® 
 
 
 
 ® 
 
 © 
 
 4) 
 
 ® 
 
 ® 
 
 ® 
 
 ® 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 4 
 
 m 
 
 f/ 
 
 
 
 V. 
 
 fA 
 
 
 ® 
 
 ® 
 
 t 
 
 M 
 
 2.2 
 
 LO 
 
 l=y= 
 
 }M III U 116 
 
 S 1^ 12.0 
 
 L8 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 (? 
 
 ^. 
 
 /^ 
 
 ^» 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 (?>3> 
 
 -^ 
 
 Sciences 
 Coruoration 
 
 33 WEST MiAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-s503 
 
m 
 
 (/ 
 
 K 
 
 ><ir MP. 
 
 * <:^\^ 
 
 
 di 
 
 
 
 .-•b-^' 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notes techniques et bibliographiquas 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the bast 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 n 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 rn Covers damaged/ 
 
 Couverture endommagie 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaur^ et/ou pellicula 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes giographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relii avec d'autres documents 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 D 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distorsion le long de la marge int6rieuro 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 ti se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas M filmies. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires supplimentaires: 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 6ti possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage 
 sont indiqu<ks ci-dessous. 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou pel.'iculdes 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages dicolordes, tachetees ou piquees 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages ddtach^es 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of print varies/ 
 Quality inigale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Compreno du matdriel supplementaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule idition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totaiement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure. 
 etc.. ont it6 film^es d nouveau de facon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 
 
 JOX 14X 18X 22X 
 
 26X 
 
 12X 
 
 30X 
 
 16X 
 
 J 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Douglas Library 
 Queen's University 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol —^-(meaning "CON- 
 TiMUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning .n the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 L'exemplaire film* fut rep'oduit grdce d la 
 g6n6rosit4 de: 
 
 Douglas ibrary 
 Queen's. Jnivsrsity 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettetd de l'exemplaire filmd, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont ia couverture en 
 papier est irnprim^e sont filmds en commen^ant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par ia 
 dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont fiim6s en commen9ant par ia 
 premidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants appqraitra sur la 
 dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre 
 filmds A des taux de reduction diff6rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre 
 reproduit en un seul ciichd, il est filmd d partir 
 de i'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 iilustrent la mdthode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
u 
 
 B^^'tish 
 
 Columbia 
 
 
 THE PACIFIC PROVINCE OF THE 
 DOMINION OF CANADA 
 
 Its Position, Resources and Climate 
 
 NEW FIELDS FOR 
 
 Farming, Ranching and Mining 
 
 ALONG THE LINE OF 
 
 The Canadian Pacific Railway 
 
 FULL INFORMATION FOR INTENDING SETTLERS 
 
 l8r/4 
 

 V^4ilV^»*'*'^^^ 
 
 ^■'.^^■r<" 
 
 C. r. R. nOTKLS. 
 
 
BRITISH COLUMBIA, 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE PROVINCE. 
 
 
 ,K Anlu ^°;^"^b^'}' the most westerly province of Canada, lies between 
 the 49th parallel of north latitude (the international boundary between 
 Canada and the United States) and latitude 60" N., and extends west- 
 ward from the summit of the Rockies to the Pacific Ucean, and includes 
 Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands. 
 
 British Columbia, which contains a superficial area of about 380.000 
 square miles, is one of the most important provinces of the Dominion, 
 as well from a political as from a commercial point of view With 
 the Island of Vancouver it is to a maritime nation invaluable, for the 
 limits of British Columbia coal fields can only be guessed at, while enoueh 
 coal has already been discovered on that Island to cover the uses of 
 a century. The harbours of this province are unrivalled. Vancouver 
 the Pacific terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway is the point of em- 
 barkation for Japan, China and Australia, in the new and shortest hieh- 
 ways to the Orient and the Antipodes. The voyage from London to 
 Yokohama has already been made in 21 days via the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, and this time will be siill further reduced. Its principal sea- 
 port attracts not only a large portion of the China and Australian rapid 
 transit trade, but must necessarily secure much of the commerce of the 
 Pacific Ocean, the steamers of the Canadian Australian Line touching at 
 the Hawaiian and Fijian Islands. Its timber is unequalled in quantity 
 quality or variety; its mines already discovered, and its great extent of 
 unexplored country, speak of vast areas of rich mineral wealth- its 
 waters, containing marvellous quantities of most valuable fish, combine 
 to give British Columbia a value that has been little understood. 
 
 THE HARBOURS. 
 
 Of the many harbours, the principal are English Bay and Coal Har- 
 bour, at the entrance to Burrard Inlet, a few miles north of the 
 Fraser River. Vancouver, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 is situated betwee these harbours. 
 
 There is a good harbour for vessels drawing up to about 18 feet, 
 at Victoria on Vancouver Island, and a fine harbour for the largest 
 ships at Esquimalt, three miles southeast of Victoria. 
 
 Esquimau harbour is about three miles long, and something under 
 two miles broad in the widest part; it has an average depth of six to 
 eight fathoms, and affords excellent holding ground, the bottom being 
 a tenacious blue clay. The Canadian Government has built a dry-dock 
 at Esquimalt to accommodate vessels of large size. Its length is 450 
 feet, and width 90 feet at the entrance. 
 
 
 07 
 
BKITISII COl.t'MlUA MAINLAND. 
 
 THE RIVERS. 
 
 Of the rivers of British Columbia the principal are the Fraser, 
 the Columbia, the Thompson and the Peace. The Fraser is the great 
 watercourse of the province. I t rises in the northern part of the 
 Rocky Mountains, runs for about 200 miles in two branches, in a west- 
 erly direction, and then in one stream runs due south (or over 300 
 miles before turning to rush through the gorges of the coast range to 
 the Straits of Georgia. On its way it receives the waters of the Thomp- 
 son, the Chilicoten, the Lillooet, the Nicola, the Harrison, the Pitt, 
 and numerous other streams. 
 
 The Columbia is a large river rising in the southern part of the 
 province, in the neighbourhood of the Rocky Moim tains, near the Koot- 
 enay Lake. This lake is now traversable by regular steamboat service. 
 
 The Columbia runs north beyond th° 52nd degree of latitude, when it 
 takes a sudden turn and runs due south into Washington State. It l8 
 this loop made by the abrupt turn ot the river that is known as the 
 •'great bend of the Columbia." The Kootenay waters fall into the 
 returning branch of this loop some distance south of the main line of 
 the railway. 
 
 The Peace River rises some distance north of the north bend of the 
 Fraser, and flows eastwardly through the Rocky Mountains, draining the 
 plains on the other side. It more properly belongs to the district east 
 of the mountains that bare its name. In the f^r north are the Skeena 
 River and Stiekeen flowing into the Pacific, the latter being in the coun- 
 try of valuable gold mining operations. 
 
 The Fraser River is navigable for river boats to Yale, a small town 
 110 miles from the mouth; and larger vessels, drawing 20 feet, can as- 
 cend to New Westminster, situated about 15 miles from the mouth. 
 
 The Thompson River has two branches, known as the North 
 Thompson and the South Thompson, the former rising in small lakes In 
 the Cariboo District and the other in the Shuswap Lakes in the Yale 
 District. They join at Kamloops and flow east out of Kamloops Lake 
 Into the Fraser River at Lytton. 
 
 The Province of British Columbia is divided for local purposes into 
 a number of districts, of which seven are on the mainland. The most 
 westwardly of these seven is 
 
 NEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT. 
 
 which extends from the international boundary line on the south to the 
 54° on the north. Its eastern boimdary is the 124° longitXide to the 
 head of Jarvis Inlet, where it strikes due west to about the 123'^, and 
 from there drops south-eastwardly to the boundary. In the southern 
 portion of this district there is a great deal of excellent farming land, 
 •!.articularly in the delta of the Fraser River. The soil there is rich and 
 strong, the climate mild, resembling that of England with more marked 
 seasons of rain and dry weather, and heavy yields are obtained without 
 much labour. Very large returns of wheat have been got from land in 
 this locality— as much as 62 bushels from a measured acre, 75 bushels 
 of oats per acre, and hay that yielded 3'2 tons to the acre. Good prices 
 are realized for all farm produce. Experiments have of late years been 
 made in fruit growing with the most satisfactory results. This part is 
 fairly well settled, but there is still ample room for new comers. Those 
 having a little money to use, and desirous of obtaining a ready-made 
 farm, may find many to choose from. These settlements are not all on 
 the Fraser; some are at a distance from it on other streams. 
 
 The northern portion of the district is at present most valuable 
 
! Fraser, 
 the great 
 •t of the 
 in a west- 
 over 300 
 range to 
 le Thonip- 
 the Pitt, 
 
 t of the 
 tho Koot- 
 it service, 
 le, when it 
 ite. It 18 
 vn as the 
 into the 
 in line of 
 
 ;nd of the 
 aining the 
 itrict cast 
 ;he Skeena 
 the coun- 
 
 >mall town 
 t, can as- 
 nouth. 
 le North 
 11 lakes in 
 the Yale 
 oops Lake 
 
 poses into 
 The most 
 
 nth to the 
 ie to the 
 
 123", and 
 ; southern 
 ming land, 
 is rich and 
 )re marked 
 ed without 
 >m land in 
 75 bushels 
 Good prices 
 years heen 
 his part is 
 ers. Those 
 ready-made 
 
 not all on 
 
 IS. 
 
 3t valuable 
 
 NKW \VK>r.MIN,STi;i£ tUsTKIcr. 5 
 
 lor its timbrr, the famous Douglas fir, fiom which excellent timber Is 
 made, growluK thickly and to a great size in the neighljourliood of the 
 coast. Tue < hicf centres of this district are the cities of Vancouver and 
 New Westminster. The climate in this district is mild, garden flowers 
 living out of doors all winter, but in the fall of the year there is con- 
 siderable rain in those parts of the district nearest the coast. 
 
 The Canadian Paiilic Railway crosses the southern portion of this 
 district from Yale to Vancouver, and rail communication is established 
 with the cities situated on I ugct Sound, witli Portland, Oregon, San 
 Francisco and the American system. 
 
 < IIIKI' 'i"uu \S. 
 
 VANCOUVEi^. On a peninsula having ( oal llarl)our in Burrard Inlet 
 on the east and Englisli Bay on the west is the new city of Vancou- 
 ver. It is surrounded by a country of rare beautv, and the climate is 
 milder and less varying than ihat of Devonshire and more pleasant than 
 that of Delaware. Backed in the far distance by the Olympian range, 
 shelter..! fr mi the north by the mountains of the coast, and 
 sheltered from the Ocean by the high lands of Vancouver Island, it is 
 protected on every side, while enjoyino the sea brce/e from the Straits 
 of Georgia, whose tranquil waters bound the city on two sides. The 
 inU-t affords unlimited space for sea-goinu ships, the land falls "gradu- 
 ally to the sea, rendering drainage easy, and the situation permits of 
 indefinite expansion of the city in two directions. It has a splendid and 
 inexhaustible water supply brougbt across the inlet from a lake in a 
 ravine of one of the neighboring heights. The Canadian Pacific Railway 
 was completed to Vancouver in ^'ay, 1887, when the first through train 
 arrived in that city from Montreal, Port Moody having been the western 
 terminus from July of the preceding year. In 1887, also, the Canadian 
 Pacific Company put a line of steamships on the route between Vancou- 
 ver and Japan and ( liina. Those two important projects gave an im- 
 petus to the growth of the city, by placing its advantages entirely be- 
 yond the reahn of speculation, and the advancement made was truly mar- 
 vellous. 
 
 A great conflagration in June,, 1886, nearly wiped the young wooden 
 city out of existence, but before the embers died materials for rebuild- 
 ing were on their way, and where small wooden structures were before, 
 there arose grand edifices of stone, brick and iron. Under the influence 
 of the large transportation interests, which were established there the 
 next year, the building of the citv progressed rapidly, and during 1887 
 most of the city plat was cleared of timber, and a large amount of 
 street work was done. Electric cars run in the streets and there is a 
 ^ervice of electric cars to and from New Westminster, on the Fraser 
 River. The C.P.R. Hotel Vancouver, recently enlarged to meet increas- 
 ing wants, i.. comfort, luxury and relinement of service is equal to any 
 hotel on the continent, and in the vicinity of this hotel is an Opera 
 House .-idmitted to be unsurpassed in elegance by any outside of New 
 York. Since that time its progress has been unhindered by any disaster 
 The city is laid out on a magnilicent scale, and it is being built up in 
 a style fully in accord with the plan. Its residences, business blocks 
 hotels and public buildings of all classes would be creditable to any city. 
 
