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:f 
 
 CANADIAN MANII ArrilKKS. 
 
 Manufat'turcs in Canada havinjj; bet'ii the siilijoct of iiiurh dis- 
 cussion, tho sufrcestion liavinir oven hcru made tlmt tho Cuninmnitv 
 at lartre slnmld cijnttibuU' to thoir support, beyond tlio pro- 
 h.'clion our new Tariff aObrds, we will consider — 
 
 ]\/i<i/ ti/iih'iiii MdiKi/nchina hmr In ollur firti/ir/ns uj linlm^tri/. 
 I'httt /(•'■ note jji/.sxrsa, (111(1 uhiil will (It'ii.litjir l/u in>></cr;< Ks thf 
 iiiiiiifri/ <t((r((nrc!i. 
 
 H<M(\ wi- naturally rvx'wv to tlid urdor of pio;;n;ss in otlior nations 
 — and, as wo can <^et no hints from tlic Aiu'ieiits, for their Mann- 
 fattures were doniestic ones — an<J, as few (tountrioN have made the 
 progress that I'aiurland luis, w«i have to tu'ii to her for ati example. 
 Mut unfortunately, our proximity to tin; I iiited State^', has induecd 
 us to take pattern by thorn, leadi'ii; us ttxioircu to copy their fi;reat- 
 e^t <M'rors. 
 
 We will, therefore, in llie lii>t ])l;irf, L'n(juire in what ordtr 
 Manufactures have arisen in Kngland. 
 
 The Britons were *»rijj;in»ily a pastoral pi'oph; — the ilonmns intro- 
 ihiicd airrieulture — tlie Saxons united both. The preparation of 
 jjeather seems tob<; the earliest manufacture, .is skins were worn for 
 foverinjr ; and ;dthough W(mi1 was r;iis"([ in smne (jnantity and ex- 
 ported, and was spun and wove in tlu- liousehold, it was 
 not until the immiLcration of a numberof F!(m)in<j;s, actjuainted with 
 the weavin,^ of <'loth, that the Woollen Manufaetuvcs spruinr up. 
 About the same time, Artisans from Flanders practised the niakinj; 
 of Steely and our Hardware trade arose. The Silk trade was intro- 
 duced by French immifijrants. — and the Cotton Manufactures, of so 
 recent a dnte, owe their projrre.ss altofiether to the large capital, 
 insular pu.yitioij, allowing imports and export.s with the ureatcst 
 
 ^v^" 
 
facility, Hnd to the prngreM that had already been made in the other 
 branohen of textile fiibrirH. 
 
 In all this wo tind a certain order, — Kiri^t, Food was plentiful, 
 and the land cultivated Hufiieicntly to provide fur the cuuimon wants 
 of life; then, MaterialH of Nauufaoture wore rained — Skinn for 
 tanning, Wool for weaving, Flax, and IIoiup, UHcd in Home counties 
 in pUoe of Flax. Iron mines, chiefly thuHO easy of uecem, were 
 work d, and this led to the Hteel and Hardware Manufactures. The 
 seats of ivanufacture wore generally near wlicre the raw article 
 was produced, or where WHtor-|)ower was at hand. In modern 
 times, easy access to the sea and cheapness of fuel, have much to do 
 in the matter. 
 
 But, after nil, Agriculture was at the foundation ot the whole ; 
 and, although England raises neither Cotton nor Silk, as Hhe produces 
 largely of the rest, and as she exports fabrics greater in value than 
 her imports of raw material for manufactures, it may bo said that, 
 after all, her home consumption is derived from homo products, — 
 she may use foreign Cotton and Silk, but she exports quite as much 
 of her own Wool and Metals. And wo must steadily take into cal- 
 culation, that England is the first agricultural country in the world ; 
 and although food may often be lower in other countries, still, un- 
 der the present Corn Laws, the price of grain is more steady than 
 elsewhere, she being at present the grain Emporium of the 
 World. 
 
 In the United States, on the other hand, not waiting fur natural 
 progress, not properly taking into account that Agriculture, and 
 that properly conducted, must precede everything else, they have 
 forced themselves into manufacturing beyond the natural order of 
 progress. In time, various branches would have sprung up, — Cot- 
 ton Yarn would have been made where the Cotton is grown, had 
 enough capital been allowed to accumulate, to buy the cotton from 
 the planter ; Hemp manufactures in Kentucky, and Woollen manu- 
 factures in the Western States ; Iron and Steel manufactures, when 
 the beautiful ore of many of the States should be applied to its 
 legitimate purposes. The Eastern States, in time, with soil well 
 cultivated, producing an excess of food, and with abundant water 
 power, would also have made up the produce of their own and other 
 
Sutes, to an extent raiBcient for the wants of their vicinity, and 
 oven of trade with their neighbours. 
 
