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Are tl

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Govci
rions
aiid a

The giei
and th
a Sub
men" til

By/l
One of }

Accounts
Numbc
made v
ly ufcfu
of the '

Printed

THE

HISTORY

z;^-

O F THE

FIVE Indian NATIONS

C A n'a D 4

Which arc dependent

On the Province of New- York in America,

AND

Are the Barrier between the English and French
in that Part of the World.

W I 1 H

Accounts of their Religion, Manners, Ciiflom!;, Ltwt, and Forms of
Government; their (cvcral Ijmleb and Treaties with i\\i: Evropran \<id-
rions ; particular iUl.itions of their I'evcral Wars with the other Indians ;
and a true Account of the ]ncrcnt State of our Tr.<dc with thcni.

In \siiivh r.rc flicwn '<.

Tlic great Advantage o: their Trade and Alliance to the BriiiJJi Nation,
and the intrigues and Attempts of the French to engage them from us ;
a Subject nearly concerning all our American Plantation*, and highly
meriting the Conruleraiion of the />V;Vj/^ Nation at this Jundlure.

By the Honourable Cadwallader Golden, Kjq\
One of his Majcji'/s Counfrl^ and Surveyor-General of New- York.

T') which aic ndd'-d,
Accounts of the fevcral other Nations of l':dians in North- America^ their
Numbers, Strength, ^V. and die l>eaties which have been lately
made with them. A Work highly entertaining to all, and particular-
ly ufcful to the Perfons who have any Trade or Concern in that Part of
of the World.

LONDON:

Printed for T. O s b o r ^' e, in Gray's-Inn. MDCCXLVII,

b^^'i'L

17:7

(iii )

• ^

TO THE HONOURABLE

GENERAL

OGLE THORPE.

SIR,

THE Indian Affairs have ever
appeared to your Judgment
of fuch Importance to the
Welfare of our own People, that you
have ever carefully applied your
Thoughts to them; and that with
fuch Succefs, that not only the pre-
fent Generation will enjoy the Bene-
fit of your Care, but our lateft Po-
fterity blefs your Memory for that
llappinefs, the Foundation of which
was laid under your Care, pro-
vided that the People here, whofe

Duty

iv DEDICATION.

Duty and Intereft is chiefly concern-
ed, do on their own Parts fecond
your Endeavours, towards fccuring the
Peace, and advancing the Profperity
of their Country.

The following Account of the Five
Indian Nations will fliev/ what dan-
gerous Neighbours the India7js have
once been ; what Pains a neighbour-
ing Colony (whofc Intereft is oppo-
fite to ours) has taken to withdraw
their Afleftions fr ^ us \ and how
much we ought t je on our Guard.
If we only confider the Riches which!
our Enemies receive from the India7i\
Trade (though we were under no Ap-
prehenlions from the Indians them-
felves) it would be highly impmdent
in us to fujffer fuch People to growl
Rich and Powerful, while it is in our
Power to prevent it, with much lefsl
Charge and Trouble, than it is in|
theirs to accomplifli their Defigns.

Thefel

DEDIGAtlON.

Thefe Confiderations alone are fuf-
ficient to make the Indian Affairs
deferve the moft fciious Thoughts of
every Governor in America* But
I well know, befides; that your
Excellency's Views are not confined
to the Intereft of one Country on-

The Five Nations are a poor and,
generally called, barbarous People,
bred under the darkeft Ignorance ;
and yet a bright and noble Genius
fliines through thefe black Clouds.
None of the greateft Roman Heroes
have difcovered a greater Love to their
Country, or a greater Contempt of
Death, than thefe People called Barbari-
ans have done, when Liberty came ia
Competition, Indeed, I think our In^
dians have outdone the Roma?ts in this
Particular ; fome of the greateft of
thofe have we know murdered them-

a felvcs

vi DEDICATION.

felves to avoid Shame or Torments ;
but our Indians liave refufed to die
meanly, or with but little Pain, when
they thought their Country's Honour
would be at Stake by it ^ ; but have
given their Bodies, willingly, to the
moft cruel Torments of their Ene-
mies, to (hew, as they faid, that the
Five Nations confifted of Men, whofc
Courage and Refolution could not be
(haken. They greatly fully, however,
thofe noble Virtues, by that cruel
Paflion, Revenge ; this they think
it not only lawful, but honourable, to
exert without Mercy on their Coun-
try's Enemies, and for this only it is
that they can deferve the Name of

Barbarians.

But what, alas ! Sir, have we Chriftians
done to make them better ? We have
indeed Reafon to be afhamed, that

. • This will appear by fevcral Inftances in the
Second Part of this Hiftory.

thefe

DEDICATION.

thefe Infidels, by our Converfation
and Neighbourhood, are become
vvorfe than they were before they knew
us. Inftead of Virtues we have only
taught them Vices, that they were
intircly free from before that Time.
The narrow Views of private Intereft
have occafioned this, and will occafi-
on greater, even publick Mifchiefs, if
the Governors of the People do not^
like true Patriots, exert themfelves,
and put a Stop to thefc growing
Evils. If thefe Prafliices be winked
at, inftead of faithful Friends, that
have manfully fought our Battles for
us, the Five Nations will become faith-
lefs Thieves and Robbers, and join
with every Enemy that can give them
any Hopes of Plunder.

If Care were taken to plant and
cultivate in them that general Bene-
volence to Mankind, which is the
true firft Principle of Virtue, it would
effedually eradicate thofe horrid Vices,
occafioned by their unbounded Re*

a z vcnge ;

vil

viii DEDICATION.

venge ; and then they would no
longer deferve the Name of Barba-
rians, but would become a People,
whofe Friendfliip might add Honour
to the Britijh Nation.

The Greeks and Romans^ Sir, once
as much Barbarians as our Indians
now are, deified the Heroes that firft
taught them thofe Virtues, from
whence the Grandeur of thofe re-
nowned Nations wholly proceeded ;
- a good Man, however, will feel more
real Satisfaftion and Pleafure, from the
Senfe of having any Way forwarded
the Civilizing of a barbarous Nation,
or of having multiplied the Num-
ber of good Men, than from the
fondeft Hopes of fuch extravagant
Honours,

Thefe Confiderations, I believe,
will induce you, Sir, to think
a Hiftory of the Five Natio7is not
unworthy of your Patronage ; and on
thefe only it is that I prefume to of-
fer

DEDICATION. ix

fer my beft Endeavours in this, who
am, with the greateft Refpecl,

SIR,

Your moft obedient^

and ntoji 'humble Servant

Cadwallader Golden.

a 3

p 1

rHO\
ed'Wi
iiohat
the Peoph
Nations,
Accounts
■very impe\
AuthorSy
This feem
tarn: of t
enquire in
fatisfied 11
own Indii
nada are
in ^pen L
willjitftif
Five Nat;
ufal of ti
Affairs, J
for this h

(xi)

THE

PREFACE

TO THE

First Part.

r HOUGH every one that is in the leaft acquaint-
ed with the Affairs of North- America, knows of
ivhat Confequence the Indians, commonly known to
the People of New- York by the Name of the Five
Nations, are^ both tn Peace and War \ I know of no
Accounts of them, publijhed in Englifh, but what are
very imperfeSl, and indeed meer Uranflations of French
Authors, who thtmfelvss know little of the Truth.
*rhis feems to threw fonie Reflexions on the Inhabi-
tant: of our Province,, as if we wanted Curiof.iy to
enquire into our own Affairs, fnd were willing to rcfi
Satisfied with the Accounts the French givj us of our
own Indians, notwithflandlvg that the French in Ca-
nada are always in a different Interifl, end fometmes
in npen HoftiUty with us. This Conjfiikra'ion, I hop\
will juflify my attempting to vjrite an H'-ftory of the
Five Nations at this Time ; and having had the Per^
iifal of the Minutes cf the Conwpffmws for Indian
Affairs, 1 have been enabled to colldl viary Materials
for this Hifloryy which are not to be found any "xhcre

elfe i

ne Preface to the First Part.

elfs'i and cannot but thinks that a Hiftory of this
Kind will be of great Ufe to all the Britifti Colonies in
North-America, Jince it may enable them to learn Ex-
perience at the Expence of others: And if I can con-
tribute an^ Thing, to fo good a Purpofe^ I fbell not
think my Labour loft.

It will be neccfjary for me here to fay fomething in
Excufe of two Things in the following Performance^
whichy I am afraid, will naturally be found Fault
with in it, Thefirft is, the filing up fo great Part of\
the Work with the Adventures of fmall Parties, and
fometimes with thofe of one Jingle Man : And the
fecond is, the infer ting fo many Speeches at length.

As to the firft, the Hijiory of Indians would be
very lame, without an Account of thefe private Adven-
tures *, for their warlike Expeditions are almoft alwc^s
carried on by furprijing each other, and their whole
Art of IVar conjijis in managing fmall Parties* The
whole Country being one continued Foreji, gives great
Advantages to thefe fkulking Patties, and has obliged
the Chrijtians to imitate the Indians in this Method
f)f making War among them. And fome would, douMlefs,
he deftrous to know the Manners and Cuftoms of the
Indians, in their publick Treaties efpecially, who could
'Hot be fatisfied without taking Notice of feveral mi-
mite Circumfiances, and Things otberwife of no
Confcquencc. We are fond of fearching into re-
mote Antiquity, to know the Manners of our 'arlieji
Progenitors •, and, if 1 am mt mijlaken, the Indians
(ire living Images of them.

My Defign therefore in the fecond was, that thereby the
Genius of the Indians might appear. An Hijlorian
tijay paint Mens Anions in lively Colours, or in faint
Shades^ as he likes befi, and in both Cafes preferve a
perfect Likrnefs ; but it will be a difficult Tajk to fhew
the W/t, Judgment, Art, Simplicity, and Ignorance
cf the feveral Parties, managing a Treaty, in other
IVords than their own. As to my Part, I thought

myfclf

ne Preface to the First Part.

nyfelf incapable of doing //, mtbout depriving the ju»
licious Obferver of the Opportunity of dffcovcrit^
mh of the Indian Genius, by m contra^ing or pa--
\raphrqfing their Harangues y and without committtfjg
\often gr^fs Miftakes. For, on thefe Occafions^ a Jhl-
ful Manager often talks ccufufedlyy and ohfcurefyy
kvith Dejign ; which if an llijiorian fhould endeavour
\to amende the Reader would receive the Hijlory in a
falfe Light.

The Reader will find a great Difference betweett

fome of the Speeches here given of thofe made at Al-

[bany, and thofe taken from the French Authors.

\Ours are genuine and truly related^ as delivered by

\the fworn Interpreters ^ of whom Truth only is requi-

\red\ a rough Stile y with Truths is preferable to Elo-

\quence without it : This may be faid in Juftification of

\the Indian Exprejfton^ though I mufi own^ that I fu-

fpeSi our Interpreters may not have done Jufiice to the

[Indian Eloquence. For the Indians hanging but few

\WtrdSy and few complex Ideas ^ ufe many Metaphors

\in their Difourfe, which interpreted by an unjkilful

Tongue^ may appear wean, and firike our Imagimi-

\tion faintly -, but under the Pen of a fkilfd Reprefen-

ter^ might ftrongly move our Paffions by their lively

Images. I have heard an old Indian Sachem fpeak

''jjith much Vivacity and Elocution, fo that the Speaker

Ipleafed and moved the Auditors with the Manner of

delivering hisDifcourfe \ which however , as it afierwards

come from the Interpreter^ difappointed us in our ExutSia-

tions. After the Speaker had emplc) ::! a mvftderable

Time in haranguing with much Elocution, the Inter-

preur often explained the whole by one fwgJe Sentence.

I believe the Speaker, in that Tim\ cmbsi'ijhrd J*fd a-

domed his F: a tires, that thty m^^ht krj: their full

torce on the Iwijnation, while the Inter jreter con^

tented himfelf '•juith the Scnjc, :;; as few IVurds as it

could be cspvejjcd.

Tim

He that firjl writes the Ihf!

i-jry rj

are not geucrnlJy known, ouj.: ic ..vni

■, zvhitb
iX.cJj as

»v

1. ,1

The Preface to the First Part*.

fojftbki to make the Evidence of the Truth depend in'
tirefy on his otttn Veracity and Judgment ; and for this
Reafon I have related feveral TranfaQions in the
Words of the Regijlers, when this is once done,
he that pall write afterwards^ need not a£l with fo
much Caution.

The Hiftory of thefe Indians, / promife nr^felf^
will give an agreeable Amufement to many \ almojl e-
very one will find fomething in itfuitedto his own Palate ;
hut every Line will not pleafe every Man ; on the con-
trary, one will naturally approve what another con-
demnSy as one deftres to know what another thinks
not worth the Trouble of reading •, for which Reafon^
I thinky it is better to run the Rtjque of being fome times
tedious to certain Readers, than to omit any Thing that
may be ufeful to the World,

I home fometimes thought, that Hiftories wrote with
all the Delicacy of a fin". Romance, are like French
Dijhes, more agreeable to the Palate than the Stomachy
and lefs wholefome than more common and coarfer Diet.
An Hiftorian^s Views muft be curious and extenfive,
and the Hiftory of different People and different Ages
requires different Rules, and often different Abilities to
write it -, I hope therefore the Reader will, from
ihefe Conftderations, receivp this firft Attempt of this \
kind, with more than ufual Allowances.

The Inhabitants tf New- York have been much\
more concerned in the TranfaStions, which followed\
the Tear 1688, than in thofe which preceded it A
And as it requires uncommon Courage and Rcfoiutionl
to engage willingly in the IVars againft a cruel and\
barbarous Enemy, 1 fhould be ferry to forget any than
might deferve to be remembered ly their Country, wi(h\
Gratitude on that Occofion,

111

A V 0.

(xv)

VOCABULARY

O F

Some Words and Names tifed by the French
Authors, who treat of the Indian Affairs^
which are different from the Names of the
fame People or Places, tifed or underjiood by
the Englifh, and may therefore be ufeful to
thofe who intend to read the French Accounts,
or compare them with the Accounts now pub-
Jijhed,

Names ufed by the The fame are called by the Eng-
French. li(h, or by the Five Nations.

Benaguies.

Alronkins,
Ariihouis.

iniez.

lay des Puans.

^higagou.

^oriaer, i>;Corlard.

OWenagungas, or New-
England Indians, and

are fovie times called the E*-

ftern Indians.
Adirondacks.
Dionondadies, or Tulnonda-

deks, a Branch or Tribe of

the Quatoghies.
Mohawks, called lihw'fe Ma-

quas.
Enitajichc.
Caneraghik.
Schene(5tady. But the Five

Nations commonly call the

XVI

A VOCABVLARY, &c.

I'l.

"Names ufed hy the The fame called by the Eng\\{h^
French. ^^ Five Nations.

Governor of New- York hy
this Name^ and often the
People of the Provittce of .
New- York in general.
Tcuchfagrondie.
Quatoghie.
Chidaghicks.
The Five Nations.
Caniatarcj or Quatoghe lake.
Scahkook Indians.
New-York City.
Odiflaftagheks.
Mahlkander, or River Indi-
ans, living on HudfonV Ri-
ver^ below Albany.

Twightwies.

Teiodondoraghie.

Achfifaghfcks.

Oneydoes.

Cadarackui Lake.

Albany.

Quackfies, and Scunkfiks.

Utawawas, or Dewagunlias.

Quakfies.

Kfliaghicks.

Satanas.

Toderiks.

Scunkfik.

Erighecks.

Senekas.

Detroit.

Hurons.

Hinois.

Iroquois.

Lac Huron.

Loups.

Manhattan,

Mafcoutecs.

Mourigan.

Miamies.

Miffilimakinak.

MifTifakies.

Oneyouts.

Ontario lac.

Orange.

Outagamies.

Outawas.

Renards.

Sauiteurs.

Shaouonons.

Tateras.

Terre rouge.

Tongorias.

Tfonontouans.

THE

Inglifb,

fork by
'ten the

jirtce of .
aL

THE

CONTENTS.

he lake.

cfiks.

ilias.

rri HE IntroduSfion, being a fljort Viev.) of the

A Form of Government of the Five Nations, and

of their Laws and Cufioms, — oag. i

PARTI. C H A P. I.

er Indi-

fonV Ri' I Of the Wars of the Five Nations, with the Adiron-
dacks and Quatoghies.

CHAP. II.

"the Wars and "Treaties of Peace of the Indians
of the Five Nations with the French, from 1665
to 1683, and their Affairs with New- York /;;
that time* ■ . ^j

CHAP. IfL

Of the Tranfamons of the Indians of the Five Na-
tions with the neighbouring Englifh Colonies, ^6

C H A P. IV.

Monf De la Barres Expedition^ and fome remark-
the! ^^^^ 1'ranfamons in 1684. — 5Q

CHAP.

The CONTENTS.

CHAP. V.

The Englifh attempt to trade in the Lakes, and the
French attack the Senekas. — 71

CHAP. VI.

Colonel Dongan'i Advice to the Indians. Aclario'j
Enterprize, and Montreal [ached by the Five
Nations. — — 80

P A R T II. C H A P. I.

The State of Affairs in New- York and Canada at
the Time of the Revolution in Great-Britain. 9 1

CHAP. II.

A Treaty between the Agents of Maffachufets-Bay,
New-Plymouth, and Connedlicut, and the, Sa-
chems of the Five Nations at Albany, in the
Tear 1689. 100

CHAP. III.

An Account of a general Council of the Five Na-
tions at Onondaga, to confider of the Count De

Fronttnac'j Meffage.

10:^

CHAP. IV.

The French furprize Schenedady. Tho Mohawks
Speech of Condolance on that Occafion, i r 3

J"!"'

C II A P.

The contents;

C H A P. V.

^he Five Nations continue the War with the French.
T^he Mohawks encline to Peace. Their Conferences
with the Governor of New- York. 121

C H A P. VI.

The Englifh attack Montreal by Land, in Conjun^fion
with the Indians, an4 Quebeck j Sea^ 116

CHAP. VII.

The French, and the Five Nations, continue the
War all Winter with various Succsfs. The French
burn a Captain of the Five Nations alive, 131

CHAP. VIII.

The Five Nations treat with Capt. Ingoldfby. 137

C H A P. IX.

The French furprize, and take three Mohawk
Cajlles. " ' 142

CHAP. X.

The Treaties and Negotiations the Five Nations had
with the Englifh and French in the Teaxs 1693,
and 1694. ■ ^ . i£;o

C H A P. XI.

The War continued. The French repoffefs themfehes
of Cadarackui Fort -, and find means to break off
the Treaty between the Five Nations and Dio-
nondadies. ' ■ ■ — 180

CHAP.

fii'

ll'

The CONTENTS.

CHAP. XII.

The Count De Frontenac attacks Onondaga in Per-
fin with the whole Force c/ Canada. 'be Five
Nations continue the War with the .^nch, and
make Peace with the Dionondadies. > i88

CHAP. XIII.

l^be ConduSi which the Englifli and French ohferved
in regard to the Five Nations, immediately after
the Peace of Ryfwick, — . — 196

treaties^ Charter s^ puhlick A^Sy &c. from pag. 204,
to the End,

}

INI

A Jhort

ment oj
Cujioms

IT is nee
Goverr
is aboui
ent to give
\ Nations^ b(
plicity, an
vances, wl
tions, wher
[much as th{
The Fhi

r, \

[i]

.. \

THE

INTRODUCTION,

BEING

A Jhort P^iew of the Fon?i of Govern^
ment of the Five Nations, and of their LaivSj
CuJlomSy &c.

.-.- »

IT is neceflary to know foniething of fhe Form of
Government of the People, whofe Hiftory one
is about to know, and a few Words will be fuffici-
ent to give the Reader a Conception of that of the Free
Nations^ becaufe it ftill remains under original Sim-
plicity, and free from thofe complicated Contri-
vances, which have become necefTary to the Na-
jtions, where Deceit and Cunning have increafed as
much as their Knowledge and Wifdom.

The Five JSIatms (as their Name denotes) con-
liift of fo many Tribes or Nations, joined together
jby a League or Confederacy, like the United Pro-
rvinces, and without any Superiority of the one over the
)ther. This Union has continued fo long, that the
^hriftians know nothing of the Original of it : The
*eople in it are known by the Engli/h under the
[Names of Mohawks, Oneydoes, Onondagas^ CayugaSy
md Sennekas.

Each of thefe Nations is again divided into three

Vibes or Families, who diftingui(h themfelves by

three different Arms or Enfigns, the Tortoifc, the

^^flr, and the JVolf •, and the Sachems, or old Men

)f thefe Families, put this Enfign, or Mark of their

B Family.

:,;t

: il

}

The INTRODUCTION.

Family, to every publick Paper, when they fign
k.

Each of thefe Nations is an abfohite Republick by
ftfelf, and every Cadle in each Nation makes an
independent Republick, and is govem'd in all pub-
lick Aflfairs by its own Sachems or old Men. The
Authority of thefe Rulers is gain'd by, and coniifts
wholly in the Opinion the reft of the Nation have
of their Wifdom and Integrity. They never execute
their Refolutions by Force upon any of their People.
Honour and Efteem arc their principal Rewards *, as
Shame, and being defpifed, their Puniihments.
They have certain Cuftoms, which they obferve in
their publick Tranfadtions with other Nations, and
in their private Affairs among themfelves ; which it
is fcandalous for any one among them not to ob-
ferve, and thefe always draw after them either pub-
lick or private Refentment, whenever they are broke.

Their Lead ^rs and Captains, in like Manner, ob-
tain their Authority, by the general Opinion of theii
Courage and Condudl, and lofe it by a failure iiil
thofe Virtues.

Their great Men, both Sachems and Captains, arc
generally poorer than the common People ; for they
affedk to give away and diftribute all the Prefents or
Plunder they get in their Treaties or in War, fo as
to leave nothing to themfelves. There is not a Man
in the Miniftry of the Five Nations, who has gain'd
his Office, otherwife than by Merit j there is not the
Jeaft Salary, or any Sort of Profit, annexed to any
Office, to tempt the Covetous or Sordid •, but, on
the contrary, every unworthy Aftion is unavoidably
attended with the Forfeiture of their Commiffion •, for
their Authority is only the Efteem of the People, and
ceafes the Moment that Efteem is loft. Here we fcej
the natural Origin of all Power and Authority among
a free People, and whatever artificial Power or So
vpreignty any Man may have acquired, by the Lawsl
amd Conftitution of a Country, his real Power wil

The INTRODUCTION.

he ever much greater or ItTs, in Proportion to the
Efteem the People have of him.

The Five Nations think themfelves by Nature fu-
perior to the reft of Mankind, and call thf-mfelves
Onfiue-honwe ; that is, Men furpafling all others.
This Opinion, which they take Care to cultivate in-
to their Children, i^ives them that Courage, which
has been fo terrible to all the Nations of Norlh A-
merica -, and they have taken Hich Care to imprefs
the fame Opinion of their People on all their
Neighbours, that they, on ail Occafions, yield the
moft fubmiflive Obedience to them. I have been
told by old Men in New England, who rememhred
the Time when the Mohawks made War on their In-
dians, that as foon as a fingjle Mohawk was difcover'd
in the Country, their Indians raifed a Cry from Hill
to Hill, yf Mohawk! A Mohawk I upon which they
all fled like Sheep before Wolves, without attempt-
ing to make the leaft Refiftance, whatever Odds
were on their Side. The poor New Engitr'dLiduins
immediately ran to the Chrifcian Houfes, and the
Mohawks often purfued th^m fo clo<ely, that ilv^y
entered along with them, and knocked their Brains
out in the Prcfence of the People of the Honf^ *, but
if the Family had Time to Ihut the Door, they never
attempted to force it, and on no Occaiion did any
Injury to the Chriftians. All the Nations round
them have, for many Years, intirely fiibmitted to
them, and pay a yearly Tribute to them in H^am-
pum * ; they dare neither make War nor Peace, with-

• Wampum is the Current Money among the In^iam : It b of
two Sorts, White and Purple j the White is worked out of the
Infide of the great Conques into the Form of a Bead, and per-
forated, to firing on Leather } the Purple is worked out of the
Infide of the Muicle Shell } they are wove as bror.d as one's Hand,
and about two Feet long ; thcfe they call Belts, rind <^ive and re-
ceive at their Treaties as the Seals of Friendlhip , for leffer
Matters a fingle String is given. Every Bead is of a known
V^aluc, and a Belt of a lefs Number, is made to equal one of
a greater, by fo many as is wanting fillened to the Belt by a
String.

B 2 out

:;>;;.

I'll,

'^!

.itii

'I ,

rbe INTRODUCTION.

out the Confent of the Mohawks. Two old Men
commonly go about every Year or two, to receive
this Tribute i and I have often had Opportunity to
obferve what Anxiety the poor Indians were under,
while thefe two old Men remained in that Part of
the Country where I was. An old Mohawk Sachem^
in a poor Blanket and a dirty Shirt, may be feen if-
fuing his Orders with as arbitrary an Authority, as a
Roman Didator. It is not for the Sake of Tribute
however, that they make War, but from the Noti-
ons of Glory, which they have ever moft ftrongly
imprinted on their Minds •, and the farther they go
to feek an Enemy, the greater Glory they think they
gain •, there cannot, i think, be a greater or ftronger
Inftance than this, how much the Sentiments, im-
preflsd upon a People's Mind, conduce to their Gran-
deur, or one that more verifies a Saying often to be
met with, though but too little minded. That it is in
the Power of the Rulers of a People to make them
either Great or Little ; for by inculcating only the No-
tions of Honour and Virtue, or thofe of Luxury and
Riches, the People, in a little Time, will become fuch
as their Rulers defire. The Five Nations^ in their Love
of Liberty, and of theii Country, in their Bravery in
Battle, and their Conftancy in enduring Torments, e-
qual the Fortitude of the moft renowned Romans. I
fhall tiiiifh their general Chara(5ter by what an Ene-
my, a Frenchman., fays of them, Movfieur De la Po-
tericy in liis Hiftory of North Anierica.

" When we fpeak (fays he) of the Five Nations
in France., they are thought, by a common Mif-
take, to be mere Barbarians, always thirfting af-
ter human Blood \ but their true Charader is very
different. They are Indeed the fierceft and moft for-
midable People in North ^mcricAy and, at the fame
Time, are as politick and judicious, as well can
be conceived ; and this appears from the Manage-
ment of all the Affairs which they tranfadl, not only
with the French and FjigUjl.\ but likewife with al-

2 " moft

((

(.fc

«(

((

■v**,>

rhe INTRODUCTION.

*' moft all the Indian Nations of this vaft Conti-
** nent.**

Their Matters of Confequence, which concern all
the Nations, are tranfacfled in a general Meeting of
the Sachems of each Nation. Thefe Conventions are
commonly held at Onnondaga^ which is nearly the
Center of their Country ; but they have fixed on Al-
bany for the Place of treating with the Britijh Colonies.

They ftridlly follow one Maxim, formerly ufed by
the Romans to increafe their Strength, that is, they en-
courage the People of other Nations to incorporate
with them ; and when they have fubdued any Peo-
ple, after they have fatiated their Revenge by fome
cruel Examples, they adopt the reft of their Cap-
tives ; who, if they behave well, become equally
efteemed with their own People ; fo that fome of
their Captives have afterwards become their greateft
Sachems and Captains. The T^uJkaro)'-aSy after theWar
they had with the People of Carolina^ fled to the Five
Nations^ and are now incorporated with them ; fb
that they now properly indeed ronfift of fix Nations,,
though they ftill retain the old Name of the Five
Nations among the Englijh. The Cowetas alfo, or
Creek'Indians, arc in the fame Friendfhip with them.

The Tufiarcras^ fince they came under the Pro-
vince of Nezu Tork, behave themfelves well, and re-
main peaceable and quiet ; and by this may be (ecn
the Advantage of ufing the Indians well, and I be-
lieve, if they were ftill better ufed (as there is Room
enough to do it) they would be proportionably more
ufeful to us.

The Cruelty the Indians ufe in their Wars, to-
wards thofe that do not or cannot refift, fuch as
Women and Children, and to their Prifoners, after
they have them in their Power, is (hfervedly indeed
held in Abhorrence : But whoever reads the lliftory of
the fo famed ancient p-Ierocs,will find them, Pm afraid,
not much better in this Rcfped;. Do^sJchiiles's Beha-
viour to Hccfor^s dead Body, in Ilcmcr^ appear lefs

B '^ favag': i*

i':

. il'l '

hill

:i!i(!i •'

• P :.

' ' '

I ' i!

7%e INTRODUCTION.

favage ? This Cruelty is alfo not peculiar to the
Five Nations^ but equally pradtifed by all other In-
dians. It is wonderful, how Cuftom and Education
are able to foften the moft horrid Actions, even a-
mong a polite and learned People ; witnefs the Car-
thaginians and Phcenicians burning their own Chil-
dren alive in Sacrifice ; and feveral Paflages in the
Jewijh Hijlory j and witnefs, in later Times, the
Chriftians burning one another alive, for God's Sake.

When any of the young Men of thefe Nations have
a Mind to (ignalize themielves, and to gain a Reputa*
tion among their Countrymen, by fome notable En-
terprlze againft their Enemy, they at firft communi-
cate their Defign to two or three of their moft inti-
mate Friends •, and if they come into it, an Invitation
is made, in their Names, to all the young Men of the
Caftle, to feaft on Dog's Flefh •, but whether this be,
becaufe Dog's Flefh is moll agreeable to Indian Pa-
lates, or whether it be as an Emblem of Fidelity,
for which the Dog is diftlnguiftied by all Nations,
that it is always ufed on this Occafion, I have not
fufficient Information to determine. When the
Company is met, the Promoters of the Enterprize
fet forth theUndertaking in the beft Colours they can j
they boaft of what they intend to do, and incite others
to join, from the Glory there is to be obtained ; and
all who eat of the Dog's Flcfli, thereby inlift them-
felves.

The Night before they fet out, they make a grand
Feail-, to this all the noted Warriors of the Nation
are invited ; and here they have their War Dance,
to the Beat of a Kind of a Kettle-drum. The War-
riors are featcd in two Rows in theHoufe, and each
rifes up in his Turn, and fings the great A6ls he has
hinifelf performed, and the Deeds of his Anceftors 5 and
this is always 'iccompanied with a Kind of a Dance, or
rather Adlion, reprefenting the Manner in which they
were pcrfor "»icd j and from Time to Time, all prefent
join in a Chorus, applauding every notable A<51. They

exaggerate

i:ht INTRODVCTIOI^.

exaggerate the Iniuries they have at any Time re-
ceived from their Ehemies, and extol the Glory
which any of their Anceftors have gained by their
Bravery and Courage •, fo that they work up their
Spirits to a high Degree of warlike Enthuiiafm. i
have fometimcs perfuaded fome of their young In-
dians to tuSt thefe Dances, for our Diverfion, and to
/hew us the Manner of them \ and even, on thef^
OccaAons, they have work'd themfelves up to fuch
a Pitch, tliat they have made all prefent uneafy-
Is it not probable, that fuch Defigns as thefe have
giV6h the firft Rife to Tragedy ?

They come to thefe Dances with their Facefe
painted in a frightful Manner, as they always are
When they go to War, to make themfelves terrible
to their Enemies ; and in this Manner the Night is
fpent. Next Day they march out with much For-
mality, drefTed in their fineft Apparel, and, in their
March, obferve a profound Silence. An Officer of
the regular Troops told me, that while he was Com-
mandant of Fort-Hunter^ the Mohawks^ on one of
tb*:fe Occafibhs, told him, that they expeded the
ufual military Honours as they pafled the Garifori.
Accordingly he drew out his Garifon, the Men prc-
fented their Pieces as the Indians pafled, and thie
Drum beat a March ; and with lefs Refpeifl, the
Officer faid, they would have been diflatisfied. The
Indians pafled in a Angle Row, one after another,
with ^reat Gravity and profound Silence ; and e-
very one of them, as he pafled the Officer, took his
Gun from his Shoulder, and fired into the Ground
near the Officer's Foot : They marched in this Man-
ner three or four Miles from their Caftle. The
Women, on thefe Occafions, always follow them
with their old Clothes, and they fend back by them
their Finery in which they marched from the Cafl:le.
But before they go from this Place, where they ex^
change their Clothes, they always peel a large Piece
of the Bark from fome great Tree ; they commonly

B 4 chufe

ik-i

ut ;:'

8 rbelNTRxO DUCT ION.

chufe an Oak, as moft lading •, upon; the fmooth Side
of this Wood they, with their red Paint, draw one or
more Canoes, going from Home, with the Number of
A/Ien in them padling,which goupon the Expedition j
and fome Animal, as a Deer or Fox, an Emblem
of the Nation againft which the Expedition is de-
iigned, is painted at the Head of the Canoes •, for
they always travel in Canoes along the Rivers,
.which lead to the Country againft which the Exper
.dition is defigned, us far as they can.
/After the Expedition is over, they ftop at the fame
Place in their Return, and fend to their Caftle, to in*
/orm their Friends of their Arrival •, that; they may be
prepared to give them a folemn Reception, fuited to
the Succefs they have had. In the mean Time, they
repreient on the fame, or fome Tree near it, the E^
vent of the Enter prize, and now the Canoes are
painted with their Heads turned towards the Caftle ;
the Number of the Enemy killed, is reprefented by
Scalps painted black, and the Number of Prifoners
by as many Withs, (in their Painting not unlike Pot-
Jtiooks) with which they ufually pinion their Cap-
tives. Thefe Trees are the Annals, or rather Tro-
phies of the Five Nations : I have feen many of
them ; and by them, and their War Songs, tliey pre-
ferve the Hiftory of their great Atchievements. The
folemn Reception of thefe Warriors, and the Accla-
mations of Applaufe, which they receive at their
Return, cannot but have in the Hearers the fame Ef-
fect, in raifing an Emulation for Glory, that a Tri-
umph had on the old Romans.

After their Prifoners are fecured, they never of-
fer them the leaft Male- treatment, but, on the con-
trary, will rather ftarve themfelves, than fufFer them
to want-, and I have been always aflured, that there
is not one Inftai e, of their offering the leaft Vio-
lence to the Chaftity of any Woman that was their
Captive. But notwithftanding this, the poor Prifoners
ftfterward3 undergo icvere Punilhments before th^y

receive

III

'I'll
I.

'i ill

The: INTRO DUCT ION.

receive the laft Doom of Life or Death. The War-
riors think it for their Glory, to lead them through
all the Villages of the Nations fubjeft to them,
which lie near the Road -, and thefe, to (hew their Af-
fedion to the Five Nations, and their Abhorrence of
their Enemies, draw up in two Lines, through
which the poor Prifoners, ftark naked, muft run the
Gauntlet ; and on this Occafion, it is always obferved,
theWomen are much more cruel than the Men. The
Prifoners meet with the fame fad Reception when
they reach their Journey's End ; and after this, they
are prefented to thofe that have loft any Relation in
that or any former Enterprize. If the Captives be ac-
cepted,there is an End to their Sorrow from that Mo-
ment j they are drefTed as fine as they can mike them }
they are abfolutely free (except to return to their own
Country) and enjoy all the Privileges the Perfon
had, in whofe Place they are accepted -, but if other-
wife they die in Torments, to fatiate the Revenge
of thofe that refufe thera.

If a young Man or Boy be received in Place of a
Hufband that was killed, all the Children of the
Deceafed call that Boy Father *, fo that one may
fometimes hear a Man of thirty fay, that fuch a Boy
of fifteen or twenty is his Father.

Their Caftles are generally a Square furrounded
with Palifadoes, without any Baftionsor Out- works;
for, fince the general Peace, their Villages lie all
open.

Their only Inftruments of War are Mufquets,
Hatchets, and long (harp pointed Knives ; thefe they
always carry about with them : Their Hatchet, in
War-time, is ftuck in their Girdle behind them ; and
befides what Ufe they make of this Weapon in their
Hand, they have a dexterous Way of throwing it,
which I have {Qcn them often praftife in their Exer-
cifc, by throwing it into a Tree at a Diftance : They
have, in this, the Art of diredting and regulating
the Motion, fo that though the Hatchet turns round

,0 ne INTRODUCTION.

as It flies, the Edge always flicks in the Tree, and
near the Place at which they aim it The Ufc of
Bows and Arrows are now intirely l»d afide, except
among the Boys, who are ftill very dexterous in
killing Fowls and other Animals with them.

They ufe neither Drum nor Trumpet, nor any
Kind of mufical Inftrument in their Wars *, their
Throats ferve them on all Occaiions, where fuch are
neceflary, Many of them have a furprifing Faculty
of raifing their Voice, not only in inarticulate Sounds,
but likewife to make their Words underftood at a
great Diftance ; and we find the fame was pradlifed by
Horner*^ Heroes,

Thrice to its Pitch his lofty Voice he rears^-

:iil!,.!

1i' k

ml !':

: ,M

;i i n

■'f' •'!'

, l,!l K

O Friend ! UlyfTes Shouts invade my Ears.

The Five Nations have fuch abfolute Notions of
Liberty, that they allow of no Kind of Superiority
of one over another, and banifh all Servitude from
their Territories. They never make any Prifoner a
Slave ; but it is cuftomary among them to make
a Compliment of Naturalization into the Five
Nations ; and, confidering how highly they value
themfelves above all others, this muft be no fmall
Compliment. This is not done by any general Adl
of the Nation, but every fingle Perfon has a Right
to do it, by a Kind of Adoption. The firft Time I
was among the Mohawks^ I had this Compliment
from one of their old Sachems^ which he did, by
giving me his own Name, Cayenderongue. He had
been a notnble Warrior ; and he told me, that now
I had a Right to afllime to myfeif all the A6ts of
Valour he had performed, and that now my Name
would echo from Hill to Hill all over the Five Na-
tions. As for my Part, I thought no more of it at
that Time, than as an Artifice to draw a Belly full
of flrong Liquor from me, for himfelf and his Com-
panions i but when about ten or twelve Years after-
wards, my Bufinefs led me again among them, I direft-

rhe INTRODUCTION.

cd the Interpreter to fay fomcthing from me to tlic
Sachems ; he was for fbme Time at a Lx>fs to under-
hand their Anfwer, till he had afked me whether I
had any Name among them : I then found that I
was really known to them hy that Name, and that
the old Sachem^ from the Time he had given me his
Name, had aflumed another to himfelf. I was a-
dopted, at that Time, into the Tribe of the Bear^
and, for that Reafon, I often afterwards had the kind
Compliment of Brother Bear, ^

The Hofpitality of thefe Indians is no lefs remark-
able, than their other Virtues ; as foon as any Stran-
ger comes, they are fure to oflFer him Vi<*luals. If
there be feveral in Company, and come from a-far,
one of their bcft Houfes is cleaned and given up for
their Entertainment. Their Com plaifance,on thefe Oc-
cafions, goes even farther than Chriftian Civility al-
lows of, as they have no other Rule for it, than the
furniihing their Gueft with every Thing they think
will be agreeable to him ; for this Reafon, Tome of
their prettieft Girls are always ordered to wa(h them-
felves, and drefs in their beft Apparel, in Order to be
prefented to the Stranger, for his Choice ; and the
young Lady, who has the Honour to be preferred
on thefe Occaiions, performs all the Duties of a fond
"Wife, during the Stranger's Stay: But this laft Piece of
Hofpitality is now either laid afide by the Mohawks^
or, at leaft, they never offer it to any Chriftian.
This Nation indeed has laid afide many of its anci-
ent Cuftoms, and fo likcvvire have the other Nations,
with whom we are bed acquainted ♦, and have adopt-'
ed many of ours ; fo that it is not eafy now to diftin-
guifh their original and genuine Manners, from thofe
which they have lately acquired ; and for this Rea-
fon it is, that they now feldom offer Vidluals to Per-
fonsof any Diftin«5lion, becaufe they know, that their
Food and Cookery is not agreeable to our delicate
Palates. I'heir Men value themfelves, in having all
Kind of r'ood in equal Efteem. A Mohawk Sachem

told

\ i

litii 1,. I

ril'i^i

■ill' !;

/I'll. 'I-;

I. Ill

ll;l:li. 'Ill

X2 ne INTRODUCTION.

told me with a Kind of Pride, That a Man eats c-
very Thing without Diftin(5tion, Bears, Cais, Dogs^
Snakes^ Frogs^ &c. intimating, that it is Womanifh,
to have any Delicacy in the Choice of Food.

I can however give two ftrong Inftances of the Hof-
pitality of the Mohawks ^^Yiich. fell under my own Ob-
fervation ; and which fhew, that they have the very
fame Notion of Hofpitality, which we find in the
ancient Poets. When I was laft in the Mohawks
Country, the Sachems told me, that they had an
Evglifijman among their People, a Servant who had
run from his Matter in New Tork. I immmediately
told them, that they muft deliver him up. No, they
anfwered, we never ferve any Man fo, who puts
himfclf under our Protedlion. On this I infifted on
the Injury they did thereby to his Matter ; and they
allowed it might be an injury, and replied, though
we never will deliver him up, we are willing to pay
the Value of the Servant to the Matter. Another
Man made his Efcape from the Goal of Albany ^^htrt
he was in Prifon on an Execution for Debt ; the
Mohazvks received him, and, as they protected him
againtt the Sheriff and his Officers, they not only
paid the Debt for him, but gave him Land, over
and above fufficient for a good Farm, whereon he
lived when I was latt there. To this it may oe ad-
ded, all their extraordinary Vifits are accompanied
with giving and receiving Prefents of fome Value ;
as we learn likewife from Homer was the Practice in
old Times.

Polygamy is not u^ual among them *, and indeed,
in any Nation, whce all are on a Par, as to Riches
and Power, Plurality of Wives cannot well be in-
troduced. As all Kind of Slavery is banittied from
the Countries of the Five Nations, fo they keep them-
felves free ahb from the Bondage of Wedlock -, and
when either of the Parties becomes difgutted, they
feparate without Formality or Ignominy to either,
unlefs it be occafioned bv fome fcandalous Offence in

one

ideed,
liches
be in-
from
them-
, and
they
ither,
Bnce in
onQ

rbe introduction:

[one of them. And in Cafe of Divorce, the Children,

jaccording to the natural Courfe of all Animals, fol- -

how the Mother. The Women here bring forth their

IChildren with as much Eafeas other Animals, and with-

)ut the Help of a Midwife, and, foon after their Deli-

|very, return to their ufual Employment. They alone al-

fo perform all the Drudgery about their Houfes, they

)lant their Com, and labour it, in every Refped, till

[t is brought to the Table ; They likewife cut all their

"ire- wood, and bring it Home on theit Backs, and

\n their Marches bear the Burdens. The Men dif-

lain all Kind of Labour, and employ themfelves

ilone in Hunting, as the only proper Bufinefs for

)oldiers. At Times, when it is not proper to hunt,

)ne finds the old Men in Companies, in Converfati-

m •, the young Men at their Exercifes, (hooting at

[arks, throwing the Hatchet, Wreftling, or Run-

ling, and the Women all bufy at Labour in the

'^ieids. '^v;?Mv'~' '.i:::i r ' "' " :.^ .w:f .

On thefe Occafions, the State of Lacedtemon ever

pccurs to my Mind, which that of the Five Nations^

many Refpeds, refembles ; their Laws, or Cuf-

[oms, being, in both, form'd to render the Minds

]nd Bodies of the People fit for War. - -• ■

Theft is very fcandalous among them ; and it is
ieceflary it fhould be fo among all Indians^ fince they
iave no Locks, but thofe of their Minds, to preferve
leir Goods.

There Is one Vice which the Indians have all fallen
ito, fince their Acquaintance with the Chrijiians^
Ind of which they could not be guilty before that
'ime, that is, Drunkennefs : It is Itrange, how all
le Indian Nations, and alniofl every Perfon among
lem, Male and Female, arc infatuated with the
^ove of ftrong Drink ; they know no Bounds to their
fefire, while they can fwallow it down, and then
ideed the greateft Man among them fcarcely de-
^rves the Name of a Brute.

They

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r&e INTRODUCTION.

They never have been taught to conquer any Paf-
fion, but by fome contrary Paffion i and the Tra-
ders, with whom they chiefly convcrfe, are fo far
from giving them any Abhorrence of this Vice, that
they encourage it all they can, not only for the Pro-
fit of the Liquor they fell, but that they may have
an Opportunity to impofe upon them. And this, as
they chiefly drink Spirits, has deftroycd greater j
Numbers, than all their Wars and Difeafes put toge- j
ther.

The People of the Five Nations are much given to|
Speech-makings ever thv natural Confequencc of a per-
fedt Republican Government: Where no Angle Per-
fon has a Power to compt', the Arts of Perfuaiionl
alone mufl: prevail. As their befl: Speakers diftinguifh
themfclves in their publick Councils and Treaties with|
other Nations, and thereby g^n the Efl:eem and Ap-
plaufe of their Countrymen, (the only Superiority!
which any one of them has over the others) it isl
prol abi''. they apply themfelves to this Art, by fome
Kind of .Study and Exercife, in a great Meafure. It
is impoflible for me to judge how for they excel,
as I am ignorant of theif Language *, but the!
Speakers whom I have heard, had all a great Flu-
ency of Words, and much more Grace in theirl
Manner, than any Man could expeft, among a Peo-
pie intirely ignorant of all the liberal Arts and Sci-
ences. ^

I am inform'd, that they are very nice in the Tufiij
of their ExprefTions, and that few of themfelves are fo
far Matters of their Language, as never to offend the
Ears of their Indim Auditory, by an unpolite Exprelli-
on. They have, it feems, a certain Urbanitas^ or Jlti-\
cifnti in their Language, of which the common Eanj
are ever fenfible, though only ^heir great Speakers atl
tan to it. They are (o much given to Speech-making,[
that their common Complements, to any Perfon thcyl
refped;, at meeting and parting, are made in Ha-I
rangues.

2 Thefl

rhe INrRODUCriON.

They have fome Kind of Elegancy in varying
^d compounding their Words, to which, not many
ofthemfelves attain, and this principally diftinguifhes
their beft Speakers. I have endeavoured to get ibme
Account of this, as a Thing that might be acceptable
to the Curious j but, as I have not met with any one .
Pcrfon who undcrftands their Language, and aJ fo
knows any Thing of Grammar, or of the learned
Languages, I have not been able to attain th« leai^
Satisfaction. Their prefent Minifter tells me, that
their Verbs are varied, but in a Manner fo dif-
ferent from the Greek or Lafin, that he cannot dtf-
cover by what Rule it was done ; and even fufpe6ts>
that every Verb has a peculiar Mode : They have
but few radical Words, but they compound theic
Words without End ; by this their Language be-
comes fufficiently copious, and leaves Room for a good
Deal of Art to pleafe a delicate Ear. Sometin^es
one Word among them includes an entire Definition
of the Thing ; for Example, they call fVine Onehck-
radefeboengtferagberie, as much as to fay, a Liquor
made of the Juice of the Grape, The Words ex-
preffing Things lately come to their Knowledge are
all Compounds: They have noLabeals in their Lan-
guage, nor can they pronounce perfeftly any Word:
wherein there is a Labeal ; and when one endeavours
iQ teach them to pronounce thefe Words, they tell
one, they think it ridiculous that they muft fhut their
Lips to fpeak. Their Language abounds with Guttu-
rals and ftrong Afpirations, thefe make it very fono-
rous and bold *, and their Speeches abound with Me-
taphors, after the Manner, of the Eaftern Nations,
as will beft appear by the Speeches that I have co-
pied.

As to what religious Notions they have, it is diffi-
cult to judge of them; becaufe the Indians^ that
fpeak any Englijh^ and live near us, have learned
many Things of us ; and it is not eafy to diliinguira
the Notions they had originally among therafelvcs,

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i6 Tbe INTRODUCTION.

from thofe they have learned of the Chriftinns. It
is certain they have no Kind of publick Worship,
and I am told that they have no radical Word to ex-
prefs God^ but ufe a compound Word, fignifying
the Preferver, Suftainer, or Mafter of the Univerfe •,
neither could I ever learn what Sentiments they have
of a future Exiftence. Their funeral Rites feem to be
formed upon a Notion of fome Kind of Exiftence
after Death : They make a large round Hole, in
which the Body can be placed upright, or upon its
Haunches, which after the Body is placed in it, is
covered with Timber, to fupport the Earth which
they lay over, and thereby keep the Body free from
being prefled ; they then raife the Earth in a round
Hill over it. They always drefs the Corps in all
its Finery, and put Wampum and other Things
into the Grave with it ; and the Relations fuffer not
Grafs or any Weed to grow on the Grave, and fre-
quently vifit it with Lamentations : But whether thefe
Things be done only as Marks of Refped to the
Deceafed, or from a Notion of fome Kind of Ex-
iftence after Death, muft be left to the Judgment of
the Reader.

They are very fuperftitious in cSferving Omens
and Dreams -, I have obferved them Ihew a fuperftiti-
ous Awe of the Owl, and be highly difpleafed with
fome that mimicked the Cry of that Bird in the
Night. An Officer of the regular Troops has inform-
ed me alfo, that while he had the Command of the
Garrifon at Ofwego, a Boy of one of the far Weft-
ward Nations died there ; the Parents made a regu-
lar Pile of fplit Wood, laid the Corps upon it, and
burnt it ; while the Pile was burning, they ftood
gravely looking on, without any Lamentation, but
when it was burnt down, they gathered up the Bones
with many Tears, put them into a Box, and carried
them away with them ; and this Inclination, which
all ignorant People have to Superftition and amufing
Ceremonies, gives the Popifti Priefts a great Ad van-

• "age

<rhe INTRODUCTION.

tagc in recommending their Religion, h»yond what
the Regularity of the Proteflant Doftrine allows
of.

Queen j^ntte fent over a Miflionary to refide among
tht Mohawks, and allowed him a fufficient Subfiftence
from the privy Purfe ; (he fent Furniture for a Chap-
pel, and a valuable fet of Plate for the Communion
Table -, and (if I am not miftaken) the like Furniture
and Plate for each of the other Nations, though
that of the Mbbawks was only applied to the Ufe
defigned. The common Prayer, or at lead a con-
fiderable Part of it, was tranflated alfo into their Lan-
guage and printed ; fome other Pieces were likewife
tranflated for the Minifter's Ufe, viz. An Expofition
of the Creed, Decalogue, Lord's Prayer, and Church
Catechifm, and a Difcourfe on the Sacraments. But
as that Minifter was never able to attain any tolera-
Ible Knowledge of their Language, and was naturally
a heavy Man, he had but fmall Succefs -, and his Al-
lowance failing, by the Queen's Death, he left them.
Thefe Nations had no Teacher, from that Time, till
[within thefe few Years, that a young Gentleman, out of
Ipious Zeal, went voluntarily among the Mohawks. He
was at firft intirely ignorant of their Language, and had
no Interpreter, except one of the Indians, who under-
flood a little Engli/h, and had, in the late Miiliona-
Iry's Time, learn'd to read and write in his own Lan-
Iguage. He learned from him how to pronounce the
[Words in the Tranflations, which had been niad^.
for the late Miflionary 's Ufe. He fet up a School,
|to teach their Children to read and write their own
inguage-, and they made furprizing Proficiency, con-
sidering their Mafter did not underftand their Lan-
guage. I happened to be in the Mohawk Country,
im! faw fev€ral of their Performances -, I was pre-
fent at their Worfliip, where they went through fome
\Tt of the Common Prayer with great Decency. I
?as likewife prefent, feveral Times, at their privilte
devotions, which fome of tUtm performed duly,

C Morning

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1$ VZ(? INfRODVCriOK *

Morning and Evening. I had alfo many Opportunities
of obferving the great Regard they had for this
young Man •, fo far, that the Fear of his leaving
them made the greateft Reftraint on them, with
which he threatened them, after they had been guil-
ty of any Offence. Soon after that Time, this Gentle-
man went to England, received Orders, and was fent
by the Society, Miflionary to Alban^^ with Liberty
to fpend fome Part of his Time among the Mo^

I had lately a Letter from him, dated the feventh
of Decemkr, 1641, in which he writes as follows :
*' Drunkennefs was fo common among them, that I
*' doubt, whether there was one grown Perfon of I
** either Sex free from it ; fcldom a Day paffed,
<< without fome, and very often forty or fifty being |
f * drunk at a Time. But I found they were very fbnd
♦' of keeping me among them, and afraid I fhould |
*^ leave them, which I made Ufe of to good Pur-
** pofe i daily threatning them with my Departure, I
*' m Cafe they did not forfake that Vice, and fre-
♦' quently requiring a particular Promife from them
•* ttngly i by which Means (through God*s Blcfling)
*^ there was a gradual Reformation ; and I know
not that I have feen above ten or twelve Perfons
drunk among them this Summer. The Women
are almoft all entirely reformed, and the Men
very much. They have intirely left off Divorces,
** and are legally married. They are very conftant
and devout at church and Family Devotions.
They have not been known to exereife Cruelty to
Prifoners, and have, in a great Meafure, left ofF|
f oinc a fighting, which I find the mofl difficult,
oF all Things, to difTuade them from. They feem!
alfo perfuaaed of the Truths of Chriftianity. The
greateft Inconveniency I labour under, is the Want
of an Interpreter, which could I obtain, for two
pr thre? Years, I fhould hope to be tolerably

,..•:■■ ,„ '' Mafted

tunities
or this
leaving
I, with
;n guil-
Gentle-
v^as fent
Liberty
:he Mo^

feventh

bllows J

1, that I

erfon of

' paffed,

ty being

cry fbnd

Iftiouldl

)0Q Pur-

eparture,
and fre-

)m them I
Bicfling)

i I know

e Perfons
Women
he Men
)ivorces,
conftant
evotions.
ruelty to
, left off
difficult, I
hey feem'
ty. The I
the Want
for two
tolerably I
■" MafteH

The INTRODUCTION.

« Matter of their Language, and be able to render
" it eafier to my Succeflbr." -^

This Gentleman's uncommon Zeal deferves, I
think, this publick Teftimony, that it may be a
Means of his receiving fuch Encouragement, as may
enable him to purfue the pious Purpofes he has in
View.

The Mohawks, were they civilized, may be ufeful
to us many Ways, and, on many Occafions, more
than any of our own People can be ; and this well
deferves to be confidered.

There is one Cuftom their Men constantly ob-
ferve, which I muft not forget to mention -, That if
they be fent with any Meftage, though it demand
the grcateft Difpatch, or though they bring Intelli-
gence of any imminent Danger, they never tell it at
their firft Approach j but fit down for a Minute or
two, at leaft, in Silence, to recoiled themfelves,
before they ^peak, that they may not (hew any De-
gree of Fear or Surprize, by an indc t Expreflion.
Every fudden Repartee, in a publick i reaty, leaves
with them an Impreffion of a light inconfiderate
Mind ; but, in private Converfation, they ufe, and
are delighted with brifk witty Anfwers, as we can
be. By this they fhew the great Difference they
place between the Converfations of Man and Man,
and of Nation and Nation -, and in this, and a thou-
fand other Things, might well be an Example to the
European Nations.

THE

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THE

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HIS TORY

:'i?V'

.:• ,. ... o F TM E '^ ■•

Five INDIAN Nations,

DEPENDING

On the Province of NEW-YORK.

J I

:,' »

PART L

,Ji

p/&^ Hiflory of the Five Nations, from the Time
the Chrijliansjirft knew any Tubing ofthem^ to
that of the Revolution in GrQ2it''BntSLiiu

C H A P. I.

\0f the Wars of the Five Nations with the A-
dirondacks ^;/^ Quatoghies.

TH E firft Settlers of New-Tor k having been
little curious in inquiring into the Indian Af-
1 /«/y*J> further than what related to Trade ;

or, at Icaft, having negledled to tranfmit their Dif-
Icoveries to Pofterity, it is much more difficult to
[give a juft Hiftory of thefe Nations before, than
jfrncc the Time of their b^ing under the Crown of

C 3 England*

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^2 The History of the ^

Ch A p. England. "What we can learn of Certainty, however,
I. is this. The French fettled at Canada i\\ the Year
1603, fix Years before the Dutch poffefled them-
felves of New-Netherlands^ now called New-Tork,
and found the Five Nations it War with the Jdi-
rondacks^ which, they tell us, was occafioned in the

following Manner. " ?> r

The Adirondacks formerly livfed three-hundred
Miles above 'Trois Rif ieres^ where now the Utawa-
was are fituated ; at that Time they employ'd them-
felves wholly in Hunting, and the Five Nations
made planting of Corn their Bufihefs. By this Means
they became ufeful to each other, by exchanging
Corn for Venifo^i, The AdirondatkSy however, va-
lued themfelves, as delighting in a more marly Em-
ployment, and defpifed the Five Nations, in follow-
ing Bufiheft, ivhich they thought only fit fof Women.
But it once happened, that the Game failed the A-
dirondacks, which made them defire fome of the
young Men of the Five Nations to aflift them in
Hunting. Thefe young Men foon became much
more expert in Hunting, and able to endure Fft*
tigues, than the Adirondacks expeifted dr defired i in
(hort^ they beeariie jealous of them, and, one Night,
murdered all the young Men they had with them.
The Five Nations complained to the Chiefs of the
Adirondacks, of the Inhumanity of this Adlion *, but
they contented themfelves with blaming the Mur-
derers, and ordered them to make fome fmall f
Prefents to the Relations of the niurdcred Pctfons,
without being apprehenfive of the Refentment of the
Five Nations ; for they looked upon them, as Men
net capable of taking any great Revenge. > .

This however provoked the Five Nations to tha!

Degree, that they foon refolved, by fome Means,

• ft) be revenged j and the Adirondacks being informed

f It it ftill a Cuftom among the Indians, to cxpiatie Murder by
Prefents to the Relations of the Perfon killed. i

' . of

'i M

ever.
Year

them-
^Tork,
e Adi-
in the

indred

Jtawa-

them-

Means

ranging

'er, va-

?ly Em-

foUow-

Afomen.
theyf-
of the

them in

e much

iure Fft*
red \ in
Night,

h them,
of the I
n *, but I
e Mur-
fmall V
PetfonsJ
t of the
as Men I

IS to tha'
MeanB,

unformed I

Murder by

Parti. Five Indian Nations*

of their Defigns, thought to prevent them, by re-Cn a p.
ducing them with Force to their Obedience. I.

The Five Nations then lived near where Mont
Real now ftands ; they defended themfelves at firft
but faintly againft the vigorous Attacks of the Mi-
rondacksi and were forceid to leave their own Coun-
try, and fly to the Banks of the Lakes where they
live now. As they were hitherto Lofers by the
War, it obliged them to apply themfelves to the
Excrcife of Arms, in which they became daily more and
more expert. Their Sachems^ in ordei . o raife their Peo-
ple's Spirits, turned them againft the * Satanas, a
hCa warlike Nation, who then lived on the Banks of
the Lakes ; for they found it was difficult to remove
the Dread their People had of the Valour of the
Adirondacks, The Five Nations foon fubdued the
Sat anas y and drove them out of their Country ; and
their People*s Courage being thus elevated, they,
from this Time, not only defended themfelvea
bravely againft the whole Force of the Adirondacks^
but often carried the War into the Heart of the Adi^
rondacks*s Country, and, at laft, forced them to
leave it, and to fly into that Part of the Country,
where ^uebeck is now built.

There are more Inftances than one in Hiftory, of
poor difpirited Nations, that by fome fignal Affront
or Abule have had their Spirits fo raifed, that they
have not only performed notable Things on a fud-
den, but, if they happened, at the fame Time, to be
led and governed by wife Men, have {o far kept
up, and improved that Spirit, that they have be*
come, ih 4 Manner, a different People. Let us ex-
amine Hiftory, and we ftiall find, that the different
Figure every Country has made in theWorld, has been
ever principally owing to the Principles which were in-
culcated into, and carefully cultivated in the People*

* They arc callfd Shaouomm, by the French^ and live now
on one of the Banks of tlie Mijijftpt.

C4 In

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I w
i iiijiii

24 7%e HnvoRY of the :* -'

Ch A p.In this chiefly ccnlifts the Art of making a Nation
I- glorious, or the Crime of dcbafing them into Servi-
tude or Slavery. It was from the Notions of Liber-
ty, Honour, and Glory, and fuch wife and gene-
rous Principles, which the meaneft Citizen amcng
the old Romans entertained, that they became fo
great and powerful, and a Terror ^f^ all Nations ;
as the fordid, timorous, cunning Artifices, and the
Love of Wealth and fenfnal Pleafures, cultivated
among the prefent Romans, has debafed them now
into the meaneft and leafc feared Nation on the
Earth. The Hiftory of the Five Nations will readi-
ly fhew, how far the ancient Roman Principles have
been cultivated among them.

Soon after this Change of the People of thefe
Nations, the French arrived at Canada^ and fettled
at Rebeck ; and they thinking it advifeable to gain
the Efteem and Friendfhip of the Adirondacks^ in
whofe Country they fettled, Monjisur Champlain^
the firft Governor of Canada, joined the Adirondacks
in an Expedition againft the Five Nations. They
met a Party of two-hundred Men of the Five Na-
tions in Corlar^s Lake, which the French, on this
Occafion called by Monfieur ChamplairC^ Name, and
both Sides went afhore to prepare for Battle, which
•proved to the Difadvantage of the Five Nations,
The French, in fliort, kept themfelves undifcover'd,
till the Moment they began to join Battle •, and
.their Fire-arms fuiprifed the Five Nations fo much,
that they were immediately put into Confufionj
for, before that Time, they had never feen
fuch Weapons. The Trade with the Frefich, foon
after this, drew moft of the neighbouring Nations
to ^lekckt and they all joined in the War againft
the Five Nations.

I'he Adirondacks having their Numbers thus in-
creafed, and their Fire-arms giving them newCon-
jfidence, propofed nothing lefs to themfelves, than
the intire DcftruL^ion of the Five Nations, Upon

this

parti. Five Indian Nations, &c, 25

this, their young Warriors became fierce and info-CH a p:
lent, and would not be kept under any Difcipline or I.
Subjedlon to their Captains ; but, upon all Occafi- ^^-^Y*^
'^s, rafhiy attacked the Enemy, who were obliged
to keep themfelves upon the defenfive ; and to make
up what they wanted in Force, by Stratagems, and
a fkilful Management of the War. The young
Men of the Five Nations foon perceived the Ad-
vantages they gained by this Conduft, and every
Day grew more fubmiffiVe to their Captains, and di-
ligent in executing any Enterprize.

The Five Nations fent out fmall Parties only,
who meeting with great Numbers of the Adiron-
dacks^ retired before them with feeming Terror,
while the Adirondacks purfued them with Fury, and
without Thought, till they were cunningly drawn
into Ambufcades, where moft of their Men were
killed or taken Prifoners, with little or no Lofs to
the Five Nations,

The Adirondacks, by this Means, wafted away,
and their boldeft Soldiers were almoft intirely de-
ftroy'd, while the Number of the Five Nations were
increafed, by the Addition of the Prifoners, which
they took from the Satanas.

The wifeft and beft Soldiers of the Adirondacks^
when it was too late, now at length difcovered, that
they muft learn the Art of War from thofe Enemies
that they at firft defpifed ; and now five of their
Captains endeavoured to perform by themfelves
fingly, with Art and by Stratagem, 'vhat they could
not do by Force at the Head of their Armies ; they
had however no longer any Hopes of conquering,
their Thoughts were only fet on Revenge.

It is not improper to obferve here, once for all,
that in vi'riting the Hiftory of hidtansy it is often ne-
ceflary to give an Account of the Enterprizes of
fingle Perfons, otherwife the Lidlan Genius can ne-
ver be known, or their Manner of making W^ir un-
derftood. An Indian named F.jkarct was at this

Time

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26 I'he Hut OKY of the - --

Chap. Time one of the Captains of greateft Fame among |
I. the Adirondacks : This bold Man, with four other
Captains, (et out for 'Trots- Rivieres in one Canoe, each
of them being provided with three Mufquets, which
they loaded with two Bullets apiece, joined with a
fmall Ch^n ten Inches long; they met with five
Canoes in Sorel River ^ each having ten Men of the
Five Nations on Board. Pijkaret and his Captains, {
as foon as thofe of the Five Nations drew near, pre-
tended to give themfelves up for loft, and funs their I
Death Song, * then fuddenly fired upon the Omoes,
which they repeated with the Arms that Jay ready
loaded, and tore thofe Birch Veflels betwixt Wind
and Water. The Men of the Five Nations were fo
iiirprized, that they tumbled out of their Canoes,
and gave Pijkaret and his Companions the Opportunity
of knocking as many of them on the Head as they |
pleaied, and faving the others, to feed their Re-
venge, which they did, by burning them alive with I
the moft cruel Torments. This however was fo far
from glutting Pijkaret^s Revenge, that it feemcd
rather to give a keener Edge to it ; for he foon after
undertook another Enterprize, in which none of his
Countrymen durft accompany him : He was well ac-
quainted with the Country of the Five Nations^ and
let out about the Time the Snow began to melt,
with the Precaution of putting the hinder Part of his
Snow Shoes forward, that if any (hould happen
upon his Footftep*!, they might think he was gone
the contrary Way \ and, for further Security, went
along the Ridges and high Grounds, where the
Snow was melted, that his Track might be often lofti
when he came near one of the Villages of the Five
Nations^ he hid himfelf ':ill Night, and then entered
a Cabin, while every Body was faft afleep, mur-

* It is a Cuftom among the Indian Prifoners of War, when
led to Death, to fing an Account of their own Exploits ; and
this they are hardy enough to continue even in the midft of Tor-
tures.

dered

'art I. Five Indian Nations, Gfc. 27

|d«rcd the whole Family, and carried their Scalps in- C h a p.
to his lurking Place. The next day the People of I.
the Village fearched for the Murd'irer in vain. The
following Night he murdered all he found in another
^abin. The Inhabitants next Day fearched like-
Iwife in vain for the Murderer *, but the third Night
la Watch was kept in every Houfe. Pijkaret in the
[Night bundled up the Scalps he had taken the two
Iformer Nights, to carry, as the Proof of his Viftory,
land then ffole privately from Houfe to Houfe, till
lat laft he found an Indian nodding, who was upon
the Watch in one of the Houfes ; he knockt this
Man on the Head *, but as this alarmed the reO:, he
was forced immediately to fly. He was however
under no great Concern from the Purfuit, being
I more fwift of Foot than any Indian then living. He let
his Purfuers come near him from Time to Time, and
I then would dart from tuem. This he did with De-
1 fign to tire them out with the Hopes of overtaking
Him. As it began to grow dark, he hid himfelf,
and his Purfuers ftop'd to reft. They not being appre-
henfive of any Danger from a (ingle Man, foon fell
afleep, and the bold Piftiaret obferving thi&, knock'd
them all on the Head, and carried away their Scalps
with the reft. Such Stories as thefe are told among
the Indians^ as extraordinary Inftances of the Cou-
rage and Condud of their Captains. The Indians
will often travel thus three or four Hundred Miles
fingly, or two or three in Company, and lurk about
their Enemy's Borders for feveral Weeks, in Hopes
to revenge the Death of a near Relation or dear
Friend. Indeed they give them(elves fo very much
up to Revenge, that this Paffion feems to gnaw
their Souls, and gives them no Reft till they fatisfy
it. It is this Delight in Revenge, that makes all
barbarous Nations cruel ; and the curbing fuch
Paffions is one of the happy Efledls of being ci-
vilized.

n ;:

.! w

The

! !

28 T'he History of the -.

Ch APi The I'ive Nations are fo much deh'ghted with
!• Stratagems in War, that no Superiority of their j
Forces ever make them negledl them. They amufed |
the Adirondacks and their Allies the ^atoghies (call-
ed by the French Hurons) by fending to the French^ I
and defiring Peace. The French defired them to
receive fome Priefts among them, in Hopes that |
thofe prudent Fathers would, by fome Art, recon-
cile them to their Intereft, and engage their AfFe<fti-
ons. The Five Nations readily accepted the Offer, |
and fome Jefuits went along with them : But after
:hey had the Jefuits in their Power, they ufed them I
only as Hoftages, and thereby obliged the French
to ftand neuter, while they prepared to attack the I
Adirondacks and ^uatoghies^ and they defeated the |
^atoghies in a dreadful Battle fought within two
Leagues of ^ebecL

The French own. That if the Five Nations had
known their Weaknefs at that Time, they might
have eafily deftroyed the whole Colony.

This Defeat, in Sight of the French Settlements,
ftruck Terror into all their Allies, who were at that
Time very numerous, becaufe of the Trade with the
French^ which furnifhed them with many the moft
ufeful Conveniencies ; for before that Time the
Indicns had no Iron Tool among them.

The Nipeceriniens, who then lived on the Banks
of St. Laurence River ^ fled upon this to the North-
ward, believing that the extreme Coldnefs of the
Climate, and a barren Soil, would be the fecurefl
Defence againft the Ambition of the Five Nations.
The Remainder of the QuatogHes fled with the
Utawavjas Southweft ward •, and for the greater Secu-
rity, fettled in an Ifland, which being further than
the Name of the Five Nations had then reached,
they trufted to the Diftance of the Place, and the
Advantage of its Situation.

Their lad Expedition having fucceeded fo well,
the Five Nations gave out, that they intended next

Winter

'art I. Five Indian Nations, &c, 29

Inter to vifit Tonnendio, (the Name they give toCn a p.
^he Governor of Canada j ) thefe Vifits are always I.
lade with much Shew. Under this Pretence they '^^VN^
athered together 1000 or 1200 Men. Their out
>couts met with Pijkaret near Niccolet River, and
till pretending a friendly Vifit to thu Governor of
"Canada, as their only Defign, he told them, that
the Adirondacks were divided into two Bodies, one of
rhich hunted on the North Side of S,t. Laurence Ri-
';er at ff^btnake, three Lepgues above */mj Rivieres^
md the other at Nkolet, As foon as they had gained

^his Information, they killed him, and returned with
lis Head to the Army. The Five Nations divided

[ikewife into two Bodies ; they furprized the Adiron-

iacks in both Places, and in both cut them in pieces.
Thus the moft warlike and polite Nation of all

fche Indians in North America, was almoft intirely de-
croyed by a People they at lirft defpifed,1 and by a
^ar which their Pride and Injuftice brought upon

them ; and we here fee, that all the Advantages of

"lumbers. Courage and Weapons, is not equal to
jood difcipline in an Army. .■ ..^ .
A very few Adirondacks only now remain in fome
''illages near Rebeck, who ftill wafte away and
lecay, by their drinking ftrong Waters, the' when
the French firft fettled at Rebeck, 1500 fighting Men
)f them lived between that Place and Silierie, which

[are only a League diftant, befides thofe that lived at

mquenay. Trots Rivieres, and fome other Places.

[And fince this decifive Battle, the Adirondacks hiive

[never been confidered as of any Confequencc, either

I ill Peace or War.

The ^atoghies and Atawawas now foon began

I to be in Want of the European Commodities, which
had made them confiderable among their new
Friends. In order therefore to fupply themfelves
anew, they returned to Trade 2it Rebeck-, and by
this Means the Place of their Retreat was difcovered

j to the Jive Nations \ and they not having their Re-
venge

."» I

«; t; ; r

1.,, •-<

t .

30 .; The History 0/ the ,-r . ;.^

Chap, vcnge fatlatcd, while the ^uatoghies had a Being,!
I- foon convinced them, that no Extent of Countryl
could fet bounds to that Paflion, when it rages in thtl
Hearts of the Five Nations^ for they foon after at{
tack'd them in their new Settlement. The ^.j
ioghies had the good Fortune to difcover the Fix
Nations Time enough to make their Efcape, and fle
to the Putewatemiesy who lived a Day's JourneJ
further, where they, and all the Neighbouring NaJ
tions, fecured themielves in a large Fort. The Fii
Nations followed, but, being in Want of ProvifionJ
they could not attempt a Siege, and therefore pre
poied a Treaty with the Putewatemies, which m
accepted. The Puttwatemies acknowledged the Fiiil
Nations as Mafters of all the Nations round thenJ
applauded their Valour, and promifed them theii
Friendfhip, and to fupply them with ProvifionsI
they would not however truft themfelv€s out of theij
Fort, but fent out a Supply 5 and even this th€j|
did, only withDefign to do that by Treachery, whicM
they durft not attempt by Force j for the Provil
fions were poifoned. The Treachery was difcovereil
however to the Five Nations^ by an old ^atogm
who had a Son Prifoner among them ; his AfFedtiofil
for his Son overcoming even his Hatred to his Coun[
try's Enemies. This Treachery highly enraged thel
five Nations againft the PutewatemieSy and thel
neighbouring People \ but Famine obliging them tol
retire at this Time, they divided their Armies intol
Parties, the better to provide for their SubfiftenceJ
by Hunting ; one of thefe Parties in their Chace fell
in with a Village of the Chicktaghicks ( called by thel
French Hinois) and furprized the old Men, Women
and Children, when the young Men were abroad
hunting -, but the young Men, upon their Return, |
gathering together all the reft of the Villages, pur-
iued this Party of the/7W Nations ^ and recovered thc|
Prifpners,

^ ' ' r TW

Parti. Five Indian Nations, Gf^. 31

Tins was the firft Time that the Five Nations had Ch a p.
been feen in thofe Parts, but their Name was become
fo terrible, that the Obig/aghcicksy notwithftanding
this Advantage, left their Country, and fled to the
Nations that lived weftward, till the General Peace
was fetded by the French, and not till on that Oc-
Cc^on returned to their own Country.

;^.

' . CHAP. II.

- ,W . .. e * ^ - t

the Wars and Ireaiies of Peace of the Indians of
the Five Nations with the French, from 1665 to
1683, and their Jffairs with "Ntv/'Yotk in that
Time, '/ •; . -

'N June 1665 Monfieur Be Trafi appo* ited Vice-
Roy of America by the French King, arrived at

hebeck^ after he had vifited the French Iflands in the
\f^efi Indies, and brought with him four Companies
of Foot ; and in September of the fame Year, Mr,
Courfel arrived Governor General of Canada', he
[brought with him a Regiment and feveral Families,
with all Things neceflary for eftabli{hing of a Colony.
[Their Force being now thus confiderably augment-
ed, the French Governor refolved to chaftife the
Infolence of the Five Nations *, and for that Purpofe,
jin the Winter, fent out a Party againft the Mohawks^
I but thefe by the Cold, and their not knowing the
Ufe of Snow Shoes, fuffered very much, without
I doing any Thing againft the Enemy.

This Party however fell in with * Skene5fady, a

fmall Town which Corlear (a confiderable Man

mongtht Dutch) had then newly fettled. When

i they appeared near Shene£iady, they were almoft dead

with Cold and Hunger j and the Indians, who were

• The French call this Town Corlear, from the Perfons Name
I who firft fettled there. It is fituate on th? Moha^wks River
I fixteen Miles from Albany. ...

^ then

•J

II.

32v' .'" ^e History of the ^ -

Chap, then in that Village, had intirely deftroyed theni, if
C^r/^^^r,(inCompaf^ion to his fellow Chriftians)had not
contriv'd their Efcape. He had a mighty Influence
over the Indians ; and it is from him, and in Re-
membrance of his Merit, that all Governors of iVI?w.
Torkart c$]kd Cor!: :r by the Indians to this Day,
tho' he himfelf was never Governor. He perfuaded I
the Indians, that this was a fmall Party of the French
Army come to amufe them, that the great Body was
gone dired:ly towards their Caftles, and that it was
necefTary for them immediately to go in Defence of
their Wives and Children. This they believed, and
readily obeyed *, and as foon as the Indians were |
gone, he fent tQ the French, and fupplied them
with Provifiors and other Neceflaries to carry them
back, T'hQ French Governor, in Order to reward I
fo fignal a Service, invited Corlear to Canada-, but
as he went through the great Lake, which lies to the
Northward of Albany, his Canoe was overfet, and he
was drowned •, and from this Accident that Lake has |
ever fince been called Corlear*s Lake, by the People
oi New-7'ork There is a Rock in this Lake, on I
which the Waves dafti and fly up to a great Height ;
when the Wind blows hard, the Indians believe,
that an old Indian lives under this Rock, who has the
Power of the Winds ; and therefore as they pafs it
in their Voyages over, they always throw a Pipe, or
fome other fmall Prefent to this old Indian^ and pray
a favourable Wind. The EngVijJj that pafs with
them fomctimes laugh at them, but they are fure to
be told of C(-rkar\ Death. Your great Country-
man Corlear (fay they) as he pafl!ed by this Rock,
iefted at our Fathers making Prcfents to this OU
Indian, and in Derifion turned up his Backfidc, but
this Affront coft him his Lit^.

In the following Spring the Vics-Roy and the Go-
vernor of Canada, with twenty eight Companies of
Foot, and all the Militia of the Colony, marched
into the Country of the Mobaivks, with a Defignto
... 2 deSroy

Parti. Five Indian Nations, &ci 33

deftroy this Nation, which by their Wars not only Chap.
prevented their Commerce with the weftern Indians, II.
but likewife often put their Colony in Danger. It'
certainly was a bold Attempt, to march above 700
Miles from Rebeck through vaft unknown Forefts.
The Mohawks however, on their Approach, Men,
Women, and Children, retired into the Woods, and
all that the French were able to do, was to burn fome
Villages, and to murder fome old Sachems that (like
the old Roman Senators,) chofe rather to dye than to
defert their Houfes.

The French were fo conceited before, of their
Superiority over the LuUans in their Skill of War,
and their Weapons, that they thought they could
not efcape, but the litde Honour or Advantage they
got by this Expedition leffened their Vanity, and
made them defirous of Peace •, and the Five Nations
remaining fearful of the French fire Arms^ it was with-
out much Difficulty concluded in the Year 1667.

The Five Nations however being naturally very
cnterpri'^ing and haughty, one of their Pardes fome
Time after met with fome French in their hunt-
ing, and quarrelled ^with them. The Indians had
the Advantage, they killed feveral of the French^
and carried one Prifoner into their own Country.
Monfieur de Courfel fent on this to threaten the Five
Nations with War, if they did not deliver up thefe
Murderers -, and the Five Nations, to fhew their pub-
lick Difpleafure at this Breach of Peace, fent
Jgariata, the Captain of the Company that did the
Mifchief, with forty others, to beg Pardon ; but
Monfieur Courfel was refolvcd to make an Example
of Agariata, and ordered him to be hanged in
Sight of his Countrymen *, and the French think that
this Severity was a great Means of preferving the
Peace till the Year 1683.

The Dutch, who fettled in the A^^^-tc; Netherlands, now
called New-Tork, in 1 609, entered into an Alliance
with the Five Nations^ which continued without any

D Breach

II.

34 ^f^^ History of the

Chap. Breach on either Side, till tht Etiglrjh g2L\md thn\
Country. The Dutch gained the Hearts of the Fivii
^ Nations by their kind Ufage, and were frequently
ufeful to the French, in faving thofeofthem thatj
were prifoners from the Cruelty of the Indians.

In 1 664, New-Tork being taken by the EngliJhX
they likewiie immediately entered into a Friendfhip
with the Five Nations, which has continued without
the leaft Breach to this Day j and Hiftory, I believe,!
cannot give an Inftance of the moft Chriftian or mod
Catholick Kings obferving a Treaty fo ftridtly, and
for fo long a Time as thefe Barbarians, as they are
called, have done.

The Englijh and French (Peace being every where!
fettled) now endeavoured to extend their Commerce!
and Alliances among the Indian Nations, that live tol
the weftward of New-Tork. The French however!
in their Meafures, difcovered always a Defign ofl
conquering and commanding •, for with this Viewl
Mr. de Frontenacy who had fucceeded in the Go-I
vernment of Canada, in the Year 1672, perfuadedl
the Five Nations to allow him to build a Fort on the!
north Side of Cadarackui Lake, under Pretence of a
Store for Merchandife, and the Security of his
Traders, and under the fame Pretence built feve-
ral other Forts at feme other confiderable Places far!
in the Country.

The Englijh and Butch, on the contrary, profecutcd|
their Meafures only with the Arts of Peace, by fend-
ing People among the Indians to gain their AfFeAi-
ons, and to perfuade them to come to Albany to|
trade ; but the War with the Dutch, which happen-
ed about this Time, prevented even thefe honeftl
Defigns from having the Succefs they otherwife
might have had; for in the Year 1673, New-Yor\\
being furprifcd by the Dutch, and rcftored the next
Year to the Englijh, the Alterations of Govern-
ment, and of Maftv^Vs, obftrudled very much any
Meafures that could have been taken for the publick

Good.

Part I. Five Indian Nations, ^c, jj

Good. Their Trade was likewife confiderably hin- Ch ap.
dered by the War which the F/w Nations had at H-
that Time with the * River Indians^ which forced
many of thofe Indians to feek Shelter among the
Utawawas, who fell under the French Government
at laft ; however, the Englijh^ Dulch and French
having all made Peace in Europe, and the Govern-
ment of New-Tork likewife having obtained a Peace
between the Fi%e Nations and Mahikindars or River
Indians^ both the Englijh and French were at full U-
I berty to profecute their Defigns of extending their
Commerce among the Indians^ which both did with
very confiderable Succefs and Advantage to the In-
habitants of their refpedlive Colonies.

But this Juftice muft be done to the French^ that
Ith'sy far exceeded the Englijh in the daring Attempts
[of fome of their Inhabitants, in travelling very far
imong unknown Indians^ difcovering new Countries,
md every where fpreading the Fame of the French
Tame and Grandeur. The Sieur Perot travelled
^n the Year 1 667 as far as the Fall St. Mary beyond
~ tijffilimakinak, and having learned thofe Indians
mguage, gained them over to his Country's Intereft.
The Courage and Rcfolution of many of thcfc
Ldventurers are defervedly recorded by the French j
3Ut the Englijh give it another Turn, and fay it is
the Barrennefs and Poverty of Canada that pufhes
pe Men of Spirit there, upon Enter prizes, that they
rould not have attempted, if they had lived in the
*rovince of New-Tork. The chief Reafon, in my Opi-
lion, however, of the French having fo far fucceeded
jyond the Englijh is, that the Indian Affairs are the
3articular Care of the Governor and other principal
Officers in Canada^ who have the greateft Know-
ledge and Authority •, whereas thofe Affairs In New-
^ork are chiefly left to the Management of a few

( i

• The Indians living on the Branches of HuiJotC^ River,
ithin or near the Engl^ Settlementi at that Time.

D 2 Traders

m t

36 Mf History of the '

Traders with the Indians ^ who have no Care for, or
Skill in publick Affairs, and only mind their private
Intereft.

! :'i

\v\

Jili

CHAP. III.

Of the T^ranfa^ions of the Indians of the Five
Nations with the neighbouring Englifh Colonies.

THE Fi've Nations being now amply fup-l
plied by the Englifh with Fire- Arms and!
Ammunition, give full Swing to their wariikel
Genius, and foon refolved to revenge the Af|
fronts they had at any Time received from tLj
Indian Nations that lived at a greater Diftancel
from them. The neareft Nations, as they werel
attack'd, commonly fled to thofe that were furthe!]
off, and the Five Nations purfued them. This, to
gether with a Defire they had of conquering, or|
Ambition of making all the Nations round then
their Tributaries, or to acknowledge the Five Nali\
ons to be fo far their Mafters, as to be abfolutel|
direded by them in all Affairs of Peace and Wai
with their Neighbours, made them overrun greaJ
Part of Nurth-Jmerica. They carried their ArraJ
as far South as Carolina^ to the Northward oi|
New-England^ and as far Weft as the River MiJfiJIil
over a vaft Country, which extends twelve hundreJ
Miles in Length, from North to South, and about i\\
hundred Miles in breadth \ where they intirely deftroyl
ed many Nations, of whom there are now no Accountj
remaining among the Englifh.

Thefe warlike Expeditions often proved trouble]
fome to the Colonies of Firginia and Marykd\
for not only the IndiaKS thp.f were Friends to thoi
Colonies became \ idims to the Fury of the Fm
Nations^ but the Chriftian Inhabitants likewife werj
frequently involved in the fume Calamity,

• ' : . ■ ■ Till

Part I. Five Indian Nations, ^c, 37

The French having a long Time felt the Incon- Chap.
veniencies and Dangers they were in from this reft- III.
lefs warlike Spirit of the Five Nations y made ufe of ^>^^^^
this Time of Peace to guard againft it for the fu-
ture, and were very diligent in purfuing the moft
prudent Meafures. They fent fome of their wifeft
Priefts and Jefuits to refide among them, and the
Governors of New-Tork were ordered, by the Duke
of Tork, to give thefe Priefts all the Incouragement
in their Power. The chief View of thefe Priefts
was, to give the Indians the higheft Opinion of the
French Power and Wifdom, and to render the Eng-
lifh as fufpedted and as mean as poflible in their
|Eyes. They waited likewife for every Opportunity
o breed a Quarrel between the Englijh and the /«-
•dians, and to withdraw the Five ISIations from fight-
ing with thofe Nations that traded to Canada. For
[thefe Purpofes thefe Priefts were inftrumental in
|turning the Refentment of the Five Nations againft;
he Indians^ that were in Friendftiip with Virginia
nd Maryland, The Governor of Maryland^ on the
other Hand, to prevent the ill Confequences, that
might happen by Wars between Nations that were
|in Friendftiip with the Englifi^ and lived in their
Neighbourhood, fent Colonel Courfey^ in the Year
1677, to Alban)\ to increafe the Fricndftiip between
Virginia and Maryland on the one Part, and the Five
Nations on the other •, and, accordingly, both Sides
gave mutual Promifes at Albany : Bat this good Uii-
derftanding was foon ftiaken by fome Partitas of the
Cneydoes, Onondcgr.s^ and Scnckas^ who were out
when this Treaty was made, and were ignorant of
it. One of them met with (h^z Suf^uehana Indians^
who were in Friendlhip with Maryland^ and fell
upon them •, they killed four of the Suf^uehanaSy
and took fix Prifoners. Five of thefe Prifoners fell
to the Snare of the Srvckas^ who, as foon as they
arrived in their own Country, fer.t them back with
Piefents, to fliew that they kept their Promifes with

D ^ Maryland 5

iir.

