CIHM Microfiche Series (IMonographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographles) Canadian Instituta for Historical IMicroroproductiont / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquoa Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the Isest origlnai copy available for filnriing. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which ntay alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. r~7 Coloured covers / D D D D D D D D Couverture de couleur Covers damaged / Couverture endommagte Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicula Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Cotoured maps / Cartes g^raphiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Cotoured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Relid avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Mition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortton along interior margin / La reliure senie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge int^rieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas M f iimdes. Additional comments / Commentaires suppl6mentaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6X6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-Atre unkiues du point de vue bibii- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification ians la metho- ds normale de filmage sont indk^ute ci-dessojs. I I CokHjred pages/ Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommagdes D Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaur^as et/ou pelliculdes r~^ Pages discoloured, stainod or foxed / ULj Pages dteolor^es, tachet^es ou pk^u^s I I Pages detached / Pages d^tach^s \^/\ Showthrough / Transparence I I Quality of print varies / D D D Quality indgale de I'impresston Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'enBta, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmdes k nouveau de fafon k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discotourattons are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmdes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. TINS nWil m THfnvQ SI ulS rSQUOQOn iSIIO CrMONBO DSIOW t Cs ctooumsm SSI fltani su isux tfs rMuotlon IncNqui oMsssous. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x / 12x ita 20x ata 32x Th« copy fllm«d h«f« hw btmn r«produc*d thanks to th« 9«n«rMitY of: National Library of Canada L'axamptair* fUm« fut rapreduii gric* i la g^nirotitA da: Bibliothaqua nationals du Canada Tha imagM appaaring hara ara iha baat quality posaibia considaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming eonuact apacificationa. Original cepiaa in printad papar covars ara fllmad boginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illuatratod ""(>'••* •ion. or tha bach covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa af filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impraa- aion. and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illuatratad improasion. Tha last racordad frama on aach microflcha shall contain tha symbol — ^ ''"••"'"« "S2»," TINUED"). or tha symbol ▼ Imaaning END I. whichavar appliaa. Maps, platas. charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axposura ara fllmad baginning in tha uppor laft hand cornar, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas aa raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: Las imagas suivantas ont «ti raproduitas avac la plus grand soin. compta tanu da la condition at da la fMnat* da I'axamplaira film*, at an eonf ormita avac laa eenditiona du contrat da filmaga. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat Imprimaa sont filmas an commancant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darniara paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'illustration. soit par la sacond plat, salon la eas. Tous laa autras aaamplairas originaux sont filmAa an commancant par la pramiira paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'illuatration at an tarminant par la darni*ra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un daa aymbolaa suivants apparaitra sur la darni*ra imaga da chaqua microfiche, salon la caa: la symbola -*• signifia "A SUIVRE ". la symbola ▼ signifia "PIN". Las cartaa. planchas. tablaaux. ate. pauvant itra filmis k daa taux da riduction diff«rants. Lorsqua la documant ast trap grand pour itra raproduit an un saul clicha. il ast filma A partir da I'angia supAriaur gaucha. da gaucha a droita. •t da haut an baa. an pranant la nombra d'imagaa nacaaaaira. Laa diagrammaa suivants illustrant la mathoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MiOOCOPY MSOWnON TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHAKT No. 2) Ih Im ■ zo ■(UM ■ 1.8 1.6 j4 /gP LIED ll\/MGE Inc 'Ki Ea>.. ttain Slrnt " " Rpe(wil«f, N«» Yofl. U0O9 USA CL SUPPLEMENT TO WEEKLY BULLETIN Of THK DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE CANADA AND THE BRITISH WEST INDIES REPORT ON THE POSSIBItmES OF TRADE UNDER THE PREFEREHTIAl TARIFF AGREEMENT «V WATSON GRIFFIN Special Trade CommlMloner Issned by anlhority of Sir George E. Foster, K.C.M.G., LP. Minuter of Trade and Commerce. 83175—1 OTTAWA GOVERNMENT ^RINl [NG BUREAU • 1915 02?1^« |)HI'AHTM»:\T nt TltUlU -U «'.>MM»H, lltU. Ul< IIIKIl (JHH.Ii, KkiI., < "iiiiiiiitMiiiiit'r 111' ('oiiiiticrri'. Oltiiwii. •"*'"•-'" ' "'""■'■ "'"' >■""' i"«trurti..„- 1 vi-it-.'il all tl.r .•..l..i,i.,. that ha joiiKHl in ih.. Canmla-W.M (...li,,. l»r..f.T..|.tial Tariff Agn-,-, t. il„ |.,„y oi Jaimn.-a. wl.i.li |,a- n„f Kiv... ( ■m„„la a pri-ftriiir... „n,| lhi. lUtuMi,- .,( (■,,!,„. [ liuve thf honour to »uh , my rt|».rt on tho Hritii.h \V.,.( Inciic*. In .-a.l. ...h.ny 1 inti-rvi.wnl tht- Oovt-mor, th.- «'.,i..nial SiH-retary. thr Tr.a.uriT -r Controlhr ,.f Cn^ton.s and othrr oftl.iaU i„ rharKc of in.imrtant a..,.artni..nt>. of tho Kovwnmrnt wrvi.-,.. th.- SniM.rint.-n.i.nt or Dirin-tor of th.. AKri.-nltnral Dopart- roeiit. tho VadinK mer.-hanl». the si; .am^h;,. im-n. and a ni.ml*r of i.huit.TH unerintenih-nts of with planters and 83176—1} .1 i ; The liiig Walk l>rivi', .lunmicn. •li m^ i BarltwltMi when th*' iiiuon ahinet* un the Rea. \NewYoKk HALIFAX ^.y IBERIWOA 1.. ] '^'f-*' 1 H""--. VIBOIN SLANOS^ * _1 QumuM srKiTT»Js Sr VINCENT I CREr 3D0MINICA ruJciA ^BARBADOS RINIOAO ^GEORGETOWN sBRTTISt RODTB or THI ROTAT, MAIL SnAUCRa FROM CANADA TO THB WEST IndiKS. Chapter I. A MABKET EAST OF ACCESS. As a rosult of the contract made between the Canadian Government and the Royal !^^aiI Steam Packet Company, exporters of Canadian food products and manufactured goods now have easy access to all the colonies that have joined in the Canada-West Indies Preferential Trade Agreement. For St. John and Halifax the arrangements are especially advantageous, as they have no rail haul to pay for in shipping to the West Indies. Even ^Montreal and Toronto can ship goods to the British West Indian colonies, including rail freight to St. John and Halifax and steamship charges from those ports at less cost than to Alberta and Saskatchewan. As regards time of transportation the distances from Halifax to some of the lead- ing distributing centres of the West may be compared with the distances to the ports of call of the Royal Mail Steam Packet boats. The railway mileages to western points via the Intercolonial railway to Montreal and Canadian Pacific railway westward are as follows: — Miles. Halifax to Montreal 838.3 Fort William 1,828.7 Winnipeg 2,247.9 " Brandon 2.380.9 Reglna 2,605.2 Mooeejaw 2.648.8 Saskatoon 2.727.7 Swift Current 2,767.3 Medicine Hat 2.904.7 Calgary 3,0S5.0 Edmonton 3,098.1 DISTANCES TO WEST INDI.IX COLONIEft. The distances from Halifax to the ports of call of the Royal ^Mail steamers ore as follows, in nautical miles: — Nautical Miles. Halifax to Bermuda 760 St. KItts 1,685 Antigua 1J45 Montserrat 1,782 Dominica 1,880 St. Lucia 1,963 St. Vincent 2,022 Barbados 2.127 Grenada 2,294 Trinidad 2.388 British Guiana 2,755 The nautical mile is 6,080 feet, as compared with the railway r "le of 6,280 feet, and this difference must be taken into consideration in the comparison. A freight train going west from Halifax would sometimes go faster t'-aii the steamer and sometimes slower. It would probably be side-tracked again and again to make way for first-class passenger trains and in the winter season its progress would sometimes be blocked by snow. The steamer on the other hand would keep steadily on its course and arrive at the various ports of call very closely on schedule time, so that the goods shipped from Halifax to the West Indies would probably reach their destination before those shipped to Western Canada. As regards cost of transportation, it is well known that water transportation is very much cheaper than rail transportation. 7 • CAXADA ASU TBE BfilTISB WEST INDIES The railway freight tariffs are clagsified on the basis of weight, while the steam- ship tariff is sometimes based on measurement and sometimes on weight. Space will not allow a complete statement of rates, but we may select for comparison a few articles on which the steamship charges by weight. In this comparison the war rate must be added to the steamship rate to Trinidad during the progress of the war. The steamship rate from St. John is the same as from Halifax. H.VUKA.X TO Ratk bv Wkioht Articln. B(u»n and Hams . loo Cement ItjO Cheehe !()(> Heavy Hardware loo Iron Bedsteadx loo Leather JOO Paint 100 Roofing 100 Roi>« ■, 100 Kefined SuKar loO \VallPai)er l:io In the following instances the steamship charges by measurement and the railway by weight. Thus a case of cotton prints weighing 328 pounds and measuring 23A cubic feet is charged for by the steamship at tha rate of 12 cents per cubic foot plus 10 per cent primage ;^:th the war tax added, while a lower freight rate is charged on a case of white cotton weighing 437 pounds because it measures only IH cubic feet HALIFAX TO STKAMsHII* R.4TIC BV MK.VaCHK. Raihv.iv Ratk bv Wkiiiht. Articles. Apples lirl KB lb. Cjtton— Prints case 3i!« » CSotton— White „ 4S7 ,. P'sh cask 480 „ Fihh (wet) brl 300 .. Fish (dry) 200 „ i'lour lOtt „ Potatoes 18y „ The Maritime Provinces have a geographical advantage over the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in trading with the West Indies both as regards time and cost of transportation just as the central provinces have the advantage in trading with Western Canada. However, it will be seen from the following examples that even from Ontario and Quebec the cost of transportation to the West Indies is less than the cost to Saskatchewan and Alberta. CANADA ANli THE BRITISH WEST INDIEH MONTRKAL TO Stkamhiup Rati bv Mkakliii. Raiuwa* Hatk bv WmiKT. ? Articles. ApplM bill. Cotton— Piintu ca-w Cotton— White •' Fi»h ta-k KWilwct) ''I'l. Fii«h (dry) " Klour " Pot»to«-» li« 11). SiH ., 4»; .. 4S0 .. .%0 M 201) .. 1!I6 .. IttO I. .il4 •-' •■■■i H (>25 2 07 1 38 itti ■SHJ i S Trinmiaii. it 1^ 1 43J IW 3 74 4 10 4 ilHJ .5 4«i S 47i n 00 1 2NS 3 21 1 ii2 2 14 1 21J rsii 1-2«J 1 113 1 7«J 4 «2i (!42j «!15? 3-» 2 52 1 .'iO 1 S6J 1 0|j 54,v, 0«71, 2i>J o:m} 14 2:l,'„ TORONTO TO SiKAMHiiip Rate bv Mkashh*. Railway Rati by Wkight. ArticleM. ApplM bbl. 165 Cotton-Prints case 328 Cotton-White " 437 Fish cask 480 Fish(«'et) bbl. 300 Fish (dry) " 200 Flour " 196 Potatoes ■' 180 lb. 1 ^1 'i ? PS X ■87* 1 .'<7 ;48i 2 72} 374 4 10 3 02? 4 !Wt 6 46i 3-084 .-.■47* 6011 207 288 3 21 1 3>l 1 »2 2 14 "16 1 2H 1 31 i •S8i 1113 1 203 •I ITli! 4 82t ••■42ii U 95; 378' 252 1 no l-3«t Tbinidai). ^Si 1 021 3 731 24h; 3 64* 1 51 13!) mi, 1 •*? I" o-2:!A I'OOJi 067{ 294 033| 14 023,>„ i MONTREAL TO .1 Ratk by Weicht. Articles. Bacon and liama l'*<* Cement 100 Che.se 100 Heavy hardware 100 Iron bedsteada 100 Leather UK) Paint 100 Riwfing 100 Rope 100 Refined sugar 100 WallPaiKT 100 Woven spring mattresses 100 10 CAX.AD.i AXn THK BJtlTISlI WEST IxniES TORONTO TO Rati hy Wkioht. Ahticlzh. Bitctiii and hams Kin 11. (Vnient ,nX Ch»««. "'.'....!'.■.',..■■.■■;■■ '{(I) " Heavy haniwarv iim Iron liedateadi! ^ ' im " Paint ino K^ HIU M «•«"•? m „ RHhne« '" "*« »•«« t" b'' "dd^l to tL rrdinai .team It of\' „S.X :;"" ^-- T-'nto «„d Montreal to Trinidad thanToS. ^ZfZf^^.IV- .'"•''■'•*"'"*« «'«! manufaeturcrs of St. John and Halifax and the farmers of the Mar.timo Provinces the ordinary cost of shipping to tie West Indian colonies in which the t^.nadian Oovernmont has arranged for a tariff prefer the cnl f .-" ^'^^'\T "^ ^*''P^'"« *" ^^"""I^^ ""-J ''"''' n-'^ th"" "ne fourth the cost of shipping to Calgary. i"uri" milk^ni^H..'^' ••'"».*'" "^Y ^'"^'"^ "' " "'"•'-* ^"' «'^«'' '»♦''>*' ^"tter and condensed BriHsh W T^r'!J- ? r ""' •""''"•■"' "^ ^'''""'•'' '* '^ ^"'t»'>- °f note that all t^ fhe SiH V't f ^'''""^' "' '"■"" *" ^^'"''*''*"'' Saskatchewan and Alt«,rta than the British Isles .r any country of continental Europ-.. Moreover the West Indies n all of whi^I ""•.'^^'"m'^'' '""''"'•^ **'»" *'«' '*""*"- "f the northern zone, their oJf a considerable proportion of the home demand is supplied bv L 1 ot f. . ™Kl"; I, " '"'P"^^'."'^ t° ^■•"«- ^h^-t in the West Indies and thcclimat; We t it iV" *'" "''^'^"'■*'°" °f ""Ik, butter or meat. On tlie other hand the ruist mport. \Ve can exchange our food pnKlucts for their food products more profit- abl,v than wo can m trading with any country of the northern zone. THE TRADE WORTIt (3OIN0 AFTER. Is the trade of the British West Indies worth going after? Will It pay Canadian manufacturers and merchants to ui.dortako a «v.steraatic campaign for business in those colonics^ Many merchants and manufacturers of Ix.th i Wp, ? -1 ?^T """^ *" """'' ^*"*'" ^"""d '* "■'"^•> "''''•' to devote attention L™r1r" 2 '"'" "'"^ " '""'"^ ^^•^*'" *''•' «"*'«•» ^ ^t Indies were far less prosperous tlinn they are now. In preparing trade statistics for publication all the colonics which have joined in the Preferential Agreement with Canada have adopted the calendar year for the^^ tables instead of the fiscal year as is the custom in Canada. The figures for 19128^^ I^ol; nTio%''T'^'^"*''*r °* "^T'^ conditions in the British West Indies than those of 1913, because the severe drought of 1911 and 1912 affected trade in 1913 to IZTT *!*"' T '* ^'^ '" ^^^^- ^^'°'«"'^" the year 1912 was the last complete onl ^:rJ%^l P/'^""""^ ^'^"i •"*" effect, and as the preference began in June, 1913, only part of that year was under the preference, so it is not a suitable year for com- parisons. The figures for 1914. the first complete year under the preference, will n^t be available for some months. CANADA ASD THE RRITISH WEST INDIES 11 Tn the year 1012 the total imports of mprchiindido of the colonies that are r"" Uiving Canada a preference amounted to W4.23",839, while the imports for home con •umption in these colonie* amounted to $30,305,003. as jhown in the following table:— Trade of 1912 in Preference Colonies. Colony. ToUl IininrU. ToUl KxiwrU. Briti»h (lui»n» H,17«,106 Trinidad »n(! Tobago 22.«5,lflO Harbadm ! 7,084,060 St. Lucia 1,51»,7.'»4 .St. Vincent 61»,»«3 (Jrennda l,!»»,»>a Antiiua J3S,."W1 St. Kitt»-Nevi« I,232,2!t4 Dominica 7«.'i,739 Montnerrat | 194,626 Virgin IslandB 49,660 Total I 44,237,839 lmi«»t. n( i Kxporti..* for Hcnw Product-. Cunmimiition. '"»">" N,«3»,2B4 21.4»iH.»70 6,210,731 1,381,039 63ti,U(l6 1,370,H33 M17.384 028,16)1 731.798 2i)i,a'M 34.H38 41,.'»l,3e3 7,17H,276 7,569,643 1I,4:«,710 9,429,274 ll,270,m»7 3,674,534 677.«2!l 520,8fi« 604,260 497,414 1,308,166 1,321,946 817,689 •,92,063 1,131,110 836,046 7llU.lfl2 683,395 174,605 189,619 49,560 34,838 30,3(»,063 26,629,529 THE COLONIES THAT HAVE KOT JOINED. The colonies that have not joined in the Preferential Agreement are Jamaica with its dependencies, the Turk, Caicoa and Cayman islands, the Bahamas, and British Honduras. The total imports of these colonies in 1912 were valued at $19,858,144, as compared with $44,237,839 for the colonies which give Canada a preference. The Bahamas and British Honduras adopt the fiscal year ending March 31 for their trade tables instead of the calendar year. The British Honduras imports for home con- sumption and domestic exports cannot be ascertained from the reports available. The trade of non-prefi>rence colonies for 1912 is shown in the following tables: — Trade of Non-preference Colonies in 1912. Colony. .naica, Turks, CaicOH and Cayman Inlands.. Halmman liritish Honduras Total 14,642,303 1.718, !>.■« 3,49<>.9()S 19,838,144 TuitM>rtfl of MfrchanJiw for Honitf ConMumption, ' ExportHof Doniestic Pniducts. 9 \ 9 ' 9 i;!,(i04,.-|l 2,856,143 ' 17,188 ft.J7 ta cASAiii A\n Tin: hkitisii wkht imuf.n aivZ^C^TT "' "7"""* ■»'•»"«'''''/•" thP oalonJar year 1013 i„ thu colonio. timt are givinjT Canada a preference are a* follown:— * Trade of 1013 in Preferonee Colonici. Ciilonv. lin|M>rti« of ,, T.,t«l I.i,|«,rt.. T..U.1 KM-.re«. ^'••«{y"-« |i!r,!',.'",i'c 'iir Horn.! «'"im-»lic Ci>n>iiin|itifiii. ' fuouitn. Hriti»li (iiiiaiiA Trini<>niinica MontM*rrat Virgin IkIiiiuIk. . » ' « H,131,!M2 10,62H,H7« 23,M4t<,12H 24,!)8:,230 «,4W1,IUS 4,U«,.Vi'i l,:«*4,34)l 1,317,4(17 ft89,H:.;i MIMKIO i.a-)H,(>no i,;«2,ai7 HU4,36I) Wn,45l mt,n-j 977,404 mti.Ka !)1\364 17«,457 17!l,0«) 40,»)5 3^0«4 7.4i)ii,n8M l;«,31ti,273 4,lMli),2nH 673,M7 6M,H77 7n'i,0«W NSH.MIO 842,(«i 1W.704 »,ri«,',.(M4 ll,252,!»ft7 a,r>.'u,43ii fi*in,2ii3 R20,0K<) 044,7M H17,377 83;i,B13 170,414 follow?:-^""" ^" ""' """■'"''''' ^"^ '^' '•"'""'' °^ •^'""''''^'' «"d the Bahamas are a. •-Colony. ImiKirU of t- „ , Total Imiwru. Total Ex|«.rt«. M^chandw- ,j;'"™/'.' tor HtiniB I'oiiifBtK- Con«uniption. l^fuauctH. I ^iiiaica, TurkK, Caicc- an (iri'ater part of the work of establishing trade coimec- tious must U- done by individuals. The (Jovemmeiit. represi-ntiiiK the whole people of t onada, has d(,ne its shoni in se<-uriii(i[ u pri'terem-e for Cunudian prni(e. Individual merclmnts ond manufacturers must do the rest. However, the individual will only oct when he »»es jrood prospects of pn)fats to n'ward him for his enterpris.>. From u notional point i.f view it is im|M>rtant to know the total present trade of those colonies and the proliobility that it will vastly increase in the future Ixi-ouse it shows the vaiue of preferenw aniirral oonjitiuiis in the Britiah Writ Iiidim, and the poMi- bility of increasini; CHiiadinii exiiort* to those riiluiiii>8, it may Ik- wi'U to inquire wbethpr there ii anytliinK wronit with Onnndian methods of hnn* wnK'tinii-K niiiKc thi' ilitftTciii't- U'twtt'ii xiumtsh him' miluri' in developing an export bugini>8ii. Accurury in making out inviiircn and oe regarded us a menus of creating n fnvnurabii' iniprc'- sion that will residt in more orders. t-<»TlriCATfcS or ORIRIN. Every customs collector in the British West Indian cdlimies that have joined in the Pre'ereitial Agreement coniplairieduce proper certificotes. When tlic-e come to hand they get a refund, but a great ileal of annoyance is caused to both merchants and customs officials. The treasurer of one of the smaller colonies remorkod: " Yon would be surprised to gee what an amount of extra book-keeping and other clerical wi>rk this has caused us. We have had to employ an extra clejrk on oceount of it. Then it takes time to tolk to the merchants who are angry at having to pay extra duties, and they call to see me obout it. I can assure you that it does not help Canadian trade. S.inu'tinics no certi- ficate of origin is sent and in other cases the certificates do not comply with the regula- tions. Eventually the pro|K>r certificates are usuall.v secur(>ortiTs to comply with the conditions. The certificate of origin r.greed upon by nil the colonies that have joined in the Preferential Agreement is as follows: — 1« CASAIt.i 4.V/> Tilt: HHITIHII Wf.HT IMUIM CKHTirn ATK of Oriffin for Entry under Xhm Conadtt-WMt Indin Proferfnlial T«rill of Artidmi Coniignrd Dirrot from the Country of Oriijin or Manufiicture. I b«"r«'li,v I'lTtify thiit I urn (1) of till' KxtN>rU-r (») of the •rticlen included in thii oertifloate, and that I am duly authoriied to make and aivn thia certifloate on Iwhalf of the Raid Exporter (•). I have the meani of knowing and I do hereby certify that the mcrchandiie doaiffnatod below ii of (S) . . . irrowth, produce or manufacture, which merchandiae ia to be ahipped to (3) coniigned to merchant ot (4) And 1 further certify that I Imro t)i« nM«nf of knowiiii that in the caae of manufactured gnoA* a nuliHtantial portion of the labour of (S) baa cntc>r«>d into the production of every manufactured article included in '"lis certificate of origin, to the extent in each article of not ieaa than one-fourth of the value of every auch article in Ita preoent condition. (1) iRMit the woril I'urtnrr, ManRirr, I'hlcf I'Irrk or I'rlnrlpal omi-lat, ■tvltia rnnk •■ tho ma* •n«y b«. (i> Country of orlain or manurni'iiirf (I) Port ot ultlmat* ilMllnatlon. to AililrrH. (I) Country of mnnufartur*. Markn. Niimbm. Name and addreaa uf Exporter. POBT nV SIIIPMFNT. Nunibrr and ilrocription nf |ifcckaf(<-ii and dncription of goali. (Quantity, i V'aliu-. So certified under my resiionMbility. Signature. Dated at thii day of 191. . This certifientc censes to be vnlid after six months from date of issue. A liy fur Jlic wnrnt offptiHcni affiiinrt thiie nH|iiir)'ni((iit». in poii.n<>(< wh.Tf..f n annt ili ,.l nf iiiiinH-oMary iroiilili' iitid labiiur Mi well a* lo« of timo aiv <'auii<<rii ami to tin- ('ii^totim IVpartiiHiit. I nepcl hiifilly |H.int out that it ii to the U'»t iiitiit of wlilcli i-nil i« not pontriloptrd to by (linrrirarcl of thf> i'ii«toin« law« nnil niinantilp r«Hiiiiri'nw>nti« of tlio ponntry with which bii«iri««- i* miught; thl« pondition of thinffii ttivpn riw to tho vipw that tllo only care of the K.upprra i« to aoll and gi't riil of tho b.hhU without thoiiirht of the trouble that i» cnBPndfrftl to tho ri.«tom» and plipiit in .Tamaioa owinu to larlc of pan^ in pri«p«rin« thp invoipo. Invoipiii nHTivcl from Canada and tlw 1'nil.il StntM pvrn for »uih nrtiolPM a* balw of buy iirr nioro frp<|u«ntly in thp form and iityle of bill* of paroel* iriven for nnudl rctiiil fran»UPlion» -utti-rly unlikp tho priiPtipo in rrfprpiipo to invoipc« for »hipinpnt« nuuh- thi >UKh nhippinn and iv.mminiiion hoiiwn— and ai the itrowing tendency it to obtain good* direct {torn prmluccm and nianufactureri the ftround for objection to imiufllcipncy of :nvoipc« inpnanei, particularly from Canada and thp Cnifed Stnli^. In nomc pane* the inv..ipc in incorporated with, or forini part of t^e way-bill miidc in a maiiiiir utterly unRuitable to our cu«tom« requirempnt*. I may mention iluit n marked feature in the importation of goodi from the ncrman Empire liHii been that the invoiiv* were punetiliou* in rctrnrd to the requirementi of the JamaJpa Cu*tomi a« well a* the pi>mni«'« there were hIiowu the HIch of etters and cables ordering goods and tho dates of delivery. A few example* of delayi in delivery may be mentioneil without publishing the n ines. A leading merchant of Kingston, St. Vincent, who regularly buyi considerable quantities of Canadian flour, mailed March 27. 1914, to a Canadian flour mill a large order. On the Ist of .Tune, nine weeks uiid three doy* after tho letter was mailed the flour had not been delivered. This merchant showed me in his order book case ofter case of delays in delivery. Another lame importer of flour, one of the wealthiest merchants in St. Vincent, showed me a cable order for flour sent on April IS. 1914. The flour had not been delivered on June 1. six weeks and two days after the cable order was sent. Both the orders referred to were sent to Caundian mills with whom thoy hi.d been dealing reguloily f,.r some time, and I was ii rmed that they had always paid promptl.v. Tlie merchants blametl not the flour mi;.s but the long railway haul in Canada for the trouble. On July 2 the monafrer of on important business home in Orenada said: "On May 22 we mailed a letter ordering flour from Canada. I know the steamer on which the letter went reecned New York on May .30 and the letter must have been delivered m Canada not later than June 1. That is over a month ago and the flour is not yet to hand. Ihe next steamer from Cu- .da will arrive July l."). If we get it then it will be six weeks and two days after tho order wag received in Canada." An imj .;rter of flour in the island of St. Lucia showed me a cable order for Cana- dian fl.nir sent on April 16. 1014. It was delivered six weeks and five days afterward. The manager of an old established business house in San Fernando, Trinidad, said that he had never got flour from Cannda in Irs* than five weeks from the time nc rjibiod f..i ii. A Port of Spain merchant who imports as much as 40,000 barrels of flour annually and large quantities of oats was very emphatic in condemning the delay in deliveries of both flour and oats. Amon? other cases referred to was an order for two thousand 8.1175-2 18 ( iv.i/M .iv;» 77/a; liiiirisii west imhes bags of onts sent to Montronl in April, 1014. On the 14th of July when I interviewed him he told me that hu hud received invoi<'cs and driifts as follows: — Invoices — 350 bags oats, dated May .1. 350 " " " 15. 3.')0 ■■ •■ " 15. 3.33 •• ■■ .Tunc IS. 333 •• •' " 25. 333 " " " 25. While he had received all these invoici'^ and a dnift with each invoice he h;id oidy received the following deliveries:— .350 baps on Caraqnet. .Tune 18. 350 baRs on Chaleiir, .T\dy 3. Thus the first deliver.v was over six weeks after date of invoice and the second delivery seven weeks after date of invoice. He said he believed the shipper in ^font- real was not at fault and he knew the steamship company was not to blame. He thought that probably the railways were responsible. These examples of delays in deliveries in different colonics will be sufficient to show how serious the matter is. I was told, on the other hand, by several merchants in ditferent islands that the Canadian flour mills with which they dealt kept sufficient supplies of flour in ware- houses at Halifax to ship promptly, and that there \v:is no delay in delivery. As the ships leave Halifax fiirtnitilitly ane as fresh as i>ossible when it leaves ('anu«la. An agreement for six months or a .vear in advance providing that a certiiin cpnintity of tlour shall be forwardi'd on each shi)) leavinij- St. .lohn or Halifax is tl»' most satisfactory arrangement. With such an uiiihrstaiiiling the flour manufacturer can not only make sure of having the spcciHcd ciuantity at the port of shipmi'iit in good tinic. but can make arrangement with the steamship company in advance to carry a certain qiunitity on each trip whereas when shipnu'iits are made on short notice tluTc is a possibility of lieing unable to secure spai'C. But in spite of such advance arrangements tin re will soiiietinies be rush ordcr~ whi.-h .Mil only be filles at the port of ship- ment. DRAFTS BEFOIIK COODS. The complaint that I heard most frciucntly in the British West Tn.lies was that Canadian business houses draw against shipments long before the goods are delivered. If the draft is not accepted immediately lux-ause the goods have not arrived, it is presented again and again by the bank messenger to the intense annoyaiiee of the merchant. I was told there was no such trouble with either American or English drafts. T would suggest that Canadian exptirters should in every ease write on the draft in red ink, " Hold for acceptance until arrival of goods." It is customary for many of the American and British houses to allow their cus- tomers a line of creilit and permit them to remit at regular intervals. When .\merican and British houses do draw they take care that the drafts shall nut be presentrd before the goods arrive. Many of the British and American exporters put on the draft the name of the ship by which the goods are sent and the date of sailing. It would be an CWADA AXn rHE BRITIsn WKST IXDIES 19 easy mutter for shippers in St. John and Halifax to inai«' sure tliat the drafts po out by the same ship aa the Roods, and they eoidd put tho name of the ship and date of sailinff on the draft. Tho western shippers cannot do this unless they have representa- tives in Halifax or St. John and make all shipments throuRh them. Canadian bankers mipht help the export trade by RivinR serions eonsideration to the question of the best means of putting an end to the Rrent dissatisfaetion that has undoubtedly been caused throuphont the British West Indies by the presentation of drafts before the jroods arrive. . J" i??''.^'^^/^ ^^"^^^ "" *"'' ^"•' collection to Canadian banks having branches m the Hritish West Indies it might he wise, instead of sending drafts direct to the branch banks in the West Indies, to send them to the Halifax branch of the same bank, which could assipn to one of its clerks the duty of making sure that each draft went out on the same ship as the Roods it covered. An arrnnKoment could no doubt be made with the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company's acent in Halifax by which the hank would be notified as soon as the Roods arrived in Halifax what boat they would Im shipiK'd on. The bank could tlu'ii att.ich a slip to the draft giving tli.' Manic of the ship taking the goods and the date of shipment. NEW YORK COMMISSION HOUSES. Throughout the British West Indies a large proportion of the merchants have been accustomed to buy through New York commission houses nearly everythinR excepting what they imported from the TTnited Kingdom. The New York commission merchants have for years made a specialty of the West Indian business. They usually give rather long credits and allow the merchants to remit instead of drawing on them. Many of the British merchants also Rive long credits, while before the war the Ocrmans were particularly ready to give time for payment. In stating those facts I am not advocating the adoption of a system of long crclits. This is a matter that the exporter himself must decide, but it is important that Canadian produce merchants and manu- facturers who think of ex,.„rting goods .should know the existing conditions. In some cases i\ew York commission houses quote a cash price and cliarg.. interest at the rate ot SIX per cent until payment is made. As an inducement to pay cash to the Canadian exporter instead of getting credit from a New York commission house there is the tariff preference and the Canadian who gets cash or payment in thirty days should be able to offer goods at a lower price than his competitor who gives long credits. But it is exceedingly important tha the customer in the West Indies should not be constantly irritated bv having drafts ..re- sented for acceptance long before the goods arrive. It is worthy of note that several of the large American flour mills that formerly did their business with the West Indies through New York commission houses are now dealing directly through their own agents. A Barbados man who acts as agent tor a Canadian flour mill and also represents a number of other lines of Canadian manufactures told me that one of the American flour mills offered him six thousand huZl TV""T "; "'' "u ^.'T"''* "'"""'"" '■•" ^''' ^-''■"'^'"" '•K^'"«cs and devote under ttprf" T "t'T '^'"' """u" ""^ ''"•■'"""' »'"■ "^"^ ''— « '- *»-"--' tbat maiiufactur^™ ' Agreement he would make more money representing Canadian GERMA.NV'S LOXn chrdit svstkm. Kverywhere I w-^s told that the Germans gave very long credits. In Jamaici a bank manager stated that six months was commonly offered by German houTesimd h y often allowed much lonRer credits. How the Germans were able to finance tC long credits was a mystery. Their c.mpetition is temporarily entirely eliminited and It IS probal e that for a long time after the war is over they will not be , pJst tion to hnanco long credits. >• ^ .u u \ivai ■"<•'! I7.'i—L> J 20 (WMl.l 1\7) THK HRirisH WEST /.V/J/KS PROMPT ANSWERS TO LETTERS. There is one respect in which Canadian njaniifacturers might well imitate the Germans. All the merchants whom I interviewed agreed that the success of German trade was largely due to unfailing courtesy in promptly answering letters, replying lu good English to all questions and giving the fullest information, as well as their readiness to accept suggestions regarding changes required in goods to suit the market or changes in methods of packing. Because we do not agree with German policy there is no reason why we should not imitate the systematic German business methods which have in a few years secured so large a share of the world's trade. BANKINO FACILITIES. The Ro.val Hank of Canad.i has one hraiu'li in Janiica. three in British (iuiaua. two in Trinidad, one in Barbados, one in Grenada, one in Dominira. one in Antigua, and one in St. Kitts. The Bank of Xova Seotia has eight branches m .Taniaiea. The Colonial Bank has branches in British Guiana. Trinidad. Barbados. Grenada. St. Viiieeiit. St. Lu<-ia, Dominica, Antigua. St. Kitts and .Tamaiea. THE lUBRENCV SYSTEM. In mU the British West Indian colonies that have joined in the Preferential Agree- ment with Canada there is a mix. 1 currency system of dollars, shillings and pence. The Roval Bank of Canada, the Hank of Xova Seotia, and the Colonial Bank issue five dollar notes in each colony where they have branches, and the (ioveriinicnt ot Trinidad issues a one .lollar bill, but English silver coins and English iRMinies are '' The use of one dollar and five dollar bills together with English coins as a cur- rency makes it absolutely necessary to have a fixed rate of exchange, and througimit these colonies an English penny is always reckoned as two cents, an English shilling as 24 cents and an English pound as $4.80. A Canadian or an American five dollar bill is worth $4.02 in these colonies In most of the stores it is accepted .t its face value, but when the merchant de,>..s ts the Canadian or Americnn five dollar bank note in a lo.-al bank he receives .Tedit tor $4.!»2. POSTAL MOXEY ORDEns. When a post office money order is sent from Canada to the West Indian colonies included in the Preferential Agnx-mcnt. in payment for goods purchased or in pay- ment of an agent's commission, the post office in the West Indian colony only all $4.80 for $4.8- of the Canadian money order. A Canadian post office J"""^? "'''l" for $.". .-ashed at a post office or any bank in thos,- colonies brings only $4..» A Canadian p.st office money order for $r.O brings WiU's. The rate ot bank -xcbanue of course fluctuates, but the post ofiice authorities have fixed on this permaneoc rate as representing the average. . While the rate of exchange fluctuates in all countries, it is customary in Canada in ordinary calculations to reckon a pound sterling as equal to $4^S0.. Sometimes for greater convenience it is reckoned at $4.87. The British West Indian post office authorities assume that the pound sterling is worth $4.8, in Canada, and .s it is worth $180 in the British West Indies it is considered that a permanent exchange rate of $4 80 in West Indian currency for $4.87 of Canadian money is approximately c.rrect. The same basis of exchange is used in casliing Aineriean 1^''^* ;'^;'- "'""^' orders and has been recognised as correct by the Ignited States Post Office Depart- ment. ,. , t A Canadian remitting payment of a debt of $.1 in the W«-st Indies by means of a post office money order should thern'ore get a money order f -r $."..00, and m makmg C.WAn.i l\/> THK IIMITISH nf:sT IXniES 21 paymoi.t of $50 tlie post office mniioy order should be for I'lO.OO. It may seem a gniall mutter for the West Indian to suffer the loss of n few cents in the exchange, but it is nn undoubted fact that as much irritation is sometimes caused by a shortaRe of cents lis bv n shortage of dollars in making payments. If instead of remitting a post office money order a bank draft is bought for the purpose the bank will charge for the draft according to the fluctuating rate of exchange but the cost will ordinarily be very nearly the same. In .Tamaica the Royal Rank of Canada, the Bank of Xova Scotia and the Colonial Bank issue pound notes. English silver is used, but there is a Jamaica issue of penny and half-penny coins, and even the newsboys refuse English pennies. In all the island colonies the Government statements are made in pounds, shillings and ponce, but in British Guiana they arf made in dollars and cents. INSl ll.