 In addition to the gre.it transportation lines of the Canadian Pa- 
 cific Railway and the steamship lines to Australia, Japan and China, the 
 Hawaiian and Fijian Islands, the city has connect! iis with all impor- 
 tant point, along the Pacific coast. The boats eriploved in the mail 
 service between Vancouver and Japan and Oii'^i are three magnificent 
 new steel steamships specially designed fnr tliat trade. They are called 
 
\ 
 
 v 
 
 I'll 
 
 •/' 
 
 v..iv.iJJ 
 
 
 
 •T 
 
 
 Wiw'ViLli^ *'^'i 
 
 
 
 
 the h 
 The t 
 Honol 
 ka di 
 Vlctoi 
 PuRet 
 Hay : 
 Junct 
 
 of tilt 
 
 T 
 
 N] 
 Moodj 
 qunrt< 
 8,000. 
 miles 
 the « 
 coiinci 
 line fi 
 
 N( 
 Its hi 
 now c 
 ticul.1 
 spokei 
 
 Tl 
 Westn 
 $500,C 
 and p 
 Inipor 
 ten si V 
 
 lies n 
 the 1)( 
 but c 
 ince, 
 
 elopei 
 coast, 
 with 
 
r?** 
 
 ad 
 
 S5 
 > 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 tlio hinpiTss of liiill.i, (lie J-:iii|»iv«s (i( Jaiaii and tin* Einprcss ..f ( hina. 
 The Canatliaii-Aiistralian Liiu- nivt-s a iiumthly servlte to Australia, via 
 HonoK.lu, 11,1., ami Suva, l-'lii. Tlirrt' is a (ortniuhtly saiUnu to Alas- 
 ka duriiiR tlif suiiiiinr niontlis. Steamers ply Ix-tween Vaiicouvcr and 
 Victoria and Nanaiiiio daily; and connrctinn is niaile at Victoria lor all 
 PuRet Sound ports and to I'ortlmd and San l-rancisco. 'llie IJtllingJiani 
 IJay and Hritisii Coliuiibia Railway ^Ivis clnsc rail <^ innectlon, via Mission 
 Junction, 4:1 niilca east of Vancouver, with the different c ities and towns 
 «)f the l'a( itii Coasf. 
 
 The fcdlowinn talde of dislai.ces will be useful for reference: 
 
 Miles. 
 
 VancouN er to ..Ion t n al '2,nOQ 
 
 VancoiivtT to N(\v York, via firoikxillo :5,10;i» 
 
 Vancouver to Moston, via Montreal 3,'_'4B 
 
 Vancouver to Liverpool, via Montreal 5,713 
 
 San I'ranti.-^co to New York ?.,2(y[\ 
 
 San Franci..co to Roston :<,:r/0 
 
 Yokohama, japan, to Li «rp,,o|, \ la San I'ramlsco n,'.R» 
 
 Yokoliama, .|ai)an, to Liverpool, \ i^ Vancouver 10,047 
 
 Sydney to Livt rpool, via Vancouver i:',fi63 
 
 Sydney to Llveri^iol, via San Francl>co 13,032 
 
 Liverpool to lion; K'ons, via Vancouver 11,649 
 
 Liverpool to llonf-- Kong, vip. San Francisco 12,803 
 
 Vancouver to Yokoliama 4,283 
 
 Vancouver to llonn' Kons 5,936 
 
 Vancouver to Calcutta 8,987 
 
 Vancouver to London, \ia Si;ez Canal 15,735 
 
 Vancouver to Monolidu, 11. 1 7, -^10 
 
 Vancouver to Suva, I'iji 5,190 
 
 Vancouver to Sydney, N.S.W 6,960 
 
 NEW WESTMINSTER. This flourishing city was founded by Colonel 
 Moody during the I'raser River gold excitement In 1850. It Is the head- 
 quarters of the saluK-u canning industry, and the population is about 
 8,000. It is situated on the north bank of the Fraser River, fifteen 
 miles from its mouth, is accessible for deep water shipping, and lies In 
 the centre of a track of ccuuitry of rich and varied resources. It Is 
 connected with the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway by a brant* 
 line from Westminster junction and with Vancouver by an electric railway. 
 
 New Westminster is chiefly known abroad for its salmon trade and 
 Its lumber business, but the agricultural interests of the district are 
 now coming into prominence and giving the city additional stability, par- 
 ticularly as it is the market town of the Fraser River delta before 
 spoken of. 
 
 There are several large salmon canneries within easy reach of New 
 Westminster. These establishments represent an Invested capital ol 
 $500,000; they employ over five th xisand men during the fishing season, 
 and pay out over $'100,000 a year for supplies. This is one of the most 
 Important industries of that region. Lumbering operations are also ex- 
 tensive and profitable. '■ •' 
 
 CASSIAR DISTRICT, 
 lies north of the New Westminster district and extends northwards to 
 the boundary of British Columliia. It is not an agricultural country, 
 but contains S'. me of the richest gold ndnes yet discovered in the prov- 
 ince, and indications an^ numerous of further mineral wealth to be dev- 
 eloped. There are some prosperous fsh canning establishments on the 
 coast, and parts of the district are thicKlv timbered. Communication 
 with the Casslar district is principally by water. Steamers start at 
 
« I 
 
 1 
 
 '• 1, 
 
 ;ii, 
 
 )/;,' 
 
 
 
 othe 
 as t 
 
 llr8 
 t»lct 
 
 HOUtI 
 
 In tt 
 
 whirl 
 
 throi 
 
 ahk; 
 
 know 
 
 Htarti 
 
 point 
 
 nient! 
 
 dlstrl 
 
 mate, 
 
 1| 
 
 i.^ 
 
 .:'?/ 
 
 
 hiRh I 
 Lakes, 
 diaii I 
 I the ra 
 on tlic 
 of ok.-i 
 bernicr 
 Inform; 
 ideil ill 
 
 forming 
 
 to j);isi 
 
 tlass'.'s 
 
 tlie vie 
 
 farminu; 
 
 as faiiui 
 
 has Ijee 
 
 era znn 
 
 This 
 
 for the 
 
 fields ar 
 
 south ai 
 west of 
 
VAi.E ursTRurr. 
 
 
 
 *ir? 
 
 • V 
 
 o 
 
 ■»"'- ;■ "■ 
 
 
 n) 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 a; 
 
 --.- 
 
 
 «< 
 
 ■•r^ -^ 
 
 
 i4 
 
 '<,''-! -* 
 
 
 ij 
 
 t..f - 
 
 
 
 .^. . -"^ 
 
 i-" 
 
 "^ 
 
 -•- .- • 
 
 '/* • 
 
 1=) 
 
 ^''•^c-^ 
 
 ■y 
 
 •< 
 
 ^--=^^;/ 
 
 ' '^ 
 
 :i) 
 
 m 
 
 rcR.ilar dates from Victoria (or thr Skerna River Fnr* wi 
 
 other points on the coast within the district See" Dn^e 27 .w X"" *''"'* 
 as to climate. i"" ui»iricc. see page 27 northern zone 
 
 THE CARIBOO DISTRICT 
 »o„>l,warJ t„ the 5(Hh pan,!?"' "he S"br ued 'L»Z "'m '"?'• ""* 
 thro,.Rh this district, which, when comoTeted will '''*' '" P^^^l^^^te^l 
 
 LILLOOET DISTRICT. 
 
 This division lies directly sou 
 River and a portion of New Wes 
 spu»5,ely settled, principally in t 
 there are other settlements at C 
 projected Cariboo Kail way before 
 of more Importance. There is a 
 InR land in this district .md cat 
 Ashcroft and narl<erville passes 
 and other settlements. See page 
 
 th of Cariboo and north of the Fraser 
 tn.inster. The country Is as yet only 
 he ylcinitv of the Fraser River, thouch 
 linton and elsewhere, whirh, when the 
 mentioned is built, will rapidly become 
 considerable quantity of the finest Rraz- 
 t e thrive well. The stage line l,etween 
 
 *'l^;!"'«'\ , V""*"^*' stopping at (linton 
 ^0, middle zone for cllmato. 
 
 YALi: DISTKICT 
 
 is on tlie south of Lill.,oet, ;,nd east of New Westmln^tnr i. . . 
 southwards to the internation-il T, „muI.,.J . "t-stminster. It extends 
 high lands that separate the 01^^ u^,^;^^^^^ eastward t<. the range of 
 
 Lakes. The chief centres a o the ow^^^^^^ from that of the Arrow 
 
 dian r>aci(ic Railway; l.'andoopso ^1^ lak^S ^.l-.f ?,,"''" ^\*'^« C^'"'-^" 
 the railway; Ashcroft at tlie beml r.f n. i, "'"'"^ ''"'' '"i'^*' "" 
 
 ; Of oknnagan Lake. The Yale district •.ffnr,i^ T /^"'""' ''* t'>e head 
 
 bern.en. fanners, and rancl'me ' r tl e nurre"^! f '7 ''tV^' >^""- 
 
 I inforn.ation here given, this district of L' Pn vince mnv b: "' , V'^' 
 
 j ulcd u.to the Nicola and the Okanagan countries! sub-div- 
 
 farn.in- than in the past I, . few vl ..« V ' x,- '.''^'^""'^ ""'" *° ""'^^^l 
 as fan.ous for its gra root" veaeV.ir ? ?^".'''=' ^^'""^ ^^"^ ^^^^^O'"*^ 
 
 has been for its L^^^::^^:^?- ^^:i,:i^t - ,;* 
 
 era zone. i-innaic see page 2G, south- 
 
 fl.l<l» a,, at C„U.wat.., „„„„ .,.„„,..,L ',■;«, Te t .l^e'Srio,,!!!': ^°"' 
 ' The Okaxaoan Valmov, 
 
 south and south-east of k'amloops and the Cmuli-.n p . .-r . tj •, 
 
10 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND. 
 
 tht, whole province for agricultural and stock-raising pursuits. In this 
 part are to be iound the most extensive farms ii' the province, as w»il 
 as the largest cattle ranges. ^Jan^' can count their herds by the thous- 
 ands of head, and their broad lields by thousands of acres. The dis- 
 trict is an extensive one and wi f hin i's borders are to be found large 
 Ukes, the principal one being Okc'nagan, whilst such streams as the 
 Spallumcheen, the bimtilkameen, and other large rivers flow through the 
 distict. 
 
 Okanagan is famous as a grain-growing country. For ntany years 
 this industry was not p'-osecuted vigorously. Of late a marked change 
 has taken place in this respect. Sainples of wheat raised in Okanagan, 
 sent to the Vienna Exposition in 1886, were awarded the highest prem- 
 iums and bronze medals. 
 
 One of the bcs<; flouring mills in the Dominion is now in operation 
 at Enderby, some 35 miles south of Sicamous, and connected 
 with it by rail. The flour manufactured at these mills from Okanagan 
 grown V heat is equal to any '^ther to be found on the Continent. 
 Though Oka.iagan is an excellent wheat producing count-y, considerable 
 attention is now being given to \arious kinds of fruit culture, and an 
 important movement if on foot lookuv to the conversion of the grain 
 fields of Okanagan into orchards. The Earl of Aberdeen has started a large 
 fruit farm ther^: and a fri:it-ci.nning estnblishment is to be erected. 
 
 There are still to be taken up inmiense stretches of the verj- best 
 land, which are but lightly timbered and easily brought iinder cultiva- 
 '.ion. Wa^e' is abundant in some sections, whilst in others it is scarce, 
 rendering irrigation by artesian wells a necessity. 
 
 Okanagan is also a very rich mineral district. Valuable mines are 
 now being operated within its limits, which extend southerly to the 
 American '-oandary. 
 
 The completion of the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway to Vernon, 
 the chief town of the district, from the main line of the Canadian Pac- 
 ific, a distance of -16 miles, has proved an immense impet is to this 
 splendid section of country. It pisses for some distance through thickly 
 wooded country and between high lands at some distance at either side, 
 stepping at Mara and Enderby before reaching Vernon. There are splen- 
 did grazing lands, and the valleys that intersect them are of the most 
 fertile character. The Coldstream or White Valley is one of these, and 
 the country round about Kaiowna, where Lord Aberdeen's and other 
 extensive fruit f)rchards have been established is a rich and valuable sec- 
 tion. Crops grow luxuriantly, but the dry climate necessitates irriga- 
 tion. There is, however, ample water in th-j hills, and no difficulty pre- 
 sents itself on this score. From Vernon a fine new steamer, the Aber- 
 deen, ov .ud by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, plies to Kalo\>na 
 (formerly called the Mission) and to PeJiticton, near the south end o! 
 the lake. The country tributary to the lake throughout is ca/ital, and 
 will shortly become thickly populated. 
 
 The climatj of the Ok-anagan country is mild and ary, irrigation 
 being necessary for fanning and fruit growing. There is on(y a slight 
 snow fall in winter, arid the summer is warm and pleasant. 
 