38 7he History of the

Ch A V. Maryland ; but the Oneydoes detained the Prifoner
they had.

Another Party, that went againft the Cartagejfe Indi-
ans (Friends of Virginia) were furprifed by a Troop
of Horfe, who killed one Man, and took a Woman
Prifoner : The Indians^ in Revenge, killed four of j
the Inhabitants, and carried away their Scalps, with I
fix Chriftian Prifoners.

The Mohawks, all this while, kept ftridly to
their Words, and fufFered none of their Men to go
towards Virginia and Maryland,

There is Reafon to think that the Dutch, who
lived about Albany at that Time, fpirited up the In-
dians againft the Englijh ; the national Differences,
that were then recent, bred a Rancour in their Spi-
rits. Some Dutchmen perfuaded the Oneydoes^ that
the Englijh at New-Tork were refolved to deftroy
them, and put them into a terrible Difturoance ; for
here the Dutch and the French Priefts joined in the
fame Meafures. The Commandant at Albany hear-
ing of this, fent two Interpreters of the Indian Lan-
guage, to perfuade the Oneydoes to come to Alba-
ny, in Order to be affured of the Englijh Friend-
Ihip, and to have their Jealoufy removed ; which
being done, Siverife, one of the chief Sachems of
the Oneydoes, excufed his Countrymen at Albany the
fifteenth of February 1 6^^, by laying the Blame on
the People of Schenectady, who had informed not
one, but feveral of their People, and at feveral
Times, that the Englijh defigned to cut them all
off i and faid, had they not Reafon to believe the Peo-
ple of SchencSiady, who are Friends and Neighbours
to the Englijh ? They brought with them a Chrifti-
an Woman and her Child, that had been taken Pri-
foners, and reftored them, praying the Governor to
ufe his Intercft to have their People reftored, that
had been taken by the People of Virginia ; but they
kept another Chriftian Woman and her two Chil-
dren, y^hich they faid they did only till fuch

Time

Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c, 39

Time as their Prifoners fhould be reftored, orCHAP.
fomc Canaftoga Indians given in their Place. III.

When the Five Nations make Peace with another ^*^V^.
Nation, that has taken feme of the Five Nations
Prifoners, if thefe Prifoners be dead, or cannot be
reftored, they ufually demand fome Indians^ m
Fnendfhip with the Five Nations, m their ftead ;
who either are adopted in Place of their dead
Friends, or reftored to their ov/n Nation -, and fome-
times they defire fome of their Enemies to be given
to them, and even thofe frequently are adopted by
a Father in Place of a Son, or by a Sifter in Place
of a Brother, and, moft frequently, by a Wife in
Place of a Huft)and loft in the Wars ; but if they
chance not to be agreeable to the Relations, then
they are certainly made Sacrifices to their Re-
venge.

Governor Jndrofs^ being acquainted by Letter
with this laft Propofal of the Oneydoes, required the
immediate Delivery of the Chriftian Prifoners, and
promifed to wi'.te to Virgi7iia to have the Indian
Prifoners fav'd. Some Prefents being given to the
Oneydoes^ and they promifed to bring them m a
Month's Time.

They, at the fame Time, informed the Com-r
mandant at Albany^ that eight of their Men were
then out againft the People of Virginia •, that they
knew nothing of what was now promifed i and there-
fore, in Cafe they ftiould do any Harm, they de-
fired that it might not be taken as a Breach of their
Promifes they now made. They promifed likewife
to inform the Governor of every Thing thefe Par-
ties ftiou'd happen to do. In the laft Place they
faid, we ftiall be very forry if any Thing fliould
happen to the Prifoners that we liave promifed to
reftore, left i<: ftiould create fome Jealoufies of us,
we hope that you will confider that they are mor-
tal. Accordingly, in May follov.ing, the Oneydoes
brought the other three Prifoners to Alba?^\ and,

D 4 on

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7X^ History of the

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Chap. on the Twenty-fourth of that Month, SwerifeA

III. when he delivered them to the Commandant at Al\

\^Y^ hanyy and the Commiflioners for Indian Affairs, faidj

" Brethren^

" We are come to this Place with much Trouble,!
as we did laft Winter, and renew the Requeftl
we then made, that fix Indians be delivered tol
us in the Room of thefe fix Chriftians, in Cafel
our People, who are Prifoners, be deadf
None of us have gone out againft the Chrifti-
ans fince we were laft here -, but we told youl
then that fome were then out, who knew nothing!
of the Governor's Orders, and we defired, thati
if any Thing happened it miglit not be takenl
ill. Now thirteen of our People, who went out!
againft our Indian Enemies, met eighteen Men onl
Horfeback, as far from any of the Englijh Plan{
tations as Cahnuaga is from Albany^ they firedl
upon our People ; our Men, being Soldiers, re-[
turned their Fire, and killed two Men and two!
Horfes, and brought away *heir Scalps.
" It would be convenient that the Governorl
tell the People of Virginia^ not to fend their Men
{o far from Home i for if they fhould meet ourl
Parties in their Way againft our Enemies, the!
Cabnozvas, whom the Englijh call Arogijii^ we can-|
not anfwcr for the Confequences.
" We have now obferved the Governor's Orders,
in bringing the three other Chriftian Prifoners ;|
and we t.uft the Affair of our Prifoners wholly |
to the Governor.

We have now performed our Promifes : But I
where are our Prifoners -, or, if they be dead,
the others in their Room, now when it is fo late
in the Spring P However, we will ftill truft this|
to the Governor."
Then delivering the Prifoners one by one, faid,!
We have, we fay, now performed our Promifes,

and

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Part I. Five Indian Nations,' &c. 41

*< and are not afhamed. We hope Corker, who Chap.
" governs the whole Country, will likewife do that, III.
** of which he need not be afhamed.

" Corlaer governs the whole Land, from New-
«' Tork to Albany y and from thence to the Sene-
" has Land ; we, who are his Inferiors, fhaJl faith-
*« fully keep the Chain : Let him perform his Pro-
" mife, as we have ours, that the Chain be not
** broken on his Side, who governs the whole Coun-

" try." - . ' . /./

Then the Commiflioners gave them Prefents for
their kind Ufage of the Prifoners.

After which Swerife flood up again and faid ; ** Let
" Corlaer take Care, that the Indian Woman, that
" is wanting, be reftored, and, for thofe that arc
*' killed, others in their Room. If Corlaer will not
" give Ear to us in this Affair, we will not hereaf-
" ter give Ear . j him in any Thing."

Hearing afterwards, that thefe laft Words were ill
taken, Swerife, with two more of the chief Oneydoe
Sachems, excufed it, faying •, *' What we faid, of
*' not hearkening any more to Corlaer, did not pro-
" ceed from the Heart, but was fpoken by Way of
Argument, to make Corlaer more careful to rc-
leafe our People that are Prifoners -, and you may
be convinced it was fo, when you confider that it
was faid after your Anfwer, and without laying
down either Bcver, or any Belt or Wampum, as
we always do, when we make Propofitions * ;
therefore we defire, that, if it be noted, it may
be blotted out, and not made known to Corlaer,
" for we hold firmly to our Covenant, as we faid in
" our Propofitions."

((

* The Word Propnfition has been always uH^ci by the Com -
miffionerci for Indian Aitairs at Albany, to fignify Piopofals or Ar-
ticles in the Treaties or AgrccmenCij made with the Indians.

They,

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4;t The History of the ,

Chap. They, at the fame Time, told them,That the Sinofi^
III. dowans * came to them with eight Belts, defiring
them no lorjgcr to prorecute the War with the Vir-
ginia Indians^ but to go to War a^ainft the Dewa-
ganas f, a Nation lying to the North-weftward ;
and that the Sennekas did defire them to fct thefe
Chriftians at Liberty, and to carry them to Jlba-
»y •, all which we promifed to do.

The Five Nations continuing however ftill to be trou-
blefome to Virginia^ that Government, in September
following, fent Colonel William Kendall, and Colo-
nel Southley Littleton^ to Albany, to renew and con-
firm the Friendfliip between Virginia and the Fiv:
Nations. Colonel Littleton died at Albany^ before
the Indians arrived ; and Colonel Kendall fpoke firft to
the Oneydoes, and told them in a fct Speech, " That |
" their People had taken away and deftroyed their
*' Goods and People, and brought fome of the Wo-
•' men and Children of Virginia Captives into their
*' Caftles, contrary to that Faith and Promife, and
" in Breach of the Peace made with Colonel Cour-
** fey, without any the leaft Provocation, or Injury
done, by the People of Virginia, However,
through the great Refped Virginia has to their
Nations, and by the Perfuafions of the Governor
of New-Tork, and the Inforrr tion he has given
the Government of Virginia, that they had qui-
etly and peaceably delivered to him the Prifoners
taken from Virginia, who were returned fafely ;
and their exculing the fame, and Inclination to
*' live peaceably, without injuring Virginia for the
future ; the Government of Virginia did forgive
all the Damages the Five Nations have done to
the People of Virgi?iia, though very great ; pro-
vided that they, or any living among them, for

((

* A Caftle of the Sennekas, from whence the F/v«f/& call the
Sennekas Tonontouan.

■\ Comprehended under th,; general Name of Utanuaivas.

the

Part I. Five Indian Nations, (ic. 43

*« the future, do not offend, or moleft the Peo-Cn ap.
" o\t of Virginia, or Indians living among them." HI.

He fpoke to the Mohawks and Senmkas^ fena-
rately from the Oneydoes, becaufe they had not done
any Mifchief, and promifed them kind and nt- ighbiv.irly
Ufage when they came to Virgiwa^ and gav*:- 1 ^^^m
Preients ; they returned the Compliment- w'th ati
Aflurance of their Friendfhip, and coruiolet I Colonel
Litiieion's Death, after the Indian Manctr, by a
Prefent of a Belt of black Wampum, bciides the
~elt given, on renewal of the Friendfhip.

The Onnondagas did not come till November ; on
he fifth of which Month the Virginia Kgtot fpoke
o them, in the fame Words he did to the Onsydoes.
t does not appear, by the Regifler of Indian Af-
irs, what Anfwer the Oneydoes and Owiondagas
lade, but it is certain they did not obfervc Friend-
lip with Virginia, but molefted them wirh reite-
rated Incurfions of their Parties. It is ohi'frvable,
lowever, that thefe two Nations, and th^- Cryugas^
)nly had French Priefts among them at that Time,
ind that none of the refl ever molefted the Englifb ;
for which Reafon, Colonel Dongan, not with ftanding
the Orders he had received from his Mafter, and
pat he himfelf was a Papifl, complained of the ill
offices thefe Priefts did to the Engli/h Intereft, and
Forbid the F/w Nations to entertain any of them ;
pough the Englifh and French Crowns, while he
/as Governor of New-Tork, feemed to be more
khan ever in ftrid Friendfhip.
The French had no Hopes of perfuading the Five-
kticns to break with New-Tork direftly, but they
/ere in Hopes, that, by the Indian Parties doing
frequent Mifchief in Virginia, the Government of
^ew-Tork would be forced to join, in refenting the
Injury, and thereby that Union, between the Go-
vernment of NcW-Tork and the Fiv3 Nations, would
3e hroke, which always obflruded, and often de-
bated, the DcTign the French had, of fubje(5line all
2 North

:1 i

44- ' ^b^ History of the '

Chap. North America to the Crown of France. For this
in. Reafon, the Governors of New-Tcrk have always,
with the greateft Caution, avoided a Breach with
thefe Nations, on Account of the little Differences
they had with the neighbouring Colonies. Thefe
new Incurfions of thefe two Nations were fo trou-
blefome to the People of Virginia, that their Gover-
nor, the Lord Howard of Effingham^ thought it ne-
ceflary, for their Security, to undertake a Journey |
to New-Tor k.

I fhall give a particular Account of this Affair,
which was thought of fuch Confcquence, that a
Peer of England left his Government, and travelled
four-hundred Miles, to treat with the Five Nations ;
and (hall take this Opportunity of defcribing fome
Ceremonies they ufe, in making Peace.

The Sachems of the Five Nations being called to I
Albany^ eight Mohawks^ three Oneydoes^ three On-
nond^gas^ and three Cayuga Sachems, met his Lord-
ihip there ; and, on the thirteenth of Jtily, 1684,1
he, accompanied by two of the Council of Virginia,
fpoke to the Sachen^s as follows, in the Prefence oil
Colonel Thomas Dongon, Governor oi New-Tor k, and
the Magiftrates of Albany. The Senekas being far
off, were not then arrived.

Fropofah made by the Right Honourable Francis 1
Lord Howard of Effingham, Governor-genc-\
ral of his Majejifs Dominion of Virginia.

To
The Mohawks, Oncydoes, Onnondagas, ^?/^Cayugas,

IT is now nboiit feven Years, faid he, fince yoii|
(unprovoked) came 'mX.o Virginia .,2. Country be-
longing to the jrreat King of England, and com-
mitted fevcral Mu^rders and Robberies, carrying
away our Chriftian Women and Children Prifo-
ners into youi: Caftles. All which Injuries we

*' defigne^l

Part I. Five Indian Nation^, e?r. 45

" defigned to have revenged on you, but at the Chap.
** Defire of Sir Edmcnd Androfs^ tlien Governor- HI-
" general of this Country, we defifted from de-
" ftroying you, and fent our Agents, Colonel IVil-
" liam Kendal., and Colonel Southky Lit tie ion to
*' confirm and make fure the Peace, that Colonel
" Courfey of Maryland included us in, when he firft
" treated with you. We find, that as you quickly
*' forgot what you promifed Colonel Courfey^ (o you
** have wilfully broke the Covenant-chain which
you promifed our Agent, Colonel Kendal, fhould
be kept more ftrong and bright, if we of Vir-
ginia would bury, in the Pit of Oblivion, the
Injury then done us ; which, upon Governor An-
drofs*s Interceflion, and your Submiflion, we
were willing to forget : But you not at all mind-
ing the Covenant then made, have every Year
" fince, come into our Country in a war-like Man-
ner, uader Pretence of fighting with our Indi-
ansy our Friends and Neighbours, which you
ought not to have done, our Agent having inclu-
ded them like wife in the Peace. You not only
deftroyed, and took feveral of them Prifoners,
but you have alfo killed and burnt our Chriftian
People, deftroying Corn and Tobacco, more than
" you made Ufe of, killed our Horfes, Hogs, and
" Cattle •, not to eat, but to let them lie in the
*' Woods and ftink : This you did, when you were
" not denied any Thing you faid you wanted.

** I muft alfo tell you, that, under the Pretence
" of Friendfhip, you have come to Houfes at the
" Heads of our Rivers (when they have been for-
" tified) with a white Sheet on a Pole, and have
" laid down your Guns before the Fort -, upon
" which, our People taking you for Friends, have
" admitted your great Men into their Forts, and
*' have given them Meat and Drink, what they de-
" fired. After the great Men had refrefncd them-
" fdves, and defiring to return, as they were l.^tout

" of

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I''!

46 ne History of the

Chap." of the Fort-gates, the young Men commonly ruflicdl
III. " into the Fort, and plundered the Houfes, taking
away, and deftroying all the Com, Tobacco, and
** Bedding, and what elfe was in theHoufes. When
" they went away, they generally alfo took feveral
'* Sheep with them, and killed feveral Cows big witlil
** Calf, and left them behind them cut to Pieces, and!
" flung about, as if it were in Defiance of us, and inl
*' Derifion of our Friendfhip. Thefe, and manjl
* more Injuries that you have done us, have caufedl
*' me to raife Forces, to fend to the Heads of outl
•* Rivers, to defend our People from thefe Outl
<' rages, till I f.ame to New-Tork^ to Colonel Tbomak
^^ Dongarty your Governor- general, to dcfire him,
*' as we are all cn^, King's Subjeds, to aflift me in
*• warring againit you, to revenge the Chriftianl
*' Blood that you have Ihed, and to make youl
give full Satisfaction for all the Goods that you
have deftroyed : But by the Mediation of your
Governor, i am now conie to Albany to fpeak
*' with yoi!, and to know the Reafon of your break-
ing the Covenant-chain, not only with us and I
our neighbour Indians^ but with Maryland^ who
are great King Charleses Subjedts ; for our Indiam\
*' have given King Charles their Land ; therefore I,
" the Governor of Firginia, will protedl them, as
*' your Governor, under the great Duke ofTork and
*' Albany y will henceforth you, when the Chain of|
Friendftiip is made between us all.
" Now I have let you know, that I am fenfible
of all the Injuries you have done us, and by the
Defire of your Governor- general, I am willing
to make a new Chain with you for Virginia^ Ma-
rylandy and our Indians^ that may be more ftrong
and lading, even to the Word's End ; fo that we
may be Brethren, and great Kiiic^ ^barles*s Chil-
dren.

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Part I. Five Indian Nations, C^c, \j

*' I propofe to you, firft^ That you call outofCHAP.

*' our Countries of Virginia and Maryland^ all your in.

" young Men or Soldiers that are now there.
" Secondly^ That you do not hinder or moleft our

" friendly Indians from hunting in our Mountains, it

*' having been their Country, and none of yours ;
they never go into your Country to difturb any
of you.

" Thirdly^ Though the Damages you have done
our Country be very great, and would require a
great deal of Satisfaftion, which you are bound
to give i yet we aflure you, that only by the

" Perfuafions of your Governor, who is at a vaft
deal of Trouble and Charge for your Welfare,
which you ever ought to acknowledge, I have
pafs'd it by and forgiven you-, upon this Conditi-
on, that your People, nor any living among you,

l" for the future, ever commit any Incurfions upon
our Chriftians or Indians living among us, or ia

l" Maryland,

" For the better Confirmation of the fame, and
that the Peace now concluded may be lading, I
propofe to have two * Hatchets buried, as a fi-
nal Determination of all Wars and Jarrings be-

[*' tween us 5 one on behalf of us and our Indians^
and the other for all your Nations united together,
that ever did us any Injury, or pretended to war
againft our Indian Friends, or thofe of Mary-
land.

" And that nothing may be wanting for Confir-
mation thereof (if you defire it) we are willing

*' to fend fome of our Indian Sachems^ with an A-
' gent, next Summer, about this Time, that they
' may ratify the Covenant with you here, in this
' prefixed Houfe, where you may fee and fpeak

I*' together as Friends.

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* All htd'iam make Ufc of a Hatchet or Axe, as an Emblem
focxprels War

That

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III

48 The History of the

Chap. " That the Covenant now made between us, mi

in. " this piefixed Houfe, in the Prefence of your Go-

" venior, may be firmly kept and performed on!

" your Parts, as it always has been on ours ; and thatj

" you do not break any one Link of the Covenantj

" chain for the future, by your People's comingj

'' near our Plantations ; when you march to thel

" Southward, keep to the Feet of the Mountains]

" and do not come nigh the Heads of our Rivers,!

*' there being no Be ver- hunting there *, for we {hall

" not for the future, though you lay down you|

" Arms as Friends, ever truft you more, you havi|

" fo often deceived us."

The next Day the Mohawks anfwer'd firft by theij
Speaker, faying :

" We muft, in the firft Place, fay fomething d

" the other three Nations, by Way of Reproof, foj

" their not keeping the former Chain, as the|

ought ; and therefore we defire you, great ^^j

chem of Virginia, and you Crrlaer, and all hera

prefent to give Ear, for we will conceal nothing

of the Evil they have done." [Then turning ti!

the other Nations.] " You have heard Yefterdail

" all that has been faid ; as for our Parts, we ar|

" free of the Blame laid on us ; we have alwayl

been obedient to Corlaer, and have fteadily kepj

our Chain with Virginia, Maryland, and BoJhi\

but ye are ftupid and brutifii, and have no Uii

derftanding, we muft ftamp Underftanding int(|

you. Let the new Chain made Yefterday be care]

fully prefcrved for the future. This we earnclij

ly recommend to you, for we are ready to crjl

for Shame of you ; let us be no more aftiatncd o:j

your Account, but be obedient, and take this

Belt, to keep what we fuy hi your Memory.

*' Hear now, now is the I'iine to hearken •, thi

*' Covenant-chain had very near dipt, by your m

2 " keepii

((

Part L Five Indian Nations, &c. 49

** keeping it firmly. Hold it faft now, when all for- Ch a p:

" mer Evils are buried in the Pit. III.

" You Oneydocs^ I fpeak to you as Children •, be

" no longer childifh, or void of Underftanding.
*' You Onondagas, our Brethren, you are like

" deaf People, that cannot hear, your Senfes are

'* covered with Dirt and Filth.

" You Ca-jUgas^ do not return into your former
Ways. There are three Things we muft all ob-
serve.

*' Fir 11^ The Covenant with Corkar. Secondly^
the Covenant with Virginia and Maryland,
Thirdly, with Bofton, We muft ftamp Under-
ftanding into you, that you may be obedient j

*' and take this Belt for a Remembrancer."

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Then Cadianne^ the fame Mohawk Speaker, turn-
ling to my Lord, faid :

" We are very thankful to you, great Sachem of
Virginia^ that you are perfuaded by Corkar, our
I*' Governor, to forgive all former Faults. We are
very glad to hear you, and fee your Heart foft-
" ened. Take thefe three Bevers as a Token.
" We thank the great Sachem of Virginia for fay-
ing, that the Axe fliall be thrown into the Pit.
Take thefe two Bevers, as a Token of our Joy
and Thankfulnefs.

" We are glad that Affarigoa * will bury in the
Pit what is paft. Let the Earth be trod hard
over it ♦, or rather, let a ftrong Stream run under
the Pit, to wafh the Evil away out of our Sight
and Remembrance, and that it may never be
digged up again.

" Affarigoa, you are a Man of Knowledge and
Underftanding, thus to keep the Covenant-chain
bright as Silver \ and now again to renew it, and

* The Name the Fivt Nations always give the Gov(riior of

£ *' make

ne History of the

Chap." make It ftronger. (Then pointing to the three
III. " other Nations, faid,) But they are Chain- break- 1
ers. I Jay down this as a Token, that we Mo-\
hawks have preferved the Chain intire on our|
Parts. Gives two Bevers and a Racoon.
" The Covenant muft be kept -, for the Fire ofl
Love of Virginia and Maryland burns in this Place,!
as well as ours, and this Houfe of Peace muft be|
kept clean. Gives two Bevers.
" We now plant a Tree *, whofe Top will reacil
the Sun, and its Branches fpread far abroad, fcl
" that it (hall be feen afar off; and we Ihall (heltfj
" ourfelves under it, and live in Peace without Mc
*' Icftatlon. Here he gave two Bevers.

" You propofed Yefterday, that if we were de|

firous to fee the Indians of Virginia^ you are willj

jng to fend fome of their Sachems next Summerl

about this Time, to this Place. This Propofjj

pleafes me very much, the fooner they come ti

better, that we may fpeak with them in thil

Houfe, which is appointed for our fpeaking wit]

our Friends ; and give two Belts to confirm it.

" You have now heard what Exhortation we \m

*' made to the oiner three Nations ; we have takej

" the Hatchet out o^ their Hands *, we now then

fore pray, that both your Hatchets may likewij

be buried In a deep Pit. Giving two Bevers,

" /iffarigoa^ fome of us Mohawks are out agairJ

our Enemies, that lie afar off, they will do ya

no Harm, nor plunder, as the others do.

kind to them, if they {hall happen to come

any of your Plantations •, give them fome T«|

bacco and fome Viduals ; for they v/ill neitlij

rob nor fteai, as the Oncydoes^ Onnondagas, aii

Cayugas have done.

* The Fi've Nations always c.'fprefs Peace by the Mctaplij
of a Tree.

im.-

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Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c, yi

** The Oneydoes particularly thank you, great Sa-Qn k f*
" chem of Virginia, for confenting to lay down the HI.
Axe* The Hatchet is taken out of all their
Hands. Gives a Belt.

«' We again thank AJfarigoa, that he has made a
new Chain. Let it be kept bright and clean, and
held faft on all Sides •, let not any one pull his
/irm" from it. We include all the four Nations^
in giving this Belt.

" We again pray Affarigoa, to take the Oneydoes
into his Favour, and keep the Chain ftrong
with them ; for they are our Children. Gives a
Belt.

" The Oneydoes give twenty Bevers, as a Satisfac-
tion for what they promifed the Lord Baltimore^
and defire that they may be difcharged of that
Debt."

The two Governors told them, that they would
ufe their Ende.wours with the Lord Baltimore^ to
perfuade him to forgive what remained.

Then the Indians defired that the Hole might be
dug, to bury the Axes, inz. one in Behalf of Vir-
ginia and their Indians, another in Behalf of Ma-
ryland and theirs, and three for the Onnondagas, O-
neydoes, and Cayugas. The Mohawks faid, there was
no Need of burying any on their Account, for the
firft Chain had never been broke by them.

Then the three Nations fpoke by an Onnondaga,
called Thanohjanibia, who faid :

We thank the great Sachem cf J^'l'^ginia^ that he
has fo readily forgiven and torgot the Injuries
that have been done \ and we, for our Parts, glad-
ly catch at, and lay hold of the new Chain.
Then each of them delivered an Axe to be buri-
ed, and gave a Belt.

I fpeak in the Name of all three Nations, and
include them in this Chain, which we delire may
may be kept clean and bright like Silver. Gives a
Belt.

E 2 *' We

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l^he History of the

We defire that the Path may be open for the
Indians under Jjj'arigoa^s Protedion, to come
fafely and freely to this Place, in order to confirm
the Peace. Gives fix Fathom of Wampum.
Then the Axes were buried ni the fouth-eaft End
of the Court- yard, and the Indians threw the Earth
upon them ; after which the Lord Howard told
them, fince now a firm Peace is concluded, we
fhall hereafter remain Friends, and Virginia and
Maryland will fend once in two or three Years to
renew it, and fome of our Sachems {hall come, ac-
cording to your Defire, to confirm it.

Laft of all the Oneydoes^ the Onnondagas^ and
Cayugas, jointly fang the Peace-fong, with Demon-
ft rations of much Joy ; and thanked the Governor
of New-Tork for his effedlual Mediation with the
Governor of Virginia in their Favour.

Colonel Dungan had gained the Affedions of the
Five Nations^ and they efteemed him much.

They defired the Duke cf York's Arms to put up-
on their Caftles^ which, from the Sequel of their
Story, we may fuppofe they were told would fave
them from the French. Colonel Dungan defired
them to call Home thofe of their Nations that had
fettled in Canada^' To which they anfwered. Cor-
Icar keeps a Correfpondence and Friendfiiip with Ca-
nada^ and therefore he can prevail more than wf can.

* T}icF/r;;r/j Vru-fts had, from Time to Time, perfuacKed fe-
veral of the rive Hutlom to Jvave their own Country, and tco fet-
tle near Moniteal'^ when.- the /07?;/<rZ» are very induftrious in ifo-l
couraging them. Thei. Numbc'E have been likcwife increaiFdl
by tiic Prifoners the French have taken in War, and by othcr'i
that have run from their own Country ; btraufe of fome Mil-
chief that they had done, or Debts which they owed theCh.r.fti-
ans. Thefe Indians nre all profefiiM P.ipiils, and for that Reafon
are commonly called the praying hidiam by their Countrymen,
and they are called Cahtuagas by tlic People of Alhan^jt from
the Place where they live ; the French value them on Ac«
count of the Tntej]';;erice they give in Time of War, and their
Knowledge of the Countries.

2 Let

Part I Five Indian Nations, &c. 53

Let Corlear ufe his Endeavours to draw our Indians Chap.
Home to their own Country. III.

The Government of the Maffachufets Bay had ap-
Ipointed Colonel Stephanus Cortland^ one of the Coun •
Icil oi New-Tork, their Agent at this Time, to re-
Inew their Friendfhip likewife with the Five Nations^
land to give them fome fmall Prefents ; which was
[accordingly done.

The Governor of Nezu-Tork, Colonel Dwigan^ con-

:Iuded with this Advice to them : Keep a good Un-

lerftanding among yourfelves; if any Difference

lappen, acquaint me with it, and I will compofe it.

lake no Agreement with the French^ or any other

ration, without my Knowledge and Approbation.

'hen he gave the Duke's Arms to be put up at each

)f their Caftles, in Hopes it might deter the French

From attacking them, (as they were threatened from

lan^da) by this fo manifeft a Declaration of their

jeing under the Protedion of the Crown of £/7^-

ind, when the two Crowns were in the ftrideft

'riendfhip *, but it is probable the French chofe this

rcry Time to attack them, to bring them off from

[hat Confidence they feemed to have in the En^-

\jh.

It may be proper, before I proceed, to infert here
ilfo a remarkable Speech made by the Omwndagas
[nd Cayugas to the two Governors, on the fecond
;ay of Auguft^ viz.

** Brother Corlear,

" Your Sacht;n is a great Sachem^ and we are but
a fmall People ; but when the En^l'ifo came firft
Manhatan^* to Arcg;(l<e ■\ and to Tdhkrana-
ry II, they were then but a fmall People, and we
;re great. ThiMi, becaufc we found you a good
iople, we treated you kindly, and gave you Land ;
hope therefore, now that you are great, and

J'* >
OtK.

II McnLvai,

((

v;:

54. The History of teh

Chap." wc fmalL you will proted us from the French. If
III. «« you do not, we Ihall lofe all our Hunting and
" Devers : The French will get all the Bevers. The
" Reafon they are now angry with us is, becaufe we
*' carry our Bever to our Brethren.

** We have put our Lands and ourfelves under
<* the Protection of the great Duke of Tork^ the Bro-
*« ther of your great Sachem, who is likewife a great
*' Sachem.

" We have tx)vi&': A the Sufqtiehana River, which
«* we won with t!; ;. o'vord, to this Government ;
*• and we defire it ma^^ ^ a Branch of the great I
*' Tree that grows in this Place, the Top of which
*' reaches the Sun, and its Branches (helter us from
'* the French, and all other Nations. Our Fire
*' burns in your Houfes, and your Fire burnS with us ;j
*' we defire it may be fo always. But we will noti

that any of the great Penn's People fettle upon the!

Sufquehana River, {o^ we have no other Land to|
♦* leave to our Children.

" Our young Men are Soldiers, and when thejl
'' are provoked, they are like Wolves in the WoodsT
'* as you. Sachem of Virginia, very well know,

'' We have put ourfelves under the great Sacki\
*' Charles, that lives on the other Side the greaj
" Lake. We give you thefe two white dreM
** Deer-fkins, to fend to the great Sachem, that hj
*' may write on them, and put a great red Seal ti
*' them, to confirm what we now do ; and put tlij
•' Sufquehana River above the Falls, and all the re|
*' of our Land under the great Duke of Tork,
*' give that Land to none elfe. Our Brethren, lij
*' People, have been like Fathers to our Wives aiij
" Children^ and have given us Bread when we we
" in Need of it 1 we will not therefore join o'Ji|
" felves, or our Land, to any other Governme/j
" but this. We defire Corlear, our Governor, m:
*' fend this our Propofition to the great SrAi
*'' Charles, who dwells on the other Side the gm

'' LakJ

((

Part I. Five Indian Nations. ^

« Lake, with this Belt of Wampum, and this other Ch a p.
*t fmailer Belt to the Duke cf Tork his Brother : And HI.
" we give you, Corlear, this Bever, that you niay
" fend over this Propofition.

" You great Man of Virg'mia, we let you know,
" that great Penn did fpeak to us here in Corlear's
« Houie by his Agents, and defired to buy the
« Sufquehana River of us, but we would not heark-
«* en to him, for we had fattened it to this Govern-
" ment.

" We defire you therefore to bear witnefs of what
" we now do, and that we now confirm what we
" have done before. Let your Friend, that lives
" on the other Side the great T .ake, know this,
" that we being a free People, though united to the
*' Englijh^ may give our Lands, and be joined to
" the Sachem we like beft. We give this Bever tQ
" remember what we fay."

The Senekas arrived foon after, and, on the fifth
of Auguft^ fpoke to the Lord Howard in the follow-r
ing Manner :

" We have heard and underftood what Mifchief
" hath been done in Virginia ; we have it as perfe(5t
" as if it were upon our Fingers Ends. O Corlear !
*' we thank you for having been our Interceflbr, fo
" that the Axe has wot fallen upon us.

" And you JJj'arigoa^ great Sachem of Virginia^
*' we thank you for burying all Evil in the Pit, We
" are informed, that the Mohazvks^ Oneydoes^ On-
KondagaSy and Cayugas^ have buried the Axe al-
ready ; now we that live remoteft off, are come
to do the fame, and to include in this Chain the
" Cahnawaas, your Friends. We defire therefore,
that an Axe, on rur Parf, may be buried with one
o{ Affiir/goa's. O Corlear ! Cor/ear ' we thank you
for laying hold of one End of the Axe \ and we
thank you, great Governor of Virginia^ not only
for throwing afide the Axe, but more efpecially
for your putting all Evil from your Heart. No^

((

,^*>;.

4 '

-I

56^ ' X^e History of the ' '

Chap." we have a new Chain, a ftrong and a ftraight
" Chain, that cannot be broken. The Tree of
" Peace is planted (o firmly, that it cannot be
" moved, let us on both Sides hold the Chain
" faft.

*' We underftand what you faid of the great
" Sachem, th^t lives on the other Side the great
^' Water. • '■

" You tell us, that the Cahnawaas will come
** hither, to ftrengthen the Chain. Let them not
*« make any Excufe, that they are old and feeble, or
•« that their Feet are fore. If the old Sachems an-
" not, let the young Men come. We fhall not fail
*' to come hither, tho* we live fartheft off, and then
*' the new Chain will be ftronger and brighter.

"We underftand, that becaufe of the Mifchief
*' that has been done to the People and Caftles of
" Virginia and Maryland, we muft not come near
" the Head* of your Rivers, nor near your Planta-
*' tions, but keep at the Foot of the Mountains j
" for tho' we lay down our Arms, as Friends, we
*' fhall not be trufted for the future, but looked on
*' as Robbers. We agree however to this Propcfition,
" and fhall wholly ftay away from Virginia : And
*' this we do in (jratitude to Corkar, who has been
" at fo great Pains to perfuade you, great Governor
*' Qf Virginia, to forget what is paft. You are wife
** in giving Ear to Corker's good Advice, for we
" fhall now go a Path which was never trod be-
*' fore.

" We have now done fpeaking to Corlear, and
^* the Governor of Virginia -, let the Chain be for
" ever kept clean and bright by him, and we fhall
" do the fame.

*' The other Nations from the Mohawks Country
*' to the Cayugas, have delivered up the Siifquehann
'? River, and all that Country, to Ccrlear\ Go-
^' vernment. We confirm what they have done by
^'giving this Belt. "

Coll.

parti. Five Indian Nations, &c. 57

Coll Bird, one of the Council of Virginia^ andCH a p.*
Edmond Jennings Efq ; Attorney General of that Pro m.
vince, came with four Indian Sachems^ (according V^'W/
to the Lord Howard's Promife) to renew and coii-
fi:m the Peace, and met the Five Nations at Albany
in September 1685.

Coll. Bird accufed them of having again broke
their Promife, by talcing an Indian Girl from
an Englijh Man's Houfe, and four Indian Bo)s
Prifoners.

They excufed this, by its being done by the Par-
ties that were out when the Peace was concluded,
who knew nothing of it j which Accident they had
provided againft in their Articles. They faid, the
four Boys were given to the Relations of thofe Men
that were loft ; and it would be difficult to obtain

j their Reftoration : But they at laft promifed to deli-
ver them up.

The Senakas and Mohawks declared themfelves

[free of any Blame, and chid the other Nations.
So that we may ftill obferve the Influence which

I the French Priefts had obtained over thofe other Na-

Itions, and to what Chriftian like Purpofe they iifed

lit.

The Mohawks Speaker faid, *' Where (hall 1 feek

I*' the Chain of Peace ? Where (hall I find it but
'* upon our * Path ? And whither doth our Path

p' lead us, but into this Houfe ? This is a Houfe of
•' Peace ; " after this hefang all the Links oftlie Chain

lover. Pie afterwards fang by Way of Admonition
to the OnondagaSj Oneydoes, and Cayugas, and con-

Icluded all with a S.ong to the Virginia Indians,
The French Priefts however ftill employed their In-

Ifliience over the Onnondagas, Cayiigas^ and Oneydoes \
and it was eafy for them to rpiritupthe///t//^7w (natural-

" The Mohaixli Country is fitiated between the other Nations
Liid All' any.

I ?

i I

■ill

li li.

1 1;

58 7X^ History of the ' ^ _

CHAp.Iy revengeful) againft their old Enemies. A Par-
Ill, ty of the Oneydoes went out two Years after this
againft the JVayanoak Indians^ Friends of Virginia^
and killed fome of the People of Virginia^ who af-
ftfted thofe Indians. They took fix Prifoners, but
reftored them 2it Albany., with an Excufe, that they did
not know they were Friends of Virginia. But Coll.
Dungan on this Occafion told them, That he only
had kept all the Englijh in North- America from join-
ing together to deftroy them ; that if ever he (hould
hear of the like Complaint, he would dig up the 1
Hatchet, and join with the reft of the Englijh to cut
them off Root and Branch; for there were many
Complaints made of him to the King by the EngliJhA
as well as by the Governor of Canada^ for his favour-j
ing of them.

We have now gone through the material Tranf-I
aftions which the Five Nations had with the Englijhi
in which we find the Englijb purfuing nothing bu!
peaceable and Chriftian-like Meafures *, and the Fim
Nations (tho' Barbarians) living with the Peopkl
of New-Tor k, like good Neighbours and faithful
Friends, and generally with all the Englijh zKo, ex-
cept when they were influenced by the Jejuites ; at|
the fame Time, one cannot but admire the Zeal,
Courage, and Refolution of thefe Jefuites, that would
adventure to live among Indians at War with theij
Nation ; and the better to carry their Purpofes, tol
comply with all the Humours and Manners of fucll
a wild Peojjle, fo as not to be diftinguifhed b)|
StY3.ngQrs from mQtr Indians. One of them, namedl
Milet, remained with the Oneydoes till after &\
Year 1694; he was advanced to the Degree of s
Sachem, and had fo great an Influence over thed
that the other Niitions could not prevail with thenil
to part with him. While he lived with them, tbsl
Oneydoes Yf^vt frequently turned againft theSoutherJ
Indians (Friends of the EngliJIo fouthern ColonitsJ

an'

Part I. Five Indian Nations, C^c,

and were always wavering in their Refolutions againft
the French at Canada.

We (hall now fee what EfFe(5l the Policy of the
French had, who purfued very different Meafures
from the Engliflj,

CHAP. IV.

Mr, De la Barrel Expedition^ and fome remarkable
Tranfailions in 1684.

TH E French^ in the Time they were at Peace Chap.
with the Five Nations^ built their Forts at ^V.
Taidonderaghi and Mijftlimakinak^ and made a Settle-
ment there. They carried on their Commerce
among the numerous Nations that live on the Banks
of the great Lakes, and the Banks of the Miffiffipi ;
they not only profecuted their Trade among thefe
Nations, but did all they could to fecure their Obe-
dience, and to make them abfolutely fubjed to the
Crown of France^ by building Forts at the conliderable
Pafles, and placing fmall Garifons in them. They
took in fhort all the Precautions in their Power, not
only to reftrain the Indians by Force, but likewife
to gain their Affedions, by fending Miffionaries
among them. The only Obftrudlion they met with
was from the Five Nations^ who introduced the
Englift> of New-Tork into the Lakes to trade with
the Indians that lived rornd them. This gave the
French much Uneafinefb, becaufe they forefaw,
that the EngUfh would not only prove dangerous
Rivals, but that the Advantages which they had in .
Trade, beyond what it was poflible for the Inhabi-
tants of Canada to have, would enable the People
of New-Tork fo far to underfel them, that their
Trade would foon be ruined, and all the Intereft loft
whicl they had gained with fo much Labour and
Expence. The Five Nations likewife continued in

War

i i

6o T/je History of tbe

Ch A p. War with many of the Nntiovs^ with the ChiSlaghicks
IV. particularly, who yielded the moft profitable Trade
to the French ; and as often as they difcovered any
of the French carrying Ammunition towards thefe
Nations, they tell upon them, and took all their
Powder, Lead and Arms from them. This made
the French Traders afraid of travelling, and prevent-
ed their Indians from hunting, and alfo lefTened the
Opinion they had of the Frmch Power, when they
found that the French were not able to prote(5t them
againft the Infults of the Five Nations.

The Senakas lie next to the Lakes, and neareft to
the Nations with whom the French carried on the
greateft Trade, thefe People were fo averfe to that Na-
tion, that they wouldneverreceiveanyPriefts among
them, and of Confequence were moft firmly attach'd
to the Englifh Intereft, who fupplied them with
Arms and Powder (the Means to be revenged of
their Enemies.) For thefe Reafons Mr. Dt la Barre
(Governor of Canada) fent a MefTenger to Coll.
IDungan^ to complain of the Injuries the Senakas had
done to the French^ and to fhew the Neceflity he
was under to bring the Five Nations to Reafoii
by Force of Arms. This Mefienger happening to
arrive at the Time the Indians met the Lord
Howard at yllbavy. Coll. Biingan told the Senakas
the Complaints that the Irench Governor made of
them. To which they gave him the following A nfwer,
in Prefcnce of Mr. De la Barrels Mcfienger, on the
5th of ^^ngi'fl i6(S4.

** We were font for, and are come, and have
*' heard what you have (iiid to us, thzt Corlear hath
** great Complaints of us, both from Virgiiiia and
*' Canada. What tlicy complain of from Canad.i
*' may pofTihly be true, thar fomc of our your.g Men
*' have taken fomc of their Goods, but Tonncudio the
*' (juvernorof Q/;w.'i<?, is the Caufe of it. Tie notonly
" permits his People to carry Ammunition, Guns,

** Powder

Part I. Five Indian Nations, ^c. h6i

" Powder, Lead, and Axes to the Tuihtuih-ronoom* Q h a p.

" our Enemies, but fends them thither on purpofe. IV.

" Thefe Guns which he fends knock our BeverHunt- v>^y^

" ers on the Head, and our Enemies carry the Bsvers

*' to Canada that we would have brought to our Rre-

" thren. Our Bever Hunters are Soldiers, and could

*' bear this no longer. They met fome French'm their

** Way to our Enemies, and very near them, carrying

" Ammunition, which our Men took from them.

" This is agreeable to our Cuftoms in War ; and we

*' may therefore openly own it, tho' we know not

*' whether it be pradlifed by the Chriftians in fuch

*' like Cafes.

'* When the Governor of Canada fpeaks to us of
" the Chain, he calls us Children, and faith, I am
** your Father, you muft holdfaft the Chain, and I
*' will do the fame: I will protedl you as a Father
" doth his Children. Is this Protection, to fpeak
*' thus with his Lips, and at the fame Time to
" knock us on the Head, by alTifting our Enemies
••' with Ammunition ^
" He always fays, I am your Father, and you
are my Children ; and yet he is angry with his
Children, for taking thefe Goods.
** But, O Corle^ir ! Ajjarigoa ! we muft com-
plain to you i you Corlear are a Lord, and go-
'' vern this Country ; is it juft that our Father is
" going to fight with us for thefe Thingjs, or is it
*' well done ? We rejoiced when La Sal was fcnt
" over the great Water ; and when Perot was re-
" moved, becaufe they had furniflied our Enemies
" with Ammunition ; but we are difappointeJ in our
" Hopes, for we find our Enemies ate llill fupplied.
" Is this well done ? Yea, he often forbid? us to make
*' War on any of the Nations with whom he trad-js •,

((

• Rimon fignifies IMation or People, in the Langnngc of th?
yi-vi ^jfians ; they fay Tiuhiuih.'-onooofi, C'.ich'ghik roncof:^
\l^ionondadik-ronoon, ScQ.

<« and

Ml ' •
|i, ill

■■ , III I

' 'i'

!":;':

((

c«

62 7Z/^ History ^ the

Ch A p. '' and at the fame Time furnifhes them with all Sorts
IV. " of Ammunition, to enable them to deftroy us.

" Thus far in Anfwer to the Complaint the Go-
*' vernor of Canada hath made of us to Corlear.
*' Corlear faid to us, that Satisfaction muft be made
" to the French for the Mifchief we have done therr,
*« This he faid before he heard our Anfwer. Now
" let him that hath Infpedion over all our Coun-
*' tries, on whom our Eyes are fixed, iet him, evenj
*' Corlear, judge and determine. If you fay thati:
*' muft be paid, we fhall pay it, but we cannot
*' without freeBever Hunting.

*' Corlear, hear what we fay, we thank you foil

the Duke's Arms, which you have given us to b;

put in our Caftles, as a Defence to them. You com-
" mand them. Have we wandered out of the Way,
*' as the Governor of Canada fays ? We do r^
*' threaten him with War, as he threatens us. W!
" fhall we do ? Shall we run awav, or fhall wi
*' fit ftill in our Houfes ? What fhall we do ? vj
" fpeek to him that governs and commands us.

" Now Corlear, and AJJdrigoa, and all People he;
" prefent,. remember what we have anfwered to t;j
*' Complaints of the Governor of Canada ; yea,
" wifh that what we here faid may come to
'* Ears. '* Then they gave a Belt.

Monfieur De la Barre at this Time was goK
with all the Force of Canada, to Cadarackui Fort, ^\
ordered the three Vcflcls to be repaired which
French had built on Cadarackui Lake : His Defij
was to frighten the Five Nations into his own Tertrs
by the Appearance of the French Army, which cci
lifted of 600 Soldiers of the regular Troops, ^(.1
Indians, and 400 Men that carried Provifions, befc
300 Men that he left to fecure Cadarackui Fort, ari
the weftern Indians, that he expeded would
him. But while he was at this Fort, the Fatigij
of travelling in the Month of Augujl, together v
the Unhealthinefs of that Place (the Country tl

abfl

was in HJ
th^n betwc
and from
at leaft fit
But none o]
to be eafy,
as in their 1
Degree prt
put all the)
Wherefore [
with Order]
vent the
Oe^ la Barrel
Tile Inrf
Mohawks,
that they
Put he had
^neydoes, ail
2

Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c.

about being very marfhyj where he tarried fix Chap,
Weeks, occafioned fo great a Slcknefs in his Army, IV.
that he found himfelf unable to perform any Thing
but by Treaty ♦, and therefore fent Orders to Monfr.
Bulhut, who was come from M':£ilimakinak with
600 Men, French and Indians^ to ftop. Monfr.
Be la Barre pafled acrofs the Lake, with as many
Men as were able to travei, and arrived at the River
which the French call La Famine^ by the Indians
called Kaihohage^ which falls into the South Side of
Cadarackui Lake^ about thirty Miles from Onnondago,
There were two Villages of the Five Nations on
the North Side of the Lake, about fifteen Miles
from the French Fort, confifting of thofe Indians
that had the moft Inclination to the French : They
provided the French Army with Provifions, while
they remained at the Fort -, but it is probable, fent
an Account to their own Nations of every Thing
that happened •, and that this was the Reafon of the
Ufage they afterwards met with from the French.

Wher Monfr. De la Barre fent to Coll. Dungan, he
was in Hopes, from the fl:ri(ft Alliance that was
then between the Crowns of England and France,
and from Coll. Dtmgan^s being a Papift, that he would
at leafl: fit fl:ill till he had reduced the Five Nations.
But none of thefe Reafons permitted that Gentleman
to be eafy, while the French attempted fuch Things,
as in their Confequences would be of the higheft
Degree prejudicial to the Englijh Intcreft, and might
put all the Engli/h Colonies in America in Danger.
Wherefore he difpatched the publick Interpreter,
with Orders to do every Thing in his Power to pre-
vent the Five Nations going to treat with Monfr.
Be la Barre,

The Interpreter flicceeded in his Dcfign with the
Mohawks^ and with the Senakasy who promifed
that they would not go near the Francb Governor :
Rut he had not the like Succefs with th,^ O/hiondagaSy
Oneydoes, and Cayugas^ who tiad received the French
2 Piiells,

f :

64 75^^ History of the

Ch A p. Priefts, for they would not hear the Interpreter, but
IV. in Pre{ence of the French Priefts, and Monfr.
la Main^ and three other Frenchmen that Monfr.
De la Barre had fent to perfuade them to meet
him at Kaihohage-, they gave the following,
Anfwer to the Interpreter.

" Arie^ you are Cor learns A'leJ/enger, * Ohquejjt
*' (Monfr. la Maine) is the Governor of Canadah\\
** and there i" fits our Father ; Tomwndio acquainted
" us fome Time ago, that he would fpeak with us,
*' before he would undertake any Thing againft the i
" Senakas. Now he hath fent for all the Nations
*' to fpea': with him in Friendfhip, and that ata|
*' Place not far from Onnondaga^ even at Kaihohagi
*' But our Brother Corlear tells us, that we mullj
*' not meet the Governor of Canada without hisi
" Permiflion -, and that ifTonnondio have any Thing
*' to fay to us, he muft firft fend to Corlear for LeavJ
" to fpeak with us. 7'onncndio has fent long ago toj
" us to fpeak with him, and he has lately rcpeatei'
*' that Defire by Onnijjantie the Brother of our Fa-
" ther |{ Twirhaerjira that fits there ; he has not onlvl
'' entreated us by our Father, but by two prayingl
" Indians^ one an Onnondaga, t'r -ther the Son otl
" an o\<\ Mohawk Sachtw^ Connciuirj... They brought!
** five great Belts of Wampum, not a Fathom o:|
*' two only, as you bring. Now OhqueJJe has becnl
" fent with three Frenchmen •, Ihmondio not beingl
*' content with all this, has likewife fent Dcnneh(ju\
" and two other Mohawks^ to perfuade us to mec:
" him, and to fpeak with him of good Things.
" Should v/e not go to him after all this Intrearv,
" when he is come fo far, and fo near to us ? Cer-j
'•' .uinly \f wedo not, we fliall provoke his Wrath,
"• and not deferve his Goodnefs. You fiiy we arel

'^ '\)\;\ih, tAcPartridi^e. f Pointing to the 7/>/7r. || Thel

fndlr.rti commonly g.i.c a new Name to any Peilon tluy riccivel

Oi' ai^.it t into rheir Nation. This is the Jefuius Indian Niun".

ihe liifir^rctation whercol' I know not, I

Subjcas

% ^

praying
Son otj

)rought|
lom o[|

las beenj
■)t beingl

o meej
Things.
ntreatv,L

,? Cer-I

Wrath,l

we \\"A

r. m
cy ncc;v!|

VI Nam?:

Subjct^sl

Parti. Five Indian N^vt ions, ^c, 6^

** Subjefts to the King of England and B.tke of Chap.
** 2ork^ but we fay we are Brethren. We mult V.
** take Care of ourfelves. Thofe Arms fixed upon
** the Pofts, without the Gate, cannot defend us
*' againft the Arms of la Barre. Brother Corlear^
*' we tell you, that we fnall bind a Covenant Chain
** to our Arm, and to his, as thick as that Poft,
" (poihting to a Poft of the Houfe) be not diflatif-
** fied ; fhould we not embrace this Happinefs of-
" fered us, viz. Peace, in the Place of War; yea,
we fliall take the Evil Doers, the Senekas, by the
Hand, and /<z ^^rr^ like wife, andtheir Ax and his
Sword fhall be thiown into a deep Water. We
" wiih our Brother Cor/ear wereprefent, but it fecms
*■ the Time will not permit of it. "

Accordingly Garangnla^ one of the chief Sachems of
the Onondaga'Si with thirty Warriors, went with Mr.
Le -Mai/ie, to meet the Governor of Canada at
Kaihohage. After he had been two Days in the
French Camp, Monfr. la Barre fpoke to him as fol-
lows, (the French Officers making a Semi-circle on
'y^v:. Side, while Garangula, with his Warriors, com-
plcated the Circle on the other*.

((

Monfr. De la Barrel- Speech to Garangula.

((

The King, my Mafter, being informed that the
" Five Nations have often infringed the Peace, has
*' ordered me to come hither with a Guard, and to
" fend Obguejfe to the OnondagaSy to bring the chief
" Sachem to my Camp. The Intention of the great
j" King is, that you and I may fmoke the Calumet f

F " of

* Voyages du Bann de la Hontan, Tome i. Letter 7.

I The Xlalumei is a large frnoaking Pipe made of Marble, m^fl:
Icciniiionly of a dark red, well poliihed, (hapcd iomewhric in
riK- Foria of a Hatch?t, and adorned with large Feathers of levc-
ril Colours, ft is ufed in all i\\c!ndian Treatiek with Strangers, and
hsn Mag of 'rnice between contending Parties, which all the In-
UlCf-.s thinkavrry highC rime to violate, Thefe Ca!umeii%\c geno
ra'iyof nice. Wo.kinanlhlp, and were in Uic before ;hc Inliafii

knew

i}:: :

. ■:)ii

.31

\'m

1
\»'\<

66 'The History of the

Ch A p. " of Peace together, but on this Condition, that you
IV. «' promife me, in the Name of the Scnekas^ Cayuga s^

^^^'SP^ '* Onondagas^ and Mohawks^ to give intire Satif-
'* fa(5bion and Reparation to his Subjeds ; and for
" the future never to moleft them.

" The Senekasy Cayu^as, Onondaga s^ Oneydoes^
*' and Mohawks have robbed and abufed all the
^"^ Traders that were pafling to the Illinois and
" UmamieSy and other Indian Nations, the Children
'' of my King. They have aded, on thefe Occafi-
*' ons, contrary to the Treaty of Peace with my Pre-
*' deceflbr. I am ordered therefore to demand Sa-
" tisfadion, and to tell them, that in cafe of Re-
*' fufal, or their plundering us any more, that I
*' have exprefs Orders to declare War. This Belt
'* confirms my Words. The Warriors of the Five
" Nations have conduded the Engliflj into the Lakes,
** which belong to the King, my Mafter, and brought
** the Engiijh, among the Nations that are his Chil-
" dren, to deftriy the Trade of his Subjeds, and
'^ to withdraw thefe Nations from him. I'hey have
" carried the Englijh thither, notwithftanding the
*' Prohibition of the late Governor of Neiv-IIrk,
*' who forefav/ th(; Rifque that both they and you
*' would run. I am willing to forget thefe Things,
*' but if ever the like fhall happen for the future, i
*' have exprefs Orders to declare War againft you.
" This Belt ^-onlirms my Words. Your Warriors have
*' made ie'T'":il ba'-barous Incurfioiis on the Illinois
" and Umamies i ihey have mafiacred Men, \Vo
" men, and Chi'lrer. and have made many of thefe
*' Nations PrifoiiciP, who thought themfelves fafe
** in their Villages in Time of Peace. Thefe People,
** who :ire my King's Children, muft not be your
" Slaviijs •, you rnuR give them their Liberty, and

knew any Thing of the Chriftians ; for which Reafon we are at
a Lofs to conceive by what Means they pierced thefe Pipe;,
j,nd fliaped them io nniiy, before thty had the Ufc of Iron.

9 " fend

r A lines n

Part I. Five Indian Nations, ^r. 67

<' fend them back into their own Country. If theCn a P,
<' five Nations fhall refufe to do this, I haveexprefs IV.
" Orders to declare War againft them. This Belt
" confirms my Words.

" This is what I have to fay to Garangida^ that he
" may carry to the S:;:dkas^ Onond'^^g^s^ Oncydoes^
I*' Cayu^as^ and Mcb.zwks the Declaration which
' the King, my Maftcr, has commanded me to
' make. He doth net wifli them to force him
' to fend a great Army to Cadarackui Fort, to be-
' gin a War which mud be fatal to them. He
would be forry that this Fort, that Was the
Work of Peace, fhould become the Prifon of your
Warriors. We muft endeavour, on both Sides,
to prevent fuch iVIisfortunes. The French, who
are the Brethren and Friends of the Five NatioKSy
will never trouble their Repofe, provided that the
Satisfaction which I demand be given, and that
the Treaties of Peace be hereafter obferved. I
fhall be extreamly grieved if my Words do not
produce the Eff^6t which I expedl from them ;
for then I fhall be obliged to join with the Go-
vernor of Nc'zv-Tork, v»'ho is commanded by his
pMafter to aflifl: me, and burn the Caftles of the
'ive Nations^ and deftroy you. This Belt con-
rms my Words.
Garangida was very much furprifed to find thefoft

you

%gas^
5atif-
L for

ydoes^
\ the
s and
ildren
)ccafi-

id Sa-
of Re-

that 1
lis Belt
,e Fivi
Lakes,
Drought
is Chil-
ls, and
ey have
ing tht;

nd you
Things,
ture, 1
nft you.

lorshavc Boids of the Jcfuit, and of the Governor's Meflen-
le Ilhnoi> Js, turned to fuch threatening Language. This
tn, V-'t'"
of thefo
lives fate
People,
be you

defigned to ftrike Tenor into the Indians ; but

rangula having good Information from thofe of the

r. Nations living near Cadarackui Fort, of all the

fcnefs and other Misfortunes vv^hich afflided the

' Army, it was far from producing the de-

rty, and j|e^| Effe^, ^jl ^^g nrime that Moij/ieur de la

IT fpoke, Garangtda kept his Eyes fixed on the
of his Pipe ; as ibon as the Governor had
fpcaking, he rofe up, and having walked five

|ix Times round the Circle, he returned to his

In Nve fiTcat
]hcfe Pire-»
Iron.

fend

F 2

lact

Wiiii

■'§.

.?*;

68 The History of the

Ch A ?. Place, where he fpoke ftanding, while Monjieur d'
V. la Bane kept his Elbow-Chair.

Garangula'j Anfwer.

*^* lonnondio^

'* I honour you, and the Warriors that are wit^l
me all likewife honour you. Your Interpreted
has finifhed your Speech ; I now begin mine. M
Words make hafte to reach your Ears, hearken :(j
them.

" Tonnofjdio, you muft have believed, when vo

left Rebeck, that the Sun had burnt up all tfJ

Forefts which render our Country inacceflible a

** the French, or that the Lakes had fo far ovel

*' flown their Banks, that they had furrounded cJ

** Caftlcs, and that it was impoffible for us to ?j

*' out of them. Yes, Tonnondio, furely you niii

*' have dreamt fo, and the Curiofity of feeing

•' great a Wonder has brought you fo far. Now y:

•« are undeceived, fince that I and the Warriors h;j

** prefcnt are come to aflure you, that the 5m"|

*' C^ugas, Onondagas\ Oneydoes, and Alok'I

*' are yet alive. I thank you, in their Name, I

*' bringing back into their Country the Calud

which your PiedecefTor received from their Harf

It was happy for you, that you left Undj

ground that murdering Hatchet, that has

*• fo often dyed in the Blood of the French. Hei

Tonnondie, I do not fleep, I have my Eyes opj

and the Sun, which enlightens me, difcovers

me a great Captain at the Head of a Company

Soldiers, who fpeaks as if he were drcamij

He fays, that he only came to the Lake to m

on the great Calumet with the Onondagas.

Garangula fays, that he fees the contrary, 1

" it was to knock them on the Head, If Sick:j

^^ had not weakened the Arms of the French.

((

Ki.

•e

Name,

heir Haw
eft Undi

has

nch. B

Eyes Of

difcovers

Company

dreami
aketofw
idagas
jntrary, t

If Sicki
French.

Parti. Five Indian Nations, (i?r. 69

" I fee Tonnondio raving in a Camp of lick Men, Chap.
«« whofe Lives the great Spirit has faved, by in- V.
<* Aiding this Sicknefs on them. Hear, Tonnondio^^^^^^^^
<' our Women had taken their Clubs, our Children
••^ and old Men had carried their Bows and Arrows
" into the Heart of your Camp, if our Warriors
<' had not difarmed them, and kept them back,
« when your Meflenger, Ohguejfe^ came to our
" Caftles. It is done, and I have faid it. Hear,
" Tonnondio^ wc plundered none of the French^ but
<* thofe that carried Guns, Powder, and Ball to the
« Iwikties and Chitiaghicks^ becaufe thofe Arms
" might have coft us our Lives. Herein we follow
" the Example of the Jefuits, who ftave all the
" ^aggs of Rum brought to our Caftles, left the
" drunken Indians Ihould knock them on the Head.
*' Our Warriors have not Bevers enough to pay for
♦* all thefe Arms, that they have taken, and our
" old Men are not afraid of the War. This Belt
**^ preserves my Words.

*^ We carried the Engl'tjh into our Lakes, to trade
" there with the Utawawas and ^latoghies^ as the
" Adirondacks brought the French to our Caftles, to
" carry on a Trade which the Englifto fay is theirs.
" We are born tree, we neither depend on Tonnon-
♦* dio nor Corlear.

*' We may go where we pleafe, and carry with
" us whom we pleafe, and buy and fell what we
" pleafe : If your Allies be your Slaves, ufe them
*' as fuch, command them to receive no other hut
" your People. This Belt preferves my Words.

** We knock'd the Twihtwies and Ciii-faghicks on
" the Head, becaufe they had cut down the Trees
*' of Peace, which werfr the Limits ot our Country.
^^ They have hunted Bevers on our Lands : They
" have aded contrary to the Cuftoms of all huii-
" ans ; for they left none of the Bevers alive, they
" jcilled both Male and Female. I'hey brought

F Q ♦' the

i .

»l

((

IV.

((

«c

{.C

I i;i^

70 72j^ History ?/'f^^ f

Chap." the Satanas * into their Country, to take Part
with them, after they had concerted ill Defigns
againft us. We have done lefs than either the
Englijh or French^ that have ufurped the Lands
of fo many Indian Nations, and chafed them from
their own Country. This Belt preferves my
Words. Hear, Tonnondio, what I fay is the Voice

" of all the Five Nations •, hear whai they anfwer,
open your Ears to what they fpeak : The Sene- \
kas, Cayugas, Onondagas^ Oneydoes^ and Mq-\
hawks fay, that when they buried the Hatchet at 1
Cadarackui (in the Prefence of your Predeceflbr)
in the Middle of the Fort, they planted the Tree
of Peace in the fame Place, to be there carefully |
preferved, that, in Place of a Retreat for Sol-
diers, that Fort might be a Rendezvous for Mer-

" chants ; that, in Place of Arms and Ammu-
nition of Wr.r, Be vers and Merchandife (houltll
only enter there.

" Hear, Tomiondio, take Care for the future,!
that fo great a Number of Soldiers, as appear
there, do not choak the Tree of Peace planted
in fo fmall a Fort. It will be a great Lofs, if af-
ter it had fo eafily taken Root, you fhould flop
its Growth, and prevent its covering your Coun-
try and ours with its Branches. I afTure you, in I
the Name of the Fivs Nations, that our Warriors
fliall dance to the Calumet of Peace under its
Leaves, and fhall remain quiet on their Matts,
and fhall never dig up the Hatchet, till their Bre-
thren, TGumndio or Corlear, fhall either jointly
or feparately endeavour to attack the Country,
which the great Spirit has given to our An-
ceftors. This Belt preferves my Wordb, and this
other, the Authority which the Five Nations has
given me."

C(,

* Called Sanuanorts by th-* French.

Tlieii

Part I. Five Indian Nations, &V.

Then Garangula addreffing himfelf to Monfieur
le Maine i faid :
" Take Courage, Ohguejfe, you have Spirit,
fpeak, explain my Words, forget nothing, tell
all that your Brethren and Friends fay to lon-
nondio^ your Governor, by the Mouth of Ga-
rangula^ who loves you, and defires you to ac-
cept of this Prefent of Bever, and take Part with
me in my Feaft, to which I invite you. This
Prefent of Bever is fent to Tonnondio on the Part
of the Five Nations'*

When Garangula's Harangue was explained to
Monfieur de la Barre, he returned to his Tent,
much inraged at what he had heard.

Garangula feafted the French Officers, and then
went Home, and Monfieur de la Barre fet out in
his Way towards Monreal •, and as foon as the General
was imbarked, with the few Soldiers that remained
in Health, the Militia made the beft of their Way
to their own Habitations, without any Order or
Diicipline.

Thus a very chargeable and fatiguing Expedition
(which was to ftrike the Terror of the French Name
into the ftubborn Hearts of the Five Ndtions ) ended
in a Scold beiween the French General and an old
Indian.

1 1

CHAP. V.

The Englifh attempt to trade in the Lakes^ and
the French attack the Senekas.

THE Marquis deNonville having now fiicceeded ^^^f ^'
Mon(\turdela Barrc,\n the Year 1685, and ha-
ving brought a confiderable Reinforcement of Soldiers
with him, refolved to recover the Honour the

F 4 French

t \

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TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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<^#

■^

7«

The History of the

'(J*

. :«

Chap. French hs^d loft in the laft Expedition, and revenge
V. the Slaughter the Five Nations continued to make

VOr^ of the Twihtwies and ChiSiagbicks^ who had put

' themfelves under the French Protedion 5 for the

Five Nations having intirely fubdued the ChiSia-

ghicki *, after a fix Years War, they refolved next to

fall upon the Twihtwies, and to call them to an Ac-

*v count for the Difturbance they had given fome of

their People in their Bever Hunting. The Five
Nations have few or no Bever in their own Country,
and for that Reafon are obliged to hunt at a great
Diftance, which often occafions Difputes with their
Neighbours about the Property of the Bever. The
Bever is the moft valuable Branch of the Indian
Trade, and as the Twihtzvies carried their Bevers to
the Frencby the Englijh encouraged the Five Nations
in thefc Expeditions, and particularly, in the Begin-
ing of the Year 1687, made the Five Nations a
Prefcnt of a Barrel of Powder, when their whole
Force was preparing to go againft the twihtwies.
The Englijh were the better pleafcd with this War,
becaufe they thought that it would divert the Fi'vt
Nations from the Virginia Indians : But the French
were refolved to fupport their Friends more eiFedlu-

^ ally by a powerful Diverfion, and tc change the

Scat of the War. - * . /

For this Purpofe Mr. de Nonville fent, in Maj
1687, great Quantities of Provifion to Cadarackui
Fort, and gathered the whole Force of Canada to
McntreaL His Army confifted of fifteen hundred
French of the regular Troops and Militia, and five
hundred Indians that livea near Montreal and Que-
bec k. He fent likewife Orders to the Commandant
at MfJ/ilimaftinak to ailemble all the Nations living
round him, and to march them to Oniagaray in or-
der to join the Forces of CancJa defigned againft
the i'enekas, and the other Officers polled a-

♦ Cillcd IJ/imii by the FreKC^.

^ . .1 :■ • V

nioiig

Part I. Five Indian Nations, (Sc.

mong the Indians Weftward had the like Or- Chap,
Idcrs. ^ V.

The ^wibtwies received the Ffctchet with Joy
J from the Hands of the French Officer. The Outa-
yamies^ Kikaioust and Ma/kuticks^ who were not a-
Ifed to Canoes, were at firft perfuaded to join the
yiwibtwiesy who were to march by Land to Teuchfa-
jrondie^ where there was a French Fort, at which
|they were to be fupplied with Ammunition. But
iftcr the French Officer left them, the Utagamief
ind Majkuticks were difTuaded by fome of the Ma-
hikander Indians, who happened to be with a neigh-
)uring Nation at that Time.
The PutewatemieSj MalbominieSy and Puans of-
fered themfelves willingly, and went to the Rendez-
rous at Miffilimakinak *, where they were received
)y the Utawawas with all the Marks of Honour u-
^ually paid to Soldiers. Though the Uiawawas had
10 Inclination to the prefent Enterprize ; they could
lot tell however how to appear againft it, otherwifc
^han by inventing what Delays they could, to pre-
sent their March.

In the mean while a Canoe arrived, which was
jfent by Mr. de Nonviiie, with his Orders to the
)fficers. This Canoe, in her Paflage, difcovercd
)me EngUJh^ commanded by Major Mac Gergory,
their Way to (Teiod^^raghie^ The Engk'
jhcught (after they had an Account of the new Al-'
liance their King had entered into with the French)
khat the French would not difturb thtm in profecu-
ling a Trade with the Indians every where, and that
the Trade would be equaily free and open to both
Nations. With thefe Hopes a confiderable Number
)f Adventurers went out, under the Condudt of
lajor Mac Gergory, to trade with the Indians that
jived on the Banks of the I^kes •, and that they
light be the more welcome, perfuaded the Five
ktions to fct all the Dionoudadte Priibners at Liber-
fy> who went along witli the Englijh^ and conduiilcd

them

, (

K >y .\ ■'

74 •* They^i^-TOJC^ofthe ni

Ch A P. them towards MiJJUimakinak^ or I'eiodonder^bie ; buti
V. the Englijh found themfelves miftaken, for the
Frimch Commandant at Tmdonderagbie^ as foon as
he had Notice of this, fcnt three- hundred French t<i\
intercept the Engli/h.

* The Utawawas and Bionondadits having like wife I
an Account of the Engli/h^ dcfigned to fupport thcirl
own Independency! and to incourage the EnglifA
Trade. The return of the Dionondadie Prifonenl
made that Nation very hearty in favouring thcl
Engli/h^ they therefore marched immediately ofFJ
with Defign to join Major Mac Gergory ; but thtl
Uiawawas were divided in their Inclinations, theirl
Chief, with about thirty more, joined the jf^rencli\
the reft remained in fufpence, and ftood neuter.

The Uiawawas thus wavering, difconcerted tk\
Meafures of the Dionondadies^ for they began to Aid
peft the Utawawasy and therefore immediately rfrl
turned to fecure their "Wives and Children thJ
they had left near the French Fort with the Utdl
wawas. The Effgltjh and their EfFefts were feizdj
without any Oppofition, and were carried to th
French Fort at Teiodonderaghie.

The Englijh brought great Quantities of Run
with them, (which the Indians lovv°. more than thdil
Lives) and the French being afraid, that if the lni\
ans took to Drinking, they would grow ungove
able, did what they could to keep them from kl
They were moft concerned that the Putewatem^
(who had nc Knowledge of tht Engli/h, or of that
witching Liquor, and were firmly attached to
I'vench) fhould not tafte it.

The Utavjawas ftill contrived Delays to the Mardl
and havino; got fome of the Putewatemies privatcljf
by themfelves, they offered them a Cag of RurD,j
and faid : " We arc all Brethren, we ought to makef

• Hiftory de le Amrrique Septentrionale, par Mr. de laP<^|
terie, 'lomc ii. Cap. :6. , ..^. ^, ,

Part L Five Indian Nat^ioms, (^c, yg

«( one Body, and to have one Soul. The French Chap.

** invite us to war agunft the Fr>e Nations^ with V.

*' Defign to nuke us Slaves, and that we fhould

^< make ourfelves the Tools to effc6t it. As foon

" as they (hall have deftroyed the Five Nations^

*' they will no longer obferve any Meafures with us,

'' but ufc us like thofeBeafts they tie to their Ploughs.

** Let us leave them to themfelves, and they will

*< never be able to accompli(h any Thing againft the

'« Five Nations"

But the Putewatemies had entertained fuch Notions
of the French, as made them deaf to the Politicks of
the Utawawas.

The French however grew jealous of thefe Cabal-
lings, and therefore refolved to delay their March
no longer, and would not ftay one Day more for
I the UtawawaSy who defired only fo much Time to
^ pitch their Canoes, and went away without them.

Mr. Tontif Commandant among the Chiffa-
jhiiksy met with another Party of the Englijh of a-
[bout thirty Men, in Lake £r/>, as he marched with
[the Oncktaghicks and Twihiwies, and other neigh -
>uring Nations, to the general Rendezvous. He
fell upon the Engli/b, iJundered them, and took
them Prifoners. The French divided all the Mer-
:handize among the Indians., but kept the Rum to
themfelves, and got all drunk. The Deonondadie
^rifoners, that conducted the Englifh^ joined with
"le Mibikander Indians that were among Mr. Ton-
ii*s Indians (who had privately difluadcd about
Wenty of the neighbouring Nations from going with
lonti) and endeavoured to perfuade all the Indians
\q fail upon the French, while they were drunk, and
Icftroy them ; faying, the French are a proud, im-
)erious, covetous People, that fell their Goods at
m extravagant Price ; the Kyiglijh are a good na-
fured honeft People, and will furnifh you with e-
'cry Thing at reafonable Rates?. But thefe Argu-
ments were to no Purpofe, for thefe far Indians had

enter-

I !

. 4:

y6 .' ,i f5&f History ^ /& ij

Chap, entertained an extraordinary Opinion of the French
V. Power, an ' knew nothing of the Englijh,

The French and PuUwatemies being gone from
Teicdonderaghie^ the Utawaivas began to be afraid of
the French Refentment, and therefore, the better
to keep up the Colour they had put on their Delays,
marched over Land, with all poflible Expedition, to
the general Rendezvous near Oniagara^ where all
the French Force, both Chriftians and Indians^ was
to meet.

The Five Nations being informed of the French
Preparations, laid afide their Defign againft thtTwih'
twies^ and prepared to give the French a warm Re-
ception. Upon this the Prieft at Onondaga left
them, but the Prieft at Qneydo had the Courage to
ftay. The Senekas came to Albatrf to provide
Ammunition, and the Commiflioners made them a
Prefent of a confiderable Quantity of Powder and !
Lead, befides what they purchafed. They were I
under a great deal of Concern when they took Leave
of the CommiiTioners, and faid, ^' Since we are to
expedl no other Ailiftance from our Brethren,
we muil recommend our Wives and Children to
you, who will fly to you, if any Misfortune ihall
happen' to us. It may be we (hall never fee you
again \ for we are refolved to behave (o^ as our
Brethren fhall have no Reafbn to be afhamed of|
us" . ; . .; .

We mull now return to MonHeur de NowoiMi\
Army. :,, rkusvj

Monfieur Campagnie marched eight or ten Days I
before the reft of the Army, with between two and
three hundred Cannadians. As foon as they arrived
at Cadaracku/^ they furprifed two Villages of the
Five Nations^ that were fettled about eight Leagues |
from that Place, to prevent their giving any Intclli'
gencc to their own Nation of the French Preparati-
ons, or of the State of their Army, as it was fup-
pofed tkey did in the laft Expedition under ^onl

fieur

«(

(fc

((

Part I. Five Indian Nat^ion^, &c. 77

iieur de la Barn. Thcfc People were furpriicd when Ch a p.
they leaft expefted it, and by them from whom
they feared no Harm, becaufe they had fettled there
at the Invitation, and on the Faith of the French,
They were carried in cold Blood to the Fort, and
tied to Stakes, to be tormented bv the French Indi-
ans, (Chriftians, as they call them) while they con-
tinued finging in their country Manner, and up-
braiding the French with their Perfidy and Ingrati.
tude.

While Monfitur de'Nonville was at Cadarackui Fort,
he had an Accouttt, that the Chicktagbicks and
Tkvibtwigs waited for the ^tatcgbies and Utawawas
at * Lake St. Clair ^ with whom they defigned to
march to the general Rendezvous, at the Mouth of
the Smekas River. For this Expedition was chiefly
defigned againil the SenekaSy who had abfolutely
refufed to meet Monfieur d^ la Barre^ and were moft
firmly attached to the Engti/h. The SenekaSy for
this Rcafon> were defigned to be made Examples of
the French Refcntment to all the other Nations of
hidians.

The Meflcnger having afTured the General, that
it was Time to depart, in order to meet with the
vveftern Indians, that came to his Afllftance, he fet
out the twenty-third of June^ and fent one Part of
his Army in Canoes, along the North Shore of the
I^ke, while he, with the other Part, pafled along
the South, that no Accidents of Wind might pre-
vent the one or the other reaching, within the Time
appointed, at the Place the Indians were to meet
him. It happened, by reafon of the good Weather,
that both Jirnved on the fame Day, and joined the
weftern Indians at Trondequat^ As foon as the Men
were put on Shore, they hawled up the Canoes,
and began a Fort, where four hundred Men were
left to guard the Canoes, and the Baggage. Here a

In the Straights between I^akc Frie and ^ato^hit Lake."

young

1.1 '1

'i^^.-i!

78 The History of the

Chap, yootig Cannadian was (hot to Death, as a Deferter)
foe conducing: the En^ijh into the I^^ikedi though
the t^ J Nations were not only at Peace, but their
Kings in ftri«%er Fi^endftiip than ufuai. But this
Piece of Seventy is nOt.to be wondered at, when
this War was tindertaken, chiefly to put a Stop to
the Engli/h Trade, which noW began ta extend it-
ielf fkr into the Continent, and would in its Confe-
quence rUin theirs. The next Day the Army began
to march towards the chief Village of the Senekas,
which was only feven Leagues diftant, every Man
carrying ten Bifkets for his Proviiion* The Indian
Traders made the Van with Part of the InMans^ the
other Part marched in the Rear, while the regular
Troops and Militia compofjbd the main Body. The
Army marched four Leagues the firft Day without
diicoveringiany Thing.; die next Day the Scouts ad-
vanced before the Army, as f^ the Corn of the
Villages, without feeing any iy, though they
pafled within Piftol-ihot of hve-liundred Senekas^
that lay on their Bellies,, and let them pafs and repafs
without difturbing them.

On the Report which they made, i^t French haft-
encd their March, in hopes to overtake the Women,
Children, and old Men ; for they no longer doubt-
ed of all being fled. But as foon as the French reach-
ed the Foot of a Hill, about a Quarter of a League
from the Village, the Senekas fuddenly raifed the
Warfhout, with a Difcharge of their Fire-arms.
This put the regular Troops, as well as the Militia,
into luch a Fright, as they marched through the
Woods, that the Battalions immediately divided,
and run to the Right and Left, and, in the Confu-
iion, fired upon one another. When the Setiekas
perceived their Diforder, they fell i. among them
pell-mell, txWtht French Indians^ more ufed to fuch
Way of iightiog, gathered together and repulfed
the Senekas. There were (according to tlie French
Accounts) a hundred Frenchmen^ ten French Indians^
: — . and

/lilitia,
the
vided,
bnfu-
enekas
them
fiich
pulfed
French
dianSi
and

'art I. Five Indian NAT^t)NS, &c, yqf^

md about fotiricore ienekas killed, in thift RciIp C h a p.

:ounter.

Monikur iU Nofrvilie was (6 difpirited with the
Tight that his Men had been put into, that liis In-
mus could not perfuade him ^o-purfue. H<^ halt«dt
le remainder of that Day. The neve Day hev
larched on with Dcli>j,iv to burn the Village^ but
'hen he came there, he found tHat the Senekas had
ived him the Trouble v for they had laid all in
lihes before they retired. Two old Men only were
)und in the Caftle, whot weretout into Pieces and
)iled to make Soup for the French Allies. The
French ftaid five of ^x Dkys to deftroy th^ir CorA^
id then marched to two other Villages, at t\w>^or
iree Leagues diftance. After they had perfbi'ltfed
le like Exploits in thofe Places, they returned to the
Ian ks of the Lake. <, i-.,ro;(,7 ';

Before the French left th« Lakes, they buiJt m
[ort of four Baftions at Oniagaira^ on the South-fide

the Straights, between L^e Erie and Cadarackui^
Lake, and left a hundred Men, with eight Months^
[roviflons in it. But this Garifon was fo clofely
locked up by the Five Nationsy that they all died

Hunger, except feven or eight, who were acci-
thtally relieved by a Party of French Indians,

The weftern Indians, when they parted from the
^ench General, made their Harangues, as ufual, ia
[hich they told him, with what Pleafurc they faw
iFort fo well placed to favour their Defigns againfl
pe hiVe Nations^ and that they relied on his never
liihing the War, but with the Deftru<5lion of the
he NalionSy or forcing them to abandon their
lountry. He afTured them, that he would afl with
]ch Vigour, that they would foon fee the Five Na-
iiis driven into the Sea. . , . j ■ .» • ... ...

He fent a Detachment of Soldiers to Teiodonde-
Me, and in his Return to Caumhiy which was by
y North Side of the Lake, he left a fufficient

' >•• - . Number

^. ^<^ '■■>*%. J

I . f

♦ II

Number of Men^ and a Quantity of ProviAons, at|
Cadarackui Fort.

The French having got nothing but dry Blows i
by this Expedition, fent thirteen of the Indians ^ that
they furpnfed at Cadarackm^ to France^ as Trophies |
of their Viftory, where they were put into the Gal-
leys, as Rebels to their King.

CHAP. VI.

Colonel Dongan'i Advice to the Indians. Adarlo';
Enterprize^ and Montreal Jacked by m
Five Nations. '

k« I *'i\-^~ >•<

Chap. ^^Olonel Dongan, who had the Indian Afiairs verri
VI. \^ much at Heart, met the Five Nations at Akl
fiy as (bon as poflible after the French Expeditiorj
and fpoke to them on the fifth of Auguft^ in the foi
lowing Words, viz.

■A

((

Brethren,

I am very glad to fee you here in this Houfe,
and am heartily glad that you have fuftained
greater Lofs by the French^ though I believe i:|
was their Intention to deftroy you all, if thev|
«* could have furprifcd you in your Caftles.

** As foon as I heard their Defign to war witii
you, I gave you Notice, and came up hither my
felf, that I might be ready to give all the AiTiilj
ance and Advice that fo fhort a Time would al
low me. - * •' •

«* I am now about fending a Gentleman to Fjf
iandy to the King, my Mafter, to let him know.
that the French have invaded his Territories &a
this Side of the great Lake, and warred upon tli«
Brethren his Subje<5ls. I therefore would wilj
linglv know, whether the Brethren have given

4.C

Parti. Five Indian Nat'ions, ^^. 81

•* the Governbr of Canada any Provoca<^lon or not ;Ch a p;

<* and if they have, how, and in whar Manner ; VI.

** becaufe I am obliged to give a true Account of

•* this Matter. This Bufincfs may caufe a War be-

" tween the King of England and the French King,

«* both in Europe and here, and therefore I niuft

♦' know the Truth.

*' I know the Governor of Canada dare not ent^r
*' into the King of England* s Territories, in a hoilile
»* Manner, without Provocation, if he thought the
" Brethren were the King of England^s Subjedls ;
** but you have, two or three Years ago, made a
" Covenant-chain with the French^ contrary to my
*' Command, (which I knew could not hold long)
being void of itfelf among the Chriftians \ for as
much as Subjects (as you are*) ought not to treat
with any foreign Nation, it not lying in your
" Power, you have brought this Trouble on your
felves, and, as I believe, this is the only Reafon
of their falling on you at this Time.
" Brethren, I took it very ill, that after you had
put yourfelves into the Number of the great King
of England's Subjedts, you ftiould ever offer
to make Peace or War without my Confent. You
know that we can live without you, but you cannot
live without us. You never found that I told you
a Lye, and I offered you the AfTiftance you wanted^
provided that you would be advifed by me ; for I
know the French better than any of you do.
" Now fince there is a War begun upon you by
the Governor of Canada, I hope without any
Provocation by you given, I defire and command
you, that you hearken to no Treaty but by my
Advice ; which if you follow, you (hall have the
Benefit of the great Chain of Friendftiip between
' the great King of England and the King ofFrance^
which came out of Engkind the other Day, and
which I have fent to Canada by Anthorr^ le Junard.
In the mean Time, I will give you fuch Advice

G « as

i<(

((

■ i

-\-,'--

'\\

! \\ ■

III' '

82 The History of the

Ch A p. " as will be for your good; and will fupply you
VI. " with fuch Neceflaries, as you will have Need
" of.

* *» Firfty My Advice is, as to what Prifoners of
" the French you ftiall take, that you draw not
** their Blood, but bring them Home, and keep
** them to exchange for your People, which they
*' have Prifoners already, or may take hereafter. 1
*' 2rf/y, That if it be poffible, that you can order
** it fo, I would have you take one or two of your|
*' wifeft Sachems, and one or two of your chief Ca^-
*' tains, of each Nation, to be a Council to manage!
*' all Affairs of the War. They to give Orders to
** the reft of the Officers what they are to do, thatl
*' your Defigns may be kept private *, foi after itl
*' comes ^mong fo many People, i: is blazed abroad,!
** and your Defigns are often fruftrated 5 and thofJ
chief Men (hould keep a Correfpondence with ni(|
by a trufty Meffenger.

*' ^dly. The great Matter under Confideral

tion with the Brethren is, how to ftrengthei

** themfeJves, and weaken their Enemy. My Opi-j

*' nion is, that the Brethren fhould fend Mefrengen

*' to the Utawawas, Twihtwies, and the farther h

•* dians, and to fend back likewife fome oi the Pri]

*' foners of thefe Nations, if you have any left,

** bury the Hatchet, and to make a Covenant- chain

" that they may put away all the French that aij

*• among them, and that you will open a Path ftj

** them this Way, they being the King of Evglm '

•' Subjedls likewife, tho' the French have been a(i

•' mitted to trade with them ; for all that the Frm

have in Canada, they had it of the great King<

England', that by that Means they may con

hither freely, where they may have every Thin

cheaper than among the Frer^h : That you an

they may join together againft the French, an

make fo firm a League, that whoever is an En

my to one> muft be to both.

2 ^thfy, An^

ftC

cc
cc

«(

Part L Five Indian Nations, &c.

((

«(

l((

My A"^'

«« j^bhy Another Thing of Concern is, that you Chap.
ought to do what you can to open a Path for all VI.
the North Indians and Mahikanders, that are a-

" mong the Utawawas and further Nations : I will
endeavour to do the fame to bring them Home •,
for, they not daring to return Home your Way,
the French keep them there on purpofe to join
with the other Nations againft you, for your De-

** ftrudlion ; for you know, that one of them is
worfe than fix of the others j therefore all Means
muft be ufed to bring them Home, and ufe them
kindly as they pafs through your Country.
** ^thly^ My Advice further is, that Meflengers
go, in behalf of ail the Five Nations ^ to the Chrlf"
tian Indians at Canada^ to perfuade them to come
Home to their native Country. This will be an-

• other great Means to weaken your Enemy ; but
' if they will not be advifed, you know what to do
' with them.