 All thin has been revorNud ; by inoonsidorato legislation, and by 
 n desire to imitate British industry, without that old precaution of 
 considering that oirounistanoes alter cnseH, trade and nianufnoturcs 
 have been looked upon with favor, and agriculture neglected. With 
 a lino climate of every diversity, and abundance of rich soil, Food is 
 nearly as dear as in Groat Britain, the price of grain fluctuating 
 more than in many other countries. Manufactures protected by a 
 thirty per cent, duty, giving a protit less than common Interest, 
 (few of the New England mills giving over seven per cent., others 
 much less) and their goods actually exported at prices under those of 
 Great Britain, being made quite in excess of home production, making 
 the farmer at home pay the losses on un unprofitable foreign trade ; 
 converting Iron fit for machinery, at u great expense, into common 
 Pig-metal ; inverting the usual order of things and becoming mer- 
 chants and manufacturers, instead of being the producers of food 
 and raw material for the whole world. 
 
 Now this is precisely what we ought not tu imitutu. Wu should 
 not be induced, by any amount of rhetoric, to divert our attention 
 from the natural order of progress, — of Agriculture, Manufactures; 
 and the Arts. 
 
 We will first consider Agriculture us uA'ording Food. 
 
 The simple fact, that before the comforts even of life can be 
 thought of, we must have food, — abundant, agreeable, and cheap — 
 that it must be produced iu sufficient quantity so as rather to have 
 a surplus than a dtifioiency — that with iibuudance of good land 
 and a tine climat* , vo are perfectly inexcusable if we are not well 
 and steadily supplieii — should be our guide whether we arc fit to 
 undertake other occupations. Cheapness of food is the first element 
 of Manufactures. Under the old English Corn Laws, Wheat was 
 so cheap in Prussia that a number of manufactures sprung up, to be 
 abandoned the moment free trade in grain raised Prussian prices. 
 Our Timber Manufactures do not pay the moment they are extended 
 too far iu advance of agriculture. The Lake Huron Mines suffer 
 from their being no farms near them. Wages both in the shanties 
 and the mines are higher in consequence of the deprivation of 
 agreeable food. In short, whatever the trade, Agriculture must 
 
ynwi d c aad accoinpiiny it, — first the Plough, aoJ then the Loom 
 and th« Anvil. 
 
 The nort thiiij: nfter .ibuiidnnon of cheap TchkI, i«. fhc ruiniogour* 
 mIt«8 the miitRrialH of ntHnulHCturc. 
 
 We have one inanufHcture, a very extf-nnive oiin indeed, that 
 nature hna furniMhi>d um the iiiHterial all tu our hand, — tliiaia JiUm* 
 ber, — if properly eonciucted, a nuurce of groat weulth, but which 
 from varioufl oirouuiHtHnvcH, ban not yielded the recults it ought. 
 Now, Rtraiigt'ly enough, in nil the outcricK about tlu; iniportanoo of 
 manufaoturcM, thJH enoriu(Mi8 one baa been cith(^r overlooked or 
 treated with iodiflference, forgetting that it in ii buHiiicaa we are 
 particularly xuited to, huving the raw material on the apot, that it 
 employ*) a grr^at number of people, giveH rise to a large trade, and 
 if properly conducted, would become the inoHt valuable manufac- 
 ture we could poa-sibly have. The errors belonging to it are, push- 
 ing the cutting of timber too far in advance of agriculture, so tbiit 
 the price of proviMionn become (Umble, even treble what they might 
 be, and of a miioh Ichh agreeable character, — cut off too much from 
 oiviliEed life, and not beiug able to take advantage of the spare 
 labor, both of men and horses, that could be afforded during winter 
 by an agricultural population. The other error in at Quebec, — just 
 as the United States, will manufacture whether they lose or not, ^o 
 we prefer being merchants to being merely mt nufacturers. Were 
 we in Canada to confine ourselvcH to gettintr out Timber, and let 
 the British Merchant aend hi? ships to us to buy it, instead of our 
 going to him a year in advance, and then hiring his own vessels to 
 send it to him, — we should make money steadily, accumulate 
 capital, and although doing a smaller busineas, doing it much 
 better. I do not doubt that confining lumbering to districts where 
 agriculture oould supply our wants, and by letting the British mer- 
 chant carry, on his own trade, a profit to Canada of more than ten 
 millions of dillars, would be annually set aside. Fears as to the^ 
 permanence of this sovce of industry alarm many, the waste being 
 considerable, and the question of planting is yet in the iiiture. 
 After being cut over and destroying as little of the young trees as 
 possible, the groves, if left for some twenty or thirty years, will be 
 fouod fit for the ajtt again. However, the timber raised by planting 
 