 CllIKF ToU'NS, 
 
 The chief towns of the district are Yale, Kamloops, North Hend and 
 Ashcroft on the Canadian i'acific Railway main lint', and Enderby and 
 V.-rnon on the Okanagan branch, though it is probable that the set- 
 tlement at Kal'jwna, to ards the southern end of the lake, will shortly 
 become a tovn of importance. 
 
 ^•» 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 ts 
 
 ■72 
 
 C 
 
 ■^^. 
 
 o 
 
 4^S 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^v 
 
 1/2 
 
 ■■ 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 fel 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
 Ms 
 
 >-« 
 
 ^ 
 
 <5 
 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 R 
 
 > 
 
 ?: 
 
 If. 
 
 a 
 o 
 

 f 
 
 suits. In this 
 evince, as wfll 
 s by the thous- 
 res. The dis- 
 be found large 
 treanis as the 
 w through the 
 
 Dr many years 
 marked change 
 I in Okanagan, 
 ; liighest preiu- 
 
 V in operation 
 id connected 
 rem Okanagan 
 the Continent. 
 % considerable 
 alture, and an 
 
 of the grain 
 started a large 
 be erected, 
 the verj- best 
 
 imder cultiva- 
 rs it is scarce, 
 
 able mines are 
 herly to the 
 
 ay to Vernon, 
 Canadian Pac- 
 pet IS to this 
 through thickly 
 ; at either side, 
 here are splen- 
 re of the most 
 e of these, and 
 n's and other 
 id valuable sec- 
 ssitates irriga- 
 difliculty pre- 
 nier, the Aber- 
 ies to Kalo\>na 
 south end o! 
 is ca-ital, and 
 
 dry, irrigation I" 
 on»y a slight 
 
 Kt. 
 
 S'orth Hend and 
 Enderby and 
 that the ser- ,^ 
 ?, will shortly H 
 
 f 
 
12 
 
 BRITISH COI.UMUf.V yAINt,AXI). 
 
 YALE is 103 miles east of Vancouver, at the head of Fraser Rivor 
 navigation, and here outfit, can be procured by inSine settlers ani 
 miners, or a market found for any produce intended for sale. 
 
 n.^/^^^^VP^^f *^ ""^^ hundred and three miles east of Yale and is situ- 
 a tod on Kanloops Lake. It is a railway divisional point and a thrivi. o 
 
 dScf "%L^'^^ ?^^f ^^'^ i""^ *^™^^«' ranchmen and nlers o h| 
 district. Steamboats ply on the lake and there are saw-mills in con 
 
 nost h'r^""- 'i"^' ""^*"^">^ "^^^^'^ ^ Hudson's Bay GO'S tradin" 
 post, but has now become a town of some size and importance. 
 
 ASllCROFT, on the Thompson River is about fifty miles bevond T vt 
 ton It IS he starting point of the stage line for LSol Soda Creek" 
 
 tl"cs"'lf[sTh'r"V*'^^P°^"'' *" *'>^ Lillooet and Cariboo dlsl 
 tricts. It IS a busy place, where a considerable freighting business is 
 done and where supplies of all kinds can be obtained. t>usinebs is 
 
 VERNON is a good-sized town, with two principal hotels and other 
 aTst?.?; f ?'•' ^'•^«*"'-^«, .«f ^» l^n^^S flour anS saw mills. Havx^.g 
 w/. f f"""^ ^""^ ranching country in its immediate vicinity 
 
 iTZTtVlVentrt ^^^"^^^^ ''-''" ^ ^^'^^ ^^ '^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 hnJi^^^^^ ^^ f- ^"^^"f • ^"t Still a rising town, where there is good 
 lisJments. '"''' "" ^^"^*^ ""^ ^^°'^^ ^°^ ^**^^^ ''"^^'^^^ «^^1>- 
 
 WEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT, 
 is the next east of Yale, and extends north and south from the bend of 
 the Columbia to the international boundary, embracing, with East Koot- 
 enay ( rom w^iich it is separated by the Purcell range of mountains), an 
 area of 16,500,000 acres. Although possessing some excellent farming 
 land and good ranching country, West Kootenay is chiefly remarkable 
 for Its great mineral wealth. Very rich deposits have been discover-d 
 in different sections of the Kootenay country, and new finds are almost 
 daily made. In the opinion of experienced men, there is still a lar^e 
 area not yet prospected which will yield even more phenomenal returns 
 of precious ores. It is a country of illimitable possibilities, but is vet 
 only in the early stages of development, when the vast area of hidden 
 wealth is considered. Capitalists and practical miners have shown their 
 unbounded confidence in the district by investing millions of dollars, and 
 an eminent American authority speaks of it as '<the coming mining em- 
 pire of the Northwest." ^ 
 
 Not one class only is making its way to tlie Kootenay country. The 
 rich lands of the valleys are being taken up by farmers; choire locations 
 for stock raising are sought for, and men are preparing in various 
 ways to do business with the advancing tide of miners and prospectors. 
 
 The mining districts are easily reached from -evelstoke, on the main 
 line nf the Canadian Pacific Railway, about midway bet een the eastern 
 slope of the Rockies and the Pacific coast. From tins point, a branch 
 hnc south IS about completed to Arrow Lake station at the head of 
 Upper Arrow Lake, from which steamer can be taken to Nakusp at the 
 toot of the lake, where rail comnu.nicatioi. with Carpenter's Forks 
 near New Denver, the centre of a rich mining region, is just being 
 est.-il)lished Steamer can be also taken from Revelstoke past Nakusp to 
 Robson, at the mouth of the Lower Kootenay River. Along the bank 
 o this immense river the C. P. R. runs to Slocan station at the mouth 
 of the Slocan River, along which a good trail runs north to a ric-i, 
 mining country; or the iournoy can be continued to Nelson, the nres-ent 
 metropolis of the Kootenay n.ining district, i,. the vicinity 'of which !re 
 the Sliver King, Toad Mountain and other mines. Fro„, Nek,on steam- 
 
of Fraser River 
 ne settlers and 
 r sale. 
 
 fale and is sitii- 
 it and a thriving 
 id miners of the 
 iw-mills in con- 
 Jay Go's trading 
 portance. 
 
 iles beyond Lyt- 
 boo, Soda Creek, 
 nd Cariboo dis- 
 ting business is 
 
 otels and other 
 ' mills. Having 
 ediate vicinity, 
 rishing business 
 
 e there is good 
 business estab- 
 
 oni the bend ot 
 vith East Koot- 
 mouutains), an 
 ellent farming 
 efly remarkable 
 )een discover-id 
 ids are almost 
 s still a lar-ie 
 :)mei)al returns 
 ;ies, but is yet 
 area of hidden 
 Lve shown their 
 of dollars, and 
 ng mining em- 
 country. The 
 lioire locations 
 g in various 
 d prospectors, 
 e, on the main 
 n the eastern 
 iiit, a brancli 
 
 the head oi 
 v'akusp at the 
 iter's Forks, 
 5 just being 
 past Nakusp to 
 :)Pg the iKink 
 at the moutli 
 rth to a rii-ii 
 1, the pres'ent 
 
 of which are 
 Nelson steam- 
 
14 
 
 BRITISH CO.XMBIA MAINLAND. 
 
 err ply to all the mining to,\ns on the Kootenay Lake-Balfour. Hendry^. 
 Ainsworth, Kalso, etc. ' 
 
 Towns. 
 
 REVELSTOKE, on the Can^idian Pacific Railway, is the chief town 
 of West Kootenay. It is a mining town between the Ciold and Selkirk 
 ranees, and is the chief source of supply for the country south of it. 
 There are some smelting works at Revelstoke, and being the place of 
 departure for the mines, does an important business. Another smelter 
 at Pilot Bay has a daily capacity of 100 tons. 
 
 NELSON is a mining town on the Kootenay River twenty miles east 
 of Robson, and from it, points on the Kootenay Lake are reached by 
 steamer. 
 
 KALSO and AINSWORTH are rising mining towns on Kootenay 
 Lake. 
 
 NAKUSP is a progressive town at the head of Upper Arrow Lake. 
 
 NEW DENVER is an enterprising mining town on the east side of 
 Slocan Lake. 
 
 Mining Localities in West Kootenay. 
 
 The principal mines at present in work are in that section about 
 Nelson and Slocan. Amongst those near Nelson are those conveniently 
 dcsirihed as the "Toad Mountain," chief of which is the Silver King. 
 Other minea in the vicinity of Nelson are the Dandy Mine, < here consid- 
 erable development has been done; the Last Chance, Iroquois, Union 
 Jack, Olhe, Newmarket, Hiilden Treasure, Goldendale, Jim Crow and 
 Democrat. The general character of the ore is barnite or variegated 
 copper and terrahedrite or grey ccpper, and carries silver to a much 
 higher grade than is usual with this class of ire. But in addition to 
 tins silver-copper belt, the Toad Mountain district has a distinct gold 
 bflt. Among the claims taken up in this latter belt are the Iron Horse 
 Victoria, Starlight and Gold King. West of Nelson is a g.-la claim' 
 known as the "Poor Man," and another gold property known as the 
 Whitewater, lies some 20 miles off on Rover Creek. An extract from the 
 report of the Government assi'v on the specimens of Toad Mountain 
 ore shown at the World's Fair, reads: 
 
 "A few samples only were sent from this part. There was one fine 
 ferrupinous quartz specimen from the Majestic, carrying much free gold. 
 The Silver King, argentiferous copper, with silver 444 ounces and 23.50 
 per cent, copper, requires no further mention." 
 
 The Blue Bell and Hendryx Mines are on the east side of Kootenay 
 Lake, and in the Kalso-*- locan group are hundreds of claims which are 
 being extensively and profitably worked, among them being the Idaho 
 Wellington, Blue Bird, Slocan Star, Dardanelles, Mountain Chief, ^oole 
 Five, Freddy Lee, etc. 
 
 New discoveries, however, are made every year, so that what 
 
 during one season is the richest n)ine of a district may be surpassed 
 
 m the following year. The way to these mines is by Revelstoke. (See 
 page 12.) 
 
 Between the Gold Range and the Selklrks is the west side of the 
 great loop of the Columbia River, that extends north above the 52nd 
 parallel. This bend drains a gold reg 
 
 ion not yet well explored, but 
 on of great mineral richness. Gold has lieen 
 
 whiih has every indicati 
 
 fo'.nd in paying quantities at many points north of 
 
 cations of it on the llledlliwaet R 
 
 M 
 
 iver and Beaver Creek. 
 
 the Bend, and indi- 
 
EAST KOOTENAY DISTRICT. 
 
 15 
 
 alfour, Ilendryx, 
 
 the chief town 
 old and Selkirk 
 y south of it. 
 g the place of 
 \nother smelter 
 
 ^nty miles east 
 re reached by 
 
 on Kootenay 
 
 r Arrow Lake. 
 i east side of 
 
 section about 
 le conveniently 
 e Silver King. 
 , V here consid- 
 •oquois, Union 
 im Crow and 
 
 or variegated 
 cr to a much 
 in addition to 
 
 distinct gold 
 :he Iron Horse, 
 1 g"ltl claim 
 nown as the 
 tract from the 
 ^ad Mountain 
 
 was one fine 
 luch free gold, 
 iices and 23.50 
 
 e of Kootenay 
 ms which are 
 g the Idaho, 
 I Chief, Noble 
 
 io that what 
 
 be surpassed 
 
 'elstoke. (See 
 
 t side of the 
 5ve the 52nd 
 xi)lored, but 
 Id has l)een 
 ;nd, and indi- 
 
 ■ EAST KOOTENAY DISTRICT. 
 
 East Kootenay, lying between West Kootenay and the eastern boun- 
 dary of the province, comprises the larger part of the famous Kootenay 
 Region ot British Columbia. 
 
 East Kootenay is now actively engaged in working its new mines 
 and prospecting fur others. The selection of the Crow's Nest Pass 
 route for a short line of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the probable 
 construction of the branch roads and other lines within a few years, 
 will add marvellously to its prosperity. East Kootenay is, speaking gen- 
 erally, a better agricultural country than West Kootenay. 
 
 It contains a valley nearly 300 miles long, from the international 
 boundary line to the apex of thi; Kootenay triangle at the great bend 
 of the Columbia, with an aver,\ge width of 8 to 10 miles, in the centre 
 of which is enclosed the mother lakes of the Columbia, 2,850 feet above 
 the sea level. Thf Columbia River flows north from these and the 
 Kootenay River south through the valley. "It is," says Judge Sproat's 
 report, "one of the prettiest and most favored valleys in the province, 
 having good grass and soil, a fine climate, established mines and prom- 
 ising mines, excellent waterways and an easy surface for road making. 
 Its chief navigable waterway leads to a station of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway. 
 
