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 MONTREAL . CANADA . PRICE 10 CENTS. 
 
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 ::: THE FAMILY 
 
 HERALD^AND 
 WEEKLY STAR 
 
 
 Ih addition to being the leading 
 Agricultural Journal of Canada 
 is also the best general news- 
 
 paper, and gives its patrons 
 more general r eading than can 
 be got in any other way by an 
 expenditure five times greater 
 than its subscription price 
 
 Send for a »n,mpie copy 
 and BatlBfy yourself .... 
 
 -i ' 
 
 FAMILY HERALD AND WEEKLY STAR 
 
 MONTREAL, QUE. 
 
 ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ %^^ 
 
Modern Bee-Keeping 
 
 BY GILBERT WINTLE. 
 
 REPRINTED FROIM 
 THE FAMILY HERALD AND WEEKLY STAR 
 
 1899. 
 
 rr?.i.'.^nF.i> cy 
 
 THE FAMILY HERALD PUBLISIILXG COMPANY, 
 
 MONTREAL, CANADA. 
 
 IMIKIC TKN CKXTS. 
 
This is not a bee-keeper's hand book. 
 It is not even an amateur bee-keeper's 
 hand book. But, in a modest way, it is 
 an attempt to explain to outsiders some- 
 thing about what is certainly a most 
 interesting, and, if systematically and 
 properly pursued, a very remunerative 
 country industry. 
 
MODERN BEE-KEEPING. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 TiiK I,!!'!'. Cvcij', (>i- A Hi;ic Community 
 
 In thinking or spi-akiny about l)ct>s (l>y 
 w'liii'ili I iiiL'ii.ii hivt' \)vv, a«. l.lifso (ire llif 
 only kind which wo shall hi'fe cohsmIciI 
 Ihi; liisi point to gra^p is that. cxc'Ih 
 iniltL'd in tiic laso dl tin- iiin'cn, tin- >o\\- 
 luiy l)(.'o in nothing. (>ni' woiktr b.\' 
 alone (unnot huihl cdmiIi, caniiol I'l'iiro 
 (luic its >|»('(it's, nay raniiut even k('i'|i .1 
 s»!U aiivo llirougli a niodciaU'ly colli iii;;li'. 
 Only as a nieinhcr oi a ii)imiumit\. tli^i is 
 to nay a liivi-, of a^ tin- piiiii'-~ioiial Ircc 
 Kt'opiT geiu'iailv rails it. a slock, i-^ it 
 albe to take its shan,' in coml) Imildiiij,, 
 honey gat ht'i'ing and storing, and the rear 
 ing of the young; and tvcn then a worker 
 bee that is born in May or .June will hav. 
 worked itM'lt out and died beiore si'\ en 
 weeks have pa'^sed, so that il will iievei 
 see tile result ot' its own laliour-: but I lie 
 eoniinuiiily lives on and prolits by ihein. 
 J propose to lullnw a bi'i' coinniunii \ 
 tlirougii one (•nnii)lete lite cycle; that l^ 
 to say i'roiu the tnne when it i-^ues ioilli 
 as a swarni troni the parent hive, uniil, 
 having sately pa-^ed tlu' winter, it i- 
 ready next year to send inU. swarm- n 
 Bell'. And it we trace this iirst on tn. 
 supjiosition that the bees are left to iheir 
 own devices, are wild in lact, we shall ial.n 
 be belter able to appreciate the s-ii'iitiii 
 eally I'oiistructed hives, and skilful nrini- 
 pulation, the use and practice ol which 
 constitute modern bee-keeping. 
 
 Most ot us have seen bees swarniiu'.'. 
 We know iiow the\' coiiie boiling out ol 
 tlic iiive, ll.ving round and round, makiie.'. 
 that peeul ar excited bu/.zing, so well 
 known to tiie bt c-kei per as the swarminu 
 note, until tlie ettect i- that ol a d.iik 
 cloud of eddying and (apparently) luriou- 
 in-ents. I'loiple are apt to hive >iicli eiiri 
 misly variant itlica.s about tlit' miinlier <:!' 
 bees in a swarm or in a hive, that it may 
 be well to state beb)re going on that the 
 number of bees in tliis cloud i< generally 
 somewhere about twenty thoniand. an! 
 that probably as manj' more have stayed 
 behind to carry on work in the parent 
 hive. Twenty thousand does certainly 
 seem a great many; but it anyone who has 
 seen a swarm will remember how the air 
 through quite a large space was literally 
 black with bees, and will then reflect how 
 small an insect a bee is, I think that he 
 
 will cease to wonder at the figure. Gradual- 
 ly this cloud of insects moves as a whole 
 111 the direction ot some convenient tree 
 or bush, generally ipiite clohc to the hive, 
 say twenty yards Iroin it. And now llie 
 cliud seems to be gettinii thinner, and a 
 (■irelul inspection will show that a cb.is- 
 t*'r of bees is biing lormcd on one ot the 
 brainlies. This cluster rapidly increases in 
 s:zc, until it lias ab-oibed nearly all the 
 bees in the air, by wliicli time it resem- 
 bles, if 1 may be allowed a homely 
 simile, nothing so much as a big blaci; 
 jeiiy hag At this point, pre>umably, the 
 bee-keeper has come up and hived vlio 
 ^waiiu and we liave seen no more ot it; 
 but in the ease we are following we will 
 suppose that no bee keeper conii's to inter- 
 V( rr. 
 
 J bough most of the swarm are in the 
 cluster, a few, some hundreds perhaps, 
 aie now away scouting, searchiim. that is 
 to sa\ . for a suitaible | lace lor tilie new 
 lit me. t)cca-hinaliy a few of these scouts 
 come in and join the cluster, having ap- 
 parently been unsuce»;ssfiil and given it up. 
 At la>t, however, all in a body, as if they 
 weie iiuliil;'.ing in a miniature swarm on 
 liicir (twn accnunt, the succe>slul scouts 
 •(liiiii; the clu~ti'r melts away, and, with 
 tilt, scouts leading, the whole swarm starts, 
 olf for the place they have found. Nine 
 times out of ten this will be a hollow tree. 
 Tbt hist care of the bees, after taking pos- 
 session of their new quarters, is to see 
 that the queen is safe. The queen is the 
 only perfect female in the oomnumity, that 
 is to say. she is the only bee that can Ifiy 
 eggs ami rei)roduce the species, so if any- 
 thing . has happened to her, the whole 
 swarming has been a failure, and there is 
 nothing else for the bees to do but go 
 ignominionsly back to the parent hive and 
 ask to be taken in again. As soon as the 
 bees have reassured themselves of ffer 
 Majesty's safety, the workers begin their 
 hist serious task, the building of comb. 
 It is the more important, that no time 
 should be lost in setting to work at thi% 
 as, since the queen lays her eggs in the cells 
 of the comb, till this is ready she must re- 
 main idle. 
 
 TJefore leavmg the parent hive, each 
 worker, like a prudent adventurer,filled up 
 
MODKRN BEl-;-KKKPING. 
 
 her honey sac (whiolj constitutes a con^i- 
 (lerabk' pai-l of ji bcr's anatomy) with 
 honey, on tlu' priiK'i|»li', 1 .>4n|)poHi', that an 
 she hatl liflpcd to gather it, she minht lair- 
 ly take i^oinc; of it away; so the now eoni- 
 nuiiiitv is ready to start coinh huiUlinK 
 with honey hi-ou^lit from the paient hive. 
 Hut eomit, you may say, is not made of 
 honey, hul of wax. Kxaetly, but wax i> 
 made .tf honey, tiiat is to say, tlie bee ni\i^ 
 the lioney and tiicn seeretes the wax l>,v 
 a tdand. The process i-; as folh)ws; The 
 bees suspend themselves in lonn leslooiis 
 from tile roof, when every worlier is in 
 plate, perfect stillru'ss is ki'pt. the lempiMM- 
 ture rises, and jiraduailv on tlu' uiidei' sidi 
 of each bee a|>pear lillle globules of li(|ui(i 
 wax, wliich soon harden into little tlak.'s 
 or -scales. 'I'hen one of the bees near the 
 top takes a scale from hei' body, chews il 
 to make it plastic, ami attaches it to the 
 to|» of the hive; another follows, and soon, 
 bee by bee, each one aildin^i a little liere, 
 or tliinninu otV there, the comb begins to 
 nssiiiiu' delinite shape. It is not necessary 
 for tin- bees all to hang together like this 
 to nroduce wax; but the stillness and IukIi 
 temptMiiture favimr its secretion, and in an 
 empty hive, when a comb is wanted at 
 once, this is how they always ))roceed. 
 