\N( K OF SIIIfXrKXTS. A leading commission merchant of Trinidad referring to Canadian business said : •' It has been the custom unless otherwise instructed for both English and Anicri- ••au shippers to insure sliipnit in the invoice against the purchaser, and if traiy instructions are not given it wouhl be advisable for the Canadian shipper to follow this |,h,„. for as the West Indian merclmnt is used to this being done he might not Imve his goods jirotected, and if h.ss ( ur- red trii-tion might arise as to wo,, was n'siMinsi'iJe for tlic loss. It wouhl facili- tate business if the Canadian manufacturer would make his quotations either o.i.f. that IS at prices which would cover cost, insuranoe and freight on goods delivered at the purchaser s port, or at f.o.b. prices, that is free on board steamer at point of ocean shipment. I have known instances where Ch adian manufacturers in quoting f.o.b. claimetl that they meant their quotation to be f.o.b. cars. They have probably acted in good faith, but the result has been misleading to the parties at this end. as we are always accustomed by the term f.o.b. to understand that it means f.o.b. steamer at port of shipment. Of course it should be understood that f.o.b. also means that there IS no charge for the packages unless it has been specially agreed upon, except in the case of molasses and such other goods as would require special packages." SAtALI, PACKACE.S. It pays to put up goods in small packages so far a.s possible. The masses of the people never buy much at a time. It is easier to get them to pav twelve cents three times than twenty-four cents once. The wife of a merchant in Port of Spain said- Even in households of the well-to-do classes ther.- .s i preference for small packages for two reasons In the first place in this climi.i :nsects are apt to get at opened packages, and the merchant has better facilities for keeping things in good condit, n than the housewife. In the second place we find that our black servants are much more inclined to be wasteful if we get large quantities of anything at one time If we liave only a little they are careful of it." PACKIXn FOR OCEAN TRANSPORTATION. The exporters should note that on many classes of goods the steamship char-es by measurement instead of by weight. For example, a merchant ^.ho sells metal bedsteads said that when imported from Canada he had to pay more freight than when imported from the I nited States, not because the freight rates from Canada were higher, but because as packed in Canada they occupied more steamship space. PACKINt; rolt RlVEU TRAXSPORTATION. Canadian flour manufacturers should note that the men engaged in collecting balata in the forests of British Guiana as well as the gold and diamond miners get 22 fiv.i/».i iv/) Tin: nitnisii west isnir.s their supplies by small boats that run up the rivers into the interior. Bags of flour cannot be carried in this way and it is necessary to pnek it in 50-pound tins hermeti- cally sealed. American flour manufacturers take great pains in packing for this trade. They enclose the tin box in n strong wooden box. I was told in Georpetown that some flour had come down from Canada packed in tins for this trade, but insxend of putting the tins each in a separate wooden box they were put in crates with two in a crate and when they arrived the tins were badly battered. Tlie Georgetown merchants also send considerable quantities of flour and other provisions up the rivers of Dutch and French Guiana, such provisions being held in bond until time for shipment to the Dutch and French possessions. Both as regards shipments up the British Guiana rivers and those going to the Dutch and French colonies it should be noted that they are loaded on steamers at Georgetown and at the head of steamship navigation on the rivers they are transhipped from steamers to small river boats. At many points these small boats must be port- aged around rapids and waterfalls and it is sometimes necessary to remove a part of the cargo at the portage and carry it ncross on mule back or in some other way. Thus it is very important that goods shall be packed to stand rough usage. From Trinidad great quantities of goods are sent up the river Orinoco for Vene- zuelans. In the upper reaches of the river goods must be transhipped from steamers to small boats and should be packed accordingly. PACKING FOR HEAD CARRIAGE. A Government ofHcial of Grenada said : " Canadian exporters of flour might do a large business in this colony if they would take into consideration the fact that n number of the peasants come into town carrying trays or baskets on their heads 1 • . of products grown on their little p.-opertics which ♦' offer for sale in the town. If flour were done up in small packages that co-' ' ,e conveniently carried on the head it would sell more readily and this is true ,» other things also." PACKING FOR DONKEY AND MUI.E BACK. All the cities, towns and villages of the British West Indian colonies that have joined in the Preferential Agreement are nearly on sea level. In Jamaica some of the villages are at high elevations, but in most cases they are not far from stations of the Government railway. Consequently packing of large shipments of goods for transportation on mule back is not necessary as it is in some parts of Mexico, Centr.^l America and South America where quite important cities and towns are at high elevations. But throughout the British West Indian colonies a large proportion of the peasants own donkeys or mules. When they do not walk to town with loads on their heads they commonly bring donkeys or mules, sometimes with small donkey carts, but often with panniers on each side of the donkey's back. These panniers need to lie evenly balanced and packages of very large size cannot be conveniently carried in them. FLOUR IX BAGS OR BARRELS. In Montserrat, Dominica and St. Liicia there is a preference for flour in barrels rather than baps because the barrels can be used for limes, but in Trinidad, Barbados. Gronadii. St. Vincent. St. Kitts and Antigua baps are penerally preferred. There is no demand for flour liiirrels fir sugar, molasses or eaeno. I was told in Grenada that the peasants often made clothing o\it of the old flour bags. THE LAXGUAGK OF THE COLONIES. It miist not be supposed that because these are all British colonic" and the senti- ment is undoubtedly everywhere enthusiastically British that the people all speak English. n vi/»i .i\A» Tin: hkitisii west lyniFs 23 In Bnrlmdos, Anti(riiii. St. Kitf*". Xovis, Xlontscrrnt nnd St. Vincent, ns well as in Jiimaicii nnd the Bnliomns, EnRlisli is universally spoken. In Britisli Oiiinna there is quite II Inrjre Portuprucse pnpuliition, but they cnn nearly all speak Knjtlish. The nejrroea siieak Enplish nnd a considerable proportion of the Knst Indians have learned Knglish. In Trinidad n Inrprer propnrtinn of the East Indians have learned English than in British Ouiana. All the children attending the Canadian mission schools in Trinidad learn English perfectly. There is no doubt that English will Ijcroine the general language of thi' East Indians in Trinidad. Many ..f the Trinidail negroes speak n French piitois. but all the children are being taught English. In Grenada, St. Lucia and Dominica a French patois is spoken by a large pro- portion of the black people, hut all the children loam English in the schools nnd the use of English is always increasing. All the business men, all the planters and a great in iny of the black peasantry already speak English. 24 c.i\ Mil A\n Tin: niiirisii \it:sT nnifin Chapter m. THE MARITIME PROVINCES AND THE WEST INCIES. The triide of the British West Iiulic-* should lie Uirpoly ('(uitroih'd hy the Muri- time Provinces of Vnnndn. The tloiir trnde will pn to the central niid western prov- inces of Cnnndn bceangc the Maritime Provinces do not prodeee wheat t > any great extent and it will prohahly always he more eeonotnii-al t(. nianntiK'tiire tloiir farther west. It is the general opinion of the customs collectors and the nierelmnts throiiph- out the British West Indian colonies that Canada will soon monopolize their flour market. If the Preferential ARreemcnt l)etween Canada and the British West Indies accomplished nothing else for the central and western provinces it would be well worth while. The mnnnfneturc of flour for the West Indies makes a home market for Canadian wheat that is more certain than any foreign market that might be suildenly closed against Canadian wheat by hostile tariff legislation. The West Indian planters will never produce wheat or flour. No class of the people in those colonies will ever desire a protective tariff apai.ist Canadian flour. Canned poaches and perhaps some other kinds of canned fruits can best be supplied by Ontario and British (^ohimbia. But as regards apples, potatoes, cabbages, butter, condensed milk and cheese, the advantage which the Maritime Provinces possess in freight rates to the West Indies should give them the largest share of the trade. The Maritime Provinces and British Columbia will share the fish market, but thr Pacific Province will supply chiefly canned salmon, while the Maritime Provinces will supply dry silted and pickled codfish, pickled mackerel, smoked and pickled her.ing, etc. A CERTAIS NrAUKKT FOU I'RIXCE EDWARD FT-AND. Princn Edward Island should pay special attention to the production of butter and condensed milk for the West Indian market. There will always be a steadily increasing demand for these products, and Prince Edward Island potatoes can always find a ready sale there. ANNAPOLIS VAM.KV APPLES AND POTATOES. For the apples and potatoes of the Annapolis Valley a large snle should be develo))ed. As stated in ('hai'ter IV of tliis rcjHirt, the ni)i)le trade needs to be worked up, but a large demand for potatoes, butter and condensed milk already exists, and is certain to grow. XoT A ClIKAP FOOD MARKET. A? regards ordinary nianufaeti.red goods, the British West India market is a cheap one. and our manufacturers will have to compete with the cheap labour of the United Kingdom and continental Flnrope, but as reganls northern fond products, whether fresh or in preserved or manufactured form, it is not a cheap market, and there seems to be no reason why those colonies should get their supplies o'. butter, con- densed milk, cheese, potatoes and other vegetables from the I'nited Kingdom and the countries of continental Europe when the Maritime Provinces of Canada are so much nearer nt hand, and O:. a result of steanisliip arrangements nuide by thi- Canadian Government, have a decided advantage in freight rates. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have already a good market for white pine and spruce in those colonies. r.iv.i/).! .iv/( rin: nmrisii H7>'/ imuks » I \ CIIASCl: Kdll MAIIirlMK MAM KAcn iiKris. As rt>)inrils the mt'rkct fur onliiuirj' iiimiufnPtiircs — irmi, wood, cotton and woollen mamifiiotiircil koo<1s. tlif very fiict tl.iit Cnniidinn innnufiirtiiriTs must mi'ct tlic pom- jictition of nuiniifiictiirors of tlir I'nitcd States, tlio I'nitod Kingdom and even I'on- tinrntal Kiiropc, Muikoa it ini|iortant tliat cvt'o- nnni'n-ssar.v item of i'X|M'nsp should bo oliniinntod. Tin; cxpptis*' of tlip railway haul from tin- Pi'iitral or wcstrrn provinces to any seaport is a serious haiidienp. In many eases it is siiffleieiit to turn the seale and make it uni>roHtal)lp to nianufaeture for the West Indian market in eompetition with the nnmufaetiirerg of the I'nited KiuRilom or the I'nited Stiites, But if the factories were located in St. John or Halifax the expensive railway haul would be entirely plimiiu\ted: the ocean '.ciBht rate would he lower than from the I'nited Kingdom or any country of continental Kiiropc, and just as low as from New York, while on a (freat variety of nninufactured articles the Canadian nmnnfacturers would enjoy the advantacp whii-h the I'referentinl Apreenu'iit (rives them over the maini.'nc- turers of the I'nitcd States ami any other foreitfu <'ountry. The raw materials for iron, wood, cotton nnd woollen manufactures can be laid down in St. John and Halifax as cheaply ns in Toronto or Montreal, and the lahipur cost should not he liiKher. Why then should not these two cities of the Maritinu> Prov- inces take advantage of their (tcoKraphical situatiiui and their fine harbours which are open to navip:ation every day of the .year. The growth of St. John and Halifax has been very slow compared with that of Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton and other cities of Western Canada, because the Ions railway haul to the western provinces has placed them at a disadvantaffc. But here is n trade that rccpiires no railway haul whatever. It would seem therefore that the Canadian (iovernment in securiuR a Preferential Agreement with the British West Indies have cruiferred n great benefit upon the Mari- time Provinces. The question is, will the farmers, merchants, manufacturers and capitalists of those provinces take advantage of the opportunities that are offered tiiem. But the advantages which St. John and Halifax possess for conducting trade with the West Indies is not n matter of merely local interest. It is worth while for the manufacturers and merchants of central Canada who think of doing business in the West Indies to consider whether it would not pay to have branch houses in St. John and Halifax. Many manufacturers in Ontario and Quebec have already adopted the principle of having branch houses in West<'rn Canada. A number of Ontario com- panies have distributing houses in Winnipeg, Uegina, Calgary, Kdmonton and Saska- toon, and one of the largest wholesale dry goods houses in Toronto recently arranired to establish a wholesale branch for Western Canada in Brandon, Manitoba, and a very large building has been constructed for the purpose. If it is good policy to have branch distributing houses and branch factories in so many western cities, why would it not be well to have branches also in St. John and Halifax to look after the West Indian trailc; The eo-t of operation would not be so great as the cost of operating western branches, and in some lines of manufacture, distributing houses or factories in St. John or Halifax could take care of business in the ^faritime Provinces as well as ii. Ihe West Indies. Kvory city nnd town in Western Canada is constantly endeavouring to indm'c Ontario manufacturers to establish western branches. Have not St. John and Halifax something to say about the advantages which they can offer to branches of Ontario and Quebec factories? In chapter II of this report I showed what serious delays there often arc in the delivery of flour from western mills and how promptly delivery can be made when sufficient cpu\ntities of flour arc kept in warehouse at Halifax so that there will be no railway haulage nftcr an order for shipment is received. What is true of flour is true of every class of goods. It would be worth while to consider what lines of manufactures that are especially suited to the requirements of the West Indies would be also suited to the tropical 20 r\\ \h\ i\» riif: HHirisii west i\i>n:s couiitrios of Oiitrnl AiiiiTica, South Americn, unit Africa. Tin- liiwr the oiitpiit of n fnrtory thi' i'hi-ii|H'r the prixluctioii im a ifeiiiTiil riilf. If the "'«iiie chiss of j^oodi could he sohl in othi'r tropii'ui coiiiitrit's no well nn in the W'^st lii'''i'» fnetoriri* coukl specialize « u certiiin lines. The Rco|{raphical situiition of St. uhn and Ilulifux it exceediriKJ.v ''iivonriihle for triide with South Anierieii uiii, v/.th Airica. It ia a remarkiihle fi\ct thiit St. John, while over 2,0()0 niilesi nearer to Liverpool than New Orleans, i§ also over 2no miles nearer to Rio ,Tuneiri>, Hueiios Ayres and Cape Town, South Africa. IIi\lifax has a similar advantage. The fact that the Maritime Pro- vinces of Caiinda extend far eastward in the Atlantic places them nearly in line with South America, which lies much to the east of North America, and shortens the dis- tance to Africa, whidi is still farther to the east. With the ri^ht kind of floods manufactured in TTalifax and ,St. John and K<^od steamship facilities those cities eoidd have a irrcat trade with the two southern continents. Halifax has an advantage over St. .lohn in heini; the Inst port of call on the out- ward voyages, hut St. .Inhn has the ndvantafte in heinff the first port of call on the inward voyapes. It x' ould tluTcfore he of great ndvautane to St, John if a large import traili' in West Indian |)r(>t' fruit. vi'ci'fiililcM iiiiil nut* in tlir tmpii'H iit nil wa«iiH iif till' vi'iir tliiit the |icii|i|(' of till' Uritisli \\'vr.t liiilii^ I'lniM »iilni»t witlicmt itii|">rtiiiK iiii.v f(Mi(l. Iiiit iin.v wlm lin* livnl rxclii«ivcl.v on troplcnl foiHl fi.r 11 slinrt fiiiii' will iiiiilcrntiiiiil liiiw |ili'ii-iiMt II cliaiiiic it i« in ciit wniii'tliiinr of iiortlicrii itrowtli. The flavour \» so differciit. Kvcn tin- jwiorcst i-liisses of tlm ix'oplc in the West linlii'S have nlreniiy nn nppotitc for northern prodiieti'. fO.ND OK C\.\.\DIAN IMTATOKH. The Kiiwt Indian eiKilii- in spite of hi:4 eogsihlc to give the e.xaet tiKiires of potato imports .'or the Hritish West Indies as a whole, hut in Uritish (tuiana durini; the six years ende,■..->, as compared with $11(1.0.5!) for British (iiiiana in the same year. Thus .Jamaica with about three times the popula- tion of British Ouiana imports less than one-fiuirth as many potatoes. While the trade statistics of the Britisli West Indiaji colonies are based on the calendar year endiuR December HI. the Canadian statistics arc based on the fiscal year endiiiR March .ll. During the fiscal year 10I4. according to the report of the Cana- dian Trade and Commerce Department. Canada exi)orteil 6.3.82.5 bushels of potatoes to British (iiiiana and 47,7.'!S bushels to the British West Indian Islands. PK»ni.lN(! APPI.KS. The apple is not nearly so well known in the West Indies as the potato, but a grocer in (ieorgetown, British Guiana, said that after having purchased some British Columbia apples he arranged with an East Indian coolie to peddle them in the Kast Indian settlements and on the plantations where East Indians are employed. The result was surprising. The peddler came to him again and again for fresh supplies of apples. A black woman who was peddling apples in Port of Spain, Trinidad, said that she liai! a very good sale for them. She carried them on bcr hi'ad piled on a large wooden tray. She said she bought them from a grocer. If associations of apple growers in Canada could at...nge for the elTective intro- duction of their product into the West Indies large sales might be made. As yet N ri\ I i\/» 7//.'. itHirisii wt.sT isinns pr»bnl)l,v v»>r.v ft'w uf tliiw podpli' kimw tlic lii«ti' "f ii ('iiiuiiliiiii nppit'. At tlu' prritriit «fiiKi' iif ili'vi'lcipnii-iit it wiuilil In- iifclc«» to i.ctnl iiinxt iif tlicm ii txMik uf ri'ciiK'it for I'lHikiiiK iippli'M in a vnrirty nf wii.va hiicIi a* hint pnivrd wi |Hi|iiiliir in rnnmlu. It in tlt>»iriiblo tlint the npph'ii ghoiilJ k<> fri'iii the fiirtiit>r« in (^uiiiulii to tht< cunKunii'm in tho Wi'Mt Indii'g without the expviiM! of too niiuiy iniilillcmcn an thi-y muAt be iiolil iit motiernto pricen. The npplo8 should \w Dent regularly nnj frequently but not in liime quontitieii except where tirKt-eluKH cold utoriiRc fncililieH nre uvnilulile ntt they ipiiekly deleriornte in tho olimntc of tho West Indies. Ain-I.KS 1\ ((IU> STORAflK. In OeorKetown, I)ritii>h (iuiami, a RMcer xhowed luinc Britiiih Columbia iipp'es thiit had b months and found them in perfect condition ut the end of that time. lie said the ehuniber con- taining them was never opeiu>d during the nine months. He fi>und fruits and preservers in jnrs nre classiMl tojtetlier. With so many different elassiticatiiuis it is iuiixissible to nsc, rtain how much of each kind is imported into the colonies a> a whole. The trade stalistics of Dritish (iuiana class dried, canned and preserved fruits totfethcr. The imports for home consumption in that colony amoiiiited to ViiJ.l.l" pounds. v»lue, of which Canada supplier! $80 worth, and dried fruits to the value of l^:.'l,Si.^. of which Caniida's share was $4,.5.'j(). Barbados imported for home consuni])tion dried fruit to the vahu' of $T,4n.S, while the value of fruit iircserved in cans or bottles was $:!,su7. Tl'.ese imi)orts came entirely from tho I nited States and tlie Cnited Kintrdoin. As in the case of fruits the different methods of elassi Heat ion nnd the fact thai vcKctables anorts of all the colonies. However, in tlie three most populous of the preferential colonies, British Ouiaiia. Trinidail ani't!. The customs authorities require that the exar't wei>rlit of tlie contents of a can of vegetables or fruit be nuirke7. Inchuling the other islands in tho Preferential Agreement the annual consumption amounts in value to nearly $.■505,000. f l\ l/»l \\l) rut: HMITIsll WKST IMtir.H 2 Jiiiimicirn im|Hirt« nf ron«lrii«i'», Triiiidail ninl liritiali I • iiiiitiii ■■■iiiiliiiii'i III till- trndi> Htutiath* >,f *„mo of the roh.ni.i tl,.. (|>iaiitilii'ft ari' not Kiv.n. I>iit TfiiM.lml imik.rtixl 2.174.1>Ttl ix.iinilx vhIihmI nt *iV,.:A*\ an,l llritMi (iniann «.',« •'ti:. |».iiii,N. valiio.1 nt »«M).4H.1. n total of a.H:ll.241 p..iin.l-. »f .•n„.l.ti«.-.l milk for the two loiii.'K. of wliiih ( aiuidn iiii|>|ilic(| only l«.t*» ikhiiuU. Tin- \. ii'i were from tlic I'liitcil Kiiiiril< ar»ri'»t ieniMirtx of >ni, uliii'h i>iip|il!i'il two colon , I t!»7.(MH» poun.lH. Oormany li.-iiM.', ' ,K)ui'idi.. ( unnda 1.:I42 |Kiiiiids and Denmark 2ttO pounds. During the tisenl year ending Mar.h ;il. ini.t, M.eonlintf to the lanl reix.rt of th Cnnndian I).partment of Traih. and Commeree, Cana.la exiH.rtwl to the Uriti-h West Indies l..Bm» pounds of condensed milk. n.irin„ the fise.d year I..I4 Canada e.xport«l to the Uritish Wmt Indies fl.UH) pounds of eondensid -.nilk Complete n-turn- of the hn|K>rts of foodstuffs for la-t year hnv.. not I n p.d,- Iislu-d by some of tl ,• eolonii-s at the time of writii.B this report. Hut even if they wero nyailahlo they wouhl not be representati*e ..f a normal year because as alre.-ly stated trade wn* affected by trenernl drouRht. BUTTKB AND CIIKESK, III the three Invest preferential colonies British Cuini.n. Trinidad an.] Ilarba.los, with 1., 20.00, pounds the previous year. The total imports of eh,ese in these three "''"""•" ;•':"• •'■•"•^■''■' I""""'- "lmr.,1 with .-..-,.-...-.•'.; ,,„„,„l,. the |.r..viou, var. The fiKures of imports of butter and cheese for all the ,,ref..rential e.donies during the calendar year 1!112 were ns follows :— British Oulana. Trnldiid Barbados Orennda St. Vincent. . . . St. Lucia Antlirua St. KIts-Nevls.. Dominion Montserrat. . . . Virgin Island!. . Thus nearly two million poun.Is of butter were imported by the colonies that have joined in tie I referential Agreement, but Caiia.ln only supplied ns,4fil rounds ns enmpared with 709,842 pounds from u.e Tnited Kinirdom. fiOi-.Tfi.-i pounds fr,!in Frnnee n,.„04 pounds from the 1 nited States. 80.501 pounds from Denmark, 20..Vi.'; pounds from Il.dland. 3.2C2 pounds from Germnny. and small quantities from other countries. St. Lueia imported ?,?,f.O p.-,„„,js of btittor from distant Siberia ,,„-*:""'"'" 1""''^ ° '""'''' '"'"" »*'"^''"K ^''i'h cheese than with butter. supplvinR 149., 58 poun.Is. ns compared with 65.099 poun.Is from the Fiiited States. 00,230 pounds from ILdland 44.818 pounds from the Ignited KinRdom. 2,874 poun.Is from France. 1.J24 pounds from Denmark, and small quantities from other countri- . Hutter. Clipe»e. Lba. Lbs. 512.297 200.980 928.999 287,585 279.371 <6.9)ll 42.53S 24.747 3<.R34 9.707 3S.70n 14.225 B«.477 12,li;4 23.34S 2«,20t 1.^..266 11.832 3.fi9.'> 4.4111 4,287 390 1.939.809 "U 11)11 iirrnrilillB ti> I'lUlitiliilli •lntl«tii'l C.nllZ'^rLuo\U.h «i..m.m I tlu- I.ri.i.l. W.-.t In.h.u. Mm..l.. t. ..■.....■« potindi of biittir iiii'l l^MtA-O l>o>iiitl» «.f clu'.-i*. r*N»WAN n."l « Wll.l. BK »l MIKMIi. Accor.lin« to the ro|>..t of th« ('«n...li.... |)..imrt....nt nf Trmlo ,m.| C-m. Tho'ts barrel, of ' .l-.ur .luri..„ t».o «-' .^-'\, -''t^, ' mV A £■ Pn fo- '„ ImrroN of flour .li.riiiK tlu« H.0.1I .v no proffrrnfo. A (! n. U « trad.. .tatU.io. arc b«.e,l on tbo fl«.«l yoar nKlinK March .M wl n « tho.c of the British W.,t In.U... are ba,e.l on tho .aion. W >...r -f"-' ' -;'- j ; th.y do not corn..|K.n.l. Wo can f-rm an i.l.i of th- .U.n.an.l for flour .« the SftLh Wo,t Indi J by the .tati.tio. for tho l„,t year bo oro • I"'-;™; J''^; »;. ..tfcot. 1.1 that year the ooloni.-* that are now inohidid in V',^J "■'' """"' %\^^^ nl^t in,p«r.ed 6^.060 barroU of flour, .hilo .lanmi-a '"'r''?' "^l^'iVrtoTr nnJ the British Wo.t Indie, n. a whole import about a "';"'''■' i;"-';;J,.; ""J:,,"' ,,w ouantitv eoiituniod will inereane a. tho^o colonies develop, lliat ( ana.l.i win »u, i.y airlnhe wHe demand for flour in the preferential e.donie. «>em. eerta.n. prov.lod dcliverie* are mode promptly. "IIAHD DRK.M>" OB BIHCHTS. The manufacture of common biscuit, or cracker- ha. become quite an i"'P""t«>'t indultr^ irJamaica. Trinidad, ond Barbados. Tlu^o biscuit, are conunonlv e. lied "hnrd^.r.'"d" Tn tho.e colonic In addition to the borne con.umpt.on. Barb,uU exported T01.7.-.",«.und* of bi.cuit, In.t year and 1.()4n.sO.-. pound, the year before. The exports last year went to the followiiiK countneH-.— Brillxh (iulann.. •■•■■■ BrltlKh WMt Indian Iilandi Krlnch. baiilih arid Dutch W«'t Indie... .IIM. 13.t24 52S.&*a 149, ii;} Trinidnd last year exported ^^Ifi^^ po-ul. of "hard bread" or biscuit, of home manufacture to the f.dlowiiiK couiitrieg:— British We»t Indies. Vtneaut'la Other .Ibi. 15S,1D2 97.sri7 l,r>36 Wl -1 t ...,;..„ tl.U •• li.ird bread " these colonies import ooiisid.r.ilde quon- and cakes" h.st year »'"°""t''V"? ' "Lr ited KM ^d^^^^ P"""J* ^'"^ lo'i swi nniiiwU of biscuits. " bread," and cakes, of which HJ.l.Ki pounus muiil 19.1,HlHl pounus 01 ms(uii . . i'„:,.„i c»„tp, 7 (iSO pounds from Canada. Ouianas imp^n- ot t'lscuus am-iui ]„Hoi\ States 10.S2.T pounds from the United Kingdom. 87.014 pounds from f'*" ^ ";'\\^^^^^^^^^^ *"' Canada, and the remai.uler ^H efl^ -- "s"';:? ks eJr 2U m pounds of biscuits .ar^.'::yX;1«?0^ tnr';tr';^;^ddai.V506 pounds fr Barbados. « i\ i/»i i\/» riif: iijtiTisH nt:sr i\nif:s 31 i;t.M7 |H..in.U fn,m ll... I-„ii...| Ki.iB.I..,,.. .....I mu ,,,„...!- fr..m r,„ „. St. Vin.vi.i in.|.orl...| .1..II.I1M p.M,ii.U „f ...ihiiio,, l.i...,.il* lr..iii ilarl.ii.ln, ,„„| Tritii.liMi nii.l »■> .11 .innnUlu, of f«n,..v l.i..-uit. from oiImt nlri,-. ri,„».h, .„,,,,|,|„„ „ ||„|,. v.,|,„..| „, 1 ■.. . .. ''"7'' ""'-.fKHl 4S,0:.H ,,.„„,.U „f |,i...„i„ f,.„„ „„. ,•„(,„,, j<,,„,„ «t..l 41 U'u |H,..„.U f,,.n. Harln.,!.... «|,i|.. 17.7;ii ,m,„>..|, of f»..,y l>i...,.itH w.-r- i,,M".rt..l from 1... I nit.Ml KiMu.lon,. J.JUt p„u.,-U from ih.. r,.it...| Statr, .....t l.l> „.U r..m( „„„..,. ri.|- I....w„r.l I-lnn.l. r.lit.tf to Ihoir la-( trn.l.. r.p..rt i..„,o,t..,| !..«... I.nrr..l« of " l,r.ii.| .,.,1 l.i.niil., of «hi..|, Kl.tni lurpU wrro from tl... fnit..! St,,t,.«. Jiimm,..! , imp..rt. f •• l.roa.l " or l.i.niit* »rv v.r.v InrRr. but „r. .r..,i.|llr iliTrca-iinr. till' •piiiiititicK .,,r llii- lii.t Hvc jrjir» U'luii ns foll.,tt»: - ^^I"' QunnllllMi III I'mindn. \\Z ♦•»=«■•"' iJn 4,»7r..«.,i tilt 3,-i2S,|».-. till ;i.<.:i.»i:. Til.. .l..-r,.a«. i. MO iloiil.t .li.o to tho .k.v..|„,,K»„t of •■ har.1 l,r.a.| •' or l,i.,.„it mariitfai'tiirc in ■lamaica. Tl.rouKliout tho Hriti.li W.-t Imlir. An...ri..aM ll,.i,r is u«..| i,, tlir mani.fa.turo of b.H.uiit» riM. mai..ifa.-t.m.r. »,^y hanl whrat rio„r i* ,„ t »,iit»l,l,. f„r mnkiiiK liiipmN. Iir ( at.a.liai. l.i-.Miit mam.faof iir.-rx .lo not „».• hard wlwat Hour; fl.rv iiJo Ontario wli..«t Hour. Kv,.,i tliv l.isn.it maiiiifartiirrrs of Wim „ «..,i,| t,, t),;,„rio for flour to mak.. lusniit.. l„..a,i... tli.- liar.l « t tloi.r proilu-.,! in lar^- qnantiti.-* in t i.-ir own .-ity will not .lo f,.r l.ix.Miits althoiinh it makc« tho lH>«t l.r.-a.l But -x.vl ...it hiH..mti an. n.a.l,. from v'a.ia.lian «..iir m»...,fa,.t.ir...l fn.m Ontari.. whont am til.- \W Imlian l..s..,.it man,ifa..tur,Ts should Ih- ma.I,. ao.p.aint...! with thi» fact I ... I.„r.l l,r..a, or l>i«M.it mamifa-turiiiK industry is alr.-a.ly w..|l .l..veloiKHl ni tl«. \\,.«t In.li..s ami it is lik.-ly to ...xpan.l. Ontario milh-rs ,■«„ supply tho his..„it .n«nufa..tur..rs with tho ri„ht ki.i.l of tl.uir for tho purp..sr. To prov.. totli.n, that it I- tla. ri« I. km.l ot flour for l,i„.„i.. i. would .uily U- „,.....,sary to show tl,..|o ,|,.. ■x«,.. lUKly KOO.I h>s..uit. that ar.. mad.- out of it in Canada, for Cana.lian l,is..uit. "'" ''"'"I iiparisou with hi.oiiif, pnMii.vd in any .•ouiitry. OATS AM) (U~MKAI,. The .iiiaiitity of oatni.-l ..ouHnu-d i„ t!,.. Flritish W..,t Fi.di.s is v.-ry small, hut n olT" -n "^ """' '"■" "'"""■""' ^"' ^"'■'""'' ""'>"-' '"••' '■ "1" -I.i.Ii-^ n 1 ir^o proportion. Ih.. .^xaot .,uantiti.-s .Minnot 1,.> as-vrtain..! for all tho ..oh,ni,.s a. oats are som..t.m.^s moludod with othor grains. I,. liritish (iuiana th.. in„K,rts of all kill of ^ am amouiito.1 to i^^m,^:, pounds, of whi..l, Canada supplied 's.I.h:..,:.: ,1 u vr..-;;':" •Y"'";.r"-»^-=-';!- •-!■'- "•■"«•'-• •••'•••••'•'^ .-...11,1!.' .1,0 r,.it.;i kh;.! ; .!•....'. .> p.,„nds. Willi., small .|ua.ititi. s ..am.- fr th..r ..ountri,.s. I, is prohahl. rliat he «i;oator part of ,h.. .•Us:..,.".: p.,u„,ls of «raii. imported from Canal, w . 1 Tr.ni.lad lu. oats are in,.|udo.l with eon, in the tra.lo statisti.-s. the tot 1 i p , i on. l„.in« 1 2:57.70« pounds, of whi..li Cana.la suppli..d !..4.';!,:74 pounds. ..reS„ those imp..rtatioiis from Canada wore chiefly oats. Harl,ado> statistics l,.av.. no .lonh, as to tho ,..xa..f .piantity of oats iniport,..l tli,. Ota . Plan ity hoin« n.7!.s.,>74 p.,,,,,,,,. „f ^.,,i,,, e,„,ada supplid .1.1.^,0.71.-, „n I " an 1 which cana.ia .upp.i.... ,4:,.»oo poun..:'. ii^iiinTTir^^;:!!.'"',';:;: rV'^^o;;; lK)un.s. and Un te.1 State, 16.210 poun.ls. St. Vincent imported l.i'Zlin^ruTf oats from Canada. 10.880 from the Tnited Kin..|om. 8,0,t»K) from Dc'iminrk. (ir.-iiiidii imported 4UK2M ixmiiils of oats from tlip I'nitid Stiit«'S, ;s:.().n:! poumis, from Ciimulii, ;«!'2.;!tiO pounds from the United Kin«doin, V . . .... innds from ILdlund, iitni S,(>(IO ponnds from (iermiiiiy. .Tnmniea imported ivi.:'i>, -liels of oats. I'KAS, IlKANS AND I.KNTII.S. I'eas. l>eans atiH pounds came from the United Kingdom, r,\r,,(>T.»!44) pomids of pulse, of which the Uniteil Kingdom supplied I.i;i7.2-J(i iHinnds. Uran<-e Ud.dO:! p.iunds. the United States n.l.OS:? pounds. VetU'znela 12!t.4i:i pounds, and other countries small (luantities. Hritish (iuiami imported 4.(l7S.!).'il pounds of p\dse, of which the British Kast Indies supiilied 2,.'i:!2,4tl.'> |M)niuls, the Unitcl States 114,:W0 poumls. Midland '*)Xu? pounds, and France 40.^42 pounds, small Muautities eomiu!.' from a nundxr of other countries, (ireuada imported ;!i:!,f,!>2 jiounds of pulse. 119,:5.5S pounds cominff from the United Kingdom. :!:!,.^.>» po\iuds from the United States, and 2,S.'?0 p.u.nds from Canada. St. Lucia im|)ort,f.20 piited Stati-s 24,S.''.0 pounds, Holland 20.000 pounds, and small (luantities came from other countries. , ,, • j Trinidad imported l.W,(H>.-. poumls from Canada, 2!)S,W1 ponnds from the United States, 2.5,mt) poumls from ArRcntina, and small .luantities from other countries. Barbados imported riltO.IiO'. pounds from Canada, .^i.liOO [viunds fnuu the ITnitcd States, ,'iO,4:'.2 pounds from Ariii-ntina, :!,l!SO poumls from the United KiuKdom, and small quantities from other countries. Small .piantities of hay and chaff w<-re import.>m Canada, and 2,240 p.Minds from the United Kingdom. Trinidad imported ."i.dOO.fiso piuinds of cattle fooils, a considerable part of whbli was linseed oil meal. Canada supplie.l r,02,7r..'-. pounds .d' cattle foods, the United States 4,422,1!H! pounds, the United Kingdom a!),!».S8 i.minds, and small meats i,nporte,l by the British Brit^t^a^SSnur:;'::;^"'"'"""' " ^'-^ «''*'^" ^- ' ^- '-'>■"- The meats imported iuto the British West lu.lies are ehiefly salte.l ,H,rk and beef although h.r,^e ..uauft.es of baeon and ha.ns are imported and a eor.lidernl e n an t.ty of canned nu-ats. Very stnall quantities of fresh n.eats are i.nport m ' I.MID FHOM TflK IXITKD STATKS. In addition to the ' '" ' "™.E":n»i;',;x;u,'2;5:',r: S'^ns sr K-M'i 34 f.lV.I/).> A\n Tin: mtiTisii \\t:sT isniEs Chapter V. THE CONSUMPTION OF FISH. •ri,,. ..tor, „„„.«„a™ tho^o ■"i'»J« "" ; '^,„ „, .„„, „„*. ..„..~ th.t :-,: s.r:,,;?i"^';t* S'li'fe'r/o';*.-!! ,„„„ .«e =..„. filled thoir baskets. „ polourcd mor.-liai.t. "When a man gets At all seasons of tj-e year fish oa" bo caught. ^^ ^^^ „e soW dally, At the I'ort of Spam ^f >? .'•\;* .^^^^ °„",'d „,,,,,.u.ts it is estimated that over and including fresh fish sold J> / " \^* ^^*^^, „„ t,,, average, five thousand pounds of f^^'^f'' f^j'', ,,';„{ the Bo..as. a group of tiny islands at the Mr. Vincent says that in the ^'' "'^ " f ' m.ently capture in their semes schools entrance to the gulf of Para, tl>e Af ^'™^" *";, ^df in weight. They keep the.n ahve of fish ranging fr,.m 10,000 pounds to ^^'^^^^J^'^d mooring the back of the bag or in the seine under water, hauling the '^"fs «^^";; V,i j,^ ^j^ „, „,ore boat loads cap- ;" ie to a boat ""^hored out^ ^ er>- ofto^^^^^^^ ^_^,^. ^^^^ ,„„ , , , tured. but the fis^.ermcn, %« ^"J;,^^ ^^^^^.^i ,^, fi,U to middlemen at from $ to $4 a time to Port-of-Spam. The fishermen .t ^^ ^ ^^ cents per pound. Mr. per 100 pounds, but the coii mer ''a%*'l P^f, -^ ^.^.U-equipped steam trawlers pro- ^"ncent says there is such »bu"Jan;e oj A 1^*"^; ,,7;J,ti[L ^^„,^ ^^ ,„ ,.t and vided with a good supply of .ce «^:l^ J"*^; '^ , "^."^.^i^ds of fishing are very pr.m.tue the price to consumers >^«-duced_ Tl>e P^re^u> ^^ ^^^ population without any the industry being prosecuted by a ^ery poor capital to do things in the right w..y. ,^^ j,„d p„ols of Tlr.r-s.:.Jt r;:r i.>:;;s':'. ™.." «• • .- --- '> - own ■waters. i i r.lXAltA A\0 THE BVITISU WEST IX DIES 34 «„1 J"/. '" t" \^"; ^u^'T ''''""*'-^ '"'""^^ '*°''' '■" Trinidad I saw smoked and dry S h fi "'^^ "'^,^''.'* ''"^"'" '"^'^"^""'t *hy the people bought this fish the^ fresh fish w..r. so plentiful in the waters around Trinidad. He replied- Our people like the taste of dry salted and smoked fish better than that of fresh fish. Besides the fresh fish spoil so quiekly. They can take th "^ s U« lor IS fish l.„me and keep it louRer without spoilinp. They never buv mm.) „V » ♦• . . they cannot afford to let even a little spoil." ' ^' "' " *""^ *'"' The different colonies have different methods of clnssifvin« fish in their tr.An TT^'Tr 'T''"'^ ''''f'^"* ™'^"""'« "^ '='«-'^^"'« ^-i^' «nd ve^: ,;: s, iindstS /mprcd.'" '"'' ''^""^ ""'' ^^°^ ^"""^ ^''^ •'"'">»'•'- "^ «'- ^-ious 20.044.607 pounds, of which iTlsTn-fit,'" "'" ^"''^"' "' y^'" ^"'2. amounted to jam,i;:ardt%';ici;:Tas'X.?r^''r ::;•':;' if^ r ''"%''^ "^ ^'^'^ -*- pared with $78.5,484 the valur f fish ' V'"* ?'^" *h<: ^"'"^^ ^"s *f<''f».o:s as com- Barbados. which^i^s^h^': ;;;ti::::':r8 1^ ::tm^:ij":-t;ft!:'":'. 7' Jamaica and its dependencies in 1911 compared with 842..';:):! for exponr<:i"fiSl'^t;::f ^.i^r'' ^M«'^ ------ to Canadian statistics, the follows:- ' ^""'""' ""^ *'"= ""f^f- ^^'-'^t Indian Islands were as fodfl.sh, fresn ilry salted . '*>»■ 2,000 Wft salted. " 17,288,800 pickled.. ., " 9,800 M.-\ckerel, iJlikled " 25,800 HeiTiriB, fresh or frozen *""'■ 3,V5i plikled.. .. lbs 13,300 '• smoked.. . . '. " 33.4ii» Other .sea fish, fresh. . ......".'. ." 1,650,022 " preserved.. I'*'* •' 752,729 Guia^ri"' ' "'m^ir'S:* i!!ln ?!i '!;'' *'" ""^rl', "' ^'""""- ^^^ t° British msn »est inrtinn islands were as follows: f'o lalted.. .. . ..■Kle»• 1,040,411 " ■• pickled... " 7,400 " " preserved *"■' 10.684 lbs. 344,349 83175— 3J r riv w».i .i.\/> Tin: nitirisii wkst ;.v/);bs Chapter VI. SALE OF CANADIAN MANTJFACTUKES. lie could sell gloves in those c-ountru-s. COOKlNti ITKNSll.S IN I'SK. ranges is not very great, but a few are sold every J*^";,'" ^J^J,^,;;*^^ stoves such owners of large plantations. Where cooking range, a • u .d^ ° «>";';" ,,,„,^ ;„ a. arc re-juired in Canadian k.tehens. are not wa ted. ' ;^^"; „^^/ j, ^^..erally outhouses by black cooks a cheap """f"""'": ^ '-'"-''^^j.. ,"",l,ve. This is used. The peasant uses what .s -•"'"«'"'-/''"'''" ^,, ' ,f t. Nearly nothing but a pot with provision for a fire "^ J'; ^'^'^ ; ^ ,,„ „„3. ^ven every peas.nt in the West Indies has one. Some " .* ^.'l^^'^trJ^VSeir black ser- the well-to... w<,o own kit.'lien ranges have these lit e «'« P;*^;^*°^,;;' j,^ ,„„„,iy ;„ vants like to ,.,se them for outdoor -"^-^ -"-^- e^r JseTs runiver.al in all the England, but sometimes in Holland or Oermany. ^"<^'^ "*^ sufficiently low colonies that if a Canadian ■--'^"/-"/"'^^V'^^'X expense o^ ^ r.'ihvay cost, there would be a really great demand ^"V'^'^Jf . "^Xti,„We for Quebec haul from Central Canada to an «--, ''-*;i""^.rete.irro. S but a foundry or Ontario manufacturers to supply these fire P"*^ J """P'^ the Du ch stoves a pay- located in St. .Tohn or TTalifax might fi"V^^^;: m gCtTro^u e an rticle that would ixig business. Possibly a Canadian '"''""f"''!"