®
®
©
4)
®
®
®
®
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
4
m
f/
V.
fA
®
®
t
M
2.2
LO
l=y=
}M III U 116
S 1^ 12.0
L8
^
^
(?
^.
/^
^»
/
(?>3>
-^
Sciences
Coruoration
33 WEST MiAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 872-s503
m
(/
K
><ir MP.
* <:^\^
di
.-•b-^'
CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
Series.
CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques
Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notes techniques et bibliographiquas
The Institute has attempted to obtain the bast
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.
n
Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur
rn Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagie
Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur^ et/ou pellicula
Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque
Coloured maps/
Cartes giographiques en couleur
Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
Bound with other material/
Relii avec d'autres documents
D
n
D
Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/
La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distorsion le long de la marge int6rieuro
Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
ti se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas M filmies.
Additional comments:/
Commentaires supplimentaires:
L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6ti possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage
sont indiqu<ks ci-dessous.
D
D
n
n
n
n
Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
Pages damaged/
Pages endommagdes
Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurdes et/ou pel.'iculdes
Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages dicolordes, tachetees ou piquees
Pages detached/
Pages ddtach^es
Showthrough/
Transparence
Quality of print varies/
Quality inigale de I'impression
Includes supplementary material/
Compreno du matdriel supplementaire
Only edition available/
Seule idition disponible
Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totaiement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure.
etc.. ont it6 film^es d nouveau de facon d
obtenir la meilleure image possible.
This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous.
JOX 14X 18X 22X
26X
12X
30X
16X
J
20X
24X
28X
32X
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:
Douglas Library
Queen's University
The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.
Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol —^-(meaning "CON-
TiMUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning .n the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
L'exemplaire film* fut rep'oduit grdce d la
g6n6rosit4 de:
Douglas ibrary
Queen's. Jnivsrsity
Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettetd de l'exemplaire filmd, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.
Les exemplaires originaux dont ia couverture en
papier est irnprim^e sont filmds en commen^ant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par ia
dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont fiim6s en commen9ant par ia
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
Un des symboles suivants appqraitra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le
symbols V signifie "FIN".
Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre
filmds A des taux de reduction diff6rents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul ciichd, il est filmd d partir
de i'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
iilustrent la mdthode.
1
2
3
4
5
6
u
B^^'tish
Columbia
THE PACIFIC PROVINCE OF THE
DOMINION OF CANADA
Its Position, Resources and Climate
NEW FIELDS FOR
Farming, Ranching and Mining
ALONG THE LINE OF
The Canadian Pacific Railway
FULL INFORMATION FOR INTENDING SETTLERS
l8r/4
V^4ilV^»*'*'^^^
^■'.^^■r<"
C. r. R. nOTKLS.
BRITISH COLUMBIA,
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE PROVINCE.
,K Anlu ^°;^"^b^'}' the most westerly province of Canada, lies between
the 49th parallel of north latitude (the international boundary between
Canada and the United States) and latitude 60" N., and extends west-
ward from the summit of the Rockies to the Pacific Ucean, and includes
Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands.
British Columbia, which contains a superficial area of about 380.000
square miles, is one of the most important provinces of the Dominion,
as well from a political as from a commercial point of view With
the Island of Vancouver it is to a maritime nation invaluable, for the
limits of British Columbia coal fields can only be guessed at, while enoueh
coal has already been discovered on that Island to cover the uses of
a century. The harbours of this province are unrivalled. Vancouver
the Pacific terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway is the point of em-
barkation for Japan, China and Australia, in the new and shortest hieh-
ways to the Orient and the Antipodes. The voyage from London to
Yokohama has already been made in 21 days via the Canadian Pacific
Railway, and this time will be siill further reduced. Its principal sea-
port attracts not only a large portion of the China and Australian rapid
transit trade, but must necessarily secure much of the commerce of the
Pacific Ocean, the steamers of the Canadian Australian Line touching at
the Hawaiian and Fijian Islands. Its timber is unequalled in quantity
quality or variety; its mines already discovered, and its great extent of
unexplored country, speak of vast areas of rich mineral wealth- its
waters, containing marvellous quantities of most valuable fish, combine
to give British Columbia a value that has been little understood.
THE HARBOURS.
Of the many harbours, the principal are English Bay and Coal Har-
bour, at the entrance to Burrard Inlet, a few miles north of the
Fraser River. Vancouver, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway
is situated betwee these harbours.
There is a good harbour for vessels drawing up to about 18 feet,
at Victoria on Vancouver Island, and a fine harbour for the largest
ships at Esquimalt, three miles southeast of Victoria.
Esquimau harbour is about three miles long, and something under
two miles broad in the widest part; it has an average depth of six to
eight fathoms, and affords excellent holding ground, the bottom being
a tenacious blue clay. The Canadian Government has built a dry-dock
at Esquimalt to accommodate vessels of large size. Its length is 450
feet, and width 90 feet at the entrance.
07
BKITISII COl.t'MlUA MAINLAND.
THE RIVERS.
Of the rivers of British Columbia the principal are the Fraser,
the Columbia, the Thompson and the Peace. The Fraser is the great
watercourse of the province. I t rises in the northern part of the
Rocky Mountains, runs for about 200 miles in two branches, in a west-
erly direction, and then in one stream runs due south (or over 300
miles before turning to rush through the gorges of the coast range to
the Straits of Georgia. On its way it receives the waters of the Thomp-
son, the Chilicoten, the Lillooet, the Nicola, the Harrison, the Pitt,
and numerous other streams.
The Columbia is a large river rising in the southern part of the
province, in the neighbourhood of the Rocky Moim tains, near the Koot-
enay Lake. This lake is now traversable by regular steamboat service.
The Columbia runs north beyond th° 52nd degree of latitude, when it
takes a sudden turn and runs due south into Washington State. It l8
this loop made by the abrupt turn ot the river that is known as the
•'great bend of the Columbia." The Kootenay waters fall into the
returning branch of this loop some distance south of the main line of
the railway.
The Peace River rises some distance north of the north bend of the
Fraser, and flows eastwardly through the Rocky Mountains, draining the
plains on the other side. It more properly belongs to the district east
of the mountains that bare its name. In the f^r north are the Skeena
River and Stiekeen flowing into the Pacific, the latter being in the coun-
try of valuable gold mining operations.
The Fraser River is navigable for river boats to Yale, a small town
110 miles from the mouth; and larger vessels, drawing 20 feet, can as-
cend to New Westminster, situated about 15 miles from the mouth.
The Thompson River has two branches, known as the North
Thompson and the South Thompson, the former rising in small lakes In
the Cariboo District and the other in the Shuswap Lakes in the Yale
District. They join at Kamloops and flow east out of Kamloops Lake
Into the Fraser River at Lytton.
The Province of British Columbia is divided for local purposes into
a number of districts, of which seven are on the mainland. The most
westwardly of these seven is
NEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT.
which extends from the international boundary line on the south to the
54° on the north. Its eastern boimdary is the 124° longitXide to the
head of Jarvis Inlet, where it strikes due west to about the 123'^, and
from there drops south-eastwardly to the boundary. In the southern
portion of this district there is a great deal of excellent farming land,
•!.articularly in the delta of the Fraser River. The soil there is rich and
strong, the climate mild, resembling that of England with more marked
seasons of rain and dry weather, and heavy yields are obtained without
much labour. Very large returns of wheat have been got from land in
this locality— as much as 62 bushels from a measured acre, 75 bushels
of oats per acre, and hay that yielded 3'2 tons to the acre. Good prices
are realized for all farm produce. Experiments have of late years been
made in fruit growing with the most satisfactory results. This part is
fairly well settled, but there is still ample room for new comers. Those
having a little money to use, and desirous of obtaining a ready-made
farm, may find many to choose from. These settlements are not all on
the Fraser; some are at a distance from it on other streams.
The northern portion of the district is at present most valuable
! Fraser,
the great
•t of the
in a west-
over 300
range to
le Thonip-
the Pitt,
t of the
tho Koot-
it service,
le, when it
ite. It 18
vn as the
into the
in line of
;nd of the
aining the
itrict cast
;he Skeena
the coun-
>mall town
t, can as-
nouth.
le North
11 lakes in
the Yale
oops Lake
poses into
The most
nth to the
ie to the
123", and
; southern
ming land,
is rich and
)re marked
ed without
>m land in
75 bushels
Good prices
years heen
his part is
ers. Those
ready-made
not all on
IS.
3t valuable
NKW \VK>r.MIN,STi;i£ tUsTKIcr. 5
lor its timbrr, the famous Douglas fir, fiom which excellent timber Is
made, growluK thickly and to a great size in the neighljourliood of the
coast. Tue < hicf centres of this district are the cities of Vancouver and
New Westminster. The climate in this district is mild, garden flowers
living out of doors all winter, but in the fall of the year there is con-
siderable rain in those parts of the district nearest the coast.
The Canadian Paiilic Railway crosses the southern portion of this
district from Yale to Vancouver, and rail communication is established
with the cities situated on I ugct Sound, witli Portland, Oregon, San
Francisco and the American system.
< IIIKI' 'i"uu \S.
VANCOUVEi^. On a peninsula having ( oal llarl)our in Burrard Inlet
on the east and Englisli Bay on the west is the new city of Vancou-
ver. It is surrounded by a country of rare beautv, and the climate is
milder and less varying than ihat of Devonshire and more pleasant than
that of Delaware. Backed in the far distance by the Olympian range,
shelter..! fr mi the north by the mountains of the coast, and
sheltered from the Ocean by the high lands of Vancouver Island, it is
protected on every side, while enjoyino the sea brce/e from the Straits
of Georgia, whose tranquil waters bound the city on two sides. The
inU-t affords unlimited space for sea-goinu ships, the land falls "gradu-
ally to the sea, rendering drainage easy, and the situation permits of
indefinite expansion of the city in two directions. It has a splendid and
inexhaustible water supply brougbt across the inlet from a lake in a
ravine of one of the neighboring heights. The Canadian Pacific Railway
was completed to Vancouver in ^'ay, 1887, when the first through train
arrived in that city from Montreal, Port Moody having been the western
terminus from July of the preceding year. In 1887, also, the Canadian
Pacific Company put a line of steamships on the route between Vancou-
ver and Japan and ( liina. Those two important projects gave an im-
petus to the growth of the city, by placing its advantages entirely be-
yond the reahn of speculation, and the advancement made was truly mar-
vellous.
A great conflagration in June,, 1886, nearly wiped the young wooden
city out of existence, but before the embers died materials for rebuild-
ing were on their way, and where small wooden structures were before,
there arose grand edifices of stone, brick and iron. Under the influence
of the large transportation interests, which were established there the
next year, the building of the citv progressed rapidly, and during 1887
most of the city plat was cleared of timber, and a large amount of
street work was done. Electric cars run in the streets and there is a
^ervice of electric cars to and from New Westminster, on the Fraser
River. The C.P.R. Hotel Vancouver, recently enlarged to meet increas-
ing wants, i.. comfort, luxury and relinement of service is equal to any
hotel on the continent, and in the vicinity of this hotel is an Opera
House .-idmitted to be unsurpassed in elegance by any outside of New
York. Since that time its progress has been unhindered by any disaster
The city is laid out on a magnilicent scale, and it is being built up in
a style fully in accord with the plan. Its residences, business blocks
hotels and public buildings of all classes would be creditable to any city.
