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FROMTI 
 
 VOLUM 
 
 EI 
 
 JOHN 
 
1 '. . 
 
 FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 SECOND SERIES— 1895-96 
 
 VOLUME I. 
 
 SECTION 11. 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY, LITERATURE, ARCHEOLOGY, Etc. 
 
 A Plan for a General History 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Province of New Brunswick 
 
 BY 
 
 J WILLIAM F. GANONG 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 FOR SALE BY 
 
 JOHN DURIE & SON, OTTAWA; THE COPP-CLARK CO., TORONTO 
 BERNARD QUARITCH. LONDON, ENGLAND 
 

 
Section II,, 1895. 
 
 [91] 
 
 Trans. It, 8. C. 
 
 Y.—A Plan for a General Jlisfory of thr Provinnelof New Brunswick. 
 [Contributions to the History of New Uruiiswitk, Xo. 1|. 
 
 Br WlI.T.rAM F. frAXdNd. 
 
 (I'l-fscnted by Dr. Ccor^ry Stt-wart, IMi.ti.S. 
 
 iNTHdinCTInX. 
 
 For seviM-al ycai-s it has l.ecn n.y iiKcutio,, to writ., a iroiioral hi.storv 
 of the prnvhuv of Xow Bi-unswirk, To this ..i.l J Ikinv u-n,-ke,l assi.lu- 
 ously „, stu.lyin^. ofi-rinal records, i„ ,.„lle,.ti,.g matonais and in analys- 
 ing and (■(.rrdating catisos ami ortects in tl,c cvojntion nt lu,,,! events I 
 was led to my intention by several eonsidenUions : tirX, the want of a 
 work ot any kind upon the suhje-. : se,.„nd. everything whieh eoucora.s 
 Neu- J5runswiok interests me ; third, I wish-d to n.ake to this, mv native 
 prov.nee, some return for the ,H.rsonal serviee whieh 1 ,ny, to her, but 
 which J have htul to withhold. Hut lately I have wavered somewhat, 
 and thus, not because ..f loss of i„tcre>t. nor thro.igh pressure of other 
 occupations, nor yet through fear .d' the proporti.ms of a task colos.sal 
 enough to nppal one whu can give to it only a scanty leisure, but because 
 1 have come to distrust my own powers of accomplishment in this tield. 
 hvery man tends to writ.- that kin<l of book which he likes best to read. 
 A history of mine would be coldly scientitic, pivcLse! cla«silied, complete ■ 
 but It would lack the life an i form ami c.olour which slmuld distinguish 
 a history for the people. It is unly when he writes for brother students 
 that the modern historian may argue, anatomize and bo statistical; 
 when he addresses a general audience he should be first of all an impres- 
 «iomst. I have disc<.v.>red t hat in history my tastes tiro rather tho.se of a 
 pre-Juiphaehte, t.ii.l therefore I rclin-iuish my twelve-year growing desire 
 to try to write t, history worthy of my native province ' 
 
 In the course of my studies [ htive gathered not a little new and 
 valuable materud. To preserve this, I propose t,. otter it to this society 
 ma series ot papers now in preparation. In preface to these. I bee to 
 submit iierewith a sketch of the plan I had li.udly fixed upon for the 
 history. Dcnadoped naturally in the study of the subject, the plan has a 
 ^alue in thtU It represents an adaptation to the conditions oftheca.se, 
 and therefore show.s very nearly tlu- treatment which must be adopted 
 by any good history of the province. 
 
92 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 1. Upon tiik Ciiaractehistics of a Good Locai, IfrsTouv, 
 
 In thr pivpamtioi. of a local, or ind,.,.,! any, liistui-y tiien! are two 
 main iiK^lors; Hist, its ciiaractor. t!iat is, it.s (.iijcets, idonis, and spirit, 
 and. scfonilly, tlic events wiiioii aro its tiiiMne. Tiie principles of tlio 
 former will he tliesame for all local histories; the latter mu.st vary with 
 iho locality. 
 
 For the existence of local histories tliere are many reasons, of which 
 hy far the most important is. to enable us to know ohjectivoly onr social 
 and politiciil environment, and present eondition.s can he thoroughly 
 understood oidy wlien viewed in liy'lit of their oriirin ; second, tliey pro- 
 vide to writers and to readers an intellectual oceniiation, the healthiest 
 and purest of pleasures, radiant of .u^ood influence : tliird, men havinir heen 
 psycdioloiifically alikesince the heginningot' historie lime liave caused his- 
 tory to repeat it.self. and if we would hut mark and heed the rhythm of 
 events, they would form a useful guide (o the present, and even a key to 
 the future ; fourth, they nur.se patriotism; tifth, we have a natural interest 
 in the doings of our fatliers; si.\tli, history takes hold on our imagina- 
 tion and pleasuvahly appeals to the romantic and tlie poetic in us, for 
 truth is alwaj-s stranger than ticti(-n, which is hut its satellite, and 
 glimpses through the mists which surround the past, charm us in con- 
 trast with the glare of the ever commonplace present. 
 
 The qualities which a local history should possess in order best to 
 cultivate these uses are in ideal the following: 
 
 It should be accurate and complete. The details of the story 
 must harmonize with the truth an"d be approved by the stern eye 
 of science. The writer must go direct to ever}- original source of infor- 
 mation, must weigh, sift, Judge, and distinguish clearly what is certain 
 from what is probable and that from what is possible. The highest 
 attributes of scicntilic investigation are required here. 
 