 Ami now the hive settles down to ordin 
 ar.v rt)ntine. The (pieen lays cji^s, and so 
 many does she lay, and so constantly does 
 she k«>ep to this duty that a do/en or so 
 of worker bees have to attend on her, feed- 
 inu her. ivnd eleaninK out the cells in which 
 >»he IS to lay. The duties of workers are 
 indeed many and varied. A lew are posted 
 as guarils or sentinels at the entrance, and 
 any marauding bee or w-nsp ia stopped, and 
 perha|)s sluiig, by them if ho shouhl try 
 to enter. Otlier workers, their number 
 vaiying according to the temperature, do 
 (bitv as what are called fanners, and with 
 their wings keep up a I'Onstant circulation 
 of air thiough the whole hive; and so well 
 do they do their work that on a hot day 
 a lighted match held in front of the hive 
 entrance is almost blown out. A nuicli 
 larger proportion of worker bees arc en- 
 Raged in making the home tight and wea 
 therproof. These little masons, or ratle-r 
 plasterers, get from the trees a kind of 
 Kummy substance, called j)ropolis. with 
 Avhich they |)roceed to rtll ui) every crack 
 or cranny that might let in the rain. Some- 
 times they n»ix the propolis with wax. 
 
 liut the main body of the workers are 
 neither queen attendants, nor sentinels, nor 
 fannms, nor plasterers, but foragers. All 
 through the tlay they are going and com- 
 ing, sallying forth, brisk and slim, and re- 
 turning, flying slowly, with distended honey 
 ■ac, and perhaps legs packed witli pollen 
 
 as well, to deposit their plunder in the 
 comb, anil then set out for more. The 
 e\|tressiun "legs packed with i)ollen" re- 
 quires »'X|)lanation. The himl legs of u 
 worker ln-e are provided with hairs, which 
 in conjuiict'ion with the bee's thigh form 
 ;> kind of banket; and v. hen she visits a 
 ilowcr, after siie has tilled her honey sac 
 with nectar, if there is any pollen she packd 
 it into the.se. 
 
 Tims a bee well loaded with pollen ap- 
 pears to drag after her two little yellow 
 balls. ><o prominent are these that one 
 classical writer evolved, and immortalized 
 111 \ei>e. the idea that these were two 
 l>ebbles, which the intclligt'iit insect carried 
 to balaiu-e herself with in high winds ! The 
 ptdieii, like honey, is for food. Hut 
 though full-llcilged bees do eat pollen, its 
 chief u«t' is for making into ))aste with 
 honey, which is fed to th(> grubs. 
 
 On the fiiurlh day these young grubs will 
 be lialchiiig out, and from now on tbei'c 
 will be another duty for the worker bees to 
 perform tlhait of aurscs. -hHi at firsi tihe 
 nurse btes feed the grubs witii a sort of 
 pap wliidli they .srcivte — one miglil aluHist 
 call it milk, if it did not sound absurd t>) 
 talk of bee milk; but the grubs are not giv- 
 en much of this, and soon have to be con- 
 tent with the above mentioneil |»aslc of 
 pollen and honey. As tJu' gland which pro- 
 duce.s the pap tends to atiophy and dry up 
 win II the bee is about three weeks oid this 
 duly of nurses is generally undertaken by 
 the xouiiiicst among the workers. After 
 about six days' nursiing the grub will be 
 full grown, and the nurses seal him nj) in 
 his cell witii a little cap made of wax 
 mixed up with i)olleii, and finally, .just three 
 weeks from the time the queen laid the 
 egg, what has been sealed uj) as a grub eats 
 its way ("lit. a iierfect boo. And niow that 
 the younger generation has appeared to rein- 
 force the remnant of the original twenty 
 thousand, all .should go well. More combs 
 will be built, breeding will go on faster, 
 and large slores of lioney will be laid up 
 for winter. 
 
 So far the only kind of bees that f have 
 mentioned have Iteen the <iueen bee and the 
 workers, and, as no doubt the reader has 
 noticed, T have called them both "slie."' 
 And both are female, really, but in the 
 worker the ovipositing and other sexual 
 organs are in so rudimentary a condition, 
 that U)v all i)ractical i)unios('s the workers 
 are neither male nor female, but neuter. 
 The queen, on the contrary . is, as wc have 
 «ecn. the mother of every bee in the colony. 
 Hut besides queens and workers, there is a 
 third kind of bee, the drones or males. 
 These latter do no work, and, as soon as 
 the honey flow shows signs of slackening 
 
MODF.RN HRK-KEEPINO. 
 
 ill autuiiiii, the iWorkciN drive tluMU from 
 11h> 111 VI' to (lif. A>< the honey How Ic-- 
 senH st.ill more, fewer bee-* ^o out us for- 
 iigers, uiul more work us plasterer-, until, 
 at tlie appHKU'li of winter, tliey are pnn'tii'- 
 ally all jtatlierinn propolis, ami painting it 
 over the inside of their home, and tliis ^(ics 
 on till the weather hecomes too eold for 
 tihem tr venlurc outside the hive. By ihi-* 
 tnme tlio (pucn, Um, ilia.s siopj'ivl lliiyiii';;. 
 
 'Il.lero is not miicih to »iy ahmit tJie l):'ts 
 ill wilder, (ilii.stered itiogntiher aiiioiiiiH. lllie 
 (lomhs, nidin^j each otlu'r to keep warm, 
 they lire not o.xaetly ilormanl, for every 
 now andilten, l»y which mu-t he undpr- 
 Htood evi'iry few chiys. tliey have 'to take 
 food, and it is wlieii they leave the eliis- 
 ter in search of this that tliuy are mos-t in 
 dan,u:er oC free/,in;i to diMth. When Sprinti 
 contes, Work ))("p:ins anaiii, especially foi' the 
 (pieen, who must lay her hardo-4, -inee the 
 bees that have t?otie ttironi^ii the winter will 
 not last lonj?, and need to Vje reidaeeil. In 
 fact to Mich an extent is breedin<i imw 
 carried on that soon tlie hive is too full. 
 'I'hen nature decrees that the (pieen, and 
 perhaps half the bees, should feel the 
 swarming fever; and some fine day they 
 go otf and .start a new home elsewhere. 
 
 .\nd the parent hive, whose fortunes we 
 liave been folIowiuK, left now without a 
 (pieen, will it not die out? No, for the 
 bees tiicniselves will provide a new queen, 
 and this is hmv they will do it. They 
 choose some eel!, in which the queen who 
 has (U'.serted them has just laid an egn, 
 and, with «reat eare not to injure the e«K, 
 they enlarpe the cell, until it is about three 
 tinies its former size. Jt is now vvKat i* 
 known as a queon cell. Wiien tiie little 
 urub hatches out, the nurses, instead ot 
 feeding it only for a day or two on the 
 pap secretion, and then weaning it on to a 
 |)aste of pollen and honey, as they wouhl 
 tlo to an ordinary grub, feed it on the pap 
 .secreition altogether. What with the stim- 
 ulative pt)wers (if this mysterious food, and 
 l.h^' extra room for development ifiven by 
 tlie enlui'Kcd cell, the bee, which finally 
 iNMU'rties,is a perfci t (pieen. Next year tills 
 new (pieen will go with a swarm, and the 
 bees will have to raise another, that the 
 eommuiiity may live on; and so on each 
 year. Thus you see, although tJiere is (vnly 
 one (pieen bee in each hive, yet, so long as 
 there is an unhalehed egg, or even a very 
 young grub, in the hive, they can always 
 re-ipieen themselves if they lose li«r. 
 
 CH.M'TER ir. 
 
 The History oi- I'.ra-^Kiau'iNfi. 
 
 ns 
 
 We have now traced, albeit in the eriid- 
 est outline, the life cycle of a bee Cnvn- 
 niunity under iiiitural condit'oas, that is to 
 say under bee management. Now we will 
 look at the matt''r from the bee-keeper's 
 ]ioint of view, beginning wiih a glance at 
 the history of bee-keejiiiig. 
 