In addition to the gre.it transportation lines of the Canadian Pa-
cific Railway and the steamship lines to Australia, Japan and China, the
Hawaiian and Fijian Islands, the city has connect! iis with all impor-
tant point, along the Pacific coast. The boats eriploved in the mail
service between Vancouver and Japan and Oii'^i are three magnificent
new steel steamships specially designed fnr tliat trade. They are called
\
v
I'll
•/'
v..iv.iJJ
•T
Wiw'ViLli^ *'^'i
the h
The t
Honol
ka di
Vlctoi
PuRet
Hay :
Junct
of tilt
T
N]
Moodj
qunrt<
8,000.
miles
the «
coiinci
line fi
N(
Its hi
now c
ticul.1
spokei
Tl
Westn
$500,C
and p
Inipor
ten si V
lies n
the 1)(
but c
ince,
elopei
coast,
with
r?**
ad
S5
>
<
<
tlio hinpiTss of liiill.i, (lie J-:iii|»iv«s (i( Jaiaii and tin* Einprcss ..f ( hina.
The Canatliaii-Aiistralian Liiu- nivt-s a iiumthly servlte to Australia, via
HonoK.lu, 11,1., ami Suva, l-'lii. Tlirrt' is a (ortniuhtly saiUnu to Alas-
ka duriiiR tlif suiiiiinr niontlis. Steamers ply Ix-tween Vaiicouvcr and
Victoria and Nanaiiiio daily; and connrctinn is niaile at Victoria lor all
PuRet Sound ports and to I'ortlmd and San l-rancisco. 'llie IJtllingJiani
IJay and Hritisii Coliuiibia Railway ^Ivis clnsc rail <^ innectlon, via Mission
Junction, 4:1 niilca east of Vancouver, with the different c ities and towns
«)f the l'a( itii Coasf.
The fcdlowinn talde of dislai.ces will be useful for reference:
Miles.
VancouN er to ..Ion t n al '2,nOQ
VancoiivtT to N(\v York, via firoikxillo :5,10;i»
Vancouver to Moston, via Montreal 3,'_'4B
Vancouver to Liverpool, via Montreal 5,713
San I'ranti.-^co to New York ?.,2(y[\
San Franci..co to Roston :<,:r/0
Yokohama, japan, to Li «rp,,o|, \ la San I'ramlsco n,'.R»
Yokoliama, .|ai)an, to Liverpool, \ i^ Vancouver 10,047
Sydney to Livt rpool, via Vancouver i:',fi63
Sydney to Llveri^iol, via San Francl>co 13,032
Liverpool to lion; K'ons, via Vancouver 11,649
Liverpool to llonf-- Kong, vip. San Francisco 12,803
Vancouver to Yokoliama 4,283
Vancouver to llonn' Kons 5,936
Vancouver to Calcutta 8,987
Vancouver to London, \ia Si;ez Canal 15,735
Vancouver to Monolidu, 11. 1 7, -^10
Vancouver to Suva, I'iji 5,190
Vancouver to Sydney, N.S.W 6,960
NEW WESTMINSTER. This flourishing city was founded by Colonel
Moody during the I'raser River gold excitement In 1850. It Is the head-
quarters of the saluK-u canning industry, and the population is about
8,000. It is situated on the north bank of the Fraser River, fifteen
miles from its mouth, is accessible for deep water shipping, and lies In
the centre of a track of ccuuitry of rich and varied resources. It Is
connected with the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway by a brant*
line from Westminster junction and with Vancouver by an electric railway.
New Westminster is chiefly known abroad for its salmon trade and
Its lumber business, but the agricultural interests of the district are
now coming into prominence and giving the city additional stability, par-
ticularly as it is the market town of the Fraser River delta before
spoken of.
There are several large salmon canneries within easy reach of New
Westminster. These establishments represent an Invested capital ol
$500,000; they employ over five th xisand men during the fishing season,
and pay out over $'100,000 a year for supplies. This is one of the most
Important industries of that region. Lumbering operations are also ex-
tensive and profitable. '■ •'
CASSIAR DISTRICT,
lies north of the New Westminster district and extends northwards to
the boundary of British Columliia. It is not an agricultural country,
but contains S'. me of the richest gold ndnes yet discovered in the prov-
ince, and indications an^ numerous of further mineral wealth to be dev-
eloped. There are some prosperous fsh canning establishments on the
coast, and parts of the district are thicKlv timbered. Communication
with the Casslar district is principally by water. Steamers start at
« I
1
'• 1,
;ii,
)/;,'
othe
as t
llr8
t»lct
HOUtI
In tt
whirl
throi
ahk;
know
Htarti
point
nient!
dlstrl
mate,
1|
i.^
.:'?/
hiRh I
Lakes,
diaii I
I the ra
on tlic
of ok.-i
bernicr
Inform;
ideil ill
forming
to j);isi
tlass'.'s
tlie vie
farminu;
as faiiui
has Ijee
era znn
This
for the
fields ar
south ai
west of
VAi.E ursTRurr.
*ir?
• V
o
■»"'- ;■ "■
n)
^
a;
--.-
«<
■•r^ -^
i4
'<,''-! -*
ij
t..f -
.^. . -"^
i-"
"^
-•- .- •
'/* •
1=)
^''•^c-^
■y
•<
^--=^^;/
' '^
:i)
m
rcR.ilar dates from Victoria (or thr Skerna River Fnr* wi
other points on the coast within the district See" Dn^e 27 .w X"" *''"'*
as to climate. i"" ui»iricc. see page 27 northern zone
THE CARIBOO DISTRICT
»o„>l,warJ t„ the 5(Hh pan,!?"' "he S"br ued 'L»Z "'m '"?'• ""*
thro,.Rh this district, which, when comoTeted will '''*' '" P^^^l^^^te^l
LILLOOET DISTRICT.
This division lies directly sou
River and a portion of New Wes
spu»5,ely settled, principally in t
there are other settlements at C
projected Cariboo Kail way before
of more Importance. There is a
InR land in this district .md cat
Ashcroft and narl<erville passes
and other settlements. See page
th of Cariboo and north of the Fraser
tn.inster. The country Is as yet only
he ylcinitv of the Fraser River, thouch
linton and elsewhere, whirh, when the
mentioned is built, will rapidly become
considerable quantity of the finest Rraz-
t e thrive well. The stage line l,etween
*'l^;!"'«'\ , V""*"^*' stopping at (linton
^0, middle zone for cllmato.
YALi: DISTKICT
is on tlie south of Lill.,oet, ;,nd east of New Westmln^tnr i. . .
southwards to the internation-il T, „muI.,.J . "t-stminster. It extends
high lands that separate the 01^^ u^,^;^^^^^ eastward t<. the range of
Lakes. The chief centres a o the ow^^^^^^ from that of the Arrow
dian r>aci(ic Railway; l.'andoopso ^1^ lak^S ^.l-.f ?,,"''" ^\*'^« C^'"'-^"
the railway; Ashcroft at tlie beml r.f n. i, "'"'"^ ''"'' '"i'^*' ""
; Of oknnagan Lake. The Yale district •.ffnr,i^ T /^"'""' ''* t'>e head
bern.en. fanners, and rancl'me ' r tl e nurre"^! f '7 ''tV^' >^""-
I inforn.ation here given, this district of L' Pn vince mnv b: "' , V'^'
j ulcd u.to the Nicola and the Okanagan countries! sub-div-
farn.in- than in the past I, . few vl ..« V ' x,- '.''^'^""'^ ""'" *° ""'^^^l
as fan.ous for its gra root" veaeV.ir ? ?^".'''=' ^^'""^ ^^"^ ^^^^^O'"*^
has been for its L^^^::^^:^?- ^^:i,:i^t - ,;*
era zone. i-innaic see page 2G, south-
fl.l<l» a,, at C„U.wat.., „„„„ .,.„„,..,L ',■;«, Te t .l^e'Srio,,!!!': ^°"'
' The Okaxaoan Valmov,
south and south-east of k'amloops and the Cmuli-.n p . .-r . tj •,
10
BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND.
tht, whole province for agricultural and stock-raising pursuits. In this
part are to be iound the most extensive farms ii' the province, as w»il
as the largest cattle ranges. ^Jan^' can count their herds by the thous-
ands of head, and their broad lields by thousands of acres. The dis-
trict is an extensive one and wi f hin i's borders are to be found large
Ukes, the principal one being Okc'nagan, whilst such streams as the
Spallumcheen, the bimtilkameen, and other large rivers flow through the
distict.
Okanagan is famous as a grain-growing country. For ntany years
this industry was not p'-osecuted vigorously. Of late a marked change
has taken place in this respect. Sainples of wheat raised in Okanagan,
sent to the Vienna Exposition in 1886, were awarded the highest prem-
iums and bronze medals.
One of the bcs<; flouring mills in the Dominion is now in operation
at Enderby, some 35 miles south of Sicamous, and connected
with it by rail. The flour manufactured at these mills from Okanagan
grown V heat is equal to any '^ther to be found on the Continent.
Though Oka.iagan is an excellent wheat producing count-y, considerable
attention is now being given to \arious kinds of fruit culture, and an
important movement if on foot lookuv to the conversion of the grain
fields of Okanagan into orchards. The Earl of Aberdeen has started a large
fruit farm ther^: and a fri:it-ci.nning estnblishment is to be erected.
There are still to be taken up inmiense stretches of the verj- best
land, which are but lightly timbered and easily brought iinder cultiva-
'.ion. Wa^e' is abundant in some sections, whilst in others it is scarce,
rendering irrigation by artesian wells a necessity.
Okanagan is also a very rich mineral district. Valuable mines are
now being operated within its limits, which extend southerly to the
American '-oandary.
The completion of the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway to Vernon,
the chief town of the district, from the main line of the Canadian Pac-
ific, a distance of -16 miles, has proved an immense impet is to this
splendid section of country. It pisses for some distance through thickly
wooded country and between high lands at some distance at either side,
stepping at Mara and Enderby before reaching Vernon. There are splen-
did grazing lands, and the valleys that intersect them are of the most
fertile character. The Coldstream or White Valley is one of these, and
the country round about Kaiowna, where Lord Aberdeen's and other
extensive fruit f)rchards have been established is a rich and valuable sec-
tion. Crops grow luxuriantly, but the dry climate necessitates irriga-
tion. There is, however, ample water in th-j hills, and no difficulty pre-
sents itself on this score. From Vernon a fine new steamer, the Aber-
deen, ov .ud by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, plies to Kalo\>na
(formerly called the Mission) and to PeJiticton, near the south end o!
the lake. The country tributary to the lake throughout is ca/ital, and
will shortly become thickly populated.
The climatj of the Ok-anagan country is mild and ary, irrigation
being necessary for fanning and fruit growing. There is on(y a slight
snow fall in winter, arid the summer is warm and pleasant.