 It should be impartial, that is to say, objective. A good local historj' 
 cannot be written by one too deeply concerned in it ; it must be the work 
 of a man of travel and culture, of cosmopolitan sympathies, a psj'cholo- 
 gist who can analyse the motives of men, one who can write not only 
 from a distance but also from a height. He alone can view his Held in 
 proper perspective. Jm])artial. scientiHc, psj-chological history is very 
 modern, but its day is dawning and it is even already with us. The 
 older kind worshipped that "idol" of our minds which makes us the 
 chosen ])eople, all in the right, the martyrs or the justly triumphant, 
 and our enemies all liad, all in the wrong, the persecutors, the Gen- 
 tiles. The new history recognizes that men and nations average much 
 alike, and under the same conditions act much alike ; that the relations 
 of victor and vanquished, oppressor and oppressed, loyal refugee and 
 persecuting colonist are matter less of inherent right and wrong, than of 
 
flSTOKV. 
 
 tliero tire two 
 Ills, and spirit, 
 inciplcs of tho 
 uist vary with 
 
 sons, of wiiich 
 vol^' unr social 
 III' thoi'oiiglily 
 und, tlit'j' pro- 
 till' lii'altliiest 
 I'll liaviii.ir l)i'en 
 I VI' i-auseil Ins- 
 till' rliytlim of 
 ovon d ki'j' to 
 latural interest 
 I our iniaginu- 
 otie in us, for 
 satellite, and 
 irni ns in con- 
 
 order best to 
 
 of the story 
 ho stern eye 
 )«rce of infor- 
 hat is certain 
 The highest 
 
 i local history' 
 
 it he the work 
 
 <. a psyeholo- 
 
 ■rite not only 
 
 iv his tield in 
 
 i story is very 
 
 ith us. The 
 
 nakes us the 
 
 triumphant, 
 
 srs, the fJen- 
 
 ivera^e much 
 
 the relations 
 
 refnjjce and 
 
 rong, than of 
 
 [OAXONd] 
 
 HISTORY OK NKW I'.HUN.'^WKK 
 
 ea 
 
 success and failure. To love your enemy as yourself is enjoine.l to tl„. 
 modern histoiinri. 
 
 It should he causative, eomp.'.rative, svmnieirical. The threa.ls of 
 cause and etfeet should he dLscntan-led and ma.le straight, for in these lie 
 the chief lessons of history. Then, l.y ....nstant comparison, ih.. progress 
 Of local events should he kept in touch with what goes on in the w..rld 
 outsHie, whether there he orgainc conm'ction hetwecn the I wo, or wh.'ther 
 they he simply parallel or merely synchronous. L.,,,,! historv cannot 
 be clearly understood unless it teaches its onm, relation (o the i.ri.gress of 
 mankind. .\n,l this rerpnre.s also well-proportioned treatment, all topics 
 receiving, as they do .m a good lopograplih-al map of whatever hLu- 
 em])lia.sis m the exact ratios of their imiiortance. 
 
 It should be rea.lahle. attraetiv as a story. Kor this it should he 
 
 the work of a master of stvle. who is •!( tlii> <„„„.♦;.., • . . 
 
 . '.'"■ """ "■ •" "'i' ''i"»>i' time an impressionist 
 
 m he best .sense, one who with bol.l strokes and strong .•olouriiur (.„„ 
 make his theme to flash as a living picture before th.' mental vision of 
 his reader.s. recalling surroundings as they wore, causes as they acted 
 resu ts as they followed, heroes as they achieved or faik-d, p.ople as they 
 hyed ami worked ami fought and died. To make the j.asf as vivid as the 
 remembercl events of yesterday is the ideal of the picturesque side of 
 tfie historian 8 art. 
 
 It should have local colour. Kspeei.'.lly in loi'al history where <rreat 
 events with their lessons are wanting and interest is chiofh" personar the 
 locative or cxa.d-.sjiot idea should be kept prominent. Loe-.l jieculiarities 
 of custouLS, tra.lifions, prejudices, superstitions should be recogniz-^d 
 i he writer should feel the environment and reflect it, slnmld hin ^' 
 know and love the hills or rivers or plains which give character to the 
 country and its people. In a wor.l the true atmosphei-e of the locality 
 sfiould be breathe.laround local affairs. 
 
 It should be jirimarily topical and secondarily chronological It 
 should be arranged according to periods, each recoiviuir complete treat- 
 ment and showing its influence upon subsequent ones and even upon the 
 rrcsent. Of these jjoriods certain ones are common to most histories 
 others are peculiar to the .special locality. First of all n.n.st he treated 
 the phy.sical environment, which powerfully affects the course of his- 
 tory of a country, both by controlling settlement and industries and 
 by moulding the character of the people. The geography, physiography 
 meteorology, plants and animals have far more influenci ^pon making a 
 peojde what they are than is generally recognized ; .second, there are the 
 native tribes, and their character, and their relations to tho new-comers ■ 
 hird, there are always the early explorers who were not settlers; fourth' 
 there are the early settlers followed by, fifth, successive waves of popula- 
 tion down to the present, the nature of these varying with tho locality ■ 
 sixth, in some form there always comes the struggle for home government' 
 
04 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 iMnully, it is llu. msultant of all Mr. past conditionH of environment 
 nn.l expenonces, K.-otlior witl, tl.o f.nulamental cliaraeteristics of the 
 race.s from whici, tl.e p..opl,. have sprung, (tlu-s. cl.aracteWstics tl.oni- 
 solves the rosnltant of Ktill ourlier surrounding.; whidi have nui.lo a.iv 
 people what they are to-.jay, and the clear delimitation of these intluenees 
 IS in reality the aim and end of the history. 
 