 In pre-historic times, when all men were 
 hunters, they i)rolKihly obtaint'd honey by 
 bee-ihunling. If they did not think of it 
 themselves, the bears wdre there to show 
 them the way. IJut ^v"hen iikmi began to 
 settle (h)wn, and to till the ground, and 
 cultivate crojis, they must surely have hit 
 on some simpler method of g.ttiiii: tludr 
 honey tihan tlie clumsy one of hunting for 
 bee-trees in the foi.>st. 1 say " must have " 
 because in tliose day-', wihcn sugar was un 
 known, honey, which Ave now look oi as 
 p:;mewliat of a luxury, was the only sweet- 
 ener, and consequently almost a necessity, 
 .^t any rate the records at Thebe-i show 
 tli«it the ancient Kgyi)tian was a be:^'-ke;'p- 
 er, and one too who went into the busine a 
 Ml a pretty extensive scale. Pfe used to 
 load up great flat-bottomed boats with 
 
 hives of bees, and float them down the 
 Nile, timing to reach each i)oiiit a little 
 after the overflow of the river had sub- 
 sided, when the whole valley would be 
 l.urstiiig into blossom. I may add that the 
 sanie S'ort of floating apiary is used o i the 
 "Nile to this day, and is also used, thoui?h 
 less extensively, on the Danube. Some 
 years ago the same thing was tried on the 
 "Mississippi, where, however, it was not a 
 success; but of course the conditions of 
 the Nile and its valley are unique. Hei a 
 were kei)t by the (Jieeks and by the Ro 
 mans; and it is interesting to note that 
 Blount Hymettus, which was celebrated 
 for its h(mey in the days of Homer, is 
 eoually celebrated for it to-day. Beyond 
 the fact that it was pretty commonly i)rac- 
 tisi'd. I do not think that we know very 
 much alwut the (Jreek or Roman bee- 
 keeping. ^'irgil certainly wntes about bees, 
 but he writes of tlhem in their wild state; 
 besides which his treatment of the subject 
 is — well, poetical, that is to say it does more 
 honour to has imagination than to his ac- 
 curacy. 
 
MODlvUN HIvIv KKKl'ING. 
 
 , ^ 
 
 fii Imlia wi! get on suri'i' gioiitiil. he<'s 
 havf bi't'ii U«'|»t in marly every pan ol' 
 India siiico ri'iiioto ages, ami Vfiy guiioru.- 
 ly till' Haiiu' system |uevails, Tlrs lon-ii^is 
 in luivih); t'oi' a liivi> a li^n^ kIiuIIivw Ii(>\, 
 rtoinetinit's an eartlienware (ylinder is iisimI, 
 like a drainpipe with the ends uIuhuI. The 
 mvann is intTuduced thimijrh a ddor at 
 the back, wiiirli is then eTii« <l, tli • en- 
 trance tor the bees' nse iH-'ing a small hide 
 in the I'rnnt end. 'I'he tiist combs, it is 
 found, will! then be built near this entriime, 
 that is to say in the forepart of the hive, 
 and to n xreat extent the qm en will al- 
 ways eontine her van laying to the foie- 
 part of the hive ulso. The pollen, too, 
 being wanted for the gnibs. wi I be sturel 
 in the foreiwut, thus leaving a'l the l^ack 
 combs fi).r the storage of i>ure lioiicy. When 
 the bee-kee|>er comes to gather his hirve t 
 he oiiens the dooi' at the back aiitl blows 
 in smoke. Tli's frightens the bi es int > the 
 front, part of tihe liive, while tlieii' ma^tei' 
 ents out the coniibs of honey at the biek. 
 Then he shuts up the hive again, and lb.' 
 bees, whose breeding arrangennnts it will 
 lie observed have not been disturbed, si't 
 to work with redoubled ener^^v lo bn Id 
 moife combs and gather moie store-i, wliidi 
 in due time the bee-keejx r will take as he 
 did the tirst. 
 
 And now fio n bee-keejiing i.n Imli i et us 
 turn to bee-keeiiing as it w.is pr.icli-^cil in 
 Kngland and ( anada, or for the matter 
 of that t'liiou>iliom Muiop, and .\merici 
 toK), at the beginning of the present cen- 
 tury. The bee-k(ei)i'r lit a!ni st make- o.c 
 blush to tell about it) nsi d to gel a swarm 
 of bees, jiut them in a straw hive, ami 
 h'ave them to theii- own devices. In the 
 autumn, having jireviously decided what 
 bees he meant lo " take," as he called i , 
 lie proceeded to do so, by the simp e ex- 
 pedient of sulphuring them to datli! Kor 
 liis trouble Iil' geneially got moiiic lifl\ 
 pounds or so of dark-'ookng, su'p'iur 
 smelling honey, mi.xed uj) w th eggs, pol- 
 len, dead bees, and dead grubs, and, if lie 
 were veiy luiky, piihaps two or three 
 eondis of white virgin honey tit to put on 
 the tabic. Tlie first advance en Ihi- sys 
 tem. if system it can be called, wa-< to pnl 
 the swarm into a very small hive, an I 
 Hien, when il was judged that llie bees had 
 filled it, to give extra space by adding tw > 
 nuwe hives, communicating with it, o, e on 
 each side, and sometimes a third on tn|) 
 as well. The (iiieeii generally coiifiiied her 
 egg-laying to the centre hive, so that when 
 the bee-keeper took away the extra h ves, 
 or honey-boxes as they were ciHcd, in au- 
 tnnin, lie found them full of pure white 
 honey; he also saved his bees to work for 
 him another year. This of coui'se was a 
 
 great stride in the right direction, but far 
 Jill that it was little more than had bei n 
 ilone in India for centuries. This is how 
 we should be kiepiiig our bees to-day, but 
 for one mj"i .Mr. Langstroth, who in IHW 
 iiivt nted the niovalde tiaine hive, the main 
 iVatiire of which has never been improved 
 on, and which, it is not too much to »«ay, 
 has revolutioni/ed bee-keeping thruiighoip 
 two <'ontinenls. My the way, to give hon- 
 our wliiMe honour is due, it sliould lie 8tat- 
 n\ that Mr. I.angstroth was an Ajmriean. 
 Like all great inventions, his is ipiite 
 iiiii.l»le wlien you know. 
 
 For .some time various expepiiiienlers had 
 aimed at making a hive, in which the c imbs 
 Bhould be readily inovabh' at the will of 
 the l)€e-keeper. lluber had indeed achieved 
 this, in hiis leaf hive, as ii was cilled; bin 
 hiiis hive, tihoiigh very useful to the natur- 
 alist, was altogether too complicated and 
 expiinsive for use in a pricticiil apia'-y, 
 where the bee-ki eper's object is not 
 scientce l«uit Ijiiia.sic dn! La rx anil cen<ts. 
 Suggeistcd jvrobably by Miilier's hive was t!u> 
 bai" hive. Th's was a xpiaie wooden V)ox 
 with a moveable toi», dii'reclly under which 
 Was a roiW of loose hoi'i/onta! bais or slats, 
 the ends of which rested on loilges. nailed 
 along two oppo-iite sides about an inch 
 from the top. The umlei' side-* of these 
 l>ars were eoaited with beeswax, the iilo i 
 being the bws woulil thereby be induced 
 to build one comb on each bar, then, 
 since eoinbs are always built hanging 
 straight down, it was argued that all you 
 would have to do to move a comb would 
 be to Lift the bar on which it was 
 built, and the comb woulil come too. it 
 WiUj found that the bees quite understood 
 the hint given by the wax on the under 
 sides of the bars, and, as far as getting 
 good straight combs went, this hive was 
 reaJly quite succes.s«ful. But straight coiiii'is, 
 however nice they may look, ea.nno't i»b- 
 viously be manipulated unlesis they are al- 
 so moveable; and in thus reapect the bar 
 hive was a failure. For it was found tha.t 
 the bees, not content with at'taching their 
 comb U> the movable Iwr at the top, gen- 
 erailly built strong attachmenits to the sides 
 of tile hive ais well. So the bar luive iikia, 
 though very ingeniious, fell through. Thtn 
 came Mr. Langstrobh. He built a light 
 w^oodeii frame, a little smaller than the in- 
 side of the hive, on each bar. Then the 
 bees built their top attachments to the 
 bar and their side attaohitiients to the 
 sides of the fraine, and a perfectly mov- 
 able comb wais the result. This was tho 
 geniasis of the bar-frame hive, in use by 
 every practieal apiarist to-day. 
 
