
 by gentiles and Christians combined, and at least seven 
 of the number were killed. The atl'air was re[)orted 
 to Borica, who informed the viceroy, but ordered no 
 retaliation as the Sacalanes were a brave people an<l 
 would be troublesome as foes, and the fi'iars wei'e 
 directed to send out no more such parties.^"* In Sep- 
 tember of the same 3'ear over two hundred natives 
 deserted from San Francisco, dilferi'nt parties in 
 diflercnt directions, the number including many old 
 neophytes wdio had always been faithful before. In 
 the correspondence which followed, 13ori<'a indicated 
 his belief that the disaster was <' largely to cruelty 
 on the part of the i)adres. lie ordered a strict inves- 
 tigation; instructed the soldiers to afford no aid in the 
 infliction of punishments unless at the recpiest of both 
 ])adres, for it seems that ])aiiti was uiuch uiore severe 
 than his associate, and finally protested to the presi- 
 dent that rigorous steps nuist be taken to insure better 
 
 '' In Fobruary 1 703 a new convert named Clmrquin nin away ami wa^'cd 
 var on all aborigines who favored clirisliaiiity, lioldinj,' '20 women and chil- 
 dren captives in the mountains. Si. P'ly., S(u\^ MS., vii. 21-,"). Jn IVliriiary 
 1 7!)"> tliu governor re])orted tiio prospects for new converts excellent at Sau 
 Francisco and Santa Clara, on account of a scarcity of seci' Prof. J!ii:., MS., 
 vi. IM. 
 
 *' March 3, May.'?, May 20, 1705, commandant to Borica. June 2;!d, li. to 
 viceroy. J'mr. ,SV. I'lip.. MS., xiii. 2U-2, 27.')-(;; Prov. J!a:, MS., v. ,')(), ■")(); 
 vi. 4S-.'")0. I suppose the Sacalanes Jivecl in wiiat is now Al.uneda County, 
 somi^wh(.'rc between Oakland and Mission San .lose'. The niessingers arc 
 said to Iiave travelled two lUL^hts and one day liefort' rendiing tlio lancherias. 
 Jjorica says tlio Chiincnes dill the kiliin;^ and lived 30 Iwij^'ues froin iiodega, 
 on the coast. Sulisecpient e.\i>i(litions show, however, that tiic Sacalanes, 
 tlie guilty jiarties, did not at any rate li\c north of tlie bay. Theconnnandant 
 charges Danti \\ itli Jiaving at lirst pronounced tlic stoiy of the survivors u lie, 
 and with attempting later to keep it from the knowh^dgu of tlic oUiccr.i. 
 July (ith, IJorica to friars, regrets that they continue sending Indians to tho 
 other side of the bay. It must be stopped, /'rur. A'ic., MS,, \ i. 14(1. Sei)t. 
 IStli, V. 11. approves B.'s policy of avoiding war. Prov. Si. Pup., MS., xiii. 
 82. 
 
710 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS_SA\ FRANCLSCO DISTIIICT. 
 
 f nntinciit and bolter food, to wliicli Lnsueii <^a\o. ns- 
 scut."" 
 
 In Juno 17!)7 Ji now niisliap occurred. A l.ii'ge 
 \y,\ri of ilie fui^itiveH lu'longed to the Cucliillonos 
 across the bay. NotAvitlistandin<«' the nfovci-nni's 
 orders <h(i niissioiiaiies sent onc^ ]\ainuindo, a Califor- 
 ni.'in -a nmne still apphed cxchislvely to Ihc^ njilivcs 
 <»r lijija (^dil'ornia — with thirty natives to lninLT l>ack 
 Ihe runaways. They crossed in balsas and lell in(<> a 
 dillicult'' with the Cuchillones which is not cleiirly 
 desci'ibed, though it appears that no life was lost and 
 no I'lii^itive recovered. I'his allair gave rise to a new 
 correspondence and to <\U'ncst protests IVoiu the IViars, 
 who were inclined to think that the (juarrel, if any 
 occni-red, had been greatly exaggerated.'" Now tho 
 Sacidanes assumed a threatening attitude toward 
 ^Mission San Jose, and Sergeant Amador w Mit to 
 invH>s<igate. ] Te found that th(> gentiles wi .reat- 
 
 ening to kill tho Christians if tlu^y continued to work, 
 and the soldiers if they dared to iiiterfere. lie ac- 
 cordingly I'ocommendod to l^orica that an expedition 
 be sent to punish them, to collect fugitives, and to 
 dis[)el tho idea of the Sacalanes that the Spaniards 
 we!'t! afraid of them. Borica assented and onK'rcul 
 Amador to take twenty-two men and fall upon tho 
 rancheria at dawn, capturing the head men and desert- 
 ers, but avoiding bloodsluid if possible. Thoy set out 
 .Inly l-'Uh, and on the lijtli tho troops under Amador 
 and A'^allejo reached the hostile camp. Tho Sacalanes 
 Mould listen to nothing; they had digged pits, so that 
 the Spaniards were forced to dismount and attack with 
 sworil and lance. In the fight two soldiers wore 
 
 " Corrcspondcncp on the subject during 1795-0. In Prov. S/. Pap., ;\IS., 
 ^•iii. M7 S; xiv. 170; /</., J>en. Mil., xxiv. S-10; Prov. Pec, ISIS., v. 0'.), iSO, 
 !)l; vi. 172, 17(i. 
 
 ^*' Letters (if Argiiello, l'"spi, Fernandez, and Landaeta in Pror. Si. Pep., 
 MS., xv. 1!)-1'.'). July Kith, Ar<,'iiell() afiseinlded the natives and made kiidwn 
 ti> them the governor's orders that they were not to go after fugitives I'Ven if 
 tohl to do .so hy the padres. Tlien the padres iveeived a leeturo on tln' evils 
 th.it might have resulted. Landaeta insisti'd that the natives had gone of 
 their own accord and had not been sent. Argiiello to IJorica, in JcL, xv. '2o-T. 
 
AMADOR'S ]',XrKlJlTION. 
 
 711 
 
 wounded iilld seven liiitives killed. Tlie Cueliillolie.s 
 ^V'e|•e slll)se(|lieiil!y ;itl;i('ked iilid I't^t I'eilied idler olio 
 luid Keoii killed. On the IKlli Aiuiulor retnnied to 
 San .J(ts(' with ei-jld v-tlnHn; ('lii'istiaiis Jind iiiim tren- 
 tiles, ineliidini;' lisc Saealanes ini|>lieated in the airair 
 of I7!)j and three ( 'iiehilloneH in I hat of Jfainmndo.'" 
 Thc! testimony and ionle-ssions el' I'ourieen of Hk; 
 captives were tak(.'n the iJth of August, and iiint; <»l 
 tlieni having heen ])rove<l jL^iiilty, wore suhscMpiently 
 sentenced hy JJorica <o I'eeeivcs from tweiity-livtj to 
 seventy-live lashes and to work in shackles at tho 
 presidio fioin two months to Ji year.''- In Ihis exam- 
 ination and in anotlu-r held the TJlh of iVu^iist with 
 a view to learn why the neophytes had inn away, 
 neaily all ihe witnesses ^;ivo as their reasons exces- 
 sive lloo«j;in_<jf, hunger, and the death of relatives."'* 
 l^orica sidiscMpiently announced that in constMjuence 
 ol'his ell'orts and especially of the kindnt.'ss ol" J'^ather 
 Fei'nande'z, the natives were treated better than l)e- 
 ibre; l)ut Jjasueii declared that the charges of ci'Uelty 
 wer'o uidbunded, as prove<l by tlie large; number of 
 conversions. The neophytes iled, not because they 
 were Hogged or overworked, but because of the rav- 
 
 "'^ A iii'i'lor, K.rjicilii'ioii roiitrri. Aw iioil'ih's Sdriilaiirs, mil Cnri'i Kjidiiilvnrki 
 perU'iici-K iiti: III ti,\iiiiti), I'liH'i, MS.; I'rov. SI. /'(ij>., MS., xv. ITii-H; xvi. 
 ."SO, 7(1 I, SS, !MI; J'rnr. /,•(,:, MS., V. 'J()(!-7. Tlir ilijuy i< thdvA Sail 
 •lose', .Inly l!)tli, iiiiil tlic j),i]His iiRliidc: July (itii, Ai';,'ii<'Il'» to I'diica; July 
 Sill, Aiiia'.idr to i;.; July lUtli, J'., to A.; July l!)tli, A. to JJ.; July -JlHt, B. 
 to A. Cliii.stiaus not to 1)1' ]iuni.slu:il, liut /.'ciitilfs kijit at woi 1; on jii'csidio; 
 July 'JOtli, rccciiit of J';,'<|ii iuid L.imlacta for 7!) n'tnini'il ii('o[iliyti's. Jictui'ii- 
 iug iiativi'.s liavo ucvcr lu'iin i)uiii.slic(l. July yotli, AryiicUo t(j 1!., has giviu 
 up tli(! iicojiliytcs and will try tln^ gcntili'S. 
 
 '•'- Ariiiicllo, Jitlficiiin tic lo que (hrlanuim lox fi'mti/i'M Sdi'alancK, J7ii7, MS.; 
 Jioriril, ( 'itxl'nio.^ (jiir lldil lie siij'rir l(in /il(liil'<, J7H7, MS. 
 
 ''^'■Ki ri/iii l/ii, lt< hu-'iDii ijiir /iriiiO (Ic lii--< i/rr/nrn<:ioiii:i (/<• Ids IiiiII<i'< ('ri/<fiaiion 
 /iidilon df lit Misiiiii il( Sun, Fniiirltrn, J7U7, MS. 'J'ilmrcio ■was lloL^gi'd livo 
 times l)y l)anti for trying at tho death of hi.s wifo and child. .Ma;,dn was put 
 in the stockn when ill. Tarazon \ isited Iii.s country and felt inclined to stay, 
 t'laudio was heaten by the alculdo \\\i\i ii stick and forced to wurk when ill. 
 ,)ose Manuel w.is ,-;truck with a hludgcon. J. ilicrato ran away to escape dying 
 of hungi'r as his mother, two lirothers, and thre(? uejihews had done. Otololl 
 was lloLTgcd for not caring fur his wife after she had siniu'il with the va(|Ucro. 
 Milan had to work w ith no food fci- his family and was lloL''ed ln-cause ho 
 went after clams. I'ataho had lost his family and h.ul no one to take care of 
 Iiim. Orencio's niece died of huj)L;er. Torihio was always humrry. Magno 
 received no ration because, occupicil in tending ids sick son, he couhl not 
 work. 
 
•12 
 
 LOCAL F.VENTS— SAN FRAXCISCO DISTRICT. 
 
 ages of an opidcinic.^ No furtlier troubles occnirred 
 at San Francisco, but the 8acalanc.<rand other gcntik's 
 continued their hostile inlluenco at San Josd mission, 
 several times requiring the presence of Amador, who 
 in April 1800 made another raid, killing a chief, cap- 
 turing twenty' fugitives, and breaking all the bows 
 and airows of the foc.^'' 
 
 Something remains to be said of San Francisco Mis- 
 sion, where wo left Cambon and Danti in charge as 
 ministers at the end of 1790. Canibi^n, one t)f the 
 few remaining pioneer missionaries, and a founder of 
 San Francisco, retired to his college entirely broken 
 down in health at the end of 1791,'"^ and was succeeded 
 by Martin Landaeta, a new-comer, who however was 
 absent from October 1798 to September 1800, Espi 
 serving in 1797-9, and Merelo in 1799-1800. Diego 
 Garcia remained until Octoboi 1791, and returned in 
 1 79G-7. Daiiti retired in the summer of 179G ; I'adro 
 Fernandez took his place in 1790-7 with Garcia as a 
 su[)ernumcraiT, and llamon Abella came in July 1798. 
 Padre ]\Iartiarena was also supernumerary from 
 August 1800, and the names of several others ai)pear 
 on the mission-books as having officiated here at dif- 
 ferent dates.""- 
 
 '^.Tuly 1, 1708, Borica to viceroy, in Prov. Her., MS., vi. 97-8; Lamm, 
 Itcprfyfiilarion, 1S(U, ^IS. , in Arch. Hia Barliara, ii. 20'J-r). 
 
 '^•^ A}nu(hn\ Saliild raiitraIii<l!risO'fiilil'H, I.'^'HK MS. Alsoon slight jircvious 
 t"ou1)ltM at San Josc'. I'ror. St. I'aj,., MS., x\ i. 17.'1 4; xvii. 07, 10(1-1. 10(5-7. 
 
 ^'' IVilro l5onit(t(';niil)(»n, a native of Santiago in (lali;ia, Sp.iin, a\ aw ordered 
 to Califoj-nia from tlic colloge in .\ugnst 1770, s<(;tting ont in Oct., i^ailing from 
 San Hias in .lanuary 1771, and aniving at San ])it'go March I'J, ami Mon- 
 terey ^lay '21st. He wa.s a foniiilm- of San (Jai>riel in Sejilcniber 1771, anil 
 served there nntil Ajiril 177-. He then PiKiit several years at \'eli('at,i in 
 ISaja ( 'alilornia f(ir the lienelit of his health, aiid to look after Franciscan 
 pr(i|ierty. lie v.-ent to San Francisco in Oct. 1770, hut was alisenl, ficni Oct. 
 177'' nntil May 178'_', (hiring which time he made a trip from San lU.us t() 
 Manila as ehai>lain of the San ( 'artoK, (h'Voting his jiay to the jmrehase of sup- 
 plies for his nen])hytes, and also fonnde<l San ]>uenaventnra. in March 178"2, 
 He was a xealous ana alili: man, lint his lualth rejjeatcdly hrohe dnwn, and 
 linally in Xoveinlier 1701, atthe reijucstof Lasnen, andon a ceitiiicate signed 
 hy three sni'geons, ho was permitted to dojiart witliout waiting for tht' vico- 
 riiy's license. His last signatnie on the mission-hoeks was on Sept. lOth. .''i'. 
 J-'riuirisci). Lib. Misiiiii, MS., i, 01, (10; Ari-h. Ar.olii^jindo, MS., i. IS, 10. 
 
 '''.Tost^ do la Crn/ J']spi, possihly Kspi as written hy Inniself, a native of 
 Valencia, came to Mexico in 17S(I, and two years latir Mciit to Moolk.'i as 
 chaplain with the expedition of Martinez, which touched on the California 
 
MISSION STATISTICS. 
 
 713 
 
 During the decade 1,213 natives were baptized, 
 1,031 were buried, 203 of them in 1795, and the ne(v 
 pliytc population as registered grew from 438 to (;44, 
 from which it would ai)pcar that most v)f the fugitive 
 cimarrones had been recovered before 1800. Lai-ge 
 stock increased from 2,000 to 8,2C0, and sheep Irom 
 1,700 to G,200.^' Crops in 1800 amounted to 4,100 
 bushels, one half wheat, the largest yield having been 
 
 const. lie came to California as a missionary in 1793, serving at San Antonio 
 from ScptcTiil)c'r of tl^at vear until September 1794; at Soledad until Di'limm- 
 lioi- 179."); at S:iuta Cruz until 1797; and at San Francisco fioni .liuu; 1797 
 until Aii','u.it 1799, wjicn ho obtained leave to retire and sailed from San 
 Diego Jan. 10, ISOO. ]Io had .served 10 years and refused to remain longer. 
 Ills .'signature ajipeai.s on the Sun Francisco Looks until Aug. ID, 1799. >'. 
 Fi-iiiiriM'i', Lih. (la Misiiiii, ]\1S., 4-4; Arch. Sta Bdrhtra, JIS., .xi. (i<), 'i-0; 
 Arch. Ar~.olii-:/i(t(lo, jMS., i. .57. 
 
 Of Antonio l)anti wo only know that he was minister at San I'raneiseo 
 from Oeti)l,cr 1791) until July 179II; tliat he had a fiei-y temiiorainent~-'/('/(/'> 
 (Id pdlrora, as ISorica ternieil it — and was disposed to lie imdnly severe to liis 
 Indians; and that lie was linally aliowcnl to r(;tir.', suffering from some trouble 
 with his legs and with inlhnnnuition of the eyes threat<niing blindness. San 
 lyaiicisin, Lih. lie ^/isinll, MS., 41; Arch, iila Bdrliard, MS., vi. 'J"J7; xi. 
 50-7; Pruv. J?cr., MS., vi. 149, l,-)7, 10.'!. 
 
 Diego (Iiirci.^ came to California in 17S7, serving at San Francisco from 
 September of tii.nt year until October 1791; at Soledad until February I79"J; 
 at San .\ntoiiio ap'il Xoveiiilier 179-; again at Soledad until }ila\'i'h 17l'>i; and 
 again at San Francisco until May 1797. JIo was generally a snpcrnunieiary 
 and liis .serviecj as miiiister were not in great demand. One year on some 
 frivolous pretext he neglected to sow any grain; lu? made liims<'lf oliuoxious 
 to each succcsi-ivo associate; and once wlien assigned to San Jose refused 
 obedience. Ka'-inally no objection was luadi; to liis retiring at the end of Ills 
 term of 10 years, t!io coming of which probably saved iiim fror.i di.;niissal liy 
 Lasuen. Ilis license was dated July S, 1797; his last .signature at Sau Fran- 
 cisco was oil 'Sh.y ISth. San Fraiiri.-<ro, Lih. <lc .Mi.-<ioii, ^1S.,4(), 01; Sulaldil, 
 J/ih. dc Mivuv, ^IS.; Anh. SUt, JJurhara, MS., xi. 'Jl'7-!>; I'mr. J'<c., !MS., vi. 
 115. 
 
 Josi'' ^larfa Fernandez left his college in February and arrived at Sau 
 Francisco in September 1790, serving until May 1797 as niiiiisli.r, receiving 
 his liceupo in -July, and leaving Califi)ruia a little later. lie was a very kind- 
 hearted, nian, and as we have seen llorica gave him great credit for having 
 .secured better t;e;;tmcnt for tlie natives at Sari Francisco; but a blow on 
 the head aceiilentaily received all'eeted his lieallli and esjieciaUy hi " .md to 
 BUch an extent as to i'.icapacitate him for missionary lab(,r .S^, ii Francisco, Lih. 
 (Ic Misio)i. .MS.; Arch.st,!, ]}drh((r<i, xi. 57-S; 7Vo/-. /.Vc, MS. vi. 9S. 
 
 ^■'' M:-.y 'JS, 1791, Fages infnrnicd lloun a tliat tlie padres of San I'raneiseo 
 had formed a ni'W establishment seven leagues away, v here the}' !;< pt most 
 of their neiipliytis. Pror. S/. I'ii/k. MS., x. 149; but we hear no nioic of tlio 
 subject. The controversies betw.'en mission and [iresidioaliout [lasturage, and 
 the alleged inferiority of San Franeiseo cattle, liave bein ahcady noticed. In 
 Prnr. A'.c., MS., vi. 7!>, it is stati'd that sheeii-raising was inirodueed in 
 1790, but no .-pecial increase a]i]iears in the sta", isties for that year. May 19, 
 1797, -Argi'.illo :ay.-; tlie Sau Francisco slu'e]( lu ing of .Merino y-Uttk nu.y li<' i» 
 little b"tter tli;.n elsev\licre. He wanted to buy H!0, but Lanilaeta refused to 
 sell. Pror. SI. Pap., MS., xv. 8, ». 
 
(14 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS— SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT. 
 
 5,800 l)usli(>l,s ill 170G; the smallest 1/J()0 in 1792,"' 
 and the avcrai^o .TjGOO bushels. The mission l)uikl- 
 inu's \vero described by A^aiicouver as {oriuiii!^ two 
 sides of a square, without any apparent intention of 
 oom])leting the quadrangle, the areliitecture and ma- 
 terial being as at the ja'esidio, but the ap;n'tuients 
 larufer, better constructed, and cleaiu^r. At (bis time 
 all rools were of tliatch, and the dwellings of (lie Ind- 
 ians were huts of Avillow poles, basket-work of twigs, 
 and thatch of I'rass and tules, about twelve feet hisjfh, 
 six or sev(;ii feet in diameter, and "abominably in- 
 fested with every kind of filth and nasiiness." In 
 1793 nine(een adobe houses were built, wiiich number 
 was subse(iuently increased until in 1798 there wen; 
 enough for most of the married neo})liytes. In 1794 
 a new stori?liouse 150 feet lon<x was built aiul roofed 
 with tiles as were some of the old build ings, and half 
 a league of ditch was dug round the potrcro and fields. 
 In 1795 another ad»»be building IHO feet lonu' was 
 erected; and tile roofs were completed foi- ;ill the 
 structures, including the church, about whicli from the 
 laying of the coriu-r-stone in 1782 nothing more is 
 recorded down to 1800.'"^ At the tinu> of X'ancouver's 
 visit one large room was ()ccu[)ied by manul'acturers 
 of a coarse sort of )>lanketing, made iVom v,()ol pro- 
 duced in (he neighborhood, "The looms, thouirh 
 rudely wrought, were tolerably well contrived, and 
 hail biHMi made by the Iiulians. 1'hu ]»roduce is 
 wholly a[)[)lied to the clothing of the conxirted Ind- 
 ians. I saw some of the cloth, which was by no 
 
 "'•' 'Win re tlio c'iil;i\atc(l ticlda wore sitiialcil iit tlii.s tiiiii? docs not iippi'iir. 
 In ITO.'i ^:'.l[l[llil's Inrnislu'd to tlio pivsidio iiinountt'd to .'; L',.s;il. I'ror. J,'cc., 
 MS., V. 'JO. In J;',iiniiry 17!'."> cold weatlicr i)rcv('ntcd tlio ]i;Hlri's IVoiu nay- 
 iuii nuiiss. /(/., V. 'lO-l. I'loin 17!>7 to 1800 n';;ular wi'mIIut ivport.s woi'o 
 rcndiri'd ;it tlio < nd (if I'iU'h yar. 17!>7 wa.s cold, windy and io;r;ry. .S7. Ptip., 
 (S'cic, MS., \i. ICO. In 171''^ tlio .-^uninicr licuan A\ iih -tiTril.lc and contiiiii- 
 ouM wiiul' and I'u;;, and the winter witli fro.st, iic.i\y rains, an<l roof-dania'j;ini; 
 winds. /V>"-. S''. J'ii/>., /Ini. Mil., MS., xvii. -I'l-W. In I7;)';> liltlc niin, 
 licavy iKU'lli winds, and nnich iVost. /(/., x.wii. 12. ISOO, heavy niins, soino 
 I'roMt, stroni,' winds. /(/., xxviii. I'J-IH. 
 