 Tt should have the narrative and the eritieal matter separated 
 J<.ach i)oriod shf.uld have first its narrative part, unhurdened by refer- 
 ences and ar^^lments, and forming a complete story in itself, with its 
 iMtroduction showing its relation to what has gone before and to eontem- 
 poranoous events of the world, and its cuelusion showing its influence 
 upon the present. This is for the general reader. For the student this 
 should be followed by critical notes after the manner of Winsor's 
 "America" or nourinot's -Cape Rroton," but answering page to page 
 with the text of the narrative, giving all needful references to authorities 
 and sources of information, bibliographical and biographical and other 
 . special notes, with notice of questions requiring investigation The im- 
 portance of full bibliography is very great. It is a marked character- 
 istic of the modern historian that ho goes directly and sends his students 
 to the original .sources of information, just as the modern naturalist goes 
 directly to nature. Finally, there should be a series of appendices to 
 contain the more statistical matter, book-li.sts, map-lists, lists of place- 
 names and lists and tables generally. 
 
 It should be tasteful in its make-up. The best art of the book- 
 maker 18 not too good for a work which is to appeal to our highest fac- 
 ulties. Its illustrations should be reproductions of old views, maps, por- 
 traits, etc., and in no case manufactured pictures. 
 
 These I take to be the chief characteristics of the ideal local history 
 Of coui'se, no single man ..,n ever write such a work, but it is well to 
 have ideals and to strive for them. I do not think the co-operation of 
 several writei-s succeeds jierfectly, for the result is always uneven Of 
 course it would not pay, and if very local, must be a gift to the public • 
 but thus to give is the blessed lot of most pure scholarship, a not unhappy 
 one, for It is amply rewarded ill the doiiio-. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 2. The Akravoement of Topics in a IIistoky of the Province op 
 
 New Brdnswick. 
 
 Following is an outline of the plan above referred to for the history 
 of New Brunswick, a plan which, be it remembered, is not merely per- 
 sonal, but represents an adaptation-mainly an objective, much less a 
 subjective view of the subject. 
 
environmt'iit 
 eriHtics dt' tin- 
 Scristios tliom- 
 iivo inado juiy 
 it'so inrtuences 
 
 er separated. 
 iiied by refer- 
 Itnelf, with its 
 nd to c'onteni- 
 i; itH intliionco 
 student this 
 of WiiiHor's 
 page to i)ago 
 to authorities 
 a! and other 
 on. The im- 
 3d churacter- 
 3 his students 
 ituralist goes 
 ppendices to 
 sts of place- 
 
 )f the book- 
 
 higiiest fac- 
 
 8, maps, por- 
 
 ocal history, 
 it is Avell to 
 operation of 
 uneven. Of 
 ' the public ; 
 lot unliappy 
 
 'Rovince op 
 
 the history 
 merely per- 
 nuch less a 
 
 [OANOSO] 
 
 IIISTOKY OF NKW liRUNSWICK 
 
 9B 
 
 ( 'hntknt.s. 
 Vol. i. (Jcnt'i'al Introduction \i< the entire work. 
 
 Sec. 1. Tlie I'hysiogiapiiyand Natural History of New HrunawicU 
 Sec. 11. The Indian Tribes. 
 Vol. II. Sec. ill. The Hurly Explorers- Norse, English, Portuguese, 
 Sjtanish, French. 1(10(1 — 1()04. 
 Sec. IV. The Period of French Occupation. lfi().t_]760. 
 Vol. III. Sec. V. The New Fnglandcrs and the English. 17(;<)_178;{. 
 Sec. Yl. The American Revolution and the coming of the Loyal- 
 ists. The Founding of the Province of New Brunswick. 
 Vol. IV. Sec. VII. The Progress of tho Province of Now Brunswick 
 down to Confederation. 
 Sec. VIU. Critical Study of the Character of tho Now Bruns- 
 wick Peoi)lo in the light of their origin, surroundings and 
 history. 
 
 Volume T. CrENERAL Introductio.v. A BmnsEYE View op the ENirRE 
 Subject, snowr.vo the Lome of the Division i.nto Periods. 
 
 The interest in New Brunswick history must as yet be strictly local 
 It has played no part in the world's history, and but a very slight part 
 in that of Canada. It has produced no very great men, none who have 
 materially influenced the world's progress, either aa reformer, statesman 
 inventor, author or scholar. No great decisive battles, military or legis- 
 lative, have been fought on its soil ; no great question has been answered 
 within its boundaries; the eyes of the world have never once been 
 focussed there. Its people show no sharply differentiated characteristics 
 of any kind, and nothing to make them of interest to others. They 
 have developed no special provin ..■ customs nor iastitutions, not even 
 such trifles as sports, symbols, so.igs, nor anything that is their own 
 alone. They are not especially enterprising 'nor cultured. We have 
 no provincial hero, novel nor poem. Even the Loyalist movement, our 
 great event, was not our own alone. The Indian tribes were inoffensive 
 and since they are living in our own day, no romance can cluster amund' 
 them. The early explorers mostly passed the province by. and no event of 
 Its later history is striking or unique. With one or two exceptions it ex- 
 hibits no remarkable features of scenery nor special scientitic phenomena 
 It possesses hardly anything which is not better shown somewhere cNe' 
 These negative characteristics would give no hold for an attempt' 
 even to consummate genius, to make New Brunswick history of interest 
 beyond its own borders. Yet within these limits that history is varied and 
 attractive to an altogether unusual degree. Its topography and scenery 
 even ,t not grand are of great variety and charm, and it^ natural pro 
 ductions are many and important. Its people, if not homogeneous are 
 