 However, one more invention had to 
 
MODl'RN HlvI'l-KIvI'I'INC;. 
 
 come bt't'iMV niod'in Ici'-keL'jtiiu (Mill 
 1)0 Haiil to U' fairly "i nij(m:ilt'f| 'Ills wis 
 what WUH kiiowa .14 (.1*11 b-ioun liiliim. 'I'lii'* 
 time tlie ftvilit lios witli Uoit. i.j.. A- 
 tlie idea <hl t>lie m'.' irnuc hj)I'..'I4 > 'in tin- 
 Imr. MO tlu' idea ot coiub-touiilat 
 
 l.e 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 UhMinU'll to 
 
 comhuiiiile, 
 of bfcriwax 
 undi'i'sidf of 
 woiiiU acci*|)t tliis 
 their comb, wli.v 1 
 cabile to hang a thin nhe^t (►f 
 the frame, for the Ijectj to woik 
 
 ice.s woiihl 
 
 I»eHia.|)s the 
 
 ; but after t 
 
 it. ihi'v 
 tlieif own 
 
 lion may 
 haye npi ung from 
 thai is ihi' coat- 
 t'hat was put on 
 each bar. If the bfcs 
 as a Kuide for p'ui iii^ 
 ihould it not Ite prai li- 
 b^'l*^*wax in 
 up, or draw 
 out, us ii is teoimicaliy ter'iied? At (ir'l 
 «iglijt it does iml si'imh as if litre w<iuld be 
 very niunh advantage in this. Praol ieally 
 there are often tiniiw, hm wc shall Mi'f wln'ii 
 Ue come to study tlie woikiin; of an ap- 
 iary, when ii is a great object to help the 
 bees over their work of (•onil)-buililin;,'; 
 then, too, tihore are many minor point.-*, 
 micih as gettinK t.he comb linnly built out, 
 to the sides and bultoni of the frame, 
 whioh, thoug'h not eaay to explain on 
 per, are soon aivpreeiated by any o.ne w 
 work lieiH amongst bi'cs. As a ma.tter 
 fniet it was found that, if the alieot 
 l»eeswax was phvn, tlie Ik 
 accept it. 'I'hey miu'ht u>e 
 tiiree ((Uarteis of an iiinh 
 rather than botiht r wit.h 
 bite it away, and make 
 al'togKiilier. 
 
 .\t tdiis point til' idea ncciifred 
 Ilerr Alehriii;;, an inj^cnioiiis (Jrrman bee 
 man, to try stam|)in« the wax Avitli ni 
 hexagoniil pattern, of tln' proper size for 
 marking the ba*es of tlic cells of the 
 Jn)ney-comb. This was in 1857. The stiimp 
 sheeii was accepted eajtet'ly by the bees, 
 and to-day coniii-fouriidation made after tli - 
 method is tihe practicial bee-keeper's stand 
 by all over the world. Indeeil Heir Meh 
 ring budded better t.ham he knew. Not 
 only does his invention enable us to help 
 the bees with their cond) i-onstructioii 
 at critical times, and to insure a neatei; 
 result of tiluiir laboura; but, by letting very 
 tchin platinum-silver wires into our shee! 
 of wax, we get a eondi so strong that it 
 will stand the whirl round m 
 the extractor, a machine which throws tlu- 
 honey out by centrifugal force, leaving 
 the coinb intact, to be return, d to the l)ce> 
 for retilling. Hut where the up-to-date 
 apiarist finds comb-foundations most valu- 
 aWe is in the broodnest, as the part of a 
 modern hive where the queen lays her eggs 
 is called; and this for a reixison that the 
 first expeiiiimenters with plain sheets can 
 liainHy bave fort -een. As drone cond) 
 comb, that is, the cells of which are lit 
 
 pa- 
 
 lOSi' 
 
 ot' 
 
 .)f 
 
 noi 
 
 top 
 
 hat. 
 
 would 
 
 comb 
 
 to 
 
 for the roairing of drone grubs is of a 
 dilferent pattern from worker eond), it 
 will be at on<e seen that, by the employ- 
 ment of this stamped foutidaton, the 
 bee-keeper can contn)l the propoplLon of 
 dicinis in liisiiiivts. Kill i.'r im' ho'iiey pro- 
 d\iction oir bixH'ding, the advantages lo be 
 derivi»d from a judicious exeicLse of ttie 
 power thus given are very great. 
 
 At tliijj point I \\\ti\i to make a digie.s>sion, 
 lo remind the reader that thiti foundatimi 
 that We are .•.jieakiiig otf is nut m any seuise 
 an ai>tili(ial (iind), m r is anything but the 
 purest bce-wa\ u-eil in the making of it. 
 In fact nothing i l-e but pure beeswax will 
 answer, Lt having been fnuml by experi- 
 ment that even the .-mallisl adu teration, 
 either with vegt table wax or i)ararine,iJii)ugh 
 the bee- lyW woi k it up, produces a (vunb 
 that, <in the lirsl hoi da.\ , will wag all out 
 of ".jiape, and often meh down altog. thei', 
 to the de-tiui'tion of the bi'ood, if not <),f 
 bets and i|Uerns as well. 'Id show also 
 how little it ilisei'vC' the appellation of ar- 
 tificial ciind), I may siy that, lliongh the 
 thi(kiie-s var!e-, the thickest kind that is 
 made ian\- mure tli.in ten sherts to tihe 
 inch. However, thougih the «hcel is noth- 
 ing but Dure bieswax, and, in the process 
 rd' being diawn out i.nto cdiiib. is m) thinned 
 !)>■ the b;'es thil I'.ie base> of the cells are 
 hard'y. if a.t .'.il'. t'l'ckir than when the 
 whnlc tiling is made by the bees al) initin, 
 it is a fact that sumetimc-i t'lier,- is a slight 
 IdU.diirss in (oml) tlius nroibicel. tiace- 
 ali'e piiibab'v to the wax s,he 'ts having 
 been work;d awd stamped by maeldneiy. 
 For tihis re;-()n a few atiiarists. myself 
 amiiii'i^t the number, piefer not to use 
 fiiiiridat on fur Inviey that is to be sold in 
 the ceiinb. 
 
 I,. The oidy other invention to which 1 need 
 
 now ilraw your at.ten'ioii is the section 
 
 lonev 
 
 box. 
 
 his I'S 
 
 little wooden 
 
 .s(iuaic that r inc is aciu-^tomed to buy full 
 of honey at the grocer's. It is far from an 
 ideal inukage, e'tlier from the bees' or the 
 hee-keeper's pont of view. It has to i)e 
 quite filled u)) with co.nb, or it docs not 
 loi. k nice; yet sometimes the bees take 
 longer messiing a'l.ouit over the last stpiare 
 iiieii in one coi'i' •• (••" l than over all the 
 rest. At leaist twenty-five ])er cent, more 
 honey eain be got in large eonnhs than in 
 ttbe-e little bnxc>'. riifortunately, the eus- 
 toiner demands a jiackage of about one lb. 
 weigiht; and, as ])ig ciombs can neither he 
 packed with s';*'«*t'- nor cut in the .shop 
 wi.'lh 111 M'e-.s, for the bee-keei)er who 
 makes a .siixeialty of comb honey, the scc- 
 t'on honey box seems to have oome ti «tay. 
 
8 
 
 MODERN BKE-KERPING. 
 
 CHAITER III. 
 
 The Apiary. 
 
 So niiueh for ihe apivliances of iniodei'ii 
 seientilit.' apic-ultaire. Now for their hm.', 
 to leain wliidi. if tilie reaclieir pleasesi, we 
 Wiill touetlier go tihr Migili ai» imaginary 
 yeair's work in t.lie ai)iary, 
 
 .It is Spring; the bees are just awakening 
 from tlieir Jong winter's re.st, and t.iiey, as 
 also till' hee-keeper and his staff, are soon 
 goiing to he busy. I^et us come out and look 
 at tile hi\e.s. And sinve J must describe 
 sonieoiie's aii^iai-y, J hope 1 shall not be 
 thongiit unduly egotistival it' I choose the 
 o'ue I knoAV most aibo'ut, that is my own. 
 
 J^ike many a.piairis'ts on a la.rge scale, I 
 prefer to dt'sign a,nd make my own 'hives, 
 ami to iKigin at the ibeginning, I had better 
 ex'iiilaiin that the man 'who starts to design 
 a iliive niU'st keep con>atantly before his mind 
 t'lie fa("t that itliere are nol one, but three, 
 ideal .hives. Or, stated more simply, t.iicre 
 aire tiliree diifcrcnt iioints of view from 
 whicli a liive has to be considered. First 
 there is the ibees' point of view; the liive 
 iiiusit be coi:nft)iiitail)le for the bees, and mu's't 
 be arranged to work with, not against, 
 tlieir irmtincts. Secondly.tlitre is 'blie bee — 
 keeper's qioint of view: tilr.' hive and combs 
 must be easy of maniimlation. and thei'e 
 muist l>e arraiiigement- whereby iic can in- 
 fluence .his bees to exert their honey gather- 
 ing j)')iwers to tlie utmost; if po^sible, too, lie 
 sho'uld be aible to a certain extent to con- 
 trol tile siwarining impulse. Thiiilly, there 
 pocket-book; the hive must no't be too ex- 
 ]»ensive. The best hive is that which re- 
 ))reseiit.s the l)'e>t working comprdinise be- 
 tween tlhe.se conflicting interests. 
 