^^,,'^ J ,«e They "re bought and sold be an improvement on the Dutch stove now j" «">2 "u^^s selTthe pttch stoves and by weight. I have the prices at which ^'\'f"^^'''^^^'^l^^^^^^^^^ D„teh stoves are can furnish them to any manufacturer who ""''f f '"^^^ j„,i,es to 16 inches in sometimes called coal pots. There are different sizes ^^ f '^^J^^ ,„ ,;,e. The diameter. They vary in weight from 8 P°-'>"f^«;"j^3 ^imds "^coj^'"^ .^ ^., standard size is l^^'-hf ^ ^'-^ j;frw2^^^^^ fo' b-ka^e in trans- S:ti:n.^ra%l"e^Tou?;h:s t Jor three of the-oal P- ^^^^^^^ .e.h^nnn Trinidad stated that a pot in constant "^e ""^^ l^"* T, '„ f^/rEriand or any other charges from St. .Tohn or Halifax would be !-« ^J- /-™ SanXcture would be r ^Trrerra^:~-ffo^;^ u^ - the little Dutch stoves. They could be made ^n the same foundry. f.i.v i/*i i\/> Tin: nunisii west isdiks 3? in those tciwns mul cities thiit liiivc cl.cfri.- litflit, if tli.' electric lisht eoinpniiies would make a low rate for cooking tliere niinlit lie quite n 1 ir^e sale of electric i>oi>kiiig niipliaiiees wliicii do not throw out heat. Any ninnufaciurer of electric appliances who thinks of sellinR in thj West Indies should eonnnunicate with the elctric lifjlit companies. I was informed that the street railway and electric light companies in Port <■{ Spain, Trinidad, and Oeorpetown, Uritish Ciiiana, which are controlled hy Canadian capitalists huy their electrical appliances in the Ignited States. IIKAVY BKP CI.DTmNt! NOT NEKDKD. The only bed coverinjr ordinarily used is o coiton sheet. Sometimes no covering whatever is used, hut nearly every one has cotton sheets. At some of the lioti'ls I stayed at. no bed GENERAL ISE. AH over the British West Indies, excepting on the Bathsheba coai. of Barbados, and in some of the highlnr.d districts of Jamaica, every bed in the houses of the better classes is protected from mosquitoes by cotton netting. This cotton netting is imported from England and there must be a large demand for it. SMAl.t. DEMAND FOR WIRE .VETTING. The British West Indies have not adopted the eust(,m of surrounding every ver- anda with wire netting, which prevails in tlie Panama (\iual zone. The houses iu the canal zone look like prisons compared with those of the British West Indies where verandas and windows are wide open. The people of the British West Indies think it IS healthier t.> let the trade winds blow thn,..gh th, ir houses, and it is surprising to hnd liow cool many of the houses are even in the hottest hours of the day and how free they are from flying insects. On a few of the plantations it was noticed tliat the windows and verandas were protected by wire netting, but it is verv much more gener- ally used for windows in Canada than in the West Indies. I'ossiblv a good hon«e to house canvasser could sell wire netting for windows and verandas, 'but there is little spontaneous demand for it. LITTLE DEM.' FOR WINDOW PANES. There will probably never be n very great demand for window panes ui.vwhere in the \\est Indies. P.ven some of the fine houses have no glass in their windows and m the houses of the poorer classes window panes are almost unknown. Many people 38 r I.Y.I Ml l.vn THK BRITIHH WEST IMtlF.S think window (rlass prevoiits vontilution. T1h> windows linvo slnittors wliioli nre iiauiilly open liut run be cU.srd when tlicro is n lioavy downpour of niin with a wind that midht Wow it into the houso. There U usually a larRc shutter ImiiK from the *op of the window and standing out so that it acts as a sha,240 yanU, of whirh 24.177,r.0() y.irds diiiip from the T'nitca Ivinndom and ;i,Oi'O,0i>S yards fr.mi the riiif last rcimrt of the Jamnica Customs Department available does not (rivo tni.intities of eotton pie<-o Roods, but the vahie of imports was i2r,(\.mr,. wliilo the previous year the value was £24«,5!»1, of which £2.19,170 was the value of British eotton pieeo (roods im|)orted, and £lft4',fir>S was tlio value of eotton piece (foods imported from the United States. D00T9 AND SIIOKS. Any one makin(t a ttyiug trip to the islands at which the Canadian stcam.'rs of the Hoyal Mail Steam Packet Company call will (jet the impression that Canada will never sell many hoots and : hoes in those islands. My first thou>fht as : " Why should we sell them boots and shoes < They don't need them in this climate. They are happy barefooted. Why persuade them to wear shoes?" It wfl- afterwurl learned that it has been discovered that those vho wear shoes regularly are not so liable to catch ankylostomiasis or hookworm, which lurks in the soil. Andrew Carna(,'ie iias donated a considerable sum of money toward the eradica- tion of hookworm in the British West Indies, and a vigorous anti-hookworm cam- paign is about to be started. This fact that the continual wearing of shoes will greatly reduce the danger of getting ankylostomiasis is likely to 1h> brought constantly to the attention af the people and it may have an im.wrtant influence on the shoe trade in the near future. At present the only influence is fashion and the place where fashion holds sway is the church. In Roseau, Dominica, one does not see manv shoes on week days, but wait until Sunday comes and go to church. There you will see that all Dominica is not barefooted. On the contrary iicarlv all the church goers seem to wear shoes and the churches are all crowded. I visited four churches of different denominations in Roseau one Sunday evening, staying a little while at each. It was the same at every church and shoes were not the only thing. The whole appeal nnce of these people was transformest Itidli's nmixiiitit in vnliii- to potisidor- al)l,v nion- tliiiii tlircp-iiiinrtiTs of u million dollnra iiiiiiiitilly, wliicli i* not oo hud for countriog wliore shoes nro only worn for show. In the I^fwnrd and Windward Islands vory largo sizes of shoefi arc in demand. Tlieri! is a limited demand for snudl sijys for while people and the U'tter class of coloured people, Imt the Mack people want hirjfe >hoes. Thus a Dominica merchant told me that in cheap lines of shoes the women tfiiierally ask for s ami II and men for 11 and 12 and 13, the largest demand bcinii for 11 and 12. A Montsorrat merchnn* said it was difficult to get American mannfaciirers to supply enouKh of the large sizes in any one order. IJut in liritish (iiiiami ond Trinidacj the demand for large- sizes is proportionately small. The Fast Indians have small feet. Then in cities like fieorpetown and Port of Spain a large proimrtion of the people have always Worn shoes, and tin- constant wearing of shoes prohahly has a tendein'y to make the feet smaller. A leading shoe dealer of Port of Spain, Trinidad, showed his order book as an indication of the sizes in demand. In ordering 108 pairs of men's shoes, known as Bluchcr Bal- morals, retailing ot $1.23 per pair, the number of each size fr.im fl to 12 was as follows : — Size fi, 18 pairs; size 7, 36 pairs; size 8, 30 pairs; size 10, 12 pairs; size 11, 4 pairs; size 12, 2 pairs. In an oriler for 36 pairs of men's Russia Blueher Balmorals, retailing at $2.70 per pair, the sizes were: — Size .1, 1 pair; size .'il, 1 pair; size 6. 4 pairs; size ej, 3 pairs; size 7, 6 pairs; size 8, fi pairs; size S}, 6 pairs; size f», 6 pairs; size 10. 2 pairs; size 11, 1 pair. In an order for 4S pairs of men's Blueher Balmorals, retailing at $2.20 per pair, the sizes were: — Size 6, 6 pairs; size 6J, 2 pairs; size 7, 10 pairs; size 7i, 2 pairs; size 8, 10 pairs; size SJ, 2 pairs; size 9, 8 pairs; size H, 2 pairs; size 10, 4 pairs; size 11, 1 pair. In an order for IS pairs of men's patent two-eyelet Blueher Oxfords, retailing at $2.50 per pair, the sizes were: — Size 4-1, 1 pair; size 5, 3 pairs; size .')}. 1 pair; size 0, 2 pairs; size 7, 3 pairs; size 7i, 2 pairs; size 8, 2 pairs; size 8 J, 1 pair; size n, 1 pair; size 10, 1 pair. There is a good trade in Trinidad in men's heavy working shoes, both black and tan, selling at $1.10 to $1.50. There is a large demand in Trinidad for ladies' high cut shoes retailing at from $1 to $2.50 \>CT pair in light dress shoes. I.,adies' cheap button shoes at .'rom 65 cents to 00 cents per i>air sell well. White canvas shoes for mnn. Women and children retail- ing at 75 cents to $1..'>0 for men. froi;i .50 cents to $1.20 for women, and from M) cents to $1 for children are in good demand. Men's cheap Balmorals retailing at from 75 cents to $1.20 nearly all come from England, but fully three-fourths of the shoes rang- ing in price from $1.,50 to $.'i..''>0 or higher come from the T:^nitcd States. This can be taken as a guide in proportion for ladies' and children's .shoes as well. A limited numk'r of high-class shoes retailing at as high as five or six dollars per pair arc sold. SlIOKS WITH WOODEN SOLES. There is a great demand among labr)urers employed on the cocoa estates and some other occupations in Trinidad for shoes ytith wooden soles, tipped with iron. These shoes are about five inches high and are laced, having eight double eyelets. In the work among the cocoa trees shoes protect the feet. I neglected to inquire in Grenada whether there was a similar use of wooden-soled shoes on the many cocoa estates thera In Trinidad one merchant stated that he ordered wooden-soled shoes in lots of 4,000 pairs at a time and he sent a number of orders to England every year. Canada should be able to make these wooden shoes as cheaply as England. Wood is cheaper in Canada and the labour cost in making tliem cannot be great. rwMn AM) rut: iiinrisii \\f:sr imhks HATS AMI H(i\M:TS. 41 Some of the coloMH.M in their tr.i.h. ,l,.ti,ti.'s inrhnl.. h,it. aii.l h ..iiK.ts with hnhor- dashery an.l nulliMery. whi.'h the.v n... i., a wi.h. ....„-.. t v,t r..n.lv-n.«.l.. elothintf Blnv... hats. H.... so it is i.npossihh. to state the exaet v.hu- of hats an.l b. ts ..nport.. into the Hr>tlsh West l.alies as „ whole, hat it toa.v ho rmte.l that Trinida.l $.. .<• H., Unrhn. OS between P'M.m) a.al ♦.i.-,..NM.. the \Vi„.lwanl Ish.n.ls about ♦.•XOOO an. . ama.ea about $i:S,im. Most of th I s ,lo „ot elassify the .li^Tent Idn.], of liuts in.|..rte.l. but in .Tunm.ea out of a total of a little over lUntUXK) the valu,. of straw hats ..nporte.1 was fso.fXH). „n,l the value of felt hats ifW.rm The hats an.l uonnet, ,mport,Hi into the British West In.li.>s ca.ne ..hieHy fron, th.. Puit..,! KinB-lom but Ameriean hats are making some hi>a.lwuy. i'mb-ioim in thoZfZ '''A"""' ■'"■ i*^';"•".•"""' •'"''!•' 1""^ .nanufa..ture,l from nu.t.rial «row„ m Uie islan.]. Tluy are siniilor in appearanee to Panama hats. .ilb ^/'^'J <'f /*l'«i''. Trini,lad. it is th,. ambition of every black man to have a hiRh silk hat f>nd p fr-.ck coat to wear to fum.rals. WKnDIXli AND K( XKRAI, (;oOD8. \y(HldinKs are not very numerous amons; the blaeks of the British W.-st lu.iies Marriape is a function not ..onshlenKl at ah n.-e.-ssary by the masses of the people' The (.overnment stat.sti.-s show that the ilh-Kitimate birth rate varies in difT.r ent colon.es. but It runs rom over .W p..r .-ent to TO per cent amon^ the bhu^ks. The tatisfoa returns o ille^.t.mnte births „-■ g the Kast In.lians are „„ injusti..e to em as they have their own marriage .....sto.ns an.l usually observe them. alth.-URh they do not conform to the (}ovornm,.»t reffula'b.ns. As in India, chihlren are often married, and on East Indian in Trini.la.l will mortKajte his property to sivo his daughter a Rrand weddinp. Many guests are invit..d. There is a groat dinner- imported foods are extensiv..ly used, an.l for th...s,. ......asions they want the best. When the black people do have a wed.ling it is usually a great affair. Both bride and groom must wrir fine clothes. No one would make a fortune selling w.-dding rings, we.lding cakes an.l other marriage accessories in the British WVst In.li..s. but while marriage is i,.,t a necessity burial IS, and the great.-st of all functions tlir.nigh.mt th..se colonies is the funorai. nr-Jl'\v''T\"t'^ of iH^neyolent societies is extra,.r.linarily large throughout the British West Indies and their most attractive feature is the provision for paving funera expenses. There are some soci..ties formc.l f.,r the one purpose of .wing fu-ieral expenses. A small weekly p.vment ma.le by the members assures for them" an.l their families funerals that vary in grandeur ac..,rding to the amount paid w..eklv ^iJl^H: *'" w"' T'' "' ^^""^''-'^ I'"li^« «■'•"' "'"<'•' i" Canada the work would gne employment to n large number of Workmen an.l make a market for consi.lerable TZ^T^ ^ "'■"''"'" '"t"'"'" .'^'■"^ '^ " """'^"^ »'- ^- ""'" f """«1 a..<.es;oHe, tief The ?nn"' '/""''" .'''"•'l''r"^'"''' ^"' '""^"^"^' ''^"''"-"♦^ "^ small q,!^ tainable "P^'"'"'""*'' """•»•" "* '''^''«'"' "•"•"'«".>• in oach colony is easily ascer- ACRIClMlllAI. MACIIIXBiiV. verv'^JrLrT'i""""'' ^"' "P""''*"'"' ""K.hinery in the British Wi^st Indies is not very grea . ]„ the past sugar cane cutting machines have not proved a success any- where, but recently a new machine has bc^n invented for this purpose which isT.id To be an .n,,r..vement on anything previously invent^^d. It is now being est d h the South^n states and the ex..ri.nent will be watched with interest by suga can « r.iv.i/*.! i.vo run HHirisii wt:sT i\inf:s If ('iiiimliun nitricultunil im|ili-mi koikI pnoujrli to coiiiix-le with the cutlttsst hnndltii \,y iiirii wh.i work at from afi to MO cciitd [kt day. Very few plouKhn arc u»fd in tlu' Jlritixli West liidii*. the work of tilliiiK the noil he'mit done with forks. In Trinidad the iilaiitcrH «.iy the day »oil is too hard for ploughs. Only an «x|)ert aKrii-ullural inipltnicnt man woulnl 1m' I'oniix'tent to cxprend nil opinion ahout thi». In |)ominifa the clay wiil Ih e used on an estate for looseninK the hard suhsoil. Yet this hard soil is very fertile. In St. Liiein, St. Vineent. (Jrenada and Montberrat, while there are steep hills there are considerable areas not too steep for ploiiKhiiiir, In Iliir- hados, AntiKua and St. Kitts there are a nundier of small ploiiKhs ilrawn hy oxen and a few Rnirlish steam ploiifrhs. There is no reason why plonithiiifr should not he freneral in theie islands. In the British (Jiiiana eoastlands and all aloni; the river valleys in the lowlands the pountry is so le\cl that one would suppose that ploutrhinn would be as iteneral as on the prairie farms of Western Canada; but not so. The tillinR of the soil on the larirc estates is frenerally done with forks, commonly three-pronRcd forks, as is the case in the British 'West Indian Islands. A.^k the reason and you will be told it is l)eeause the irriiration and drainage ditches divide the estates into such «mall plots that p)ouf;hinK could not 1* econoniieally done. FAHM MACHINERY FOR RICE RROWERfl. Nearly all the rice produced in British (iuiana is ptrown by Kast Indians on small plots of land owned by them or leased from the suRar estates on which they are employed. The methods of cultivati^ i, liarvestinR and threshinR are very primi- tive but are tW rnc as those jfenerally followtxl in the eastern countries from which the world's up . •• .f rico chiefly comes. Ifowevcr, several years ajro a itroup of British and American capitalists seiMircd from the Oovernment on very favourable terms 24.000 acres of land with n froiitnpe on the Abari Treek which they propose to devote to rice production on modern lines. When I was in British Ouiana they had 4,000 acres under cultivation and part of this land was growinjf two erops so that they bad the yield of 5,200 acres. The plantation is under American management and every part of the work is done with American farm machinery exactly the same as is used in wheat production in the I'nited States and Canada. The only difference is that after the rice is som\ the land is flooded with water which is drained off in time to permit the 3oil to pret into good condition for the harvestiuK machinery. The manager, Mr. Mode Anson, said that they expected to have 20,000 acres in rice in the year I0l6. but an extensive system of irrigatinn and drainage canals and ditchts must be constructed in the meantime. For the present cultivation of 4,000 acres many miles ri canals and ditches have been con- structed. All this work was done by hand labour, 1,500 men being employed in the work, but t .e remainder of the canals and ditches are to be made with dredging machinery greatly expediting the work and lessening the cost. The water supply is obtained from the Abari creek at a point about 12 miles from its mouth where the water is R7 feet deep. It is pumped from the river into the canals and by means of sluice gates the ditches in any part of the plantation can be filled and emptied, thus flooding and draining the land at pleasure. As regards the economy of rice production with machinery, ifr. ^fode Anson says that with less than 250 labourers they can produce as mucli rice as can be grown by 2,000 East Indians working in their primitive way without farm machinery on their -f flVI/M |\/» THf: HJlirisll IIA-NT IXDIfJS 49 littlo pl„t« of Innd. Thi. i. u in..tt.T of - ,,t \uUrv»t t- (■....uli,,,, m„niifH.tur,-r. of fartn .nm-lnn.-ry. n. the iimohitu-iy u-n. ..r....i«.|y th.. .an. .,„r »v,t..r.. f„rnK.r« ren th.. nam., way. • W,. um" marhin.-ry for ovorythhrn " ^n.l Mr Xfmie An«on. " ami the raying in h.l.onr will .m.n pay the <-o«t of nmrhinerv. \V« Mhall ,«ve over four hundred dollar, per day in waK-n and that p..v» for a Bool deal of farm mach.nery in tho oour«. of a year. For our four thou»«rul' aer... now in nre wo urn 13 four-horxeimwer Ranff ploi.Kh.. thr... n.-t. of «team Bi.n» pl..unh». two du.. Hteam iwt« plough, three threo.|,or«> .ulky plough., twenty-.-ight .inwlo din,. plo.iKh., twenty-four di«! harrow*, fift^n Mnoothing harrow., flft.en lur«o di.,- irrain drill., twenty gram binder., three gruin threnhers. four trm'tor .team oriBin.... one corn planter two oulfivator.. one mower, one hay rake. ..jghfy wwonx. fortv-fiv,. Rrain wagon frame., two road graders, one dit.-her. two di«. .team gang plouglm. We hav. lH...de. a large pumping plant, two ga.oHne launehe. and .'Ight gasoline eiig * „( rariou. .I.e.. We exj^K-t tl.rt oiir .aving in lal.oiir ro,ts will repay all the capital expended on thi. maehinery. A. we inten.l to have i'.».(NX. arre. in rice in the venr 1!»1«. we .hall reriment closely, a. they are alrea.ly manufacturing the same kind of machin, rv tor use l.v wheat growers on the prairie farms of Western Canada. In Xew Amstenlam. British Ouiana, one of the leading merchant, said f ..t there f :;" 'ZZ VirVrr Tt' ;^"-"-"/'""«h. I thmk he said the pHce w I Si^ rice He said the V f T I ^""""', "T^ ""'"' '''"'"^''^ "' P'-P"">'/their land for F." ' T V f """d"'" "".nu a,.turers sho.il.l be able to supply such plou, to the East Indians, or p.^rhaps persuade them to buy a little better plough. A (iHKAT DKMAND Ku|| T.KH.S .*XI> HAND I MIM.KMKXTS. There is a great .lemand throughout the British West Indies for all kinds of tool, ne . Tt? "?:"^' "-^ '"^'''^ "" *''« ""'^■"Itural work is done by hand mp le ments. The large estates employing indcnturcl labourers supply the forks cutWs etc o W, "„" ""7"'^ f..r their work. Eveo- peasant land holder has ha d mSel' of h,s own and many of the independent labourer.. There must be such mp lements for every agricultural labourer. Xowhere else is the demnnH f 1 u l'"^ '^'"''"*^ greater per head of p..pul„tion. and if Cmad!::. ^.i^u'r turt^ Z d "g^[ coS of the market it wouhl mean a really great trade. ^ ' °' (Tood^^k'^andTe vei^'lo' u'' ?' *"'' "'^ '!" '' """' '""^' '"•- ^^^ »-!» *<' ^o zrt::' the .o. ..sed „i.d maL zJi:::^:- ;::;;- ,r: s t t;i^ sikirg^irTthaTtttri •"' '"L" ''"•" "'"'""'" *'''"'•' -"• "^ - — <> -1 • ter m«k,ng sure that the tool ,s as pood as can be made, the next question is whether <• fivi/»i wit rut: iiHirisii wtsr isinr.H It inn Ih> nwiMiit'iiriiiri'il in < 'hmihIii iii low «■ «! t t,> i'mhiixIk with llir ItritUli iiimI Aitiirirnii t.H.U. Tlir ■ 'f •''<' I'liit".! St.it.-. iiM w.ll ., ,ii «|,i..li iM..,t of tl... tool. ,111.1 ii„|.I.Mm.iit< iih,..I in ll... Ilritiiih \\.'Ht ln.il... „r.. M.I.I t., tl i.r..|.,.nt« tl... |.ri. .4 «vlii..|, ||„.v ,,„v f.o.I.. .\,.« VorU ot '•"■'•■ ,^""tliMin|'t..i. ..r l.iur I. Knjtl.in.l. .in.l .•,in funii.h tlu-ni t,. iw.y l',.i„,.li„n tn.iiiiitm'liiri'r «lio in.i.v U- iiit.ri'nt.MJ. At .inr tiiiH' til.. Itriti>li iiiiiiiiif.i.'tiir.'rH Hiipvli...! fv.r.vtliin»f l.iit (rr.i.liiall.v Amrri- c-.in 11.1.11.1 fa,tnr.TH ,ir.. «..|tiiitr ii f.)..tli..l.l. mipplyinK -Lovi-U, Mpn.l,.-. l,...-*. 'h..t.-li..U limiiiii.-rs III..! Iil.» 111 l,ir^.> .piiiiititi.>«. Tli.-y Imv.. not y.t t..rn iil.lr t.i n.iik.. iinv Ii.ikI- tt.iy i,tf,.int.t th.' Ilriti.li .n.innf.i.-tnr.r in .iipplyitiB tli.- Tn,irl<..t with f,.rk», .•i,tl,.»H.» 1111.1 kiiiv... Unk.s iiri' ii,.t wry cxt ■ii.iv..|y iis..,l in tli.' Itriti-li \V..«t In. lie* Anil..T tr.MS a* s.r.iH pr. hah!., tl.or.. will Im- an imin,.imo doninnd for k.iivos for tapping riihl...r tro..j. n.i.l .■nr.s for Pat..|ii,itf nil,l«.r. Tlio IlilU osfato on th.- Mazanini rivr xvill ,.v..„. tunlly h.ivo l.-.IHX) a.T... in riil.l...r. At sixty-five trees t.. the aero, wlii.'h is a l.>w Bveratro. tli..re W..11I.I 1... al.,)i,t ,, n,illio„ riiU.iT trees on that 0.10 estate. In (VyI.,., a (treat variety ..f k.ilv.s „r.- us,..l f,.r tapping riihh.T trees, sp.'eia] merit..! luinR elaimed f.ir ea.'h. Some .,f tl... (VyI.,,, k.iiv.s hav.. l^'en patente.1 hut .lol all ..f th.'ni T b.nipht samples of tapping kniv.'s ,im<.1 in IJritish (iniana. Th..v eouhl easily 1... ma.le hy any tool .i.a.iiifa.'li,r..r. I also hoii^lit san.pl.'s of tho < iips use.l f.,r rai.'hinK the riihli..r as it eo.ees from th.> tre.'. (ilass enps ar.' .piite K.Mierally enip'ove.1 for the piiriKise, hilt sometimes aluminum eiips arc i.st>,l. The aliiminii.ii e,ip will not break so easily as the fflass eiip ..ither in transportation or in usaKe on the plantations, and this IS a very .ni|H.rta,it p.iiiit. Many millions .,'■ -i.Uher eatehinjr cups anil tapping k.iives aro almost e,.rtj,i.i to he required in lii ish (hiiann n.i.l n eonsi.lerable n..ml«>r in Tr.iii.la.l, T..l)njro, T),.,„ini,.a an.l St. Lii.atest faetor in the iv-,.,iomy of raw rubber produetion after the trees are ready for tappins; is the e.,st of the labour of eolleetinft and emptyin(f th' cups at » iM/'i t\i> iin: iiitiii.si, »i>i i\nn:.s ^ "■"• «•«'»"■ ;'"-".,;; ;::l;;:;^t:'T;■::'i::;;:;;T - HinwM M\\vr\rr\Hr.n fi>N,tw ...JVi:;i;:™,t';!;;;':;;::--»-^t;i:;;-.;.;;.;nw..p;^ SJt :;t';,s r-^::- ;t:;;'-; -^^" '"f *-;-r.Kr;;;;: 1.1 1. nt,.,..,„i„, , , ,|", "J, i ; ' """'" '■'"■'""■• ''" <- •"H.-l 1.. .ii.-ih.., ,i,i, „ j, I,;.,,,;',,;,".!"" ""■' ■•"""•• <- •■«..-.. „„.„ „ l>KM\M) Kill CI.IIHKJATKD IIION SHKfTH. _ There i» mi imnu-ns,. .|,.„i:,i»l tlir-.u^hout tli,. fJriti*!, W..,f f..v r i . . iron Bl,P<.t«, both .■orruRut.Hl ,im.I i.h.i., Tl """*"» '•tlntli.* for B..Iv,.i,izod •mivcrsnlly for roofing i„c"'rv :. ,^'"'. ;"""«"':^' ''•'» -I'^'.'t^ nro „^..| ..l.nost with corrn;„.to.l iron Whi o h f,, " """'""''': '"'* ^*" •'"' '"'""-'<- ""■ '""f'-I those th..t „ro «i.io to bu hi onZ f : 1 1'^";;""^ % '"": "■'"' "'""■' -"f-. corrnK„te• raiMH bottor th«n any other rooS '" """' '""""•' '"■'''""' '•""*>• '^'I"""! t.>o «riti,h. „.,. -«ai„ the ^r.;;!:' lJ'i^;!;:';^:;::.;;:-::- '^^i^^jf - .•.".. OALVANKKD IRON BICKETM. There i» a very hir^e 8 q..ite extensive. Wrapping twin.t ,cwi^ J tl r ' "^ '"'" **^" '"'"'■°" f^P'^ fl«hin^ twine, are h.r^oly'Lpplied ";^a;;„;"SH,:r """" '""' '"^'"' '"«' "'"^ CANADIAN PAINTS ABE POPITLAR. and American lines should be an i^ .t^e to other T V ™'"'^*'*j''" '•'i^' British trade in those colonies. "'wntue to other Canadian manufact..rer8 to push i ! ...i.v.i/.i ...v/' Tin: mirisH \vi:xr im'IEs (..VXAI.IAN UH.H'MS AND BKISIIKS SKl.l. WKl.l.. (VNXUIAN UI1MS AND BKl M.r.^ -- A large trade in Canadian broorns w„. also -^^-^t? i~ "" "i^^'^^" Gui.u.a Hw- -iJ that thi. trade was ^-;»- ^,^^^,, ."^ ukely to increase the LOCKS AND BOLTS. 1 J ,1 TYiPv arc imported chiefly from I AMPS AND LANTERNS. „„„. ..e. „.«. .... i."-s™ivr.r''SiS.r=r;r,'r, They are imported largely fron. the T n.to.i this trade. ^^^_^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^,^,.^,, ,,„ „, ..Es. 1 11 „f *l.<^ ■Rritlsh West Indian There are a great number of d..nk,.y. 'll^t^'ni^If U i^ imported from the colonies. The harnes. is sometune. n.adeJ^.<^Vb^, "^^^ ,,,eap harness. It eould be United Kingdom. It goes without s«>."g easily manufactured in Canada. OllMNS KOll DONKEY TARTS. Tor hitching the d..nUey or mule to the ea. ^ eomUna .ion ;;^o,. <^ni^Pe i. used about h'alf the length being ^ -'-^t^i^h tl^V rope i^ uso.1 for the other ascertain why chain |;';enuired or J? f .^^J^ « ,,,,.,„ for the ,-"l.>>'"'>*';';,X ,,,, " J"t-ror elXrVtn^hlTins and short ropes are used. Canada m.ght immense number oi iiie.>- supply them. ^^^^ ^^.^^^^^^ ^.„„ (.arriaces. wagon builders, who us. ^^'f ^J^^^^S states, but to a large extent from the hardware is imported chiefly from the Tluited Kingdom. ^,^,^,„ ^,„, ,,„,,,... .-late oe carr.aoes. The motor car is taUing the pla«; of t.e b^ -^X' 'Xl ^^^ ^ ^ the large estates. In Tr.mdad Bnti^h C-ana^ ;„p.rtnnco will have one m a few :r ^ ^r iT s z^f^^ ^-t:.£ :s.t^p::^rnow th. ... '"owners of lime estates in Douun.ca - -^-« - ./^^^,, ^^ro good roads b^t before long. rAWMlA .i\n THE HKlTlsn WKST ISDIEs ^ n bargu.„ «„d woul.l nmke money selling them here. b,'tT w". mUtaken itn-t S tlHMn beennse the motor ear cra/x- ha. taken hold i.i BritisT.Cink m ,n 1 .1 , who ean afford to keep carriages want m„tor ears." ^■'""■>' . and the people BICVCt.KS AND TRICVCI.KS. o^e^ $4,450. Large quantities of parts were also imported. CANADUX I.rMBKR. thes:i;:;::rt;::7ti:^x:::i:.i^nt^^^ r- -- -"> ^" S''::! ;^";;:ks"?;;:;rtt'''- '"""- •^-"'^ j-- --> tHo';[;:;t'iz^ =:^;: Sr!^ r ££HHif = = - - - The forests of Trini 1^1)1 nL^tT° 'Tn"-? *'''' "'"'"^•' ^^''^''^ ^"dies. Bupply the demand So mnrSen"Sr'of''tr ""*"' f"'";"" """''' '"^ "'••'' »" few of one kind to the aere tl.nt jr^. ifl' u '^"'"' *"^"'""^'' "'"' t''^'^'^' ""^ 8o Pkee. The cos? on^s^oTtinrth \ nti'": m Xf rT :"";i"""^^ '''"" ""^ "- tion and the seaports is greater than threost If . f-'^f^.t" the centres of popnla- from Canada or the Southern StaU^ t if, .,b 1 tfT": '"" ^"^ 7"*" "" '^' ''^^ tion would have l„vn .-reatlv r?. 1 I ' ' "* "'" '''"'* "^ '"••»• fansporta- togCher in large ,l«.r.i "ZmT, T "'"'"; ""'"' "' """ *'"'" '^'■"' ^'-- i" providing tn„,s,.rt;:t^on Lwi);;:' •'"" ■'"•'■ """""' ^^•■^"' "•'"'•■ '" '--' "»..itnl if foTlo^edt'lhe ?C:rmrt.''of '•^,; oS"''"V'""'"'''' ' ^"-» ♦-- "^ "- '^i-' course of time, but i v^H X from we^"^ "'"■" revolutionize conditions in results, and in the mea ime mZ mi L If f" fVS,^'' V- ''"."'' "''"'" """"'*""< in those colonies. ^ "* "^ ^""^ "^ Canadian lumber will be sold DOUGLAS FIR. whettr';";: DTu:i:fi?ofrrU';:roiumh-*'' 'T.'" f"^*'"' ""*'^'' ^^-» i-'-i- - Southern State. The opening of the P ""' *" ^'"'^ "^ ^'''^ ^''"^ P'"" "^ *'■« ..e.w.n Canada's pI^*fieTr^trLrthVBrshW:;tf„£ ^"""^^ ^'^^ •^^«-'- this.tndTh'^; niV^rS tt::inrtwi'^ """ir^ ^r "^•^•^ *''-■' ""--" »"-« ..r^trSu^Ts^-S'-;';---- ,,,,,,, .n THE n,.r's,.^y^sr,slnE. « , V. ,o Who are accustomod to buy.nB ,i,,t to n,e. but in order to eo..v;uee ^^^.,r -'-^r^jlr^trone '. iuch pine it .-ill ^ "Sbh C: ;lla lumbonncn ^J- J. ^^r cT.uUl .00 it. Let ;o>.ld suggest that ;e Brush ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ '"^Z.ZZ and show off the wood S^rr^l^ - --\^ the different Wnds of timber imported. «° ^^^A^^^^ Jetively were i-nP-*^^' V^^ ITL imports of pitch pine, white P'"«'""^?„[,'^ states were nearly ^llP'tel P^"«2 7SO.O«) ^^^^ „f that the imports .^ «"". *'"'„M"*;,„,e. British Gu.ana >""^^^*f . „' ,d i.3t3.601 feet from Canada white pme «"{ Xri.464.0ST feet was from Canada ami 1^^^^^^ ^^_ ;,Uressed lumber laj^f'^ j^roiianas im^rts of J-f J>-rda%4,079 feet^ Kttet^oflKe ^^ni-ir^-ffofi^chlL ;inUed St-s s,.ppl.ed Se were 4.T47 P«f ■'^^^/LtfandTadings i-PO^*f "^ ^tmlh e^^"^ states. 4.292 and Canada 455 T^e Ja j^^ ^__^ ^^^ ^^^..^der from on mo came from the l mieu b 0577226 feet Barbados gives ™°'*/f^"^'rted 5.446,675 feet "^ ^«f-^' ^'^^^ „f such timber. From Canada tbat island impojea .^ -^^Vort^t}fy^.,l 2.726.331 feet -^ white p>-jrpitl I-^-p°^^^^ ^-- ^'"':'"d irflm^CS"^^^^^ Tlfe liaves and ^^^^Sd and 536.000 wallaba "Wngles f'^om ^h 2,0«9.520 pacl^ages came from^h ^^^ dumber;! 2.141 f4 Pa J^m Jnada. b^t it aPPears that 22.^78 packa^Ke^ ^ States and ^'^^'.'^^^''^IZrenti^^ rate, so they must baje been ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ United States enjoyed the preie 1.1«5.767 feet "^^^f ^^ j^p^^ed 1.315.877 The Windward Islands ""P , xhe Windward Islanas in i" ^^^.^^j which t.l64.367_feet wa^ rom C^ada ^^^ J^ A United States, feet of pitch pine, of which . impor^ »nf ^ctly from t ^^^^ ^,^^^ ^ States and the remainder wa^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^1,^^686 27^ "et of white pine and An American busmeM »«" southern States is very .^ ^^ ,n CA\An,\ AM) THE liJtlTlSH WEfiT IXDIKS 49 Pitch pine from the Southern States is largely delivered in the British West Indies by the Seeberg line of steamers. The Gulf and Mississippi ports from which pitch pine is usually shipped lie much to the west of the Atlantic ocean and have not as great an advantage of distance in the transportation of lumber to the colonies that have joined in the Preferential Agreement as might be supposed at first thought. I secured particulars regarding freight rates on pitch pine from southern ports, but do not know to what extent they may be affected by the war which has since broken out. LARGE QUANTITIES OF MATCHES USED. British Guiana has a large match factory, but it imported 3,586,680 boxes of matches last year, of which the United Kinii^om supplied 1,695,480 boxes, Denmark 907,200 boxes, Norway 672,400 boxes and Sweden 411,600. Trinidad imported 6,242,160 boxes but the countries from which they are imported are not given in the trade statistics of the island. Barbados imported 2,007,840 boxes of matches, of which 1,302,480 boxes were from the United Kingdom, 626,040 boxes from the United States, and a few from other countries. - Windward Islands imported last year 2,739,360 boxes of matches, of which came from Sweden, 906,720 from the United Kingdom, 89,400 from the «. nited States, and a few from other countries. The details are not available for some of the Leeward Islands for last year, but the previous year the imports amounted to 1,948,080 boxes, of which 1,468,920 boxes came from the United Kingdom, 400,560 boxes from Denmark, and small quan- tities from other countries. Thus the colonies within the Preferential A-rcement import annually over 16,500,000 boxes of matches. Jamaica imported last year 5,861,280 boxes of matches. Imports into Jamaica for the last five years have averaged 4,021,800 boxes annually. THE DEMAND FOR FURNITURE. In proportion to population the demand for furniture is not large. There is almost no furniture in the homes of the majority of the indentured coolies and a large proportion of the blacks, but as the condition of the masses of the people i. steadily improving, the demand for furniture is increasing. However, a great deal of the fur- niture required is made in local factories or in the homes. There is not a really well e«l>,f I'S^'imSi^tted S.e«4.: 5,600 pounds. /"«'„.. ds. „„j 50 270 pounds of fanoj the United States 1° J^^^ js of common ^^^^itomfheVr^^'^ Kingdom Barbados imported ^f'Ym 876 pounds were imported from tne «oflp. Of the common soap 2.*05.B( CANADA ASD THE BfilTlSH WKST IXniES 51 2,400 pounds from Germany and 681 pounds from the United States. Of the fancy soap the United Kingdom supplied 43,692 pounds and the United States 6.370 pounds, tnfljng quantities coming from other countries. Barbados re-exported 834,504 pounds of soap. *^ The VVindward Islands imported 951,64" pounds of common soap and a few hun- dred pounds of fancy soap. The Uniteti Kingdom supplie,! 685,406 pounds of com- mon soap, Canada 150,203 pounds and the United State- :!1,516 pounds, while the remamder come from Barbados and Trinidad, being re-exp„rts from those countries. Ihe Leeward Islands statistics for last year are not complete but the previous '■^'i, y ""5°"^ '"^•"•' P"""''^ "^ «°»P' "^ '^hich the United Kingdom supplied 3.3.168 pounds, Canada 4.%489 pounds, the United States 18,818 pounds and the balance was imported from Trinidad and Barbados. Jamaica imported last year 5,056,711 pounds of sonp, but in the report of the lustoms Department now available there are no details as to the countrias of origin or the classification. ITn;f^*i''lJ^'- "^ ""'**' ^1^^}" ^'•V"'""'*' '"''^"'''''^ '" *'>'" Preferential Agreement the ranked next to the United Kingdom and very much ahead of the United States. In very^srif *"*'' ^''^ '^"" *'"'" *" '^''""»''" ^'"'P^' *>"' '»« ««'«« ^"« T ..^'"•^''"'^•^' Canadian soap is beginning to get a foothold in the British West pushed." ""' '*'""■" '""'' ^ ^''^"'^ *° '"'^'^"'^ ^""" y*"" *° y«" 'f *h« ^''''^^ '"-^ FEKTILIZEKS KXTKXSIVKl.Y ISKI). R^if^rwTr T ''"'*/ f^tensively used by many owners of large estates in the Uritish West Indies and thn Imperial Department of Agriculture is encouraging the TZZrlTV" *'',"'^ *m""- . l^' '""""^ '"'"'' departments of Agriculture are always ready to ana' soils and advise as to what fertilizers thev require. DennrfZnf ^ "'^.J" ^^^ ^^^'^^^ut colonies by planters and Agricultural suCT „f "'"^ • ' '^ ''r *^"* *•""" " " «'""""' '«'"«f in the value of su phate of ammonia a. ert.lizer, and it may be notes! that large quantities of of cok'aftb '"•""'"" "^P-d-ed in Canada as a by-product in the manufacture ot coke at the iron and steel plants. 'he Un ted xfn V »»'",«'«""-•«« valued at $5,255. Of the chemical manures tons^a led ^t «in°.l'^r n*^- '¥f *""' ""'"^ "* *«''«'405. Canada supplied 150 tons va ued at »tO,500, the United States 177 tons valued at $10,202. and Hollrnd 150 TeJnoZ :' T''""k .^-^ *° *'^ '"''"" °* ^^'^ •'''^'"■-' — - the cus"m report gives no particulars, but it was said that British Guiana's manure imports are usually risoftr n ' f '"yT''^ ?'**'°"'^'' "■'"*« °f ^''•l" •« «'«« i-nPo^^d- Prof. H r^ , t^ he Director of the British Guiana Department of Science and Agriculture stat«l that under the present system of agriculture in British Guiana probably from to the soiuVtb f " P°tf h, and 45 per cent of the phosphoric acid are returned Lnllv rl^'^- Tv. "'l*^ ''^ '««^''« "f the -^'-^ar cane. He says the soil is excep- cane but f -/"^r "^ • '^t '"'' '^""'tituent most easily exhausted in growing sugar cane but soils that have been growing sugar cane for generations require nitrogen which IS supplied in the form of either sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda. but llTlTl'"^'' f ^""''^'"' '^'^ ""* ^'^« '^' quantities of manures imported, but states that chemical manures were imported to the value of £22,123 and othe^ KiZl " 'tL°^ ""■ °^ *'"' '^"^'""^ ">«"-- the imports fr^m the Un ed Kingdom were valued at £18,949. and the imports from the United States at He'^ SLryle^^rSa^Tsl.'""" " ""™'^' "' '"""' '"'""'"-• ^^« ^^'^^ ^-™ 8317fr— 41 gg r.lA-.4n.l .<\0 THE BJtlTISH WEST ISDIES .»,. i^r^rfi th« war broke out a German chemical company manufnc- details : — , Maimrt'*. Country 7 It will be noted tbat Canada supplied sulphate of ammonia to the value of £46.- "' Bari'sTexported to other West Indian colonies 2«3i tons of sulphate of ammSt^ tTn^ ^ nitrate of soda and «4TMo^ of otber manures. The Windward Islands -POJ^^J .f/,7Vr;hUU^ the value of „„d other manures to the value of J^'J^^f " ^ and the value of imports from the '^^^^:'^'^A^trZ'l^^S^^i^l^ Barbados. bein« re-e.ports '-'""^ c::S report of the Inward Islands f. 1- -" ^^v Iw I? Zl lished. but the report for the previous year ^^^^^^"^''""JV^ ed Kingdom. $9,840 ''-' S^ imports into Jamaica for last ^^^^1:^7:^^:^'^^^'^ „ow available. {"V'g^S^I? eV^^rtt^ioTimo^s torn the United Kingdom. rocfB^o'the vtre^fimSVom tSunited States, and $4,152. the value of .mports SJ besides considerable quantities of other manures last year. THE SALE OF PLEASURE BOATS. r AX ADA AXn THK HKITISH WKfIT IX DIES 53 people rich enough to buy them. They are not likely to order them f.pontnneously. but poBBibly an active canvawtr with a good motor boat or a yacht might be nblo to get a number of orders. At Kinggton. Jamaica, the harbour is large and well protected and offers unexcelled facilities for all kinds of boating, but very few pleasure boats are to be seen. At Port bo"un'° "" '^ °^^" seaports there are also good natural facilities for pleasure At Port-of-Spain the Oulf of Paria would furnish fine water for motor boats f "J^rs that there would be great oppor' inities for pleasure boating. At Oeorge- town the Demerara river is very wide. The beautiful harbour of Castries. St. Lucia would be admirable for pleasure boating and the harbour at St. George's. Grenada IS also excellent for that purpose although not so suitable for the accommodation of large steamships. At St. John's. Antigua, although the water in the lovely little har- Mthl "^K *^ ^T^u ^°'" '"*'' steamships it would be all right for pleasure boats. At the other islands there are not good harbours for pleasure boats, but at all the islands there could be boating on the sea when weather conditions are favourable iJiere is no twilight in the tropics, night coming down a little affe'r six o'clock in CanaT!""