96 
 
 IJOYAL SOCIKTY OF CANADA 
 
 yot of frond stocU 1111(1 Hhow intorcHtini,' racial foaluros; if not ..niinnot 
 in liny Hinglo ri'Hpi'ct, thoy novcrtlu'loMH uviTa,i,'f oxtrcnit-ly well. Thoy 
 arc (leniocratic. moral, law-ai.i.ling, and solid, honost and di-an ns tlio 
 Mplondid nortli country I hey live in. Conl pasting [lolitical clianjrcs have 
 given incident and movement to their past, and there is not uaiUing tlio 
 
 pathos of struggle and suffering and exile, and tiio Joy offriumph, prosper- 
 ity and hope. There conie into view in suceessi(.n tho roving Indian, tho 
 hurrying explorer seeking a passa.ge to the west, tho picturesque French 
 lur-trader, the colonizing Englishman, the independent New Knglander, 
 the exiled J.oyalist and the Hturdy immigrant from Kurope. tlu.se giving 
 iisaserioHof distinct i)oriods each with incidcnt.s. cliarms ami results of 
 its own. 
 
 Section I.-Tuk i'uv.siouitAi-nv \si, Xatukai, IIistohv op 
 New JIku.nswick. 
 
 A8 thi.s sul.ject is the on.- I know the hesi, and most local historiauH 
 th.. leasr, T shall outline it somewhat fully, giving to the subsequent topics 
 much hriefer treatment. 
 
 In its ideal it should contain the clean-cut statistical science of to-day 
 comhine<l with the simple appreciatitm .,f nature of White or Thorcau 
 It shoul.l everywhere keej. i)rominent the idea of comparison. Jt should 
 treat in order : 
 
 Chapter I.— Introduction, pointing out tho ottoct of environment 
 upon Ihe history of a people, with illustrations .Irawn from other lands 
 and times, and outlining the topics to be treated and tiie logic of their order 
 
 Chapter II.-The place of New Brunswick- in com].arativc -eo-' 
 graphy; absolute and relative size; po.sition on the earth's surft.ce 
 relation to land and water surface of the globe and to great routes of 
 travel. Illustrated by diagrams to .show to the eye facts of relative size 
 and position. 
 
 Chapter IH.— Croneral (ieology and Topography of the Province 
 Present contour depends upon past geological history and is tlie a-.rro- 
 gate or resultant of it. and every physical feature of tho landscape is 
 traceable to a geological origin. The formations from tho Laurentian 
 down should be traced, together with the ettect of each upon N.w Tiruns- 
 wick as It IS to-day, including tho extremely important glacial period so 
 tar reaching in its relation to productions and settlement. Illustrated by 
 maps showing the geogra]ihy at the siicecs.sivc periods, the present water- 
 sheds and slopes, etc. 
 
 Chapter IV.-Tlie particular Geology and Topography of the Pro- 
 vince. Dividing it into .sections, based upon the most natural divisions, 
 as for instance into the greater slopes, tho Eestigouche, Bay Chaleur 
 Nepisiguit, North-east Corner, iliramichi, Northumberland Strait Petit- 
 .'.odiac, Bay of Fundy. St. John, and Passamaquoddy. these should be 
 
f nol oniinnot 
 >' well. Tlioy 
 
 I clt'ilM .'IS (lin 
 
 (•lmn;,'i's liiivc 
 I uaiiliiii!: till! 
 nipli, |ir<>s|ifi'- 
 1^' liiilitin, till! 
 r('s(nu' l-'rciicli 
 w i'iiigliimici-, 
 '. llicHi' ^ivinj^ 
 iiiiil ri'siil(s of 
 
 roitv op 
 
 •111 liistoriaiiH 
 eqiiont topics 
 
 net' of to-tliiy 
 or Tlioi-eaii. 
 1. It Khould 
 
 onvironmont 
 
 1 other lands 
 f tlioir order, 
 iirativc fijoo- 
 th's surface, 
 )at routes of 
 relativo size 
 
 10 Province. 
 is tlio aijfgro- 
 iaiidsca])u is 
 Laurontian 
 N^ vv TJruns- 
 !d j^eriod kg 
 iustrated hy 
 esent water- 
 
 of the Pro- 
 al divisions, 
 ay Chaleur, 
 Strait, Petit- 
 3 should be 
 
 [(iANON(i 
 
 rilSToitY !il.' NKU liiu \ 
 
 SWICK 
 
 mil. h 
 of si 
 
 i"".e nnnuieiy doserihcd, will, ij,,. ,..,„se> nf || 
 
 dsl,„,,eofthoen«Hi line, of the hilU and mars! 
 
 th 
 
 leir cuusoH and etI'ectH. 
 
