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I
■ )
THOrrCHTft
ON
^
FROM
OftlULT BAXTAXai
TOBL . POSSESSIONS Ilf
VOftTB AMSMCA,
IS IT WOULD AFFECT THl
PROVINCE OF NOTA SCOTIA :
IN ▲ LETTER ADDRESSED TO
XiZSUT. COZi. OOCKBURir.
PRINTED BT
BOWZS & SFISS,
AT THE
ACADIAN OFFICE.
1827.
-I
-ji
^jMi ■«;/
^M
■ts
■l
n
i ';*
s
I
Jl Miss
larly rels
reeled t{
Governn
Wajest}/'
afford, i
Eniigran
If I
necessarji
of every <
soil, whe
tation, to
even at t[
taotrGBTs o» EztsiaRATzoir.
SIR,
I T Is currently reported and believed that the
J Mission Hith which you are charged, particu-
larly relates to Emigration, and that you are di-
rected to make enquiries, under I he authority of
Government, respectinj^ (he Capahilities which His
ff*^!f*^ l*''0^''^-<'es in .North America are likely to
affoid, for the maintenance and seLlement of
immigrants.
If I am right in my conjecture, no apology i«
necessary for addressing you, as I hold it the duty
of every one, and especially of every lover of the
soil, when a question ofsuch importance is in agi-
tation, to throw any light he can on the subject,
even at the risk of eixposing the nakeduess of the
Laad«
•i!
i
Land. Yoa will, howftver, believe me more sincere^
when I assure you, that I am actuated by a more
selfish motive, namely, the fear I entertam, lest
you should imbibe notions respecting the Resour^i
of this Country, that might tend ultimately to the
misery of thousands, and in whi( h our own httlo
Community would be sure to participate.
The enlightened policy and benignant views
of the Parent Country crinnot be mistaken : she is
equally anxious for the prosperity ofall her children^
Whether on this side of the Atlantic or on the
other : she is de!>iroua.of relifcviMg herself ol a su-
perabundant population, by transporting a portion
of it to her Colonies, which are thinly inhabited, and
only wishes to ;iscertain the best means of carrying
her benevolent intentions iuto effect. That such is
her object no one can reasonably doubt, and it the
Emigration is conducted on principles of prudence
and sound judgment, the result cannot but prove
(generally speakrog) highly beneficial to these
Provinces.
It is my Intention, however, to spralc only as
regards one of them, the Peninsula of Nova-Scotia;
a Country well known, and whose Coast was ac-
curHt.'ly snrvejed, and in a sreat measure settled,
Ion.' before the foot of a European liad lett its
print in the wilds of Upper Canada, or m the
FoiTsts of New Brunswick. It cannot, therelore,
be a matter of surprise if ui this Province, (compa-
ratively small andseaboumh you find almost every
jpot, at all calculated for CuUivatio», already ecu-
pied, and all the b«st Land in thfrftetintr^rfbp««»^
of. It is true thousands of Acres still remain to the
Crown, unappropriated ; but, tf 6t for Agricultural
yvurpeses, they must besought for in the Wilder-
ness where no track or path exists, or fertilizing
itream to convey the produce to the Coast. Yoa
Tvill look in vain for unf ranted Lands m the neigh-
bonthood of Windsor, Cornwallis and Annapolis,
or on the Rivers which empty themselves into St.
Mary's Bay. Trace the course of the Shubenaca-
die, the Musquodohoit, the Stewiacke, the Truro
Kivers and River Philip, "and you will find their
fertile b^^nks already in occupation. Apply for a
locationonthe Marshes of Cumberland, at Pictou,
or on the best part of our Northern Coast, and
you will be told it is all private ;ironerty. Of our
boundary on the Atlantic, it will be «ufl5cient to
remark, that from Cape Canso to Cape Sable, with
little intermission, the land (if indeed huge masses
of Granite can bear that denomination) is totally
unfit for Agriculture. Its numerous harbours, it
is true, are admh'ably adapted for fishing stations,
and were we to expect an importation of Fishers,
instead of Weavers, would well deserve our serioui
consideration.