CllIKF ToU'NS,
The chief towns of the district are Yale, Kamloops, North Hend and
Ashcroft on the Canadian i'acific Railway main lint', and Enderby and
V.-rnon on the Okanagan branch, though it is probable that the set-
tlement at Kal'jwna, to ards the southern end of the lake, will shortly
become a tovn of importance.
^•»
o
H
ts
■72
C
■^^.
o
4^S
t^
^^
^
^v
1/2
■■
o
m
fel
m
w
Ms
>-«
^
<5
w
1
i
R
>
?:
If.
a
o
f
suits. In this
evince, as wfll
s by the thous-
res. The dis-
be found large
treanis as the
w through the
Dr many years
marked change
I in Okanagan,
; liighest preiu-
V in operation
id connected
rem Okanagan
the Continent.
% considerable
alture, and an
of the grain
started a large
be erected,
the verj- best
imder cultiva-
rs it is scarce,
able mines are
herly to the
ay to Vernon,
Canadian Pac-
pet IS to this
through thickly
; at either side,
here are splen-
re of the most
e of these, and
n's and other
id valuable sec-
ssitates irriga-
difliculty pre-
nier, the Aber-
ies to Kalo\>na
south end o!
is ca-ital, and
dry, irrigation I"
on»y a slight
Kt.
S'orth Hend and
Enderby and
that the ser- ,^
?, will shortly H
f
12
BRITISH COI.UMUf.V yAINt,AXI).
YALE is 103 miles east of Vancouver, at the head of Fraser Rivor
navigation, and here outfit, can be procured by inSine settlers ani
miners, or a market found for any produce intended for sale.
n.^/^^^^VP^^f *^ ""^^ hundred and three miles east of Yale and is situ-
a tod on Kanloops Lake. It is a railway divisional point and a thrivi. o
dScf "%L^'^^ ?^^f ^^'^ i""^ *^™^^«' ranchmen and nlers o h|
district. Steamboats ply on the lake and there are saw-mills in con
nost h'r^""- 'i"^' ""^*"^">^ "^^^^'^ ^ Hudson's Bay GO'S tradin"
post, but has now become a town of some size and importance.
ASllCROFT, on the Thompson River is about fifty miles bevond T vt
ton It IS he starting point of the stage line for LSol Soda Creek"
tl"cs"'lf[sTh'r"V*'^^P°^"'' *" *'>^ Lillooet and Cariboo dlsl
tricts. It IS a busy place, where a considerable freighting business is
done and where supplies of all kinds can be obtained. t>usinebs is
VERNON is a good-sized town, with two principal hotels and other
aTst?.?; f ?'•' ^'•^«*"'-^«, .«f ^» l^n^^S flour anS saw mills. Havx^.g
w/. f f"""^ ^""^ ranching country in its immediate vicinity
iTZTtVlVentrt ^^^"^^^^ ''-''" ^ ^^'^^ ^^ '^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^
hnJi^^^^^ ^^ f- ^"^^"f • ^"t Still a rising town, where there is good
lisJments. '"''' "" ^^"^*^ ""^ ^^°'^^ ^°^ ^**^^^ ''"^^'^^^ «^^1>-
WEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT,
is the next east of Yale, and extends north and south from the bend of
the Columbia to the international boundary, embracing, with East Koot-
enay ( rom w^iich it is separated by the Purcell range of mountains), an
area of 16,500,000 acres. Although possessing some excellent farming
land and good ranching country, West Kootenay is chiefly remarkable
for Its great mineral wealth. Very rich deposits have been discover-d
in different sections of the Kootenay country, and new finds are almost
daily made. In the opinion of experienced men, there is still a lar^e
area not yet prospected which will yield even more phenomenal returns
of precious ores. It is a country of illimitable possibilities, but is vet
only in the early stages of development, when the vast area of hidden
wealth is considered. Capitalists and practical miners have shown their
unbounded confidence in the district by investing millions of dollars, and
an eminent American authority speaks of it as '<the coming mining em-
pire of the Northwest." ^
Not one class only is making its way to tlie Kootenay country. The
rich lands of the valleys are being taken up by farmers; choire locations
for stock raising are sought for, and men are preparing in various
ways to do business with the advancing tide of miners and prospectors.
The mining districts are easily reached from -evelstoke, on the main
line nf the Canadian Pacific Railway, about midway bet een the eastern
slope of the Rockies and the Pacific coast. From tins point, a branch
hnc south IS about completed to Arrow Lake station at the head of
Upper Arrow Lake, from which steamer can be taken to Nakusp at the
toot of the lake, where rail comnu.nicatioi. with Carpenter's Forks
near New Denver, the centre of a rich mining region, is just being
est.-il)lished Steamer can be also taken from Revelstoke past Nakusp to
Robson, at the mouth of the Lower Kootenay River. Along the bank
o this immense river the C. P. R. runs to Slocan station at the mouth
of the Slocan River, along which a good trail runs north to a ric-i,
mining country; or the iournoy can be continued to Nelson, the nres-ent
metropolis of the Kootenay n.ining district, i,. the vicinity 'of which !re
the Sliver King, Toad Mountain and other mines. Fro„, Nek,on steam-
of Fraser River
ne settlers and
r sale.
fale and is sitii-
it and a thriving
id miners of the
iw-mills in con-
Jay Go's trading
portance.
iles beyond Lyt-
boo, Soda Creek,
nd Cariboo dis-
ting business is
otels and other
' mills. Having
ediate vicinity,
rishing business
e there is good
business estab-
oni the bend ot
vith East Koot-
mouutains), an
ellent farming
efly remarkable
)een discover-id
ids are almost
s still a lar-ie
:)mei)al returns
;ies, but is yet
area of hidden
Lve shown their
of dollars, and
ng mining em-
country. The
lioire locations
g in various
d prospectors,
e, on the main
n the eastern
iiit, a brancli
the head oi
v'akusp at the
iter's Forks,
5 just being
past Nakusp to
:)Pg the iKink
at the moutli
rth to a rii-ii
1, the pres'ent
of which are
Nelson steam-
14
BRITISH CO.XMBIA MAINLAND.
err ply to all the mining to,\ns on the Kootenay Lake-Balfour. Hendry^.
Ainsworth, Kalso, etc. '
Towns.
REVELSTOKE, on the Can^idian Pacific Railway, is the chief town
of West Kootenay. It is a mining town between the Ciold and Selkirk
ranees, and is the chief source of supply for the country south of it.
There are some smelting works at Revelstoke, and being the place of
departure for the mines, does an important business. Another smelter
at Pilot Bay has a daily capacity of 100 tons.
NELSON is a mining town on the Kootenay River twenty miles east
of Robson, and from it, points on the Kootenay Lake are reached by
steamer.
KALSO and AINSWORTH are rising mining towns on Kootenay
Lake.
NAKUSP is a progressive town at the head of Upper Arrow Lake.
NEW DENVER is an enterprising mining town on the east side of
Slocan Lake.
Mining Localities in West Kootenay.
The principal mines at present in work are in that section about
Nelson and Slocan. Amongst those near Nelson are those conveniently
dcsirihed as the "Toad Mountain," chief of which is the Silver King.
Other minea in the vicinity of Nelson are the Dandy Mine, < here consid-
erable development has been done; the Last Chance, Iroquois, Union
Jack, Olhe, Newmarket, Hiilden Treasure, Goldendale, Jim Crow and
Democrat. The general character of the ore is barnite or variegated
copper and terrahedrite or grey ccpper, and carries silver to a much
higher grade than is usual with this class of ire. But in addition to
tins silver-copper belt, the Toad Mountain district has a distinct gold
bflt. Among the claims taken up in this latter belt are the Iron Horse
Victoria, Starlight and Gold King. West of Nelson is a g.-la claim'
known as the "Poor Man," and another gold property known as the
Whitewater, lies some 20 miles off on Rover Creek. An extract from the
report of the Government assi'v on the specimens of Toad Mountain
ore shown at the World's Fair, reads:
"A few samples only were sent from this part. There was one fine
ferrupinous quartz specimen from the Majestic, carrying much free gold.
The Silver King, argentiferous copper, with silver 444 ounces and 23.50
per cent, copper, requires no further mention."
The Blue Bell and Hendryx Mines are on the east side of Kootenay
Lake, and in the Kalso-*- locan group are hundreds of claims which are
being extensively and profitably worked, among them being the Idaho
Wellington, Blue Bird, Slocan Star, Dardanelles, Mountain Chief, ^oole
Five, Freddy Lee, etc.
New discoveries, however, are made every year, so that what
during one season is the richest n)ine of a district may be surpassed
m the following year. The way to these mines is by Revelstoke. (See
page 12.)
Between the Gold Range and the Selklrks is the west side of the
great loop of the Columbia River, that extends north above the 52nd
parallel. This bend drains a gold reg
ion not yet well explored, but
on of great mineral richness. Gold has lieen
whiih has every indicati
fo'.nd in paying quantities at many points north of
cations of it on the llledlliwaet R
M
iver and Beaver Creek.
the Bend, and indi-
EAST KOOTENAY DISTRICT.
15
alfour, Ilendryx,
the chief town
old and Selkirk
y south of it.
g the place of
\nother smelter
^nty miles east
re reached by
on Kootenay
r Arrow Lake.
i east side of
section about
le conveniently
e Silver King.
, V here consid-
•oquois, Union
im Crow and
or variegated
cr to a much
in addition to
distinct gold
:he Iron Horse,
1 g"ltl claim
nown as the
tract from the
^ad Mountain
was one fine
luch free gold,
iices and 23.50
e of Kootenay
ms which are
g the Idaho,
I Chief, Noble
io that what
be surpassed
'elstoke. (See
t side of the
5ve the 52nd
xi)lored, but
Id has l)een
;nd, and indi-
■ EAST KOOTENAY DISTRICT.
East Kootenay, lying between West Kootenay and the eastern boun-
dary of the province, comprises the larger part of the famous Kootenay
Region ot British Columbia.
East Kootenay is now actively engaged in working its new mines
and prospecting fur others. The selection of the Crow's Nest Pass
route for a short line of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the probable
construction of the branch roads and other lines within a few years,
will add marvellously to its prosperity. East Kootenay is, speaking gen-
erally, a better agricultural country than West Kootenay.
It contains a valley nearly 300 miles long, from the international
boundary line to the apex of thi; Kootenay triangle at the great bend
of the Columbia, with an aver,\ge width of 8 to 10 miles, in the centre
of which is enclosed the mother lakes of the Columbia, 2,850 feet above
the sea level. Thf Columbia River flows north from these and the
Kootenay River south through the valley. "It is," says Judge Sproat's
report, "one of the prettiest and most favored valleys in the province,
having good grass and soil, a fine climate, established mines and prom-
ising mines, excellent waterways and an easy surface for road making.
Its chief navigable waterway leads to a station of the Canadian Pacific
Railway.
Nearly the whole oi the area of the valley described is a bunch grass
country, affording excellent grazing. The grass country is 250 miles
long, of an average width of live miles, besides a niunber of lateral val-
leys of more limited extent.