 Nearly the whole oi the area of the valley described is a bunch grass 
 country, affording excellent grazing. The grass country is 250 miles 
 long, of an average width of live miles, besides a niunber of lateral val- 
 leys of more limited extent. 
 
 It might be safe to say that the whole of the valley is fertile, 
 though except in a few places its agricultural capabilities have not 
 been tested. The atmosphere is clear and dry and the snowfall in win- 
 ter light, but in a district so extended climatic conditions vary con- 
 siderably from local causes. 
 
 The country is more thinly wooded than the West Kootenay district 
 and aliords great facilities for fishing and hunting; big game, trout and 
 saimon abounding. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 The towns of East Kootenay are Field, near Mount Stephen, and 
 Golden, on the Columbia River at the mouth of the Wapta, and Donald, 
 at the base of the Selkirk range, all on the line of the Canadian Paci- 
 fic Railway. Prospectors, sportsmen, miners and others can supply their 
 requirements at these places. 
 
 The present communication of the district is effected by the Koote- 
 nay mail line steamers ]. lying from Golden Station on the Canadian Paci- 
 fic Railway, southwards for 120 miles to the Columbia Lakes. The S.S. 
 Ilyak or Duchess leave Golden twice a week for Carbonate, Spallumcheen, 
 Galena, Jubilee, Sinclair, Windermere, Adela and Wray landings, connect- 
 ing at the tramway with S. S. Pert to Thunder Hill and Canal Flat, 
 at which there is stage connection • ith Fort Steele and Cranbrooko. 
 The steamers connect with the trains of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 The steamboat coiniiany operates a series of tramways to connect * '^ 
 upper lakes and mines and owns a fleet of barges used in the transpur 
 tation of ores and other heavv freights. For climate of East and 
 West Kootenay see page 26, southern zone. 
 
 On the north side of the Middle i-'ork of the Spallumcheen, or Mc- 
 Murdo Creek, a number of claims showing good croppings have been 
 located. 
 
Vi 
 
 !! 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA MMNh 
 
 VNn. 
 
 M 
 
 iNiNcj Localities ok East K 
 
 Further 
 
 OOTIC.VAY, 
 
 Of Cain, ha^? ^"^^ loTa e P C .' TTf, °^. ^'^^ '-^^^' ^ "-ber 
 rocks, and assays of 35 o. S roIcI have bee 1'. '•" T'l""^ ''''' ^^''f^'^^ 
 ^t the sunnuit contain galena 'a;'d^t;%o;p"ertt""''- ^''''~'' ^'''**"- 
 
 Continuing soutli-eastward from the Ctrhn^.-.t-^ J, 
 tween Copper Creek and the Scut Fork of h*^ Mountain claims, be- 
 c aims have been located. These a^-e f.vor. i' ^^'''"r.'^heen, several 
 also^some^on the southern -Pe^f^lhis^r/^^i^S^l^^..?: ^ 
 
 Por^a^^o^k-S SZ:: :i:^l^T^,:r ''- ^--^ion with the south 
 number of veins of galena and nr-!v ^ summer of 1889, contain a 
 
 in width from 2 inch'es to 2o1nd ;? Tthe' ^j^^V'" 'l-"""^'"'-' ^'^'-^^"^ 
 sidered that these veins will iJ, 1 ' *^ formation. It is con- 
 
 pronounced to be^TeTcJ^" t ^u^my TSom^n*"^'"^ °- -« 
 
 profit. quality at Golden, and paid .i handsome 
 
 andXh^riTreer-n'tS sa^i/rner ^^'^ ^". *'^^ ^^^«*^' ^-'^ 
 Creek, very promising „t d^o.^ts were m^^^^^^ '''''''• ^* ''^^y 
 
 her of claims recorded. Assays frrn^^Vto%o^^r/^?°" ^"^ ^ """^■ 
 to I(X) oz. of silver have been n^^Tp %. ^0 per cent of copper and 20 
 spects have been located on t Ms creek ' '*''' ^"^'^ '"^^^'^ P^- 
 
 lenaria.^ Etli'^ul "ob^^ SSk ^^^"^' ^^"*^^"^"« ^^^^'^ ^^^^ ^- 
 
 fro„^tlmln''r\t'cal"dr ?a^"^^ 42 miles up the Columbia River 
 ted along it^ rrdge and western «^n f ^'^^^'Y' ^^^ ""'^"^>-^» ^l^i"^'^ loca- 
 
 A large amount of ^^o^Vhas been cloL;' ' 'l *'"'" "' ""^^ ^^^ -"^«- 
 years back. Copper glance indo.th . ?'^ niountain for several 
 
 ing 55 per cent.''copper? were sMp ,ed "'rom 'th/'T '"' ^"'"*^' ^^^'•^^- 
 .o^od^^body Of silver-b^eanng IJ^Z'i:^^ :^T:.1^Co^ 
 
 <iay.^rtra^^o!;:Lr':^rt??5^rs^^^^ ^ 
 
 copper furnace and desilverizing proceTs"^' '' ^'°^'""'^ *° ^^^ ^ 
 
 i^v/i^ri^^i i-ir^^s;;^.^x;L -\^i:stS-^-- -^^ 
 
AU)N(; TIIK lANADIAX I'ACII IC UAMAVAY. 
 
 17 
 
 »8e, a number 
 
 of tlie surface 
 
 ieverai claims 
 
 n claims, be- 
 :hecn, several 
 ' on; as are 
 own into Ver- 
 
 with the South 
 3, contain a 
 mber, varying 
 • It is con- 
 The ore was 
 a handsome 
 
 -rystal Creek 
 ik. At Toby 
 1 and a num. 
 3pper and 20 
 copper pro- 
 
 gh grade ga- 
 
 iimbia River 
 claims loca- 
 ■ four miles, 
 for several 
 fty, averag. 
 ' claim. A 
 n the "Con- 
 
 50 tons a 
 5d to add a 
 
 ileum fields 
 
 ALONG THE LINE OF THE CANADIAN 
 PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 starting from Vancouver eastward, already described on page 5, the 
 train stops at. 
 
 Hastjngs, 
 at the head of Burrard Inlet. A progressive settlement has been es- 
 tablished at this place, much of the business arising from the saw mills 
 in the vicinity. Ten miles east ii: 
 
 New WKSfMIN-STER JlNCTIOX, 
 
 from which a branch line runs to the city of New Westminster. Twenty, 
 three miles east of this is 
 
 Mission Junctiox, 
 froni which a branch line starts, and crossing the Fraser River, runs, 
 south to the international boundary, wliere rail connection is made for 
 New Whatcom, Tacoma, Portland, San Francisco, etc. Nineteen miles 
 east is 
 
 Hakkison, 
 near which are the Harrison Hot Springs, where a large hotel is in 
 operation with baths and other sanitary conveniences. Nine miles east 
 of this is 
 
 AciASSIZ, 
 
 vvlcre the Dominion Government has established an experimental farm. 
 Kvery kind of grain, vegetable and fruit lilcely to succeed in a temperate 
 climate is here tried, and from here settlers can obtain seeds and cut- 
 tings that have. :>roved suital:)le to the country. TliirLy-two miles fur- 
 ther along the line going east is 
 
 Yale, 
 
 one of the principal towns of the Yale district (page 12), and twenty-six 
 miles east of that is 
 
 North Bend, 
 a divisional point of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where one of the 
 Company !s chalet hotels is situated, and from whence parties desiring 
 to explore the Fraser Canon and the neighboring gorges can with advan- 
 tage proceed. Twenty-seven miL-s beyond North Bend on the line ol 
 railway is 
 
 T.YTTON, 
 
 at the junction of the Fraser and Thompson Rivers, on'.e a busy miinng 
 town. 
 
 AsiU'UOFT, 
 
 on the Thompson River, is forty-eiglit miles beyond Lytton. It is the 
 starting place of the stage line fur the northern districts (page 12,) 
 and forty-seven miles east is 
 
 Kami.ooi's, 
 (page 12). The country in this section is good grazing land, cattle 
 and sheep thrive to perfection on the bunch grass, and cereals are suc- 
 cessfully grown by means of irrigatioju Tliere is little rainfall in this 
 section. 
 
 SU!A.M()LS, 
 
 eighty-four miles east of Kami 
 
 oops, on the great Shuswap Lakes, is the 
 
 junction of the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway, operated by the Cana- 
 
 dian Paritic Railway which runs t 
 
 o Endcrby and Vernon, the latter at 
 
tl f 
 
 the 1 
 deen' 
 
 mm 
 
 '■'''0! li'r'M 
 
 'U 
 
 
 I'.iwml 
 
 ,:;',!' 
 
 ifeit 
 
 G 
 from 
 Pacifl 
 crens 
 qucnt 
 passe 
 
 on til 
 It is 
 of th 
 wa tcl 
 west 
 
 on tl: 
 here 
 
 I Ma t' 
 head 
 distri 
 Horst 
 
 near 
 chalei 
 plies 
 velst( 
 the p 
 •I of th( 
 time 
 
 It 
 
 umbif 
 disco) 
 ^4 Caril) 
 M disco> 
 ■"■ the C; 
 
ALONd THE C'ANADtAN rACriFfC UMI.WAY. 
 
 11) 
 
 i!i 
 
 W 
 
 
 >H 
 
 the head of Okanagan Lake, from which the new C.P.R. steamer "Aber- 
 deen" starts daily for Kalowna and Penticton. 
 
 Ri:VKI,STOKH, 
 
 forty-three miles east of Sicamoiu'!, is a railway divisional point, and a 
 busy mountain town on the C'olujnbia River. I rom here a branch rail- 
 way runs to Arrow Lake Station at the hc.id of Upper Arrow Lake, where 
 steamer is taken to Nakusp, froni which point New Denver, Robson, 
 Nelson and other points in the mining roftions are easily reached. The 
 main line of the railway has by this time passed through the Coast and 
 Gold ranges. 
 
 After leaving Revelstoke it enters the Selkirk range and the famous 
 Albert Canon is soon reached; a remarkable gorge through which the 
 Illicilliwaet runs, where the train stops for passengers to alight to bet- 
 ter view the canon. Continuing eastward the line passes Ross Peak 
 and a-.cends the "loops" to the foot of Mmuit Sir Donald at 
 
 CJi,\('ii;u Station. 
 Glacier House Station is opposite Mount Sir Donald and about a mile 
 from the foot of the great glat ier of the Selkirks. One of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway Company's chalet hotels, recently enlarged to meet in- 
 cre-ising travel, is at this point (The Glacier House), and is much fre- 
 quented by tourists and sportsmen. Though several other stations are 
 passed, 
 
 DoxAi.n, 
 on the Columbia, as it flows northward, is the viext town on the railway. 
 It is a divisional point and the headquarters of the mountain section 
 of the railway, the line east of this being in the western revision. Here 
 watches are put on one h(uir going east and put back one hour going 
 west to conform to standard time. 
 
 GOLDKN, 
 
 on the Columbia River, is seventeen miles east of Donald. From 
 here a steamer makes weekly triiis (starting on Monday) up the Colum- 
 bia to the lakes at the head of the river, 100 miles distant. From the 
 head of navigation roads and trails lead to the I'Tndlay Creek mining 
 district. Soon after leaving Golden the railway passes through Kicking 
 Horse Pass into the Rocky Mountains, where the principal station is 
 
 FlIOl.D, 
 near Mount Stephen. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company have a 
 chalet liotel here, and there is a small town or village at which sup- 
 plies for miners, travellers and sportsmen can be oljtained. From Re- 
 velstoke to Field and beyond to the Gap, where the mountains end and 
 the plains begin, the scenery is tlio finest on the continent, but the value 
 of the district is in its rich mineral deposits, which are from time to 
 time discovered, and the developnent of vhich is partially seen at sev- 
 €ii\'il points along the line. 
 
 MINERALS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 It would be difficult to indicate any defined section of British Col- 
 umbia in which gold has not been, or will not be, found. The first mines 
 discovered were in tlie southern part of the province, the next in the 
 Caril)oo district, in the centre of British Colutnlua, and until recent 
 discoveries in the Kootenay district the richest digging'^ in work were 
 the Cassiar mines in tlie far north. Recently several lew mines have 
 been opened elsewhere. 
 
 G( Id has been foinid on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, 
 on Queen Charlotte Islands at the extreme west, and on every range o) 
 
20 
 
 mnnsii (OMrMiiiA maini.wd. 
 
 s iian.s received tl.eir P„ia a ^ , /''«. ^''-Ttz vein from wl,i,h the 
 
 ;;;-•• a lapse of .ears, aidtw^j^ *;:!;:;•, -{^^T '^'^^ '^^-> ^^^'^''^ 
 '•'"•'"HKl. tu.sc.Nuus have heen made in the neigh- 
 
 ^.;."'f:;:'i"Li:p'ru;jrr<;i t;:;;:r::r,i.r,5"' ■" - -^""^ •" ^ «'■••"■. 
 