 <" r,///(vw(C(/'V Votjwir, ii. 10-14; St. I'op., J/^-s., MS., i. l-Jh ii. l.",, 7S; 
 /';•(//'. St. I'iip., MS., xvii. .")!•-()(). Faj;e.s .states tliat in 17'S7 there waa hut 
 a Mnplumcuto du iglcsia, a temporary alUiir, J'lujro, Iiijurim Cut., MS., 140. 
 
AXXALS OF SAN JOSfi. 
 
 71S 
 
 mcnns dosploablo; and, had it received the advantage 
 ()(' I'liHinL?, would have been a very decent sort of 
 
 I'lotl 
 
 unjjf. 
 
 n 
 
 1797 Borica ordercul tliat mission 
 
 blanlccts yliould be used at the presi(ho, and no more 
 obtained from IMoxico; but in 1799 he (hsaj)[)rovc'd 
 the Trials' scheme of buildinu" a fulhn<»-niill. In 179G 
 
 a manufacture of coarse 
 der Mariano Tapia.*^ 
 
 pottery was cstabhshed un- 
 
 The newestablislnnentsof I^ranciforte, Santa Cruz, 
 and IMission San Jose having been elsewhere noticed, 
 there remain the annals of Santa Clara and the juicblo 
 of San Jose, the former within this noi't'icrn jurisdic- 
 tion, and tlie latter most conveniently included in it, 
 though it really belonged to the militaiy jurisilictiou 
 of Monterey. At the ])ueblo population increased in 
 general terms from eighty to one hundred and sev- 
 enty, though the variation from year to year is so 
 
 ^' White .npin-cnticos were to conic to iSan Francisco to learn to make pot- 
 tery. /'/•(.)•. J.'rr., ]\IS., iv. 5:5-4: v. 7S, '-'()(•; vi. '_':!0. Some cotton from Siin 
 Bias was woven before 1707. AV. I'up., iMlsfi., MS., ii. !(!(>. lii 17'JS the mis- 
 sion conlracteil to furni^li tiles to the prcsiWiu at >,'20 per thousand. J'rov. S/. 
 Pap., MS., xvii. !»7; xvi. 2,"), -l-i. 
 
 Such are the faet^ hriilly istated in 'J.'l jmims that I have to present i-espcct- 
 ing San I'ranci.sLO from IT'.H to hSOO. iMo^tol' (ln^ facts ai( in tluin.selvcs not 
 veiy startlini; or im[iortant, but tliey constitute tlic aiin.l; for ten yars of 
 what is now ;i great city; and they have been recorded nut dilliiscly, 1 believe, 
 but ^\ illi due i-ondcnsalion. As 1 write, a //islan/ nl' t/ir Ci/;/ nf Stai Fruu- 
 c'lxci) comes from the ]iress. It was wiitten in aceord.inc(! witli a, resolution of 
 con;;;ress calliii;^ for a historical sUetch of each town from il.s foundalii>n, as ik 
 ceniennial memorial; it was written by a \iioncer, i.u editor, tiie acilnir of 
 •r.'vcr.il j.':ood works, the historian of the Siicii;(y of < 'alifuinia I'iomiis; in 
 fact by a man .generally supposed, and \\ illi nmeli r. ason, to be better ipi.dilied 
 than any otln r for liie t.isk, for which ht; was pai<l by the city. ]')i'in\' a his- 
 tory of a. town the work miijht naturally be expceted to deal lar';ely in local 
 detail:! v, hose alisenee in a history of California would be exeu.sable. 'J he 
 Work has received no unfavorable criticism, except for its renderii;;^ of n.odern 
 events invohing jiersonal and ]ioHlical prejudices. For the Spanish period 
 there is nothing but praise. Tiie leailiug joui'uals of tlie city credit tim 
 author with iinmenso research among the records of the past, and with an 
 cxhauUive treatment of his subject. Naturally, theiefore, it was w itli some 
 trembling that 1 compared the residts with tliose of my own laiiois; but [ 
 breathe nioie freely and am eucourai;ed, w hen 1 see tliat lespcctiug this dec- 
 ade the work alhuKd to contains the foMowing, ami notliing nra'c: 'Cauilion 
 was iroon supcr.cdiil by Danti, and he liy Avclla, who serve<l 'Ji) years, coui 
 inencing in 17r/7;' the mission had in 'I7!'.">, 704 Indians, 'J, 7''-) cattle, 'J.llcO 
 8heei>. anil .'III horses.' For four ileeades, frijiu 17^(1 to bS'JO, all tliat tlie work 
 contains will bai'cjy till one page of foolseai) manuscript. 'I his is but a sample 
 of i\\v. reeiid of larly ( alif.iriiia events hitherto called history, and yet the 
 work to w liich i refer i.s one of the best of its class. 
 
716 
 
 LOCAL EVE^ITS— SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT. 
 
 great and incx[)licab]o as to inspire doubts of entire 
 accuracy.''^ Of the nine original settlers six were still 
 left in I 797, the latest oonipleto rej^ort extant, and 
 about fifty new names of settlers, pensionei-s, and sol- 
 diers appear during tlie decade. Ignaeio Vallejo held 
 the office of comisionado until Noveni1>er 17*J'J, and 
 from Miiy 1797 to November 1799; Macario Castro 
 from 1792 to 1794, and from 1799 to 1807; and 
 Gabriel Moraga from 1794 to 1797, the same men 
 being coi-porals of the guard. Marcos Chabolla was 
 alcahh^, in 179G, Jose IMaria Martinez in 1797, Jacobo 
 A'^elarde in 1798, Ignaeio Castro in 1799, and Fran- 
 cisco Castro in 1800. 
 
 Cattle and horses increased from less than 1,000 
 head to G,580, wliile sheep, notwitlistanding Borica's 
 cftbrts, decreased to less than 400.''^ Agricultural 
 products were 4,-300 busliels in 1800, the largest crop 
 having been G,700 bushels in 1797, and the smallest 
 
 ^'^ Accnnlin!^ to the stiitisticsi the [topulation in 1701 vas S2; in 1702, 122; 
 ill 17!M, SO; ill 179o, 187; in 1700, 20S; in 1708, l.")2; ami in ISOO, 171, from 
 10 to 20 ii;itiv(^s being includcil in each number. Of the 2(» nanus j^ivon in ;i 
 former chapter (xvi.) for 1700, tliere (lisap])eare{I before 1707, Antonio J'omero 
 ami Francisco Avila (sent away in 1702) of the pohladairs; Juan ^Vntonio 
 Anu'z(nuta, invalid; and Higuera, Caj'uclas, and .Toaf|niii Castro, (iiiirniidns. 
 The new iianu's that apjiear during the decade, most of tiieni on the list of 
 1707, are as foUows: Francisco Alvirez, Javier Ahiso, Fniiicisco Ah iso, Jos6 
 Aguila, iM-ancisco Arias, Jnsto Altnmirano, Jose Avila, Nicolas IVrreyesa, 
 I'edro Jjojonpies, .Tost; Maria Benavides, .Vntonio Riiclna, Francisco Jii'jar, 
 Marcos Chabolla, Francisco Castro, Macario Castro, Leocadio Cilnian, Falilo 
 Cibriaii, Ignaeio Cantua, Nicoh'is Camareno, liernarilo Fl(>res, Reniaido (ion- 
 zalez, I'r.'incisco Gonzalez, Nicolas (liiliiido, Ijcrnardo Heredia, Salvador 
 Higuera, Ramon Lasso do la Vega, Jose Larios, Jose ^laria Martinez, Leo- 
 cadio Martinez, Dolores ]Mesa. .Tnatpiiii Mesa, Cabriel Moraga, Jiiim r^lejia, 
 Miguel Osnna, Ignaeio I'aclK^co, Miguel Facheeo, Luis Feralta, Jose Fliego, 
 Peilro Romero, .lost! Maria Ituiz, Juan Rosas, Jose Sacz, Miguel Saez, Justo 
 Saez, .lose Antonio Sanchez, Albino Tobar, Rafael Villaviccncio, Jacolio 
 Velarde, Antonio Soto. List of 170!?, in I'ror. L'cr., MS., v. 410-14. List.s 
 of 1707. in I'n.r. St. J'ap., MS., xv. i:iO-l; LI., B<n. Mil, MS., x.\v. 0, 7. 
 
 ^' Three thousand three hundred and fort^'-scven cattle, hor.ses, and mules, 
 tlu! mimber for 1700, m'ouM probably be a fairer estimate, for the statistics 
 are very irregular. All increase; from 04.") cattle in 1700 to 3, .Til in 1800 is 
 inexiilicalile. the number given for ISOl being 1,8!1. ,>litip-raising intro- 
 duced in 1700, according to Pror. I?<"\, ilS., vi. 7ii. IMay 18, 170(1,' Sal to 
 comisionado, transcribing Rorica's orders. Miny vecinos have not a single 
 sheep. 1'liis is bad and (contrary to the reglanii'iitcj. Each settler must at 
 once obtain a ram and 10 sheep, and the government will at once advance the 
 means to the poor. S. Joyi', Arcli., MS., ii. S7. A settler must not keep moro 
 than .">') cattle, and should keep sheep in f h( [iroportion of three to one. Prov, 
 Jhc, J\l,s., iv. 204; Uep. St. Pap., S. JoHi\ MS., i. 73-4. 
 
PItlVATE KANTIIOS. 
 
 717 
 
 1,800 in 1790.^* These figures include wlieat, corn, 
 and beans, but not benip, the culture of which was 
 introduced into California in 1795, San Jose being 
 selected as the place for the exi)erinient, and Ignacio 
 Vallejo as the man to su[)erintend it. Small cro[)s of 
 this staple were raised nearly every year during the 
 last half of the decade. Some rude machinery was 
 constructed for its pi'oparation, and several small lots 
 of the prepared fibre were sent tt) Monterey foi" ship- 
 ment to San Blas.'^" 
 
 Outside of the pueblo limits, there is no evidence of 
 any agricultural or stock-raising operations in this 
 region or in the San Francisco jurisdiction, where no 
 land-grants even of a provisional nature had been 
 made, except ])erliaps El Pilar on the peninsula to Jose 
 Arguello in 1797, about which there is some uncer- 
 tainty ''*' The slight structures of the town had, as 
 
 ^* Jan. 15, 1795, Boricaiirges increased attention to agriculture and prom- 
 ises preference in the pureliase of supplies. Dv/it. St. I'up., S. Jim-, .\J8., i. 
 4.")-(). March 29, 1791), J?orica is glad to know the reservoir is liiiished and 
 he oilers a preniiuui of if'l't to the man wlio shall raise the liiggest crop. I'rov. 
 Ji'ic., JIS., iv. 180. Se[it. I79li, Borica congratulates San Jose on her wlimt 
 crop. Ill Miiy he had soundly rated the coni'sionado foi' not iihuiliiig inorc 
 corn. /(/., iv. 18S-0, li)U, \H)'2. May ■_', 179(1, 10 sacks seed-ccini .scut froiii 
 ^Monterey. S. ,/osr, Aflt., MS., ii. 87. Sejit. 1."), 1797, ci)in[ilainls of had 
 (piiditvof San .Tosii (lour. A/., v. ;{'_*. ^lay 30, I79S, IJuriea (>i'dcis the settlers 
 to enclose their lields. Pror. lln., MS., iv. 27--', 'I'Si. Aug. IJJ, 179',), N'allejo 
 to r>., very poor Mheat crojis caused liy fhnhuhlc. Asks for time to pay 
 loans and tithes. Prov. St. ]'<(}>., MS., xvii. 'J'J9. 
 
 '•■Dec. '23, 179."), IJorica to Moraga ordering him toaflbrd Vallejoaid in the 
 way of grain with which to pay native laborers. Pmr. Pre., MS., iv, "Jll. 
 Dec. '1th, Argiiello to Moraga, transcribes 15. 's note of Dec. 1st, with vict.roy's 
 order of Aug, 2(Jth, iii reply to Borica's of Feb. 1st, with instructions on picji- 
 aratiou of hemp, and ]>r(iiiiise of instruments. S. ./o.v', Arch., M.'>., iv. "JS. 
 Lands of Linares taken and others given him. Pror. Pec, M.S., iv. 177-80. 
 July 11, 17'.''), 1>. regiets loss of lirst crop; but live fanegasot seed were saved. 
 J(l., iv. 19'J, 199. August l.'ith, 15. to \'alli>ji', cai-pent(^r IJcjar to make macliin- 
 cry. Ora in to be sown for rations of native laborers. Jil.,iv. 1!)7. Aljnut liO 
 faiicgas of seed harvested in 179(!-7. Twenty-live arrobas (l)'J."> lbs.) sent to 
 San iilas ill 1798. PL, vi. lO.'i; St. J'(ip.,Sin:, MX., iv. 70, Xumcruus minor 
 commmncations on tlie sidiject during 1707, showing great inti'iest on the 
 l)art of Lorica and even tlic V. 1\. Prur. St. Pop., M.S., xv. Seven bales 
 .shipjied ill Septend)er 1800. Crop in lSOO-1 not good. Pfor. Pw., ^IS., iv. 
 15; .S'. Jusr, Arr/i., MS., iii. .")9, (i(i, 70. 
 
 "^ Application and gr.intrecordid in Pror. lire, MS., v. 103; but in 1798 Ar- 
 giiello himself names 101 I'ilar as ))el(jiiging to the mission. Ari/in l/n, Jii/urmc 
 t-uhtr UaiK-hri del /.'(//, MS. In his report of 171*4 An illaga says tliat tlie settlers 
 of San .lose formerly did not possiss their lands in property, and tlii' landannu- 
 uUyassigiied them by the cinnisioiiadowas not properly cidtivated lit cause liable 
 lic.'it year to fall iuto the hands of another. The couiisioiiado w as tliercforeor- 
 
718 
 
 LOCAL EVENTS— SAN FRANCLSCO DISTRICT. 
 
 %vo have seen, been removed before 1791 to a short 
 di.staiK'o from the oriijiiial site, but there is iiothin<x to 
 show that the buildings on the new site ^^■erc of a 
 more substantial character;"'^ neither was there au}'- 
 tliing noticeable accomplished in the way of manui'ac- 
 tures.^^ 
 
 ' The settlers showed a spirit of insubordination early 
 in 1792, owing to popular dissatisfaction with Valkjo 
 as coniisionado, but on his removal quiet was restored, 
 not to 1)0 disturbed in the same way until 1800 under 
 Castro's administration. At this time a gang of idle 
 vagabonds conunitted all kinds of depredations, and 
 finally set the con\isionado's house on fire one niufht 
 when a *'j)eaceable and lawful ball" was in progress. 
 A detachment of soldiers was sent from San Fran- 
 cisco to I'estore order, which it is to be presumed they 
 accomplished, though we have no particulars.'"' Mean- 
 while in 1794 there had been fears of an Indian out- 
 break whicli gave rise to much correspondence and 
 caused unusual precautions. Father Fernandez of 
 Santa Chira was accused of undue severity in connec- 
 tion with this afi'air, a charge not fully sustained when 
 Alferez Sal was sent to make investigations. No out- 
 
 (krod to distribute four Dvertes to each on condition of paying a fee of rcoonoci- 
 luiiiilototlic king, and of not selling -without consent of the authorities. J'rov. 
 S'. I\(/)., MS., xii. 18S-0. Dec. '2d, 17!)3, governor to coniisionailo, each 
 lot to lie '2(i0 yards fquare, for which half a fanega of maize nuist ho jiaid. 
 Js'ew mttlois nnist yny sanio as old pobladorcs, and ■will get a title. After a 
 year and a day tluy may hold ollice. He who abandons his land loses all 
 improvements. Itelired soldiers pay no reconocimiento, hut their heirs nmst 
 pay. LL, xxi. 177-S. Feb. 7, 1800, some settlers disposed to abandon their 
 lands or part of them. This must not be allowed. ,S. Jon^, Arch., MH., iii. 
 
 m. 
 
 *' Sejit. 2."), 1707, reference to a bridge over the creek. Proi\ I'cr., MS., 
 iv. 'J."i7. A]iril .S, 1700. if the people want a chapel they may use the commu- 
 nity grain to build it. LI., iv. 'JO'J. 
 
 ^''.b.n. 170.'), Doriea urges the people to tan hides and make sad<lh'«, boots, 
 and shoes, etc., which will he purchased at fair prices if of good (juality. lie 
 will have no idleness. I'nn: live, JMS., iv. '2'20. Leocadio Martinez, I'arpcn- 
 ter, \ias exiled here in 1700. Sua Jour, Arch., MS., ii. 70. Oct. 'JS, 1708, 
 Larios and lialestcros allowed to build a water-mill. Prov. Itic., MS., iv. 
 'JSIi. July 1700, rel'erence to Villaviccncio's weavery at San Jose. Jd., iv. 
 300. 
 
 '» .1 rrlllaffd, Papd dc Punlos, MS., 188. Sept. 30, 1800, Castro to Sal, with 
 ecrtilicatc of alcahle and Kanjon Lasso. Oct. '2d, Sal to Arrillaga transmit- 
 ting tlic complaint. Dec. 1 1! th, governor's orders to Sal uud Alberni. Prov. 
 Hi. PuiL, MS., xviii. 4-8, 10. 
 
PUEBLO VS MISSION. 
 
 710 
 
 brenk oceiirrcd/'" After 1797 a largo part of the 
 inililarv t^uard was witlidrawii to provide for the new 
 foundations. 
 
 In 1797 tliere was a proposition to nio\e tlie pnel)lo 
 to tlio W(>siei'n bank of the river, with a xlrw to 
 
 tl 
 
 escajie tin; (lant^er or Hiun< 
 
 f 
 
 dat 
 
 ion. 
 
 It 
 
 fj 
 
 was iavori'( 
 
 I 1 
 
 )V 
 
 ]\[or;t_tjja, Vallcjo, Ak'alde Chabolla, and in fact l>y all 
 the settlers except four, Boriea, ordei-ed ('(H'doha to 
 examine the proposed site and make a })lan for the 
 town, and Ihc change seemed likely to be eflected; 
 but a.fter S('plend)er the whole subject was dropped,''^ 
 j>robably in consequence of a controversy between the 
 pueblo and mission about boundaries. I'his (piai'i'el was 
 the most notable local event of the decade. In A))ril 
 1797 l^'atlier Sanchez of Santa Clara coin])lained tliat 
 
 the t 
 
 OV.'llSliK 
 
 II were encroachin<jf on the mission lanck 
 
 Borica thereupon sent the engineer CNa'doba to make 
 a survey and establish the boundaries, taking into 
 account tlie views of both friars and vecinos and also 
 the former sui'vey of jMoi'aga. Cordoba rejiorted in 
 AuQ'Ust that the bound, so far as it could be detcjr- 
 
 mmec 
 
 •om 
 
 TiF 
 
 oiairas rf 
 
 ather 
 
 vague survey l)\' meas- 
 
 uring 1,950 vai'as down the river from wherc^ the old 
 dam was said to have been, w\'is within the mission 
 2Mtiu'i'<), and that tlie padres refused to accept it in a 
 represent.'itlou enclosed in the report. In this docu- 
 
 )pr 
 
 )rica. 
 
 es, 
 
 ment, addressed by Catak'i and Viader to B( 
 great stress was ])laced on the i-ights of the nativ 
 and to the fact tliat some time in the future the lands 
 must l)e (li\ i;!ed amoniif the 5,000 native owners. It 
 
 •''"Convrpoiiilcnco Inhvcoii Mor.i^'n, Arc'i'iollo, nutl S:il in Prov. Sf. Pa/i., 
 IIH., xii. ;;;), •!'.'-.".;), ]-2\-:.-2, l,S!)-<)l."]May'l(i, 17!)7, (numl to l.o withdiMwii. 
 yVoi". /iVc, ^IS., iv. L'l.'i. Aiiir. 2, 1701, troops ordered to lie drawn up iimler 
 arms, and all ii;i.-"'ii;i t > iissemMe with oIlieialH to formally reecvrnixe I'orioik 
 us ^'ovcinor. .S'. ./.-s', -I /■'■//., .MS., iii. 'J.'l. May 'JO, 17!)", iSIoraf^a, tr> Vallcjo, 
 statcuKnt of armament and amnninitioii. There ^vas <ine nioiinted cannon. 
 Pror. ,SV. J'a,n., J.IS,, xv. ItlS-!); ,S'. ,/.,,V. Arch., ilS., i i. 4S-;). 
 
 s'.Ia.ii. 8, 17!;7, Mora' a to IJorica. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xv. 4. -Tan. 10th, 
 ClmboUa to n. / ' :.i.'l21. ]May 11th, 15. to Cordolia. A/., x.\i. t.V,7. Sept. 
 7th, Vallejo to li. /-/., xv. 14,'). S. pt. '2<ith, Vallejo say.s the alealdc! luw 
 directed llie jx'oplc to hnild aeros.s the river. Id., xvii. -41. Xo date, .ros(3 
 Maria Murtiuez siiy.s the .settlers did not desire the removal. Id., xvii. 241. 
 
720 
 
 LOCAL EVEXTS-SAN FRANCISCO DLSTPJCT. 
 
 ^vas clriiraotl that tho mission had hccii in actual pos- 
 session of tho lands in dispute for twelve years, and 
 instances were cited where controversies with individ- 
 uals had heen decided by Moraga and others in favQr 
 of the mission. Moreover, the natives, both Chris- 
 tian and gentile, were beginning to comphihi that they 
 were robbed of their lands. 
 