•' 6thfy^ I think it very neceflary, for the Brethren's

* Security and Afliftance, and to the endamaging the
French^ to build a Fort upon the I^e, where I
may keep Stores and Provifions, in Cafe of Ne-
ceflity ; and therefore I would have the Brethren
let me know what Place will be moft convenient
for it.

" "jthly^ I would not have the B;ethren keep
their Corn in their Caftles, a^ I hear the Onon-
da^as do, but bury it a great Way in the
Woods, where few People may know where it

' is, for fear of fuch an Accident as has happened to
l\itSenekas.

** S/ij/y, I have given my Advice in your General
AfTembly by Mr. Dirk IVeJJelSy and Akus the In-
terpreter, how you are to manage your Parties,
and how neceflary it is to get Prifoners, to ex*
change for your own Men that are Prifoners with
the French ; and I am glad to hear that the Bre-
thren are fo united, as Mr. Dirk fFeJfds tells me

G 2 you

llli

% ' 1

:i ;.i

\ I'

* .

^4 ' ^he History ^ /fe

Chap." you are, and that there are no rotten Members
VI. " nor French Spies among you.

" 9/^/v, The Brethren may remember my Ad-
*' vice, which I fent you this Spring, not to go to
•' Cadaracktii \ if you had, they would have fervcd I
'' you as they did your People that came from hunt-
" ing thither ; for I told you then, that I knew thc|
*' French better than you did.

'^ lothly^ There was no Advice or Propofitionl
*« that 1 made to the Brethren, all the Time that the
" Prieft lived at Onondaga^ but what he wrote to
** to Canada^ as I found by one of his Letters, whidi
" he gave to an Indian to carry to Canada^ but whicli
" was brought hither j therefore I defire the Brethren
*' not to receive him or any French Pritft any more,
** having fent for Englijh Priefts, with whom you|
;,*' may be fupplied to your Content.

*' I lihly, I would have the Brethren look null
*' (harp, for Fear of being furprized. I believe all
" the Strength of the French will be at their Froni
" tier Places, viz. at Cadarackui and Oniagara\
" where they have built a Fort now, and at Troies Ri\
" vieres, Montreal^ and ChamMy.

" i2/^/y, Let me put you in Mind again, not tol
" make any Treaties without my Means, whicii will
" be more advantageous for you, than your doing!
*' it by yourfelves, for then you will be looked uponl
" as the King of England's Subjeds, and let me krow,[
" from Time to Time, every Thing that is done.
^ " Thus far I have fpoken to you relating to tlitl
♦< War.

Then he chid them for their Breach of Faith withl
Virginia. He told them, that he was informed, thati
laft Spring they had killed a fine Gentleman, withj
fome others i and" that a Party of the Oneydoes^^X
now there at the Head o^ Tames River, with Intenf
tion to deftroy all the Indians thereabout. Theyl
had taken fix Prifoners, whom he ordered them tol
bring to him, to bz reilored ; and that for the fu{

tur(|

if!

Part I Five Indian Nations, &c. 85

turethey ihould defift from doing any Injury to theCn a p.
People of Virginia^ or their Indians^ otherwife all
the En^li/k would unite to deftroy them. But at the
fame time he freed the Senekas from any Blame,
land commended them as a brave and honeft People,
who never had done any Thing contrary to his Or-
Iders, except in making that unlucky Peace with the
\Frencby three Years ago.

Laftly^ He recomniended to them, not to fuffer

[their People to be drunk during the War : A Sol-

lier thereby (he faid) lofes his Reputation, becaufe

)f the Advantages it will give the Enemy over

lim. ' - ^'t

This honeft Gentleman earneftly purfued the In-

tereft of his Country, but it feems his Meafures were

lot agreeable to thofe his Mafter had taken with

ihe French King -, for he had Orders to procure a

*f ace for the French on their own Terms, and was

toon after this removed from his Government. In-

Ucd fuch an acflive, as well as prudent Governor

)f New-7ork^ cculd not be acceptable to the French,

/ho had the univerfal Monarchy in View, in j^me-

fica as well as in Europe.

The great Difpute between Coll. Bungan and the
'^rench was in this, that Coll. Dungan would force
[he French to apply to him, in all Affairs relating to
pe Five Nations^ and the French would treat with
[hem independently of the En^lifh. For this Reafon
.oil. Dungmt refufed any AfTiftance to the French,
[ill they, by fuch Application, fhould acknowledge
(he Dependance of the Fhe Nations on the Crown
^f Englai:d. But King James ordered him to give up

lis Point ; and that he Hiould perfuade the Five
htions to fend to Canada, to receive Propofals from
[he French Governor i and for this Purpofe, forced
|hem to agree to a Ceflation of Arms, till their De-
buties (hould go and return from Canada ; and that
[heyihould, in the mean I'ime, deliver up all the

rifoners they had l;ilcen from the French j and that

G ^ na

■ "*>'

Hi.

86 The H18T9RY of teb

CHAP.no Accident might prevent this, and blaft (b fa.
vourable an Opportunity of making Peace to tie
beft Advantage, Monfr. Be Nonville fent his Orders
to all his Officers in the Indian Countries, to obfervc
a Ceflation of Arms, till the Ambaflador of the I'm
Nations {hould meet him at Montreal^ as they had
given him Reafon to expedl; they would in a little
Time, to conclude the Peace in the ufual Form.

In the mean Time, Adario^ the Chief of the
Deonondadiesy finding that his Nation was become
fiifpeded by the French^ fince the Time they had
fhewn (o much Inclination to the Englijh^ when they
attempted to trade at Mijfilimakinak^ refolved, bjr
fbme notable Adion againft the Five Nations^ to re-
cover the good Graces of the French,

For this Purpofe, he marched from MtJ/Uimakinak^
at the Head or a Hundred Men ; and that he might
adt with the more Security, he took Cadarackui Fort
in his Way for Intelligence : The Commandant in
formed him, that Monfr. De Nonville was in Hopejl
of concluding a Peace with the Five Nations, and!
expeded their Ambafladors in eight or ten Da) : atl
Montreal for that Purpofe, and therefore defirei
him to return to Miffilimakinaky without attempting
any Thing that might obftrudl fo good a Defign".

The Indian being furprifed with this News, wasl
under great Concern for his Nation, which he Wi
afraid would be facrificed to the French Intereh, butl
diflembled his Concern before the French Offical
He went from Cadarackui, not to return home as ti
Commandant thought, but to wait for the Ambafj
fadors of the Five Nations, near one of the Falls of
Cadarackui River, by which he knew they muft ^i
He did not lurk there above four or five Days,
fore the Deputies came guarded by forty young Sol
diers, who were all furprifed, and killed or takei
Prifoners. As fopn as the Prifcners were all fecuredi
the cunning Deonoridadi told them, " That hi
♦• having been informed, by the Governor oiCafi<i>

tt th

■1:

fo fa-

to ti.e

Orders

jbfervc

lie rivt

ey bad

a little

Part I. Five lupiAN Nations, Gff. S7

"that fifty Warrf oro nf their Natisfi-«»€fc to pafsCa a p.
« t'lis Way about this Time, he had iecured this VI.
« Pals, not doubting of intercepting them.

The Ambafladors being much furprifcd at the
French Perfidy, told Jdario the Defign of their Jour-
ney, who, the better to play his Parr, feemed to
grow mad and furious, declaring againft Monfr.
Ds NonvilUy and faid he would, fome time or other,
be revenged of him, for making a Tool of him, to
commit uich horrid Treachery. Then looking ftedfaft-
ly on the Prifoners (among whom Btkanefora was the
principal Ambaflador J Adario faid to them. Go, my
Brethren,! unty your Bonds, and fend you home again,
tho' our Nations be at War : The French Governor
has made me commit fo black an Adlion, that I ihall
never be eafy after it^ till the Five Nations (hall have
taken full Revenge.

This was fufficient to perfuade the Ambafladors of
the Truth of what he faid, who aflured him, that
he and his Nation might make their Peace when they
pleafed. ^dario loft only one Man on this Occafion,
and would keep a Satana Prifbner (adopted into the
Five Nations) to fill up his Place. Then he gave
Arms, Powder and Ball to the reft of the ^rifonery,
to enable them to return.

The AmbaiTadors were chiefly, if not all, Onon-
dagasy and Oneydoes^ who had been long under the
Influence of the Frif/ii'^ Priefts, and ftill retained an
AfFedion to them •, but this Adventure thoroughly
changed their Thoughts, and irritated them fo
heartily againft the French, that all the Five Nations
profecuted the War unanimoufly. , »

Adario delivered the Slave (his Prifoner) to the
French at Miffilimakinak^ who to keep up the I^nmi-
ty between the Deonondadies and the Five Nations^
ordered him to be fhot to Death. Adario called one
of the Five Nat ions ^ who had been long a Prifoner,
to be an Eye Witnefs of his Countryman's Death,
then bid him make his Efcape ^o his own Country,

G 4 ^ l^

i ir it

88 ^^ History of the

C H A p. to give an Account of the French Cruelty, from which
VI. it was not in his Power to fave a Prifoner, he him-
felf had taken.

This heightned the Rage of the Five Nations fo,
that Monfr. De Nonville*s fending to difown Adario
in this A(5tion, had no EfFed upon them ; their
Breads admitted of no Thoughts but that of Re-
venge. It was not long before the French felt the
bloody EfFedls of this cruel Paffion, for 1200 Men
of the Five iViz//o»j invaded the Ifland of Montreal^
when the French had no Sufpicion of any fuch At-
tempt, while Monfr. Be Nonville and his Lady were
in that Town. They landed on the South Side of |
the Ifland, atL^ Chine, on the 26th oi July 1688,
where they burnt and facked all the Plantations,
and made a terrible Maflacre of Men, Women, and
Children. The French were under Apprehenfion
<Jf the Town's being attack'd, for which Reafon, they
durft not fend out any confiderable Party to the Re-
lief of the Country, only once, when the Indians had
blocked up two Forts, Monfr. De Nonville fent out
a hundred Soldiers, and fifty Indians^ to try to bring
ofF the Men in thofe Forts. The French of this
Party were all either taken or cut to Pieces, except
one Soldier, and the commanding Officer, who, af-
ter he had his Thighs broke, was carried off by
twelve Indians that made their Efcape. There were
above a Thoufand of the French killed at this Time,
and twenty-fix were carried away Prifoners, the great-
eft Part of which were burnt alive. The Five Na-
tions only loft three Men on this Expedition, that
got drunk and were left behind. This, however,
did not fatiate their Thirft after Llood, for, in Otlcbcr
following, they deftroyed likewife all the lower Part
of the Ifland, and carried away many Prifoners.
' The Confequence of thefe Expeditions were very
difmal to the French, for they were forced to burn
their two Barks, vhich they had on Cadarackui Lake,
and to abandon their Fort there \ they defigned to

2 have

Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 89

I have blown up their Works, when they le ft that C h a p-
Place ; and for that Endleft a iignted Matcn where v"i^
\thc Powder lay, but were in (uch a Fright, that V^OTNi
they durft not flay to fee what EfFed it had. They
(went down Cadarackui River in feven Birch Canoes ;
ind for greater Security, travelled in the Night.
>ne of the Canoes, with all the Men in it, were loft,
)y their Precipitation, as they pafled one of the Falls
in that River. The Five Nations hearing the French
lad deferted Cadarackui Fort, fifty Indians went and
took Pofleffion of it, who found the Match ^he
"rench had left, which had gone out, and twenty
sight Barrels of Powder in the fame Place, together
^ith feveral other Stores. '

The News of the Succefs the Five Nations had
)Ver the French foon fpread itfelf among all the Indi-
im, and put the French Affairs every where into the
[reateft Diforder.

The Uiawawas had always fliewn an Inclination
[0 the Fjiglijhy and they therefore immediately fent
)penly four Sachems^ with three Frifoners of th&
^enekas, which they had, to aflure them, that they
^ould for ever renounce all Friendfhip with the
rench, and promifed to reftore the reft of the
'r.foners. They alfo included feven Nations, that
lived near Mfjfilimakinak^ in this Peace.

This put the French Commandant there under the
jreateft Difficulty to maintain his Poft ; but there
/as no Choice, he muft ftand his Ground, for the
"^ive I^faJcns hvJ cut off all Hopes of retiring. ' ' •

The Nepairinians zndKikahus y of all their i;ume-
bus Allies, only remained firm to the French; eve-
[y one of the others endeavoured to gain the Friend-
lip of the Five Nations •, and would certainly have
lone it, by murdering all the French among them, •
lad not the Sieur Perot^ with wonderful Sagacity
»nd eminent Hazard to his own Perfon, diverted
(hem.

Canada

\ i

II .

U M

r •

.11

■i

!|!.t'

7he History of the (Sc,

P. Canada was now in a mod miferable Condition,]
for while the greateft Number of their Men had
' been employed in the Expedition againft the Fm\
Nations^ and in trading among the far Nations, and
making new Difcovenes and Settlements, Tillage|
and Hufbandry had been negleded *, and they
feveral Thoufands of their Inhabitants, by the contiJ
nual Incurfions of fmall Parties, fo that none duri|
hazard themfelves out of fortified Places ; indeed,
is hard to conceive what Diftrefs the French wetjl
then under, for tho' they were every where almol|
ilarving, they could not plant nor fow, or go fron
one Village to another for Relief, but with imminen
Danger of having their Scalps carried away by tlij
fculking Indians-^ at lad the whole Country beinj
Jaid wade. Famine began to rage, and was likei
have put a miferable End to that Colony.

If the Indians had underftood the Method of atl
tacking Forts, nothing could have preferved
French from an entire Deftru6tIon at this Time ; f(j
whoever confiders the State of the /»^/tf» Affairs durinj
this Period, how the Five Nations were divided
their Sentiments and Meafures \ that the Onondaii
Cayugast and Oneydoes, under the Influence of i^
French Jefuites, were diverted from profecuting
War againft Canada^ by the Jefuites cunningly fpj
riling up thofe three Nations againft the Firp
Indians^ and perfuading them to lend out their Pa
ties that Way : That the Senekas had a War at
fame Time upon their Hands with three numero
Indian Nations, the Ulawawas, Chicktaghicks^
Twibtwies', and that the Meafures the Etiglijh
ferved all King James's Reign, gave the IrtM
rather Grounds of Jealoufy than AfTiftance : I m
whoever confiders all thtfe Things, and whattj
Five Nations did aftually perform, under all thefe D|
advantages againft the French^ will hardly doub
that the Five Nations by themfelves were at th
Time an Overmatch for the French of Canada.

THI

« ■'■■:!:

THE

HISTORY

O F T if E

FIVE Indian NATIONS

DEPENDENT

On the Province of NEW-YORK.
PART ir

t . i<

I >

York
tbeni
fame Men
frade wii
fupplied ii
net, who
People he
Mothpr C
Trouble of
Occafton,
Trade wi
that as ti
up to fbei
which th
might be
Parts

'ts of
} tha

grofi

For th
the Trac
French J
cejfary Co
habitants
Befides th
Jnfluence
living on
round thi
if they 11
France •,
directed I

The L
Juftnefs

Par.

rflMMa*i««*«*MM*i«a*i«MW

t' ■■ * ■ ■ ■!

THE

PREFACE

To the Second Part.

rH E firmer Part of ibis Uiftory was v;ritten at Nev-
York in the Tear 1727, on Occafim of a T>ifpute which
then happened^ between the Government of New-York and
fome Merchants. The French of C-nada had the whole Fur
Trade with the Weftern Indians in their Hands, and were
fupplied with their woollen Goods from New- York. Mr, Bur-
net, who took more Pains to be informed of the Inter eft of the
People he was fet over, and of making them ufeftd to thehr^
Mother Country, than Plantation Governors ttfualfy do, took the
Trouble ofperufing all the Regifters of the Indian Affairs ontbis
Occajion, He from thence conceived of what Confequence theFar
Trade with the Weftern Indians was of to Great-Britain i
that as the Englifh had the Fur Trade to Hudibn's Bay given
up to them, by the Treaty of Utrecht, fo, by the Advantages
which the Province of New- York has in its Situation, they
might be able to draw the whole Fur Trade in the other
Parts of America to themfelves, and thereby the Engliih en-
grofs that Trade, and the Manufactories depending on it.

For this Purpofe he thought it necejjary to put a Stop to
the Trade between New- York and Canada, by which the
French fupplied themfelves with the moft valuabL and ne"
cejfary Commodities for the Indian Market, and to fet the In--
habitants of this Province on trading direifly with the Indians.
Eefides the Conjtderation of Profit and Gain, he conjtdered wbai\
Influence this Trade had on the numerous Nations of Indian
living on the vaft Continent of North- America, and who fuT'
round the Britifh Colonies -, of what Advantage it might be ofi
if they were influenced by the Englifh in Cafe of a War with
France 1 and how prejudicial, on the other Hand, if they wen
direSled by French Counfeb.

The Legiflature of New- York was foon convinced of th
Juftnefs of his ^eafoning, and paffed an A£t^ probating ti"

P^R-T II. Tri

I ' 1

t. u

' *. tl

(

■I'M

ne Prefacb td theS^ewL Part;

. . if'

.•3

2rr^^^ /<7 Canada, fi;zi for encouraging the Trade direSffy viiA
the Indians. They were likewife at the Charge of builMt^ a
fortified trading Houfe at Ofwego, <m Cadarackui Lake, anii
have ever firm maintained a Garifon there. As this A£i dii
in its Coiifequence take a large Profit from one o^ two con-
fiderable Merchants^ who had the Trade to Can^' intirely in
their Handsy they endeavoured to raife a Clamor agaiffft it in
the Province^ and prejented likewife Petitions to the King, in
Order to get the A^ repealed. Upon this Occqfion Mr. Bur-
net gave me the Perufal of the Publick Regifter of Indian ^f.
fairSi and it was thought the Publication of the Hifiory of the
*Five Nations might be of UJe at that Time,

I fiall only addj that Mr, hurntt's Scheme has had its defi-
red EffeSl ; The Englifti have gained the Trade which the
French, before that, had with /i»^ Indians to the IVeftward nj
New-York ; and whereas^ before that Time, a very inconfide-
rahle Number of Men were employed in the Indian Tra^ A-
hroady now above three hundred Men are employed at the Tra-
ding Houfe at Ofwego alone j and the Indian Trade has Jince
that Ttme yearly increafed fo far, that feveral Indian Nations
come now every Summer to trade there, whofe Names were not
fo much as known by the Englifli before.

This Hifiory, from New- York, foon went /« England, and
I have been informed^ that a Publication, with a Continuance
of that Work, would be acceptable there, I have the more
chear fully complied with this Notice, becaufe of the War threat-
ened from France, believing that a Publication of this Kind
ma^ be ufeful, whether the prefent Inquietudes between the two
Nations end in a War or in a Treaty. The French have en-
couraged fiver al Publications of this Sort at Paris, and cer-
tainly fuch may be more ufeful in a Britifh Government, where
Jhe People have fo great a Share in it, than it can be in a
French Government, intirely direSfed by the Will of their Prime,

I now continue this Hifiory to the Peace of Refwick, and ifl
find this acceptable, and that a farther Continuation of it be
dejired, I fhall, if my Life and Health be preferved, carry it
down farther \ but as I have too much h,,afon to doubt my own
Ability, to ^ive that Pleafure and Satisfaction which the Pub-
lick may expdJ in Things thus fubmitted to their View^ I think
it not jiifiifiabk to trouble them with too much at once,

3 THE

(91 )

THE

HISTORY

O F T H E

Fl V E /iVZ)/^iV N A T I O NS,
DEPENDING

On the Province oi NEW-YORK,
P A R T II.

\tbe Hiftory of the Five Indian Nations of Ca-
nada, from the Time of the Revolution to the
Peace o/'Refwick.

CHAP. I.

\ihe State of Affairs in New-York and Canzda^
at the Time of the Revolution in Great-
Britain. ,

WE left the Five Nations triumphing over Chap,
the French in Canada, and they almoft re- ^•
I duced to Defpair. The Revolution, which

happened at this Time in England, ieemed to be a
I favourable Conjundion for the Five Nations i the
i Bn^lijh Colonies, by the War at that Time declared

againft

mil

;'^- ;

:^li

ill

V. ;■ • 1

1:1

The History of the

p. agalnft France^ becoming Parties in their Quarrel :
ror one will be ready to think, that the hive Nati.
ons being by themfelves too powerful for the French^
as appears by the preceding Chapter, when thefe
were affifted by the Utawawas^ Quatoghiesy Twih-
twies^ ChiSfaghicksy Putewatcmies, and all the JVeJ-
tern Indian Nations, and when the Englijh flood
neuter •, now certainly, when not only all thefe In-
dian Nations had made Peace with the Five Nations^
but the Englijh joined with them in the War, the
French would not be able to ftand one Canpaign.

But we (hall find what a Turn Affairs took, con-
trary to all reafonable Expectations, from the gene- 1
ral Appearance of Things, and of what Importance
a refolute wife Governor is to the well-being of a
People, and how prejudicial Divifions and Parties
are. For this Reafon, it will be necefTary to take
a View of the Publick Affairs in the Province of
New-Tor k^ and in Canada^ at that Time, in order]
to underftand the true Caufes of the Alterati-
ons, which afterwards happened in Favour of the|
French.

The Revolution occafioned as great Divifions and I
Parties in the Province of New-Tork^ in Proportion
to the Number of People, as it did in Britain^ if not
greater. The Governc* and all the Officers either
fled or abfconded ; the Gentlemen of the King's!
Council, and fome of the moft confiderable or rich-
eft People, either out of Love, or what they I
thought Duty, to King James, or rather from an
Opinion they had that the Prince of Orange could
not fucceed, refufed to join in the Declaration the
People made in favour of that Prince, and fuffered
the Adminiftration to fall into different Hands, who
were more zealous for the Proteftant Intereft, and
who were joined by the far greatefl Number of the
Inhabitants. After the Revolution was eftablifhed,
they that had appeared fo warmly for it, thought that

. they

W:!l

Ipartll. Five Indian Nations, Q*r. $3'

they deferved bcft of the Government, and cx-Chap.
IpeAcd to be continued in the Publick Offices •, the I.
[others were zealous to recover the Authority they
had loft, and ufed the moft perfuafive Means with
[the Governors for that Purpofe, while the former
trufted to their Merit. This begat great Animofi-
jties, which continued many Years. Each Patty,
las they were at different Times favoured by fcveral
[Governors, oppofed all the Meafures taken by the
lother, while each of them were by Turns in Credit
[with the People or th^: Governor, and fometimes c-
[ven profecuted each other to Death. The publick
[Meafures were by thcfe Means perpetually fluduating,
md often one Day contradidtory to what they were
the Day before. The fiicceeding Governors, find-
ing their private Account in favouring fometimes
the one Party, and at other Times the other, kept
ip the Animofities all King PVilliam^s Reign* though
rery much to the publick Prejudice •, for each Party
/as this while fo eager in refenting private Injuries,
that they intirely negleded the publick Good.

The Conftitution of Government in the Englijh
'Plantations ^ where the Governors have no Salary,
>ut what they can attain with the Confent of the
Lffemblies or Reprefentatives of the People, gave
)ccafion to imprudent Governors to fall upon thefe
Expedients, as they fometimes call them, for get-
ting of Money. And a prevailing Faction, knowing
for what Purpofe the Governments in America were
:hiefly defired by the Englifh Gentlemen, ufed this
jreat Privilege to tempt a Governor to be the Head
)f a Party, when he ought to have been the Head
)f the Government. Indeed Ne--j:-Tork has had the
lisfortune, too frequently, to be under fuch as
could not keep their Paflion for Money fecret,
[though none found it fo profitable a Government,
18 they did who followed ftriftly the true Maxims
[of governing, without making Money the only Rule

|of their Anions. -

^ The

i !

94 52»tf History of the ~

Chap. The frequent Changes of Governors were likewlfc
I. prejudicial to the publick Affairs. Colonel Skuih'\
tgr, the iirft Governor after the Revolution, hap-
pened to die foon after his Arrival, when fteady,
as well as refolute Meafures, were mofl necefTary,
But fome think, that the Occafion of all the Mis-
fortunes lay in the Want of Care in the Choice of
Governors, when the Affairs of America wanted a-
ble Hands to manage them ; they think that the
Miniftry had the faving of Money chiefly in View,
when, to gratify fome frr>::li Services, they gavel
Employments in America to thofe that were not ca-
pable of much meaner Offices at Home. The 0-
pinion the People had of Colonel Slaughter's Capaci.
ty gave ground to thefe Surmifes •, but, if it was fo,
it happened to be very ill faved Money ; for the
Mifmanagements in this Country occafioned far
greater Expence to the Crown afterwards, thani
would have bought fuch Gentlemen handfome E-
dates, betides the great Lofles they occafioned to
the Subjects.

The greatefl Number of the Inhabitants of the
Province of New-Tork hting Dutch, flill retained an
Affeftion to their Mother Country, and by their
Averfion to the Englijh weakened the Adminiflrati-
on. The common People of Albany^ who are ali
Dutch, could not forbear, giving the Indians foms
Impreffions of the Engii/h -, for the Mohawks,
one of their publick Speeches, exprefled themfelvesl
thus : *« We hear a Dutch Prince reigns now in EnA
** land, why do you fufFer the Engli/h Soldiers m
*« remain in the Fort ? put all the Englijh out of
** the Town. When the Dutch held this Country
•^ long ago, we lay in their Houfes ; but the £«|-
*' liflo have always made us lie without Doors." Iti
is true, that the Plantxitions were firft fettled by the
meanefl People of every Nation, and fuch as had
the leaft Senfe of any Honour. The Dutch M
Settlers, many of them I may fay, had none of the
.^ - Virtues

itans receive!

part II. Five Indian Nations, Osfr. 95

jvirtues of their Countrymen, except their Induftry Ch a p<
iin getting Money, and they facrificcd every Thing, I.
Wher People think honourable or moft facred, to
their Gain : But I do not think it proper to give
Iparticular Inftances of this.

I The People of New -England were engaged in a
jbioody War at this Time with the Owenagungas,
}uragies, and Pomcoks, the Indians that lie between '
them and the French Settlements. The Scahkooks
jre originally Part of thefe Indians. They left
their Country about the Year 1672, and fettled a-
)Ove Albany^ on the Branch of Hudfon^s River that
hms towards Canada. The People of New-Eng*
md were jealous of the Scahko^k Indians^ that they
emembering the old DifFcrence they had with the
*eople of New England, and the Relation they bore
to the Eaftern Indians, did countenance and aflift
fhefe Indians in the War againft New England. They
wd Reafon for thefe Jealoufies, for the Scahkook In*
Hans received privately fome Owenagunga Meffen-'
jers, and kept their coming among them fecret
from the People of Albany ; and fome Scahkooks had
|one privately to the Owenagungas, They were a-
fraid likewife, that the Mohawks might have fome
Inclination to favour thofe Indians, becaufe fome of
the Eaftern Indians had fled to the Mohawks, and
/ere kindly received by them, and lived among
them.

Notwithftnnding all thefe Failures of good Po-
licy, in the Government of New-Tor k, the French
lad not gained i'o great Advantages, if they had not
:arefully obferved a different Conduft, which it is
low neceflary to confider.

Canada was at this Time in a very diftrefied Con-
lition, the Country and out Plantations burnt and
[deftroyed, their Trade intirely at a ftand, great
[Numbers of their People flain, and the remainder
[in danger of perifliing by Famine, as well as by the
[Sword of inveterate cruel Enemies. When fuch

Misfor-

; r

,7 ■ (

1 5

■ ii

i (

I' ' .'

96 7he History of the

Ch A p. Misfortunes happen to a Country, under any AdJ
I. miniftration, though in Truth the Condudl of Af-I
fairs be not to be blamed, it is often prudent tol
change the Minifters ; for the common People never
fail to blame them, notwithftanding their having!
adled with the greateft Wifdom, and therefore can!
not fo foon recover their Spirits, that are funk by
Misfortunes, as by putting their Affairs into different|
Hands. , < ,Y^ J

For thefe Reafons, it is probable, the Freni.l\
King recalled Mn de Nonville^ but rewarded him m
his Services, by an honourable Employment in the
Houfhold. The Count de Frontenac was fent iol
his Place. This Gentleman had been formerly Go-
vernor of that Country, and was perfeftly acquaint-l
ed with its Intereft ; of a Temper of Mind fitted to|
fuch defperate Times, of undaunted Courage, an
indefatigable, though in the fixty-eighth Year of hil
Age. The Count de Frontenac arrived the fecond oil
OSiober 1689. The Country immediately receivdl
new Life by the Arrival of a Perfbn, of whofti
Courage and Conduct every one had entertained tl
high Opinion. Care was taken to increafe this Iml
predion on the Minds of the People, by makingl
publick Rejoicings, with as much Noife as poflibleJ
He wifely improved this new Life, by immediately!
entering upon Adion, without fuffering their HopesI
to grow cold. He ftaid no longer at ^iebeck, thaol
was jieceffary to be informed of the prefent State ofl
Affairs, and in four or five Days after his Arrivall
fet out in a Canoe for Montreal^ where his Prefenctl
was moft neceflary ; and the Winter was already fo
far advanced, that the Ice made it impraclicable to
go in a larger Veffel. By this the old Gentleman]
increafed the Opinion and Hopes the People enter-
tained of him, that, without {taying to refrefli him-
felf after a fatiguing Sea- Voyage, he would imme-
diately undertake another, that required all the Vi-
gour and Heat of Youth to withftand the Inclf-I

menciei

Part 11. Five Indian Nations, ^c. gy

mencies of the Climate and Seafon, and the DIffi- Chap.
culty of fuch a Paflage.

When the Count de Front enac came to Montreal,
he increafed the Admiration the People had of his
Vigour and Zeal, by pretending to go to vifit Ca-
darackui Fort, now abandoned, which he had built
[in the Time he was formerly Governor. The Clergy
and People of Montreal came jointly with ftretched
[out Arms, reprefenting the Danger of fuch an At-
tempt, and the Difficulties and Hardfhips that would
[necefTarily attend it, praying him not to expofe a
~ ife that was fo neceflary for their Safety. He,
nth feeming Reludtance, yielded to their Intrea-
ies ; I fay with feeming Reludlance, for it was in-
confident with his Prudence really to have fuch a
)efign. This Shew of the Governor's offering to
jp in Perfon, animated fome of the Gentlemen of
pie Country, who voluntarily went in the Winter,
nth one Hundred Indian Traders, to vifit that Fort ;
^nd finding it in better Condition than they ex-
uded, by the Report of thofe who had abandoned

they ftaid there, and made fome fmall Repara-
ion^ in the Walls, which the Indians ^had thrown
iown.

The Count de Front enac brought back with him
\awerahet, a Capiga Sachems oiie of the thirteen Pri-
mers that Mr. de Nonville took at Cadarackui,
id fent to France. He was in Hopes this Indian
rauld be ufeful in procuring a Treaty of Peace with
Kie Five Nations, for they had an extraordinary
/pinion of Tawerahet ; and the French had found,
|y fad Experience, that they could not be Gainers
|y continuing the War : For this Purpofe the Count
[fed fawerahet with much Kindnefs, during his
Voyage, and, after he arrived at ^leheck, lodged
iim in the Caftle under his own Roof, and took fuch
rains with this Sachem^th'M he forgot all the illUfage

le lncle-»e had formerly received.

•:\v:v

M,r,-4

The

.),! >^-!,

^ .'>%" 7X^ History of the "^

.Ch A p. The French had the more Reafon to deiire i|
I. Peace with the Five Nations, becaufe they knew,
that they would now certainly have the EmliliX
•Colonies likewife upon them ; and if the Five Na[
tions had been able to do fo much Mifchief by them

• fclves alone, fhey were much more to be fearedj
when they would be aflifted, in all Probability, wiu

: the Force and Intf^reft of the EngliJIo Colonies.
..if Four Indians of lefs Note, who were brougkl
back along with Tawerahet, were immediately diJ
patched, in this Sachenh Name, to the Five Nm
onSy to inform them of his Return, and of the kinil
Ufage they had received from the Count de Fronttl
nac i and to prefs them to fend fome to vifit theif
old Friend, who had been fo kind to them whe
he was formerly Governor of Canada, and who :
retained an Affedtion to the Five Nations ; as ap
peared by the Kindnefs Tawerahet and they had rei
ceived from him. This was the only Method le|
to the French of making Propofals of Peace, whici
it was their Intereft by ail Means to procure.

The Governor of Canada^ as I faid, conceivt
that there was no Way fo proper to keep up ii
Spirits of the People, who had got new J^ife by
Arrival, as by putting them upon Adion ; andicl
■ deed their prefent miferable Condition made the|
forward enough, to imdertake the moft defpiir
Enterprize, when the frequent Incurfions of the /J
dians made it as dangerous to be at Home, as toal
tack the Enemy Abroad.

For this Purpofe he fent out three Parties in tt«
Winter ; one was defigned againft New-Tork^ tij
other againft Conmblicut, and the laft againft iW:
England. >....'^ ': .^w

The Five Nations followed Colonel Titinganh Al
vice, in endeavouring to bring off tht fV'cftern it
dians from tl. French, and had all the Succef

• that could be expefted, before Mr. de Front emc
rived. '

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c^

They were overjoyed when they heard, that the C h a p.
En^lijh had entered into War with the French, and
came feveral Times to Albany to know the Certainty
of it, while it was only rumoured about. The
People of Albany defired them to fecure any of the
praying Indians that fliould come from Canada^ if
they found that they were ftill ruled by the Priefts ;
but to encourage them, if they eame with a Defign
to return to their own Country. - ^ '

The Senekasj Cayugas, Onondagas^ and Oneydoes^
the twenty feventh of 7««^ 1689, before any Go-,
vernor arrived, renewed the old Covenant (as they
faid) which was firft made many Years ago With
one Tagues, who came with a Ship into their River.
Then we firfl: became Brethren, faid they, and conti-
nued fo till laft fall, that Sir Edmond Androfs fimt
and made a new Chain, by calling us Children *, but
*' let us ftick to the old Chain, which has conti-
'* nued from the firft Time it was made, by which
we became Brethren, and have ever fince al\^aya
behaved as fuch. Virginia, Maryland, and New-
England, have been taken into this filver Chain,
with which our Friendfhip is locked faft. We
" are new come to make the Chain clear and bright.
" Here they gave two Bevers." "•"•''

King James, a little before his Abdication, fent
over Sir Edmond Androfs with arbitrary Powers, and
he, in Imitation of the French, changed- the Stile
of fpeaklng to "the Indians, of which they were
very fenfible. '".•"' ■ ' ' • . ^'

They difcovcred a great Concern for their People
that ivere carried to Canada ; they long hoped (they
ir.id) that i:he King of England would have been
pr,wcrful enough to deliver them, but now they
bf[:an to lofe all Hopes of them.

((

::.'i

C H A P^

'V.

I'!-

Hi:

^ i

liL^J

'">•

100

I'he History of the

«,

CHAP. 11/

, •-X.

A treaty between the Agents of Maflachufet'si
Bay, New-Plymouth, ^«</ Connedicut, cni[

] the Sachems of the Five Nations, at Albany,
in the Tear 1689.

ABOUT the Beginning of September 1689,1
Colonel John Pynchon, Major Jokn SavagtA
and Captain Jonathan Bully Agents for the Colonies |
of Majffachu/et*s Bay, New-Plymouth^ and Conne£iicut^\
arrived at Albany^ to renew the Friendfhip with
the Five Nations, and to engage them againft the j
Eajiern Indians^ who made War on the Engliji
of thole Colonies, and were fupported by the!
French, ^ »

• Tht Five Nations had received four Meflengers 1
from the Eqfiern Indians ^ which gave the People of |
New- England fome Apprehenfions, and they were
therefore defirous to know what Reception thefe
Meflengers had met with.

The Five Nations anfwered by Tahajadoris, a Mo-
hawk Sachem, on the twenty fourth of September.
He made a long Oraticn, repeating all that the A-
gent from New-England had faid, the Day before,
and defired them to be attentive to the Anfwer now
to be made to them. They commonly repeat over
all that has been faid to them, before they return
any Anfwer, and one may be furprized at the Exa(il-
nefs of thefe Repetitions. They take the follow-
ing Method to aiTift their Memories : The Sachetih
who prefides at thefe Conferences, has a Bundle of
fmall Sticks in his Hand ; as foon as the Speaker
has finifhed any one Article of his Speech, this Sa-
fhem gives a Stick to another Sachem, who is par-
ticularly

' *'f w

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c, ioi

ticularly to remember that -ilrticle ; and fo when an- Ch a f.
othet Article is finiflied, he gives a Stick to an- II.
other to take Care of that other, and fo on. In
like Manner when the Speaker anfwers, each of
thcfe has the particular Care of the Anfwer refolved
on to each Article, and prompts the Orator, when
his Memory fails him, in the Article committed to
his Charge. Tabajadms addrefling himfelf to the
Agents, fiid : ..-. ^

■ ■• .•'*-'.
" Brethren^

" You are welcome to this Houfe, which is ap-
pointed for our Treaties and publick Bufi-
ncfs with the Chriftiano ; we thank you for re-
newing the Covenant-chain. It is now no longer
of Iron and fubjedt to Ruft, as formerly, but of
pure Silver, and includes in it all the King's Sub-
jedls, from the Senekas Country eaftward, as
far as any of the great King's Subjedts live, and
fouthward, from New-England to Virginia^ Here
he gave a Bever.

*» We are glad to hear of the good Succefs our
great King has had over the French by Sea, in
taking and finking fo many of their Men of War.
You tell us in your Propofals ^hat we are one
People, let us then go Hand in Hand together,
to ruin and deftroy the French our common Ene-
my. Gives a Bever.

" The Covenant-chain between us is ancient Tas
you tell us) and of long ftanding, and it has been
kept inviolably by u5. When you had Wars
fome time ago with the Indians^ you defired us to
help you *, we did it readily, and to the Pur-
pofe ; for we purfued them clofely, by which we
prevented the EfFufion of much of your Blood.
This was a certain Sign that we loved truly
and fincerely, and from our Hearts. Gives a
Belt.

You

102 ^he History of tkc [

Chak. " You advife us to purfue our Enemies, tjici

''if.

.**■

II. " French^ vigorouily *, this we afiure you we ^re
V^V^^ ** refolved to do to the utmoft of our Power : But
*' fince the French are your Enemies likewife, wei
•' defire our Brethren of the three Colonies to fendi
•' us an hundred Men for the Security of this Place,,
*' which is ill provided, in Cafe of an Attack froml
" the French -, the Chriftians have Viduals enougi
*' for their Entertainment. Gives orre Belt.

*' We patiently bore many Injuries from thti
cc pfcnch^ from one Year to another, before we
" took up the Axe againft them. Our Patience!
*' made the Governor of Canada think, that w:
•* were afraid of him, and durft not refent the U
'* juries we had fo long fuffered ; but now he i
*' undeceived. We afiure you, that we are rcfqlvd
. ** never to drop the Axe, the French never M
" fee our Faces in Peace, we fhall never be recow
*•' ciled as long as one Frenchman is alive. We fliii
'* never make Peace, though our Nation (hould Ix
" mined by it, and every one of us cut in Piece
" Our Brethren of the three Colonies may depeol
** on this. GivesaBever.

"As to what you told us of the Owenagmi
*' and Uragees^ we anfwer : That we were never
proud and haughty, as to begin a War wlthoi
juft Provocation. You tell us that they
treacherous Rogues, we believe it, and that tlii
will undoubtedly aflift the French. If they ilia
do this, or fhall join with any of our Enemi(
either French or Indians, then we will kill ai
deftroythem. GivesaBever."
• Then the Mohawks offered five of their Mch,
guard the Agents Home againft any of their hdh
Enemies, who they were afraid might be laying
wait for the Agents, and gave a Belt.
-> Afterwards the Speaker continued his Speeci
and faid : " We have fpoke what we had to fay
** the War. we now come to the AfFairs of Peacel

(«

.«c

«c

Part II.

" Wep
« wifh tJ
" all our
cc We g

" for its
*' We
« and T]
" Its Roc
" Colonit
" Tree,
" Roots,
** t.-ufl it
" Pow,°r'
" firmly 5

" Bevcrs.'

Lajlly^
to rememi
Bever.

But the
fwered an]
gers, and I
with the 1
themfelves
the Agents
The Fiv
" We .
" dians^ ii
'' thelefs o
*' fured,
" them.
" French
" venge th
" make W

'' Breth

ren

quaint tl

*' after our

After th(

fent to the

^'ith them

Part II. FivfJ Indian Nations, G?r. J03

u We promife to preferve the Chain inviolably, andC h a p.
« wifh that the Sun may always fhine in Peace over il.
« all our Heads that are comprehended in this Chain, v-^/^-^
« We give two Belts, one for the Sun, the other

" for its Beams. »

*' We make faft the Roots of the Tree of Peace
" and Tranquillity, which is planted in this Place.
" Its Roots extend as far as the utmoft of your
" Colonies •, if the French Aiould come to fhake this
" Tree, we would feel it by the Motion of its
" Roots, which extend into our Cou!itry : But we
" truft it will not be in the Governor of Canada's
»* Pow>^r to {hake this Tree, which has been fo
" firmly and fo long planted with us. Gives two
" Bevcrs."

Lajily, He deftred the Magiftrates of Albany
to remember what he had faid, and gave them a
Bever.

But the Agents perceiving, that they had not an-
fwered any Thing about the Owenagunga Meflen-
gers, and had anfwered indiftindlly about the War
with the Eaftern Indians y defired them to explain
themfelves fully on thcfe two Points, about which
the Agents were chiefly concerned.
Th^ Five Ndiions ^n(wQXtdi : -^ ' - '

" We cannot declare W"ar againft the Eaftern In-
" dlans^ for they have done us no Harm : Never- ■
thelefs our Brethren of Nc-iv-En^Iand may be af- -
fured, that we will live and die in Fnendrhip vvirh
" them. When we took up the Axe acrainll: the
French and their Confederates, we did it to re-
venp;e the Injuries tiiey had done us ; we did not
make War with them at the Perfualions of our
" Brethren here \ for we did not fo much as ac-
" quaint them with our Intention, till fourteen Days
*' after our Army had begun their March."

After the Company had feparated, the Sachems
fent to the New-England Agents, defiring to fpeak ' '
with them in private j which being granted, the

H 4 Speaker

(.(.

((

Itlli!

) :l

! li

t
1

■

I 1

■ 1 ■

•

! i-:

J rf ,' ^

;

?• i

i , .

;-•

■■!!
» t :

1^!!

104 The History of the

Ch ii p. Speaker faid, we have fomething to tell you, which

n. was not proper to be fpoken openly, for fome of

SOr^ our People have an AfFedion to the Owenagungas ;

and we were afraid, that they would difcover or

hinder our Defignj.

Now we aflure our Brethren, that we are refolved
to look on your Enemies as ours, and that we will
firft fall on the * Ozvaragees\ and then on the
Owenagungas^ and laftly on the French ; and that
you may be convinced of our Intentiot^; we defign to
fend five of our young Men along with our Brethren
to New- England^ to guard them, who have Orders
to view the Country o.^ the Owaragees, to difcover
in what Manner it can be attacked with the moft Ad-
vantage. This we always do before we make an At-
tempt on our Enemies. In a Word, Brethren, your
War is our War, for we will live and dye with you.

But it is to be obferved, that they confirmed no-
thing relating to thefe Indians^ by giving Belts.

It is probable, that the Sachems aded with fome
Art r 1 this Occafion, for they really had favourable
Inclinations towards the Owenagungas ; and they had
Reafon not to increafe the Number of their Enemies,
by making War on the Eajiern Indians^ who avoided
doing them any Injury. The People of Albany like-
wife have always been averfe to engage our Indians in
a War with the Eajlern Indians^ left it Ihould change
the Seat of the War, and bring it to their own
Doors. ►

On the 25th the Magiftrates of Albany had a
private Conference with the Sachems of the Five F\&-
tions^ and defired to know their Refolutions as to the
War with Canada^ and the Meafures they refolved
to follow. In this Conference the Indians faw that
the People of Albany were fo much afraid of the
French^ that their Spirits were funk under the Ap-
, prehenfions of the approaching War i and for this
Reafon made the following Anfwer.

Called by the People of Nnu-En^land PancroJIi Indians.

>art II. Five Indian Nations, &c.

« We have a hundred and forty Men out-flculking
I** about Canada *, it is impoflible for the French to at-
I" tempt any Thing, without being difcovered and ha-
|*« raffed by thefe Parties : If the French fhall attempt
!** any Thing this Way, all the Five Nations will come
to your Afliftance, for our Brethren and we are but
" one, and we will live and dye together. We have
" defined a hundred Men of our Brethren oiBoftonto
aflifl us here, becaufe this Place is moft expofed; but
if theGovernor of Canada is fo ftrong, as to overcome
[* us all united together, then he muft be our Mafter,
r and is not to be refifted ; but we have Confidence in
r a good and juft Caufe ; for the great God of Heaven
knows how deceitfully the French have dealt with us,
their Arms can have no Succefs. The Great God
hath fent us Signs in the Sky to confirm this. We
have heard uncommon Noife in the Heavens, and
[' have feen Heads fall down upon Earth, which we
look upon as a certain Prefage of the Deftru6Hon
of tht French: Take Courage! On this they all im-
mediately joined in finging and crying out, Cou-^
rage! Courage! "

lOJ

T ,■-./»-;

y:\T^

-['

CHAP. III.

c.r

■i^t

fn Account of a general Council of the Five Nations at
Onondaga, to conjider the Count De Frontenac'j

Mejjage.

:ir\

^N the 27th of December 1689, tv/o Indians Ch a?.
_ ' came to Albany, being fent by the Onondaga III.
id Oneydo Sachems^ with kwtn Hands of Wampum
[om each Nation, to tell their Brethren in New-Tork
[id New-England, that three of their old Friends,
►ho had been carried Prifoners to France^ were come
rith Propofals from Canada ; that there was a Coun-
|1 of the Sachems appointed to meet at Onondaga^
rd that they therefore defired the Mayor of Albany^
p^r Scheyler^ and fome others of their Brethren,

i ii 'il

iq6

i".' ;

i-»

->-. yiie HisTORV of tlje

p. to come thither, to be prefcntand to advife on an Af-
fair of f . great Confequencc » for they were rcfolvdl
to do nothing without the Knowledge and Confent off
all thofe that were included in the Chain with them.
The fame Meflenger told them, that (ome Letters!
were fent to the Jefuit at Oneydo -, and that they would!
neither burn, nor fufFer thofe Letters to be opened,|
till the Brethren ftiould firft fee them.

All that the Magiftrates of Albajjy did on this im|
portant Occafion, was to fend three Indians witil
Inftruftions in their Name, to diffuade the Froe lS(\
tious from entertaining any Thoughts of Peace,
yielding to a Ceflation of Arms.

On the 4th of January one of the chief Mobau\
Sachems came to Albany^ to tell the Magiftrates, tk
he was to go to Onondaga, and defired the Brethren's
Advice how to behave there ; on which the
giftrates thought it neceflary to fend like wife the p®
lick Interpreter, and another Perfon to affift at th
general Meeting, with written Inftrudions ; butri
Perfon of Note, that had any Influence on the Ml

am. went.

, .vJ

When the MefTengers arrived at Oneydo, they i
courfed privately with one of the Prifoners thathaj
returned from France, and foL J that he had ni
Love for the French ; but it is impoffible but that l\
dianSi who had feen the French Court, and many
their Troops, muft be furprifed at their Grandeur: b
complained however of the ill Ufage he had met wi
The French chofe, on this Occafion, to fend firft
'♦ Oneydo, becaufe of the AfTiftance they expefted the J^
' fuit, that refided there, would give to their NegofiJ
"• ation.

I believe it will not be tedious to the Reader, tha!
defires to know the Indiiin Genius, if I give a circum
ftantial Account of this general Council or Parlia
ment of the Five Nations, that he may fee in wh
Manner a People that we call Savages behave 01
fuch important Occafions.

,.)

"\^«'

I'j

/ ^

>art II. Fivi INDIAN Nations, &c, ipy

On the 2 2d of January the ;^eneral Council wasCh a p.

[opened at Onondaga^ confiftiijg of eighty Sachems ;

Ijn the firft Place Sadekana^htie^ an Onondaga

\Sachem<t rifingup, addrefled himfelfto the Meflepger
)f Albany^ faying,
Four Meflengers are come from the Governor of

[Canada, viz. three who had been carrie4 Prifoners

\to France, and a Sachem of the Praying Indians that

I Jive at Montreal .

The Governor of Canada notifies his Arrival to us,
that he is the Count de Frontenac^ who had been for-

[mcrly Governor there •, that he had brought back with

'him Tawerahet a Cayuga Sachem, and twelve Pfifon-

lers, that had been carried to France ; then taking
the Belt oi Wampum in his Hand, and holding it by

[the Middle, he added, what I have faid relates on-
ly to one Half of the Belt, the other Half is to let

[us know, that h? intends to kindle again his Fire at
Cadarackui next Spring, and therefore invites his

! Children, and Dekanafora an Onond^rga Captain in
particular, to treat there with him about the old
Chain. Then Adarahta the chief Sachem of the

\'praying Indians ftood up, and faid, with three Belts In
his Hand, I advife you to meet the Governor of
Canada as he defires •, agree to this, if you would
live, and gives one Belt of Wampum •

ST^^ztt-'^rA/ fends you this other Belt, to nform you
of the Miferies, that he and the reft of your Countrv-
men have fufFered in their Captivity ; and to advife
you to hearken to Tonondio, if you defire to live.

This third Belt is from * Thurenfera, f Oh^uejfc^ and
II Ertel, who fay by it, to their Brethren : We have
interceded for you with Tonondio, and therefore ad-

III

* Jhurenfera figniiies the D.wvning of the Day, nnd v/i5 the
Name given by the Intiian: lo the jefui'^ Lambtrnjilhy vviio had
formerly refideJ at OffoWa^^a. f Monfr. leMorne, the Vv'ord Signi-
fies a Partridge. || Erfel fignifics a Rofe, the Name of foffie
otr.er French Gentleraan, for whom the Indians had an Eilecm.

\ ^ ' •^"» ■ «»

vife

To8

TX^ History of the

■%

C H A p. vifc you to meet him at Cachrackui in the Spring, \^.
III. caufc it will be for your Advantage.

When this Sachem had done fpeaking, the Mohawk
Meflenger fent from Jllfanj^ delivered his MefTagel
Word for Word, as he had received it, without i
omitting the leaft Article. The Interpreter, while |
the Indian was fpeaking, read over a Paper, on I
which the Meflage was fet down, left any Thing j
fhould have been forgot.

After this Canneboot a Seneka Sachem ftood up,
and gave the general Council a particular Account of
a Treaty made laft Summer, betv/een the Seneki
and the Tf^agUnha Meflengers, (one of the Utawam
Nations) who had concluded a Peace for themfelves,
and kytYi other Nations, to which the other four
Nations were defired to agree, and their Brethren of
NeW'Tork to be included in it. He faid the Pro-
pofals made in feveral Propofitjons were as follow.

1. We are come to join two Bodies into one. De-
livering up at the fame Time two Prifoners.

2. We are come to learn Wifdom of you Senekas,
and of the other Five Nations ^ and of your Brethren
of New-Tork. Giving a Belt.

3. We by this Belt wipe away the Tears from the
Eyes of your Friends, whofe Relations have been
killed in the War, and likewife * the Paint from
your Soldiers Faces. Giving another Belt.

4. We now throw afide the Ax, which Tonondit
put into our Hands, by this third Belt.

5. Let the Sun, as long as he (hall endure, always
fhine upon us in Friendfhip, Here he gave a red
Marble Sun as large as a Plate.

fj. Let the Rain of Heaven wafli away all Hatred,
that we may again fmoke together in Peace, giving a
large Pipe of red Marble.

* The Indians always paint their Faces when they go to
War, to make themfelves look more terrible to the Enemy. A
Seedier in the Indian Language is cxpreffed by 1^ Word, which
(ignifies a Fair- fighter.

7. Tonondio

Part IL Five Indian Nations, (Sc,

1P9

"S> bc-B »^ Yonondio is drunk, but we wafti our HandsCHAP*

clean from all his Adlions. Giving a fourth Belt.

8. Now we are clean waftied by the Water of
Heaven, neither of us muft defile ourfelves by
hearkening to Tonondio.

g. We have twelve of your Nation Prifbncrs,
[who /hall be brought home in the Spring; there he
[gave a Belt, to confirm the Promife.

10. We will bring your Prifoners when the Straw-
jerries ftiall be in blofibm, * at which Time we itir
tend to vifit Corlear, and fee the Place where the
'"ampum is made. (New-Tork.)
The Speaker added, we will alfo tell our
TJends the other Utawawa Nations, and the Dio-
ondadies^ who have eleven of your People Prifon-
what we have now done, and invite them to
lake Peace with you.
He faid further, we have fent three Meflengers
ick with the PFagunbas^ in order to confirm this
?eace with their Nation.
After the Seneka Speaker had done, the Wagunba
frefents were hung up in the Houfe, in the Sight
' the whole Afllembly, and afterwards diftributed
loijg the feveral Nations, and their Acceptance
[as a Ratification of the Treaty. A large Belt
uz given alfo to the Albany Meflengers as their
lare. _',., ...

The Belt of Wampum fent from Albany was in
ce Manner hanged up, and afterwards divided.
New England^ which the Indians call Kinjhon (that
a Fi(h) fent likewife the Model of a Fifli, as a
ten of their adhering to the general Covenant. •
[his Fi(h was handed round among the Sacbems,
Y tJ'Jcn laid afide to be put up.
^ After thefe Ceremonies were over, Sadekanabtie^
Onc?jJaga Speaker, flood up, and faid. Brethren,

The Indians in this Manner diftlngui(h the Seafons of the
M. as the Time of planting Corn, or when it is ripe, when

Chcfnuts 'loflbm, (^c.

W<»

itL-,

C It A p. we mil ft ftick to our Brother ^ider, and look on
III. Tonondio ks our Enemy, for he is a Cheat : By ^il
der they meant Peter Schyler the Mayor of Alhn')^
Who had gained a confiderable Efteem among them;
as they have no Labeals in their Language, they
pronounce Peter by the Sound ^ider.

The Meflenger from Canada had brought Letters,
and fome medicinal Powder, for the Jefuit Milet^ who
refided at Oneydo. Thefe Letters and the Powdei
were delivered to the Interpreter from Albany to be car-
ried thither, that the Contents of them might be made
known to the Sachems of the feveral Nations, Ths
Jefuit was prefent all this While in their Council
Then the Interpreter was defired to fpeak wkl
he had to fay from their Brethren at Albany. He told
them, that a new Governor was arrived, who!iai|
brought a great many Soldiers from England. 1\
the King ox England had declared War againft Frau.
and that the People of New-England were fitting oot|
Ships againft Canada, He advifed them, that
fhould not hearken to the French^ for when they tall
of Peace,faid he, War is in their Heart,and deiired thf
to enter into no Treaty but at Albany^ for the Fni
he faid, would mind noAgreement made any where di;
After this they had Confultations for fome Tin
together, and then gave the following Anfwerl
their Speaker.

Brethren, our Fire burns at Albany. We will n

lend Dekanafora to Cadarackui. We adhere to c

old Chain with Corlear ; we will profecute the ^'^

with Tonondio^ and will follow your Advice in dii»

ing off our Men from Cadarackui. Brethren, wea

glad to hear the News you tell us, but tell us no Lii

Brother Kiujhon, we hear you defigti to fend Si

diers to the caftward againft the Indians there ;

weadvifcyou, now fo many are united againft

Frcucbi to fall immediately on them. Strike at tl

Root, when the Trunk fhall be cut down, tl

Branches fall of Courfe.

2 . Corl^

Part II. Fivs IfiDiAN Nations, &c.

^Wi

Corhar and JGnJbon, Courage ! Courage ! Irt the C H a
Spnng to ^(ebsck, take that Place, and you'll have HI
your Feet on the Necks of the French^ and all thek
Friends in America.

After this they agreed to the following Anfwer
to be fen t to the Goverfior oi Canada. ^\^i:i>^

1. Tomndio, you have notified your Return to
us, and that you have brought back 13 of our
People that Were carried to France, we are gkd of
it. Youdefire us to meet you at Cadarackui neict
Spring, to trdit of the old Chain •, but Tonondio-,
: how cart we trUft you, after you havea^ed deceit-
I fully fo (jften ? Witnefs what was done at Cada^
Irackui •, the Ufage our MefTengers met with at Ufa-
\wawa, and what was done to the Senekas at Utawawa.
[This was their Anfwer; however, they fent a Belt
[with this, which always fhews a Difpofition to treat.

2. 'Therhanfera^ Oghuejfe and Eriel^ do you ob-
[ferve Friendfhip with us, if you have not, how come
[you to advife us to renew Friendfhip with Tottondio^
[they fent them likewife a Belt ?

3. Tatverahdi, the whole Council is glad to
[hear, that you are returned with the other twelve.

Tonondio^ you muft fend home Tatoerahet and the
others this very Winter, before Spring, and we \\\\\
likve all the French that we have Prifoners till that
Time.

4. TonondiOy you defire to fpeak with us at
Qidarackui : Don*t you know that your Fire there is
I extinguifhed ? It is extinguifhed with Blood, you

muft fend home the Prifoners in the firft Place.

5. We let you know that we have made Peace
with the fVag.'i/ihas. ' •••■" ' •> -^ * 1 't'J '.'''

6. You are not to think, that we have laid down
the Axe, becaufe we return an Anfwer; we intend
iHO fuch Thiiif.^ : Our Far-lighters Ihall continue the

War till our Countrymen return. -, ■' .uj-':^^

7. When o'lr Brother ^aiverahct is returned,

1^.

thi'ii Will we fy'ixk to sow l^^^ Peace.

- IT

- »i-

*,»

! I

'. ' fl

Si2 . v?d lie History of the

Ch A p. As foon as the Council broke up, their Refolu.
III. toons were made publick to all their People, by the I
Sachems of their feveral Nations. «»;. i

Two Sachems were fent to Albany ^ by their gene-
ral Council, to inform their Brethren there of their
Refblutions, and to bring back the Contents of the
. Letters fent from Canada to the Jefult.

As /bon as they -rrived, one of the Mohawks^ thai
had been fent from Albany to the Council, delivered
. the Wagunha Belt, and repeated over diftindlyall
the Articles agreed to with that Nation, and referred
to the Onondaga Speaker y being one of thofe fent by
the Council of Albany ^ to recite the Anfwer to the
Governor of Canada. He rifing up, repeated over
the whole as before fet down, and added ; The
French arc full of Deceit -, but I call God to witnefe,
we have hitherto uftd no Deceit with them, but how
we fhall adl for the future. Time only can difco-
ver. Then he affured the Brethren, that the Fk
Nations were refolved to profecute the War, in
• Ptiir Token whereof he prefented * §uider with a Belt,
Stifkr, m which three Axes were reprefented. Perhaps by
*J7"®^ this Reprefentation only three Nations joined in
■^^^ fending it, the Ca}ugas and Oneydoes being more un-
der the Influence of the Jefult Milei, who lived among I
them intirely, according to their Manner of Life, and
was adopted by the Oneydoes ^ and made one of their
Sachems. The Letters from Canada to him were
read, they contained nothing but common News and
Compliments. ,. ^

The Mohawk Meflengers, that had been fent I
from Albany y had carried with them Goods to fell |
at the general Council. This was taken Notice !
of at the general Council, and gave the Indiami\
mean Opinion of the People of Albany ^ and particn*
Jarly of Peter Schyler ', for it is exceedingly fcandalousl
' ,. among the Indians, to employ a Merchant in pub-
- Jick Affairs •, Merchants, ( 1 mean the Traders with
the Indians) are looked upon by them as Liars, and i

' People

LeJivered

indlyall
referred I
e fcntby
;r to the
ited over
d-,^The
} witnels,
but how
;an difco-
the Fim
War, in I
h a Belt,]
irhapsb)'
oined in

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c.

People not to be trufted, and of no Credit, who by
their Thoughts being continually turned upon Profit
and Lofs, confider every Thing with that private
View. As this made a Noife at Albatrf^ by its giving
the Jefuit an Opportunity of fetting the Meflengcrs
from Albany in an ill Light, Peter Scbeyler cleared
himfelf by Oath, of his having any Intereft dircdlly
or indiredly in thofe Goods, and fent a Belt back
with his publick Juftification. The Mohawk Mef-
fengers had refufed to take the Goods, as being fcan-
dalous to the Bufinefs they went on ; but were per-
iuaded, by being told that the Goods belonged to
^ider.

The Magiftrates of Albany advifed the Sachems^
[to fend the Jefuit Prifoner to Albany^ where he
[might be kept fecurely, without having it in his
Power to do Mifchief, but they could not prevail.
The Indians were rcfolved to keep all the Means of
[making Peace in their own Hands.

.1". 1 •

CHAP. IV./^-^*^ i- ^^-

.:i:ft y^iiii mrdi .ijftlMfi^rsn^ •j-^rfit

^he French furprife Schenedady. The Mohawks
Speech of Condoleance on that Occafion.

i'f

113

^■- 4

• ■ 'V .

)cen fent
to fell
. Notice'
Indiann]
I partial-
:andalous

.it in pub-
[ders with I
/lars, anil
Peoplt

iHE Count Be Front enac being defirous, asbe-CH a p.
fore obferved, to raife the drooping Spirits ^V.
)f the French in Canada^ by keeping them in Adion,
|nd engaging the moft daring of them, in Enter-
jrizes thr.t might give Courage to the reft, had fent
^ut three Parties againft the Englijh Colonies, in
lopes thereby to leflen the Confidence which the
"^jye Nations had in the Englijh Afliftance, now that
''.ngknd had declared War againft France. The
*arty fent againftiVt'w-i^«>r^ was commanded by M?«/r.
yiUervilie^ and was ordered to attempt the furprifmg
)^Schene^adyy the neareft Village to ih^ Mohawks i
confifted of 150 French Bttfh4opers or Indian

I Traders,

. , If

114 The Hist ojLY of the ^t ' ';

Chap. Traders, and of as many Indians j the moft of them
IV. French Converts from the Mohawks^ commonly cal-
led the Prating Indians^ fettled at a Place near
Montreal^ called Cahnuaga. They were well ac-
quainted with all that Part of the Country round
Schene^ady ; and came in Sight of the Place the 8th
of February 1689-90.

The People of ScheneSIady were at that Time in
the greateft Security, notwithftanding that they had
Information from the Indians, of a Party of French,
and French Indians being upon their March that
Way. They did not think it pradicable, in that
Seafon of the Year, while it was extremely cold, |
and the whole Country covered with Snow. Indeed]
Europeans will hardly think it poffible, that Meni
could make fuch a March through the Wildernefs
in the fevekft Frofts, without any Covering from
the Heavens, or any Provifion. except, what they |
carried on their Backs.

Tho' the People of Schene^ady were informed in I
the Evening before the Place was furprifed, that
feveral fculking Indians were feen near the Place,
they concluded, that they could be only fome of the
neighbouring Indians *, and as they had no Oflicer ofl
any Efteem among them, not a fingle Man could bel
perfuaded to watch in fuch fevere Weather, tho',
as the French owned afterwards, if they had found
the leaft Guaid or Watch, they would not have at-
tempted the Pluce, but have furrendered themfelves
Prifoners : They were fo exceedingly diftrcfled with
the Length of their March, and with Cold, and
Hunger, but finding the Place in fatal Security, thejfl
marched into the Heart of the Village, withoutl
being difcovered by any one Perfon ; then theyl
raifed their War Shout, entered the Houfes, murder-l
ed every Perfon they met, Men, Women, and!
Children, naked and in cold Blood ; and at thej
fame Time fet Fire to the Houfes. A very fej"
efcaped, by running out naked into the ^oodsi

Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c.

IIS

this terrible Weather : And feveralhid themfelves, till Chap.
the firft Fury of the Attack was over ; but thefe VI.
were foon driven from their lurking Places by the
iFire, and were all made Prifoners.

Captain Alexander Glen, at this Time, lived at a

iftance by himfelf, on the other Side of the River,

nd was the moft noted Man in the Place. He

ad at feveral Times been kind to the French, who

ad been taken Prifoners by the Mohawks, and had

ved feveral of them from the Fire. The French

ere fenfible what Horror this cruel facking of

dcfencelefs Place, and murdering People in cold

lood, muft raife in Mens Minds *» and to leflen this,

ey refolved to (hew their Gratitude to Captain

ten. They had pafled his Houfe in the Night, and

ibferving that he ftoodon his Defence the next Morn-

g, fomc of them went to the River Side, and cal-

ng to him, aflured him, that they defigned him

Injury. They perfuaded him to come to the

rench Officer, who reftored to him all his Re-

tions that were Prifoners.

Some Mohawks being alfo found in the Village,
e French difmifled them, with Aflurance, that
ey defigned them no Hurt.
This Condudt was not only neceftary to promote
e Peace which the Count De Frontenac with fo
uch Earneftnefs defired, but like wife to fecure
eir Retreat, by making the Mohawks lefs eager to
rfue them.

The French marched back, without reaping any
ifible Advantage from this barbarous Enterprize,
fides the murdering fixty-tliree innocent Perfons
cold Blood, and carrying twenty-feven of them
ay Prifoners.

The Care the French took to footh the Mohawks

d not intirely it's Effedl, for as foon as they heard

fe«B ^^'s Adlion, a hundred of their readied young

^ ■ ^siiBen purfued the French, fell upon their Rear, and

♦hijBll«dand took twenty-five of them.

I 2 This

very

1 1

'I :

The History of the \

This A(5tion frightened the Inhabitants in and
about Albany fo much, that many refolved to defer:
the Place, and retire to New-Tcrk. They were pack-
ing up and preparing forthis Purpofe, when the Mc-
hawk Sachems came to Albany to condole, according
to their Cuftom, with their Friends ,when any Mi
fortune befals them. I (hall give their Speech on tliij
Occafion, as it will be of Ufe to the Reader, in order
to his forming a true Notion of the Indian Genius,
They fpoke the twenty-fifth of March as follows.

" Brethren, the Murder of our Brethren at^^^.
^^ ne^acfy hy thQ French gntvQS us as much, as if it
" had been done to our felves, for we are in thefamt,
" Chain •, and no Doubt our Brethren of New-Ef
" land will be likewife fadly afFecfted with this cnitli
" AiSlion of the French. The French on this Ocal
" fion have not adled like brave Men, but
" Thieves and Robbers. Be not therefore difcoo-l
»* raged. "We give this Belt to wipe aw^your fen

" Brethren, we lament the Death of fo many of
'* Brethren, whofe Blood has been fhed at 5f/&^«^^4
" We don't think that what the French have done
" be called a Vi(5lory, it is only a farther Proof oftb
*' cruel Deceit. The Governor of Canada fends
" Onondaga^ and talks to us of Peace with our whol
'* Houfe, but War was in his Heart, as you now fc
«' by woful Experience. He did the fame formei
*' at CadaracLui, and in the Senekas Country. Tl
' ' is the third Time he has aded fo deceitfully. He '
" broken open our Houfe at both Ends, formerl
*' in the Senekas Country, and now here. We ho]
*' however to be revenged of them. One Hund
" ofourb.aveft yv>ung Men are in Purfuit ofthei
" they are brifk Fellows, and they will follow tl
** French to their Doors. We will befet them
" clofely, that not a Man in Canada {hall dare toftjaway, * xh
" out of Doors to cut a Stick of Wood ; But now«,

gather up our Deady to bury thevty by this fecoiBm J ^^^ ^P^^

Belt.

" Brethri

Part II.

« Bret}]
" m our

" neffady

"our Dej

" what ma

" Purfuit

" befallen j

'** come to

** th\s third

" Great a

" ien from J

us to go V

* our Brethr

* ^ns to ai
'gilance, tli
' ture. PP^e

them fiiarr
** We are
ly TQntw iV
polluted, p
ons have he
away the B
to invite G;
(calling to
their Namei
fifth Belt.
*'• Brethren,
^his is the I
Houfe have
to obferve
00' and are
" Our Chal
'f can neithe
^arts, are re
" We will
mains. Tak

((

This was

4 U

in and

) defetti

e pack-

Itry.

lu BrethH

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 117

«« Brethren, we came from our Caftles with Tears Chap.
« in our Eyes, to bemoan the Bloodflied at Sche- V I.
" ne^fady by the Perfidious French. While we bury '^
" our Dead murdered at Schemiiady^ we know not
*< what may have befallen our own People, that are in
" Purfuit of the Enemy, they may be dead i what has
** befallen you may happen to us ; and therefore we
" come to bury our Brethren at Schene<5lady with
« this third Bdt.

' Great and fudden is the Mifchief, as if it had fal-
I** len from Heaven upon us. Our Forefathers taught
us to go with all Speed to bemoan and lament with
* our Brethren, when any Difafter or Misfortune hap-
pens to any in our Chain. Take this Bill of Vi-
' gilance, that you may be more watchful for the fu- '
ture. ^e give our Brethren Eye-Water to make
them {harp lighted, giving a fourth Belt.
" We are now come to the Houfe where we ufual-
ly renew the Chain *, but alas ! we find the Houfe
polluted, polluted w'th Blood. AlltheKwAV///-
ons have heard of this, and we are come to wipe
away the Blood, and clean the Houfe. We come
to invite Corkar^ and every one of you, and glider
(calling to every one of the principal Men prefent by
their Names) to be nvenged of the Enemy ^ by this
fifth Belt.

*'• Brethren,benotdifcouraged,weareflrongenouoh.
This is the B:ginr,ing of your War, and the whole
Houfe have their Eyes fixed upon you at this Time,
to obferve your Behaviour. They wait your Moti-
on, and are ready to join in any refolute Meafures.
" Oar Chain is a ftrong Chain, it is a Silver Chain,
it can neither ruft nor be broken. We, as to our
I Parts, are refolute to continue the War.
" We will never defift, fo long as a Man of us re-
mains. Take Heart, do not pack up and go
away, * this will give Heart to a daftardly Enemy.

I* This was fpoke to the EnglijJj, who were about removiru;
Im Albany.

I 3 " We

11 8 The History of teh , ^

Chap." Wc are of the Race of the Bear, and a Bear you
IV. « know never yields, while one Drop of Blood is left.
" We mufi all be Bears •, giving a (ixth Belt.

" Brethren be patient, this Difafter is an Afflidlion
« which has fallen from Heaven upon us. The Sun,|
*« which hath been cloudy, and fent this Difafter, will
*' fhine again v/ith its pleafant Beams. Take Courage,
" faidhe, Courage, repeating the Word feveral Times |
" as they gave a feventh Belt. ^

{To //&^ Englifli. )

Brethren, three Years ago we were engaged in a
bloody War with the French^ and you encouragedl
us to proceed in it. Our Succefs anfwered our Ex[
pedation j but we were not well begun, when Orl
lear ftopt us from going on. Had you permitted liil
to go on, the French would not now have been abkl
to do the Mifchief, they have done, -we would haw|
prevented their fowing, planting or reaping.

We would have humbled them effedtually, buJ
now we dye. The Obftrudions you then made noul
ruin us. Let us after this be fteady, and take no fudj
falfe Meafures for the future, but profecute the Wi\
vigor oujly. Giving a Bever Skin.

The Brethren muft keep good Watch, and if t
Enemy come again, fend more fpeedily to us. W\
defert Schene^iady. The Enemy will glory in feei«
it defolate. It will give them Courage that
none before, fortify the Place, it is not well fortifis
now : The Stockadoes are too fhort, the Indians ca
jump over them. Gave a Bever Skin.

Brethren, The Mifchief done at Schene5iady ii\
not be helped now *, but for the future, when tls
Enemy appears any where, let nothing hinder yoc|
fending to us by Exprefles, and fire great Gum
that all may be alarmed. We advife you to brii^
all the River Indians under your Subjeftion to IN
ne^r Albany^ to be ready on all Occafions.

■■ ■ • H

Part II. Five Indian Nations, £?r. i tq

Send to Nem-England, tell them what has hap- Ch a p.
pencd to you. They will undoubtedly awake and
lend us their helping Hand. It is their Intereft, as
much as ours, to pufti the War to a fpeedy Cohclu-
fion. Be not difcouraged, the French are not fo nu-
merous as fome People talk. If we but heartily unite
to puih on the War, and mind our Bufinefs^ the
French will foon be fut/dued.

The Magiftrates having returned an Anfwer oil
the twenty feventh, to the Satisfadlion of the Indi-
ans, they repeated it aii over. Word by Word, to
let the Magi^^irtces fee how carefully they minded
it, and then added.

Brethren, we are glad to find you are not difcou-
raged. The beft and wifeft Men fometimes make
Miftakes. Let us now purme the War vigoroufly.
We have a hundred Men out, they are good Scouts.
We expeft to meet all the Sachems of the other Na-
tions, as they come to condole with you. You need
not fear our being ready, at the firft Notice. Our Ax
is always in our Hands, but take Care that you be
timely ready. Your Ships, that muft do the prin-
cipal Work, are long a fitting out. We do not de-
fign to go out with a fmali Company, or in fculking
Parties ; but as foon as the Nations can meet, we
(hall be ready with our whole Force. If you
would bring this War to a happy Iflue, you muft
begin foon, before the French can recover the Lo{-
fes they have received from us, and get new Vi-
gour and Life, therefore fend in all Hafte to New-
England. Neither you' nor we can continu;: long in
the Condition we are now in, we muft order Mat-
ters fo, that the French be kept in continual Fear
and Alarm at home -, for this is the only Way to
be fecure, and in Peace here.

The Scahkok Indians, in our Opinion, are well
placed whera they are (to the Northward of Alba-
ny)-, they are a good Out guard ; they are our Chil-
dren, and we ftiall take Care that they do their

I 4 Duty :

f ■■

;

■

^ ■

!■•

I*,"*

120 7^e History of the

Ch A p. Duty : But you muft take Care of the Indians below
the Town, place them nearer the Town, (o as they
' may i^e of tnofl Service to you.

Here we fee the Mohazvks afting like hearty
Friends, and if the Value of the Belts given at that
Time be confidered, together with what they faid
on that Occafion, they gave the ftrongeft Proofs of
their Sincerity. Each of thefe Belts amount to a
large Sum in the Indian Account.

The Englijh of Neiv-Tork and the French of Ca-
nada were now entering into a War, in which the
Pan the Five Nations are to take is of the greateft
Confequence to both ; the very Being of the French
Colony depended on it, as well as the Safety of the
Englijh, The Indians at this Time had the greateft
Averfion to the French.^ and they defired nothing
io much, as that the Englifh might join heartily in
this War. We fhall fee by the Sequel how a publick
Spirit, direfted by wife Counfels, can overcome all
DifficultieSjWhile a felfifh Spirit lofes all, even natural
Advantages. In the prefent Cafe, the Turn Things took
feems to have been entirely owing to one Thing, The
French in making the Count de Frontenac Governor of
Canada^ chofe the Man every Way the beft qualified
for this Service : The Englijh feemed to have little
Regard to the Qualification of the Perfon they fent,
but to gratify a Relation or a Friend, by giving him
an Opportunity to make a Fortune •, and as he knew
that he was recommended with this View, his
Counfels were chiefly employed for this Purpofe.

By this Means an Englijh Governor generally wants
the Efteem of the People -, while they think that a
Governor has not the Good of the People in View,
but his own, they on all Occafions are jealous of
him ; fo that even a good Governor, with more Dif-
ficulty, purfues generous Purpofes and publick Be-
nefits, becaufe the People fufpeft them to be mere
pretences to cover a private Defign. It is for this
ReafoHi that any Man, oppoflng a Governor, is

• ^ fwre

'art II. Five Indian Nat ioKs^ &c.

iure to meet with the Favour of the People, almoft
pn every Cafe. On the other Hand, the Opinion
Ithe French had of the Count de Froniertnc's publick
Spirit, and of his Wifdom and Diligence, made them
;nter into all his Meafures without hefitating, and
Ichearfully obey all his Commands. ' »

121 ■

<• ,1

, C H AP. V. ;i „

^be Five Nations cojitinue the War with thi
French j the Mohawks incline to Peace ;
their Conferences with the Governor of New-
York, v -.

iHE Governor of Canada received Hopes thatQH a p.

the Five 'Nations inclined to P iCe, by their v.

sturning an Anfv/er to Therawaet's Meflage, and VxVN^
^hought he might now venture to fend fome French

them with further Propofals. The Chevalier
'0, with an Interpreter called Co///», and fome
)thers, went *, but they had a much warmer Recep-
tion than they expelled, being forced to run the
launtlet through a long Lane of Indians, as they
Entered their Caftle, and were afterwards delivered
ip Prifoners to the En^lijh.

The Five Nations kept out at this Time fmall
'arties, that continually harafled the French. The
^ount de Frontenac fent Captain Louvigni to Miffili-
mkinaky to relieve the Garifon, and he had Orders, by
i\\ Means, to prevent the Peace which the Uiawa-
'jas and ^ato^hies were upon the Point of conclu-
ling witK the Five Nations. He carried with Iiim
)ne hundred forty three French, and fix Indians, and
i'as likewife accompanied with a Lieutenant and
thirty Men, till he got one hundred twenty Miles
from Montreal They were met in Cadarackui River,

-1^

t !

'\ \^

xa2

Hbe History of the

C H A p. at a Place called the Cats^ by a Party of the Fke
V. Nations^ who fell vigoroufly on their Canoes, killed
-* feveral of the French^ and made them give Way ; i
but Louvigni, by putting his Men aihore, at lad got
the better, after a fmart Engagement, in which the
Indianr Iiad feveral Men killed, and two Men, and
as many Womc.., taken Prifoners. I am obliged to
rely on the French Account of thcfe Skirmiihes;
they do not mention the Number of the Indians in
this Rencounter, but I fufpedt them to have been
* ^uch fewer than the French -, for when the Enemy
are equal in Number, or greater, they feldom for-
get to tell it. One of the Indian Prifoners was ear-
ned by them lo Miffi'imackinak^ to confirm this Vic- 1
tory, and was delivered to the Utawawas^ who eat
him. The Lieutenant carried the other back, witlil
him. He was given to Therawaet.

To revenge this Lofs, the Five Nations fent i
Party againft the IJland of Montreal, who fell on
that Part called the Trembling Point •, and thougli
they were difcovered before they gave their Blow,!
they attacked a Party of regular Troops, and killed
the commanding Officer, and twelve of his Men;
Another Party carried off fifteen or fixteen Prifonen
from Riviere Puantey over againft Trois Rivimi
This Party was purfued, and finding that they were
like to be overpowered, murdered their Prifoners
and made their Efcape. Thefe Incurfions kept al
the River, from Montreal to Rebeck, in continual
Alarm, and obliged the Governor to fend all tht
Soldiers to guard the fouth Side of the River. Not
withftanding this, five Perfons were carried a-[
way in Sight of Screl Fort, by fi fmall ikulkinj
Party, but they were foon afterwards recovered by tlsl
Soldiers. About the fame Time another Party burii;|
the Plantations at St. Ours.

The Five Nations had conceived great Hopesl
from the Afliftance of the Englijh, as the Magif]

Part. II. Five Indian Nations, &c. ,123

tratcs of AlbMy had promifed the Mohawks^ when Chap.
they came to condole, after the furprifing of Sche-
neSlady *, but the Englijh were fo far from perform-
ing thefe Promifes, that many of the Inhabitants
retired from Albany to New-York \ and they who
had the Adminiftration of Affairs, were fo intent on
their party Quarrels, that they intirely negleded the
Indian Affairs. Indeed the People of New-Tork
have too often made large Promifes, and have
thereby put the Indians upon bold Enterprizes,
when no Meafures were concerted for iupporting
them. This made the Indians think, that the Er^-
were lavifh of Indian Lives and too careful of

their own. The Mohawks^ who lived neareft the
Englijh^ were moft fenfible of thefe Things, and
loon entertained Notions prejudicial to the Opinion
they ought to have had of the Englijh Prudence and
Conduit ; it is even probable, thefe Indians began
to entertain a mean Opinion of both the Englijh
Courage and Integrity. It is not flrange then, that
the Mohawks at kft gave Ear to the afliduous Ap-
plication of their Countrymen, the praying Indians^
who, with French Arguments, perfuaded them to
make Peace as foon as pofTible, without trufting
longer to the Englijh^ who had fo often difappointed
or deceived them.

The Mohawks fent one of their Sachems^ Odiga-
cege, to the praying Indians, who introduced him to
the Count de Frontenac, The Count made him
welcome, and told him, that he was forry for the
Injuries his PredecefTors had done them ; but that
he would treat them like Friends, if their future
Condudl did not prevent him, and gave him a Belt,
with Fropofals of Peace to his Nation.

Colonel Slaughter^ who was then Governor of
New-Tork, being informed that the Five Nations
were like to make Peace with the French, by their
having loft much of their Confidence in the Englijh
AfTiftance, found it neceffary to meet them, which

124 ^ Tbe History of the ^ -

Chap, he did in the End of May 1691. There were
V. prefent at that Time fix Oneydo, eleven Onondaga^
four Cayuga^ and ten Seneka Sachems, He renewed
the Covenant with them, and gave them Prefents.
The Mohawks having entered into a Treaty with
the French^ did not join with the other four Nati-
ons in their Anfwer.

On the fecond of June the Speaker, in Name of
the other four Nations, told him, they were glad
to fee a Governor again in this Place ; that they had
learned from their Anceftors, that the firft Ship
which arrived in this Country furprized them ex-
ceedingly •, that they were curious to know what
was in its huge Belly. They found Chriftians in
it, and among them one Jacques^ with whom they
made a Chain of Friendftiip, which has been pre-
ferved to this Day. By that Chain it was agreed,
that whatever Injury was done to the one, fhould
be deemed, by both Sides, as likewife done to the
other. Then they mentioned the Confufion that
had lately been in the Government of New-Tori;,
which had like to have confounded all their Af-
fairs, but hoped all would be reduced to their wonted
Order and Quiet. They complained of feveral of
the Brethren leaving Albany in Time of Danger,
and praifed thofe by Name who ftaid, and then
faid : Our Tree of Peace, which grows in this Place,
has of late been much fhaken, we muft now fecure
and faften its Roots ; we muft frequently manure
and drefs it, that its Roots may fpread far.

They affured the Governor, that they were re-
folved to profecute the War againft the French as
long as they lived, and that they would never fpeak
of Peace, but with the common Confent. They
abhor thofe that do otherwife, and defired that the
Brethren might not keep a Correfpondence with
Canada by Letters. You need not (faid they) prefs
us to mind the War, we mind it above all Things,
do you but your Parts, lay afide ail other Thoughts

but

vernor, m

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c, 125

but that of the War, for it is the only Thing weCn a p.
have at Heart. They gave Be vers at the End of V.
every diftindl Part of their Anfwer. v^v^^

On the fourth the Mohawks {poke to the Go
vernor, in Prefence of the other four Nations :
They confefled the Negotiations they had with the
Prayitig Indians^ and with the Governor of Canada^
and that they had received a Belt from him. Then
they reftoriid one of the Prifoners taken at Sche^
ne£iady^ as the Fruit of that Negotiation. They
defired the Governor's Advice, and the Advice of
the whole Houfe, what Anfwer to return to the
Governor of Canada -, and laftly, defired the Senekas
to releafe the Prifoners they had taken from the
Praying Indians.

Colonel Slaughter check'd the Mohawks for en-
tering into a feparate Treaty with the Enemy, and
fa id he could admit of no Propofals of Peace. He
told them, that the Prifoners taken from the Pray-
ing Indians muft not be reftored ; putting them in
mind, that fome of them having been formerly re-
kafed, foon after returned and murdered feveral
People, and burnt feveral Houfes.

He aflured them of his Afiiftance, and then ad-
ded, You muft keep the Enemy in perpetual A-
larm. The Mohawks thanked him for his Affurance
of AlTiftance 5 but took Notice of his faying, Tou
muft keep the Enemy in perpetual Alarm. Why
don't you fay, they replied. We will keep the Ene-
my in perpetual Alarm. In the laft Place, the Mo-
haiiks renewed their League with all the Englijb
Colonies ; adding. Though an angry Dog has en-
deavoured to bite the Chain in Pieces, we are re-
lolved to keep it firm, both in Peace and in War :
We now renew the old Chain, that fo the Tree of
Peace and Profperity may flourifh, and fpread its
Koots through all the Country.

ill

w : 1

i ,

(

•l;

\ .

spin

|Q|TT''

126

-««' ■

«c

:S: The History of the "'l

In the laft Place, the four Nations anfwered the

Mohawks. '-i , :, . :. A

«' Mohawks^ our Brethren, in anfwer to your

Propofals from the Governor oi Canada^ we muft

put you in Mind of his Deceit and Treachery ;

we need only give one recent Inftance, how he

lately fent to the Senekas to treat of Peace, and at

the fame Time fell upon Scbene^ady, and cut that

Place off. We tell you, that the Belt fent by

the French Governor is Poifon ; we fpew it out of

cur Mouths, we abfolutely rcjecft it, and are re-

fdlved to profecute the War as long as we live."

Then they left the Belt lying on the Ground.

CHAR VI.