It might be safe to say that the whole of the valley is fertile,
though except in a few places its agricultural capabilities have not
been tested. The atmosphere is clear and dry and the snowfall in win-
ter light, but in a district so extended climatic conditions vary con-
siderably from local causes.
The country is more thinly wooded than the West Kootenay district
and aliords great facilities for fishing and hunting; big game, trout and
saimon abounding.
Towns.
The towns of East Kootenay are Field, near Mount Stephen, and
Golden, on the Columbia River at the mouth of the Wapta, and Donald,
at the base of the Selkirk range, all on the line of the Canadian Paci-
fic Railway. Prospectors, sportsmen, miners and others can supply their
requirements at these places.
The present communication of the district is effected by the Koote-
nay mail line steamers ]. lying from Golden Station on the Canadian Paci-
fic Railway, southwards for 120 miles to the Columbia Lakes. The S.S.
Ilyak or Duchess leave Golden twice a week for Carbonate, Spallumcheen,
Galena, Jubilee, Sinclair, Windermere, Adela and Wray landings, connect-
ing at the tramway with S. S. Pert to Thunder Hill and Canal Flat,
at which there is stage connection • ith Fort Steele and Cranbrooko.
The steamers connect with the trains of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
The steamboat coiniiany operates a series of tramways to connect * '^
upper lakes and mines and owns a fleet of barges used in the transpur
tation of ores and other heavv freights. For climate of East and
West Kootenay see page 26, southern zone.
On the north side of the Middle i-'ork of the Spallumcheen, or Mc-
Murdo Creek, a number of claims showing good croppings have been
located.
Vi
!!
BRITISH COLUMBIA MMNh
VNn.
M
iNiNcj Localities ok East K
Further
OOTIC.VAY,
Of Cain, ha^? ^"^^ loTa e P C .' TTf, °^. ^'^^ '-^^^' ^ "-ber
rocks, and assays of 35 o. S roIcI have bee 1'. '•" T'l""^ ''''' ^^''f^'^^
^t the sunnuit contain galena 'a;'d^t;%o;p"ertt""''- ^''''~'' ^'''**"-
Continuing soutli-eastward from the Ctrhn^.-.t-^ J,
tween Copper Creek and the Scut Fork of h*^ Mountain claims, be-
c aims have been located. These a^-e f.vor. i' ^^'''"r.'^heen, several
also^some^on the southern -Pe^f^lhis^r/^^i^S^l^^..?: ^
Por^a^^o^k-S SZ:: :i:^l^T^,:r ''- ^--^ion with the south
number of veins of galena and nr-!v ^ summer of 1889, contain a
in width from 2 inch'es to 2o1nd ;? Tthe' ^j^^V'" 'l-"""^'"'-' ^'^'-^^"^
sidered that these veins will iJ, 1 ' *^ formation. It is con-
pronounced to be^TeTcJ^" t ^u^my TSom^n*"^'"^ °- -«
profit. quality at Golden, and paid .i handsome
andXh^riTreer-n'tS sa^i/rner ^^'^ ^". *'^^ ^^^«*^' ^-'^
Creek, very promising „t d^o.^ts were m^^^^^^ '''''''• ^* ''^^y
her of claims recorded. Assays frrn^^Vto%o^^r/^?°" ^"^ ^ """^■
to I(X) oz. of silver have been n^^Tp %. ^0 per cent of copper and 20
spects have been located on t Ms creek ' '*''' ^"^'^ '"^^^'^ P^-
lenaria.^ Etli'^ul "ob^^ SSk ^^^"^' ^^"*^^"^"« ^^^^'^ ^^^^ ^-
fro„^tlmln''r\t'cal"dr ?a^"^^ 42 miles up the Columbia River
ted along it^ rrdge and western «^n f ^'^^^'Y' ^^^ ""'^"^>-^» ^l^i"^'^ loca-
A large amount of ^^o^Vhas been cloL;' ' 'l *'"'" "' ""^^ ^^^ -"^«-
years back. Copper glance indo.th . ?'^ niountain for several
ing 55 per cent.''copper? were sMp ,ed "'rom 'th/'T '"' ^"'"*^' ^^^'•^^-
.o^od^^body Of silver-b^eanng IJ^Z'i:^^ :^T:.1^Co^
<iay.^rtra^^o!;:Lr':^rt??5^rs^^^^ ^
copper furnace and desilverizing proceTs"^' '' ^'°^'""'^ *° ^^^ ^
i^v/i^ri^^i i-ir^^s;;^.^x;L -\^i:stS-^-- -^^
AU)N(; TIIK lANADIAX I'ACII IC UAMAVAY.
17
»8e, a number
of tlie surface
ieverai claims
n claims, be-
:hecn, several
' on; as are
own into Ver-
with the South
3, contain a
mber, varying
• It is con-
The ore was
a handsome
-rystal Creek
ik. At Toby
1 and a num.
3pper and 20
copper pro-
gh grade ga-
iimbia River
claims loca-
■ four miles,
for several
fty, averag.
' claim. A
n the "Con-
50 tons a
5d to add a
ileum fields
ALONG THE LINE OF THE CANADIAN
PACIFIC RAILWAY.
starting from Vancouver eastward, already described on page 5, the
train stops at.
Hastjngs,
at the head of Burrard Inlet. A progressive settlement has been es-
tablished at this place, much of the business arising from the saw mills
in the vicinity. Ten miles east ii:
New WKSfMIN-STER JlNCTIOX,
from which a branch line runs to the city of New Westminster. Twenty,
three miles east of this is
Mission Junctiox,
froni which a branch line starts, and crossing the Fraser River, runs,
south to the international boundary, wliere rail connection is made for
New Whatcom, Tacoma, Portland, San Francisco, etc. Nineteen miles
east is
Hakkison,
near which are the Harrison Hot Springs, where a large hotel is in
operation with baths and other sanitary conveniences. Nine miles east
of this is
AciASSIZ,
vvlcre the Dominion Government has established an experimental farm.
Kvery kind of grain, vegetable and fruit lilcely to succeed in a temperate
climate is here tried, and from here settlers can obtain seeds and cut-
tings that have. :>roved suital:)le to the country. TliirLy-two miles fur-
ther along the line going east is
Yale,
one of the principal towns of the Yale district (page 12), and twenty-six
miles east of that is
North Bend,
a divisional point of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where one of the
Company !s chalet hotels is situated, and from whence parties desiring
to explore the Fraser Canon and the neighboring gorges can with advan-
tage proceed. Twenty-seven miL-s beyond North Bend on the line ol
railway is
T.YTTON,
at the junction of the Fraser and Thompson Rivers, on'.e a busy miinng
town.
AsiU'UOFT,
on the Thompson River, is forty-eiglit miles beyond Lytton. It is the
starting place of the stage line fur the northern districts (page 12,)
and forty-seven miles east is
Kami.ooi's,
(page 12). The country in this section is good grazing land, cattle
and sheep thrive to perfection on the bunch grass, and cereals are suc-
cessfully grown by means of irrigatioju Tliere is little rainfall in this
section.
SU!A.M()LS,
eighty-four miles east of Kami
oops, on the great Shuswap Lakes, is the
junction of the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway, operated by the Cana-
dian Paritic Railway which runs t
o Endcrby and Vernon, the latter at
tl f
the 1
deen'
mm
'■'''0! li'r'M
'U
I'.iwml
,:;',!'
ifeit
G
from
Pacifl
crens
qucnt
passe
on til
It is
of th
wa tcl
west
on tl:
here
I Ma t'
head
distri
Horst
near
chalei
plies
velst(
the p
•I of th(
time
It
umbif
disco)
^4 Caril)
M disco>
■"■ the C;
ALONd THE C'ANADtAN rACriFfC UMI.WAY.
11)
i!i
W
>H
the head of Okanagan Lake, from which the new C.P.R. steamer "Aber-
deen" starts daily for Kalowna and Penticton.
Ri:VKI,STOKH,
forty-three miles east of Sicamoiu'!, is a railway divisional point, and a
busy mountain town on the C'olujnbia River. I rom here a branch rail-
way runs to Arrow Lake Station at the hc.id of Upper Arrow Lake, where
steamer is taken to Nakusp, froni which point New Denver, Robson,
Nelson and other points in the mining roftions are easily reached. The
main line of the railway has by this time passed through the Coast and
Gold ranges.
After leaving Revelstoke it enters the Selkirk range and the famous
Albert Canon is soon reached; a remarkable gorge through which the
Illicilliwaet runs, where the train stops for passengers to alight to bet-
ter view the canon. Continuing eastward the line passes Ross Peak
and a-.cends the "loops" to the foot of Mmuit Sir Donald at
CJi,\('ii;u Station.
Glacier House Station is opposite Mount Sir Donald and about a mile
from the foot of the great glat ier of the Selkirks. One of the Canadian
Pacific Railway Company's chalet hotels, recently enlarged to meet in-
cre-ising travel, is at this point (The Glacier House), and is much fre-
quented by tourists and sportsmen. Though several other stations are
passed,
DoxAi.n,
on the Columbia, as it flows northward, is the viext town on the railway.
It is a divisional point and the headquarters of the mountain section
of the railway, the line east of this being in the western revision. Here
watches are put on one h(uir going east and put back one hour going
west to conform to standard time.
GOLDKN,
on the Columbia River, is seventeen miles east of Donald. From
here a steamer makes weekly triiis (starting on Monday) up the Colum-
bia to the lakes at the head of the river, 100 miles distant. From the
head of navigation roads and trails lead to the I'Tndlay Creek mining
district. Soon after leaving Golden the railway passes through Kicking
Horse Pass into the Rocky Mountains, where the principal station is
FlIOl.D,
near Mount Stephen. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company have a
chalet liotel here, and there is a small town or village at which sup-
plies for miners, travellers and sportsmen can be oljtained. From Re-
velstoke to Field and beyond to the Gap, where the mountains end and
the plains begin, the scenery is tlio finest on the continent, but the value
of the district is in its rich mineral deposits, which are from time to
time discovered, and the developnent of vhich is partially seen at sev-
€ii\'il points along the line.
MINERALS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
It would be difficult to indicate any defined section of British Col-
umbia in which gold has not been, or will not be, found. The first mines
discovered were in tlie southern part of the province, the next in the
Caril)oo district, in the centre of British Colutnlua, and until recent
discoveries in the Kootenay district the richest digging'^ in work were
the Cassiar mines in tlie far north. Recently several lew mines have
been opened elsewhere.
G( Id has been foinid on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains,
on Queen Charlotte Islands at the extreme west, and on every range o)
20
mnnsii (OMrMiiiA maini.wd.
s iian.s received tl.eir P„ia a ^ , /''«. ^''-Ttz vein from wl,i,h the
;;;-•• a lapse of .ears, aidtw^j^ *;:!;:;•, -{^^T '^'^^ '^^-> ^^^'^''^
'•'"•'"HKl. tu.sc.Nuus have heen made in the neigh-
^.;."'f:;:'i"Li:p'ru;jrr<;i t;:;;:r::r,i.r,5"' ■" - -^""^ •" ^ «'■••"■.