*'- '* ""' '"°°""*^* "'''''"' ""^ «"" ^°' ^'"'"^'^ '»>«" ""^ - h-t !" 4 n J!' ""*^w T^ ■•"'• '" i*"* ""*' '"'^ *»'"" "" ''"«"'«»» l'°"'^« close promptly at 4 p.m.. so hat there 18 time for a little boating before night comes. tectio'n agSsTthTi."""*^ '" ''^ """* '""^'^ ""'^ ^•'""''^ '^ »'"'- *° ^-■''- P- A number of rowboats and some sailing vessels are built in the West Indian af Zd'S ')'7r/^^'^^ ^"" ''"""^'' P-'P^^^'- ^" *»'« *•«»*« -«1 for lighterage at the different islands are constructed by local boat builders. A black man whom I trirt beTow' T'^l '",•*'' "'r.' "'I*- ^''"^^"' «"■'' ^^-^ •>« "-1 native wood fo the part below the water line and Canadian spruce for the upper part. « The spruce will wear out first." he said, "but I will replace it." me spruce MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Tholu u'""'""^ ?■■ T'"""' j"«trument8 in the British West Indies is not very great th™l' 7, ""t^^ly »""cal. but most of them have had no musical trainlg and the mass^ of the people cannot afford expensive musical instruments. The Ja^Ut'cal reports of most of the colonies do not classify the different kinds of musical nsr" i"to Britsh"c"^' "" together under one heading. Imports of n.usical inTtr ,n ens ^dos galL and VT "i"fi at $14,990 imports into Trinidad at $.10,206, Bar- bados $24,926. and Windward Islands. $9,847. The complete returns for the leeward Joined Lt^!pJo^r 1 r^'*' °* '""'•""' instruments of the colonies that have mn!V / Preferential Agreement were not much below $100,000 in value The imports of musical instruments into Jamaica for last year are no given in 1^' latest statistical report available, but hey amounted in value to $2,690 the year before The United Kingdom supp..xl most of the musical instruments, but the^mnorts $ 8t5T4r"Grr^"'"'' instruments into the preferential colonies werl val T a States ^ '"^'"'^ " '"^'^' "^ instruments but less than the United In making pianos and organs for the West Indies it must be remembered that in the tropics ants will attack them as readily as they will furniture. '*"^""*'*^'* *""* »" COAL FOR BUNKERING. It can be easily understood that the consumption of coal in a tropical coi.utry 7nZ^S; " T '^'J':^ ^' ^1* ""-^ "'■«'« '^'"^ "' ^«'y '«- f«etorie^ is not S m proportion to population, but there is one purpose for which considerable quaniitie. M ny.iin ivo thk bhitihh west lyniKS of C0.1 are used an.l thnt i. tho hunkering of ,teamor« The thr.>e 7'«' j";'^'^';"* coaHng ,K,rti of the British Wont Indie, are Ca.trio*. St. Lucm. Port of »?«'". J"'"- dad and Bridgetown. Barbados. For bunkering purpce. alone Ca.tn« u«Ki 117.n32 1„; ^f J«l W year The total import* of coal into Barbados were 70.502 ton., while TrTnlnmir\ri04.Il7 tot BrUi.h Ouiana. 28.67« ton,, and the Winfwa-'-J irJard iZd. «nall quantities. Janwioa's total imports of coal amounted to a httle "'"tL' whoTe'of Castries' coal supply came from the United States Trinida.l^t 90 480 torf^m the United States and 13.035 tons from the Unite,! ^'"8'^otn. while SilLos'mp^rTed 73..H88 tons from the United States and 5.604 tons from the United ^'" Th^re seem, to be no good reason why Canada should not supply the coal used in the BritUhwTst Indies for bunkering. That the eoal of Cape Breton .s well sn ted lor bunkering purposes is proven by the fact that a great number of steamers c.,11 at "'"'"irKar.TwarsiiJ'that the facilities for bunkering were not good and that if „ CanadTan^al company would provide facilities for quickly bunkering vessels it "'•^'l^rddUrttdX Briti... West Indie, impor. from the United Kingdom small quantities of patent fuel. (111. FOB UCIIT AND FUEL. Considerable quantities of petroleum are j^f J^lV^^^KtrwJth't but it is doubtful whether "."der presen -"f'^', ^.Tare r°"w that island will United State, in supplying oil. If Triu.dad s "P^^'^f '° '^^^ i„^ie,. soon be able to supply all the requirements of the British West inu.e.. CANDLES. other candles from tho United Kingdom. BAGS AND SACKS FOB PRODICE. WRAPPINO PAPER AND PAPER BAGS. Large quantities of wr-pping paper and paper bags are required^ ^w "S be able to supply a considerable proportion of the demand. A cheap straw wrapp g paper is imported from Scandinavian countries. NEWS PAPER. Ti .. or. tiPwstmDers with good i-irculations in Georgetown. Port-of-Spain, importance to the colour of the paper. They like a white paper. CAXAD.i A\n TIIK ttJtlTIHH WEST IXDIES |§ ORDINARY ITATIOMERy. Where there is a difference in nizo between American nnd Enulish pajier for •tationery it would be well to note that the people of the British West Indies are accustomed to English »iie«. MAOIIIXRRV FOR gfCAR rACTORIES. Whether ("anadian machinery manufacturers could compete with British manu. facturers in supplyintt iiia.i.inory for sufrnr factories is a question for experts to decide The factories of British (luiana and Trinidad are now well equipped with modem machinery, but machinery wears out and new equipment will be required from tim« to time. St. Kitts and Antiffua both have modem sugar factories e(iuippcd with the best machinery, but another factory is likely to be built in each of these islands. In Barbados there are likely to be improvements made in machinery in a number of factories. MINING MACIIINERV. When British Guiana obtains its much-talked of railway running to the Brazilian frontier with branch lines to the mininjf districts, there will probably be a large demand for mining machinery. At present the expense of taking in mining machinery is too great. EQUIPMENT FOR OIL WELLS AND REFINERIES. .V -^f ^""11"*^ ^''^"^ measures are being taken to investigate the oil resources of the island. If expectations are realized equipment will be required for many oil wells and for refineries. There is a possibility of such equipment being required in Barbados also, although no active measures are being taken to investigate what experts consider promising indications of oil. ANHYDROUS AJIMONU FOR ICE PLANTS. K A ^° P°^?f-Spain. Trinidad, Georgetown, British Guiana, Bridgetown, Bar- bados, and Kingston, Jamaica there are large ice-making plants. Port-of-Spain has A^? 'V?!.'' .^" "*"'' »" ^^^ ^'"""" •"'«"''» th"e are small ice-making plants might sup^J ^r""* ''"^'"^""" ammonia for the manufacture of ice, and Canada CALCIUM CARBIDE. and cllZ ""?"*'''* * °* f.^'^'""* "^a'tide are imported into the British West Indies and Canada already supplies a considerable part of the demand. EACH BUSINESS HAS ITS OWN EXPERTS. Each line of business )--.s its own experts. A leading commission merchant ol Irinidad who has travellers throughout the West Indies and has been exceedingly successful in getting business for the Canadian manufacturers whom he represents said: We always like to have any house we represent send an expert down to study conditions in his Ime of trade. It is a great advantage to have some one at the Cana- ■1 u- 7 who thoroughly understands what is wanted. We can talk matters over with him here and then by a personal investigation he can acquire knowledge of the salM aftf^frd?^"' "* """''^ "*'" '^^^ ^'"^ '" " '^""- ^* ^"^^^ ""' *° '"'»''« •♦u^v*''** '*^,'* '"!.".™ " *° '"^'"' f'''"''"^'«" manufacturers thoroughly acquainted with the general conditions in the British West Indies. There are many points that only an expert in each line of business can decide. ae CANADA il.VO THE HKITIHH WKHT ISUIK8 KNOWLEOai or I.OCAL CONtHTIONR. Mere tablei of importt and exports are of comporatively little value unlew the exporter hat a knowled. ,< of local condition!. To make a aucceii of the export bu»ine»i the manufacturer or mcrohnnt muit have an underrtandintr of the character of the people, the climate, the phy»ical ohar- acteriitici and the productiona of each country. The rcmaininu chapters of thi» report will be devoted to (fivinn »uth infonimtinii iibout the Britinh Went Indict. CASAIH A\h THK HItlTISH WKHT ISDIKH lit ir- >rt Chapter VII. THE TUTUXZ PO?VIATIOir. In thp purly ttli-ini-iit in WVntcrii ('tininlii when the piipulntioii wai vi«r.v xmall uiid wiilrly Hcnttinil hikI the c.Ht of trinii<|i<>rtiiti<>n hiKli innn.v Canndinn maiiufuoturcr!. and nifrchantH thought it worth whilf to d«'vote a Kn-at dt-ul »if ntton- tion to thi' wtwtini iniirkc-t and they nfU'rwiir.! n>aii«l u KM-nt roward. Kvi-u ill lINil. Hixtt-cn year* aftiT tlM- wcKtcrn province had Ut-n < iin-ti-d with the PBHtern provini-t'n by »h«' Canadian l'a<'ifir Railway, the population of Manitoba. Saskatchewan and Alh«-rta won only 4W,i»2. Xo o ioubted then that the trade of the prairie provinees waH worth while. At the eeiiHUs i,* IIMI the thrii- proviiie<.8 had a population of 1.3!i2,T01». AeeordinK to the eeniius of 11111 in the UritiKh \Ve»t Iiidien the population of the coloni.'s which joined in the CaniidH-WeMt Indieo Preferential Trade A»rr.vniiiit wa* as fullowii: — British Guiana 2I( Oil Trinidad '..■.. . ". jjj'.ssi B^fbado. 171.»M Orcnada «« 750 S;- yit.«nt ;; ;; „;,„ ?ll'"f'" 4MJ7 iHmilnlca 31 MS Montaerrnt is'u* AntlBua, Barbuda and Redonda ]2!2<9 8t. Kltta-NevlK and Anmllla 4,,03 Vlrjln laland* 5 567 1,08«,028 The population in 11)11 of the colonies that have not yet joined in the Cnnadian Preferential Trade AKreenient wuh: — Jamaica I3j jjjj Turks and Culroa Islands 6,608 Cayman Islands 5 5«4 Bahiimas '..'.'.'.". . '. 55,944 Brltlah Homluras In 1905 40J72 938,871 Thus the total population of the colonies now known as the British West Indies was over two millions in 1911 when the population of the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta wan 1,322,709. The only one of the British West India colonies that can be said to have reached its limit of development is Barbados which with an area of 166J square miles had a population of over 1,032 per square mile in 1911. Even in Barbados the wealth producing capacity may be increased to some extent and the island has actually sustained a larger p-ipulation than it has today for the last previous census showed a population of 1><;;,306. It is a saying throughout the West Indies that the Panama Canal was built by Barbadians, and the emigration to the canal zone considerably reduceti the population. rtSAhA A\n THK RHITIHH WKuT IXhiKM 1 i If all (ho Mrit^l, BurlimliiK tlM> puptil.ii Iiiili)>« I'rt'd'rt-iilial Au Hrlllali i.rjlnnu TrInMail ami 1 Hnrtiii-lo*. . . . lfreiiu*4a Rt. Vtncrnt. . . . Ht. LiM'in 1 iituuiiU'u . . . MoiitHrrriit. . AiitlKUii il^ . Went Iniiiih) Imil iik liirui- ;> iN)|iiilriti<>ii |ht wiuiirc inilx us It iif tht< oiliMiiiv wliirh liH ' i'>iiii'(it i-nM'iit wiiiiUI Im IHI.im.iMW, III.- iiri'a* U'iiig u» followii: — Miiuar* mllm. liii.J77.i»i X.'.i: > Ml Hill .'ill 139. 00 I. Ml. 311 l'3.1.2ll int. tin 32 r.n i70-s:i i:>2.iiii .'iii.iirt ituixln . i|«. . . . With the lain. I<'n.-'it that hiivc not yet ;■ ncd ■ liuvt' oviT 17,i;i»U*' '. '• 11 Jiimalcik . . Turku ami «' r Cayniun littiif'. HiihiiiniiH . . . . Hrltliih HumliK: (i:i.<. It TiH ■ f (Hipuldtii"! IMT miimre mile iif Biiri.mlnn the rolMiiii-n !..■ (iimi ' i-\Ve«t lin!lc« I'reiiTi utiiil A|{r«'»'iin'iit v ,iiKl . i i'»lM(r )l ''■.,. : — Area Hiiuur« mllrs. t.VM.a IS'I.UO 4.42t.UU ;.:i«800 l(,e05.25 The exaet area of the Cujinuti I-hiiid* i-ould not bo astcortuined mo it in not iiiohKlcd, hut the nhiiiils Ix-ing small arc not iiniiortant. Thus withont iiichidiiiK the Oii.viimii UlamU the British West India Luloniuw h.ivo u total area ol over 110,:!4!t wiuarr iiiih's anil if they were .is ilcnm-ly iHipulatiHl 11.4 Uarhados is today would have a population of ll;(,77",l>78. It is 1' rtain tliat the Hritisli West Indies as a whole will never ho as densely iM.pulated as Jhirhados, hut if tlieir resources were fully devehiped they eould sustain many millions and I shall show in de.si'rihinK tlieso eclouies sepanittdy that if wc exeept the Hahanuis, Turks, Caieos, Cayman and Virgin Islands, a coii- siderahle l>art of whieh is barren, a larfto proportion of the areas iiieludtnl in the Hritisli West Indies is eapable of being made highly productive. British (iuiana is larger tlmn the Province of Agra in British India which with an area of Wt.lOl) >»\. miles hail :i4,(li4,(HK) inhabitants in 1!H1. Tlic Province of Oudh with an area of only J4,15H sq. miles had a iHipulatioii ..f l-.'.."i."is,i»l)i in 1»U, while the Province of Punjab with an area of U»,77i» square miles had a i">pulation of 1!t.".l74.'.C.C.. If we go to the Dutch F'^a-t Indies we tind that .lava and Madura with a total area of r«tl,r)44 square mih's, little more than lialf the area of British (iuiana, had a I«,pulation of *).(«tS,(M)S. If British (iuiana were as d<-n«ely i)opulat4>d as the Province of Agra in British India its jiopulatioii would Ik' .'!7,,r>(M) ; with the same numlier iK^r square mile as Oudh it wojbl be 4il.!t44,(»4<); with the same number to the square mile as Java, r..'t,714,8tH). In the presiMit uiiessible to predict what its iKipulation may be when fully developed, but enough is known to say with certainty that it is capable of supjMirting millions of jMHiple. It may Ik- said, "If British (iuiana is capable of supiiorting as many people as Java or even one-tenth the impulation of Java wliy is it tlmt after so many years this old colony has only about 3(J0,()»K) jieople settled along a narrow fringe of the eoastlands ? " I i\ ifM t\/» rut: nuiTisii nrsr imhkh |§ .,., *^"''' ." '• ' •^'■'"''' "•"' '"»"> P'-"!'!'' wrp .'•lUiill.v |i..s4iiiiiNti,. ul»,iir Cuiis,.!,,. Whs wii, II. (|„.,v «,kw|, if ( *,i«t l.fril-.r.v ««« .niMbli' ..f >up|H>rtiiiK a liirire {><>|>iiliitioii «. littlo of it hnil Ihtii i1i-vp1..im..I, wl,il,. i),,. rni»,.,l Mluti* iiI..iikmiI<> wnii Kr..«iii(if 0I..1I-... Ifow iimiiy pa»c.'« of ilriii.l, m.iK»iiiiM .|i.| ihnt icn'iit m8«t.r of -fy).-, (...l.lwin Smith, till »it;. arti.l,.- i„tr,„|,Hl t.. pr-.v tl.Ht ('.hi«.|,. .s>„|,| ,„.»,., hiivr iiiorr thiiii a friiiif.' ..f wtfU-m.-nt hIouk tlx- tiortlmrri ttoiiiiilurv of thr rnitwl Stat..? N.. .„,<. (I.iiik* .,f (•an...l« in tl,nl «..y i...w. V.-t ..y,.,, now thi« Ikmiinion u only nl thi« iMvinninR .,f it* ilrvclofuiiiMit. 'InMi.la.r, .iiimbililirH ,iri- U'tL-r kn..«i, tlu.n tho«. of Uriti.li (iiiiHiin Thi» iH-iiiitifiil iin.l f.Ttil.. ixlunil ..otil.l ...Ttaihly .u|>t>ort .■■. rnuny |m>o|.I,. to tl... wiiiaro Mull' UH .Iiivn anil porhnps n* inuny iih llarl>i, li. .■oir.i.arin.f tl... Itriti.,1, W.-t In.li.'- with .•..iintri... ..f ll,.- .n.t it i. nr.t inN-n.!.-.! U. ,riv tho ini|.r.«.i.«. that th.'y ar.- Iik..ly in th.. n.-ar fulur.. to Imv.- n (fr.«t iH.|,u!ation i.nt It I. ..vi.l..Mt that th.v an. .•aiml .f .n|.f,rtinK a Urtir |H.|.ulation nn.l tl,..r,. U alr.a.ly a .(.■a.lv stream of .-miitrati.ni from lii.lia to Trini.la.I an.l Uriti.h (iiiiaiia 60 f.l.V.l/).! wn THK BRITISH WKST IXDIEa B .9 "8 1 ■ m •s CANADA AXD THE BSITISH WEST IXDIES et 62 CAJiADA AND TBS BJUT18E WEST INDIES i i 1 -r .IS! d — '""^'^ "l i ♦• C.WADA AXD TBE BRITISH WEST INDIES • r CAXAOA AXD THE BHlTlfiH WEST IXDIES r.iXA/tA .i.\7> Ttn: Hjtirisii \\t:sT ivoikk .i ■§ I 66 r.i v.^oi Axn TiiK uRirisii west ixihes Chapter VIII. EAST nmiAKS IN THE WEST INDIES. U'h..|. r„hnnl.u.s Hrst I.im.IcJ „„ u Hriti.h W.-nt Indiu island ho tlinuKl.t ho hn.l r.;mlicd Ii.dm. It is „ n-ii;ark,.hk. .H.i.i.-ido.i.H, th„t f..r «.ino .v.ars jmst tho i.i.To.iso "'. ' "'"":"' '" "■■'<'•-'' (iiii'niu and Trinidad ha> iHt-ii alnu.st ontirolv duo to ini- Miif^ration tn-n. Indm and nniny h-adinw: businoss „ ,,r.Mli,.t that tho (rn-at inajoritv "f tho |H,,,uh,t.,.M will ovontnall.v Ik- „( Kast In.lian ..ri^in n..t only in thc.so tvv'., ••..l.inios hut als,. Ill most of tho Win.luanl and ^..-ward Ishinds. At tho oonsus of 1!»I1 witli a total iH.pulati. f L".M!.(>4t Mritish (Juiana had l::.i.:,17 of Kast Indian ori^nn. Of tlu's,-. titl.lKiS «-..„• [«I thoro woro .HIS w<.m..n f..r 1.(HN> in.n an.l in litll th.- pr..p..rti..n was »1:J w..nioii for l.(HM» m.-n. Thus Trini.la.l is in a.Ivai f British 'Miiana in this rosi)Oft. ., •^' "^ *'"' I""'!''/' "*■ •^♦'"'•"" ''"«-<'"t "ud th..s,. of ii,ix..l wl.it,. an.l AfrL^an .los..ont th.. wum..ii «r.. mu..|i iiioro numor..us than tho ni..n an.l an ,.ff,.rt has U-* ,a,|o to ....rrc't th.. balan..,. by Inu^mg aU.ut uni..ns U.tw.vn Kast Indian m..i, an.l i.oirro women, but ra.^- pr,.ju.li,.,. has pr,.v,Hl t.n. strong an.l with vory tVw ox....ptions tlu'v .1.. ■ ,r\ ' ""••">«lr«'» l-'Tu fr..m th.. tow uni.,ns that hav. urr-.l an. not in,.|„do.l 111 tho ..tti..|al hKur..s ..f th.. Kast In.lian IH.pulation. In tli.- islan.l of St. huoin wh..ro thoro was no Kast Indian iinniiKration iH-twiH-n 1!MM an.l llMl the surplus of birth. ..v..r .leatlis was .so Kn.at that th.. pun. Kast In.lian |H,i.ulati,.n ....tually iii..n.a,«..n Kast Tinlian ni,.n an,l ,„loiin.,l ai„l bla-'k womon. In l!tll th.n- wcro 210 ohildpon n>iultin>r fn.in th..s.. unions. X.-arly all tho Kast In.lian immigrants an- in.l..ntunMl lalK.ur.rs l.n.ULrht out bv th.. (.ovonin...nts of th,. W..st ian .•oloni..s un.l..r itra.-t t.. w,.rk on tl-.- .„.,,„. ai.,1 oaoao ..stat.-s f..r hv.. y,.ars at a minimum waR.. .,f a shilling |«.r .lav. Tl... oolonial tfovornmont pay., th.. passm?,. of th.. iinmijrrants fn.m tl... East t,.' tl... \V,.st an.l ^'uar«ntt.os that ...... h,.stat,. ..mployi..K th,..,. sl...l| provi.lo fn^. l.,.rn...k a.-.on.n.o.lation a commodious l.,.spital and k<«"1 m,.,li,.al troatn.,.nt wh,.ii th.-v aro ill Thov ar,. re.iu.r,Hl t,. romain in th.. ,...l.,i,y for tiyo y.-ars aft..r tl... ,.,.rio,l' of in.l..iituro oxpin.s lK.in|f fn.o to work for wh..m tn..y pi,.as,. or t.. tak,. up land, an.l aft.-r ton v,.«r«' n.sid..„ce ,n tho o,d,.ny th.-y an- ...titl.Hl t.. hav.. th.-ir pas.s.w- f. India pai.I bv th.- .^.loii.al Oovornmont it th.-y dosiro to roturn. r„„.^^I'''™''i'''r^ indu....,n..|.U .aa ..nly attra.-t tl... [H-on-st olas.s .,f ,K.oph. in In.lia. ur;^TL'.tr;rr£;ir''''"' ^-'-'^ " *'^*^"^' '■""«- *■■ -•''""''"•' -"i «-'^" ■I 'ivi/M A\h Tilt: nitiri.sn kkst imuks „ .\ lllNUso.MK HA< K. Kveryimi- wlm Iiiih «h'ii \antv iiiiiiilH'r.i ,.( •!,. i tlH.n.^.larity„,„l,,.fi,„,„,n, olirf ,„1 rJ^^ '"V'';' "'"^' '"' '""'""""'' «'"' of K«.t Indians in THn Id or Hri / "'"'d «'•■•> >"lmml with a „al nnrnl-r |."r«tiv..|.v fair. I.,„ ,1... .kin i^idZs f H . 7 '" 'r.'''' "' "'•"■""■'• ""»■" ''""'■ '-..iM. with Mnall )m. . an . -t T . ■ « ""■ . "'' ""' "^ "''«''» """"' of their nativ.. ..ountr.v whi.-h i. v.r.l ^i.,,. '.";;; ' '''""""" """ "'""'" «"''' MOMIKHKI I, TIIHIKT. pr:., is^;t'„*;;;:.";i:;,-^.';;:;:.,:;;|;:,;;-s- » .|v::vr --^ "'™.:.; ;i,r::;;;':.* r,, "n;:;t;,:;':;„;",.r,c'":;- ,"r," """"■" In Trinidad th.' nundwr of Kast Ind li'pisits in thi' (iovcrnmcnt '.....k is ..v..n .n.at,.r than in nriu:^U.^~ ■nZ:Z,::\ZTrT'''\ ""'""' and th,. an.o„nt to th.-ir .-rrdit u-,.. *.>••- so, ..-...'/'. "'•^l' <' ■|"'-'«">-.s h.st yar ..... .:sti;fH.;-7n".::'t;-^:l';::;:::;;-;;:;,,js,;: • -..i to , ,...;..«„ I'llosl-KRIN,. AS I.AM. UWNKUS. Hut th.. n.ost »fratif.vin^' ..vi,i..n.r „( th.. n.at..rial „r..Kr..«s of th.- Fa.t l„Hi,.., m Irnn.hnI » th,. la.-t that th.. nun.lKT «l „n hn 1 t , l • ■ <..msid..rabU. proiH.rti,.,. of th.. Ka^t rn.lian. , • T ■ •'' "r"""'""- "^ ind.,tnre to hu^ land. Tia. Ka 'V,.l ' .^'^ .. T^.t ' rH;" •'"' '77'' '' Ian. tr,.„. th.; (iov,.rnnK.nt. pa.vin.^ tw..|v.. .lonar^ , ' a.. ..' V ,, 1.' v Ir , ''"' tho hin.i ot f..r,.st 1 |,r,.|.HrinK it for .ultivati,,, , v V ^ ■■l.-uru.R .■st«t,.s for al...nt four .h,.v. of th,. w,.,.k .{..votinL t , . ? o "'". "[■ V"^'" '""' '■'"■"" improv..,nent of th,.ir 1 ttl,. nro.H r . t' T r.-n a>n, h-r of th,.ir ti.n.. to ti„. I" th,. na.anti«.,. th,- h.nd l«.tw..on th,. tr,...'. i" „t i„ n .T ""• """ '"'"""*'■ 1.1.- whi..h in the parlanc of th.-s.. inlands r, . U '"«■•"«■.„,, ., varn.t.v ,.f v,.«..ta- tr,.,. an. i„ full U-arinK th,- ..ttl^r i, i, ., ' | ,: "' V.'k ' 1 '"""""■'% ^^''- ♦•'" .... n,.r.. and a half of lan.l in .-a, an,l .•,', . .u Lv n . h L"^,";*;" ""t ''.",'' ""^' I..S -rop vari,.d a littlo fron. .v,.ar to .v,.ar hut on ,h • ./: ' 1^ u",' "• "" ^""! zr^;7.£-j;::zuz-i;:Vr'- ..:x.::r;i:^-:rw'h;i farm of hvo n.-n-s will viehl it? ^r.. '"'-■"..•I » halt tl r.linar.v sTtth-rV Who can .avo^.^nj^fi::':;..;^.::::::: i:;:.;:;";;'':;;!-.;^..:^" -^r ^■"""" .... n..h" wh..n his littl,. ..Stat.. ,i..l,,s hi.n " for,; .^Jnrrv!:: -^ ""' '"^ ""^ ''■til. I — .1^ 68 »i.\.w».i .tv/> Tin: Huniaii wust isoiks ,i I'll.- iMlir.v iif CI iiriitriiiK til.' -..•Itl.-iiii'iit uf Kii»t liiiliaiix iiuill ctiiti-- oi tlnir own is (■.)iii|.,iriitiv.'l.v new iinij « hjl,. tlic.v linvc pltiiitnl iiiiiii.v tlioiH,iii"'» trr.'H ..iil.v ,1 Hiiiiill |.ru|i..rtioii c.f tlir ttn* luiv.- a* vit riMrli...! llir |>riiilui-t{vt' ftiijro. IM IIKANIM. rilKIII (IIMKIIHTS. Ill wcvir liMtli I .11(1 the iiiiiiii).rrii:it- hikI llir imtivc Ixirii Ka»l liiiliiiiiN rlnTi- lire II r..iisi.|,.riili|.. ihiiiiIht win. hnvr .iii'ii.. c^tiifcs with tries in full lM'iiriii(r. .Miiii.v "f tli.iii iir.' iii■ l"'t n«'virtlnl.ss tlii'ir .xiNinlitiins iii.niisr. Tlir iii ii Cniimtiiiii visitor s...mii hii.IIv Im-kiiiK ill th.. .-,. Ill forts of 111.'. 'rii..v Ii.iv.. II.. furiiitur.'. Tlir.v sit on tli.. ban- tl.H.r. Tli.- lif<" s.inis hftl.' I,..tt.'r tli.111 tliiit of thr |..Hrr iiiiininls. |,ut in our n-siMTt it is iilto- K.tK.r .liirorriit. Thf Il.um'h iirr sI,. tiik.- »rrnit i.niiis 111 kc-piiiK- tli.ir l.o,ii..s ,■1,.,,,,. Littlr .-liil.lnii ,ir.. Imtlio,! .I„ilv l.v tlirir iii..tli-rs. III.' tirst hour's l.mlt ..II tin- littl.- ,.r rtii-s |.iir.-lins,.,l l.v tli<-iii iir.' us l.u-ki.i^r i„ tlif .•..nit>.rts ,,( lif,. ,is til.. I.iirrii.-ks. Imt ns tlirir .■on.lition iniprovs tli.v LrKin t.. furnish th.ir 1 rs and to .Ircss ni-.r.. .■x|H.nsiv..|.v ulthouifh s..Id...n .•xtr.iv,.«,,ntlv I hiiv.. MMii M.ni.. ,.x,.M.,linKl,v .■..Mifort.il.l.. „n.l ..v.n Innutiful Kast Indian homes in I nniilad. It r.Miuircs .apital f.. d.vrlop rv..., sii.h ^niall pr-.tM-rti.-s as tlios,. own..! I.v tin- ...a.,,.r.t> of th,. Kast Indinns. To hnil.l lioi.s..s. ,.l,..,r f„r..s,s. plant -...•h.. ..on.nut ■r Irint tn-es tak.s .non.-.v as wll as tini... In ..r.l.T t.. Iiasfn th.. .l.-vlopnu-nt ..f th.Mr pro,«.rti,.s , .v ..f th.- Kast Imliaiis U.rn.w n,.,-. Th.-y usuallv pav ..xtra- ..rd.narily hi^h rates of in„.r..st. i.n, n..v,.rtli..|..ss ,h,..v s..|.lo„, lose tlu-ir proini'i.'s threu^h failiir,. to pay th,- iiit,r.-st aii.l prin.-ipal wlu-ii du... When tl...y hnvo iraprov..,! tl,,-.r projK.rti.-s an.l paid off tlu- ,n..rtKaK.-s tli.-y nr,- nior.- n-a.lv l.', .prn.l .nom-y on the .■..«,f..rts ..f life. I„ ., f..„. ,ear.s their pur.-hasin, ,K.w-r wi'l 1.,- orl iiiueli irreati-r tiinn it is t..day. r "■ i ... \cr.\ Ihc (.;r.-nt ainl>iti..ii ..f almost .-v.-ry Kast Indian is to own a litti" lan.l and hive n home of his own. T . .' t';"^<-'' "it'' " mimlH-r of maiia»j,-rs ..f i.sfat.s emph.yinK Kast j,i,|i,., . i„ |„,th ^^ '."• :'"" "■■'•"''' <'"'"""■ ■>'•»■>• "11 "»-'r<'''iii.. of th.- Kast In.Iians liav,- iiiv.-st.-,l their savings in mer. tile .-nt.-rpris,-s l.iit the Kast Indian is not so su.-.-..ssful as a in.-r.-h.int as h,- is in a>rri<-iiltural labour or ill larniin^' lan.l of his ,.wn. Th.-r,- hav.- lM.,.n a iiumlH.r ..f failnw-s amoim Kast Indian iii,-r.-haiits an.l in many .-as.-s the small st..r.-s wlii.-h w.-n- start.-.l l.v Ka~t Imians in the little villa^res of Triiii.la.l aii,l Hritish (iniaiia are i,..w in the' l,a.,.ls ot ( hinam.-n or l'..rtueues,.. Th.-r.- an- .-x,-..ptions. howvv.-r. an.l a f.w ,.f th.- Fast In.lian m.-r.-haiits hav.- hc-n v.-ry sii ssful. TIM: lAVADIAN MISSION. It is an int.-restiiiK fa.-t that n.-arly all tlu- Kast Indian ehildren in Triiii.la.l are hemp .-.hi.-at.-.l uii.ler Canadian au-i-i.-.-s. A numlH-r of y.-ars «p, th.- ( ■iina.liai. lro:*iyterian t|liur.-h establish.-.l a m.ssi..n among th.- Kast In.lians in Triiii.la i At that tim.- then- was no provision for the edu.-ati.-ii of the r •■--ni an.l th.-r.- are n..w ( aiiadian Mission s<-ho..ls and ehur.hes in every Kast IiiJ ,: settlement It wouh! Ix- ,int of place in n .•.-n.iii.ivial nport t.. dis uss ..t this Canadian missionary work, but fr.mi a .•omnu-r.-ial point vi,>w it is in tt-resting t ,:„„«. that the Canadian men an.l women who have .1. voted their liv.-s to tins w..rk have paved th.- way for inen-nsod <'ana.Iian tra.le by t.. a great ..xtent r.-ligious aspc.-t lAXADA A\l> rut: HHITISII II7>T ISHIKti M ri>volutioiii/,iii(f tlir Imliitx. Imiiu- lifi- mid dn-sH of tnuii.v i.f tlicpH- inH.plf. It miNt not Ih" iMtl tlwil till' niisxiiiiiarii'H tr>- ti> iiltrr tlir drew nf tin- Kii»t Indiiiiin Imt it i* iiHt.W(,rtli.v tliiil ii Hidcriililf |>r»|Hirti f tin- ('liri-.tiiiiii/..d Kast Iiidiiiii>' liiiv.- iiili>|iti'd tilt' WfMtcrii Kt.vli- of dri'ss. Wlii'ii till- I'liildri'ii iitti'iidiiiK the riiiiiidiiiii Miisioii S.liool* in Triiiidiid (trow up tlif fduiiitioii thf.v uri- r ivinjf iiiiiiiot fiiil to luivf an iiij|Mirt'iiit iiitlui'iKM' it|Kiii tin- life of till' riiloii.v. Till- ('iiiiiiiliiiii .MisHiiiii liii^t iil.oo I'xti'iidi-il it* work (.. Hritinli (iuiiiiin. Imt it liiiii not ,vi't uroHii ax ^'tron„ tliiTi" im in Trinidad and its influi' in not «■ widil.v fi-lt. INnH M ANSI Al. IM KKANK. In <-onsidiTin»r tlir pro(fri-w inudi' in the llritiHli \\;-»t liidiix l).v Ka>t Ind niiiM ol , 1 ■ ••>-» iiMiiiK !>.» r.ii^i iniiniiiM ol tlu- |j.Hir.'Ht ■•la-.s.x oni- rannot lu-jp woniLrinK wliaf would Ih' tlir ri'»iilt if Kast Indiaix of a MtliT .-luHs— inrn of ,uffifi.nt niran> to d.vclop from t.n to twrntv am-* of land - .oi.ld Ik. indu.vd t.. iMniKrati- to tlii's.. roloni.... In HritisI, (iuiana tla.v i-onld prol.al.lv Ki't fni' (jnints from tin- (iov.rnm.nt on n.nditioii tliat tlw.v put the land undir .ulti- vatioii within a nsiMinnlili' tiiiw. TIh" Uritish Proviiuvs of India im-n-as...! in |H>piilation li'.tMlI.lHlil during the t.n yarn U.tw.M-n IIKII and lltll. Tl,...v did not m.-l that iii.T..a«.. If an miiKration .M|,ial to fviMi a !ople of Afffhanistan ar.. a white rae.-. We ar.' in fa.'t Israelii..*. Mug .l..w,.n.laiit* ot one of the s..ns ot .la.'oh. This has iH'en the univ.Tsal traditi.ui aii.l kdief of .\t;;lians Irom freneration t.> Keneration." 79 r.iv.i/i.i A\n TNK Hjnrimi wkst imuks I 1 Chapter IX. THE BLACK AKD COIOUHED RACES. I.. «;.,„.,.!., ...ul ,1... I„i,.„| St...... ,1... „.„„.. ■•,,.|„„r.„| ,H I.." i. „,.,.|i..., .. « .1 v,lnt.. ..I..I n.vr., I.U.I. I„ ,|., .,.„„„ „,,„„„ „f „„.., „f „ ,,, M;:ri;;'t;"nl.:::"" "^- ' ' •- ^^""- ■•••'- --:: " '■•"":!":!• "'.'• ""'"'»"^'' '^1 •- .""I ■ '•• r^^>- i-.v-sti^at.. , n.ion of ,ia. ,..o„i;.. i.. . •, ..,^.L-::;"r,:r;;:. ^::-:;:^'Zi.; i,!-:'!'- .::;:;:,!:: ^-z^^-z^, su.^,..on. I, ,s ..vHl..nt that tla^ ,n.., .,o a ,si.l..ral.l.. Z.uut of Urk ;:,i;::!o;2 I II I; » rivuM t\/» THt: lUiirisii ii7>7' /v/»//;.v 7t HiirliiKliiiim «Mi|>l.i.v(il ill 111.- I'liit.tl Stall-. iiUi ..I'lit lioin.. innaiilimlili- iiiii .iiiil <. Till- l«mt ..ttiir iiiniii.v ..nl.r. .Milt fn.iii llir I'liitnl Sim,.. |.. llarlMiilo.. Ii|..t vn.r iiiii,>iiiit.>.| ill viiliic til l|MKi,t'ii»<, Tin- hiiiiiInt .if il.|Hi.i»..r» ill tin- liiirl>iiili>< S.ivii,^, Hank .>ii tli.. .!l»t .lay of Miinli. 1!»M, wa» •JtK'uJ. iiikI iIm- aiiioiiiit I., lliiir rr.-.lit wa» $J.>^.i,>KUi. riit-n- w,-n> ;iT,i."i.' ill till' (iiiv imt ili^tiiiuiiili IhIu.ih whitii mill liln"-k ilr|Ni»ili>r«. Imt as llic |MTra anil nearly all tin- |iliititrr« ami inrri'liant- liiivi- a<'<'.>iii.t-i in tln' l^>yal Hank ..f Canaila. tlif Hunk ..f N.iva S.'..|iii, ..r llii' ('.•l.aiial (tank it \* i-vitlcnt that a vi>r>' \uTitf |irii|Hirti.iii nf iIh- Savinir» Itiink ili'|Hi!.itiir» ntii-lai-k <>r i'..|.iiir<.il. The K<'>><'ral writiim ..f letters i^< iii^ually ri'Karili'il .i- an iinliralinn ..f thr iiiti'l- lilfi f 'I"' |".'|'l''- III .laiiiHi'.'a la»t yiar '-'.lINM'TT Irtlir* ami '.Hii.lUfJ |i<.>li'anl> wiTi- naiilfil. Till' n„rliiii|.>H |m..f iittin- lianilli'.l J.(Ml«,I.V,t l.ttrr- ami liKl.^M |i«.«t- ■■»ril!<. It hliolilil Ih- noti'il tliat llir llarliailian-. livr .m an l>liiiiil mily 21 milt'-. I.niu anil 14 iiiiU'-. iirrnnH at it" wiilr-t part. A liirn'' l'rii|»irti.'n of tliiiii own iloiikiy.. ninl I'HrlH. All of tliriii fri'iiuiiitly visit ISriiltrrtou n ami liiivi- ii|i|H>rtuniti<'H of nui'tiinr I'ai'li otiirr. TIiiim tlio iHM'i'ssity ..f writinic Irttirs is ii.il >o (iri'iit as in a vast ('..iiiitry liki- Caiiailii wlirrr rrliitivt's miiiI frirnils arr oftni si'iiirati'il liy wiili' ilis|iin<-i's. Ciinsiilrrinv tlir ^riirral isivirty of tlii' |h'.i|i|i' tlir |H'rri'iilatci' ..f iki' Mack ami •'oloiin-il iMipulatioii ..f till- Hritish Wost Imliis w| an ri'inl is larirr. Aiii.niu tlic yiiuntrrr |n'o|ilc vrr.v l.'W arr iiiialilf to nail. In .laiiiaii'ii, wIiito ovit !>."> jut .'I'lit. of tia- iKoiilf nn> liliok i>r I'oloiiri'il, tlir luiniln'r I'lirollcil at tlii' .li'ini'iitary sili.inls aloiir is ovrr KNMNNi anil thrri- iiro a lanrr iiuniU-r atli'iiiliiiK tIa' lii^'lirr si'limils. At the ri'iisiis of lull tin- niiinlN'r wli.. i-oiilil roinl in .lainai.'a was tli>.77>* in a total IHipnlatioii of h.'I1,;In;|, a ronsidiTiilili' |iro|«irtion of whom wori' (rr.iwn up wlnn tln' prrscnt ^ysti'in of I'tliii'iitioii was ailoptril. riiiTr is no I'oiiipiilsory rilii'-alion law in ltiirl>ail.>s yi't thiTr wiTo inrollril at till' primary srliools last y.ar ovir :i"<.il'Mi pupils lu'-iilos a I'.aisiili'ralili' iiiiinlu'r at th|. IliltlliT srilools. ThiTr ari' I'Sd friomlly -...ii'tii's in Harliailo:. t'^talilislu'il f,,r tlio piirpo-i' of raising fumls for tlii' rcliif ..f iii.'inlurs anil tla-ir fainiiiis in tinii' of siiknoss ami •li'utli. Tlirsi- siH'ii'tii's liail 4J.>."ili iiii'inl>i'rs wliosi' faniilii's I'lilitliil to parliripatr ill lii'Tiftits niinilH'rcil UO.I.'.s. Wliatovi'r iiiay 1«' saiil of tli..-,' frionilly sorii'tirs tho fiu't tliut so larKi' a |iro|Hirti f tlir |M>piiliitioii liavi' joi I thnn ami r.'Kulariy pay tin' fi'<.« to roiitiiiuc iiifiiilM'rsliip sim'Iiis ti, inilii'ati' that tlio iicurro race is n.it so iinproviili-iit as it has h. in ili'si-rilH'il t.> hi'. KarliailoM i.s oiu' i.f the most di'iisrly piipnlatiil i'..iinlric- in tho worl.l, yot tln' lilark ami rolnurfil iH'oph' i'vi'r>-wlii'ri' lo.,k woll foil, hapiiy ami ilii'irfiil. I was told liy till' inanajrrr of thr 'rriniilad Kli'i'tric Kailw.iy. an rntrrpris i- tr..lli'd by Canadian capital, that nearly all their cniplnyees were liliick men. In the workshops where cars ;irc repaired and sometimes almost eompletely recoiistrni-teil hhl'k nieehanics are employed, lie .s|M.ke very favoiirahly ..f their w.irk and said he found them as intelligent as white workmen. In liritish (iuiaiiii the »:old iiikI diam.ind miners, the liinilHTineii and those who J!.i into tla- forest to Ideed halata trie's are nearly all hhi'-k men. They like this life ."f adventure and speculation k'tter than working on |ilaiitations. They receive >oinewlmt hitthor waRea for such work than f.r a^rrieultural lal«iur, which is another indiiecment. At the xhippini; ports nearly all the lalHiurers arc Idneks. They aro U'tter iHiid than aKrieultural lalMiurers, hut in the smaller islaml they cannot tiiid constant eniployinent in hmdiiifr ami uidoudin»r ships, and some of them work on lilantatioiis in the neis-hhourhood when there i.s no demuml for their laliour in the towns. The carp»>nters and builders, hlaeksiniths and other mechanics eniplo.ved Ix.th in the towns and on the plantations are usually black or I'oloured as are also the great majority of shoemakers, shoe menders, watch and cloi-k repairers. 7? > i\ i/>i n/» run HHiTiHH wF.sr ixmkh wi,.,";i;.'''::i!i '::;;:;.:;:■ il'" 'f;;"'- '"'771-H' i;.i-...r ih........ „..., ,„,.. „ than t«..ntv ,H.r . „? . f • ,, ,, '" "'','""' """-'' ""*" '••W'l.v 1... with 1. k ,. r trV. Ik """""" '"' ''""""" '.""■''•■" "' "••'*""" ..f ni Tu:;:!:";;:: "'/li'^t'""'' '" "••• "••"'' '"- • «'"•'■■ .-.•. .-.;....; .,;...'.i;; .Mi. ■:::".;:;.. ^:'::;';^'.;;.,';r;.:zt: " ^ '-^- - ' '-:-:'x::^;^: K.::;r;:::'i::- rr:'"-::..;-:. '■' ••■•:': - ,.: "'••'■; "r '^,- - •<'"•'> "..Hiii..'r::...':':;'i.:;;..;::r'"*" ■"' rr '"'- "■"■•"■ ' ■' •■' ' "-'-"I '*. rT: ,;.,;',,c,'i:; .S-:';-.;:.:'i^t:J::;;i M:;"i:;;r;,:L::; - --» Ihf iKvrii i» an .tficirnt hilKnircr i-iiillv ulii.n In. r..,M,i.. i IK diMnHin.'d t.. rontiiiu.. Inln-ur rxt.n.lMur . .. «•-•<•"»•.•- ^o.hI «a«..^ ||,. "f hi» «..„in« l.i».h..r wuK..- rn" .. . , . .,:,''"",';'' ''T T^ 'T- "V '"•'"'"•'' .ult ,o „,„naK... .......iully tr^.. 1 Xn ti '";""' *""' '""""';'" " ''"'■ '-li.... innni^rant. or.lin«ril.v known a ,,. ^ .^h ,:;""'; '"""""'• .'''•"• "•"'"•• In- i^ a st..„,li..r an.l m.,r.. nliahl,. laU ur r I * :*r"'T. " «'"'*"""'• "-ut l>,Miti„„." ' "n.Mhinff l>> wlin-h he <-an nn|ir..v.. his tha, ;i:';:.^;;:r;:;;;:;r r:::i !:;r:;:;r;::,i: '- - ^if^ • " -'- » ,H.a.an, ,.r..,.ri..,..r.: an.l i n . pit . 1 ^r,r 'T'"""" V" "r '""•' - -""" > .t ..f ,h.. lalK.urin^ IH-pXi- . n h . 1 ' w " "'" I' ♦"'•"'^'«'"'' 't tth.- hirK.- ...tat... wh..n th!^v .■ n I na tain..J un. I ""V''^*""'"! '" »'- ^y*'"" "^ ;" ;;-^^-. ..-..vin...... h:"';: r^i;' tr h::':;^:^'';:.')::^ '"'r- '" tina-« th.. i.fi V i.n.Htal.l.. ni<.ii>i.i ,.f ,.,.!. :. .• • """'" tn." In-.t and ...ni..- «i.l.. with mutual a.lvantn«o." "'"' '"""'""" '"'''""«" '" '"^''^ "!<'<' '-.v r4\AltA A\n THK HHITIi-il WKhT IShU:H 74 C.4.V.40.4 .1\7» rilF. HJtlTISH WK.sr /\/./A;.s I i |t„. 'ivi/M i\/» 77//. iiuiiisii \vt:sr i\int:s 7ft Chapter Z. SUCCESSFUL PEASANT PKOPBIETOBSHIP. For inf..r.,..,tion nwnlin^ tl... I„..,| ,..ttl..|„..nt srl,..,„..« i„ (Jr...,;,,!.,. Carriar,,,, f.nM..rl.v S„,«.r,,„..„...„, ,.( A^rri.-„l,„n. in (ir,.,,.,.!.,. wh,.„, 1 ,„.., ..„ ,. 2^1 ";"■", ■; '•";"','" "■'"■'■" '"■ •"^" "'"■' '"' 'I- A;.ri.„l,„r,.I UKl I... Kr..at M,„.r„v..,„..,„ ,1,,,, l.a. tak..,. ,,l i„ ,1,., ,„a,..nal an.l moral .......liti.m ,t tl.,. .,..,.1.. wa. tnli.y ,„„hrM....i i,v ll„„. Kran.i, Watt-. C ->i.,„..r .,( tl,- a. 1..,^ K. iwanlMrnvton. .or.n..H.v Col ,| S.-rWary of (irona.la an.l no«. A.l.nin- .';*' "' '•'''"";:•'• "■ "; ■■'■' ''"^^ "^-^'^y •'"■ -"— ..f ti... -.-t.i.. nt- 1„ ol.tn.n..,l from t h..... .,onr.vs In an . xa.nnuilion of th. tax rolls -f (in- a -ontainin^^ x...it. names with the a.-reat;.' ,.wui;l h.v rarh. KollowinK is a sunnnarv of ,1,.. various -lasses of hohlin^^s i„ (in-naJa an,| ( arrnn'ou. the oun-rs ot wlncli \»ty laiol taxes: I'Titler '2 m-rvs . . i->ui,.r 3 a.r..s.. ■..:.';.■;.■.,'■ ^:I'I; I'lKliT "i iirriB I..1-' fuller 10 aru.vt in .\i III l!Mi:i the (i Inis an are.i of alioiit |: m, ileeided to iniiiiu'iirat erniiieiit of (iremuhi. ai-tin^: on tin s<|iiare miles. V'jrestioii of lion. Kilwaril in .Mii.v of that .veiir (fiirale a system of |«.asaiit. proprietorship in Carriaeon ami had l> In nil a d folli u-ed state of Toil aeres as the of th. was ai'ijiiired Mr siiJKlivi^ioii. Otl: ■en aeipiired and the t'reater part x|K'riment was demonstrated until l.4::.-> a tier piir- lere: ■liii); land tli< lesirahle i-lass of settlers wh part of it soil, in small allotments to i sant-. Ilose who eoldd p.ty eash Were Kiveli Krst .1, in order to attraef majorit.v of th. the •se Hlioir the plan o > Would he an I'xamph' to tin- ot f setti ley were alloweil to make pavnient in Iw lenient was ih si'ir I to I tit had laTs. hut as the (ireat rate o ( :> per cent. annual in>tai no monev mciils with interest at th. TIIK \lK\t.\ I'vni MM K. Ten years after ll., sale of lots Ih meiit t'H,."iS7, wl exiK'lises eonneetiil with tin iHr'aii the peasant piireliasers had paid the p,v. '"''• i'"' "-"'ir St of the l.|:;.-> aires of land with inl more than the uIhI ivision amounted at that t amoiiiit invested hy the (iov.Tiiment had heen roturnrd .vears there still remaiiieil at that time fi«MI to Ih> paid hy tin iinderntiuid was afterward paid. .Vii additional Crest and other tiuh' to t\44!). While within ten latur date than the l.UKi aere le allottees which f state of 4HH aeres purchased ut •s referred to is |„.i„;r sohl in small alhit nts in tlw I '• C.iXADA JV/> TUF IIUiriSH Hft.vr l\niFS «...! in ........ ...... ir:..;: i::i r .. '■£iH.:::;irT ;!/•' 'r"; ?•- ?^ '■"--* mil«livi,|,Hl l,v tl...ir ,.