 Nothing more is heard of the matter for a year.'^^ 
 In July 1708 the guardian of San Fernando college, 
 who was no other than Padre Tomas de la Pena, for- 
 merly minister of Santa Clara, and to whom the mat- 
 ter had naturally been referred by the missionaries, 
 addressed a petition to the viceroy. !'■ "t he states 
 that ]\roraga founded the pueljlo nearer the mission 
 than Neve liad intended it to be. Neve had subse- 
 quently admitted this and promised to move the town; 
 but as durinrr liis administration no lands were as- 
 signed, no landmarks fixed, and no pueblo cattle sent 
 across the river, there had been no trouble.'"'^ When 
 ra<>'es came he determined to fjrant lands and fix 
 boundaries, and lie did so notwitlistandinu* the friars' 
 verbid and written jirotest and Jinn'})ei'o Serras en- 
 treaties, to which h(! paid not the sliglitest respect. 
 From that time troubles were frequent, and Fages, 
 the arclienemy of the friars, seemed to take })leasurc 
 in annoying them. In 178G, however, Palou on his 
 return to Mexico laid the matter before the viceroy 
 and obtained a promise of relief or at least of investi- 
 gation; the river to be the boundary until a definite 
 •settlement should be made. Owing to the death of 
 the viceroy followed by that of Palou, the promise 
 
 '''•'In the mean time, however, the padres of Mission San Jest'; coinplainod of 
 (lam.-ijfo (lone by pucljlo horses, and Vallejo gave orders to remedy the evil, 
 though it Avns dillieult to keep the horses ofl' the lands where they had been 
 horn and raised. Oct. 9, 1708, P. Barccnilla to Vallejo. Oct. IStli, Vallejo 
 to r.oriua. Proi: St. Pap., MS., xv. l,5G-7. 
 
 ■''■' Xeve, Iiinlriircioii que da u Fa(ics, MS., 147, seems to have pronounced 
 in favor of the half-way mark between pueblo and mission as the boundary. 
 ' Dcclaro (jne la guardiaraya 6 lindero que divide los dos terniinos do Oriente 
 A roaiente es la nicdiaeion del terreno <pic intermedia eutre las dos poblaci- 
 ones, correspond iendo a la mision la parte del Norte, y al Pueblo la del Sur, 
 dondu pucdcn poiierse desdc luego mojoncras.' 
 
SAX JOSK VS SANTA CLARA. 
 
 721 
 
 was not fullillod; but duiinj^ tlio tiino of Iioniou and 
 Arrillaga, the mission had never i-ecoL'iiized tl)e old 
 landniaiks, and without hinderauee liad luiilt their 
 fenees and used tlie land beyond tliose old liouiids. 
 Now, however, the settlers were encroaehing on the 
 lands thus occu])ied, and insisting on the lin)its lixctl 
 by Fages. The petition calls for the river Guadalujie 
 as a dividing lini;, whieli will leave to tlu^ pueblo laud 
 enough, and with which the niission will be content, 
 though its lands be less in extent and of inferior (|ua!ity. 
 This })etition was referred to Borica, who in ])ecen»- 
 ber 1798 reported in favor of the padres, but sugg(>sted 
 that a part of the mountains toward the coast should 
 be reserved to the pueblo for a source of wood-supply. 
 On this basis the matter was settled, after some luiim- 
 j)ortant correspondence between local authorities, by a 
 viceregal decree of 8e[)tcnd)er 1, 1800, in favor (»f the 
 Guadalupe as a boundary, with a reservation of nioini- 
 tain woodland to be agreed upon and dearly maikcd 
 to prevent future dis|)utes. Ca[)tain ArgiU'llo was 
 a[)p()intcd connnissioner for the i)ueblo, and I\idre 
 Landaetafor the mission, and in July 1801 tlu' boun- 
 daries were surveyed and landmarks iixed. Thus the 
 missionaries were victorious.'^ 1 a])pend in a nott* a 
 slight resume of pueblo regulations: at San Jose as 
 expressed in the correspondence o^' this decade.'"' 
 
 ^'.*^«/? ./osd, Ciicyfion do Limitcx entrp el Pitrhlo y hi Misinn (h' Sniiln dfirn, 
 1707-.1S01. Viirhx J'tijie/f.i fo'riiitr.'i al A-iini/o., MS. Tlioso piipois iiK'luilo 
 Ajiril .'50, 1707, eoiniilniiit </f 1*. Sanclie/ to IJdiica; May lltli, dcoieo of 15. 
 M'itli iiistructidii.s tn Cunlol).'!; .July '2!ttli, t'Xiiipiiiiitioi'. of witnesses jit San 
 .losi'; Aii.u. 7tli, Ci'irdolia'.s ii]ioit; Aujf. (Jtli, i'e|irfS('iitatioii of Catalii anil 
 Viaik'i'tu 1). ; .1 Illy '27, ]'i'^^. I'l I'lii. Piliriiiii lUI P. (hhtnlian Kuhrc litnili ■■< dc Sua 
 Jiiftr y Siitilii Chii-ii, l!!iS, MS. Aui^. 7tli, A'ii'croy A;:an/ii to 1!.; ])(o. 'Ai\, 15. 
 to V. ];., iip]iiovinu]ia<lr(,''s tlaiins, in Pror. /,'ir., MS. vi. 110; .Ian. .Sd, ,\|iiil 
 1. ISOO, Sal to uoniisionado of S. ,Iosu. S. Jo.<r, Arr/i., .MS., ill. ."lO, oli. I'cl). 
 mil, Oov. to Sal. /'i-iii: /,Vr., ?»IS., ,\i. i:i4. ,So]it. 1st. X. R.'s <U'tivo of scttld- 
 incnt. ,S'/. Pii/i., S-n:, MS., ix. 10, 11. An;,'. 1, ISOI, Carrillo to Anilla^ja, 
 lias rccuivi'il Ai'micllo's icjiort of .fnly-'ilst. S/.Pa/i., Ml^n. (tml Culdii., .M.S., 
 i. 44. Aug. .'ilst, Oov. to ( 'ariillo, is adviscil > *■ \\w cstaMislinu'iit of flu' line 
 and of tlic settlers' <liseontent. (lo\cii:oi' to jaesident to same elicit. I'mv. 
 St. Par., Bfu. Mil., :MS., xxxii. .'i; Pn,r. /,\v., .MS., vi. l.'). Oet. ■_'(», IS(W, 
 ]iadio o.sks jierniissioii to mark the liound.'iiics with trenches. S. Josr, Airh., 
 MS.,i\. 100. See also llitll'.^ I list . S. Jus'\ .")7-S0. 
 
 "'.InDc \'l, 17fl-, Ar.'.^iiello to uovenior, only soldiers, jii.stiecs, and tiavel- 
 lers may carry arms; boys must not go into the country without a guardian; 
 HiBX, Cal., Vol. I. 16 
 
LOCAL EVENTS-SAX FRAXCLSCO DISTRICT. 
 
 At the mission of Santa Clam Pcna and Xoboa 
 served as niinistei-s until August 171)4, wlieu botli 
 letired ti) tlieir eolleijie, tlie former on account of ill- 
 liealth, the latter at the expiration of his term often 
 years."" l*adre Pena during the later years of his 
 
 liil siiiL;lc limit's over I'J yeiirs old imist sleep in tlu^ ^;mii(MK)n.si', for tin; ))i'o- 
 tci'iidii (f family iiL'iic.'e: si'Vlto pniiisliinciit fur gaiiiim;. S/. /'a/)., Sar,, MS., 
 i. III. i~'M, ti'oopH liiiil to t.'ikc ciirc of tlu'ir iiiiiiuals or ])ay tor it, tiic set- 
 tlers objectinj,'. Aiiilhuia, Pdjul ih' I'tiiilns, "Sl^., |S!». J)ee. 4, ITito, lioricil 
 ;iji]ii'oves that no |,'raiii lie f^owu in eonniuinity, hut cai.li settler ennlrilniti! two 
 fane^jas of wheat anil two of eoi'ii eiuh year. l'i-<ii\ /t'i\, MS., iv. '2'.VX v\])iil 
 '2iK 17!Hi, neither gentiles nor Christian Imlians must he .•illoweil to ride. ,V. 
 Jt>.i'\ Arch., MS., ii. (!,">, ,S(i. Xov. T), IT!"!, l>.'s orders that no gallllllin^^ 
 (liinkin;^, or illieit isexual relations aru to lie allowed, and Morai^a must pre- 
 vent them or lie dismissed. /</. , ii. 7-. Sept. H, ITlMi, no neo]iliyto to bo 
 nllowed in tlie puelilo without ii paper from the padre. J>('i>t. St. I'd])., S. 
 Jd.ir, MS., i. ()7. .Ian. .'{, IT'.IS, three keys to eomimmity gianary, one kept 
 liy eiimisioniido, one liy ale.dde, and one liy senior regidor. I'rur. I'lC, .MS., 
 i\ . •-'(ill. -\pril ;i(), I Tits, eomisionado not to meddli^ in administration of jus- 
 tiec. /'/. , iv., •J(il) 70. Dee. J, 'Ith, eaeh invalid and settler, aeeordin;,' to re;^- 
 l;;meuto, must keep two horse.s and ei[uipments. Jil., iv. '2S(i. Xov. "Jl, I7'J1*, 
 Doi'iea's instruetions to Casti-o on reli(!vinj,' Vallejo as eiiinisioniulo. ])('tails 
 on inventories, tithes, loan of si^ed, and moral supervision. S(in .Am'', Arcli., 
 MS., vi. 40. Auj,'iist 'I'l, ISOO, Sol to eomisionado. Xo one from Jiraiieifortc 
 to ; (iw i^'raiu at San .lose. Alcalde ha.s lieeii instructed aliout those who heat 
 children. Coniisionadi^ to look aftercrops which are heing neglected. Mules 
 Won't sell at any ]irice. If i.,aiios will not ]iay tithes he must not sow. Shu 
 if.)xi\ Arc/i., iMS., iii. (IS. Oct. 4tli, jiatrol after I I v. M. to prevent disorder.s 
 suid lires and arrest any one abroad without cause. A scouting party to he 
 oi-.fanized for the ciiuiiiry. /'/., iii. (i.'i. Oct. 7th, if Ueredia refuses to aid iu 
 lopairs to the ilr/xjullo, give him 40 days to leave tlu^ juiisdiction with all his 
 family and lieloiinings. Jd., iii. 04. (July those duly registereil as vecinos can 
 8ow \\ itliout special license. /</., iii. "iS. (.)et. l.'ith, ]ietitions can he sent only 
 througii the eoiiiisionado. /(/., iii. 4,S. Oct. "Jrith, if Ilernande;: is found with 
 a knife he is to get 50 laslies; neither must ho get drunk nor create scandal. 
 7'/., iii. 71. 
 
 ■''''I'omiis de la Pena y Saravia, a u.ative of Spain, left Aroxico in October 
 1770, sailed from San J51as in Feliiuary 1771, was driven to Man/anillo, came 
 li'.ck to Sinaloa by kind, and linally reached Loi'eto Xovember •J4, 1771. being 
 iissigued to Coinondii Mission. He came n]i to San Diego on Sejiteniber I77-, 
 .■serving there fora year, and subsecjuently as a supernuinerary forslioit peiiods 
 at San Luis Obispo and San Carlos. From June to August 1774 he made a 
 voyage with I'ercz to the north-west coast, keeping a diary of the exjiedition. 
 Alter his return he I'eniained assupernumorai'y at San (Jfirlos and neighboring 
 missions until January 1777, when he became a founder of Santa tiara, 
 fti'ving there until August 11, 1704, when he sailed for San likis in the San- 
 t''i;!ii. In 170."> he received some votes for guardian of the college, and was 
 .'■ubseipiently elected, .since ho held the position in 170S. He was also sindic 
 of the college from ISOO to Feb. !», 1800, the date of his death. I'. IVfia wa.s 
 unable and .successful missionary, but liot-teinpered and occasionally harsh 
 ill his treatment of the neophytes. He was accused before 1700 of having 
 eauseil tiic death of two boys \)v his blows; but after a full investigation tlii! 
 charge was proven false, the Indian witnesses confessing that they ha<l testi- 
 li( d falsely, and some evidence being adduced to show tliat Commandant 
 C Hizalez, whom the padre had reproved for his immorality, had used his 
 intlueuce in favor of tlu^ accusation. The formal decision was not readied 
 until 17'Jj) after the padre had I'utircd to Mexico; but be iutoreeded with 
 
AXNALS OF SANTA CLAP. A. 723 
 
 stay in Culifoniiu was a, jn"*'}' to that po^niliar liypo- 
 <'hondria wliicli aftbctcil so many of the early mission- 
 aries, amountin;^ at the last almost to insanity. It 
 is possible that in his case this condition was agj^ra- 
 vatcd by serious Imt unfounded charu'es of haviiiL,' 
 killed two Indian boys by ill-treatment. The suc- 
 cessors in the ministrv were IMairin Catala,"' and 
 
 *■' ~ 
 
 Manuel Fernandez, but the latter served only a year, 
 being accused of excessive^ severity toward the natives, 
 and then came Jose Viader. For three decades I 
 shall have no further changes in ministers to record 
 at Santa Clara. 
 
 In 1800 this mission had a larger neophyte popula- 
 tion than any other in California, showing a gain I'roni 
 027 to 1,247, baptisms having numbered 2,288, and 
 deaths 1,082, so that a margin of nearly 300 is left 
 for runaways. The baptisms in 1794 had been 500, 
 and 235 in 1796 had been the laigest number of deaths. 
 Live-stock, large and small, had increased to about 
 5,000 each, Santa Clara being l)ehind San Francisco 
 in this respect, and barely equal in agricultural pro- 
 ducts, which in 1800 amounted to 4,200 bushels. The 
 best crop was 8,300 bushels in 1797, the woi'st 3,200 
 in 1792, the average being 4,000 bushels. Wheat was 
 
 the authorities in behalf of his Indian accusers, who were released after puh- 
 licly apologizing ti the ministei's for tlicir attempt to hriiijj; dishonor on the 
 ordtT. I'lesidcnt Lasucn iu ^lay 17!I4 spoke of his condition as lieing jiitia- 
 Ide, for lie iuid became emaciated, talked to liiniself, appealed cfnistantly 
 afraid, and sliowc.'d other symptoms wliieh I'aiised fears that lie niiglit lose 
 his reason. I'efla had a patent as jne-sident in ease of aei;ident to Lasuen. 
 See Arr/i. Sta. liirrbani, MS., x. l.H), 'JS!I; xi. .">•_', L'-JO, 124(1; xii. 4:{(i; Std 
 <'lar(t, L'lh. lie Mis'ion, MS.; <S7rt Crir., Lih. dr M'i<hiii, MS,, 10; Avch. Ai^.n- 
 his/iadd, MS., i. ;{(); I'l-or. l!i<\, ]MS., iii. ;;.■{-."); iv. 'i:\X\ I'l-ur. ,Sf. /'tijK, Hm. 
 Mil., MS., xix. (J; and Pti'iii. Carjo ih- //onii'ii/in vmilrii el I'dilrc T<iiiui-i ili- la, 
 Peiia, 178(1-!)."), ^IS. (>f J)iego de >i"olioa nolhing is known sa\e that he ar- 
 rived at San Francisco from ]\Iexieo on .Tune 2, 17S."!, reiiiaineil uiiattaclied at 
 San Francisco and Santa Clara until .Iiiiie 17>S4, when he became minister of 
 the latter nussion and continued to serve there until he sailed with liis asso- 
 ciate on Aug, II, 1704. 
 
 ^" Sept ;■{, I7'.K), Borica says that it is repoi-ted that Catahi has tlireatrned 
 the comanilante of San .Tos(5 to destroy the houses if he admits Christian 
 natives to the inieblo. He does not believe any such reports. Mairin is a friar, 
 not a Kobesjnerre. Prov. liir., MS., vi. l(J!>-70. .Tan. 7, 17'.>7, 15. ordei's 
 Moraga and Vallejo to give satisfaction to Catalii for their rudeness, and asks 
 the padre to bear a little with the manners of men \\ ho wei'e not educated 'cu 
 cl colegio dc nobles ni eu elKomuuo.' /(/., vi. 179-80. 
 
724 
 
 LOCAL FA'ENTS-SAN FRANflSfO DISTRICT. 
 
 tlio leading prodiu-t, uiid no Inirli'V was riiiscd as a 
 rule.'^"* 
 
 Vancouver describes the mission l)uiIdinL,'s as on 
 tlie same general |)lan as at San Francisco, I'cu'niing 
 an incomplete scjnare of about 100 by 170 i'rrt. T\\o 
 structnrcs were somewliiit superior to tliose of San 
 I'r.'uicisco, the church being l»>ng, lol'ty, and as well 
 built as the rude materials would permit. The up]ter 
 stories, or garrets, of the buildings and some of the 
 lower rooms were used as granaries, and there wi ro 
 also two detached storehouses recently erected. ( *loso 
 to the })a(h'es' house ran a fine stream of water, but 
 in order to be near this stream the site had l>een 
 selected in a low marshy spot only a lew hundred 
 yards from dr}^ and comfortable eminences.'^''' ]n I'act. 
 this very year of 17'.)2 the friars had been conlined 
 for a long time to their house by a flood, i.nd it had 
 been resolved to movelhe mission buildings some Mvu 
 hundred yards to higher ground."" There is no further 
 direct record of the removal, and it is not likely f luit 
 the new church was ever moved, but a report of 1797 
 that the ministers' houses, guard-room, storehouse, 
 and soldiers' dwellings had been completed indicates 
 a transfer of such buildings as were on the lowest 
 ground."^ The church had a roof of tiles and had 
 
 '^'Supplies funiislietl to l^Iontcroy in 1795. $1,430; to R. Francisco, $212; 
 to Monterey in 1790, 82,147; in 1798, ^SOO. ]n iJuLcnilar 1797 liad a draft 
 from Argiiello for S1,<»4U. Ordered it Lill of ><oods of ):'4,0(H) from Me.xico. 
 J'rcr. SI. Pap., MS., xvi. 2();(, 200; xvii. 02; J'r.(a\ 7,Vr., MS., v. 7(). Fur- 
 nislicd supplies to San Ciirlos in tbe hard year of I79.">. Arch. Sid Jliirlntni, 
 M.S., ii. 229-;{0. liean crop failed in 179.'), Vaisin;; price from !i<2..")0 to S.">..')0. 
 I'riii. St. }\ip., MS., xvii. (i7-8. Tlie fcjlhnviiig items are from A'aneonver's 
 otwervationa in 1792. Many thoiusand Imsliel.s of dill'erent urai\is in utore. 
 Hemp and flax succeed ■well. M'^heat yields 2.") .and 30 fold. ]5arley and oats 
 not raised l)eea\ise the superior grain could l)e produced with the same lahor. 
 In tlie garden were peaches, apricots, apples, pears, ligs an<l vines, though 
 the latter do not Uourisli. Iiumeiise hei'ds of cattle; 24 o.XlU killed every 
 Saturday for food. Vfuirniir( /•'.•< I'viiatji', n., 19-24. 
 
 ''•' I'lnicuiirer'a Vot/ai/c, ii., 18, 19. 
 
 •■■"June 30, 1792, Sal to Arrillaga, in .SV. P„p., Sar., MS., iii., 23. May 28, 
 1791, Fages to Komeu, the padres arc forming a new establishment Prvv, 
 ■Si. J'np., MS., X. 150. 
 
 «>Aug. 17, 1790, Amador to r>orica, in Pror. St. Pap., MS., xv., 170-1. 
 The padres' houses had 8 rooms of 5 yds. each ; guard-iions»>, 8 x 5 ; store- 
 liouse, 5 yds. square ; 5 soldiers' bouses, each 5^ yds. There was also a corral 
 
SANTA CLARA. 7-2o 
 
 been lrii<;(hcnc(l twenty-four feet in 1705. At the 
 time of Vancouver's visit some of the niitivcs were 
 at work on tuloho liouscs lor themselves. Fourtc^en 
 of thc>se clweliiiin's, tli.itched, were coniplcited in I7l);{, 
 nini^ more in 17*J1, and before 17l).S nearly all tin; 
 married neo|)hytes were thus aeeonunoilated."^ The 
 cloth woven at Santa Clara seemed to Vancouver of 
 a better ((uality than at San Francisco. In 17'.)'J two 
 thousand hides were tanned, but veiy few of them 
 «'ould be sold. ^Mij^uel Samirador was the master 
 tanner and sjioemaker; Cayetano Lo[)ez the master 
 car|)euter and mill-maker. It does not appear that 
 there was any water-power mill either at Santa Clara 
 or San Jose before 1800."=^ 
 
 Hn y<ls. 8(iii;iro with walls feet high, built of stout tiinhcrs nnil atlobca da 
 Cdjoii. 
 
 "■^ ]»csi(l(>s eiilai';;ing tho church, a trench was diif,' in 170.5, half a Icau'U" 
 Ions;, nine feet wiiie, lunl live feet deep. iS7. ]'(i/>., Mi^n., MS., ii. 7^, l'_'"_'. 
 Ailuliu iiouscH for iicoiijiytcs. /'/.,ii. l(i, I'l'.i. la IT'.'S they sccni to huvo liail 
 tile rodfn. Argiielli>'s report in Pror. St. /V'/'., MS., xvii. .5!l-()(). (liiiuil- 
 liousi) linislu'd in 17!Hi. I'ruv. Iter., MS., v. !)'J. Vancouver was whown ))y 
 Pcfia a pouileroiiH l>laek stone which was to liu used for liuilding and for mill 
 stones as soon as any one could l>o found eapal)le of workiiiL,' it. I o//";/'', ii. .'!."). 
 
 '^ An-h. Sla jHU-hurn, MS., ii. 7-- :>; St. J'n/i., Sdi:., MS., ii. it, 10; I'r<,r. 
 St. Pup., MS., xxi. rJS-1). Auj,'. 1707, '"'/.s^-^,* made at San Jose for siiiudini; 
 wheat. Priio. Ilir., MS., iv. '2.')l{. A])ril 18, I7!H), IJorica orders \'alieji) to 
 seek Kiiitalde stones for u mill; but ou Muy 'Jd he Mas directed to suspend tho 
 work, id., vi. 187- S. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 CLOSK OF IJORICA'S RULE. 
 
 1800. 
 
