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108 
 
 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 NOTES OF A WILD GARDEN. 
 
 By (i. U. Hay. 
 
 (Read before the Society, December rth, 1897.) 
 
 AI;)Out ten years ago the idea occurred to me of planting a wild 
 garden in which should be .shown, as far as the conditions would war 
 rant, the peculiarities and extent of the Hora of New Brunswick. The 
 garden plot covers an extent of nearly two acres and is well adapted 
 for the purpose intended. It is situated about eleven miles from the 
 city, on a broken piece of ground overlooking the St. John river. In 
 one corner is a meadow, made up of alluvial deposit brought from the 
 neighboring hills, and adapted for plants usually found on intervales. 
 Through this meadow flows a small stream fed by springs on the hills 
 which lie to the westward. The idea of planting a native arboretum 
 was first suggested by finding in this meadow a group of small trees 
 and shrubs eight in number, forming a pretty little arbor on the bank 
 of the curving stream. The plants consisted of the cedar, the white 
 and yellow birch, American ash or rowan-tree, water alder, mountain 
 maple, balsam fir and black spruce. One could stand in the centre of 
 this arbor and touch one-tenth of all our forest trees and shrubs. 
 When nature had made such a beginning it was surely a broad hint 
 for me to do the rest. 
 
 When the remainder of the two acre plot came to be explored, 
 possibilities were found to exist for something more than an arboretum; 
 and the idea of a wild garden gradually came, which might include 
 most of our flowering plants, all our native ferns, and perhaps in time 
 a representative gathering of our mosses, lichens and fungi. Rising 
 from the meadow toward the south, within the bounds of the plot, is 
 a hill whose slope is covered with a young but quite ample growth of 
 spruce, fir, birch, maple, etc., the deciduous trees largely prevailing, 
 and giving to the soil each year an abundant supply of leaf mould. 
 Half way up this hill, in the centre of the grove, is a depression which 
 
NOTES OF A WILD GARDEN. 
 
 109 
 
 catches the drainage of the slopes around it. The moist ground, cool 
 shade, and northern exposure of this basin, forms an ideal spot for a 
 fernery. 
 
 Thus there were provided a meadow and a grove, two very neces 
 sary adjuncts of a wild garden. 
 
 Crossing an intervening open space toward the south after leaving 
 the grove, the top of the hill is reached. Here stands an aged white 
 pine, the only survivor of a fire which swept over the place some years 
 before. The blackened trunk, and upper branches extended imploringly, 
 tell of its struggle for life On this knoll the soil is dry and poor, 
 covered with a growth of small trees and heath pl-nts. This is called 
 Heath Hill. On the continuation of this kn«)ll to the east stands a 
 small summer cottage overlooking the St. John river and the Nerepis 
 hills to the north. Sloping from the cottage towai il the river is a 
 cultivated field in which and along its borders may be placed those 
 plants requiring full exposure to sunlight. 
 
 In this garden there have been about five hundred native species 
 of dowering plants and feins, many of which were in situ, while 
 others have been planted during the last ten years ; of these about 
 ten per cent, have disappeared, or failed to grow through lack of 
 proper conditions or the perilf> incident to long transportation, as the 
 transfer of plants has been made chiefly in the summer months ; so 
 that not quite one-half of the flowering plants of the province can be 
 seen in this space of nearly two acres. But littie progress has been 
 made in planting the grasses, sedges, rushes, and acjuatic plants. The 
 results in regard to the latter are especially disappointing, although 
 considerable labor has been expended on them. The (at times) tur- 
 bulent little stream has shown no disposition to be led into quiet 
 ponds or stretches of pool. It has even carried away — root, stem and 
 branch — the plants placed too confidingly within the limits of its bed, 
 and all attempts to secure its co-operation, or at least a passive non- 
 resistance in the scheme, have resulted in failure. 
 
 There is a larger representation of ferns in the garden than any 
 other class of plants. Nearly all of the forty species and varieties 
 found within the limits of the province were living and flourishing 
 during the past summer. The trees and shrubs are also very well 
 represented. Out of the eighty species found in the province, more 
 than sixty are growing and in good condition, and in a short time I 
 hope to have a complete representation of our forest trees and shrubs 
 
110 
 
 BLLLETIX OF THE XATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 
 
 Obs 
 
 -.'(). 
 