In thus addressing yon publicly, and as a
Stranger, it is necessary that 1 should anticipate
some questions which you would naturally ask me ;
for instance, such as my authority for the asserti*
ons I have made ; I might answer, from strict re-
•earch in the Surveyor General's Office, but that
would bfi a falsehood. With some truth I might
aver
•t^ 'i*i-m» tit m siiittitmt^^w.
.*fc«.,,»;«|ii**-
i^vdf, that they are the result of my own obser-
vation and enquiry ; but I prefer giving you a
more convincing proof, and will therefore tell you
that they are the result of experience, ol deaif
bought experience to many.
AUhou»'h direct and encouraged Emigratioi)
from the McSher Country to this, is a scheme some-
thing new to us, the formation of Settlements ta
by no means so. We have had four within the last
twelve years, the Sherbrooke and Dalhonsie (MiU-
tary Settlements) Hammond Plains and Preston
rBlack Settlements). That at Sherbrooke was
formed in 1816, when the OflScer whose name i
bears was Lieutenant Governor of the Province ;
it was principally composed of disbanded Soldiers
from the Nova Scotia and Newfoundland Regi-
ments, which were reduced iq this Country. The
Dalhousie Settlement was laid out two or three
years after, under tlie auspices of our present Go*
yernor in Chief, on the disbandment of the 98th
Regiment, which also took place here. The Set-
tler* of both received great encouragement from
Government : for eighteen months or two years,
Provisions were gratuitously furnished (hem and
their families, and many of them became Out Pen-
sioners of Chelsea Hospital an advantage which
poor Emigrants from the North of England or
South of Ireland, cannot expect to enjoy. The
Settlements at Hammond Plains and Preston, that
I have denominated " Black Settlements,^^ are com-
posed of the Negro Slaves which were carried off
from the Coasts of the SoutUero States during the
last
last American War by Sir Ale^^indcr C.pchr?^n«
and made a present by that Admiral to the Pro^
yince of Nova Scotia : (It oiay be mentioned by
way of parenthesis, that these are the Gentry for
vhom John Bull has lately paid to the United
States, the good round sum of i;300,000* byway
of Indemnification; such was the Decree of the
Mighty Autocrat of the North, the President's
firmest hut most distant Ally.) These poor shivering?
Devils have striven hard, with the barrenness of
the Soil, and Inclemency of the Climate, and it
would be injustice, were I not to add, that they
^re a quiet, industrious and sober Race. I must
remark by the way, that it is their own fault (or
rather the fault of designing and mischievous people
for illadvisin'g them) that they are not in a Climate
more genial to their birth and habits. When this
abduction, or whatever name you please to giv"J it,
took place, and no remedy could be applied, Go-
vernment determined on sending them to Trinidad,
made most liberal arrangements for that purpose,
allotted them portions of Land in the Island, and
hired Vessels for their conveyance : before, how-
ever, this beneficial measure could be accomplish-
ed, the idea got among them (or rather was circu-
lated as I before observed) that they were to be
sent back to their old Masters, or landed in some
part
« ((
The Slave Convention having been ratified by th«
" United States, His Majesty's Minister, Mr. Vaughan,
• has paid over to Mr. Clay ^600,000 or one half oftha
♦• entire Sum, agreeable to the 3d Article of the e«,id
*♦ Convention."— New York Albion, 20th Jan. 1827.
I
''■r n i mOtf AM^
U
8
phri of the West Indies, where they would ftgafn
become Slaves ; the consequenre wa^, that verj
fev'orthem would embark, and here they reniaiu
to this day, a burden on the Commuaity at large.