 End of a Di'cadi'. am> Cr.NTrnY— Hoihca's I'oi.icv and CirAi!A<'ri;i! - Tsru-s- 
 TitiAL ]?i;vivAi,— ruriTi,Kss Kffduts— (JovKiiNoit's Rf.i-aiions with 
 FuiAKa, Soi.iMF.ns, Nkoi'iiytfs, AM) Skiti.kus-^ICffoui's fur I'uomo- 
 
 TION — A lvMl!iri'OFSANTl\(l(» — Ka.MII.V Ji F.I.A'lldN.S — LI'.AVK OF A I'.iSF.MK, 
 
 DKrAUTruF, anp J)f.ath — Auiai.r.AdA am. .Ai,iii;um in ('om;mami — Lisi- 
 
 OF SfJ'ONDAKV AFTIIOUn'IF.S ON I'IaULY CaUFOKNIA lIlSTOliV - l,ISl' of 
 InIIAIMTANI'S of CaI.IFOKNJA FliOM 17()!) TO ISOO. 
 
 TiiK rulii of ]^i('<v() (1(> liorica iVoin 170 1 t(t IHOO 
 wns ;i jK'i'iod rnthoi' of pi'imri'ss, or ol" (>J]oii toward 
 ])roi^rcss, than of (n'ciits. (iioiiii^ heyoiid (lir routine: 
 (liitios ol" liis ])ositi<>n, thi) governor <l('\-ot('d liiinsoU' 
 fait Id'ully and intelliu^ontly to tlic ncni'ial advanciMuont 
 ol" his province. No one of (JaliloiMiia's i'ew classes of 
 inhabitants was sho'hted or specially fas'ored. Mis- 
 sitMiaries, neophytes, ])anans, soldiers, and setllers, 
 each receivt>d sympathy, cncouraovnunt, and aid from 
 tlu^ i;'oV(>rnnuMit. No industry or institution was 
 neiilci'tcd. jNlissions and ]iuchl()s, conversion and 
 colonization, a<4i'icu!tur(> and trade, civil and iiiilitary 
 and ecclesiastical _i;'overnmeid., all reci'i\ed close atten- 
 tion. ^IMio neopliyt'S were the wcakt>st class juid 
 I'lH'civcd th(> most sympath\ ; the padres were the 
 stronii'cst and reijuii'ed least ])rotection; the setthn's 
 were the most dillicnlt to manaijce and I'eceived atten- 
 tion pro[) /tionatc to the magnitude of interests in- 
 volved in the future ])rosperity of the country. If 
 the rc^sults of .l)orit'a's eiforts as presented in the pre- 
 ceding' chaiiters were sliijht and unsatisfactorv in 
 
 ( IM 1 
 
Tin-: (i()vi:RXOR's ciiaractkr. 
 
 niniiy I'l'Sju-cIs as Nifwcd IVoni an Aiij^lo-iViiicrlcan 
 staii(l|toiiit, this fact was due to iiilici'ciiidilliciilt ics in 
 tlic ])r<>I)lrnis ])r('S('ni('(l for solution, to tlic spiiit of 
 the times, to the iiJituiH; of the raw inuterial hoth 
 iiat've and foreign, I'athei' than to IJoiica's sliorltcMn- 
 ings o" to inade(juate royal provisions. J )on l)i»'i;() 
 ^va.s n )t a genius; lir was u ])rrid(!nt, sciisihlc man, 
 lionest {ind zealous in ilie diseharii't! of his jjuhhc 
 (hitics. 
 
 I ]ia\r ali'eady noted ]]oi'i('a's arrival with his fam- 
 ily at jjori'to, and in the autunm of J 7!)4,at AIoiitei( y. 
 Fortunately a quantity of his ])rivate letteis or hlot- 
 ters o!' tlic same, were left in ( *alifoi'nia and lia\c hccii 
 ])i'('scrvt'd in the arehives t^iNiiiL;- us a, hrief glance at 
 the man in his jirivatc capacity, as an a^i'ecahlc com- 
 ])anion, a Ixm clrnnt, jovial and witty. 'I'lic letters 
 also i^'ave us ]>oiMca,'s early impr(;ssions of (.'alifornia, 
 enthusiastically euloi^i/ed as the hest, country in tlie 
 world in which to live; loiii;' iuid well.' l^nlortunately 
 the i^'oveiMior took hetti'i' care <if |>ri\at(^ cori'cspond- 
 ence in later yeais, and fi'om tlu^ lie^imiini^' of 17'.).") 
 his individuality is well ni^h sunk in the e-encr; lilies 
 of ojlicial coimnniiications, which neNcrt lieless con- 
 timie to show tlu; n'ootl-humor, kindness of heail, 
 sym[)athy for all sutferint;", in\arial»le coui'te.-y, and 
 hnsin-.'ss-like n'ood sense which always charactei'i/ed 
 the man." J lis I'clations \\\\\\ tin; IViars were always 
 frii'udly and mutually respectfid. At. the lirsj, lie 
 assured I'resident Lasuen of his desire to a\oi(| .ill 
 cent I'ovei'sy lietween the seculai" and the mis>i(inary 
 ant hoi'ities, a, desir(> reciprocated hy J.,asuen,"' and suh- 
 secjueiitly kejit in view hy both jiarties. Lasuen 
 
 * Sec cliiqjtrr xxv. of tlii.s vulniiu'. 
 
 '■*< iiiri'iM. ill '/'tii//iir'--< J>i-<riii\ mi'l Foiniil., \i>. "J."), ii. M.">, sikmUs of rmrica 
 as not liUt'il liy tlic |m(i)i1(' mi .■uiniiiit of liis .still' :iiiil fniinMl iiiiiiiiii is; Imt 
 tlicrc is nothing; in (oiitciiiiHirjii y records to .sljow tliiit sucli m;is the IVi 1- 
 iiii; to\v;ir(l liiiii. Itoiiicro, .Miniiiriiis, MS., LS, s|ic;iks of iiiiii ,is iiotcil for 
 kiiiiliicss iiiid couvti'sy in iiis inti rci iiisc \\ jtli siiiionlin.'itr.s, tlioii^li iir\ cr ]irr- 
 niittiiiir neglect of iliity to ]i,iss iiniilinUcd. 
 
 ^Ari-li. .'nrjiliis/iiiilo. MS., i. ,",((. ^■ct in \~'.H tlu' lii>lio|i of |)m;ii;i'o in ii 
 letter to 1\h' viceroy li:id s|ioUi n \ eiy liitli ily imd wirciisticidly of lloriciiH 
 iiii.ssioji policy in tliu I'mvinciiis interna^, i'iiiaii, Col. Jjvc, MiS., 7. 
 
728 
 
 CLOSE OF BORICA'S RULE. 
 
 often <lo(Mnc(l Borica too inucli disposed to lieir and 
 credit tlie complaints of lyini^ neopliytes, but no 
 i!oticenl>]t; coohu'ss ensned. Still IJorica's success in 
 niaintaininnf liarnionv \vitli tlie i)adres should not bo 
 c()nij)arcd with the failure of his [)redeccssors to tlieir 
 dis;i(lvantn<ve; for to a certain extent that success 
 resulted from the fact that Xeve and Fuges had fought 
 the battle, and the missionai'ics hatl learned iVom ex- 
 ])eriencc that it was not wise as yet to renew the 
 contlict. 
 
 I find no evidence that Borica ever left the caj)ital 
 durino- his rule of six \'ears, thoutj'h it is not uidikely 
 tluit he may ha\'e visited San Jose and Sail Francisco. 
 In -July 17!)4, bef(jre coming north, he sent a petition 
 to the king for [)romotion, and in October 1795 received 
 his connnission as colonel of cavalry.* In these early 
 years he also cherished the hope of still further })r()- 
 motion to a generalship, or at least to thi- governorship 
 of Sonora, ]3urango, or Zacatecas. 3\> this end ho 
 s(Mit large sums of money to Spnin to be used at court, 
 but his agent ]\[iranda seems to h;)ve spent the money 
 to no })ur[)ose.'' lie seems to have been a man of 
 wealth, or at all events his wife, ])ona ]\Iaria ]\Iagda- 
 lena de I'rciuides, had lari^e estates in Nueva Vizcavn.*' 
 Bein!>' a kniiiht t)f tlie oicler of Santia^'o he acted on 
 l\lay a, 179G, as grand master at the initiation of the 
 Spanish naval ollicer Don Bamon de Saavedia, at 
 ]\Ionterev. President Lasueii served as prelate on 
 
 * I'mr. A'"'., :MS.. v. 71; vi. '2(1; Pror. ,9/. Pap., MS., xi. MI7: xiii. .-);.; 
 xiv. 'J!t: xvii. "_'. I'l'uvioiis to lii.s ;\pi)(piiitiiit'iit as ydvi'iiior lu' li.iil hicu inl- 
 jutjiiiL-iiispcctor ill (.'liiliiiainui, liis pay in that position luimiug tu ilay i;i, 
 17SI4. /</., xii. 174. 
 
 •' I'ror. SI. l'„i,., MS., xxi. L'OO, LM.VKi. 2-2-2 4. 221. 
 
 '' /'/•!//'. J'<i\, MS., vi. 124. lli.s wit'o ami (lauj;Iitci', a bcanty of 10, wore 
 vi'iy po[)ular. (I'airii, in y'di/lor'-'^ Jtlsror.riiH/ F'iiniil.,J\t}. 2.1, 11. .losr Maria 
 Koniiro, M< nitiriiis, MS., ])S, i^ay.s ISotiia liail a. son of tiu; aj^o of alniiit I."), 
 whom ill' kni'W, and wliosi^ nann- lie tliinks \v,is Cosnio. lie may inilcid luivo 
 1i;h1 a son, for ji-' wrote to tlie jii'esiilent on .liily 2."(, 17'.'"'. tliat liis wife was 
 ulioiit to lnar him 'iin Californico o una < 'ulitdrnien,' Pruv. Ii'(<\, MS., vi. 
 1 17. hut lie eould not have lieeii ].") years oM in Califoinia. lie had a sister, 
 IJernarda de Ijuiiea, m ^'ieforia, proxinee of Alava, Spain, lii.s native plaee; 
 and he sent her, April 27, 17'.t'"). a hill of exchange fur lOo pounils sterling. 
 Pror. SI. PuiK, MS., xxi. 210, 225. 
 
rREPAKATIOXS FOR DEPARTURE. 
 
 7-'0 
 
 that occasion, and It was probably the only ceremony 
 of the kind that cvn occurred in CahforniaJ 
 
 In April 1799 G()vernor Borica applied to tlie vice- 
 roy for leave of absence to recuperate his health. He 
 said he had served thirty-six years, twenty-five of 
 which had been spent in active canii)aigns a^■ainst 
 Indian tribes and in tours of inspection of presidios, 
 niining-canips, and other settlements in the Provincias 
 Internas. Journey inijfs a<_*'i;rc<xatin<jf ten thousand 
 four hundred and seventy-five leagues almost exclu- 
 sively on horseback had given rise to a malady which 
 demanded medical treatment. Either a leave of ab- 
 sence or a permanent transfer to an easier position in 
 New Spain would be satisfactory as he had no wisli 
 to return to Spain. The result wiis a grant of eight 
 months' leave signed b}' the viceroy in June and made 
 known in California in September.'^ The document 
 l)rovided that Arrillaga, remaining at Loreto, should 
 be governor ad interim, wliile Alberni, presumably by 
 virtue of his seniority of military rank over Arrillaga, 
 wns to take the position of comandanto do armas for 
 Alta California. It was the governor's intention to 
 depart in October, but he was delayed by new orders 
 from ^lexico until the beuinninu" of the next year. 
 The viceroy instrufited him, owing to the hostile atti- 
 tude of British vessels in the Pacific, not t(» avail 
 himself of his leave of absence "until the aspect of 
 things should change."'' 
 
 The dd of January 1800 Borica announced his in- 
 tention to depart on the 12th or 15th, and the com- 
 mandants were notified to publish the accession of 
 
 i 
 
 ' .S7. P"p., S'ir., :\IS., vi. 84-.-); Pnn: Sf. Pap., IJni. Mil., MS., xxlii. :?. 
 
 ^April 1, 1T»".', li<iiic;i to vireroy, in J'rov. J!er., MS., vi. l'_':;-4. Sept. 
 loth, ]5. to Arrill,i_a. iMln'iui, iiiul tln' ciiuuiiaiidimts. Pior. Sf. ]'■!/>., .MS., 
 xvii. ;il.S; /'/., Jkii. Mil., xxiv. !•_>; Prnr. Uvc, MS., iv. 17+-.".. ^..v. Mh, 
 Arnll:i(,'a's ivply. Pvor. .V. yV;).,MS., xvii. "JDl. 
 
 "■July I!, ]7!H», viceroy to Jiuiica. I'roe. St. Pap., MS., xvii. ;!ll. Dec, 
 ,Slst, tin: \'. Iv. or(li'ri;<l him to use iiis own (lisiictiou as to the nccil ot hi.s 
 jirusciiL'c ill < 'alit'oriiia. »S7. }'<tp., S<ir , MS,, iv., 7.'!; luit tlii.s coiiiimmication 
 cotilil not have liicii re ctivid Ijvloru U.'h ili^iarture, ami possibly the preui.'diiiu; 
 ciiu also laikil to arrive. 
 
730 
 
 CLOSE OF KORICA'S RULE. 
 
 Arrillaixa and Alberiii.^" On the lOtli of the same 
 month liu sailed on the Conccpcion from San Diego 
 with liis family, Captain (jlrajera, and four retirinjji; 
 ])adrcs. Grajera, as we liave seen, died two days out 
 from port; of Colonc;! ]Jorica after his de[)arturc! wo 
 know only by a brief note in a subseciuent comnmni- 
 eation of the viceroy that he died at Dui-ango July 
 19, 1800/' January IGth, the date of BoriV-a's • de- 
 })arture fi'om California, may bo regarded as the day 
 M'hen vVrrillaga's third term of rule ad ihtcrha began. 
 There wei-e no events connected with his rule fur the 
 rest of 1800 that require mention here. 
 
 A Spanish account of California published in 1790, 
 though relating chiefly to the peninsula, contains a 
 tolerably complete and accurate sketch of the nortli- 
 orn establishments; and the instructions left by A'ice- 
 roy Azanza to his successor in 1800 contain frequent 
 allusions to Californian affairs and have already been 
 cited on special topics.'" It will have been noticed 
 that my foot-notes form an index of authorities on 
 each succesive phase of the historic record— 11 lat is 
 of original authorities in manuscript and ])riiit; but I 
 have not deemed it best or worth the sj>ace re(|uired 
 to extend this indexing process to the secondary 
 authorities. Seven eiu'hths of the events recorded in 
 
 'Miiii. .•?, isnn, Borioa to coiiimaiiduits. Prov. liec, Jkl.S., iv. 114. Miiv.li 
 r)tli, (iuyL'oL'clK'ii tii.\rrilhigii. I'roc. St. l'(tp., MS., xviii. •2;i-4. ^larcli Stii, 
 AiTillaga and Albcrni ordered to be recognized by Sal. S. Jusr, Arru., MS., 
 iii. iTl. 
 
 "Departure on tlio Conrcpcioii. Prov. St. Pup., MS., xxi. .SO; Prni\ Iker., 
 MS., xii. I. lie seems to iiavo gone to San Diego by land after .Jan. M, or 
 at least sueli had Ijeen his )ilan in Sejitenibei', w hen Sal had sent an orth'r to 
 SanJoije for paek-aniinals tor the governor's jonrney. .S'. Joxr An-h.. vi. 4;{. 
 Notice of lioriea's death in \' . U."s eoniuiiiniiation of .(\ugust 14tli. St. Pup., 
 Sac, MS., ix. 70; I'ini/f.t, IitnlnicrUnii:<, "JOl. In a letti'r of Tadro Curti'S 
 from Mexico ■.iiited April 1st, the \". U. is said to have advised tlie king to 
 continno IJorica in olli<'e in ('alifornia for live years longci-. Anh. St'i lln'r- 
 hard, MS., xii. .'JOT. 'J'hei'e is a vague reference to a settler who was seveieiy 
 piinishi d for an attemi)t to take IJorieas life. (iov. to V. 11., Deo. ■"), 1800. 
 J'l-or. S/. Pup., jNIS., x;v1. oO. 
 
 '■' Cali/aniiu, in l'i(i<iirv (Kl) Uun-irxal, 6 NotUhi. dil MidkIo Aiitiijiiii y 
 ynoro. Ol/ni irrojiniulu dr /o.t in(jiirf'i viaijcro.i par /). J'. /,'. /'. MadricI, 
 1700. torn. xNvi. I ISO. See also au article ou California in C'(t/((,c/i('/((, 7'(7c- 
 <jr(i/o M.-.c, 00-103. 
 
SECONDARY AUTIIOPaTIES. 
 
 731 
 
 this and the followiiiiL,^ volumes arc licre lueiitioncd for 
 the first time; but the other eighth liave been often 
 rc})eatc(l on the autliority of l*ah)u, the old voyagers, 
 and a few documents, by modern writers. The works 
 of such writers I have fully studied and utilized, eitiiig 
 them whenever there has been any reason tor so 
 doing, but have not, as before stated, gi\en a com- 
 plete index in ni\' notes. Omitting many books that 
 contain a superlicial account of i^arly events or a mere 
 reference to them, I ap})end in a note a list ol" works 
 that have some merit, many of them standard works 
 of real and recognized value, as the reader will see at 
 a glance. They are grouped here as secondary 
 authorities only because on tlye earliest period of his- 
 tory they add nothinijc to the oriirinal records in my 
 collection. ^•'^ 
 
 Having tlius roachetl the end of the decade and 
 century, I close my first volume of California's annals 
 with a list containing the names of over 1,700 male 
 inhabitants of the |)rovince down to tlie year ] SOO. 
 Tlie names have been collected with great care and 
 labor from mission registers of baptisms, niarriages, 
 and deatlis; from company rosn-rs, pueblo ^>f7(.//'<//<c.s', 
 and from thousands of miscelltineouw documents in 
 the archi\es. 'J'hat the list is absolutely complete 
 and accurate I cannot pretend, for a i'cw of the regis- 
 ters have been lost, and some names, especially of 
 
 'M/rarf(('o, 7//'.-/. Cal., MS.; BarthtCs Pirson. Xai:; Brnivur.i L'^inr 
 CriL; Jlu.-iii>ii(iii/i',Siijiliiiiiiilo; ('til., J'd.tt, I'itsi nf, dr.; (Jajiron's lli.-'t. Cii/.; 
 Cniiiisi-'.'i 2\''if. IWali/i; Dicrioimrii) Unlvirxul: J>ir'niilles Cul. Ilixl. S. J'.: 
 J'iinilia!)i\'< J.ife in ('((I.; I'urlji.s' llittt. dil.; Friijud, l,u ('iififnniic; llmi- 
 Mdiiii, Cul'forhii ii; J/niii.-i' Ki))i<innit J^vIli; J/<iiii:.i^ Mission Uii'jt<; //"//r-.' 
 
 tijira; Jifuiddl/i/i'.i (.h-dlhui; Ii'i/aii, in (lulibii Km; SIhii'k ('tilh. M i ■<■■<}( hik; 
 S/nicL\-i Col. ,>n-(i/i-liii()l:. ■i'o»/';'.s' ^\ innils cj' .S. /'.; Siilil 1/ .]/< xlniiia, lidif: 
 'Jtn/lur, in J'riniii )\ jiiid Jiii/li/in; 'J'nylnr'.i J)i.<iir. (iml Jniimli r.i; 'I'lii/liir'.t 
 Oil'iKi anil Eiiih; Tiilhiir>i Ili^t. Cul.: Viilliju\: llht. Cul., .MS.; I ;>.'■/„ /s 
 .Mifstoii.'^ ('/ Cul. Alsc) 40 Of ;")() county liistoiiiH jiuMislieil \\itliiii llio piist 
 ten \ears ; juid iimminux iie\v.s]iii|ii'r unities, os]ii!ciiilly in .V. /•'. Jinlldin, 
 Call, and Al'ii, and Sdirdiinnli) Uiiiiin. 'J'liiTc is liiu'dly a jiai«r in tin; .statu 
 that liun not i)uljlit<hcil sunit.'. valualilu uiutttT widi nnicli of no xuliR'. 
 
732 
 
 CLOSE OF BORICA'S RULE. 
 
 children, in the hiter years, arc tlierefore missing. 
 Again some of the persons mentioned in connection 
 with the earhest expedition, especially those to whom 
 no special occupation is assigned, never came to Alta 
 California at all, or only came as vaqueros or escorts 
 to return iimned lately. Another source of error is 
 the uniformity of Spanish given names and the fact 
 that men were known at ditfercnt times by dilferent 
 names or combination of names to avoid confusion; 
 hence there is no doubt that m}^ list contains a certain 
 number of repetitions. Yet it may well be doubted 
 if so complete a list of the earliest inhabitants can be 
 formed for any other state of the United States or 
 ]\lexico. j\Iy attempts at chronology are limited to 
 the separation of the names into four classes, [)utting 
 each person in the class in which his name first appears 
 in the records. Number 1 includes the earliest pio- 
 neers who came hi 17G9-73; number 2 those of 
 1774-80; number 3 those of 1780-90; and number .4 
 those of 1790-1800. 
 
 Inuabita>'t. of California, 1709-1800. 
 
 Al)cllfi, riaiiion, pailrc.^ 
 
 AcL'l)0(lii, J-'nuicisco Ant., soldier.' 
 
 AcL'l)oil(>, .](>s('' AutDiiio, .soldier.* 
 
 Acelicdo, Julian, .soldier.* 
 
 Acedo, Jose, .settler.* 
 
 Aeeve.s, Antonio, eliilil.' 
 
 Aeeves, JusA Mmiii, ehild.' 
 
 Aeeves, Antonio (4)uiterio, soldier.' 
 
 Aeevea, I'.ablo, .soldier.* 
 
 Aeosta, Ant(jnio, Koldier.' 
 
 Aeosta, .Tost'', Cat. vol.* 
 
 Aguiar, I'lnneiseo.' 
 
 Aguila, Jose, .settler.* 
 
 Ayuila, Juan .Tosi'^, child.* 
 
 Aguilar, Franeiseo Javier.* 
 
 Aguilar, I^uLs Antonio.' 
 
 Alaiiis, Antonio, oliild.' 
 
 Alaiis, Kugeino ^l'ieolas, eluld.* 
 
 Ala- is, Isiilro. ' 
 
 Alanis. M/ixinio, soldier.' 
 
 Alari, .los(', Cat. vol.* 
 
 AUieiui, IV'dro, lientenant-colonel.* 
 
 Ale;Uit.\l'.i, I'edro, mason.* 
 
 Alegre, Antonio, soldier.'' 
 