.■ '• •

The Englifli attack Montreal by handy in Con-
jundiion with the Indians, and Quebcck lyj
Sea,

Ch A p. T T was now evident that the Indians could no
VI. Jl, longer be amufed with Words, and that, unlefs
tht Englijh entered foon upon Adion, the French
would carry their Defign of making Peace with the
Five Nations^ and the Englijh be left to carry on the
War in America by themfelves. Certainly a more
proper Opportunity of doing it with Succefs could
not be expcdted, than at prefent, while the French
in Canada had neither recovered their Spirits, nor
the Strength they had loft, by the terrible Incurfi-
ons of the Five Nations, A joint Invafion on Cana-
da was concerted with New- England, they were to
attack ^(ebeck by Sea, while Ncw-Tork attacked
Montreal by Land. The Governor therefore pro-
pofed to the Indians to join with him in attacking
Canada^ for which Purpofe he told them, that he

defigned

Part II. Five Indian Nations, ^c, 127

Idefigned to fend a confideraWe Force this Summer. Ch a p.
jThcy defired Time to confult on it at their general vr.
iMeeting, which was foon to be held at Onondaga^
land to know what Number of Chriftians he defign-
led to fend, that they might join a fuitable Number
|of their Men. To this the Governor anfwered, that
le muft not communicate the Particulars of his De-
fign to fo many, becaufe they could not then be
:cpt fecret from the Enemy j as h^ found by the
iDifcoveries that were laft Year made to the French
)y that Means.

It was at laft agreed, that the Mohawks ftiould
ioin with the Chriftians that were to march from
leW'Tork dire(5lly againft Montreal, and that the
)ther four Nations ftiould fend a confidcrable Party
lown Cadarackui Lake, and join them before Mont-

ml.

Major Peter Schuylert, the fame whom the Indians
call ^ider, commanded the Party fent from New-
^orky which confifted of three hundred Men, one
lalf Chriftians, the other Mohawks and Scahkook
Indians. He fet out from Albany about Midfum-
ler. As he was preparing his Canoes to pafs Cor-
itar's Lake, he was difcovered bv the French Indi-
i«j, who immediately returned to Montreal, to give
Information of what they had fecn. The Cheva-
lier Clermont was fent out to make further Difco-
^eries: He found the Englijh s^bovQ Chamblie, and

ent immediately back with the Intelligence he
here gained. In the mean while Mr. de Callicres,

overnor of Montreal, did all in his Power to give

lajor Schuyler a proper Reception, by drawing the
Militia and regular Troops together for the Defence
|of the Place. Inhere happened to be a very con-
fiderable Number of Utawawas trading at that Time
at Montreal^ Mr. de Colliere, in Order to engage
them to join him, made a great Feaft for them,
^went among them, and, after the Indian Manner,

egaa the war Song, leading up the Dance with his

Axe

1 1

I ;

128

I'he History of the

Ch A P. Axe in his Hand, and ftiouting and hollowing ioi
V. the fame wild Manner the Indians do. This done,
he carried his whole Force, which confifted of
twelve hundred Men, crofs the River, and en-
camped on the fouth Side, at la Prairie de la Ma^\
deleine^ together with a great Number of UtawawaiA
the Praying Indians^ and other French Indians. The
famous Therawaet being now entirely gained by the
Carefles of the Count de Frontenac^ made one of the
Number. They encamped round the Fort, whicli
flood on a fteep rifing Ground between two Mea|
dows.

Major Schuyler having, left forty of his Men tol
guard, his Canoes, which had carried him crofs the
Lake, marched on without flopping. He got into
a Flollow, which led into the Meadow, without!
being difcovered ; and marching under that Cover,
he fell fuddenly upon the Militia, who were foonl
put into Confufion, and many of them, and of the
Ulawaivas, who wet-e pofted with them, were kil
ed. He purfued them as they fled to the Fort,!
which he attacked briflcly, but was obliged to leave
it, by the Approach of the regular Troops who
came to relieve it. He received them however
bravely, and, after they had loft feveral Officen|
and many Men, they retired. Major Schuyler find-
ing the Number of the Enemy much greater than!
was expeded, and being informed that a confider-
able Party of the Enemy had marched Southward,
he began to apprehend, that this Party was fent tol
cut off his Retreat, by deftroying his Canoes. Itl
was refolved therefore immediately to follow thisl
Party *, he overtook them, and they covering them-
felves behind fome large fallen Trees, he attackedl
them, and made his Way through them, but with
confiderable Lofs.

In this Attack the Mohawks fignalized them-
ftlves, but the Scahkook Indians did not behave]
thenifelves well. The Mohawks., upon no Occafi-
1 on,|

ving in
s done,
fted oil
,nd en-
ia Ma^.
2wawa<^
ns. The
I by the
le of th{
:, which
vo Mea-

Men tol
:rofs the
got into
without
it Cover,!
'ere foon
nd of the|
jvere kil
le Fort,|
to leave
lops whol
howevef
Officers
yler find-
ater than
confider-
uthward

VI.

Part II. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 129

on, yielded an Inch of Ground, till the Emlijh firftCn a p.

gave Way. The Frenchy by their own Accounts,

Joli, ill the feveral Attacks made by Schuyler ^ two

jCaptains, fi.K Lieutenants, and five Enfigns, and,

in all, three hundred Men, fo that their Slain were

[in Number more than Major Schuyler had with him.

\he Moha'vjks fuffered much, having feventeen Men

iiled, and eleven wounded. They returned to ^A

\kam the eleventh of Augujl.

After the Englijh under Major Schuyler had re-

ired, an Owenagmigc Indian came from New-Eng"

mdy with an Account of the Preparations made there

Igainft Canada^ ard that they had adlually fail-

This Fleet, which was commanded by Sir fVilliam
^hrps, was difcovered in St. Laurence Bay, while the

mntde Frontenac remained zt Montreal \ and there-
;on he made all poflibleHafte to ^ebecK and car«
ted three hundred Men with him.

The Fleet, which confided of thirty Sail, did
|ot reach Rebeck till the feventh of O£lober. Sir

^illiam fpent three Days in nothing but Confultati-
|n, while the French made all poflible Preparation

Dr a Defence, and, by this Means, fiiffered them
get over the Fright and Confl:ernation, into which

le firft Appearance of the Fleet had thrown them ;

j)r the Place was not in any Pofture of Defiance.
gave them Time likewife to draw all the Country

pund them into the Town. And on the fourth Day
s fent toB'' ^l^ilH^^^i fummoned the Cowit to furrender, who

turned him fuch an Anfwer as hisCondud: deferv-

The Engli/h landed four Miles below the Town,
lid had thick Woods to march through, before
|iey could come at it, in which Ambufcades of
nnch and hcaans were made at proper Diftances,
whom the Englijh were repulfed with confiderable
lofs. They attempted the Wood Again the next
with no better Succefs.

K The

loes. Itl

How this]
ig them-
attackedl
)ut with|

Id them-
behave|
Occafi-

00)1

■V!u

r-1f-

A-y

'I?

130 Tie History of the Ji

Chap, The French, in their Account of this A^kion, fay,
VI. that the Men, though they appeared to be as little

^^V^^ dikiplined as Men could be, behaved with great
Bravery, but that Sir William's Condudl was (ucli,
that, if he had been in Concert with them, k
could net have done more to ruin the Enterprize;
yet his Fidelity was never fufpedted. In (hort, thij
Defcent was fo ill managed, that the Englijh p,^
on Board again in the Night, with the Lofs of all
the Cannon and Baggage which they had land-
ed.

The trench thought themfelves in fuch gi
Danger at that Time, that they attributed their
liverance to the moft immediate Protedion of Hi
ven, in confounding the Devices of their Enemr,
and Ky depriving them of common Sen fe ; andfc
this Reafon the People of Rebeck make an awii
fil Proceffion, in Commemoration of this Deiivi
ance.

Sir William cannonaded the Town for fome Tii
with little Execution, and then returned in Hi
Winter approaching ; indeed that Seafon was al
dy fo far advanced, that he lofl eight VefTels in
Return.

The Five Illations continued their Incurfioiis al
long St, Laurence River ^ from Montreal to ^(k&
and carried away many Scalps. At one Time
French Officer, with thirty eight Men, furprift
fome of the Five Nations in a Cabin, which tii
had bi 'It near Lake St. Piere. Some of them efca
and informed two other Cabins, which the In
had not difcovered, and they returned with their Coi
panions, and killed the Captain and Lieutenant, ai
one half of the Men.

Notwithftanding th?it the French preferved tiii
Country, thefe warlike Expeditions, and tlie Neci
fity they were under of being on their Guard, pi
veiiiod their cultivating the Ground, or of reap"
the Fruit of what they had lowed or planted. Tl
- - I occafioni

occaffonc

the Mi(

forced tc

Children

In 0£i

came to u

Men Joft

had alrea

It Was evei

when the

though th

Time, as

of the Dea

call us you

us Powder

And in j

a fufficient

the People

of Promife

rackui Rive

wa(s the chi

Expedition.

^he Frenc:
JVar al
French
alive,

THE
gour
^ade him e
Ufe it woulc
f^p joint A
neither wea,
carrying on

Part II. Five Indian NATioiis, G?r. 131

occafioned a Famine in Canada, and, to increafe
the Mifery of the poor Inhabitants, they were
forced to feed the Soldiers gratis, while their own
Children wanted Bread.

In 05iober the Onondagas, Cayugas, and Oneydoes
came to Albany, to condole with the Englijh, for the
Men loft in the Expedition againft Montreal, as they
had already done with the Mohawks, They faid
it was ever their Cuftom to condole with their Friends
when they loft any Number of Men in Battle,
though they had the Vidory. They at the fame
Time, as they had often done before, complained
of the Dearnefs of Powder : Why, fay they, do you
call us your King's Soldiers, when you will not fell
us Powder at the ufual and reafonable Rates ?

And in anfwer to a Complain*, of there not being
a fufficient Number of Englijh fent againft Montreal,
the People oi Albany upbraided them with a Breach
of Promife, in not fending that Party down Cada-^
rackui River which they promifed, which they faid .
w^s the chief Reafon of the want of Succefs in that
Expedition.

CHAP. VII.

%e French and the Five Nations continue the
War all Winter with various Succefs, The
French hum a Captain of the Five Nations
alive,

TH E old French Governor kept up his Vi- C H a p;
gour and Spirits wonderfully, no Fatigue VII.
made him ever think of Reft. He knew of what ^'^\^^
life it would be to convince the Five Nations, that
the joint Attack of the Englijh and Indians had
neither weakened him, nor frightened him from
carrying on the War with as much Vigour as before.

K 2 It

i;iz The History of the ;

CHAP.lt was abfolutcly necefTary that the Uiawawas and
VII. oihtT IVeJtern Indians^ who came to Montreal to
trade, fhould return fafe to their own Country, o-
therwife there would be an End to the French,
Trade with thofe Nations, upon which the Being
of Canada depends ; for it is only by the Fur-iradi
with thefe Nations that they make Returns to Eu-
rope \ and if thefe Nations did not return in Time, all
the IVcjicrn Indians would look on the French as
Joft, and confequently would make Peace with the
Five Nations^ and Derhaps join in the Deftrudlion
of Canada.

Captain la Fcrejl^ with one hundred and ten
Men, was fent to condud the Utawawas Horn. \
he carried with him confiderable Prefents fent by
the King of France^ to confirm thefe Nations in the
French Intereft.

Two Indian Prifoners, taken at la Prairie^ were
given to the Utawawas^ and carried with them, to
confirm the Stories they were to tell of their Sue-
ceflcs againft the Englijh and Five Ndiions. Thefe
poor Men were there burnt alive ; and if I fhould
add, that it was done by French Inftigation, what
I (hall relate by and by will clear me of the want
of Charity. I believe it was fo, in Order to rivet
the Hatred between thef People and the Five Nd-
tions.

The Five Nations continued their Incurfions all
Winter on Canada. Forty of the Mohawks fell up-
on Fort Vercheres^ and carried oflF twenty of the
Inhabitants ; but the Alarm reaching Montreal
Mr. de Crizaei, with one hundred Men of the regu-
lar Troops, was fent in purfuit of them, who reco-
vered moft of the Prifoners.

The Count de Frontenac being informed, that i
confiderable Party of the Five Nations hunted Bever
on the Neck of Land between Cadarackui Lake and
Lake Ericy with great Security, refolved to give

them

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c, 133

them a better Opinion of the Strength and Courage Ch a p.
of the French. For this Purpofe he fent three hun- Vlf.
dred and twelve Men to furprife them, under the
Command of Mr. Beancour, a young Gentleman.
The Praying Indians of Montreal were of the Parry.
This Expedition being in the Winter, they were
obh'ged to undergo cruel Fatigues, while they march-
ed on the Snow with fnow Shoes, and carried ail

their Provifion on their Backs. Several of the
French had their Feet frozen, which obliged fifteen
to return, with fome old Indians^ that could not bear
the Fatigue *, and it was with much Difficulty that
Beaucour could perfuade the reft to continue their
March. After a March to a furprizing Diftance,
I at that Seafon of the Year, they furprifed eighty
of the Five Nations, who notwithftanding made a
brave Defence, and did not run before they left
moft of their Men dead on the Spot. Three Wo-
men were made Prifoners, with whom the French
immediately turned back to Montreal, Some ftrag-
ling Parties went towards Albany^ but did no more
Mifchief than killing two or three ftragling Perfons,
|and alarming the Country.

The Trade to MJjftlimakinak being ftill intirely
Iftopt, by the Parties of the Five Nations inverting
VCadarackui River, by which, and Cadarackui Lake^
Ithe Paflage in Canoes is made to the Weficrn Indi-
\ans. Captain la Ncue^ with a Command of the re-
Igular Troops, was ordered early in the Spring to
[guard the Traders through that Paflage 1 but when
Ihe reached the Falls de Calumette, he difcovercd the
[Enemy, and returned fafter than he went.

La Noue had Orders a fecond Time to attempt

[this Pafliige, and went as far as the River du Lievre

(thirty Leagues from Montreal) without any Ob-

|ftru(flion ; but there difcovering feveral Canoes of

[the Five Nations^ he went back as faft as before.

iri/

■f il

The

IJ4 TX'f History of the

Chap. The ^atoghies and the Bullheads ^ having in-
VII. formed fhe French of another fmaller River, which
falls into Cadarackui River ^ and runs to the North-
ward of it, by which a Paflage might be made to
the Lakes, it was refolved to attempt this Paflage,
though it were much farther round, and more danger-
ous, there being many more rapid FaUs in that River.
Three Officers, v/ith thirty Soldiers, were fent with
the Traders for this Purpofe, but a Party of the
Tive Nations meeting with them in the long Fall,
before they reached this River, they were ail killed
or taken, except four that efcaped back to Mont-
real.

A confiderable Party of the Five Nations^ under
the Command of Blackkeitle, a famous Hero, con-
^nued a long Time on Cadarackui River, in hopes
of meeting with other French Parties, in their Paf-
fage towards Mijfilimakinak \ but finding that no At-
tempts were made that Way, he refolved to make
an Irruption into the Country round Montreal. The
French fay he had fix hundred Men with hirh •, bu(
they ufually increafe the Number of their Enemies,
in the Ilelatic»r» they give of thefe Tranfadions, ei-
ther to excufe their Fears, or to increafe their Glory,
Blackhttle overrun the Country (to ufe the FmiJi
ExpreflTion) as a Torrent does the Low-lands, when
it overflows its Banks, and there is no withftanding
it. The Soldiers had Orders to ftand upon the
defenfive within their Forts. Mr. de Vaudreuil pur-
ijued this Party (after they ha,d burnt a;id ravaged
the whole Country) at the Head of four hundred
Men *, he overtook them and furprifed them. The
Five Nations fought defperately, though the fame
Author, at this Place, makes them no more than
two hundred Men. After they had loft twenty
Men on the Spot, they broke through the French,
and marched off. The French loft four Of^cer^

The Bullheadi v^z fald to be cowardly People.

and

Part II. Five Indian Nations, ^c, 135

and many common Soldiers, and they took five Men, Chap.
nine Women, and five Children Prifoncrs. VII.

The Five Nations in a few Days had however fbme
Revenge ; a Captain having had Orders to guard the
Vcflels from Montreal to Rebeck, a Party of the
Five Nations attacked him in his Return, as he paf-
fed through the Iflands in Lake St. Pierre. He hira-
(tM was killed, and the whole Party intirely rout-
ed.

The French all this Summer were obliged to keep
upon the defenfive within their Forts, whiJe the
Five Nations^ in fmall Parties, ravaged the whole
Country, fo that no Man ftirred the leaft IXftance
from a Fort, but he was in. danger of iofing his
Scalp.

The Count de Frontenac was pierced to the Heart,
when he found that he could not revenge thcfe ter-
rible Incurfions oi the Five Nations •, and hisAnguifl*
made him guilty of fuch a Piece of monftrous Cru-
elty, in burning a Prifoner alive after the Indian
Manner, as though I have frequently mentioned'
to have been done by the Indians^ yet I forbore
giving the Particulars of fuch barbarous Ads, fuf-
pefting it might be too ofFenfive to Chriftian Ears,
even in the Hiftory of Savages. Here however I think
it ufeful to give s, circumftantial Account of this horrid
Adt, to fhew on one Hand, what Courage and Re-
folution, Virtue, the Love of Glory, and the
Love of one's Country can inftill into Mens Minds,
even where the Knowledge of true Religion is
wanting \ and on the other Hand, how far a falfe
Policy, under a corrupt Religion, can debafe even
great Minds.

The Count de Frontenac, I fay, condemned two
Prifoners of the Five Nations to be burnt pubiickly
alive. The Intendant's Lady intreated him to
moderate the Sentence, and the Jefuits, it is faid,
ufed their Endeavours for the fame Purpofe. But the
Count de Front enac iaid, there is a Neceffity of

K 4 making

liM

\\\1

136 .^ ^he HisTi)iiY of the . .".'

Cha p. making fuch an Example, to frighten the Five Na-
VI r. tions from approaching the Plantations, fince the In-

SO^"^ dulgence, that had hitherto been (hewn, had in-
couraged them to advance with the greateft Bold-
nefs to the very Gates of theli Towns ; while they
thought they run nootherRifque, but of being made
Prifoners, where diey live better than at Home.
He added, that the Five Nations having burnt fo
many French, juftificd this Method of making Re-
prizals. But with Submiffion to the Politenefs of
the French Nation, may I not aflc, whether every
(or any) horrid A^don of a barbarous Enemy, can
juftify a civilized Nation in doing the like ?

When the Governor could not be moved, the Je-
fuits went to the Prifon, to inftrud the Prifoners in the
Myfterles of our Holy Religion, viz. of the Trinity,
the Incarnatiori of our Saviour, the Joys of Paradife,
and the Punifhments of Hell, to fit their Souls for
Heaven by Baptifm, while their Bodies were con-
demned to Torments. But the Indians, after they
had heard their Sentence, refufed to hear the Jefuits
fpeak, r^nd began to prepare for Death in their own
Country Manner, by finging their Death Song.

Some charitable Perfon threw a Knife into the
Prifon, with which one of them difpatched himfelf:
The other was carried out to the Place of Executi-
on by the Chriflian Indians of Loretto, to which
he walked, feemingly, with as much Indiffe-
rence as ever Martyr did to the Stake. While they
were torturing him, he continued finging, that he
was a Warrior brave and without Fear ; that the
moft cruel Death could not .hike his Courage j that
the mod cruel Torment fhould not draw an inde-
cent Expreflion from him ; that his Comrade was a
Coward, a Scandal to the Five Nations, who had
killed himfelf for fear of Pain ; that he had the
Comfort to reflect, that he had ':^ide many French-
mn fufFer as he did now. He tuily verified his
^Vords, for the mofl violent Torment could not

force

Part II. Five Indian Nations, ^c,

force the leaft Complaint from him, though his
Executioners tried their utmoft Skill to do it. They
firft broiled his Feet between two red hot Stones *,
then they put his Fingers into red hot Pipes, and
though he had his Arms at Liberty, he would not
pull his Fingers out ; they cut his Joints, and ta-
Iking hold of the Sinews, twifted them round fmall
Bars of Iron. All this while he kept finging and
recounting his own brave Adions againft the French.
At laft they flead his Scalp from his Skull, and
[poured fcalding hot Sand upon it *, at which Time
the Intendant*s Lady obtained Leave of the Go-
vernor to have the Coup-de-grace given, and I be-
lieve fhe thereby likewife obtained a Favour to e-
very Reader, in delivering him from a further
continuance of this Account of French Cruelty.
Notwithftanding this Cruelty, which the French
jovernor manifefted towards the Five Nations^ and
[hereby his Hatred of them, he found Peace with
lem fo neceflary to Canada^ that he ftill purfued it
by all the Means in his Power. For this Purpofe
"le Praying Indians (who, as I obferved before, are
tohawks, and have always kept a Correfpondence
vith their own Nation) were employed to bring it
[bout, and to endeavour a CefTation of Arms, that
le Governor might have an Opportunity of fhew-
ig what kind Things he had in his Heart towards
le Five Nalions, but without Succefs.

137

CHAP. VIII,

was a
had
[d the

Id his
Id not

forcti

\ke Five Nations frecit with Captain Ingoldfby.

K E Governor of Nezv-Tork^ Colonel Slatigh- C h a r,
IX ^^'^'s Death, foon after his Arrival, was very V^^^-
rejudicial to the Affairs of New-Tork •, for Captain '
^t^'i%\ who liad no other Commiflion but that of
iptain of one of the Independent Companies of

Foot,

138 ^ The History off ibe ■'' ^

Cha p. Foot, took upon himfelf the Government of the
VIII. Province, without any Authority i and he having
likewife highly ofFended a great Number of the
People, by the Share he took in the late Party
Quarrels, it was not eafy for him to profecute an/
vigorous Meafuves. He was reckoned to be much
more a Soldier than a Statefman.

Captain Jngoldjby met the Five Nations at Alha,
wj', the ftxth of Jmte 1692. In his Speech, he told
them of his vigorous Refolutions to profecute the
War, and then bkmed them for not fending f ac-
cording to their Promife) a Party down Cadarackui
RiveVy to join them that went from Albany againft
Monireal^ and for their Carelefnefs in fufFering them-
lelves to be furprifed laft Winter in their H'tnting.
He defined them to keep the Enemy in perpetual |
Alarm, by the Incur fions of their Parties into the
Enemy^ Country, and to give him timely Notice
of all their Motions. He told them in the next Place,
that he heard thtFrench wereftill ufing their wonted
Artifice, of amufrng them with Offers of Peace;
but the former Proceedings of the French fufficiently
demon ft rates, faid he totheBrethren, that while PeaceiJl
in their Mouths, War is in their Hearts, and the latt
horrid' Murder of the Brethren, after Quarter given,
fufficiently (hews the Perfidy and Rancour of their
Hearts. It is in vain, faid he, to think of aiif
Ceflation of Arms, much lefs of a Peace, while thtl
two Kings are at War at Home. He added, Vlr\
ginia is ready to afTift us, and only waits the
King's Orders, which are daily expedled, and then
renewed the Chain for Virginia. In the laft Placel
he told them, that he heard the DionondaM
had lent two Prifoners Home, with a View therclnj
fro procure Prace \ and advifed them by all Ms;ansto
make Peace with that Nuuon.

I Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 135

The Five Nations anfwered by Cheda^ an OneydoCnA p.

Sackm: - ••'' VIII.

" Brother Corkzr^ ■ • ' .

I'he Sachems of the Five Nations have with
great Attention heard Cortear fpeak ; we fhall
I make a fhort Recital, to fhew you with what Care
we have hearkened. After the Recital he conti-
nued.

We heartily thank Corlear^ for his coming to
jthis Place to view the Strength thereof, for his
bringing Forces with him, and for his Refolution
of putting Garifons into the Frontier Places. Giving
I five Bevers and a Belt.

Brother Corlear^ as to what you blame us for,
I let us not reproach one another, fuch Words do
not favour well among Friends. They gave no-
thing with this Article.

Brother Corkar^ be patient under the Lofs of
I your Men, as we are of the Mohawks our Brethren,
'that were killed at the feme Time. You take no
[Notice of the great Lofles we have fufFered. We
defigned to have come to this Place to have con-
doled with you in your Lofs, but the War todc up
all our Time, and employed all Hands. They
[gave five Bevers, four Otters, and one Belt, aa a
Gift of Condolence.

Brother Corleary we are all Subjetfts of one great
King and Queen, we have one Head, one Heart,
one Intereft, and are all ingaged in the fame War.
You tell us, that we muft expe<^ no Peace while
the Kings arc at War on the other Side the great
Water. We thank you for being fo plain with us.
We afllire you we have no Thoughts of Peace.
We are refolved to carry on the War, though we
know we only are in danger of being Lofers. Pray
do you profecute the War with the fame Refoluti-
on. You are ftrong and have many People. You
have a great King, who is able to hold out long.

i r in

:^l

140 -" The Hi^TOKY of the "'

Chap. we are but a fmall People, and decline daily, U
^m. the Men we lofe in this War, we doourutmoft
to deftroy the Enemy; but how ftrange doesitfeem
to us 1 How unaccountable ! that while our great King
is fo inveterate againft theFrench, and you are fo earned
with us to carry on the War, that Powder is now
fold dearer to us than ever ? We are poor, and not
able to buy while we negleft hunting •, and we can-
not hunt and carry on the War at the fame Time :
V^'e expedt, that this Evil we fo juftly complain of|
be immediately remedied. Giving nine Be vers.

Brother Corlear, you defire us to keep the Enemy I
in perpetual Alarm, that they may have no Reft,
till they are in their Graves i Is it not to fecure your
own Frontiers? Why then not one Word of your |
People that are to join us ? We afTure you we fha!l
continue to carry on the War into the Heart of I
the Enemies Country. Giving eight Bevers.

^'^^ a t\\t Five Nations, Mchawks, Oneydoes^ Onn-
dagas, Cayugas, and Senekas, renew the Silver Chain |
whereby we are linked faft with our Brethren oi Jp-
rigoa (Virginia) and we promife to preferve it as I
long as the Sun fhall fhine in the Heavens. Giving
ten Bevers.

But Brother C(?r/(f^r, How comes it, that none of]

our Brethren fattened in the fame Chain with us, of.

fer their helping Hand in this general War, in which

our great King is engaged againft the French ? Pray

Corlear, how come Maryland, Delaware Ri-icr, and

New-England, to be difengaged from this War!

You have always told us, that they are our Brethren,

Subjedls of the fame great King. Has our King fold

them.? Or do they fail in their Obedience.'' Or do

they draw their Arms out of our Chain ^. Or has the

great King commanded, that the fewSubjedshe lias

in this Place, Ihould make War againft the French

alone ? Pray make plain to us this Myftery ? How

can tlit7 and we be Brethren, and make different

Families? How can they and we be Subjcds of the

liune

¥ I

i%v.

Ipart II. Five Indian Nations, (ic. 141

kime great King, and not be engaged in the fameCn a p.
jWar? How can tbey and we have the fame Heart, VIII.
the fame Hsad, and the fame Intereft, as you tell us,
and not have the fame Thoughts? Hcrw comes it,
that the Enemy burns and deftroys the Towns in
\New-Eftglandy and they make no Refiftance? How
Icomes our great King to make War, and not to
jdeftroy his Enemies ? When, if he would only com-
Imand his Subjects on this Side the great Lake to
Moyn, the Deftru(flion of the Ehemy would not make
lone Summer's Work.

You need not warn us of the Deceit and Treache-
ry of the French t who would probably iniinuate
[Thoughts of Peace •, but Brethren, you need not
fear us, we will never hearken to them : Tho* at
the fame Time, we muft own, that we have not
been without Thoughts of your being inclined to
'eace, by Reafon of the Brethrens Backwardnefs
pufhing on the War. The French fpread Re-
ports among us to this Purpofe, and fay, that
ihey had in a Manner concluded the Matter with
?ou. We rejoice to be now afTured of this Falfhood.
^e fhall never defift fighting the French as long
|is we fhall live. And gave a Belt of Wampum.
We now renew the old Chain, and here plant the
>ee of Profperity and Peace. May it grow and
^rive, and fpread its Roots even beyond Canada,
ivinq; a Belt.

We make the Houfe clean, where all our Affairs
)f Importance are tranfaded with thefe five Otters.
We return you Thanks for the Powder and Lead
iiven us i but what fliall we do with them without
IS, fhall we throw them at the Enemy ? We
ioubt they will not hurt them (o. Before this we
llways had Guns given us. It is no Wonder the Go-
vernor of G/zWti gains upon us, for he fupplics his
mians with Guns as well as Powder ; he fupplies
[hem plentifully with every Thing that can hurt us.
living five Otters.

«i

t i

:l 1

i li

142 7he History rf the

As to the Dionondadas fetting two of our Nation atl
Libel^ty, we muft tell you, that it was not the Aft
of that Nation, but the private A<ft of one Perfon;
"We are defiroUs to make Peace with that Nation
as foon as wc can, upon honourable Terms. And!
gave a Belt.

The Mohawks^ before they left the Place, defiredl
a private Conference with the Governor, and told
him, that they were all exceedingly diflatisfied, that
the other Englijh Colonies gave no Afliftance, and
that it might prove of ill ConfeqUence. Captain
Ingoldfiy promifcd to write to them, and hoped i;|
would have a good EflFedt.

CHAP. IX.

The French furprife and take three Mohawk Cafih

THE Praying Indians promifed their Endeaj
vours to reconcile their Brethren the il"
hawks to the French^ on whom the French ex-l
peded they would have much Influence •, but theiti
Endeavours proving inefFedlual, their Correfpondl
ence began to be fufpedled. The French thouglitl
they did more Hurt than Good, by the Intelligence!
the Enemy by their Me^ns received. The FraiA
in Canadahegan to lofe their Spirits, by being obligedl
to remain fo long upon the defenfive, as the Fi'M
Nations gained more Courage by it. The Courtl
de Frontenac thought it therefore abfolutely neceffaryl
to undertake fome bold Enterprize, to ihew the!
Five Nations^ that they had to do with an Enr:i j
ftill able to ad offenfively : An Attack on thcl
Mohawks he thought would be mofl: effedual for this!
Purpofe, becaufe it would fhew, at the fame Tiniej

that!

Part II. Five Indian Nations, Q?r. 143

that the Engli/b would not protedl their neareftCHAP.
Neif^hbours. As this was defigned to be done by IX.
Surprize, the Winter Seafon was chofen for this u-v-^^
Purpofe, as leaft to be fufpeded at fuch a Time ;
and when the Enemy could not, without great
Hardfhip, keep Scouts abroad, to difcover them or
the Engli/h give any Afllftance.

The Body of the French defigned for this Expe-
dition was put under three Captains of the regular
Troops, and thirty Subalterns, and confifted of
picked Men of the regular Troops of the common
Militia of the Country of the Praying Indians^ the
^ato^hies of Loretto^ Adirondacks^ and Sohokks^
who live to the eaftward of Bofton^ making in all
about fix or feven hundred Men, fo that a great
Part of the Force of Canada was employed in it. .
They were well fupplied with all Sorts of Ammuniti- ' /
on, Provifion, Snow-Shoes, and fuch Conveniencies
for Carriage, as were pradlicable upon the Snow, and
through fuch great Foreils as they had to pais.
The l-renrh at Canada have a Kind of light Sledges
made with Skins, and are drawn by large Dogs on
the frozen Snow.

They fet out from la Prairie de Magdaleine the
1 5th of January 1692-3, after having endured what
might have been thought unfurmountable Hardships ;
they pafied by Schcnetlady at fome Diftance from it,
on the 8th of February, at which Time one that
had been taken Prifonerj when that Place was fack-
ed, made his Efcape. from them, and gave the
People of ■9t'^^«f^.7r/v' Intelligence of the French, who
by an Exprcfs, immediately informed the Command-
ant of Jlkiny. The Miiliria was expeditioufly raifed,
and a Lieutenant with fifty five Horfe was imme-
diately di (patched to Schene^ady -, but no Care
was taken to give the Mchawks Notice, which
might have been done without much Danger, by
fending up the South Side of the River, whilft
the F'cnJ^ inarched on the North. The French, on

the

rii

I I I i

144 The History of the

Ch A P. the 8th at Night, reached the firft Mohawk Caftle,
XI. where there were only five Men, and fome Women
and Children in great Security, their other Men being
all abroad, thefe were all taken without Oppofition.
The next Fort not far from it was in like Manner
furprized, without any Oppofition, both of them
were very fmall, and being next the Englijh, not
fortified.

Schene5f "iy b^" g the neareft Englijh Settlement
to the M'v?7r.A;: and but a little Way from their
neareft Cafti n; ujv of them are always there. The
Mohawks thei* in vb' Town were exceedingly en-
raged, that none went out to afiift their Nation;
fome were fent therefore out the next Day, to gain
Information of the Enemy, and to give the Mo-
hawks Notice i but they returned without doing their
Duty.

The French went on to the next Mohawk Fort,
which was the largeft *, and coming to that in the
Night, they heard fome Noife, and fufpedted they
were difcovered : But this Noife was only occafioned
by a War Dance, forty of the Indians defigning to
go next Day upon fome Enterprize. The Fnnc\i
approached the Caftle filently, and finding the In-
dians no way on their Guard, opened the Gate, and
entered before they were difcovered ; but notwith-
ftanding this, and the Confufion the Indians muft
be in, this Conqueft was not without Lofs of Blood,
the French having loft thirty Men, before the Indi-
ans entirely fubmitted : The French defigned to have
put them all to the Sword, but their own Indiam
would not fuffer it, and gave Quarter : They took
three hundred Prifoners, of whom one hundred
were fighting Men. I have no Account of the Num-
ber of Mohawks killed, but no Doubt it was very
confiderable.

When the Account came to Albany^ how much

the Mohawksy who were at Schene£fady^ were enraged,

that no Afliftance was fent to their Countrymen ;

I Peicr

^s very

much
iraged,
^men ;
Pcler

Part II. Five Indian Nations, (5?c. 145

Peter Schuyler a Major of the Militia offered himfelfCH a p*
to go with what Force could be got ready for their
Afliftance. He went himfelf imn ediately to Sche-^
ne^ady, and fent out to difcover the Enemy : His
Scouts brought him Intelligence, firft, that the P'rench
were in Poileflion of the two fmalleft Forts, after-
wards, that they had heard great Firing at the largeft
I Fort i and at laft, that it was taken. Having re-
Iceived 200 Men, partly regular Troops, but moft
I of the Militia, he began his March on the 12th in
Queft of the Enemy i but hearing foon after, that
fix hundred Men of the upper Caftles were on their
March, 'tis probable he did not Ci.deavour to be up
with the French (o foon as he might •, for I find by
[his Journal, that he was nearer them on the four-
Iteenth, than he was two Days after. He had not
IfiifHcient Force to fight them : He fent therefore to
the upper Indians^ to haften their March. On the
|i5th he was joined by thefe Indians ^ in all two
lundred and ninety Men and Boys, very ill armed,
lis Body then confifted of two hundred and fifty
^hriftians, and two hundred and ninety Indians,
armed fighting Men. They had no other Provifion
i)ut fome Bifcuit every Man had in his Pocket. On
^he 1 6th he was informed by an Indian^ who pre-
tended to be a Deferter, that the French had built
Fort, where they defigned to wait for him, and
light him ; whereupon he fent an Exprefs to Coll.
Idejby, then Commandant at Albany^ to hafteil
nore Men to join him, with fufficient Provifion for
|he whole. He found afterwards, that this Indian
m fent by the French^ on purpofe to perfuade the
hidio.ns to give over the Purfuit. Major Schuyler
pme up to the Enemy on the 1 7th i when he came
pr them he did not go on ftreight towards them,
[or Fear of Ambufcades, but marched round. As
3on as he came* in Sight, he was faluted with three
3ud Shouts, which were anfwcred with as much
^oife. The Indians began in their Manner to (z-

L cure

.■>*•■.

if**

'.1

146 The History of the

Chap, cure themfelves, by felling the Trees between thenu
IX. and the JEtiemy fallied out to prevent them, but
were foon beat back. The Indians fell to Work a-
gain, and defired the Chriftians to affift them, which
was done, but in fuch Confufion, that they them-
felves were in Danger from the falling Trees. The
French fallied a fecond Time with all their Force,
crying out. They run, we*ll cut them off^ and get their
Prov/Jions', but they were warmly received, and
beat back into their Fort. They fallied a third
Time, and were beat back with confiderable Lofs,
the Indians bringing in feveral Heads and Scalps.
As foon as the Skirmifhine was over, the Major fent
back an Exprefs, to hatten the Men that were to
reinforce him, and were to bring Provifion, fome of
the Men having had no Provifion for two Days.
The Major then fccured himfelf, under the Cover
of the fallen Trees, and kept out Watches to ob-
ferve the French.

The 1 8 th proving a cold ftormy Day, with
Snow, he was informed, by a Deferter, that the
French were upon their March, it not being eafy to
follow their Tracks, or to difcover them in fucli
Weather. The Officers were commanded to purfiiej
and retard their March, till the Reinforcement
fhould come up, but the Men refufed to march
without Provifion. The Officers, with about 60
Men, and a Body of hdians, followed the Enemy
till Night, when they began to fecure themfelves,
by fortifying their Camp. The Officers wanting
afufficient Number to fecure themfelves in like Man-
ner, or to fight the Enemy, returned, leaving a
bout forty Chriftians, and one hundred Indians^ to
obferve them. On the 19th the Provifions, with
about 80 Men, arrived, under the Command of
Captain Si/iis of the regular Troops. Every Man,
as he was ferved with Provifion, marched towaruS
the Enemy. The Van was commanded by Captain
Peter Matt hems of the regular Troops, who coming

upi

them>

I, but
^ork a-

which
' them-
I. The
r Force, '
get tkir '
ed, and
a third I
)le Lofs, I
d Scalps.!
iajor fent

were to

fome of
vo Days.
he Cover
les to ob" I

[ay, with
that the'
ig eafyto'
1 in fuch
to purk
forcement'
to march
about 60
Enemy'
lemfelves,
wanting
[ike Man-
leaving a'
idiam, to
ms, with
iinand of
:ry Man,
towar^iSl
ly Captain
lo coming

Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c, 147

up with the Enemy's Rear, would have attackedCn a p.
thcni, to retard their March, but the Alohawks vfctQ IX.
averfe to fighting. The French dropt on purpofe'
feveril of their Prifoners, who told the Mohawks^
that the French were refolved to put all the Prifon-
ers to the Sword, if they (hould be attacked. The
Enemy pafled the North Branch of Hudfon^ River
upon a Cake of Ice, which, very opportunely for
them, ftuck there in one Place, while it was open
by a late Thaw, both above and below. The
Weather continuing very cold, and the Indians
averfe to fighting. Major Schuyler gave over the
Purfuit on the 20th, having loft only four private
Men, and as many Indians^ two Officers and twelve
Men Chriftians and Indians were woundeu. The
French loft thirty three Men (the Bodies of twenty
feven were found) of whom four were Officers, and
twenty-fix wounded, as the Defertcrs told him. Be-
tween forty and fifty Prifoners were recovered. I
have been told, that Captain Matthews defired
Coll. Schuyler^ when he came firft up with the
French^ to fummon them to furrender ; he faid, the
French are in great Diftrefs, and this will give them
an Opinion of our Strength ; but Coll. Schuyler re-
fufed, tho' he was brave, he was no Soldier ; and
it is very probable, that the French obferving the
want of Condudl and Difcipline, were encouraged.
It is true, the EngUJh were in great Want of Provi-
fions at that Time. The Indians eat the Bodies of
the French that they found. Coll. Schuyler ( as he
told me himfelfj going among the Indians at that
Time, was invited to eat Broth with them, which
fome of them had ready boiled, which he did, till
[they, putting the Ladle into the Kettle to take
I out more, brought out a French Man's Hand, which
I put an End to his Appetite.

The French went home as faft as they could carry
Itheir wounded Men with them -, but coming to a
ii^lace, where they had hid Provifions for their Sup-

L 2 ply

4 I

i It

' 148 ' Tbe History of the

C H A p. ply in their return, they found it all fpoiled. This
IX. put them in g.eat Diftrefs, (o that they were
forced to eat their Shoes ; they fent fome of the
nimbieft Men forv/ard to Montreal^ that Provifion
might meet them. As foon as they came near the
Settlements they difperfed, every Man running
home to eat, fo that they returned to Canada like
an Army routed. The French own they loft eighty
Men, and had thirty three wounded in this Expe-
dition.

One may wonder how it is pofTible for Men to
march feveral hundred Miles in the Wildernefs,
while the Ground is every where covered with
Snow, two or three Feet deep at leaft -, but the fore-
moft march on Snow Shoes, which beat a firm
I'rack for thofe that follow. At Night, when they
reft, they dig a Hole in the Snow, throwing the
Sncw up all round, but higheft towards that Side
from whence the Wind blows, fo large, as to contain
as many Men as can lye round a Fire : They make
the Fire in the Middle, and cover the frozen Ground
round it with the fmall Branches of the Fir-Trees.
Thus they tell me a Man lyes much warmer, than
one imagines that never tried it.

When the Information of the French came to
Schene^ady, an Exprefs was fent to New Torkto
Coll. Fletcher then Governor there •, the Expreis
reached New-Tork^ an hundred and fifty Miles from
Albany, the 12th at ten in the Night. The Gover-
nor got the City Regiment under Arms by eight the
next Morning,

He called out to know who were willing to go
with him to the Frontiers, they all immediately
threw up their Hats, and anfvveied one and all. In-
deed the People of this Province have, upon all Oc-
cafiotis, ft^ewn their Courao;e and Refolution in De-
fence of their Country -, but the Misfortune is, they
are under no Difcip!ine, and have liecn feldom led
by -Men -that knew thdr Diity. The Governor or-

• •■ . der-

Part II. Fi^E Indian Nations, &c. 149

dered an hundred and fiftv Voluntiers for this Ser- Ch a p.
vice, and as many more from Long-JJland. The IX.
River then happened to be open by a fudden Thaw, "^^
which does not, at that Time of the Year, happen
once in twenty Years. Fie embarked three hundred
Men in five Sloops, by four in the Afternoon of the
14th, and arrived at Albany the 17th at nine in the
Morning. The fame Day the Governor went to
Schene£fady^ and ordered the Men to follow, but
before they could get every Thing ready for their
March into the Woods, they had an Account, that
Major Schuyler was upon his Return. Several Gen-
tlemen of Albany^ particularly Mr. Latijlear^ a.
Gentleman of the bed Eilate there, went out Vo-
luntiers under Major Schuyler^ which I ought not to
have forgot.

Coll. Fletcher made a Speech to the Mohawks
at Albany^ he blamed their fupine Negligence, in fuf-
fering themfelves to be furprifed in the Manner they
were in Time of War. He told them that they had
Reafon to be convinced, that the Englijh were their
Friends heartily, by the Number of Men he had
marched to their Affiftance in a very little Time,
upon the firft Notice. He promifed to wipe away
their Tears in the Spring, by confiderable Prefents ;
and that he would, in the mean while, take Care of
their Subfiftence, by providing Houfes and Victuals
for them. He told them, he doubted they had fome
falfe Brethren among them, that gave the French In-
formation, and favoured their Defigns -, and in the laft
Place, advifed them to convince the French, that they
had not loft their Courage with this Misfortune.

The Mohawks, in their Anfwer, called Coll.
Fletcher by the Name of Cayengulra^o -, and he was
called fo by the Indians always after this. It figni-
fies a great fwift Arrow, as an Acknowledgement
of the Speed he made to their Affiftance. But they
appeared, in their Anfwer, to be quite difheartned ;
i^ey had not, in the Memory of ^ny Man, rc-

L 3 ceived

}

(

! 1
1

! 1

i 'I

150 72^(f History of the

ctived fuch a Blow. They faid their Strength was
quite broke, by the Continuance of the War •, but
they added, if all the Englijb Colonies would join,
they could ft ill eafily take Canada : Their being fo ill
armed, was the Reafon (they faid) that the French
had now efcaped.

Th^Frencby continued they, arm their Indians com-
pleatly, and furnifh them with every Thing neceflary
for War, as we find every Time v/c meet with them.

The French had get a great Quantity of Furs,
and other Peltry, at Miffilimakinak^ by their Trade
with the Indians •, but the Five Nations had fo ef-
fei5lually blocked up the Paflage between that and
Canada^ that they had remained there ufelefs to the
French for feveral Years. The Count de Frontemc^
after his Succefs agalnft the Mohawks^ was in Hopes
the Five Nations would keep more at home in De-
fence of their own Caftles, and with thefe Hopes fent
a Lieutenant, with eighteen Canadians^ and twenty
praying Indians, to open the PafTage to Miffili-
makinak ; but this Party fell in with another of the
Five Nations, who entirely routed them, fo that a
few efcaped only, to give an Account of their Mif-
fortune ; at laft 200 Canoes, loaded with Furs from
Miffilimakinak, arrived at Montreal, which gave
as univerfal a Joy to Canada^ as the Arrival of the
Galleons give in Spain,

C H A P. X.

7he Treaties and Negotiations the Five Nations hd
with the Englifh rtw^ French, in the Tears 1693
md 1694.

S by this Time the Reader may be tired with the
horrid Scenes of a I'/arbarous War, it may be

Relief to obfcrvc the Indian Genius in the Arts of

negotiating •, and fee how a barbarous People, with-
I out

IX.

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c, 151

out any of the Arts and Sciences in which we value Ch a p.
our felves, manage their Intereft with the moft learn-
ed, moft polite, and artificial Nation in Europe,
The Five Nations were informed, that the Gover-
nor of Canada had received from Europe a very
confiderable Recruit of Soldiers, and of all Sorts of
Ammunition. This, with the great Lofs the Mo-
hawks had lately fufFered, while they had been
amufed by the Englijh with great Hopes, and very
little real Afliftance, made the Oneydoes^ at laft yield
to the Solicitations of the Jefuit Milet, to fend a
MefTage to the French for Peace. It is probable he
had the Art to influence the People at Albany to fa-
vour his Defigns, by giving them Hopes of being
included in the Peace, as may be conjedured, from
what will iippear in the Sequel.

Coll. Fletcher being informed, that the Oneydoes
had fenta Meflenger to Canada, fent for the Five
Nations to Albany, He fpoke to them the third of
July 1693.

He firft excufed his not meeting them as he had
promifed, at the Time the Sap begins to run in the
Trees, by Reafon of his having received a Commif-
fton to be Governor of Penfilvania^ to which Place
he was obliged at that Time to go. He put them
in Mind with what Speed he came to their Aflift-
ance laft Winter, and how efFeftual, in all Probabi-
lity, it would have been, had they only retarded the
Enemy's March till he could have reached them :
He advifed them to guard againft being drunk, and
{hewed t:hem the ill Confequences of it in Time of
War.

Then he faid, " I have received Information,
" that fome of the Brethren are wavering, and
" inclined to Peace with the Enemy ; and am af-
" fured, that fuch Thoughts muft arife from the
*' Inftigation of the Jefuit Milet, whom fome of
" the Brethren have fufFered to live fo \ong among
" them, and whofe only Pracitice is to delude and

L 4 <' betray

.'*■.

152 ' 77je History of the I

Chap." betray them. Let me therefore advlfe you to|
remove that ill Perfon from among you. "
In the End he condoled their Dead, and made I
them a very confiderable Prefent of ninety Guns,
eight hundred and ten Pound of Powder, eight
hundred Bars of Lead, a Thoufand Flints, eighty
feven Hatchets, four Grofs of Knives, befidesa
confiderable Quantity of Cloathing and Provifions.
This Prefent, he told them, their King and Queen
had knt them, and renewed the Covenant for all
the Englijh Colonies.

The King ufually fends them a confiderable Pre-
fent with every new Governor fent to 'New-Tork^
which is not always applied as it is defigned. If
this Prefent had been made fooner, it had been of
much more Ufe to the Englijh^ as well as to the Fm
Nations.

The Five Nations the next Day fpoke as follows.

Brother Cayenguirago^

^* We are involved in a bloody War, which
makes us fit in Sorrow and Grief; and being
about to fpeak of Matters of Importance, we, in
the firft Place, clear the Mouth and Throat of
our interpreters, by giving her thefe three Bever
Skins.

Then they repeated his Excellency^ Speech,
Anfwer to which they faid,
" Brother Coyer.gnirago^ we rejoice, that the
great King and Queen of England take fuch
Notice of us, as we find, by the large Prefent
fent lis ; we return hearty Thanks for the Am-
munition efpecially.

" We are glad that our Brother Cayengmrop
renews the Chain, not only between us and lliis
Government, but likewife with New-Etiglnnl^
Virginia^ Maryland and Paiftlvania \ it fhall be
kept inviolable by us the Five Nations^ as long
as the Sun Ihincs. We pray our Brother Cd^cn-

gtm c^l^

tc
((

((

C4
<C

part II. Five Indian Nations, G'r. 153

*' ^uirago to have a watchful Eye, that none Chap.
«' of the other Colonies keep any Correfpondence X.
«* with the Enemy, but ufe their Endeavours to de- ^--O'^V^

" ftroy them. We heard nothing of what you
'*' told us of the Prieft Milet^ who lives at Oneydo^
** till we came to this Town. We have enquired
" the Truth of our Brethren the Oneydoes^ who con-
*' Ms, that the Prieft fent an Indian to Canada with
" Letters, which has furprifed us very much.

" Brother Cayenguirago^ you are our great Tree,
" whofe Roots extend to the utmoft Bounds of this
*' Government ; we defire you may not be difturbed
" when any of our Prifoners mifbehave, for they
" are not countenanced by us ; and all proper Me-
*' thods (hall be taken, to prevent the like for the
*' future. In like Manner we beg you to take
" Care, that none of the Prifoners you have cor-
" refpond with the Enemy, as we fufped the
*' Chevalier D* O. did *, and that he was fent
" with Letters to Canada by fome of our Brethren.
*' (He made his Efcape from Bqfton. ) • ....

*' Brother Cayenguirago, In former Times our
" Propofitions to one another were only Difcourfes
*' of Peace and Friendfhip, and in giving Prefents ;
'* but how much is the Cafe altered of late ? Now
*' we talk of nothing but War, and are continually
" prompting one another to it. As to our Parts,
" we will keep clofe to the War to the laft Drop
'* of our Blood -, and tho* we be tofled to and fro
*'. with Storms, we will remain ftedfaft to the lafl
'* Man, as it was refolved by both in the Begin-
*' ning of the War.

" Brother Cciyii^idrago, we were told in our own
" Country, not only that the King had made you
" Governor of Penfdvania, but likewife that you
" were, preparing a Fleet to take Canada. O ! what
" joyful News this was to our young Men. Sadaga-
" rtis, the great Sencka Captain, was lo command
thtm. Now they fiiid, we need only make one

hearty

1 1

^54

7he History of the

Chap." hearty Pufli, while the Fleet is before ^eheck,
X. *' Now there will be an End to this bloody War,
-^ *' and all our Troubles •, But alas, now we are come
" here, we hear not one Word of this Defign.

" Brother Cayenguirago^ you are that flourifliing
** Tree that covers us ; you keep the Chain bright;
•* we have one Requeft to make to you, that you
*' may ftay with us, and not return to England \ for
" you know our Ways and Manners. If you have
*' any Thing to tell the King and Queen, write it to
*' them, for the King knows you to be a wife Man,
*' and will therefore believe you.

*« Brother C^enguirago, we are very glad to hear
*' ti at Penfihania is come under your Government,
** bring their young Men here, with their Bows and
" Arrows and Hatchets in their Hands, for this
** is the Place of Adlion. We are pleafed t}i:t
** the Shdwomns or Saianas, who are our Enemies,
*" have applied to you for Protedion ; and that you
** fent them to us to endeavour a Peace, and that
'* you fent Chriftians with them, to condu(*l thew
*' back again. We wifh they were come to affiili;^
** againft the common Enemy.

" Brother Cayenguirago, r'^wwehave done, but

muft tell you rugain, nuu ve roll and wallov

in Joy, by Reafon of tiic great Favour the great

King and Queen has dene us, in fending us Amu
" and Ammunition, at a Time when we arc in the

greateft Need of them ; and becaufe there is fiich

Unity among the Brethren. "

They made the Governor a confidcrable Prefent
of Furs, to fhew their Refpedl to his Perfon ; but
they did not give one Belt to confirm any one Ar-
ticle •> fo that the whole of it is, according to thcif
Stilv.', only argumentative.

Coll. Fletcher not being fatisfied with their Anfwcr,
foncerung the Jefuit Miiei, made this further
Propofal to th-m. " As to Milet the Prieft, whorA
'* ti.e Brethren oiOucydo ftill harbour among them,

art. II. Five Indian Nations, Gfr. 155

* I muft tell you again, that he betrays you, and Chap.
all your Councils ; and that you may fee I defire
not to diminifh your Number, I am willing to
give you a pretty Indian Boy, in Lieu of the
old Prieft ; and accordingly the Boy was brought
and delivered to them.

In anfwer to this the Oneydo Sachem faid, " As
foon as the Indian Meflenger returns all his Papers
/hall be taken from him, and be forthwith
brought to our Brother Cayenguirago^ before the
Prieft fliall fee any of them : we are willing to
take the Boy in Exchange for the Prieft, but it is
not fafe to do it, while our Meflenger is in the
Power of the Enemy ; let the Boy ftay here till
we bring the Prieft, which fhall br as foon as the
Meffenger ftiall return ". But he gave no Belt,
r other Prefent, to confirm this Promife. He ad-
ded,
" Brother Cayengiiirago ^ we now acquaint you
' that it is propofed by all the Five Nations^ to
' make Peace with the Dionondadies^ a Nation of
*' Indians near in Alliance with the French of Cana-
** da. This will both ftrengthen us and weaKen the
*' Enemy. The Sendas, who live neareft them,
*' have undertaken this Treaty, and take Belts of
Wampum from the other Nations, to confirm
*' the Peace. We defire your Approbation, that
" you would fend your Belt in Concurrence, as our
" eldeft Brother in our Chain. "

The Governor approved of this, and gave them
a Belt to carry in his Name.

Notwithftanding what the Speaker of the Five
Nations had promifcd to the Governor, to bring all
the Papers the Oneydo Meflenger fliould bring from
Canada^ before the Jefuit Alikl fb.ould have Li-
berty to fee them, it could not be difficult for the
Jefuit, to perfuade them to keep the Power of
making Peace in their own Hands, and for that
Purpofe, to call a Meeting of the Sachems of Onon-

dago.

•I

1 li

156 -^ TbeHuTORYofthe U'

Chap, dago, where all fuch Matters had been formerlyi
tranfaded among themfelves, and there to deterJ
mine iridependentjy, rather than to fubmit theni-I
felves to another Nation at Albany. They onlTl
invited the Englijh to aflift at the general Counciil
The Engli/h ufed what Arguments they could tj|
diffuade this Meeting, but rather to obferve tli;
Promife made to the Governor ; and it feems ufec)
fome Threatning. The Mohawks bad fo niuq
Regard to the Engli/h^ that they refufed to affift j:|
the Council. The other four, notwithftanding this,!
met, and refolved on an Anfwer to be Tent tothJ
Governor of Canada •, but at the fame Time, to fhewl
their Regard to the Mohawks and Englijh^ thefe Re-j
folutioni) were not to be final, till they fhould firiil
be communicated to the EngliJh and Moha'wks^ and!
their Advice received thereon -, for which Purpokl
feveral Sachems were fent to Albany, of whom D:f
canefira was the Principal and the Speaker.

becanefora had for many Years the greateft Rcj
putation among the Five Nations for fpeaking, anJ
was generally employed as their Speaker, in thei
Negotiiitions with both French and Englijh : He n\
grown old when I faw him, and heard him fpeak;
he had a p'reat Fluency in fpeaking, and a gracefJ
Elocution, that would have pleafed in any Partoi|
the World. His Ferfon was tall and well made,!
and his Features, to my thinking, refembled muchthl
Buftos of Cicero. I fhall give an Account of thefel
NegQliations from Decancfora^s Mouth, bccaufe iiJ
Katrr.doii ;inreec in the main with the Account th{|
FrcHch give of them., and carries along with it asl
ftrong tvider-ces of Truth, as thatof thei'V^/^f/'do:
but the ^hicf Reafon is, that I intend to give thtl
Reader 3'i per fed a Notion as I can of the InkfX
Genius ; nnd here it will appear, what Art D(ccm\
for a had, to make an ]^ ^count of an Affair lefs difl
agreeable to Evgliflj Earb, which had been undcrJ

taker.!

art II. Five Ik^dian Nations, &c. 157

ken agahift their Advice, and contrary to their In- Chap,

reft. ^•

Vecanefora fpoke to Major Schuyler (i^dder) and ^^^y^^

e Miigiftrates of yf/^^«y, the fecond of February
693-4 as follows.

*' ^roth^r Cay engu! rago *, we are come to acquaint

you, that our Children the Oneydoes having of
' themfelves fent a MelTenger to Canada^ he has
'• brought back with him a Belt of Peace from the
' Governor of Canada.

" As foon as Tariha (the Meffenger) arrived at

* Canada^ he was afked, where the fix hundred
< Men were that were to attack Canada^ as they
' had been informed by Cariokefe a Mohawk De-
' ferter ? He aflured them there was no fuch De-
Tign.

*' He was carried to ^ebeck^ where he delivered

' his Belt, with the following Propofitions. Onondio,

j«' if you would have Peace go to Albany^ and afk

' it there, for the Five Nations will do nothing

• without Cayengtiirago. The Governor of Canada

*' was angry at this, and faid, he had nothing to do .
*' with the Governor of New- Tor k, he would treat
" only with the Five Nations ; the Peace between
the Chriftians miift be made on the other Side
the great Lake. He addtd, he was forry to fee
the Five Nations fo far degenerated, as to take a
" fixth Nation into their Chain, to rule over them.
If you had defircd me to come and treat in any
of your Cirtlcs, I would have done it •, but to tcli
nie I mud go to Albany^ is to deftre of me what
" I can by no Means do. You have done very ill,
*' to fuffcr the People of Nw-Tbrk to govern you
" fo far, that you dare do nothing without their
" Confent. I advife you to fend two of each Na-
" tion to mc, and let Dscane/ora be one of them.

((

* Wiien the AiT;iir of which tliey fpea': concerns the Govern-
ment ot Atiu}Zrk, the ///c//'7>?i alway^i aJdrels themielvcs to the

fiovcrnor, uhvtr.cr lie be piuientor not.

((

li; >)

iss

Chap."

"Hil

lis

.-— w' t;

((

^e History of the

I have Orders from the King my Mafter to grant
you Peace, if you come in your proper PerfoKs^
to ask it. The Governor of Canada afterwards
faid,

" Children of the Five Nations, I have CompafJ
*' flon for your little Children, therefore corns
" fpeedily, and fpeak of Peace to me, otherwifJ
*' Pll ftop my Ears for the future : By all Means let
" Becanefora come ; for if the Mohawks come alone,
" I will not hear them, fome of all the Five Natmi
" muft come. Now Tariba return home, andtei!
" the Five Nations, that I will wait for their comins
** till the Trees bud, and the Bark can be parted
" from the Trees. I defign for Fmnce in the|
" Spring, and I leave a Gentleman to command here,
to whom I have given Orders to raife Scldiers, if I
you do not come in that Time, and then what
" will become of you ? I am truly grieviidtofee
the Five Nations fo debauched and deceived by
Cayenguirago, who is lately come to New-TorliA
*' and by ^ider. Formerly the chief Men of the
Five Nations ufed to converfe with me ; but this
governor of New-Tork has fo deluded you, that
you hearken to none but him ; but take Carei
of what will follow, if you hearken to none but'
" him. "

Then Decanefora excufed the not fending the Let-
ters to Albatiy, which came by Tariha, as they had
promifed, faying, the other Nations trufted this to
the Oneydoes, becaufe the MefTenger was to return
to them, and the Oneydoes deceived the others. He
likewife excufed their not coming to Albany as fooii
as Tariha returned, which was in November. He
fr.id the chief Sachem of the Ouondagas^ who was
entrufted (as their Speaker) by the Five Nilm
with their general Affairs, by the general Council
of Onondaga, had a fore Leg, and cculd not travel *.

* 1 hi^, in the Indian Idiom, fgnifes a tiifiing Exciife ciH
unwilling Pcrfon.

That

((

«ll

Part II. Five Indian Nations, G?r. 159

That in fuch Cafe he {Decamfora) did all that wasCn a p.
I in his Power, that is, he called a Council at Onondaga^
I to give Direftions in this Affair ; and that he invited
I ^ider to this Council. He continued,

" The four Nations that met there refolved to
" fend Deputies to Canada^ and that I Decanefora was
*' to be one of them ; but at the fame Time ordered
" me, with fome others, to communicate the Re-
!" folutions of the General Council to our Brethren
" at Albany, and to the Mohawks, to be farther
" advifed by them.

" The Refolutions are, to fend three Belts to
" the Governor of Canada, with the following Pro-
j" pofitions.

*' I. Onondio, you have fent for me often, and
" as often a(ked, why I am afraid to come ? The
" great Kettle of War that yon, have hung over the
" Fire is the Reafon of it. Then laying down the
» firft Belt, I am to a(k his Confent to the other
" two Belts which I ftill keep in my Hand.

** II. We now not only throw down the Kettle,
«' and thereby throw the boiling Water out of it, but
" likcwife break it to Pieces, that it may never be
" hanged up again by this fecond Belt.

" III. Hearken, Onondio, you are fent from the
" French King, your Matter, as Cayenguirago is
" from the great King and Queen of England.
What I am now about to fpeak to you, is by In
fpiration from the great God of Heaven. You fay
that you will have nothing to do with our Bre-
thren of Cayenguirago, but I muft tell you, that
we are infeparable, we can have no Peace with
you fo long as you are at War with them •, we
muft ftand and fall with them ; which I am to
confirm, by laying down the third Belt.

(.i

((

j|iii

'! -i

" When this was concluded the Jefuit Milct,
" and another Fr.Kib Gentleman (w!io had been

taken

i6o

ne History of the

i«

Ch a p. " taken Prifoner, and was taken into the Place of |
X. « the chief Sachem of Onondaga^ formerly loft in
the Wttf, and thereby bjcame a Sachem) de-
*' lired Leave to add two Belts to the other three.
By their being Sachems they had a Vote in the
General Council, and a Right to propofe any
Thing. They wrote and read to us the Pur-
ports of their Belts, and we have brought their
Papers with us, to fhew to our Brethren."
To fhew the Neceflity they were under of ma-
king Peace, fpeedily he added :

" That two Women, who were Prifoners at Ck-
*' nada^ had made their Efcape, on Purpofe to in-
*' form them that the French were making great
*' Preparations of Battoes, and other Neceflaries for
an Expedition ; one faid, fhehad informed one of
the Sachems of the Praying Indians of her Defign,
who fent an Indian with her to advife the Fii'd Na-
tions, to prevent the great Danger they were
threatened with by a fpeedyConclufion of thePeace;
and added, that they had fent one of their People
back with this Praying Indian, to aflure them that
Deputies would certainly go to Canada m the
Spring to treat of Peace." I make no Doubr,
this was only an Article to haften the Five Nati-
ons to conclude the Peace, left the Englijh, if it
were delayed, fhould find Means to prevent it.
Then he fhewed the Flag which the Governor of
Canada fent them to be carried by their Deputies,
that the French might know them. Upon theie
Refolutions being taken, the Five Nations recalled
fix hundred Men, that they had placed along Cada-
rackiii River, to intercept the Frencb, as they pafled
to and from Miffilimakinak.

The Jefuit*s Papers being read to them, feveral
Things were found in them which he had not read
to the General Council. To this Decanefcra an-
fvvered ; " We know that the Pricft favours his
*' own Nation, and deceives us in many Things;

*' but

<i:

((

«c

((

Part II. Five Indian Nations, G?r. i6i

" buf it is not in his Power to alter our AffedblonCH a p.
" to our Brethren, we wifti you would bury all X.
" Mifunderftandings that you have conceived on^-'''V^^
** his Account ; and we likewife wifli you gave
" lefs Credit to the Rum-Carriers than you do.*'
Here we fee, by this Appellation, what a con-
temptible Chara<5ler the Traders have among the In-
dianSy and yet the Government of I^ew-l^ork has al-
moft perpetually trufted the Management of the /«-
dian Affairs to thefe Traders.

Decojtefora ended his Conference as follows :
" The Governor of Canada's Words, and the Re-
folutions of the four Nations are now before you,
confult therefore what is to be done, and if it be
I" necelTary for the Brethren to go to our Caftles to
' advife us farther, be not unwilling •, and then he
' laid down a large Belt eleven Rows deep, and fe-
ven Fathom of W i.mpum."
The next Day Major Schuyler told them that he
ould confent to no Treaty with the French \ but
ropofed to them to meet the Governor here in fe-
enty Days, and that Decanefora in particular ihould
eturn at that Time, and gave a Belt.
They agreed to meet the Governor at that Time ;
But as tor myfelf (fays D'canefora) I cannot pro-
mife *, I am now the Minifter of the General
Council, and cannot difpofe of myfelf, but by
their Diredlions ; if they order me, I fl'?ll wil-
lingly return. We did not exped: to hear fuch
pofitive Prohibition of keeping any Correfpon-
dence with the French \ feventy Days muft pais
before we meet again, if any Mifchief be done
by the Enemy mi that Time, let us not blame
one another. Confider again what is moft for the
publick Good, and let it be fpoken before we
part, and laid down a large Belt of fourteen
deep,"

.11

Major

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C»^p. Major Sch^ler then aiked them again, whcj

X. jthcr they proraifed to ftop all Correfpondence

*^V^«^ with the French, eithsr by the Jefuit or otherwii«,|

•for feventy Days, and till they (hall have his Esj

cellency the Governor's Anfwer.

Decanefora anf\yered to this, " I have no Auth^j
'• rity to anfwer this Queftion. I (hall lay the Bel:j
^' down in every one of the Caftles, and tell, thail
" by it all Correfpondence is defired to ftop mm
•* the French ; but I cannot promife that this wi'f
•• be complied with.'*

Major Schuyler on the fixth called the IvSam i\
gain together : He advifed them not to fubmit t(^
nor truft fuch a perfidious Nation as the French ar
■^ho have upon all Occafions proved thcmfelv
fuch. jBe not difcouraged, (fays he, giving a BeJ!]
Heaven begins again to favour us. This Day tl"ij
Forerunners of the Shawonons are come to Town
, fcven Nations are on their March following then

pnc Thoufand in Number, including Men, ^Vj
men and Children, as you may learn from t: j
own Mouths. Take Courage, and be not afra.'
giving five Fathom of Wampum. This feemcc
lucky Incident, and accordingly it had more InJiuj
^nce than all other Argun.ents together.

Becanefora, the next Day, called the Magiftrat^
together, and told them, you have at laft fhuti
the Way to Canada^ but we have one Thing to i

, after mature Deliberation, which we exped ««
not be refufed us. Major Schuyler aflured tha

: that every Thing {hould be granted, wliidi wj
(either for their Safety or Honour. We defij

: then, faid he, that you fend a Meflenger a!oi|
with ours to the Praying htdians at Canada,

. tell them that the Prieft is falfe ; that we are

. meet Caycnguirago in the Spring, and therefore cai
not go to Camida at that Time j and that a furd
Ceffation of Arms be agreed to, till fuch Timd

Thel
gers of
CathoiicI
by the y.
at ^/hm

They
Canada \x
pe(5t by

Cayen^uir
other Iffd
of y^pril
greed.

If the
propofe
into our
fecures it

The/
the Hate
they cxp
that the
down at

Thefe
Praying

ceive the

• Indians i\

fubmit to
; French v\

1 thcmfelvfl
riving a Beltl
'his Day thj
it to 1o^
owing their
r Men, ^Vo
li from t:;;^
)e not afiiJ

'his feemcci
more InfiJ

Part II. ' Five Indian Nations, C^c, 163

we can go. We deilre at lead, that if you will not C h a f.
fend a Meflenger, that you put the Meflage in X.
Writing, as a Token of your Aflent to it. This V^V^'
laft was agreed to, and the Meflage was put in
Writing in the following Words, and tranflated in-
to Fremh,

The Difpatch of three Belts, which two Meflen-
gers of the Five Nations carry to the Caraguifts and
Catholick Indians^ according to what was refolved

by the Jgayandres or Sachems of the Five Nations^
zX Albany y /'l?/'r««ry the ninth 1694.

Firji Belt.
The A^ayandres of the Five Nations cannot go to
Cnncda in the Spring, as they gave Reafon to ex-
ped by the laft MelTage from Onondaga^ becaufe
Cnyenguirago has called all the Five Nattcn':^ and
other Indians^ to meet him at Albany^ in the Month
of April next, to which the Five Nations have a-
greed.

Second Belt,
If the Caraguifts^ or French^ have any Thing to
propofe to the Five Nations^ they may fafely come
into our Country. This Belt opens the Path, and
fecures it to them both coming and going.

Third Belt.
The Five Nations^ and their Friends, lay down
the Hatchet till they (hall have an Anfwer, which
they expeft in forty Days. Provided neverthelefs,
that the Caraguifts and French tye their Platchcts
down at thf; fame Time.

Thefe Belts were accordingly prcfcnted to the
Praying Indians oi .Cahnuagn^ who refufed to re-
ceive them but in the Prcfence of Mr. de Callieres,

M 2 Governor

i i

164 The HisroKV of the

Ch A P. Governor oF Montreal. Mr. de Callieres acqualnt-
X- ed the Count de Frontenac with the Contents. Af.
''ter which the Prayhig Indians, m Prefence of Mr.
de Callieres^ gave the following Anfwer.

. <^

If-

4C
((
t(
iC
<l
CC

cc
cc

We will have no Correfpondence with the
Five Nations^ but by Order of the Governor of
Canada our Father, and unlefs Dccane/ora, and
the other Deputies, come before the Feaft of
St. John, the Way will be (hut up for ever after,
and our Father's Ears will be ftopt. We how-
ever aflurc you, that if the Deputies come in
that Time the Path fnall be fafe both coming
and going."

Whether the Accounts given of the coming of
the Shawonons was only an Amufement, or whe-
ther they were diverted on their March, I know
not, for I find no farther Account of them in the
Regifter of the Indian Affairs : However it was, the
Impreflion, made on the Indirns by that Newp,
was not fufficient to withftand the Force of the re-
folute Anfwer their Meflenger received from the
Praying Indians. Decant for a and the other Depu-
ties went early in the Spring to Canada •, the other
Sachems met Colonel Fletcher at AIbari\. the fourth
of May 1 694. I'he Indians fpoke fiift by Saddi-
Hiihiie^ an Oncndciga Sachem^ as follows :

" Brother Caycngulrago,

*' Some of our Sachems agreed lad: Winter that
** we (hould keep no Correfpondence with the
" French i we confefs that we have broke that Pro-
*' mife, and that we have received a MelTenger
** from Canada, and have fent our Deputies like-
** wife thither. The Belt is not yet arriveci, by
»* which we are to acknowledge our Fault in doing
a *' this.

part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 165

«* this. The Reafon of our doing it is truly this, Ch a p.
" we are afraid of the Enemy. X.

" When a Meflenger came laft Year from Canada
" to Onondaga^ our Brother Cayenguiri^o difcharged
" our Meeting in General Council at Onondaga^ to
** confult on that Meflage, and ordered us to hold
" our General Council here at Albany on that Af-
" fair. The Privilege of meeting in General Coun-
" cil, when we pleafe, is a Privilege we always
*' have enjoyed •, no former Governor, of the Name
" of Cor/ear^ ever obftruiflcd this Privilege. We
" planted a Tree of Peace in this Place with them,
" its Roots and Branches extend as far as yirginia
'' and New-England^ and we have repofed with
" Pleafure under its Shade. Brother, let us keep
'* to that firft Tree, and let us be united and u-
" nanimous •, fuch Prohibition of our AfTemblies
" will be of ill Confequence, and occafion DifFe-
" renccs between us.

" We acknowledge, I fay, our fending Agents
" to Canada for Peace, we were incouraged in do-
" ing this, by the Knowledge we ha\'e of the Go-
" vernor of Canada. He is an old Man, and was
" formerly Governor of that Place. He was always
" efteemed a wife peaceable Man, and therefore
" we truft our Meflage will have a good Ifllie. We
" did not take it amifs that you fent to the Dev:a-
" gunhas^ nor that Arnout was (cnt to the Satn-
" m/.<, both of them our Enemies ; and, for the
" fame Reafon, our Brother Cnycn^n/yngo ought
" not to be difpleafed with our fending to the b'reuch
" for Peace.

" We, OnonddgaSy acknowledge ourfelves to
" have been the chief Promoters of this MelTage,
" we have fent in all nine Sachems with nine B-lts.
" It is true we are now under much Uneafinefs in
" having truiled fo many Sachems in the French

M 3 " Hands

t ■

1 1

■

( T •

i(, J.

. I'*.

i66 7%elitBr6t^ of the '

Ch A <».** Hands, being almoft half the Number we have
X. " in our Nation, but wc were in hafte to prevent
the Defigns the French had again ft our Countries
*' and yours, by the great warlike Preparations they
** were making in Canada.^*

Then he told all the Orders and Direftions which
their Ambafladors had received •, which agreeing
with the Account which Decanafora gave of his
Negotiation, I (hall here pafs over. He finiftied
all by giving a Belt.

Colonel Fletcher told them, he would give no An-
fwer to what they had faid, before they difcoveredto
him what Realbn they had to fay, that he had for-
bid their holding any Aflembly at Onondaga, and
that he had made Peace with the Dewagunhas and
Satanas, without their Confent and Concurrence.

To this the Speaker the next Day anfWered j "I
" was fick, and abfent when the Affairs you men-
*' tion were tranfadled, and I was at a Lofs how to I
'* excufe our fending to the French contrary to your I
** Advice i but feveral Sachems being arrived fince
** I fpokc, I have been better informed by them,
*' who were prefent at thofe Tranfadtioni. We find |
if, in every Circumftance, as our Brother Cam-
'« guirago fays -, that you did not obftrudl our keep-
ing General Councils at Onondaga, but only cau-
" tioned us in hearkening to the F*allacies of the |
*' French, and in holding Meetings on that Occa-
*' fion. We aflure you we will never feparate fromj
" you, we ftill have one Head, one Blood, one Soul,
«' and one Heart with you j and as a Confirmation |
of this I give this Belt feven deep.
" As to the Dewngunhas and Shatvonons, we arc I
confAtnt Cayenguirago will not admit them into
'* his Government, till they have made Peace with
*' us, which we (hall willingly grant. When our
'* Enemies are humbled, and beg Peace, why fhouldj
2, »* they

Part II. Fiv6 IndiaiJ NAtiON^, ^r. ifrf

" they not hive it ? Let them come and live with C H A p*
*< us, it will ftrengthen our Country. X,

" Brother Cfryenguirago^ when the Chriftians firft
*' arrived in this Country, we reteived them kind-
*< ly. When they were but a fmall People, we en-
'* tered into a League with them, to guard them
*' from all Enemies whatfoever. We were fo fot>d
'* of their Society, that we tied the great Canoe
" which brought them, not with a Rope made of
" Bark to a Tree, but with a ftrong h-on Chain
♦* fattened to a great Mountain. Now before the
" Chriftians arrived, the General Council of th6
" Five Nations was held at OnondAga^ ^here there
" has, from the Beginning, a continual Fire been
" kept burning j it is made of t^^o great Logs,
'' whofe Fire never extinguifhes. As foon as th^
" Hatchet-makers (their general Name for Chrifti-
" ans) arrived, this General Council at Ononddgd
" planted this Tree at Aiban}\ Whofe Roots and
" Branches have fince fpread as far as New-Eng-
" land^ Comje£licut^ Penjilvania^ Maryland and Vir-
" ginia \ and under the Shade of this Tree all thef6
" Englijh Colonies have frequently been fheltcrtd.
" Then (giving (tw^n Fathom of Wampurri) he re-
*' newed the Chain, and promifed, as they likewife
" expeded, mutual Afliftancc, in Cafe of any At-
" tack from any Enemy.
'' The onlyReafon, tobe plain with you, continu-
ed he, of our fending to make Peace withtheir^/ff^,
is the low Condition to which we are reduced, whil^'
" none of our Neighbours fend us the leaf! AfTi'ft-
" ance, fo that the whole Burthen of the War lyes
" on us alone. Our Brethren of A^ew- England, Con-
" neSJicul, Pcnjihanin^ Mary! mid and Virginia, of
" their own accord thruft their Arms into ou^
" Chain ; but fince the War began we have recciv-
" ed no AflUlance from them. We alone cannot

M 4 *' continue

<.<.

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i.
V

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1 68 lie History of the

Qha p. '* continue the War againft the French^ by Reafon of
^- " the Recruits they daily receive from the other Side
^^OT^ " the great Lake.

" Brother Cayenguirago, fpeak from your Heart,
*' are you refolved to profecute the War vigoroufly
*' againft the French^ and are your Neighbours of
" Virginia^ Maryland^ Penfilvania^ Conne5ficut and
*' New-England^ re/olved to aflift us ? If it be
•' fo, we aflure you, notwithftanding any Trca-
*' ty hitherto entered into, we will profecute the
*' War as hotly as ever. But if our Neighbours
" will not aflift, we muft make Peace, and we fub-
mit it to your Confideration, by giving this great
Belt fifteen deep.

" Brother Cayenguirago, I have truly told you the

*' Reafons which have induced us to offer Peace to

" the French ; we /hall like wife, from the Bottom

" of our Heart? "iform you of the Defign we

*' have in this 1 y. When the Governor of

" Canada ftiall have accepted the nine Belts, of which

" I have juft now told you, then we ftiall have

" fomething more to fay by two large Belts, which

•« lye ftill hid in our Bofom. We ftiall lay down

'* firft one and fay, We have a Brother Cayenguira-

" ^^, with whofe People we have been united in

*' one Chain from the Beginning, they muft be in-

*' eluded in this Treaty ; we cannot fee them in-

** volved in bloody War, while we fit in eafy Peace.

** If the Governor of Canada anfwer, that he has

** made a feparate Peace with us, and that he can-

<* not make any Peace with Cayenguirago^ becaufe

" the War is from over the great Lake ; then we

" ftiall lay down the fecond great broad Belt, and

•• tell the Governor of Canada^ if you will not in-

" elude Cayenguiragd*s Pnple, the Treaty will be-

** come thereby void, as if it had never been

" made \ and if he perfifts, we will abfolutely leave

** him."

While

Part II. FtvE Indian Nations, &c. 169

While the Sachems were at Albany^ Decanefora Ch a r,
and the (Jth^r Ambafl*adors arrived at the Caftle of X.
the Pra^iug Indians, near the Falls fibove Mo n 'real.
They were conducted from thence, by the Superi-
or of the Jefuits, to ^iebe(k. They had their Au-
dience of the Governor of Crnada with great So-
lemnity, in the Prefence of ail the Ecclefiafticks and
Officers of Diftinifliop, and of the moll conlidera-
ble Indians then in the Place. They were every
Day, while they ftaid in the Place, entertained at
the Governor's Table, or at the Tables of the moft
confiderable Officers. Decam'fora on his Side made
a good Appearance, being cloathed in Scarlet trim'd
with Gold, and with a laced Bever Hat on his
I Head, which had been given him by Colonel Fkich*
\ir before he went.

The Jefuit Milet had by Letter informed the Go-
jvernor of every Thing in their Commilficn, and
though he was thereby enabled to have aufwercd
them immediately, he confulted three Davs, after
I the Ambafladors had delivered what they had to
[fay, before he would return an Anfwer, that it
might appear with more Solemnity. The r-Jians
I never return a fudden Anfwer on any Occafion oi
Importance, however relolved they be beforehand,
I and defpife thofe that do, though their Anfwer be
■ever fo much to the Purpofe. I choofe to give an
Account of this from Dccanafora'^s Mouth, as I did
lot the former, and for the fame Ren fon. The Ac-
count given of it by the India):s agrees, in all the
I material Points, with that publilhed by the French^
[and I am confident it is not lefs genuine.

Colonel Fletcher being fenfible of what Confe-
Iquence this Treaty between the French and Five
XiUions might be of to all the F.vgUJh Colonies,
kave them Notice of it, and informed them of the
[Kjafons which had induced the Indians to enter in-
to

II.

■i

•I

i^o The itisroKY of the

Chap. to It. He told them, there was no PoHibillty of
X. preventing it, but by the Indians being afTured of
more cfFe(5lual Affiftance, than they had hitherto
received, and advifed them to fend Commiiiioners
for that Purpofe to JIhany in Au^ttjl, at which Time
he intended to meet the Five Nations there, after
the Return of their Meffengers from Canada. Ac
cordingly, Andrruu Hamilton, Efqi Governor of
NeW'JerJfey, Colonel John Pincbon, Samuel Sands,
Efq; and Major Pen Town/end, Commiiiioners from
Majfachufet* s Bay^ and Colonel John Hauley and Cap-
tain Stanley, Commiflioners from Connediicut, wait-
ed on Colonel Fletcher at Aibany, who carried
with him likewife a Part of the Council of Nsv}-
lork.

Thefe Gentlemen having met the Indians at Ah-
ny the fifteenth of Augufi, Decanefora rofc up firft,
and defired Leave to (ing a Song or two of Peace,
before they began on Bufinefs. Then Rode^ a Mo-
hawk Sachem, rofe up, and addrefling himfelf to the
other Sachems, faid, we have great Reafon to rejoice,
feeing fo many of thofe, who are in our Chain, are
now me% to confult together on the general Wealj af-
ter which they fang two or three Songs.

Sadakanahtie being chofen Speaker for that Day,
rofe up, fpoke much to the fame Purpofe as he had
done to Colonel Fletcher in M?y laft •, giving a me-
taphoi'cal Account of their League with the Eni-
lijhj how it began, and by what Steps it had been
inlarged and ftrengthened ; how the other Colonies
had thruft their Arms into this Chain, but had giv-
en little or no Alfiftance againft the common Ene-
my. " Our Brother Caycfiguiragd's Arms (fays he)
" and ours are (liff, and tired with holding faft the
Chain, whilfl our Neighbours fit ftill and fmoak
at their Eafe. The Fat is melted from our Flelh,
and fallen on our Neighbours, who grow hi

»« while

((

Part IF. Five Ikdian Nations, &c, 171

** while we grow lean : They flourifh while we de- Chap.
" cay. X.

" This Chain made us the Envy of the French^
" and if all had held it as faft as Ovfenguirogo, it
" would have been a Terror alfo. If we would
*< all heartily join and take the Hatchet in our
'* Hand, our common Enemy would foon be de^
" ftroyed, and we fhould for ever after live in Peace
" and Eafe. Do you but your Parts^ and Thuhdef
itfeif cannot break our Chain."
Then he mentioned fome Jealoufies they had en*
terrained of New-England^ by their fuffering the
Chevalier UO to efcape to Canada^ which they fuf-
pedled had been concerted between him and the
People of New-England, in Orde- to treat b( Peace.
" Our Agents, faid he, faw the Chevalier D'O at
'• Canada^ who told them that he haid been fet at
" Liberty by the Engli/h^ and that it was in vaJh
" that the Five Nations warred againft flie French^
" while the Englifh favoured them." Oh this Oc-
cafion he (hewed them a Fifh painted on Paper,
which the Commiffioners of New- England had giveii
them, when they firft entered into the Chah>, as it
Seal to the League.

He finiftied by telling them, that thtfy would next
Day give all the Particulars of their Negotiation in
Qanoda.

The next Day Bccamfora proceeded to the Ac^
count of his Negotiation, as follows : " The Go^
*• vernor of Canada having often fcnt to us to come
to Canada to treat with him, we went thither,
and told him that we were come to treat of Pcice.
We made the following Propofals.
*' Father, if we do not conclude a Peace now,
it will be your Fault •, for we have already taken
the Hatchet out of the Hand« of the River Indi-
ans {HudJon*s River) whom we incited to the

" War«

((

* !!

!hi

172 The History of tbe

Chap." War. But we muft tell you, that you are anili,
Man, you arc inconftant and not to be trufted
we have had War together a long Time, and]

*» though you occafioned the War, we never hatei

♦' the Houfe of Oghejj'a^ (a Gentleman living a:

** Montreal) let him undertake the toilfome Jou'-I
ncy to Onondnga \ for if he will he fhall be wsl-
come.

** Father, we are now fpeaking of Peace, anil
therefore I muft fpeak a Word to the Prayi>tg ln\

*' dians^ and firft to thofe of Cahnaaga (chiefly il/j.

" hawks) you know our Cuftoms and Manners,!

•* therefore make Otiotidio acquainted therewith, and'
be aflifting in the profecuting of this good Work.
Then to the other Caftle, called Canajjadaia;
(chiefly Onondagtis ) you are worfe than the Frmh

•' themfelves, you deferted from us, and fide with
our Enemies to deftroy us ; make fome amends
now, by forwarding Peace.
*' You have almoft eat us up, our beft Men are
killed in this bloody War ; but we now forget
what is paft. Before this we once threw the
Hatchet into the River of Kaihohage* but you
fifhed it up, and treacheroufly furpriled our Peo-
ple at Cadarackui. After this you fent to us to

" have our Prifoners reftored ; then the Hatchet
was thrown up to the Sky, but you kept a String
faftened to tht Helve, and pulled it down, and
fell upon our People again. This we revenged
to fome Purpofe, by the DeftruAion of your Peo-
ple and Houfcs in the Ifland of Montreal.
" Now we are come to cover the Blood from our
Sight, which has been (hed by both Sides during
this long War,

((

«(

((

«c

«(

* The French call it la Famine, rear O^fxvego, The Treaty
with Mr, (it la Bar was made iherc,

« Omn-

s ■».

,. . } -^l

^artll. Five Indian Nations, 6?^. ., 173

" Ofiondio, we have been at War a long Time, we C h a p.
" now give you a Medicine to drive away aU ill
»' Thoughts from your Heart, to purge it and make
I*' it clean, and reft ore it to its former State.

« Onondio^ we will not permit any Settlement at
I" Cadarackiii •, you have had your Fire there thrice
I" extinguiftied •, we will not confent to your re-
I" building that Fort, but the PafTage through the
|« River mall be free and clear. We make the Sun
|« clean, and drive away all Clouds and Darknefs,
" that we may fee the Light without Interrupti-
■»' on.