 \n in tnany'oiif<M of no iapcriur ■ kind, thtif it in <|u{tf denirkbte that 
 the matter be prupcily couHidurtd' Tlio KiiKliNh Oak ooold b<> aa 
 readily ruined in Wcatern (.'anadii, hn in »uy \>nH of the wurld, and 
 if grown in the fielda, it wouhl h<> thiM tcnnrlcd Onk with the tou|ih 
 ailver grain that makea it no VHlunbie. n«llin^ lor duul>lt> thepreitrnt 
 price of ordinary (lunadiait Timber, Thf> Uiaok Walnut could b« 
 eaaily cultivated, us niHothe Kngli^h Wliitf Anh, for Coach Raildara. 
 Hickory, rained out of the HumIi, im u touj^hur and more valuabl* 
 wood. Ijevant t^hrub Ouk would not only ^ive iia fuid in itn wooti, 
 Viilonia from itn acorn oupn, (iuIIh for dyeing from ita bnmohea, 
 but also, wlint wo want uiunt niidly, Ouk Ihirk, of }M>culiarty fi»« 
 quality for the production of ull tlic bent kindn of leather. Al'; oat 
 any kind of Shrub Oak will ^'ivf u>> Viilouiu nnd tine Jhirk, if cut 
 young; whiUt the Humaoh, an indigeuoun phmt of rnpid growth, 
 will, if prepared, nerve to make llt'iiiluck Jiurk i^eallifr tia good for 
 use and color, an if Ouk tanned, it in nin^ulur that it is not raiaed 
 for that purpose, or even for export, im itn money vnlue iu Great 
 Britain is very nearly that of wiieat. It in prepared by cutting down 
 the plant annually in Augunt, drying the brunches, (which mnatba 
 of one year's growth) and then ^.rinding them tine iu a mill. For 
 export, the Sicily Huinnch would be profertible, and the seed could 
 be eanily obtained. 
 
 Willows for Uuhket Making, J am gtiid to hear, are now raiaed— 
 they furniith muteriiil for niont UHcful urticlen of convenience, and 
 which can be applied to a vuxt numher of purposes. One of the 
 uioNt ludicrous points of United Stiilc». mnnufncturing was, that 
 while they made a dozen thin^n they could gut better elsewhere, 
 they actually imported half-a-uiillion dollurn' worth of willows from 
 France — an article they could raise in any nwiimp. 
 
 The Horse (Ihesnut, yielding the best wood in the world for brush 
 makers' use, is a rapidly growing tree nnd very ornamental. 
 
 Large cjuantities of Sugar arc antiuttlly nuidefrom the wild maple, 
 and although it has been stated thut lite native made Sugar in the 
 two CanaduH equals the quantity imported, ntill, it will only be when 
 the Maple is planted in orohardH, that itn reul value will be k *.own. 
 Youug treea, on a slope if possible, and where attainable, 60 a lime- 
 •tono rock, will pay all the expense of their care, and we could with 
 
hut little trouble, rains nil tlio pu^nr we rcr|uirc. A gcntlcmnn, 
 who had hcnii n filnntcr in •Faninicn, stated in a commuDicatiou to 
 the Natural llintory Ktx^icty uf Montrcul, that hiH oxporioneo with 
 the Wild Maple in the Ka^tern TownHhipH convinood him, that if 
 planted, the Maple waH a more desirable HU^'ar-boariD)^ plant than 
 the Su};ar Cane. True, it roijuires four neroM of Maple to produee 
 a ton of Suj^ar, and one aore of (!nno jjiven aH much, but com- 
 pare the expennen of the two. I need not add, that the Maple when 
 done giving Hap for RU{<ar makes ^ood fuel, and that fresh orchards 
 eould be planted annually. 
 
 I'nt and Pearl A nbcs, the latter merely a refined product of the 
 former, are produced Inrj^ely in Lower Oanada, wherever land is 
 eloared, nud also in moderate quantity from house ashes, boiled 
 down to " black salts" by the farmer, and further prepared by the 
 manufacturer. An oli,i£ction has been rai.scd, that the ashes ought 
 all to bo returned to the ground again, as the leaching injures their 
 <|uality as a manure. This is not the case; the potash extracted is 
 but a small portion of that contained in the rough ash, and would be 
 readily washed away and lost. The real manure is the silicate of 
 potash, the phosphate of lime, the sulphate of lime, and other min- 
 erals remaining behind ; and it may be questioned, whether the 
 lime used in the preparation to take the carbonic acid from the pot- 
 ash, docs not favourably take the place of the alkali extracted. 
 
 There remains one other product of the forest — Pyrolignate of 
 Lime — a rough acetate of lime. This is used in the arts to a very 
 great extent, in preparing the acetate of alumina, or red litjuor, the 
 mordant with which all the Madder Reds and Quercitron Yellows 
 are dyed or printed. It sells for about the price of potash, and 
 costs far less to make. The mode of preparation consists in cutting 
 Hardwood timber, preferably Beech or Maple, letting it dry some 
 six months, and then distilling it in a retort, somewhat as coal is 
 distilled for gas. The products are Tar, admirable, for preserving 
 timber from decay, and a liquid, a kind of vinegar, but so impure 
 that it has to be mixed with lime, in order to get rid of the tar and 
 creosote. In this state, as acetate of lime, it serves for export. For 
 home use, this acetate is decomposed by sulphuric acid, and after 
 one or two more processes, gives a strong vinegar well suited for 
 

 pickling. 'I'hn clinrconl lt>t't in the rrtort would Renre either for 
 dtiiiioHtif UNO, hiiM>l(inf{ iron, or, if hurnt would )'ielJ |Mitn«ii TIiIh 
 mnnufucturc wiim nttouipttMl iimii^' yunn h^o on thu Ottawa, but for 
 waot utHuliioii'nt rnpital umi the tiiirortutinio doHtructiun by tire of 
 all hJM upparntUH, the prujcclor tliil not Huccced. 
 