 Alegna, Norberto, suldier.' 
 
 Alipiis. Juan 'N., soldier.* 
 Altamirano, Jos6 Antonio, soldier.' 
 Altamirano, Liieas Domingo, child.* 
 Altamirano, .loso jMarcos, child.* 
 Altamirano, J iisto Itobeito, soldier,* 
 Altamirano, l^ueas, soldier.* 
 Altamii'ami, ,]uan, soldier.* 
 Alvarado, Juan J).' 
 Alvarado, IJeinardino.' 
 Alvarado, Ignaeio, soldier.* 
 AlvarT'lo, Franeiseo Javier, soldier.' 
 Alvarado, .Juan ]>. , eliild." 
 Alvarado, Fran. Ma. J). C, child.* 
 Alvarado, Josi5 Vicente, child.* 
 Alvarado, Juan Jos('', soldier.* 
 Alvarado, Juan X. 1)., child.* 
 Alvarez, Juan, soldier.* 
 yvlvarez, .Joaiiuin, soldier.* 
 Alvarez, Luis, soldier.* 
 Alvare-;, I'edio, soldier.* 
 Alvarez, J'Vlipe, convict.* 
 Alvarez, iJoroteo.* 
 Alvarez, Jost"^, artilleryman.* 
 Alvarez, .Inan. artilleryman.* 
 Alvarez, Jose, child,* 
 
IXIIABITAXTS OF CALIFORNIA, ITOO-ISOO. 
 
 733 
 
 Alvirea, riaiulio, servant.'' 
 Alvires, Juan, solilk'!-.'' 
 Alviics, Ivstcxun.' 
 Alviso, Fiaiii-isco. settlor.' 
 Alviso, l)ijii:iii;4o, soldier.'^ 
 Alviso, Auastasio tJevuiiiino, cliilil.* 
 Alviso, FraiicL-iL'o.hivier, soldier.'* 
 Alviso, Fraiieiseo Solano, child.'' 
 Alviso, (loroni.no Antonio, child.* 
 Alviso, Jgnacio, soldier.* 
 Alviso, Javier, settler.* 
 Alviso, Jost'i Antonio, child.* 
 Alviso, Jose (ilahriel Jj., child.* 
 Alvitre, .Sehastian, soldier.' 
 Alvitro, Jnan .lose Mix., child.* 
 Amador, IVdi-o, .soldier.* 
 Amador, Jose Sinforoso, child.' 
 Amador, .Fost'; Fructnoso.* 
 Amador, .liian i'alilo.'' 
 Anij'dor, Jose Maria, child.* 
 Amador, Marros Antonio, child.* 
 Amarrillas, .Inaii ^Anyel, soldier.' 
 Ame/<juita, Jose (ial)iiei, child.' 
 Aniezqnita, .Jr.an Antoiuo, soMicr.' 
 Ame/quita, Mannel iJom., settler.' 
 Anu'zquita, Floreiitino, settler.* 
 Ame/(|uita, (Jrcgorio, settler.* 
 Anu'zquita, }''ianciseo Ma., settler.* 
 Amezquita, Jose, soldier.* 
 Amezquita, .lose' Miguel, settler.* 
 Amezf|nita, Jose Heyes, settler.* 
 Amezijuita, Seialiii, settler.* 
 Aniurrio, (Ircgnrio, padre' 
 Antonio, ^lanuel, servant.' 
 Antonio, .Jose Crispin, child.* 
 Antonio, ^lacedonio, soldier.* 
 Antufia. Manuel, sohlier.'^ 
 Arana, Jose, soldier.^ 
 Aranguren, .lose, soldier.' 
 Aroe, Jos(; (!.' 
 Arcc, Sebastian.' 
 Arce, Joa(piin, eliild.' 
 Arees, Jose, settler.* 
 Arihulcta, .lose Ignaeio, servant.' 
 Archuleta, Jc se Xoi'lierto, eliild.'^ 
 Archuleta, Minn 1 (len'jniino, child.' 
 Archuleta, (.'regorio, soldier.* 
 Arellanes, Teodoro.'' 
 Arellano, Man. .1. 11., soldier.' 
 Arenaza, I'asenal M., ])adre.^ 
 Argiielles, Francisco, artilleryman.* 
 Argiicllo, l'"i'aiiei-H'o Rafael, chiM.* 
 Argiiello, Josi' I)ario, allVrez.' 
 Argiicllo, .Jose (Jervacio, child.' 
 Ai'giiello, L\us Antonio, child.' 
 Argiiello, Jose IgnacioAf., child.* 
 Armenta, ( ■rist('il)al, settler.' 
 Ai'iiienta, .loa(|nin, soldier.' 
 Airiola, Alejandro, soldier.' 
 Arias, Francisco, settler.* 
 
 Armenta, Jost^ Ma., soldier.* 
 
 Arriohi, Jose l''i'aneis(o, mechanic* 
 
 Arriola, .lose Kafael 15., eiiihi.* 
 
 Arriola, liafael, convict.' 
 
 Ari'iz, Ignaeio.' 
 
 Arroita, Francisco .To V', padre' 
 
 Arroyo, Jose Manuel, smith.' 
 
 Arroyo, Juan Isidro, eliild.^ 
 
 Arroyo, Vicente, soldier.' 
 
 Arroyo, Felix, cliild.' 
 
 Ainoyo, Jose, sailor.* 
 
 Aruz, Domingo, soldier.' 
 
 Aruz, Martin, settler.* 
 
 Arvallo, Fcliciano, settlci.'.' 
 
 Avalos, Nicolas. ' 
 
 Avalos, Joa(juin, tanner.* 
 
 Avila, Frauci.sco.' 
 
 Avila, Adanto, child.* 
 
 Avila, Anastasio.* 
 
 Avila, Antonio Ignaeio.* 
 Avila, Cornelio, settler.* 
 Avilii, Ignaeio.* 
 Avila, .lose, convict.* 
 Avila, .Tosi'. Antonio, settler.* 
 Avila, .Jose Mi/iia.' 
 Avila, Miguel.* 
 Avila, Santa Ana, soldier.* 
 Avis, Fructuoso, sohlicr.* 
 Ayala, Jose, soldier.' 
 Ayala, JoscC. ])., chihl* 
 Ayala, Jose Salvadoi\ child.* 
 Avala, Juan .lost- <!., child.* 
 Ayala, Juan 1'. M., child.' 
 Baeilio, Antonio, (,'at. vol.' 
 I'adiola, Manuel Antonio.' 
 ij.alilerrama, rcjnvict.' 
 •Jjallesteros, Juan, sohlier.' 
 Ballcsteros, .Tuan Antonio, child.' 
 IJallesteros, .Javier Antonio, <hild.* 
 ]}andcras, Jose F. di; la (,'ruz.* 
 Iiarajas, Jose, sailor.' 
 Larhosa, Jose, settler.* 
 15iireena, JoSi', convict.* 
 Barcenas, .Marcos, settler.* 
 liarcenill.-i, Isidoro. padre* 
 IJ.n'ona, .los<'>, I'adie. ' 
 I'.arraza, Macedonio, soldiei'.' 
 IJarrera, Juan Antonio, soliliei'.' 
 Barriciitos. .lose, Cat. vol.' 
 ]}asadre y Vega, A'iccnte, settler.' 
 Ik'len, Miguel, servant.' 
 Bello, Mateo, Cat. vol.' 
 ISeltran, I'rancisco Javier, soldier.' 
 ]5eltran, Joa(|uin, siddier.'-' 
 liclti'an, Nicolas, soldier.' 
 lienavides, Jose Ma., settler.* 
 Ijcranzucla, Pedro, soldier.^ 
 liernnnlcz, .lose, soldici'.' 
 Bennudez, Jose S., child.' 
 Bcrmudez, Manuel Antonio, child.* 
 
INHABITANTS OF CALIFORNIA, 17C0-180O. 
 
 I'crnal, Francisro, .servant.* 
 lU'i'iial, .liisi' DJDiii.sio, sohiit'i'.^ 
 lieiinal, .liian Fi;iiiuisci), soldier.'^ 
 iSorna], .Manuel llainon, .soldier.'' 
 llt'i'iial, .\|i(ilinari(j, cliild.* 
 llernal, .Iiian, child. ^ 
 Ucrnal, Itanion, settler," 
 llernal, Jiiiino, child.'' 
 ])crnal, .liia((iiin, soldier.'' 
 liernal, Jo.si'' .Agustin, child.* 
 ]>crnal, .Jo.sc t'ipriauo, child.' 
 lU'rnal. Juse C. Cipriano, child.* 
 I'urnardo, Jose, settler.'' 
 ])Uircy(.'.sa, Nieohi.s A., settler.''' 
 llurreyesa, .Tnan .lose, child.'' 
 Berreyesa, .Josi'^ Nazario, settler.* 
 Berreye.sa,Josedelos llcycs, settler.* 
 Blanco, .liian, smith.* 
 Blanco, Miguel.* 
 Bojorges, .lose IJamon, soldier.''' 
 Bojorges, Jleimenegildo, child.''' 
 Bojorge.s, i'edro Antonio, soldier,''' 
 Bojorges, Fr.-incisco J I., soldier.* 
 Bonnel, Kanion, Cat. vol.' 
 liorica, ])iego i' \ governor.* 
 lioronda, ^Manuel, soldier.'' 
 ]5oronda, Cainito .lose, child.* 
 Bosch, Buenaxentura, setiler.' 
 Botello, .Toa(|uin, tailoi.* 
 J5ravo, .lose .Mari'elino, soldier.* 
 Ih'iones, Jgnaeio A'ieeute, soldier.^ 
 Briones, .l<ise Antonio, soldier.' 
 Briones, Jgnaeio \'iei'nte, child.' 
 Briones, Jos '■ .loaijuin, child. ^ 
 Briones, I'Vlipe Santiago, child." 
 Briones, Nicolas Maria, child. ^ 
 Ihiones, Marcos, soldier.'' 
 Briones, Manuel, soldier.* 
 Brito, Mariaiu), aitillcryman.* 
 Brito, Miguel, artilleryniaii.* 
 Ih'uno, Francisco, soldier.^ 
 Buelna. Fuselno .Jose J., child. ^ 
 'J>nelna. Jose .Xnlimio, soldier.'' 
 ]5uelna, Ivanion, soldier.'-' 
 Buelna, I'lusiliio .1. ,[., I'liild.* 
 Ijuelua, .Ids'' ll.'iini, child. ^ 
 I5uelna, )os • Maria, child.' 
 ]>ult'erig, (lei'('ininin. Cat. vol.* 
 I'nniliau. I'ranriseo, Cat. vol.' 
 ]>ustanianto, .lose, soldier.^ 
 Bustaniante, Manuel, soldier.' 
 Butron, .Manuel, .soldier.'-' 
 Butron, Seliastian, settler.* 
 Cahallei'o, .lose, Cat. vol.' 
 Calixto, .lose, soldier.' 
 Calvo, I'^raueiseo, soldier." 
 C.'il/ada, .J<]si'' Antiuiio, padre." 
 Calzada, .lose, convict.* 
 Cal/ada, .losi- T)ionisio, settler.* 
 Caniacho, Joso Antonio, soldier.' 
 
 Canincho, Toinii.s M., servant.' 
 (.'ainacho, Juan Miguel, soldier.* 
 Caniacho, Anastasio, soldier.^ 
 Caniacho, Antonio, soldici'.'^ 
 Camarena, Nicohis, settler.* 
 Canihon, J'edro ]5enito, padre.' 
 Camcro, Ma unci, settler." 
 Canipa, I'edro, sailor.^ 
 Canipa y Coz, Miguel, padre.* 
 Canipo, Jose, Cat. vol.* 
 Campos, Francisco, soldier." 
 Canedo, Alliino, soldier." 
 Canedo, Josii ^Manuel, settler.' 
 Cafie(U), Jtian Jgnaeio, .soldier.* 
 Canizares, Jose, ]>ih)to.' 
 Cano, Jose, artilleryman.* 
 Cantua, Ignaeio, soldier. -' 
 Capinto, Josi'; Ma., tiiilor.* 
 Capinto, ^lariano, tailor.* 
 Carabanas, Joa(piin, soldiei'.^ 
 Carahanas, Nicoiiis, soldier.'-' 
 Caravantes, Jose Salvador, soldier." 
 Caiavantcs, \'entnia, settler.* 
 Careanio, .lose. Cat. vol.* 
 C;irdcnas, Mehlior, servant.''' 
 Cardenas, Cristi)lial, servant.* 
 Ciii'denas y Jiiver.-i, 'I'adeo.' 
 Cariaga, Salvailor, soldier.^ 
 Carlon, Jiiiario Ignaeio, soldier." 
 Carnicer, Jlaltasar. padre.* 
 Cai'ranza, J>oniingo, padre.* 
 Carrillo, (iuiliernu>, soldier.* 
 Carrillo, .Mariano, sergeant.* 
 Carrillo, .lose Jiiiiniundo, soldier.* 
 Carrillo, Anasta.-,ii) .los', child." 
 Canillo, Carlos Antonio, child." 
 Carrillo, J)oniingo ^\nt. Jgua., child.* 
 Carrillo, .lose .Antonio J']., child.* 
 Carrillo, J.nis, sailor.* 
 Casasallas, Siuion, Cat. vol.* 
 Casillas, .luaii .ManiU'l.' 
 Castaneda, .Jose.-* 
 Castafieda, Jose J!uiz, soldier." 
 Castelo, Agustin, soldier.' 
 Castillo, Josi'', pldeliotomist.* 
 (.'astillo, Jose, soldier.* 
 Castro, Antonio, soldier.^ 
 Castro, Ignaeio, soldier.^ 
 Castro, Joaipiin, soldier.^ 
 Castro, .lose, servant. - 
 Castro, Isidro." 
 Castro, Josi'; .Macai'io, soldier." 
 Castro, .losi' Simon J. X., child." 
 (.'astro, Maiiano. soldier." 
 Castro, Mariano dc la Cruz, eliilJ." 
 Casti'o, .\ga]iito, settler.* 
 (-'astro, J''i'aneiseo, settler.* 
 (.'astro, .los('^ .loa(|uin, settler.* 
 Castro, .lose S. T., child.* 
 Castro, Simeon, settler.* 
 
INHABITANTS OF CALIFORNIA, 17(50- 1800. 
 
 735 
 
 Cavnllcr, .T()s(', padro.' 
 Caymlas, Fiaiicisco, ("at. Vol.' 
 ( '.lyuflas, Kraiifisio, .soldier.' 
 (.'ayiu.'la.H, I'l'ilro, sidilioi'.' 
 (.'urvaiitoH, .Juan I'ahlo.' 
 ('LTvantt's, « liiaclaliipo, soldier.* 
 < 'cTvaiitL's, Palilo Victoriano, soMicr.* 
 (lialpiiUa, ^Lircos, fsolilior.^ 
 (.'lialiolla, redroR., cliild.^ 
 ('lial)iillii, ,Tosi', eliild.^ 
 ('lialxilia, Jusii Luis, child.'' 
 Cliahulla, (Salvador.* 
 Cliaiiiuiro, Binith.^ 
 (liaM'ti, .JoH(5 Mateo, settler.* 
 Chaves, .Tose, eonviet.'' 
 Chavira, Jose Antonio, settler.* 
 Cliavira, Jose, convict.'' 
 ('ihrian, I'alilo, soldier.* 
 (ihiian, Leocadio, soldier." 
 (ihiiaii, I'm hh) Antonio, smith.* 
 CiprL'S, !Maroelino, padre.* 
 Cisneros, ,I(jse, servant.^ 
 Chia, Domingo, Cat. vol." 
 Contieras, J>nis, unileteer.''' 
 Contrcras, Jose, soldier.* 
 Cordero, .loarpiin lynaeio.' 
 ( 'ordero, Francisco. ' 
 Cordero, Maiiano Antonio, soldier.' 
 Cordei'o, ,U)sr. K., child. - 
 Cordero, I'Vrniin, settler.* 
 Cordii'o, flannel, soldier.- 
 ( 'ordero, .lose i)oin., child.* 
 ('ordero, Mijinel K., child.* 
 Cordcio, Pedro, settler.* 
 ('('irdolia, Aloerto, en,i;ineer.* 
 Coruejo, (Jasimiro, settler.' 
 Cornejo, Casimiro, convict.* 
 (Jorona, Fi'ancisco, soldier.* 
 Coronel, .Juan Antonio, muleteer.' 
 Cortis, .fnaii Lope, padi'c.' 
 (fortes, Jos6 Antonio, soldier.'' 
 Cortes, Nicolas, soldier.* 
 Cortes. Nicoh'is Felipe, soldier.* 
 (y'ostans''>, ^liguel, enj,'ineer. ' 
 <..'ota, .\ntonio, Svildicr. ' 
 Cota, I'ahlo Antonio, soldier.' 
 Cota, -Maniiel Antonio, child. ^ 
 (,'ota, l!oi(ue, soldier. '- 
 Cota. Cnillernio, sergeant.^ 
 Coti, .Iiiau Ignacio, soldier.''' 
 Cota. Mariano, scjldier.'' 
 ('ota, Nabor Antonio, child.' 
 Cota, liartolomi! .lose, child.' 
 (,'ota. Fianciseo Atana.sio. child.* 
 (.'ota, .lo.se flannel ^la., child.* 
 Cota. .lose \'alentin, ehihl.' 
 Cota, .Juan Francisco, child.* 
 Cota, Manuel, soldier.* 
 Cota, Pedro Antonio, child.* 
 Crospi, Jiian, padre.' 
 
 Cru/ado, i\ntonii), ]iadre.' 
 Cruz, i'austino Jose, soldier.' 
 Cru/ y .'"^otoniayor. Juan, soldier." 
 Cuevas, Luis, settler.* 
 Dandrieu, Andres, soldier.* 
 I>anti, Antonio, padre.' 
 1>,i\ila, .Tosi'', surgeon.'^ 
 Diivila, Manuel, cirpenter." 
 ])avila, .)., soldier." 
 Diivila, Jose Antonio, smith.* 
 Delgado, Alon/.o, (':it. Vol.* 
 Diaz, .Joaquin, soldiei'.- 
 Douiilignez, Juan .lost', soldier.' 
 Doniinguez, .lose J)olores, soldier.'' 
 Doijiinguez, .losi'^ Antonio, ehihl." 
 Doniinguez, Jo»e Ma. D., cliihl." 
 Doniinguez, Cristohal, soldier.' 
 Doniinguez, .Tose .\ntonio, cliild.'' 
 Doniinguez, .lose Asuncion, child.* 
 Doniinguez, .losi' l''ranciscc>, child.* 
 Doniinguez, IJemesio, settler.* 
 Diiaite, Alejo Antonio, soldier.' 
 Duarte, Jose Ma., soldier,' 
 Duarte, Pasenal.' 
 ])iiarte, Francisco Javier, child.* 
 Jhiarte, Juan .lose'', servant.* 
 Duarte, Leandro, soldier.* 
 ]>ucil, Sebastian, Cat. vol.* 
 iJumetz, Francisco, padre.' 
 ]'aiearnacion, Jose, .soldier." 
 ]'hni(piez, Antonio, sei-vant." 
 Knri(juez, Antonio Domingo, M'caver.* 
 Knriquez, Sebastian, child.' 
 J'lseainilla, Ant(inio Sjintos, child.* 
 Fscainilla, Jose, soldier.* 
 Esiuiinilla, 'J'oinas, convict.' 
 ]']scribano, Sebastian, (Jat. vol.' 
 I'sjiarza, Jose Lorenzo, mechanic.' 
 Mspi, Jose de la (3., padri.' 
 Lspinosa, Antonio, soldier.^ 
 Kspinosa, Joa([uiii, soldier.'' 
 Espinosa, .liian, servant. - 
 Kspinosa, (Jabriel, soldier." 
 Lspino.sa, .Tose Miguel, soldier." 
 Esj)inosa, Salvador, soldier.^ 
 J]s|iiiio.-a, Toiiias, soldier.'' 
 Espinosa, Cayetano, soldier.* 
 Lspinosa, .los.' ( iabiiel S.' 
 lispino.sii, Jose .Ma. F.. child.* 
 Espinosa. .lose Pio, Cat. '.'ol. ' 
 Espinosa, Juan Antonio .1., child.* 
 F^iti'van, PedrodeS. .Iiis('', padre.* 
 J'^sti'vaii, Ant(jnio. sailor.' 
 J'^strada. .lost' r.onit'aci.i, soldier.^ 
 I'lstudilht, .lose'' Maria, soldier.' 
 Fages. Pedro, lieiiti na:it. ' 
 F.'Uira. .Tosc', padre.* 
 Fcliciano, Alejo, settler. - 
 Feliciano. llilario, child." 
 Felix, C'laudio N'ictor.' 
 
730 
 
 INUA3ITAiITS OF CALirORNIA, 17(iO-ISOO. 
 
 lyiix, Auiist. Ma., soMior.' 
 
 Fr'lix, horuti'd, hiplilit'i .'^ 
 
 l''i'lix, ,l()si' Vict'iitc, 8(il(lior.^ 
 
 J''ilix, .Tosi'' Francisi'o, K)l(Her.' 
 
 Felix, .Jiiiia Ji)S('' JL;ii!ici >, child.' 
 
 l-'cHx, Aiit(iiiii) li;it,icl, iliilil.* 
 
 l'\lix, V'ii'toriiiii, H<jlilii'r.'' 
 
 I'.lix, i'Vi'iiandiJ ilo la T., cliilil.* 
 
 J'rlix, .!()«('', iliild.* 
 
 i'"ilix, .To.si- Liic'iiiiio, c'iiiKl.* 
 
 IVIix, .Ii)s6 Vitiiitu V'ak'utiu, child.* 
 
 T'c'lix, Juan.* 
 
 Felix, Juan Jose do f\., eiiild.* 
 
 I'Viix, LeciiianU) Ma., child.* 
 
 Felix, I'eclid Aiitdnio, child.* 
 
 J'\'niandez, (ia'^par Antonio, child.' 
 