 "'■"■'"■ »="«"«1 quantity Jslaca aI.vI I '"" "'""' ""l^"' '» le 
 ■.-c,,o- and t„e „.,„e ,, pron^ltea t" ^ „« ™y "v lIlS; '»™'""^» «' 
 
 ilio railway now nierrp« ♦!,« » ^ valuable one. 
 
 '^e carried into 'the he!.t oT the i;;;!' "'-Z "'"^''^ "'«" -^ material can 
 season fresh gold deposits wi I 1," f , u 'V IT^ Z!*^'' ^'''^h succeeding 
 <l"artz rock, and capita! and .^den.i ite ' T • "^ "'^' ""*^^'' ^^^^'l to the 
 "l.on them. There .-Ire hnn Ire's o.^,"'"'^''""'"^ '^^ '^'•°"eht to bear 
 and there are nu„,erous ope^i ,C"!L"f" w ".,*''" '"*«'• P'-'^Pector. 
 tnral settler the existence of LoW is of I Z?*^''',""*- "^^ ^''^^ ^'ftr'^"'' 
 tain of a market f,,,- his nrodnl . / ^ "''''' s'R''ificance. He is cer- 
 little on his own acc( nt "^nn^ ,!' ^ *' '^"^ '"^'^"rred from n.ining a 
 Will one day become t^e^'fo^'r:.'; V disro^'e.S'^rf «^ ^'^ '-1- ^hat h: 
 1" aivine evidpnr« i.of 'co^eiei of a bonanza. 
 
 -ember^.f uJ'^:::z.::^i:.^::i'z v *''^,"-- «^ ^— - a 
 
 veiled over 1,(X)() ,„iie.s thron. 1 nn • , .'7^ "^''^'^^ "^^ter having tra- 
 that there will yet be taken ot 71 ' ^'^"""'''a. I can say with safe y 
 the Pacific KaihJay,. TI S me .L Lu'v^ ""-Vir """''' ^"""«" *« '-'"^l 
 n the same service said that, "r, ' j! '^ .."""""f ' ^""t'^^'" 8^-tle.uan 
 to no other country i„ North An.eiica > '""" '""^^ "« P'ace as second 
 
 <lays work. ^''"'" -^i.OW) was obtained by a single 
 
 ;:w^.^;^n^lS;.r:''^-^l^,ti-;^/^^^^«- discovery in British Colum- 
 Paci.c Railway, was estinuite I a sm Sm om '"?? /'^ ^^ *''^ Canadian 
 of thus. With present facilities for n'ros i^^-* * *' ""^^ ^^"^ '" ^'^'^^^^ 
 are expected, for the era of scienHfr- ^n?,!' ^' "'""''' ''^^'^'*^'- returns 
 only commenced. ^cientifiv, mnung in British Colmnbia has 
 
 In British Columbia a heif ^f i 
 
 8old rocks of Callforni' has nln-Hlv ;' ''"^"'^'^ corresponding to the 
 o«s Geological explora ions c'o « ^.o^n '""""^' *" ""' ''''''y ^"••"«'- 
 rocks to those of the typical see lont of r^rr'" '"^^^^^blance of the 
 States. seetions of California and the Western 
 
 ery will in-XblTshow''thir!t''f ■^p'^'''' 'P^''''^'^' "'^"^ **« further discov- 
 Colorado. The l^est km.v .roent i;'.;' "!' "^^ '""'^^ ^^'^ >" Nevada and 
 from Hope, on the Prase /iC-^r T .rio^ ''' '' *''* '■^•^""* ^'"^ "'»'^« 
 about D,000 feet. ' ^ ''"^ i"' -« occur at an elevation of 
 
 bo„„<l, j,„vi« I„|„,s, u,e (l„ee, a. ,rl„ltr tlf ,°' '"" "••""I-""!. Il,.„e 
 <l..r.n» the process „t .a'hln" ""i,,'"'' '*™ ""'"1 '" «"all q„a„tilles 
 
 van^."J™;'ty:„o:■•;■»:.;r^;r:^,-''■?- r- --- — • »" 
 
 -„» „, c.a, h„ye „ee„ ,„„„.l ,. J^^r!,'^,^^--'^-^^;:^'^:^- 
 
 "a 
 
IntH. Ilitlurto 
 tf^'iiiiR of the 
 iped out of thf 
 Uoned, wltliout 
 roni which the 
 l)een visited 
 e In the neigh- 
 
 e of cinnahar, 
 'ne. The true 
 J'Ppfars to he 
 percentage of 
 i one. 
 
 1 material can 
 t^h succeeding 
 traced to the 
 aJ>t to bear 
 r prospector, 
 the agricul- 
 • He is cer- 
 n mining a 
 liope that he 
 
 Connnons .1 
 having tra- 
 f with safety 
 'gli to build 
 r 8(^11 tlenian 
 e as second 
 
 tne no less 
 >y a single 
 
 itish Colum- 
 le Canadian 
 ir in excess 
 ier returns 
 umbia has 
 
 GIANT CEDAR. 
 
 STAM.KV PAHK, VAXCOUVKIS, H.C. 
 
ll 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 22 
 
 land 
 
 cllHtrlcts, and otlu-r indi 
 
 p;ui.s. The sa 
 
 imiTIHII COLUMBIA MAINLAND. 
 
 *„ „.... .. ':''\^ "^<^" worked In New VVe.stmln«ter and Nicola 
 
 found In several 
 
 as on the island, 
 
 •iif fi>rm;iJlon oxIh ts 
 
 cations of coal have been f 
 
 and the New WcstnilnHt,. 
 tlons only of la rue areas. 
 
 on the mainland 
 
 cr and Nicola coal bed 
 
 ire probably biuall por 
 
 A most phenomenal dl 
 
 Nest Pass of the R 
 
 scover 
 
 of 
 
 ocky Mountains. Merc 
 
 coal has been made In the Crow 
 
 >8 
 
 are s.-en to outcrop/w ith a ot m.,'. '*" "" '7^^ than twenl. _ 
 
 ■ "Hi "iiu a total rliickness of frum i-ii <» ^ • ... . 
 
 been picked up on several Art ' v-. "^*'«'"«';*« «' anthracite have 
 «een, to Indicate that the aeiml fn ^' ".^-''^A'^"- '«'--»"d, and this would 
 be traced to Vancouver ^°""^ *" ^"""^ Charlotte Islands will 
 
 TIMBER. 
 
 hundred thousand acres of So,'. J -l "'? '"'eR'-eeate make many 
 
 -ar each open spot isMuSai'; ^ro^'t'h "J) .^d^'"' ''^ ^^^"'"^' ^"' 
 
 ran.t^rSLr^^'^^nnonronS ^^1 '^ ^^^ Gold and Selkirk 
 t..ries past, have now become a v .iHbl ^^*''"' '^'^'^^^ "P f««- ^en- 
 
 Pacific Railway passes tS 'h li^t of '.hi "'^"T'"^' "^"^ C"""^»«" 
 will brine untold quantities to the n.nL ' ,'"'^f '"^^^^ '"^''^^'^s that 
 
 Governn.ent Department of ARricfJtureh.s n,l. ""h *i"^^ "*"*'°"^- ^he 
 authoritative description of the t ees o^nrUisl r , m ''^'^'^^^^ «nd 
 
 Douelas Spruce (otherwise ca ,ed ."1^, s Hr r^n' 'T'"""' = 
 and commercially, "o,econ Pine m a u , ' Douglas Pine," 
 
 though -"rse.gr:dn.d,lxeeiMy^;outh i;^^^^^ '' »« straight, 
 
 verse strain. For luinber of all si.es ^,d.?' t ,^^J^ ^'^""^ t^^"^- 
 inand. Few woods equal it for frunes' ShI'^ ^^f' *' *" *" ^'^""^ ^e- 
 generally. and for shipbuilding.'' Us1;„^;'h^:^.'":«; «"^ strong work 
 specially fit it for masts and spars? straightness and strength, 
 
 -ak];!g ^e'moit'v^lIShSer'ln'Ih:^' '''^^^ ^'^^ ^^«^-" ^-vinces. 
 Bull Pine, the Yellow CvVerr' *''"«• •"'''•'<*'ts; the Black Pine, the 
 
 tern Larc'h ^sonJtiZs X" T^rc) ' Hn".'' ^^"°- ^edar). the'wes! 
 Spru,e, the Great Silver Fr";?,?^?' ^"8'f^=»n's Spruce, Manzie's 
 Aspen, and other deciduous trees The^ei ''.'^'^ ''^''' ^''"' ^''-»PJ«. 
 n>ore or less thro,.ghout the Province boHfr'-'L ^'""^^''^ ^'^ ^^'""'1 
 adjacent islands. The Doual,rSDr ce t?l\ ^^"^ mainland and the 
 attains its greatest size in'Te nSg £,„ Ld oflhe'"' Tl' "'^'"''^^'«' 
 elsewlicre. Owing to the variety n ni .'11 • J^ .*''^ ^'^^^*' •'"t is found 
 era, .,.s»es o, Les „a„:;::':J^ ^1 :'re'S4"„.",rL'i''"'""' ''' ^^ 
 
 LAND. 
 
 mai^:..!r;r^j" j'i.;;s^';?ii;;:.;;:. ^'^r r ^ ;:! ^*^*i^*^ ^--^-^ the 
 
 qi'nhty in different sections. There is \ ■ '''' ^^""y different 
 
 quality of land fro,,, the rich river bot^'.Tl-.'ni '"" "^i, description and 
 oriv'^^''-^' /" the light covering oT m'i 'and' .""d'aT hF ■ ' ?■*'," 
 on tac mountains. Between Yale and the coast •irth:\'ew'%Smrn! 
 
red on tlie main- 
 n«ter and Nicola 
 Jund In several 
 8 on the Island, 
 bably biiuiU por- 
 
 de In the Crow's 
 in twenty Heams 
 1 ft. to HU (t. 
 •Anthracite," on 
 parlnft favorably 
 t six feet and 
 mthraclte have 
 ind this would 
 te Islands will 
 
 I, no country in 
 with it. 
 
 vood, and many 
 
 te make many 
 
 required, but 
 
 )ld and Selkirlc 
 :d up for cen- 
 
 The Canadian 
 s streams that 
 stations. The 
 catalogue and 
 I, including: 
 louglas Pine," 
 It is straight, 
 s great trans- 
 
 in great de- 
 d strong work 
 
 and strength, 
 
 ern Provinces, 
 lack Pine, the 
 dar), the Wes- 
 uce, Manzie's 
 , lilm. Maple, 
 3 are found 
 and and the 
 lost valuable, 
 . but is found 
 iibia, the sev- 
 
 forming the 
 ■ery different 
 :ription and 
 that in the 
 li&ii altitude 
 ew Westmin- 
 
 LAND UKaUt.ATIONS, 
 
 L'3 
 
 ■I 
 
 Bter district uhere the rainfall Ih regular, the lan.l of the valleys 1. 
 
 rich and heavy; east ..( Yal.- where the rainfall Is sUnht and Irrenul- J 
 
 ; here s a considerable „„antity of guo.l land, very prcul "tive und^r 
 
 n lK?t /'the r r ^'''t; ""1 ^''""•^■"' ^'•"'"^« "' the\aird "d/t a u 
 In bot!i the Kootenays there is a quantify of verv ferHln l-.n,i . 
 
 parts, as In the Okanagan section.' requiring rrTg..tl. ' and in oZr 
 
 Places suflldently cared for by the rainfall' On tlu Iglu-r 1 uls the 
 
 bunch grass grows freely and a.tords the best pastur.fge for utl- 
 
 Wher. water is convenient for irrigating purposes, grains ad vo^ett 
 
 bles succeed well In those sections otherwise use l ^,^y for ar./h a 
 
 Along the l-raser valley fruit is found to ripen well A or, Tf ^'''^ , «' 
 
 of varieties have been tried at the ex per In en tal "arm at A n.si "a^fi 
 
 n>ost. even of the more dehcate fruits, nave done wil Still 0^^!^,- « 
 
 ce.s has been achieved in the Okanagin vaHerrcoLdernble d s m^^^^^ 
 
 I'KilVINdM, (loVKUNMENT i^ANDS. 
 
 nient Lands Office and pre-emption. ^ ^ ^^^ Govern- 
 
 the heL' o/T'^iinir^'lS 'or' T'^t T'"^ lands:-.Any person, being 
 
 rpXn'o. '"■"""' " "'""'■ "' '■■'■-""«' '". stale "i'r'ai' X; 
 
 .»...», or ,0., .cr::\Tti::,\z':ri;r,%t?,'' '^""■••""^ -■ ■="-' »""•'■ 
 priofrS"„r;':" u„TJ'';;" °r. --«""""'» <^'»'"> »« » .<»«. 
 
 aue^^a" crrs:;„r„ars''r,Ls?"°' >" "=°^'"-«'' - --^^o "" 
 
 cessatlo,, „l occupat m butTeavr'„. 1, """"' ' "^ '^"""'■' '» """""^ 
 cecding ,„„r months 1„ any „,rye„ Inrh" "'"^ "-o cranled not ex- 
 absence. ' ^'''"' ■"'■'usive ol the two months 
 
 Land Is considered abandoned i! cennted «-, 
 
 months in the aesrcoale In one vUr "l ""I""" '"' more than four 
 secutlvelv. "'"^' °'^ ''"' ""e than two months con- 
 
24 
 
 UBITIsn COLUMBIA MAINLAND. 
 