 97 
 
 u< <ours.'s of rivcrN. 
 >es, etc.. and tli,. ii,|i.s_ 
 
 CI 
 
 a|.|..|. V_Th 
 
 of it^ 
 
 in which Mew M 
 
 |ihy>i(iil cau 
 
 '"ery of New |{riinMwicl 
 
 ses a> w.'ll a> a'sthctic 
 
 mIIv 
 
 runswick i« 
 
 rcsnli> 
 
 y snr|ia>sfs every other rounirv o( 
 
 iiriilarly ri. h. and in u hi, j, she und 
 
 l< viewed ill the Ji^rjii 
 'I'here is one fetitiire 
 
 Olllt 
 
 ix the niiiiiher and h.-aiit 
 ently 'The K'jver I'lov 
 
 y anij iisofllliies> of he) 
 
 '■•l"id Mze in ih,. \vorld, and tl 
 
 riVe 
 
 lilt 
 
 intervales, th 
 
 iiui 
 
 in addit 
 
 le IS 1)1 
 
 lere are other types of >ee 
 
 i"li to l|ie>e with Iheir I 
 
 liai 
 
 e-etnin 
 
 and hold eliifs at (irand .M 
 
 ier\j|N we 
 
 in WesiHK 
 
 n 
 
 Ireland and iri-eat 
 
 anan and alonif the Fund\- 
 
 hillv 
 
 ertile 
 in the intei-ior 
 
 moo 
 
 runswick scenery i> of a 
 
 r^ in .M 
 
 e"a>t, salt marshes 
 
 iseo 
 
 I'Mu'^'eil. holiest, ii 
 
 liiimanized as it is in most of i-;„r..| 
 
 ntanii 
 
 II and Slii|)|ieiran .\, 
 
 Ch 
 
 iipter VI.— I' 
 
 'e. niilvi.l,. of (lie .\1 
 
 "rt.i.ot miIm|||,.,| and 
 
 without prejudice of If 
 
 ■eonomie (ieolou\ ami M 
 
 uieral 
 
 teaeln 
 
 of ilieir prohal.le fntu 
 
 '■ "ei-urreiice uf mineral de|,o.>ii,> and 
 
 value of certain area> nun 
 
 re. iiii'liidiiiM' the dc 
 
 • » diMU>.'^ii)ii 
 what ireo|o.r\ 
 
 Chapter VII.— M 
 
 li adverti.sed in j, 
 
 nutnstralioii oi t| 
 
 ie>niali 
 
 oom literature 
 
 parutive ; ettcctsof poMti,,, 
 hieai iliHerence: 
 anil winter; elleet.- 
 
 '•"""•"I".i-'y. St-dyof elimat., ah^^hite ami 
 
 I, oeean eiirrelils. f, 
 
 eom- 
 
 hI peculiarities . >.now 
 
 prevailiiiij winds, et( 
 
 Ml 
 
 m'lieral cl 
 
 "I elinialie eon 
 
 l.'ii'ai'lei' of 
 
 a.n'rieulturt", 
 
 <lltli;ii-. I 
 
 'Uinnier 
 
 I'"" l"'"i'l>' P'-'.ihilitic. 
 
 Ill 
 
 (Jh 
 
 iipter VIII.— Moiany. IJejat 
 
 Ion 
 
 ^•ioui)s represented in the prov 
 and.spi.eial hiolon-ieal teatures 
 
 l'l:'iil> to soil and cl 
 
 •South : (heir distribution and 
 
 iiHc; numher of species; (hdi 
 "ecMirrenee of cidoiiies from the North and 
 
 imate 
 eharacte 
 
 marine plants. Thanks to the iai 
 
 "s ivlalioii to past climatic eon.liti 
 
 .'w Brunswick, exact data t 
 
 loiirs of the \at 
 
 oils 
 
 lated. .Ksthetic 
 lumber trade. 
 
 or tl 
 
 Ifse stiKJK 
 
 are Ix 
 
 iintl History Society of 
 
 aspects ; charm of tl 
 
 ini;- ra 
 
 pill 
 
 northern Ih.ra. I'icon 
 
 y uecuinu- 
 oniics : tl 
 
 ic 
 
 Chapter IX.— Zool 
 
 o<'\- 
 
 life 
 
 Hi'h'A 
 
 on of animal life t 
 
 > tn 
 
 groujis represented in tlie province ; nu„il 
 , as above for plants. K 
 
 • olonies, etc 
 
 licaring animals and of food.H> 
 province. 
 
 les upon histor' 
 
 " climate and plant 
 
 ion, 
 'ur- 
 
 lerof sj.ceies. distribut 
 eonomie zoology; inthience of l 
 
 am 
 
 prosperity of the 
 
 tl 
 
 Chapter X.~S 
 
 unimary Chapter on the 1 
 .e province. The awakening of plant and animal lif, 
 and relations throu"-h th 
 
 i",!4:ress of the Scasoi 
 
 IS in 
 
 e seasons. .Kstheti 
 
 nature; the supreme beauty of the New \i 
 lety : charm of bird notes and flowers' 
 
 sidi 
 
 anil their cour 
 
 'se 
 
 of the march of 
 
 Th 
 
 •^models of this .subject are White and J 
 
 runswick .seasons: their var- 
 timmcr days and winter storms. 
 
 ill New Knglaiid, and, better tl 
 
 ctte 
 
 111 
 
 !ian all, II 
 Sec. II., 18i)5. 
 
 I'les in England. Thor 
 
 Ison in La i'lata and P 
 
 'eau 
 
 atagonit 
 
98 
 
 ROYAL SUCIKTY OK CANADA 
 
 
 r 
 
 Tliis c-liai)lcr will fail olits end il'it docs not recall, or even siiirgost to a 
 strangor. tlu' true atniosplnTo oCtlu' provinci". 
 