"'■"■'"■ »="«"«1 quantity Jslaca aI.vI I '"" "'""' ""l^"' '» le
■.-c,,o- and t„e „.,„e ,, pron^ltea t" ^ „« ™y "v lIlS; '»™'""^» «'
ilio railway now nierrp« ♦!,« » ^ valuable one.
'^e carried into 'the he!.t oT the i;;;!' "'-Z "'"^''^ "'«" -^ material can
season fresh gold deposits wi I 1," f , u 'V IT^ Z!*^'' ^'''^h succeeding
<l"artz rock, and capita! and .^den.i ite ' T • "^ "'^' ""*^^'' ^^^^'l to the
"l.on them. There .-Ire hnn Ire's o.^,"'"'^''""'"^ '^^ '^'•°"eht to bear
and there are nu„,erous ope^i ,C"!L"f" w ".,*''" '"*«'• P'-'^Pector.
tnral settler the existence of LoW is of I Z?*^''',""*- "^^ ^''^^ ^'ftr'^"''
tain of a market f,,,- his nrodnl . / ^ "''''' s'R''ificance. He is cer-
little on his own acc( nt "^nn^ ,!' ^ *' '^"^ '"^'^"rred from n.ining a
Will one day become t^e^'fo^'r:.'; V disro^'e.S'^rf «^ ^'^ '-1- ^hat h:
1" aivine evidpnr« i.of 'co^eiei of a bonanza.
-ember^.f uJ'^:::z.::^i:.^::i'z v *''^,"-- «^ ^— - a
veiled over 1,(X)() ,„iie.s thron. 1 nn • , .'7^ "^''^'^^ "^^ter having tra-
that there will yet be taken ot 71 ' ^'^"""'''a. I can say with safe y
the Pacific KaihJay,. TI S me .L Lu'v^ ""-Vir """''' ^"""«" *« '-'"^l
n the same service said that, "r, ' j! '^ .."""""f ' ^""t'^^'" 8^-tle.uan
to no other country i„ North An.eiica > '""" '""^^ "« P'ace as second
<lays work. ^''"'" -^i.OW) was obtained by a single
;:w^.^;^n^lS;.r:''^-^l^,ti-;^/^^^^«- discovery in British Colum-
Paci.c Railway, was estinuite I a sm Sm om '"?? /'^ ^^ *''^ Canadian
of thus. With present facilities for n'ros i^^-* * *' ""^^ ^^"^ '" ^'^'^^^^
are expected, for the era of scienHfr- ^n?,!' ^' "'""''' ''^^'^'*^'- returns
only commenced. ^cientifiv, mnung in British Colmnbia has
In British Columbia a heif ^f i
8old rocks of Callforni' has nln-Hlv ;' ''"^"'^'^ corresponding to the
o«s Geological explora ions c'o « ^.o^n '""""^' *" ""' ''''''y ^"••"«'-
rocks to those of the typical see lont of r^rr'" '"^^^^^blance of the
States. seetions of California and the Western
ery will in-XblTshow''thir!t''f ■^p'^'''' 'P^''''^'^' "'^"^ **« further discov-
Colorado. The l^est km.v .roent i;'.;' "!' "^^ '""'^^ ^^'^ >" Nevada and
from Hope, on the Prase /iC-^r T .rio^ ''' '' *''* '■^•^""* ^'"^ "'»'^«
about D,000 feet. ' ^ ''"^ i"' -« occur at an elevation of
bo„„<l, j,„vi« I„|„,s, u,e (l„ee, a. ,rl„ltr tlf ,°' '"" "••""I-""!. Il,.„e
<l..r.n» the process „t .a'hln" ""i,,'"'' '*™ ""'"1 '" «"all q„a„tilles
van^."J™;'ty:„o:■•;■»:.;r^;r:^,-''■?- r- --- — • »"
-„» „, c.a, h„ye „ee„ ,„„„.l ,. J^^r!,'^,^^--'^-^^;:^'^:^-
"a
IntH. Ilitlurto
tf^'iiiiR of the
iped out of thf
Uoned, wltliout
roni which the
l)een visited
e In the neigh-
e of cinnahar,
'ne. The true
J'Ppfars to he
percentage of
i one.
1 material can
t^h succeeding
traced to the
aJ>t to bear
r prospector,
the agricul-
• He is cer-
n mining a
liope that he
Connnons .1
having tra-
f with safety
'gli to build
r 8(^11 tlenian
e as second
tne no less
>y a single
itish Colum-
le Canadian
ir in excess
ier returns
umbia has
GIANT CEDAR.
STAM.KV PAHK, VAXCOUVKIS, H.C.
ll
i
i
22
land
cllHtrlcts, and otlu-r indi
p;ui.s. The sa
imiTIHII COLUMBIA MAINLAND.
*„ „.... .. ':''\^ "^<^" worked In New VVe.stmln«ter and Nicola
found In several
as on the island,
•iif fi>rm;iJlon oxIh ts
cations of coal have been f
and the New WcstnilnHt,.
tlons only of la rue areas.
on the mainland
cr and Nicola coal bed
ire probably biuall por
A most phenomenal dl
Nest Pass of the R
scover
of
ocky Mountains. Merc
coal has been made In the Crow
>8
are s.-en to outcrop/w ith a ot m.,'. '*" "" '7^^ than twenl. _
■ "Hi "iiu a total rliickness of frum i-ii <» ^ • ... .
been picked up on several Art ' v-. "^*'«'"«';*« «' anthracite have
«een, to Indicate that the aeiml fn ^' ".^-''^A'^"- '«'--»"d, and this would
be traced to Vancouver ^°""^ *" ^"""^ Charlotte Islands will
TIMBER.
hundred thousand acres of So,'. J -l "'? '"'eR'-eeate make many
-ar each open spot isMuSai'; ^ro^'t'h "J) .^d^'"' ''^ ^^^"'"^' ^"'
ran.t^rSLr^^'^^nnonronS ^^1 '^ ^^^ Gold and Selkirk
t..ries past, have now become a v .iHbl ^^*''"' '^'^'^^^ "P f««- ^en-
Pacific Railway passes tS 'h li^t of '.hi "'^"T'"^' "^"^ C"""^»«"
will brine untold quantities to the n.nL ' ,'"'^f '"^^^^ '"^''^^'^s that
Governn.ent Department of ARricfJtureh.s n,l. ""h *i"^^ "*"*'°"^- ^he
authoritative description of the t ees o^nrUisl r , m ''^'^'^^^^ «nd
Douelas Spruce (otherwise ca ,ed ."1^, s Hr r^n' 'T'"""' =
and commercially, "o,econ Pine m a u , ' Douglas Pine,"
though -"rse.gr:dn.d,lxeeiMy^;outh i;^^^^^ '' »« straight,
verse strain. For luinber of all si.es ^,d.?' t ,^^J^ ^'^""^ t^^"^-
inand. Few woods equal it for frunes' ShI'^ ^^f' *' *" *" ^'^""^ ^e-
generally. and for shipbuilding.'' Us1;„^;'h^:^.'":«; «"^ strong work
specially fit it for masts and spars? straightness and strength,
-ak];!g ^e'moit'v^lIShSer'ln'Ih:^' '''^^^ ^'^^ ^^«^-" ^-vinces.
Bull Pine, the Yellow CvVerr' *''"«• •"'''•'<*'ts; the Black Pine, the
tern Larc'h ^sonJtiZs X" T^rc) ' Hn".'' ^^"°- ^edar). the'wes!
Spru,e, the Great Silver Fr";?,?^?' ^"8'f^=»n's Spruce, Manzie's
Aspen, and other deciduous trees The^ei ''.'^'^ ''^''' ^''"' ^''-»PJ«.
n>ore or less thro,.ghout the Province boHfr'-'L ^'""^^''^ ^'^ ^^'""'1
adjacent islands. The Doual,rSDr ce t?l\ ^^"^ mainland and the
attains its greatest size in'Te nSg £,„ Ld oflhe'"' Tl' "'^'"''^^'«'
elsewlicre. Owing to the variety n ni .'11 • J^ .*''^ ^'^^^*' •'"t is found
era, .,.s»es o, Les „a„:;::':J^ ^1 :'re'S4"„.",rL'i''"'""' ''' ^^
LAND.
mai^:..!r;r^j" j'i.;;s^';?ii;;:.;;:. ^'^r r ^ ;:! ^*^*i^*^ ^--^-^ the
qi'nhty in different sections. There is \ ■ '''' ^^""y different
quality of land fro,,, the rich river bot^'.Tl-.'ni '"" "^i, description and
oriv'^^''-^' /" the light covering oT m'i 'and' .""d'aT hF ■ ' ?■*',"
on tac mountains. Between Yale and the coast •irth:\'ew'%Smrn!
red on tlie main-
n«ter and Nicola
Jund In several
8 on the Island,
bably biiuiU por-
de In the Crow's
in twenty Heams
1 ft. to HU (t.
•Anthracite," on
parlnft favorably
t six feet and
mthraclte have
ind this would
te Islands will
I, no country in
with it.
vood, and many
te make many
required, but
)ld and Selkirlc
:d up for cen-
The Canadian
s streams that
stations. The
catalogue and
I, including:
louglas Pine,"
It is straight,
s great trans-
in great de-
d strong work
and strength,
ern Provinces,
lack Pine, the
dar), the Wes-
uce, Manzie's
, lilm. Maple,
3 are found
and and the
lost valuable,
. but is found
iibia, the sev-
forming the
■ery different
:ription and
that in the
li&ii altitude
ew Westmin-
LAND UKaUt.ATIONS,
L'3
■I
Bter district uhere the rainfall Ih regular, the lan.l of the valleys 1.
rich and heavy; east ..( Yal.- where the rainfall Is sUnht and Irrenul- J
; here s a considerable „„antity of guo.l land, very prcul "tive und^r
n lK?t /'the r r ^'''t; ""1 ^''""•^■"' ^'•"'"^« "' the\aird "d/t a u
In bot!i the Kootenays there is a quantify of verv ferHln l-.n,i .
parts, as In the Okanagan section.' requiring rrTg..tl. ' and in oZr
Places suflldently cared for by the rainfall' On tlu Iglu-r 1 uls the
bunch grass grows freely and a.tords the best pastur.fge for utl-
Wher. water is convenient for irrigating purposes, grains ad vo^ett
bles succeed well In those sections otherwise use l ^,^y for ar./h a
Along the l-raser valley fruit is found to ripen well A or, Tf ^'''^ , «'
of varieties have been tried at the ex per In en tal "arm at A n.si "a^fi
n>ost. even of the more dehcate fruits, nave done wil Still 0^^!^,- «
ce.s has been achieved in the Okanagin vaHerrcoLdernble d s m^^^^^
I'KilVINdM, (loVKUNMENT i^ANDS.
nient Lands Office and pre-emption. ^ ^ ^^^ Govern-
the heL' o/T'^iinir^'lS 'or' T'^t T'"^ lands:-.Any person, being
rpXn'o. '"■"""' " "'""'■ "' '■■'■-""«' '". stale "i'r'ai' X;
.»...», or ,0., .cr::\Tti::,\z':ri;r,%t?,'' '^""■••""^ -■ ■="-' »""•'■
priofrS"„r;':" u„TJ'';;" °r. --«""""'» <^'»'"> »« » .<»«.
aue^^a" crrs:;„r„ars''r,Ls?"°' >" "=°^'"-«'' - --^^o ""
cessatlo,, „l occupat m butTeavr'„. 1, """"' ' "^ '^"""'■' '» """""^
cecding ,„„r months 1„ any „,rye„ Inrh" "'"^ "-o cranled not ex-
absence. ' ^'''"' ■"'■'usive ol the two months
Land Is considered abandoned i! cennted «-,
months in the aesrcoale In one vUr "l ""I""" '"' more than four
secutlvelv. "'"^' °'^ ''"' ""e than two months con-
24
UBITIsn COLUMBIA MAINLAND.