" Onondio^ we have taken many Prifoners from
M one another, during the War. The Prifoners we

took have been delivered, according to our Cuf-

tom, to the Families that have loft any in the
f' War. They no longer belong to the Publick,

they may give them back if they pleafe, your

People may do the fame. We have brought
' back two Prifoners, and reftore them to you.
" After I had finiftied what I had to fay, continued he,
V the Governor of CatirJa told me, that he would
r not make Peace with Cujen^uircgo . To this I anfwer-
y ed, thefe Words difplcafe me much, you fliall
r keep Peace with him. Oncndio faid again, I muft
y fight with Cciycn^uira^o^ it is not in my Power to
I' make Peace j this can only be done by my Ma-
r fter, who lives over the great Water. To this I
I' replied, I cannot bear this Difrourfe j if you
[' ftiould fiu;ht h'm now, and not ftay till I get
I' Home, all the Country will look on me as a Tray-
r tor; I can treat with you no longer. The Argu-
r ment on this Subjedb lafted three Days, at laft the
I' Governor o^ Canada alTared me, that he would not
j' undertake any Enterprize againrt Cawfiguirago
f this Summer, but would wait to hear what he

wou'd fay.

((

The

'CMip^' f

} !

it -I

! H

174 lie HisTOKY of the

Chap. " The Governor of Canada infifted three Day^ tol
X. »« have Hoftages left, which I refufed, but two j.
^^ greeing of their own accord to ftay, they wen
'^i left, viz. one an Onondap^ another a Seneka. l
" Then the Governor of Canada made the foljowj
*^ ing publick Anfwer :

*' I. I accept of Peace as you offer.

*' II. Son, bring all the Prifoners back that ^..
*f have taken from me. and yours (hall have Libcr.|
♦' iy to return Home, if they pleafe.

^^ III. Children, ereft my Fire again at Cak\
" rackui, and plant there the Tree or Peace.

" After this the Governor of Canada delivers
*^ me a Belt, which I now lay down before you;
** by it he faid, defire Cayen^uirago to fend a wifj
** Man to me, and he fli^ll have Protedicn accordj
** ing to the Cuftom of Chriftians •, and added,

" Children of the Five Nations^ if Cayengmd
*' (hall employ you to do any Service for him, dJ
^» not accept of it, let him fend his own People.]
Dicanefora addtd^ that the Governor of C^^^r^u^ hi
fixed eighty Days for a Return to this Belt.

He continued and faid, " The Sachems ofth
*' Dionondadies were prefent ; after I had fin
*' my Speech, they faid ; May what you have nc^
*' faid be from your Ffearts *, we fufpedl you are ncj
*' fincere ; let us no longer feel 'he Smart of tM
^' Hatchet, and gave this Belt which I now
*' down.

*•• The Praying Indians next faid, Breth'J
*' our Father Onondio has told you to bring Hora!|
♦* all the Prifoners, do not fail in this ; giving tA
*♦ Belts.

*' Brother Cayenguirago^ you will find what I havi
'• now faid confirmed by this Paper, which the "

Part II. FivjE lapiA^ Na? I9WS, &c. i^y

»* yernor of Panada ^ave me. I brought Letters C if a p.
»' iikewife for the Jefuit Milet, who was to read the ' x!
** Paper to us." The Paper contained the Articles
in French, in which the Governor of Can^^a was
willing to mate Peace.

But befides what Decanofgra here tells, the French
Accounts fay, that he brought two Belts pnder-
grofind (that is priv4tely) from three Onmdagck S^-
cbetjis, to afllire th^e Governor of Canada of t}ieir
particular AfFeftion, which the Governor of Canada
anfwered, by a private Belt to them.

As foon as Decanefora had done fpeaking, Colonel
Fletcher rejcdled the Belt f^nt by the Governor of
Canada, faying -, If the Governor of Canada have
any Thing to fay to me, let him fend fpme of
his People to Albarr^', and they fhall have Protedli-
on.

Next Day Sfuiekanahtie, after he had fung a long
Song, gave the following Account of their Negotia-
tions with the Doi:)agutihas and Dionondadies, which
they had undertaken by the Governor's Advice.

" We were afraid, fays he, to fend Meflengers
" of our own I'cople, and therefore we employed
" two Prifotiers we Iiad of the Dionondadies with
" the Governor^, B^lt. Some time after this, fome
" of the ScK'i'his lumting near the Dionondacvies^ two
" of them were taken ; but when they were car-
" ri^d to the BtGnGHuiuiie Caftle, they were not
" treated like Prifoners ; they were ufed kind-
*' ly, and ftnt back with the following Offers of
** Peace.

" We are gL:J to fee you Face to Face to fpeak
" to you, ^m\:<^ the Sun has been io propitious to
" fend home the Men that were Prifoners with you,
" giving a tc^^r Strings of Wampum.

*' We are glad of this Opportunity to tell you,
*' that we have been both drunk in making War on

'* one

'\f'

i
i

^4i

ill

». Jt ,

"^ a

Ic.

176 ne History of the

Chap." one another ; we now give you a Cordial to eafc
X. «< your Hearts, that there be no longer War between
us, by this Belt.

" We are glad that you have fet the Doors open
as far as Cayenguirago's Houfe, that we may free-
ly go thither. Carry him this fecond Belt.
" Brethren, we thank you for having prepared a
*' Place for us at your General Council of Onondaga,
*« Our Country is every where free to you to treat
*» with us, by this third Belt.

" Brethren, our whole Country rejoiced when
*' you invited us into your Country, and from
•' thence to go where Ca^enguirago dwells ; be not
*' afraid to come to our Country, you fliall meet
** with no Moleftation.

" Brethren, we thank you for putting us in
*• Mind of what was formerly agreed to, viz. that
when any ill Accident happens, we were to meet
together to compofe Matters, and not to revenge
it with War. We are now together to put
an End to all Mifunderftanding, by this fourth
« Belt.

** Brethren, (we include all the Nations from the
*' Scmkas Country to New-Iork in this Name)
*' hearken to us. We rend the Clouds afunder,
*' and drive away all Darknefs from the Heavens,
** that the Sun of Peace may (bine with Brightnefs
" over us all ; giving a Sun of a round red polifh-
*' ed Stone.

•* Brethren, we put the Hatchet into the Hands
" of the Chightaghies , Twithtivies^ and Odfirachies^
*' to war againft you ; but we fhall in three Days
*' go to thefe Nations and take the Hatchet out of
*' their Hands ; giving half a Stone Pipe.

** You Senekas are ftupid Creatures, we mud
** therefore warn you not to hunt fo far from your
" Caftles, left you be hurt by any of thefe three

♦« Nations

«(

«c

1 to eafc
between

orsopcn
lay free-
st.

repareda

)nondaga,

to treat

id when
nd from
i be not
lall meet

ig us in
viz. that
I to meet
\ revenge
to put
lis fourth

from the
Name)

afunder,
i^eavens,

rightnefs
d poliih-

le Hands
IfirachieSj
ee Days
et out of

mud
om your
;fe three
Nations

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 177

" Nations, and then blame us. They then gaveCHAP.
" the other half of the Pipe. X.

" But Brother Cayenguirago^ fays Sadakahnitie, do
** not fufFer thefe Nations to come nearer than the
«* Senekas Country, left they difcover our Wealc-
" nefs, and to what a low Condition the War has
«* reduced us. Thefe Nations have been fo long
" in Friendfhip with the French, and are fo much
*' under their Influence, that we cannot truftthem
*' yet, or be too much upon our Guard againft
" them." - ■ ,

Colonel Fletcher not being able to give the Five
Nations any AfTurance of a vigorous AHiftance, he
called the principal Sachems to a private Conference
on the twentieth. He afked them, whether they
had made Peace with the Governor of Canada \ they
anfwered, that it only wanted his Approbation, and
added, that they could no longer carry on the War
without Afliftance. You have the whole Negoti-
ations before you, fay they, and we fubmit it to your
Prudence.

He then allowed them to make Peace, provided they
kept faithful in their Chain with the Englijh \ but cold
them, that as to his Part he could make no Peace with
the Governor of Canada. They were under great Un-
eafinefs to leave their Friends in the War, they faid,
and wiihed, fince neither the Governor of Canada nor
he would receive Propofals by their Hands, that
they might think of fome neutral Place to treat. The
Governor anfwered, that he could neither receive nor
fend any Meffage on that Head •, and that Peace could
be only made between them by the two Kings. .

'i he Governor next a{ked them, whether they
would permit the French to build again at Cada-
rackui •, they anfwered, they would never permit it,
and were refolved to infift on it, in alt the enfuing
Treaties, that he never fhall. Then the Governor

N added,

178 lie HisTCRY »f the

Chap, added, if you permit the French to build any where
X. on that Lake, there will be an End to your Liber-
ty, your Pofterity will become Slaves to the French.
If ever you fhould permit them, I will look on it as
an abfolute Breach of the Chain with us : If the
French attempt it give me Notice, and I will march
the whole Force of my Government to your Affift.
ancc. We (hall find afterwards, however, that the Go-
vernment of NeW'Tork was far from making good
this Promife.

The Governor told them, that they had loft mucli
of their Honour in creeping to the French^ in fuch
an abjed Manner ; for, fays he, the Governor of
Canad^s Paper, which you brought with you, fays,
that you :ame in the moft humble and penitent
Manner, and begged Peace. To which they an-
fwered, the Governor of Canada has no Reafon to
make fuch Reflexions, we have many of his Belts
to (hew, by which he again and again fued to us I
for Peace, before we would hearken to him. But, I
replies the Governor, how came you to call him
Father ? For no other Reafon, they replied, but be- 1
caufe he calls us Children. Thefe Names fignifyl
nothing.

They defired the Governor not to fay any Thing I
particularly Oi Cadarcakui^ in his publick Speech that
he was to make next Day, for they had, they faid,|
foitie among them that would tell all to the Gover-
nor of Canada •, and concluded, with wilhing that|
they had feme one, who could write and reid sH
that the Governor had faid to them, that they I
might not forget any Part of it, when they come
to confult and refoive on this weighty Affair, at their]
General Council at Onondaga.

Here we fee thefe Barbarians, thefe Savages, aj|
we call them, a<5ling with thz greateft regard to the
Treaties they had entered into with their AllicfJ
2 and|

li u

V I

Part II. Five Indian Nations, G?f. ' 179

and thtt at aTime when the Exigences of their own Ch a p.
A/Riirs, and when the fai nt feeble Affiftance, which X.
their Allies had contributed in the common Caufc,
would, among Chriftian Potentates, have been
thought a fufficient Excufe for their taking Care of
themfelves feparately, in breach of the mod folemn
Confederacy they could enter into.

The Saehems of the Five Nations being met at 0-
nondaga^ to confult on the Terms offered by the
French^ they were divided in their Opinions ; the
Cayugas, and Part of the Sejjekas, were moft favo-
rable to the French Propofals ; but the major Part
was abfolutely againft allowing the French to rebuild
a Fort at Cadarackui^ nor would they confent to in-
clude all the French Allies in the Treaty, with fome
of which they had particular Caufes of Anjmpfi-

•'<

ty.

The Party that was moft for Peace obtained Leave
to go to Cfiftada^ to try whether they could obtain
Terms lefs difagreeable. They accordingly went
thither, within the Time prefixed by the Governor
of Canada, for an Anfwer 5 and to make themfelves
more acceptable to the French, they carried thirteen
Prifoners with them, and delivered them up. The
Jefuit Miiei was of this Number, who had been
taken in the Year 1689, and one Jonfcaire, who ha,d
been long a Prifoner among the Senckas: He had
been delivered up to a Family of the Senekas, that
had loft fome confiderable Relation, and was by
them adopted. He ingratiated himfclf ib much with
that Nation, that he was advanced to the Rank of
a Sachem, and preferved their Efteem to the Day of
his Death ; whereby he became, after the general
Peace, very ufeful to the French in all Negotiations
^\t\ix[\t Five Nations, and to this Day they fhew
I their Regard to his Family and Children.

t :

N 2

When

i8o

V >.

* The History of the - -

When the Governor of Canada came to Particu-
lars with thefe Deputies, he could obtain nothing
but ambiguous or dubious Anfwers, as to the re-
building of Cadarackui Fort, and the including of
all the French Allies in the Peace. Whereupon he
difmifled them with Prefents, and made them ma-
ny fair Promifes, in Cafe of their Compliance -, but
threatened them with utter Deftrudion, in Cafe of
their refufing the Terms he had offered. Many of |
the French Indian Allies were prefent, when the Go-
vernor of Canada refufed any Agreement without
his Allies being included in it, and this attached
them exceedingly to the French Intereft. This Re-
gard, which the French generally fhew for the Inte-
reft of their Allies, is a Piece of Policy which, upon
all Occafions, proves ufeful to them ; whereas, the i
Negle<5t of this Piece of natural Juftice has as often i
been prejudicial to others, who have not h?d fo
tender a Senfe of it. But it is not fo eafy for a weak
State to keep up its Honour in fuch Cafes, as itis|
for a powerful Prince.

CHAP. XI.

Hhe War renewed, T^he French repojjefs tbem-l
fehes o/' Cadarackui Fort, and find Meam m
break off the Treaty between the Five Nations!
and Dionoadadies.

TH E Five Nations refufing to come to the|
Governor of Canada's Terms, he refoived to
force them ; and as he fufpedled that they continueJ
obftinate, by the Advice of the Engiijh, and the
Confidence they had of the Englijh Afiiftance, he
thought he would moft effecflually k^^n that Confi-
dence,

XI.

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c, i8i

dence, by attacking and deftroying the remainder of Ch a p.
the Mohawks, who liv'd adjoining to the Englijh Set-
tlements. For this Purpofe he refolved to march,
in the Winter, the whole Force of Canada againft
that Nation ; but one of the Prifoners learning their
Defign, made his Efcape, and informed the Mohawks
of it. This made him alter his Meafures, knowing
well enough, that if the Englifh were prepared to
receive them, fuch an Enterprize would only lead
thofe engaged in it to certain Deftrudion. He then (ent
three hundred Men into the Neck of Land between
lake Erie and Cadarackui Lake, the ufual hunting
Place of the Five Nations, in hopes of furprifing
them while they hunted carelefsly there, and at the
fame Time to view the old French Fort there, to
obferve in what Condition it remained.

This Party met with three or four Men, who de-
fended themfelves obftinately, till they all fell dead
on the Spot. They furprifed likewife a Cabin,
where they took fome Men and Women Prifoners i
and four of them were publickly b Tnt alive at
Montreal. So fai the Count de Frontenac thought it
more proper to imitate the Indians in their mod fa-
vage Cruelties, than to inftrudl them, by his Ex-
ample, in the Compaflion of the Chriftian Doftrine.
A Party of one hundred and fifty of the Five Nati-
ons fell u|f)on the Dewagunhas, in their Way to Ca-
nada^ and entirely routed (hem. Ten Prifoners were
taken, nine of which were burnt alive, in revenge
of the fame Fate the four Men of the Five Nations
had received at Montreal.

This Year alfo fome fculking French Indians mur-
dered fome People near Albany and Schenettady.

The Party fent to view Cadarackui Fort found it
in a better Condition than they expeded, the Indi-
ans having negledled to demoliih and level the Bafti-
onB, and probably they had not Inftruments fufficient to

N c^ do

t \

i9t " TbeWtstour cfihe '•

Chap, do it. The Count de Frsntenae therefore, in the
Summer of the lear 1695, fent a confiderable Body
of Men, both French ahd Indiafts, thither, to repair
the Fortifications, and to cover thofe that fhould be
at work. The Five Nations, in yiuguft, fent Mef-
fengers to Albany, to acOuaint the Englijh that the
French had taken Pofleflion of Cadarackui, and were
repairing of it. They demanded, in Confequence
of the Promife Colonel Fletcher had given them,
the AfTiftance of five hundred Men and fome Canon,
which they promifed they Would draw over Land,
where they could not be carried by Water. At the
fame Time they defired, that the People of iVhi.
England might be told, that many of the Own-
agungas were gone with the French to Cadarackui^
and that this was a proper Time to fall upoii
thofe that remained, and to deftroy them, and the
Women and Children.

Coll. Fletcher came to Abany in September \ there,
in a Speech to the Five Nations, he blamed them
ibr being afleep, when they fufFered the French to
take Pofleflion of Cadarackui ; it would have been
much eafier, he faid, to have prevented their get-
ting the Pofleflion, than to drive them out, now
they are in it, efpccially as now you yourfelves
are convinced, that it is impoflible to carry Cannon
thither from this Place. All, fays he, I can now
do, is to advife you to inveft the Place with your Par-
ties, fo as to prevent their receiving any Supply of
Provifions : By this Means you may force them to
defert it. Then he gave them 1000 Pound of
Powder, two Thoufand Pound of Lead, ^y Fufees,
one Hundred Hatchets, three Hundred and forty
eight Knives, and two Thoufand Flints, befidcs
Cloathing, f^c. But in my Opinion, the Government
of NeW'Tork have, on all Occafions, been exceeding-
ly to be blamed, in not having fome Men of Experi-
ence

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c, 183

cncc among the Five Nations to advife and direftCH a p.
i! im on all Emergencies of Importance. The French
are very careful of this, and the Officers of the regu-
lar Troops are obliged to take their Tours among
their Indians^ while the Captains of the independent
Companies of Fufiliers at New-Tork live like mili-
tary Monks, in Idlenefs and Luxury.

The French gained a great Advantage, by poflef-
fing this Place, as it is of great Security to their
Traders, in their pafllng between Montreal and
MiJ/ilimakinak. It ferved hicewife as a Place of
Stores , and Retreat in all their Enterprifes againft
the Five Nations, that Place being nearly about half
Way between Montreal and the Country of the
Five Nations, It likewife expofed the Five Nations
in their hunting, to the Incurfions of that Garifon,
by its being in the Neighbourhood of their principal
hunting Place for Bever.

The French grew exceedingly uneafy, when they
found, that the Dionondadies, who live near Miffili-
limakinaky had almoft concluded a Peace with the
Five Nations, and that the reft of their Allies were
like to follow their Example : Some of thefe Nati-
ons had been at Montreal, and at their Return for-
warded the Peace, that thereby they might be at
Liberty to go to Abany -, for they informed their
Neighbours, that the Five Nations had ir.:irely (hut
up the Path to Montreal', and befides that, the
French were not in a Condition to fupply them, for
they had nothing for themfelves, not fo much as a
Drop of ftrong Spirits. If thefe Nations had, at
that Time, deferted the French, it might probably
have put an End to the French Colony •, for as the
Lands of Canada barely produce fufEcient for the
Subfiftence of its Inhabitants, the only Means they
have of purchafing Cloathing and other NecefTaries
is by their Trade with the Indians. The French

N 4 likewife

■ !: I'

184 ' 7X<? History 0/ ^ A^ T tt ,^,

Ch A p.llkewife had been in Danger of greater Mifchief by
XI. the Peace, for thefe Nations being at War with the
Five Nations^ and lying on the Back of them,
obliged the Five Nations to kc^p always a very con-
fiderable Part of their Fo • at home, to defend
themfelves againft thefe N*a Jns, and to revenge the
Injuries they received from them \ but if the Peace
had been concluded with thefe Nations, the FiVi
Nations could have turned their whole Force againft
Canada^ and probably might have perfuaded thefe
N it'ons to have joined with them in warring on the
French.

I'he French Commandant at Mijfilimakinak had
his Hands full at this Time -, and if he had not been
a Man of great Abilities, he muft have funk under
the Difficulties he had to go through ; in the firft
Place, to contradift the Stories brought from Mont-
real^ he ordered the Stores of his Fort to be fold to
the Indians at the cheapeft Rate, and aflured them,
that great Quantities were every Day expedled from
France^ which were only detained by contrary
Winds ; and after thefe Goods (hall arrive, faid he,
they will be fold cheaper than ever they have been.
He told them likewife, that the Count de Frontenat
would never make Peace with the Five Nations, but
was refolved to extirpate them -, for which Purpofe
he was now rebuilding Cadrtrackui Fort. At the
fame Time he took all pofTible Methods to extin-
guifh the Beginnings of Frienddiip, which appeared
between the Five Nations and Dionondadies.

The Dionond'idies durft not avow their treating
with the Five Nations to the French^ neither durft
the Five Nations truft their Agents in a Place where
they knew the French had fo great Influence ; both
Sides therefore aojreedto carry on their Treaty by
Means of Prifoners which they took from one an-
other. The Civility with which the Dionondadid
treated thefe Prifoners, their difmilling them, and
Z their

M.I!

Part. II. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 185

I their receiving again Prifoners which had been taken Chap.
by the Five Nations^ gave the Commandant fuffici-
cnt Ground to fufpedt what was doing. The Dio-
nondadies at laft took feven Men of the Five Nations
Prifoners, and carried them to M'ffilimakitiak, The
French perceiving, by their Manner of bringing
them in, that the Dionondcdies intended to treat
them with the Civility they had lately ufed to o-
thers, murdered two of them with their Knives as
they ftept afhore. On this the Dionondadies imme-
diately took to their Arms, faved the other Fiv
and carried them fafe to their Caftle ; and continu-
ing in Arms, threatened Revenge for the Infult
they had received.

The French were forced in like Manner to ftand
to their Arms, and as there are always many dif-
ferent Nations at Miffilimakinak trading, fome of
which were inveterate Enemies of the Five Nations^
they joined with the French. The Utawawas flood
neuter. This gave the Commandant Means o ' end-
ing the Difpute by Compofition, He in the firft
Place afllired them, that the Chriftians abhorred all
Manner of Cruelty, and then told them, that as the
French (hared with the Dionondadies in all the Dan-
gers and Lofles fuftained by the War, they ought
in like Manner to partake with them in any Advan-
tage. TheD/^'Wi'w^W/Vj on this were perfuaded to deliver
up one of the Prifoners. What I am about to relate,
I think, gives Room to charge the French with a
Piece of Policy, not only inconfiftent with the Chrif-
tian Religion, but likevvife v/irh the Charader of a
polite People \ and that all Confiderations from Religi-
on, Honour, and Virtue, muft give Way to the pre-
fent Exigencies of their Affairs. That an E.nd might
be put to the Beginnings of a Reconciliation between
thefe People and the Fiv^ Naiions, ihi French
gave a publick Invitation to feaft on the Soup to
be made on this Prifoner, and, in a more particular

Manner,

#'■

i'«

li!

iSfiji

( 1

» I

I 1

rt'-

•

186 TbeHmoKYofthe "^ [

Chap. Manner, invited the Utawawas to the Entertain-
ment.

The Prlibner being firft made faft to a Stake, (o
as ta have Room to move round it, a Frenchman
began the horrid Tragedy, by broiling the Flefh
of the Prifoncr's Legs, from his Toes to his Knees,
with the red hot Barrel of a Gun ; his Example was
followed by an Utawawn, and they relieved one an-
other as they grew tired. The Prifoner all this
while continued his Death Song, till they clapt i
red hot Frying-pan on his Buttocks, when he cried
out. Fire is ftrong and too powerful ; then all their
Indians mocked him, as wanting Courage and Refo-
lution. You, they faid, a Soldier and a Captain, as
you fay, and afraid of Fire ; you are not a Man.
They continued their Torments for two Hours with-
out ceafing. An Utawawa being defirous to outdo
the French in their refined Cruelty, fplit a Furrow
from the Prifoner's Shoulder to his Garter, and fill-
ing It with Gunpowder, fet Fire to it. This gave
him exquifite Pain, and raifed exceflive Laughter in
his Tormenters. When they found his Throat fo
much parched, that he was no longer able to gratify
their Ears with his howling, they gave him Water,
to enable him to continue their Pleafure longer. But
at laft his Strength failing, an Utawawa flead off his
Scalp, and threw burning hot Coals on his Scull.
Then they untied him, and bid him run for his Life:
He began to run, tumbling like a drunken Man;
they fhut up the Way to the Eaft, and made him
run Weftvvard, the Country, as they think, of de-
parted (miferable) Souls. He had ftili Force left to
throw Stones, till they put an End to his Mifery by
knocking him en the Head 'with a Stone. After
this every one cut a Slice from his Body, to con-
clude the Tragedy with a Feaft. It is doing no In-
jury, I think, to thefe Frenchmen^ who thus glory
in this horrid Cruelty, to afk them, whether they

^ did

Ipartll. Fivi Indian Nations, G?f. 187

Idid not likewife regale their revengeful Appetites C h a p.
I with a Share of this inhuman Feaft ? XI.

Though I have had frequent Occafions to men- Vi'OrSi^
Ition thele barbarous inhuman Cruelties, tranfafled
by the IndianSy yet I have avoided to relate the
particular Circumflances of them, becaufe I believe
few civilized Ears can bear the reading of them
without Horror. But when they are perpetrated by
Chriftians, and fo far gloried in, as to be recorded
in their own Hiftory, I am willing to (hew it to my
Countrymen in its proper Colours. This laft Piece
M French Hiftory is taken from Hiftoire de fAmeri"
me Septentrionde^ par Monfr. de la Poterie^ publifli-
ed at Paris with the Royal Licence, and recom-
mended to the Publick by Monf. FonUnelle, Vol. ii.
[Page 298.

Though this cruel Ad: had its defigned Effeft, in
[breaking off this Method of negotiating between the
iFtve Nations and Dionondadies^ it did not prevent
the Peace ; and it had very near raifed a Civil War
kith their own Indians^ which was only prevented
by the dextrous Conduft of the French Officers,
who, in all kind of Artifice, have always been fu-
perior to the Indians. But let me obferve on this
Occafion, that the avoiding any Misfortune, by any
bafe or wicked Aiftion, is commonly the Caufe of
greater Mifchiefs than what is thereby avoided ; and
of this numerous Examples may be given.

\ '

1 1

CHAP.

' ,

1^8

•'.' The Hist oRy of the

»■ * «*,

XII.

CHAP. XII. ;

7be Count de Frontenac attacks Onondaga in
Perjoriy with tie whole Force of Canada.
^he Five Nations continue the War with tk
French, and make Peace with the Dionon-
dadies.

Chap.T^^^ Count de Frontenac having fecured C?-
J_ darackui Fort^ which was called by his Name,
as a Place of Arms and Provifions, and for a Re-
treat to the Men that fhould happen to be fick or |
wounded, refolved to make the Five Nations feelj
his Refentment of their refufing his Terms of Peace.
For this Purpofe he aflembled all the regular Troops I
of Canada^ the Militia, the Owenrigungas, the ^a-
toghies of Loretto^ the /Idirondacks, Sokokies, Nipi-\
ciriniens, the Praying Indians of the Five Nations,
and a few Ui'awawas^ at Montreal^ in June 1696.
The other weftern Indians near A'li^iiimakinak, by
their late Corrcfpondencc with the Five Nations, id\
the Diflatisfadion . they had manifefted, were not
trufted. The Mxinner of making War with the In-
dians m a Country wholly covered withWoods, mull
be fo much different f om the Methods ufed in Eu-
rope, that I believe the Reiider will be pleafed to
have a particular Account of the Count de FronU-:
nac's Con(lu(5l in this, who was an old experienced
General, in the feventy fourth Year of his Age.

It is to be obfervcd, that it is inipofiible to pafs
the vaft Forcfts between the Countries of the hvi
Nations with Waijgons, or other Carriages, or on
Horfeback, or even on Foot, in the fummer Time,
by Reafon of many impaflible thick Swamps and
Morafles. For this Reafon, tlie only Metnod of I

travelling

XII

part II. Five Indian Nations, ^c, 189

travelling is in Bark Canoes, or very light Battoes, Chap,
along the Rivers, which may be eafily carried on
Men's Shoulders, where the Stream of the River
becomes too rapid, and from one River to another ;
for which Purpofe the ihortefl: PafTes are always
chofen, and are called, for this Reafon, Carrying
Places. ' ! •

The Count de Front enac marched from la Cbine,
in the fouth End of the Ifland of Montreal, the fourth
of July. He divided five hundred Indians fo, that
the greateft Number of them fhould always be in
the Van, which confided of two Battalions of the
regular Troops. They were followed by the Ca-
noes which carried the Provifions. The Van was
: commanded by the Chevalier de Callieres., Gover-
inor of Montreal •, he had with him two large Bat-
[toes, which carried two fmall Pieces of Cannon,
fmall Mortar?, Granadoes, and the Utenfils of the
Artillery. The Count ds Frontenac was at the Head
! of the main Body, accompanied by the Engineer
and feveral Gentlemen Voluntiers. The Body con-
fided of four Battalions of the Militia, who, in War
with Indians, were then more depended on than
the regular Troops •, thefe were commanded by Mon-
fieur Ramfay, Governor of Trois Rivieres. The
Rear, which confifted of two Battalions of regular
Troops, and of the reft of the Indians, was under
the Command of the Chevalier de Vaiidreiiil. All
the Indians had French Officers fet over them.

In this Order the Army marched, only thofe that
were in the Van one Day, were in the Rear the
next; and they always kept a Number of Indian i
on the Scout, to difcover the Tracks of the Enemy,
for fear of Ambufcades. And whe.'i they were obliged
to carry the Canoes, and drag the large Battoes, fe-
veral Parties were detached to cover the Men that
worked.

After

i 1

! !

I IT

M.H

After twelve Days March they arrived at Cads]
rackui Fort^ one hundred eighty Miles from Mont\
real. Here they waited for the Uiawawas, who
difappointed them ; and in the mean Time raifcda
Bark, which had remained funk fince CadaraehA
Fort was deferted. They crofTed over Cadaracki
Lake to Onondaga River (now Obfwega). This
River being narrow and rapid, they ordered fifty
Men to march on each Side of it, to prevent their
being furprifcd, and the Army moved flowly along
the River, according to the Intelligence they re-
ceived from their Scouts. They found a Tree, as
they paiTed along, on which the Indians had, in theiil
Manner, painted the French Army, and had laid by
it two Bundles of cut Rufhes. This was a Defiance
in the Indian Manner, and to tell them by the!
Number of Rufties, that fourteen hundred thirtyl
four Men' would meet them. The French paffedl
the little Lake, between Ohjwega and Onondaga^ m
Order of Battle *, and the two Wings, to preventl
their being furprifed, and to make the Place of their
Landing more uncertain to the Enemy, took a Cir-
cuit along the Coaft. As foon as they had landed!
they railed a Fort. A Seneka, who had been fome|
time a Prifoner in Canada, and pretended an At-
tachment to the French, was fent out to make a I
Difcovery. He deferted to the Onotidagas. He I
found them waiting for the French, with a Refoluti'
on to defend their Caftle, and to fight tht Frmh\\
for which Purpofe they had fent away their Women
and Children. The S!;n;ka told them that the Frenm
Army was as numerous as the Leaves on the Trees;
that they had Machines which threw Balls up in the
Air, and which falling on their Caftle burft to
Pieces, and fpread Fire and Death every where, a-
cainft which their Stockadoes could be of no De-
fence. This was confirmed by another Scneka, who
deferted. Upon which the Onondagas thought it

moil

IpartlL Five Indian Nations, G?r. 191

Imoft advifeable to retire, leaving their poor Fort Chap.
land bark Cottages all in Flames. Xir.

After the General had an Account of this, he V^vx/

Imarchcd to their Village in Order of Battle. The

JArmy was divided into two Lines : The firft com-

Imanded by the Chevalier de Callieres^ who placed him-

Ifelf on the Left, confifted of two Battalions of the

llnhabitants in the Center, and a Battalion of the re-

Igular Troops on each Wing. The Artillery follow-

them. Moft of the Indians of this Divifion

[were upon the Right, who continually fent out

couts. The fecond Line was commanded by the

!Ihevalier de Faudreuel, compofed of the fame Num-

jf of Battalions, and in the fame Order. The

)unt de Frontenac was carried in a Chair dirc^ly

after the Artillery. But it was impoflible for them

[to keep their Order, in pafling through thick

Woods, and in paffing Brooks. In this formida-

[ble Manner the aged General marched up to the

[Alhes of the Village, and his Army exerted their

Fury on the Indian Corn, which covered a large

[Field in thick Ranks.

An Indian Sachem^ about one hundred Years old,
I would not retire with the reft, but chofe this Time
to end his Days. The French Indians h^d the Plea-
fure of tormenting him, which he bore with fur-
I prifing Evennefs of Mind, and with that Refoluti-
on which becomes a Sachem of the Five Nations.
He told his Tormentors to remember well his Death,
when his Countrymen fhould come to take terrible
Vengeance of them. Upon which, one ftabbing
him feveral Times with his Knife, he thanked him
but faid, you had better make me die by Fire, that
thefe Dogs of Frenchmen may learn how to fufFer
like Men. You Indians^ their Allies, you Dogs of
Dogs, think of me when you fhall be in the like
State. Thus this old Sachem, under all the Weak-
nefsofold Age, prefervcd a Greatnefs of Soul, and

a due

■^i

192 The History of the

Ch A p. a due Regard for the Honour of his Country, to the]
XII. laft Moment of his Breath.

The Chevalier de Vaudreuil was fent with a Del
tachment of fix or (Q\Qr). hundred Men to deftroy
the Oneydoes Corn, who liv*d but a fmall Diftance
from Onondaga, which he performed without any
Refiftance. The Jefuit Milet had JiveO for the
moft Part with the Oneydoes ; he had infufed into!
them the moft favourable Sentiments of the French!
and they had been the moft inclined to Peace on the
French Terms. Thirty five of them ftaid in theirl
Caftle to make the French welcome ; but the only
Favour they obtained, was to be made Prifoners,
and carried to Montreal. The French Governor de-
clared his Refolutions to extirpate the OnondaiA
and for that Reafon gave Orders to give no Quar-
ter.

The Difficulty of fupporting fo many Men mi
thefe Deferts, made it neceflary for the Count g\
Frontenac to return as fpeedily as poflible. ThougJ
the French Army was much an Overmatch for thel
Onondagasy both in Number of Men and in theirl
Arms, the Onondagas were not fo far difpirited,
not to follow them in iheir Return. They fouiiiii
Opportunities to revenge themfelves in fome Mea-I
fure, by cutting off every Canoe that happened at
any Time to be at a Diftance from the main Body,
This obliged the Count to haften his March, fo
that he returned to Montreal the tenth of Ah

mft-

The Onondagas fufFeied nothing Ijy this charge-l
able Expedition, but the Lofs of their Corn, andl
their Bark Cottages. They loft not one Man, butl
the old Sachem^ who reiblved to die a Martyr tol
his Country's Honour. The French fuffered conf
fiderably by its Confequences ; for all the PlanteR|
being taken off from their Labour, either in this
Expedition, or in watching and fecuring their Forti

Part II. Five Indian Nations, {ffr. 193

and Country, a Famine cnfued ; and this I find hasC h a p.
often happened in Canada^ where all the Men, fit XIII.
to bear Arms, have been employed in fuch like Ex- ^^^\r>^
peditions. If the Oneydoes had not timely furrcn-
dered themfelves, the Count had not been able to
have carried Home the leaft Token of a Viftorv.
And all that can be faid for this Enterprize is, that it
was a kind of heroick Dotage.

The Influence that the Jefuit Milel had obtained
over the Oneydoes was fuch, that fome Time af-
ter this, thirty of them defer ted to the French^
and defired that he might be appointed their Pa-
llor. . ,

In the following Winter the Mohawks, with the
Governor of New Tork^s Privacy, fent one to the
?mying Indians with two Belts, and he carried two
Prifoners with him. By the firft Belt he afked,
whether the Path was entirely Ihut up between their
two Countries ; and, by the fecond, demanded
the Reftitution of a Prifoner the Praying Indians had
taken: But his real Defign was, to learn the State
of their Country, and what Defigns were form-
ing. Notwithftanding the Influence and Arti-
fice of the French Priefts over thcfc Converts, ihey
ftill retained an Afi^edion to their Countrymen ;
for which Reafon the Count de Front cnac eiitertain-
ed a Jeaioufy of thefe Intercourfcs, and threatened
to put to Death any that fhould come in that Man-
ner Again •, but the Mcflenger had the Sritisfadion of
difcoveriijg the diftrclUd Condition of Canada by
Famine.

A i'arty of the French was fent out in the Win-
ter, to make fome Attempt upon the Englifi Set-
tlements near Jlhany •, but fome Mohawks and
Sca/.kook Indians meeting with them, before they
reached the Settlements, they were intirely routed.
The commanding Officer, one dti Bau^ and two o-
th.^rs, faved themfelves from the Fury of the Indi-

O am.

XII.

194 ^^^ History of the ' " *" ^

Ch A ?!«?«/, by running to Albany \ the reft were either
killed or periftied in the Woods, fo that not one
Man of this Party got back to Canada.

It was much eaficr for the French to fet the Pm-
ing Indians upon the EngUfij^ againft whom it is
pofTible many of them had perfonf.l Animofities,
that made them go over to the French^ than to fight
their Countrymen. Several of them came this |
Winter flculking about Schene5iady and Albcim-,
and being well acquainted with the Country, and
fpeaking likewife the Mohain}^s Language, by which
they fometimes deceived the Inhabitants, they fur-
prifed fome of the Inhabitants, and carried away
their Scalps.

The Five Nations., to ihew that the Count i(
Frontennc\ Expedition had no Way difcouraged
them, fent out fcveral Parties againft Canada, One
of them met with a Party of French upon ^t.
Laurence River., near Montreal. The French were
routed, and their Captain killed. As foon as this
was heard ai: Montreal^ Repenti^ni was fent out af-
ter them with a confiderable Party of French., Nepi-
cirinien Lidians and Praying Indians ; but this Pirty
was likewife defeated, and *-he Captain, with many of
his Men, killed.

Thus the War was continued till the Peace of
Re/wick, by fmall Parties of Indians., on both Sides,
harafling, furprifing, and fcalping the Inhabitants
near Montreal and Albany.

Some Time this Year the chief Sachem of the
Dionondadies (whom the French call the Baron) went
to ^ebeck^ pretending a ftrong Attachment to the
French., but really to conceal the I'rcaty of Peace
that he was on the Point of concluding with the
Five Nations j for which Purpofe he had fent his
Son with nineteen Belts to the Scnckas. Tlie Sub-
dance of whofe Commiflion was as follows :

The

XII.

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. tgg

The French have for many Years confounded Ch a p.
our Refolutions, and deceived us, but now we are
refolved to break all their Artifices, by flopping
our Ears. "We come nbw to unite with you, while
the French know nothing of the Matter. The Com-
mandant at Mijftlimakinak has told us many Lies,
he has betrayed us, and made us kill one another,
but we are firmly refolved never to hearken to him
any more. The Peace was accordingly firmly con-
cluded, notwithftanding all the Oppofition the French
could make. The French Authors fay, the only
Reafon that induced the Dionondadies was, that the
Englijh fold ihem Goods cheaper than the French
could.

Some Time before the News of the Peace arrived,
the French at Montreal being informed that a Party
of the Five Nations were difcovered near Corlear*s
Uke^ fent out a Captain with a Party of Sol-
diers and Indians^ who being well experienced in
the Manner of making War with Indians^ marched
through the thickeft Woods, and by the leaft fre-
quented Places, fo that he difcovered the Enemy,
without being difcovered. He furprifed that Party,
killed feveral, and took one Prifoner. The Uta-
'jcawas being then trading at Montreal, the Count
di Frontenac invited them to a Feaft to be made of
this Prifoner, and caufed him to be burnt publick-
]y alive at Montreal^ in the Manner of which I have
already given two Accounts from the French Au-
thors.

i '■

i \

O 2

CHAP,

\
I

196

The HisroKY of tbg

CHAP. XIII.

Tbe ConduB which the Englifli and French oh-
Jervedy in regard to the Five Nations, im-
mediately after the Peace ^/'Refwick.

Chap.OOON after the News of the Peace of Refmck
^^^^' l5 reached New-Tork^ the Governor ittil an Ex-
preis to Canadcy to inform the Governor there of
it, that Hoftilities might ceafe. The Five Natm
having an Account of the P^e earlier than they
had it in Canada, took Advantage of it, in hunting
Bever near Cadarackui Fort. The Governqr of Cj.
nada being informed of this, and believing that the
Five Nations thought themfelves fecure by the
general Peace, refolved to take his Jaft Revenge of
them. For this Purpofe he fent a confiderable
Party of Adirondacks to furprife them, which they
did, and killed feveral, but not without Lofs of
many of their own Men. The Lofs of one of their
greateft Captains at that Time gave the Five Ncii-
ens the greateft Affli(5bion. After he was mortally
wounded, he cried out : " Muft I, who have made
** the whole Earth tremble before me, now die by
** the Hands of Children ?" for he defpifed the A-
dirondacks.

A Difpute at this Time arofe, between the Go-
vernment of New-Tork and Canada, about the Freid
Prifoners which the Five Nations had in their Hands.
The Earl of Bellamojtt, then Governor of New-Torh
would have the French receive thofe Prifoners from
him, and diredled the Five Nations to bring them
to Albany for that Purpofe. The French^ on the
other Hand, refufed to own the Five Nations as
fubjeiSl to the Crown of Great-Britain, and threat-
2 ened|

Part II. Five Indian Nations, &cl 197

cncd to continue the War againft the Five Nations ^Q ha p.
if they did not bring the Prifoners to Montreal ^ XIII.
and deliver them there. The Count de Fnmtenac
fent feme of the Praying Indians with a Meflage to
this Purpofe, and to have all the French Allies inclu-
ded in the general Peace.

The Meflenger on his Return told the G)unt,
publickly in Prefence of feveral Utawawas, that the
Five Nations refufed to include feveral of his Al-
lies, but were refolved to fsvenge the Injuries they
had received. The Utafjawas were exceedingly
difcompofed at hearing this, and the Count, to re-
cover their Spirits, aflured them, that he never
would make Peace without including all his Allies
in it, and without having all their Prifoners re-
ftored. At the fame Time he made Preparations to
attack the Five Nations with the whole Force of
Canada,

The Earl of Bellamont being informed of this,
fent Captain John Schuyler (of the Militia) to tell
the Count, that he had the Intereft of the King his
Mafter too much at Heart, to fufFer the French to
treat the Five Nations like Enemies, after the Con-
dufion of the general Peace ; for which Reafon he
had ordered them to be on their Guard, and had
furnifhed them with Arms and Ammunition -, that
he had ordered the Lieutenant-Governor, in Cafe
they were attacked, either by the French or their
Allies, to join them with the regular Troops ;
and that, if he found it neceflary, he would raife
the whole Force of his Government in their De-
fence*

This put a Stop to the French Threatening, and
both Sides made Complaint to their Mafters. The
two Kings ordered their refpedive Governors to be
affifting to each other, in making the Peace effec-
tual to both Nations, and to leave the Difputes, as
to the Dependency of the Indian Nations, to be de-

O z termincd

Fii^

■IP

.1 ;

. i I

. !fi ^l|'

198 /•' 7!6^ History of the ,

Ch A p.termined by Commiflioneis, tc be appointed pur-
XIII. fuant to the Treaty of Refwick,

^•^Y^^ It is exceedingly impolitick, when weaker Po-
tcntates, ingaged in a Confederacy againft one pow-
erful Prince, leave any Points to be determined
after the Conclufion of a Peace ; for if they cannot
obtain a Conceflion, while the Confederacy ftands
and their Force is united, how can a weaker Prince
hope to obtain it, when he is left alone to himfelf^
after the Confederacy Is diflblved ? The French
have fo often found tlic Benefit of this Piece of
Imprudence, that in all their Treaties they ufeall
the Cajoling, and every Artifice in their Power,
to obtain this Advantage, and they feldom mifs
it.

About *he Time of the Conclufion of the Peace
at Re/wick, the noted Tberouet died at Montreal.
The French gave liim Chriftian Burial in a pompous
Manner, the Prieft, that attended him at his Death,
having declared that he died a true Chriftian ; for,
faid the Prieft, while I explained to him the Paf-
fion of our Saviour, \vhom the Jews crucified,
he cried out -, " Oh I had I been there, I would
*' have revenged his Death, and brought away their
*• Scalps."

Soon after the Peace was known at Montreal,
three confiderable Men of the Praying Indians came
to Albany ; they had fine laced Coats given them,
and were invited to return to their own Country.
They anfwered, that they were young Men, and
had not Skill to make a fuitable Anfwer, and had
not their ancient Men to confult with ; but promi-
fed to communicate the Propofals to their old Men,
and would bring back an Anfwer in the Fall. I
find nothing more of this in the Regifter of Indian
Affairs^ though it might have been of great Confe-
quence had it been purfued to Purpofe 5 but fuch
Matters, where there is not an immediate private

Profit,

art II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 199

rofit, are feldom purfued by the Etiglijh with thatCn a p,
|Care and AfTiduity, with which they are by the XIII.

Frtnck

While Captain Schuyler was in Canada^ he enter-
eJ into fome indifcreet Difcourfe with Monfieur Ma-
ncour, for whom the Five Nations had a particular
Efteem, and call StowtowHjc. Captain Schuyler, in
alTerting the Dependency of the Fi-ve Nations on
^iW-Tork, faid, that thofc Nations were their Slaves.
Mr. Maricour told this Difcourfe to an Onondaga^
with all the Aggravations he could, and added, that
it was intirely owing to the EnglijJo that the Peace
was not abfolutely concluded, and that Captain
Iwiiykr prevented their Prifoners being reftored,
becaufe he would have them fent to Albany, as be-
ing Slaves to the Englifh. That the French had no
Difpute with the Englifh, but for the Independen-
|cy of the Five Nations. This indifcreet Condu(5t
of Captain Schuyler was fo much refented by the
hve Nations, that a Deputation of the moft con-
ikx?ih\t Sachems was fent to Albany in June 1699,
to complain of it ; and they fent at the fame Time
Deputies to Canada to conclude the Peace, inde-
pendently of the Englifh. Thefe Deputies that
came to Alb^iny were fo far convinced that the
Ynnch had abufed them, and how much more it
was for their Security to be included in the general
Peace with the Engliflj, than to have only the French
Faith for their Security, that they immediately dif-
patched a MefTenger afccr their Deputies that were
gone to Canada. Though this MefTenger reached
them too late to flop their Proceedi:ig, it con-
vinced the Deputies (o far of its being for their In-
tereft to be joined with the Fjiglifi in the Peace,
as they had been in the War, that they infifted
that the Exchange of Prifoners be made at Albany.
At the fame Time the Mefienger was fent after
their deputies to Canada , Colonel Peter Schiyler

was

ioo " ^^ History of the

Ch A p. was ftnt with others to Onondaga^ to remove the
^l\\. Prejadices they had received there.

The Count de Frontennc died while thefe Dif-
putes continued. Moniicur de Callieres^ who fuc-
ceeded him, put an End to them, by agree,
ing to fend to Onondaga to regulate the Exchange
of Prifoners there ; for which Purpofe Monfieur
Man'coury loncaire^ and the Jefuit BrayaSy were
fent.

When the French Commiflioners were come
within lefs than a Mile of Onondaga Caftle, they put
themfelves in Order and marched with the French
Colours carried before them, and with as much
Show as they could make. Becanefora met them
without the Gate, and complimented them with
three Strings of Wampum. By the firft he wiped
away their Tears for the French that had beea flain
in the War. By the fecond he opened their
Mouths, that they might fpeak freely •, that is,
promifed them Freedom of Speech. By the third
he cleaned the Matt, on which they were to fit,
from the Blood that had been fpilt on both Sides:
The Compliment was returned by the Jefuit, then
they entered the l^ort, and were faluted with a ge-
neral Difcharge or .Jl the fire Arms. They were
carried to the bcft Cabin in the Fort, and there en-
tertained with a Feaft. The Deputies of the fe-
veral Nations not being all arrived, the Jefuit, and
Monfieur Maricour^ paffed the Time in vifiting and
converfing w^ith the ir^Wi:^ Prifoners. The General]
Council being at laft met, the Jefuit made the fol-
lowing Speech, which I take from the Relation the
Five KatiGJis at'rerwards made of it to the Earl of
BcllauiOriL

** I . I am glad to fee the Five Nations, and thatl
'• ibme of them went to Canada^ notwithftandingi
'' CorUar forbid them : 1 am forry for the Lx>fs otj

youf

Part 11. Five Indian Nations, &c. aom

«* your People killed by the remote Indians ; I coh-Ch a p»
(( dole their Death, and wipe away the Blood by this XIII.
U« Belt.

♦» 2. The War Kettle boiled fo long, that it
I" would have fcalded all the Five Nations had it
" continued ; but now it is overfet, and turned up-
l" fide down, and a firm Peace made.

" 3. I now plant the Tree of Peace and Welfare
I" at Onondaga.

" 4. Keep faft the Chain you have made with
I" Corlear^ tor now we have one Heart and one
" Intereft with them •, but why is Corlear againfl;
" your correfponding with us, ought we not to
" converfe together when we are at Peace and in
I" Friendfhip?

" 5. Deliver up the French Prifoners you have,
" and we fhall deliver not only thofe of your Na-
" tion we have, but all thofe likewife taken by
" any of our Allies ; and gave a Belt.

" 6. I offer myfelf to you to live with you at
" Onondaga^ to inftruft you in the Chriftian Re-
" ligion, and to drive away all Sicknefs, Plagues
" and Difeafes out of your Country, and gave a
" third Belt.

'* 7. This laft Belt, he faid, is from the Ron-
" daxe^ or French Indians^ to defire Reftiti.tion of
I" the Prifoners taken from them."

The Jefuit in the Conclufion faid -, " Why does
" not Corlear tell you what pafles between the Go-
'* vernor of Canada and him ? He keeps you in
" the Dark, while the Governor of Canada con-
" ceals nothing from his Children. Nor does the
" Governor of Canada claim your Land, as Corlear
" does."

The General Council immediately rejefled the
Belt by which the Jefuit offered to ftay with them,
%ing. We have already accepted Ccrlec^r's Belt, by
which he offers us Paftors to inftrud us. Decam-

fora

\\ J

*j fr*'

■ ' 11,

f ■

■■\

ioa ' I7je History of the "^ '[

CHAP,fora added. The Jefuits have always deceived us,
XIII. for while they preached Peace, the French camel
and knocked us on the Head. To this the JefuitI
replied, that if he had known that Corlear intend-
ed to fend them Paftors, he would not have offeredl
this Belt.

It is to be obferved that the Indian Council re-
fufed to hear the French^ or to give them an An-
fwer, but in Prefence of the Commiffioners from]
Albany. '. - ..

The French Commiffioners having aflured the|
Peace with the Five Nations, the Inhabitants of
Canada efteemed it the greateft Bleffing that couldl
be procured for them from Heaven •, for nothing
could be more terrible than this laft War with the!
Five Nations. While this War lafted, the Inhabi-
tants eat their Bread in continual Fear and Trem-
bling. No Man was fure, when out of his HoufeJ
of ever returning to it again. While they laboured]
in the Fields, they were under perpetual Appre-
henfions of being killed or feized, and carried to I
the Indian Country, there to end their Days in
cruel Torments. They many Times were forced
to negled both their Seed Time and Harveft. The
Landlord often faw all his Land plundered, his
Houfes burnt, and the whole Country ruined, while |
they thought their Perfons not fafe in their Forti-
fications. In fhort, all Trade and Bufmefs was of-
ten at an intire Stand, while Fear, Dcfpair, audi
Mifery appeared in the Faces of the poor Inhabi-
tants.

The French Commiffioners carried feveral of the I
principal Sachems of the Five Nations back withj
them, who were received at Montreal with great]
Joy. They were fakitedby aDifcharge of all the great]
Guns round the Place, as they entered. The
French Allies took this amifs, and aflced if their
Governor was entering. They were told, that it

w.s

irtll. Five Indian NAtKAs, Gf^. 26 j^

ivas a Compliment paid to the Five Nations^ whofe Chap.
Yicbcms were then entering the Town. We per- XIII.

^ive, they replied, that Fear makes the French
\hw more Refped to their Enemies, than Love
can make them do to their Friends.

Monfieur de Catlieres afHtiibled all the French

|,^llie?, (who were then very numerous at Mont-

'utl) to make the Exchange of Prifoners, and they

delivered the Prifoners they had taken, though the

::? Nations had fent none to be exchanged for
khem. Thus we fee a brave People ftruggle with
very Difficulty, till they can get out of it with
Honour -, and fuch People always gain Refpe(5t,
b'en from their moft inveterate Enemies.

1 fhall finifh this Part by obferving, that not-
Mihlianding the French Commiflioners took all the
Pains poflible to carry Home the French^ that were
Prifoners with the Five Nations, and they had full
Liberty from the Indians, few of them could be
pfuaded to return. It ay be thought that this
m occafioned from the Hardfhips they had en-
iiired in their own Country, under a tyrannical Go-
vernment and a barren Soil : But this certainly was
[■.or the only Reafon •, for the Englijh had as much

ifficuity to perfuade the People, that had been
[aken Prifoners by the French Indians, to leave the
klmn Manner of living, though no People enjoy
iiiore Liberty, and live in greater Plenty, than the
tommon Inhabitants of New-Tork do. No Argu-
liients, no Intrcaties, nor Tears of their Friends
jnd Relations, could perfuade many of them to
leave their new Indian Friends and Acquaintance i
Icveral of them that were by the Carcffings of their
rdadons perfuaded to come Home, in a little

imc grew tired of our Manr.cr of living, and
Mil away again to the Indians^ and ended their
^-lys with them. On the other I land, Indi(!;i Chil-
Nn have been carefully educiteJ among the Ku^

11 =

1:V|.i

t. 1

'P |l:4

XIII.

S04 Wf History af the^ &c.

Chap. Ulh^ cloathed and taught, yet, I think, there is not
one Inftance, that any of thefe, after they had Li-
berty to go among their own People, and werej
come to Age, would remsdn with the Englijh^ but
returned to their own Nations, and became as fond I
of the Indian Manner of Life as thofe that knew
nothing of a civilized Manner of living. What 1 1
now tell of Chriftian Prifoners among Indians, re- j
lates not only to what happened at the Conclufion {
of this War, but has been found true on manyj
other Otcafions. *,

Jh End of the Second Part.

■f ...-t

. *

•I r ■' .

USXC^r

, ■ f

PAPER

PAPERS

REJLATINGTO

An A C T of the Assembly

O F T H E

Province of NE W-T R K,

FOR

Encouragement of the Indian ^trade^ &c. and

for prohibiting the felling oi Indian Goods

to the French, viz, of CANADA,

I. A Petition of the Merchants of London to His
Majefty againft the faid A£l.

n. His Majesty *s Order in Council, referring the
Petition to the Lords Commiffioncrs of Trade and
Plantation,

III. Extract of the Minutes of the faid Lords, con*
cerning fome Allegations of the Merchants before them.

IV. The Report of the faid Lords to His Majefty o"
the Merchants Petition, and other Allegations.

V. The Report of the Committee of Council of the
Province of New-York^ in Anfwer to the faid Petition.

VI. A Memorial concerning the Furr-^Trade of NeW"
Torky by G Golden, Efqi

i-f"

^l;f

1 1*

■it

:ti.V

■lir

) ■

^ II 4

■i|t

I r

KiNC

The Hur
Samuei
Richar
Low, *
Ham P
ofLont
of ther
concerr

S H

Inhabitants
\ felling of Ii

whatfoever
land under i

tants ot'Ne^
{Canada^ or

Perfon wha

Subjeds ; a
I tor three Y(
That the
I this Ad, fc
iFrencb at Ct

chafed from
pnlyalmoftv

1 '■%

» V*

T O T H E

>A<-

•/,

%. >■■

•V'M'

King's Moft Excellent Majefty in
' • Council, ' • " ,

■;,'■'■* 'iff P'''

The Humble Petition and Reprefentation of
Samuel Bakery Samuel Storke, yohr BayeuXy
Richard Jeneway^ Robert HackJhaWy Jofiph
LoWy Jofeph Paicey George Streatfieldy iVil-
Ham Parkiriy and John Everedy Merchants
oi London y trading to New-lorky in behalf
of themfelves, and the reft of the Perfons
concern'd in the NeW'Tork Trade.

SHE WE r Hy ' ^

THAT by an Aa paffed in New-Tork
the 19th oi November y 1720, entitled.
An A£t for Encouragement of the Indian
Trade^ and rendering it more beneficial to the
I Inhabitants of this Province, and for prohibiting the
Vd}\ng of Indian Goods to the French, all Trade
whatfoever is prohibited in the ftridtcft Manner,
and under the ievereft Penalties, between the Inha-
tants oi New-Tork Government, and the French of
V!.anaday or any Subjeds of the French Kingy or any
i^erfon whatfoever, for or on the behalf of any fuch
jSubjeds ; and which Ad was to continue in force
I tor three Years.

That the Reafons afllgned in the Preamble of
this Ad, for the paffing thereof, are. For that the
Umch at Canaday by means of Indian Goods pur-
chafed from the Inhabitants of New-Tork y had not
"nlyaimoft wholly cngrolTed thtlndianTrade to them-

P 2 . idyiis^

:,^r'

it '

lie History of the

felves, but had, in great meafure, withdrawn the
AfFedtions of the Five Nations of Indians from the
Inhabitants of New-Tork^ and render'd them waver-
ing in their Faith and Allegiance to your Majefty j
and would, if fuch Trade was not prevented, wholly
alienate the Minds of the faid Indians^ which might
prove of dangerour Confequence to the En^lijh In-
tereft in America.

That this A6t was fent home for your Majefty's
royal Confideratjon, but your Petitioners do not
find that your Majefty ever fignified your Allow
ance or Difallowance thereof; from whence, and
from the Ad's being to continue but three Years,
your Petitioners humbly conceive the fame was fiif-
fered to lie by probationary, to fee whether the faid
A(5t, in its Effe6bs, was really advantageous or
prejudicial to the Britijh Trade and Inter efi in
America. ' i

That your Petitioners have received Advice,
That the Government of New-Tork either have, or 1
are about pafling an A6t> to revive and continue \
the faid Ad for prohibiting all Trade between iVriW- j
Tork and Canada. - |

Upon which Occafion, your Petitioners humbly
beg leave to reprefent to your Majefty, That the
faid Ad, tho* in the firft Intention of it, it might
be well defigned, yet, in its Efteds, it has proved
very pernicious to the Britijh Trade in general, and
to the Intereft of New-Tork in particular : For, be-
fides the Nations of Indians that are in the Englifi
Intereft, there are very many Nations of Indians^
who are, at prefent, in the Intereft of the French^
and who lie between Nsw-Torky and the Nations
of Indians in the Englijh Intereft ; and this Ad pro-
hibiting all Trade between Neiv-Tork and the FreM\i
of Canada.^ or any of the Subjeds of France^ the
French y and their Indians^ would not permit the
Englijh Indians to pafs over by their Forts, fo as to
carry on a free Trade with New-Tork^ but pre-

4 vented

Five Indian Nations, G*r.

vented their Paffages, as much as pofTible, whereby
that moft confiderable and only valuable Branch of
Trade from New-Tork, hath, ever fince the paf-
fing the faid A61, very much leflened, from the
great Difficulties of carrying on any Trade with
the Englijh Indians^ and the Prohibition of allTrade
with the French j and all the Indian Goods have, by
this Aft, been raifed m their Price 25/. to 30/.
per Cent.

Whereas, on the other hand, this Branch of the
NeW'Tork I'rade, by the Difcouragements brought
upon it by this Adt, is almoft wholly engroffcd by
the French^ who have already, by this Aft, been
encouraged to fend proper European Goods to Canada^
tp carry on this Trade ; fo that Ihould this Aft be
continued, the New-Tork Trade, which is very
confiderable, muft be wholly loft to us, and center
in the French,

And your Petitioners further beg leave humbly
to reprefent. That as they conceive nothing can
tend more to the with-drawing the AfFeftions of
the Five Nations of Indians from the Englijh Inte-
refi, than the Continuance of the faid Aft, which,
in its EfFefts, reftrains them from a free Commerce
with the Inhabitants of New-Tork, and may, too
probably, eftrange them from the Englijh Intereji :
Whereas by a Freedom of Commerce, and an en-
courag'd Intercourfe of Trade with the French, and
their Indians, the Englijh Intereft might, in time,
be greatly improved and ftrengthened among the
Indians in general, who, by fuch L-atitude of Trade,
might be link'd to our Friendfhip in the ftrongeft
Ties of their own Intereft, as well as Inclinations.

That therefore, and as the faid Aft was, in its
Eflfefts, fo plainly deftruftive and prejudicial to the
Trade and Intereft of thefe Kingdoms, and fo much
for the Intereft of^^Q French, and greatly promoted
that Mifchief which it was intend^ to prevent,

■4 r:

I '

Yo'ir

' ne History of the "•

'/'^'^.Yciir Petitioners mod humbly pray your Ma-

"* '^ j6fty, That you would 'oe gracioufly pleafed

'' '• to give the neceflafy Dircdlions to your

'" Govemour 6( NewTork^ not to pafs any

' new A61 for the reviving or continuing the

faid A6t prbhibiting Trade with the French

of Canada ; and that if any fuch Aft, or

any Aft of the like Tendenqr* be already

paiTed, that the fame may be repealed. Ai

your Petitioners^ Jhall ever pray^ &c. .

;.il

-iI.V.i.i

Samuel Baker,
Rok HackJbaWy
Jo. Uoydy
Sam. Storke,
J. Bayeux.,
Sam. Fitch,
Rich. Jeneway,
Jof. Lowe,
Jfher Levy,
John Paine,

J .'Bull, ::
Fra. Wilks,
Wm. Parkin,
John Gilbert^
Jof. Paice, jun.
Rich. Mico,
Jo. Miranda,
Geo. Streatjieliy
John Everet,
ThompfonHaync.

Jt the Court 'at St. James' j the ^oth Day
I e/' April, 1724.

•' ''/'\ P R E S'E N T "■ •'■ ' : "■' '

IheKiNG'sMoftExcelltntMajefty in Council.

('.>■■

UPON Reading this Day at the Board the
humble Petition and Reprefentation of Sa-
muel Baker, Samuel Storke, and feveral others, Mer-
chants of London, trading to New-Tork, in behalf
o\ themfclves, and the reft of the Perfons conccrn*(l
in the New-Tork Trade, which Petition fcts forth,
That great Difcouragements have been brought upon
tlie Britijh Trade, by an Aft paffed in the faid Co-
lony o!^ Neiy l^orky the 19th oi November, 1720,

entitled,

Five Indian Nations, £?r*

entitled. An ASf for the Encouragement of the Indian
Trade, and rendering of it more beneficial to the Si-
habitants of this Province^ and for prohibiting the
felling «/ Indian Goods to the French. And that
as the faid A&, was to continue in force only for
three Years, they are informed the Government of
New-Tork either have, or are about palling an Aft
to revive and continue the fame : Wherefore they
humbly pray, that the Governour of that Colony
may be ordered, not to pafs any new Aft for that
purpofe •, and if any fuch Aft be already pafs'd,
that it may be repealed.

It is ordered by his Majefty in Council, That
the faid Petition (a Copy wher^'of is hereunto an-
nexed) be, and it is hereby referred to the Lords
Commiflioners for Trade and Plantations, to exa-
mine into the fame, and report to his Majefty, at
this Board, what they conceive fit to be done there-

in.

Signed,

•i

'IS

Jamis Vernon,

wuttmmtm

ExtraSi of the Minutes of the Right Honour-
able the Lords Commi£ionevs for Trade and
Plantations^ the jth of July, ijz^i

<■ if

MR* Sharp attending, as he had becii defired,
with feveral New - Tork Merchants, their
Lordlhips took again into Confideration the Order
of Council of the 30th o^ Aprih mentioned in the
Minutes of the firft oi May laft, referring to the
Board their Petition againft the Renewing an Aft
pafled in New-Tork^ in Novembery 1 720, entitled,-
An Ait for the Encouragement of the Indian Trade^
and rendering of it more effe^ual to the Inhabitants
of this Province^ and for prohibiting the felling of

B 4 Indian

I-

»i

•5

'i 4

i'he HistoRV of the •

Indian Goods fo the French. And Mr. Shatp^ in
behalf of the feveral Merchants, acquainted their
Lordfhips, That he conceived this Ad, tho* its
Intention of gaining the Indians to the Englijh In-
tereft might be good, would have quite a contrary
EfFedl, becaufe, if the Trade with the French was
preventcdj and the Merchants fhould difcontinue
that with the Indians, (as he was informed they
would) the French might lay hold of this Oppor-
tunity to furnifh themfclves with Goods from Eu-
rope, and fupply the Five Nations of Indians^ and
thereby gain them to their Intereft i And this, by
rcafon of their Situation, would not be in the
Power of the Englijh to prevent : That they were
two or three hundred Leagues diftant from Albanj^
and that they could not come to trade with the
Englifi but by going down the River St. Laurenci,
and from thence through a Lake, which brought
them within eighteen Leagues of Albany.

And that the French having made Settlements
along the faid River, it would be in their Power,
whenever they pleafed, to cut off that Communi-
cation.

That this Aft had been fo great a Difcourage-
ment to the Britijh Trade, in general, that there
had not been, by far, fo great a Quantity of Beaver,
and othei* Furs, imported into Great-Britain fince
the pafling the faid Adt, as there was before j nor
half the Quantity of European Goods exported.

That feveral Merchants who had fent over to
New-Tork confiderable Quantities oi European Goodsy
had received AJvice from their Correfpondents,
That fhould another Ad of the like Nature be
paffed, they could not find a vent for them, and
dcfired they would fend no more.

Upon the whole, Mr. Sharp defired, in behalf
©f the Merchants, that Mr. Burnet might be di-
re«5led not to pafs any Ad of the like Nature for
the future*

PiVE Indian Nations, ^c.

', ' ■''

:. !

To the King's Moft Excellent Majefty.

I »<r'.-7

-vr

May it pleafe your Majefty ; -. ' .

IN Obedience to your Majefty*s Commands, fig-
nified to us by your Order in Council of the
30th of April laft^ referring to us the Petition of
ieveral Merchants of London trading to New-Tork^
fetting forth " The great Difcouragements that
'• have been brought upon the Britijh 'Trade by an
" Ad paffed in New-Tork the 19th oi November^
" 1720, entitled, An Aii for the Encouragement of
" the Indian Trade, and rendering of it more bene-
•' ficial to the Inhabitants of this Province^ and for
" prohibiting the felling of Indian Goods to the
•* French. And that as the faid Acl is now cx-
" pir'd, the faid Merchants are informed the Go-
" vernment of New-Tork either have, or are about
" pafling an A6t to revive and continue the fame ;
" and therefore pray, that a (lop may be put
" thereto." We humbly take leave to reprefent
to your Majefty,

That we have been attended by the Petitioners,
who informed us, that they have found this Aft,
by Experience, to be fo great a Difcouragement to
the Britijh Trade, that there has not been, by far,
fo confiderable a Quantity of Beaver, and other
Furs, imported into Great-Britain, from Nrjf-
Tork, fince the pafling the faid A6t, as heretofore,
nor half the Quantity of European Goods exported
thither ; in confequence whereof the Price of Furs
is raifed Five and Twenty and Thirty per Cent, to the
great Prejudice of feveral Britijh Manufactures.

They likewife affirmed. That it was impraftica-
ble to hinder the French from fupplying the In-
^ians with European Goods : For tho* New-Tork
fliould not furniih them, xht French would find
another way to be fupplied therewith, either from

fome

€

■r

X-

.4
'if'

,'ft.

. ' ;!''■

■i

_■

1* I

it i

)i> ^ The History of the :

fome other of his Majefty's Plantations, or, it I
might be, directly from Europe, That it was of
dangerous Confequence to force this Trade into J
new Channel, many of the Goods which t\it, Indiam
want being as eafy to be had direftly from Franu\
or. Hollandy as from Great-Britain. ■

They further added, That it wa*. not likely tbt I
.Aift, in qOeftion, (hould produce the Effedls ex-
pedted from it, more particularly that of fecuring
rthe Five Indian Natbns firmly to the Britijh Intc-
iTcft i becaufe, if xht French AhQ\x\d once get aSup-
,ply of the Goods necelTary for the Indian Trade,!
• from any other ^Place, as the Five Indian Nations are |
fettled upon the Banks of the River of St, Lawrmct^
diredly oppofite to ^ebecky two or three hundred!
XiCagucs diftant from the neareft ^r//;^ Setdement
m)New-Torky the Vicinity of iht French would fiir-
nifli them witli the Means of fupplying even the
:Five Nations with thefe Goods, and confequently ol
alienating their AfFedions from ^the Brit^ IntereftJ
.And that there was no Profped of obtaining a|
Trade with the French Indians by this means, be-
caufe the French would always be able to prevent |
thdr Paflage crofs the L-akes and River of St. Lavi-
renceto our Settlements.

iThde were the moft material Objedions ma(Je|
.by the Merchants againft the Bill.

Oil tlie other hand, the Preamble of the Aft
.fctsJorth, That it was found by Experience, that
ithe French of Canada^ by means of Indian Goods
cbrought from that Province, had not only almoft
iwJiolly engroflfed the Indian Trade, but had in great
Meafure, withdrawn the AfFedlions of the Fim
Nations of Indians from the Inhabitants of that Pro- 1
vince, and rendered them wavering in their Alle-
giance to your Majefty j and would, if fuch Tradel
were not prevented, altogether alienate the Mindsj
of the iaid Indians, which would prove of dan-l

geroujj

Five Indian Nations, 0?r.

gerous Confequcnce to the Englijh Intereft iji
\ America.

And Mr. Burnet, your "Majefty's Govcrnour of

Uiw-Tork, informs us, That, fince the paffing of

Ithis A(5l, feveral of the hr Indians had come to

Many to trade j That fome of them came ^bove

lonethoufand Miles, and are now incorporated with

the Five Natiofts : That he had likewife Intelligence

ol more far Indians that defign'd to come to Jil-

Uany, which he conceives to have been a good Ef-

feft proceeding from this Aft : And likewife adds.

That he did not doubt but the Cheapnefs of Goods

vsiMany would induce the J«^w»j to trade there,

rather than with the French 2X Montreal \ and that

the Traders of Albany began to be fenfible of their

Error in fliaring a Trade with the Frencby which they

nov7 perceive they can k ep wholly to themfelves.

Upon the whole, being doubtful of fome of the

I Fads alledged by the Merchants, and confidering

how far the Britijh Trade may be afFefted by this

Ad, on the one hand ; and how much the Security

and Intereft of your Majefty's Colonies in America

may be concerned, on the other, we are humbly of

[Opinion, That no Directions fliould be fent to New-

VIork, upon the Subjed-Matter of this Aft, till

J Mr. Burnet fhall have been acquainted with the Ob-

jeftions of the Merchants thereto, and his Anfwers

land Obfervations received thereupon. For which

knd, if your Majefty (hall be gracioully pleafed to

approve of this our Propofal, we ihall forthwith

Mend him Copies both of the Merchants Memorial,

and ot what Objeftions they have mad^ before us

[to the Subjeft-Matter of this Bill.

Which is moft humbly fubmitted. Signed,

7. Chetwindy

R, Plummer^

Wbitef^all,

*r. Pelbam,

Ed. Ajhe.

July 14, 1724.

M, Bladen^

1 1,

The

■-,1

.11 :

• The History of th '

The Report of a Commmittee of the Council heli\
. at New-York, November 6, 1724.

May it pleafe your Excellency ^

IN Obedience to your Excellency's Commands I
in Council, the 2gth oi O^ober^ referring to us I
a Petition of feveral Merchants in London, prefent-
ed to the King's moft excellent Majefty, againftj
renewing an Ad paffed in this Province, entitled,
yin A£i for Encouragement of the Indian Trade, ani\
rendering it more effectual to the Inhabitants of thh\
Province^ and for prohibiting the feU'ig of Indian
Goods to the French -, as likewife the feveral Alle-
gations of the faid Merchants before the Right!
Hon. the Lords of Trade and Plantations, we begj
Leave to make the following Remarks.

In order to make our Obfervations the more|
diftinft and clear, we fhall gather together the fe-
veral Aflertions of the faid Merchants, both inl
their Petition, and delivered verbally before the|
Lords of Trade, as to the Situation of this Pro-
vince, with refpe6t to the French and Indian Nationsi
and obferve on them, in the firft Place, they being
the Foundation on which all their other Allegations
are grounded. Afterwards we fliall lay before
your Excellency, what we think neceflary to obfervel
on the other parts of the faid Petition, in the Orderl
they are in the Petition, or in the Report of the!
Lords of Trade.

In their geographical Accounts they fay, " Bej
*' fides the Nations of Indians that are in the Bj
*' glijh Intereft, there are very many Nations oi
" Indians, who are at prefent in the Intereft of M
•* French, and who lie between New-Tork and th^
•* Nations of Indians in the Englifh Intereft.-
•' The French and their Indians would not permi|
," the Englijh Indians to pais over by their Forts.

Five Indian Nations, &c.

The faid Aft " Reftrains them {the Five Na-
\u fions) from a free Commerce with the Inhabitants
I" of New-Tork.

<* The Five Indian Nations are fettled upon the
I" Banks of the River St. Lawrence, diredly op-
«< pofite to Rebeck, two or three Hundred Lea-
♦< gues diftant from the neareft Britijh Settlements
|<' in NeW'Torh

" They {the Five Nations of Indians) were two
W or three Hundred Leagues diftant from Albany ;
« and that they could not come to trade with the
« Englijh but by going down the River St, Law-
« rence, and from thence through a Lake, which
" brought them within eighteen Leagues of
I" Albany'*

Thefe Things the Merchants have thought it fafe
for them, and confiftent with their Duty to his
Ikred Majefty, to fay in his Majefty's Prefence,
and to repeat them afterwards before the Right Hon.
the Lords of Trade, though nothing can be more
direftly contrary to the Truth. For there are no
Nations of Indians between New-Tork and the Na-
tions of Indians in the Englijh Inter eft ^ who are now
fix in Number, by the Addition of the 'Tufcaroras,
The Mohawks (called Annies by the French) one of
the Five Nations, live on the South-fide of a Branch
of Hudfon*S' River, (not on the North-fide, as they
are placed in the French Maps) and but forty Miles
direftly Weft from Albany, and witiiin the Englijh
Settlements, fome of the Englijh Farms upon the
fame River being thirty Miles further Weft.

The Oneidas (the next of the Five Nations) lie
likewife Weft from Albany, near the Head of the
Mohawks- River, about one Hundred Miles from
Albany.

The Onondagas lie about one Hundred and Thirty
Miles Weft from Albany. And the Tujcaroras live
partly with the Oneidas, and partly with the Onon^
^agas.

The

■M ,

»H'|

til ;:^

P4 The History of tbe^'-'^

The Cayugas are about one hundred and lixty
Miles from Albatiy,

And the Sennekas (the furthcft of all thefe Na-
tions) are not above two hundred and forty Miles
from Albany, as may appear by Mr. Be VIJle\\
Map of Louifianey who lays down the Five Nations
under the Name of Iroquois,

And Goods are daily carried from this Province
to the Sennekas, as well as to thofe Nations that 11;
nearer, by Water all the Way, except tiiree Miles,
(or in the dry Seafons, five Miles) where the Tra-
dcrs carry over Land between the Mobawks-Rm
and the JVood Creek, which runs into the Ontik-
Lakey without going near either St. Lawrence-RiiWy ■
or any of the Lakes upon which the French pals,
which are entirely out of their Way. •

The nearell: French Forts or Stttkments to Al-
tony J are Chambly and Monreal, both of them lying I
about North and by Eaft from Albany, and arc
nea/ two hundred Miles diftant from it. ^ekck
Hes about three hundred and eighty Miles Norrh-
Eaft from Albany. So far is it from being true,
that the Five Nations are fituated upon the Banks
of the River St. Lawrence, oppofite to Rebeck, that
Albany lies almoft diredly between Rebeck and the
Five Nations. And to fay that thefe Indians cannot
come to trade at Albany, but by going down the
River St. Lawrence, and then into a Lake eighteen
Leagues from Albany (we fuppofe they mean Lah
Cbampiain) pafling by the French Forts, is to ik
fame Purpofe as if they Ihould fay, that one can-
not go from London to Briftol, but by Way ot
Edinburgh.

Before we go on to ouferve other Particulars, we
beg Leave further to remark, that it is fo far from
being true, that the Indians in the French Intereft,
lie between New-Tork and our Five Nations of In-
dians, that fome of our Nations of Indians lie be-
tween the French and the Indians, from whence the

Fremk

Five Indian Nations, &c,

frencb bring the far greatefl Quantity of their
Furs: For the Sennekas (whom the French call So-
nontouons) are fituated between Lake Erie and Ca-
taraqui Lake^ (called by tht Frencb Ontario) near the
(treat Fall of Jagiaray by which all the Indians that
live round Lake Ericy round the Lake of the Hu-
\msy round the Lake of the Illenoisy or Mcbegan^
and round the great Upper Lake, generally pafs in
their Way to Canada. All the Indians (ituated up-
on the Branches of the Mtjiffippi, muft likewue
pafs by the fame Place, if they go to Canada. And
all of them likcwife in their Way to Canada, pafs
by our Trading-Place upon the Cataraqui Lake, at
the Mouth of the Onondaga River. The neareft
and lafeft Way of carrying Goods upon the Cata-
ra^i Lake towards Canada^ being along the South-
fide of that Lake, (near where our Indians are fct-
|tlcd, and our Trade of late is fixed) and not by the
North-fide and Cataraqui, or Froniinac Fort, where
the Frwf^ are fettled.

Now that we have reprefented to your Excellency,
that not one Word of the Geography of thefe
Merchants is true, upon which all their Reaibning
is founded, it might feem needlefs to trouble your
Excellency with any further Remarks, were it not
to (how with what earneftnefs they are promoting
the Frencb Interefi, to the Prejudice of all his Ma-
jefty*s Colonies in North America, and that they
afe not afliamed of aflerting any Thing for that
End, even in the Royal Prefence.
Firft, They fay, " That by the Aft paffed in
this Province, entitled, An A£l for Encourage-^
mrnt of the Indian Tirade, 13 c. All Trade what-
foever is prohibited in the ftricleft Manner, and
under the fcvercfl: Penalties, between the Inha-
bitants of Neuo-Tork Government, and the
•' Frencb of Canada."

This is not true, for only carrying Goods to the
frencb, which are proper for the Indian Trade, is

prohibited.

fii

((

•(

. I:

iil

i6 , i 7he History of the t

prohibited. The Trade as to other Things, is left
in the fame State it was before that Aft was made,
as it will appear to any Perfon that ftiaU read it;
And there are yearly large Quantities of other
Goods openly carried to Canada^ without any Hin-
drance from the Government of New-Tork, What-
ever may be faid of the Severity and Penalties in
|hat A<5t, they are found infufficient to deter fome
from carrying Goods clandcftinely to the French \
and the Legillature of this Province are convinced
that no Penalties can be too fevere, to prevent a
Trade which puts the Safety of all his MajeftyV
Subje6ts of North America in the greatcft Danger.
Their next AfTertion is, Allthg Indian Goods havi
ty this A^y been raifid 25 1. /<? 30 I. per Cent. This
is the only Allegation in the whole Petition, that
there is any Ground for. Neverthelefs, though the
common Channel of Trade cannot be altered with-
out fome Detriment to it in the Beginning, we are
aflured from the Cuftom-houfe Books, that there
has been every Year, fmce the pafling of this Aft,
more Furs exported from New-Tork^ than in the
Year immediately before the pafling of this Aft.
It is not probable, that the greateft Difference be-
tween the Exportation any Year before this Aft,
and any Year fince, could fo mach alter the Price of
Beaver, as it is found to be this laft Year. Beaver
is carried to Britain from other Parts befides Nm-
Tork^ and it is certain that the Price of Beaver is
not fo much altered here by the Quantity in our
Market, as by the Demand for it in Britain. But
as we cannot be fo well informed here, what occa-
fions Beaver to be in greater Denrand in Britdh
we muft leave that to be enquired after in Englanl
However, we are fully fatisfied that it will be found
to be for very different Reafons from what the Mer
chants iOl^dge.

, The Merchants go on and fay, Whereas on the
ather Hand, this Branch of the New-York Tradi\

tity in our
tain. But
what, occa-
in Britak^
n Englani
11 be found |
ittheMer-

reas on the
ork fradt\

Five Indian Nations, Gfc.

hy the Bifcouragements brought upon it by this J^j
is altnofi wholly engrojfed by the French, who have
already by this A£f^ been encouraged to fend proper
European Goods to Canada, to carry on this Trade^
fo that Jhould this A£l he continued, the New- York
frade which is very conjiderable, mujv be wholly lofi to
«;, and center in the French. Though New-
York )5&o«/i not fumijh them, the French would find
mother Way to be fupplied therewith, either from
feme other of his Majejly^s Plantations, or it might
he direSfly from Europe.- Many of the Goods
which the Indians want being as eafy to be had di"
nSlly from France or Holland, as from Great-Britain.
This is eafily anfwered, by informing your Ex-
cellency, that the principal of the Goods proper
tor the Indian Market are only of the Manufadures
of Great -Britain, or of the Britifh Plantations, viz.
Strouds, or Stroud- Waters, and other Woollens,
and Rum. The French muft be obliged to buy all
their Woollens (the Strouds efpecially) in England,
and thence carry them to France, in order to their
Tranfportation to Canada. The Voyage to Rebeck
through the Bay of St. Lawrence, is well known
to be the mod dangerous of any in the World, and
only pradticable in the Summer Months. The
Fnnch have no Commodities in Canada, by reafon
of the Cold and Barrennefs of the Soil, proper for
the Weft -India Markets, and therefore have no Rum
but by Veffels from France, that touch at their
Illands in the Weft-Indies. New-Tork has, by Rea-
fon of its Situation, both as to the Sea and the In-
dians, every Way the Advantage of Canada. The
New-Tork Veffels make always two Voyages in the
Year from England, one in Summer and another in
Winter, and feveral Voyages in a Year to the Weft-
Indies. It is manifeft therefore, that it is not in the
Power of the French to import any Goods near fo
[Cheap io Canada, as they are imported to New-
Jork.

C But

■< *■

t$ . The History of t/je

' But to put this out of all Controverfy, we need
only obllrve to your Excellency, That Stroucs
(without which no confidcrablc Trade can be car-
ried on with the Indiavs) are fold at Albany for lo/.
a Piece : They were fold at Monreal before this Adl j
took Place, at i^l. is. 6 d. and now t'ley are i
fold there for 25 /. and upwards: Wiuch is an evi-
dent Proof, that the French have not, in ihefe fourj
Years Time (during the Continuance of this Aft)
found out any other Way to fupply themiclves
with Strouds, and likewife that they cannot trade |
without them, feeing they buy them at fo extrava-
gant a Price.

It likcwile appears, that none of the neighbour-
ing Colonies have been able to fupply the French
with thcle Goods ; and thofe that know the Geo-
graphy of the Country, know it is impradicable
to do it at any tolerable Rate, becaufe they n^.uft
carry their Goods ten Times further by Land than
wc need to do.

Wt are likewife affurcd, that the Merchants of
Monreal lately told Mr. Vaudreuil their Governor,
that if the Trade from Albany be not by fome
Means or other encouraged, they mull abandon
that Settlement. We have Realbn therefore to fiif-
ped, that thefe Merchants (at Jeaft fome of them)
have been pradifed upon by the French Agents in
Louden \ for no doubt, the French will leave no
Method untried to defeat the prefent Defigns of
this Government, feeing they are more afraid of
the Confequences of this Trade between New-Tcrk
and the Indians^ than of all the warlike Expeditions
that ever were attempted againft Canada.

But to return to the Petitioners, 'They concehi
nothing can tend more to the withdrawing the /Iffec-
tions of the Five Nations of Indians from the Engli.1i
Intcreil, than the Continuance of the faid A5l^ i^hkh
in its Effects rejirains them from a free Commerce with
the Inhabitants of New- York, and may too prchahlj^

eftnwii

iin us

Five Indian Nations, &c,

iffiran^e them from the Englifh Intereft, whereas hy
\a Freedom of Commerce, and an encouraged Inter courfe
uf frade with the French a„d their Indians, the
EngliHi Interefl might in Time, be greatly improved
\and firengthened.

It feems to us a ftrange Argument to fay, that
I an Aft, the whole Purport of which is to encourage
our own People to go among the Indians, and to
draw the far Indians through our Indian Country to
Ulhany (and which has truly produced thefe EfFedls)
would on the contrary, reftrain them from a free
ICommerce with the Inhabitantc of New-Tork, and
may too probably eftrange them from the Englifh
\lnterj, and therefore that it would be muchwifer
to make ufe of the French, to promote the
Interefl ', and for which End, we ought to
Itncourage a free Intercourfe between them and our
Utiiians. The reverfe of this is exadly true, in the
jOpinion of our Five Nations -, who in ail their pub-
llick Treaties with this Government, have, repre-
Ifented againft this Trade, as ^he Building the French
IFcrts with Englifh Strouds : That; the encouraging
la Freedom of Commerce with our Indians, and the
llndians round them, who muft pals through their
jCountry io Albany, would certainly increafe both
[the Englifh Intereft and theirs, among all the Nati-
lons to the Weftward of them ; and that the car-
Irying the Indian Market to Monreal in Canada,
[draws all the far Indians thither.

The laft Thing we have to take Notice, is what
Ithe Merchants afferted before the Lords of Trade,
hiz. That there has not been half the Quantity of Eu-
ropean Goods exported ftnce the paffing of this A5f,
\lhat ufed to be.

We are well aflfured, that this is no better ground-

led than the other Fa61:'j they alTert with the fame

IPofitivenefs. For it is well known almoft to every

Perfon in New-Tork, that there has not been a lefs,

put rather a greater Quantity of European Goods

C 2 imported

•-■\ '■'

;i ■

i .