 Chapter XI.— Now Hrun.swick as a land for li.'altliv .^port ; of freo 
 pf.,,,lo : for colohi.sts. VA]W-t of lopograpliy. climate aiurnatiiral produc- 
 tion.s upon ci.araclcrofa i.eoplc : splendid inlieritaiieeof the yoiin.ir Xcvv 
 Uninswickcr; small appreciation l,v lier own peo|)]o, wi)0 sell it.s^rivi- 
 le.V'es to the higln^st l.iddei's. hut great ai)])reeiati(m l)y sti'ungers ; good 
 hooks hy (iordon, Dashwood. Sage ami others, hut no native literature. 
 
 Chapter XII— Place and topographical nomenclature, varied, ap- 
 proj)ri,'ite and interesting. 
 
 Chai.tcr XIII,— Klfeel of the preceding ujion the .•.x|)loration and 
 settlement ot Xew Hrunswiek. and the making of the New Brunswick 
 people: llie distrihution of populalion ; sites of towns; what is taught 
 hy the preceding as to the future of the province. Mining likely uot'to 
 lie important ; all condititms la von rahle for agriculture and dairy industry, 
 superiority of the lot of the \cw Brunswick farmer over tLit of the 
 We.stern or Huropcan : ahnndance of land useless for agriculture hut 
 good for trees, and theomuipre.senl streams and rivers make the ])rovinee 
 particularly well adajited to timi)er-culture ; ahnndance of water-falls and 
 
 the strong tides pi ise unlimited cheap power for manufacturing when 
 
 eleetrieal conduction of power is perfected. Advantages of diverse re- 
 sources in building up a strong pt'ople. 
 
 Ci-itical notes to .Section I.— Running commentaries on the aiiove 
 l)age hypage. discussing sources of information, value of authorities, 
 notes on development of knowledge in eacii hraneh. Biographical and 
 hildiographical ntites. h'efereiiees to where special tojjies are more fully 
 treated, or lists of animals ami jilaiits are found, etc. 
 
 .\p]iendix 1.— Bihliograi)hy of New Jirunswick. A list of all works, 
 liapiuvs. manu.scripts, etc.. relating to New Brunswick in general and to 
 the above topics, in proper bihiiograj. Ideal form, with cross references to 
 the preceding critical notes where value of each work is discu.ssed; pre- 
 ceded hyan essay upon bibliography, pointing out the value of consulting 
 original authorities; U'sthetic side of knowledge of old books; praeticiU 
 value of preserving old works ; pleasures of a collector, etc. 
 
 Ajipeiidices 'J, .'I, etc., containing tables, statistics, etc. 
 
 Illustrations : (ieological ina|is. diagrams, views of scenery, etc. 
 
 Sectio.n II,— Tuk Im.ian Tribks of Nkw Biunsweck. 
 .Most works on local history give a chapter to the Indian tribes, but 
 ibis IS generally eomj)i!ed from various books and repeats old errors. 
 This is particularly the case with books on New Brunswick and I have 
 never seen in one of them anything on the subject which was not worth- 
 less. Om- writers viewing them from a distance and judging them by 
 their own standurd.s, or finding that they fall below the ideals inspired 
 
■veil siiggost to a 
 
 ly sport : of free 
 ; natural produc- 
 f tho ymiDir Xow 
 1)0 si'll its privi- 
 strangi'rs ; good 
 itive literature. 
 Uuv, varied, ap- 
 
 (■x|iloralioii and 
 New Ei'unswiek 
 wliat is laught 
 ing likely not to 
 d dairy industry. 
 )vcr that of the 
 agriculture hut 
 ike the ])rovinee 
 f water-fallsand 
 ifaeturing when 
 es of diverse re- 
 
 s on the ahove 
 ' of authorities, 
 liographical and 
 s are more fully 
 
 list of all works. 
 
 general und to 
 i8s references to 
 
 discussed; pre- 
 U! of consulting 
 ooks ; 2>racticiil 
 ;e. 
 
 ienery, etc. 
 
 N.SW[CK. 
 
 dian tribes, hut 
 ■ats old errors. 
 Mck and 1 have 
 ivas not worlh- 
 ;lging them by 
 ideals inspired 
 
 [OANO.VO] 
 
 iriSTOKY OF NKW ISRUXSWICK 
 
 09 
 
 l.y ( ooper, an.l forgetting that like the while nums their trainin.^ only 
 runs ndo lines useful to them.selves, tin,! ,hen, not worth the study and 
 d.snnss them as ignorant and d..graded. or else as an inferior order of 
 hen.^s. No se.entitic .studen, of ethnology has yet given attention ,o 
 ... Indu.ns and only when such an one gives us tho data shall we be 
 able to judge correctly of where they really .stand in the scale of 
 hunninity. ' 
 
 ''liMp.er l.-Introdu.tio,, : Htfect of wild tribes upon settlement in 
 general. Logic ol divi.siou of the .subject. 
 
 Chapter ll.-Thc two iribe.s. .Minnacs an.l .A[ali.sects. iu J^cw Bruns- 
 wick ; description of, hem. and ..omparison with other Indians of North 
 America, and other savage races ; tlu.ir -...uracter as traced in both habits 
 and language 
 
 • Chapter ilL-Tluir clhnologieal atiiiutics. Whence came they 9 
 
 How are they rekited to neighbouring tribes ? ' 
 
 (-hapter IV.-]'re-histori,. works and mode of life; their ancient 
 
 vilh^ge sites; .-outes of travel ; divisions between hunting grounds of the 
 
 Chapter V._Thcir condition when first found bv Europeans ■ their 
 enstoms: accounts of them given by Lescarbot, Cha,n,.lain, I)enys 
 JicClerc, etc. ' j"> 
 
 Cl'apter Vl.--Their language : priuiitivc an.l as m.ulitied by contact 
 with iTeiieh and Kngh.sb. 
 