It h hardly known how these poor creatures manage
to subiiist, especially at Preston, where the Land
is much worse than at the other Settlement : in the
Summer you may see them by dozens in (lalifax,
havini;^ come eight or ten miles to sell a few berries,
the produce oi' the woods, or Tubs and Brooms of
their own manufacture, on which traffic they most-
ly depend; theii' distress is, however, so well knowjt
here, that charity is administered to them with an
open ^and, otherwise their lot would be moit de-
plorable indeed. If your time would admit, I
would advise you to visit these Settlements ; threa
of them are within a day's ride of Halifax : take a
list of the original Settlers ; 'enumerate those that
remain ; examine the Soil, and draw your own
conclusions. If you are not disposed for occular
proof, I hardly know where to refer you : these
spots are little visited ; our prinCiVal and best in-
formed Natives are not much addicted to Travel,
and seldom leave the ** High^' for the " Bye"
"Way. I believe you must apply to the Disciples
of old Fsaac Walton, and they are mostly among
the Officers of the Garrison, for if our old Patricians
have but a slight spice of the " Viator" in them,
they have still less of the *' Piscator." Should
these Settlements not be found in a prosperous
•tate, after more than ten years trial, you will
naturally seek jior the cause. Can it be that no
trouble
V
wm
'^ S -
IronWe WM taken in the selection orihe tan^ ?—
I say, impossible, Ihe verj names of two of them
•re asuflSciertt denial to the supposition, and would
afford an ample guarantee, ^v^ ail otfier proof
wanting. But these Personages may have been
imposed upon ?^Still impossibie-a more upright
and honorabJe Man, than the Surveyor General
does i^Mexht. If, therefore, I am right inth^
denial of both suppositions, you must allow with
nie, that future Settlements will stand no bfttter
chance of success in this Coimtry ; unices indeed,
the liberality of Government in their formation
extendi to tvhat might be considered to border on
profusion It matters little whether these Commu-
nities are formed of Soldiers or Mechanics, human
nature will be found alike, and the pernicious ha-
bits ofour old Inhabitants in the immoderate use
01 Spirits, will be much sooner acquired, than their
dexterity in handling the Axe.
iu * f *^i"^'>^«s«'Jenousrl,, at least, to prove
that this is not a Country calculated for Emigration
on an extensive iScale—There may be, and^doubt-
eis are, spots ofCrown Lands, which I have over-
looked, where a few Settlers, with common advan-
tages, would be likely to prosper. If ^so, there is
at present a body of Men at Hahfax,t Men of ho-
nesty, ability and intelligence, from every Countr
and lownship in the Province, well qualified from
the.f local know^ledge, to afford you ample infor-
_ mation
t When this Letter wassentto the preas. the Houae of
Awembly was sitting.— Editor.
10
ff
miti#n of a pTasetlcal" nature ; and sbouW yaur vfewt'
ftxteutl tc more 3<ieMific rfisearcli, a short walk will
conduct you to a humble Cottage in the Dutch ViU
t^ge, where a self taught Geologist and Botanist, is
tp be found in the person of the unpretending and
unassuming " "I itus Smith." This Genius of the
Forest has traversed the Wilds of Nova Scotia in
eyery direction ; to him I refer you for inforiration
XjBSpecting its Soil aud natural productions.
Although I have endeavoured to prove tliat t,hl«
Province is not calculated for the reception of an-
nual Importations of Emigrants, let it not he ima-
gined that it is my intention to argue that we have
ajrea^iy a sufficient Population. To remove such
an impression, it will be necessary for me to state,
what Class of Persons I conceive would benefit both
themselves and the Province, by their Emigration
to it.
They are certainly not altogether of a descrip-
tion entitled to look up to Government for pecuniary
assistance. The Emigrants t wish to see here, arc
small Capitalists, industrious men, with industrioui
iamihes, hringmg in ready money from «i600to
^'1000. A m»n so circumstanced, would prosper,
and in a few years, become a person of considera-
tion and property : he would not apply to Goverii-
inent for a Grant of Wilderness Land, but for a
trifling sum, buy (inconceivably cheap) a farm
partly cleared, and under cultivation, well situated
with Interval and Upland, having a House and
Bara already ou it :-^a portion of his roojaey would
blB appUea to itoek it ; wid «Jye Mtoaindep put by
for contmgencies ; the labour wouW be done br
himself and famj^y. A person o£ this descriptioi
would get on m Nova-vScotJa. ^
As I have boldly made an assertion (which if
mt proved, would eause my theory to fall to the
ground) namely that " a partly cultivated ai.d welk
«!!h? »?/""?., P""^® purchased inconceivaWy
ciieap ; n will be necessary to say a few words
^°.i^^';"*^J^<^t? «'hich I am the more inclined to do.