«„ers f„r s l T . "'.","' ""' '"'" '"^"'"■^ '""' '«••■" for ,1... .u.rp,.«. „^ ;..,'' i": ""'•'"' "'"•""-'^ -^>;:"' l-v tl..- n„„r.l .,f A«ri,.ul„.,... ,.r,,.i. !;,,,, ,;;;ia,j,";:,;i;:.- ■" " • • "■"■"" <•- - i-i™' i iv/» riii: iiifiTisii WKST iMnt:.s 77 "If lui. I,.-..,. f.,„„.| nt Cirri. ,|,.., „ l,.,l.|i„^ v.,r,vi„« ,„ m... fr.„„ -J t., :. ncr.-« IS iibout n« mu.li ,ih nii iiiihi.| \H-a»uut •■mi Imn.llc." THU I Mil\ isi.wi, MKTXr.KMK.VT. IIM./Ihis Ul'.Ti""" "' ""' ''"' ''"'"' -"'•■""•■"• Mr. \„.l,inl,.,k .,1,1: " l'ri,.r to ■ „ h... ""^'■'"•""' "'"•"•''> .,M.| f.,r „.,n,v v.ur, lu,.| Ih..,, w.,rk.,| ,.. ■, ...ur.. h.m>ss„,», ,.. , „„!,.,„„ „,.,„ ,|.„„ ,^,,..,, ,,,,,^,.^_ ^ Carria,-..., t«-.. Ml'!'' """'"'""'^ nuM.l...riMK ..!.., ,t l.:,m ,y,-n- at that tin... h.r,l...l l„tfHl...r ...to or sau tafn. I l.,.,v w.t.. ,..., a ouv,! ,„ k..,-,. .-attl.. .,r t., Krmv ,,r„visi.,„. ..x.v,„ i . ,H. al ...■uh.u.s wla.r,. ,1... s.,,1 „,,. saiMlv a.,.l al.nos, ,v„„|.l..s f.,r ....Itivati.,,.. I nil T M«l, nr.uMjsta, s ,t is n.,f surpri^i,,,. that tlw ishin.l.rs U,r,. a. m„-ns\M. ..pntat,..,. lor lauloss,,,.. |„ ,.,„ „,.. (i....,,,..,.,., .,f St. Vin-..ut p.-n-ha-..,! 1 .. .-I. M.I a.ul ,nan«urat..l a ,«.asaMt l.m.l s,.,tl,.| t o„ tlu- li„..s so s,u.....,.s|nllv a.l„p...,l ": ' '''•;';'■;:''• -^"^ ^-"""^ .-'''- ' — f-r «r^. .•ons..rva,i..M ,1,.. ri.nu.i, • UK.ut I .( o a.r..s was .„, ,„, i,„ „„„,nts varying in si,... fro,,. > to ;. a.-r..s. \..„rU M II... lots hav.. KM.,. tak..„ ,.p. „n,l alr.a-l.v Iho ..xports of ...,„ ,K.„ltrv a,.,l s„.all .to..k r.,m tl... .sh jav.. 1,....,, .|„„|,1„,. •,•,.., „„„„.,k ,„, „,.• Ia...l s..l,..„ .• at fnl .^ml ..I. all s,.l..s „„.. S....S ,„.at a<.,l >n .o„ as,.s pr..t..„t,i.,us strM,t,.r,.s i„ rs.. „f "" "" ' "" ."-•»■ »'"^ ""• "t Pr..-i,..,.i,v wlur.. tl.r..,. ,l..rf ,v..,rs ajr. s.,Ma!o„r mill p .vcrt.v r..|Kii..,| siipr.. *• ■ l '"'oirr ..(r.H.l ^)"'"' 'r "'r.'" I'""" ," ""-":i'--l'<'-'>ion .... fl... part ot th.. p.a.i... as t„ the UUlt iiitNiur Hill Im' iim I^. ..» ► . ■ i ..*»;,.; . » I <• I •» ■ ' . 'Mil IT i^ iiK(*i> To IH' more (••"rtjiiii aiui tnort' Hii.v iiitliix of s«.tti..rs h •tj rtliiri' ..I 'VlTllllll i,f M.ttl.iii..|)ts hii lilllV III ...xplaii III I.I other .lisiricts. Tin I-.. h.ei. i-^ti.l>!i>t>e,l with.i M.MJ liy th.- rculizHtioi. ..t iiiipr.ivt.|ii..|it of tlh- cpialit* .,f lalu "I. low hilioiir Hii»r..s will alwavs I tlH- instant I..- I uikI coiiifiirtahi. At til. iMM-oiiH.s a hiiit! (nv iiviiijf lie „.,.ks lal I II very liiiiiiaii tniit: a |.-asant lu.r..|x ^ili-iMiii- sh.ftl.-ss. uiir..|ial.l.. uhl .aiiic tiiii.. his alH«,|iit.. <|<.|hmi(|,. ™nir III opili'r to ohtai l<. to prv.vi.l,. Iiinis..|f will, i;,„„| i.^^j •■ss..|i«m|. Th.. >f.'ii..r:il ifr..it of on th.. lurK<-r ..» II moiii.y fi.r fi.rt»i.'r luxiiri>~i. Kiiiimi.Nl lip l.y sayn.^r ,!,„( |„1 11 jH.iisaiit s<.ttl..|ii).|it IK.asantry ur<. in, in- iiiil(.|N.|i(|).|it l)oiir Is inipMviMl III ial HITS is „f ■...iirs«. iiri-iitlv •out siipiilv may tii<.|i Im. in ipiallfy aii.l •iiiiiiitity lM.|.aiis.. tin Ui •Mthou^h .Mr. .Vii..|iinl,.,4{ ....miii,.|ids th.. .-niin..iit will Ii;n,. t., Ik t IS not f|„. |»,|i,.,v „f th.. (i till th.' Iar>t.. ..states. Tli I. Ill is< iv.mnii'iit t,i I riiiK alioiit ill) th, of III.. II un- uot iH.injr fully i-ultiviit..,! hv tl ' tar us piissil.l,. to .s<.|,.,.t f.ir Mih.li iiIkIiv |«H^.|,. will |„. l„.st that will Kiv.. ,11 i,lls..rV|.,| liy til TW I iiployiii..|it to th.. I •ir owniTs. It is thought that th,. int 1.- iiiaiiit..|iaii..<. of a ijiiiiil>,.r ,.f larjr "i|«'rial l><.partini.|it of Airrii-ult K'UsaMt pro|.ri..tors ,,f Muall all,.tnii.|!t- i-ioii .if «lat."i .•rests :,. ..stat.M4 iipfr\isH..a .iv..r th.'s.. si.ttleii ts I iir.. has from the Hrst ..x.^r.-is.^l a paLrnal With >ut this ilirn.ti rii.. • ri'iaiil th N'iiijr iilwiivs r..a(ly t,. jriv.. u.lv I.. .•<.tth.ni..|ifs wiiiilil prolml.ly 1, lee to th,. t tile K,,v..riini..iit sitthiiients in Carriuciiii, I la as coiiip ir..,| with th.. fail iiiv.. prov..,l failiir..-. M,i peasant ■ 111,111 ill >h.. Mritish \V,.st [ii,li pr,.hil.it.Ml an, I th,. „,,rk ,if s<...nis to .1 nr.. of many ,,th..! s(.ttlenu.|il,s ,,f th.. l.la.-k ■Mioiistrat.. that when th.. iiLirtKau iinproviiiir uiiil euliivatinK thein iiii.l pe.i-..iiiri.y iiiK of Ian, Is .•iir..fiilly siipir.i cj n CAXAitA Axn rut: hmitish Hgur isniim by the DeiMftme a of AKricultur... rt-nmrkabl.. .urn.,, may be ..hieved wh..«.„ i# tJiP iK-MMi.t proprietor!, are left entirely to theiii^lv.^ with L^ ■« hieved. whorens .f Im.dM and ,.,. direetion a. to how t<. enlt vl T .1 ^^""' '" """^'n' their and often lo«. their pn.^lerty. '"''" ""■*' '"" ""* '" "* ^-'^ "^iftle™ HT. VIXCEM Pe.\MA.\T PRUPRIKTORH a total ucreaire of .'.mio aercM ,in fl,.» w .u *" V""" "» ""' "•"'"'"y eontaininu P^.-n, „r,,,lu,r. aJL^^f t^; llZi^TtfZj'^^^^i^l T^ '"l othviaU 1 1 Ilk t lire Ih nn H..mI,» .i.». . ■ aiiotteil. I he government - ' - .-■-.. tr,ts\::n.:rr:Lr:J,t" ■"■" "• "■• »r. l.ltn'x K.VI'KHIMKVTS J.VMMlAs I'KASAVT I'HofHICTOIIH. l...ve le-Jthan «v! Tre. ^r ;::^n:^^^^ T''' """'"?•-• "'"-» "^ -'•<-" inrtruot the peasants in a^ri uln II " ... i"""""" " *"'*""' """" """- »" steadily l«.in^ „,„,l. nanT f H.. .? M '""l >'nproven.e„t^ in meth.Kls an- are di«„,.raui„r '"''''""''' "'••"""''' "' -"<' <' »he re«ulta ft CASADA AXD THK BMITISH WPST IXOIt'S Chapter XL THI MPEEIAl DEPABTiaurT OP AOBICXTLTXrHE. ...re for th« W... l-.di.. wl i J L , Li h^!:; Z "' •'""'•"'■ Daniel Morris. «u.l i.. r..;.„t y.. n^^ w h . K? *""'""•"' '^e dire,-.i..n of Sir .... the advice of tl„. diL^^ f K w ija . 1 !'."" ""7 ™!"^'"''''"'> « f«"- y-«r. ..Ko Lave b«.,. of a dinti.. -I v „ [.i^i^ -t , i" " ,*''^' "■*"!"" "'""'"'''' ""' >•''' "■^'-""ivo preset eire..u.ta.. : ttr " " fi^J?:;-\';;-. .i' ^ ":""•'» «»'«t to ,.rapple with the ...e„t .-apable of dealinK wi^h all n rtt... *";""«'. '»l«nd« a 8,H.-i«l „.,bhV. depart- «rowth i^ tropi .'Ztrie aid wT ' ""","u «""' r"'"'""'^' l''""tH ...itable for t under which ^hSte^ZUhe"";' ';'";;■'' ^ ■.•^""'-'•— •: -^ ^""t- » .i.-l.«rt- The«> stations ,ho„ld U.ei.twTh i, TT "*""""' "'"'"''>■ "' '"'i''t'-".v. Kent a,.d pro^ro^nivo acti. , inXdire.."io / ;" ""'""^ " '^l"^""»'••""« « diversity of i,.d„KtnVs .nore tha,. twentv vea^. ..f Sis"- nt . fforf . I .T'" ""' "'"" ''""• ''"«"*"'- »"'<"■' tlOO.0O<. during hat ,"rKl,r,!rt . J •'". '''"''"''"''''* '""• ""<■''« """- H-an pn-paratirof .c 1 u ' bv " „ „7'"''"'''u'''*''?^ ^ '"" •■■"-""""•'I the -aref..! ...ended for c«rrji„K on simih.r w, rk o u'M ,^'"7;"-"'' departmct rc-om- .".der the charKe o^ .. ...Zk e,." T,n,H ri l""^'''"'^ '"'f '■<'-«"d "'"..dH should be «ovcn.ors in nZr,i U, XZVrl«r^n^ ^ 'V^ ''""''» ^' *^' •*•.«« the He would take part io .-^^^Z^^u'l^'TT ""^ ""'""""•"* "' "'" '-'"•"'-■ i" *olIe,fes «...! «h.K.uI 7 ..r, ' '^ " " "•ll"»vi..K agricultural teaching "•tend to the Prcparatio ,i " t;' ':"*: '" ""-"'t.-ral pur,ui,«. and would hotanic «tatio„- s ,.„ld In- , la.^ .ill .. "".««r.c„Itnral .„bject». The existing tliom transfcrrH ... ,1k^ S fT^.I T- 'T ;"'-":"""" ""'« 'he ehar,^ of .naintaiui..^ '•'•••ivatioi. of „..w „|.„„, .J" ""'"'• , .'* '""W '•»'•••>■ '""t the ex,Krimental ""-' t.. pr,,vid.uL ;,''*:'"'''''*•:" ! ;"""•" ^-'""'""' *•""■"""'• P'-l"-'^ ^vlllrc.H.ir..f„„d... Mvb.v dM "*'""""'""' "-•'•-...,„rH. To effect all ,hi. therefore, ,.f . .i . o That « K " """""I """""" "^ "'" -"'"'"-^ '"''".d.. VVc are, should u. i.or„ r h i „H.r,u'.:x''r''' ^";>"'"'' ■• •»••"-'■-" - -Kct ..». .. '■-^•ted with rai-i.; ::JTri eJo r '^ "".••^""""'■* .'X.H.ri.ncntal work .,.„- I>r th.> use of ..,a„urr.nd I r T' ",".'' ""•"■''^"W «•"• pr.Hh..-tio„ of su^ar .•x,K.rin,eutK„.iX'r:ar ':;,:;;;:;;'';:' '-r' ''"-':' ""-""""• ■■■'- ■•»•-' ■'■ ' ^ • ■:=.!: ;:t:;:!/;l;;r;ttJ'J:-,t;TS^,,i ! 1 I •> 'IN i/M .i\/» Tin: iijtiTisii nt:st imuf.s w.ir.l i>liiii(ls tt.niM niiiiiitiiin luirscrirH f„r tli.. iiilr...|ii,.ti f .,11 , , i ".•l..,uN „tti,-l,,Ml f,. t|,..,„ w|,..n. ,1," I . , , \ , .'"" "'"'"''' '"'*■'• "»-'n.'"lt,.r,.l ........^ .... if ..........,„;:v':.;;.i;:: !::::;:;;.:::.'::! :';:;i :;:;:•.?;;::: :::■■' "■ lor:.::"::,!:'::::;,;;;:::'^^ "^ - - -^M't':;: :;:■;;:;: in:i.iMMf:\ii\Tiii\s i \i;ii;ki) hit. Wli.it til,. .1........ I.„v.. s„I| ,l...,r „wn .l.,.,.rt.,u.M.. .,f n^rin.l.nr... I,u, ,!.,... is k- .'t.,! V f , .■«..,»„„,„. ,„r,,„,„„„„ „,.„„ ,,,..,i„..,„.. Ti„, ■„.. ,„„ i .;,i " I ■;,„' ;i;:::a^i ;;lr;:;' ;: ;;:;;:;;;t',z,r,^i'~,7'i:V- •; "• ";" -^ "• S' ■ ::;; - ' - ' - «"m.';;«:^'::;i r ;:;::;;: ;;;;:!-: ■■«■ '■ '« -..t :;::,r;i!;:;;;',:;\:;r:j:;,: -'"■ ■ J^KX isl.wri (■iiTT,>\. •"k.-J 1..V tl... I„,„.r;.l |,.,„.r.,n,.n. .,f A.^ri...,l„.r.. in s..n i J " '..n r , ' ' vT \ tiliiiililr iissistiinrc wim rmiliTt'il l>v ilu. ■<•■;>: I, <■ .. /. :;;f '- f - "^ ■>■ " \^i u!;:i..;!:u;i i;td 'r;"^ " ... «if«r,l to ..,.,t,.r„.ity ,,,.,1. .,f st..,.l.. .,r H„!.„..ss I fur till, fottini iitt-iitr, of s|iiiiiii-rs fl\ l/M iv/* TIIK HItlTISII WKST IMHf:.-; „ .^..^';r:^;f,ll;;^;::^;J;;;l;;;;^;-tl:::.^1*;^r »••" >*'•" >"' wr..vvM .ctf..!!." ""iiaM -.1. to ...I. iHP ,K,„i,,| n,.,r.. tlmi, Aimri.-Hi,- '^^"■^f'luSnCT' '"" '"•"" - '- •"'•"^'-' "• «"- .>"• ,.n.. lillKAT IIKMWO roll vol Mi TKKKS i.;.":t:':;i:t;:i;;:;ir,r::,;:;;i:.i:r:','rr"r7 ■" ■""■■ "■ ■■• "f ...ost of tlH-s.. '„|o„, '•Ntr.or.lnn.r.v rluiMK.. ». tl... ,.x,K,rt stntisti-H ^- " v..i;r:t y^z ; ;:z:-'i; -i^ t ""/'"■ ""-"""^ """* stations. "'"" " """ "• '"■"'»-' '•iirn.'.l oi, at ...xiN.riiiinital ^Jz::'X'^!::::^:t';::■: '"v;-"'-'"-"-' j^^ »•- «"..K.ria. ., Kitts ,„mJ s,.|.olnrsl,i,» l.avo In" iT.S.ll v ?'"""■"; r'""''" "' ^^"'*"" "'"' •^<- In nritisl. ,;..i..,.., I'vi,,!,..,' :;,;;■:;,';■■•''' '"■"-»""■"' --f A.ri..„lt„n.. M'H-tiui, with ,, laiv. proiH.rtion of ... <■''"•'<■•"< l.avo Uvi. .st.il.lisli,.,! i„ ,,,„. .... :^:it:i:! t:;;::,!::;:::.;:;:;:;;;';;;"^ - '•: ^ >- ;^' '^ ...-' .-.. of l«ti.i..,.s will .sti„.u,.„.. t,.,.„. to i pr V .ir uMh .*'" " r- '■■""'"■*•■'' """ • - A TIIWKI.UM; K.\TOMol.,Ki|ST. ''«-..n.^ to ..ra,li,...t.. ,1 • , 1 ;. "":::':' .'.""rr"''" - '"r"-' '-^'^ '"-' ^.'^e ■tl.-r i.sla„.;,. '""" ' " '•' • '^"'^' '^ """"'• to ,.r..v,.nt it sprnnliiiK. t.. tl.o -..■!;:i"K::'twl;';:;j:::,'::;::: ';,:T:it "" ^ ""• ^■"'•"- -^ '■■■""■"•'".i-..i iU(»ans. ooKnr iM iaivc.|\ ..In ' k.'tl hv natural " VAXADA AXn THE BMITIitH WKHT ISIHES A ORRAT MWOVERV. thtH.ry io„K h..Id bv th.. oi,^ Vi„ "»"'H.m who wore «bl« to prov,- that the ..mnJ'l'r!'"'H;!; ''"':■ '""' "'""-.'•"■-'-">' «r"w.. i.. th.. liriti.h Went I„.li. . f,.r E«« li " "Tr "'" " '"*"" *"■ '^'"•"•''r..t.- nnd U.,.„„,.. v..rv „W.. , bft CA\Alti A\h Tin: IIHITISH WKHT ISniKH oiitptir xn. IHB EAUIUroS OP THE IAB0VXZB8. p« J'!::i.rH:r:;;,:';;:;::x'"/J'' *i""",T"^' '-^^r "--■■ -^^ -" «•- ..ru v..ry .li.r..r...,e. Tl. lit W. h • W T"l t'"""' '"'f ''"' """•"""'"' "' "f" f'-r.- 1.0 huil, ,.„„,. X, ' I •'"■ '•""■"""••"' «" !<.■<•,. out .1 .,„.| ,.,.,. th.'r..- tl.nr dwellings „ f .„. n al 7 !* .r'"","'''', '*': "' *•"'"«- ''"»'• -""ll.v b.-!, fm. from rl„. ,Mt„t.., „•} ,. Z """'"'"";"• Tl.oy Hon.,.t„„,.M ^.-t tl.rir .lw,.|li„ir. t-- u „ ..., ,..:i":, :::.:!!;::.";:':;::', r'' ^^:';: ""■^.,"''"- -• WHO H|H-tlU imnici Illtc V i'Vi>rvll.;...r »!.,,. 1 I ■ "■"•"•'"■ 1 MOM' "..•ir inv..s,n,..n,s in lan.l l^/rio ^i^KJ:;!' '^Jr." ^"* '" " ^'■"' •^■'""- '"•- »'"" I'AIII BV TIIK TASK. .-.k;*:;..:!' ;:i:;rt;i:'tl:l:""^: ::; ;;::r,r''';""/ i '^•"" ''"^- ''""^ •"•■ """«•"' Imrdor and acc-npli; . S Z ', ", ..r: '""^ '''^ "': /""^ " ' "' »''..m work .■on.^..d a..d .::l"'^:r:;o5x r ,r r^r " "*- '-^ ^^' - '- J no payment tor a task larios MliBhtlv in ,li»r,.,... . i ' • «-...t;«„s of tho samo ,.„Ion,v. l,„t it ! , Mm '',::;''"'•'' "'"' ""•"• "' •"•^"""' en„n,M.d in B^rindtural lal,o„r aro -0 \.,.,u^ " ' nnnmnm ..arnin>,s of .m.m. ■li'l'lrn, are employo,! ax woll „. ni.Mi Tli.. l.L f , """''• ^^ "'"">" and hT... „ro,.ortion'of',h..n. .„!Ll r "-a, fi.^ ^1 ' . ^ :"i :'"-'';"'' ''"'- ""<' » loast a ,K.rtio„ of tho da.v. ' '' '"'"' '''""'"<'""- for at TIIK K,W«\l\(;s OK rlllI.|)HK\. <^!iildroii \i.«niill.v n,, to school l.in tli,.x- n- -L. .• , ■ -a.01. aro ofton k; pt a.ay In:!; !:.:"' 7;:".:^::::^'':/,;': ■■- ""•' -■ •"- to 8d. per day. A l.i^ hoy or ,.>! may ^o...,.timesT;^:.„lv '""'', "■"' ^""" ''^■ «om.n. Jn Afont.sorrat, Domini-a an. I St I ; 7 i ' "^ """''' "" " '""" '"• jnio.. thoy aro never pieke.l fro ho tr \ "" """^ '"■"' "^'■'' ^"^ '""^''">^ tl.o work of piekinK ho n ■ fr , h ^ ' M ■'"' 7"'/" '"" '" "'" >"'"""''• "■"> ohildron-sometime! verv . .ll ^ IMn-n ' ■ ^ '■':.•;"■*-.■'"■■.■ I.y women and i;eipin. their mothers piek np'ii.i;:!:'^' y;., „ v' 1^ : ^v'hui.:':!^;; ''■' ^•■"7 r work as pay if the. do not have to work too loM^aT a t L Ve l T"' •*'"" l^ in Canadian homes ofton doli^,!; L" S ^t,::::! t'l^ tK •• r.t\An.i AMI riiK hhitisu wkht ixihkn . n f,.«r |,.,„r.. A, .„,.(, w.,,k ..„ „..,iv.. .hil.l will .1.. „, ,„„..|, „ ,,\r,J Z,l,Tu tn- hour. ..1 |„|„H,r „r.. |i„«f.l a, th.v „.,i«llv ..r... Ij,,,,., (" .^Z n i iZ';'" "; •";■ ""h""' ""^'"•' ' '^^ ^' -• •'"''•"• ni"•l.^': '.:•".;:: "S ::;;l;: i"' "■" """ " ■" """^ -''""' »• - "- "••''-« ■ i.'-..i.(.v ;:,;::. »ciMt\ AS itlAI, c \RlllKHH. ^tl,:;^:,::,r;;:rL:r;-;:,:;;:!tr-i^-z=l;, I'i: r: ,':::;£ :;:!,: ;i:^-:;z!;-r; ;;;"l,:t,;!;::t:t™ ~— I.I ..timntn.tf tl Hn.iua* ..f thf l.il,.,..riiiK populati,,, „f tli,. Hri.l.l, W t TIIK I I.AIU'I BKHS. At Mri„ »'. 1 .T" ."' ■"• ■; ■ .•"••■'"" i'"Hiui-i»; dui hi iv.t.v out. of tho-t- ll i. m, I V * . I' " • "' ''':'"'" "f ""• -'""" "'•'"»»'.v «H. .•„..,;„„ „-n..|. Ininl- lltioM '"' •'"■ ""'■' "•"""■ "' ""•"""• ^"f ""■ "Krirnl.ural ,«.,.„■ "wiMK to n vuri..t.v of .•.,.■«.«. hut ..|,i,.fl,v ,o th.. .on.m.iiti.,,, ..f |»„„„v |V.I l».. . rr;-7;:;':— r:jt,-::str, """• '-•■^' ':•"■'"■•' ;---'r,:rr J;:^!='::r:;!:';£ ;:-'::rl„t.!:'-= ?;,:■:; TIIK CONUITIOXS R.U)ll AI.I.V < IH.\(1KI>. The coiiditioim have rmlicall.v f,on» (716) ISa~S9a9 -Fo. 86 e.iy.iB.1 Axn thk British irssr lyinEs I'S It WilS Tlio iiniirnvcil prospects of the siiRnr iiidiistr.v liavo iiiiido it possible to secure a certain iimoimt of .■apitiil for the installation of morcly interested in the sngar industry of th.- I'nitnl States and had visited every important sujtar factory in that countr.v. He .sai.l that altbonifb the factory in St. K'itts was not as larBc as some of the American fa<'t grow cane on their own littb- holding.s than to labour on tlie large estates. The canes purchased from the cane farmers .-ost t!ie fa.'tori.'s no m„re than those grown on their own f states, but the mgroes will work har.l.T an.l l.aiger for themselves and so they earn more than when w.>rking on the estates. In addithjii to the cane farmers who own small hol.lings. there are a onsjder- able number who rent land from th.' larg.' .stat.'s for the pnrpose of gn.wing canes and tlie own.'rs of estat.'s ar.' very ready to rent land for this pnrpoAe. I.AM) KKNTKll T.I UK K .:HOW h»S. In British (iuiana .'an,, farming has not become popular, hut many of the sugar estates rtnt land to Kast Indian c.ili.-s for rice growing. This em-.)urag.>s them to remain on the estates after their period of indenture expires, and the greater part of their time is .levot.'.l t.. lab..ur on the sugar .'states. In some cases the sugar estates allow the .'...dies to have laud for ri.'c growing for nothing in order to keep them after the iiid.>nturc period. Tb.-se small ric.^ growers probably work on the average l.mr .lays ii.-r w.ek for th.' sugar estates at regular wages. Their little irops of rice ad.l consiil. rahly to their .'arnings. As the laud thus utilized f.,r ri.'c growing is u.-ually not well suit.-.! for s„^,.,r cane, the area of pr.Klu.tion has been considerably increased by the development of ri.'e growing. Many of the Kast In.lian lan.l ..wners in British Guiana are also growing riee on their small holdings. .MANY TIIKKS PI.AXTKI). The great number of trees and plants purchased by planters a..d pea^sant far.ner. from the botanie stations in different colonies has already been referred to. fIV.I/).! .IV/> Tilt: liRITlSIl WrsT tXDIES 87 Til Dominica hwt .vrar the ujrriciiltunil ^lopnrtmont w>M. in addition to 10,000 oane cuttings obtained from Antijriia. tlu' f.dlowinyr trros and plants ffrown at the Dominica l>ot;uiical gardens: liinie trt't-H -*) gq^. ('iu'iio tret'H .. «*(!-- , , „ t»,'i ( 1 ( offeM trees - ^^^^^ Til ra rubber trees ]\ \\ \ \[ '' ]* '*\;n Kudded WashiiiKtoti Xaval oraiiKf trees .. 1.3!* Krape fruit trees ..'..'.*. ,*. ' 41*1 lemon trees ™i, tanperlne trees ii) spineless lime trees, ^ <:rafteinKk' islun.l. For .-onic years past sut-h distribu- tion ot ..oononiic trpos has b.'i'n in pro^rnss tl.roujrhout tlie IJritisli WVst Indies, an.l the hiet tliat the trees distril.nted are n.arly all pai.l for is cvidenee of the interest akeii l.y tlie people „, improving their properties. Thus in St. Lueia, where :,A C,s2 lime tr..es uvre .li>tril..,ted last .var, .-.4,!»:!7 trees wre sold, while 1,S()0 were L-iven free to piirehasers of Crown lands. It takes from five to s<-ven years for eacao, coeonut, limes and other fruii trees to eon.e into profitable bearinfr, althonsh small yields may be obtained a little earlier, the number now in th.. iiroduetive stajje is very small compared with the total number i)laiite.l. but even within two or three years the produ.-tiim of the islands will be greatly ind. The head .,f the Crown Lands Department in IVmiinica tohl nie that he could say eoiiHdeiitly from liis knowledse of the number of tnes idready phuittd and about to be planted that tlie production of limes in Dominica would be ten times as preat within t<'n .vears as it is to-day. In Dominica, Montserrat and St. Lucia lime trees are in ftreatest demand; in Trinidad, C.reiiada and St. Vincent eacao ami coconuts; in British (iuiana coco- nuts, limes. cacao, coffee iiiul Para rubber trees. Ikrbado.>. Antigua, St. Kitts, Xevis and the Virgin Islands, heinjr comparatively dry and wind-swept, are not planting as many trees as the other islands. Coconut trees do not require a heavy rainfall, .iiid a eonsiilerabk' number liav.' been phiuted in Xevis. The plantations, although not yet in the bearing stage, give promise of great success. In considering the present economic situation in those colonies where tnes liave been extensively planted it slioiiM be noted that the investment of capital in clearing land, pn'imring it for cultivation and keeping it free from varicms tropical UTowtlis that would obstruct the development of the trees has been quite large. The investors have as yet liiul almost no return. In many eases they are discournged with waiting for results. Wliile I was in Demerara a man seventy years of age who had 10,000 coconut trees which had almost readied the bearing stage was so tired of waiting for nuts 'mt he sold his property for a mere fraction (]f its intrinsic value. A little syndicate of (ieorgetown men purchased it and will get their profit* when the trees eoine into bearing. Long ago coconuts and coffee were more extensively proerial Dcparlmcnt of Agriculture as well as the local departments are always ready to eome to the assistance of the planters in their endeavours to destroy insect pests and eradicate diseases. 88 r.iv.in.i .1 v/, riiK iikitisii »i-:sr ixdies IM i ■ 'on'rs to t:r,.vv „„ .„•,• Kelt UK .nnM...I,..t.. „rom,s-v,.,v lu.nds,..,... ,.r.,.i,. -an,! .h.M.san.l. ..f a.-r." an. I Jottlt ""'"'"'' ''"''"■ *■'"'"" "'""■■«•"'■'<■ "^" ■'"»■ -l<-"t<.l to s"a l'la,,,l liKM It.M, ( UNDITIIINS. '••VHl.M.tl.v ti». p,.,„.ral .....alitions ar.. l,.tt..r n,m- i„ ,„ar.v v.avs tl tl„.v ..v.,- wm. l,..<.,r.. an,l thr,- ar. )ik..l,v t- 1,.. still Lotfr in tl... fntMr... ' ill tl.c .lays wl.,.,. K-n.at lort......s ^vru■ n.a.l.. ii, si.frar tl... „w....|.. „f „|.„if,ti„„ >l-..t .....t „. ,1... ,.„„u.v i„ K.,«l„„.l. A lar«,.r pr ni.,„ „f t . ,■ U. "' ••uit.,r.. n,.,v ,.,.,.,ai.,s i„ „„. ...,l„„i..s tl,a„ at a„v ......vi,,,,. ,i,„.. ^ ' ■'*■"" m..ss r'!7,!;'T''' I" ,""■ "■"'"""■'" "'■ ""'""'"^ "" ■^"'"" '"•'''"'•■- "•• ''»■''■ '•"••' *'"• pa. t> «>li „.,.r..as.. ,„ tl... futur.. as tl... tr....s tl....v l.av.. ,,la..t...l ,-., i,„„ „.a,.i„.. ..as th...v ,..o„m,. l„.tt..r instru-t...! i„ i„t..,.siv.. a.^ri..ult,.r.. thr.„.,l. ,1... ... .'h ^ ot tl... aBrjc.,. Itural ,..x,,..rts a...l tl... ..x„,„,,lo ..( th..,r ....iKl.lM,..rs. .OSS of tl... \\,.st I,..l,..s a...l tl... ..„u.t....,.tl. ......turv th..ir ,listr..ss. 1„. l,..Ii,.v,.,l tl,.- tw...,ti..tl. ......tur.v w.ml.l wit.,..ss tli..ir r..^'......n.ti..i,. <>»m:hs iik i.ah.jk i'i.antati.ins. It will 1.0 i.„d,.rst,M..l that ^vl,ilo s|.,.,.ial atf..„ti..„ has 1,....,, pai.! t., a .l.......ipti„., u the con,l,„o,.s ..f th.. n.ass..s of tl... p..,„.l.. a.n,.,.,^ wl..,n, tl... sp.. „ i.,:! -apa .i i ■ L ti. . 1 V ' ' ." V "" *'""" '■"'"■"'" "■'"' """"•""-' ^"' <"iff'Tc'n.... in ..li.nati.- ■ ..n"«■""-'<■'-, or att..r,....vs wl,.. r..pr..s,.,.t th..,,, ar.. pai.l Hritish <.,„.,,„ wl...n. tl... s„;.ar vstafs nr. vor.v n.n.-h larger an.l i„ a i,„n,l,..r ..f ..M.s s..vera! lar... ..states ha vo b«.i. ,..,„.hi,i..d th.-re ar.. ..i.l.v about f..rtv ^ ■. , « .sta,..s. Jhor.. an. n. a.l. ,t...„ a few lar,.- ..s,.,t..s pr...l„..i„g ,.o,.„„uts .-a.^a,.. li,n .. .1.(1 s.inie larwe riibb(.r i. .iMtj.t.i.i.s >.r,. l.,.; .....i:,i.,. i . . -. .M a...i.ii.,„ a lew larjre ..st^.t.'s pr...li... „>? ....conuts ea.a.. li,n..s or,,... „„,1 some lar«e rabber plantations ar.. b..i„,. ..stablish,.,!. but ... tl" wh i may be sa..l tha il... ow„..rsl,ip .,f i,iip.,rt»,it est„t,.s is eoucentrat,.,! i,. f,!we 1...... tha.. ,n any other ..,.l..ny. I„ Triui.la.I tl,ere are approximat,.lv 3 la -v esta ..s. betw..e„ S„(. an.l i.OO ^,...,1 si.o,l ,.a..ao estat..s an.l about 114 c. ... ut el t , ' .or . ."'.Lit ■'*■'";'"•"/""■'•'"■': '•'li/'-'^"!- "'• I'X' — -"1 "V..r. In B.,n,ini,.a . n are ab.,ut lis su.-l, ,.statos, ,„ St. Kitts tl„.r,. ar,. .IT ,.states of 1.1.) a..r,.s a,..! ov..r- in Montserrat abo.it 4-'; in AntiRua ab..ut 124. ' J have s,.,.,,r,..l lists of the owners a„,l ninnasers of tl„. ,.stat..s in the .liffer..nt oolo,,u. whieh I an, handing, to the (•..„,inissi..ner of Trade and Cnnrn'reo However the majority of the w,.Il.t.,-d.. p,H>ple of thes.. eoloni,.s live in tbe .ill,.- and tow-ns. As thn Ke,,eral ,.,.,.i„.,„i.. eonditions e„,.n„t be fnllv „...;,„. i ' i\ i/).i i\/* nil: iiitirisii wF.sr iM>n:s N 90 '■IV I/) I \\i, Tin: nitinsii wy.sr isi>n:s f'ivi/>i iv/i rin: iwirisii wnsr iM>n:s 91 A typical n-idfiitiiil strut nf (it-iiiyctnwn, Hriti»h (Jiiiuim. CJui'en'B College, Pdrt of-Sp»in, Trinidad. 93 (■4.V.4/*,! A\h Tin: HKirislI WESI IMUKS I i fivi/»i i\/» rut: iiitiTisii wrsT isitiKs 93 I 12 J r.iv.W).! «v/» rut: iiHirinii must imukn ! •8 r.i.vioi A\n run iihitihh wkst isnms M Chtptrr XIV. THE CITIES AMD T0W1I8. Tlif iiiM-f iiii|Hirfiiiit tiiwii- til' til. liritMi W.M liif wliicli iit tlir cmh.ii* .if lull wii- n- f.illi.wn: I'ort of Hpaln fi'.'ll ric-lown '.•••■'" KlMK-lmi i-'lll Hrl.lKtlown '•'.<>•» SlraiiutT* vi-iliiiK till'."!' i-ili<> iirc iii.mill.v iiii|irr-!><'il with tln' IuukIkoiih' imliiii' luitiliiiKH. till' till.' iNirkw mill I'lililir irarili'iis tlir iiii|Hirtiiiit l)ii>iiir»» limi-.i-' and tin- liiiKf iiiinilicr "if Ixaiitifiil liiiiiii- •.nrr.iiiiMlcil li.v Brmimli' iKl.iriii'd witl: trnpi.'al trrr-. TIIK I IT\ lir PnllT (ir >f\l\. Piirt .if Spain liad. lu rdiiiM: t.i tlir <«'iisu-i .if 1!>11. only a ii.ipulfltimi of :,»,'\M. bnt tlio (CMsiin rfp.irt stati'.l that thr «'..iiti(iu.iii» ^iibiirliMii villatfc of Porn was aliinit to lie aiiiii'xcd, nuikiiiK the iHipidalimi ti.'i.I'M a» aliovi' statrirs heiiitf fed b.v tn.iuntain streams. The KH'atest pains is taken to kicp iv.ry part of tli.> city free from ino...|nito lr.'edi;iti pools of water lui.l t.i prev.'nt staiinant water eolleetiiiK in reeeptaeb's ..f any kin.l. A staff of in^.eetors is kept busy visitiiijt bai-k yards and other pla.'es where u.os.piitoes niiKlit find n breedinft place, and any one vi. dating the n'Riilations is arreste.l and si'verely fined Tort of Spain is situated -'>housps. However, some of the shipov ers have exiiressed the opinion that ov.'inK to its unique smooth water facilities i;Bhterace is the most expeditious mode of handling inward and oi.tward earRifs, and they dait that t.re lar;;i- cXi>tiiditiire |tropt-.=pd f.>r dredeinK n ehannrl and coustructinp win rves wo\ild necessitate additional port charses that would be bur.lcn.some to shipping. II s : : I ge ri\ i/M tv/* Tin: HHiTiHii H»>f isinr.i* w I I ! I Tli.rr i« >i v.r.v wi.l.' »lnil fiwiiitf d"' ImrLoiir "ii wM-li fn-nt u iiumlxT "f iiii|H>rtuiit wli..limil.' Immit. iiikI .'Xi-.r! wiipl •<•.. I'ltr.illi I with lliin run. iiiii.lli.r very wi.l.' IniMii.'.- -tr..l Un..wii .1^ Muriii.- S,|ii,.r.'. »\\ wlii.li .ir.' tli. I.ii.lii.a; l>.iiik«. .)!«.•.•» of .(. liiii.tiii iiriniii., uikI 11 iiuiiiUt i.f wli..l.'»iil.' iiii.l r.'tiiil .-liilili-lim.iit.. Hut th.' i.riii.ii-ul r.tiiil -ImppiiiH lli..r..imlif.ir.' i. Kn.l.-ri.k »tr.'»'t. wlii.-li i« -iml.' iiiirrow. Til.' pride of I'orl i-t S|.iiiii i. ili.' .iiniiimili. 11 liinn- piilili.' piirk with iii.iimtiiiiin ill th.. lHii-k«r.>uii.l. II. t«v.ii Ih.' .av.iiiiiiih iiinl ill.' iiioinitiiini li.' K"V.Tiiiin'iit h.-iiw mill Ih.' iMiliiiii.' Kiinhii-. Th.' -.iivuiiiuih i. »tirr..iiii.l. .1 h.v 11 Hii.' ii-pIim1i .Iriv.', fn.iit- iiiit ..II wl'l.'h iir.' til.' It'.vnl Vi.ti.riii lii-titiit.'. Qi ii'- «'..n.'(fi' iiikI m.ni.v iH'iiiifiliil ri'M.l.'iK'.'... Till' vi.'W ..I III!' ..iv.iiiiiiih iiii.l th.' hill* In^.v-.h.! i- "M.' ii< v.r t.. ho I'.rK.itt.'ii. M..iitrciih .■>. •■nil f.-riii mi i.l.ii »i wlint tli.' miviiiiiiiiIi ix lik.' h.v iiiiii«iiiiii(f all tlio hiii.l iHtHC'ii •- riith.riii. >tr.'.e iiii.l th.' iiiMiiiitiiiii iiii.l fr I'lirk iiv.'iiiK' t.. (iii.v .tri'i't li. hi' II K'liit piirk .■.iirr..iiiiil.'tl h.v tin.' r.-.i.h'ii.'. * with 11 tjc.v..riiiii.'ii' I '•' iiii.l hi'iiiililiil iM.tiiiiii «.ir.hiiK ii.'Mliim .it th.' f.H.t ..f M..iiiit K.>.viil. T..r..iit..iiiiiii> .oiiM r. pri..lii.'.' th.' Hiiv.i,.Miih h.v .hiiriiiif nil ..f th.' hiiihliiiu- .-ut ..f iiw»* J'»rk. phi.'Hitf II liii.. K'.v.'riiiii.iit h...:-.' .lu.l h it.iiii.' uiir.i.'ii* :i( ll»' l!l""r -tr<'.'i iH.iiii.liir.v iiml ii'iiiKiiiiiiK II I iilifiil riiiiu.' ..f hi«li hilU ri»iiiif ' !■ wIi.t.' St. Cl.iir .iv.'tiii.' m-w riiii». \V'*\Ai» th.' ^iiviiiiiih. I'c.rt ..f Sp.i'ti liii* II iiiiiiih.r ..f Hii.' piihli.' «|iiiirf*. Till' iiiiiiii p.irt i'f th.' .il.v \'w* h.'tw.'.ii Miiriin- F..iiiiir.' iiii.l th.' Nivntiiiiih. Tli« I'loi'tric i-tn.t riiilwn.v whiol iiii.' rrsiiLiitiiil "iiuirtiT-. ^f th.- Tt.v with the hiidiiii'M* .-.iitr.' \* .•..iitrollcl h.v C'mmilinii <'iipitiil. I'l.rt of Spain \* the wlu.l.'sal.' ..'iitr.' aii.l .li*trihiitiiit' iH.iiit for tlu- Wiolf .'f Triiiitln.l. . , , TIkto ur.' H.'V.'ral .iiiit.- .'xt.-iisiv.- .Icpurtiiietit xl-.w* in l'.>rt ..f Spam. ..in- "f tlxi" haviiiif ll»,Hi; Hiiuar.' f.'.t ..f th...r spa.'.' 'l.-u.t.-nr.' fc't (lovoti'tl t.i it* wholfsal.' .h'pHrtiiii' it. a total of :.'4.tli'.'> siimirt' feet. TIIK . 'TV or ..H.lll iKT.lWV, IIKMKHAHA. Tlu« Ix-Ht plaiiii<-.l .itv ill all th.- SV....t liidi.'-. \* (i.'<.r)f.'t..wii. Di'iin'rarii. Wh.-ii llritish (iuianaV puhli.' laii.N »r.' «'tth'.l and its natural r.'wur.-.'H full.v d.'v.'h.|M'.l (i.K.rK..t..wii will prol-allv !..■ th.- (irtati'st .'ity in th.' W.'st. In.li.'s. KurpasMiiir t'v.-ii Havana in population, for Itriti-h narrow .'X.-cptiiiK in a small s.'.'ti..ii whi.'li was r.'.'.'ntl.v d.'stro.v.'.l h.v fir.' an.l is to h.> rt'biiilt on a wi.lcr scale. . Then' ar.' a iii.niU'r of uri'at residential houl.'vards as wide as 1 niversit.v BVeiiii.-. Tor..nto. AloiiK the .'entr.' of th.'s.' str.'.'ts is a wi.h- walk sliad.'d I'.v inmu'iise oriia- inentiil trtn-s unii on em-li si.l." is a .Irivewa.v. (i.K,rK.t..wii has l..'.'n .'alhil th.' (-•ar.h'ii .it.v of the W.'st Indi.'s an.l it w.'ll .les.>rves th.' iii'iii.' with its trrent Im,, -vards an.l puhli.' s.iuares. its iH.tani,- p.r.h'iis nn.l private hona's enihow.'red ani.iiiK trees and flow.-rs. C.'oruet w:i i^ iiiiikinit war 011 th.' ,11-.. ,s.-'..r.'eiliiiir nios.piito as |iersist.'iitly as Port of Spain, hut it is not as advan.'.'.l a.- tl . ini.la.l eit.v roiianliiijc wat.'r suppl.v and M'waR.'. For Hre an.l fliisliiim purp- ,es ». . is pipi-d into th." .'it.v. hut for .h.mes- tie purix.H.'s rain wat.'r is e .lle.'t.'.l from the roofs in vats and tanks, wli.eh m n.'.;or dnii.'f with strirtl.v eiifor<'.-.l pnhlie reKiilations ar.' (fuaril.il aifainst m.is.piito.'s. I his mill water is filter.'.! and IwiiltKl and is dc'larcl to he v.-r.v pure. The husiiie- front of C.-ortfetowii with extensive wharfaite fneilities is alonir the I).-iiierara river, i.i.t one end of the t-itv Ur<-. lie s*'H. r.P.-.r-.>town is hnilt on cround about four f.vt iH'h.w the lev.'l of liiRh ti.le. but it is prol,liti<-iil iiml •■"•iiil I'l'iitrt' of Hriti!-!! (liiiiinn Sdim- of tlir liiriti-xt iilitii( ln'iiw^ in tin' Mriti»li \Vi'«t Imlii'' nn- I itnl lii'fi mill till- ntiiil *tnrr- i'iini|ian> fuvmiralil.v witli lliimi. of I'urt c.f Simin. Tlirri' iirt" two liifKf iiiiirki'ta in r(ji'ti>»li. TMK ri.i.f. Kiiiu '■Imt. llu' limliiiK nlnil »liii|i|iiiiK "trt^ . wiim ontinly relmilt anil Ih now tlii' liamUomiit IniBini'is "tri-i't in tin- Hrilixli \\'c*t Inilii'f. Tliin "Irii't anil a ft'w otliiTs art- wt'llpaviil ami liavi' Hm- wiili- niili-walk^ lint llu' city a* a wliolo i* not pavnl mill i* very ilii*ty, whili- iiio-«t of tin- !ty tin- i-ity i* not dirty. One mth no tilth anywlK-ri-. KiiiK^ton hait thi' tiiu'«t ifoviTiimi'iit hiiililiiiRtt in tin- Wi'Kt Inilii's. Tliry nro nitUHtiil in till- I'lMitrp of tlio liniliiiB tlioroiiKlifiiro of tlio I'ity wliii'h oxttiiili. from tli" wntiT front to thi- piiblir Kurili'iix. TlH'ri' arr many homrliki' lioiuix in tlio I'ity, Imt the irroiimU iMloiiniiiB to tliiin nr iii'i'aliil hy hiuh ami utronwly luii wall* or fi'iK-i-s of stoni> or i-cimiit. If ilio moiii'y oxih'IiiIihI on thiw walU liail . uwil to ntriii't niilrwalkn ami asphalt pavl■nll•lll^ Kin(f»ton would liHik »* Kiirin'o and moilorn a* Port of Spain. A i-onsi'lcraliii' imrtion of KiiiK»ton i» providi-d with wwiTi, and the *y»U'm \* Ix'iiiB I'xtriidfd. A (t-wl Kiipply of piirc watrr i* i>i|«il to llic rity from a nioimtaiii utrcuni. AloiiK the widi' loiintry rimd» for wviral mili-:* iM-yond the lity aro sulnirlian ri'^i- di'nci's which liM.k vory attrartivp in tliiir larjrc (tf<"':id' anioiiK tropii-al trii-s ond riowi'rt". Till' KiiiK^ton cli'itrii- ctrrot railway system cxU-ndn into thi- pouiifry for wvcral iniU'!. am! imtiiy of the businciw mi'n live outside. Till' harl«)iir of KiiiKston is the finest in the West Indits and thrre are gom\ wluirfaite fiieilitics. There is a large and handsome market building. THE TOWN UP IIAI.K-WAV-TBEE. Any visitor h^ .Tamaiea who exomines Mie census Tfvoxt will iud '•! n tiible of tlie cliiif towns •' Ilalf-Wny-Tree ond Vicii.ity."' poimlation i:a.:ii'' in mil ns com- pared with 9,702 ot the previous eensus. Wishing to see this r. 'Hy growing city he will be informid that Ilalf-Way-Trce can be read .1 ! y electric ■ i., but on arrival there he is surprised to find no business houses e.xc',*-i;t a few viliige stores, and the discovery is made that Ilalf-W ay-Tree i* really only a garden suburb of Kings- ton. All the way olong the road between Kingston and Half-Way-Tree are suburban homes with very large grounds. TIIK CITY or BRmriETOWN, K^RBAPOS. \n Bridgetown, Barbados, as in Kingston, .Jamaica, the grounds turrounding the homes are wnlled in. A great deal of money must have been expended on these walls ond the city would look better without them, os it would be easier to see the bc-iuty of the grounds which thi-y enclose. There are many really bratitiftil residence* in Bridgetown and its suburbs. 83175—7 *i| m ; 5 98 (M.V.in.l .i.\ '» Tilt: BHITISH UK-sT ISniES Within tliu »tatiit(ir,v limits of tlio I'ity tlic iiopulutidii wiis only ltl/.4S at the Iflst COI1S118, but tliore is no dividing line butwccn the c-ity proper and its residential suburbs and the eensua report recognizing tliat tliese suburbs, arc actually part of the eity states the united population to be 35,00(). The business streets of Barbados are narrow, but Trafalgar square in the centre of the business quarter relieves the appearance of narrowness. The principal resi- dential streets look wider because the houses stand back quite a distance from the street. Bridgetown is to some extent a distributing centre for the Windward and Lee- ward islands as well as for Barbados. There are a number of inuiortant importing: and exporting houses here. In the retail district there are many good stores. It must be noted that the whole population of Barbados do their shopping in Bridgetown. Remember that the length of the island of Barbados from end to ond is ten miles less than the length of the island of Montreal. So Broad street, Bridgetown, which is broad only in name, may be regarded as the shopping district for a garden city of about 172,000 people. • Bridgetown has good water piped from the hills. There is no general sewer system in Bridgetown, but t,;nitary regulations for keeping closets clean have been carefully devised and are strictly enforced. The roadways are not paved, but being macadamized with coral limestone are quite good. While I was in Barbados tin work of changing the horse car tramway into an electric system was begun. SMALLER CITIES AND TOWNS. Trinidad, British Cn.iana, and Jamaica all have their smaller towns which may be grouped with the leading towns of the Windward iind Leeward islands, the popu- lation being Js follows: Castrleg, St. I.ucla ^I'llt San Fernando, TrlniiUul »•»»' New .Xmsterdam. British (iulana »•»»< Basseterre, St. Kitts »•'»» St. John, Antigua l-^]" Spanish Town, Jamaii:i 3',,., ? I'ort Antonio, Jamaica i JtJ Montcgo Bay. Jamaica »•»!* Roseau, Dominica »'„»J KlHKston, St. Vincent '-O" St. aeorge'a, Grenada 5.18S Tunapuna. Trinidad 5,644 Princes Town. Trinidad 4,438 Arima, Trinidad ♦■<'20 THE TOWK OF LASTKIES, ST. LLLlA. It should be nott^l that the town of Castries priqier, which is built very nearly on aca level, had only 6,200 inhabitants in 1911, but a large prop<}rtion of the better classes of Castries live on the high hills which surround the town. What the census report calls " Suburban Castries " had a population of 3,988, making the total 10,254 as stated above. Castries has a very fine harbour. It is the only place between Bermuda and Georgetown, British Guiana, where the Royal Mail Canadian steamers can unload cargo at the docks. At every other port until Georgetown is reached the cargo must be unloaded into lighters, Castries is an important coaling station. The number of steamers bunkering there last year was 53,'>. The total number of entries and clearances of steam vessels last .year was 1,670 with a tonnage of 3,528,.')39, while the entries and clearances of sailing vessels numbered 502, with a tonnage of lh,l.V2. The Treasurer of .St, Lucia points out that compared with the latest figures available of the twent.v-fivo principal ports in the self-governing Dominions. Crown colonies, possessions and protectorates enumerated in the British Board of Trade's Statisticiil Abstract Castries stands fourteenth in the list. C AX ADA AM) THE ttRITlHU WKST lyOIEfS 99 hi udditiou to supplyiujs shipa with coal, Castries *,old tliuiu last year 2,J0i,.,U gallons of the fresh, pure water which is piped to the city from the mountains. The admirable saiiitiiry arrangements of Castries are d.s.ribed in the chapter devoted to health conditions in the West Indies. TllK OTHER TOWNS. Basseterre, St. Kitts; St. John, Antigua; Kingstown, St. Vincent; an,l St. George's, Orenuda, are all clean, well-built towns. Koseau, Dominica is becoming important eommereially owing to the growing prosiionty of the island, but it is very ugly and is a blot on the grandeur of what has been described as the most beautiful island in the whole world. Tlymouth, the shipping port of Moutserrat, had only « population of 1,534 at the census of 1911. San Fernando, Trinidad, is the shipping point for an important sugar and cacao district. Tort Antonio, Jamaica, is the headquarters of the I nittd iruit Company, and there is a very good service of fruit steamers carrying bananas regu- larly from this port to New York. ^ . . , r< ■ ■ .i New Amsterdam, at the mouth of the Berbice river in British Ouiana, is the capital of the county of Berbice. As the fertile lands which extend many miles up the Berbice river are settled it will increase in comm.Tcial importance. It should be noted that New Amsterdam is sometimes called Berbice, and some of the business houses have Berbice printed on their stationery instead of New Amsterdam. When a Georgetown business man is about to pay a visit to New Amsterdam he usually says, " I am going to Berbice." „ • j t^ • Nassau, the capital of Bahamas, is on the island of New Providence. It is quite a popular winter resort for visitors from the United States and Canada. Belize, the capital and principal seaport of British Honduras, has a population of about 10,000. However, any Canadian manufacturer visiting the British W est Indies who sees only the cities and towns will have a very inadequate conception of these colonics. Not only for an understanding of present trade conditions, but in order to grasp the opportunities of future expansion it is necessary to make a study of the natural resources and capabilities of each colony. The Canadian importer of tropical pro- ducts whether for food or for raw materials of manufacture equally requires a knowledge of these local conditions. Although all these colonies arc in the tropics each has its own characterictics and the products which are best adapted to some of them cannot be successfully grown on a commercial scale in others. I shall describe in future chapters of this report the natural resources and capabilities of each colony. . . As British Guiana is by far the largest of the colonics and offers opportunities for immense development the next three chapters of this report will be devoted to an account of its geographical situation, physical characteristics, naturd resource* and productions. 