If SO abandoned the land becomes waste lanHc ^» *k ^
any cancellation of the record. °* ^''^ *^'"''*n' without
li.e fee on recording is two dollars (8s.)
missioner cau.s3s it to be saivoyed ""*" *^^ ^''^^^ "o"^-
hin;^l^n.nri^^Se;:^^rsS^c:;^.=;:;,^" ^-^r*^^" '-- -^*'"^ ^^
and of having made pernmue^t^n nrSXn.r ?u ^.^'^ °^ Pre-emption.
two dollars .nd fifty'cents pe - acr'e the settler o„''"^ ^\'''' ^^'"^ «'
empt.on certificate, obtains 'a cerUfic.-ae%rMnl;;'o^^,Xt^'"'"' *'^ ^^"
After obtainina the rprfifir>-i*^ ^^t •
land the settler il entit ed t a Crl^L"^^^^^^^ '^^ '^^
five dollars therefor. ^*^^"' *" *^ simple. He pays
years from date of record or nre en nf/, n *''''"''^- '""■s* instalment two
the last instalment is not pay'Lb "t^U af'ter' tl ''"'^ t'.ere.fter. but
unsurveyed. "" ^"^'^ *'*e survey if the land is
The Crown grant excludes gold and silver r.r. . ^
Crown a rojaiiy of five cents ner t, ,7 ' ''"'^ reserves to th«
'^"^ ^r-r :r.-£r r^ri?^ "' "^'"° •^°"'
c^ pre-en>pted by virtue of his declar .H.""his SenHon 'V"'\''''''^ '"^""'■^^^^
I- su.::ect. unless he has becon.e narcalizeS "''"'"^ ^ ^"*-
The heirs or devisees nf +i,£. i, . . *
■u-al channel „^ a„.v slrS^^ a' " e ^ ''d"^;'','''. """ "■"'" '"<■ -'-
..-r .a„„, .pon „„,„,„„, ■ .vri.ier^^i.il^i^r^.'ri.e-l-CSor "'"
IIo.Mi-sTKAi) Act,
The farm and buildings, when reoisf^.-.. /
incurred after the reoj.stra i,^ uTf^ee fr;/'"'"' '" ^''^^^ *^^^ ''''''
greater than $2,50C. (tSOO Engl si )• oood. Z 'f ""'"': "^ *° '' ^■^«'"^' "Ot
to $5CX1 (£100 English)- r mh .'f-V, ^ chattels are also free ui>
an Exo„,ption Act. ' ' ^"'"'"'^ "" ^''^'^es" are also protected by
DOMINION GOVERNMENT LANDS
ciian'pa::;:; ^;;t J;: :::1^:; ;^-:;^;;^ wlthm twenty nUi:s Of ..e Cana-
nn-eral.s they contain (evcepr the n^/^' ^^'""^^'' ^^■'^'' ='" t'' ' timb.r a ul
^vith its tinUKT. hay. wa erp'le ': 'coir" ■""'''?• "^"'^ "-^'^-^ "^ ^^-h'
sources, is now administered by ,; n:i';,;'^"\^'"^ "t''^^" valuable r.
ada, according, practicaliv. t tl s nne V."""' "! *'''^ ^''''''''' ^'^ ^^n-
the public lands i„ Manitoba ^■,1?:^ ^ '"'^^ regulations as are
the ho..es,eads must no onl't e.i I'ed " ''' '^-•''t'-ies, except that
less than six months in eacl «f t „ h "^'"" •"•^' ^"Itivated f„r not
must also be paid for at t, , rUe of"' Tn'" ''^''' ^^'''y' >^"t t loy
the disposal Of these bud ha 4 L esT.hr '"/''" •''"'^- ^^^'^^-^ ^'^
'nountains. a„,l New Westminster on n"''^'* ='* Kamlcops. in the
and re„K.ins in New ^e^Z^^^^; D strl^t'Sh /'"' ''"'^" ^'^''-l^nr^T,
»ito private hands, and hcniesteul no . . ^T ""^ •'''"^•'»^'y r^ssod
c-u„..a . ,.„„ .„„„„„, .„ .,.;';;:-:l"' „,'';^,,"';;-„^'^H^ -a, n.u.,.
I
the Crown, without ^^ situated at Kamloops. Ik
KISIIKniRS.
million lanils
in the province
his own instance
til the Chief Cond-
ition ir. writing of
te of pre-emption,
nd to the value of
)roducing the pre
lit.
id paying for the
simple. He pays
r per acre, »vhich
■St instalment two
y tliereafter, but
y a the land is
I reserves to th«
nerchantable roal
Sne slack.
ly have recorded
) become a Brit-
Si if resident in
36.
rposes, the re-
'■ from the nat-
paswing through
ammissioner.
taken tvr debt
J to a value not
ire also free up
Iso protected by
?s of t.ie Cana-
th.' timber and
i tract of land,
valuable r^-
uterior of Can-
itions as are
ies, except that
vated for not
try, but they
Agencies for
loops, in the
h^ agricultmal
• Iready passed
it in Hrltish
'Hy for which
acquired bypurehase at five dol,a.. per acre, free ror^^LSTcc
■did.ns. This is the minimum pric- of sue i i-,,,,! ■ -^
-vacant .n the New Westn,inster Land District ""^' '""=''"'
be
con-
ing
EDUCATION.
I ree schools are established throughout the l^-ovince. Whenever n
mnnnuu. a t, mlance o, ten pupiLs can be secured, the G ,ven uent 'un
pl.es a certilie:l teacher, so that there is hardlv a settlen e n the"
br;;^:^ritr:^:i^;;^.!;-^;;;r'^;:j-nU^^^^^
ih. Province, educating 10.773 cl^M^"Z^^\'£.SS:'t t^r^''^
jvlute population, _ About one-sixth of the total eX''o?'thFrcv"ice
Is thus expended, irrespective of the large vearly o rants rom iL ^f
panment of Land and Works for tne erertion nf " , ^^'
„„i , » » iv.T ivji iiie erection oi school honse=; f^tr-
and a sun, abnost equal which city municipalities pav n salar'ies to
their own teachers. In these latter tlipi-o ,,-« .,i i , S'aiaiies to
provide a more advanced in.structT.m "' ' """'' ^''"^^
FIS: rZRIES.
An important part of the future trade of «rifi^-i, <vi i-
d«cp pools „„cke<i ai,„„.t\o,i., .f ,, .■^■,i^kr.^.;T:rjLm'-<>,'i:'
Fraser Rivpi- h.Tf *>,^. r,rcaier niunDei of canneries are on the
rrasei Knei, but there are some i.i the far north
^a c -.r' ''^'"•""" T'^' '■''' -'-"^'^^nt, and valued for thl table Shu
frSut-r t,:?r •;:;;;;;i; "^--^-^ ^^ ^''-'»-*' -^^^ ''-> ^^ke and brook
Iwho^'^^miggle'v:^ aaJr" .;; !'" '"""'^ '^^^'^"^ ^"^^^^"'^ -''^ -«tland
"Rritish Cohunlda v.un fin " Z'" "'.'*^*^ '•*=''" Percentage, who, in
■^hundreds .via; I7n,he^ TT 7 V\.^ '"^^' ''^''''' '''''^'''^' ^^"^^
'"the beeinni o ofi . *'"' """'* "^ LVcember than thej
tne beginning of January who would experience a
.^tion of hfe on the coast of British Columbia.
^with^'Js^ .:i:;;;v;Ku;d ;;nn /n'n ^^^r"r^*""' ^'"^^ ^'^^^^-^^^ — ^^
;.nanv claiinants The -e ' f'''"' '^""'^ ^'''""^ ^^''^'•y ^^^'^ '^^^
l^oat asl re- 1 e I-uk[ fs h T' '■'"* '" ^'''''' "" '"'''^^^ *^' ''^^'^ *« '•"•' ^
.;;ritish seas ;o^J'^L;^.^an:r':e:^^r^c:^tl:^r:^^;.;■t.i.i:;^ >'-
"'-'% 'ns piece of land and his boa. by no n.an's favour.
were at
very different condi-
own
26
lililTISlI (•(>(. fMMiA.
I\
dor/t '*c:the?"vn;rtre" ol fish ^T^^ ^^^ ^^^" ^'^^^^^ ^i^h trout,
district, and those oSeLotennv. . •./'""''.;" ,*''" """^^ Westnunste
either with rod or troll ^°"*^"^^ '^'^ favourite localities for fishermen
comS^M^^ ^:tt:nt'^;:^::]^t- ^^ ^"" -i-Portant when
the province, stili it harinproved ani I^oLT'T^ ^''}'''^ possibilities of
past few years, showin, rTci4se sHce Xa^rT^''■'""^ ^"^"^^ the
the progress and enterprise o^ he neon e ^rt *''-'^\^I'^^ks volumes for
f^oal, gold, timber, masts and snnrf? I'rominent exports are fish,
and spirits. A large portion of ^hrU;"" ''"'^ '^*"'' ^'^ °"' ''°^^' hop
Great Britain, the UnUed Sta es ^n? a'°'I' ";?""«'! ^"^ Pi^kied, goes ,.
ian Islands consume a large ^h'^'^o^^ ^*''**^" ^'''^ "^^^i-
tities of timber are shipped to A^.?L ? exported coal, and great quan-
To Great Britain and the United Sntil "'^"'^ P"""'" '" ^°"th America,
peltries of land animals and the nnch ^"^. '""* *'*^ ^^'"^^'»« ^"^« ^""J
also receives a considerab e amo n of^V'^n ''^'-^"^ °"^^' ^*^- ^^ina
able shipments of f.^lVnn- ^'""""^^ »* lumber, timter and furs. Valu-
Hawaiian Islands Thei 1 XstHr« .? ^^V'''/'"'"'''^"^' ^"^ '-^l^^ *« the
portance. are destined to Son e 7e^^ ,"^1 "ll'^^'u "' --^^^^-ble im-
enterprises in the near future Wifh H, J l^ ''''^" '""^ ''^'"^ profitable
Canadian Pacific Railway and" til J f^'^^'}'!^ facilities offered by the
Australia and the 11^14 uir? Pi ^^e^^^^fip lines to Japan, China,
advantages of clL/at? ."a „eoo,.'^ V " , ''^"^'' '""'^^^ ^^^ ^er natura
in tin^ber and minerals Sritlsh r!f ?• ''°''''""' ^"^' "^""^"^^ resources
per share of the commerce of the worM ^^T^f'"''"""^ "'^*"'"*"^ ^^'^ P^o-
the globe more richly endowed sX^ ■ /''^'^ '^ "" «*her country on
eries, timber, niinera s ms me h ^'^"fd resources of wealth, as fish-
to those v.ho choose tc' ^vaU ^h'^ '^^ J''^"^"' ^*"- ^^^ all are open
fields for enterprise the„,se.ves of these new and attractive
CLIMATE.