 Wo now c»>nu' to nninufiu'turt-H which dopond on ii^riuulturc, not 
 onljr for their pnpport, but fur th« vory mntt'riitln thi'UiHoJvoB. VN\k)I 
 foruifl tho principal. W(> havo, ^cnrrally Hpl•nkitl^, u NufTiiMuntly 
 giMMl article from uur fannorH, and our WtMilkn fiihrioN arc nuito an 
 nuniorouH and cxtuUHivo as in tlu'ir very young condition eon be 
 looked for. Hliinketn, CNpcoially, arc proiluced in large ijiiuntitieH 
 at DundaH and eUcwhero, and wht>re qualiiy foruiH any object, coui- 
 peto favourably in price with any. Some of thexe hutuhiH JtlanketH 
 took the pri/.e at the Great Kxhibition, and were pronounctd Niipc- 
 rior to any in the world. What we want, iH a cheaper urtiide, and 
 long wool for Htuff goods, or for warp and weft of different 
 kindn. The Woollen lIoHierv used i.s chiefly douicttie, but no doubt 
 a Manufactory would annwor well. l*'or Honie deHcriptionnof hoHo, uIno, 
 longwool indcNirable. (.'lothH of Canadian make aregood, cheap, and 
 durable ; but here, fashion haH much to nay, — good^ of bad wool, 
 twice us coar.stii of particular pattern, have much the preference. 
 Our wool, alHo, in not well put up by the HlicarerH, thu coarse and 
 fine are too much mixed to be easy of Korting, making it dillicult to 
 produce the finest kind of cloth ; oui dycH are hardly good enough, 
 and Hcut'ocly attention enough is jiaid to the wantH of thu community. 
 Time will no doubt rectify thi.s. 
 
 Much of our wool in '>xporti;d, and it Ih to be hoped thin will hmg 
 continue to be the cane; nothing ho much tendu to production an 
 constant demand — nothing so much tends to nucccHsful manufacture 
 as constant supply ; and where un article can bo profitable exported, 
 for homepuri^otjcs it can generally be profitably made up. HusideH, for 
 many purposes, our wool i.s of a (|uality that is usttful to mix with 
 the poor wools from liarbary and other places, so that the New Kng- 
 land Manufacturers pay for our wool a price beyond what we can 
 afford who u.se it unmixed ; in tin; same way that American Millerx 
 pay an extra price for Oauadian Wheat, as without it they cannot 
 produce <' pure Gennessee " Flour. 
 
:/».'^; 
 
 Ir' 
 
 Flax could be raised to advantat?o in all Uie deep rich soils in both 
 Upper and Lower ('anada. Deep plouji;hing, however, with tlio 
 preceding three or four crops, is essential, and it requires careful 
 cultivation. Fortunately, improved modes of preparation, compara- 
 tively euity, have been discoverd ; inMt«!ad of rotting the flax in water, 
 orstill worse, on the Held, ruininjr the color and obliging us to resort 
 to tetlious and injurious processes of bleaching. This new process 
 consists in cutting and drying the tiax, so as not to injure the color, 
 keeping it dry until wanted ; then placing it in a vessel with cold 
 water, introducing steam, until by boiling, the tibrous parts of the 
 flax can be separated from the rest of the plant, — the liquid and the 
 parts separated aftording food to animals, totally lost by the rotting 
 process. It is easily bleached, coming out of the water nearl}' 
 .so, and retains its full strength. After separating the fine and 
 uiid<iling fla.x, the residue can y)e further rendered finer by using 
 alternately carbonates of the alkalis, and acids, which by producing 
 gas iijuong the fibres, tear them apart and produces, it is true, a 
 shorter fibre, much resembling cotton, but (juite as useful. This 
 last proces;j was spoken of a few years ago as a process to uiake cot- 
 ton out of fiax. This would be destroying a good article to get an 
 inferior one, and was consequently neglected. Had^t been only ap- 
 plied to the refuse it would have been successful. Flax for finest 
 liuens and cautbrics must not be allowed to ripen — but for ordinary 
 use the seed may bo gathered. It is of the una test importance as 
 furnishing linseed oil and oil cake. 
 