 My hiveis, Tecta.iiiguiar boxes, with i)ro- 
 .jecting lid's, and a. boa.rd in front for the 
 bees to alight on, have each a sepni'ate 
 stand, like a foui'-legged stool. I'roliably 
 the lirsit thing that would strike a stranger, 
 whosie only idea of a hive was a farmer's 
 box iliive or la straw skep, i.s their size; he 
 wo'uld think tliat they 'were altoircther t.io 
 large, lint on opening one we shall find t'lat 
 tiliiis big 'hive is only an outer case. Ke- 
 iioi-ing at the bntlom we shall see an ob- 
 long, rathe;' s'laljow, box, Avhich is the 
 brood-nest, qv bee's jwirt, of tihe inner hive: 
 but wlieii I say we shall see it, 1 am sujt- 
 po'sing that we have fii'st lifted alV a big 
 c'luaff -stuffed ciisbion, wihich goes on top 
 of it to coisy the bees in winter. The s[)ace 
 
 between t'he walls of the brood nestis and 
 the walls of the outer hive is also ehaif- 
 packed, Avit.h, a kind of tunnel ai-ranged 
 tliro-ugh it in fronil f(M- the bees' entrance. 
 The insidie (liinen.si(Hiis of the brood-nest 
 box are eighteen inches long, thirtejii 
 imcilies wide, and ten imihes liigli; anil 
 along (the two longer i^id'es are the ledges 
 or rabbets, edged with metal, on which 
 rei-it t!he njiiper Itai's of thirteen frames, each 
 frame containing it's comb; on top of the 
 frames is a close-fittinig sheet of canvas, 
 then the cushion. The reason for this siheet 
 of canvas, a.si well as foii- tlie melal eilge 
 to the raibliets, i> that bane of the bee- 
 kceiiei', i)roiiiolis. 
 
 I'robabl.y tHiere is no suibject on w.hich 
 ibees and il)ee-kee])ers' views are so inucili at 
 vaiia.irce as this of prijipolis, oj-, as it is 
 sometimes cailled, bee -blue. We understand 
 JiO'W necosary, how vital even, it is to them 
 in their iiollow tree, and are lost in admir- 
 ation at tl-e industry and ^kill with which 
 they gather, and use U; but we cordiallv 
 -vvtsh that t'hey could be taujfht to do with- 
 out it under domestication. To an ontsiiler 
 this may seem a small matter; but a bee- 
 keoper wilio has inucih handling of frames 
 to do, knows otlierwi.se. iloiwever, since, 
 in the present 'stale of our kinnvledge, w« 
 «'aivnot. -hope to sto'i* proipoliz.iition alto- 
 gether, we try to anange our hives so that 
 tihe m()veal)le parts s;liail suffer from it as 
 little as pos.sible. Thus tlie (piilt or sheet 
 of canvas, ■ thmijiih jiropolized down to the 
 lo))is of tile bars, can be (peeled off bv one 
 corimer; whereas, if a iboant were used un- 
 der the cushion, it would l)e almost impos- 
 sible to detaclv it wlien necessary to lift a 
 frame. Tiien the metal strips ' along the 
 rji.bbets give less scope for proipolizat ion, 
 both because the bearing surface is small- 
 er, and beraii'se bees seem to have a dislike 
 to pid'poli/iiijr metal, pei^liap> liecaiise of 
 its coldneps. So far we iiave seen, an 
 coiii.teiits of the large outer iliive. a brood- 
 ne.st box, containing frames, combs, and 
 (of course) bees, covered by a (luilt of can- 
 vas, and ovei' that by a .big cushion. "S'et, 
 cusliirnn and all, it does nof come more llian 
 half way up to 'the height-of tlie outer liive. 
 It is this empty siiiace which will ilater on 
 be utilized for section crates, second 
 stories, etc., for t.lie honey crop. But at 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
MODKRN RRE-KERPING. 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 
 /I 
 
 CcH.0 '^QJJ^- Ca^^APA' 
 
lO 
 
 MODHRN BEK-KEKl'ING. 
 
 p.res(Mil all tiii» ^\)Mc I'm nitiirc is .stowed 
 iiwiiy ill the luit ol the wm Usimi). Ildw 
 Jiiiii'li ()( it we -ha'] want wlu'ii ilover c^niiis 
 111 jiit'ai iiHi-iii'.' (U'lu'iuis on iiuw we do 
 our work in spi in;;. 
 
 I'lrsit and roieuio-t wo niii^t siti^^fy oiir- 
 selves tiiJil euii hive lias a (jm c.i alve. 
 Qiii'kiv and inel liodi( aly. t'oi wh; n hives 
 are nnniheri'd by lli.' .Iiundiel there i- not. 
 iiuicU tinit' to .-paie in a woiUinij day. Ave 
 Ro aiditnd the apiary. \du. readei'. we will 
 Jiiinijiine, lift ofV the cov.m- of the liive and 
 the eUNJiion. and i lift a coiner of tlie 
 quilt, and blow in a little smoke frnm iiiy 
 smoker, a kind of small lielUws and lire- 
 box iiiaehiiio, which burns imnk, blown 
 ivaiper <ir o'd rajis, and which is tlie liee- 
 ket-per's most useful tool. The .-moke 
 frifiiileiis the bees it does not stupefy 
 thtMi!) and, peeling off the reist of the quill. 
 
 I am jfenerally able to lift out the centre 
 liame without a ^ling. Mind. reader, I 
 nm not tsaying that ymi would be aliln to 
 do so; ill fact, if you sihould ever try a 
 little amateur bee-keejiing on your own 
 aiccount, I strongly adivse you not to 
 (iesi;.'ise gloves and veil till you get <-o'nti- 
 (leiice and know the ropes; but. except 
 
 II veil, which some bee-nieii always kerp 
 handy in their pocket<, ready to dim 
 when about to maniimlate any exception- 
 ally vit ions stock, tlie jjrofess'.onal ajii ii- 
 ist will never be botliere(l with any mor.- 
 elaborate i)ee- lies- than h'.-< shirl-slee\-es. 
 However, to continue. 
 
 The reason 1 have lifted the centre frame 
 i..s because this is t'lie w.irmesi pi, ice in 
 the hive, and therefore t!ie sjioi clio-en 
 by the (pheii to 1 ly hei' lirst eggs in 
 sjiriiig. ISnmeliines we ^ee her ai once, 
 sulking about majestically on the fia:re. 
 surrounded by her attendants. Hut if not. 
 we are (piile content if we see eggs or 
 young brood, sinc;< thesjc ciiuld not lie 
 tlii're if the (lueeii were not aliv:' and 
 well. So I rej^lacc the frame and ipi It. 
 and .vou the cu.shon a-id en;, for heil 
 is vital to bi'ood-rearing, and the le-s 
 lii\es are oi>en at this soa-on the better. 
 Then, while ymi are making thi.s ou;- >inig 
 again, getting ready the next. 1 inscriiie 
 iin tny hive register, on the ]iage dcvot.'d 
 to Hive No. 1 ,ind against the date of tie- 
 day of our in.s|icctiion "Q. ok." which ;- 
 bee-keepers' abbreviation for '■(^ucen il! 
 coi-rect" also aiiytihing that ha- struck me 
 in regard to the general -tale of tlit; hive, 
 such as "plenty of stores," "-hoit of 
 s-liires,"' "much brood," or whatever 1 
 may be. So on with the iicnI, and llu' 
 nexit.. and the next. I'ut (we will say I 
 at Hive No. o we meet with a ditt'erent 
 
 state of things. Xo qneen. no eggs, no 
 brood to be seen on the centre frame. 1 
 lean it quietly. >o as not to jar the bees, 
 against the hive stand, and eximine the 
 farmes on each .side of It, luil with no 
 more success. So I replaci> all three, and 
 you put on the cu-hion and cover. Mean- 
 wliile I have found a stone, which I imt 
 on the alighting bo.ird as a maik, and, 
 without as yet making any entry in the 
 register, we pa.ss on to Xo. 0. 
 