as It will afford no inconsiderable argument in favor
of my mam position, and shew, that even on the
best lands those who first undertook their cultiva-
tion could not succeed, without borrowing money,
and by mortgaging their property for this purpose,
were ultmiately deprived of it altogether.
Yon will be at no loss to ascertain this fact, and
It you make the research, you will be astonished to
find how few families there now are residing on the
spot which their fathers or grandfathers first took
m band You will learn that many of the farms in
cultivation are more or less mortgaged, and when
the proprietor can no longer pay the Interest of his
Uebt, 6 per cent, which frequently occurs, a fore-
closure takes place, and the property is sold for
What ,t Will fetch, which, as the Market is over-
stocked, IS little enough.
There is also another description of Emixrant,
^ho would do here very well ; tor instance--^ man
witti an industrious family, but with little or no ra-
pJtaT; ,
•f*r
*
I
pital, trho wouM be content to be & Tenant instead
of a Proprietor. The terms offered him would b^
most liberal j for some years little or no Rent would
be required ; he would be placed on a fertile soil ^
his farm stocked by his landlord, and not until it
became profitable, and well under cultiviation ,
would any portion of its prodnce be demanded '♦f
bira : — in the interim he would perhaps have acqui-
red the wherewithal to set up for himself: this ap-
pears to be on the'whole, 4he surest foundation im
Emigrant can commence on.
Steady and hardworking men in this CJountrjr
can ateo (at least duiing eight Months in the year)
get high waoes, sufficient, if they were provident,
to support themselves and families during the
Winter. ^
My argument is only dire'cted against what may
be called Crown SetllerSf whom I conceive to be
the poorer orders from all parts of the United King-
dom, shippeci off for America, v/ith the idea that
they are to become Land Proprietors, and conse-
quently rich people in a short time. ISo argument
would persuade them lbat4hey had betterremain aa
Labourers or Servants, when they have the option
of becoming Masters ;— and after all, with the ut-
most liberality, what can Government do for themf
They will be brought to this Country ; their ex-
penses will be paid to the Township laid out to them;
portions of Land in tin Wilderness allotted to them;
for the first year and a half. Salt Provisions and *
Bread will be issued to tbem, probably at the rate
of
IS
•f a pound of each for a man, half ihat quantity
for a woman, and a quarter or third for a child :
it is possible a Cow may be given to each familj,
a bag 9r Potatoes for seed, and a One Pound Sota
for Agricultural Implements-, and all other contin-
gencies : — and on the part ofGovcrnment, are not
these supposed donations (I say svpposedj for i have
BO information but what may be gleaned from the
public Prints.) munilicent ? Can she bo exp'joted
to do more ?
In a new Country like Upper Canada (a Coun-
try with which you are well acquaihttd) 1 have no
doubt Settlements of this description can be advan-
tageously formed on its numprous streams, and on
the fertile shoresofits immense L'akes. In New-
Brunswick too, nothing can be tuore desirable,
than that a good road should be made on its Coast,
forramg a safe communication between Halifax and
Quebec in th% rear of o-ir American frontier, from
Cumberland through Miramichi, to t be Bay of
Chaleur and the St. Lawrence ; this ol itseJf
would carse Settlements to arise ; — but where is
the money to come from for th«u!idei taking ? I
am, however, travellhig on forbidden jjround, so
must return to Nova-Scotia^ which, after all, is
not a Country likely ever to be come rich by Agri-
culture ; she will never be able to compete in that
branch with the Canadas or JN'ew-Brunswick. Her
wohes, when s.he gets them, will be by Comn^erce.:
her geographical position |oints it out ; the mimeiw
ous Harbours on her Coast, the mine of wealth that
lies hiddeit iu the deep ou her Banks, all prove her
ll'
H
real riches f o corisistin her fisheries, which if sup-
ported by British Capital would soon change tk
face of the Country, at the same time that it pro-
vided a glorious nursery for our Seamen. Jt is true
all this was overlooked when the Treaty of Ghent
was signed, which, for the first time, surrendered
gratuitously to our grasping neighbours, a right we
had long maintained, that of fishing exclusively on
our own Coasts. But Treaties do not last for ever.