 If SO abandoned the land becomes waste lanHc ^» *k ^ 
 any cancellation of the record. °* ^''^ *^'"''*n' without 
 
 li.e fee on recording is two dollars (8s.) 
 
 missioner cau.s3s it to be saivoyed ""*" *^^ ^''^^^ "o"^- 
 
 hin;^l^n.nri^^Se;:^^rsS^c:;^.=;:;,^" ^-^r*^^" '-- -^*'"^ ^^ 
 
 and of having made pernmue^t^n nrSXn.r ?u ^.^'^ °^ Pre-emption. 
 two dollars .nd fifty'cents pe - acr'e the settler o„''"^ ^\'''' ^^'"^ «' 
 empt.on certificate, obtains 'a cerUfic.-ae%rMnl;;'o^^,Xt^'"'"' *'^ ^^" 
 After obtainina the rprfifir>-i*^ ^^t • 
 
 land the settler il entit ed t a Crl^L"^^^^^^^ '^^ '^^ 
 
 five dollars therefor. ^*^^"' *" *^ simple. He pays 
 
 years from date of record or nre en nf/, n *''''"''^- '""■s* instalment two 
 the last instalment is not pay'Lb "t^U af'ter' tl ''"'^ t'.ere.fter. but 
 unsurveyed. "" ^"^'^ *'*e survey if the land is 
 
 The Crown grant excludes gold and silver r.r. . ^ 
 Crown a rojaiiy of five cents ner t, ,7 ' ''"'^ reserves to th« 
 
 '^"^ ^r-r :r.-£r r^ri?^ "' "^'"° •^°"' 
 
 c^ pre-en>pted by virtue of his declar .H.""his SenHon 'V"'\''''''^ '"^""'■^^^^ 
 I- su.::ect. unless he has becon.e narcalizeS "''"'"^ ^ ^"*- 
 
 The heirs or devisees nf +i,£. i, . . * 
 
 ■u-al channel „^ a„.v slrS^^ a' " e ^ ''d"^;'','''. """ "■"'" '"<■ -'- 
 ..-r .a„„, .pon „„,„,„„, ■ .vri.ier^^i.il^i^r^.'ri.e-l-CSor "'" 
 
 IIo.Mi-sTKAi) Act, 
 The farm and buildings, when reoisf^.-.. / 
 incurred after the reoj.stra i,^ uTf^ee fr;/'"'"' '" ^''^^^ *^^^ '''''' 
 greater than $2,50C. (tSOO Engl si )• oood. Z 'f ""'"': "^ *° '' ^■^«'"^' "Ot 
 to $5CX1 (£100 English)- r mh .'f-V, ^ chattels are also free ui> 
 
 an Exo„,ption Act. ' ' ^"'"'"'^ "" ^''^'^es" are also protected by 
 
 DOMINION GOVERNMENT LANDS 
 
 ciian'pa::;:; ^;;t J;: :::1^:; ;^-:;^;;^ wlthm twenty nUi:s Of ..e Cana- 
 nn-eral.s they contain (evcepr the n^/^' ^^'""^^'' ^^■'^'' ='" t'' ' timb.r a ul 
 ^vith its tinUKT. hay. wa erp'le ': 'coir" ■""'''?• "^"'^ "-^'^-^ "^ ^^-h' 
 sources, is now administered by ,; n:i';,;'^"\^'"^ "t''^^" valuable r. 
 ada, according, practicaliv. t tl s nne V."""' "! *'''^ ^''''''''' ^'^ ^^n- 
 the public lands i„ Manitoba ^■,1?:^ ^ '"'^^ regulations as are 
 
 the ho..es,eads must no onl't e.i I'ed " ''' '^-•''t'-ies, except that 
 less than six months in eacl «f t „ h "^'"" •"•^' ^"Itivated f„r not 
 
 must also be paid for at t, , rUe of"' Tn'" ''^''' ^^'''y' >^"t t loy 
 the disposal Of these bud ha 4 L esT.hr '"/''" •''"'^- ^^^'^^-^ ^'^ 
 'nountains. a„,l New Westminster on n"''^'* ='* Kamlcops. in the 
 and re„K.ins in New ^e^Z^^^^; D strl^t'Sh /'"' ''"'^" ^'^''-l^nr^T, 
 »ito private hands, and hcniesteul no . . ^T ""^ •'''"^•'»^'y r^ssod 
 
 c-u„..a . ,.„„ .„„„„„, .„ .,.;';;:-:l"' „,'';^,,"';;-„^'^H^ -a, n.u.,. 
 
 I 
 
the Crown, without ^^ situated at Kamloops. Ik 
 
 KISIIKniRS. 
 
 million lanils 
 
 in the province 
 
 his own instance 
 til the Chief Cond- 
 ition ir. writing of 
 te of pre-emption, 
 nd to the value of 
 )roducing the pre 
 lit. 
 
 id paying for the 
 simple. He pays 
 
 r per acre, »vhich 
 ■St instalment two 
 y tliereafter, but 
 y a the land is 
 
 I reserves to th« 
 nerchantable roal 
 Sne slack. 
 
 ly have recorded 
 ) become a Brit- 
 
 Si if resident in 
 
 36. 
 
 rposes, the re- 
 '■ from the nat- 
 paswing through 
 ammissioner. 
 
 taken tvr debt 
 J to a value not 
 ire also free up 
 Iso protected by 
 
 ?s of t.ie Cana- 
 th.' timber and 
 i tract of land, 
 valuable r^- 
 uterior of Can- 
 itions as are 
 ies, except that 
 vated for not 
 try, but they 
 Agencies for 
 loops, in the 
 h^ agricultmal 
 • Iready passed 
 it in Hrltish 
 'Hy for which 
 
 acquired bypurehase at five dol,a.. per acre, free ror^^LSTcc 
 ■did.ns. This is the minimum pric- of sue i i-,,,,! ■ -^ 
 
 -vacant .n the New Westn,inster Land District ""^' '""=''"' 
 
 be 
 con- 
 ing 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 I ree schools are established throughout the l^-ovince. Whenever n 
 
 mnnnuu. a t, mlance o, ten pupiLs can be secured, the G ,ven uent 'un 
 
 pl.es a certilie:l teacher, so that there is hardlv a settlen e n the" 
 
 br;;^:^ritr:^:i^;;^.!;-^;;;r'^;:j-nU^^^^^ 
 
 ih. Province, educating 10.773 cl^M^"Z^^\'£.SS:'t t^r^''^ 
 
 jvlute population, _ About one-sixth of the total eX''o?'thFrcv"ice 
 
 Is thus expended, irrespective of the large vearly o rants rom iL ^f 
 
 panment of Land and Works for tne erertion nf " , ^^' 
 
 „„i , » » iv.T ivji iiie erection oi school honse=; f^tr- 
 
 and a sun, abnost equal which city municipalities pav n salar'ies to 
 their own teachers. In these latter tlipi-o ,,-« .,i i , S'aiaiies to 
 
 provide a more advanced in.structT.m "' ' """'' ^''"^^ 
 
 FIS: rZRIES. 
 An important part of the future trade of «rifi^-i, <vi i- 
 
 d«cp pools „„cke<i ai,„„.t\o,i., .f ,, .■^■,i^kr.^.;T:rjLm'-<>,'i:' 
 
 Fraser Rivpi- h.Tf *>,^. r,rcaier niunDei of canneries are on the 
 
 rrasei Knei, but there are some i.i the far north 
 
 ^a c -.r' ''^'"•""" T'^' '■''' -'-"^'^^nt, and valued for thl table Shu 
 
 frSut-r t,:?r •;:;;;;;i; "^--^-^ ^^ ^''-'»-*' -^^^ ''-> ^^ke and brook 
 
 Iwho^'^^miggle'v:^ aaJr" .;; !'" '"""'^ '^^^'^"^ ^"^^^^"'^ -''^ -«tland 
 "Rritish Cohunlda v.un fin " Z'" "'.'*^*^ '•*=''" Percentage, who, in 
 
 ■^hundreds .via; I7n,he^ TT 7 V\.^ '"^^' ''^''''' '''''^'''^' ^^"^^ 
 '"the beeinni o ofi . *'"' """'* "^ LVcember than thej 
 
 tne beginning of January who would experience a 
 .^tion of hfe on the coast of British Columbia. 
 
 ^with^'Js^ .:i:;;;v;Ku;d ;;nn /n'n ^^^r"r^*""' ^'"^^ ^'^^^^-^^^ — ^^ 
 
 ;.nanv claiinants The -e ' f'''"' '^""'^ ^'''""^ ^^''^'•y ^^^'^ '^^^ 
 
 l^oat asl re- 1 e I-uk[ fs h T' '■'"* '" ^'''''' "" '"'''^^^ *^' ''^^'^ *« '•"•' ^ 
 
 .;;ritish seas ;o^J'^L;^.^an:r':e:^^r^c:^tl:^r:^^;.;■t.i.i:;^ >'- 
 
 "'-'% 'ns piece of land and his boa. by no n.an's favour. 
 
 were at 
 very different condi- 
 
 own 
 
26 
 
 lililTISlI (•(>(. fMMiA. 
 
 I\ 
 
 dor/t '*c:the?"vn;rtre" ol fish ^T^^ ^^^ ^^^" ^'^^^^^ ^i^h trout, 
 district, and those oSeLotennv. . •./'""''.;" ,*''" """^^ Westnunste 
 either with rod or troll ^°"*^"^^ '^'^ favourite localities for fishermen 
 
 comS^M^^ ^:tt:nt'^;:^::]^t- ^^ ^"" -i-Portant when 
 the province, stili it harinproved ani I^oLT'T^ ^''}'''^ possibilities of 
 past few years, showin, rTci4se sHce Xa^rT^''■'""^ ^"^"^^ the 
 the progress and enterprise o^ he neon e ^rt *''-'^\^I'^^ks volumes for 
 f^oal, gold, timber, masts and snnrf? I'rominent exports are fish, 
 and spirits. A large portion of ^hrU;"" ''"'^ '^*"'' ^'^ °"' ''°^^' hop 
 Great Britain, the UnUed Sta es ^n? a'°'I' ";?""«'! ^"^ Pi^kied, goes ,. 
 ian Islands consume a large ^h'^'^o^^ ^*''**^" ^'''^ "^^^i- 
 
 tities of timber are shipped to A^.?L ? exported coal, and great quan- 
 To Great Britain and the United Sntil "'^"'^ P"""'" '" ^°"th America, 
 peltries of land animals and the nnch ^"^. '""* *'*^ ^^'"^^'»« ^"^« ^""J 
 also receives a considerab e amo n of^V'^n ''^'-^"^ °"^^' ^*^- ^^ina 
 able shipments of f.^lVnn- ^'""""^^ »* lumber, timter and furs. Valu- 
 
 Hawaiian Islands Thei 1 XstHr« .? ^^V'''/'"'"'''^"^' ^"^ '-^l^^ *« the 
 portance. are destined to Son e 7e^^ ,"^1 "ll'^^'u "' --^^^^-ble im- 
 enterprises in the near future Wifh H, J l^ ''''^" '""^ ''^'"^ profitable 
 