 All goes (in -inoolhly till we got to Xo. 
 30, whiclh is the same as live. That, an<l 
 four others, wliicli we come to later, we 
 mark with stones; and, as we are miw in 
 tile nineties, and tlieie are only a hundifd 
 hives in ilhis apiary, we are just congialu- 
 laling ourselves on nov having absolutely 
 lost a single ome, when, alas! at No. it.) 
 our [iride receives ii cheek. Scarcely have 
 I lifted the corner of the quilt than, w.ili- 
 out any need ot' smoke, I «ee thai liere we 
 have a case of clear freeze out. t^ueen 
 dead, bees dead, combs all cold and damp 
 and mouldy. And why? Who can >:iy'! 
 I'erlialp.s' the hive was (liseased the previous 
 sii'innur, but not sutiicieiitly for me at that 
 (laite to notice anything wrong, iierhaps, 
 during the autumn an apivrentice took olt' 
 ihe co\er for something, and left it off 
 whiile a cold .slnwer soiaked the cusliioii, 
 IKMihibii- there wnis ,i luik. and the slow drip, 
 dniip of melliiig siunv ha^ been doing its 
 I'a'lal work ipiielly aiiid insidiously. I'ut on 
 tilie cmshion and thi' cover, an! (dose up 
 the eiiil ranee witli a siliip of pine, for we 
 must not c'hance any otlier bees coming 
 here .to rob. and perhaps s/»)it.adiiig disc ise 
 throughiuil t'he apiary. To-morrow we will 
 take the combs and melt them up tor w.ix, 
 chun and disint'ecl ifie Ihive, and then, 
 when it Jias had a fie-li coat of i»aiiit, ami 
 any -mall reiKiir- that are neces.-ary liave 
 ben made. it will be ready, a.t the 
 proper time, to house another swarm. 
 
 'Ihe other live hives are all correct; and 
 so we will now return to the six we have 
 marked, and >iibject eai'li in turn to a 
 rigid search, taking out and minutely ex- 
 amining evciy frame in the liive, until 
 either we liiid ller Majesty, or are satislied 
 tliat she is dead. In I'Wo O'Ut o'f the six 
 we iind her. Clearly, ho-wever, -be can- 
 not be much good if .-ihe lias not made a 
 start to lay. I'eilhaiiis she is too old. If 
 so, it is my own fiiult, for no bee>kee[)er 
 who knows liis business will allow a hive 
 \o go into winter quarters witli a (pieeii 
 of more than two and a half years. Per- 
 hap-' she got (Jliilled. U'liatever' the reason 
 of tbe slackness we must make the be-t of 
 her now._ So we give the hives some candy, 
 a slab of it being sliipped in between the 
 
MODERN BEE-KEEPING. 
 
 II 
 
 frames ■and the ((uik, wliidh we eaii rely on 
 
 stiimvulating tlie bees wo tli.it liliey will make 
 
 their aovereinn do her duly. Hut tlies* 
 
 two (juecns Avill have a 
 
 ■on the registcK, which 
 
 ruthless execution, mi 
 
 w'hen it is conveinient to 
 
 other four hives we shall 
 
 in^jj; up." That is to say 
 
 the cionib to store, nieltinK up any that nient and then tlie honey harvest 
 
 niai'k against thenj 
 will mean their 
 the first occasion 
 replace tlieni. The 
 treat by " break - 
 we shall return 
 
 .show signs of moHld, and shaking out tihe 
 bees in front oif so^nie hive that we have 
 ■noticed to be weak in population. The ac- 
 tual Iiives.'of cioiurse,wtiil] be painted and re- 
 paired like the former two. 
 
 And no,w we have finished our first in- 
 spection. Kesult: Loss of .5 'jier cent., ^Vhioh 
 in a big apiary very fairly represents an 
 iverage year. And now for spring tretit- 
 
 CHAPTKR IV. 
 
 Thk Production ok Comh Honky, 
 
 and 
 lave 
 (> a 
 cx- 
 intil 
 siicd 
 
 SIX 
 
 ■an- 
 e a 
 II 
 per 
 live 
 cen 
 •er- 
 >on 
 t of 
 idv, 
 the 
 
 The whole aim of tlie bee-keeper, trom 
 the opening of siiring to the (lowei'ing ot 
 clover, is to keep 'his bees brood-rcariiig. 
 The old stores ol last season, the new pol- 
 len, and honey too, from willow ;. id olin, 
 fi-uit bloom and d'a.mdelioin, and tihe Jvsit of 
 tJh'e s{)riiig lioira — are iioit wanil^cd 
 
 in the hive at 
 wanted is tlh'at. as 
 in, lit wlliould be given 
 turned into young bees. 
 main harvest later on. 
 
 iin that shai)e 
 
 ail; vvlhat is 
 
 fast as it 'Comes 
 
 wings and legs, be 
 
 to labour at the 
 
 Anil to be able to bring about this result 
 
 without a liitcli or a setback is l e b'-i 
 
 test of a good apiarist. 
 
 There are two chief method< of forcing 
 the brood-rearing; one, more for amateurs 
 than for men who run things on a bju 
 scale, is stimulative feeding; but, even in 
 a big apiary, stimulative feeding is useful at 
 times, as we have seen an example in the 
 case of the two liives whose queens s^crc 
 backward to make a start with laying. The 
 other, in which the professional bee-keei'cr 
 places his chief reliance, is the judicious 
 spreading of brood. What that mean- we 
 shall see directly. Hut, for profe>3sional 
 and amateur alike, the best treatment for 
 the tirst three weeks is, be certain thai nie 
 bees iiave stores enough, and -a good let 
 ting alone. Wliy the bees need a letting 
 alone for three weeks is that, as it takes 
 that period for the first generation of the 
 year to begin to show, so, till then, the 
 hive poi)ulatioins not only are old and fee- 
 ble, and not well fitted lo rear brood, (the 
 reader will 'remember that in the second 
 article 1 explained that the pap gland tends 
 to atrophy in the o.ld bee), but are decreas- 
 ing daily; so that to put any extra strain 
 on them would be very bad policy, more 
 likely than not to result in brood being 
 found dead from chill and neglect, and the 
 \yhole hive becoming diseased as a conse- 
 quence. And this is .iiist one of those 
 
 things thiit the amateur can never be made 
 to iiinlei'stand. He "wants to go too fast. 
 When on our t'Uir of inspection we noted 
 any hiv(;s that seemed short of stores; and 
 these, of course, we supi»lied, by exchanging 
 an empty fiame, or peihaps two, for a 
 frame or frames, full of honey, from some 
 hive having a sni)erabundance; or perhaps 
 we took our ful'i frames from a reserve, 
 kept for the purpose. Then, like wise men, 
 we have been content for twen- 
 ty-one days to busy ourselves in 
 the work-hop. getting ready sections and 
 ci'ates. m ik ng marketing and shipping box- 
 es, (Mc, etc. Hut now, I lie three weeks jier- 
 iod being at an end, we are ready to begin 
 to Inistle our bee-; a bit; so once more, 
 reader, wv will go round the apia'i'y, I, as 
 befoic, with the smoker and register, and 
 you ready lo take o(f covers, take any 
 stings which may chance to come with 
 cheerfnlne-s and humility, and generally 
 set an example to other apprentices. At hive 
 No. 1, as l)ef(ire, you lift the cover and the 
 eu-liion, and T smoke the bees and lift the 
 middle frame. Cood; all the brood here 
 aie hatched, and a second lot is coming on; 
 so I -('''ini it and lift the two frames next 
 to it. flood again: there is a nice batch of 
 maturing brood in each: we will look at 
 the two next. On the front one of the*e 
 there is nothing, on the other, no, yes, a tiny 
 jiatch of egiis, and her majesty in the act of 
 adding to them while T hold the frame in 
 my hand. There are plenty of newly hatch- 
 ed bees about, too. not flying yet, but busy 
 for n'l that, tendimr the brood. So. fully 
 satisfied that No. \ will bear spreading a 
 little, T return this frame with the eggs, 
 then, taking out one that the queen has 
 not yet touched, say the third from the 
 front, T re-insert it right in the centre of 
 the hive, pushing the others apart to make 
 room for it. Then T mark the register. 
 No. 1, such and such a date, spread one 
 
12 
 
 MODERN BEK-KKRPING. 
 
 frame. WJion the queen finds this i'ranu', 
 quite emi)ty, right in tliu eeiitre of Jier 
 little K'i>l>e of bi'ood, and consc(iuently in 
 the wannest and best situation ior hatc-li- 
 ing young bees that there is in the wliole 
 hive, she feels tliiit she must lill it at onee 
 witli eggs. 
 