England has doubtless, ere now, seen her error,
and will in time repair it. The injustice and im-
policy of granting privileges to Foreign Nations at
the expence of her own Colonies have not been over-
looked by the enlightened Statesmen, by whostt
Counsel the Sceptre is now swayed.
Th« Acts lately passed in the British Parlia-
ment have proved to us, that the prosperity of His
Majesty's Dominions howevor distant and scattered
th€y may be, is no less the object of their care thati
that of the Parent Conntry itself. It is true, w€
may run the risk of affronting the neighbouring
States, but if it is our wish to remain at peace with
them, it is still more their policy to refi-ain from
War with us. They will, doubtless, lose nothing
for want of asking, and talk big, but the Confede-
ration is not sufficiently cemented for any thing
more ; the stale of Georgia (which lately defied
the President at Washington) and other Southern
States, care little about the fisheries, and the gal-
lant Governor TroupJ who so lately dared
t See Note lastpag*.
-■J-
To be(n-d tin Lion in hh i)«^
John Adams in his Hall,
might again loll him that Georgia would join innb
war when her own inwnediate interests were not con-
cferned.
i said in the commencement, that my motive
for addressing you was a selfish one ; I am not in-
deed without hope that the Letter it«elf may do
good, and induce you to pause ere you frame your
Report on tiie Resources of this Province ; my
principal object is, however, that you should have
the sense of the Country upon the Question, and
that the People should kno w,t hat unless great care be
taken, the kind intentions of a munificent Govern-
mentj whidi wishes to confer a favour, may, by bad
advice,be frustrated and turn oiit an fJvil in the end:
for such I say will be the case if Paupers are indis-
criminately landed on oar Coasts. Neither do we
want Children to be sent to us for adoption, ap-
preiTticeship or any other visionary scheme. Your
residence here will tell you that, ^\\\y (to use a
diplomatic term) we could reciprocate with the Mo-
ther Country in that Traffic.
We shall be, as we always have been, grateful
to England for favors, but rather than that they
should be administered in the manner Parliament
has been led to sup|)ose the best, e'en leave us as
we are, a happy and contented people. Do not
send a population here, who when you cease to feed
them, will become a burden to us. Do not run the
risk of having the wife and family deserted by the
worthiest
. r*
worthless husband^ who, when means of 8\ipport be-
gin to fail, generally betakes himself to the Uitited
States, or becomes a Victim to Intemp erence. »
This is merely a superficial sketch of the sub-
ject ; consult praclical men for further informati-
on, and though it may tliffep from mine in minor
fints, out conclusions will be found the same, for
do hot think they will f^ive you advice, which is
materially at variance with that you have received
from a Lover of the Country and mere every ddj
OBSERVKR.
Halifax, 7th April, 1827.
Note. — The Governor of Georgia, vbo lately called
ou.t the Militia of'thc State, tores-st any atto'napt on the
part tof the Executive at Washington, toenfofrce its Ordef
for the surrender of certain lands to the Indian?. Mr.
Troop came ol)' not only uriscathed but triumphant, and
the Indians were paid for the Lnnds in d#s^pure. Query.
Will notthe sapie Game he played by Maine and Massa-
chusetts when our Boundary Qi.estion ton.es to be ad-
justed? or can we be said to treat, on equal terms, with
a Government that has not the ireana of enforcing its own
decrees ? For what relates to Georgia, see the Americaa
Capers of February last. Th« Documents aie curious.
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