 But we have another plant which grows still more readily, and 
 coming close to cotton, both in price and in many good qualities. 
 I allude to Hen)p, supposed by many to be only good for cordage, 
 but which in son»e parts of England — .Suffolk for instance — takes 
 the place of both Cotton and Linen. It requires richer and deeper 
 soil than even flax j and the s«ed, though furnishing an oil that 
 would take the plftce of Olive on the table, and of service in the 
 Woollen Manufactures, is not so extensively in request. The cake 
 answers for poultry. The same process adopted as with flax give, 
 an equally white linen, stronger and more like cotton to the feel ; 
 the coarser parts treated like inferior flax furnishing a substitute for 
 cotton both iu price and quality. Some of the long, coarse fibres 
 
coultl be usofl for Cordaire mid Sail Clotli, and the long tine for 
 Shoe Thread. 'J'o innke cordage from inipdrtod hemp, seems iiicon- 
 «lKtenft in a pountry where it erows \rihl. 
 
 Silk could be raised in Canada, as easily as in Italy or France, — 
 the Mulberry gritws sufficiently well to produce leaves, and we have 
 sufficient heat duriii<<; the summer to rear the worm ; the drawback 
 is the amount of Inbour required ; and this has made it a failure in 
 the United States. The labour of mere children would, however, 
 answer all purposes. 
 
 Before leavinfj; the subject, I will just make a remark nr two on 
 manufacture of artiele.-J. the raw material for which is not produced 
 in Canada. Of these, (^otton (loods are the most important. 
 
 Now, here we may ^o into the r|uestion, I'lider what conditions 
 are manufactures desirable '! 
 
 Where we raise the raw material ourselves we have tlie profit of 
 the grower, say 10 jier cent.: what the freight would be, were the 
 raw material sent to England, say 10 per cent.: the freight of food 
 consumed in labour, say 10 per cent : charges, buying, brokerage, 
 packages and insurance, say 10 per cent., total 40 per cent., be- 
 sides any incidental protection duties may give, wliich, if 20 per 
 cent., gives a protection of 60 per cent. Now, if we do not raise 
 the raw material, we have ago { nut us. say with vofton, greater 
 freight on raw material than manufactured goods, say 10 per cent.: 
 and other packages, freight, «fec. about the same, but say less by 5 
 per cent, which makes 15 per cent.: freight of food, 10 per cent.: 
 total 25 per cent.: leaving only 5 percent., or with the new duty, 
 say 25 per cent. Now the influence of protective laws ii the 
 United States, and the superior capital and skill in England would 
 swallow up :\11 that, and indeed goes far to diminish the larger profit : 
 but the difference between the two is great. I believe myself, also, 
 that hemp and flax are better textile materials than cotton, and that 
 the exclusive use of the latter article is an evil that ought to be 
 opposed, and that the old materials, flax and hemp, products of the 
 north, should again take their legitimate position. 
 
 Returning again to materials for manufacture we may note the 
 raising of dye plants. Madder, producing the most permanent 
 shades of scarlet, pink, purple, and brown, requires very deep eoil, 
 
_/ 
 
 10 
 
 and two years' careful cultivation ; it amply, however, repays this, 
 especially for home use. Woad, producing a blue more pcrraaucnt 
 tban iudigo, and almost essential in dyeing broad cloth, offers no 
 diflicultict ; and the Querectioo Oak, the bark of which gives a yel- 
 low dye of various shades, or with woad, a green, is easily cultivated, 
 liluck Dyes wo have already noticed, under products of the forest. 
 
 The preparation of Leather, and the subsequent adaptation thereof 
 to the wants of man^ naturally the first art practised, on account of 
 the bulk of the raw material required, has in Canada also, taken the 
 lead : (}uantity, rather than quality, seems unfortunately to bo the 
 rule. I. have already adverted to some possible improvements. 
 
 The bulk and perishable nature of Ilats, leads to their being 
 made at an early period. Furs are made up also, both as being ob- 
 tained on the spot, and on account of fashions peculiar to the 
 country. 
 
 Of courtjc, there may be circumstances where Manufactures take 
 place that may overthrow general rules, thus some few manufactures 
 of cotton may succeed, where the waste can be used as battings and 
 engine waste ; and on the other hand, we may in Canada be willing 
 to wear inferior goods, or articles out of fashion. Thus, in Printed 
 Cottons, wc can get from Britain goods costing as little as the cloth 
 they are printed on : in Earthenware, we use the rejections of Great 
 Britain, quite as useful, but having defects we do not care for : Pa- 
 per, we get a rejected article, but which answers our ends, and so 
 on with many others, precluding, in all these instances, successful 
 competition on our part. 
 
 The manufacture of paper has succeeded well, the rags being in a 
 good measure collected in Canada. The great bulk of printing 
 paper used, induces that to be made here preferably to other kinds. 
 The use of Basswood for paper makers would much assist our manu- 
 facture, as we have plenty of the raw material ; especially mixed with 
 straw, the two working well together, the mucilage of the Basswood 
 answers instead of size. The cotton of a plant called the Cotton 
 Tree, in Lower Canada, has been suggested as fit for making paper. 
 I was astonished to see in Chambers' Journal, that this cotton was 
 useful for Cloth. Years ago it was tried in Lower Canada, but was 
 so short in fibre that it could not be spun. 
 