8,1175— Ti « 100 CAXADA jI.VD THE BRITISH WEST INDIES CA^ AP.l AM> THE HRITIHIl WKHT IXUIES 101 Chapter XV. BKITISH GUIANA. British Guiana is bounded on the northwest by Venezuela, on the cast by I>ntih Guiana and on the south and southwest by Brazil. Its most southern point almost touches the equator, being 0" 41' at the source of the Kssequibo river on the border of Brazil, while at Punta Playa, its, most northern limit, it reaches 8 33 22 north latitude. British Guiana looks small on the map in comparison with the vast territory of Brazil, but its area is a little larger than that of Great Britain, being 90,277 square miles, while England, Scotland and Wales together haTe an area of 88 120 square miles. It has a seaboard of 270 miles, extending from Punta Playa, near the eastern mouth of the river Orinoco, to the mouth of the river Courantyne, which forms the boundary between the British colony and Dutch Guiana, irom the ocean southward it varies in depth from about 540 miles at the west to about 300 miles at the east. THE LOWLANDS AND THE I1ICHI.ANDS. Looked at from any point on its 270 miles of seaboard British Guiana presents the appearance of a low-lying flat country as far as eyo can reach. This plain Taries in width from ten to forty miles, widening toward the east, and many P«j'» of it have much the same appearance as the prairies of western Canada. What Canadians call a prairie is known in British Guiana as a savannah, and there arc many small savannahs in the colony both in the lowlands near the coast and in the highlands of the interior. , . , „ , »i, • To the south of the flat coastlands extending along their full length is a broader belt having an elevation of about 50 feet above sea level at the front and sloping back to a height of about 100 feet, with hills in some places 200 feet above sea level. , . . It is estimated by Mr. C. Wilgress Anderson, the government surveyor and forestry oflicer, that these two belts, which may be called the lowlands of British Guiana, vary in depth from 35 to 110 miles inland from the coast and enribrace an area of about 17,000 square miles, the widest parts beinfe- at the east of the colony and especially near the Berbiee river. "Beyond these belts southwards," says Mr. Anderson, "the country rises between the river valleys, and as it approaches the sources of the larger rivers attains a height of about 900 feet above the cea level at the source of the Takutu river on the western boundary and about 400 feet above the sea at the source of the Couran- tyne river, the eastern boundary. The surface of this elevated hinterland is greatly diversified by hills and valleys; it contains nil the principal mountain ranges, also several irregularly distributed small ranges, and in addition^^in its southern . id eastern parts there are many scattered and isolated mountains." Mr. Anderson, who has travelled extensively in the interior of the countiy ami who accompanied Sir Walter Egerton on a two months' trip along the route of the proposed railway, says that the most prominent feature of the hinterland is a group of flat-topped mountains which form more or less extensive undulating plateaus each rising above the other in successive terracf, from about 1,000 feet to about 3..'i00 feet above sea level, intersecting which there are many ranges of over 4,000 feet, and at the extreme south of the colony rising above all these heights are the isolated plateaus of Mount Roraima and Mount Kukenaam. 102 CAXADA AXD TBK njRlTI^n VrE«T ISDIES n ii A LAND OF MANY Rn'KKS British (iuiana is a laud of iiiuny rivers, gome of tkin of immense size. In the British West India islands what Canadians would consider small oreeks iire called rivers, but in British Guiana many rivers navisable for some miles from their mouths are called creeks, because they are small in comparison with the gient rivers of the colony. But even the great rivers, in spite of their length and tlie enormous, volume of water which they pour into the ocean, do not serve well as convenient highways to the far interior of the country, because after the two low-lying belts of land which stretch across the front of the colony have been passed and the highly elevated hinterland is reached navigation is obstructed by rapids and waterfalls, although there are many long navigable s,trctrhes. There are no roads from the seaeoast to the hinterland, and the only way of communication with the highlands is by means of small boats that can bo portaged around the rapids and waterfalls. It is important that Canadian exporters should understand these conditions, because food supplier intended for consumption in the mining, lumbering and balata camps of the interior must be so packed as to be easily transported in these small boats and conveniently handled in loading and unloading. The Demerara river ranks sixth in size among the rivers of the colony, but it IS the most important commercially. This river has a length of 200 miles and is navigable for large steamers as far as VVismar, CS miles from the sea, while smaller vessels go 15 miles farther up. At its mouth is Georgetown, the commercial metro- polis and capital of the colony. The Berbice river ranks next to the Demerara m commercial importance. At its mouth is the important town of Sow Amsterdam. That part of the seaboard lying between the Demerara river and the Venezuela boundary is called the west coast; the seaboard from the Demerara to the boundary of Dutch Guiana is called the east coa.st. Emptying into the Atlantic on the west coast are the Kssequibo, the Pomeroon, the Waini and the Barima rivers, w.ille the Berbice and Courantyne are on the east coast. These rivers have a number of important tributaries. In addition to the rivers mentioned there flow into the Atlantic a number of small independent rivers, which although comparatively narrow are quite deep and provide communication from the seaboard to points some miles inland. Thus there is a network of rivers throughout the colony and notwithstanding the expense and delay necessitated by the portaging of boats around waterfalls in the highlands no section of the country can be considered absolutely inaccessible. It must not be forgotten that rapids and waterfalls do not "begin until after the coastlands aiul the slightly elevated belt of land beyond them have been passed so that no part of the lowlands is very far distant from navigable waters. STKAJf NAVIGATION. Small steamers go up the Courantyne river a distance of about 87 miles from the sea. In dry seasons the i .eamer terminus on the Berbice river is 88 miles from the soa coast but in the rainy seasons navigation is uninterrupted for 165 miles from tne river's mouth. The Caiije creek, which joins the Berbice near its mouth, although n rrow, is very deep and is navigable for 51 miles from its mouth. The Pomeroon has uninterrupted steam navigation for about 35 miles from its mouth, while the Waini river steamer terminus is 53 miles from the sea. Small steamers ascend the Barima for 94 miles in the dry season while in the rainy season this river is navigable by small steamers for 210 miles. The Kssequibo, the greatest of Guiana rivers, has its source almost on the "quator at an elevation of 850 feet above sea level and enters the Atlantic Ocean at the 7th parallel of north latitude, after flowing a distance of over 600 miles including windings. The government surveyor says that its drainage basin together with those (■iv.i;»i .i\n Tin: niiirisn west lyiuEs 109 of its tributaries ci ■iipris..s .Miisid.'rnbly more tliaii half the area of the colony. At Bartiea, about «() miles fr,.m the ocean, it is joined by the great Mazaruni river which itself receives the waters of an important tributary, the Cuyuni 5 miles above Uartici The Ksseiiuibo is :4 miles wide nt Uartica and (sradiially expands as it Hows toward the sea, having a width of 14 miles at the m..utli an.l cmtaining three larj^e islands and a number of smidl islands. Large steamers run up the river as far as Bartiea, and small steamers M miles farther up, but beyond that navigation i* obstructed by many waterfalls and rapids with navigable stretches between. TIIR WOMlKHFI L K.MKTKIR FAI.I,. The Essequibo has manv tributaries the most noted of which besides the ira7a- runi »T,' the IJupunnni. whi-h flows throinih the much talkevernment railways, one extending from Georgetown along the east coast for OOJ miles to Rosignol .,ii the P.erbice river opposite the town of iNew Amst.TdMm. the other extending from Vreed-en-IIoop opposite Georgetown to the Essequibo river, a distance of about 15 miles. , , , , The Dcinarara-Esscquibo Kailway extending from Wismar. the head of naviga- tion on the Demarara river, to Rockstonc on the Kssequilx. river, a distance of m miles, belongs to Sprostons Limite.l. Apart from its utility as a means of transport- ing gr.cnlu.art timber fr..m the fo^.^ts t., ships at Wismar this railway is used chiefly bv tourists bound for the Kaieteur Fall and by miners going to the Potaro gold fields. Launches carry passengers and freight from Rockstonc to 1 otaro Landing, the remainder of the journey up the Potaro to Kaieteur being made with smal boats that can be portaged around the rapids. There are rest houses on the way and the beautv of the Potaro valley scenery makes the whole trip interesting. British Guiana is divided into three districts known as Demarara, Berbice and EssequilH). The most important commercially is Demarara. .„ , , ., , . The natural resources and capabilities of British Guuma will be described in another chapter. 104 c.is.in.i .1X1) Tin: hritisu west lyniEfi I' i n li ! ! II An irrigation and drainage (anal in British Guiana. Sucar cane puiita at a British fiuiana fiictory. I C.\\AI>.\ AM> THE nHlTlSH IVKST ISIUES Tii|i|iiiig Kulilcr ill Btiti«li liiiiniitt. 10» Evi-rv rubber tree requires a cup which ahould In- niiule in Camilla. Y(inn(f n"l>bber tieiM mi a Mazimini Uiver |ilaiitatioii. 10} CAyAliA AXD THE HXITISfl WKST lyniKH n i i If Waahing for diamondii in Britiah Kii III is. 11. i 'li m '■:^,.^^ FyT'^r^nrn •■^i^'^-4: 5^.,p,S«^l^ ^^^ ¥T^ ' ^ .J W^^- Over 1,200,000 diamond- hav.- be«. found in Briti»h Ciuiana during the I.st f, ourteen yearn. r.4.V,4n.4 AMt THE HRITISH WKUT /.VO/BS 107 Chapter XVI. THE KE80UBCE8 OF BKITISH OTTIAHA. Witli land-t lying at ^o many different altitiulo* British OuianaV climate natur- allv vaiie* in different actions, but it is everywhere very equable. AIour the coa-t the differen<-o between the mean masimum temi>or8ture« of the hottest and e.M.U,.t n.nnths ..f the year i^ a little over thn^e deRrees. while the variation l«.tween the mean minimum temp.-ratureg is only 10'. At the botanic Hardens. (ieorKetown, where the U-mix-ratures may be rcKarde-l as representative ot the e»a»t lamis the annual mean temperature is 81 0^ F., the mean mnximum S5l)° F.. and the iiwan minimum 75 8° F. , , i ^i ^ In the forest region of the slightly elevated belt back of the coastlands the tern- peratures range from 72° to 80'. while in the highlands of the interior komewhat greater extremes of temperature are registered. There is always a breeze blowing which tempers the heat. Coming down the Esseiiuibo river on a steamer one day I became acipiainted with a Roman Catholic priest now in ehnrge of a Portuguese congregation in Georgetown who lived for vears in India and Cevlon. He >aid when he received instructions that he was to be *rani,terrcd from Cevlon to British fiuiana he l.-okwl up the latitude on the map and eoncludr.l that the climate would be much the same as he had experienced m India and (Vvlon. lie was surprised to find after arrival in Britisl (iuinna that the heat was very much lcs> oppressive owing to the trade winds. lie *aid he found it much less exhausting than the climate of Ceylon. FREE FROM HURRICASKS AND EARTIIQIj AKES. British Guiana is free from the hurricanes that sometimes sweep over most of the British West Indian islands, and it has never suffered from an earthquake. Tlicre are 57,770,000 acres of land in British Guiana and only about 2.000,000 acres are privately owned, so that there are about .';.'>.700,000 acres of unalienated Crown lands. The government cbtimate that in the lowland country easily accessible by the coast railway or by the rivers navigable by steamships below the rapids and water- falls there arc about 10,880,000 acres, and over 7,000.000 acres are considered suitable for ngriciiltural purposes, of which approximately one million acres have been disposed of by the government, leaving unalienated aliout six million acres of easily accessible Crown lands suitable for agriculture. A considerable proportion of the lands in private hands remain unoccupied and could be purchasi'd at moderate prices. There are estimated to be 3,700.000 acres of savannah lands in the lowlands, while the savannahs of the highlands are said to have an area of .^.OOtl.OOO acres, the remainder of the hinterland being forest. It is believed that a great part of the vast forest covered interior when cleared will be suitable either for agriculture or for rubber plantations and fruit growing, while the savannahs of the Interior are known to be well suited for cattle raising and probably for agriculture. NO aiCIIER TROPICAL LANDS. Sir Daniel ^lorris. formerly Commissioner of the Imperial Department of Agri- culture, the value of whose opinion will not be qurstioned. has said: "The undeveloped Crown lands of British Ouiana are among the richest existing in any part of the tropics. It is almost inconceivable that such lands should have been so i«i CASAhA A\0 THK BJHTlaU WKtiT ISDlta ..n« •..•Bl.TttMl. wlMlr .•nmpur«tiv..|.v ,.o<.r,.r .n.t lo.. ....^Mible 1«„,U .rr M»g wu«ht nd Iri "• ". """"."'''•» .'"'•"-i v.- una intimate .oqu.intance with the cuitu * Mate that I know nowhrr.. ..f ,„..h n.i ..xton.iro orea <.f rich and fertile lT„H. lin, Rriirot:? Thron"""""" ""■',"""'" -" -H "f .St'S'^'at.:' ine new world or the ol.l. Furthor. tho.v nr- under the eontrol of a firm and stabl. doubt the exiitcnoe ff vast areao of fertile land. TIIK BIPI'XI Jfi gAVAMNAH. a. never been added to from outside, but it ha, inen^d to 1 To.m He Z. that ,n the dry.«t .e8«,n, the cattle never have any diffleulty in finding water and ir "JTl T.'"'^ "^ '"'P'""' ^"''"' ««"''"<» sucee,,fully in hi. garden, thinks tha tobacco and cotton would be tne mo,t «uccc»ful crop.. The a^whi h n various parts of the savannah gcem very succewful. The general .uitabilitv of hu savannah for agricultural purposes has yet to be demonstrated a th ^ a^'no about ."." '" ''" """'" "'""""''• •*"* ^" ^"•»" ^'"^^^ - "-f -ThusTa"; SI ITADI.K KOR IIKIII t LARS TOBACCO. and Aglultut ^m"'""' ^'T'"u f ""^ ^"'''^ ""'""' D^Partnient of Science and Agriculture, old me at he had not visited the Rupununi savannah. He was no very optimistic about the agricultural possibilities of the savannah as a whZ b said"'"7o"" "*™'^ :' -ils .elected from different parts of this savannah; o«r r u * '""'"^ *^^ P""*"*^' "''*'''' *« indicated by the analytical cxaminafion as the most certain for successful cultivation on the more fert e knd Ob ct^'ortrhir^T"' ■* r*:"^"^""' ^"^'""^ '""'^^ «'"•- "^ »°b"i ^j tobacco of the higher classes. I hive no doubi that there are wide areas of land where undulating r dges of the savannah gradually merge into thrrich s^iU of the river an. creek lands and fertile hollows where soils of similar physical anTehemica Which, -tably fermented and cured, should be of the highest quality. There are °; lis of a reddish sandy nature ..ontaining from .TO to 40 per cent of clay But setting aside both tb- savannahs and forest covered lands of the highland-. foists and tl "" . 'r' '"'"'^ "'"* '""""*"«'• «'»''-«»• ♦»»« <=»'"''''ter of the CAXAitA .iv/» Tin: HuniHii wkht ixint.M io> TIIK l'li< |>«>|mliiti<>n <>f the (Hil.m.v ii coiici-iitratwl <•!"«• t» the Mwooatt, nettloniPiit Ki'iittt miRar plantationn, the KaH liKlinn M'ttlenientM iind the negro villiiKi'x. Hack of thi« nettled country i» a largo area of flat alluvial landu of great fertility, extending a» far nn the ulightly elevaleil belt referred to in the lant ehopter of thi« report, but thene rieh alluvial landn generally rea«t the hind ari-a hiu h'- incrcawd in recent yr-ur« by the action of the iiea; at other |M>int» the nea ha« en< ...hed upon the low-lying land and areas once devoted to sugar growing aw ubandoiiwl. It in probable that by ityclemiitie dyking '. .«t areas of land could bo r«>«'laii'ied from the sea. On the otiier hand to save the front part of many of the «ugar estates from dcstruetion pernniiient dykes are necessary. Enormous sums of money havo been expended by sugar planters on tem|Mjrary dykes that have to be repaired constantly. t!om|)etent enginet-m expresHed the opinion that a tmnll pro|K)rtion of the money that has Ix'cn exiH-nded on such temporary dykes during the last fifty years would have provided permanent dykes invincible to the attacks of the sen, but the construction of permanent dykes would require a largo invj-stment of capital «t one time and the planters have not capital available for the purpose. Moreover dyk- ing cannot be -uccessfully accomplished by individuals. United action is necessary. The govommtnt is being strongly urged to undertake the co.istruction of iiermanent dykes along the sea coast. It has been sugg.-sttd that a gcnor-1 scheme of dyking might be so ploiined as to add to the colony a vast area of muddy flats now covered by the ocean. It is claimed that this would be no more difficult than the making of Holland and that the ew hiiids thus created Wing easily accessible and extraordinarily fertile, could ho m\A for more than enough to cover the whole cost of protecting the pr;sent coastlands. but with such great areas of Crown lands already available the government is not likely to be tempted to enlarge the colony iii this V7ay at present. Any scheme of dyk- ing undertaken by the government will probably provide only tor the protection of lands not now covered by the sea except where lands can be reclaimed without addi- tional expenditure. The low-lying lands along the rivers ala.) requiro cmpddering to prevent the ravages of the rivers in flood time, but comparatively inexpensive dyking suffices to protect these river valley lands which are remarkably fertile. The settler who undertakes to establish a plantation in the lowlands of British (i.iiana on lands that have never been cultivated, whether along the ^eatoast or in the river valleys should provide a system of drainage ditches to dispose of the surplus water during the heavy downpours of the rainy season and in some sections c-ops could be greatly increased by irrigation during the dry season, although British Ouiana has usually a very good rainfall. There are so many rivers great and small coming down to the sea that there would be no difficulty in providing irrigation and drainage for every part of the coastlands. making the plantations entirely independent of weather vagaries. Some of the plantations are calling upon the government to provide a general scheme of irrigation. It has been found that large supplies of water can be easily obtained from artesian wells and there is a difference of opinion as to whether it would be less expensive to get the water for irrigation from such wells or from the rivers. fW CAJfADA AXD TBB B»ITt09 WMtT nDlBt in 7^ Ih. r.l«f.U could nrdSSJ^upT." S.^'J^IS."* '"'""^ '" '^ nia AiiKVM, MwrAU. y^ri. lor iiutanoe, in 1801 Um rainfall for Jmu.« . i^.."'""" '" *'«»w>» b6tw«« tlMt axtrMBM, tbo arw^J^nf^r L .u ^' ff " '* ""'•^ •» »»» way «»th.lMiTi«,tlHnSrt«raT.S^J?^^^ t£ 11-60 Inoha.. W.o« Inch-. loTi^bi .^ S^ i "L'^^^.^'T^*"' '''* monthi with livht«.« rainWl ara 8«t««hlr n- L j^ '-P«rtiwly. while the 8 M inohe. and fl-S- inohi JILfST T^T^'.t"'' NoT«nbcr with 801 IncJic^ «n.it:s: S:^ut"thrrinn;i::.^?rH^.»^ --> •-^ .^owad -infii t^^rs:^!- ^rihtt;;^^^^^^^^^ ---^ th. •AKO THAT LOOKR LWa SHOtr. whitl-.a^t.r^'j t-V. n'5*arin'JS ^^"1"^-^ *", T^ •'-» " whita Mad. Kdthar the W wtmLT^h mi^ ^*^K ^""""^ »' '»« •«» wta, a. wen a, to W* a"pe'n^rtr^"oT'ti"b:: "^" •^' *° -"^^ "^ drainage the, couirproIiSr .r^" .7S/f '*™*T* t''-' *''''«*'°° -^ other part of the world oiZuT^, Evin^^ithou?*^:^*-'" '"''"''*''"' " "' MteniiTe area* of eanly accLibI- I.bJ. T w ?,.** «»P'ovement. there are While the |^>v.r2nrX^* i"l " tH ' *' """•"• '»' •*"''-»'• lowland, are .uiubl. for .ShL« Z Jl »°'*" '""'^ l^"""" '««• «' the than 8fl0.000 acrea. •«'"'"«ure. the are. .t present under cultiTation is less whiel'!:.:LTifil:"t:uit!ri2f .^"rfi^reTusS^^ '**"'• •'" **»" ^--^^^--^ t;.^ .« con«,guentl, well suit^ for^wl^^J^tT^'TC"'' ''"'»--«'2' "'' Oniana stinr for the calendar year IBlJi .^..^.^!' ^^ ""P*'". of British esiwrt. of nK,la.«« to lllS^ g^^I.^ * "^""'*^ *» 174.828.000 pounds, and the ."«.f "no";- d^r^i SrCS"o?ot*i:'*°r • T *5" ''"'• *•- P'°''-tion of There ma, he a ^^t-lSK^^^/ift^' tP,^^ "^""^ "• ""^^'^' »'"»~""«- other oa««,. but the Ben^{Z:LZ Uujw 'rd" Mr S"' "" 'J^""'* " ""• years ago augar, molasses and rum were llZ^^ , ^^ ^^ ""'t »«»t man, 1^ year sugar export, form^ 3 ^per'^ ^A^^ *^ «''°"^- ««* CASAIIA AMt TMK MITIMK WKitT IKDIKM 111 mu» C-k'LTIVATIOII. Th« East Indian! art ^ny fond of rice, and for many yvan afl> r ihitj baoaiiM M important cfeniMit of the population nearly all the rit« eoniumed bjr them waa imi>9it«d. In 18M the quantity of rice imported into Briti*h Ouiana waa S4,MO,000 poundi, and tliere war* no rice exporta. In 1013 the quvntity of rice imported waa nly 13,nS4 pounda, while 17,9W^18 pound* of rico were etported. Britlih Ouiana ia nitlinK rica aa well aa r wing it There are a number of imall rice milk in Tarioua diitricta of tha colony and aereral quite larire unea. It ii interaatinir to note that the derdopmrnt of the rice induatry wai brought •bout by tha impoaition of a high cuatomt duty on imported rice. The object of the duty appears to bare been to raita revenue, but it proved to be proteotire, and the rapid darelopment of rice growing and rice milling in Briti^ Ouiana i* a good illuitration of the effectirenesa of protection in d>>velopinK home indu*trio«, British Guiana had every natural advantage for rice growing niid the Eaut Indian popula- tion had been accuitomed to ricv "ultivation in India, but it rei|uired the itimulus of a protective tariff to eatablith the induatry on a scale to supply the home marlcM. Tha present cuatoma duty on rice is SO cents per 100 pounds. The exportation of rice did not begin until 1903-3 when about 11.000 pounda were exported. Most of the 17,S88,51H pounds of rice exported from British Ouiana last year want to the British West Indian islands, but it is hoped that before long there will be anflcient rice produced to supply the Canadian consumption also. The great Abari rice plantation of S0,000 acres, where modern agricultural mnehinery the same aa used in wheat cultivation is used in every part of the work, haa already been described in Chi4l>ter VI nf this report. oTHn TuorKthL raoDuora. The exports of other tropical farm products were as follows: Ceirss Lbs. IM«t Cacao " IM»I Copra " JM.174 Coconuts Nuls. ITI.ttl Rlosmsal " 1,110 As regards coconuts, it should be noted that the number exported is no indica- tion of the quantity produced as considerable quantities of n«ts are i:.«d in the colony in making oil which is greatly demanded by the East Indians. Tho planting of coconut tre^s has oeen very general aiong the coast in recent years, '<] the production will greatly increase when the trees come into bearing. RL'BBFB PLANTATIONS. There is much reason to believe that rubber may yet rival sugar as the chief product of firitiah Ouiana if the future price of rubber does not rule so low as to discourage production. A very large proportion o' the Crown lands of the colony possess ideal conditions of soil, temperature and rainfall for growing Para rubber. Much time was lost in experimenting with an indigenous rubber tree known aa Sapium Jenmani, being named after a former Government botanist of British Guiana. The tree grew quickly and produced rubber of fine quality, but it waa found after a time that such long intervals must be allowed between tappings that it would not pay to establish plantations. About five years ago when it was evident that Sapium Jenmani was not likely to prove an economic success, the first Fara rubber plantation was started in British Guiana. The trees hrve had a remarkably rapid growth, wd it seems probable that they win be large enough for tapping at un earlier age than the Para rubber tree* I 112 f.t.V.t/*! .t.\7> TIIK H:ilTISII WKUT INDIES of Ceylou und the Malayan St'itoa, whio}i at pn-soiit arc the worlj's chief soiiroo of supply for i>lantatiuii rubber. Wlieii I visited the Hills estate mi the ilaiiiiriiiii river, wheie d. I'nrn rubber, seientifieally known as llvvfa lirnxUiehsix is commereially the standard rubber. Its orif^inal home was in the forests of Brazil, but seedlinR-s irrown in the Kew (iardens from seed olitained in llrazil were transplanted in Ceyhm about .'iS .Years ajjo and provt-d so sneeessful that many plantations were started in Ceylon, the .Malayan States and India. British (Juiuna's );(H>jn'aphieal situation is almost exactly parallel with the Brazilian districts where I'ara rnbber is indiKe.ious. The two countries adjoin each other, meetiuK almost at the e(piator. It is not snrprisinir that the Para rubber trees trrow most successfully so close to their orifjinal habitat. The wonder is that British (iuiana did not follow the example of Ceyhni many years sooner. Now the only thinft that prevents very extensive planting of Para rubber is the fear that the wages of labour are tiMi liiKh eomparensive area. The greater i)art of the gold taken out of British Guiana has been obtaineil from alluvial diggiiiBs most of the diggirs bring black men. The miner, are locally known as " porknockers." Dredging operations are being conducted by two companies with very satisfactory results and the Secretary of the Institute of Mines and Forests says that it is probable that extensive quartz mining operations will soon be started. M\ 1/M .l\/> llli: HltniSII U7>T IMHES 113 .Mr. Kr.iiik FkuIit, ('(umiiissidncr of Laiiils anil Miiip.s soy.s: "It is roiii:irkal)li> tliat iiiilwitliMtaiKliiiK the criulo inotiiiid to over forty million dollars in value, enouiih to build the railway from (icorgctown to Brazil with branches to the jfobl ilistricts nuniy times over. niAMONPS OK HinTlsll (UTANA. The output of diamonds in British (iuiann for the thirteen jcars endinjt March 31, li)i;j, was l,l;!(>.4!t4 stones weiKhini; f^.l.SOit carats. For the year ondinK June IV), IIUM, the output of diamonds was T.''),47it stones weifrhintr T,r>7~; carats. Tla- British Ouiana diam iiuality. The diamond fields are in the vicinity of the .Mazaruni and (.'uyinii rivers. livr.ATA iii.kkoim;. One of the most important industries of British (iuiana is kiu>wn as " Balata lilccdinK." I'hc demauil for balatn, a rubln'r-likc sidistance, for the manufacture of belting and other purposes is rapidly increasiuK. ami the exports from British (luiana have (frown steadily for nuiny years. Duriujr the calendar year lill.T the cpiantity exiMirted was l,.'iL':i,tMtit pouiuls, valued at !|i7*>S,4(i3. The United Kingdom took ],l!t1,3.'>!t pouu or thi"" to the acre in the slifthtly <'levated lowlands, althoufili there arc sUiall districts within tliis area where as many as 2i*i trees to the acre have In^en found. In tile lorests of the hi;fhlaiids they arc much more abundant, but evci. in ti'.ese forests of tile iiinterland the babita collector must be a hunter, for I lie liiidin^ cf the trei's is as iiiip(U'taut as the bleediuK. As balata has been exported from British (iuiaua for about fifty years in steadily increasing i|iuiutitics it is siirprisin« that no attempt seems to have been made to establish balata plantatimis. If instead of liuntinR over wide forests for built t trees they wore close together in ])lantations the cost of collectinR would be very prcatly reduced. But the tree is frenerally believed to be of very slow Rrowtli, atlliough no one seems to know how loiifj it docs take for a tree to become siiffii'iently mature for tappiii)?. In Venezuela, where there arc also bullet trc<'s, it is customary to cut down the trees to )jet the latex, ami this practice was formerly followed in British (iiiiana, but now the cuttinjt of the trees is prohibited, and there are very strict rejiulations rrgardins the Meedins — S 114 CA\An.\ AXn THE hRITISH WF.ftT IXDIES t'.i.v.i/j I AM) Tin: nmrisii wr.sT ixiiies 115 Chapter XTII. LTTMBEBINQ DT BRITISH OUIANA. Of tlie 1)0,277 sijuare miles of British Giiiaua 7t*,50U square miles are estimated to be eovered with forests still owned by the (jovernmeiit, but only about 11,2IH) wiuare miles lie in the lowlands accessible to wuterwaj-s unimpeded by waterfalls :uul rapids. The great forest region of the hinterland can only be developed when railways are built to bring the timber down to navigable waters. The exports of timber and lumber from British (luiana are not very great, but they are steadily inereasing. In 1905 the exports of timber were 2U;!,;il5 cubic feet, and the exports of lumber 27,087 feet. In llti:! the exports of timber were 4:!7,111 cubic feet and the exports cf lumber 517,819 cubic feet. As is the ease throughout the West Indies, a great many different kinds of tree> grow together in the same forest. Tliere are commonly from thirty to sixty ditferei;t kinds of trees on one acre of land and sometimes more, but in different districts of British ("niiana certain trees predominate and give character and name to the forest although they do not monopolize it. Thus there are fc'ieenheart forests, crabwood forests, wallaba forests and mora forests. For instance, in a wallaba forest where the trees oi • ■ 18 inches in girth were counted over a considerable area '>y the govern- ment fores,. , there were about 53 wallaba trees to the acre and small .lumbers of each of thirty other kinds (jf tr(>cs over 18 inches in girth, besides great numbers of smaller trees. In a greenheart forest estimated to contain on a?- "(verage 151 timber trees to the acre, thirty-two were greenheart, while there were seventy-three other kinds of trees in small numbers, the only trees counted being those not less than 18 inches girth. hemakkabi.e record of oreexheart. British Guiana greenheart has n high reputation wherever timber is rei|uired for submerged work, such as wharves, piles, dock and lock gates, owing to its extra- ordinary freedom from decay and it> immunity from attacks of the toredo, said to be due to the presence in the wood of an alkaloid called biberine and resinous sub- stances known as tyloses. It has been described as "clean and straight in the gniiii. free from knots, very hard and heavy, tough, strong and elastic, so unaffected by time and weather that it seems almost imperishable."' Greenheart has been very extensively used in canal and harbi' '• works in England and Scotland, in the Suez canal and in the dykes of Ilollai ■! ft was used for all the gates, piers and jetties of the Liverpool docks and the fifty lock gates in the Manchester ship canal. Mr. Henry W. Hunter, the diief engineer of the Manchester ship canal, in his report to the Ninth Internationnl Congress of Naviga- tion at Dusseldorf in 1902, said that it appeared impossible to fix a limit to the durability of greenheart. and that the only clement limiting the age was the ii •\ of the bolts and other fastenings which were usually renewed without serious difficulty. Some years ago the chief engineer of the Suez canal made a very favour- able report on greeidieart as compared with other woods. On December fi. 1913, Mr. Alfred Chandler. General Manager aii feet in length. As greenheart is too heavy to be floated down the rivers in rafts it is transported liy wliiit arc known as " sling p\ints." Two logs of greenheart are laid across the I'unt on its gunwale and other logs are slung from tlicse under water. Tlic green- heart logs that are to bo transported are then rested on the logs that are slung under water and in this way the punts are enabled to keep afloat three or four times the Muantity of wood that would immerse them ti. the gunwale if it had been loadeil inside. A roof of palm leaves is erectcil over the punt anil the men in charge live under this roof for weeks at a time, very often with their wives and children sleeping in hammocks SURINAM GREESIIEART AX INFERIOR WOOD. The reputation of greenheart has unfortunately suffered in certain (luarters tlirough the sale of a wood from Dutch (iuiana which somewhat resembles it in appear- ance and is called Surinam greenheart. As a matter of fact it belongs to an altogether different species and has not the durable and toredo resisting qualities characteristic of real greenheart. Tht scientific name of the British ()• .la greenheart is Noctandra Rodioci, while the so-called Surinam "greenhcp' ' lo scientifically known as Tfioma Araliicra The two woods were tried side b -.e in the dykrs of Holland as the Dutch government naturally preferred to use timber from a Dutch colony if as good as that from a British colony. When the wood was taken out the Surinam "greenheart" was foimd full of toredo holes, -r-hile the British Guiana greenheart was in perfect condition. MORA QL'ITE PI.ENTIFII,. Mora is another wood of which large quantities are obtainable. Mora is hard, tough, strong, close-grained, very durable and weighs about 65 pounds per cubic foot. It is used for boards, scantlings, beams, railway sleeper.-,, telegraph an0 fwt Ioiik and from s t" Iti inchi-'x sniiare. It is extciisivi'I.v used in tbe colony for building puriMwen and tbcre is n considerable local demand for it in tbe manufi\<'turc of furniture. W.M.f.ABA SIIIN(!1.KS. Wallabu i» a heavy hard wood in ).'reat demand locally for pouts and for nir.kiuK shingles, palings, vat staves, etc., as well as for firewood. Kxports of wallaba shingles to the British West Indies, Dutch (iuiana and the Dutch West Indies amounted to 2,(i4.'>,.'>r)(i during the calendar .vear 1913. PIRPI.K IIKART, A U)\ F.I.V KIR-MTI RK WOOD. British Uuiana has many other beautiful hardwoods, but the number to the ai-re in the mixed forests is not very great. Oiu! of the most beautiful woods for furni- ture makinx and interior woodwork of buildinjrs is known as purple heart. It is a hard, heavy, close, tough and durable wood of a dark purple colour. \V(H)1) KOK IMI.P .MAKlXfJ. While there arc some trees of immense size in British Guiana forests, Mr. (i. S. Jenman, late government botanist said: "What strike* one generally in these forests is the fewness of trees say with stems upwards of a foot in diameter, com- pared to the large number of smaller ones. Standing in any place perhaps a dozen or two dozen trees of the kind mentioned might be counted over the limited space one can scan, while the smaller ones are in hundreds often, and not unfrecjuently so dense as to grcotly impede walking." It would be interesting to have the opinion of a paper manufacturing expert as to whether these vast numbers of ^mall trees would he suitable for the manufacture of wood pulp. There are waterfalls and rajjids everywhere in the highliiiuls of British Guiana so that electric power could be very chcapl.v generated and there would m'vcr be trouble with ice. 118 CAT/ADA .4JV0 THE BRITISH WKST lyorFft ■ ■ i i I rtsAhA ^\7» TPF HKirisii WKsr isniEs 119 Chapter XVIII. TRINIDAD AND TOBAOO. Any niic familiar with tlir \Vc»t IihIiih miil tlu' SpiinUli Main will at uiion recogiiizt' the ixluiid of Tillman t'n.iu l)ufce"s ili'scriptioii of Kubiii!