' t

20 T/je MisroRY of thi

imported into this Place, fince the pafling of this
A(ft, than was at any Time before it, in the fame
Space of Time. As this appears by the Manifcfts |
in the Cuftom-houfe here, the fame may hkewifej
be eafily proved by the Cuftom-houfe Books in|
London.

As all the Arguments of the Merchants run upon!
the ill Effedsthis Aft has had upon the Trade and I
the Minds of the Indians, every one of which we |
have fhown to be afferted without the leaft Foun-
dation to fupport them, there nothing now remains,!
but to fliow the good Effeds this Ad has pro-
duced, which arc fo notorious in this Province, that
wc know not one Perfon that now opens his Month |
againft the A6t.

Before this A6t pafled, none of the People of I
this Province travelled into the Indian Countries to
trade : We have now above forty young Men, who,
have been feveral Times as far as the Lakes a trad-
ing, and thereby become well acquainted, not only!
with the Trade of the Indians, but likewife with|
their Manners and Languages ; and thefe have re*
turned with fuch large Qiiantities of Furs, thatl
greater Numbers are refolved to follow their Ex- 1
ample. So that we have good Reafon to hope,
that in a little Time the Englijh will draw the whole I
Indian Trade of the Inland Countries to ATbaK^A
and into tlie Country of the Five Nations. This!
Government has built a publick Trading-houfe up-
on Cataraqui Lake, at Irondequat in the Senmhi\
Land, and another is to be built next Spring, at
the Mouth of the Onondagas River. All the far|
Indians pafs by thefe Places, in their Way to Cana-
da \ and they are not above half fo far from the|
Englijh Settlements, as they are from the French.

So far is it from being true what the Merchanisl
fay, 1^'hat the French Forts interrupt all Communica-
tion betiveen the Indians and the Englifh, that if thefel
Places be well fupported, as they eafily can be fromi
4 our|

Five Indian Nations, G?a

lour Settlements, in cafe of a Rupture with the
\Frmbi it will be in the Power of this Province,
Ito intercept the greateft Part of the Trade between
\Canada and the Indians, round the Lakes and the
iBranches of the MJifftppi.

Since this A61 paffed, many Nations have come
Ito Many to trade, and fettle Peace and Friendfliip,
Iwhofe Names had not fo much as been heard of
mong us.

In the Beginning of May 172^, a Nation of /«-

lans came to Albany fmging and dancing, with

heir Calumets before them, as they always do

hen they come to any Place where they have not

n before. We do not find that the Commif-

fwners of Indian Aifairs, were able to inform them-

Ives what Nation this was.

Towards the End of the fame Month, eighty

en, befides Women and Children, came to Jl-

'jffy in the fame Manner. Thefe had one of our

ive Nations with them for an Interpreter, by

horn they informed the Commiflioners, that they

ere of a great Nation, called NehkereageSy confift-

g of fix Caftles and Tribes \ and that they lived

ear a Place called by the French Miffilimakinak^

tween the Upper Lake and the Lake of the Hu-

ns. Thefe Indians not only defired a free Com-

erce, but likewife to enter into a ftrict League of

riendlhip with us and our Six Nations, that they

ight be accounted the Seventh Nation in the

eaguci and being received accordingly, they-

ft their Calumet as a Pledge of their Fidelity.

In June another Nation arrived, but from what

art of the Continent we have not learned.

In July the Twighttvies arrived, and brought an

itdian Interpreter of our Nations with them, who

Id, that they were called by the French Miamies,

nd that they live upon one of the Branches of the

^iver Mifijfippi,

*• *

|i r

!>•*

22 Tbe History of the -

At the fame Time fome of the ^ahfagrondie In-
dians, who live between Lake Erie and the Lake of
the liurons^ near a French Settlement, did come
and renew their League with the Englijh, nor durft
the French hinder them.

In July tiiis Year, another Nation came, vhofe
Situation and Name we know not. And in Augu}
and September, fcveral Parties of the fame Indiau
that had been here laft Year. But the greatefl
Numbers of thefe far Indians have been met this
Year, in the Indian Country by our Traders, every
one of them endeavouring to get before another,
in order to reap the Profits of fo advantagious a
Trade, which has all this Summer long, kept about
forty Traders conftantly employed, in going be-
tween our Trading-places in our Indian Country,
and Albany,

All thefe Nations o^ Indians who came to #
hany faid, that the French had told them many
ftrange Stories of the Englijh, and did what they
could to hinder their coming to Albany, but that
they had refolvcd to break through by Force. The
Difference on this Score between the Tahfagronk
Indians and the French (who have a Fort and Set-
tlement thc'-'j, called by them Le Detroit) rofe to
that Height diis Summer, that Mr. Tonti who co.t/
manded there, thought it proper to retire, and re-
turn to Canada with many of his Men.

We are for thefe Reafons well affured, that this
Year there will be more Beaver exported ioxGn&i-
Britain, than ever was from this Province in one
Year •, and that if the Cuftom-houfe Books at Lm-
don be looked into, it will be found, that there will
be a far greater Quantity of Goods for the Indiavi
(Strcnds efpecially) fent over next Spring, than ever
was at any one Time to this Province j for tht
Merchants here tell us, that they have at this Time
ordered more of thefe Goods, than ever was don
at any one Time before.

Thef:

Thefe M
tion, that t
wNe-i^~ToT
Nations of
Strangers t
Depen dance
to us and ou
ml Offices
qucnce this
as to Trade,
apparent lil^
quence to
hrth-Amef
EfFefts of
betwixt Ne'i
iim fuppc
ConfequenC'
be able to
and fuch ni
of this Pro
the other '.
their own F
to thofe tha
be brought
(as vre have
they will) tl
muft be at

To thefe
of our yoi
Ad totra-v
Manners, t
their Count
ol^ Fatigue;
being refol
young Mei
be ot ten 1
ber of the ^

The Eff
quieted thi

Five Indian Nations, &c.

Thefe Matters of Fa6l prove beyond Contradic-
tion, that this A61 lias been of the greatcft Service
to Ne-w~7'ork^ in making us acquainted with many
Nations of Indians^ formerly entirely unknown and
Strangers to us •, in withdrawiiig them from their
Dcpcndance upon the French^ and in uniting thim
to wand our Indians^ by Means of 'IVade and mu-
tual Offices of Friendfhip. Of what great Cor.fe-
qucnce this may be to xhtBritiJh Intereji in general,
as to Trade, is apparent to any Body. It is no leik
apparent likewife, that it is of the greatefb Confe-
quence to the Safety of all the Britijh Colonies in
hrtb-America. We feel too fenfibly, the ill
EfFedls of the Frenc/j Inter eft in the prefent War
betwixt New-England^ and only one Nation of In-
Sitns fupported by the French. Of what difmal
Conlequences then might it be, if the French fhould
be able to influence in the fame Manner, ib many
and fuch numerous Naiions, as lie to the Weftward
of this Province, Penfylvania and Maryland ? On
the other Hand, it all thefe Nations (who aflert
their own Freedom, and declare themfelves Friends
to thofe that fupply them beft with what they want)
be brought to have a Dependance upon the Engliflj
(as we have good Reafon to hope, in a fhort Time
they will) the French of Canada, in cafe of a War,
muft be at the Mercy of the Englijh,

To thefe Advantages muft be added, that many
of our young Men having been induced by this
Ad to travel among the Indians, they learn their
Manners, their Languages, and the Situation of all
their Countries, and become inured to all Manner
ol Fatigues and Hardlhips, and a great many more
being refolved to follow their Example ; thefe
young Men, in cafe of a War with the Indians, will
be ot ten Times the Service, that the fame Num-
ber of the common Militia can be of

The F2ffc6ls of this Ad have likewife fo much
quieted the Minds of the People, with Refped to

C 4 the

|:WHi

24 ^e History of the

the Security of the Frontiers, that our Settlements
are now extended above thirty Miles further Weft
towards the Indian Countries, than they were before
it pafied.

The only Thing that now remains to anfwer, is
an Objedion v/hich we fuppofe may be made,
What can induce the Merchants of hondon to petition
againjl an A£f^ which will be really fo much for their
Jntereft in the End ? The Reafon is in all Probabi-
lity, becaufe they only confider their prefent Gain ;
and that they are not at all concerned for the Safety
of this Country, in encouraging the mod neceffary
Undertaking, if they apprehend their Profit for
two or three Years may be leflened by it. This
Inclination of the Merchants has been fo notorious,
that few Nations at War with their Neighbours,
have been able to reftrain them from fupplying their
Enemies with Ammunition and Arms. The Count
D'Eftrade^ in his Letters in 1638 fays, That when
the Dutch were befieging Antwerp, one Beilani^
who had loaded four Fly -boats with Arms and Pow-
der for Antwerp, being taken up by the Prince of
Grangers Order, and examined at Amfterdam, faid
boldly, That the Burghers of Amfterdam had a
Right to trade every where: That he could name a
Hundred that were Fa£lors for the Merchants at Ant-
werp, and that he was one. That Trade cannot k
interrupted, and that for his Part he was very free to
own, that if to get airf Thing by Trade it were neceffary
to pafs through Hell, he would venture to burn his Sails.
When this Principle fo common to Mercliants, is
confidered, and that fome in this Place have got
Eftates by trading many Years to Canada, it is not
to be wondered that they have adled as Fadors for
Canada in this Affair, and that they have tranf-
mitted fuch Accounts to their Correfpondents in
London, as are confiflent with the Truft repofed in
them by the Merchants of Canada.

Five Indian Nations, G?r.

In the laft Place, we are humbly of Opinion,
hat it may be proper to print the Petition of the
erchants of London^ and their Allegations before
he Lords of Trade, together with the Anfwers
our Committee has made thereto, in Vindication
f the Legiflature of this Pro\ mce, of which we
avc the Honour to be a Part, if your Excellency-
all approve of our Anfwers : That what we have
may be expofed to the Examination of every
ne in this Place, where the Truth of the Matters
|of Faft is bell known ; and that the Correfpondents
if thefe Merchants may have the moft publick
[Notice to reply, if they Ihall think it proper, or
to difown in a publick Manner, that they are the
Authors of fuch groundlefs Informations.
All which is unanimoufly and humbly fubmittcd

fcj

Tour Excellency^ 5

Moft obedient humble Servants^

R. Walter,
Rip Van Dam,
John Barberie,
Fr. Harrifon^

Cadwallader Golden^
Ja. Alexander,
Abraham van Horn:

A Memorial concerning the Furr-Hrade of the
Province of New- York.

Frefented to his Excellency William Burnet, Efq-,
Captain General and Governor, &c. by Cad-
wallader Golden, Surveyor General of the f aid
Province, the loth of November 1724.

IT has of late been generally believed, that the In-
habitants of the Province of New-Tork are foad-
vantageoufly fituatedjWithrefpedt to the Indian Trade,

and

nil

26 *^^^ History of tbe

and enjoy fo many Advantages as to Trade in general I
that it IS in ttieir Power not only to rival the Frencll
of CanrJa, who have ainioft entirely cngrollld the
Furr-Trade of u^merica, but that it is impoffibk for)
tht French to carry on that Trade in Competition f
with the People of this Province. The enquiri);^
into the Truth of this Propofition, may not only I
be of fome Confequence, as to the Riches and Ho-
nour of the Britijh Nation^ (for it is well known]
how valuable the Furr-Trade of America is) but
likewift us to the Safety of all the Britijh Colonics in j
Isorth-Arnerica. New -France (as the French now|
claim) extends irom the Mouth of the Kivtx ?/Iifij
fippi^ to the Mouth of the River St. Lazvreme^ by I
which the French plainly Ihow their Intention otj
encloimg the Britijh Settlements, and cutting us oji'
from all Commerce with the numerous Nations ofi
Indians^ that arc every where fettled over the vail
Continent of North-America. The Englijlo in Am-
rica have too good Reafon to apprehend fuch a De-
figr., when they fee the French King's Geographer
publlA) a iviap, by which he has fet Bounds to the
Britifh Empire in America, and has taken in many
of the Englijh Settlements both in South-Carolina and
Ncw-2^ork, within thefe Boundaries of Ne-w-Frana.
And the good Services they intend us, with the In-
dians^ but too plainly appears at this Day, by the
Indian War now carried on againfl New-England.

I have therefore for fome I'ime paft, endeavour-
ed to inform myfelf, from the Writings of the
French, and from others who have travelled m Ca-
nada, or among the Indians, how far the People of
this Province may carry on the Indian 'Trade, with
more Advantage than the French can -, or what
Difadvantages they labour under, mo^^c than the
French do. As ' Endeavours for the gcod oi
ones Country are cxcufabic, I do not doubt but my
Intention in this will be acceptable to your Excel-
lency, though I be not capable of treating the Sub-
jed as it defcrves. 1

Five Indian Nations, &c.

I (hall begin with Canada^ and confidcr what Ad-
vantages they have either by their Situation, or
otherwife. Canada is fituated upon the River of St.
Lawrence, by which the five great Lakes (which
may properly be called, The five Inland Seas of
l^orth- America) empty themfelves into the Ocean.
The Mouth of this great River is in the Lat. of
50 Degrees, overagainft the Body of Nezvfoundlatid.
It rifes from the Cataracui Lake, (the Eaflermoft of
the five great Lakes) about the Lat. of 44 Degrees,
and runs from thence about No»th-Kail to the
Ocean, and is about nine hundred Miles in Length,
from that Lake to the Ocean. The five great
Lakes which communicate with each other, and
with this River, extend about one thouland Miles
Weftwardj further into the Continent. So far the
hvicb have already difcovered, and their Difcove-
ries make it probable, that an Inland Paflage may
be found to the South-Sea, by the Rivers which
run into thefe Lakes, and Rivers which run into
the South-Sea.

The Method of carrying Goods upon the Rivers
of North-America, into all the fmall Branches, and
over Land, from the Branches of one River to the
Branches of another, was learned from the Indians,
and is the only Method pradlicable through fuch
large Forefts and Deferts as the Traders pafs thro%
in carrying from one Nation to another, it is this j
the Indians make a long narrow Boat, made of t^e
Bark of the Birch-tree, the Parts of which they
join very neatly. One of thefe Canoes that can
carry a Dozen Men, can itfclf be eafily carried upon
two Men's Shoulders •, fo that when they have gone
as flir by Water as they can (which is further than
is eafily to be imagined, becaufe their loaded Ca-
noes don't fink fix Inches into the Water) they un-
load their Canoes, and carry both Goods and Ca-
noes upon their Shoulders over Land, into the
neareft Branch of the River they intend to follow.

Thus,

;l!l-

1 1 1

28 The History cf the

Thus^tht French have an eafy Communication with
all the Countries bordering upon the River of St\
Lawrence^ and its Branches, with all the Countries]
bordering upon thefe In-land Seas, . ad the Rivers]
v/hich empty themfelves into thefe Seas, and can!
thereby carry their Burdens of Merchandize thro'
all thefe large Countries, which could not by any
other means than Water-carriage be carried thro' fo|
vaft a Tra6t of Land.

This, however, but half finiflies the View the]
French have, as to their Commerce in North- Jm-
rica. Many of the Branches of the River Mifijfippi
come fo near to the Branches of feveral of the Ri-
vers which empty themfelves into the great Lakes,
that in feveral Places there is but a ihort Land-Car-
riage from the one to the other. As foon as tntj
have got into the River Mtfifftppi, they open to them-
felves as large a Field for Traffick in the fouthern
Parts oiNorth-America^ as was before mentioned with
refpedl to the northern Parts. If one confiders the
Length of this River, and its numerous Branches,
he mud fay, That by means of this River ^ and tht
Lakes, there is opened to his View fuch a Scene of in'
land Navigation as cannot be paralleled in any other
Part of the World,

The French have, with much Induftry, fetded
fmall Colonies, and built ftockaded Forts at all the
confiderable Pafles between the Lakes, except be-
tween Cat aracui Lake (called by the French Ontario)
and Lake Erie, one of our Five Nations of IndicinSy
whom we call Sennekas, (and the French Sonontouans)
having hitherto refufed them leave to cred any
Buildings there.

The French have been indefatigable in making
Difcoveries, aud carrying on their Commerce with
Nations, of whom the Englijh know nothing but
what they fee in the French Maps and Books. The
Barrennefs of the Soil, and the Coldnefs of the
Climate of Canada, obliges the greatefl number ot

the

{"ivi

I the EngU
gone to 1
reft dilco
much of
from mil!
1 Crucihxe:

IFivE Indian Nations, t^c,

\t Inhabitants to feek their living by travelling
long the Indians^ or by trading with thofe that
travel. The Governor, and other Officers, have
jt a fcanty Allowance from the King, and could
Dt fubfift were it not by the Perquifites they have
jom this Trade ; neither could their Priefts find
ty means to fatisfy their Ambition and Luxury
without it : So that all Heads and Hands are em-
ploy'd to advance it, and the Men of beft Parts
bink it the fureft way to advance themfelves by
avelling among the Indians, and learning their
janguages ; even the Bigotry and Enthufiafm of
Bome hot Heads has not been a little ufeful in ad-
vancing this Commerce ; for that Government hav-
ng prudently turn*d the Edge of the Zeal of fuch
hot Spirits upon converting the Indians, many of
[them have fpent their Lives under the greateft Hard-
llhips, in endeav^ouring to gain the Indians to their
iReligion, and to love the French Nation, while, at
[the fame time, they are no lefs induftrious to re-
[prefent the Englijh as the Enemies of Mankind. So
[that the whole Policy of that Government, both
civil and religious, is admirably turn'd to the gene-
ral Advancement of this Trade. Indeed the Art
[and Induftry of the French, efpecially that of their
religious Miflions, has fo far prevailed upon all the
Indians in North-America, that they are every where
directed by French Councils. Even our own Five
Nations^ (the Iroquois) who formerly were mortal
Enemies of the French, and have always liv'd in the
ftrideft Amity with the Engliflo, have, of late, (by
the Pradlices of the French Priefts ) been fo far
gain*d, that feveral of the Mohawks, who live neareft
the Englijh, have left their Habitations, and are
gone to lettle near Monreal in Canada -, and all the
reft difcover a Dread of the French Power. That
much of this is truly owing to the Priefts, appears
trom many of the Sachems of the Iroquois wearing
Crucifixes when they come to Albany ; And thofe

Mohaivk

^ i

/. ne History of thevrC.

Mohawk Indians that are gone to Canada^ are now
commonly known, both to the French and Englijh^
by the Name of ^The Praying Indians, it being cuf-
tomary for them to go through the Streets of Mon-
real with their Beads, praying and begging Alms.

But notwithilanding all thefe Advantages, the
French labour under DifEculties that no Art or In-
duftry can remove. The Mouth of the River of
St. Lawrence, and more efpecially the Bay of ^/.
Lawrence, lies fo far North, and is thereby lb often
fubjedt to tcmpcftuous Weather and thick Fogs,
that the Navigation there is very dangerous, and
never attempted but during the Summer Months.
Tiie W'idenefs of this Bay, together with the many
ftrong Currents tiiat run in it, the many Shelves,
and funken Rocks that are every where fpread over
both the Bay and River, and the want of Phccs
for anchoring in the Bay, all increafe the Danger of |
this Navigation ; fo that a Voyage to Canada is juft-
ly eftcem'd much more dangerous than to any other
Part of America. The many Shipwrecks that hap-
pen in this Navigation, are but too evident Proofs
of the Truth of this, particularly the Mifcarriage|
of the laft Expedition againll Canada. The Chan-
nel is fo difBcult, and the Tides fo ftrong, that after
their Shipping get into the River, they never at-
tempt to fail in the Night, tho* the Wind be fair,
and the Weather good. Theff Difficulties are fo con-
fiderable, that the French never attempt above one
Voyage in a Year to Europe, or the Wejl-Mm^
tho' it be really nearer Europe than any of the Eni'
lijh Colonies, wiicre the Shipping that conftantly life |
the Trade, always make two Voyages in the Year.

The Navigation between ^leheck and Monreal is I
likewife very dangerous and difficult: The Ticie|
riles about i3 or 20 Feet at ^leheck, which occa-
fions fo ftrong a Stream, that a Boat of fix Oars I
cannot make way agiinlt it : The River in many I
Places very wide, and the Ch mncl at the fame time

narrow

^^.

Five Indian Nations, ";

I narrow and crooked ; there are many Shelves and
funken Rocks, fo that the bed Pilots have been de-
Iceived; for which reafon the Veflfels tliat carry-
Goods to Monreal arc always obliged to anchor be-
fore Night, tho' both Wind and Tide be fair. The
Flood goes no further than Trois RiviereSy half way
to Monrealj and about ninety Miles from Quebeck :
After they pafs this Place they have a ilrong Stream
always againlt them, which requires a fair Wind
and a ftrong Gale to carry the Veflcls againft the
Stream. And they are obliged in this Part of the
River, as well as under the Trcis Rivieres, to come
[to an anchor at Night, though tL- Wind be good.
IThefe Difficulties make the common Paffages take
up three or four Weeks, and fomctimes fix Weeks;
tho' if they have the chance of a Wind to conti-
|iiiie fo long, they may run it in five or fix Days.

After they pafs Monreal they have a ftrong Stream
[againft them till they come near the Lakes ; fo
[that in all that, which is about one hundred and
Ijifty Miles in Length, they force their Canoes for-
[ward with fetting Poles, or drag them with Ropes
ilong flioar ; and at five or fix different Places in
that way the River falls over Rocks with fuch Force,
[that they are obliged to unload their Canoes, and
carry them upon their Shoulders, They never

lake this Voyage from Monreal to Cataracui in
sfs than twenty Days, and frequently, twice that

'ime is necefTary.

Now we are come lO far as the Lake, my De-
ign leads me no further, for at this Lake all the
j^r Indians^ that go to Canada, muft pafs by* our

raders. And from thence the Road to the Indian
entries is the fame from Albany that it is from

lonreal,

Befides thefe Difficulties in the Tranfportation,
[he French labour under greater in the purchafing
V the principal Goods proper for the Indian Alar-
lit ; for the moft confiderable and moft valuable
4 Part

■ * 'V

•!

'k,

,1 3

m...

•m

." The History cf the

Part of their Cargo confifts in Strouds, Duffili^,
Blankets^ and other Woollens^ which are bought at
a much cheaper Rate in England than in Franct]
The Strouds (which the Indians value more than any
other Cloathing) are only made in England, and
muft be tranfported into France before they can be
carried to Canada. Rum is another confiderable
Branch of the Indian Trade, which the French have
not, by reafon they have no Commodities in Canam
fit for the fVeJi India Market. This they fupply
with Brandy, at a much dearer Rate than Rum can
be purchafed at New-Tork, tho* of no more Value
with the Indians. Generally, all the Goods ufed in!
the Indian Trade, except Gun-Powdery and a few
Trinkets, are fold at Monreal for twice their Value
at Albany. To this likewife muft be added, th?
neceffity they are under of laying the whole Charge
of fupporting their Government on the Indian Trait]
1 am not particularly informed of their Duties or Im*
pofts, but I am well affured, that they commonly!
give fix or feven hundred Livres for a Licence for
one Canoe, in proportion to her Largenefs, to go
with her Loading into the Indian Country to trade.
I (hall next confider the Advantages the Inhabi-
tants of New-Tork have in carrying on this Trade. I
In the frft place, the Ships that conftantly ufe the
Trade to England, perform their Voyage to and
from London twice every Year ; and thofe that
to Brijtol (the Port from whence the greateft parti
of the Goods for the Indian Trade are exported)
frequently return in four Months. Thefe Go«.'is|
are bought much cheaper in England than in Francti
They are tranfported in lefs Time, with lefs Charge,
and much lefs Rifque, as appears by the Premio fori
Infurunce between London and New-X^rk, being
only Two per Cent. Goods are eafily carried from
NewTcrk to AWavy, up Hudfon\ River, the Dif-
tancc Deing only 140 Miles, the River very ftrait|

ail the way, and bold, and very free from Sand-
banks,!

bought at
in Franci,
e than any
gland, and
:hey can be
:onfiderabk
'^rench have
s in Canak
hey fupply
,n Rum can
[Tiore Value
lods ufed in
and a few
their Value
added, th?
lole Charge
ndian Trak
lutiesorlm*
• commonly
Licence for
mefs, to go
y to trade.
the Inhabi-
this Trade.
ntly ufe the
age to and
ofe that go
;reateft part
e exported)
hefe Gcis
1 in France:
Icfs Charge,
^ Premio tor
Wk, being
:arried from
ir, the Dif-
r very ftrait
from Sand-
banks,

Five Indian Nations, &c»

banks, as well as Rocks -, fo that the Veffels always
fail as well by Night as by Day, and have the Advan-
tage of the Tide upwards as well as downwards,
the Flood flowing above Albany. It may therefore be
fafely concluded, that all forts of Goods can be car-
ried to Albany at a cheaper Rate than they can be to
^ebecky which is alfo three times further from the
Indian Country than Albany is. To put the Truth of
this out of all dilputc, I need only obferve what is
well known both at New-Tork and Albany^ viz^
That almoft all the Strouds carried by the French
into the Indian Countries^ as well as large Quantities
of other Goods, for the Ufe of the French them-
felves, are carried from Albany to MonreaU There
has been an Account kept of nine hundred Pieces
oi^ Strouds tranfported thither in one Year, befides
other Commodities of very confiderable Value. The
Diftance between Albany and Monreal is about two
hundred Miles, all by Water, except twelve Miles
between Hudfon^s River and xht Wood-Creek^ where
they carry their Bark Canoes over Land, and about
fixteen Miles between Chambly and La Prairie^ cv^r-
againft Monreal. And tho* the PafTage be fo Ihort
and eafy, thefc Goods are generally fold at double
their Value in Albany.

But as this Path has been thought extremely pre-
judicial to the Intereft of this Colony, I fhall leave
It, and go on to another, that leads diredly from
Mbany into the Cataracui or Ontario Lake^ without
going near any of the French Settlements.

From Albany the Indian Traders commonly carry
their Goods fixteen Miles over Land, to the Mo-
hawks River at Schenechtadyy the Charge pf which
Carriage is Nine Shillings New-Tork Money, or Five
Mlings Sterling each Waggon-Load. From Sche-
ntchtady they carry them in Canoes up the Mohawks
Rher^ to the Carrying-place between the Mohawks
River, and the River which runs into the Oneida
Lake i which Carrying -place between is only three

D Miles

St.

t i :,*■

I '■':.

■f

34 ■ The History of the ^

Miles long, except in very dry Weather, when they
are obliged to carry th.^m two Miles further. From
thence they go witii the Current down the Onondqa i
River to the Cataracui Lake, The Diftance be-
tween Albany and the Cataracui Lake (this Way) is
nearly the fame with that between Albany and Mon-
real ; and likewife with that httweznMonreal and the i
Cataracui Lake^ and the Palfage much eafier than the j
W bicaufe the Stream of the Mohawks River is not
fjCiii' fo ftrong as the Cataracui River between the
l^-ite and Monreal^ and there is no Fall in the River,
i4ve I ' /" ftiort one i whereas there are (as I have faid)
at leait hve in the Cataracui River ^ where theCa-i
noes muft be unloaded. Therefore it plainly foU
lows, that the Indian Goods may be carried at as |
cheap a Rate from Albany to the Cataracui Like, I
as from Albany to Monreal. So that the People of
Albany plainly fave all theCharge of carrying Goods
two hundred Miles from Monreal to that Part of
the Jataracui Lake, which the French have to carry
before they bring them to the fame Place from!
Monreal, befides the Advantage which the En0
have in the Price of their Goods.

I have faid, That when we are in the Cataracui]
Lake, we are upon the Level with the French, be-
caufe here we can meet with all the Indians that I
defign to go to Monreal. But befides this Paflage |
by the Lakes, there is a River »/hich comes from
the Country of the Sennekas, and falls into the!
Onondaga River, by which we have an eafy Car-
riage into that Country, without going near the Ca-
taracui Lake, The Head of this River goes near to
Lake Erie, and probably may give a very near Paf-
fage into that Lake, much more advantageous than
the Way the French are obliged to take by the great
Fall of J agar a, becaufe narrow Rivers are much
Hifcr for Canoes tiian the Lakes, where they are
obliged to go afhore if there be any Wind upon
the Water. Bur as this PalTage depends upon a

further

ih. i

Five Indian Nations, &c.

further Difcovery, I fliall fay nothing more of it at
this time.

Whoever then confiders thefe Advantages New-
Tork has of Canada, in the firft buying of their
Goods, and in the fafe, fpeedy, and cheap Tranf-
portation of them from Britain to the Lakes, free
of all manner of Duty or Impofts, will readily
agree with me, that the Traders of New-Tork may
fell their Goods in the Indian Countries at half the
Price the People of Canada can, and reap twice the
Profit they do. This will admit of no Difpute
with thofe that know that Strouds (the Staple Indian
Commodity) this Year are fold for Ten Pounds ap' .,e
at Albam/j and at Almreal for Twenty-five Pounds,
notwithftanding the great Quantity of Stroudj i" M
to be brought diredtly into ^^^^f/t from Franc l\ nd
the great Qiiantities that have been clandeftinc^y car-
ried {xom Albany. It cannot therefore be deni. 'Lat
it is only neceffary for the Traders of New-Tork to
apply themfelves heartily to this Trade, in order
to bring it wholly into their own Hands •, for in
every thing befides Diligence, Induftry, and endur-
ing Fatigues, the Englijh have much the Advan-
tage of the French. And all the Indians will cer-
tainly buy, where they can, at the cheapeft Rate.

It muft naturally be objected. That if thefe things
are true, how is it pojfible that the Traders of ^tyf-
York Jhould negle^ fo conjiderable and beneficial Trade
\for fo long time?

In anfwering this Objedion, I fliall fliow the Dif-
ficulties New-Tork has laboured under, by giving
a fliort Hiftory of the Country, fo far as it relates
to this Trade. Which Method, I think, can be
j liable to the leaft Objedion, and put the whole in
the trueft Light.

When this Country (the Province of New-Tork)
I came firft under the Crown of Great -Britain, our
\Tive Nations of Indians were mortal Enemies of the
Yrencb at Canada^ and were in a continual War with

D 2 them,

li/^

■ ■ T^

'J-

iff-
'V'

If-

\ -ii

■,*.■

mi;

36 ' The History of the

them, and all the Nations of Indians round the
Lakes •, fo tliat then it was not fate for the Englijh to
travel further than the Countries of the Five Na-
tions ; nor would our Indians permit t\it far Indians
(with whom they had conftant War) to pafs thro*
their Countries to/llbany. Befides, the Five Naticns
ot Indians were at that time fo numerous, (confilling
of ten times the Number of fighting Men they now
do) that the Trade with them alone was very con-
fiderable for fo young and fmall a Colony. In the
latter End of King Charles* s Reign, when the Lukt
of I'ork^ and Fopifh Councils prevail'd, the Gover-
nor of NeW'Tork (who was likewife a Papift) had
Orders to ufe all his Endeavours to make up a Peace
between our Nations (the Iroquois) and the French \
and that he fhould pcrfuade the Five Nations to ad-
mit French P^iefis among them, in order to civi-
lize them. The Confequence of which was, that
the French thereby obtained a free Commerce upon
the LakeSf and obtained leave to build Catarapi
Fort upon the North-fide oi Cataracui Lake^ and have
two Veflels of Force upon the fame Lake. From
this Time, during all King Jameses Reign, the
French^ whenever they had any Differences with
our Fi've Nations, threatened, that the Englijh of
New-Tork would join with them, and deftroy the
Five Nations -, by which, and the Pradices of the
French Pricfls, our Five Nations became very much
alii-'nated in th(rir Affedions from the Englijh^ and
look*d upon them as a People depending upon the
French. The Confequences of this appeared fo dan-
gerous to Colonel Dungan, the Governor of New-
Tork, (though, as I have faid, a Papifl) that he
again and again complain* d to his Mafter of the ill
Offices the French Priejis did the Englijh among our
Nations. When the Etjglijh had thus procur'd a
Peace for the French, they thought they might juftly
reap fome Advantage from it -, and it's hardly to be
doubted but that they had Promifcs of that kind.
. They

)und the
Englijb to
Five Na-
ir Indians
pafs thro*
;tf Natim
confiding
they now
very con-
In the

le Gover-
'apifi) had
.]p a Peace
le French \
ions to ad-
:r to civi-
was, that
lerce upon
Caiaraqui
^, and have
:e. From
[^eign, the
^nces with
Englijh of
ieftroy the
ices of the
7ery much
nglijhi and
r upon the
red fo dan-
r of New-
t) that he
r of the ill
among our
procur'd a
iiightjuftly
lardly to be
that kind.
They

Five Indian Nations, &c.

They were therefore encouraged to fend forty Men,
with great Quantities of Goods, into the Lakes^
under the Command of Major M Gregory, to trade
with the far Nations. At this time Mr. Deno/rJUe^
Governor of Canada, was gathering together all the
Force of Canada, and of the Indians, (Enemies of
the Five Nations) in order to furprize the Five Na^
tions, and deftroy them, at the Time they thought
themfelves fecure by the Peace fo lately made. Ma-
jor M^Gregory^ and his Company, were met by a
French Officer on Lake Erie, coming with a great
Number of Men to the general Rendezvous of the
French, and he, with all the Englijh, were made
Prifoners. They were ufed with fuch Severity as
has never been pradis'd between Chrifiian Nations
in open War, tho* the two Crowns, at that time,
were not only at Peace, but under the ftridtcft I'ics
of mutual Friendlhip •, for the French ufed thefe
People as Slaves in building Cataraqui Fort, and a
poor Frenchman that had condudited them, was
publickly fhot to Death, as if he had brought an
Enemy into their Country. Such was their Appre-
henfions then of the Englijh getting any Footing
among the Indians,

The French Governor furprized a Village of the
Five Nations, who, on the French Faith, liv'd in
great Security, but feven or eight Leagues from
the French Fort, and fent thefe miferable People to
the Galleys in France. He afterwards fell upon
the Sennekas, and burnt their Villages, but without
any Advantage to the French, they having loft more
Men than the Indians did. This renewed the War
with greater Fury than ever, between the French
and our Indians. For fonie time afterwards, our
Indians, in a great Body, fell upon the Ifland of
Monreal, while Mr. Denonville was in the Town :
They burnt and deftroy'd all the Villages and Houfes
round Monreal, and kill'd fome hundreds of Men,
Women, and Children. Afterwards they came

D 3 into

»1 4 «

■h

38 ^he History cf the

into the open Fields before Monreal, and there defy'd
the ^^encb Governor, who did not think it proper
to nght them. And when they had done all the
Mifchief they could, they retir'd without any Lofs.
About this Time the Revolution happen'd in
Great Britain, which was lucceeded by a War be-
tween Great-Britain and France. In February^ 1 6« »,
a Party of three hundred Men, confiding of equal
Numbers of French and Indians ^ furprized Sche-
nechtady in the Night-time, when the poor People
were in their Bedf, in the greateft Security, where
they barbarouily murdered fixty-thrce Men, Wo-
men, and Childrtn, in cold Blood, laid the Village
in Alhes, and then retir'd, without reaping any other
Advantage befides this cruel Revenge on innocent
People, for xht'Mxidrim'i our Indians had done them.
This rais'd a cruel War between the two Colonies,
in which there was much Mifchief done, and Blood
(bed, without any Advantage to either fide.

In Time of this War, the moft Cbrijiian Kind's
Governor of Canada was fo much provoked, that
he thought fit to follow the Example of our bar-
barous Indians^ and burn his Indian Prifoners alive,
in the moft cruel Manner, in fight of all the Inha-
bitants of ^ebeck^ and to deliver up the Englijh
Prifoners to the French Indians^ who indeed had
more Mercy, for they kill'd none of them.

King ff^iiiiam^s Peace put an End to this War;
but the Peace lafted fo fiiort a while, that the Peo-
ple of this Province hardly had time to re-fetde
their Farms on the Frontiers, which they had de-
ferted in the Time of the War, much lefs to ad-
venture trading in the Indian Countries, fo lately the
Scene of fo much Cruelty. But both Colonies hav-
ing now an Abhorrence of the Cruelties of the laft
War, agreed on a kind of Neutrality for the In-
dians, during Queen Jnne*s War, in which Time
we loft much ground with our own Indians : For
the Freiicb having learn' d, by dear Experience, that

Five In'dian Nations, &c,

lit was not polTible for them to conquer our Five
Indian Nations, refolvM to try all Means to gain
their AfFedions, and in this Art the French are al-
ways more fuccefsful than in that of War •, and the
lEn^liJb failing in two ill - concerted Expeditions
againft Canada, the Indians loft much of the Opi-
[nion they had of the Englijh Power and Valour.

In Time of this laft War, the clandeftine Trade

\[oMonreal began to be carried on by Indians, from

Ulkny to Monreal. This gave Riie to the Kab-

nuga^ or Praying Indians, who are entirely made

up of Deferters from the Mohawks and River In-

to, and were either enticed thither by the French

Ifriefts, or by our Merchants, in order to carry

[Goods from AWatty to Monreal, or run away for

Ifome Mifchief done here. Thefe Indians now con-

fift of about eighty fighting Men, and live about

Ifour Leagues above Monreal: They neither plant

nor hunt, but depend chiefly upon this pri\'ate

Trade for their Subfiftence. Thefe Indians, in time

of War, gave the French Intelligence of all De-

figns here againft them : By them likewife xht French

engaged our Five Nations in a War with the Indians

Friends of Virginia, and from them we might ex-

peft the greateft Mifchief in Time of War, feeing

every Part of the Province? is as well known to

Ithem as to any of the Inhabitants. But if this

[Trade was entirely at an end, we have reafon to

Ibdieve, that thefe Indians would return to their

lown Tribes, for they then could not long fubfift

[where they now are.

As foon as the Peace was proclaimM, an open
[Trade with Monreal was carried on with fuch Ear-
[neftnefs, that Monreal was fiU'd with Indian Goods,
^d Albany exhaufted ; by ".vhich means Monreal
ecame the principal, if not the only Indian Mar--
ftt^ and the Indians depended entirely on the Frtncb
'ar what they wanted.

■

■t

.,: i '

V h ^ ;

"\ r "^

\m<i

p '%

Mr-Ht

f . \i

Our

i'lf

i'}

4©

The History of the

Our Merchants were fond of the Canada Trade, |
becaufe they fold large Quantities of Goods with-
out any Trouble, the French taking them from their
Doors i whereas the Trade with the Indians is car-j
Tied on with a great deal of Toil and Fatigue;
{ind as to the Interefl of the Country, they either
never thought any thing about it, or if they did,
had no regard to it.

Now I have brought this Account to the Time
your Excellency arriv'd ; what has happen'd finci,
your Excellency knows better than I can by any
jneans inform you. From the whole, it Ictiiis
plain, that any Difficulties and Diiadvantages rhis
Province has been under, have only proceeded fruiuj
the Wars, which have continued fmce the firll kt
tUng of the Province, to the beginning of the !4|
general Peace. But now, that not only this Pro
vince, but likewife ou'cftx Nations of Indians are a
Peace, and in Amity, both with the French^ and|
all the Indian Nations with whom we can have any
Commerce, thefe Di0iCLilties are all remov'd, ai4|
we now enjoy the moil favourable Time, that at any,
time can be hoped for, in order to extend tiie Bri\
tijh Commerce in North- America^ while the Frtm
not only labour under the Difficulties which I hiw
(hown XQ be infeparable from the Situation of thei
Colony, but likewife under another DifadvunMge,!
(not before taken notice of) by the Furr- Trade opj
Canada being rt^Viiin*d to one Company. Thi
Company is obliged to pay heavy Duties in pmiu
upon the Importation qf Beaver, or any other Fun
for which realbn they always fix a Pricp upon Bta
ver, ^nd their other Furrs, in Canada ; and th(
Indian Traders of Canada being reftrain'd froip iell
jng to ^ny but the Company's Agents there, thty
cannot raifc the Price of Indian Goods as the Pri«
of European rife, or as their Profit on the Gooi
^hey fcU to the Indians is leiTen'd,

. F

The N
Traders d<
Company

elhblilhed
being twc
Pound-we
hhw-Tork
three Shilli
fore it plai
under-fell
give as gr
do, and d
caufe of t

in New-T<
But as (
Price for
Goods th
fhe Frenff.
inuil be ri
pjtition V
French he
if they hi
ro Albany^
muft have
It may
the Canac
traders c
allow a gr
ties the
King, the
Englijh ca
filled, Th
miffion of
Albany be
ruin'd be
their Tr^c

My In(

not only

• Five Indian Nations, &c.

The Merchants of New-7'ork allow our Indian
Traders double the Price for Beaver, that the French
Company allow their Indian Traders, the Price
clhblifhed by the Company for Beaver, in Canada^
being two Livres, or eighteen Pence Sterlings the
Pound-weight •, and the current Price of Beaver in
]^iW-Tork being /x?^ Shillings New-JTork Mon^y^ or
three Shillings Sterling the Pound-weight. There-
fore it pliunly foDows, that our Indian Traders could
under-fell the French Traders^ tho* they were to
give as great a Price for European Goods as the French
do, and did tranfport chem at as great Charge, be-
caufe of the double Price they have for their Furrs
in New-Tork.

But as our Indian Traders not only have a double
Price for their Indian Gonds^ but likewife buy the
Goods they fell to the Indians, at half the Price
fhe French Indian Traders dc, the French Traders
mult be ruin'd by carrying on this Trade, in Com-
petition with the Englijh o'i New-Tork. And the
French Indian Traders had been ruin'd before now^
if they had not found means to carry their Beaver
to Albany, where they got double th^ Price they
muft have fold for in Canada.

It may be objected, againft this Argument, That
the Canada Company as foon as they find that the
traders cannot fell at their eftablijhed Price, will
allow a greater Price, But if we confider the Du-
ties the French Company is obliged to pay to the
King, they cannot allow fo great a Price as the
Englijh can at New-T'ork. And if it fliould be in-
filled, That the French Company may obtain a Re-
mijfion of thofe, yet if the clandeftihe Trade with
Mbany be entirely ffopt, the French Traders will be
ruin'd before fuch Remiflion can be obtain*d, and
their Tr^de will be at an end,

i:'

,.L V-

My Inclination led me to fhow what Advantages
not only the Indian Trade would reap by extending

our

42( ^he History of the

our Frontiers as far as the Lakes, but likewife the
Britijh Trade in feme other Branches, which the
Parliament of Great-Britain feem to have much at
heart, viz. Naval Stores •, for the Soil on both Sides
of the Mohawks River being as rich as it is poflible
(I believe) for any Land to be, will be found the
moft proper for raifing of Hemp, of any Part of
America, and the whole Country round it being full
of the largeft Pines, the royal Navy is as likely to
be well provided with Masts there, and at as
cheap a rate as any where elfe. But I have already
too far prefum'd on your Excellency's Patience.

Cadwallader Colden.

To this it may not be improper to add the
following Orignai Letter.

From J. A. Efqi to Mr. P. C. o/* London,
fidewing the Suctefs of the Meafures taken
at that Time.

S I Ry Neiv-VofK I740'

IF you fhould be at the Pains to read thefe printed
Papers, it will be a Pleafure to you to hear of
the Succefs of the Meafures taken by Governor Bur-
net for redeeming the Indian Trade out of the Hands
of the French. He has fucceeded far above cur Ex-
pedtations.

Governor Burnet^ through his earned Applica-
tion, and at firft chiefly with his Money, Credit,
and Rifque, eredcd a Trading -Houie and Fortifi-
cation at the Mouth of tht Oriondagues River, called
Ofncigo^ v/hcrc the Province of New-Tork fupports
a Garrifon of Soldiers, confiding of a Lieutenant
and twenty Men, which arc yearly relieved.

Five Indian Nations, Cic.

At this Place a very great Trade is carried on
with the remote Indians^ who formerly ufed to go
down to the French at Monreal, and there buy our
En^lijh Goods, at fecond Hand, at above twice the
Price they now pay for th'^m at Ofneigo ; whilft, at
the fame time, the French were chiefly fupplied by
one Gentleman at New-Tork, who almoft entirely
engrofled the Indian Trade of this Province, and
thereby acquired a very great Eftate and Influ-
ence. But the prudent Steps taken by our late
worthy Governor, to open a free Trade, was the
Caufe of the EngrolTer^s lofmg his. —The Proba-
bility of doing this, was the principal Motive cf
our applying to the King, which is Ihown by thefc
printed Papers.

The Indian Trade, to the great Advantage of this
Province, is now divided into feveral hundred Hands,
and there have been for many Years pad upwards of
one hundred yoiing Men of this Province, who have
gone yearly among the Indians, to fupply them with
our Goods.

By this means, at a modefl Eftimate, I am
afiured, that the Indian Trade of this Proviiice is
now far above five times as much as when Gover-
nor Burnet began to put his Scheme in execution.

And this is not all the Advantages reaped there-
by, but a much more confiderable one to this, and
aii the othtT EngliJIj Col6nies is, that not only our
own fix Nations, but alfo many far and rfmote /»-
dicin Nations are drawn off from their Dependance
on the French, and made, by Trade and Intercourfe,
dependant on the Englifi ; by this means a great
Security and Prot-edion is acquired by the EngliJIo^
in cafe of a War with France ; and by this Trade
our Settlements in this Province are extended up to
the Onondagues Carrying-place, which is now well
attended with Waggons, for the more commodious
tranfporting of Goods to trade in tjie Lakes.

■\\ ■

And

' The Hist onY of tbf

r And diey are now fettling on the Branches oFI
Safpubmab River 5 and from the weftern Branches)
or this River, there is but a fmall Land-Carriage!
to Allegbenyy a Branch of that t-reat River MJi/tppii
which Branch extending a thoufand Miles from its
Mouth, where it enters the faid River ; and which
joins fo near to our Settlements, as is above taken
notice of, opens us a Trade to that vaft CountiyJ
called by the French Louiftana^ which they poflels
on the Mifijfippi.

I am,

S I R,

Totir hmnhk Servanty

J. A.

f i

THE

r R EAT Y

HELD WITH THE

I N D I A N S

O F T H E

Is I X NATIONS.

A T

PHILADELPHIA,

In JU LT, 1742.

'* s;

i iKi*^

IIP

r^t!:

T ]

. c

the River*
extends, a
Endlefs M
deration v
tity of val
on the Eal
at that Tir
Side of tl
till anothc
thefe Nati'

the faid G
being weai
ney, they
themfelvej
In the mc;
todifcourl
News and
readily agi
chufe to
might be
theCounc:
Mr. Loga)

X 1/ /

F't'

■ > :i

■ THE

TREATY, (srr.

T^ H E Deputies of the fix Nations having,
at their laft Vifit, agreed to releafe their
Claim to all the Land on both Sides ot
the River Safquehanah, as far South as this Province
extends, and to the Northward to thofe called the
hdkfs Mountains^ or Kittocbtinny Hills ; in Conli-
deration whereof, they then received a large Quan-
tity of valuable Indian Goods for the Lands fituate
on the Eaftern Side of the faM River, but declined
at that Time to receive any ior thofe on the Weftern
Side of the faid River, chufing to defer the fame
till another Vifit •, a large Number arrived from
thefe Nations at Philadelphia^ on Wednefday the 30***
of June^ with Deputies duly impowered to receive
the faid Goods ; and acquainted the Governor, that
being weary from the Fatigue of their long Jour-
ney, they fhould crave three or four Days to reft
themfelves before they proceeded to their Bufinefs :
In the mean time they would wait on the Governor
todifcourfe, according to their ufual Method, about
News and other Occurrences •, which the Governor
readily agreed to, and aflc*d them when they would
chufe to pay their firft Vifit •, which they defiring
might be on Friday the 2"* of July^ in the Afternoon,
theCouncil was accordingly fummon'd, and met at
Mr. Logan's Houfe, wJiere were

I .,{'}■

PRESENT,

48 ^he History cf the

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE THOMJS, E(q',
Lieutenant-Governor.

James Logan, Samuel Prefton, ")

Clement Plumfled, Thomas Lawrence, / ^ ^

Samuel Ha/ell, Ralph AJhet on, p^^''^''

Jhaham Taylor^ Robert Strettell, j

The Chiefs ©f the Six Nations, with the Chiefs of

the Shawanefe.

CANASSATEEGO, the Onondago Chief, Speaker.

CONRAD PREISER, Interpreter.

The Governor opened the Conference as follows.

BRETHREN,

* The Proprietor having purchafed certain Lands
from your Nations about fix Years ago, a Moiciy
of what was agreed to be given in Confiderationol'
that Purchafe was at that Time delivered to them,
and the other being at their Defire left in the
Proprietor* s Hands, he preffed you by Shikahmj
to fend laft Year for it, and would have been
glad to have feen you, and taken you by the
Hand before his Departure. But as the Defign
of this Meeting is to hear your News, and con-
verfe together in a free and friendly Manner, I
(hall fay no more about the Goods than that they
lie ready at the Proprietor's Houfe, and will be
delivered when you (hall have fufficiently refted
from the Fatigue of your Journey.*

The Chief of the Onondagoes fpoke.

BRETHREN,

* We propofe to reft four Days, and then come
to the main Bufinefs. At prefcnt we are at a pri-
vate Conference about News, and have fomething

*of|

c
ft
ft
«

Five Indian Nations, &c,

of this fort to mention to our Brother OnasJ* And
ion the Governor's fignifying they would be glad
Ito know what it was, the Chief proceeded.

'BRETHREN,

» It is our Way when we come to our Brethren,
or any other Perfons, whom we live in ftridt
Friendfhip with, to remove all Obftnidions to a
good Underftanding ; with this View wc are to
inform you of a Piece of difagreeable News that
happen'd in our Journey.— Son^e White Peo^
pie living at a Place called Conegochc':goey whofc
Names we cannot tell, nor whether the^ ijclong
to this or the neighbouring Government, but one
of them, as we heard, had his Houfe burnt over
his Head fome Years ago, and he was brought
down a Prifoner and committed to the Goal of
this City : Thefc People lighting of our young
Warriors, as they were hunting, made fome Pro-
pofals about the Purchafing of Land from them,
and our young Men being indifcreet, and unac-
quainted with publick Bufinefs, were foolifh
enough to hearken to them, and to receive five
Duffil Strowds for two Plantations on the River
Cobongoronto. A Coneftogoe Indian, and a French
Indian, and fome others that were in Company,
had three Duffil Strowds, and went away with
them i and our young Men carried off the other
two. As foon as this came to our Knowledge,
we fent for our Warriors, and after examining
and rebuking them feverely, we took away their
two Strowds, and pubiickly cenfured them for
expofing us to our Brethren of Penjyhani a j in
doing a Thing fo inconfiftent with our Engage-
ments to them i *' You are, faid we aloud, that
'" all our People might hear and take Notice.;, to
■" know and remember, that the Six Nations have
" obliged thcmfelves to fell none of the Land that
'■ ^.i!ls within z\v: I'rovinre o'i Penfyhania, to any

E ' *' other

y. E;i!

M,.

■':'!.'

50 Tlje History of the

other but our Brother Onas^ and that to fell
Lands to any other is an high Breach of the
League of Friendfhip.'* Brethren, this rafh Pro-
ceeding of our young Men makes us afhamed.
We always mean well, and fliall perform faith-
fully what we have promifed : And we affure you,
this Affair was tranfadted in the Manner we have
related, without '■ )ur Pi vity or Conlent. And that i
you may be fully convinced of this, and of the j
Sincerity of our Intentions, we have brought you
thele two Strowds \^here he prefented two m
Strowds to the Governor'] tliey are the very Strowds
our foolifh young Men received •, we took them
from them, and we give them to you to return
to thofe white People who made the Bargain, and I
defire when the Strowds are returned to them,
they may be told what we now fay, and that we
fhall not confirm fuch Bargains, nor any other
that may interfere with our Engagements to our |
Brother Onas*

MM:'

The Governor then fpoke :

, 'BRETHREN,

* I thank you for this Piece of News -, you have
taken this Matter perfectly right. All Bargaining
for L^and within this Province, is, to be fure, a
manifeft Breach of your Contradt with the Prf^-
prietors, and what we know you will not coun-
tenance. We have hitherto found the Six Na-
tions faithful to their Engagements, and this is a
frcfh Inftancc of theii Punctuality. You could
not help thefe Mifnkes of your young Men;
they were not done in your Prefence : But as fe-
veral Inconveniencies may arife from thefe kind of
clandeiline Sales, or from any fuch loofe Sales of
Land by your People, we defire you will, on
your Return home, give publick Notice to all
your Warriors not to bargain for any Land ; or

Five Indian Nations, &c,

if they do, that you will not confirm fuch Bargains *,
and that this very Affair, together with what you
' have done therein, may be particularly reported
to all your Nation aflembled in Council.*

The Onondago Chief promifeJ to give fuch

publick Notice •, and defiring Liberty to

' ' mend his former Speech, he proceeded :

'BRETHREN, ■' - '\

* I forgot one Circumftance : Our People, who
pretended to fell the Land, demanded a Belt of
Wampum of the Buyers to carry to their Chiefs ;
and on their declaring they had no Wampum,
our Warriors faid, they would not anuver that
their Chiefs would conrirm this Bargain, fince
they never did any thing of this Nature without
Wampum.' , ,

The Governor, after a fhort Paufe, fpoke :

* BRET RH EN of the Six Nations, '

' I take this Opportunity to relate to you a Piece
of difagreeable News I received fome Days ago in
a Letter from Le Tort^ the Indian Trader, at
Allegheny^ who fays, " That in May laft fome In-
dians of the Taway Nation, fuppofed by us to
be the Twightwees^ in their Return from War,
called and Itaid fome Time with the Shawanefe ;
who being afked, and denying they had brought
either Scalps or Priibners, the Shawanefe fufped:-
in<^ them, had the Curiofity to fearch tlieir Bags,
and finding two Scalps in them, that by the
Softnefs ot the Hair did not teel like Indian
Scalps, they wafh'd them clean, and found them
to be the Scalps of fome Chriftians. On this Difco-
very, the Twightivees were fo much aQiamed, that
they ftole away from their Town in the Night-
time i and coming, as they afterwards under-

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ne History of the

flood, to a little Village belonging to the Shm\
anefe^ they told our People that their Hearts were
fuU of Grief i for, as they came along the Road,
they found it all bloody j and having good Caufcl
to believe it was made isloody with the Blood of|
fome of the white Brethren, they had very for-
rowfuUy fwept the Road \ and dcfired them tol
inform the Governor of Penfilvania of their (the I
Twightwees) Grief ; and how they had fwept the
Road clean." ' Le Tort adds, on Behalf of the
Sbawanefe^ " That they were much grieved at
this unfortunate Accident *, and prayed, as theyl
had no Concern in it, more than by being In-I
ftruments to difcover it, their Brethren would!
not blame them,, nor fuffer a Mifunderftandingl
to arife between them on this Account : Theyl
would fweep the Road clean, and wipe all tli|
Blood away ; and defired their Brethren would I
be fatisfied with this, and not weep too much fori
a Misfortune that might not happen again as|
long as the Sun and Moon Ihone."
* The Perfon who delivered me Le Tort*s Let-
ter, brought this Bundle of Skins as a Prefentto|
me } but I told the MeiTenger, I would not med-
dle with it j he might leave it if he pleafed : The I
Affair appear'd to me in a bad Light, and!
would reprefent it to the Six Nations ^ who were
expelled in Town every Day. This is the Fad,
as I have it from LeTort : I defire to be inform'd
if you know any thing of this Matter i and it
you do not, that you will make diligent Enquiry
who committed the Murder, and who are the
unhappy Sufferers, and alTift us to obtain Saiif|
fadion, if it fhall appear to be any, of our Fcl*
low-Subjeds that have been treated in this Man-
ner.'

To infcrce this Requejl^ I frefent you mtA
this String of JVampmn,

Thcl

Five Indian Nations, G?r.

The Onondago Chief, in Reply, faid :

BRETHREN,

^ We take this Information kindly at your
Hands ; we will take this String of Wampum
home with us to our Lodgings, and there confult
about the mod regular and proper Steps to be
taken by us to anfwer your Exptftations., and
when we have duly confidered the Matter, we
will return you an Anfwer.*

Upon this the Governor put an End to the Con-

Iference *, and calling for Wine, and other Liquors,
according to the Indian Cuftom, after a decent and
[chcarful Entertainment, the Indians withdrew.

AtaCOUNCIL held at the Proprietor's
Houfe, July 5, 17+2.

• * ' PRESENT .'

I The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS^ Efq-,
Lieutenant-Governor.

Mi James Logan, 1^.

Clement Plumfted, \^^^^^*

With feveral Gentlemen of the Town.

the Chiefs of the Six Nations,

It being judg'd proper, at this critical Time,
I when we are in daily Expedlation of a French War,
to found the Indians , and difcover what Depen-
dance we might have on them, in cafe their Aid
Ihould be wanted, an handfome Dinner was pro-
vided for their Chiefs ; and after they had made an
hearty Meal, and drank his Majefty's Health, the
I ^Proprietors, and the Health of the Six Nations, the
Chiefs gave the folemn Cry, in Teftimony of their
Thanks for the Honour done them. And foon

E i after

. iii

I -'l

1*1

j4 *7X<? History of the

after the Governor began, in a free Way, to cnn
quire for what Reafon the Senecas were nor conic
dov/n, fince they had an equal Sliare of the Goods

with the other Nations. Canajfateego, thciij

Speaker, faid, ' The Senecas were in great Diftrtls

* on Account of a Famine that raged in their Coun]

* try, which had reduced them to fuch Want, thati
' a Father had been obliged to kill two of his ChiiJ

* dren to prefervc his own, and the reft of his FaJ

* mily's Lives -, and they could not now comJ

* down, but had given Dire6;ions about their Sharcl

* of the Goods.* ^The Governor exprefs'd hisl

Concern for the unhappy Circumftances of theirj
Brethren of the Sefteca Nation j and, after a (horti
Refpite, enquired it any of their Deputies were then
at Canada, and whether the French Governor was|
making any warlike Preparations. And on their
anfvvering Tes, the Governor faid, with a fmiling,]
pleafant Countenance, ' I fuppofe, if the French]
' Ihould go to War with us, you will join them.i
The Indians conferred together for fome Time, and
then Canajfateego, in a chearful lively Manner, made]
anfwer ' We aflfure you, the Governor of Cj-

* nada pays our Nations great Court at this Time,

* well knowing of what Confequence we are to the

* French Intereft : He has already told us, he was

* uncovering the Flatchet, and fharpcning it, and

* hoped, if he fhould be obliged to lift it up againlt

* the Englijh, our Nations would remain neuter,

* and aflTift neither Side. But we will now fpeak

* plainly to our Brethren: Why fhould we, whoj
' are one Flcfli with you, refufe ro help you, when-

* ever you want our AiTiftance ^. We have con-|

* tinued a long Time in the ftridcll League of

* Amity and 1 'riendfhip with you, and we fhall
' always be faithlul and true to you our old and

* good Allies. The Governor of CW;^^^ talks

* a great deal, but ten of his Words do not go lb I

* far as one of yours. We do not look toviards

A ' them J

M i»

Five Indian NArfoNS, ^c,

l« them •, we look towards you ; and you may de-
< pend on -our Afliilance.' Whilfl: the Onondago
Chief made this optn and hearty Declaration, all
the othv-r Indians made frequently that prrticular
Kind of Noife which is known to be a Mark of

Approbation. The Governor bid the Interpreter

I tell Canaffateego^ ' He did not fet on foot this En-
quiry from any Sufpicion he had of the Six Nations
wanting a due Regard for the Englijh. — Our Ex-
perience of their Honour and Faith, faid he, would
not permit us to think any other of them, than that
they would efteem our Friends tlicir Friends, and
our Enemies their Enemies, agreeable to the ftridt
Union which had ever fubfifted between us. — As
to the Governor of Canada, he told them they need
not mind what he faid. — I'he Englijh, on equal
' Terms, had beat the French, and could beat them
i* again: And were they but to confider the Ad-
I ' vantages which the Englijh have, by poflefTing lb
' many large and populous Countries, and fo many

• good Ports on the Continent of America, they

• would foon fee who had moft Reafon u fear a

• War, the French or the Englijh*

.* Mi

Here the Converfation dropped ; and after ano-
ther Glafs of Wine, the Indians refumed the Dif-
rourfe, by afking whether their Brethren had not
been for fome Time engaged in a War with the
King of Spain, and what Succefles they had met
with.

The Governor told them, the King of Great-
Britain lived in an Illand, and being furroundcd
with the Sea, his chief Strength lay in his Ships j
in which he was fo much iuperior to his Enemies,
that they were feldom to be met with on the broad
Ocean, but fculk*d and hid tliemfelves, only
venturing out now and then •, and whenever they
did, they were almoft lure to be taken j and

i E 4 that

•II

(

■ 1^ \; ■

j6 7i&^ History of the

that the IGng of Great-Britain had with his Ships,
beat down, or taken feveral of the Spaniards great j
torts in America, — The Indians faid, they were
pleafed to hear their Brethren were an Ovcr-matcn |
for their Enemies, and wifti'd them good Succefs.

The Governor then enquired into the State and I
Condition of the Nations to the Weft ward of the
. Great Lakes, and whether they had any Warriours
then in thofe Countries ? Whether they had con- 1
eluded Peace with the Southern Indians? And whe-
ther they had heard what their Deputies had done j
at yilboff^f f

They made Anfwer: That they had always j
Abundance of their Men out amongft the Nations
fituate to the Weft of their Lakes. — ^That they had
•kindled a Fire with a vaft many Nations, fomc
whereof were Tributaries, and they had a good
Underftanding with all.— They fet out from their |
own Country in Company with two Sets of De-
puties, one going to hold a Treaty with the Southern
Indians^ and they believed a Peace would be con-
cluded : The other going to meet the Governor of]
NeW'Tork, at Albany ; but they could not tell what |
had been done at either Place. — On their return,
they were to hold a General Council, and would
inform their Brethren of thefe Particulars.

Then the Governor put an End to the Conference,
by telling the Indians the Goods would be delivered
to them at a Council to be held To-morrow At-
ternoon at the Meeting-Houfe.

Five Indian Nations, &c.

AtaCouNCiL held in the Meeting-Houfe, Fbi-
ladelphioy July 6, 1742.

^ ' PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE THO MA S, Efq;
Lieutenant-Governor.

James Logan, Samuel Prejlon, 1

Clement Plumfted, Ralph AJheton, iEfqrs;

Abraham Taylor, Robert Strettell, J

CANASSATEEGO, Chief of the Onondagoes^

Speaker.

Shiga L AMY, and a great Number of Indians^
whofe Names are as follows, viz*

ONONTOGOES.

^^gay, l^Qunfellors.
Qmayion, 5

kguyajfatba^
! Kayadoghratie, alias Sla-

naghquajy,
Rotier-uwughton,
Tokaughaah,
Tiorugbwaghthe^
TokanO'Ungoh,
Aronty-oony,
Tobanobawightortt
Tioghwatoony,
Auugbrahyfey,
CAIYOCt.UOS.
Sahugh'fiwa, lr>u- c
rchatgaghthus,i^^'^^''
Tokany-efus,
Runho-hihio,
Kanadoghary, .
Zior-aghquaty^
Sagu - iughwatbtTj al ias

Cadcaradafey,

Sca-yentieSy
Tats-heghtebf
Alligh-waheis^
Tayo-quario,
Hogh degh runtu^
Rotehn Haghtyackon, Cap-
tain.
Sawoaliefelhohaa,
Sagughfa-eck,
Uwantakeraa,
Horuhot,
Ofoghquaa,
Tuyanoegon,
ANOYIUTS, 6r

O N E I D A S.
Sariflaquoh, "J

at he, ahasf

Shikelimo^ J
Tottowakerha,
Taraghkoerus,
Ofiughkallydawwy,znot£d

young Chief.

Onughnaxqua^

H i,n

*«lh

it:

58 The Hist

Onughnaxqua^ Chief.

^Tohatbuyongochtha^
Sughnakaarat,
Tagbfiegbdoerus, . .,
^okanyiadaroeyorty *
Sagogughyaiha^
Rahehius^ --^^ -

^okanufoegon.
JENONTOWANOS,

^r SENEGAS.
Karugh iagb Ragbquy,

Captain.
^abn beentusy . -'

Onontyiack. .
TUSCARROROS.
Sawontka, i
ffi-ieroes, >Chief«^
ClogbfytowaXy 3
Tokaryboegony Captain.
Cgbiogbfeby
Tielegbwegbforty
Tougrotbay
TorughianegOy
Ot-quebigy
Squagbkyy
Sayadyio,

OnugbfowughtoHy '. '
Cherigb wdjlboy
jigbfunteriesy
Tion ogbfcogbtba,
Saligb wanagbforiy
Obn-wdafeyy
Tocar-eber [died fince at

Tulpehckin.]
Tobanatdkquay
Kanybdag,

SHAWANOES.
Wehweblakyy Chief.

AfogbqitUy

Maya minickyfyy

fVawyia Beefetty,

Caneftogo Indians that \
fpeak tbe OnayiutV
Language.

Tior Haaferyy Chief.

Tanigb wackeraUy

Karba Cawyiaty

Kayen quily quo.

CANOYI AS, or NAN-
TIKOKES, of Ca-
neftogo.

Des-febfgy \ •'

Icbqua que beck^

^efamaagy

Ayiok'ius,

;delawaresj/

Shamokin.
Olumapes y^^^
Lingebanoahy \
Kelly macquarty
^itie-yquonty
Pijhquitony
Nena chy baut.
DEL AW ARES fmn

tbe Forks.
Onutpey 1

Lawye quobwony > Chiefs

alias NutimuSy 3
To'wegbkappy.
Cornel. .y/>r/»^, and others.
Conrad Weiser,

Cornelius Spring,

Interpreters.
And a great Number of

the Inhabitants oiPbi-

ladelpbia.

The

Five Indian Nations, C^c,

The Governor having commanded Silence, fpoke
as follows: ' ,i:r*i I'.ri cXH ^.a^^^-'

* FrUnds and Brethren of the Six Nations^

* Six Years ago a Number of your Chiefs oblig-
ed us with a Vifit, when they agreed on Behalf
of your Nations, to the Releafe of certain Lands
on both Sides the River Safquebannah, to the
Southward of the Endlefs- Mountains^ and within
the Limits and Bounds of the King's Grant of
this Province. In Confideration of which, a cer-
tain Quantity of Goods was agreed on, and de-
livered as a full Satisfaftion for the faid Lands,
lying on the Eaftern Side of the faid River : And
for the Lands on the Weftern Side of the faid
River, you defired the Payment Ihould be de-
ferr*d till another Opportunity. Thefe Goods,
which are exadly the fame in Quantity, as thofe
you received the laft I'ime the Chiefs of your
Nations were here, have been ready a confider-
able Time, and kept in Expcdation of your
coming for them : And now you are come down,
fully impowered by your refpeftive Councils to
receive them, we are well plealed to deliver them ;
leaving it to you to make a fair and equal Di-
vifion of them amongft yourfelves. We are
forry for the Abfence of our Brethren the Senecas^
and much more fo, that it lliould be owing to
their Diftrefs at Home by a Famine that rages
in their Country : — A Famine fo great, that you
tell us a Father has been obliged to facrifice one
Part of his Family, even his own Children, for
the Support and Prefervation of himielf, and the
other Part. — We heartily commiferate tlieir Con-
dition, and do not doubt but you will do them
fair and ample Juilice in the Difpofal of their
Part of the Goods, in fuch Manner as they have
inftruftcd you. You Ihall now hear the LifV of
the Goods read to you.*

Here,

6o 7S^ History of the '<

Here, by the Governor's Order, the lift of the
Goods was read over, viz.

■ t

■';

- 14.

t ■ f

500 Pounds of Powder. 100

600 Pounds of Lead. 100

45 G«/w. 500

60 Strowd-Matcbcoats, 120

100 Blankets. 2000

100 Duffil Matchcoats. 1000

200 Tards Half-thick. 24

100 i^ifr/r//. 2

40 Hu/J. 100

40 Pair Shoes ^Buckles, 1000

40 P<a/r Stockings. 200

100 Hatchets. 24

500 Knives,

100 //<?«. , 25
60 Kettles.

Tobacco-Tongs.
Scijfars.
Awl-Blades.
Combs.
Needles*
Flints.

Looking-Glajfes.
Pounds of Vermilion
Tin-Pots.
Tobacco-pipes.
Pounds of Tobacco.
Dozen of Gam-
ingy and
Gallons of Rum.

Then the Governor told them that the Goods,
of which the Particulars had been juft read to them,
were in the Meeting-Houfe, and would be fcnt lo
whatever Place they would diredt.

The Governor then proceeded :

BRETHREN,

* You have often heard of the Care that your
great and good Friend and Brother William ?enn^
took at all Times to cultivate a perfed good
Harmony with all the Indians : Of thefe your Na-
tions have ever been fully fenfiblej but more
efpecially a Number of your Chiefs, about ten
Years ago, when on the Arrival of a Son of your
faid great Friend William Penn, large and valu-
able Prefents were exchanged by us with you \ a
new Road was made and clear'd •, a new Fire
kindled i and the Chain of Fricndlhip made
ftronger, fo as to laft while the Sun and Moon
endure.

« And

Fivi Indian Nations, &c.

« And now wc cannot but congratulate ourfelves,
« that your coming fhould happen at a Time, when
« we are in daily Expedtation of a War being de-

* clared between the King of England, and the

* Fremb King, well knowing that fhould fuch a

* War happen, it muft very fenfibly affed you,
« confidering your Situation in the Neighbourhood
» of Canada. Your coming at this Junfture is

* particularly fortunate, fince it gives us an Op-

* portunity of mentioning feveral Things that may

* be neceffary to be fettled, between People fo
' ftriftly and ciofely united as we are. — An Onion

* not to be expreffed by any Thing lefs, than the

* affedtionate Regards which Children of the fame

* Parents bear for each other, as conceiving our-

* felves to be one Flefli and one People.

« The utmoft Care therefore ought mutually to
' be taken bv us on both Sides, that the Road be-

* tween us be kept perfedly clear and open, and

* no Lets nor the leaft Obftrudion be fuffered to

* lie in the Way j or if any fhould by Accident be
' found, that may hinder our free Intercourfe and

* Correfpondence, it mufl forthwith be removed.
To inforce this, we lay down a String of fVampum.

* In the next Place, we, on our Part, fhall inlarge

* our Fire that burns between us. We fhall pro-

* vide more Fewel to increafe it, and make it burn

* brighter and clearer, and give a ftronger and

* more lafting Light and Warmth.

Irt Evidence of our ftncere Intentions, we lay
down this Belt of Wam-pum.

* In the lafl Place, confidering the Obligations

* we are mutually under by our feveral Treaties,
*' That we fhould hear with our Ears for you, and
" you hear with your Ears for us.' We fhall at

* Times very willingly give you the earlicfl and

* beft Intelligence, of any Defigns that may be

* form*d to your Difadvantage. — And if you dif-

* cover any Preparations that can hurt us, we de-

I * fire

1" '

i;i i: i

i \ 1

t
(

' 1

\ 1

^,f

f '

61 The Htstoky of the ■

• fife you win immediately difpatch fomc fultablc
« Perfon in whom wc can place a Confidence, to
' give us a proper Information. ••> ••- ♦. -

i'-y Tff inforce this Requeft^ as well as to brighten tit
i , I . ; , i Cbain^ we lay down this other Belt of IVampum.

'On the Gdvernot*s concluding the Speech, the
folcmn Cry by Way of Approbation was n peated
by the Indinns^ as many Times as there were Na-
tions prefentj and then Canajfateego rofe up and

« BRETHREN,

UIJ

* We thank you for your kind Speech : What
you have fiiid is very agreeable to us ; and To-
morrow when we have deliberated on the feveral
Matters recommended to us, we will give you
our Anlwer. We defirc, as our Time will be
wholly taken up in Council, you will order the
Goods to be carried back to the Proprietaries to
prevent their being loft, and that they may con-
tinue there till we call for them.*

. I

.S. '

''Mi

At a C o a N c I L held in the Meeting - Houfe,
': PRESENT, .1.

I hi"

The Honourable GEORGE THO MA 5, Efq-,
Lieutenant- G vernor.

James Logan ^ Samuel Pre/ton,

Tbomas Lawrence^ Samuel He
Abraham Taylor^ Robert Str

CANASSATEEGO's Speech on Behalf of the

Six Nations.

Prefton, l

Hafelly lEfqrsj
Strettell, J

I BRE THR E iV, the Governor and Council^
* and all prefentj

' According to our Promife we now propofe to
' return you an Anfwcr to the feveral Things men-

' tioned

Five Indian Nations, G?r.

tioned to us Yefterday, and Ihall beg Leave to
fpeak to publick Affairs firft, tho* they were what
you fpoke to lad. On this Htad you Yefterday
put us in Mind, firft, " Of H^illiam Penn^i early
and conftant Care to cultivate Friendfliip with
all the Indians ; of the Treaty we held with one
of his Sons, about ten Years ago ; and of the
Neceflity there is at this Time of keqjing the
Roads between us clear and iVee from all Ob-
ftru£lions.'* We are all very fcnfible of the kind
Regard that good Man IVilliam Penn had for all
the Indians^ and cannot but be pleafed to find that
his Children have the fame. We well remember
the Treaty you mention held with his Son on his
Arrival here, by which we confirmed our League
of Friendlhip, that is to laft as long as the Sun
and Moon endure : In Confequence of this, we,
on our Part, ftiall preferve the Road free from
all Incumbrances j in Confirmation whereof we
lay down this String of Wampum.
* You in the next Place faid you would enlarge
the Fire and make it burn brighter, which we are
pleafed to hear you mention } and alfure you^
we (hall do the fame, by adding to it more
Fewel, that it may ftill flame out more ftrongly
than ever : In the laft Plate, you were pleafed to
fay that we are bound by the ftridteft Leagues, to,
watch for each others Prefervation ; that we
fhould hear with our Ears for you, and you hear
with your Ears for us : This is equally agree-
able to us ; and we Ihall not fail to give you
early Intelligence, whenever any Thing of Con-
fequence comes to our Knowledge : And to en-
courage you to do the fame, and to nourilh in
your Hearts what you haA'e fpoke to us with
your Tongues, about the Renewal of our Amity
and the Brightening of the Chain of Friendfhip ;
We confirm what we have faid with another Belt
of Wampum.*

^' ' BRETHREN,

63.

'■\^

'fc '

:f!i ;'

tli

t ^4

i5'T

* .)

ne History of ^he

'K .

* BRETHREK

' • We received ♦•ciTi the Proprietors Yefterday,

• feme Goods in Confideration of our Releafe of

• the Lands on the Weft-fide of Safquehannab. Jr

• is true, we have the full Quantity according to

• Agreement •, but if the Proprietor had been here

• himfelf, we think, in Regard of our Numbers

• and Poverty, he would have made an Addition

• to them. — If the Goods were only to be divided

• amongft the Indians prefent, a fingle Perfon

• would have but a fmall Portion ; but if you con-

• fider what Numbers are left behind, equally en-
« titled v/ith us to a Share, there will be extremely
' little. We therefore dcfire, if you have the Keys

• of the Proprietor's Cheft, you will open it, and
' take out a little more for us.

* We know our Lands are now become more
' valuable : The white People think we do not

• know their Value -, but we are fenfible that the
' Land is everlafting, and the few Goods we re-
» ceive for it are foon worn out and gone. For
' the future, we will fell no Lands but when Bro-
' ther Onas is in the Country •, and we will know
' beforehand, the Quantity of the Goods we are to

receive. Belides, we are not well ufed with re-
Ipcft to the Lands ftill unfold by us. Your Peo-
ple daily fettle on thefe Lands, and fpoil our
Hunting. — We muft infiit on your removing j
them, as you know they have no Right to fettle
to the Northward of Kittocbtinny-Hitls. — In par-
ticular, we renew our Complaints againft feme
People who are fettled at Juniatay a Branch of
Safquabannahy and all along the Banks of that
River, as far as Mahaniay \ and defire they may
be forthwith made to go off the Land, for tlity
do great Damage to our Coufins the Deiawares,
* We have further to obfcrve, \7ith refpe(i;t to
the Lands lying on the Well- fide of Safquaban-

' nab^

Five Indian Nations, &c.

nab, that though Brother Onas (meaning the Pro-
prietor) has paid us for what his People poflels,
yet fome Parts of that Country have been taken
up by Perfons, whofe Place of Refidence is to
the South of this Province, from whom we have
never received any Confideration. This Affair
was recommended to you by our Chiefs at our
laft Treaty ♦, and you then, at our earned Defire,
promiled to write a Letter to that Perfon who has
the Authority over thofe People, and to procure
UL his Anfwer : As we have never heard from you
on this Head, we want to know what you have
done in it. If you have not done any Thing,
we now renew our Requeft, and defire you will
inform the Perfon whofe People are feated on
our Lands, that that Country belongs to us, in
'Right cf Conqueft-, we having bought it with
ou^ Blood, and taken it from our Enemies in fair
War i and we exped, as Owners of that Land,
to receive fuch a Confideration for it as the Land
is worth. We defire you will prefs him to fend
a pofitive Anfwer : Let him fay Tes or No : If
he fays Yes, we will treat with him j if No, we
are able to do ourfclves Juftice j and we will do
it, by going to take Payment ourfelves.
* It is cuftiomaiy with us to make a Prefent of
Skins, whenever we renew our Treaties. We
i;re alhamed to offer our Brethren fo few, but
your Horfes and Cows have eat the Grafs our
Deer ufed to feed on. This has made them
fcarce, and will, we hope, plead in Excufe for
our not bringing a larger Quantity. If we could
have fpared more, we would have given more ;
but we are really poor ; and defire you'll not
confider the Quantity, but few as they are, ac -
cept them in Teftimony of our Regard.*

Here they gave the Governor a Bundle of Skins.

F The

':r .■ ,!■

fe: '}

\ t

4 •*

I-

'wm

m 1

I^^'

66' "^n^ UlstoAT Itff ii^:7!l

irj7;j The Governor immediirtely replied. ., ,,.

t ■ I--

.-^ I'M'

I. -I'

P i

(1.-

BRETHREN,

..-.'

"«^i i:-

"' We thank you for the many Declai-ations of
Refpedt you have giv^en usv in this fol^nin Re-
newal of dur Treaties : We receive, and (hall
keep your String and Belts of Wampum » as
Pledges of your Sincerity, and defire thofe we
gave you may be carefully preftrved, as Tefti-
monies of ours.

* In Anfwer to what you fay about the Proprie-
faries. — They are all abfent, and have taken the
Keys of their Chefl with them i fo that we can-
not, on their Behalf, enlarge the Quantity of
Goods : Were they here, they might perhips,
be more generous ; but we cannot be liberal idt
them, — The Government will, however, take
your Rcqueft into Confideratiorv ; and in Regard
to ) our Poverty, may perhaps make you a Pre-
fent. I but juft mention this now, intending to
refer this Part of your Speech to be answered at
our next Meeting. • .v - .

* The Number of Guns, as well as every Thing
elfe, anfwers exadlly with the Particulars fped-
fied in your Deed of Conveyance, which is more

. than was agreed to be given you. It was your
own Sentiments, that the Lands on the Weft-fnie
of Safquabamiahj were not fo valuable as thofe on
the Eaft j and an Abatement, was to be made,
proportionable to the Difference in Value: But
xhe Proprietor overlooked this, and ordered tht-
full Quantity to be delivered, which you will
look on as a Pavour.

' It is very true, that Lands are of late become
more valuable i but what raifes their Value ^ Is
it not entirely, owing to. the Induftry and Labour
ufed bv the white People, in their Cultivation
and Improvement? Had not they comeamongft

' you,

Five Indian Nations, Gfr,

< you, ihefe Lands would havfe been of no Ule to
« ycu, any further than to maintain you. And is

< there nor, now you have fold fo much, enough
» left for all the Purpoles of Living ? — What you

* fay of the Goods^ that they are loon v/om out,

< is applicable to every Thing •, but you know very

* well, that they coft a great deal of Money •, an4

* the Value of Land is no more, than it is worth in

* Money.

' On your former Complaints againft People's
» fetthng the Lands on Juniata^ and from thence all

* along on the River Safquabannah as far as Maha^

* niahyy fome Magiftratcs were fent expredy to re-

< move them, and we thought no Perfons would
' prefume to ftay after that.'

Here they interrupted the Governor, and faid : —
" Thefe Perfons who were fent did not do their
" Duty : So far from removing the People, they
" made Surveys for themfelves, and they are in
" League with the TrefpalTtrs. We defire more
f' effedual Methods may be ufed, and honeiler
" Perfons employed." .. . , ^

Which the Governor promifed, und then pro-
ceeded: v., . . , , ....

* BRETHREN,

* According to the Proniife made at our lafl:
Treaty with you, Mr. Logan, who was at that
Time Prefident, did write to the Governor of
Maryland, that he might: make you Satisfadion for
fuch of your Lands as his People had taken up,
but did not receive one Word from him upon
that TIead. I will write to him again, and en-
deavour to procure you a fatisfadory Anfv/er,
We do not doubt but he will do you Juftice i
But we exhort you to be careful not to exercife
any Ads of Violence towards his People, as they
likewife are our Brethren, and Subjeds of th<5
* fanie great King i and therefor? Violence ta-

^ \

■J
■ I

iiii-

68 ' ^e History of the

^ wards them, muft be produdive of very evil-

* Confequcnces.

. * I fhall conclude what I have to fay at this Time,

* with Acknowledgments for your P'refent •, whicn

* is very agreeable to us, from the ExprefTions of

* Regard u&d by you in prefenting it : Gifts of

* .this Nature receiving their Value from the Affec-

* tion of the Giver, and not from the Quantity or

* Price of the I'hing given.'

■ ■ . • ^ , . • • • • . f I. < I

At a COUNCIL held at Philadelphia, July

8, 1742. " '

PRESENT, ' '^

The Honourable GEORGE THO MAS, Efqi
Lieutenant-Governor.

James Logatiy Samuel Prejiorty "J

Clement Plun/JleJ, 'Thomas Lawrence,! ^f

Samuel Ha/ell, Ralph AJfjeton^ p^^"'

Abraham Taylor ^ Robert Stretull, J

The Board taking into Confideration, whether it
be proper or not at this Time, to make a Prefent
to the Indians of tlie Six Nations now in Town, in
Return for their Prefent to this Government at
Yeilerday's IVeaty -,
Refolved,

That it is highly fit and proper that a Prefent be
made to the faid Indians at this Time.

And it is the Opinion of this Board, that the
faid Prefent fliould be of the Value of 500 /. or at
leaft 300/.

And it is recommended to Mr. Logan, Mr.
Prefton, and Mr. Lawrence, to acquaint Mr. Kin-
fey, the Speaker of the Afilmbly, with the Opinion
of this Board ; and that they requeft him to confer
with fuch other Members of Affembly as are in
Town, and report their Sentiments thereupon.

The Board taking into Confideration the Threats

cxpreficd by th« Indians, at the Treaty Yefterday,

4 . V againii

Five Indian Nations, &c,

j^gainft the Inhabitants of Maryhr-jd, fettled on cer-
tain Lands on the Weft- fide of Safquabannab, which
the Indians claim, and for which they require Sa-
tisfaftion •, and confidering, that fhould thole
Threats, in any Sort be piit in Execution, not only
the Inhabitants of Maryland^ but of this Govern-
ment, and all 'His Majefty's Subje6ls on the Northern
Continent of Ammca^ .may thereby be involved in
much Trouble : It is the Opinion of this Board,
that the Governor write to the Governor of Mary-
land without Delay, to inform him of the Indians
Complaints and Threats, and to requeft a fatisfadlory
Anfwer -, and that his Letter be fent by a fpccial
Meflenger, at the publick Expence.

At a COUNCIL heldjw/yp, 1742. . '

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE THO MA 5, Efq;
Lieutenant-Governor.

James- Logan, E{qi Samuel Prefion, Efqi

Clement Plumfied, Eiqi Ralph Jfljeton^ Efq;

Samuel Ha/ell^ Efq; Thomas Lawrence y E(q;

Robert Stretsell, Efq^ Mr. Peters.

Tlie Governor informed the Board, that the In-
dian Chiefs dining with him Yefterday, after Dinner
delivered then" Anfwer to two Affairs of Con-
fequence :

The firft related to the violent Battery committed
on WiHiam Webb, in the Forks of Delaware^ where-
by his Jaw-bone was broke, and his Life greatly
endangered, by an unknown Indian. Canajfatego
repeating the Mcflage delivered to the Six Nations
by Sbickcdamyy in the Year 1 740, with a String tif
Wampum, faid in Anfwer: ' TheiVx Nations hud

* made diligent Enquiry into the Atfair, and had

* found out the Indian v;ho had committed tlie

* Fadt ; he lived near Afopus, and had been ex-
' amined and feverely reprov'd : And they hoped,

F 3 a'.

'■ ^

I I

i I

ii ■

!| 1 1

''4

w '(■ ' *

I;' i *

, i

j»

ne History oftU.-

^ 2& IVilliam Wilh was recovered, the Governpt"
/would not exped any Turther Punifhn^ent-, and
'^ therefore thty returned the String of Wampum

* received from their Brethren, by the Hand of
.ySbickcakmy, in Token that they had fully com-
_Y plitd with their Requeft.'