 Chapter VII.— Their legends, primitive and as modilied ; their rich- 
 ness has perhaps been overestimated of late-tho promise of Leiand's 
 work IS not sustained by that of Rand ; particularlv interesting arc those 
 which explain peculiarities of animals and peculiar feature's of toiio- 
 gra|)liy. ' 
 
 Ciiapter YIII._Tl,eir history from their discovery down to the 
 l)resent; their present condition: admixture of white blood- religion- 
 status in law ; pby.shiue (the World's Fair statistics) ; relation to civiliza- 
 tion : probable future. 
 
 Chapter IX.— Their etiect upon New Hrunswick history and upon 
 her people ; this has been slight, but yet appreciable. 
 
 Critical notes ui)on this section, after tho method already detailed. 
 Appendix 1 —Hibliograjdiy of the Indian period. 
 Appendix 2.— Place nomenclature of the Indians, prefaced by an 
 essay on the study of place nomenclature and its general princii.les. A 
 study of the origin and meaning of all place names of Indian origin, both 
 liast and present, arranged in dictionary tbrm. 
 
 Appendices 3, 4, etc.— Statistics. Censuses of the Indians, etc 
 Tables of Indian words a(io!)te(l by French and Rnglish, and of English 
 and French words adopted by the Indians, etc. 
 
 Illustrations, ma|)s. photograjihs of Indians, pictures of objects of 
 their workmanship, etc. etc. 
 
lOO 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Section IH-Tiie Eakly Exi.i,..hkr.s : Xcrse. Enqlish. Portu- 
 
 (HESE, Sl'ANISH AND FreNCII, infl()-l(;04. 
 
 An impiirtial (liscussion of tlic possibility of visits of tlie Xoi-so- 
 Micii to our .slioiTH. No hlude.it has yet tiaimcl tliat tluy i'aiidcMl 
 in New Brunswick, but one (iistin,i.-uislie(l student of our early his- 
 tory, the m. J?ev. iiislH.p Howley. of West Xewfoundhu.,1. is working 
 upon the route of the founders of Vinlaixl with a re.sult wlu( i. makes 
 them land in the jirovinee, and his view seems to me to have more in 
 Its favoui' tluui have tiiose wiucli send them to Nova Scotia. .Massachusetts 
 or IJiiode Island. Cabot was j)robably never in the Gulf of St. Lawivnce 
 but certainly other early voyagers entered it and tlu' Hay of Fundy • 
 Cartier explore.! the North Siiore ; J)avid In-i'am possibly descended tJie 
 St. John. In a complete history, every possibilitv should receive discus- 
 sion and every impoi'tani theory should be mentioned. Finally came 
 (Jhamplain, and from this time on. we are on more certain ground. 
 Effects of this perio<i upon the following ones. Tiiis section of course 
 divided into chapters as in the preceding and having introduction, con- 
 clusion, etc. 
 
 The cartogra|tliy of tlie perio<l is of great interest, and the i-radual 
 differentiation of New IJrunswick out of the obscurity of the early maps 
 forms a fascinating study in evolution. 
 
 Critical notes, as in previous sections. 
 
 Appendi.v [.—Bibliography of the period. 
 
 Appendix II.— IMace-nomeiielature of the period. 
 
 Appendix ill. -Cartography of the period, prefaced by an e.s.sav on 
 the study of cartography: its jn-inciples, tlie per.s,mal equation in map- 
 making, historical value, etc., followed by a cla.ssiHed list of mapsarran.red 
 to show evolution. Facli map .should be described by giving its date 
 autlior. title, size, scale, range. '^ ' 
 
 Section JV.— The Perioi. ok Frenimi Ocn i-ation. ](i04-17(i(i. 
 
 The most picturcs.pie. and hence, in some ways, most interesting era 
 of our history, though with little effect upon its la"ter eoui-se. There were 
 struggles with the English, who twice during the period po8se.ssed the 
 j.rovince, and there was one attack by the Dutch. The attempts at 
 settlement by seigneuries were almost entire failures, and the fur trade 
 was the great attraction. The struggles of LaTour and Charnisav. and 
 I lie expuLsion of the Acadians, stand out sharply in this period. As to 
 the latter event, it would be easier to discuss it calmly had -Evangeline" 
 never been written; by some writers this poem has been so constantly 
 quote.1 that to many people it has assumed the character of an historicnl | 
 document, almost an original aulboritv The last word has not been said ' 
 on the expulsion, an.l the subject invites impartial investigation But 
 
[oanong] 
 
 Enolis!!.- Portu- 
 
 1104. 
 
 isits of the Xoi-su- 
 tliiit thoy landiul 
 of our wirlj- lii.s- 
 ridlaiKl. is working 
 i'.-<iilt wliicli makes 
 lie to have more in 
 otia. -Massaeluisettis 
 ilf of St. Lawrence. 
 le May of Fuiuiy ; 
 •sibly descended tin^ 
 mid receive <liseiis- 
 ed. Finally eamu 
 ■e certain ground, 
 section of course 
 introduction, con- 
 
 t. and the gradual 
 of the early maps 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW liRUNSWICK 
 
 ed I)}- an essay on 
 equation in maj)- 
 of maps arranged 
 y giving its date, 
 
 N. ](i04-17(;0. 
 
 >st interesting era 
 ui-se. There were 
 iod possessed the 
 The attemjits at 
 nd the fur trade 
 id Churnisay, and 
 is period. A.s to 
 ltd •Evangeline" 
 en so constantly 
 r of an historical 
 lum not been saiil 
 estigution. But 
 
 lOl 
 
 tune has bro.jght his revenges, and the A,.adian people lo-dayare heapin,. 
 