 Four yeai-s ago, Dr Saunders, of the Experimental Farm. - I w||||ld 
 me over one hundred plants representing, chiefly, the tree^ wec|(y[Sat 
 shrubs of Western Canada and a few northern European species. Tl hef^pow 
 have Ijeen planted on the borders of the cleared spaces of the Lrar be ^pptde 
 and are kept quite distinct from the native species. They, u it wbl^ seai 
 number of others, sent from Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, inclui ^m 
 the Heather ^C'a//j/«re ruiynrw) have grown very well, althou;.;li 
 little care has l)een given them. These will serve for comparison v 
 similar native species as well as to illustrate the eflFect of our oliu. 
 upon them. 
 
 Little or no attempt has l)een made to put plants in rows oi 1- 
 according to their classitication, the chief aim being to provide 
 natural habitat and surroundings as far as possible. The only 
 ception to this was the treatment of weeds, a colony of whicli. 
 prudential reasons, I placed in a row l)eyond the pale of other plai 
 With a perversity characteristic of their tril)e, they spurned > 
 treatment and refused to grow. 
 
 Another family which does not take kindly to cultivation i< 
 Orchids. Manv of the.se, of which we have so manv beautiful nat 
 species, affect a solitary haVtit and are found in bogs. Others love : 
 rich mould of deep sheltered woods. Others such as the Calv( 
 are rare or local in their occurrence. 
 
 In the future. I hope to present to the Society at the close of » 
 season, a few notes emlxxlying the results of ob.servations, e-spe* i. 
 on the rarer species and those less susceptible of " cultivatin 
 together with the time of coming into leaf, flower or fruit of et it 
 species of plants, which on account of their commonness have U Miy 
 generally accepted as the ba.sis of observation. In making such uh- 
 vation.s, there is a great value in watching for results on the ^ar 
 spot of ground or the same plant, or one quite near it, from ytui jfj 
 year. This I have endeavored to do after being assured that : Mag S 
 plant has adapted itself to its changed conditions, and had been lo: -V^ip 
 enough in the garden to be relied on to furnish correct data. In t 
 results recorded l)elow, I have not hesitated to go outside the guid 
 to make observations on plants more favorably situated for comi 
 into leaf or bloom early, always choosing tlie same locality, aiul. 
 the case of perennials, the same plants from year to year. 
 
 '3-2ii 
 
 fJ. 
 
 The observations recorded below have extended over a perin 
 ten years, from 1889 to 1898, inclusive. They are not so coraplerei 
 
TY. 
 
 ;al Farm. . 
 
 the trees 
 species. TL 
 
 of the ;.'ar 
 They, wit 
 lifax, incluii: 
 I, althou^rli 
 smparisoii w 
 of our dim, 
 
 1 rows 01 1- 
 to provide 
 The only 
 of whicli, 
 
 if other plai 
 spurned ■< 
 
 tivation i^ 
 eautiful nat 
 )thers love • 
 s the Calvj 
 
 le close of e; 
 ions, espei ii 
 " cultivatii 
 ■uit of C<Tt 
 ess have \» 
 ing such (il)- 
 i on the ^a 
 t, from yeai 
 iured that i 
 had been 1( 
 data. Ill t 
 ide the gara 
 id for CO I 111 
 )cality, and. 
 r. 
 
 jr a peril 111 
 so complete I 
 
 NOTES OF A WILD fJAHDKN. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Mau 17- 
 
 I WDjald wish, as my visits weie generally confined to one day each 
 week (Saturday) in the months of April and May. I give the results 
 hMEi^i>owever, as they may be useful for comparison with those to 
 be I^Kle later, which I hope will be fuller and extending through 
 wtvoll seasons. 
 
 Observations in Wild Garden and Ad.iacent Fields, 
 In(!Leside, Kinos Co., N. M. 
 
 Plants in bloom: A(l(ler'.s- tongue (Erythroiiium Americanum), May- 
 flower (Epiga-n rei)ens\ White Violet (Viola blaiula), (Jold-thread 
 (Coptis trit'olia\ Bellwort (Oakesia se-ssili folia). 
 