 And so we go oji with our round, sjjread- 
 ing some hives, leaving others for anotiier 
 ■week, giving stores here and sometimes 
 when the hive looks to be very badly off 
 indeed giving a frame ol brood, nearly 
 reiidy to hatch, from aiiolhei- hive, not so 
 mueh for their actual nunibers, but be- 
 eause one young bee, at this season, will 
 nurse eight or ten grubs, and so the hive 
 will get a hllip, and things go on moie 
 li'opefully. So'on we shall lind oursolvi's 
 going our rounds nearly every day, spread- 
 ing whenever we can, but not too' much, or 
 only disaster will result; feeding, or help- 
 ing with fresh stores oi-easionally, and al- 
 together keeping our apiaa-y in good fettle 
 and breeding hard, till, if we liave managed 
 well, just about the time of clover blossom- 
 ing we find every Jiive strong in vigorous 
 young bees, and witli everv frame from 
 front to back packed with brood as Avell. 
 A little honey there nniy be, just along the 
 tops of the combs, as that is where it is 
 put when brought in and where tiie nurses 
 go for what they need for the brood; a 
 few cells of pollen, too, may be s-ten dotted 
 here and there about the combs; hut tiii-< 
 like the honey is used almost as fast as it 
 is gathered. IVactically every hive Avill 
 at tihis time be crammed with bees and 
 brood and nothing else. Hut woe betide 
 the bee-keeper who sihould now be !-o fool- 
 ish as to disregard even three days of con- 
 tinuous bad weather; for with the hive 
 populations living from hand to mcmtli like 
 this such a panic of starvation would result 
 that the yet immature bees would l)c 
 dragged fnom their cells, and their juices 
 sucked, and the wiiole jirogress of the hive 
 would be set back a month, and almost 
 all hope of profit for that year wou'd bi- 
 gone. iSo he will have either spare c()nd)s 
 of stores, or candy, or one of many dc 
 ^•ices for giving liipiid food, always at hand. 
 Nor will he breathe (piite freely till clover 
 is faix'ly oii)en, and his bees at work on it. 
 And this, too. is the ^jM-oper moment to 
 put on the first crate of sections. 
 
 This, as its name implies, is a crate or 
 tray or very shallow box, packed full oi 
 the little wooden sections, in which the 
 market reiiuires that our comb-honey sliouhl 
 be made; it has no top, a.nd the l.otfoiu 
 is only a series of slats, witli spaces be- 
 tween through wlii'ch the bees fin<l itassage. 
 Having, as on f'oiiner occasions, removed 
 eover and cushion and qudt, we place this 
 
 crate right on the brood-nest box, where 
 we find that it tits exactly and there are 
 niutal catdhes to hohl it in position. The 
 (luilt closes it on toj) and the hive cover 
 is replaced; the cushion we return to store; 
 it will not be wanted ugain till autumn. 
 We have now given the bees an extra story 
 to their house, anil therebv have solved 
 for them what uiust have been becoming 
 a rather pressing problem, namely, wluie 
 to put all tihis wealth of honey that is be- 
 ginning tu uome iu. 
 
 Within half an hour, if we have ti'med 
 things right, each seetioin (tihere are .'iO sec- 
 tions im the craite) will be occupied by 
 bees, begimniiig to fill it with comb; ami, 
 if we left things go, in a week or ten <lays 
 at most, they would nearly all be finiisihicd, 
 JJut, to use a collonuialism, the bee-keiper 
 Icnoiws a trick worth two of that. So far 
 from leaving thum alone to fimisih the crate, 
 he i'S, oin the contrary, very particular to 
 be on hand when they have no m:ore than 
 half doinic so, and aisilomishes the bees by 
 "tiering up."' That meaus that he lifts the 
 lialf full crate, and intei'iunses another, an 
 ciunptv one, between it a.nd the bniod nest. 
 Then, the bees' instinct telling them that a 
 grea't eniiKy sjiaie ! kc that iin the iiiidcMi' of 
 llioir hive nvust be filled up at any cost — ^ot 
 hoAV C'oulid they cro.-is it im winter withoiut 
 freezing to death, they buikl and w;uk away 
 double time. Of eomrse, long before winter 
 convco, both crates will have been taken by 
 their master and by him converted into 
 cash; but the hees knnw nmthing of that. 
 Whether aimother tiering up will be passible 
 depends on the season, and more than a 
 little judgment is re<purod to decide. For a 
 while, if bees are allowi'd to get short of 
 s^toi'age rooiin biifo're the end of t-he clover 
 lloiw, they wi'l lo.if and idle, and hoKney Avill 
 be lost; on the other ha.nd, toio much room 
 Vk'ill only result in a I'ot of uiifinislud, and 
 nnsa'eable sections, wh'ch is oidy am^vther 
 way of Sitating tliat the l)eekkee(per mu<?t 
 kiMvw his husiiiC'ss. 
 
 .\:;id that is the w.iy to produce cnmb- 
 lumey. If extraetv-d, or liipiid, honey had 
 bec'ii our object, the onlv d'iH'trence AVimld 
 have been tl:at, insted of crates ( f st^etinns, 
 we >hould have sUiiierimivosed om the broiral- 
 nesii deener crates, with frames in them, 
 cimlaining emiity erunb. built o;i wired 
 foundatioi'i. Then, at the end oif the sea- 
 son, or, some of them, befoie, tliese wonld 
 have b; en put into an extr.ietin;; machine, 
 and till* honey fln.ng mint of then by centri- 
 fugal force. 
 
 And noiw, reader, a:s after all you are only 
 makinir a nretene;' visit to ain aitiary, T 
 thirds that those are lesso.ns enough for von 
 to follow at one time. 
 
 4 
 
MODERN BEE-KEEPING. 
 
 13 
 
 CIIAI'TER V. 
 
 AnVICK TO BlvdIXNKRS. 
 
 a 
 
 of 
 cv 
 
 ■ill 
 
 inm 
 lul 
 
 ms. 
 ud- 
 e'n, 
 itctI 
 spa- 
 nilil 
 ine, 
 itri- 
 
 inlv 
 T 
 von 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;ill alMut it. 
 lliiii;!; c"l-e, v 
 lM),ik, I wi;i 
 ho knows 
 jo'ul. 01' 
 (loiii- iciilly. 'I'Ik' i 
 U) b,' laUi'ii olV am 
 bi'iiijr liiintH'il; \\lii( 
 would think, sinCv' 
 hvv wiuMi tViuiiti'iu'il 
 
 •c lih'i.t IxHiUisi' lio 
 I'll a.) Iters lu' kncwi 
 il aipciilliirc, or any- 
 I'rally learKed fro 11 a 
 
 It now loina.ins, in fa>o you should l»o 
 thinking of doing >o, lo aWe you a liint or 
 two on hi'w to stai't bt-es yourst'lf. 
 
 It is not every one who wants, or w'lio ha-i 
 the time, to make a reguiiar bnsin.s-* of 
 apicu'ture; but 1 tli.ink tihat any one 'wli!> 
 live- in the eoumtiy may llmd nuii-h jilnaia- 
 uie and interest in the i'M'^i of a U>\v liivci 
 o4' htic>, anil in thoir produce a <iui.U' au- 
 ceiKab'e additon to llu- honseihold nsour- 
 ce«. 'I'o a fruit jjrnwer tihe work w:hit!h ilia 
 ber-s do in ei(iss))i lleniz:i.t.i( n (if the lilos- 
 M)nii- wi u!d niiakf it w irtlh wiiiie to kem 
 thcni, eve-u if tiliey uiado no hciiiey at 
 ail. 
 