 I'ernande/, Jose jlosulino, .soldier." 
 
 l'"eriiand('Z, I'eiln) l^Miacio, child.* 
 
 Feinandc/, liafael Ma. de la C, child.* 
 
 I'Vrnandez, A'ictor, (Jat. vol.* 
 
 ]''erniind(!/, (Ire,L,'orio, padre.* 
 
 iMiiiande/, .lose Ma., jiadrc.* 
 
 l''eiiiande/, Mauuel, jiadre.* 
 
 FcyJDO, .lose, sioldici'.^ 
 
 Fcnei-, I'ahlo, t'at. vol.' 
 
 Fiu'ncr, Juan, i)adrc.' 
 
 Fi.micriia, flannel, .soldier.* 
 
 I''iL,'uer()a, Nalvador l;,'nacio, child.* 
 
 Florcs, ] lei iiienegildo, so.dier.^ 
 
 FIoi'os, \'ietoiiano, servant.* 
 
 Florcs, Jose Mij,nicl, soldier.'' 
 
 Florcs, Jose Maria, solilier.^ 
 
 Florcs, Jo.si; Teodosio, child.' 
 
 Florcs, ]jcrn;irdo, settler.* 
 
 Florcs, Diogo.* 
 
 Florcs, Francisco, soldier.* 
 
 Florcs, Isiitro. soldier.* 
 
 Florcs, Jose Ma. de la T., child.* 
 
 Florcs, Leandnj Jose, child.* 
 
 Florcs, Pedro, soldici'.* 
 
 Font, Jose, lieutenant.* 
 
 ]M)ntes, ];uis .Ma., soldier.' 
 
 Fontes, L'edro, servant.^ 
 
 Fragoso, Luis !Ma., soldier.' 
 
 I'rago.so, Kafail, (.'at. vol.* 
 
 Franco, Juan, servant.'' 
 
 Franco, Jose, convict.* 
 
 Franco, I'ahlo, convici:.* 
 
 Fustcr, Vicente, jiadrc* 
 
 (lalindo, Xicolii.s, settler,^ 
 
 (ialiudo, Francisco A., child.'' 
 
 (lalindo, Jt'se Ivafael, child.'-' 
 
 (ialiudo, .Mejandro Fidel, child.' 
 
 (lalindo, .Tose Leandro, child. ^ 
 
 f'aliudo, Juan C'riscVstoino, child.' 
 
 (lalindo, C'laudio, Cat. vol.* 
 
 (ialindo, Jos6 Ciirlos II., child.* 
 
 (ialiudo, ^'enar■cio, soldier.* 
 
 (lallego, Cirlos, soUlier.- 
 
 Galvcz, Diego, Cat. vol.* 
 
 fiiinic/, 'J'eodoro, soldier.* 
 ( iaraieocchca, .Jose, corixir.'il.* 
 (larcia, I'icgo, padre.-' 
 (iarcia, I''eli|ic, smith. '-' 
 (Jai'cia, ]''raueisco IJriino. soldier.' 
 (!ar(-ia, {-"r.-iui-isco .\la., child.-' 
 (hircia., l-'rancisco I'., soldier." 
 (iarcia, .losi'; lieycs, child. '^ 
 (larcia, .luan .lose, child. '^ 
 (larcin, Jos('i Antonio, soldier.'-' 
 (laicia, l'edro, settler.'' 
 (larcia, l'edro (Ion/ale/., smith.* 
 (iarcia, (Virlos Ma.* 
 (larcia, .lose Antonio Inoc, child.* 
 flarcia, Jose'- llilario Uanion, child.* 
 Garcia, .lose de las Llagas, chilil.* 
 Clareia, .Tose Ma. Cancio, child.' 
 Clarcia, .lose Ma. Dcsiderio, child.* 
 (iarcia, Juli.'in.* 
 (larcia, 1..UZ, soldier.* 
 Garcia, iS'ieoh'is, (*;it. vol.* 
 Garcia, l'edro Antonio, child.* 
 Garcia, l'edro (Ion/., smith.* 
 Garihaj', .lose Joaijuir., child.* 
 (Jarihay, Vicente, soldier.' 
 (larracino, l'edro, sohlicr.' 
 (Icrardo. (See (lonzah-/ G.) 
 German, Cris. Ant., child.' 
 German, Tsidro, soldier.^ 
 German, l-'aiistin .T., child.* 
 German, Manuel ignaeio, child.* 
 'German, Ju.-m, solilicr.* 
 German, Juan, child.* 
 Glol, .Tose, servant.^ 
 Gili, IJartolonu'', jiadrc. 
 Giri')et, Miguel, padre' 
 (iloria, .Tacinto, soldier.- 
 Gloria, .Tos6 ^la., soldier.* 
 Gomez, Francisco, jiadi'c' 
 Gomez, Nicolas, settler.'^ 
 (loaiez, Francisco, soldier.* 
 Gomez, .Tose Antonio, ('at. vol.* 
 (4omcz, Kafacl, settler.* 
 Gomez, Itafael, convict.* 
 (lomcz, Francisco, carpenter.* 
 (longora, .Tosi'' Ma., soldier.' 
 Gongora. Jose Antonio, child.* 
 Gonopra, Jost'' Ma., soldier.* 
 Gonzalez, Antonio Alejo., soldier.* 
 Gonzalez, Inoccneio, s.'ulor.' 
 Gonzalez, (.'irilo, servant.'^ 
 Gonzalez, .lose Antonio, soldier.* 
 Gonzalez, .Tosc Komualdo, child.* 
 Gonzalez, Jose Manuel, settler.* 
 Gonzalez, Mateo Jaeoho, child. '^ 
 Gonzalez, Kamon.'^ 
 Gonzalez, Nicolas, soldier.' 
 Gonz.'ilcz, Alejandro, soldiei-.-' 
 Gonzalez, llci-nardo, soldier. - 
 Gonzalez, Diego, licutenuut.' 
 
 J 
 
ixu.\r.iTA\TS 01' c.\Liroi;xrA, itco-isoo. 
 
 (1iin;'iil(:', I'clipc, siol licr.''' 
 (•()Il>:;:I .■., .J(jM' I lllsi liio, tliiM.* 
 (loii/i !oz, ■lii.-ii'' 1 I li.i;iii(), sio'.ilii-r.' 
 (ion/. Ic'/, ,M;;t<'() Jiiroliii, cIiiM.^ 
 ( ioii/iilcz, 'ridiiiis, ^,l)l(lil'|•.•' 
 
 < lon/jili'z, All jo., Cat. viil.* 
 (loil/iiliZ, I'"liilli iscn, soldier.* 
 (ioiizali'Z, l''i\'iiun.>;<'i), iiailro.* 
 
 < loU/jiIcZ, .lusi', C'll. vol.* 
 
 < loil/liicz, iJo:;.'! ]'; liul M., rliilil.* 
 (loii/ii'.cz, Man. Cniaeo, fliilil,* 
 
 < lonziilc z, .li'an, MililiiT.* 
 (Joiiziiliz, IVilro, int'iliaiilc* 
 ( lonzali'/, j;,:fa(l, ( liilij.* 
 (Jonzili'Z (JLiiUi'.o, Jlaliicl.' 
 (loiizalcz, Jom'! 1,( ■iiidro, cliild.* 
 
 ( loycoiclica, l"<li[H', liciiti nant.* 
 <!raj<ia, Antonio, liiutcnant.' 
 (liijalvii, .luaii I'aMc , scrgwint.' 
 ( li'.ciivro, .Fian Jusi.' 
 (uicniM'o, .Joa([iiin, iioIdiiT." 
 (inciT( ni, ,]t::n'', Hci'v.'int.- 
 (indi'iio, .lo.-ii'' Anlonii>, soldier.' 
 (iiK iTi'i'o, Julian, soldier.'^ 
 (iiiei rcro, ^;atL•(), iii-tillriynmii.* 
 Cincvara, Join', solilicr.'' 
 Cnevaivi, .lo.si! ('annto, cliild.'' 
 (luevaia, .1(1:^(5 Soliastian, (jliild.* 
 (!nt'v;ii'a, St'l.atitiaii, (,'at. vol.* 
 (lucvaia, .I(».s(5 Franeisco, (•liiid.* 
 (Juticnxz, lunacii) M;i., soldici'.'^ 
 (iiiiirn-cz, I'cliiio. s(jldior.^ 
 (iilticri-ez, .ManiR'l, s^.•l•^ aiit.' 
 <lutii'iTcz, F|■,•:nc•i^i(•o, Cat. vol.* 
 (Inznian, Isidro, solditr.-' 
 Ciiznu'n, Juan Ma., iliild.' 
 (luziiaui, 'J'criliio, .soldier.'' 
 (Inztmx.ar, Manuel, .servant.* 
 llarii, Feli|io, Cat. vol.* 
 lleeliido, .jo.se Fn.neisco.* 
 llcnrii|uez, Antonio l)oni., weaver.* 
 Ik'redia, l!ernarilino, soldier.''' 
 lleredia, ,]on\ I'.en^ardo, .^oldier." 
 Hernandez, Jos(j llal'ael.' 
 Jleruaiidez, ^'ieentl' Antonio. '^ 
 Kernandez, J\ist(i, i.oldier.^ 
 ]|i'rnandez, ,lnan Jose Antonio, eliiUl.' 
 ]ienian<l<z, Felipe, hetllcr.* 
 Hernandez, rdipe, eonvict.* 
 Hernandez, Jose Antonio, settler.* 
 }|ernandez, .Tose, eonviet.* 
 Hernandez, J. Jo.si' de l;i Luz, sol<iior.* 
 ]lernaneez, .'\nt(jnio, sadd.ler.' 
 Hernandez, Juan Maria, i-adiller.* 
 Hernandez, Juan, eonviet.* 
 Herrera. Jose, .soldier.* 
 Jliu'ueia, .foa(|nin, soldier.^ 
 Hi.ui'rn, Jose Atauasio, soldier.* 
 Higuera, Jose I.oruto, eliild.' 
 Hi^uera, Jo.se Manuel, soldier.* 
 
 Hist. Cal., Vol, I. 47 
 
 I!i"uern, Jn;in .1( nfi, Pf)ldier.' 
 
 Hi;.;uera, Jose r;.'naeio. Holdiei'.'' 
 
 Hi'-juera, lleiiiarilo de la |,uz, eiiiltl.* 
 
 l.'iLMiei'a, Juan .lose, elilM,'' 
 
 Hi;':iKra, Salvador, hJohlier.^ 
 
 Hi'in ra, 'I ilmreio, ehi'id.'' 
 
 lli'-Uei'a, 'I ilmreio Javier, iliild.* 
 
 Higuer.'i, (Ire'joriolgnacio ^.;i., eiiild.* 
 
 lli,';n< 1 I, Jlilmio.* 
 
 Hi'^nera, Jose 1', soldier.* 
 
 Hi; uera, Jose '2', soldier.* 
 
 HiMiera, Jose ( VhIoh .'•'alv., cliilil,* 
 
 Hi'uera, Josi"' (leronnuo, el.ild.' 
 
 Ili.LjiRiii, Jose's Mil , cliild.* 
 
 lli;-;uera, Jo. (5 Toliearpo, child.* 
 
 Hi'^uera, Jo-i'- Antonio,* 
 
 Hi,-;uera, Josi^ Joaijuin. ' 
 
 ]Ji,'.;uera, Manui I, hold i r. ' 
 
 Hi;,'uei'a, XieoLi:i Anlouio.* 
 
 JIi.;U(r;i, Salvador, soldier.* 
 
 Horeliai'a, ,lose Ht'!ari:), ehi'd.' 
 
 Horcliai.'a, Jo.-o Manuel, eliild.' 
 
 Horelia;:a, ^lanml, soldier.'' 
 
 Jlores, Jose, S( tliel'." 
 
 ]lorra, ^Xnlonio de la C., jiadre.* 
 
 Horiel. Ju:iii, Cal. \ol. ' 
 
 Jliarra, Fr nei.seo, servant.' 
 
 lliarra, Andn's ] Jclores. eliilJ.* 
 
 iliarra, (ul ^..'aria. eliil.l.^ 
 
 lliarra, Jose l>esiileiio, elii'd.' 
 
 Hiaria, Juan Antonio, soldier.' 
 
 Jliarra, il.auK^n, soldier." 
 
 lliaiTa, Alliino, soldier.* 
 
 lliarra, Antonio, child.* 
 
 lliari;i, Cali.\to Josi5 Antonio, child.* 
 
 I'^'atlera, Jose, eenviet.* 
 
 Igai'cila, Josc'i (lordiano, settler.* 
 
 Iniquez, Juan, Cat. V( 1.* 
 
 Islas, ^!i;^'nel, soldiei-.' 
 
 Isvan, Jose Alliino, soMier.* 
 
 Iturrate, l)oinin;4o S., padre.* 
 
 l;:(|Xiierdo. Jese, soldii^r.^ 
 
 Jaime, .'\nlonio, p.idre.* 
 
 Jjainie, Luis, ji'dre.' 
 
 Jimenez, Fram iseo. Cat. vol.* 
 
 •linu'nev.. Hil.'iiio, soldier.* 
 
 Jimenez, I'aseual Antonio, ehilil.* 
 
 Juarez, I'rane-iseo, soldier.'' 
 
 Juarez, Jose .Joaquin, child.* 
 
 Juneosa, Honi, padie.' 
 
 Lalira, .luan Antonio, soldier.' 
 
 I.ailron de < luevara, Jose I., soldier.* 
 
 Lanc'aeta, Maitin, ]iadre.* 
 
 Lasuen, Fermiii Fr; neiseo, padre.* 
 
 Lara, Jose, setiler.'' 
 
 Lara, Jose Sostenes, child.* 
 
 Lara, .luliaii, soldier.' 
 
 Lar.'i, Jose Antonio Set'erino, child.* 
 
 Liirios, Jo-e Ma., soldier." 
 
 Lasso de la Veya, Jeimon, allerez.' 
 
1 
 
 7n.s 
 
 ixii.M'.iT.wrs OF ('Ar,ii".)i:\i.\, itc:) isoo. 
 
 liC.ll, I Ml I .Ii'; ', NiTV.VIlt.'' 
 
 J^i iv I, .\iiii-<t.'i 'ill, viliUcr'.''' 
 
 l.civii, A.'riiiiiii, iiiililiri'.'' 
 
 I.i'ivii, .1(1.1' AiiilriH, cliilil.^ 
 
 Lchii, .lii.^i'i AiiliiiiiK Mil., HiiMiti',' 
 
 lii'ivii, .lii.iii, s.ililicf,'' 
 
 J.i'iv.i, Mi;;iiil, Kiililii r.'' 
 
 JaMVII, .111 l' All(nlliu.< 
 
 Lfivii, .los.' Ilil'.ii'l, cliilil.' 
 l.('iv;i, Miiiui'l liiiiiinii, rliilil, ' 
 
 l.('i\,l, lilliilMI, Hlilili'l'. ' 
 
 l.i'iiii, .Iiim' Mil, siililiri'.''' 
 Jjt'iiii, .liisi' M.'iiiiirl, sdlilicr,''' ^ 
 
 l.iiim, .I(iM(', mildicr.'' 
 I.iimrt'^i, I'^ii'ii'io. .suMii r.' 
 liiiiiircH, .I.M' til' los ,S., iliilil.* 
 Liiiiin'f<, M.iiiiiiin (Id I )(i1iii('m, child.''' 
 l.iimiT.-i, I'riiiici.sco, scLlU r.* 
 IJiiiirt'.i, llimiiiii, H()I(li( r.' 
 J.iiiiuHM, .SiiUailiir, soldier.* 
 lAnv/.n, Mi ;tii'l, (.'at. Vdl.' 
 Lisiddc, |)ii;,M.' 
 ,Li.siiM<', l'"i li\, siildiiT.' 
 Li.^iildi'. .liiJMi ('rin'1.^1. .\iit(ilii(i, iliild. 
 Liziiid.-i. I\'ili' ' .Viiloiiio, i^Mldur.- 
 Li.iiii.-is, Aiiliiiiio, < 'at. viil.' 
 J.li'dii, l!.il';ul, ciuiiiiitci'.' 
 J.!i')iin, .Ic- ■• .M::i i.iii >, f,' rvaiit.''' 
 i..()li(i, .It);;'', ; .ildiiT.' 
 Ldljd, Aoiv l;ii5;ilid, I'liiid.'' 
 ijolid, Ccciliii.* 
 
 Ldlld, I'lll!'.).' 
 
 Lope;',, il^rMlmicni, iiadrc* 
 LojH',':, .laiinlii, ]),'idi'i'.' 
 Ldjii'/, .lilau 1' r;i;ici'i''>, snidicr.' 
 l.dpcz, I'laiiciscti, S'lldiiT." 
 J.d|M!/, l;j;iiai ill M.'i. dc .Icsiis.^ 
 iiUiiC'/, ( Ia.>i|>.,r, i;"liii('r.- 
 l.dJH'Z, .li>ai|ui:i, ."iilduT.- 
 LdlH'/, .Id.si'! M;i., SdldiiT.'' 
 i-.i>]ioz. Lf.is, tidlilicr." 
 J-dpLV, lVilrii,.fA'r\aiit.'-' 
 Lojii-z, Stliruian A., .'^dldii r.- 
 
 LdjlL'Z, .Id.:', .\iitoiiid < ill, lllild.'' 
 ]..()[K'/, .Tdric ]\]a. llaiiiDii, child.'' 
 Ldpcz, .luaii .Idsi'', child.'' 
 Liipcz, Mcloliiii', siililicr.'' 
 !<dpi'z, .)i'..iii, cdiivii-t;.' 
 Loi'p/, Cayt'^ljiiid, (."ii'pi'iiicr. ' 
 Ldpcz, ( 'laiiiliii. wildic'!'.' 
 LdjU'/, Coriiidid .Ma., cnild.' 
 ]..ii]>i'>;, I'^iiacid, Ptildici'. ' 
 Lopez, I'lslcvaii liiimcio, I'liild.* 
 Jjopcz, .l;ian .loMi'' 'J'l'iiiid.id, si'ttlcl'.' 
 J>ozano, IVih'o, Cat. vol.' 
 ijUL-o, Luii '.! Ill I za ;;.■<, Mdldier.' 
 J«UL;d, i'"raiicis(_'d, .soldier.'^ 
 l.li';ii, [;'liac'id, soldier.''' 
 .l/.i;;o, .lose l';;iai'io, child.''' 
 ].,iigo, .Sci'oi-iiid, soldier.'' 
 
 Lll;ro, 'lii-i'' .\lltdllid, i>i Idler.' 
 1,11. ;ii, S.ilv.'idui', i;iildi' r." 
 Lie. II, .\iil. .M;i , Koldici'.* 
 .l,il;;o, .loHi'-, ( 'ai. Vol.'* ' 
 
 LllLjo, .lo.se .\litilliio. child.* 
 
 
 .liian .Ma., diild.* 
 
 liU;.;o. 
 
 .Iilaii, nciviiit. ' 
 .Mi,'ilel, Holdier.* 
 
 liii';o, 
 
 I'.lllid.ldS.., child.' 
 
 l.ll:o, 
 
 Iiaiiioii i.iirciizd, child 
 
 l.ii.i.m 
 
 . .los(', air. I'cz.* 
 
 .Anlolli'i, child. 
 Manuel, Mildiei'.' 
 
 Maeh.'ldo, .lose 
 
 M.ieh.'ido, .ld.'<r 
 
 iMai'liado, .lo.si'' .A^n.-itiii .\iit., child.* 
 
 IM.'ichado, .lose llil.irid. ' 
 
 Much.idd, .l(is('' l;.;,iaciii .\iil., thild.* 
 
 iMaehliea, .In.st'., netllcf.' 
 
 IMahifet, |)oliiill'_'o, < 'at. Vol.' 
 
 iMaliiiiiiado. .Iii.'iii, ( 'at. vol.* 
 
 Malleii, .M.iiinel. Cat. Vol,' 
 
 Maiiiii|iie, Seliastidii, niildier.' 
 
 iMaiiriipicz, J,iii.'4, iioldiei'.'^ 
 
 Miin/.'iim. iMiLtiiel .\., Cd. vol. 
 
 Marin, Antniiiu. Cat. vol.' 
 
 Ma. in.' ySal\-,itiei'i'a,.l.,arti!leiyiiiaii.' 
 
 Miuinei', .liian, padre.'' 
 
 Mario, 'roiM.'i.-i, h^dldiei'.''' 
 
 Mari|iliz, i''i'niici-((o Ilafael, 
 
 Mai'i|licz, .losi'', .xnldii'i'. ' 
 
 Alan'. in, liaiail, soldier,'' 
 
 Marliarena, .losi'' .Miimul, padre 
 
 M.irtin, .liian, padre. ' 
 
 iM.'irtinez, Lnin Antonio, ])adrc.* 
 
 Martinez, Pedro .\ili'iaiio, jiudre 
 
 Maiiiiiez, l.iii.s Maria, noldiur,^ 
 
 i^iartinez, 'IVailiio, wildier.''' 
 
 Martinez, l)ioiiisio, Hervaut.' 
 
 Idier, 
 
 ^Ill'tilKZ, .)( 
 
 M. 
 
 Martinez, .fiii'iii l;o"icio, soldier.' 
 Martinez, Noilierto, child.''' 
 Martinez, Antonio, soldier.' 
 Maitinez, Hartolonu'' M.'iteo,' 
 Martinez, (iremirio, lU'tllleryiii.'in. ' 
 Maitinez, .losi'-. Cut. vol.' 
 Martinez, .Jiisi'' l.eoeadio, settler.' 
 Martinez, .lo.sii ^Fa., ncttler. ' 
 Mai'tinez, .Maiuud, Cat. Vol.* 
 Mirtinez, M,i.\inio.' 
 Murtiiiez, M:i\inio lianioii, < 
 :\l:i-tinez, J!eve.'<.' 
 till 
 
 hlld.' 
 
 Medina, tlo.si', artilli'rynian. 
 Miiia,. I'edro.'' 
 
 M( Jia, l'"r;uicisco .liivicr, sohHer.^ 
 Mej.a, .Juan, soldier.-' 
 M'.deeio, .iiisi', soldier.^ 
 ^lendoza, M.'innel, solilier.''' 
 iMendo/'.a, .li;s('' di" los Jleyes, child.* 
 Mrn.lora. Manuel, ('at. vol.' 
 M ■ndo.;;i. Maii.'uio. tiieni.'iijer.* 
 M udo,:a, Mariano, .Joiji', weaver.* 
 
IMIAIUT.Wrs or CALlKOliNrA, 17(1(1 ISdO. 
 