 Canadian Pacific Railway and" til J f^'^^'}'!^ facilities offered by the 
 Australia and the 11^14 uir? Pi ^^e^^^^fip lines to Japan, China, 
 
 advantages of clL/at? ."a „eoo,.'^ V " , ''^"^'' '""'^^^ ^^^ ^er natura 
 in tin^ber and minerals Sritlsh r!f ?• ''°''''""' ^"^' "^""^"^^ resources 
 per share of the commerce of the worM ^^T^f'"''"""^ "'^*"'"*"^ ^^'^ P^o- 
 the globe more richly endowed sX^ ■ /''^'^ '^ "" «*her country on 
 eries, timber, niinera s ms me h ^'^"fd resources of wealth, as fish- 
 to those v.ho choose tc' ^vaU ^h'^ '^^ J''^"^"' ^*"- ^^^ all are open 
 fields for enterprise the„,se.ves of these new and attractive 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 mateXf^ri'^naJ^ffnTof^BHtLfror * V '''T' '" ^^^'^'^^ ^' *he cli- 
 siderably, while n the nferi^r the '«•«"• ^" *'^^ "^"^^^ '' ^^«-*^« ^O"' 
 marked. It may be divided nJoJhe ^^f ?r'' ^'^ ^'"* "^^^"^ Pl^*»l3r 
 zones. ^^^ '"*° *he southern, middle and northern 
 
 Thk .Southeun Zo.vk. 
 
 dary''Irne'49o''aL"5]o f 'V'", *^f * /« ^^ ^^tvveen the international boun- 
 8in'ninrat'Yale"l,fJpHTn;"\J^;/;;.^r^-«^°/, ^^e coast range be- 
 irrigation is essential to the or-. T T ,^ *''='* country in which 
 
 i.om the air losing^L-^t^e fr^ls- V^rSa-nge"'^^ '^^^^^^ '' ^^"^^ 
 
 o«e^;:;::ain^^:,;;s?^'catue'"^^^!s '-'^'.-y -^-^ -"^^" 
 
 annual temperature dileis Tittk from H,-.. f .J''"'"'"^' "^^^ "^^^" 
 greater diflerence is observed hoJeTr bei ween t^e' '""'* '■'^*°"' " 
 winter temperature and n «fiii „ \ ' "^"^^^" *he mean summer and 
 
 heat and cold are compared THr/,?**f'^ ^^''"" *''« ^^t^«'"^« ^" 
 River, 700 feet abovrthe 1'. '" '''* ''' P°'"* ^" ^^e Thompson 
 
 showed 7.00 in h2togetrerwiVh''%.^^'"'"^ '"*'^" -^-^^^ 1«75 'and 
 Esquimau it was%S%Thrvt^nf T^' '"^'^'"^ "-9^' ^^^ile at 
 
 district further north ;ndth.i^'" ''' f'"'*^' ='"^^ "'»J'^*^'- t^an the 
 usually very tMnwZ:^.'^^.T\^'':'l'' ^^U.U..ept slopes arr 
 
 ^ir.i. i.attlf as uell as horses winter out, and 
 
 Van( 
 feing al 
 
 !bout fi) 
 0,000 s 
 Ide, is 
 .^jlima^e, 
 Vest of 
 
VANCOUVER Isr.ANn. 
 
 eked with trout, 
 New Westminster 
 ities for fishermei; 
 
 27 
 
 tiimportant when 
 ire possibilities of 
 rfully during the 
 )eaks volumes for 
 exports are fish, 
 h oil, wool, hops 
 
 pickled, goes to 
 ;ates and Hawai- 
 
 and great quan- 
 
 South America, 
 aluable furs and 
 )tter, etc. China 
 
 and furs. Valu- 
 8 fish at 1 he leen 
 
 and also to the 
 
 considerable im- 
 I very profitable 
 es offered by the 
 to Japan, China, 
 
 by her natural 
 imense resources 
 (taining her pro- 
 ther country on 
 
 wealth, as fish- 
 ind all are open 
 
 and attractive 
 
 king of the cli- 
 ; it varies con- 
 more plainly 
 and northern 
 
 rnational boun- 
 aast range be- 
 mtry in which 
 irises of course 
 
 ' exists which 
 I. The mean 
 ast region; a 
 1 summer and 
 le extremes oi 
 the Thompson 
 ?ar 1875 and 
 1.84, while at 
 Ider than the 
 i^ept slopes arr 
 iter out, and 
 
 ^ the former, unlike the latter, will not scrape for their food, this cir- 
 ^stance serves in some degree as a guide to the nature of the 
 
 The report of the Geological Survey of Canada, says of it: "The 
 
 ^ole of British Columbia south of latitude 52" and east of the Cas- 
 
 des IS really a grazing country up to an altitude of 3,500 and a 
 
 rnung country up to 2,500 feet, where water can be conveyed for irri- 
 
 gting purposes. The question cf water in this district must be ever 
 
 •S,vp/,I'r.^'^ ;J T'^ ^^^''' ^^" ^^*'"^'"-''' ^^""'"'^y' ^- E- formerly Lieut.- 
 fJveinor of the c<;lony, m speaking of the interior and its advantages 
 |r settlement, said: "It will demand not a little faith by those livFng 
 m the same parellels of latitude in Europe to believe that wheat will 
 |pen any. here at all, at altiCr.des from 2,500 to 3,500 feet, and other 
 train at even more. * * » Newrtheless such is the fact." 
 
 TllJ5 MrODI.K ZoXK. 
 
 ^ This comprises the region between 51° nnd 53^ north latitude and 
 
 Shw'm" . • tW?""*""'"""" P^"*^ °* *^« province, including the 
 ^riboo Mountains, the locality of the most celebrated gold-fields yet 
 discovered in British Columbia. The rainfall is heavier there than in 
 le southern zone and the forest growth therefore becomes more dense. 
 mZ^ !" . u settlements in this division varies from 1,900 to 
 
 In^w i! r"" *u'' 'r^'l^^ *^'''^^^' 3'^^ ^e^t ^»"S al^o"t the maxi- 
 fum height for wheat, though other grains ripen at a greater altitude 
 gom longitude 122« the land falls toward the valley of%he Fraser, the 
 #imate becomes milder than in the mountains, and bunch-grass grows 
 tat of'^fi ''f '"""^ ''^*^^. ^'^'''^'^' '^'^^ ^""^^t^- 'f le«s attractive than 
 ^rticulari; SthT ""' "^'^^ "'' ""* ^^ *'^ ^°^^* "'^"^^' ^ 
 
 The Xortuekn Zoni:. 
 
 n,ni,il?''''Jf •"'"' "^ *''*^ country hardly falls within the scope of this 
 imphlet. It is necessarily remote from the line of the Canadian Pacific 
 failway, and except for its gold „nnes and the fish in its waters, wiU 
 ;^t, by reason of its distance, attract immediate settlement 
 
 wJeJ^!^^i!^^''I'T *?^ '^'-e^^'ng that British Columbia possesses 
 •^greater variety of climate than any country of its size, and that the 
 
 SlTd^ifinrd"''''''''""" 'between one and the other are singularly abrupt and 
 
 m SPORT. 
 
 ^Jr ^^t*"" to its many advantages already referred to, British Col- 
 ombia offers great attractions to the lover of rod and g m. Of game 
 
 t^ ^"h T'"' ^''"'" '^ ^ ^'■""* ^^^^«*y- 0" the mainland, are gS, 
 
 ■fteep and goat, heads and skins of which are tlie finest trophies of a 
 
 So HrT '; f '• ?"*r" *""•• ^^^■^' ^"<=^' '''■' ^'^ ^-ry abundant on 
 rtn.i fi^?, f^' '''"'* *'''^^'' ^""^ ^^'■*^'*='^ varieties of grouse are the prin- 
 cipal feathered game, and can always be found in the season. 
 
 »»,. , *, , ^"'■es°*"8 pages the statements made, with the exception of 
 to RHH 1 T, '*",'^- ^^''"^^'-^tional facilities, have applied almost exclusively 
 to British Columbia on the mainland, and -lot to adjacent islands. 
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND 
 Vancouver Island is the larg,>.st on the west coast of America. 
 Being about three hundred miles long, and witli an a^-erage breadth of 
 abcmt fifty miles and contains an estimated area of from 12,000 to 
 20,000 square miles. The coast lino, more particularly on the west 
 SS'./f -r, Z numer-as inlets of the sea, some of which run up to 
 
 iei If'/, "" ''ittractive than that of the two great divisions east and 
 west of the coast range, is particularly healthy. 
 

 
 
 
 V''i ill 
 
 ^'^>'*' ,\^''i'--'' #1^^^"^ 
 ■■p ; k'. |.? I i.,„ 
 
 # " »| 
 
 'W'V'^iM^ 
 
 le Intel 
 
 tacked 1 
 
 ,nd cedj 
 
 itreanis, 
 
 llowers c 
 
 ami a p 
 
 parativc 
 
 inf> fruii 
 
 Island, i 
 
 Intersix' 
 
 diversifii 
 
 th«' soil 
 
 gettlenie 
 
 In c 
 
 lly woo( 
 
 there is 
 
 The 
 
 rendezvi 
 
 at the 1 
 
 approac 
 
 on the 
 
 vantage 
 
 urrarc 
 
 ther 1; 
 
 Lceedii 
 
 VIC 
 
 chief ci 
 
 Hudson 
 
 Idelightf 
 
 '''%iew of 
 
 Bnow-ca 
 
 from If 
 
 of mine 
 
 3sh cit 
 
 J toria ii 
 
 acconin 
 
 able he 
 
 tables. 
 
 notice. 
 
 red at 
 
 utside 
 
 heps, 
 
 'faciliti( 
 
 the Go 
 
 ■y^'Buffragi 
 
 ^ tM the 
 
 niary « 
 
 ar(^ Pr 
 
 library 
 
 volent 
 
 Vic 
 
 Pacific 
 
 from J 
 
 and V; 
 
 isles '1 
 
 portan 
 
 mainla 
 
 Victor! 
 
VANCiUVKK ISI.ANP 
 
 29 
 
 
 pmm 
 
 <'i\fi I 
 
 surface is beautifully 
 and on the east coast 
 offered to agricultural 
 
 ihe interior of the island for many miles between precipitous clifts, 
 lacked by high and rugged mountains, which are . lothed in fir, hemlock 
 Ind cedar At some points are sheltered bays which receive small 
 itreams, watering an open gladed country, having a growth of wild 
 Sowers and grasses-the white clover, sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy 
 and a profusion of berries. The two ends of Vancouver Island are, com- 
 Darativdv speaking, flat, but there are mountains in the interior rang- 
 ing from"(),U()0 to IV-KKJ feet on tne liighest ridges. The interior of the 
 Island, still unsettled at any distance from the sea coast, is largely 
 Interspersed with lakes and small streams. The 
 
 .diversified by mountains, hills ar.d oyen prairies, 
 
 Phr soil is so good that great encouragement is 
 
 iicttl^nicnt 
 
 In other parts the soil is light and of little depth, but it is heav- 
 ily wooded. In the inland lakes, and in the indentations of the coast, 
 there is a plentiful supply of fish and a fair vaiiety of game on shore. 
 The princiial harbor is that at Esquimalt, which has loi<g been the 
 rendezvous of the British squadron in the North laiific. It is situated 
 at the south end of the island, on the eastern side, and can be 
 approached in foggy weather by means of soundings, which are marked 
 ' ftn the admiralty charts, for a considerable distance seaward, an ad- 
 J^antage possessed by very few anchorages, and with the exception ot 
 SBurrard Inlet, at the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, by no 
 Pother large harbor on that coast. The scenery of Vancouver Island is 
 '^ceedingly varied and picturesque, 
 
 VICTORIA (pop, 23,(XX)) is the capital of British Columbia and the 
 Chief city of Vancouver Island. It was formerly a stockaded post of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company and was then called Fort Victoria. It i» 
 delightfully situated on a small arm of the sea, commanding a superb 
 View of the Straits of Georgia, the mountains of the mainland, and 
 snow-capped Mount Baker in the distance. Tlie city's age may date 
 from 1858, when the discovery of gold on the mainland brought a rush 
 of miners from the south. It is now a wealthy, well-built and very Eng- 
 lish city, with business and shipping interests of great importance. Vic- 
 toria is pre-eminently a place to delight tourists, and has ample 
 accommodation for a large floating population, having several comfort- 
 able hotels, one or two of which are noted for the excellence of their 
 tables. Various public bui'dings are also worthy of more than passing 
 notice'. NU-st of the manufacturing interests vi the province are cen- 
 tred at Victoria. It has the largest iron works on the Pacific Coast 
 outside of San Francisco, and several smaller foundries and machine 
 .■!8hcns, and many factories. The city is amply provided with educational 
 " facilities, both public and private. The public schools are supported by 
 "^the Government, and controlled liy a school board elected by popular 
 suffrage. Besides the.^e there are the ladies' college, under the auspices 
 of the Anglican Church, and an academic institution, as well as a pri- 
 mary school, maintained by the Roman Catholic denomination. There 
 are Protestant and Roman Catholic orphanages. The city has a public 
 lil)rary of about lO.CKX) volumes, and several of the fraternal and bene- 
 volent societies also have libraries of considerable size. 
 