>uu Crusoe's island. This is tin- only island I'roni wliicli Trinidad i-uulil Ik.' seen in the distance. Del'oo spelled the name ut' the Uiver Orinoi'o simiewhiit differently from the present spelling, but there is no mistaking the geographical situation. Tobago lies between 11"' l/ and 11° 21' north latitude, bearing the same relation to Trinidad as Hobinsoii Crusoe's island. The two islands desi-ribed by Uobinson Crusoe form to-duy the prosjH'rous colony <>r Iriuidud and Tobago, being united under one (tovernnient altlnnigh separated by about :il miles of sea. Lying direetly in front of the delta of Venezuela's grtat river they have been tailed the Daiigliters of the Orinoco. Trinidad lies between lO*" :',' and 10° 50' north latitude, and is only (! miles from Veiuzuehi at its nearest point. Trinidad is 5."> miles long and 40 miles broad, being almo5.t sipian- in shape but for the peninsulas at its northwest and southwest corners, wliieh stretdiiiig out toward Venezuela help to enclose the (iulf of I'aria. It has lui area of about l,l!>0,4>t4 acres, or a fraction over 1,800 sipiare miles, while Tobago is 2(i miles long by 7} miles wide at its greatest breadth, and has an ana of 7;l,:il:J acres or a friiction over 114 sipiare miles. Nearly the whole area of these islands is suitable for agri- culture. The soil is rich, the rainfall generally abundant and the climate equable, while both islands are absolutely free from eartluiuakes and hurricanes. At Port of Spain, the capital and chief seaport, the tcra[K'rature usually ranges from about To deg. i'. at dawn to S(i or S" deg. Ix-tween two and three in the afternoon, dropi)ing after that hour, but from January to March the night temperature often drops to about 6.5 degrees. The mean maximum temperature is Sfi°, the mean minimum 00°, and the mean annual T!>°. In the highlands it is slightly cooler. In the hottest hours of the day the trade wind is usually blowing, greatly tempering the heat. There are three ranges of hills, one fringing the north coast, one near the south coast and thr third between, but the g( neral character of the country is level or undulating. The highest point in the isb'nd is Mount Tuchuche, ^.100 feet high, in the northern range. Although British Guiana has more than forty-live times the comliincd area of Trinidad and Tobago, the jiopulation of the two islands in 1011 was "S''i,'i'y2 as com- pared with 200.041 in the IJritish colony on the mainland of South America. The visitor to British Oniana gets the impression of a great country marking time a country with rich .. iral resources that are not being developed to any great extent. In Trinidad one sees a small country that is being rapidly developed. Trinidad mid Tobago together have less than half the area of .Tanuiica and less than half its jMipulation, but in 1013 the total trade of Trinidad and Tobago amounted to .$4S,83,5,3t>S, whereas the total trade of Jamaica and its dependencies the Turks, Caicos and Cayman Islands amounted to only $2r),284,T.'J5. As explained in the first chapter of this report Trinidad's trade is largely due t.. the f.i.-t that Port of Spain is a distributing port for Venezuela, but Trinidad's imports for home consumption and its exports of domestic products are much larger in proportion to area and population than those of Jamaica. I i ! i ' ; »t9 C.I.VI/J.l .I.V/) TlIK HltlTISH yVEST lyniKH TIIK |-IIIN<'I1-.\I. KVfllllTH, Triiiidiid uiiil T()l)ii>f«i Kf""' iiliiKist ivtT.v kind df trnpii-al pnidufts, Imt ''i.- only OKriciiltiirid products i>.\p8 pounds of coffee were imported. KCBUKR IN TRIXIOAD. The planting of rubber trees got a somewhat earlier start in Trinidad than in British Guiana and there are now a larger number of trees old enough to be tapped. Last year Trinidad exported 0,454 pounds of rubber compared with 1,340 pounds exported by British Guiana, but the mainland colony has already a larger unmhir of rubber trees planted and tliere is little doubt that British Guiana will soon far surpass Trinidad in rubber production. The cacao tree is generally believed to require protection from the sun and a tree known as the immortel is commonly used for this purpose, Imt in some cases rubber trees are now being used and the cu-t.>ni may extend. An East Indian on a cacao estate in Trinidad which I visited said : — " The cacac tree is like a white man It requires an umbrella to shade it from the sun." rivi/ii i\/» rut: iimrisii \\f:sr i\int:s in AKiliiiKt tliu iiM' iif till' riililuT trie ii> ►Inulf fur tlic ciiimh it is Miiiii'tiiiii'i iirKiii'il thiit htitli till' rnciiii iiikI the riildiiT ri'qiiiti ri-lmn'iil tMiii tlii' *>'\\ niiil tluit tin- inii' iiitcrtrii-. with till' iitliiT, wliiTcii- it is cliiiini'il tlir iiiiiiMirtil IpIii»ciiim ciii liiiii InrKc ■liiaiititit's (it' iiitMKi'ii inid tli.it wlicti tlif blusMHii-i full unci iIith.v us iiitu'li iiitrii);i'ii i-i ri'stnmi tn tlio sciil us tlir riii'im tiiki's fnilil it. Wlii'tlirr tlir iiitMnni (•(iiiirs I'ripiu the iiir or fniin the di'iiths «( the suhsoil is n disiiiitcil c|iiestiiiii, hut in any eusc it is iliaile iiviiihilile for the nourishiiiest of the ciieiio tree iiceonliiiK to the mlvoeiites of the iiiiiiiortel. In Triiiiihiil the Ciistilloii nihher of Central Amerii'a has iH'cri more Benerall.v planted thaiL I'arn rnlil«'r. There are three articles hesides aKrieiiltural liri«luets whieh hulk quite largely in the exportn uf doniestie pretrtdeiiin and hitters, the quantities and rulti08 boinK as follows: — Article. Quantitlt'H. Value. Asptialt, crude I,b». 41S.S68,sno t 920.275 Anphalt, epur* " 43.,j03,04O ISB.l.tS Hitters llnl. 32,234 13»,1I.? Petroleum, crude •■ 13, 570. 102 360,096 As rPKanIs the hitters it may he notid that a Venezuelan family nniny .vear* ano plneed on the market n preparation of hitters which has heeome world famous. Times heiiiR tnuihlewiine in Venezuela they moved to Trinidad and avo gini-e manufac- tured in Port of Spain the hitters which are so largely oxiwrted. TIIIMIMl) .VSl'll.Vl.T. Trinidad ha.s hi'en more widel.v advertised h.v its exports of asphalt tliun by all the in highly commended by Sir Uoverton Kedwood, adviser on petroleum to the British admiralty, home otHce ami Indi-.n office, and consulting adviser to the colonial office. He began his investigation as a skeptic but after a thorough inquiry became an enthusiastic believer in Trinidad as a groat oil Held. He rejOTrted that the island was an immense storehouse of oil. A considerable amount of British capital has since been invested and great develop- ments arc expected in the near future. Mr. A. Buhy Thonip.son, a well-known min- ing engineer who assisted .Mr. Craig, recently said: "If we consider that there arc only mo square miles of oil-bearing land in the island whieh will ultima idy yield on an average but 1.000 tiuis iicr acre— a very low estimate where there is a succes- sion of sands at different depths— we arrive at an output which if value ' at only £1 per ton equals £64,000,000." 132 CASAOA A\n rilK I ,HH WKUT IS'hlKS ir<.w..v.-r. I...tl, Mr. Oiiitf „n.| .\tr. TI.,.in|.-o„ M\,-y,. ,h„t tl... oil-lx.nri.m l..nil>oiit 4 iicrr« of •'rnwii liifult Imvf Iwcii riMTvuil lor fori'»tit, leaving nlxnit ^^)0,^XH) avn; of I'mwu lainU i-tliiiutiM| to !«> itiiitnlilc for HKriiMilliirc, iiii arm aliiio«t a* Bftiit aK tlint nt |iri'n» are boiiiK replntili'.! with .\ouii(i fore«t trett in plantatioMK of the >iaiiie kind. Thu« there arc 10,120 cedar trees irr»winK together in one |ilantation anil in nuother plnitttttion 11,.TIS eyp trees. Tliere are miall xepanite plantations of niuhoKaiiy, HcMdiiraK niahoitany, Imlata, I'ara ruKlM-r, >'aniphor and |H)ui tr well developed as Trinidad, but it is rich in natural resources and its scenery is lovely. Its pliysieal characteristics have been described by Lieut. Col. .1. II. Collens, of Trinidad, as follows: "From I'lgeon IliU (l.hOO feet high) at the northeast, a main ridge of hill.s runs down the centre of the island for about eighteen miles, with long, deep valleys separated by bold subdivided spurs. These valleys arc extremely fertile and well watered. The central portion is undulating with little valleys, while the southwestern or I>ecward district is flat.'' Tobago was formerly devoted entirely to sugar growing, but cacao, coconuts and rubber are being substituted. Kubher trees are doing partieidarly well in the northern part of the island. One of the planters, Mr. Thomas Thornton, by crossing -ea island cotton with the ordinary type of native cotton, has obtained a hybrid which yields well and has been approved by cott^m experts in England. Mr. Cunningham Craig says there are imlications of n good supply of petroleum ia Tohago. There are still thousands of acres of Crown lands for sale in Tobago at twelve dollars per acre, but. as in tlie ease of al" tropical countries, the co^t of clearing forest lands is heavy. m 1M f i\ i/H i\» Tin: HHtriHii wtsr imuks IE \ |f tV.o trt-e „«!,. Tl,- |»Ki, omtaii. tl,.- Inaii^ fnun Ahich c«,« und clKK<.lttt,. an- inurt,-. « IN u»i i\;i ////. nkirisH nt:sr imukh 125 126 ri\.i/(.i ivn 77/ f; niarisii \vi:st ixdiks n I i (IV 1/(1 \\i> Tin: iiii/iisii H7..S7- i\i)ih:s 127 Chapter XIX. THE ISLAND OF BARBADOS. liiirliiidn.*. lyiiijr in i:}" 4' iiortl> ■.ii' .111 .''lit' I'.T' wost loii^iltiiilc, is iiciirir to '•'1 it is till' must Kiiniisli df tliciii I t pdiiit nml has nii .iron nf KIOJ itatri' iif tlio area of the ishiud is ; acre is i-iiltivatod. Tlicri' arc no Kiijfhinil than any of the other \V ' liilian i-i,iM.ls all. It is L'l miles lonp, 141 niih wiih at il- iroa' si|uare miles or 10('i,5G() aeres. .' v.iv small pi rci' tmsnitahle for enltivation and aln .i '. every iviiilah Crown lands. Harhados looks flatter than any other West Jndian island yet it is not really llat, for nlthouKli there are no liifth mountains the land slopes up very tiently and Kradnally from the sea eoast to a ran^'e of hills from l.(NM» to l.KKl feet hitrh in the centre of the island. In the Seotland district at the north-east of the island th.' hills rnn nearer to the sea eoast and the descent from hill to sea is steeper, so that the scenery is niore rn(r(?ed and l>ictnres(pie than in any other part of tlu^ island. This part of the sea coast is known as Uathsheha. The pentle sIoik' of IJarhados from the elevated centre to the sea provides a natural system of drainage and the porous character of the coral limestone soil prevents the aceunudation of statrnant water anywhere. There are no swamp* and the Trade Winds Uowintr steadily across the island ,iive everj- [lart of it the lienetit of jinre sea breezes. The island is said to he ahsolutely free from the malaria mosipiito. scieutiti- cnlly known as the anopheline. Tlie tempi'rature is nmeh the same all the year around, rantiinj; usually from 76° to m" F. in HridKetown. In the cooler months fn.m Dccemlier to .May the teini)erature sometimes repisters as low as (!:r F. nt nipht. The more elevated parts of the island are slightly cooh'r than ISridKctown. The avera^re annual rainfall for a period (if sixty years was i;i'.4s inches. The wet season usually lasts from tho hefrinninp of June to aliout the end of Oetolier, the remaining months heiuir compara- tively dry. It is a nmarkahio fact that in all the colonies from ISritish Cuuina to St. Kilts complimentary remarks ahont Harhados and the Mailiadian people are heard. The (raveller who visits the other colonies before jroinc to Harhados will learn hifnre settiuR foot on the island that it has the reiiutation of beinfr most healthy, that there has never bc Tin: iijiiiisii ^v^:s■| ixniEs HMIM\I«)S Mlir.ASSKS. |{iirl«i(l(i> is jiri'-cniiiiciitl.v a siijriir isliiiul mid is ccrtiiiii to ri'iiiiiiii sd. TIk' soil iiiid cliiuiitc iirc piirticiiliirly siiitcil to siifrnr I'lUU' iiiul tlif labour coiulitions so favourable that limliiulos slicmld be able to roiniicto siicccssfiill.v with any other oaiio su);ar jiro- (luciii^ roiiiury. The juice of the liarbados siifrar eiiiie is said to he sweeter than that (■f any other cohuiy except Antij-'iia. This is attributed to the lime in the soil which is of coral origin. I5ut ill thinkiufT of liarbados as a sutrar country you nuist (jive a hmad interpreta- tion to the word "supar," iueludinfr all the iirodiiets of the sugar cane, for Harhados e\i>orts more molasses than sutiar, beside:* small (luantities of rum. During the calendar years ]!>12 and 101:5 resi)ootively the exports of sufiar, molasses and rum producol in I'arhados were as follows: 11112. Mii!«cctvaiIo Hti^ar Yclow cryHtaU sviK'ir. White crystaU RUKur. SllCCftllfK Ctioicc niolaiwes Fancy inolawm*8. .. Rum Quniitity. 15,il!ll hhil« 2,3fi(i,ino gala. (i,unn,*«o .■ a,.5-4 .. Vitltip. i»7«7..MW (W »,t>si> to :«)•.' 40 US so 302,347 20 1,449,004 80 1,420 SO lOLI. ir I ^luRCovndn sngar Yellow cryrttalii xugar.. . White cryntalH sugar. . . Slice adea Choice iiiulaHKes Fancy inoIaAsea Riini liuantity. 5,l>12hh(U. 4,7!l7i .. H5K .1 !t46,«SO gals. 8,1311,120 „ 7,9.l'2(>.ni) in l!ti;i and stiTVl.TOJ.'X* in 1912, while the molasses exports were valued at $l,S41.:i.-,2 in 1012 and $1.S0T,T2S in 101.3. What is called " clioi<-e " molasses is reall.v iiuiscyvado molasses, a by-product of the manu- facture of nuisi'ovado siiffar. while "fancy" molasses is the product when the juice of the sugar cane is converted directly into midasses without any part of the saeclmrine contents heinfr used for sugar making. The old-fashioned muscovado process of sugar nuiking in which the boiling takes place in open pans instead of vacuum pans leaves a ver.v tine i|uality of molasses, for a considerable proportion of the saccharine renniins in the molasses, whereas by the more modern vacuum pan processes nearly the whide of the saccharine contents go to make sugar, leaving as a residuiiiii a very yniur quality of midaasr-s coutrtiiiiiig all the impurities of the cane, which in sugar cane countries is commoidy called " black strap." In the modern sugar factories of British (iiiinnn, Trinidad, Antigua and St. Kitts, where practically all the sneeharinc contents of the enne juice are extracted (I cASAitA AM) rut: uunisii wkst imhek 129 ill sugar-inakinj!;. tlic dis|x)»ul of th.' " Muck stnii. " iiiola^si's is a itcpM.hi. Tliry certainly should not be eiiCduraged to sliip it to C'aiinda for iiunian f.xxl. It i-> used to ionif oxtiMit ii» a rattle food, hciii),' niixnl with tlic ni.xass, as the crushed <-aiie is called after the juiee is extracted. •■ Ulack strap" is aUo put to jrood us,, in the manufacture of shoe hlii'king in England. One planter, in eon .rsation witli nie. exiircsseil the opinion that the best way to dispose of "black strap" would lie to mix it with artlHcial manures and restore •t to the soil. i-.wv .\(;ArNsr mimnu .Mulassks IJeferrinji to mj,' to a «tatenRnt that had bccu made that "black .stra|> " is b,in;f "henncally treate< Caiuulians as hish grade syrup, Sir Leslie Probyii, Governor of Barbados, said to me : "That "black strap" mohissis is not tit for hunmn food, and it scimms to mc that the Canadian government should ha the people know what they are buyi.is as syrup or molasses. Nearly every civilized country now has its i)ure foarance of high grade syrup to so mark their product that any purchaser will know what he is getting. I am sure that if Canadians in general kn.^w tlie nature of the "black strap' molasses ♦'ay would n,ot think it fit for human food. I understand that even the working classes in Canada insist upon having the highest (juality of meat and even the choicest cuts. VVhy, then, should they be willing to buy molasses which at best is fit for nothing but <'attle food. We in Barbados are very careful to prevent inferior molasses being exported as high grade, and we have very strict laws to prevent tla. nnxing of molasses. I nuiy call ,vour attention to the Harbacb.s Molasses llixing Prohibition Act enacted in l!tl2, which provides that any one responsible for mixing faiu\v or muscovado molasses with vacuum pan nxdasses with intent that the same may be sold or exported in that state, or any one who s..lls or ex|)orts any fancy or muscovado molasses so mixed shall be liable to a p.'uaity not exceeding one huiuired pounds for the first offence anil for the second or any sul)se(iuent offence shall lie liable on sununary conviction to be imprison,.,! f,)r a p,.rio,l not ex,.,.,.,ling six months with or without luinl labour." An ex|Hirter of midasse? the real merits of the vario , manufacture of sugar altog,'- molasses, f,ir we <'ould sell all 'bados said to me: ""If Canadians in general knew ■if syrups and molasses we could dis,.ontinue (he arbaiios ami turn all our cane juice into fancy lancy midasses ' we can produce in Harbad.is, but It w— 9 M T 1^ i V 11 di 130 riv.ini i\7) I in: nmrisii west /.vo/rs Altliuii;;li till' wiiiil i~ ii-ii:illy a tidml rriciiil to tlic Unrliiiiliah!*, tciii|iiriiijr tlio climate and opcratiiijr the :-ii(.'ar works, it (iicasiimally lii'i'inncs malleinus and vciita its t'lir.v ill a (lotriictivc luirriraiii', Imt scrimis liiirricaiic- uri' of very rare iiciMirreiiee anil ciiiiii' many years apart. The averiific vcineity nf tlie wiiiil per imiir is ten mil( .. There are nearly ln.lKM) jiea-aiit iimprietors in Barhadns owning five aeres er less, the great niajerity haviiiR imt nmre than half an aere. They usually work as lal)iiurer> on thi' e-tates in addition to larniing their little plots of land. Jt is stateil that if a hlai-k man has as mmh as one acTe of land he can make a livini^ out of it. A large Miimlier al>o rent little plots of land from the liig estatts. H.irliailians prodiiee m re than eiiniiijh troideal vegi'talile. to supply their own Wants and export ^olne to Trinidad. iSea island eotton is sueiessfuUy grown, and J ■:),imm piiinds of raw cotton were exported during t!'? calendar year I'Jl:!. l-'ruit trees do not appear to thrive very well in Barhados. although a little fruit is grown lor local consumption. I was told l>y planters that the wiml was a little too strong for fruit trees. However, ^Ir. .).!{. Hovell. Superintendent of Agriculture, thinks that more fruit trei's might he i)lant ago. "The industry gave great promise of success,'' .said .Mr. Bovell. "and the export of hanaiuis to the I'nited Kingdcim was put on what appeared to be a stah'e liasis. the bumdies .shipped in the cold storage of the Koyal .Mail st<'amers arriving in Kngland in good C(Uulition and invarialily bringing good ]>riecs, but at the end of .Inly, lltO.'J, t! ;> IJoyal -Mail began to receive bananas in su<'h quantities from Trinidad that all the eokl storage was occupied by tliis fruit, and the ban mas from Jiarbados had to be put in other part„ of the vcs^ •!. with the rc>nlt that from October, VMo. to .March, lUOtS, of the lO.OtK) bunches shipped so many rotted on the voyage that they only realized 2d. per bunch, whili^ the cost of crates, packing, etc., amounted to Is. 2d. per bunch, so that the planters beside.' lor-ing their bananas lo>t Is. on each bunch. The result was that they discontinued fliipiiing bananas and destroyed thiir plants." INDICATIONS OF I'KTHOLKl M. There are in of troleiim in Barbados, and exjierts have cxi)ressed the o|)inion that it may yet be di- vend in large (piantities, but no active nKasurcs appear to have been taken to inve-tigate and no wells have l>een drilled. Manjak of ' ery high ipiality lias bci n mined for son.e years. It is exixirteil to the Fnited States, where it is used in the manufaeture of varnish. There is a government railway 24 miles in h^ngtli running from Bridgetown to St. Andrew's at the northeast end of the island. r.iv i/).i iv/» rill-: iiinrisii wekt ixoiks 131 S.TlTn— ili m*a t i 132 fl Vl/)1 AM) rilK HRfTISII WFST /.VO/BA A ciii-tUud t)f Migar cane, Antigua. A cmrtluad of liiiiei L>oiniiiica. f i\ i/)i vo rin: hritisii wkst imuks 133 ''H t .1 • ■' •* ' 'i 1; ■ ^^^ut J , 4 . ^H '4.'- ■' ' •' t' jnVfflK , 1 ^H IS 1 ■ "liVB itsr 1^ 2 i e c s "o J S T S 1M r.wAnA AM) rnn BUirisu wust lyoiets 'i\ i I i Chapter XX. THE WINDWAKO AND LEEWARD ISLANDS. Thu Windward and l-it-ward inlanda might aptly be called the mountains of the »ea, but they are mountains covered with everlastiuR verdure. Looked at from a distanee it might be supposed that the hills were too steep for cultivation, hut when one draws near the gi'iieral slope is found to be more gentle than first sight indicates and further investigation shows that they can be economically utilized almost to the summits; even the mountain tops clothed in the original forest are of value in con- serving the rainfall for the lower levels. Between the mountains are lovely volley* and the combinution of hill and vale with views of the ocean from many outlooks makes the scenery entrancingly beautiful. Leaving Halifax on a Hoyal Mail steamer on .fanuary 2 we reached St. Kitts on the ninth day about "..TO in the evening. In that zone of everlasting summer the night sweeps down suddenly a little after six o'clock, but the moon was shining high in the heavens and the beauty of a tropical night was all about when we first caught sight of this lovely island. Great masses of white clouds were banked on top of the mountains looking for all the world like snow. It was hard to believe that this was not a snow-capped mountain rising out of the sea. For twenty minutes the clouds seemed motionless and the illusion of snow banks remained. Then they moved a little, changed shaiM- and soon floated away in fleecy loveliness. As we continued on our way toward Trinidad calling at island after island of the Leeward and Windward groups it was diflScult to say which one of them was most beautiful. There was constant wonder that scenery of such unrivalled beauty did not attract many thousands of northern tourists everj- winter. After visiting Trinidad and British Ouiana I returned to investigate the economic conditions and closer acquain- tance did not lessen the <'harm of the scenery while it greatly increased the belief in the commercial importance of these islands. THE EKfKlT OF ALTITIDE ON CLIM.»TK. In considering the Leeward and Windward islands, either as a place of residence or in reference to their products, it must not be forgotten that the most .southern of them. Grenada, is about 12° north of the equator and the most northern is nearly 19° north of the equator, bui the mountainous character of the islands affects the climate to ar. even greater degree than difference of latitude. A difference of even a few hundred i.r!t in altitude makes a difference in the temperature as registered by the thermometer and the higher levels are quite cool although even the highest mountains in these islands do not reach the frost line. In many eases owners of plantations in the lowlands have their homes in the highlands in order to take advan- tage of cooler atmosphere, but even in the lowlands there is nearly always a pleasant breeze blowing, for the trade winds are hardly ever idle. Occasionally there are violent windstorms, but destructive hurricanes come long years apart as do the earth- quakes with which some of these islands have at times been afflicted. The Windward group includes the islands of St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada and tlie Grenadines which form a confederacy under a common governor, but with separate administrations. The term Leeward islands is used in two senses. Sometimes it includes the French, Dutch and Danish islands as well as the British. Sometimes it refers only to the British colony of the Leeward Islands which is a confederation r.i.V.I/»-4 AVf} THt: HKITISII HiNT IM)U:S 135 including the prvHidency of Dominica, tlie prrsiiicnry of MuiitMi'rrnt, the pn-sidcnpy of Antigua with its depondoncicn Karbiidii and Itolonda; the prcMith'nry of St. Kitts and Nt'vin with their dependency AnRuilla; anil the presidency of tlie Virttin Islondn. It iH in thii« limited liritish M>nHe that tho term i* iiM'd in thix re|K>rt. The distances between the port* of coll in xUvm' i' AMiril,l.«. Tl„. ,.|,„„| „f St. K.tU IS ■>■.: mil..- I„„«. l,„t is ,„.t very wi.l,. at uny ,H.i„t. it. total ar.-,i W,n« only 4(l.:i:J.t n.-re.. A ruii^.. of n.onntain* ruiu along itn lonirth i'xtiti.liM^ nhno»t fr.,ni .u.l to .■ii.l an.l naihintr at o, ,int a Ju-iRht of :i 771 fiH On both const* tlu«. v.l ,.r ,. HntinR lun.l In-tWH^n tho mountain an mil..» long from east to ^vest nn.l its greatest wi.lth fr..m north to s0 aen-s. Th.. south..rn part of Antigua is rather mountainous, the highest p,.nk having an .-l.vation of l.:UM) f....t, nn.l there is n low rnnge ..f hills Ml the north, whil.. the ..e.itn.l part of th.. isl 1 is generally lev.-l .,r undulating, but nere nn.l there in the lev.-l e.,untry ri... up small n-und hills that r..mind one of the hills h the .N..wfoun.ll«n.l..rs ..nil '■topsails." .,nly they are soft..r in ..utline and m..r,. v,.rdnnt. The rainfall is great.-r in the somewhat m .tain..u- southern district than in other parts of the island, whi.h is generally dry. At an early stage in its hist..ry Antigua was .-ntirely .-lenred of its forests, and n prop.>snl to r.-fon..st the hills „., a m.-ans ..f ......serving rafufuU i. .....h-r ..onsi.lera- t.o... i«..narkal.le r.-snlts hnv,. b.-, hiev.-.l by ref,.r..stati..n of hilltops in the inland of ( arnuoou in the (iren.Klines. . i.M, gany tnn'S were plant.-d on the hilltops. The .Mnl.oKa„.v prows .|U...kly. an.l wit..... twelve y..ars .her.- has been a .l....i.l..,l i..,.r..nse in the registered rain fall. Xo oonohition e..uld 1... draw., fron. the .-omparison of on., y.nr w.th .inoth..r in that i.sland as g.-neral .......litioiis might afft-.-t the r.'.i.ifall but eompnnng tl|o rai..fall in Carriaoou with the rainfall in the neighbouring island of (.r..nnda .n d.ffere.it years the governme.it officials of (ire.iada are co.,vin....,l that the relorcstat.on ..f Cnrrincou hilltops has bad a most beneficial -.ff.ct on the rai.ifall. Th most pictures.p.e part of Antigua is in the vi<.inity of English harbour at the s,.uth..a-t. where there was a naval .l...-kyard in the days, when E.iglisl, Ma.b„„r WMs tl... , lM..f nritisb naval base i„ the West T.,dies. Th,. do.-ks an.l .nilitarv build- ings are still there, but the buildings are falling into decay. Barbuda is SO n.ihvs north of Antigua and RimI. ndn .10 miles west. Tilt ISLAM) UK MoMSKRRAT. The island of Montserrat. iying in latitude 10° 45' X.. is 11 miles long, and its greatest w.dth is 7 mil.'s. The area is 20,H0() acres. While the rainfall is less than that of Dominica, St. Lucia. St. Vincent and Grenada it is greater than that of Antigua and St. Kitts. Although the island is so small the rainfall vari.'s consider- ably at the 21 stati.uis where records are kept. Taking the average of ten years there was a difference of 27-77 inches i.i the annual rainfall at tho wettest and the driest stations of this little island. Montserrat is a remarkably healthy ishin.l. and is said t<. be as free from malaria Hs Barbados. VASAUA .l.V/l Tilt: HKITISH WEllT IMHEH 137 TIIK IkUNU or noMINK'A. Doniiiiicii riiiikit thinl in Hi/i> iiiihiiik iIic ItritiHh Wi-nt Iiiuiuii ixliiiicU, iluiiiaifii bi'iiiK Kr»t and Triiiiilail aci'iinil, while St. i.iiciii raiikK foiirtli. Doniiiiira liro in lfii° 3(/ north latitude and )I1^ •*{)' wriit lontcitiKlc, itii »itiiatiiin U'iuK l>i'tw<-«'n tho French ixlandit of Martini<|iif and ii|H'. It in 3!* milcx ImiK. iia» a width of IB miles at itn widest p< int. anil ecmtainn 104,ftSS arre*. It in the nm-t nii>untainouii of all the BritiKh West Indian iNlundit and tli.' wenery i» niaitniHt'iiit. A runtfe of high monntaiiiR runs the full lentrth of the iHland, divided in the centre where tho inland is widest hy a valley kmiwn a« the Laynu Flats, through which flmv two rivers running in opimsite directions. The hiithest point in the islaml i* Mnrnc Diahlntin, which reaches an altitude of .I.ItH feet. Numerous spurs extend from the mountains to the sea enclnsintf fertile valleys throuKh which tlow little streams of water locally called rivers. Tho Hack people will tell you that there nre '.WH rivers in Dominica — one for each day of the year. There are certainly nuuiy streams. The rainfall is alwa.vs abundant and the island is wimderfully fertile. T have seen plantations of litnes ancl cacao hitth up on uiounfain sides, I.ime trees are often planted in very steep places. The attention of tourists is always called to three natural womlers, a fri'sh woter lake in the mountains, i!.4i."> feet above sea level, a de«'p boiliiift lake " miles lontf, 14 miles wide at its broadest i«iint and has an area of 14!),.'505 acres. I'igeon Island fornierl.v an imfH)rtant military station lies off tho northwest end of St. I.ucia almut 7 miles from Castries. St. Lucia like Dominica is very mountainous, but the mountains are not ipiite so high and some of the valleys are broader. In munv cases low hills branch out from the higher mountains and there are lovely little valleys betwcn these mountain spurs. While the scenery of Dominica is magniricently grand, in St. Lucia there is a combination of gramleur and soft loveliness. Nearl,'- every valley has its own little »t« Both valleys and hillsiiles are very fertile and the rainfall is abundant, hut onl, , nail part of the area suitable for cultivation is being utilized. There are considerable areas of forest covered ("rown lands and private lands wholly or par- tially cleared of trees can be bought at moderat»> prices. There are many mountain peaks in St. Lucia rising up above the general height of the mountains and they seem to have greater individuality than those of any other island. The highest is Mornc Oimie, .I.H.I feet, but there are a number of others nearly as high. Rising sheer out of the sea near the harbour of Port Soufriere are two pyramids known as the Oros Piton and the Petit Piton, resiiectively i.r2(i and 2.fi80 feet high, their steep sides being covered with verdure. Then there is the Soufriere or sulphurous mountain about two miles back from the town of Port Soufriere, which from time immemorial has been in a state of con- stant but never violent activity. THE ISL.*ND OF ST. Vl.NCEXT. The island of St. Vincent lies a little north of 13° north latitude. It is 18 miles long, 11 miles wide at the greatest breadth and has an areo of 96,192 aties. There are still some forest covered Crown lands suitable for agriculture when cleared b\it IK CAKADA ASU TUK BMITtHH WKHT ISIUEH 11! the .rt« that can !«. mtt.l,, ovuikl.l.. without cwTottPhiiig uin.ii f..r,..t r.«.r»tttio.„. «ec*j«.ry for oo,,«.rv«.iun „f r.inf.ll i. „„t Kr..at. llotevlr .Ic a ..l in^.rS hancU .u.tabl« f„, cultivation i, not naarl, all utili..| and th.-,.: U "„..«- ZZ '" ■"""■ ^^ "" " '"" ^"""•' '"*' »•"• "•'"'«» " "-''y "'wX have lu-nr St \„„^.,„ ,.a||„| .. „ ,„i„i,ture Dominica." In „„.. rt-MKH-t it i. ..lt» Kcthor unl.k„ I.omini..«. While IT nini.-a i. almo.t with., u r^Xst Violet La. Stt": /r'"'''"' *""^']'?: *""'""'• "" ""' '^-" •"" "•"' "-""J l-inHvoal L« r ;• '*'* "?'""" "' '^'""** "^ '"'"l °' "*»■ However. «t the north en.l of ho i-land there m a wide .trct-h of level country .lopinff Rradu^Uv up ^m th Ja ItilT th""". '" /'"•^-'T """'• '^^^^ ^" "'•• " 'h-t and mo«t hi';.. Iv de e lo^ orthTnvi I /"'"'."'"•" '^ •""'" '^""^"''"' '" the neighbouring J.untain broke C..U of labourer, and killing thouandi of people. Now after the lupw, of twelve year, than «er Some of the abandoned plantation, are being reoccupied. In one part b^fnlTi'" '"' *"""'''"'• """'.""" "^ "'e volcano took place in 1812. that is 0.) v.ar* wnel h! """J" """r""^'- '''*""* «"•"• -"^"I'i"- ""ver eon.e near together on rLT T T"^ *""; *•"* ••'""' *'" ""* h« «>."tl.er eruption for nearly cm hu"d,3 r^^^A V X ■",'"'* "'"^ "h'PP^J «" 'he market,, of the world, ohieflv to Canada .f our preferentml ««r...ment turn, out a. .uecesHfully an wo hope it will." TIIK GRENADINF.fi. and Gre„"ra""Ti2eT Mb '"';' r^ ''""* "f .*"""" '-'""•'" '■^•""' »-'*'*'' «»• Vineent Orla^a Be.mk the r2 1 ''?■""•;"" ^h*"'""* to St. Vincent and the ..ti.er. to ZZT r ■ u ■ '*"''" "^ he St. Vincent (Jrenadines. has an area of 4 4-.2 acres. ( „rr.aeou. the largest of the (Jrenada Grenadine^ has an area of S 407 acre'. THK ISLAND OF (IRENADA. Sa dl ZJil „ 1 1^■ ' "A '"""J*"'" P*''"' "'"^ ha. an area of 7«,54S acres. As Lrbio^riih^fi '""w "-"e'^".-'!. i'* i'""'"''""' J«P«""''' ^'U m; o'lisiilcrrd m the laxi v.i\Ain Wit lilt iiimisn nf:sr i\nit:s 130 140 CA\An\ \\n THE BRITISH WEST INDIES I CAy.iDA .4.VD THE BRIIlaH WEST IXDIES 141 , ;: !>' Island of ft*. •• DOMINICA T*»/ **•'% -i B.W.I. r. it. MILLER, Auoe. M. Inst. C.E. / Svrvtyor General. tt, s'd Cat, t'jfc. ;^^SCnu«/>••• /I >MrA H •'»e«i» / / •• V fo/hi •H^^ Ht^JiMttln x^SS^"' I 0'*«»*w«-' y^^^''{^v_ _ 'i COUl (*«/A C" — V Ti ^./*M««»ASb COM •«»TJ»/jr>V^ / V- .*/i*i Am M«,oSJ>^ •';^'^*1ffA».,„ « ■% VX 1 "'kauttnt \l __^ -^.^>-:3^-%4?4J - ^'•■'"-*'' '*"••* ^^^ C* Tf** ■ — |^,.«« lr''**"W>' V «Tanrc^^«M4 ••»•.. •iSlttS^r"*** /i< y *. «c*«t HtJ^g^ iL^ V •w**/*,* ' .^* , — - 3 I 1« CAXADA Ayo THE BJtlTISH WEST 1XDIB8 ^ ST LUCIA CHANNEL West Indies St. Lucia K«d«<*d tmm Chart of Mi* $ur«*y 1 «• Wind by 11. ArtHar Hamr|.I.R N. H.M.S Sparrewhawk, taas 'ii&. '" ^> ! >V" X/Vi' r l.V.in.l .WD THE BRITISH WEST INDIES 143 ih' St. Vrncen t Wut Indies ^^iLL ^jW 4:^ * / -'>^< ^^Si /i^A' -z ttf-' ul .'•* ov V'^' //«' /^v' 144 CAXADA Ayn THE BRITISH WEST IMtlES -^Vi^ -<* ^•-.^' CAM DA AXn I UK HltlllsH WKsT IMtlKS 145 Chapter XXI. PRODUCTS OF WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS. The products grown in the ditTerent UUmU of the Windwnrd and L.cwiml groiii.:* depend to a great extent upon the rainfall and other h.oul conditions, hut in some cases an island that would he e hotel,, restaunmts. «„.| railway XniS cars ' ^'"' '"'"''''" ''•■""'"•' '« ^'"n, Monuerra, but not nearly so^extlLiT^J at^ Mltrrrat"""^'"" "' "•"^^"'^ "^ '" .^ ^J^ho ehmate of S.. Vincent seems to be suite., to lime. „.,. tb. n-antity „rown CACAO PBODLCTION. popuSi::td\t; u ii proLr^t;^^^^^ -^ 7-- """ - -"-'- 1- all the small peasant P-^prTtors in thi. sI„nH """"" '""^"T '" *'"" *"'"''• ^«"''v Grenada, and a large proMrtion of L ^f '"I"""- ^* '^ ""* " "«* *»■!„« i„ It i» not probable that hrSuct o^ wi Mn/ "'"f *"" "'''""^^ '" ^»" »•*■""'«• .Afferent from those of TrinTdad and ^i J, " '"'"""'; '" ""'""''" ""' *""«■»>«" one-eirtth as much, and St Vi„lt'l ""' '""'° "' "'™"''''- '""""'''■'' •"-"" able. All of these ilai are well adaotenT *'"^'*' "^ l"^ """"«'' »" ^ '"^^^'^t- -peeially there is plenty ofM„3 o Tpat b-H^: '" '-""'"7 "'"' *^'- '' ■-' planting new areas. '^ ' '^"" ''""" ""' «»'•" the preferenec i„ THE PRODUCTION OF COFFEE. .rowS;;:t:%.:^ .m?;.l,T:x^"'^-r'^- r f ^^" """""='' - -'- exports less than ten thousand ;:u*„r«„nualy.' ""''""' '^ ""'"'"''•''• '^'»'"'' NOT MANY COCONL'TS. admil\7;aTaprjrcr„t:"but vi *'; '?"t -i^ "^-^^"•^ -'-"^ *»">^ -- "uts are grown' in each~^o ^hlT c^, mTti^'^TtV'""?'' "^''"^'' " ^^^ nuts 8 St. Lucia and it r.r,I„ "■»' ^nsumption. 1 he largest producer of coco- which now exS smaV,uant^tirsT„ut"w-ilf r ""*^ T"""'"'- «'• ^"'-"*' «nd Nevis will soon be shipping ^conuts^^„L^ '""''' ^°'.f P"'* '"^^""'' '""'^• copra. '^'^ *^ coconuts. Grenad- ships .. considerable .juantity of FRUIT GROWING. 83175— lOJ 148 <'.l.\.t/».l A\H rilK UKITISU WKST IXUIEH I'itifupplt'it Krow wvll in Montgcrrat, AiitiKun. ^t. Kitt«, Nevi« and the Virgin ii'lniuig, but very few are grown. TlIK l>BKI'.*M.\TIC>X OK I'M'AIX. In till- IhIdikI (if Montxi'rrut u prepuriitioii of pnpiiin in iniKlu from tlio piipaw. It is exiKirtt'ii mill iiiioil in tlio uiuiiufacture nt' iK-ptoniiU'd fixxlit iniil fi>r imds, but as elsewhere in the tropics the forests are mixed, no great number of trees of one kind being found together. CAS.tn.i A\n THE BKITISH WF.ST IXDIEH 141 RrBRKK IN UOMIMC'A. There are e«tiniatcd to be Ix-tw^... 15.()00 an.) 20.000 Pura riibUT »r,.* „„ the plantation* of Dominica. They arc not yet old enough to ,.ro,l,K-e rubber but DominK.. olHnnl, of the Imperial Department of AKrirulture are very ho,K.ful regardinj. the posHibihtieg of rubb..r production. A number of tree, „f other varieticH of rubb,.r have aim, been plant.-.!. The interior of Dominica an.l St. I.ncia m» to b<. well guit.ll fur rubber growinff. OTHER PROlHtTS. The Windward and Leewar.1 iHlands have a variety of oth.-r pr.Mlu.tH. but the quantities export..d are not larRe and it would not be worth wl to giv.. detaiU about them. It may Im- n„t,.l that St. Lucia exports over eighty IhouBan.l pouii.Ih of honey annually and that Antigua produce*, a good .luality of onions nn.I \* ambitious to supply the ( anadian market, but as British fluiana import..l !»40.0 H 15 g WK HN A 11 L> mi II 07 i 1.1 a ;nu Wl 1 ia5 7«T IM 7 PJ 74 11 K\ ^ It A T!l» 111 7 II 5 71 II IW 1 It 5 70 I 6H :. II A m 4 Ait N 12" r 5 K, II r.;i 1 r.' 5 13 2 !.;■ •' 51 3 u •• 1 4»8 15 VANIATIUV l'< IIAIX Ml The rainfall vurii'» a* iini<-li in