I.thank'd them, faid he, for their Care ; but re-
mipcled them j that thougli the Man did not die, yet he
lay a long Time in extnmc Milery, and would never
recover the free UiI:of his Speech, and was render-
ed lefs able to get, tiis Livelihood ; and in fuch Cafes
the. En^lifi hav^s obliged the Aflailant to make good
all Damages, b. fides paying for the Pain endured.—
But is the Ind.an yfus^ in all Probability, poor and
unable to make Srttrsfa(5lion, I told them, that for
their Sake I would forgive him ; adding, had Wdb
dicd*''l make no Doubt but you would have put
the Indiftn to Death, juft ?,s ^^e did two of our
People who had killed an Ikdi^n ; we caufed tliem
to be hung on a Gallows, in the Prefence of many
Hundreds of our People, to deter all others from
doing, the like. Cmajfatego made me this Reply :
' The Indians know no Funifhment but Death ; they

* have no fuch Thing as pecuniary Muldls i if a

* Man be guilty of a Crime, he is either put to

* Death, or the Fault is overlook'd. "We have

* often heard of your Hanging-up thofe two Per-

* fons i but as none of our Indians faw the Mei;

* die, many believe they were not hanged, but
' tranfported to fome other Colony : And it would
' be fatisfadlory to the Indians, if> for the future,

* fome of them be fent for*, to be Witnefles pf fuch

* Executions.' I aflured them^ that whoever gave
^hem that Information, abufed them ; for the Per-
fons certainly fuflfered Deaths and in the Prefence
of all the People.

Can(\l[atego then proceeded to give an Anfwer to
what was faid to tnem the 2d Inilant, relating to
Le Tortus Letter : * That they had, in Council*

« confidered

:i-

Governof

>'Cnti and

Wampum
Hand of
fully com-

: ; but re-

dif»yethc

ouJd ntver

/as rcnder-

AichCaies
nake good

■ndured.--
poor and
1, that for
had mib
have put
o of our
ufed tJiem
e of many
thcrs from
is Reply;
tath i they
B,S'y if a

T put to

We have
two Per-
the Meii
gcd, but
I it would
le future,
s pf fuch
ver gave
the Per-
Prefencc

ifwer to
ating to
rouncii,
ifidered

FirE Indian Nations, &c,

confidered in what Manner the Matter recom*
« mended to them ought to be conduced ; and

< diey were of Opinion, that as the Sbawanefe^ not
' the I'wightwys (for they knew fo much of it, that

< die People were of the Twigbtwy Nation in wholj;
« Bags the Scrips were found) had fent mica Prefent
( of Skins, I (hould in return, fend them a Blanket

* or a Kettle, and with it a very Iharp Meflage, that
' tho' they had done well in fweeping the Road from
' Blood, yet that was but a fmali Part of their

* Duty •, they ought not to have fufFered the

* fwightwys^ af|:er theii Lye and the Difcovery of

< the Scalps, to have left them, 'till they had given

* a full and true Account how they came by them,

* whole Scalps they were, and in what Place, and
' for what Realbn the Men were kill'd ; and wh(?n
' they liad been fully fatisfied of all thefe I||rticu-

* lars, then it was their Duty to have given Infor-
' mation to the Government where the white Peo-

* pie lived, that the Murdercra might be complain-

* ed againft, and punifhed by the Nation they be-

* longed to : And a^ the Shawanefe had Oinitted t^
' perform the Part of Bretlircnj, that I Ihould re-
' prove them for it, and charge them to make

* Amends for their Negledl, by ufing all poflible
^ Expedition to come at tht Knowledge pf |:hefe

* Things, and to aid their Brethren the white Peo-

* pie in obtaining Juftice.

The Minutes of the prece'.ling Council beir^ read,
Mr. Logan, in purfuance of the Board's Direftion
of Yefterday, reported, on behalf of himfelt, and
the other Gentlemen to whom it was recommended,
that they had confer'd with Mr. Kinfey, and requeft-
ed him to confult the other Members of the Alfem-
bly concerning the making a Prefent to the Indian^ 5
and that Mr. Kinfey having cpUefted the Sentiments
of feveral Members of the Aflembly in Town,
whom he had confer'd with on that Subject, found
them generally of Opinion, that a Prefent Ihould at

F 4 this

l)'

i'' .m

I . i

fTt'

im -■<

72 ^ • The History of the

this Time be made •, but that they had declined no-
minating any Sum : However, that Mr. Kinfey had
given it as his ov/n Opinion, that the Governor and
Council might go as far as three hundred Pounds.

And accordingly it is refer'd to Mr. Logan, Mr.
Prefton^ and Mr. Lawrence^ to confider of, and pre-
pare a proper Lift of the Goods whereof the Pre-
fent (hould be compofed, to the Value of //>r^^ hun-
dred Pounds J as aforefaid j advifing with the Inter-
preter as to the Quantity and Quality.

AtaCOUNCIL held at the Proprietor's,
the 9th of July y P.M. 1742.

PRESENT. :'

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Eic^,
-■- ' Lieutenant-Governor.

' James Logan y Robert Stretiell^ i^.^
' ' Samuel Prefian^ Abraham Taylor ^ \ ^^^

':... The CHIEFS of the Six Nations.

^ ■ SASSOONANy and the Delawares,

•' NUriMUSy and the Fork-Indians.

/>■ CONRAD WEISERy Interpreter.

The Governor fpoke to the Chiefs of the Six Na-
' tions, as follows: ^^^

• • • BRETHREN, ' -^^7 • • i'

• ' ' The laft Time the Chiefs of the Six Naticns

* * were here, they were informed, that your Coufins,
» * a Branch of the Delazvares, gave this Province

^ * fome Difturbance about the Lands the Proprietor

* purchafed from them, and for which their An-

* ceftors had received a valuable Confideration above
^fifty-five Years ago, as appears by a Deed now

■ * lying on the Table. — Sometime after this, Conrad
. * Wetfer delivered to your Brother Thomas Perm

■■.'-.■ * your

mm^

Five Indian Nations, &c.

your Letter, wherein you requeft of him, and
James Logan^ that they would not buy Landj^r.
— i his has been Ihewn to them and interpreted ;
notwithftanding v;hich they have continued their
former Difturbances, and have had the Infoience
to write Letters to fome of the Magillrates of this
Government, wherein they have abufed your good
Brethren, our worthy Proprietaries, and treated
them with the utmolt Rudencfs and 111- Manners.
Being loth, from our Regard to you, to punilh
them as they deferve, I fent ' wo Meflengers to
inform them that you were expeded here, and
ihould be acquainted with their Behaviour. — As
you, on all Occafions, apply to us to remove all
white People that are fettled on Lands before they
are purchafed from you, and we do our Endea-
vours to turn fuch People off ; we now expeft
from you, that you will caufe thefe Indians to re-
move from the Lands in the Forks of Delaware^
and not give any further Diflurbance to the Per-
fons who are now in PoflTefTion.*

fo inforce this we lay down a String of fVampum.

Then were read the feveral Conveyances, the
Paragraph of the Letter wrote by the Chiefs of the
Six Nations relating to the Delawares \ the Letters
of the Fork-Indians to the Governor and Mr. Ltmg-
hornej and a Draught of the Land -, thefe were then
delivered to Conrad Weifer^ who was defired to in-
terpret them to the Chiefs, when they Ihould take
this Affair into their Confideration.

.; i

H H

• I

jV^^'

IS; ;

i ' I

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»l-

"74 '''"^ ' ^^ ^ ^^ '^ ^ ^ ^ of thevl

^- At a COUMCTL Md JufyioUjii'

'.Z^^'y':'- p R E s E N T^.,^:;t.

.IJjC Honourable GEORGE ^''-lOMAS, Efq,
-Mir, - ::/! ' Lieutcnant-Go^ j:..» \ •?< <

'-^^ James L(ft;an, '''''■' '^^nmtul Prefton^ "^ •"'''• • '
■ ' Clement Piumfted^ Samuel Hcfelt\
•'■Thomas Lawrence^ Robert Stretteily
"^ Abraham Taylor y

r:J

in-jf i

sn V >r'j

The Governor laid before the Board an Extrad
from the Treaty held here the 7th Inftant with the
Mian s of the Six Nations^ fo far as it related to the
Inhabitants of Maryland -, as alfo a Letter he had

frepared for the Governor of Maryland upon that
ub]C(5l -, both of which being approved, v/ere or*
derefl to be tranfcribed fair, in order to be difpatch'd
the following Morning. The Letter was as tollows:

SIR, '"■"'-- Philadelphia, July 10, 1742.

cr^HE inch fed ExtraSf of the Speech made h tk
- Chiefs of the Six Nations, before a very num-
rous Audience^ in this Place^ with my Anfwer to it,
is4if fo ^iat Importance to all his Majefty^s Colcnia
in this Part of his Domimons, and to your Go'vem-
smut in particular^ that I have em^lcy^d a fptcm
Meffenger to deliver it you. I hope you will emW
me to fend them a fatisfa^ory Anfwer, It would ht
impertinent in me to fay more to one fo well informd
as you are of thefe Nations^ and of their ahfolm
Authority over all the Indians bordering upon us^ or
of the Advantages of maintaining a flri^ Friendfoip
with them at allTimes, but more efpccially at this criti-
^caljun£iure^

I am, Yours, £jff.

All

Five. Indian Nations, &c.

An Account exhibited by Conrad Weifer of his

Fxpcnccs upon the Indians^ and Indian Affairs, frona

ffbrttury laft to July i, 1742,, amoimting. to 36/.

jb J. 3 ^. was laid before lie Board, and examined,

tASy Efq, I jnd allow'd to be a juft and very moderate Account.

And the Board taking into Confideration the
many fignal Strviccs performed by the iaid Conrad
Weifer to this Government, his DiHgence and La^
bour in the Service thereof, and his Skill in tlie In-
lian Languages and Methods of Bufinefs, arc of
Opinion, that the faid Conrad (hould be allowed, as
aReward from the Province at this Time, the Sum
of thirty Pounds^ at leaft, Ijelides Payment of his
' ' Account, . . .; , ■ ',:. /^.,'|- ••

V . I

•Efqrsi

1 H

an Extrad
t with the
aied to the
ter he had
upon that
v/^re or*
difpatch'd
IS Mows:

»o, 1742.

ade h tht
'^ery nntrn-
mr to it,
'*s Colcnia
r Govern-
i a fpeckl
vUl enahlt
t would k
U informd
r abfoluii
>on «j, or
Friendfiip
this criti-

•s, 6fr.

All

At a COUNCIL held at the 'Great Meeting-
Houfe, July 10. P.M. 1742.

.'PRESENT

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq
• Lieutenant-Governor.

James Logan^ . . Samuel Prejion^ 1
Thomas Lawrence^ Samuel Hafell, >Efqrsi
Abraham Taylor, Robert Strettell, J

CONRAD PFEISER, Interpreter.'^ '
And a gteatNumber of the Inhabitants of Philadelphia*

The Governor fpoke to the Indians as follows :

* BRETHREN, ' '
* This Meeting will be fhort : It is in order to
make you a Prefent from the Governor, the Coun-
cil, the Affembly, and all our People. JVilljam
Penn was known to you to be a good and faithful
Friend to all the Indians : He made a League of
Friendfbip with you, by which we became one

' People*

-I-

.1-11
'A

Mi i
ill

'I! I

^I-

76 !f2&^ History of the

People. This League has often fincc been rcJ
newM by friendly Treaties j and as you have dcj
clared that the Friendihip (hall always laft on
your Parts, fo we would have you believe that
(hall remain inviolable on ours while the Sun and
Moon endure.

* I gave you fome Expectation of a Prcfent, andl
we have it now ready to deliver to you. This)
Prefent is made you by the Governor, Council, Aff
fembly, and all our People, in Confidcration ofl
the great Mifcries and Diftreflcs which you oiirl
good Friends have lately fuffercd. This will be
fome Relief to yoii for the prefent, and it*s to be
hoped your own Induftry will foon retrieve your
Circumftances.

* It has fometimcs happened, and may happen I
again, that idle and untrue Stories are carried to
you concerning us your Brethren -, but ourDefire
is, and we expedl it from you, that you will give
no C. edit to them •, for we are, and always will
be, your fteady and fincere Friends.

* It is a Cuftom when we renew our Treaties
with our good Friends the Indians^ to clear the
Road, and make our Fire burn bright : We have
done fo upon this Occafion ; and, in Token of
our Sincerity, we deliver you, as a Prefent from
the Governor, the Council, the Affembly, and all
the People of Penfylvania^ the following Goods,
viz. ' ' . • . -

■€
<

«
«

c
«
c

24 Guns.

600 Pounds of Lead.
600 Pounds of Powder^

25 Stro'-Ji'des \Matcb-
90 Buffil J Coats.
30 Blankets.

6 2 Tards of Half-Thicks.
60 Ruffied Shirts.
25 Hats.
1000 Flints.

50 Hoes. ;
50 Hatchets.

5 Pounds of Vermilion
I o Dozen of Knives.

8 Dozen of Gimbleti.

2 Dozen of Tobacco-
Tongs.
25 Pair of Shoes.
25 Pair of Stockings.
25 Pair of Buckles.

Where-

Five Indian Nations, &c.

Whereupon the Chiefs, and all the Indians^ re*
ltd their folemn Thanks *, and CanaJfaUgo faid.
They had no more to fay as to publick Bufinefs
at prcfent ; but they had fomewhat under Deli-
beration, which, when they had duly confidered,
they would communicate. ,. .....

At a COUNCIL held at the Proprietor's, -
July 12, 1742.

PRESENT

[The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq;
Lieutenant-Governor.

James Logan, Clement Plumftedyl

fhomas Lawrence^ Abraham Taylor, >Efqrsj
Robert Strettell, J

Mr. Richard Peters.

\UNASSATEGO, 1 And fundry Chiefs of the to
\mCKCALAMry J Nations.

SA SSOO NA Ny and the Delawares,

NUTTIMUSy and the Fork'Jndians.

CONRAD IVEISER, Interpreter.

?ifyuetomanj 1

\Comlius Spring, > Interpreters to the Fork- Indians.
\Nicbelas Scull, J

CANASSATEGO faid :

« BRETHREN, the Governor and Council,

* The other Day you informed us of the Mifbe-
haviour of our Coufms the Dclawares, with re-
fpeft to their continuing to claim, and refufing to
remove from fome Land on. the River Delaware,
notwithftanding their Anceflors had fold it by a
Deed under their Hands and Seals to the Proprie-
taries, for a valuable Confideration, upwards of
fifty Years ago i and notwithftanding that, they
themfelves had alfo not many Years ago, after a
4 * long

I ^!

I I

* «

j% : The History of thi C-

*- long and full Examination^ ratified that Deed oil
*■ their Anceftors, and given a irtiin one under their

* Hands and Seals; and then you req^ieited us to

* renfiove them, inforcing your Rcqueft with a|

* String of Wampum. — Afterwards we laid on th

- ' Table our own Letters by Conrad IVeifer \ fomel
' of our Coufins Letters, and the feveral Writ-

* ings to prove the Charge againfl: our Coufins, |

* with a Draught of the Land in Difpute. — W*

* now tell you, we have perufed all theie feveral j

* Papers : We fee with our own Eyes, that they

* have been a vciy unruly People, and are altoge-
' ther in the Wrong in their Dealings with you.- 1
' We ha 'e concluded to remove them, and oblige

* them to go over the River Delaware^ and qiiital!
' Claim to any Lands on this Side for the future,

* fince they have received Pay for them, and it is
*■ gone thro' their Guts long ago. — To confir m toyca |

* that we will fee your Requeft executed, we lay

* down this String of Wampum in return for youri.' |

^ -

Then turning to the D^/jiy^rfj, holding a Belt of |
Wampum hi his Hand, he fpoketo them as follows:

COUSINS, ' ,'

« Let this Belt of Wampum (iTve to chaftif;

* you. You ought to be taken by the I lair ot the

* Head and (hukcd fevcrjly, till you recos^er yoy

* Senfes and become ibber. You don't knov/ \vh:.t

* Ground you ftand on, nor what you are doing.
' Our Brother Onus's Caufe is very juil and plain,

* and his Intentions arc to preferve Friendfhip. On

* the other Hand, your Caufe is bad ; your Heart far I

* from being upright ; and you are malicioufly bent
• '* to break the Chain of Fiien;.iriiip with our Bro-
ther Onns, and his l.^coplc. We have fecn with
OLir Eyes a Deed fign'd by nine of your Ancef-
tors above j5//y Years ago for this very Land, and
a Rclcafc fign'd, nor mmy Years fincc, by fome

'of

Five Indian Nat ions, ^r.

of yoiirfelyes and Chiefs now living, to tlie Num-
ber of fifteen or upwards.— But how came you to
take upon you to fell l^nd at all ? We conquer-
ed you i we made Women of you ; you know
you are Women, and can no more fell Land than
Women •, nor is it (it you fhould have the Power
of felling J^ands, fince you would abufe it. This
Land that you claim is gone thro' your Guts ;
you have been furniflied with Gloaths, iVIeat, and
Drink, by the Goods paid you for it, and now
you want it again, like Children as you are. —
But what makes you fell Land in the Dark ? Did
you ever tell us that you had fold this Land ?
Did we ever receive any Part, even the Value of
a Pipe-Shank, from you for it ? You have told
us a blind Story, that you fcnt a MefTengfr to us
to inform us of the Sale, but he never came
amongfl. us, nor we never heard any thing about
it. — This is adting in the Dark, and very diffe-
rent from the Condud our Six Nations obfcrve
in the Sales of Land •, on fuch Occafions they
give publick Notice, and invite all the Indians of
their united Nations, and give them all a Share
of the Prefent they receive for their Lands.— ^This
is the Behaviour of the wife united Nations. —
But we find you are none of our Blood : You a(!^
a didioneft Part, not only in this, but in other
Matters : Your Ears are ever open to flaiiderous
Reports about our Brethren •, you receive them
with as muchGrcedinefs as lewd Women receive
the Embraces of bad Men. And fof all thefe
Realbns we charge you to remove inftantly ; we
don't give you the liiberty to think about it.
You are Women. Take the Advice of a wife
Man, and remove immediately. You may re-
turn to the other Side of Deh'ware where you
came from : But we do not know whether, con-
fidering how you have demean'd yourfelves, you
will be permitted to live there ; or whether you

' have

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go ^^ History of the

Iiave not fwallowed that Land down your Throat?
as well as the Land on this Side. We therefore
aflign you two Places to go, either to JVyomen or
Sbamokin. You may go to either of thefe Places,
and then we (hall have you more under our Eye,
and (hall fee how you behave. Don*t deliberate ;
but remove away, and take this Belt of Wampum.*

This being interpreted by Conrad JVeifer into En^-
lijhy and by Ccrnehus Spring into the Delaware Lan-
guage, Canajfetego taking a String of Wampum,
added further.

. I

* After our juft Reproof, and abfoliite Order
to depart from the Land, you are now to take
Notice of what we have further to fay to you.
This String of Wampum ferves to forbid you,
your Children and Grand-Children, to the lateft
Pofterity for ever, meddling in Land-Affairs-,
neither you, nor any who fhall defcend from you,
are ever hereafter to prefume to fell any Land :
For which purpofe, you are to prefcrve this String,
in Memory of what your Uncles have this Day
given you in Charge. — We have fome other Bufi-
ncfs to tranfa<5t with our Brethren, and therefore
depart the Council, and confider what has been
faid to you.'

Canaffatego then fpoke to the Governor and Council :

' BRETHREN,

' We called at our old Friend James Logathy
' in our Way to this City, and to our Grief we
' found him hid in the Bufhes, and retired, thro' In-

* firmities, from publick Bufincfs. We prefsM

* him to leave his Retirement, and prevailed with

* him to alTift once more on our Account at your

* Councils. We hope, notwithftunding his Age, and

* the Effeds of a Fit of Sicknefs,which we unclerlhnd

* has

Five Indian Nations, &c.

has hurt his Conftitution, that he may yet con-
tinue a long Time to affift this Province with his
Counfels. He is a wife Man, and a faft Friend
to the Indians. And we defire, when his Soul
goes to G O D, you may chufe in his Room juft
fuch another Perfon, of the fame Prudence and
Ability in counfelling, and of the fame tender Dif-
pofition and Affedlion for the Indians. In Tcf-
timony of our Gratitude for all his Services, and
becaafe he was fo good as to leave his Coun-
try- Houfe, and follow us to Town, and be at
the Trouble, in this his advanced Age, to attend
the Council, wc prefent him with this Bundle of
Skins.*

« BRETHREN,

* It is always our Way, at the Gonclufion of a
Treaty, to defirc you will ufe your Endeavours
with the Traders, that they may fell their Goods
cheaper, and give us a better Price for our Deer-
Skins. Whenever any particular Sort of Indian
Goods is fcarce, they conftantly make us pay the
dearer on that Account We muft now ufe the
fame Argument with them : Our Deer are killed
in fuch Quantities, and our Hunting-Countries
grown lefs every Day by the Settlement of white
People, that Game is now difficult to find,
and we muft go a great Way in queft of it ; they
therefore ought to give us a better Price for our
Skins ; and we defire you would fpeak to them
to do fo. We have been ftinted in the Article of
Rum in Town. We defire you will open the
Rum-Bottle, and give it to us in greater Abun-
dance on the Road.*

fo inforce our Requeft, ahout the Indian Traders,
wc pnfent you with this Bundle of Skins »

G BRE-

il'-| ;,

'jfhe History of the

')'

, )

I '4.

. BRETHREN, -■ v.

• "When we firft came to your Hoiifes, we found
them clean and in Order \ but we have ftaid fa
long as to dirty them ; which is to be imputed
to our different Way of Living from the white
People : And therefore, as we cannot but have
been difagreeable to you on this Account, we pre-
fent you with fome Skins to make your Houfts
clean, and put them into the fame Condition they
were in when we came amongft you.'

BRETHREN,

* The Bufmefs the Five Nations tranfad with you
is of great Corifequence, and requires a fkilfiil and
honeft Perfon to go between us -, one in whom both
you and we can place a Confidence. — We efteem
our prefent Interpreter to be fuch a Perfon, equally
faithful in the Interpretation of whatever is faid
to him by either of us, equally allied to both ; he
is of our Nation, and a Member of our Council,
as well as of yours. When we adopted him, ^^'t
divided him into two equal Parts : One wc kept
for ourfelves, and one we left for vou. rlc hash;id
a great deal of trouble witli us, wore out his Shoes
' in our Meflages, and dirty'd his Clothes by being
' amongft us, fo that he is become as nafty as an
Indian.

' In Return for thcfe Services, we recommend
him to your Generofity •, and on our ov/n Behalf,
■ we give him Five Skins to ouy him Clothes and
Shoes with.'

BRETHR J.N,

' Ve have flill one more Favour to aflc. Oit
Treaty, and all we have to fay about publick Bu-
fincfs, is now over, and to-inorro\v wc dt lign to
leave you. We hope, as you have given us
Plenty of good Provifioa vvliilil in Town, that

' ycu

t-^ !

Five Indian Nations, ^c.

« you will continue your Goodnefs fo far as to fup-
« ply us with a little more to ferve us on the Road.
' And we likewife defire you will provide us with
• Waggons, to carry our Goods to the Place where
' they are to be conveyed by Water.'

To thefe feveral Points the Governor made the
following Reply.

BRETHREN of the Six Nations,

« The Judgment you have juft now pafs'd on
your Coufins the Delawares, confirms the high
Opinion we have ever entertained of the Juftice of
the Six Nations. This Part of your Charadler, for
which you are dcfervedly famed, made us wave
doing ourfelves Juftice, in order to give you an-
other Opportunity of convincing the World of
your inviolable Attachment to your Engagements.
Thefe unhappy People might have always liv*d
eafy, having never receiv'd the leaft Injury from
us -, but we believe fome of our own People were
bad enough to impofe on their Credulity, and en-
gage them in thefe wrong Meafurcs, which we
wi(h, for their Sakes, they had avoided. .

' We hoped, from what we have conftantly given
in Charge to the Indian Traders, that they woukl
have adminiflired no juft Caufe of Complaint : If
they do you Wrong, it is againft our Inclinations,
and contn\ry to our exprefs Diredions. As you
have exhibited no particular Charge againft" them,
we (hall ufe our beft Endeavours to perluade them
to give you as much for your Skins as they can
poTtbly afford ; and to takcCare that their Goods
which they give in Exchange for Skins, be of the
bed Sort. We will likewiie order you fome Rum to
lerve you on your journey home, fincc you defire it,
' We wifti there had been more Room and bet-
ter Houfes provided for your Entertainment •, but
not expecting fo many of you, we did the beft

G 2 'we

s, .

ff'^lt

■:>n

i* 1^

84 Thf History of the,

• * we could. *Tis true, there are a great many

* Houfes in Town, but as they are the Property
« of other People, who have their own Families to

* take care of, it is difficult to procure Lodgings

* for a large Number oi People, efpecially if they

* come unexpedediy.

' We entertain the fame Sentiments of the Abi-

* lities and Probity of the Interpreter as you have

* cxprefs'd. We were induc'd at firft to make ufe
« of him in this important Truft, from his beino

* known to be agreeable to you, and one who had

* lived amongft you for fome Years, in good Credit

* and Efteem with all your Nations ; and have ever
' found him equally faithful to both. We are pleas'd

* with the Notice you have taken of him, and think
' he richly deferves it at your Hands. We fliall
' not be wanting to make him a fuitable Gratifica-

* tion, for the many good and faithful Services he
' hath done this Government.

* We have already given Orders for Waggons

* to carry your Goods, and for a Supply of Provi-

* fions to ferve you on the Road in your Return

* home, where we heartily wifli you may arrive in

* good Health.'

After the Governor had concluded, Mr. Lo^an
return'd an Anfwer to that Part ot Canaffatego'i
Speech which related to him, and faid, ' That net
' only upon the Account of his Lamenefs, of which

* the Indians thcmfelves were WitnefTes ; but on
' Account of another Indifpofition, which about

* three Years fince had laid him under an Incapa-
' city of exprefllng himfelf with his former ufual
' Freedom, he had been obliged to live retired in

* the Country. But that our firft Proprietor, the
' Honourable William Penn^ who had ever been aj

* Father and true Friend to all the Indians^ havini

* above forty Years fince recommended them t
' his particular Care, he had always, from his ow

* Inclination, as well as from that ftrift Charge.

* cndeavovrei

lan^ on
Vance
publick
he woul
bly's O
Mr. LM
know

ila<l!ii''i

Five Indian Nations, &c.

endeavoured to convince all the Indians, that he
was their true FrieixJ -, and was now well pleafeci,
that after a Tradt of lo many Years, they were
not infcnfiblc of it. He thanked them » kindly
tor their Prefent, and heartily joined with them
in their Defires, that this Government may always
be furnilhed with Perfons of equally good Incli-
nations, and not only with fuch, but alio with
better Abilities to ferve tiicrn.'
And then Canajfatego faid, he had forgot to men-
tion, that Shickcalamy and Caxhayn had been em-
ploy'd on feveral Meflages to this Government, aryi
defir'd they might be conlider'd on that xYccount.

At a COUNCIL held the 1 2tb of Jufy, P. M. : 742.

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq-,
Lieutenant-Governor.

James Logan, Samuel Prejlon,

fied,
Samuel Ha/ell, Abraham Taylor,

Mr. Richard Pelers,

\:\

Clement Plumfted, Thomas Lawrence, i £ j-

Abraham Taylor, \ " '
Robert Sirettell,

I'he Board taking into Confideration the Regula-
tion of the neceffary Expences of the Indians travel-
ling down hither, and returning ; and upon an
Eftimate made by Conrad Weifer, amounting to
about one hundred Pounds, it appearing that the faid
Sum of 100/. will be neceffary to be advanced to
Conrad Weifer to defray thofe Expences, Mr. Lo-
lan, on the Proprietaries Behalf, propofes to ad-
vance 40 /. and the Treafurer declaring he had no
publick Money in his Hands, and that it he had,
he would not advance Money without the Affem-
bly's Order ; it is recommended to Mr. Prefton and
Mr. Lawrence, to confer with Mr. Kinfey, and
know whether he, as Speaker of the Affembly,

G 3 and

,!^

.: V4

f
» i

86 The History of the }

and Truftee of the Loan-Office, -will advance the
other 60/.

And the Indians having requefted that they mioht
have a imall Qiiantity of Runij to be added to
their Provifions, to comfort them on the Road:
The Board is of Opinion, that there be added to
the faid Eftimate for twenty Gallons of Rum

for the aforefaid Ufe. And in Return for their
Prefent of Skins, at requefting that the Indian
Traders be enjoin' d to fell their Goods cheaper,
the Board dire6ts that two Strouds be prefentcd.
And that fve Pounds be given to Caxhayn on the
Account of the Province, for his Services -, and to
Sbickcalawy the like Sum.

A juft Copy^ compared hy

' iW

PATRICK BAIRB, Sec.

n I,

■ '5

^j '< ,1.

TREAT Y,

Held at the T o w N of

Lancajier^ in Pensylvania,

By the Honourable the

Lieutenant-Governor of the P R O V I N C E.

And the Honourable the

Commiffioners for the PROVINCES

Virginia and Maryland,

WITH THI

I N D 1 A N S

O F TH E

SIX NATIONS,

In yVNE, 1744.

-t^

1^-

i«

ATrei

In the
Land

The Ho
Lieut,
and C
DelavD

The
Colo

The
Phili
Colo
Colo

The Dei

Conr

Govern<
and ther
the Gov
Health 1

*J»-.

1 1

A Treaty with the INDIANS
of the Six Nations.

In the CouRT-HousE in the Town of
Lancqfiery on Friday the Twenty-fecond
of June, 1744, ,

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE "f HO MAS, Efq;
Lieut. Governor of the Province of Penffhaniay
and Counties of Newcaftky Kent and Sujfex^ on
Delaware,

The Hon*'* tbomas Lee, Efq; 1 Commiflioners
Colonel IVilliam Beverly^ S of Virginia,

The Hon"* Edm^JenningSyE&iq

I Commiflioners

Philip Thomas y Efq;
Colonel Robert King^
Colonel Thomas Colville,

C of Maryland,

The Deputies of the Onandagoes^ Senecas, Cayogoes,
Oneidas and Tufcaroraes,

Conrad Weifer^ Interpreter.

TH E Governor and the Commiflioners took
fome of the Indian Chiefs by the Hand,
and, after they had feated themfelves, the
Governor bid them welcome into the Government \
and there being Wine and Punch prepared for them,
the Governor and the fevcral Commiflfioners drank
Health to the Sin Nations ; and Canajfatego, Ta-

cbamontia.

■ I

= 1

90 ^/:^e History of the

.chanoontia^ and fome other Chiefs, returned the
Compliments, drinking the Healths of * Onas
-f- JJfaragoa^ and the Governor of Maryland.

After they were all ferved with Wine, Punch,
Pipes and Tobacco, the Governor told the Indians^
that as it was cuftomary, and indeed nccilTary,
they ihould have fome Time to reft after fo long a
Journey, and as he thought three Days would be
no more than fufficient for that Purpofe, he pro-
pofed to fpeak to them on Monday next •, after
which, the honourable CommifTioners would take
tTieir own Time to deliver what they had to fay.

CANASSATEGO anfwercd the Governor:
We thank you for gi^'ing us Time to reft ; we are
come to you, and Ihall leave it intirely to you to
appoint the Time when we ihall meet you again.
"VVe likewife leave it to the Governor of Maryland^
ty whofe tnvitation we came here, to appoint a
Time when he will pleafe to mention the Reafon of
his inviting us. As to our Brother AJfaragoa^
we have at this prcfent Time nothing ito fay to
him ; not but we have a great deal to fay toAJfaragoay
which muft be faid at one Time or another i but
not being fatisfied whether he or we fliould begin
firft, we fhall leave it wl '^''y to our Brother Qnai
to adjuft this between ui,, and to fay which Ihall
begin firft.

* Onas, the Governor of Pen/yl'vama.
•\ AJfaragMf the Governor oli Virginia^

- •. >

St.. . . J k 1

■ J ( • ' l<

1 f

v: ,

Five Indian Nations, ^c.

i In the CouRT-HousE Tit Lar rafter ^ June 25,

1744. A, M,

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE THO MAS, Efq;
Governor, i^c.

The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia,

The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland,

The Deputies of the Six Nations,

Conrad Weifer, Interpreter.

The Governor fpoke as follows.

Honourable Gentlemen, Commtjfwners for the Govern'
ments of Virginia and Maryland, and Brethren,
Sachims, or Chiefs of the Indians of the Six
Nations.

AT a Treaty, held by me two Years ago, in
Behalf of the Government of Penfyhania,
with a Number of the Chiefs of the Indians of the
Ik Nations, I was defired by them to write to the
Governor of Maryland concerning fome Lands in
the back Parts of that Province, which they clai/n
a Right to from their Conquefts over the ancient
Poffeffors, and which have been fettled by fome of
the Inhabitants of that Government, without their
Confent, or any Purchafe made from them. It was at
that time underftood that the Claim was upon Af<«ry-
W only ; but it has fince appeared, by fome
Letters formerly wrote by Mr. Prefident Logan to
the late Governor of Maryland, that it related like-
kife -to- fome Lands in the back Parts of Virginia.
The Governors of thofe Colonies foon manifefted a
truly equitable Difpofition to come to any reafona-
|l>Ie Terms with the Sin Nations on account of thofe

Lands,

■■V

iV.
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92 The History of the

Lands, and dcfired, that for that End a Time andl
Place might be nxcd for a Treaty with them ; but|
before this could be efFe<51:ed, an unfortunate Skir-
mifli happened in the back Parts of Virginia, be-
tween fome of the MiHtia there, and a Party ofl
the Indian Warriors of the Six Nations^ with fome
Lofs on both Sides. Who were the Aggrcflbrsis
* not ac this time to be difculled, both Parties having
agreed to bury that AlTair in ObUvion, and the
Government of Virginia having, in Token of the
Continuance of their Friendihip, prefented the ^h\
Nations i through my Hands, with Goods to iiic|
Value of One Hundred Pounds Sterling. To pre-
vent further Hoftilities, and to heal this Breach, 1 1
had, before the Prefentwas given, made a Tender
of my good Office ; which both Parties accepted,
and confentcd, on my Inftanccs, to lay down their
Arms: Since which the Faith pledged to me has
been mutually preferved, and a Time and Place has
been agreed upon, through my Intervention, for
accommodating all Differences, and for fettling a
firm Peace, Union and Friendihip, as well between
the Government of Virginia as that of Maryland)^
and the Indians of the Six Nations *. The honour-
able the Commiflioners for thefe two Governments,
and the Deputies of the Six Nations, are now met |
at the Place appointed for the Treaty. It only re-
mains therefore for me to fay, that if my further]
good Offices fhall be thought ufeful for the Accom-
pli (hment of this Work, you may rely moft af-
furedly upon them.

But I hope, honourable Gentlemen Commiflion-
ers, it will not be taken amifs if I go a little further,
and briefly reprefent to you, how efpecially necef-
fary it is at this Jundure, for his Majefty's Service,

and

• This was allowed, at a Conference had by the Governor
v/uh the Commiflioners, to be a juft Slate of the Tranfa^oni
preceding the Treaty.

Five Indian Nations, &c,

Imd the Good of all his Colonics in this Part of his
botninions, that Peace and Friendlhip be eftablifhcd
Ibetween your Governments and the Indians of the
\six Nations.

Thefe Indians^ by their Situation, are a Frontier
|to fome of them ; and, from thence, if Friends,
are capable of defending their Settlements ; if Ene-
mies, of making cruel Ravages upon them •, if
Neuters, they may deny the French a PafTage
through their Country, and give us timely Notice
of thtir D^figns. Thefe are but fome of the Mo-
! rives for cultivating a Good Underftanding with
them ; but from hence the Difadvantages of a Rup-
ture are abundantly evident. Every Advantage
you gain over them in War will be a weakening of
the Barrier of thofe Colonies, and confequently be,
in efFedl, Vidories over yourfelves and your Fellow
Subjefts. Some Allowances for their Prejudices
and Paflions, and a Prefent now and then for the
liflief of their Necefljties, hich have, in fome
Meafure, been brought upou aem by their Inter-
courfe with us, and by our yearly extending our
Settlements, will probably tie them more clofely to
the Britijh Interelt. This has been the Method of
New-Tork and Penjyhania, and will not put you
to fo much Expence in twenty Years, as the carry-^
ingon a War againft them will do in one. The
French very well know the Importance of thefe Na-
tions to us, and will not fail by Prefents, and their
other ufual Arts, to take Advantage of any Mifunder-
ftanding we may have with them t* But I will de-
tain

•If

f The two preceding Paragraphs were allowed by the Cora-
rnhnoners of Virginia^ whilft they were at Philadelphiay to be
»wy proper to be fpoken by the Governor of Pen'yl'vania at
the Opening of the Treaty ; but taking up an Opinion, from
what pafled at the firll friendly Interview with the Indians, that
they would not make any Claim upon Lands wuhin the Govern-
ment of Virginia^ the Governor confenied to decline fpeaking
them in the mfcnce of the Indian:,

I I

.» *

i«!

9^ 7'be History of fhe I

tain you, Gentlemen, no onger. Your own ft;.
perior Knowledge will fiiggcft to you more thanil
can fay on this Subjeft. . .....

Friends and Brethreny Sache7ns^ or Chiefs of thX
Indians of the Six Nations :

• , Thefe, your Brethren of ^/V^/;?/^ and Mar-;^lar^A
are come to enlarge the Fire, which was altr.cfll
gone out, and to make it burn clearer ; to brighten
the Chain which had contra6led fome Ruft, and ro
renew their Friendfliip widi you -, which it is their
Defire may lafl fo long as the Sun, the Moon and
the Stars, fhall give Light. Their Powers are de-
rived from the Great King of England, your
Father ; and whatever Conclufions they Ihall come
to with you, will be as firm aad binding as if the
Governors of thefe Provinces were themftlves here.
I am your Brother, and, which is more, I am your
true Friend. As you know, from Experietxe,
that I am fo, I will now give you a few Words af
Advire. Receive thefe your Brethren wich open
Arms •, unite yourfelves to them in the Covenant
Chain, and be you with them as one Body, and
one Soul. I make no doubt but the Governor of
Canada has been taking Pains to widen the Breach
between thefe your Brethren of Virginia and you ;
but as you cannot have forgot the Hatred the
French have always borne to your Nations, and
how kindly, on the contrary, you have been treat-
ed, how faithfully you have been protected by the
Great King of England and his Subjedls, you
will not be at a Lois to fee into the Defigns of that
Governor. He wants to divide you from us, in
order the more eafily todellroy you, which he will
moil certainly do, if you futfcr yourfclves to be de-
luded by him.

3 As

Five Indian Nations, &c.

As to what relates to the Fricndfhip eftablifhed
Ibetween the Government of Penjyhania ind' your
Nations, I will take another Day to fpeak to you

upon it.

^0 enforce what had beenfa'id^ the Governor
laid down a Belt of PV'ampum ; upon which
the Indians gave the * Yo-hah.

After a fhort Paufe, the Governor ordered the
I Interpreter to tell the Indians^ that as they had
greatly exceeded their appointed Time for meeting
the CommifTioners, he recommended to them to
juf^all the Expedition poflTible in giving their
Anfwer to what had been faid, that they might
forthwith proceed to treat with the refpc6live Com-
milTioners on the Bufinefs they came about.

Then Canajfatego repeated to the Interpreter the
Subftance of what the Governor had fpoke, in
order to know if lie had underllocd him right ( a
Method generally made ufe of by the Indians ) and
when the Interpreter told him he had taken the true
Senfe, Canajfatego proceeded to return the Thanks
of the Six Nations tor the Governor's kind A ivice,
promifing to follow it as far as lay in their Power;
but as it was their Cuftom when a Belt was given to
return another, they would take Time till the Af-
ternoon to provide one, and would thsn give their
Anfwer.

* The To-hab denote? Approbation, being a loiid vSIioiu or
Cry, confiding of a few Notes pronounced by ail the In.iiavs in
ivcry mufical IVlanner, in the Nature of our Hiiv./.ii's.

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96 Tie History cf t&e v

In the Co u R t-Ho us e at LancafteVy June lA

1744. P, M,

PRESENT,

The Honowabk GEO RGB THOMJS,E(J
Governor, 6f^.

The Honourable the Commiflioncrs of Virginia]

The Honourable the CommifTioncrs of Maryladl

The Deputies of the Six Nations,

Conrad fFeifer, Interpreter.

Canaflatego's Anfwer to the Governor's Speech itHA
vered in the Morning.

Brother Onas,

YOU fpoke in the Prefence of JJfaragoa znil
the Governor of Maryland to us, advifing
us to receive them as our Brethren, and to unite
with them in the Covenant Chain as one Body, and
one Soul. We have always confidered them as our
Brethren, and, as fuch, Ihall be willing to brighten
the Chain of Friendfhip with them ; but fince there
are feme Difputes between us refpefting the Lands
poflelTed by them, which formerly belonged to us,
we, according to our Cyftom, propofe to have thofc
Differences firft adjufted, and then wc fhall proceed
to confirm the Friendfliip fubfifting »^etwecn us,
which will meet with no Obftruftion after thefe|
Matters are fettled.

Htrii

,«-

FiVe Indian Nations, &c.

Here tioey prefented the Governor with a

... Belt of fFampum, in return for the Belt

given them in the Morning by the Gov e fT-

NOR ; and the Interpreter was ordered to

return the Yo-hah.

^ben the Gove r n o r ^ in Reply ^ fpoke as follows :

I receive your Belt with great Kindnefs and
AfFedion •, and as to what relates to the Govern-
ments of Virginia and Maryland^ the honourable
Commiffioners, now prei.nt, are ready to treat
with you* I Ihall only add, that the Goods for the
Hundred Pounds Sterling, put into my Hands by
the Governor of Virginia^ as a Token of his good
Difpofitions to preferve Frtendfhip with you, arc
now in Town, and ready to be delivered^ in con-
fluence of what was told you by Conrad tVeifer
when he was laft at Onandagb.

Then the Governor, turning to the Commiflloners
of Virginia and Maryland^, faid^ Gentlemen^ I have
now finifhed what was incumbent upon me to fay
by way of Introdtiflion to the Indians ; and as you
have a full Authority from your refpefbive Govern-
ments to treat with them^ I fhall leave the reft in-
tircly to you, and either ftay or withdraw^ as you
Ihall think moft for your Service.

The CommiflTioners faid, They were all of Opi-
nion, it would be for their Advantage that the Go-
vernor Ihould ftay with them % and therefore they
unanimoufly defired he would favour them with
^he Continuance of his Prefcnce whilft they fhoi'ld
be in Treaty with the Indians : Which his Honour
faid he would at their Inftance very readily do, be-
lieving it might expedite their Bufinefs, and pre-
vent any Jealoufy the Indians might conceive at his
withdrawing.

't: i:

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il'M'

pfMj

^98 '' 7^^ History of the '

^he Commijftoners of Maryland ordered the Interpn-
-; ter to acquaint the Indians that the Government
- Maryland was going to fpeak to theniy and thin
^^' fpoke as follows :

Friends and Brethren of the united Six Nations,

We, who are depute' from the Government of
Maryland by a CommifTion under the Great Seal of
that Province, now in our Hands (and which will
be interpreted to you) bid you welcome ; and la
Token that we are very glad to fee you here as
Brethren, we give you this String of Wampum.
Upon which the Indians ^^t'f the Yo-hah.

- When the Governor of Maryland received the |
firft Notice, about fcven Years ago, of your Claim
to fome Lands in that Province, he thought our
good Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations had j
little Reafon to complain of any Injury from Marj-
landy and that they would be fo weH convinced there-
of, on farther Deliberation, as he Ihould hear no more |
of it ; but you fpoke of that Matter again to the
Governor of Penfylvania^ about two Years fince,
as if you defigned to terrify us.

It was very inconfiderately faid by you, that youi
would do yourfelves Juftice, by going to take Pay-
ment yourielves : Such an Attempt would have in-
tirely diffolved the Chain of Friendfhip fubfifiing,
not only between us, but perhaps the other Engltfo
and you. - .

We afllire you, our People, who are numerous,
courageous, and have Arms ready in their Hands,
will not fuffer themfclves to be hurt in their Lives
and Eftates.

Bur, however, the old and wife People o^ Mary-
land immediately met in Council, and upon con-
fidering very cooly your ra(h ExpiefTions, agreed
to invite their Brethren, the Six Nations^ to this

Place,

Place, 1
they ha^
had any.
fation to
has fent
fair, an(
Chain w
as an £a
wards yc
pum.

OurG
have alwj
free and
Wons f
your not :
vou thou«
Maryland
or under
the Safqui
Years fin(
tfrpretec
tion, the!
Part (if nc
tnt River
River,
Chsjfapeai
bowled
kfty,

" mitted
We are
and enjoy
liis Right
iviil you f
Bves, w
of that G

i- i

Five Indian Nations, &c,

place, that they might learn of them what Right
they have to the Land in Maryland^ and, if they
had any, to make them fome reafonable Compen-
fation for it ; therefore the Governor of Maryland
has lent us to meet and treat with you about this Af-
[fair, and the brightening and ftrengthening the
1 Chain which hath long fubfifted between us. And
I as an Earneft of our Sincerity and Good-will to-
j wards you, we prefent you with this Belt of Wam-
pum.

On whkh the Indians gave the Yo-hah.

Oxx Great King of England, and his Subjefts,
have always poffeffed the Province of Maryland
free and undifturbed from any Claim of the Siis

mtions for above one hundred Years paft, and
your not faying any thing to us before, convinces us
vou thought you had no Pretence to any Lands in.
Maryland ; nor can we yet find out to what Lands,
or under what Tide you make your Claim : For

\[k Safquabannah Indians^ by a Treaty above ninety
Years fince ( which is on the Table, and will be in-
terpreted to you) give, and yield to the Englijh Na-
tion, their Heirs and Afligns for ever, the greateft
Part (if not all) of the Lands we poflefs, from Patux-

lint River, on the Weftern, as well as from Choptank

I River, on the Eaftern Side oF the Great Bay of
hejfapeak. And, near Sixty Years ago, you ac-

Iknowledged to the Governor of New-York at AU
%, " That you had given your Lands, and fub-

r mitted yourfelves to the King of England,^*

We are that Great King's Subjects, and we poflefs
and enjoy the Proviijce of Maryland by Virtue of
his Right and Sovereignty thereto; why, then,

pill you ftir up any Quarrel between you and our-
fclves, who are as one iVlan, under the Protection

|of that Great King ?

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^Qo ' Vie History nf the- ^'

We need not put you in mind of the Treaty
(which wc fuppofe you have had from your Fathers)
made with the Province of Maryland near Seventy
Years ago, and renewed and confirmed twice fincc
that time.

By thefe Treaties we became Brethren ; we have
always lived as fuch, and hope always to continue
fo.

We have this further to fay, that altho' we arc
not fatisfied of the Juftice of your Claim to any
Lands in Maryland^ yet we are defirous of (hewing
cur Brotherly Kindnefs and Affciflion, and to pre-
vent (by any reafonable Way) every Mifunderftancl-
ing between the Province of Maryland and you
our Brethren of the Six Nations.

For this Purpofe wc have brought hither a
Quantity of Goods for our Brethren the Six Nations,
and which will be delivered you as foon as we fliail
have received your Anfwer, and made fo bright
and large a Fire as may burn pure and clear whilft
the Sun and Moon fhall (hine.

We have now freely and openly laid our Bofoms
bare to you ; and that you may be the better con-
firmed of the Truth of our Hearts, we give yuu
this Belt of Wampum.

Which was receii-edwith the Yo-hah.
Jft^r a little 'Time Canaflatego [poke as follows :

' Brother^ the Governor of Maryland,

We have heard what you have faid to us ; Snd,
as you have gone back to old 1 imer, we cannot
give you an Anfwer now, but Ihall take what you
have faid into Confideration, and^ return you our
Ai.fwcT fome Time to Morrow. He then fat down,
and aitcr fome Time he fpoke again.

Brotkr,

he Treaty
,ir Fathers)
ar Seventy
twice fincc

•, we have
:o continue

ho' we arc
aim to any
of (hewing
and to pre-
underftand-
^td and you

It hither a

Six Nations,

I as we fliall

ie fo bright

clear whilft

our Bofoms
better con-
give yuu

ihe Yo-hah.
follows :

o us i ilnd,
we cannot
Le what you
urn you our
en fat down,

BrothiT,

Five Indian Nations, ^c^
Brother^ the Governcr cf Maryland,

If you have made any Enquiry into Indian Af^
fairs, you will know, that we have always had our
Guns, Hatchets and Kettles mended when we
came to fee our Brethren. Brother Onas, and the
Governor of Tork always do this for us •, and we
give you this early Notice, that we may not there-
by be delayed, being defirous, as well as you, to
give all pofTible Difpatch to the Bufinefs to be tranf-
afted between us.

The Commiflioners of Virginia and Maryland
faici, fince it was cuftomary, they would give Or-
ders to have every Thing belongir^ to them mend-
ed that fhould want it.

In the Co J R T-Ho u s E at Lane aft er^ June 2 5,

1744, P. M,

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE THOMASy Efqr
Governor, i^c.

The Honourable the Commiflioners o^ Virginia,

The Honourable the Commiflioners of Marylattd,

The Deputies of the Six Nations,

Conrad PVeifer^ Interpreter,

CANASSATEGO fpke as follows :

Brother, the Governor of Maryland,

HEN you invited us to kindle a Council

lOI

Fire with you, Conedogwainet was the Place
agreed upon ; but afterwards you, by Brother Onas^
upon fecond Thoughts, conAdering that it would
be difficult to get Provifions and other Accommo-

H 3 dation*

!
j

: Si'

•!

^:!

102 ^be History of the

dations where there were but few Houfes or Inhabi-
tants, defired we would meet our Brethren at Lan-
cafter^ and at his Inftances we very readily agreed
to meet you here, and are glad of the Change •, for
we have found Plenty of every thing ; and as
Yefterday you bid us welcome, and toLi us you
were glad to fee us, we Jikewife affure you we
are as glad to fee you ; and, in Token of our I
Satisfadion, we prefent you with this String of|
[Wampum.

Which was received with the ufual Ceremonj.

Brother, the Governor of Maryland,

You tell us, that when about Seven Years ago you]
Iitard, by our Brother Ofias, of our Claim to feme
Lands in your Province, you took no Notice of if,j
believing, as you fay, that when we fhould come to
reconfider that Matter, we Ihould find that we had
no Right to make any Complaint of the Governor
of Maryland, and would drop our Demand. And
that when about two Years ago we mentioned it!
again to our Brother Onas, you fay we did it in fuch
Terms as looked like a Defign to terrify you j and
you tell us further, that we muft be bcfide ourfelves,
in ufing fuch a rafh ExprelTion as to tell you, We|
know how to do ourfelves Juftice if you ftill re-
fufe. It is true we did fay fo, but without any ill
Defign ; for we muft inform you, that when wel
firft defired our Brother Onas to ufe his Influence
with you to procure us Satisfadlion for our Lands,
we, at the fame time, defired him, in cafe youj
fhould difregard our Demand, to write to the Great!
King beyond the Seas, who would own us for his
Children as well as you, to compel you to do usj
Juftice : And, two years ago, when we found thatl
you had paid no Regard to our juft Demand, norl
that Brother Onas had convey'd our Complaint tc
the Great King over the Seas, we were refolved tc

ufd

Five Indian Nations, ^c,

[jTefuch Exprcflions as would make thegreateft Im-
prcflions on your Minds, and we find it had its
EfFcift i for you tell us, " That your wife Men
" held a Council together, and agreed to invite us,
♦' and to enquire of our Right to any of your
« Lands, and if it fhould be found that we had a
*' Right, we were to have a Compenfation made
" for them : And like wife you tell us, that our
" Brother, the Governor of Maryland^ by the ad-
*' vice of thefe v;ifc Men, has fent you to brighten
*' the Chain, and to affure us of his Willingnefs to
" remove whatever impedes a good Underftand-
" ing between us." This flaews that your wife
Men underflood our Expreflions in their true Senfc.
We had no Delign to terrify you, but to put you
on doing us the Juilice you had fo long delayed.
I'our wife Meii have done well ; and as there is no
Obftade to a good Underftanding between us, ex-
cept this Affair of our Land, we, on our Parts, do
give you the ftrongeft Aflurances of our good Dif*
pofition towards you, and that we are as defirous as
you to brighten the Chain, and to put away all
Hindrances to a perfed good Underftanding •, and,
in Token of our Sincerity, we give you this Belt
of Wampum. ,, . )

.,-.. Which was received^ and the Interpreter or-
dered to give the Yo-hah.

Brother y theGov£rnor of Maryhndt

When you mentioned the Affair cA the Land
Yeflerday, you went back to old Times, and told
liSi you had been in Pofleflion of the Province of
Maryland above One Hundred Years i but what is
One Hundred Years in Comparifon of the Length
of Time fince our Claim began ? fmce we came out
of this Ground ? For we muft tell you, that long
before One Hundred Years our Anceftors came out
of this very Grpu;i(j, and their Children have re-

H 4 maincd

103

i !

fli-

104

^he History $f the

maincd here ever fince. You came out of tht
Ground in a Country that lies beyond the Seas,
there you may have a juft Claim, but here you muft
allow us to be your elder Brethren, and the Lands
to belong to us long before you knew any thing of
them. It is true, that above One Hundred Years
ago the Dutch came here in a Ship, and Srought
with them feveral Goods ; fuch as Awjs, Knives,
Hatchets, Guns, and many other Particulars, whicfi
they gave us ; and when they had taugiit us how
to ufc their Things, and we faw what fort of Peo-
ple they were, we were fo well pleafed with them,
that we tied their Ship to the Bufhes on the Shore,
and afterwards, liking them Itill better the longer
they ftaid with us, and thinking the Bufhes too
(lender, we removed the Rope, and tied it to the
Trees ; and as the Trees were liable to be blown
down by high Winds» or to decay of themfelvfs,
we, from the AfFedion we bore them, again re-
moved the Rope, and tied it to a ftrong and big
Rock [^here the Interpreter fai4. They man tk
Oneido Country'] and not content with this, for its
forther Security we removed the Rope to the big
Mountain [ here the Interpreter fays they mean tk
Onandago Country ] and there we tied it very fail",
^nd roll'd Wampum about it ; and, to make it
ftill mqre fecure, we flood upon the Wampum, and
fat down upon it, to defend it, and to prevent any
Hurt coming to it, and did our befl Endeavours
that it might remajn uninjured for ever. During all
this Time the New-comers, the Butcby acknow-
iedged our Right to the Lands, and follicited us,
from Time to Time, to grant them Parts of our
Country, and to enter into League and Covenant
with us, and to become one People with us.

After this the Englijh came into the Country,
and, as we were told, became one People with the
J>utcb, About two Years after the Arrival of the

K*^

Five Indian Nations, &c.

lnglijb,zn Englijb Governor came to Albany^ and find-
ing what great Friendfhip fubfided between us and
the Dutch^ he approved it mightily, and dcfired to
niake as (Irong a League, and to be upon as good
Terms with us as the Butch were, with whom he
was united, and to become one People with us :
i\nd by his further Care in looking into what had
paffcd between us, he found that the Rope which
tied the Ship to th« great Mountain was only faflened
with Wampum, which was liable to break and rot,
and to pcnfli in a Courfe of Years ; he therefore
told us, he would give us a Silver Chain, which
would be much ftronger, and would laft for ever.
This we accepted, and fattened the Ship with it,
ind it has laded ever fmce. Indeed we have had
ibtne fmall Differences with the Engliflj^ and, during
thcfe Mifunderftandings, fome of their young Men
would, by way of Rcproaci*, be every now and
then telling us, that we (liould have perilhed if they
hid not come into the Country and furnilhed us
with Strowds and Hatchets, and Guns, and other
Things neceffary for the Support of Life ; but we
always gave them to underftand that they were
miftaken, that we lived before they came amongft
and as well, or better, if we may believe what

105

f|HJ '

our Forefathers have told us. We had then Room
enough, and Plenty of Deer, which was cafiiy
caught 5 and tho* we had not Knives, Hatchets, or
Guns, fuch as we have now, yet we had Knives of
Stone, and Hatchets of Stone, and Bows and Ar-
rows, and thofe fervcd our Ufes as well then as the
Englijh ones do now. We are now ftraitened, and
fometimes in want of Deer, and liable to many
other Inconveniencies fince the Englijh came among
us, and particularly from that Pen-and-ink Work
that is going on at the Table {pointing to the Secre-
tary) and we will give you an Inftance of this.
Qur Brother Qnas^ a great while ago, came to

Albany

11 I

Ip6 ^ \ rJJTbe.'Mi s t o rt of Ihe ; ^\

Albany taira^i^t Safquai^annab L^nds of us, but
ourBfotheE the Governor of New-Tork^ who, as
we fup^ofe,rhad not a good Undeftanding with our
Brotjftef 0;7^J, advifed us pot to fell hini. any Land,
for he would make an ill Ufc of ic ^ and, pretend-
ing to be our good Friend, he advifed us, in order
to prevent Onas\ or any other Perfon's impofing
upon us, and that we might always have our Land
when we Ihould want it, to put it into his Hands;
and told us, he would keep it for our Ufe, and
never open his Hands, but keep them clofe fhut,
and not part with any of it, but at our Requeii:.
Acccidingly we triifted him, and put our Land
into iiis Hands, and charged him to keep it fafe
for our U(e j but, fome Time after, he v ?nt to
England, and carried our Land with him, and there
4bld it to our Brother 0ms for a large Sum of
Money ; and when, at the Inftance of our Brother
On^s, we were minded to fell him fome Lands, he
told us we had fold the Safquahatmah Lands already
to the Governor of New-Tork^ and that he had
bought them from him in England -; tho^ when he
came to underftand how the Governor of New- Tor k
had deceived u?, he very generoufly paid us for our
Lands over again.

Tho' we mention this Inftance of an Impofition
put upon us by the Governor of New-Tork, yet wc
muft do the Englijb the Juilice to fay, we have had
their hearty Afliftances in our Wars with the French^
who were no fooner arrived amongft us than they
began to render us uneafy, and to provoke us to
War, and we had feveral Wars with them ; during
all which v/e conftantly received Afliftance from
the Englipj^ and, by their Means, we have always
been able to keep up our Heads again ft thei:
Attacks. • ,

We now come nearer home. We have had your
Deeds interpreted to us, and we acknowledge them

Five Indian Nations, &c.

to be good and valid, and that the Coneftogoe or
Sofquahamah Indians had a Right to fell thofe Lands
to you, for they were then theirs ; but fince that Time ,
we have conquered them, and their Country now
belongs to us, and the Lands we demanded Satis-
fadion for are no Part of the Lands comprized in
thofe Deeds ; they are the * Cohongorontas Lands ;
thofe, we are fure, you have not poflfeffed One
Hundred Years, no, nor above Ten Years, and
we made our Demands fo foon as we knew your
People were fettled in thof? Parts. Thefe have
never been fold, but remain Hill to be difpofed of 5
and we are well pleafed to hear you are provided
with Goods, and do affure you of our Willingne(s
to treat with you for thofe unpurchafed Lands ; in
Confirmation whereof, wc prefent you with this
Belt of Wampum.

Which was received with the ufual Ceremonies.

CANASSATEGO added, that as the three
Governors of Virginia, Maryland, and Penfyhania,
had divided the Lands among them, they cguld
not, for this Reafon, tell how much each had got,
nor were they concerned about it, fo that they were
paid by all the Governors for the fevcral Parts each
poflfeffed, and this they left to their Honour and
Juflice.

* CobongorontaSf i. e. Potomack.

107

■.3u'i*

io8

, :^e History of tbe

i 1

I'*'

- i

15"'

In the CouRT-HousE at Lancafter, June 27,

1744, yf. Af.

'v PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq; |
' ; , Governor, (^c.

The Honourable the Commiflloners of VirginiaA

The Honourable the CommifTioners o^ Mar^kni]

The Deputies of the Six Nations,

Conrad Weifer^ Interpreter.

^be Commijfioners of Virginia ordered the InterpreUn
to let the Indians know the Government of Virginia
was going to Jfeak to them, and then they fpokt\
as follows :

Sachems and Warriors of the Six United Nations,]
our Friends and Brethren,

AT our Defire the Governor of Penjyhanial
invited you to this Council Fire ; we have |
waited a long Time for you, but now you are come, '
you are heartily welcome -, we are very glad to fee |
you *, we give you this String of Wampum.

Which was received with their ufual Approbation.

Brethren,

In the Year 1736, four of your Sachems wrote!
a hetXtr to James Loga;i, Efq; then Prdfident ofl
Penfylvania^ to let the Governor of Virginia know
that you expedlcd fome Confideration for Lands in
the Occupation of fome of the People of Virginia.
Upon feeing a Copy of this Letter, the Governor,
with the Council of Virginia, took fome Time to
confider of it. They found, on looking into the

old

Five Indian Nations, Gf^.

I old Treaties, that you had given up your L&.Js to
the Great King, who has had Poffeffion of Virginia
above One Hundred and Sixty Years, and under
that Great King the Inhabitants of Virginia hold
their Land, fo they thought there might he fome
I Miftake.

Wherefore they dcfired the Governor of New-
Work to enquire of you about it. He fenthis Inter-
preter ro you in A%, 1 743, who laid this before
you at a Council held at Onandago^ to which you
anl'wer, *' That if you had any Demand or Prc-
" tenfions on the Governor of Virginia any way,
" you would have made it known to the Governor
I " of New-Tork," This correfponds with what
)oii have faid to Governor 'Thomas^ in the Treaty
made with him at Philadelphia in July, 1742 •, for
then you only make your Claim to Lands in the
\(jovernment of Maryland,

We are fo well pleafcd with this good Faith of
honour Brethren of the Six Nations, and your Re-
gard to the Treaties made with Virginia, that we
are ready to hear you on the Subjed of your Meflagc
I right years fmce.

Tell us what Nations of Indians you conquered
any Lands from in Virginia, how long it is fince,
I and what PolTefTion you have had ; and if it does
appear, rhat there is any Land on the Borders of
Virginia that the Six Nations have a Right to, we
are willing to make you Satisfa(ftion.

Then laid down a String of JVamfum, which
was accepted with the ufual Ceremony ^ and
then added.

We have a Cheil of new Goods, and the Key is
in our Pockets. You are our Brethren \ the Great
King is our common Father, and we will live with
you, as Children ought to do, in Peace and Love.

20^

ti-<i

^' !l

'''?^

- f

iio ' '*^' 7l6t? History ^^^^

' We will brighten the Chain, and ftrengthen the
Union between us ; fo that we fliall never be divid-
ed, but remain Friends and Brethren as long as the
Sun gives Light ; in Confirmation whereof, we give
you this Belt of Wampum.

Which was received with the ufual Ceremom.

^JCHJNOONTIA rcplkd:
Brothir Aflaragoa, '

You have made a good Speech to us, which is
very agreeable, and for which we return you our
Thanks. We Ihall be able to give you an Anfwer
to every Part of it fome Time this Afternoon, and
we will let you know when we are ready. . ,

VM i

In the CouRT-IIousE at Lancaftery June 27,
i' 1 744, P. M.

*s II -i! r>

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEO RGE THOMAS, Efq-,
Governor, ^c.

The Honourable the CommifTioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the CommifTioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.
Conrecl PFcifer, Interpreter.

. ryiCIl/iNOONriA /poke as follows:

Brother Afiaragoa,

SING K you have joined with the Governor of
Maryland sl\m\ Brother Onas in kindling this
Fire, we gladly acknowledge th^ Pleafure we hav ;
in feeing you here, and obfcrving your good Difpo-

fitions

Fi^us^Indian Nations, G?c.

fjtioflS as well to confirm the Treaties of Friend-
ship, as to enter into further Contracts about Land
with us J and, in Token of our Satisfaction,, .we
prefent you with this String of Wampum.^, . . -
If^hich was received with the ufual Cermonies.

'0 "ft'-

rr»'-.

Brother Affaragoa,

In your Speech this Morning you were pleaied to
fay we had wrote a Letter to James Lcgaff^ about
feven Years ago, to demand a Confideration for our
Lands in the PofTelTion of Ibme of the Virginians -,
that you held them under the Great King for up-
wards of One Hundred and Sixty Years, and that
we had already given up our Right ; and that there-
fore you had defired the Governor of Ncw-Tork ta
fend his Interpreter to us laft Year to Onandago^
which he did ; and^ as you fay, we in Council at
Onandago did declare, that we had no Demand upon
you for Lands, and that if we had any Pretenfions,
we Ihould have made them known to the Governor
of New-Tork ; and likewife you defire to know if
we have any Right to the Virginia Lands, and that
we will make fuch Right appear, and tell you
what Nations of Indians we conquered thofe Lands
from.

Now we anfwer. We have the Right of Conquefl,
a Right too dearly purchaied, and which coft us too
much Blood, to give up without any Reafon at all,
as you fay we have done at Albany \ but we fhould
be obliged to you, if you would let us fee the Letter,
and inform us who was the Interpreter, and whofe
Names are put to that Letter ; for as the whole
Tranfaftion cannot be above a Year's Handing, it
muft be freih in every Body's Memory, and fome
of our Council would eafily remember it •, but we
afllire you, and are well able to prove, that neither
wp, nor any Part of us, have ever relinquillied vour
Right, or ever gave fuch an Anfwer as you lay is

mentioned

III

1 .!(

i, '131

\
{

''■11/

^1 % ■ \

■'U

112 The History of th^

mentioned in your Letter. Could we, fo few Yearsi
ago, make a formal Demand, by James Logan, and
not be fenfible of our Righc ? And hath any thing
happened fmce that Time to make uslefs fenfible?
Ko ; and as this Matter can be eafily cleared upj
we are anxious it (hould be done ; for we are pofiti-'e
no fuch thing was ever mentioned to us sitOnanda^oA
nor any where elfe. All the World knows we con-
quered the fcveral Nations living on SafquabamahA
Cobongoronta^ and on the Back of the Grearl
Mountains in Virginia ; the Conoy-uch-fiich-roonaA
Cccb-now-was-roonany Toboa-irougb-roonan, and!
Connut/kin-ougb-roonaw, feel the Effcdts of our Con-
quers, being now a Part of our Nations, and their!
Lands at at our Difpofal. We know very well, itl
it hath often been faid by the Virginians, that tbcl
Great King of England, and the People of thacl
Colony, conquered the Indians who lived there,!
but it is not true. We will allow they have con*
quered the Sacbdagugbroonaw, and drove back the!
Tufcarroraws, and that they have, on f:hat Account J
a Right to fome Part of Virginia ; but as to wha:!
lies beyond the Mountains, we conquered the Na-
tions refiding there, and that Land, if the Virii'
titans ever get a good Right to it, it muft be by us^j
and in Teftimony of the Truth of our Anfwer tc
this Part of your Speech, we give you this String]
of Wampum.

JVbicb was received witb tbe tffual Ceremonj\

Brotber Affaragoa,

We have given you a full Anfwer to the firft]

Part of your Speech, which we hope will be fatis-

fa<5lory. We are glad to hear you have broughtj

with you a big Cheft of new Goods, and that you]

have the Key in your Pockets. We do not doubt]

but wefhallhavca good Underftanding in all Points,

and come to an Agreement with you.

Wei

tivE Indiaj^ Nations, G?c.

Wc lliall open all our H«?arts to you, that you may
I know every thing in them •, we will hiJc nothing
from you ; and wc hope, if there Ke any thing ftill
remaining in yourBreaft that may occafion any DiP-
pute between us, you will take the Opportunity to
junbofom your Hearts, and lay them open to us,
I that henceforth there may be no Dirf^ nor any
other Obftacle in the Road between us ; and in
Token of our hearty Wifhes to bring about fo good
an Harmony, we prefent you with this Beit of
[Wampum.

fVbich was received wi/h the ufitat Ceremony,

5r<7/^f*'- Affaragoa,

We muft now tell you what Mountains wetneari
I that we fay are the Boundaries between you and us.
You may remember, that about twenty Years ago
I you had a Treaty with us at Albany^ when you took
a Belt of Wampum, and made a Fence with ir. on
!the Middle of the Hill, and told us, that if any of
tlie V/arriors of the Six Nations came on your Side
of the Middle of the Hill, you would hang them ;
and you gave us Liberty to do the fame with any
of your People who Ihould be found on our Side of
the Middle of the Hill. I'his is the Hill wf! mean, and
we defire that Treaty may be now confirmed. After
^Mkh Alhany^ we brought our Road a great deal
[more to the Weft, that we might comply with your
Propofal i but, tho' it was of your own making,
your People never obferved li, but came and lived
on our Side of the Hill, which v/e don't blame you
for, as you live at a great Diftance, near the Seas^
and cannot be thought to know what your People
do in the Back-parts : And on their fettling, con-
trary to your own Propofal* on our new Road, it
fell out that our Warriors did lome Huitto your
People's Cattle, of which a Complaint was made,
I and tranfmittcd to us by our Brother Onas\ and we,

1 at

113

1 1

I '11

"•JJ
» if

■ 1 '

1 I

, *

'I14 The History of the

at his Requeft, altered the Road again, and brought)
it to the the Foot of the Great Mountain, where
it now is i and it is impoflible for us to remove it
any further to the Weft, thofe Parts of the Country
being abfolutely impaffable by either Man or|
Beaft.

We had not been long in the Ufe of this new I
Road before your People came, like Flocks of Birds,
and fat down on both Sides of it, and yet we never
made a Complaint to you, tho' you muft be fenfible
thofe Things muft have been done by your People
in manifeft Breach of your own Prcpofal made at
Albany •, and therefore, as we are now opening our
Hearts to you, we cannot avoid complaining, and
defire all thefe Affairs may be fettled, and that you
may be ftronger induced to do us Juftice for what is
paft, and to come to a thorough Settlement for the I
future, we, in the Prefence of the Governor ofl
Maryland^ and Brother Onas^ prefent you with this]
Belt of Wampum.

pyhich was received with the ufual Ceremony. \

^hen Tachanoontia added :

That he forgot to fay , that the Affair of the Road I
muft be looked upon as a Preliminary to be fettled
before the Grant of Lands ; and, faid he, either the
Virginia People muft be obliged to remove more
Eafterly, or, if they arc permitted to ftay, our
Warriors, marching that Way to the South-
ward, fhall go Sharers with them in what they|
plant.

■lliii

Five Indian Nations, &c.

In thQ Cou R T-Ho u s E at Lancafter, June 28,
^ ,.- 1744. -^. Af.

PRESENT,

The Honourable G£Oi^G£ rHOMASyECqi
Governor, ^c.

The Honourable the Commiffioncrs of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commiffioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weifer, Interpreter.

The Governor fpoke as follows.

Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations,

IA-n always ferry when any thing happens that
may create the lead Uneafinefs between us i but
as we are mutually engaged to keep the Road be-
tween us clear and open, and to remove every Ob-
ftmftion that may lie in the Way, I muft inform
you, that three of the Delaware Indians lately
murdered John Jrmftrong, an Indian Trader, and
his two Men, in a moft barbarous Manner, as he
was travelling to Allegheny ^ and ftole his Goods of a
confiderable Value. Shick Calamy^ and the Indians
fettled at Shamokin^ did well ; they feized two of
the Murderers, and fent them down to our Settle- .
ments ; but the Indians ^ who had the Charge of
tliem, afterwards llifFered one of them to efcape,
on a Pretence that he was not concerned in the
bloody Deed ; the other is now in PhiLJelphia
Goal. By our Law all the Acceflaries to a Murder
pre to be tried, and put to Death, as well as the
Perfonwho gave the deadly Wound. If they con-
sented to it, encouraged it, or any ways afiitled in
lit, they are to be put to Death, and it is juft it

I 2 ihould

115

i:.i I

, S'

■J .' ,i'M

m
"'11
ii

% }

1 1 '

I f

n "i i-

Il5 The 'RiiT o'kY of the

Ihould be fo. If, upon Trial, the Perfons prcfent
at the Murder are found not to have done any cf
thefe Things, they are fet at Liberty. Two of our
People were, not onany Years ago, publickly put
to Death for killing two Indians \ we therefore ex-|
pe(^ you will take the moft efFcflual Meafurcs tc
leize and deliver up to us the other two Indians pre-
fentat thefe Murders^ to be tried with the Princi-
pal now in Cuftody. If it ftiall appear, upon their
Trial, that they were not advifmg, or any way!
afllfting in this horrid Fad, ihey will be acquitted J
and fent home to their Towns. And that you mayj
be fatisfied no Injuftice will be done to them, I dc
now invite you to depute three or four Indians tc
be prefent at their Trials. I do likewife expedl that
you will order ftridl Search to be made for the Re-|
mainder of the ftolen Goods, that they may be re-
ftored to the Wife and Children of the Deceafed.|
That what I have faid may have its due Weight
with you, I give you this String of Wampum.

ff^bicb was accepted with the Yo-hah.l

The Governor afterwards ordered the Interpretcrl
to tell them, he expefted a very full Anfwer froml
them, and that they might take their own Timetol
give it i for he . d not defire to interfere withthe|
Eufmefs of Virginia and Maryland.

They faid they would take it into ConfiderationJ
and give a full Anfwer. I

Then the Commiiricn^rs of Virgijiia let themi
know, hy the Interpreter, that they would fpeakl
to them in the Afternoon.

.ii|l;^i
'<■>

liiii^''" >

Five Indian NATior , ^c,

lln the C o u R t-Ho use Cliainbtr at I^nc.^
'Jk^e : ^, 1744, P. M,

•<«

P R E S

The Honoura jie the CommlfTioners of Af^ryla:;d.
Thp Deputies of the Six Nations,
Conrad IVeifer^ Interpreter.

fbe CommiJ/ivners difirtd the Interpreter to till, the
Indians tho were going to fpeak to them. Mr.
Weifer acquainted them herewith. After Vihi^h
the [aid Commiffioners fpk^ as foUcws :

Our good Friends and Brethren^ the Six united :

Nations,

WE have confidered what you faid concerning
your Title to fome Lands now in our Pro-
l.vince, and alfo of the Place where they lie. Altho*
we cannot admit your Right, yet we are fo relblved
to live in Brotherly Love and AfFeftion with the
5/v Nations^ that upon your giving us a Reieafe in
Writing of all your Claim to any Lands in Af^ry-
W, we fhall make you a Compettfation to the
Value of Three Hundred Pounds Currency, for
the Payment of Part whereof we have brought fome
Goods, and Ihall make up the reft in what Manner
you think fit.

As we intend to fay fomething to you about our
Chain of Friendfhip after this Affair of the Land is
fettled, we defire you will now examine the Goods,
and make an End of this Matter.

We will not omit acquainting our good Friends
i\\^Six Nations^ that notwithftanding we are likely
to come to an Agreement about your Claim of
Lands, yet your Brethren of Maryland look on you
to be as one Soul and one Body with thcmfelves ;

I 3 and

¥\

• t

M i!

if ^

ii8 • The History of the

and as a broad Road will be made between us, we
Ihall always be defirous of keeping it dear, that we i
may, from Time to Time, take care that the Links j
of our Friendfhip be not rufted. In Teftimony
that our Words and our Hearts agree, we give you
this Belt of Wampum. i

On prefenting of which the \ndun% gave thA
ufual Cry of Approbation.

- Mr. Weifer acquainted the Indians^ they might
how look over the feveral Goods placed on a Table i
in the Chamber for that Purpofe jand the honourable
Commiflioners bid himteli them, if theydiflikedany
of the Goods, or, if they were damaged, the Com-
miflioners would put a lefs Price on fuch as were
cither difliked or damnified.

The Indians having viewed and examined the]
Goods, and feeming diflatisfied at the Price and
Worth of them, required Time to go down into
the Court- Houfe, in order for a Confultation tobej
had by the Chiefs of them concerning the faidi
Goods, and likewife that the Interpreter might re-
tire with them, which he did. Accordingly they
went down into the Court- Houfe, and foon after
returned again into the Chamber.

Mr. Weifer fat down among the Indians^ and dif-
courfed. them about the Goods, and in fome Ihort
Time after they chofe the following from among the
others, and the Price agreed to be given for them
by the Six Nations was, viz.

Four Pieces of Strowds, at 7 /.
Two Pieces Ditto, 5 /. — —

Two Hundred Shirts, —

Three Pieces Half-Thicks, —

Three Pieces Duffle Blankets, at 7 /.

One Piece Ditto,

Forty Seven Guns, at i /. 6 /.

/. /.
28 00
10 00

00
00
10
02

L
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

One

Five Indian Nations, &c.

119

i^ccn us, we !
ear, that we I
at the Links
Teftimony
we give you

■•dT\% gave ths\

they might j
on a Table 1
- honourable
'diflikedany
j, theCom-
iich as were

:amined the
z Price and
) down into j
Itation tobe|
ng the faidi
zv might re-
dingly they
I foon after

ns^ and dif-

fome Ihort

1 among the

?n for them

One Pound of Vermillion,
One Thoufand Flints,
Four Dozen Jews Harps,

One Dozen Boxes,

One Hundred Two Quarters Bar- Lead,

Two Quarters Shot,

Two Half-Barrels of Gun-Powder,

/. J. d.
18 00
iS 00
14 00
I 00
00 00
00 00

00
00
00
00

3
I

13 00 00

s. d.

00 00

12 00

00 00

10 00

02 00

One

220 15 00
Penfylvannia Currency.
When the Indians had agreed to take thefc Goods
at the Rates above fpccified, they informed the In-
terpreter, that they would give an Anfwer to the
Speech made to them this Morning by the honour-
able the Commifiioners of M^ry/<z«^, but did not
exprefs the Time when fuch Anfwer fhould be made.
At 12 o'clock the Commiflioners departed the
[Chamber.

in the Cou RT-HousE at Lam aft er^ 'June 28,

1744. P. M , •

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE TllO MA Sy Efq;

Governor, ^c.
The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia^
The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland.
The Deputies of the Site Nations.
Conrad IVeifer, Interpreter..

'the Commijfioners of Virginia dejired the Interpreter
to let the Indians know^ that their Brother Afla-
ragoa was now going to give his Reply to their
Anfwer to his firfi Speech^ delivered them the Day
before in the Forenoon.

Sachems and Warriors of the united Six Nations,

W"* E are now come to anfwer what you faid to
us Yefterday, fmce what we laid to you
I 4 before

:«:r

t I

:4 ';•{

s ^

■:) 'i

'I
. -•.■ 1
■ 1 *

120 T^ History ef the .

before on the Part of the Great King, our Father
has not been fatisfadtory. You have gone into old
Times, and fo muft we. It is true that the Great
King holds Virginia by Right of Conqueft, and
the Bounds of. that Conqycft to the Weftward is
the Great Sea.

If the Sitt Nations have made any Conqueft over
Indians that may at any Time have hved on the
We(l"fKk of the Great Mountains of Virginia, yet
they never pofiefTcfd any Lands there that we have
ever heard of. That Part was altogether defertcd
and free for any People to enter upon, as the Peo-
ple of Virginia have done, by Order of the Great
king, very juftly, as well by ancient Right, as by
its being fref d from the Poffeflion of any other, and
from ''ny Claim even of you the Six Nations^ our
Brethren, until within thefe eight Years. The firft
Treaty between the Great King, in Behalf of his
Subjeds of Virginia^ and you, that we can find,
was made at Albany^ by Colonel Henry Ourfy,
Seventy Years fince ; this was a Treaty of Friend-
fhip, when the firft Covenant Chain was made,
ivhen v^re and you became Brethren.

The next Treaty was alfo at Jlbany^ above Fifty-
eight Years ago, by the Lord Howard^ Governor
of Virginia -, then you declared yourfelves Subjeds to
(he Great King, our Father, and gave up to him
all your Lands for his Protedion. This you own
in a Treaty made by the Governor of New-Tork
with you at the fame Place in the Year 1687, and
you exprels yourfelf in Jhefe Words," " Brethren,
♦' you tell us the King of England is a very great
King, and why fhould not you join with'us in a
VvM-y juft ( "aufe, when the French join with our
Enemies in an unjuft Caufe ? O Brethren, we
fee the Reaibn of this -, for the French *vould
fain kill us all, aiiv. when that is done, they
♦^ would carry all the Beaver Trade to Canada, and

!•♦ the

Five Indian Nations, Gfr,

|« the Qreat Kit^ of England would lofc the
I' Land likewife ; and therefore, O Great Sachem,
Y beyond the Great Lakes, awake, and fuffer not
It' thofe poor IndianSy that have given themfelves
|« and their Lands under your Protei^ion, to be de»
ftroycd by the French without a Caufe."
The laft Treaty we fhall fpeak to you about is that
Imide at Albany by Governor Spot/wood^ which you
li^ire not recited as it is : For the white People,
lyotir Brethren of Virginia, are, in no Article of
Itliat Treaty, prohibited to pafs, and fettle to the
IWeftward of the Great Mountains. It is the In-
limy tributary to Virginia, that are reftrained, as
lyou and your tributary Indians are from pafling to
k Eaftward of the fame Mountains, or to the
ISouthward of Cobongorooton, and you agree to this
Article in thefe Words ; " That the Great River
I" of Potowmack, and the high Ridge of Moun-
tains, which extend all along the Frontiers of
Virginia to the Wellwaixl of the prefent Settle-
ments of that Colony, fhall be for ever the efta-
I" blifhed Boundaries between the Indians fubjeft
" to the Dominions of Virginia, and the Indians
I" belonging to and depending on the Five Nati-
ons 1 fo that neither our Indians (hall on any Pre-
I" tence whatfoever, pafs to Northward or Weft-
" ward of the faid Boundaries, without having to
" produce a Paffport under the Hand and Seal of the
" Governor or Commander in Chief of Virginia \
" nor your Indians to pafs to the Southward or Eaft-
" ward of the faid Boundaries, without a Paflport
" in like Manner from the Governor or Comman-
r derinChiefof New-Torkr
And what Right can you have to Lands that
)u have no Right to walk upon, but upon certain
[Conditions ? It is true, you have not obferved this
[Part of the Treaty, and your Brethren of Virginia

have

121

!i;)

■' iS^.

' ;1

1 i .

122 • ^e History of the '^

have not infilled upon it with a due StridinefsJ
which has occafioned fome Mifchief.

This Treaty has been fcnt to the Governor of
Virginia by Order of the Great King, and is what|
we mufl rely on, and, being in Writing, is more
certain than your Memory. That is the Way th(
white People have of preferving Tranfadions of
every Kind, pnd tranfmitting them down to their
Childrens Children for ever, and all Difputes amon£
them are fettled by this faithful kind of EvidenccJ
and mud be the Rule between the Great King anc
you. This Treaty your Sachems and Warriors fign-l
ed fome Years after the fame Governor Spotfwm
in the Right of the Great King, had been, witlj
fome People of Virginia, in Polfefiion of thefe verj
Lands, which you have fct up your late Clair
to.

The Commiflioners for Indian Affairs at Alban
gave the Account we mentioned to you Yefterday t(|
the Governor of New-York, and he fent it tothj
Governor of Virginia ; their Names will be give^
you by the Interpreter.

Brethren,

This Difpute is not between F/'r^/w/^ and you-, itij
fettingup your Right againft the Great King, undei
whofe Grants the People you complain of are fetded]
Nothing but a Command from the Great King can
remove them ; they are too powerful to be remove(]
by any Force of you, our Brethren ; and the Greaj
King, as our common Fiuher, will do equal Jufticj
to all his Children -, wherefore we do believe the)
will be confirmed in their PoflefTions.

As to the Road you mention, we intended td
prevent any Occafion for it, by making a Peace bej
tween you and th>* Southern Indians, a few Year
fince, at a confidcrable Expence to our Great Kin[
which you confirmed at Albany, It feems, by yom

beins

Five Indian Nations, &c.

Ibeing at War with tht Catawlfas, that it has not
Ibeen long kept between you.

However, if you defire a Road, we will agree
|to one on the Terms of the Treaty you made with
ICoIonel Spot/wood, and your People, behaving
themfelves orderly like Friends and Brethren, Ihall
\k ufed in their PafTage through Virginia with the
jlaine Kindnefs as they are when they pafs through
the Lands of your Brother Onas. This we hope,
Iffill be agreed to by you our Brethren, and we will
|abide by the Promife made to you Yeftcrday.

We may proceed to fettle what we are to give
Ifou for any Right you may have, or have had to

1 the Lands to the Southward and Weftward of the
[Lands of your Brother the Governor of Maryland^
m of your Brother Onas ; tho* we are informed
p the Southern Indians claim thcfe very Larids
jkyoudo. . .' ' i

We are defirous to live with you, our Brethren,
[iccording to the old Chain of Friendfhip, to fettle

l.thefe Matters fairly and honeftly -, and, as a
[Pledge of our Sincerity, we give you this Belt of
[Wampum.

IVhich was received with the ufual Ceremony,

123

■ \

■1.
■

; 1

ii.r

lr/.'»r

•', ■ t

124 " ne History of tht

In the Co u R T-H o u s e Chamber at Lancafieri
June 29, 1744, ^. M,
' PRESENT,

The Honourable the Commiflloners of Maryki
The Deputies of the 5/x JVtf//tf»/.
CmrddfVeiftry Interpreter.

Jiff. Weiler informed the honourable Commfjp.onrrsl
that the Indians were ready tv give their Anfwertl

■ the Speech made l& them here Teflerday Msrn[
ing by the Commijfioners ; ivhereupcn CanalTateg^
fpoke as follows^ looking on a Deal-bo^.rd^ ce/vri
were fome black LineSy defcrihing the Courfts
Potowmack and Safqiiahanna :

Brcthretjy ^ .

YESTERDAY you fpoke to us concerning
the Lands on this Side Potowmack River^ an]
as we have deliberately confidered what you faid tj
M.% 0(1 that Matter, wc are now very ready to fett(
the Bounds of fuch Lands, and releafe our Rigli
and Claim thereto.