mateXf^ri'^naJ^ffnTof^BHtLfror * V '''T' '" ^^^'^'^^ ^' *he cli-
siderably, while n the nferi^r the '«•«"• ^" *'^^ "^"^^^ '' ^^«-*^« ^O"'
marked. It may be divided nJoJhe ^^f ?r'' ^'^ ^'"* "^^^"^ Pl^*»l3r
zones. ^^^ '"*° *he southern, middle and northern
Thk .Southeun Zo.vk.
dary''Irne'49o''aL"5]o f 'V'", *^f * /« ^^ ^^tvveen the international boun-
8in'ninrat'Yale"l,fJpHTn;"\J^;/;;.^r^-«^°/, ^^e coast range be-
irrigation is essential to the or-. T T ,^ *''='* country in which
i.om the air losing^L-^t^e fr^ls- V^rSa-nge"'^^ '^^^^^^ '' ^^"^^
o«e^;:;::ain^^:,;;s?^'catue'"^^^!s '-'^'.-y -^-^ -"^^"
annual temperature dileis Tittk from H,-.. f .J''"'"'"^' "^^^ "^^^"
greater diflerence is observed hoJeTr bei ween t^e' '""'* '■'^*°"' "
winter temperature and n «fiii „ \ ' "^"^^^" *he mean summer and
heat and cold are compared THr/,?**f'^ ^^''"" *''« ^^t^«'"^« ^"
River, 700 feet abovrthe 1'. '" '''* ''' P°'"* ^" ^^e Thompson
showed 7.00 in h2togetrerwiVh''%.^^'"'"^ '"*'^" -^-^^^ 1«75 'and
Esquimau it was%S%Thrvt^nf T^' '"^'^'"^ "-9^' ^^^ile at
district further north ;ndth.i^'" ''' f'"'*^' ='"^^ "'»J'^*^'- t^an the
usually very tMnwZ:^.'^^.T\^'':'l'' ^^U.U..ept slopes arr
^ir.i. i.attlf as uell as horses winter out, and
Van(
feing al
!bout fi)
0,000 s
Ide, is
.^jlima^e,
Vest of
VANCOUVER Isr.ANn.
eked with trout,
New Westminster
ities for fishermei;
27
tiimportant when
ire possibilities of
rfully during the
)eaks volumes for
exports are fish,
h oil, wool, hops
pickled, goes to
;ates and Hawai-
and great quan-
South America,
aluable furs and
)tter, etc. China
and furs. Valu-
8 fish at 1 he leen
and also to the
considerable im-
I very profitable
es offered by the
to Japan, China,
by her natural
imense resources
(taining her pro-
ther country on
wealth, as fish-
ind all are open
and attractive
king of the cli-
; it varies con-
more plainly
and northern
rnational boun-
aast range be-
mtry in which
irises of course
' exists which
I. The mean
ast region; a
1 summer and
le extremes oi
the Thompson
?ar 1875 and
1.84, while at
Ider than the
i^ept slopes arr
iter out, and
^ the former, unlike the latter, will not scrape for their food, this cir-
^stance serves in some degree as a guide to the nature of the
The report of the Geological Survey of Canada, says of it: "The
^ole of British Columbia south of latitude 52" and east of the Cas-
des IS really a grazing country up to an altitude of 3,500 and a
rnung country up to 2,500 feet, where water can be conveyed for irri-
gting purposes. The question cf water in this district must be ever
•S,vp/,I'r.^'^ ;J T'^ ^^^''' ^^" ^^*'"^'"-''' ^^""'"'^y' ^- E- formerly Lieut.-
fJveinor of the c<;lony, m speaking of the interior and its advantages
|r settlement, said: "It will demand not a little faith by those livFng
m the same parellels of latitude in Europe to believe that wheat will
|pen any. here at all, at altiCr.des from 2,500 to 3,500 feet, and other
train at even more. * * » Newrtheless such is the fact."
TllJ5 MrODI.K ZoXK.
^ This comprises the region between 51° nnd 53^ north latitude and
Shw'm" . • tW?""*""'"""" P^"*^ °* *^« province, including the
^riboo Mountains, the locality of the most celebrated gold-fields yet
discovered in British Columbia. The rainfall is heavier there than in
le southern zone and the forest growth therefore becomes more dense.
mZ^ !" . u settlements in this division varies from 1,900 to
In^w i! r"" *u'' 'r^'l^^ *^'''^^^' 3'^^ ^e^t ^»"S al^o"t the maxi-
fum height for wheat, though other grains ripen at a greater altitude
gom longitude 122« the land falls toward the valley of%he Fraser, the
#imate becomes milder than in the mountains, and bunch-grass grows
tat of'^fi ''f '"""^ ''^*^^. ^'^'''^'^' '^'^^ ^""^^t^- 'f le«s attractive than
^rticulari; SthT ""' "^'^^ "'' ""* ^^ *'^ ^°^^* "'^"^^' ^
The Xortuekn Zoni:.
n,ni,il?''''Jf •"'"' "^ *''*^ country hardly falls within the scope of this
imphlet. It is necessarily remote from the line of the Canadian Pacific
failway, and except for its gold „nnes and the fish in its waters, wiU
;^t, by reason of its distance, attract immediate settlement
wJeJ^!^^i!^^''I'T *?^ '^'-e^^'ng that British Columbia possesses
•^greater variety of climate than any country of its size, and that the
SlTd^ifinrd"''''''''""" 'between one and the other are singularly abrupt and
m SPORT.
^Jr ^^t*"" to its many advantages already referred to, British Col-
ombia offers great attractions to the lover of rod and g m. Of game
t^ ^"h T'"' ^''"'" '^ ^ ^'■""* ^^^^«*y- 0" the mainland, are gS,
■fteep and goat, heads and skins of which are tlie finest trophies of a
So HrT '; f '• ?"*r" *""•• ^^^■^' ^"<=^' '''■' ^'^ ^-ry abundant on
rtn.i fi^?, f^' '''"'* *'''^^'' ^""^ ^^'■*^'*='^ varieties of grouse are the prin-
cipal feathered game, and can always be found in the season.
»»,. , *, , ^"'■es°*"8 pages the statements made, with the exception of
to RHH 1 T, '*",'^- ^^''"^^'-^tional facilities, have applied almost exclusively
to British Columbia on the mainland, and -lot to adjacent islands.
VANCOUVER ISLAND
Vancouver Island is the larg,>.st on the west coast of America.
Being about three hundred miles long, and witli an a^-erage breadth of
abcmt fifty miles and contains an estimated area of from 12,000 to
20,000 square miles. The coast lino, more particularly on the west
SS'./f -r, Z numer-as inlets of the sea, some of which run up to
iei If'/, "" ''ittractive than that of the two great divisions east and
west of the coast range, is particularly healthy.
V''i ill
^'^>'*' ,\^''i'--'' #1^^^"^
■■p ; k'. |.? I i.,„
# " »|
'W'V'^iM^
le Intel
tacked 1
,nd cedj
itreanis,
llowers c
ami a p
parativc
inf> fruii
Island, i
Intersix'
diversifii
th«' soil
gettlenie
In c
lly woo(
there is
The
rendezvi
at the 1
approac
on the
vantage
urrarc
ther 1;
Lceedii
VIC
chief ci
Hudson
Idelightf
'''%iew of
Bnow-ca
from If
of mine
3sh cit
J toria ii
acconin
able he
tables.
notice.
red at
utside
heps,
'faciliti(
the Go
■y^'Buffragi
^ tM the
niary «
ar(^ Pr
library
volent
Vic
Pacific
from J
and V;
isles '1
portan
mainla
Victor!
VANCiUVKK ISI.ANP
29
pmm
<'i\fi I
surface is beautifully
and on the east coast
offered to agricultural
ihe interior of the island for many miles between precipitous clifts,
lacked by high and rugged mountains, which are . lothed in fir, hemlock
Ind cedar At some points are sheltered bays which receive small
itreams, watering an open gladed country, having a growth of wild
Sowers and grasses-the white clover, sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy
and a profusion of berries. The two ends of Vancouver Island are, com-
Darativdv speaking, flat, but there are mountains in the interior rang-
ing from"(),U()0 to IV-KKJ feet on tne liighest ridges. The interior of the
Island, still unsettled at any distance from the sea coast, is largely
Interspersed with lakes and small streams. The
.diversified by mountains, hills ar.d oyen prairies,
Phr soil is so good that great encouragement is
iicttl^nicnt
In other parts the soil is light and of little depth, but it is heav-
ily wooded. In the inland lakes, and in the indentations of the coast,
there is a plentiful supply of fish and a fair vaiiety of game on shore.
The princiial harbor is that at Esquimalt, which has loi<g been the
rendezvous of the British squadron in the North laiific. It is situated
at the south end of the island, on the eastern side, and can be
approached in foggy weather by means of soundings, which are marked
' ftn the admiralty charts, for a considerable distance seaward, an ad-
J^antage possessed by very few anchorages, and with the exception ot
SBurrard Inlet, at the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, by no
Pother large harbor on that coast. The scenery of Vancouver Island is
'^ceedingly varied and picturesque,
VICTORIA (pop, 23,(XX)) is the capital of British Columbia and the
Chief city of Vancouver Island. It was formerly a stockaded post of the
Hudson's Bay Company and was then called Fort Victoria. It i»
delightfully situated on a small arm of the sea, commanding a superb
View of the Straits of Georgia, the mountains of the mainland, and
snow-capped Mount Baker in the distance. Tlie city's age may date
from 1858, when the discovery of gold on the mainland brought a rush
of miners from the south. It is now a wealthy, well-built and very Eng-
lish city, with business and shipping interests of great importance. Vic-
toria is pre-eminently a place to delight tourists, and has ample
accommodation for a large floating population, having several comfort-
able hotels, one or two of which are noted for the excellence of their
tables. Various public bui'dings are also worthy of more than passing
notice'. NU-st of the manufacturing interests vi the province are cen-
tred at Victoria. It has the largest iron works on the Pacific Coast
outside of San Francisco, and several smaller foundries and machine
.■!8hcns, and many factories. The city is amply provided with educational
" facilities, both public and private. The public schools are supported by
"^the Government, and controlled liy a school board elected by popular
suffrage. Besides the.^e there are the ladies' college, under the auspices
of the Anglican Church, and an academic institution, as well as a pri-
mary school, maintained by the Roman Catholic denomination. There
are Protestant and Roman Catholic orphanages. The city has a public
lil)rary of about lO.CKX) volumes, and several of the fraternal and bene-
volent societies also have libraries of considerable size.