11 
 
 The Refining of Su^'ar has the Inst few years been carried on 
 successfully in Montreal, hut I helicvc only by one gontlcuian, Mr. 
 llcdpath. This forms one of the exceptions to the rule, that manu- 
 factures of imported articles, afford small profits. There are several 
 reasons wliy Kefininj; answers, — first, loaf sugar is easily injured 
 by damp air. Much of that imported is a good deal out of con- 
 dition, and Raw Sugar can only be profitably imported by purchasing 
 of the merchant whole parcels of various kinds, the entire produce 
 of estates. To pick out the tine qualities costs much more than 
 buying them all round, and without refineries the low (jualities can 
 not be bought, and we pay, perhaps, ten per cent, additional. The 
 new Tariff being an ad valorem one, will also assist. There seems 
 no reason why a Refinery should not be established in Toronto. 
 
 Manufactures of Metals are those that must now engage our 
 attention. And here we find that, with the exception of England, 
 mining and reducing of ores precedes manufacture, and even in 
 that country, iron fit for making steel, and zinc are almost tha only 
 metals procured from foreign countries. We must, therefore, before 
 we become extensive metal manufacturers, become miners. Nor 
 have we been wanting in enterprise in this respect. The Three 
 llivers Iron Works have been in profitable operation for more than 
 a century. The Marmora Iron Works Jiave been worked to good 
 purpose, and may be again ; and there has been expended on the 
 Oopper Mines cf Lake Huron upwards of a million of dollars, not 
 with much success hitherto, but with promise of better. 
 
 But, once more, let us not forget, that although mining must 
 precede metal manufactures, agriculture must go hand in hand with 
 mining. The indifferent success of some of our mines arises from 
 their being so far in advance of agriculture, nay almost as bad, too 
 far beyond the civilised world, — not only without the many com- 
 forts that wo derive from a farming neighbourhood, but deprived of 
 society, and the enterprising spirit that we acquire from contact 
 with our fellow workers. It may be safely stated that mining at 
 hake Huron costs in labour twice what it does in England ; and as 
 instead of n -^n offering themselves for employment, we have to pro 
 cure them from a distance, and the work is only half done. We 
 
 
VI 
 
 have the or«» an <;ood :\n in Britniti, but it (;(»sts fotirprioosto work it. 
 
 On Lak<' Huron we have Iron Ore, fouiposed of porfijotly pure 
 oxide of iron, capiihle of beini; rcMjuccd by the now French process, 
 and will produce li.ir Iron by Hiniply driving; oil' the oxj<;en, and 
 tfikin{< >nly a t(»n of charcoal to a ton ol ure, producing about two- 
 thirds of a ton of IJar Iron, equal in tjuaiity to the Hoop and Iron 
 of the Dannaniora Mine in Sweden, — hitherto tlie only iron capa- 
 ble of producing fine cast steel. We have on the same lake, 
 aLso, extensive (.'opper Mines nt work. 
 
 Now, there is nothing to prevent the cultivation of the laud near 
 these mines ; for, although about equally divided into rock, water, 
 and e:irth, that third of earth i.s extremely fertile, and the water 
 abounds with fish, and the climate is healthy; and as there is wood 
 enough to supply charcoal all along the numerous rivers that run 
 past these mines, and as water power is abundant, tliere is nothing 
 to prevent Agriculture, Mining, and Manufactures, from being suc- 
 cessfully pro.secuted on the nortli shore of Lake Hurou. T believe 
 that the same may be said of the north shore of Lake Superior, — 
 and with the Sascatchewau and Assinboin as a back country, 
 and (.'anada West in front, we may well be enthusiastic, and feel, 
 that properly developed, going hand in baud with her sister branches 
 of industry, Manufactures of Metals may become a very important 
 element of Canadian prosperity. A few branches are now even 
 successfully carried on, — Edge Tools made in (rait, have, like (mr 
 Dundas Blankets, been pronounced without a rival. Spades and 
 Shovels are made both at Montreal and Oananoque, with much suc- 
 cess. Tn both cases, local demand of a peculiar article, and con- 
 sumption near at hand, have developed these in advance of the 
 natural order. On the Ottawa, Chains and Axes are made on the 
 epot, so as to have artizans ready to make repairs. Liability of 
 Sheet Iron and Tin plates to damage will, in time, lead to rolling 
 being carried on here. Rolling and Slitting Mills for Bar Iron we 
 ought to have had ere this, to work up Scrap Iron, and to re-adapt 
 unservicable sizes, or even to make Bar Iron froni Blooms. Once, 
 however properly work our Iron Mines, all this would follow 
 naturally One article we could certainly then make ourselves, — 
 out of the pure Soft Iron of Lake Huron, all kinds of Tin Ware, 
 
 /. 
 ■* 
 
IS 
 
 1 
 
 like thosp we now ^rct from Finiice, beat (like the Brass Kettle*) 
 out nf a sinfjlo |ii«'oe of iron The Mnulish Iron will not bear this. 
 