 Purple Trillium (Trillium purpureum), Painted Trillium (T. eiy. 
 throcarpum), (J rove Anemone (A. nemorosa), Spiing-lieauty (Clay- 
 tonia Viisinica), Hobble-bush (Viburnum lantanoide.x), Blue Violet 
 (Viola cucnllata), June-berry (Amelauchier t.'auaden.sis), Straw- 
 berry (Fragaria Virgiuiana). 
 
 ;i>. Rhodora (Rhodora Canadeu.sis\ Blueberry (Vacciuium Pennsyl. 
 van ienm), Painted Trillium, Hoblile-bu.sh, Red Clieriy (Priiiius 
 Pennsylvauicum), Hhad-bush (Amelancliier botryapiuin). 
 
 (Hereafter the common namef of plants alone will be given 
 except where 8i)eoies different from those above are named.) 
 
 M'lyflower (blooming be.side the snow banks on the barrens), Addei's- 
 tougue (just beginning to open). 
 
 Adder's-tongue (in full bloom), Bellwort, Pur[)le and Painted Tril- 
 liums, Blue and White Violets, (iold-tinead, Red Mapie (Acer- 
 rubrum.) Mayllowers still al)undant on barrens. 
 
 ?'>. Adder's-tongue, Blue and White Violets, still abundant. Jane- 
 berry, its pure white petals making a beautiful contrast with the 
 delicate green of the unfolding leaves of surrounding trees; Ser- 
 vice-berry, Strawberry, Hobble-bush, Grove Anemone. 
 
 Mayllower, Adder's-tongue. (A few in bloom). 
 
 Adder's-tongue (in full bloom), White Violet, one Blue Violet. 
 
 Trees still leaHess. Weather dry. Cold ami backward. 
 
 Trees (White Birch, Pophirs and Maples) just coming into leaf, and 
 fully expandinfj in the next two days under the inlluence of 
 warmer weather. In bloom— ^Strawlierry, Blue Violet, Red-ber- 
 ried Elder (Sambucus racemosa), (lold-thread. 
 
 No signs of leaves or rtowers unfolding. Plenty of snow iu hollows, 
 but day warm and bright. 
 
 Jfo^y? 
 
 """Wfc 
 
112 
 
 BULLETIN OF THE NATUKAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 
 
 April 18. 
 
 April ,10. 
 
 May 7. 
 
 May Uf. 
 ISU.i. 
 
 A/»ri( .','/. 
 
 May l.i. 
 
 May .''/. 
 
 18!>4. 
 April JS. 
 
 May U. 
 
 IStl.',. 
 April JO. 
 
 April .iJf. 
 May 1. 
 MayS-ll 
 May 15. 
 
 May 2.1. 
 
 Willow and Alder catkiiiH lieginniiig to Hhed pollen, Add.i , 
 
 tonpue leaves al)ove gmund. Very cold north windo. 
 Mayflowers in fnll bloom on barrens. Cold north winds continue. 
 
 Adders-tongue (in full blooni), White Violet, Mayflower, Sww 
 Coltsftwt (I'etariites palmata). 
 
 Bellwort, (Jrove Anemone, Blue and White Violets. 
 
 He{)atica triloba (planted the previous year) beginning to bldoii 
 beside a snow bank. 
 
 Mayflower, White Violet, Adder'e-tongue, Selkirk's Violet (Violi: 
 Selkirkii , He|Hitica, Red Maple. 
 
 Blue Violet, (irove Anemone, Bluets (Houstonia ca-rulea), Spriiij; 
 beauty, (Jold-thrend, Bellwort, Blossoms of Red Maple falliui; 
 White Birch and Poplar trees unfolding their lejives. 
 
 HeiNitina (in bloom). Alder and Willow catkins elongated and begin 
 ning to shed iiollen. Patches of snow still visible in clearin;;- 
 and hollows. Adder's-tongue leaves alxive ground; a few flowei 
 buds visible. Mayflower has V»een in bloom for ten days in ex 
 posed places on the barrens. Strawl)erry (a few scattered 
 blossoms). 
 