 ::;!) 
 
 ^Ii'litlii;!), Mi:;iii'l, (':it. vol.' 
 MciIIIm;, •Iiiiiii Alliri'n. hiililicr.' 
 iMiMi'(nl(), Mariaiii), iiililliryniaii,* 
 
 Mi'l'i'li), I-Ol'flizc), liaillr. ' 
 
 ^i(^ill(|, Ajnislin, j.iiilir.' 
 Mcsii, Mc.l.iH Mil.. cliiM.' 
 Mcsii, V'ali'tio, Hiililiif.'' 
 M<'xn, |)(iloi(:n, Mnlilii r.'' 
 .McHii, I'Miaiio, siiMii r.'' 
 Alt'HH, .liiaii Alildtiin, fiililiri'.''' 
 Mi'sc, J.iiis Ma., cliil.l.'' 
 Mc«a, .Idsi' Aiitiiiiiii, .sdldii !■.• 
 Mi'Niij .Icisi'' .liiliaii Aiiloiiiu, cliilil.' 
 Mfsii, .liiaii .liisi'', Kl'\aiit.' 
 Mi;.'llrl, .luMi'', Ji.iilic/' 
 Miraii'la, .liiaii Ma., sdliliir.' 
 Miraiiila, .\li jo, Nolilirr.'' 
 Miiamlii, .Aiitiiiiio, soldiiT.^ 
 iMiiaiiila, .Icisi'- Alldiuio, cliiM.^ 
 Miiiimla, AiKiliimi ill, rliilil.' 
 Miiaiula, .lu.si'' llilalii), ndldici',^ 
 Miiaihla, .lii.«i' .Mari.iiKt, Cat. vol.' 
 .Miiamla, .Idst^ Saiiliavo, cliild.' 
 jMiianda, .Inaii (,'ri;,ii.itr.iiid. diild. ' 
 Mi.anda, Nici'iilo .Manilrl, liiild.' 
 Mdjii'H, .lose'- M.'l., sciltlt'i'. ' 
 
 Moji'a, \'i^:l'nt(^ scttli r.* 
 
 .Mdlas, .l.isr, Cat. Vcd.' 
 Mi)lilia, .lo;ir|Mili, S(;U!rr.- 
 Moliiia, I'lidiii, Holdii T.- 
 Miiiii('al,.Io.S('! ..\iit(iliiii Xiiiil.'is, child.' 
 .Mminiy, .lose', .soldier. ' 
 .Moiil.-iloan. Laiiii'iiiii", .'■"'IdiiT.-' 
 Molilalia, Aiilniiio, (A'd. V'll.' 
 .Moiibiiio, .Antonio, f-oldic r/' 
 Miilit'TO, CcsaiTO Alltoiii 1. cliild.'' 
 Montcro, .Maiiinl, soldi( i . ' 
 .Monteverdi^ l'"raiii i>co, arlilli r\ iiiiiii. ' 
 .Moiili.a], .liiaii .\ndiesi, soliliei.'' 
 Moraga, Jo.se ,l(i,ii|iiiii, allVre/.- 
 Moni,L,'a, (Jaliriel, si.Idier.'' 
 iMora^'-a, X'ieelile .Iosi% cliild.'' 
 Moreno, !•'. S., .-oldii r. ' 
 .Moreno, I-'elijii! Saiitia'.'o, smilli.' 
 .Moreno, l''e!ipe, .•■ettler.'' 
 Moreno, .losi'-, s"ttler.'' 
 Moreno, .(■.iiiii Kraiici-^co, eliild,' 
 .Moreno, .Maiuiil. soldier.' 
 Moiillo. Josi' .lilliaii. Soldier. I 
 iMoiiniari'H, Luis, Cat. vol.' 
 Mniioz, Mannel, nieeliaiiie.^ 
 ^^'.ly'u•te,i.'^li, I'alilo, |iiidre. ' 
 Mnri^nia, .Tosi'' .\iit., |iadre.' 
 Murillo, Loreto, soldier. '- 
 Murillo, I'Vaiuiseo, c'li'jicntci'.^ 
 Minillo, jMan. mii'li.'' 
 .Mr.iii.ito, .lo.-i('', C;il. vol.' 
 \avano. Josi'' .Antonio, settler.'"' 
 X;;vai'ro, .Id.-^i' Clemen to. eliild.-' 
 I^iivano, .lo.ic -Maria, i;Iiild.^ 
 
 Nieto, .Fose Mama I, Holdier,' 
 Nieto, .1111111 ■loM' .Mil., child.'' 
 iN'ielo, .Manuel I'ere/, soldier.^ 
 
 Nieto, .los('' Antonio Ma., soldier. • 
 Noriej^a, .lo.si- llainon, rolilier. ' 
 Xorie^.i, .losi' lliiiiniiiido, soldier.' 
 Nolioa, I lieiro. [laclre." 
 Nocedid, .lo.si', |iiidi'e.^ 
 Oliayi', .losi'. Antonio, soldier.''' 
 <)e«'jj;iiera, l''iiiistilio, ( 'jit. Vol.* 
 ( )elioa, I'liiiiiiHco .la vier. ' 
 Oelloa, l''eli jie, sipldier.'' 
 Cjeda, (ial.riej.' 
 Olivares. .Ids.- Mij,'nel, .soldier.' 
 Olivares, .lo-:.'. I''r,iiiei .'d 11., child.''' 
 Olivarc.-t, iV'dro .Mermdii'a, child.' 
 Oliviis, .liniii Matins, soldier.'' 
 Oliv.'is, Cd.snie. ' 
 
 OlivitS, .lo.se iier'cill.'ino, cliiM.' 
 OliviH, .Ids.'' l,;i/aro .\|,i., child.* 
 Oliviis, .Id.-.i' Mcdlils, child.' 
 ()li\a.s, I'al.l.). settler.' 
 Oliver,!, .lose- I;.;nacio, soldier.' 
 Oli\'era, .liiaii Maria, soldier.' 
 Oiiv.'ia, l^'/iiacio, servant.' 
 Oliv(^ra, .Anlonio l.riciis Ma., child. - 
 (Jlivcra, l>ic;;o Ant. dn la, l.ii/. child 
 Olivera, .lose' J)e.siderio, child.'' 
 Olivfti'a, .Fosi', Holilier.'' 
 Oliverii, .lose Leonardo ^L, child.'' 
 OiivcM'a, .lose Ma. .Matia.s, cliild.^ 
 Olivira, .M.isinio .lose, child." 
 ()li\cia, 'I'diiii'is .Anloiiio, child.'' 
 ( )li vera, ili;_'inio, soldier.* 
 
 .losi^ Ant. .'>i'ciiiidino, chili 
 
 L'osalina.Ma., child.' 
 1 
 
 Oliver,!. 
 
 Olivcr.'i, 
 
 ( )livi'i'os, Li'icas 
 
 Olvera, Dic'.'o, serv.'iiit.''' 
 
 Olvcr.i, I'laiici.seo, Hcivaiit.'' 
 
 OiiliveroH, .Jo.se .Antonio, soldier.' 
 
 Oiitivinos, I'Vanciseo, soldier.'' 
 
 Ontiveros, .ivian de Dios, sctUei'.' 
 
 Oiitiveros, .Inaii .Ml.' 
 
 Ontix'ei'os, I'aeilico .Fuan, child.' 
 
 Onlivei'dS, ratrii'io, soldier.' 
 
 Or.inias, ('ristohal, jiadre.^ 
 
 Olihe, 'J'oiiKis (!., soldier.' 
 
 Oid/.eo, .losi'' .M'lnnel, si ivaiit.' 
 
 Orliv^a, .lose i'Vaiiciseo, ,-.,■ fj.'oant.' 
 
 Orto;,'a. ]).'iiaeio, Holdii r.'- 
 
 (Jl'tc;_m, .lose Fiancisi >, .Ma., child. ^ 
 
 Ortega, .Tdse Ma., soldier.-' 
 
 (Jrtc'v'a, .Inan, soldier.'' 
 
 l)rtef,'a, .lii.in Cap. .\iit. M. If.,c!ii:< 
 
 Oi'tr-u'a, .lo.s,'. Ma. .Martin, child.' 
 
 Oi'te-a, .li;an « 'a|i , child.'' 
 
 Oi'tc'^'a, Mi,'nel, servant.'' 
 
 Oi'te^ji, I'Vanciseo. ' 
 
 OrtcL'a, .losi' .Mi'_;iiel. child.' 
 
 Ortega, .lose t^iiintili de los ,'^., chih 
 
 ^-Ji'l 
 
740 
 
 INHABITANTS OF CALIFORNIA, ITCO IfiOO, 
 
 Ortega, .Tosr Vii'i'tito, soldier,* 
 
 t)rt(';;ii, Antonio, cuiivict.' 
 
 Ortcf.'a, -Miitias.' 
 
 Orlt-a, Mi;;nc'l, Cat. vol.-' 
 
 (Mtcl, .luuii, Cat. vol.' 
 
 ()s(i]iirra, Faii.'jtino, .soldier.* 
 
 O.vio, .lose Ma., Cat. vol.'' 
 
 Osorio, Jo.si'-, ai'tilloi'yn.au.* 
 
 Oaonio, IVdid, eoiiviot.* 
 
 Ofiiina, Jiiaii Isinciio.' 
 
 Osiuia, Juan Luis, soldier.' 
 
 Osuua, .MiLTiul, tailor.^ 
 
 O.siiiia, .lo.sc^ .)oaf|\iiii, soldier." 
 
 Osiiiia, .losi'; Ma.* 
 
 OsiHia, Jnaii Nepoimieono, ehild.* 
 
 (Uoiido, l'\li)ic, fiottler.- 
 
 J'a<'lieeo, .lu.'.n Salvio, soldier."'' 
 
 I'aclieco, Ijartolonie l;.'i,ario, settler.^ 
 
 j'.ieheeo, ]!iifael, con-, iet.* 
 
 Paelieeo, Miu'iul, .soldier.''' 
 
 rai;!ieco, Uartijlo, soldier.'* 
 
 I'aclu'ici, I'raiiciseo, Cat. vol.* 
 
 raclifi'o, I'/iiae-'o, ehild.^ 
 
 I'adilla, /nan, soldier." 
 
 J'a.lilla, Jacinto, Cat. vol.'' 
 
 I'a j.'M'rales, settler.* 
 
 I'alal'ox, Jose, Cat. vol.' 
 
 l'',".loinares, Jos(5 Cristijlial, soldier.* 
 
 I'aloniai'e.s, Joso IJaniirex, .soldier.^ 
 
 Falon, Fi'aiiciseo, padre.' 
 
 Teralta, Fantaleon. el,il,l.* 
 
 IVrex, J nan, eaiitain of vessel.' 
 
 Terez, Crisjiin, soldiei'.- 
 
 Tei-ez, Jos': l.','naeio, soldier.'^ 
 
 Perez, Antonio Irinieo, el.i'd.* 
 
 Perez, Antonio Ma., child.* 
 
 Perez, ]';stovan.* 
 
 Perez, J(jse !Ma., .soldier.* 
 
 I'erez, .lose ]\Ia. , convict. 
 
 I'crez, Juan IJ.'iutista, Cat. vol.* 
 
 Perez, Lnis, srjldier.* 
 
 Perez, Manuel, Cat. vol.* 
 
 Perez l''i'inanik'Z, Jose'', alfi'rez.* 
 
 I'erez do la, l''u(!nte, Pedi'o, settler.* 
 
 Pericas, Miixnel, Cat. vol.' 
 
 I'ey.i, Antonio, ];adro.* 
 
 Pico, Santi.'iL'o do la Cruz, soldier.* 
 
 I'ico, Francisco Javier, .':i.'dicr." 
 
 Pico, J().so Dolores, t'oldic r.''' 
 
 Pico, Jose Jla., .soldier.'' 
 
 Pico, Jnan ]'at]'icio, child.' 
 
 Pico, .I()ai|iiin, soldier.* 
 
 Pico, Jos;': Antonio ]!;''na;-do, child,* 
 
 Pico, Jo5'.(5 >'icentc, ehiid.* 
 
 Tico, ^Farian:,. * 
 
 Pane 
 
 .1 
 
 os<', pailre. 
 
 I'.'irion, Fernando, pailre.' 
 Paterna, Antonio, ]>adre.' 
 I'arrilla, Leon, lieuti'nant.* 
 Pati'on, Antonio Jos('., sohlier.'^ 
 Parra, Jusi', soldier." 
 Parra, Jose, chiM." 
 Parra, Josi' Antonio, settler." 
 Pari-a, .lose .Mi' uel Saliino. child." 
 Patino, Jose N'ictoriano, sohlier." 
 I'aycras, .^!aliano. jia.lre.* 
 IV'dra/a, .Jose Antonio, settler." 
 iVdro,Jo-.'AntonioMa.deS.T.,diil.l.''' 
 l'((lr,), Josi'' Friinciscude ^^ 'I'., chiki.''' 
 Pedro y <-il, Itafat'l, titorekeener.''' 
 I'ena, I''rauci.-<'o j\Ia., soldier.' 
 I'cfia, Jos>'' Antonio, soldier.' 
 I'l na, ( u'rardo. .-oldier.'' 
 i'eiia, l.iiis, sohlier.'' 
 I'eiia, I''nst:ii|Ui'>, <'hild.' 
 i'ena, .lose, arti'leryniau.* 
 Pcna, Teodoro, Cat. vol.* 
 Pena y S:iravi.'i, INmui'is, padre.' 
 PeULnics, Miiruel Sohi-evin, ( at. vol.' 
 Per.'illa, fialiriel, soldier." 
 i'eralla, .Tuan .lose, Pol,",ier.* 
 I'eralla, Liiifi Ma,, poldier.'^ 
 IV'ralta, IVdro lie.i^alado, soldier." 
 IVralia. 1 !( I'lnciieflildu ]giKuio,cliiId.* 
 Peralta, .)u:<n.* 
 
 I'ico, Mi'. 
 
 soldier.* 
 
 I'ico, I'alricio, servant.* 
 
 I'ieras, Mi;.'U(.'l, padre.' 
 
 I'inii, Juan Jliixinio, foldier." 
 
 Pina, Mariano, servant." 
 
 PiUa, Pedr'.Pafacl, child." 
 
 Pinto, Jui "I Mari.-i, .snldiei-.'' 
 
 Pinto, I'aMo, s.Jdiei'.- 
 
 Pinto, "Mcrcelo, soldier." 
 
 I'Iniu.'S, C-eri'minio, Cat. a'oI.' 
 
 Plenclo, v'alentin. Cat. vol.' 
 
 Plie,i,'o, Jos('', settler.* 
 
 Palanco, .lose, sohlier." 
 
 Pollorena, Pi'dro.''' 
 
 I'ollorena, ,Iu;in, child.* 
 
 Po'lorena, Pafacl l]ni.'enio, child.* 
 
 Portella, Francisco, Cat. vol.' 
 
 I'ortohi, (la'-par do, governor.' 
 
 Preciado, \'cnaneio, .■^ervant." 
 
 Prestanii ro, .luan, )iadre.' 
 
 Pncra, .loai|uin, servant.'^ 
 
 Puyol, Francisco, jiadre.* 
 
 I'rat, Pedro, surgeon.' 
 
 Puig, .luan, sirgt. <'at. vol.' 
 
 Qtlcsada, M nnel, soldier.* 
 
 Quesaila, Maiuu'l, Cat. vol.* 
 
 QuiJ.'ida, Ignacio Ma., child." 
 
 Quij.'ida, \icente, soh''' r." 
 
 Qnljada, .lose Xaz.'iri . ' elaT., child.' 
 
 Quij.'ula, Jose Loren ,o, child.* 
 
 Quijada, Simon, ei-,id,' 
 
 r,)uintcro, Z-ais, se^l'er." 
 
 Quinti'ro, Cleuiente, ' 
 
 (,hiiiitero, Teodo- io.* 
 
 Quinto, Siniun Tadco.* 
 
IXHABITAXTS OF CALIFOI^XIA, 1700-1S> 
 
 100. 
 
 ia,« 
 
 j<a<]r 
 
 Jlamiir.-, Frnnci:Hcn, ."-•oldu.,. 2 
 luaunr/, JKTnarilo, »ol,Ucr> 
 i;;.>m.v,:,Jo.OAntoi,i„, carpenter.* 
 
 Kamo.-i, ,JuH(5, t;iiiitli.a 
 
 Ramus, ,Jol^(', crmvict * 
 
 Kamos I'aljlo Antonio. diiUl 3 
 
 K-'^ia, Loi-oiixo, tsailor.- 
 itov, (M.-iolMl, (.'at. vol.* 
 >iey, JostS (lat. vol.-i 
 licy, .Jiiaii (111, soldier.* 
 lioye.i, Juan l-Vanci.-co.i 
 IJcycd, xMartin, .soldier. • 
 Iicyos, Fraiitisco, s.^ttlcr.' 
 Ituyts, Jo.so Jauinto, chiid.J 
 J. eyes, Ju..ic, conviut.* 
 LVyc.s, Jo.si?, saddler.* 
 iieycs, MLNinio.lnlian, clijld ♦ 
 Alio, 1 rancisco dul.-' 
 liioljoo, .)i:an Antonio (;,,.• •i,i 
 Ivios, Fcliciano, .':oldi(i' ^ 
 liios, Julian, i.oliii.jr.- 
 liios, C'lyctano, cliild " 
 
 p!v^;^H™^^"'iO"i«-f'>an,,.l,i!d.* 
 la\era, 'iadoo, .soldier.^ 
 i.ivc'i-a, .J.,a.juia, stone-cutter.* 
 J.ive.a, Salvador, .stono-entter * 
 
 i.iye]ay.A!„„eada, Fernando, cantain.i 
 J'-ol.erlo, JiiBto, soldier" 
 l;obei-to, :.ratias, ehild.''' 
 J.o .-s, ,li,;,ii Jos6, soldior.i 
 l.olxes, Manuel :ja., soldier. 2 
 Ito.iics, Joso Antonio, .settler « 
 
 Koca, (arlosl'edro.lose, dul.I.* 
 
 ijOrn, Joso, seiYjcant artilhrvn.an.* 
 Loeha,JnanKstevan, soIdieV.' 
 Koeia, r..,,ciio, f^uttJor.* 
 l.oein, r'.iiMaio, convict.* 
 lioclia, .Tosi'', <'at. vol.^ 
 lf'>eh:', Juan Jose Lor., rliild * 
 J :elini, I-naeio, sc.ldirr.^' 
 ito( iipK/, .Manui.'I, cari.cider ' 
 liOdri;:iicz, Jos('', ser\-aut.'-' 
 Jvodri;.iicz, I'al.lo, .settK >■ - 
 Kodr!.,uez, Vieeute, soldier-' 
 Kodn,:,H,z, Alejo Maxiu,,,, .-hi],] a 
 Ko( 11,-u^.z, InoceneioJos,-., cldl.P' 
 l.f)dii:.;ue/, .[oa.|iiin, soldier " 
 
 711 
 
 Rodri-uez. Juan Franeisco, e' ild ' 
 
 Wnguc., J.,a,!oWos, cluhL'' 
 i.odri-uc-, .Alanucl, cadet.* 
 i;odri-uez, J'atias, servant * 
 |;^->nian. J.scJoa.juin, .';etUer * 
 j;":.Kr.., .\nfo,„i,;, .savant.^ 
 i|^-n).;,,, Folij.o, tuiilh.-'' 
 
 ix'in.ro, AnstlnioJos-, r-nacio, cliil 
 J;oni.ro, ao,6 1>on,inyo, chilu.^ 
 J-.oncro, J„.sO K.Ht^vaii, r.oldicr^ 
 
 Lon,ero,.JnsCMa. ]JaGilioF.,;.hi]d 
 lioniero, Juan .MaWa, ciald » 
 jvoniero, I'cdro, soldier.^ 
 l^oniero, JosO Ant. J'stevan, ,.ld!d ' 
 Ju.inero, Jos.' (Ji-^orio. <'Iild ' 
 
 -joinero, Jose- .'Ian. .Sccnn.lino,ehil. 
 |""nci-c. luaniMa.. soldi.T » 
 J.oniero, Lnis, soldier.* 
 ^ Jjonjcro, liafael. Cat. vol.* 
 i.o.sa|es, IJrrnardo, muleteer.' 
 l.o.sales, C.^riK-lio, child. - 
 
 l.'«aes, Jos(^rornc]i,,, sol.licr.* 
 i^osalio, I.urrenio, soldier. :i 
 Ivosas, Jnan J-'stc'van.^' 
 IJiMis, ,',1. jo, setiier.'' 
 
 j;<'oas, ]?;dtasar Juan JoS(^, child.3 
 l;Osas, ]]r.sdlo, set;lii'.3 
 l'o.sas, (Virlos, sol.acr.^ 
 Itosas, Jos,'. A!ej,-m<lro. scttlu-.^ 
 itosas, Jose Ma.'amo, .'leftlcr.s 
 l>osas, Joh; .MiLximo, child.-'* 
 l^iwas, (Jil Antonio, child.* 
 Itosas, Jos,-. Dario, settler.* 
 i>o.-(a.s, Jf)S(r', convict.* 
 
 L'osas, Jose Antonio, child.* 
 
 i.osas, Jos('. Auconio, .soldier * 
 
 Jjosas, Jose ..\ntonio Doroteo, eiiil.l.' 
 
 ivosas, r.eon .^iaria, cliild.* 
 
 liosa.s, Luis Maria, child.* 
 
 Ijnbio, Atcensio .Ahan./,' 
 
 lIuMo, ]5ernardo.' 
 