 HcJidinp: of the r|uanfity of ('Hnnoii now boinp east in fireat Brit- 
 ain, it dot's 8eoni hinj^nlnr, that the very superior cjuality of our ores 
 does fiot induce oniers beinj; sent out to have them cast in Canada. 
 Either Three Jiiver.s or Marmora eould turn out Ciinnon, having 
 fully double the stronjith of the {{litish (lastitiys, much softer and 
 more infusible, .«o that the touch hoics would not be so oanily spoiled. 
 Indeed, I believe, that in iii.iny respects, the Three Hivers (^a.^^t 
 Iron is ef|Ual in tenacity to much of (he Knj,'liMh Wrouaht. 
 
 The want of Coal, by many < oiisidcred so great an evil, is, as far 
 as Manufactures (of any kind except common castings) is concerned, 
 is by no means an injury. We have Hardwood, to turn into Char- 
 coal, and Charcoal refined Iron is the only kind that will make Steel, 
 and indeed, that can be pn-periy used for rolling or any of the fine 
 purposes. With {»urc ore also, the <juantity (-f charcoal used is so 
 small, that it niiikos very little difference. Kven Copper, smelted 
 with Charcoal, ib superior to Coal-smelted Ore for some purposes ; 
 and even in FOngland, Charcoal has to be used. 
 
 Were it not as with Prints and Paper, that we u.'-e rejected 
 articles of FJnrt/ifmrair, Manufactures of that article would have 
 introduced long ago, even if we imported the clay used, as freight 
 and breakage would give considerable protection. Under present 
 circumstances it will hardly answer, until we discover fine clays, and 
 iu the absence of flint in the vicinity ef the manufactory, use 
 white quartz or quartz sand. The north shores of Lake Superior 
 produce both these. 
 
 Glass, especially Window (!l;iss, has been madein Lower ('anada, 
 using a White (Quartz Hock from the utMghbouring States, instead 
 <jf flint, and potash as the alkali. Very inferior glass from Belgium 
 and elsewhere drove this business out. I have no doubt they were 
 rejections also. When ijUiility becomes an object, and civiliiation 
 extends to Jjake Superior, Class making may become an important 
 art there. White Quartz, unequalled in purity, is in abundance, 
 and not only is potash to be procured from the ashes of wood, used 
 in the other manufactures, but soda can be obtained from decompos- 
 ing tht salt so abuudaut there. 
 
 f\ 
 
14 
 
 Many other thin<;M will also bu att«uipted on those shores. The 
 ubuadant dcpositi (»r sulpliuret of iron will aftbrtl sulphuric acid, so 
 irnpurtatit in tlic arts, and so expensive to import on account of the 
 danger of carrying it. This acid, used to dccompesc salt when 
 niakin<; soda, gives us xMuriatic Acid, (Jhlorinc in various other 
 combinations, Alum, and (ircen Vitriol can also bo made, all of 
 f^reat use in the arts ; the residue even, of these preparations form- 
 ing as paints, articles of some economical value. 
 
 I have, as yet, but little adverted to the description of manufac- 
 tures to be found around us, by which the half prepared material 
 is fitted for immediate use. I have not done so, as they arc as 
 much developed in Canada as can be possibly required. Making 
 up of Clothing, Shoemaking, Harness Making, Copper Works, Tin 
 Works, Casting of Stoves and Machinery, lioiler Making, Steam 
 Kngine Factories, Brick Making, Tile Making, and many others, 
 we are quite as far in advance as any country. Even Locomotives 
 have been very successfully made, but the want of continuous de- 
 mand militates against us. These have advanced and will advance 
 just as fast as they are wanted; they require no protection, and will 
 start up in every village as required, and no more. Local demand 
 requires often local supply, the few exceptions being where certain 
 places, having peculiar advantages, produce either a superior or 
 perhaps a cheaper article than we do. 
 
 We have many Domestic Manufactures. The late Exhibition 
 shewed a great variety, produced by our farmers and their families. 
 They might be far extended. They reed not always have recourse 
 to the common Spinning Wheel, for there are contrivances by which 
 a hundred threads may be spun at once. Stocking Looms might 
 be put up in every farm house instead of knitting by hand, doing ten 
 times the work with the same labour, and Shoemaking, like in Eng- 
 land and the Eastern States, might be aprolitable winter occupation, 
 occupying only the time that would otherwise be altogether lost. 
 