 Blocxlroot (Sanguinaria Cana<leni'is), Blue flowers of Hepaticafallini; 
 with white in full bloom. The Purple and Painted Trilliums, 
 White and Blue Violets, Bellwort, Star-flower (Trientalis Ameri- 
 cana), Red Maple, Dandelion, Strawberry, in full bloom. Flower 
 buds of June-l)erry and leaf buds of Red Cherry and White 
 Birch readj- to oiwii. Frost out of ground and gurdenin<; 
 commenced. 
 
 Weather warm and sun bright, witli south-west wind. Catkins dI 
 Alder shedding pollen. Leaves of Adder's-tongue above ground 
 (No further observations this year on account of absence.) 
 
 Season dry with cold winds from March, continuing to the middlf 
 of May. Flowers of Alder shedding jwUen. 
 
 White Violet, Hepatica, and Red Maple, in bloom, with a few 
 flowers of Adder's-tongue. 
 
 Adder's-tongue, Blue Violet, Dandelion, Strawberry, Bellwort, 
 (iround Ivy (Nepeta glechoma). Grove Anemone. 
 
 June-l)erry, Blueberry, Purple and Painted Trilliums, Hobble-bush. 
 Blue Violet, Dandelion, Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris). Bluets 
 
 Red Cherry, Elder, Starflower, small flowered Crowfoot (Ranunculu.-^ 
 abortivus). 
 
 
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 NOTES OF A WILD (^\HDBN. 
 
 113 
 
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 Weather for first tliree weeks cold, with eiwt winds and ruin, with 
 an occasional warm «luy. Heimtica, Adder's- tonj^ue (only a few 
 in flower), White Violet, Ked Maple, Hazel (('orylus rostrata), 
 Alders, Willows, I'oplars, in fnll flower in shaded places, — in ex- 
 [Xised places fadinj;, with pollen shed ; Butterwort (Fin^^uicula 
 vulgaris) with leaves extendutl in r(Mette«<. This plant, with such 
 northern ferns as Woodsia hy[)erhorea, W. glal>ella, Pella'H 
 gracilis, and others, were brought from the He'<tigouche, 2(X) 
 miles farther north, the previous season, and were among the first 
 in the garden to unfold their leaves ami fronds. 
 
 Adder's-tongne (in full bhiom), Paiiittxl Trillium (a few), White 
 Violet (abundant), Blue Violet (a few). Grove Anemone, Bellwort, 
 Gohl-thread, Strawberry (lieginning to flower), Mayflower (in 
 shade). Marsh Marigold. 
 
 ;f>. Bluets, Hobble-bush, June-berry, Purple Trillium, Dandelion, 
 Ground Ivy. 
 
 Nodding Trillium (Trillium cernuum). False Mitrewort (Tiarella 
 cordifolia), Rhodora, Ued Cherry, Elder, Dandelion, Strawberry. 
 
 Season cold and backward, although the fine weather of February 
 and March promised r.n early spring. Frost still in ground and 
 cold east winds prevail. Mayflower (in bloom), Ad«ler's Tongue 
 with leaves aoove ground. 
 
 Hepatioa and Red Maple (in full Viloom), Alder and Poplar catkins 
 shedding pollen, a few Adder's-tongue, Blue and White VioletH(in 
 bloom). 
 
 All the flowers named above in full bloom, with Bellwort, (irove 
 Anemone, Bloodroot, Leatherwooil (Dirca jialustris). 
 
 Purple and Painted Trilliums, .June-borry, Service-berry, (Iround Ivy, 
 Gold-thread, Spring- lieauty, Marsh Marigold, Blue Cohosh (Caul- 
 ophyllon thalictroides). Hobble-bush. Trees just leaved out: 
 White Birch, Amelaiichier, Poplars, Red Maple, Lilac, Mountain 
 Ash, Red and Black Cherry. Buds just breaking : Horse Chest- 
 nut, Black Ash. 
 
 First Red Cherry blossoms, (itay Birch (Betula populifolia) just com- 
 ing into leaf. Red Oak, Linden, (Tilia Americana), Elm, Sumach 
 (Rhus typhina) bursting their buds. 
 
 iculus