 Well, to any one wlivi denides to start 
 aipieu'lrre, lei nie nive a word of warning;. 
 Do nol h t him -uii] o- 
 lias read t;hi' forttjoiny; 
 i"]ven 
 uld b.- 
 
 b;' candid and tell h:in tliat 
 merely lli.e out lines of the snb- 
 eonr.se, :iuiuh moa\' has tii hi 
 
 oiuy, For instance, ha* 
 
 freed of Ih-cs wilihont 
 1 is uiM so e':;sy as you 
 tihe Hrst impulse ot n 
 in l:is liivo, is to break 
 tihroufyh the neaivst piece of while cap-piiiji', 
 a.nd li'l liim-e'f up wit'h honey. The Irives 
 lunve to lie ('o:i.Ned itilo liro]),-'!' ^ta.le fut 
 winter. Swarnn have to be loDkcd aftir 
 and art'lhi:il >warms have t;) be made. Dis- 
 ease has to be guarded against eoji tin nail y 
 t^>uei'ns have lo b.' reared au'd supeiseded 
 And so on. In fad, voiu'm;'s luiight bi. 
 writto.n, and a ffoml irnany vohvmes have 
 beP'u written, on Uhe ai"t of scii nlihc' bcL* 
 culture; and not o^ne 'of them, still Iish 
 anytihinji that I caa say here, is any use 
 to a b-.'Ki>nner \viliho\rt 'practic.'. ' Kxiieri- 
 etitia doeef he.lds good, I supipose, in 
 every eiuft. reitaiely in none more tlnn 
 that oif the beekeeper. So nvy advice to 
 any onie wi-lrnR to stm-t bees is: l?iry a 
 ooiiple of stocks in jjood nvodern hives 
 ami for the first 'yc'ir keep thorn for comb- 
 honey - it will m^ver pay to buy an ex- 
 tractor for t>wo hives — and beyond luvin>i 
 tihe swarms and takitip: the honey, do a- 
 lltt'e to the-in as poa-ible. Of coui-se, yon 
 must Ki'f :» >?""'l hi'e-boo.k to sihnw you how 
 
 lo do even this, aii'd ecpially, of eoursie, you 
 will want lo do a':l tiln- other wonderful 
 things tiha.t you si'e described in it. liut 
 don't. l»e conteni to fjo -slow at tirsl; then 
 :n a few ytars you will find youiself mak- 
 ing ai'tilic'al swarms, brcodiiiji iiueens, se- 
 lecliiijj di'ones. and all the rest of It. 
 with the besit of them, ami, wdiat is more 
 to the |io:nt, makinjt a very comfortable 
 little additi:;n to your income into the har- 
 waiii. ihit don't try too many experi- 
 nuMi'is at first. 
 
 yomeliimes, however, 
 entiy. A unm with a 
 rural tastes buys scune 
 after them himself, does not 
 and decides that bees are out 
 S 
 
 it works out differ- 
 couiitry house and 
 hives, tries to look 
 take to it, 
 of hi* line. 
 K) lie turns his a^ttention to <itther things. 
 Meanwhile the be^e- perhaips get a sort of 
 half looking after by the gardener, or [ler- 
 ha,ps get no looking after at all. Aind so 
 things remain until souu' tine day one of 
 tlie emterprising rising generation diseov- 
 era the forgotten bee-booJc, a^bsorbs it 
 ilirongh a whole wet afternoon, and by 
 night shoiws all t-lie synuiitomis of an acute 
 attack of liee-fever. Well, the niudens of 
 a bee business in already on the estate, 
 and the best thing that' the family pat- 
 riarch can say is "lco in nry la<l and win." 
 After all. viewcxl Irom the standpoint of 
 the paterfamilias, bee-keei)ing is a far bet- 
 ter iiastime than — tlian breaking the pater- 
 nal windows wilh a catapult, say. 
 
 liy the wa\-, if a personal reminiseenee 
 Willi be pardoned, it is something in that 
 way tiliat I began my own a]HcuUura'l ex- 
 ]veriences. I was eleven years old ait the 
 time I made my venture, and wiithouit un- 
 due boasting, 1 think I may afhrm that 
 a more successful convmorcial undertaking 
 was never carried through. I will not 
 dwell O'U the staitistics. which weire some- 
 thing like this: My father gave me bees, 
 liives and all aip)dianices. T sjohl him the 
 honey at a s'liillinig a pouml and at<^ it my- 
 self afterwards. Vent peir cent gives but a 
 IVeble idea of my profits in, those days, 
 lloiwever. tliei-e is no newl to start the 
 young idea ipiite so luxuniously as that. 
 On the other hand, do uM discourage him; 
 he will meet with nuite enough set-backs 
 without your help. T.t is sionit' of those set- 
 backs ivnd failures, to be exi>eeled by every 
 
14 
 
 MODERN BEE-KEEPING. 
 
 novice, ifchait I now intend to deal with. 
 
 liiiprmiis, we le.iiennber liliai if there is 
 one per?:on .iu tilie w..ir.'(l w',io nierit-i the 
 ajjipellaibioai, aipicuilturail expei-t, it is the 
 young niaiii wlio has goit ihu.d of a bee- 
 boiuJc for tihe first time and has just read it 
 thiTOU'gih. Kxpert ! why that is mot tlic 
 uainie for ilidin. l*riiifiiii>!e anul practice, lie 
 knows it all; lie's — weil, tiliere is on.ly one 
 word to express his knowledge — he's in- 
 fallible. The only iworse ease is thatt of 
 the yoiiing lady in siiiiilar oircunistancjs; 
 hio'wevtr, she general. y subsides after one 
 gooil s;tiniy[iiig. And 'now he comes to reali- 
 ties, lie K^'ts his kives, mnd, during viover 
 he learns to manipulate thenn. In l'a<'t, Jie 
 learns tlii^s >.o ea.si.ly tliat he can't d>) 
 einougih of it. He piiiMs dut the frames for 
 every eoiieeivab e aind iiie.mceivaWe pur- 
 pose, but ais (rften as not that his famiJy 
 may see hiow niciely ihe does it; till ome 
 fine day Jie liiids that tilu bees are not 
 workiiiig on clover any more, and by the 
 time ihe ihas be.n stuiii? aM over the face 
 and haiiids, he I'hinks he will go and look 
 up t'lie d.irectioins for openinir hives ajjrain. 
 Aii'd now Itif me ji'we i\vm\ a word f)f 
 advice. In laii^ry time.s liike t.hese, ntn-er 
 opein a liive tiiil you liia'\e blown two >;oi)d 
 puffs of i^niioke in at the entrance with a 
 couple of minutes i.iiiterval bitwecii tlicin 
 — then take oH' the covcir, lift a comt'r of 
 the quilt, smoke, t'lien the other three 
 corners in sudessiioii. siiiokinjj a little at 
 each; them ()U'ekly and liriiiily, but (piietly 
 peel off the (piilt. s!Hud.ie dowa the brc-s, 
 and do wijiat you 'have to dn. A little 
 eoal oil s(iuirt"d amoiiig-t the smoker fuel 
 helps ooii-viderably. 
 
 The next thing that the novice will dis- 
 cover not quite according to book is, in 
 spring a quarter of his bees will be deul. 
 I am afraid tliat here I cannot comfort liiin 
 except by siiying that wintering with sui-- 
 cess is a thing that we all have to learn by 
 experience and by experience only. How- 
 ever, if he has the right kind of grit, this 
 failure should only nene him to greater 
 
 care and fresii efforts towards future suc- 
 cess. As a preliminary, he should, of 
 course, try to diagnose the caiise or causes 
 of t'iie mishap. Perhaps 1 may with ad- 
 vantage obtrtide a few observations as to 
 the basis on whieli his self-examination 
 should be conducted. First, did he take 
 cure to unite all weak colonies early in the 
 auLumn':' In less he is very unlike other 
 novices the answer will be, no, he was too 
 anxious to go ahead and liave a big apiary 
 o,U!ckly. Secondly, did he leave his bees 
 alone during winter? Here again 1 leur 
 the answer will be no, he went and sh,v.)k 
 litem up about twice a week to make sure 
 tlu',\ were alive. He i)robal)ly had the 
 Nilidaction of finding that they were so 
 tlwough about three parts of the winter, 
 and then suddenly found that tliis violent 
 .oiiicitude had been a little more than tiieir 
 coiistuutions I'ould survive, and that Ihey 
 liad succumbed. Thirdly, perhajis most 
 important of all, were his covers really 
 watertight':' If not, that explains every- 
 thing. However, sheet iron, shears, and 
 roofing nails are all cheap, and these with 
 .1 little paint ar«> all that are reipiired to 
 remedy the matter for next time. 
 
 Atid so having got our begunier through 
 his first winter, not too successfully, but 
 probably tpiite as succiessfully as is good 
 for him, let us close with a word of .idvice 
 to him (whicih, of course, he will not fol- 
 low 1 for the spi-ing. Do not let him give 
 way to the mania for sudden increase. \n 
 apiary that is artifieally .swarmed too 
 much is like a man who has been bled to 
 exhaiiNtum, it is so weak that nothing Avill 
 succeed with it a.t least in tlie hands of a 
 beginner certainly next to no honey wUl 
 be obtained. iOven if a pi-ofit is tried to 
 be written in l)y valuing the new sitocks at 
 six dollars each; what with all the sugir 
 that will have to be bought to get them in- 
 to shape for the winter, and the number 
 that will die before sjiring, a great part 
 e\en of this will l)e dissijjated. 
 
 f^'o my finaJ advice to beginners in api- 
 cultuiiv is "go slow and yon will g'o sure." 
 
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