 Victoria has the advantage of being a port call of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway Company's Royal ^hul Steamship Line steamers to and 
 from Japan, Cliina and Australia. Steamers run daily between Victoria 
 and Vancouver, and the trip from city to city through the clustered 
 isles of the Straits of Georgia is very pleasant. Boats ply to all im- 
 portant I uget Sound ports, and to points northward on the island and 
 mainland and all regular San Francisco and Alaska steamers call at 
 Victoria. 
 
30 
 
 BKITISK COLr.MUl A— ISLANDS. 
 
 Hi 
 
 The city has for many seasons been a favorite resort for tourists 
 and appears to be growing steadily in popularity. The country fo; 
 some nUles about the city supports a scattered farming popu^^tion anj 
 
 larly good farming country, being better adapted to fruit culture! Here 
 every variety o fruit grown in a tempera - clin.ate attains peculiar 
 
 the ita^'fut"".^"" "'*"" ''°""''' ''' '^^^'""^ '' '^'-^^^"^ indus't" ii; 
 
 . rw'^^J^K^^-"~'^,'!.''''''^u ^ ^'"''" *'''"' ''* "^« northern corner of the 
 harbor of Esquimalt. The nucleus of it are some British Government 
 
 V. i i?n r''"'''V"^,"* " "^^'"' '^"^P**='*' ^» ^^^««"«1 ^"'i «ther dock- 
 yaid buildings. In the immediate -icinity of these the town has arisen 
 
 there are two churches, a public school, two hotels or inns! and a 
 number of residences and business buildings. In the territorial division 
 of Esquimau tnere are several farming settlements and one oj two 
 maiuuactories, including a boot and shoe manufactory and a saw-mill 
 Esquimal is only three and a half miles from Victoria by land, and is 
 seAice ''' '*" ''^' ''" ^^celle.c macadamized road and an electric car 
 
 NANA l^l(.. -Situated on rising ground and overlooking a line harbour 
 on the eist coast of Vancouver Island, is the thriving dty of Na^iaiZ 
 with a popu ation of about 5,000, and ranking next to Victoria in m^ 
 
 r: r? /'"'"'''"':'".?'""■' '''^"" >*« ^--""g interest and sWppg 
 business for support. Nanaimo Harbour is connected by a deep channel 
 
 CO l'7Y'"r, '^'''''- ''''''' '''' ''"'''''' ''^'' fi"^» ^'^'^ anchorage Van! 
 couxei Island bituminous coal is now acknowledged to be superior for 
 all piactical purposes to any coal on the Pacific Coast. Four compa- 
 nies operate mines in the vicinity of Nanaimo. I arge quantities are sent 
 to San Irancisco, to the Hawaiian Islands and China, being shipped 
 irom either Nanai.no or Departure Bay. Nanaimo is also the coaUng 
 station or the British squadron in the Pacific. A large number of men 
 find employment in the mines and about the docks, and the town for 
 ts size IS well supplied with the requirements af a growing population 
 It has churches, schools, hotels, water works, telephone. Snd such^i 
 dustries as a tannery, boot and shoe manufactory, saw-.nill. shipyard 
 etc., and weekly and semi-weekly newspapers. Much of the land is 
 excellent for agricultural purposes. There is a week-day train service 
 between Nanaimo and Victoria, and connection- 
 couver. 
 
 These three places. Victoria, Nanaimo and 
 south-eastern corner of Vancouver Island, are t..e principal centres 
 
 ner anTar'"'' 'TT""'''"' "" ^'^^ •^'^^"^' •"^>"»>' '" ^^e south cor: 
 sno'kPn nf ^" V'^^^ distances from the three principal places already 
 spoken of. Such is Cowichan. a settlement on the east coast about 
 midway between Victoria and Nanaimo. where the quality of the soi 
 permits farming to be carried on to son>e advantage. Saankh anothe 
 
 ?ornoV:i'irtht"'-*!:r\*'"Tr"*'^-"'*^*'- ^^^'^ ^-y^ c^eZii^', 
 
 bomenos, all in the neighborhood of Cowichan; Comox, some sixty miles 
 north of Nanaim,,. in the vicinity of which kre son.^ of the principal 
 
 gria?T;efo;:d!' ' ^'""^ '"^'""^ '''''''■'"''' «^ Esquimalt.LebS 
 THE SOIL OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 ..r. Ti'f ^°J* °! Vancouver Island varies considerably. In some parts 
 ;'? ^Pf '*^,?^ '^'=*>'' ^^"^ and gravel, sometimes partially mixed, and 
 freqiiently with a thick topsoil of vegetable mould of varying dep h. M 
 other places towards the north of the island on the eastern shore are 
 
 by steamer with Van- 
 
 Esquimau, all 
 the principal 
 
 on the 
 centres. 
 
(iKNKKAI. 
 
 31 
 
 t for tourists, 
 e country for 
 population ami 
 not a particu- 
 t culture. Here 
 tains peculiar 
 g industry in 
 
 corner of t'lc 
 sh Government. 
 1 other dock- 
 i\vn has arisen. 
 
 inns, and a 
 itorial division 
 
 one or two 
 id a saw-mill. 
 f land, and is 
 n electric car 
 
 a fine harbour 
 ty of Nanaimo 
 'ictoria in inl- 
 and shipping 
 
 deep channel 
 horage. Van- 
 ; superior for 
 
 Four compa- 
 tities are sent 
 eing shipped 
 o the coaling 
 umber of men 
 the town for 
 ig population, 
 and such in- 
 ill, shipyard, 
 : the land is 
 train service 
 er with Van- 
 
 , all Oil the 
 ipal centres, 
 lie south cor- 
 laces already 
 oast, about 
 of the soil 
 nich, another 
 Chemainus, 
 ! sixty miles 
 lie principal 
 lalt, are being 
 
 some parts 
 
 mixed, and 
 
 iig depth. At 
 
 n shore are 
 
 some rich loams. Immediately available for cultivation. The mixed soil 
 with proper treatment bears heavy crops if wheat; the sand and gra- 
 velly loams do well for oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, roots, etc., and 
 where the soil is a deep loamy one, fruit grows well. The following 
 average of the yield of a properly cultivated farm in the Comox dis- 
 trict is given by a member of the Canadian Geological Survey. This is 
 fron the best land in Comox, but there are other parts of the island 
 not niUi..> inferior. 
 
 Wheat, from 30 to 45 bushrl.s per acre; barley, 30 to 35 bushels; 
 oats, 50 to CO bushels; peas, 40 to 45 bushels; potatoes, 150 to 200 
 bushels; turnips, 20 to 25 tons per acre. 
 
 Some of the rocks of the island furnish excellent building material, 
 the grey granite being equal to Scotch and English granites. 
 
 TIMBER. 
 
 The timber of Vancouver Island is one of its richest products. 
 Throughout the celebrated "Douglas Fir" is found, and a variety of 
 coniferous trees grow on all parts of the island. It is impossible to 
 travel without marvelling at the forest growth. This exuberance is not 
 confined to the mammoth fir trees, or the enormous cedars; trees of 
 many of the deciduous varieties abouncf, so that either for lumber and 
 square timber, or for the settlers' immediate requirements 
 of cities, and as arbore<uis adornments to the homes, the 
 Vancouver Island have a value that every year will become 
 rent. 
 
 CLIMATE OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 Concerning Vancouver Island, it only remains to say in the import- 
 tant matter of climate its inhabitants believe, and with seme reason, 
 that they enjoy peculiar advantages. They have a mild and even winter, 
 with rain (the annual rainfall is estimated at 45 inches) and occasion- 
 ally snow; early spring; a dry, warm summer, and a clear, bright and 
 enjoyable autumn. Sometimes the frost is sufficiently hard to permit 
 of skating, but this is exceptional. As a rule flowers bloom in the 
 gardens of Victoria throughout the year. It is spoken of as England 
 without its east winds; in reality, it is Torquay in the Pacific. Fruits 
 of all kinds indigenous to the temperate climates ripen in the open air, 
 and amongst them, some that are in England brought to perfection 
 only under glass. Thunder storms seldom break over Vancouver Island. 
 It is this climate, combined with the situation of Victoria, that makes 
 that city such a pleasant abiding place. 
 
 for the use 
 forests of 
 more appa- 
 
 HOW TO REACH BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 FROM EUROPE.— The transatlantic steamers from Europe, from 
 about 20th November to 1st May, land their passengers at Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia, the Canadian winter port. From Halifax passengers are 
 carried to Montreal in the Canadian Pacific's tars. During the summer 
 and autumn months (about 1st May to 20th November) s amers land 
 passengers at Quebec, and thence the continent is crossed to Vancouver 
 via the Canadian Pacific Railway. When landed at New York, the route 
 thence is by Prescott, on the St. Lawrence River, or via Montreal. 
 
 The Atlantic passage usually takes from eight to ten days, and the 
 rail 'ay trip across the continent five days. A passenger can .go 
 
82 
 
 mUTIHH COI.ITMHIA— ISIAXDS. 
 
 and trading, by applyin . to aeentrof th« r" u t growmg, mining 
 1 ^^A^ 11 "PV»J'*"» lo agents of the Canadian Pacific Railway i., 
 
 London, Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow. Kallway in 
 
 HOW TO SEND MONEY TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 The colonist is recommended not to take EiiPH«h ^^«„ ^ t> ... , 
 Columbia. In Great Britain he shoxUd pay that portion of Z "''' 
 
 not wanted on the passage to the Post Office nnrllf "'°"^^' 
 
 ON ARRIVING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 It is sometimes better for a 
 to place his money on first arriv 
 (which allows interest), to take 
 some time, in order to gain a kn 
 management. 
 
 The immigration, (r Canadia 
 furni.sh information as to lands 
 districts, farms for sale, demanl 
 travel, distances, expense of con 
 
 The colonist should be carefii 
 into investments hastily. There 
 in the province. 
 
 n intending farmer of moderate means 
 al in the Government Savings Bank 
 lodgings and to work for wages for 
 owledge of colonial life and modes of 
 
 n Pacific, agent at port of arrival will 
 open for settlement in the respective 
 for labour, rates of wages, routes of 
 veyances, etc. 
 
 1 of his cash capital, and not put it 
 are Canadian Government SavingsBank^ 
 
 PRICE OF BOARD AND LODGING. 
 Very erroneous ideas prevail in some quarters as to the actual ex- 
 pense of living in the province. In old days, during the minhig boom 
 and prior to the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railwav, rates wei 
 undeniably high But at present ,„e increased shi.>,.:ng hi cm tic. T. d 
 livelier competition have lowered prices all round, and necessaries o 
 life cost much less than in the adjacent United S ates Jermorv an 
 can be purchased at a very reasonable advance upon rulTng prYc'es n 
 Ontario and the provinces of Eastern Canada. Good boa d Ind lodgin" 
 at hotels costs from about ;f5 t . $6.50 rer week, or 20s. to 26s Ste": 
 
 r"etl"2i;"'i; Z'^'v' ^'-"f i^"^-^"^ P^'- '''''■' ^' ^' '^«- sterling \fnoe 
 meal, 25c., Is. Sterling; beds, EOc. and 25c., 2s. and Is. Sterlino ' 
 
 
 J' 
 
"■^ 
 
 1 a fortnight by 
 
 toria, the tickets 
 : or New York. 
 ;ickets by round- 
 stoppages and 
 Ing a ticket by 
 and continuous 
 
 British Coluni- 
 itlon officers of 
 lion of Canada, 
 
 all points in 
 relative to the 
 rowing, mining 
 ific Railway in 
 
 .UMBIA. 
 
 in to British 
 of his money 
 a money order 
 is money either 
 mibia, such as 
 British North 
 
 Oder ate means 
 
 Savings Bank 
 
 for wages for 
 
 and modes of 
 
 of arrival will 
 the respective 
 ges, routes of 
 
 id not put it 
 ; SavingsBanks 
 
 the actual ex- 
 mining boom 
 , ra tes were 
 acilitio., and 
 ecessaries of 
 ^rritory, and 
 ng prices in 
 I and lodging 
 to 26s. Stev. 
 erling; single 
 terling. 
 
 \ > ■•■ 
 
 I 'Lt: v^irir.. 
 
 VCItIC KVirMVA 
 
 n JLHE r.MES ot 
 
 ZLEM CVMVDV 
 
 VI/10 
 
 X 
 
 cornwBiv 
 
 Vb Ot. 
 
 :i 
 
 fi^ 
 
 y 
 
 Kf 
 
 r 
 
 '4 ■ 
 
 
 ■ ■ -r 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 M^ 
 
 \> 
 
 r-H 
 
 r^" 
 
 "^1 
 
 J 
 
 A\'\ 
 
 I 
 
 -1.. i -i. (■» W ,..■ •> 
 
 
 "-^l 
 
 1^ 
 
 %