 he coals ot tire upon ,l,e heads of their ancient enen.y, foj ,hey fonn I 
 lufi^e and loyal part of the people of the province, and are a buUvark 
 
 nd not a n.enace to :t. An in.por.an, par, of this section isthediscus so 
 of the subsecp.ent h.story and present status of the Acadian people. 
 Lntical notes. ' '■ 
 
 Api)eudix ].— Hibliography of the period. 
 Appendix -'.— Place-nomenclature of the peri.)d 
 Appemlix :{.— Cartograpiiy of the period. 
 Appendices 4 and .").— List of seigneuries, etc.. etc. 
 
 SKCTtox V._TUK Xkw KN.a.AN>,K,ts AN,, T„K KxoMs.t. nGC-lTHIi. 
 
 The Xew Knglanders at St. .loin, and ILtugerville ; the Scotch on 
 
 .e M,ranuclu; the IVnnsylvauia (lermans in Albert County Adnira 
 
 Owens-s ( olony at Can.pobelio ; the Vorkshire uu-n in We.s'^n^ore Iv f 
 
 he Lnghsh along the St. John ; movement back to Maine at close of t^ 
 
 Ilevolutum ; their effect uj.on later hist, My. 
 
 Critical notes. 
 
 Appendices on bibliography, place-numenclature and cartography. 
 
 ■SeOTIox VL-T„K A.MK..UC.AX KKV0L,Tt0X A.M. T„K CoMmO OF Tt.E 
 
 LovAMsrs. TUK Fo, ..,xu ok rn. Puovrxo. .. N.. bJ:!: 
 
 impJ!h,,r'TrT''''r """'' '" '""■ '''^-^■•-"''-■'i"-uh to treat 
 
 mi.a,t,ah. The Loyalist movement, the true foundati<.n of the pro- 
 
 Mnce-the movement nK>ant m.)re to Xew Brunswick than to the o her 
 
 then auua ; character of the Loyalists; men as free of spirit as those 
 who drove them forth, and with the a.lvantage over then, o r j". Z^ 
 
 hSSr '"*■" """' '""'• ^"'"""""^^ ^' ^--' -'^-^ ^^^^ 
 
 «Kcrtox VlL-TuK Fkouhkss ok r.,K PnovrxcK ok Nkw B,u;xswtcK 
 
 J)0W\ TO Co.NKEDEKATIoN. 
 
 Peculiar con.lition of ,1,. Loyalists; their education and character 
 Problems to be solved by thc^n ; their prog.v.ss in the developn ^t t" 
 oducatmn. rehg.ous bodies, settlen.ent, law., n^eans of trans, orUo 
 l.teratu..e, newspapers a..d periodicals, ,,o,i,ical parties, n.a X n ' 
 agnculture at.d other industries; detinition of boundaries, etc nd '' 
 
 progress in eivilizati 
 
 Critical note.'- 
 
 on. 
 
 and Apj.endicc 
 
'02 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Skctimx Vlir.— nuTrcAL Study ok tiik Ciiaractek hk tiik Xkw 
 IJiUNswicK Peoim.k rx TiiK Fj.jht cf TiiKiFi Ohi.ji.v. Suk- 
 
 U(ir.\l)l.\(;s AND IIlSTDKV. 
 
 Tlic mo.sl .nmctilt, hut if woll (loiR.. most valtiahlf pari of tlic work 
 ('.mipl..!,. ..lassitied iii.lox to the entire work ; rnm]Av\v niai.. ni<Mlen. 
 and iiislorieal. of Xew Hrunswick. in sections. 
 
 Xiw Hn.nswiek iias not a .•on.pk.te local liislory of any kind, llan- 
 nay's excellent work endin!,^ l.ofore the eominir of llie Loyalists. Pro- 
 bably no oilier civilized country is so deficient in tliis 'respect and 
 probably in no other civilized country are the archives so inade.|i.atelv 
 eare<l for. or in certain lines so nearlv wantin- altogether Tl.'e 
 ,i:overnnient of Xew Brnn>wick not only has no collection of pul,lisl,e<l 
 ^yorks relatin- to it. but it has not even a collection of its own publi,-a- 
 tions, outside of the journals of its sessions. If would' be easier, so far as 
 uuthorities are c.ncerned. to write the history of the province in London 
 or m Boston than in St. John or Frodericton. But this lack of any his- 
 tory, an<l f.tal want of appreciation of its need, makes the inducement 
 to write such an one as I have sketched ju,st so much the greater 
 
 V. 
 
rEK (IF THE Xkw 
 
 KII! ()HI(il.\. SlJK- 
 
 imrt of tlie work, 
 pletc luii]). modern 
 
 i)f any kiml, Hnn- 
 o Loyalists. Pni- 
 tliis iTsptict, jind 
 i's so iii;uK'(|iia1cly 
 iiltoyotluT. Tlic 
 •tion of |)ul)lisluMl 
 )f its own jiui)licii- 
 >e easier, so far as 
 rovince in London 
 is lack of any lijs- 
 ;s the indncenu'nt 
 thti greater.