 Before concluding, I cannot help referring to certain fallacies 
 which have been brought before the public, and repeated so often 
 that many take them for self-evident facts. One is that money 
 brought into the Country by the British Government to support 
 
I 
 
 1ft 
 
 troopn, by our own authnrition to ronstruct works, or Kiiilway Cotn- 
 pnniea to make tlicir linrH of coinniunioation, i.s tn) iiiucli, as it wcrP) 
 i/iven to the I'mviiicc, and that wr may naturally l«ok to depres- 
 sion when those works ceaso. Now, far bo it from inc to deny the 
 importance of defence of our homes, the utility of ourt'roat Canals, 
 and especially the ijreat iniportance of railways, which, jdthou^h 
 not themselves pnjducini; aiiytliin-^, put the rij^ht commodities 
 in the right place, at a cost far below any kind of land conveyance 
 previously known, cncouraj^inf.' the soltlcnjcnt of distant (juarters 
 and sprcadinj; civilization by briti^inj^ the most rcnmto districts in 
 immediate contact with far advanced cities. Allowinjj all this, do 
 not let U8 imagine for one moment that the expenditure during their 
 construction, was any thing more than a substitute for exports — for 
 putting aside tho cost of rails — which being furnished in (Jreat 
 Britain neither do us good or harm (!ommcrcially ; the other ox. 
 penditurc in labour or otherwise, is merely by paying for commodi- 
 ties that if not consumed by the labourers on their works would be 
 exported, but if so used of course cannot be, but in any estimate 
 of the trade of the country must be so considered. There may be 
 more profit made by selling food to the Railway labourer, or selling 
 oatB to feed contractors horses, than if the same were exported. 
 Grant«d, but only such profit ; the expenditure is no gift — it is 
 money paid it is true, but for value received. 
 
 And this leads to the other fallacy — Our Imports and Exports. 
 Imports taking place, generally at ports connected with large towns; 
 the object being to have a variety in one place, to be afterwards 
 distributed over a great extent ; this swells the imports at those 
 places — while the exports, bulky goods, that will not bear much ex- 
 pense, and of few discriptions, not generally requiring variety for 
 shipment, are sent direct from numerous shipping ports, smaller or 
 larger, shewing an excess of imports in cities, while the exports are 
 in excess in the smaller ports. Now this can be of little consequence 
 if they balance pretty nearly at last. 
 
 But it will be stated our Imports are nearly always greater than 
 our Exports. So they ought to be, our income should be always 
 greater than our expenditure. However, the great difference be- 
 tween them can be otherwise explained. 
 
16 
 
 Money introduced by Imiiii^raTitf, by half-pay offipcrs. by the Bri- 
 tiph Oovcrnnicnt for pny to froopH, ftir ptiblic works, by loan coni- 
 panicfl, by rnilwiiy cfMiipan'u'H and many nilicrs, not taken into ar- 
 count in rxporfs are etlcctivi'ly Kuch ; they consist of cash paid in 
 ('anadii for tliu produco of the <.'ountry instead of bcin^,' paid in 
 Kngland or elsewhere for the same produce exported. 'J'o this nvay 
 be added prolita on exports and freijihts ol ranadian ships sent for 
 sale and makin^jj part of their value. 
 
 The fact is \vc have a uiueh better guide for the relation that 
 our Imports and Kxports have to eaeh other, than any table wv. can 
 consult, it is the rate at' Exclianf:e. 'J'he moment our Imports se- 
 riously exceed our Export-^ tlie unusimi (h-mand foi Hills drawn 
 against Exports, causes shippcirs to rai.'^e their rates. When this 
 rate becomes too high specie becomes an object of export itself. 
 There It a drain of that article and serious ineonvenienei! is felt. 
 The value of a sovereign in Englam'. is one pound sterling — here 
 the exact value is one pound four shilllngH and four peene — the 
 dollar integer of our money, selling for four and two penee sterling, 
 and a per centage being between gold and .silver gives us the par 
 of Exchange. According to the old mode of ieckoning9A percent 
 premium. Now it requires about I .-er cent, above or below that 
 rate to cause any extensive movement in sptieie, and as the rate has 
 seldom much fluctuated above or below tlmL (excepting for a short 
 time during the panic of 1857.) we must conse(|uently infer that 
 as no great egress of specie has taken place, or we would have seri- 
 ously felt it, and that in spite ot tables, our Imports and Kxportt 
 must have been pretty nearly alike — any excess of Imports being, 
 is to be hoped, to be put to the account oi' jn'oht. 
 
 I will just recapitulate — without farming, no materials, norainc.«, 
 without materials and Mines, no successful manufactures. That 
 agriculture mining, and the arts, niust go togetluM* in proper order 
 of precedence — That united tliey stand, divided they fall — and 
 that the best and the mo.st lasting proti.'ctioii ail or any ought to re- 
 ceive is comprised in the motto of the City of Toronto, 
 
 " Industry iM'Ei.LKiENCK. Intkueiity." 
 
 r»ulliuer'> lily t-Apiiu iTMt. 00 Yuiiitit tuteti, Xorouvo.