Victoria has the advantage of being a port call of the Canadian
Pacific Railway Company's Royal ^hul Steamship Line steamers to and
from Japan, Cliina and Australia. Steamers run daily between Victoria
and Vancouver, and the trip from city to city through the clustered
isles of the Straits of Georgia is very pleasant. Boats ply to all im-
portant I uget Sound ports, and to points northward on the island and
mainland and all regular San Francisco and Alaska steamers call at
Victoria.
30
BKITISK COLr.MUl A— ISLANDS.
Hi
The city has for many seasons been a favorite resort for tourists
and appears to be growing steadily in popularity. The country fo;
some nUles about the city supports a scattered farming popu^^tion anj
larly good farming country, being better adapted to fruit culture! Here
every variety o fruit grown in a tempera - clin.ate attains peculiar
the ita^'fut"".^"" "'*"" ''°""''' ''' '^^^'""^ '' '^'-^^^"^ indus't" ii;
. rw'^^J^K^^-"~'^,'!.''''''^u ^ ^'"''" *'''"' ''* "^« northern corner of the
harbor of Esquimalt. The nucleus of it are some British Government
V. i i?n r''"'''V"^,"* " "^^'"' '^"^P**='*' ^» ^^^««"«1 ^"'i «ther dock-
yaid buildings. In the immediate -icinity of these the town has arisen
there are two churches, a public school, two hotels or inns! and a
number of residences and business buildings. In the territorial division
of Esquimau tnere are several farming settlements and one oj two
maiuuactories, including a boot and shoe manufactory and a saw-mill
Esquimal is only three and a half miles from Victoria by land, and is
seAice ''' '*" ''^' ''" ^^celle.c macadamized road and an electric car
NANA l^l(.. -Situated on rising ground and overlooking a line harbour
on the eist coast of Vancouver Island, is the thriving dty of Na^iaiZ
with a popu ation of about 5,000, and ranking next to Victoria in m^
r: r? /'"'"'''"':'".?'""■' '''^"" >*« ^--""g interest and sWppg
business for support. Nanaimo Harbour is connected by a deep channel
CO l'7Y'"r, '^'''''- ''''''' '''' ''"'''''' ''^'' fi"^» ^'^'^ anchorage Van!
couxei Island bituminous coal is now acknowledged to be superior for
all piactical purposes to any coal on the Pacific Coast. Four compa-
nies operate mines in the vicinity of Nanaimo. I arge quantities are sent
to San Irancisco, to the Hawaiian Islands and China, being shipped
irom either Nanai.no or Departure Bay. Nanaimo is also the coaUng
station or the British squadron in the Pacific. A large number of men
find employment in the mines and about the docks, and the town for
ts size IS well supplied with the requirements af a growing population
It has churches, schools, hotels, water works, telephone. Snd such^i
dustries as a tannery, boot and shoe manufactory, saw-.nill. shipyard
etc., and weekly and semi-weekly newspapers. Much of the land is
excellent for agricultural purposes. There is a week-day train service
between Nanaimo and Victoria, and connection-
couver.
These three places. Victoria, Nanaimo and
south-eastern corner of Vancouver Island, are t..e principal centres
ner anTar'"'' 'TT""'''"' "" ^'^^ •^'^^"^' •"^>"»>' '" ^^e south cor:
sno'kPn nf ^" V'^^^ distances from the three principal places already
spoken of. Such is Cowichan. a settlement on the east coast about
midway between Victoria and Nanaimo. where the quality of the soi
permits farming to be carried on to son>e advantage. Saankh anothe
?ornoV:i'irtht"'-*!:r\*'"Tr"*'^-"'*^*'- ^^^'^ ^-y^ c^eZii^',
bomenos, all in the neighborhood of Cowichan; Comox, some sixty miles
north of Nanaim,,. in the vicinity of which kre son.^ of the principal
gria?T;efo;:d!' ' ^'""^ '"^'""^ '''''''■'"''' «^ Esquimalt.LebS
THE SOIL OF VANCOUVER ISLAND.
..r. Ti'f ^°J* °! Vancouver Island varies considerably. In some parts
;'? ^Pf '*^,?^ '^'=*>'' ^^"^ and gravel, sometimes partially mixed, and
freqiiently with a thick topsoil of vegetable mould of varying dep h. M
other places towards the north of the island on the eastern shore are
by steamer with Van-
Esquimau, all
the principal
on the
centres.
(iKNKKAI.
31
t for tourists,
e country for
population ami
not a particu-
t culture. Here
tains peculiar
g industry in
corner of t'lc
sh Government.
1 other dock-
i\vn has arisen.
inns, and a
itorial division
one or two
id a saw-mill.
f land, and is
n electric car
a fine harbour
ty of Nanaimo
'ictoria in inl-
and shipping
deep channel
horage. Van-
; superior for
Four compa-
tities are sent
eing shipped
o the coaling
umber of men
the town for
ig population,
and such in-
ill, shipyard,
: the land is
train service
er with Van-
, all Oil the
ipal centres,
lie south cor-
laces already
oast, about
of the soil
nich, another
Chemainus,
! sixty miles
lie principal
lalt, are being
some parts
mixed, and
iig depth. At
n shore are
some rich loams. Immediately available for cultivation. The mixed soil
with proper treatment bears heavy crops if wheat; the sand and gra-
velly loams do well for oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, roots, etc., and
where the soil is a deep loamy one, fruit grows well. The following
average of the yield of a properly cultivated farm in the Comox dis-
trict is given by a member of the Canadian Geological Survey. This is
fron the best land in Comox, but there are other parts of the island
not niUi..> inferior.
Wheat, from 30 to 45 bushrl.s per acre; barley, 30 to 35 bushels;
oats, 50 to CO bushels; peas, 40 to 45 bushels; potatoes, 150 to 200
bushels; turnips, 20 to 25 tons per acre.
Some of the rocks of the island furnish excellent building material,
the grey granite being equal to Scotch and English granites.
TIMBER.
The timber of Vancouver Island is one of its richest products.
Throughout the celebrated "Douglas Fir" is found, and a variety of
coniferous trees grow on all parts of the island. It is impossible to
travel without marvelling at the forest growth. This exuberance is not
confined to the mammoth fir trees, or the enormous cedars; trees of
many of the deciduous varieties abouncf, so that either for lumber and
square timber, or for the settlers' immediate requirements
of cities, and as arbore<uis adornments to the homes, the
Vancouver Island have a value that every year will become
rent.
CLIMATE OF VANCOUVER ISLAND.
Concerning Vancouver Island, it only remains to say in the import-
tant matter of climate its inhabitants believe, and with seme reason,
that they enjoy peculiar advantages. They have a mild and even winter,
with rain (the annual rainfall is estimated at 45 inches) and occasion-
ally snow; early spring; a dry, warm summer, and a clear, bright and
enjoyable autumn. Sometimes the frost is sufficiently hard to permit
of skating, but this is exceptional. As a rule flowers bloom in the
gardens of Victoria throughout the year. It is spoken of as England
without its east winds; in reality, it is Torquay in the Pacific. Fruits
of all kinds indigenous to the temperate climates ripen in the open air,
and amongst them, some that are in England brought to perfection
only under glass. Thunder storms seldom break over Vancouver Island.
It is this climate, combined with the situation of Victoria, that makes
that city such a pleasant abiding place.
for the use
forests of
more appa-
HOW TO REACH BRITISH COLUMBIA.
FROM EUROPE.— The transatlantic steamers from Europe, from
about 20th November to 1st May, land their passengers at Halifax,
Nova Scotia, the Canadian winter port. From Halifax passengers are
carried to Montreal in the Canadian Pacific's tars. During the summer
and autumn months (about 1st May to 20th November) s amers land
passengers at Quebec, and thence the continent is crossed to Vancouver
via the Canadian Pacific Railway. When landed at New York, the route
thence is by Prescott, on the St. Lawrence River, or via Montreal.
The Atlantic passage usually takes from eight to ten days, and the
rail 'ay trip across the continent five days. A passenger can .go
82
mUTIHH COI.ITMHIA— ISIAXDS.
and trading, by applyin . to aeentrof th« r" u t growmg, mining
1 ^^A^ 11 "PV»J'*"» lo agents of the Canadian Pacific Railway i.,
London, Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow. Kallway in
HOW TO SEND MONEY TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
The colonist is recommended not to take EiiPH«h ^^«„ ^ t> ... ,
Columbia. In Great Britain he shoxUd pay that portion of Z "'''
not wanted on the passage to the Post Office nnrllf "'°"^^'
ON ARRIVING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.
It is sometimes better for a
to place his money on first arriv
(which allows interest), to take
some time, in order to gain a kn
management.
The immigration, (r Canadia
furni.sh information as to lands
districts, farms for sale, demanl
travel, distances, expense of con
The colonist should be carefii
into investments hastily. There
in the province.
n intending farmer of moderate means
al in the Government Savings Bank
lodgings and to work for wages for
owledge of colonial life and modes of
n Pacific, agent at port of arrival will
open for settlement in the respective
for labour, rates of wages, routes of
veyances, etc.
1 of his cash capital, and not put it
are Canadian Government SavingsBank^
PRICE OF BOARD AND LODGING.
Very erroneous ideas prevail in some quarters as to the actual ex-
pense of living in the province. In old days, during the minhig boom
and prior to the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railwav, rates wei
undeniably high But at present ,„e increased shi.>,.:ng hi cm tic. T. d
livelier competition have lowered prices all round, and necessaries o
life cost much less than in the adjacent United S ates Jermorv an
can be purchased at a very reasonable advance upon rulTng prYc'es n
Ontario and the provinces of Eastern Canada. Good boa d Ind lodgin"
at hotels costs from about ;f5 t . $6.50 rer week, or 20s. to 26s Ste":
r"etl"2i;"'i; Z'^'v' ^'-"f i^"^-^"^ P^'- '''''■' ^' ^' '^«- sterling \fnoe
meal, 25c., Is. Sterling; beds, EOc. and 25c., 2s. and Is. Sterlino '
J'
"■^
1 a fortnight by
toria, the tickets
: or New York.
;ickets by round-
stoppages and
Ing a ticket by
and continuous
British Coluni-
itlon officers of
lion of Canada,
all points in
relative to the
rowing, mining
ific Railway in
.UMBIA.
in to British
of his money
a money order
is money either
mibia, such as
British North
Oder ate means
Savings Bank
for wages for
and modes of
of arrival will
the respective
ges, routes of
id not put it
; SavingsBanks
the actual ex-
mining boom
, ra tes were
acilitio., and
ecessaries of
^rritory, and
ng prices in
I and lodging
to 26s. Stev.
erling; single
terling.
\ > ■•■
I 'Lt: v^irir..
VCItIC KVirMVA
n JLHE r.MES ot
ZLEM CVMVDV
VI/10
X
cornwBiv
Vb Ot.
:i
fi^
y
Kf
r
'4 ■
■ ■ -r
'/
M^
\>
r-H
r^"
"^1
J
A\'\
I
-1.. i -i. (■» W ,..■ •>
"-^l
1^
%