 Itul.io, Jose CVnhw.' 
 
 hii 
 
 cr. 
 
 i;odn;^.ue/, .Jos,-. Antonio, sol,!icr ■' 
 l;o( ri.;n<.z, .Jos^:. F,.,,,,. Ant. L., cldld.a 
 
 l!odrii;ucz, J(jst'^ J 
 
 ,'naeio, soMi( 
 
 Itodri.ruc/, Jos(5 do Jesus f., child ■' 
 ixodii;,iiez, Jos,'. Leon, clnhl.^ 
 lvodri,nuv, .;os,:..Ma.,ehil.l.3 
 Ko( ri,:;uez, .Sehaslian, cliil.l.^ 
 Jiodri-uez, Alejandro, eiiil.l * 
 -vo. ri;ruez, Feh'po Antonio, child * 
 Iv'x ii-ucz, J.MedelCarnun ,'^.. ,.hild * 
 Lodri-uez, Josi', ]iri-ido, chihl * 
 lvo,h-iyuez, Juan, eluM.* 
 
 Kuhio, .Iuan.\ntonio s 
 Iii:''io, CdrloH, sol,Ii(.r ^ 
 i;"l'io, Fran. Jlanion do la L. 
 L:diio, Mateo, soMicr.-'' 
 Itul'io, J,)::,'. Antonif). chiM * 
 J.'n HO, J,uis Ma., ihil,!.* 
 i;n .],. Kafael Felipe, cln'hl.* 
 J.'i .lol. Francisco, C-,;. yol.i 
 Ifniii. ^larinno, padre " 
 Jjuejia. I'cdr... 
 I.'n, :;iM, F.Tuaiido, sol'lier.' 
 Inielas, Francisco, s.iMii.r." 
 Jvnc.iis, \'enaneio. Cat. vol.* 
 It'ii/, .'\ntouio N'icente.' 
 ]|niz, .\Iejan,Jro, soMier.' 
 Ur.iz. .Juan Ma., soldn'r"' 
 i;<iiz, Die/o .Ma... sohjier.'' 
 Ituiz, 1 raaci.ico Ma., soldier.^ 
 
 cliil 
 
742 
 
 IXIIALITAXTS or CALiFOItXIA, ITGO-ISOO. 
 
 ]'.;iiz, r.ii^vnio, .sol.lii-r.^ 
 
 Li'.i:':, Fruc'tiioso Ma., soldifr." 
 
 ].i:i;;, .)u;iii I 'uiho Jacinto, cliikl.-' 
 
 ]'kV.v/., Xervii I'odfo.^ 
 
 i;ni>:, IV'ilro Jovo.^ 
 
 ];ni;c, j;sti''van, loiikloyor.* 
 
 liui/., It;iiacio, soldier.* 
 
 ];i!iz, .Io.su lliliiriii, child.'' 
 
 lliiiz, JofiL' .]n;njuin, child.'' 
 
 luiiz, ^Mamul, iiicchauic.'' 
 
 Ihiix, Saiilia,L;o, lii.'isoii.' 
 
 l!iiiz, Toi'ihio, inuson.' 
 
 i^acK, X':i/;ario, .settler.^ 
 
 i~at'z, Justo, soldier.'' 
 
 Niicz, .Juan, ^i(^Ulw.'' 
 
 Suez, }*iigncl.'' 
 
 I'Vcn;;, ]i.iiacio, convict.* 
 
 ^^:: jo, Jose, Foldior.^ 
 
 i^.il, liornicnc ;,'ildo, soldier.' 
 
 Sal, I'Tiiacio 1 r.aicir^co, ciiikl.'' 
 
 .*''a!, l.)oiiiin'j:o, chilli.* 
 
 Sill, Mclitou, child.' 
 
 Sahi/ar, Ahmso Isidro, padro.'' 
 
 Salazar, l)(.roico do la Jlnz, child.'' 
 
 Salaziir, l^jvilco, wildicr.'' 
 
 Salazar, Jcm- hereto, soldier.' 
 
 Sa.hizar, Jcau Juhc, child." 
 
 Salazar, Sli.ucl, KoMicr.' 
 
 Sabs, Francisco, Cat. vol.'' 
 
 Sah'.zar, Jose "Marcos, sc^cilcr.* 
 
 Saliizar, J'os.', convict.' 
 
 Salazar, Mi.Liu I. soldier.' 
 
 Sauumiego, .lo'-e Ma, (id, so'ditv.^ 
 
 Saniaaie;j;o, I'ahloAnt.Xcnicsio, child.' 
 
 Sanianicgo, 'l'ii>nr( io Antonio, child.' 
 
 Samanieyo, .lo-c di 1 (Airmen, chiid.* 
 
 Sanchez, Fi':nicisco Mi ;uel, padre' 
 
 Sanchez, Joaquin. scr\ant.- 
 
 Sanchcz, Jc.^i'' Anonio, .soldier. - 
 
 Sanchez, Juan, sailoi'.- 
 
 Sanclicz, Franci.sco, soldier.''' 
 
 Si.nchcz, Jo^^c Tadco, sohlicr.' 
 
 Sanchez, Josi? Sojiundo, .soldier.' 
 
 Sanchez, Jose Antonio, chiid. ' 
 
 Sanchez, Jiian, Roldic!'. ' 
 
 SauduiZ, Juan Ma., child.' 
 
 Sanchez, \'icente.' 
 
 Sanchez, \'icejitt! Anastasio. child, ' 
 
 ^aIl}rrallor, .Mi.rucl, tanner.' 
 
 f-anilov.'d, ^\ntonio, serv:;nt.-' 
 
 Sisndovjil, (iriiorio .\nti>nio, .soldier.' 
 
 ."■'aiiia Ana, Ji ; <'■ Francisco, child.' 
 
 .'•-.aita Catarin.'! y Xoricj.'a, ?*1., i).'iilrc.- 
 
 ' anta ^laria, Vicente, padre.'"' 
 
 ; M'.iia^o, Juan .lose M., padre.' 
 
 I'arniiento, i''ranci.sco. Cat. vol.' 
 
 i^'iirco. Jos.' Joaquin, artillery man.' 
 
 iSo'.'uiido, An^ol, Mcttler.' 
 
 ^•cyllrll, (In.^c rio, smith.' 
 
 fcjciitui, Jose FlaUcibCo de 1'., padre' 
 
 Scpulveda, li'afaci, soldici'.' 
 
 Sepiilvcda., Juan Jose, .soldier.^ 
 
 Scpulveda, I'n.ncisco Javier, soldier ' 
 
 Scpulveda, F.mi([Ui'.' 
 
 Scpulveda, I'rancisco Javier, cliihl.* 
 
 Scpulveda, Jose Dolores, clald.' 
 
 Se]>\ilvcda, Jose llnriquo A., child.* 
 
 Si piilvecla, Jose de )os Dolores, child.' 
 
 Scpulveila, raliicio.' 
 
 Si'iailveda, Sebastian, soldier.* 
 
 Scrra, Juniviero, padre.' 
 
 Serrano, Fianciscfi, soldier.' 
 
 Serrano, Fciiidro Jose, child.' 
 
 Serrano, Jose Maria, Cat. vol.* 
 
 Servin. Josi'- Lsidro, Cat. vol.* 
 
 Sierra, Lenito, iiadre.''' 
 
 Silva, Joso, setllel'.''' 
 
 Silva, Ililario Leon Jose, child.' 
 
 Silva, Jose Manuel, servant. '•' 
 
 Silva, Jose Miuuel, soldii'r.'^ 
 
 Silva. .luan do Dios J. S., child.' 
 
 Silva, liatacl, chihl.' 
 
 Siiva, Hilario Leon Jose, child.* 
 
 Silva. Josi' do lo.s Sisntos, child.* 
 
 Silva, .j.ise iMa., chil<l.' 
 
 Silva, .lose' Manuel \'ictor, child.* 
 
 Silva, Teoiloro.* 
 
 Sinova, Jose, soldier.' 
 
 Sinova, Jose Francisco, servant.' 
 
 Sitjar, riuenaveutur,'!, padre' 
 
 Sola, I'ausliuo, padi'c.' 
 
 Solierani-.s, Jost': Ma., sohlier.' 
 
 Solrcraues, A,!^ustin, ficrvjiut.' 
 
 SoheraiH'S, Jose ]Ma.. soldier.' 
 
 S'olcr, Juan, store-keeper.' 
 
 Soler, Xicolas, captain.' 
 
 Soler, I'alilo, suryeon.* 
 
 Solis, j\li jandro, soldier.' 
 
 Sok'irz.nno, Francisco, soldier.* 
 
 Sok'irzano, Juan, soldier.* 
 
 Solorzano, Juan jNIatco, child.* 
 
 Solorzano, Fio Antonio, child.* 
 
 Somern, Jose Antonio F., padre.' 
 
 Soino, Jo:;.e Xolasco, settler.* 
 
 Sordc, Josi', Cut. vol.' 
 
 Sotclo, Francisco Antonio, soldier.* 
 
 Soti'lo, J(>sc Antonio, soldier. '- 
 
 i*-'otclo, JoR(' Calirii'l, child.' 
 
 Sotclo, Jose Ma., chihl.' 
 
 Sot( lo, Jose Antonio, child.* 
 
 Sotclo, .lose Ma. Tihnicio, child.* 
 
 Soldo, l!amon, soldier.' 
 
 Solo, .Mateo J;.'nacio.' 
 
 Soto, Alejandro, soldier.' 
 
 Soto, 1 )aniMSo, child.' 
 
 Soto. l''ianiiseo .lose Dolores, child.' 
 
 Soto, l'"ranei.seo Ma., child. - 
 
 Soto, iL'uacio. soldier.' 
 
 Soto. lsidro. child.' 
 
 Soio, Fiaiici;jco Fe.xis, soldier.' 
 
I>;iIALITAXTS OF CaiFOrXIA, ITGO-UCO. 
 
 713 
 
 Potn, (niilliTino, soMicr.^ 
 
 iSoV!>, Ivu.-iciu J.ivioi'.'' 
 
 (Soto, .li)«0 •li.ui'iiiiii, clijlil.^ 
 
 Soto, Jliiriano, .scivjiiit.^ 
 
 Soto, Aiiroiiio, settler.* 
 
 Siito, .Joji'i ^Jil. xVnt., cliiiil.* 
 
 Soto, Ji;;iii. ' 
 
 Soto, ^fiLTuil, soMii;!'. * 
 
 Sofi», l!;iM.'l.' 
 
 Soto, Tiiiiias. ' 
 
 Sotoiiiayof, Alcjaiiilro, soldier.' 
 
 Sotoiusiyor, .]i)si'' ( 'lisiiKoiu). 
 
 Sotoiiiiiyor, .Jo.sc l)orott'o. 
 
 Stiai'c;':, Simon, liciiti'iiaiit. * 
 
 'Ja'ai)ia:it(-i, .solilior.'* 
 
 'l'a]ii.i, Fclipi' Saiitia'.;ii. Mojilirr. ' 
 
 'J"a])ia, r.artoloiU(', .si i \aiit.'' 
 
 'Japia. t'l'i.stolial.'' 
 
 I'apia. Jorsu IJartolo, .settler.'' 
 
 IV.iia, .Joso Friiiicisco. .-loi.lit r.'' 
 
 Tapia, Francisco, .soldier.* 
 
 'J ajiia, Jooi' Antonio, cliiUl.* 
 
 'Jaiiia, .Mariano, ])ottcr. ' 
 
 lapinto, iN.ariano, tailor.' 
 
 'Jajii.s, Fsti'vaii, iiache.'' 
 
 'icjo, Jvruii.io i\]itoiiio. Cat. vol.'' 
 
 'i ito, .Icse .li.aijnin, sa r;.iant Cat. vol. 
 
 Tic('), Fein, .lo.se .Ma. lj.;n. M., cliild. ' 
 
 Tohai-, Alliino, setiler.' 
 
 I'oea, .Iij:>i5 I^iamiel, ti'u<lier.' 
 
 'ioral, Jo a; I'crez, cadet.' 
 
 1'orres, Victoriano, ijCLtler.^ 
 
 I'orre.s, Xarci.-^o. Cat. vol.' 
 
 lorris, XiiiiLif-.' 
 
 Torrcns, laiario, padrc.^ 
 
 'l'ra>\ iiia.s, Antonio, .^(/idicr.' 
 
 TnijiUo. .I...-/', Cat. v.,1.' 
 
 Uiloa, J<i>e t antos, f-initli." 
 
 I'rihcs, J,i>.;iiel, seitler.' 
 
 Ur.'^ctino, J (.-!', car];(nter.^ 
 
 Uria, Jo.-^e Antonio, ) adn .' 
 
 I'.'ison, lianion, )>; ilro.' 
 
 Valdcrrauia, Jose (.'ornoUo, wuttkr. ' 
 
 Valdea, Ji:an F.aP.li.sta, soldier.'' 
 
 N'alde.'j, Antonio Alliino, < Idld.'' 
 
 Aald.H, AiiionioMa. de;-^ta.^I., thild. 
 
 ^ iiUles, l.iij.enio, holdier." 
 
 Vuldi's, Jiisr l,-a;ii]io, cidld.-' 
 
 Valdts, Jose Loreji/.o, .scr\i'.iit •' 
 
 ^'!l!des, Jo.'jt- Mele.'-io, .soldier.'' 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Valdi'i, Creel neio.' 
 Vi.ldei, I raneiseo. Cat 
 \'.'.Mc .1, Creyorio. ' 
 
 \'iiieiiyni'!a. 
 \'alenzriela, 
 A": len;:nela, 
 \'ali:n/nela, 
 Valenxnela. 
 
 Id* .s, J;. an Mcle-io, soMier.' 
 i!<a i, Liu iano Josii'', eldld.'' 
 ilde.s, >.ii.\inio.'Jon»iis, cidld.' 
 ddeK, Anuinio.' 
 
 .1. 
 
 \'aUliei,i. Ji :t.e Manuel, soldier,^ 
 Vtdeiuia, I raiiciaco, soldi-jr." 
 
 A'aloncia, I; naeio.' 
 V'aleneia, J nan Iimaeio, ^-oldier.^ 
 A'aleneia, .Juan \'ieen;e I'lis,, eiiild.^ 
 Valencia, Manuel, sillier.-' 
 Valencia, Mi.i,'ucl Antonio, child.''' 
 Valencia, Jo.-e Antonio, child.' 
 Valencia, Jose Manud, cldld.' 
 Valen;;i!ela, Aiin.stin. soldier.'^ 
 Viilcii/.iula, Jose Julian, ihild.'' 
 Va'.enzuela, Ih-tael, .s.ldiel'.'^ 
 ViJenxuela, An;_'e!. si/idier.-" 
 "S'alenzuela, Antonio Ma., child. '^ 
 Valenzuela, Caspar Jose, cliiid.^ 
 Valcnzucla, .Josf.^ 
 
 Valenzuela, Jose Antonio Ma., child.* 
 Valenzuela, Jose Manuel, soldier.'' 
 Valenzuela. Antonio de(jr., cluld.' 
 V:)leii;:n<!a, .luaiiuiu, I'hild.' 
 Valeii/uela, Jose Antonio Ma., child.* 
 Vtilenzutla, Jose Candelario, eluid.' 
 Valenzuela, Jose lunacio. ' 
 Valen/.iiela, Jo: lialael, child.' 
 Valenzuela, Juan, .sohlicr. ' 
 ^'alenzu(la, Juan Anuel, child.' 
 Juan Ma., child.' 
 .M;i\inio.' 
 I'edro, .soldier.' 
 Siuieoti ^l;''.\iluo, child.' 
 Vicente, soldier.' 
 ^'aien/lK!a, \ innte Antonio, child.' 
 V; li nznehi, Jose Ma., child. ^ 
 ^'alenzueIa. Jos.> Matla,^'. child.'' 
 Vahnznehi, Jose .Mi; ml, chiKl.^ 
 Vtih nzuila, Jom'' i'eilro, soldier.^ 
 Valenzuela. .losi'; Jianion. < hiid.^ 
 Valenzuela, .'•e^^nndo, inldicr.^ 
 Valero, liriiaeio. sohliir.' , 
 N'alle'io, ] /n. \iei ido Fi rrcr, soldier.' 
 Vi'llejii, ,luan Jo.e, soldier.- 
 Aallejo, J<,.se <le Jesu.s, child.' 
 \ anc.ua.s, ( 'o.-;ine.* 
 A arelas, Casiniiro. pettier.'' 
 \ rreias, Juan, child.'' 
 \ arelas, .Iom' Cayetano, child.'' 
 Varclas. Jusi; Manuel, lidld,' 
 A'arc las, .luan, suldier. ' 
 \ arii.'i.s. Ma mil 1. s» r;;eant.''' 
 Aa/i;uez, ( Ul Auasiasio, soldier.'' 
 \ azipie;:, Jo .'■ l''ianeisco, child.'' 
 \'a;:'|Ue/, Jiam Atanasio, .soldier." 
 ^"aziiuez, Juan Mlverio, child.''' 
 A'azi|Uez, .FoKi'' 'Jilmreio. settler. '^ 
 \ azi(iu.!', Antonio, sohlier. ' 
 N'azoue.;, Josi', convict.' 
 \uzi|nez, I'aus'iiiKi. * 
 Vazipie/, Feiipe.' 
 ViZ(|Uez, Fi lix.' 
 Va/quez, ] lemirneiildo.* 
 Vuziiuez, .lose Antnuio FiJiln, ihiM.' 
 \ azijuez, Joe Tiuiolco, tjclller. ' 
 
744 
 
 IXIIABITAXTS OF CALIFORXIA, 17;:;) If.OO. 
 
 azi'.irz, .Ti:lii) M;i,, chilil. ' 
 
 a, Josi'i Ahiiiiicl, Ciit. vol.* 
 (',ua«, il.iliiis, iioldiur." 
 (jar, I'alilo, carjifiitor.'' 
 (■■jar, Salv., (.■ar[)(]itfcr.' 
 
 lardo, .Josi! .Jacolw, solilior.^ 
 clardu, Jos(: Ma., boUlii;r.^ 
 (.•lardo, A;.;iisilu.' 
 olarde, Joni Laciaiuj.' 
 (■ij,vrano, ,l(is(5 IMa. , innlctcor.' 
 (■la.s(.'(j, I'friir.iido, Holdicr.-' 
 clasuo, Jo; i; liiiiauio iiatco, t'Lild.-' 
 
 'h/.quv/., .Ill: t'.' 
 (•laZ(^iu'Z, .)(;;,;('; Ma., o'>ii\i(.-t.'' 
 ck'Z, .1(18(5 iMii;iRl, soitlor.- 
 flis, Josi', (.'at. vfil.* 
 
 crdiii^i), .loa(|ni!i. 
 
 urdiiiio, .)(i:;(j i\la., si'ldier.' 
 
 fi'(lil;_;(), I'lancisco Ma. do la C'riiz.' 
 
 ordiii;o, Mariano ilu la Liv/., yoldicr.^ 
 
 erdiiyo, Florciicio, .soldii'r.^ 
 
 crdugo, l-iiacio Leonardo Ma.^ 
 
 uriliigo, .liaii nii'Ljo, suldicr.^ 
 
 c^rdiigo, Juan Ma., .soldier.^ 
 
 (.■rdiigo, l^coli.irdo, .soldici'.^ 
 
 crdiiyo, !Maiuicd Josi'', cluld.' 
 
 urdilgo, An.scliiio Jo.si'', child.' 
 
 crdiigo, Jor,([r.in. * 
 
 t'i'du^;o, .i(i;;('' Frauci'Aco, cldld. * 
 
 (.'rdiiii'o, .Jiiaii AndrO.s i 'olorcs, ( liild.' 
 
 crdiiyo, J.'.lii) Antonio .losC', child.'' 
 
 crduL^o, .Mv'.iton .loso. ' 
 
 orduzco, Aiiasta:uo Javier.' 
 
 iadi'r, .Iom', jvidre.' 
 
 ictoriano, soldic.!'.' 
 
 ila, \'icL)itt', captain of ves.sel.' 
 
 ilia, .r(«', Kvtkr.^ 
 
 ilia, \'ii'(n'u- I'trro', child. ^ 
 
 ilia, Klentcrio.* 
 
 ^'il!•l, .Toi'c' Antonio Doroton, ( hjld. ' 
 Villa, J()S(5 Fr.UR'isco Antonio, vi.ny 
 ^'illa., I'asciial, .soKlicr.'' 
 Villa, liafacL' 
 Villaiha, Onofro, Cat. vol.'' 
 Vil!a:;dni(.>/., FraiK'isijo, soldier.' 
 \'illal(iho», .lose, fiohlicr." 
 Villaloljos, Jos(3Ma., child.* 
 Villascfior, Jo.sc"', ai tillcrv nuin.* 
 \'ill.i\ icciicio, ilai'acl, .snldici'.' 
 \'ill.-u iccncio, .FosiJ .Xntouio, child. - 
 \'i'i]aviccnci(,), Antonio, (•ctilcr.'' 
 \'illavic' ucio, Fc Ii.\, Hctlh.i'.' 
 \'illaviccncio, I'ascu.al, settler.* 
 Villa.vic( ncio, .]v>-i'', soldier.* 
 \'illarino, F('lix Antonio, settlor.' 
 \'illcla, .Tu;m Manuel, soldier.'' 
 
 Villola, Marcos, ,':ol(lier.* 
 Vinals, .)o.,i'', ];a(li-o.* 
 Virjan, JJanuel, niulctoor.^ 
 
 Vi; 
 
 eaino, .luan, jiaMre. ' 
 
 Vizcarra, ,\n.<r, soldier.* 
 
 Vorha, Antonio, (.'at. vol.' 
 
 Yorl);i, Fi'a.ncisco Javier, soldier. 
 
 '^'oi'lia, .)(.s('' Antonio.' 
 
 Yorlia, .1( S('' i)oniingo, child.* 
 
 Yorh.i, 'J'oucis.^ 
 
 Zamlirano, Xieolas, soldier.' 
 
 Z: 
 
 .''.ayas, .los(> Salvadol', soldier.' 
 Ziini;;a, i'ldio !>., child. - 
 ZLnii;.;a, J.'io (^)uinto, soldiei-.^ 
 .)(is(', li(. ■ut( nant.^ 
 .lo:;('' .\ii'olHo, child.' 
 J(>:i>' VaK'nlia (J., child.' 
 8, ra|ii.) Ma., child." 
 ( Inillornio A., e'lild.* 
 .loL-('' Manuel, child.* 
 A'entr.ra.* 
 
 Zuuiua, 
 Znrn;.,a, 
 Zafli'.'a, 
 Ztiid^a, 
 Zufii;.a, 
 Zurii,.a, 
 ZuiUL'a, 
 
.11,1.'