  • upptioiiA arc dry wliili> ,,thir« luiv. n liiavy niiiilull. but takinif ttie ixluiid o» a wholo it usually lui» iiti ample rainfall ultliouKh fi,r miiral years past it had been consideruhiy boluw the iivirnjre of tin previiuiH forty y«"ir». But even the dryest digtriots eould he irrijruted, for there an water hupplics ut no ^reat distaiu-e in moun- tain gprinjfn and river- eominjj down from the nuiunfains. The surveyor-nenornl of Jamaiea told mo tlmt hy ineHiisi of irrifration a very larne area now too dry for sueeess- ful cultivation r.>uld 1m' made lii;:hly priKlnetive. BF rilK I.ANM Mlllvm.K Kl R (i I.TI\ATII)\. Sir Daniel Morris, who was for a nunilH-r of years at the head of tlie .luiimica Department of Ajfrieulture, said in 1S aeres. Then' are now benetieially oeeupietl in eultivation 69:{,6T4 acres, or a little more than one-fourth of the whole i-ultivable area." That was seventeen years uitn and eonditions are somewhat different now, but the estimate of Sir Daniel Morris refrardinjr the area of land suitable for cultivation may be accepu-d as accurate as he had not only scientific knowledire of agriculture but also every opi)ortunity for investiinition. At the prp«er,t time the arert -f ]:.iids in private hands is only 2,145,332 aeres. u large number of aeres of public lands that had been given as a bonus to a railway com- pany having been returned when the Government acquired the railway, so that the ■rea of Crown lands is 547,148 aeres. I i\ wji iv/» Tin: HkiTisH 117 «r i\int:s t»3 OMKAT IM KK.«HK IV rl l,TIV*TI!f» ANK^. Whik- thp «f«ii c.f InniU in prfviil<> IihikU tu* ilm-nii the i-ultiviiti'utl.v iiii'wii««n.«74 ncrf* wJwn Sir I>iiiiii'I Mfirri* nindc hi* nport to tlir Wrst i'liiio Po.viil Co i<»ioti. |,ii«| yt-ar • he iiiimhfr of Hrn-* iIcvoIihI to i|iffi>rriit prr«n«Mi Tobafio Corn *lln«fr <^aiwava f'olton TrM HI. V .'.■ ; Arrowroot RnjbiM'r. AiTv*. 4>o,nil4 i5:.ii:7 7:.7«« »«.«.'17 «1.071 3I.7J.1 3;.375 17.377 lt.il* 1,71S to tt4 ISt Id 1X1 l»a >» 20 17 9«1,«33 ' '"'*■'■ ' f ' '' «""' «'»'» ''"• roiii.irkiil.lr iiuTniK. ill til. |.r.»liiHioii of Imnaimi in Jiiiimini li s 1m.(.|i lit til.- cxiH'iip..- of othfr m.ii.stri,-. Fn-qiiotitly tho o|>iiiioti was .•X|.r(x-.<1 thiit rvi rMhiiiK whs Ix-iiitr iia.l that wliili' tho ana r(«lii<'t. that have jtroiind provisions or vtvitahlis. The aroa dovotcl to (jrouii 1 pro- vinions ii. 1W^ was 1(>9,«3; aorts. while hi^t year it was only OO.fiSi. The uron ili-votPil to uuKiir iiii-rouwtl 7.;W(» aoros or ov.r I'lt iht .•.■nt. .lurii.tr th.- t.-n .voars. the ur.>i\ .l.-i-ot.-.! to .•o.-oniits T.(Hm «,T.- or alxMit ti7 ,M.r ......t, thi- ar.'B .Ic'Vot.-.! to .•aoao 4,704 n.-n's or over 71 i>i'r rpiit. 1 lip toU.-c. acr.-.nrc is nearly thn* times as jfriiit as it was ten .vpars afro. The oraiitr.- iien-affo has in.'r.'iis.-il ov. r 21 p.T eent. th.- .-otton a.-n- ajr.- about 20 per epiit. an.l th.- (jinjfir :o-reape about 37 iM-r o-.-nt. while the eiiltivation of t.-rt has l.e.-n su.-.-essfully Btarte.1. 1 was tol.l very p, -itively that .Mff„. frees had b«'n sai-ritii-.'.l to baiuiini-. yt-t I found on invt>sti(fation that tin- .utTe.- a.-reaRe was nctiially 7!t(! aeres (tn-ater hist .vear than it was in t!t(>4. However, the .nffee ncrcage inen'aw-d ov.-r 21t p.r eint between }Wn ami l!l(>7 and thereafter sh..w.-,l a »t«-ady deereas.- until in liMIi it was little jtn'at.-r than in 1901. The explanation apix-ars to bo that during the thre.' years of rapid inereas»> youiiir cofT.-e trees were ite'mg plant.-d an.l that old coffee trees were afterward cut down. Some of the eotTt-e trees wer ■ very- old. An imiKirtant new industry is the extraetion of essential oil from the rind of oraiiKes. The exiwrtj. last yiiir were valued at il.'J.OOO. It is evident that Janiai. . is »tf-adily and rapidly inereasinf; its produetioii. TEA (Jll.lWINi: IX .lAMAU A. At Clarenront, Jamaica, there is a tine tea plantiition with a well iquipped plant for preparing and paekinp the tcii. The tra pr.-!i!:-;"l i- -••f very tint- quality. It eorii- mands good prici-- in Kntrland and this experim.-nt in tea ({rowinjr has proved very profitable. The manager told me he believed th«-re were thousands of acres of land in the highlands of Jamaica as well suited for the production of tea ns any lands in Ceylon. 154 CAXADA AXD THE BRITISH WEST INDIES THE REMARKABLE INCREASE IN BANANAS. , J''." *05'Je''"l increage in banana production is attributable to the enterprise of the United Fruit Company in eatablishing a really firgt-claw service of fruit steamers between Jamaica and Atlantic seaports of the United States, and guaranteeing to buy bananas if the planters and peasant proprietors would produce them. This com- pany Rives a very frequent service of fast fruit steamers from Kingston, Port Antonio niid Port Maria. Jamaica's pimento. Pimento is a Spanish word which means pepper. Pimento is, in fact, Jamaica pepper, but it is known in every Canadian kitchen as " allspice." Jamaica is the only country that extensively produces " allspice " and it exported last year 13,561,200 pounds of which less than 2 per cent was shipped from Jamaica to Canada. How much came to Canada by way of the United States and England is uncertain, as the Canadian Trade and Navigation returns include pimento with spices. Pimento or "allspice" is as exported, a small dry berry resembling black pepper in appearance. Pimento trees and pasture go together in Jamaica, and an estate devoted to pasture and pimento is known as a pen. TWO THOUSAND MII.E8 Or OtKlD ROADS. Jamaica has about 5,000 miles of roads, of whi,-h about 2,000 miles are main roads declared to be suitable for motor cars. They are wide and well constructed. 1 onsidering the high levels reached by some of these roads the grades are remarkably moderate. To avoid steep grades in constructing wide driving roads suitable for a double line of traffic to the great heights reached by a number of the main roads it is necessary that the roads shall be winding, but this serves to bring them in touch with large areas of land suitable for cultivation. Such a system of roads undoubtedly facilitates production and encourages the development of the great natural resources of the island. These roads also oflfcr great attractions for tourists on account of the wonderful beauties of scenery as they wind beside swift flowing rivers, over plains, low hills and high mountains at various elevations with changing views at every turn. .lAMAH'AS DfcfE.MIKNCIKS. Jamaica has two groups of island dopcMulcnci,*, tho Cayman islands, lying to the northwest between 19° 16' and 19° 4.".' north latitude, and the Turks and Cai.-os islands lying to the northeast between 21° and 22° north latitude. The Cayman islands consist of (Irand Cayman, 17 miles long and from 4 to T miles broad. Little Cayman, 9 miles long and 1 mile broad, and Cayman Brae. 10 miles long and one mile broad. The two smaller islands ,produce large quantities of coconuts, while in (irand Cayman the people raise horses, rattle, pigs and poultrv and catch turtle. In all three islands sailing vessels arc built of native woods' and Grand ( ayman exports small quantities of dycwoods, mah(,gany, cedar and other timber. The Turks are a group of nine tiny islands, the largest of which are (irand Turk with an area of 10 square miles and Salt Cay having an area of 5i s,i:iare miles. The Caieos islands, seven in number, lie to the northwest of the Turks. The chief industry of the Turks and Caieos islands is salt gathering. There are about six hundred acres of salt |K»nd» and it is estimated that they produce about 4.000 bushels of salt per acre annually. CANADA AND TlIK BRITISH WKHT IMHE8 PRINCIPAL EXPORTS Of JAMAICA. tM The collector-greiieral of Jamaica in hix last report compart'd the exports of gome of the moat important products during the year 1013 with those of the ^previous four years as follows: — Aiinattii Llx. Value BeeHWAx IjIw. Value Cauui Cwt. Value CoounuCM No. Value Culfee Ot. Value Uivi Uivi Llw. Value Fruit, Baiianaa Steiim Value u liraiie-fniit I'kgi.. Vahie ti Oranire** No. Value UinKer Cwt. Value Hidw Urn. Value Honey (ialln. Value HorsM and mulea No. Value Limejuice liallH. Value Lovwood Ki tract I'kRH. Value Pimento Cwt. Value Rum . (Jallii. Value Sugar Cwt. Value Skins, Koat Lb«. Value Tobaroii, uinni Ll». Value Tolwoni, cigarettea Ll«4. Value Toliaceo, leaf . Lb*. Value Tortoiae aliell Lba. Value Turtle No. Value Wood, bitter T<»nii Value Wood, fuatic Tonn. Value Wood, loirwocid Tona Value Yams Cwt. Value *)13,044 £ti,\m 67,!I04 f3,!8r.7 441, XW £114, TW* 'A'iiSl.fillU i:t:vi,4M) iirxt.-WH 2I9,.')30 i:.'»4 U,597,HH1 i:!IHM,2»6 81,!)8:< £2ll,.V>r> 4S,tM«,flOO £M,SH7 21,2:44 £:«;.ii:«7 Bl«,707 i;2»,.'3» 1U!>,XH i:i5,2fii 122 £Alt)l KU,01U £»,7 £.112 4:i,;«):< £l.47:« 5,571 £6,0118 l>24 £1,371) .1,441 £&,1«2 :<,44» £7,41l> 50.0H1 £100,423 8,!I70 Al't4 856,175 £7,031 72,268 £4,048 53,449 £103,586 18,724,420 £85.241 77,668 £180,847 380,474 £!W3 16,171,714 £1,310,826 54,323 £18,II3B 38,283,837 £(2,566 24,072 £47,376 464,338 £IS..17,215 £7^)>12 1,259,915 £130,456 299,067 £190.023 146,600 £<3,6a0 70,311 £«,2«7 1U,5:M) £1,.%10 ,10,268 £1,269 r,,9b7 £5,116 871 £2,063 2,602 £1,9117 2,986 £7,176 .1.1,409 £i'5,.18M 9,410 £3,129 " A« was to he expiH'ted the after eflfects of the hurricane at the west end of the island and the unfavourable seasons of recent years are abundantly apparent in this comparative table, and improvous times or 196 CAXADA AXD THE BRITISH WEST ISDIES off h ' /■■ r' ""'"''"r"r' '->• ^<'''^">"'' conditions. The most serious falling off h.K Uvn th«t under tl.o head of b„nan.,s, where the year's defieit on comparison «^h he four years average a„.ou„t«l to the very considerable total of 3.573.833 stems and elLy ".,;.';'"" "" '!!V!r *",^"'=-'-''5'^»- "'>='^-V f"'""*? off is also observable in :.!« f ' 7"'- ^^'^-'' ""'• ''"""' *='-'-"==^: *hi'" the best showing on the ZT^-u^t''-" '"' ""•-■'^ '" *''" '■"'"*' "^ ''"""''''• «-41« i" the value of gra "' tne value of Idjiwood. WIIKRE JAMAICA KXPORTS GO. The collector-general points out that the interest of the United Kingdom in the export trade of Jamaica is a rapidly diminishing quantity. Forty years ago the cent ^^" ^' "■"' "^ •'''"'""■"■' '"''""''■ ^'' yar it took iTs per fh- tt^-^JTc??*"*'^ "^ Jamaica's chief products exported to the United Kingdon.. the United States, Canada and other countries is shown below:- Fruit Sugar Kum Cofff* Cacao DyewiKHls. Pinientci... l'nit»M] KiuKdom. PC. C3 30 5 "lift 10 3 52 3 12 !t S 7 Unit«d ScatPK. P.O. »1 5 7 12 3 13 8 .'«i'0 32 7 Canada. |>. c. 17 5!l 4 2 !t 4 & » I !l Other Cuuntri<>H. p.c. .1 10 t Hi 9 73 4 28 tt .51 1 5» 7 K... ♦ '^ « " • "" '■"'■*■''* "' "*'"■''* '"»""■ '"'"'"'^« ♦"''"•'' *-^'.v '■""•1 proportions. but these figures are somewhat misleading for Canada buys large quantities of Jamaica product, from the United States. For instance Canada's consumption of Jamaica bananas is quite large, but because Canada gets its supplies from the United htates the Jamaica Ooveriimcnt reports cannot take our purchases into consideration, i-rancc took .,,.4 p,., cent of Jamaica's c..ffe,> exjx.rts and 21-3 per cent of the cacao. WIIERK .lAMAICA niYS GOODS. r t'^l ^7"'^* •T""'«'''"'s in'P"rts the .percentages coming fn.m the United Kingdom, I nitcd States. ( anada and other countries were as follows:— United KingHoai t nitwl Statof .. Canada Othfr Ciiuntiies , Food Drink anfl Narcotics. 21 ft 52 7 IH 5 7 3 Raw MaterialK. 8 3 87 7 8 3 2 Vfanufoctund (;r«)d.-. 54 -i 38 5 17 .5 4 CAyADA AXD THE BRITISB WEST INDIES 187 A grove of coconut tran. Climbing » tree for coconuts. IN CIXADA AVD THE HRITISH WEUT l\niES r l^ie tup of • owuniit tnw. I^S I pi cAysbA AMI Tin: rhitish WKsr isniES iw Chapter XXIII. THE BAHAMAS ASCHIPELAOO. The Bahamas archipelngi) consistinR of 3f> islaiwls besides a larpe number of keys and rocks extends from 22° 25' to 26° 40' north latitude and is tlie most northern of the British West Indies, most of the islands of the archipelago bring outside the tropics. The largest islands are as follows: — .\ndror. iHlaiids . Cvivat At>ucu. . . Little Abacu. . . . '.rrfat Anaguii. . . Littlr Ana^ua . . ritand Bahama.. Cniokwl Island . Acklin iHlund . . . Eleuthpra Han Salvador Kxunia Mavaffuana. . . . New Pniviilence. WatlinK'o 1 Bland Kiini Cay Area. iH|. niileii, l.tMNI lUW •16 :io 4:w 71". lat im nm no !I6 8.-1 6U Extreme liength. niilen. fl.") 70 24 ■M H Mi )« 41 57 42 Xi 2:t liiji l» H Kxtreiiie Brea 7 11 H to II 14 7 t; 7 Andros is usually referred to as if it were one island, but it is really a group of islands, the largest of which is alwut 60 miles lung. The interior of these islands has never been thoroughly explored. The Bahamas are very different from the rest of the British West Indies in one respect. They have no mountains. They are nearly flat. Most of the islands have a great deal of rock, but there are considerable stretches of good land and it is said that " if the rock is blown up and sufficiently pulverized it forms an admirable medium for the growth of a variety of economical products, and is especially adapted to citrus fruits " Approximately 36.5,431 acres of land are privately owned and there arc still 2,434,7.30 acres of Crown lands. Very little is known about the real character of these Crown lands or what proportion of them is suitable for cultivation, but it is known that there are quite extensive forests of good timber. Ai American company has been conceded the right to cut timber in Abaco. Andros and Grand Bahama islands. Last year this company milled 12,000,000 feet of pine. Of the land in private hands only a small proportion is thoroughly cultivated. The soil as a rule is not very deep. AHOl'T THE SAME SIZE AS BARBADOS. Eleuthera island is very nearly the same size as Barbados, having 164 square miles, whereas Barbados has lOCi square miles, but Eleuthera has less than 10,000 inhabitants, while Barbados hag nearly 172,000. Eleuthera is said to be very fertile. In 1903 Governor Sir O. T. Carter, in a report to the Colonial Office, said of this 160 CAXADA AM) THE BJtITISH WEST IXDIES island : " Eleutbera is unquestionably the agricultural island ' par excellence ' of the Bahamas and I was much struck during n recent visit I paid to some of the settlements with its capabilities in this direction; with capital and properly directed effort there should be no limit to its productiveness." FRl'IT TRERS DKSTROYKD BY III RRK'ANC OraniTos and grapefruit of fine quality are produced and pineapples grow well in all tJio liahama islands, while small quantities of coconuts arc exported. The exports of fruit and coconuts have greatly declined since the de«tructivo hurricane of 1908. In 1007 the oranges exported numbered 1,509,860, the grapefruit 707,975 and the coconuts 316,250. In tho fiscal year ended March 31, lOU. the number of oranges exporteNDITIONR. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the first half of the nine- teenth century the British West Indies earned the reputation of being deadly to white men and they have scarcely yet recovered their good name although the health con- ditions have been completely revolutionized. In the old days when almost every island had its garrison of British soldier* the death rate from yellow fever among them was most appalling. The statistical reports of the British army from 1817 to 1S3» showed that the annual average mortality from fever in Jamaica at the following stations was:- D«th. AnnuaHy. MonfaoBay "••; ""."'>• Spanish Town Ai-i, <• Port Antonio Jf?" Upr,rkC«mp »".? Port Rovnl "' * The average annual mortality rates for 20 years among British soldiers in garrison at Trinidad. Tobago, St. Lucia and Antigua were as follows:— Daalbs Annuatlv. Trinidad ,"J •>•'„"<'• Tobap. "J J . St. Loci. ".J „ Autlcua ** • CASAD^ AXn THE BHITI^B WK,r /.VD/M With tuch record, no wondU th.» .? ,i T" '" ''»^->n. "* "' ^.,^^1^ Br.n.H «...„. ,e eo^d.t.... .-re ev.„ .„« .,,.. ,. .^ ^^^.^ ,^^^ ^^^^^. ALI. Ig OHAMOEO NOW. oip Hubert Boyce. author of " Mowiuitn .„J m f,^ **' * '*»"« *««»«• The lata J^ate^t medical authority on yetw fever a'd"!/'" Tt F'"''-"^ *»•« world? wltrLT" "^ '*"•* •' »""■•»• '^imentl were .utfl-S"'' »'«"': P^^^tion. stated ."L^'S:-"^ " '^- "-^ - ^ there w^is rrt^ai^sTciro^r f:::„i What is the cause of the chnmro ? p- . ^ .. introduction of pipe-bon,e water »ZL- J' "" according to Sir Hubert Bovce tl,« .urplus rain water!T„d slnd l/th" ,t"t "enf "'""*'"«r <" ««-«» arou* and fllthy ur and gn-at pains is taken to prevent the growth of wcls anywhere around it. shore,. The .treets and yards of the e.ty are scrupulously clean. The in.,*ctor frequently visita «nH /mm* " "'^ '"^""K^ of the hr„lth l.v.laws are heavily fined. Men. women hood of the city to prevent the growth of w...!. or long gra*. that might harbour ITlOSQU I tOCSa .l.,«P"'*"r? «I*" wiges war on rats, ft-ing a great coaling port many raU con.o there in ships. Rats are notorious di«.,.se carrier, and Ca.trie. ha. uo mercy o.. them. A staff of men, wonu... and Imys arc constantly employed watching the docks and other places for rat. Every rat caught i. dissected and microscopically examined nuit^"^- " '^"/^..^'"^'^''rt "I ^'"•h rat. Rat, have a liking for the top. of coco- nut trees. They build nests m them and eat nuts. To prevent rat. multiplying in coconuts trees every owner of coconut tree, within two mile, of the town of Ca.trie. i. obliB. d to place on each tree a metal band wide enough to prevent rat. climbing over Ihe coconut tree owners grumbled and protested nf being put to such expense to .atisfy what they con.idereil a silly whim. But tlio administration were Arm and now It has been discovered that the trees produce to manv more coconuts -ince the rat robbers have been excluded from the tree top. that the planter, are well satisfied. The water .upply of Castries comes from the hills high above all cultivation or human habitation. It is conveyed from several different source, by iron pipe, to a tollccting reservoir about three mile, from Castries and after being thoroughly CAM ADA AM> THK HtflTIBH WtStT IVDIBt fihvrwl i* i-iirrird in iron piim ti) ■ M>nrice rpM nil )inrt* of the t»wii. all ncrvit* pipiti being of iron. A* tUteA in Chapter XIV of thit report nearly tlinw million kuIIoim of thia w«t r are nold annually to (hipii tltat i-onia to CaMrip* fur water and coal. Frequent analyiis ihuwt that it ia wry food and pure. (>f this iomn of ('a*trie«, whoae health reirulationa Sir Rubert Uoyoe ronaidered mutt admirable, a beautifully illustnited guide bonk on the Went Indin which it purchaMMl by the majority of travellers iHyn: " Tlu> br«t rmideneea are to be found on Home Furtuni and the encircling hill*, for the lowlands are unsafe for white peopio to live in. In fact they cunnot live there at all at night, and after dark the town li as lonesome as a cemetery— to which in truth it has often been likened." It is true that the finest residences are on the hills which surround the town, partly IxMause the climate is always cooler at high elevations than at sea level and partly because the views from Home Fortunfi are ma(nifioentt, but the statement that the clean and sanitary M>a|Kirt of Castries is so unhealthy that white people enn- not live there has not the slightest foundation in fart. Flying visitors to the West Indies often form hasty conclusions about other matters as inaccurate as that guidebook's statement about Castrii-s. The death rate for the whole ctilony of Ht. Lucia was 17- 1 pi-r 1,000 last year. Dr. King, the medical health officer of Kt. Lucia said to me: '"There has been no yellow fever in Ht. Lucia since 1901 ; no cholera for about 64 years; the last rase of indigvnoua smallpox was so far back that there is no record of it; the plague han never occurred in St. Lucia, while diphtheria and dengue are unknown." A campaign is now being waged in all these colonies against ankylostomiasis or Iwokworm, a disease which never se«>nis to have affected the u|iper classes, but which is very common among the labouring classes in the West Indies as well as in the Southern States and is cHpecially prevalent in India. It has recently been discovered that this disease oan be very easily cured. The evenness of the climate of the Britiih West Indiea and the fact tlutt tb* intensity of the heat is greatly tempered by the cool trade winds conduce to liealth in many ways, but it seems to be • well established fact that white people living there need occasionally to visit the north — the tonic effect of northern air preventing enervation. But just as the white people of the West Indies are benefitted by • trip to northeni latitudes, so it is often very beneficial to the health 'of northemera to spend a winter or part of a winjter in the West Indies, and Sir Rubert Boyce was of the opinion that the British West Indies would become the winter health resort of Europe. 'White men who have lived continuously in the West Indies for a long time say that shorter hours of work are necessary there than in Canada or England. Canadians in general are under the impression that the first great campaign against yellow fever mosquitoes was in Havana during the American administration, but in the British W««t Indies it is claimed that those colonies led the world in inaugurating a campaign against mouiuitoes and that Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, aa bead of the Colonial Office, was responsible for it CAXAD.i ixn THK HKirinn \rr,itT tsoitM itr ciupttr xzn. PlZniXXOE WITHOVT SACSIflCI. mile . oii»i,(..ri»K whotlwr th« mI<> »f Ciirmdittn manuf-oturcd goods in Uw Britiih W«t Imlu.» niuy 1* inrn.«,HMl l.-t .m u.k the qwMi.m to what uxtunt c.n tanada » ij^in li,i«t.« of Uriti,ii WVnt Imliaii pMdurts li« ini-rBuiM'd. Kwipiwul iradfl U«w.>,.|. Canada and th« liritiati Wont Imlim i. preferanoe without wicri«.-,- \M^-nuw owiiig to dltferem-e of .liniate their produrtu am witirelv diffemit (r ti oun. What we buy from them we (-annot buy at homo. Canada mutt liuy !.-,m tomewlu.r« grout .|u«ntitie» of tropical product., inoludir.g fo\i-h a way th.it the British West Indian colonies would know Canadian:) iir. Liiyiui; tht'r rrmUicts. lor intUnce, Canada has for a number of years importid irroat lunnt -ir. of banana* grown in Jamaica, but the .lamaicanN do not know it. llv y think they have licon ■elling nearly all their bananas in the United States, 1,i-«mii«. Cuiiudian importers instead of buying baininas in Jamuieu buy Jamaica baniMias in the I'lvited Htttaa. During the fiscal year ended March :il, 1»W, Canada iniiwrted a,»2-l,887 bunclie* of bananas from the United Sut»«s and 10,212 from iho British West Indies. The baiwnas iroportee fruit were valued at 13.360,309 of which $78,074 represtMiteti iiiijiorts from the British W«Mit Indies and •2,07«.482 imports^ from the United States. We imported lemons and limea to the value of $»77,757 of which $B,ft31 was the value of imports coming direct from the British West Indies. TEA FROM JAM.\IC.t. The tea plantation at Clurcmont, Jamaica, is the only one in the West Indies, but in view of the great success achieved there thousands of acre* in the highlands of which $78,074 represented imports from the British WefSf, Indies and $2,»7fl.488 Jamaica are likely to be planted with tea. However it will be some years hcfor* Canada can get large supplies of tea from Jamaica. iT. VISfCEST .\RBOWttflOT. The secretary of the St. Vincent Arrowroot Growers' Association, said to me: "Why do not Canadian importers of arrowroot buy direct from St. Vincent instead of buying in England ond the Ignited States. Those countries do not grow arrowroot. Indeed the quantities of real arrowrtwt grown anywhere in the world outside of St. Vincent are very small. We practically supply the world with arrowroot and St 168 CANADA ASD THE BJtITISH WEST INDIK8 I i Vincent ha* been the chief producer of arrowroot for over one hundred year*. Our ■oil is especiallj- well adupted to the growth of arrowroot and our abundant supply of pure water is another inipurtnnt fii<'tor in (Miablintr otir planters to maintain the reputation of St. Vinctnt arrowroot fur purity nnd cxeollenco as a great deal depends upon the washing processes. I have no doubt that all the real arrowroot Canada buys is grown in St. Vincent but our planters judge by the quantities which we sell direct to Canada. We have direct steamohip connection with Canada now and there seems to be no good reason why Canadian importers xluuild get their supplies of arrowroot in a roundabout way. Canada is nearer to St. Vincent than England is. The steamship freight from St. Vinccmt to England and then from England to Canada is greater than from St. Vincent to Canada direct and those who handle it in England must make their profit. Would it not be cheaper for Canada to buy direct! We think that Canadians should consume more arrowroot. There are two ways in which it might be used pro«luct.«. Then- are a number of starches obtained from various plants that am incorrectly sold under the name of ' arrow- root.' Real arrowroot comes only from the tubers of the plant maranta arundinacea. Some of the imitations sold under the name of arrowroot are cheaper than the real arrowroot, but the great English cocoa and chomlate manufacturers I have referred to will have nothing to do with the cheap substitutes. They buy direct in St. Vin- cent and get the real article. They buy enormous quantities of arrowroot from us and are our best customers. It is because St. Vincent arrowroot is so absolutely pure and is so light and easily digestible that doctors recommend it (or inraltds and infants." Afterward I wos shown in the laboratory of the curator of the St. Vincent botanic garden a number of bottles, some of them filled with flour, others with arrow root. Into these bottles weevils and other insects had bet^n put several months before. In the flour they had multiplied; the flour was full of them. But in the arrowroot instead of multiplying they had died. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 1014, Canada imported 10.1,0.^1 pounds of arrowroot. Of this 59,034 pounds came dire<'t from the British West Indies, 32,- 47C pounds from the United Kingdom, 7,100 pounds from the United States, 2,689 pounds from Hong Kong, 625 pounds from China and 110 pounds from Bermuda. THE SUPPLY OK COCONtTS, In Trinidad I was told that American buyers bought cocoimts before they were picked, making contracts for a year ahead. 1 was asked why Canadian buycs did not odopt the same practice. Coconuts like limes grow all the year. The coconut tree is always producing nuts. Trinidad produces annually alwut 30,000,000 coco- nuts and nearly 20,000,000 nuts arii usually available for export, the others being consumed in the colony. Canada's total imports of coconuts in an ordinary year would not grejitly exceed 4,000,000 nuts, while small quantities of copra are imported. Hut imports of dessicated coconuts amount to over a million pounds com- ing chiefly from the East Indies. Perhaps Trinidad could supply dessicated coconuts or perhaps they could be dessicated in Canada in which case our imports of nuts would be greater. CANADA AND TUB BBITISB WEST IND1K0 ige BAW CACAO IIIPOBTH. Trinidad and Grenada exporters of cnoao a8kef travel, whertMU the voyage fron Canada to British Guiana requin-s only 10 days. " M<'ii over," said an advocate of Canadian investment in British (}uiana Crown lands for rubber growing, "we hope as business devefcips between Canada and British (fuiana that we may get a much faster steamship service than we have at pri>»<'Mt.'' TEBM8 ON Wllh M LAKU MAY BR A< «(l MKP. In Bri«i«h (Juiana leases mmf he obtained Im afr«« of any size for the purpose of ewkivating niliUr th«'reon for a term of (.Inetj-nim' jwarx. Xo rent is payable during th> irst ten year;', an annual rental of twenty cents an a«'fe is charged from the •kvrwA to the fiftM>nth ycsrs, and an annual rental of fifty cents a* m^ during tho r*-lMin4i« of the lease. Th* Uaaee is requifj-d to plant one twenty-fifdi part of the land with rubber trees with an »vt>f»$e of not Uwi than aixty trees to the acre each Hmt and is required to pay a roy Uj of Id. |>w pr/vai on all rubber and balata oolleHM durinK the first ten years. After the #x|>ir»tiou fif ten years, provided the conditions <>f the l««a have lieen ('(ini[rfied witli. th* tc»se<- has the right to purchase the land leas<^ at 94 p«*r acre. On application fur a leaiie, the f«(i»>ring {^es are pay- able to thf Government. Appii^-ation, stamp and rcgistrati^i foes i/f 9:21. ;it). survey fees of ;iO eenU per acre for fh*- first ."iOO acres, 2t) cents per acre for the next r>0« acres and 10 conts .p<'r acre for cui-li acre aixive 1,000 acres. That is the f«M p»fM> in the first place on accf)unt of 1,000 acres would be ^»"ut 9971 and on acflntMrt of 2,000 acres, 9871, while the purchase price at the end »/f ten years would be 94/)00 for 1.000 acres or 9«/JW> for 2,000 acres. Sir Walter Egerton, die Governor of British Guiana, told me that in hli opinion a large rubber estatt- I'mild lie more economically managed than a small one. He said he would recommend not less than 1,000 acres. CAVADA AND TBK BRITISB WEST /JVD/M ^T^ Of course the price of the land would be a small part of the capital outlay a« clearing the land of forest. plantinK rubber trees and looking after the plantation until the trees become old enough to yield rubber would require quite a heavy expen- diture. In the case of Hat lands liable to be flooded there is an additional expense for empoldering. But when the rubber trcs begin to yield well good profits may be realized on the capital invested ui\b-«s there is a great decline in the price of rubber. COTTON AND TOBArcO. Mr. H. p. V. Melville, government commissioner of the Rupununi Savann.-\b, is of the opinion that when the interior of British Ouiana is opened up by railways it will be found that there are very extensive areas suitable for growing cotton nnd tobacco. In the early days of British Ouiana large quantities ot cotton - ^rc grown, but later on cotton gave place to sugar. .lamnica iilso has extensive areas unutilijed that would be suitable for cotton and tobacco. RirE IMPOIITATIONS. During the fiscal yeor ended March »1, 1914, Canada imported 61,960,190 pound* of rice of which only 6,4TO pounds came from the British West Indies, bnt British Guiana is increasing its rice production so rapidly that it will probably -Mm b« is • position to supply all Canada's requirements. BEAIJTIFI'L IIARdWOOIiS. Beautiful hardwo.«is for furniture making might be- obtained in the fofwits of British Guiana, Trinidad. Dominica and St. Lucia. Xo systemat. 'jjnbering ^len- tions are carried on except in British (Juiana and even there no eCort is made te export furniture woods. In Trinidad, Dominica and St. Lucia settfcm in clearaw their lands of forests sometimes save the better class of timber and eart it into 4e •eaport towns, so that there are small quantities available for «nwrt if thew wen buyers. KOREST XI'TSI, KTT. In the forests of these colonies there are great quantities of nut.'., tonca beans and Tarious medicinal plants that might be profitably utilized if anTono would undertake to •y»*->nMtic«Uy gather them. SPICKS, M'TMEGS AND alNUKR. Grenada is the colony that most prides itself on the title " I«le of Spices " but a numbar of the other British West Indian islands are well suiteai for spice growing Caaada imp..rteil during the last fiscal year 4.110.»4;i pounds of spices, nutmegs and Kia«m^ of which only 5i7,2Sl came to Caiuida from the iirimh West Indies^ but 1,117,776 pounds came from the United Kingdom, and 724,485 pounds from the Taited States. As neither of these countries grows spices, a part of these imports may have come from the British West Indies in a roundabout way. Why sbwild we not irapftrt our spices direct from the British Wert Indies < There is no doubt whatever that tfcey could grow all the spices Canada requires. 172 CAVADA AND THF Bf-riSB WK8T HfDlKS Chapter XZVI. i| PAXCEI8 POST. There is a parcels post eonveiition between the United Kingdom and tho various British West Indian colonies by which the Post Office Department of onch colony collects on delivery the value of the articles sent, charging a small commission for collection. Under this agreement the c.o.d. parcel delivery business in those colonies is rapidly increasing. The United Kingdom is the only country with which thesa colonies have such a convention. The Postmaster General of Trinidad said to me at the end of February, 1914: " For the fiscal year ended March 31, 1913, the total number of c.o.d. parcels received from the United Kingdom was only 1,961, with a value of £2,484 198., but during the nine months from the 1st of April to the Slst of Di-cember 10,447 c.o.d. parcels from the United Kingdom were received in Trinidad and the amount collected by the Trinidad Post Office Department was £8,708 IBs. IJd. I have been astonished at the number of c.o.d. parcels delivered at some of the small post offices in Trinidad. One sho« company in Bristol, England, sent out a canvasser who took orders from the people in the small villages and on the estates. He got a great number of orders and they were sent by parcel post. We seldom had any difficuhy in collecting payment on delivery, but in a few cases we did. Afterward the shoe company made an arrange- ment by which anyone giving an order should pay enough in advance to cover return postage so that if there was any failure to pay on delivery we could send tho shoes back. The amount to be collected hy the Post Office Department on delivery of parcels is called the ' trade charge.' The maximum trade charge on one parcel must in no case exceed £20, but more than one parcel of that value may be sent to one person by the same mail. Trinidad has the right to send parcels c.o.d. to the United Kingdom on the same terms as British articles come to Trinidad, but very few parcels have been sent c.o.d. from Trinidad. We have no manufactured articles to send and our natural products cannot be sent that way. I suppose that if we had a similar con- vention with Canada it would work out in precisely the same way. That is Canada would send a great many parcels to Trinidad and we would send very few parcels to Canada. However our Post Office Department would derive some profit from the conmiission charged for collections." The delivery and collection fees charged in Trinidad on such parcels when Meeived from the United Kingdom are ns follows : — Trade Charse. Collection Charte. £ B or lees 4d. £10 ■• «d. fis •• »d. «M •• Ifc An3rthing exceeding £5 is charged at the £10 rate; anything exceeding £10 at the £16 rate and anything exceeding £15 at the £20 rate. The British Post Office makes the following charges on parcels for Trinidad according to the size of parcels : — Parcel* welghlns 3 Lbs Ig. 7 ■• 2e. U " 3«. The limit of sire is .3J feet in length, breadth or depth, but the length and girth combined must not exceed 8 feet. CAXADA AKD THE BKITISB WEST ISDIB8 173 au «iJ""'"''r* T'"'!? "* prohibited: letter., rum. .11 other .piriu except bona ™„Zfi „::!!? P«rf"'"f«lj'''"ediein.l spirit.; rough-on-rat.. opium and the unde^ m«»t.oned product, derived from the hemp plant, viz.. g.nja. bhang and c.nn.bi. The in.urance fee for parcel, not exceeding £12 in value ia 4A ■ tn., «. 1. «c^ng £12 in value, but not exceeding the pa'rcel l^it ^t^o'th" in.u;.n'"t: W-t^f^Huri^'*-* ''r""'«^'J'«f ^t***^" "'* ^''"'«* '^''''«'1"» ""d t''« other Briti.h tSiHoH ? u" ," "Tu"!'' **"" """"^ '" "'^'y '««I^t " tl*" convention v^ith In one of the Windward island, the postmaster showed me the li.t of all parcel. content.. The list wa. a very long one. From the content, it wa. evident that almct every clas. of article, coming within the limits of .ize and weight which the convention allow, ar^ ordered sent by parcel, post. Among the many article, on he hrt were underclothing. vesU. ladies' hat. and variou. article, of womeXclothing! confectionery, cake., bacon, hams, tinned meats, sardine., .hortbread. tableware gU«rware, camera, cotton and linen piece goods, toys, baskets, watches, rings And • great variety of other things.