Wc are willing to renounce all Right to Lor
Baltimore of all thoft Lands lying two Miles abovj
the uppermoft Fork of Potowmack or CohongoruU
River, near which Thomas Crejfap has a hunting
trading Cabin, by a North-line, to the Bounds
Penfylvania. But in cafe fuch Limits Ihall not i
cludt every Settlement or Inhabitant of Maryland
then fuch other Lines and Courfes, from the faid twj
Miles above the Forks, to the outermoft Inhabj
tants or Settlements, as ftiall include every Settle
mcnt and Inhabitant in Maryland^ and from thenc^
by a North-line, to the Bounds of Penfylvannk
fhall be the Limits. And further. If any PeopI
already have, or fhall fettle beyond the Lands noj
defcribed and bounded, they fliall enjoy the far
free from any Difturbance whatever, and we do, ar

Iha

TheH

TheDc
Conrad

IGachradoc
to the <
with a
follows

Brother

THI
oth

jwhat it is
I different C
land that
l^mongft
land fo hav
lover to CG
God did
not have
I between u

iji

Broth
Tho

'"•5, yet wi

i!^-:.

Five Indian Nations, &c.

fliall accept thefe People for our Brethren, and as

fuch always treat them.
We earneftly defirc to live with you as Brethren,
[ hope you will (hew us all Brotherly Kindnefs ;

in Token whereof, we preient you with a Belt df

Wampum.

PP^bich was received with the ufual Ceremonrj,
Soon after the Commiffioners and /«^/V7»j departed

flotn the Court-Houfe Chamber.

22$

I In the C o u R t-H o u s e Chamber at Lancafier^
June 30, i744> A, M.

PRESENT,

The Honourable the Commiffioners of Virginia,

The Deputies of the Six Nations,
Conrad Weifer^ Interpreter,

|Gachradodow, Speaker for the Indians, in anfwer
to the CommiJfiGners Speech at the lafi Meetings
with a firong VoicCy and proper J^ion^ [poke as

follows :

brother Affaragoa,

TH E World at the firft was made on the
other Side of the Great Water different from
I what it is on this Side, as may be known from the
different Colours of our Skin, and of our Flefh,
and that which you call juftice may not be fo
amongft us ; you have your Laws and Cuftoms,
and fo have we. The Great King might fend you
over to conquer the Indians ^ but it looks to us that
God did not approve of it ; if he had, he would
hot have placed the Sea where it is, as the Limits
[between us and you.

Brother Affaragoa,

Tho' ojieat Things arc well remembered among
|m, yet we don't remember that we were ever con-
quered

,1 V

•^1

r,' J
■.''' t

. i

I '] f,

14^

M>l;

126 '^ The History of the

quered by the Great King, or that we have been
employed by that Great King to conquer others ;|
if it was fo, it is beyond our Memory. We do re-
member we were employed by Maryland to conquer 1
the Coneftogoes, and that the fecond time we were]
at War with them, we carried them all off.

Brother Aflaragoa, •' -

You charge us with not ading agreeable to our I
Peace with the Catawbas^ we will repeat to you
truly what was done. The Governor of New-Tork^
Sit Albany^ in Behali oi^ JJfaragoa, gave usfeverali
Belts of Wampum from the Cherikees and CatawhasA
and we agreed to a Peace, if thofe Nations would
fend feme of their great Men to us to confirm it
Face to Face, and that they would trade with us J
and delired that they would appoint a Time to meet
at Albany for that Purpofe, but they never came.

Brother Aflaragoa,

We then defired a Letter might be fenttothel
Cata'wbas and Cherikees, to defire them to comcj
and confirm the Peace. It was long before an An-
fwer came ; but we met the Chenkees, and confirmed I
the Peace, and lent Ibme of our People to take
care of them, until they returned to their owii|
Country.

The Catawbas refufed to come, and fent us'
word. That we were but Women, that they were
Men, and double Men, that they could make]
Women of us, and would be always at War with
us. I'hey are a deceitful People. Our Brother y^^-
ragoa is deceived by them ; we don't blame him for
it, but are forry he is fo deceived.

Brother Aflaiagoa,
» We havt contirmed the Peace with the Cher,'!:ees,
but not with the Catawbas . They have been trea-
cherous,

:eable to our
;peat to you I
f New-Tork^
ve us feveral |
id CatawhasJ,
[ations would!
:o confirm k
ade with us;
rime to meet!
ever came.

,nd fent us
|at they were
, could make
at War with
Brothers-
lame him for

Five Indian Nations, &c. 127

chcrous, and know it ; fo that the War muft con-
tinue till one of us is deftroyed. This we think pro-
per to tell you, that you may not be troubled at
what we do to the Catawbas.

Brother Aflaragoa,

We will now fpeak to the Point between us.
You fay you will agree with us as to the Road ;
we defire that may be the Road which was
laft made (the Waggon-Road.) It is always, a
Cuftom among Brethren or Strangers to ufe each
other kindly ; you have fome very ill-natured Peo-
ple living up there ; fo that we defire the Perfons in
Power may know that we are to have refonable
IViftuals when we are in want.

You know very well, when the white People
I came firft here they were poor •, but now they
[tiave got our Lands, and are by them become
I, and we are now poor -, what little we have
1 for the Land goes foon away, but the
I Land lafts for ever. You told us you had
brought with you a Chefl of Goods, and that
fou have the Key in your Pockets ; but we
have never feen the Cheft, nor the Goods that
ire faid to be in it; it may be fmall, and the
Goods few ; we want to fee them, and are de-
lirous to come to fome Conclufion. We have
been fleeping here thefe ten Days paft, and have
|not done any thing to the Purpofe.

The Commiflioners told them they fhould fee
Ithe Goods on Monday,

\> \

Ihe Cherihmy
Ive been trea-
cherous,

, i

iii:!'

128 ^e History of tie

In the Co u R T-Ho u s E at Lancaftery June 30

1744, P. M

PRESENT,.

The Honourable (;£Oi?G£ "THOMAS.lSo^
Governor, 6ff.

T. , Honourable Commiflloner of Virginia,

f iie H' nourablethe Commiffioners o^Marylm\

The Deputies of the Six Nations,

Conrad Weifer^ Interpreter.

« th
" hai
" the
" Ian
" hei
" fall
rid(
hac
« %.
" Jivii

"#
"Tre

addrefl

?mfyh

Virgini

prefent

*» y\

" afTen
" to p
'■' Toca
' read^
may
And

((

«(

TH E three Governments entertained the k
dianSy and all the Gentlemen in Town, wit
a handf ..irie Dinner. The Six Nations, in theii
Order, having returned Thanks with the ufuai So
iemnity of To-ha-han, the Interpreter informed thi
Governor and the Commiffioners, that as the Loi
Proprietor and Governor of Maryland was n
known to the Indians by any particular Name,
they had agreed, in Council, to take the firft
portunity of a large Company to prefent him wit
one 5 and as this with them is deemed a Matter
great Confequencc, and attended with Abundam
of Form, the fevcral Nations bad drawn Lots foi
the Performance of the Ceremony, and the Loi
falling on the Cayogo Nation, they had chofei
GacbradodoWy one of their Chiefs, to be tiiei
Speaker, and he defired Leave to begin ; whic
being given, he, on an elevated Part of the Court! ,.j.'*'j-^"''
Houfe, with ail the Dignity of a Warrior, thl' 'j^, "
Geftureof an Orator, and m a very graceful Po^" J;?^^,;^^

faidthat: Jail their

*' As the Governor of Maryland had invited t!'f"l:;ie p
•* here to treat about their Lands, and brighttii t'lf,,;.,,..,] ,

ingt

" give
The

oners,
Comph'
ing He
^^ations
to Bufir
hdians^

Five Indian Nations, (^c,

« Chain of Friendfhip, the united Nations thought
« themfelvcs fo much obliged to them, that they
*' had come to a Refolut'on in Council to give to
*' the great Man, who is Proprietor of Mary-
" landy a particular Name, by which they might
" hereafter correfpond with him ; and as it had
" fallen to the Cayogoes Lot in Council to con-
" fider of a proper Name for that chief Man, they
" had agreed to give him the Name of Tocany-
" hogan^ denoting Precedency, Excellency, or
" living in the middle or honourable Place betwixt
" JJfaragoa and their Brother Onus, by wh jm their
" Treaties might be betr*^r carried on.** And then,
addrefling himfelf to his Honour the Governor of
Penjyhania, the honourable the Commiflioners Ci
Virginia and Maryland^ and to the Gentlemen then
prefent, he proceeded :

" As there is a Company of great Men now
" affembled, we take this Time and Opportunity
" to publilh this Matter, that it may be known
'' T^Qcarry-hogan is our Friend, and that we are
" ready to honour him, and that by fuch Name he
" may be always called and known among us.
" And we hope he will ever adl towards us accord-
*' ing to the Excellency of the Name we have now
" given him, and enjoy a long and happy Life."

The honourable the Governor and Commifli-
I oners, and all the Company prefent, returned the
Compliment with three Huzza's, and, after drink-
ing Healths to our gracious King ard the Six
\Nations^ the Commiflioners of M?r>'/W proceeded
to Bufinefs in the Court- Houfe Chamber with the
Y'ldians^ where Conrad Weifer^ the Interpreter, was
I prefent.

The honourable the Commiflioners ordered Mr.
Weifer to tell the Indians^ that a Deed, releafing
all their Claim and Title to certain Lands lying in
■iie Province of Maryland, which by them was
agreed to be given and executed for the Ufe of the

K Lord

129

N 1!

1. !

130

1,1

The History of the

Lord Baron of Baltimore, Lord Proprietary of that
Province, was now on the Table, and Seals ready
fixed thereto. The Interpreter acquainted them
therewith as defired, and then gave the Deed to
Canajfatego, the Speaker, who made his Mark,
and put his Seal, and delivered it ; after which,
thirteen other Chiefs or Sachems of the Six Natiom
executed it in the fame Manner, in the Prefence of
the honourable the Commiflloners of Virginia^ and
divers other Gentlemen of that Colony, and of the
Provinces of Penfylvania and Maryland.

'^ »

At the Houfe of Mr. George Sanderfon in Lancafler^
July 2, 1744, ^. M

PRESENT,

The Honourable the Commiflloners ofM^iryland,

The Deputies of the Six Nations,
Conrad Pf^eifer, Interpreter.

TH E feveral Chiefs of the Indians of the Six Na-
tions, who had not figned the Deed of Releafe
of their Claim to feme Lands in Maryland, tendered
to them on Saturday Jaft, in the Chamber of the
Court-Houfe in this Town, did now readily execute
the fame, and caufed Mr. fFeifer likewife to fign it,
as well with his Indian, as with his own proper
Name of IVeifer, as a Witncfs and Interpreter.

'i\

Five Indian Nations, &c\

?.;u

In the CoCRT-HousB at Lamafier^ July 2,

-K> (L^>V ••,.;4:;. 1744, ji, M.

* * t *

. I I'' ! 1 • ' **

/,.i-...d^ .^P RE S E N T, • .. ;

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq;
Governor, Cs'f.

The Honourable the Commiffioners 0^ Virginia,
The Honourable the Commiffioners of Maryland.
The Deputies of the Six Nations,
Conrad fTei/er^ Interpreter.

C A NAS SAT EGO fpoke as follows :

of MaryhniM Brothe^'On^,

TH E other Day you was pleafcd to tell us,
you were always concerned whenever any
thing happened that might give you or us Uneafi-
nefs, and that we were mutually engaged to pre-
ferve the Road open and clear between us ; and
you informed us of the Murder of John Armftrongy
and his two Men, by fome of the Delaware Indi-
ans^ and of their dealing hi» Goods to a confidera-
ble Value. The Delaware Indiansy as you fup-
pofe, are under our Power. We join with you in
your Concern for fuch a vile Proceeding -, and, to
tcftify that we have the fame Inclinations with you
to keep the Road clear, free and open, we give
you this String of Wampum.

fVbicb was received with the ufual Ceremony,

Brother Onas,

Thefe Things happen frequently, and we defire
you will confidcr them well, and not be too much

K 2 con-

13!

:* i

* ,!

132 ^ie HisTORV of the

concerned. Three Indians have been killed at dif-
ferent Times at Obio^ and we never mentioned any
of them to you, imagining it might have been oc-
cafioned by fome unfortunate Quarrels, and being
unwilling 10 create a Difturbance. We therefore
defire you will cpnfider thefe Things well, and, to
take the Grief from your Heart, wc give you this
String of Wampum. * -' "" * "

PVbichwas received with tb€ ufual Ceremonies,

Brother Onus, ;;-,;;,..

We have heard of the Murder of John Armftron^^
and, in oui Journey here, we had Conference with
our Coufins the Delawares about it, and reproved
them feverely for it, and charged them to go down
to our Brother Onas^ and make him Satisfaftion,
both for the Men that were killed, and for the
Goods. We underftood, by them, that the prin-
cipal Ador in thefe Murders is in your Prifon, and
that he had done all the Mifchief himfclf •, but that
befides him, you had required and demanded two
others who were in his Company when the Murders
were committed. Wc promifc faithfully, in our
Return, to renew our Reproofs, and to charge the
Delawares to fend down fome of their Chiefs with
thefe two young Men ( but not as Prifoners ) to be
examined by you ; and as we think, upon Examina-
tion, you will not find them guilty, we rely on your
Juftice not to do them any Harm, but to permit
them to return home in Safety.

We likewife underftand, that Search has been
made for the Goods belonging to the Deceafed, and
that fome have been already returned to your People,
but that fome are ftill miffing. You may depend
upon our giving theftridteft Charge to the Delawares
to fearch again with more Diligence for the Goods,
and to return them, or the Value of them, in Sl< ';ns.

And,

Five Indian Nations, &c.

And, to confirm what we have faid, we give you

this String of Wampum.

.^..rj fVhicb was received with the ufual Ceremonies,

'_■■•> . ■ ,

Brother Onas, , . . '

The Conoy Indians have informed us, that they
fent you a Mcffage, fome Time ago, to advife you,
that they were ill ufed by the white People in the
Place where they had lived, and that they had come
to a Refolution of removing to Sbamokin^ and re-
quefted fome fmall Satisfaction for their Land ; and
as they never have received any Anfwer from you,
they have defircd us to fpcak for them ; we heartily
recommend their Cafe to your Generofity. And,
to give Weight to our Recommendation, we pre-
fcnt you with this String of Wampum.

Which was received with the ufual Ceremony.

'^he Governor having conferred a little Time with the
honourable Commiffioners of Virginia and Mary-
land, made the following Reply :

Brethren^

I am glad to find that you agree with me in the
Neceflity of keeping the Road between us clear
and open, and the Concern you have exprefled on
account of the barbarous Murders mentioned to you,
is a Proof of your Brotherly AfFedlion for us. If
Crimes of thij Nature be not flridly enquired into,
and the Criminals feverely punifhed, there will be
an End of all Commerce between us and the Indi-
ans^ and then you will be altogether in the Power
of the French. They will fet what Price they pleafe
on their own Goods, and give you what they think
fit for your Skins; fo it is for your own Intereft
that our Traders fhould be fafc in their Perfons and
Goods when they travel to your Towns.

K 3 Brethren,

133

It"

'34

}h :ii

The KiSTORV of the.:
Bretbreny

I confidered this Matter well before I came from
Philadelphia^ and I advifed with the Council there
upon it, as I have done here with the honourable
the Commiflioners of Virginia and Maryland. \
never heard before of the Murder of the three /»,
dians at Ohio *, had Complaint been made to me of it,
and it had appeared to have been committed by any
of the People under my Government, they Ihould
hav<^ been put to Death, as two of them were, fome
Years ago, for killing two Indians. You are not
to take your own Satisfa($lion, but to apply to mcj
and I will fee that Juftice be done you •, and fhould
any of the Indians rob or murder any of our People,
I do expedl that you will deliver them up to be
tried and puniflied in the fame Manner as white
People are. This is nhe Way to preferve Friendlhip
between us, and will be for your Benefit as well as
ours. I am well pleafcd with the Steps you have
already taken, and the Reproofs you have given to
your Ccufins the Delawares, and do expedt you will
Jay your Commands upon fome of their Chiefs to
bring down the two young Men that were prefent
at the Murders -, if they arc not brought down, I
fhall look upon it as a Proof of their Guilt.

If, upon Examination, they fliall be found not
to have been concerned in the bloody A<^ion, they
ihall be well ufed, and fent home in Safety : I will
take it upon myfelf to fee that they have no Injuftice
done them. An Inventory is taken of the Goods
already rtflored, and I cxped Satisfaction will be
made for fiich as cannot be found, in Skins, accord-
ing to Fromile.

1 well remember the coming down of one of the
Conoy Indians with a Paper, fetting forth. That the
Conoys had come to a Relblution to leave the Land
referved tor them by the Proprietors, but he made
no Complaint to me of ill Ufage from the white

People.

Five Indian Nations, &c.

People. The Reafon he gave for their Removal
was. That the lettling of the white People all round
them had made Deer (carce, and that therefore they
chofe to remove to Juniata for the Benefit of
Hunting. I ordered what they faid to be entered
in the Council-Book. The old Man's Expenccs
were born, and a Blanket given him at his Return
home. I have not yet iieard from the Proprietors
on this Head ; but you may be affured, from the
Favour and Juftice they have always fhewn to the
Indians^ that they will do every thing that may be
reafonably expeded of them in this Cafe.

In the CouRT-Houss Chamber at Lancajier^
July 2, X744, P. M.

PRESENT,

The Honourable the CommilTioners of Virginia.
The Deputies of the Six Nations.
Cmrad PP^eifer, Interpreter.

The Indians ipeing lold^ by the Interpreter, that their
Brother Aflaragoa was going to fpeak to thenty
the Commiffioners fpke as follows :

Sachems and Warriors^ our Friends and Brethren^

AS wc have already faid enough to you on the
Subjedtof the Title to the Lands you claim
from Virginia, wc have no Occafion to fay any
thing more to you on that head, but come direftly
to the Point.

We have opened the Chefl, and the Goods are
now here before you -, they coft Two Hundred
Pounds Penfylvanta Money, and were bought by
a Perfon recommended to us by the Governor ot
Penfykmia with ready Cafh. Wc orderci them to

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136 ^he History of the ^ •

be good in their Kinds, and we believe they are fo.
Thelc Goods, and Two Hundred Pounds in Gold,
which lie on the Table, we will give you, our Bre-
thren of tiie Six Nations^ upon Condition that you
immediately make a Deed recogniizing the King's
Right to all the Lands that are, orfhall be, by his
Majefty's Appointment in the Colony oi Virginia.

As to the Road, we agree you fhall have one,
and the Regulation is in Paper, which the Inter-
preter now has in his Cuftody to Ihcw you. The
People of Virginia fhall perform their Part, if you
and your Indians perform theirs i we are your Bre-
thren, and will do no Hardfhips to you, out, on
the contrary, all the Kindnefs we can."

The Indians agreed to what was faid, and Canajfa-
tego defired they would reprefent their Cafe to the
King, in order to have a further Confideration when
the Settlement increafed much further back. To
which the CommiiTioners agreed, and promifed
they would make fuch a Reprefentation iaithfully
and honeftly ; and, for their further Security that
they would do fo, they would give them a Writing,
under their Hands and Seals, to that Purpofc.

They defired that fome Rum might be given
them to drink on their Way home, which the Con>
miiTioners agreed to, and paid them in Gold for
that Purpofe, and the Carriage of their Goods from
Philadelphia., Nine Pounds Thirteen Shilhngs, and
Three-pence, Pcnfylvania Money.

Canajfaiego further faid, That as their Brother
^'ocarry-hogan lent them provifion on the Road here,
which kept them from ftarving, he hoped their
Brother Ajj'aragoa would do the lame for them back,
and have the Goods he gave them carried to the
ufual Place ♦, which the Commiffioncrs agreed to,
and ordered Provifions and Carriages to be provided
accordingly.

After this Conference the Deed was produced,
and the Interpreter explained it to them •, and they,

according:;

ley are fo.

s in Gold,

, our Bre-

n that you

:he King's

be, by his

Virginia.

have one,

the Inter-

ou. The

irt, if you

your Bre-

1, but, on

nd Canajfa-
Cafe to the
ation when
Dack. To
i promifcd
•n Faithfully
curity that
a Writing,

pole,
be given

the Corn-
Gold for

roods from

lings, and

:ir Brother
Road here,
oped their
lem back,
ied to the
agreed to,
e provided

produced,
and they,

uccordin.':;

Five Indian Nations, &c,

according to their Rank and Quality, put their
Marks and Seals to it in the Prefence of feveral
Gentlemen of Maryland, Penfylvania and Virginia ;
and when they delivered the Deed, Canajfatego de-
livered it for the life of their Father, the Great
King, and hoped he would tonfider them •, on
which the Gentlemen and Indians then prefent gave
three Shouts. .

1 In the C o u R t-H o u s e at Lancajler, 'Tuefday\
July I, 1744, A. M.

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE mO MAS, Efq;
Governor, ^c.

The Honourable the CommilTioners of Virginia,

The Honourable theCommiflioners q{ Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations-,

Conrad iVeiJer^ Interpreter.

^he Governor fpoke as follows :

Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations,

I /I T a Treaty held with many of the Chiefs of
il. your Nations Two Years ago, the Road be-
tween us was made clearer and wider ; our Fire was
enlarged, and our Friendlhip confirmed by an Ex-
change of Prcfcnts, and many other mutual good
jOffices.

We think ourfelves happy in having been inftru-
Inicntal to your meeting with our Brethren of Vir-
\i^ma and Maryland •, and we perfuade ourfelves,

.at you, oih your Parts, will always remember it
|« an inftance of our Good-will and A{fe(5tion for
lyou. This has given us an ^Opportunity of feeing

you

It '

•■l,-!

«3S

} ■

The HisTOfty of the ■ '.-

you fooner than perhaps v;e fhoiild otherwife have
done j and, as we are under mutual Obligations by
1 reaties, we to hear with our Ears for you, and
you to hear with your Ears tor us, wc take this
Opportunity to inform you of what very nearly
concerns us both.

The great King of England and the French
King have declared War againfl: each other. Two
Battks have been fought, one by Land, and the
other by Sea. The great King of England com-
manded the Land- Army in Perlbn, and gained a
compleat Vidory. Numbers of the French were
killed and taken Prifoners, and the red were forced
to pafs a River with Precipitation to fave their Lives.
The Great God covered the King's Head in that
Battle, fo that he did not receive the lead: Hurt j
for which you, as well as we, have Rc;jibn to be
very thankful.

The Engagement at Sea was likewife to the Ad-
vantage of the Englijh. The French and Spaniards
joined their Ships together, and came out to iight
us. The brave Englijk Admiral burnt one of their
largefl Ships, and rvi;my others were fo fhattercd,
that they were ghiu to rake the Opportunity of a
very high Wind, ar.d a dark Night, to run away,
and to hide themfelves again in their own Har-
bours. Had the Weatlier proved fair, he woiikl,
in all Probability, have taken or deftroyed them all.

I need not put you in mind how much IVilliam
Pcnn and his Sons have been your Friends, and the
Friends of all the hidiims. You have long and
often experienced thrir Friendfhip for you •, nor
need I repeat to you how kindly you were treated,
and what valuable Prcfents were made to you two
Years af_;o by the Governor, the Council, and the
AfTcmbly of Pcnfyhania. The Sons of IViiliam
Perm are all now in Efig!a>:d, and have left mc in
their Place, well knowing how much I regard you
and all the Indians, As a frefli Proof of this, 1

4 h.ivv:

Five Indian Nations, &c,

luive left my Houfe, and am come thus far to fee
I you, to renew our Treaties, to brighten the Cove-
nant-Chain., and to confirm our Friendfhip with
you. In Tcftimony whereof, I prefent you with
this Belt of Wampum.

JVbkb was received with the Yo-hah.

As your Nations have engaged themfelvcs by
Treaty to aiTifl us, your Brethren of Penfylvania^

1 in cafe of a War with the French^ we do not doubt
but you will punftually perform an Engage-
ment fo folemnly entered into. A War is now de-

I dared, and we expert that you will not fufFer
the French^ or any of the ludiam in Alliance with
them, to march through your Country to difturb
jny of our Settlements ', and that you will give us
the earlieft and beft Intelligence of any Defigns
that may be formed by them to our Difadvantage,
as we promife to do of any that may be to yours.
To enforce what I have now faid to you in the
ftrongeft Manner, I prefent you with this Belt of
Wampum.

fVhich was received with the Yo-hah.

After 4 little Paufe his Honour^ the Governor,

fjpoke again:

Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations,

What I have now faid to you is in Conformity
to Treaties fubfifting between the Province of which
I am Governor and your Nations. I now pre -
cecd, with the Confent of the honourable Commif-
fioners for Virginia and MarylaJid, to tell you, that
all Differences having been adjured, and the Roads
between us and you made quite clear and open, we
are ready to confirm our Treaties with your Na-
tions, and ellabiiOi a Friendfliip that is not to end,
but with the World itfclf. And, in Behalf of tlie
Province of Pcnjykamo^ I do, by this fine Belt of

Wampum,

139

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140

The History of the in

Wampum, and a Prelent of Goods, to the Value
of three hundred Pounds, confirm and^ftablilh the
faid Treaties of Peace, Union and Fricndfhip, you
on your Parts doing the fame.

JVhicb was received with a loud Yo-hah. I

The Governor further added, The Goods bouglit
witli the one hundred Pounds SteHing, put into
my Hands by the Governor of Virginia^ are ready
to be dcHvered when you pleafe,, The Goods bought I
and fent up by the People of the Province cf ftn-
fyhania^ according to the Lift which the Interpre-
ter will explain, are laid by themfelves, and are like-
wife ready to be delivered to you at your own dme.

...After a little Paufe the Commijfwners of Virginia

fpoke as follows :

Sachems and IVarrim's of the Six Nations,

The Way between us being made fmooth byj
what paiTed Yefterday, we defirc now to confirml
all former Treaties made between Virginia and yoiij
our Brethren of the Six Nations^ and to make ourj
Chain of Union and Friendfliip as bright as the Suni
tiiat it may not contracSt any more Rufl for ever J
that our Childrens Children may rejoice at, and con-l
firm what we have done •, and that you and yourj
Children may not forget it, we give you one hun-
dred Pounds in Gold, and this Belt of Wampum.
JVhicb ivas received with the ufual Ceremoti).

I of War
Sfaniara
among
Chiidrer
you will

Peace b(
united
give yoi

Our
I go into
1 our Chil(
cween tl
DifFeren(
that, lik
our Chil

The

fend thr(

I we have

Man on

Friends,

I the whit

you to f(

mile yoi

jthein, ai

I own Chi

you piea

String 01

Friends and Brethren^

Ai/iHo' we have been difappointed in om h^-^^tben the
deavours to bring about a Peace between you and
the Catazvhas^ yet we dcfire to fpeak to you fomc-
thing more about them. We believe they have|
been unfaithful to you, and fpoke of you with
:oolifli Contempt -, but this may be only the Ralli
iicfs of feme Oi thicir voung Men. In this Tai
4 . ' 0:

Fri
i

The
wc have
you as I

Five Indian Nations, ^c,

i of War with our common Enemies the Frettch and
Spniards, it will be the wifeft way to be at Peace
among ourfelves. They, the Catawhas^ are allb
Children of the great King, and therefore we defire
you will agree, that we may endeavour to make a
Peace between you and them, that we may be all
united by one common Chain of Friendfhip. We
give you this String of Wampum.

Which was received with the ufiial Ceremony.

. .'• ■■■. , • i

Bt'ethreriy

Our Friend, Conrad IVeifer^ when he is old, will
go into the other World, as our Fathers have done,
our Children will then want fuch a Friend to go be-
tween them and your Children, to reconcile any
Differences that may happen to arite between them^
that, like him, may have the Ears and 1 ongues of
our Children and yours.

The Way to have fuch a Friend, is for you to
fend three or four of your Boys to Virginia^ where
we have a fine Houfe for them to live in, and a
Man on purpofe to teach the Children of you, our
Friends, the Religion, Language and Cuiloms of
the white People. To this Place we kindly invite
you to fend fome of your Children ; and we pro-
mife you they fhall have the fame Care taken of
them, and be inftrudled in the fame Manner as our
own Children, and be returned to you again when
you pieafe -, and, to confirm this, we give you this
String of Wampum.

JVhich was received with the tifiuil Ceremonji,

then the Commijfioners of Maryland jJ'cXv as follows :

Friends and Brethren^ the Chiefs or Sachems of
the Six united Nations,

The Governor of Maryland invited you hither,
we have treated you as Friends, and agreed with
you as Brethren.

141

1^2 ^^^ HistoRV of the

As the Treaty now made concerning the Lands
in Maryland will, we hope, prevent efFeSiially every
ft-iture Mifunderftanding between us on that Ac-
count, we will now bind fader the Links of our
Chain of Friendfhip, by a Renewal of all our for-
mer Treaties ; and that they may ftill be the better
fecured, we fhall prefent you with one hundred
Pounds in Gold.

What we have further to fay to you is, Let not
our Chain contra6t any Rull i whenever you per-
ceive the leaft Speck, tell us of it, and we will
make it clean. This we alfo expedl of you, that it
may always continue fo bright as our Generations
may fee their Faces in it -, and, in Pledge of the
Truth of what we have now fpoken, and our Ai-
fedtion to you, we give you this Belt of Wampum.
IVhicb was received with the ufual Ceremony,

CJNJSSJTEGOy in return^ [poke as follows:

Brother Onas, Afiaragoa, and Tocarry-hogan,

We return you Thanks for your feveral Speeches,
which are rery agreeable to us. They contain
Matters of iuch great Moment, that we propofe to
give them a very ferious Confidcration, and to an-
fwer them fuitably to their Worth and Excellence ;
apd this will take till to-morrow Morning, and
when we are ready we will give you due Notice.

You tell us you beat the French •, if lb, you
muft have taken a great deal of Rum from them,
and can the better fpare us fome of that Liquor
to make us rejoice with you in the Vidtory.

The Governor and CommifTioners ordered a
Dram of Rum to be given to each in a fmall Glafs,
calling it, A French Glafs.

Five Indian Nations, &c.

IntheCouRT-HousEatZtf»^^j?^,7«/y4,i744,/f.M.

PRESENT,

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq;

Governor, £5?r.

The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland,

The Deputies of the Six Nations,

Conrad Weifer, Interpreter.

CANASSATEGO Speaker,

Brother Onas,

YESTERDAY you exprefled your Satisfac-
tion in having been inflrumentai to our meet-
ing with our Brethren of Virginia and Maryland^
we, in return, a<llire you, that we have great Plea-
fure in this Meeting, and thaak you for the Part you
have had in bringing us together, in order to create
I good Underftanding, and to clear the Road \
and, in Token of our Gratitude, we prefent you
I with this String of Wampum.

Which was received with the ufual Ceremony,

Brother Onas,

You was pleafed Yeftcrday to inform us, "• That
" War had been declared between the great King of
•' England and the French King j that two great
" Battles had been fought, one by Land, and the
" other at Sea ; with many other Particulars.'*
We are glad to hear the Arms of the King of Eng-
_J land were faccefsful, and take part with you in your
Joy on this Occafion. You then came nearer
Home, and told us, ** You had left your Houfe,
" and were come thus far on Behalf of the whole
" People of Penfyhania to fee us ; to renew your
'' Treaties, to brighten the Covenant- Chain, and

'« to

if:

144

. "" The -History of the

" to confirm your Friendlhip with us.'* We ap-
prove this Propolition, we thank you for it. "W^
own, with Pleafure, that the Covenant-Chain be-
tween us and Penfyhania is of old Standing, and
has never ' contracted any Ruft •, we wifh it may
always continue as bright as it has done hitherto ;
and, in Token of the Sincerity of our Wiflies, we
preftnt you with this Belt of Wampum.

IVhich was received with the Yo-hah.
Brother Onas,

You was pleafed Ycfterday to remind us of our
mutual Obligation to aflifl each other in cafe of a
War with the French^ and to repeat the Subftancc
of what we ought to do by our Treaties with you ;
and that as a War had been already entered into
with the French^ you called upon us to aflift you,
and not to fuffcr the French to march through our
Country to dillurb any of your Settlements.

In anfwer, we aifure you we have all thefe Par-
ticulars in our Hearts, they are frefh in our Me-
mory. We fhall never forget that you and we have
but one Heart, one Head, one Eye, one Ear, and
one Hand. We fhall have all your Country under
our Eye, and take all the Care we can to prevent
any Enemy from coming into it ; and, in proof of
our Care, we muft intorm you, that before we
came here, wc told " Onandio, our Father, as he is
called, that neither he, nor any of his People,
Ihould come through our Country, to hurt our
Brethren the Englijh^ or any of the Settlements
belonging to them •, there was Room enough at
Sea to fight, there he might do what he pleafed,
but he fhould not come upon our Land to do any
Damage to our Brethren. And you may depend
upon our ufiiig our utmoft Care to fee this etfec-
tually done •, and, in Token of our Sincerity, we
prefent you with this Belt of Wampum.

Uljich was received with the nfual Ceremony.

Jfur
* Onafiilio, the Governor of Cajiada.

Five Indian Nations, ^c.

After fotne little T^ime the Interpreter faid^ Ctnaf-

latcgo bad forgot fomething material^ and ie-

fired to mend his Speech^ and to do fo as often

as he fhotdd omit any thing of Moment^ and

thereupon he added:

The Six Nations have a great Authority and In-
iluence over fundry Tribes of Vidians in AlHance
with the French, and particularly over the Praying
Indians, formerly a Part with ourfelves, who ftand
in the very Gates of the French -, and, to fliew oiir
further Care, we have engaged thefe very Indians^
and other Indian Allies of the French for you. 1 hey
will not join the French againft you. They have
have agreed with us before we fct out. We have
put the Spirit of Antipathy againft the French in
I thde People. Our Intereil is very confiderable with
them, and many other Nations, and as far as ever
it extends, we fhall ule it for your Service.

The Governor faid, Canaffatego did well to mend

his Speech *, he might always do it whenever his

Memory fliould fail him in any Point of Confe-

quence, and he thanked him for the very agreeable

! Addition.

Brother Allaragoa,

You told us Ycilerday, that all Difputes with
you being now at an end, you defired to confirm
I all former Treaties between Virginia and us, and to
make our Chain of Union as bright as the Sun.

Wr. agree very heartily with y(.u in thcfe Pro-
polkions we thank you lor your good Inclina-
tiojis •, we defirc you will pay no Regard to any
idle Stories that may be told to our l^rcjudice.
And, as the Difpute about the Land is now intirely
over, and we pcrfedly reconciled, we hope, tor
the liiture, we Ihall not ad towards each other but
•IS becomes Brethren and hc.uty l-'nends.

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33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. MSEO

(716) 873-4503

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J46 I'he HisrovLY of the

. .We are very willing to renew die Fricndihip
with you, and to make it as firm as poflible, tor
us and our Children witli you and your Children ro
the lateft Generation, and we defire you will im-
print thefe Engagements on your Hearts in the
Itrongell Manner •, and , in Confirmation that v/e fliall
do the fame, we give you this Belt of Wampum.
. , ,. fp^hicb was received with Yo-hoh from the
^ ''(•: Interpreter, and all the Nations.

Brother Aflaragoa,
You did let us know Yefterday, that tho' you
had been difappointtd in your Endeavours to bring
about a Peace between us and the Catawbas, ytt
you would ftill do the beft to bring fuch a Thing
about. We are well pjeafed with your Defign, and
and tlie more fo, as we hear you know what fort
of People the Catawbas are, that they are fpitcful
and otfenfive, and have treated us contemptuoully.
We are glad you know thefe Things ot the Ca-
tawbas i we believe what you fay to be true, that
there are, notwithftanding, fome amongft them
who are wifer and better •, and, as you fay, they
are your Brethren, and belong to the great King
over the Water, vve fliall not be againit a Peace
on reafonable Terms, provided they will come to
y the Northward to treat about it. In Confirmation

of what we fay, and to encourage you in your Un-
dertaking, we give you this String of Wampum.
y/hich was receiied with the ufual Ceremonies.

..* Brother Aflarasoa, . * ,

You told us likewile, you had a great Houfe
provided for the Education of Youth, and that
there were f vcral white People and Indians Chil-
dren there to learn Languages, and to write and
read, and invited us to fend fome of our Children
amongft you, (^c. * ' /

Five Indian Nations, G?r,

We muft kt you know we love our Children
too well to fend them fo great a Way, and the In-
dians are not inclined to give their Children Learn-
ing. We allow it to be good, and we thank you
for your Invitation •, but our Cuftoms differing
from yours, you will be io good as to excufc us.

We hope * 'Tarachawagon will be preferved by
the good Spirit to a good old Age -, when he is
gone under Ground, it will be then time enough
to look out for another j and no doubt but amongft
fo many Thoufands as there arc in the World, one
fuch Man may be found, who will fcrve both Par-
ties with the liime Fidelity as Tarachawagon does;
while he lives there is no Room to complain. In
Token of our Thankfulnefs for your Invitation,
we give you this String of Wampum.

IFhich was received with the zifual Ceremony,

Brother Tocarry-hogan,

You told us Ycfterday, that fince there was now
nothing in Controverfy between us, and the Affair
of the Land was fettled to your Satisfadion, you
would novv brighten the Chain of Friend Ihip which
hath fubfifted between you and us ever fince we
became Brethren *, we are well plcafed with the Pro-
pofition, and we thank you for it j we alio are in-
clined to renew all Treaties, and keep a good Corre-
fpondence with you. You told us further, if ever
wc fliould perceive the Chain had contraded any
Ruil, to let you know, and you would take care
to tcike the RuH: out, and pre lave it bright. We
agree with you in this, and fliall, on our Parts, do
trery thing to preferve a good Undcrllanding, and
to live in the fame Friendfhip with you as with our
Brother Onas and /IJfaragon •, in Conftrmation
whereof we give you this Belt of Wampum.

On 'u:hkh the ufual Cry of Yo-hah was given.

»47

L 2

Tamchaiv^gottf Conrad ff'd/fr,

Bre-

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Brethren^

We have npw finilhcd our Anrwer to what you
faid to Us Yefterday, and fliall npw proceed to In-
^n Affairs, that are not of fo general a Concern.

Brother Affaragoa,
There lives a Nation o{ Indians on the other
Side of your Country, the Tu/caroraeSj who are
our Friends, and with whom we hold Cprrefpon-
dence ; but the Road between us and them has
Ixen ftopped for fome Time, on account of the
Milbehaviour of fome of our Warriors. We have
opened a new Rpad for our Warriors, and they
fliall keep to that j but as that would be inconve-
nient for Meirengers going to the Tufearoraes, we
defire they may go the old Road. We frequently
fend Meffcngers to one another, and fhall have more
Occafion to do fo now that we have concluded s
JPeacp Vi^ith the Cherikees, To enforce our Requt ft,
we give you thi§ String of Wampum.

fVbich was received with the ufual Cry cf
y^pjp^obation.

Brother Aflaragpa,

Among thtfe Tufcarorae^ there live a few Fami'
lies of the Conoy Indians, who are defirous to leave
them, and to remove to the reft of their Nation
among us, apd the (Iraip Road from them to us
lies through the Middle of your Country. Wc
defire you will give them free PafTage through Vir-
ginia^ and furnilh them witli Pailes \ and, to cn-
iorce our Requdl, we giye.you ;his Stpng of
^Yampum. ' IVbicb was received with the ufual

Cry of /Ipprobation.

Broi her Oi\2is, Aflfaragoa, and Tocarry-hogan,
A r the Clofe of your rcfpcftive Speeches Yef-
terday, you made us yery handfome Prefents, and

PivE Indian Nations, Gfr.

wc fliould return you fomething fuitablc to yolif
Gcnerofity v but, alas ! wc arc poor, and fhall ever
remain fo, as long as there are fo many Indian
Traders among us. Thcin and the white Peoples
Cattle have eat up all the Grafs, and make Deer fcarce.
However, we have provided a fmall Prefcnt for
you, and tiiough fome of you gave us more than
others, yet, as you are all equally our Brethren,-
we (hall leave it to you to divide it as you pleafe.—
And then prefcnted three Bundles a( Skins, which
were received with the ufual Ceremony from the*
three Governments.

We have one Thing further to fay^ and that is.
We heartily recommend Union and a good Agree-
ment between you our Brethren. Never difagree,
hut prcferVe a llrid Friendfhip for one another^
and thereby you, as well as we, will become the
ftronger.

Our wife Forefathers eflablidied Union and
Amity between the Five Nations ; this has made us
formidable •, this has given us great Weight and
Authority with our jneighbouring Nations.

V^E arc a powerful Confederacy •, and, by your
obferving the fame Methods our wife Forefathers
have taken, you will acquire frerti Strength and
Power i therefore whatever befals yoti, never fall
out one with another.

The Governor replied :

The honourablt? CommifTiOTiers of Virginia artd
Maryland have defired me to fpeak for them •, there-
fore I, in Behalf of thofe Governments,- as well asf
of the Province of Penfyhania^ return you Thank*
for the many Proofs you have given in your Speeches
of your Zeal for the Service of your Brethren the
i^nglijhy and in particular for your having fo early
kngaged in a Neutrality the fevcral Tribes oi Indians
ia tlie French Alliance. We do not doubt but you^
I will faithfully difcharge your Promilcs. As to

L 3 your

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yourPrefents,we never eftimate thefeThings by their
real Worth, but by the Difpofition of the Giver.
In this Light we accept them with great Pleafurc,
and put a high Value upon them. We arc obliged
to you for recommending Peace and good Agree-
ment amongft ourfclves. We are all Subjecls, as
well as you, of the great King beyond the Water :,
and, in Duty to his Majefty, and from the good
Affcftion we bear to each other, as well as from a
Regard to our own Intereft, we fliall always be in-
clined to live in Friendfliip.

Tni;N the CommifTioncrs of Virginia preft^ntcd
the hundred Pounds in Gold, together with a Paper,
containing a Promife to recommend the Six Nctiom
for further Favour to the King i v/hich they re-
ceived with l^o-hahu and the Paper was given by
them to Conrad IVeifir to keep for them. The
CommifTioners likewife promifcd that their pubiick
Meffengers flioul'-l not be molelled in tlieir Paifajj;?"
through Virginia, and that they would prepay.;
PaiTes for fucli of the Conox Indians as were will-
inff to renyjve to the Northward.

Then the Commifiioncrs o^' Maryland prefenreil
their hundred Pounds in Gold, which was likcwiie
received with the To-hah.

Canajfalego faid, We mcntiont\l to vou 'ic'lkr-
day the Booiy you had t/tk(Mi froni tiie lrerd\ ami
alkcd you for lomc vA tijc Rum which we kippoftdta
be Part of it, and you gave us Ibmc •, hut it tiinicci
out untortunately thai you ^-i^avc it iw French 0\i[\ts^\
we now definj you wiil give us foine in Ef^g!:jh\
Gi.Tes.

The Governor made anfwer, We are glad to|
hear you have fueh a Diflike 'or what if. FriVch.
They ch-at you in your GiallLs, r.s well as in cv-ryl
thing elfe. You muri. confidLr v,e arc at a Ditbiicc
from V/iiliawJI'urg, ./lunapolis, and Philadelphia^^
\i\uvQ our Rum iStorcs are, aud that akhcugh v;c
,27 bruugliil

Five Indian Nations, &c,

brought up a good Quantity with us, you have
almolt drunk it out ; but, notwithllanding this, we
liave enough left to fill ouv Englijh Glafles, and will
lliew the Difference between the Narrownefs of the
•/rencb^ and the Generofity of your Brethren the
En^lijh towards you. ' • •

'V HZ Indians gave, in their Order, five To-hab5\
and the honourable Governor and CommifTioners
calling for lome Rum, and fome middle-fized
Wine-Glaifes, drank Health to the great King of
England, and the Six NatioJis^ and put an end to
the Treaty by three loud Huzza*s, in which all the
Company joined.

In the Evening the Governor went to take his
Leave of the Indians^ and, prefenting them with

I a String of Wampum, he told them, that was ia
return tor one he had received of them, with a
MefTage to defire the Go.vernor of Virginia to fuffer
their Warriors to go through Virginia unmolefted,

[which was rendered unneceffary by the prefent

'Treaty.

Then, prefenting them with another String of
Wampum, he told th^m, that was in return for
theirs, praying him, that as they had taken away
one Part oi Conrad Weifer's Beard, which frightened
their Children, he would pleafe to take away the
other, which he liad ordered to be done.

The Indians received thcfe two Strings of
fVampum with the ufttal Yo-hah.

The Governor then aflccd them, what was the
Reafon that more of the Shawanaes, from their
Tuwn on Hohio, were not at the Treaty ? But fee-
ing that it would require a Council in Form, and
perhaps another Day to give an iVnfv/cr, he defired
they would give an Anfwer to Ccnrad IVeifer upon
I th(j Road on thtir Return home, for he was to kl
'JUt fof Pbiladdpbia the next Morning.

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CANASSATEGO in Conclu/ion fpoke asfollom:

We have been hindered, by a great deal of Bu-
finefs, from waiting on you, to have fome private
Converfation with you, chiefly to enquire alter the
Healths of Onas beyond the Water ; we defire you
will tell them, we have a grateful Senfe of all their
KindnclTes for the Indians. Brother Onas told us,
when he went away, he would not (lay long from
us *, we think it is a great while, and want to know
when we may expedl him, and delire, when you
write, you will recommend us heartily to him;
which the Governor promifed to do, and then took
his Leave of them.

The Commiflioners o( Virginia gave CanaJfaUgo
a Scarlet Camblet Coat, and took their Leave of
them in Form, and at the fame time delivered the
FaiTes tc ^^m, according to their Requeft.

The '. imiflioners of Miry/^«i prefented G/7f/{»-
radodow with a broad Gokl-laccd Hat, and took
their Leave of them in the fame Manner.

A true Copy^ compared hy

Richard Peters, Sccr.

l>3>

T R E A T Y

BETWEEN

HIS EXCELLENCY
The Honourable George Clinton,

Captain-General and Governor in Chief of the
Province of New-Torky and the Territories
thereon depending in America, Vice-
Admiral of the fame, and Vice-Admiral of
the Red Squadron of His Majefty's Fleet.

AND

The Six United Indian Nations, and other Indian
Nations, depending on the Province of NEW-
rORK.

Held at ^L5/f iVr in the Months of Juguft and

September y 1746.

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^ TREATY between his Excellency
the Governor of the Province of New-
York y and the Six Nations, and other
Indian Nations^ depending on faid
Province.

IT is well known in the Province o^ New-Tork^
that the Six Nations of Indians depending on
this Province, (called Iroquois by the French)
had lately on feveral Occafions, appeared dilTatisfied
and wavering in their Fidelity to the Britijh Crown.
No doubt, this was principally occafion'd by the
Artifices of the French of Canada^ who had con-
ftontly EmilTaries among them : But at the fame
Time there is Rcafon to think, the fufpicious Be-
haviour of thefe Nations, in Favour of their once
inveterate Enemy the French^ could not have ar-
riv'd to the Pitch it did, otherwife than by fome
Ncsileds or Mifcondudt of thofe who were cntrufted
by the Government of New-Tork with the Manage-
ment of the Indian Affairs.

His Excellency the Governor oi New-Tork^ hav-
ing received his Maje(ly*s Commands, to engage
thr Indian Nations depending on his Government,
to join in the Expedition then intended againft Ca-
y.tida, and to make them the ufual Prefents on that
C ccafion ; and being fenfible of the great Ufe thefe
Nations might be to the Succcfs of this Enterprize,
and likewife of the Difficulties that probably might
att nd his Endeavours at this I'ime, was defirous
to h.we had the Afliftance of as many of the Mem-
b::rs of his Majefty's Council as the Circumftances

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156 ne UiSToAV of the

of AfFair? would permit ; but they all declined to
give their Attendance, exceptMr. Ceiden and Mr. Uv-
ingfton. His Excellency was therefore obliged to
att with the fmalicft Number of Members, which
by his Majefty's Commiflion can form a Council,
^72. Three ; the above two Gentlemen and Cape.
Ruiherfordy who was then at his Poft in Albany.

As foon as his Excellency re^reived his Majefty's
Commands, he difpatched from Albany fuch Per-
fons as, by the beft Information he could receive,
had Influence among the Six Nations^ to invite
them fcverally to meet him at Albany^ on the 20th
of July. His Excellency arriv'd at Albany the 21ft
of 7«/y, where having heard, that, befides the Small-
Pox, (which his Excellency never had) many were
lick of a contagious malignant Fever, he continued
on board the Sloop which carried him up, to con-
iider where to lodge with the lead Danger to his
Perfon from the Infedlion of thefe Diftcmpers -, and
the next Morning refolved to go into the Fort. He
was received at his Landing with the ufual Marks of
Refpeft from the Corporation, the independent
Companies of regular Troops then in the Place,
and the Militia, under a Difcharge of the Cannon
of the Fort and Town.

In the Afternoon of the fame Day on which his
Excellency came on fliorc, three Indians, viz. two
Onr.ndcgos and an Oneydo, brought two French Scalps
and prefented to his Excellency : At which Time
the Leader of the Party made a formal Speech to
the following Purpofe : ' That having -had repeat-
' cd Accounts of the Mifchiefs done by iht French,
' and of the frequent Murders committed by them,

* and that the Mohaiji;k5y notwithftanciing their

* ProfeflTions of Friend Ihip, fuffered this Blood flicd

* to remain unrevcnged, his Heart could bi-ar it:

* no longer ; he thereupon refolved to open for his
' Brethren the Path to Revenge : That thefe two

* Scalps which he now prefented were taken at Kooii

* a.iy

IW-

3n which his
w/, viz. two

Five Inpian Nations, Gfr.

|» day in fight of the French Fort at Crown Point*
His Excellency told him how well he took this fpe-
cial Mark of his Fidelity, and aflured him, that he
would not only now reward him and liis Compa-
nions, by particular Prefents, but would always re-
aiember this A61 of Friendfhip. They had already
received the Reward given by the Act of Afllmbly.
His Excellency gave each of them four SPani/hDol-
krs J to the Leader a fine laced Coat and Hat, and
a filver Breaft-Plate ; and to each of the others a
IStroud Blanket and lac'd Hat.

Thefe Indians told us, that they lay feveral Days

lamong the Bufhes, from whence they could fee

Itvery Man that came out of the Fort-Gate. They

(cideavoured for fome time to take a Prifoner, bur

Icrv'ing that none went to fuch a Diflance from

[the Fort that they could hope to carry him off,

pcy refolved to take the firft Opportunity for a

Scalp : Two Soldiers coming out of the Fort, after

aie Chapel Bell had rung about Noon, one of the

\lndiafis, by their Leader's Order, fired with Swan

Shot upon them while they were near to each other.

jit is a conftant Rule among thefe fculking Parties,

never to fire without Orders from their Leader.

One of the French Men was killed upon the Spot,

Ithe other wounded, and fled immediately towards

ItiieFprt Gate, the Indian v/ho had fired, purfuM,

land with his Hatchet brought him down within a

pndred Steps of the Fort Gate -, and, though the

{French in the Fort rufhed out at the Gate, he took

Ihis Scalp otf ; the others had fcalped the Man that

|v/as firft killed, and then they all fled. The French

lin their Hurry had run out without their Arms,

hnd upon recollecting themfelves returned to arm,

phich facilitated the Efcape of the Indians.

His Excellency being informed, that the Leader

|of this Party was defirous to be dittinguifhed by

|iiis Excellency's giving him a new Name, and

lat a Name, which in the Language of the Six

l^aticns

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Nations fignified the Path-opener, would be mol
acceptable to him ; his Excellency honour'd himl
with that Title -, which he accepted very thankfully J
and feem'd exceedingly pleafed with it : Where-
upon he faid, that the other two Indians having afib-
ciated with a Mebikander, or Rrcer Indian, were
relblved to go out againft the Enemy : But as he
thought he might be more ufeful by ftaying, to
afliit at the enfuing Treaty, he was refolved to re-
main here. He added, that in cafe the InterpreterJ
and others fent to invite the Six Nations to meet
here, fail'd in any Part, he would go among the 5/j
Nations, and doubted not to bring many by his In-j
fluence, who otherwife might flay.

In a Day or two after, fix of feven Indians^ whc
had been fent out by the Commiirioners for hdiai^
Affairs to Crown-Point, to take Prifoners, and gair
Intelligence, returned and faid. That they had gonj
to that Place, and that in fight of it they had fcpaj
ratedjWith Defign thereby to furprize anyStraglcr thai
might have ^ome out of the Fort : That while thej
were thus feparated, two of their Number \v(
fuddenly furrounded and taken by the Enemy : Onj
of thefe two, after having been detained three oj
four Days, join'd the others at Sara^htcga. Hj
faid, that he had been threatened with death by thj
/idirondacks » ; but that the Cabnuagas ' interposal
and by their luterceffion he was let at Liberty i anJ
fome of the Cabnuagas conduced him through La\
Sacrcment. fie reported, that there was a great Numj
ber of Men, French and Indians, at Crown-Poi'd
The other Prifoncr, an Onondaga, confented to remaiii

^vith the French, and was lent to Canada.

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* A Nation of hdians livuig in Canada, who have alwa)
jjeen firm Friends to the French^ and formerly vveic at War wit|
the ^ix Nations.

•* A Number of Indians originally of the ti've Nations, a»
Defcrters from them, now fettled near Montreal, by whom th
illicit Trade between Albany and Montreal was carried on : The
are well acquainted with the Country about Mhan)\

Five Indian Nations, G?^.

Soon after this, fixteen Mohawk Indians came to
the Town, who had been fent out from the lower
Mohawk Caftle by Mr. John/on, to gain Intelligence
near Crown-Point, and to take Prifoners. They re-
ported that they had dilcovcred fo great a Number
o\ French and Indians at Crown-Point, that they had
no Hopes of being able to bring off any Prifoners,
and thought it advifeable to return fpeedily and in-
form of the great Danger they thought this Place
was in. His Excellency invited them to go thi-
ther again, in order to defcry the Motions of the
Enemy : And as a farther Encouragement to them,
I to either Scalp or take Prifoners, he offered every
IPeifon of faid Party that fhould take a Scalp or
IPrifoner, a Piece of Stroud, and a Suit of laced
Clothes, befides the Bounty -, but they, being fright-
ened with the Apprehenfions of Danger, declined
going back, and laid, they muft return Home and
acquaint their Friends and Relations with what they
had heard and feen. Several other Indians likewife
alarmed the Mohawks, by telling them that the
mmch had a great Force at Crown-Point, and that
they would certainly attack either Albany or Sche-
m^ade, or the Settlements on the Mohawks River,
or perhaps fevcral Places at the lame Time.

Mr. Johnfon, and the commanding Officer of the
IGarrifon of regular Troops in the Mohawks Coun-
try, by their Letters to his Excellency, confirmed
thefe Reports ; and added, the Mohawks had en-
tertained Apprehenfions of the French Force at
iLrown- Point, which was like to have a bad Effcd.
On this his Excellency wrote to Mr. John/on, that
all thefe Stories of the i^m/f^ Force at Croivn- Point
were only Artifices of the French to intimidate the
M^;/j, or to amufe them, with Defign to fruftrate
the Treaty which he intended to have with them •,
laiKl that he was to affure the Indians, that they
Icould be in no Danger from the French : However,
pat they might fee that he would omit nothing

^ . which

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which they might think neceflary for their Security,
he had ordered a Licutenanr of Militia, with thirty
Men, to reinforce the lower Caftle, and had likewile i
ordered the Captain of Militia near the upper Caftle,
to aflift the Indians there 'n fortifying their Caftle,!
and to hold himfelf in Rcadinefs to fupport them on |
any Emergency.

One John Colan^ a Frenchman^ who fome Years I
fmce had removed from Canada^ and fettled and
married 2xScbene£tade^ and who has fince that Time
lived in good Reputation there, was fent by Major
Gkn to inform his Excellency, that one knron^ a|
noted Mohawk Sachem, who with feveral others of
the Six Nations^ had been laft Spring in Canada tol
treat with the Governor there, did then entertain!
two Cabnuaga Indians* This Man, John Colan^ ac-
quainted his Excellency, that having difcovered the
Cabnuaga Indians^ he told them he was ^FrenchmnnX
and was defirous of returning to his own Country, onj
which they began prefently to propofe to him Me-
thods for his Efcape •, at which Time, this Aam
coming near them, he expi-efs'd his Fears of beinc
difcovered by him. They anfwered, that he neec
not fear Aaron^ for he was their Friend, and de-j
figned to go with them. As they propofed to hir
to efcape privately by himfelf, and to meet ther
at a Place they named, he told them of his FearsJ
in that Cafe, of meeting with the French Indian]
while he was alone. I'hey anfwered, that if ha
drefs'd himfelf like an Indian^ the French Indmi
would do him no Flurt, without hrft calling to
h'm -, upon which, if he ftopp'd and call'd out Ma^
riay the French Indians would be fo far from hurt^
ing him, that they would immediately come wp to
him and take him by the Hand. From this, am
feveral other Incidents, which it would be tediou^
to relate, his Excellency was convinced of fome k\
cret Underftanding between the Six Nations and thfl
Cabnuaga Sy or Frtincb Indians: And that, howevcj

tie, this Aam

Five Indian Nations, (sV.

I any Party of our Indians might be induced to fall
I upon the French^ they would not at that Time moleft
the French Indians^ nor prevent the Mifchiefs which
I the Inhabitants received from their fculking Parties.
For this Reafon, his Excellency endeavoured to
I fend out again the Company of Rangers, which
had formerly been employed againft the fculking
\ Indians: But, as the Allembly had made noProvi-
fion for this Expence, they refufed to go, unlefs
\k gave his perlbnal Bond for their Pay, at ibree
mllirtgs a Day for each private Man, befides their
Provifion ; and would not be fatisfied with the Pro-
mifes that he, by the Advice of the Council, made
(hem of recommending their Service to the Gene-
ral Aflembly, and the AfTuranccs he gave them of
[iheir being rewarded as they defired.

On their continuing obftinate, his Excellency
Ifas of Opinion, that no confiderable Service could
be expeded from Men, who were moved by no
other Principle but that of exceffive Wages : And
lie had Reafon afterwards to be confirmed in this
Opinion, when Captain Langdon^ and afterwards
Captain Thebout^ voluntarily went with their Com-
panies of the new-levied IVoops to fcour the Woods^
pd took fome of thefe Albany Men with them as
Guides, who whenever they apprehended them-
felves in Danger, by the Difcovery of recent Trads,
Ibme one or other of them could not be kept from
firing their Guns, or making fome Noife, by which
fk French Indians, if any were near them, muft know
Ihow to avoid them. Some Indians, who were like-
Iwife fent out in Company with thefe Men, com-
iplained in like Manner.

The publick Interpreter, whom the Governor
|(as before obferved) had fent with others, to invite
Ithc Six Nations to meet him at Albany, wrote to
[the CommiflTioners for Indian Affairs, That they
met with great Difficulties and Obftruclions from
the Sachems^ wao had been lately at Canada : That

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the Oneydoes refufcd to give any Anfwcr, tho* they
had ftaid there thirteen Days endeavouring to per-
fu^de them i and that the Cayugas had ablolutely
refufed to meet the Governor. On which his Ex-
cellency defired to be informed by the Commif-
fioners of Indian Affairs, whether they knew of any
IPerfon of Inftucncc or Intereft with the Indians, aid
fit to be fent iimong them on this Occafion. They
anfwered, that they knew of none •, and that the
Indians were in a very bad Difpofition, and much
under the Influence of the French.

About this time his Excellency being informed,
that the Interpreter, and others fent with him, had I
negledted to fend proper Invitations to thclndiansl
living on the Branches of Su/quebannah Rivei i and
that Captain Vroman^ of Scohary^ was a proper Per-
fon to be fent to thofe Indians ; he fent him, in Com- 1
pany with Captain Staats, with a Belt of WampnA
to invite them.

While the Indian Affairs appear'd in this dif-
couraging State, an Account came to Town, that
about twenty young Chickefaws were come to the|
Senekasy to defire them to- Ihew them the Way tc
Canada. The Cbickefaw: had always been Enemies!
to t\\P French : A Party of about five hundred Men!
had, four Years before, been fent out agaihft theml
from Canada^ who were fo entirely routed by thcl
Chickefaws y that few returned. Thefe young ChichA
faws told the Senekasy that the F t,iuh of Canahl
had, about four Years fince, macie them a VifitJ
;ind were fo kind to leave them four hundred Guns,!
which Wf^re now wore out •, and, fince the French
had not thought fit to bring them any more Guns,
they were refolvcd to go to Canada to fetch new|
ones -, and promifed, that if the Senekas woulc'
Ihtw them the Way, they would go Home anc
return with four hundred (lout Fellows. Some
other Indian Nations who lived to the Weftward,
difcovcring their A vcrfion to the Frmnb at the fame

Time,!

Five Indian Nations, Gfr.

Time, thefe Incidents aflifted the Governor's Mef-
fengers in bringing more Indians to Albany than
they expeded, when they wrote to the Commif-
fioners for Indian Affairs.

While the Interpreter was at the more diftant
H\an Caftles, Mr. William John/on was indefatiga-
ble among the Mohawks ; he drefled himfclf after
I the Indian Manner, made frequent Dances, accord-
I ing to their Cuftom when they excite to War, and
lifed all the Means he could think of, at aconfider-
ible Expence, (which his Excellency had promifed
to repay him) in order to engage them heartily in
the War againft Canada, Tho' he fucceeded, be-
yond what any Man in Albany thought could be
done, yet feveral of the Sachems (in the Conajohary^
or upper Mohawk Caftle, chiefly) refufed to en-
gage in the War ; but infilled, that a^ this War
was entred into between the Englijh and French^ in
hhich they had no Intereft, they ought to remain
aeuter. The Englijh and French^ they faid, could
U any Time make Peace ; but if they fhould enter
jinto the War, Indians could not make up the
liluarrel among themfelves, otherwife than by the
iDeilruflion of one or the other. The French
Icould have no Hopes of engaging the Six Nations
Ion their Side againft the Englijh^ and therefore
pifely play'd this Game of endeavouring to make
pern ftand neuter, which they could enforce by
rong political Arguments, or which the Indians
»ere fenfible enough. // is your Intereft^ the French
Emiflaries faid, not to fuffer either the French or the
-nglifli to be abfolute Mafters ; for in that Cafe you
wj? become Slaves to the one or the other. From
fe politic View chiefly, the Interpreter met with fo
^iichOppofition every where : Tho' it is not to be
foubtcd, but that at the fame Time the French had
pin'd fome particular Sachems entirely into their
[ntereft \ however, many were prevailed on to come

Many^ to hear what the Governor of Ncw-Tork

M 2 . had

16 1

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164 The Hist OILY of the

had to fay to them •, tho' feveral Sachems {laid be-
hind. When they of the more diftant Nations
came along with the Interpreter to the lower Mo-
hawk Caftle, and found that Mr. John/on had al-
ready engaged many of the young Men there to
join the Army againft Canada, the others blamed
the Mohawks ; telling them with fome Warmth,
That they had been very rafh in engaging ib far.

* They ought, the others faidy to have confidered

* that they, the Mohawks, were the fmalleft in

* Number of any of the Six Nations, and ought

* not to have proceeded to fo great a Length, with-

* out the previous Confent " of the others.' To
this xht Mohawks anfwered, It is true, wearelefs\
conjiderable as to Number, than any of the other Na-
tions ', but our Hearts are truly Englilh, and all of\
us are Men * •, fo that, if our Force be put to tk\
Trial, perhaps it will be found greater than you ima-
gine. Thefe Difputes, however, continued fo far,!
that the Mohawks, and the other Five NatiomA
could not go in Company to Albany ; theMoA^w^;!
marched on one fide of the River, while the other|
Nations went on the other fide. \There are Pwa
Roads from the Mohawks Cafile to Schenedtada, ou
en each fide of the Mohawks River. '\

When the Indians came near the Town oiAlbatijX
on the 8'" of Augujt, Mr. Johnfon put himfelf aC
the Head of the Mohawks, drefled and paintedj
after the Manner of an Indian War-Captain ; an
the Indians who followed him, were likewife drefled
and painted,. IS is uiiuil with them when they fetoul|
in War. The Indians ialuted the Governor as they
pafTed tlie Furt, by a running Fire 5 which his Exj
cellency ordered to be anfwered by a Difcharge 0]
fomc Cannon from the Fort : He afterwards receiveci
the Saclicms in the Fort- Hall, bid them Welcome]
and treated them with a Glafs of Wine.

" The Six Nations reckon all oihcr Indian Nations Womeij
in comparifon to themfelves.

Five Indian Nations, C^c,

As, by all Accounts, the Dilpofition of the Six
}^ations feemed at this Time Icls in Favour of tlie
Britijb Intereft than was to be wiflicd, his Excel-
lency thought it neccflary to have frequent Confe-
rences, in private, with the principal Sachems of
each Nation -, fometimes feparately and fingly, at
other Times with fome of each Nation jointly.
There were only two of the Mohawks Szc\itm^ (be-
fides Aaron before mentioned, who left the Caftle
at this Time) that could not be prevailed on by
Mr. Johnfon to declare themfelves tor entering into
the War againft Canada : They were both of the
Qonajohary or Upper-Caftle, and one of them the
Head of the Tribe called the Tortoife -, (which, tho*
not fo numerous as that of the Beary yet is looked
on as the firft in Rank or Dignity ;) and, as he
had been with the Governor of Canada laft Spring,
it was thought to be of fome Confequence to gain
hinfi. Mr. Colden^ above twenty Years fince, had
the Complement of being received into that Caftle-,
an i, about feven Y "ars firce (the laft Time he had
been v;ith the Mohawks) had contrafted fome more
particular Acquaintance with thefe two Sachem j :
He invited them to a private Conference, at which
the Reverend Mr. Barclay aflifted as Interpreter ;
they met hirn, and brought five more with them :
After this Conference thefe Sachems appeared as
hearty as any of the ochers. He that was Head of
the Tribe ciird the Tortoife^ faid, ' His Uncle
' had been the chief War-Captain among the Mo-
' hawks : That his Uncle had particularly diftin-
' guilhed himfelf in their Wars againft the French^

* and he was refolvcd to ftiew himfelf not unwor-

* thy of his Anceftors, nor of his Uncle's Name,
' which he had obtained after his Death.'

After the principal Sachems had, at thefe Con-
ferences, been brought to a good Difpofition, his
Excellency advifed with the Gentlemen of the Coun-
cil, and the CommilTioners from the Majfachufets

M 3 Bay,

165

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i66 516^ History ^ /^^

5^;^, on what might be proper to be faid to the Six
Nations in the publick Speech, which he now pro-
pofed to make to them. Col. frendell and Mr. /^f//;
had arrived from Bojlon about the End of July^ and
foon after they came to Town, his Excellency or-
dered the Gentlemen of the Council to communi-
cate to them all the Information which had been re-
ceived, with refpect to the Indian Affairs : And thty
had frequent Conferences together from Time to
Time, as Occafion required : It was likewife thought
proper to communicate, what his Excellency in-
tended to fay to fome of the Sachems of each Na-
tion, who were thought moft hearty in the Britijh
Intcreft ; who faid, that it was well conceiv*cl as
could have been done, had they themfelves adviffd
upon the Subjedt ; only as it had been advifed to
obferve in the firft Draught, That fomc of his Ma-
jcfty's Subjeds had been inftigated by the French
to rife in Rebellion againft the King ; that thf^y had
been defeated by one of the King's Sons -, that
thefe poor People were now utterly ruined, and had
nothing left but to bewail their Folly in the Mifery
that was brought upon them, by fuffering them-
felves to be deluded by the Promifes of the French ;
they faid, that they did not underftand the Affairs
on the other Side of the Sea, nor did they trouble
their Heads about them ; and as they had no Me-
thod of retaining what is A^oke to them but l)y
their Memories, they were afraid that this might
perplex their Memories, and make them lefs atten-
tive to what was properly their Bufmefs ; and advifed,
that it fhould be left out j which accordingly was
done.

Another Difficulty remained j the publick Inter-
preter had been taken dangeroufly ill in his Return
to Albany.y and was at this Time confined to his
Bed. The' feveral were employed, who had Know-
ledge fufHcicnt fn the Language of xht Six NationSy
to make themfelves be uudcrftood, and to undcr-

{land

Five Indian Nations, &c.

ftand what was fpoke to them -, yet none of them
were fo much Mafters of the Language, as to fpeak
with that Propriety and Diftindlncfs that is exped-
ed, and ufual on fo folemn an Occafion. It was
thought therefore proper, to make one of the Sa-
chems underftand the Speech, by the AiTiilance of
the common Interpreters, that he might be able to
deliver it Paragraph by Paragraph, as it (hould be
fpoke. At firll a Mobavsk Sachem was pitched
upon ; but the Sachems themfelves told us. That
for fome time p (t a kind of Party -Divifion among
the Six Nations had fubfifted : That the Mohawks y
Onandagas, and Senekas^ form'd one Party ; and the
OneydoeSy Tufcaroras^ and Cayugas^ the other : That,
as the Mohawks might be fufpefted to be more par-
tial to the Englijhy it would be of more Ufe to cm-
ploy one of the other Party % and an Oneydo Sachem
was propofed for that Purpofe. This Man was
eafily enough made to underftand the Sp^ch, and
he repeated it feveral Times over in private, and
was inftrufted where to make the proper Stops.
After the Speech was delivered, fome of the Com-
miflioners for Indian Affairs, and other Perfons prc-
fent at the Delivery, who underftood both Lan-
guages, acknowledged, that this Indian had acquit-
ted himfelf of his Truft faithfully, and had deliver-
ed the Senfe of the Speech clearly and diftindly.

While thefe laft Preparations were making, his
Excellency was taken ill of a Fever, which occa-
fioned fome further Delay , and as his Excellency
did not recover fo foon as was wifhed, the Sachems
were told, that his Excellency being unwilling to
detain them without neceflity, would, if they de-
fired it, direfl Mr. Colden to fpeak to them in his
Name, what he defigned to fay. They anfwered,
that they would be well pleafed to hear it from
Mr. Cc/^^»'s Mouth.

167

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168

Itbe History of the

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The

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.lEfqrs;
/ jefty'.
( forth
J o(Ni

s Council
the Province
Nfvj-York.

At ALB ANT the Nineteenth of Augu/t, 1746'.
PRESENT,

CaDWAL'^ 'ER CoLDEN,TEfqrs;of hisM

Philip /ingston,
[oHN Rutherford,

The Commiflioners from the Government of the
. . ^ ' MaJfachufetS'Bay.

The Commiflioners of the Province of New-York

for Indian Affairs.

The Mayor and Corporation of Albany. The Of-
- ficers of the Independent Companies, and of the
new Levies then at Albany. Several Gentlemen
of the Province of I^ew-Tcrk : And Strangers.

M^. Colden introduced the Speech as follows :

HIS Excellency our Governor having been
taken ill, and as yet not fo well recovered as
that he can fafely come abroad •, has ordered me
(being the next Perfon to him in the Adminiftration)
to fpeak to you in his Name, which I fliall do in
the fame Words which he defigned to have fpokc,
had he not been prevented by Sicknefs.

Brethren^

I AM glad to fee fo many of our ancient Friends
here, and heartily bid you Welcome.

[Gave three Strings of fVampum.]

I have caird you to this Place for two great

Ends, in which the Province of the Maffachufets-

Bay have fent Commiflioners to concur with me,

who art here prefent.

The Firfi is, to renew the Covenant- Chain
with you •, and I now by this Belt, in your Fa-
ther the King of Great Britain' ^^d^mc^ in Behalf

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Five Indian Nations, &c,

of his Majefty's Subjeds in North-America^ re-
new and confirm the Covenant-Chain, and all
former Treaties and Engagements entered into
with you. This Chain has from the Beginning,
remained fo firm and ftrong, that it has never
once broke or dipt fince it was firfl: made •, and
we, on our Parts, (hall endeavour that it remain
fo, unfhaken, as long as the Sun and Moon (hall
endure. [Gave a Belt. J

" Brethren, Laft Fall I told you, that his Ma-
jelly's Subjedls in this Country had, the Sum-
mer before, lain ftill, without attempting any
thing againft the French Settlements : But that
the French had by Surprize, attacked and de-
ftroyed a fmall Place near Cape-Breton^ belong-
ing to us.

" That they afterwards laid Siege to Annapclis-
Royaly and were beat off.
" I likewife told you. That the G jvernor of the
Majfachufets-Bay, in Conjundion with ConneSli-
cut and New-Hampjhire^ had, in Revenge to
thefe Injuries, fent an Army againft Louijhurg^
on the Ifland of Cape-Breton •, that the Army was
joined by a Number of his Majefty's Ships of
War, under the Command of your Friend Ad-
miral Warren,

" I told you, that the Town of Louijhurg^ which
is the ftrongeft the French have in America, was
reduced by this Force ; and that the French
there had furrendered themfelves and their Coun-
try to the Englijh.

" I likewife told you, how we, in this Part of
the Country, had lain ftill, hoping that the
French in Canada, would either be quiet, or carry
on the War in a manly Manner, and after the
Manner of Chriftians. And to induce them
thereto, a Meflage had been fent from this Place
to the Governor of Canada, to tell him. That if
he fhould revive the inhuman Cuftom of mur-

^' dering

169

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170 Tbe History of the

** dering private People, by fculking Indians, that
•« the feveral Governors of his Majefty*s Colonies]
•* together with you our Brethren of the Six Na-
*' tionSy would join and make Reprifals on th. in
*' in the Hke Manner ; at which time you publickii
*' declared, that if any of his Majelty's SubjcdlJ
*' in any Part of his Governments, Ihould be ki]k(
" by any Indians^ you H'ould immediately join i
'^ the War againil them, and the French.

" And laft Fall, when I delivered the Hatch;
*' into your Hands, you told me, and conlirm'i
" it with a Belt, I'hat you would fend fome o[
** your People (who were then ready) to Canada,
*' to demand Satisfaiflion ; and that if Satisfadioi
'' was refufed, you would ufe the Hatchet againl

them, whenever I fhould order it.

" And you further promifed, That if the Enej

my Ihould commit any further Hoftilities, yoi
" would then (upon my Commr.nds) immediatel]
*' make Ufe of the Hatchet.

" I need not tell you, how far the French hav^
" been from giving Satisfadion •, on the contrar]
*' you are well acquainted with the cruel and bar]
*« barous Murders that have been committed, finq
" that Time, by the French Indians at Saragbtogc
*' and in the Neighbourhoods of ,this Place, an(
** on the Frontiers of New-England ; as you havj
" not hitherto fulfilled your Promifes, I fufpei
" that they did not come from your Hearts :

therefore, by this Belt, demand an immediai
'« Performance of your Promifes, to fhew thj
" they come from the Bottom of your Hearts ; a|
*' all the Promifes I make come from mine, an(

ever fhall. [Gave a M.

" Brethren^ I now come to the fecond and prii

cipal Defign of our prefent Meeting, in which
** hope and expeft to find you hearty, and unitej
** in your Councils and Opinions, {Gave a Bdti

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' in th
' tions
' Famt
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difTcn
get tl
them
who I
and

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Five Indian Nations, Gfr.

<* The King your Father, having been informed

Ik of the unmanly Murders committed on ttie Fron-

W tiers of New-England, and of this Province, is

» refolved to fubdue the Country of Canada, and

«' thereby put an End to all the mifchicvous De-

« figns of the French in thefe Parts. And for this

" purpofe, he has ordered his Governors of Fir-

U ginia, Marylatidy Penjylvania, and New-Jerfey,

" to join their Forces to the Forces of this Pro-

" vince, to attack Canada by L^and : Hicy are all*

" now upon their March, and you will foon lee

1' them here.

*' At the fame Time the Forces of the Majfa-
I" cbufets-Bay, Conne^icuty Rhode- IJlandy and New-
Y Hampjhire, are to go in Ships to Cape- Breton,

and there join with his Majclty's Ships of War,

and a great Army of expcrit nc'd Soldiers from
!" Great-Britain^

" Many Ships of War are already arrived there,

and fome thoufand of Soldiers ; many more Ships

and Soldiers are following -, and I expe<^t every
I" Hour to hear of their Arrival •, after which the

Attack upon Canada will be made on all Sides,

both by Sea and Land.

'* You may perceive the King has ordered a
I" Strength fufficicnt to fubdue Canada ; but at the
I" fameTime, theKing your Father expects and orders

you his Children, to join with your whole Force

in thisEnterprize •, and thereby gives the Six Na-
I" tions a glorious Opportunity of elbibiiltiing their
r Fame and Renown over all the Indian Nations
I" in America^ in the Conqueic of your inveterate
I" Enemies the French \ who, however they may

diflcmble and profefs Friend ihip, can never for-
I" get the Slaughter v/hich your Fathers made of
I" them i and for that purpofe, carcfs thofe Nations
I" who have always been your inveterate Enemic^;,

and who defire nothing fo much as to fee the

'* Name

171

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172 ' ^^^ History of the

" Name of the Six Nations become obliterate, and
** forgot for ever. [Gave a Belt.]

*' Brethren^ The French^ on all Occafions, fhew.
*» that they ad againft your Brethren the En^!'j\
" like Men that know they dare not look them in
" the Face in Day- Light •, and there fuve, like
*' Thieves, Ileal upon poor People, who do not
*' expeft them in the Night, and confequently are
not prepared for them : Your Br(=thren in their
Revenge have a£led like Men of Con rage •, they
do net attack poor Farmers at their Labour, but
boldly attempted the Reduction of Louijlmrg^
the ftrongeft Town the French had in Americay
in the fortifying of which they had fpcnt above
twenty Years: It was furrouiidcd with flrong
Walls and Forts, in which they had planted their j
largcft Cannon in every Place, where they thought!
the Englifb could come near chem ; notwithlland-
ing of all thefe Precautions and Advantages, they|
were forced to fubmit to the EngUJh Valcur.
" You mull have heard fro'n your Fathers, and]
I doubt not feveral of your oki Men (l ill remem-
" ber what the French did at Onondaga \ how they]
*' furprized your Countrymen at Cadarackid -, how
they invaded the Senekas, and what Mifchiefs
they did to the Mohawks •, how many of your
Countrymen fuffered by the Fire at Montreal.\
Before they entered upon thefe cruel and mif-
chievoys Dcligns, they fent Priefls among you I
to delude you, and lull you aileep, while they
were preparing to knock you on the Head ; and
I hear they are attempting to do the fame now.

\GaveaBelt]\
" I need not put you in mind what Revenge
your Fathers took for thele Injuries, when thcyl
put all the Illand of Montreal^ and a great Parti
of Canada^ to Fire and Sword ; can you thin!;|
that the French forget this ? No, they have thj

Ak privately in their Hands againll you, aiul

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Five Indian Nations, &c.

ufe thefe deceitful Arts, by which only they have
been able to gain Advantage over you, that by
your truiling to them, they may at fome time
or other, at one Blow, remove from the Face of
the Earth, the Remembrance of a People that
have fo often put them to Shame and Flight.
** If your Fathers could now rife out of their
Graves, how would their Hearts leap with Joy
to fee this Day -, when fo glorious an Opportu-
nity is put into their Hands to revenge all the
Injuries their Country has received from the
Frenchy and be never more expofed to their
Treacliery and Deceit. I make no doubt you
arc the true Sons of fuch renowned and brave
Anceftors, animated with the fame Spirit for
your Country's Glory, and in Revenge of the
Injuries your Fathers received, uncapable of be-
ing deluded by the flattering Speeches of them,
who always have been, and always mufb be, in
their Hearts, your Enemies, and who defire no-
thing more, than the Deftruclion of your Na-
tions. •

" I therefore invltt you, Brethren^ by this Belt,
to join widi us, and to fhare with us, in the Ho-
nour of tifc Conqueft of our, and your deceit-
ful Enemies •, and that you not only join all the
Force of the Six Nations with us, but likewife
invite all the Nations depending on you, to take
a Share in this glorious Enterprizc : And I will
furnilh your fighting Men with Arms, Ammu-
nition, Cloathing, Provifions, and every Thing
neceflary for the War -, and in their Abfence,
take Care or tiieir Wives and Children.

[Gave the JVar-Belt.l
" Ei'cibn'ju ^ou have fccn hov/ daring and in-
fultii'tr on you, as well as us, the French Indians
HfAc been, in cruelly murdering fcveral of our
People, iince you have come to this Place ; and
thercioie, for the many Reafons now laid before

" you.

174

III

fhe History of the •

<< you, I make no doubt but your Anfwer wilj
««' clearly manifeft your Duty to the King your Fa
«* ther, and your Love to your Brethren •, and b
<« this Belt I do affure you, that our Intent is, t
«« live and die together.*' [GaveaBeltofFriendJhip,

At every Stop where a Belt was given, one of the
Sachems caird out To-bay, to which all the reft an-
fwered in a Sound which cannot be exprefled in qui
Letters, but feem*d to confift of two Words re-
markably diftingiiidied in the Cadence ; it feem'd|
to this purpofe -, the Sachem calls. Do your hearty
The Anfwcr is, We attend and remember, or un-
derftand ; or elic it is a Kind of Plaudit our In-}
terpreters could not explain. At the Clofe ot thej
Speech, one Sachem of each Nation call'd out feve-
rally the 2''o-hny, to which the others of the fame
Nation anfwer'd levcrally : But when the War-Bdt
was thrown down, they gave the War-Shout. Wei
expc6l€d but fix of thefe Plaudits, according to|
the Number of the Six Nations, but eight were di-
ftinftly delivered •, by which we iJnderftood fomej
other Nations were united with them on this Oc-
cafion. ilpH-

After the Speech was delivered, the Sachems of I
the ieveral Nations had Conferences together-, and|
fome time being fpent in deliberating, they acquaint-
ed his Excellency, * That they had agreed upon I
' their Anfwer, which they were ready to givei
* whenever he would appoint a Time to receive it j'
and he namtd the next Day.

Accordingly on the 23'' o^ Augujt, His Excel-
lency being prefent •, the Gentlemen of the
Council -, the CommifTioners from Bojlon-, the
Commiflloncrs lor Indian Affairs •, the Corpo-
ration Q^ /llbany\ and many Gentlemen, as at
the Time when his Excellency's Speech w.is
delivered,

A An

Five Indian Nations, &c.

An Onondaga Sachem, who had formerly been
I Speaker for the Six Nations on feveral publick Oc-
cafions, rofe up and fpoke : What he faid was pub-
lickly interpreted, in the Hearing of feveral who
lunderftood the Indian Language well, as follows :

Breihren of New-Tork^ and of the Majfachufets-

llP'E the Six Nations are now ajfemhled together as
one Man<t and we take in the Meflefagues for
mfeventh Nation ; and what is now to be fpoken by
m Mouthy are the joint and fincere thoughts of
\mrj Heart.

We are 'pleased that you follow the Steps of our
\^(ire-fatherSy in wiping off the forrowful Tears from
\wr Eyes, by which the Stoppage of our Throats are

med, and the bloody Bed zvajh'd clean.

[Gave three Strings of Wampum.]

Brethren, Thefirji Time we met together , we only
hluted each other by /baking of Hands ; we after*
\iOTds made a Covenant Chain of Silver ^ which wc
\mtually have held faft to this Day y ftoould it now
fpfrom either of our Hands, it would prove Dejiruc-
\m to both Sidesy fmce our Enemies have drawn the
\lword. [Gave a Belt.]

Brother of New-York ; Lafi Tear you gave us the
\Hatchet to be made Ufe of againft your Enemies, the
French, which we accepted and promifed to make
m of it if they fhould commit any farther Hofiilities
won the Englilh, which they have now done by de-
woying Saraghtoga, and fhedding a great deal of
Wood : Hitherto we have made no ufe of the Hatchet ;
mt as you noiv call upou us, we are ready, and do
mlare from the Bottom of our Hearts, that we will
mm this Da make u0of it againft the French, and
\heir Chi. /;/, (meaning their Indians.)

[N. B. The Queftion was afked them by his Ex-
cellency, Whether by the Words their Children,

they

^7S

I", '

ll!'

• (

i;<i

■f-,^^

■I

'276 7X^ History of tbe

they meant all the Indians in Alliance with the
French ? to which they anfv/ered, T<?j.]
[At the End of the foregoing Paragraph, the
Speaker threw down a War- Belt of Wampum
on the Ground, it being the Indian Cuilom
to deliver War-Belts, or make Declaration of I
War in this Manner : This he did with a re-
markable Shew of Indignation, intending
thereby to exprefs their Refentment againft
the French and their Allies, and their Zeal for
the Englijh.^ [Gave a Belt.]

Brother of New-Tork ; According to your Exhor-
tation in your Speech to us, we are firmly united toge-
ther from this Time, to a£f as having one Heart j the
Meflefagues are in the fame Manner joined and united I
with us, likewife the Southern Nations bordering upon]
u:, •, and we hope that you, and the other Governors]
on the Continent, will be in the fame Manner joinsd\
and united together. [Gave a Belt.]

[They repeated over his Excellency's Speech in
Relation to the Conqueft of Cape- Breton -, and
added, We hope that our Fleet and Army will be
alfo victorious irf the prefent Expedition againjt
Canada ♦, for the French are a mifchievous Peo-
ple. [Gave a Belt.]
As to your Sufpicions of our admitting French
Priejis among us,, they are become groundlefs, ftnce
we have now declared War againji them : The ad-
mitting of Priejis, would only tend to lull us ajleep to
our DejlruSlion \ fhould any now dare to come, we
know no Ufe for them hut to roajl them. The Thoughts
of the Treatment we formerly received from the French,
thro* the Means of their Priejis, and which you now
feafonably have brought to oiuc Remembrance, makes \
our Blood to boH. # ^

Brother oiNcw-Tork -, This is the fecond Time you
have put the Hatchet into our Hands, which %ve accept,
* and are ready to go upon Service. Ten may fee that we I

ha'i\e\

The I
latthe E
the fame
lioned L
[lerving
I which al
The;
Inear the
|fituate b(
After
Itold thei
Father h

Five Indian Nations, &c,

lave but a Handful of fighting Men here at prefent -,
however y fome of them from each Nation Jhall be left
j/ebind us to follow your Orders.

When we return to our refpe£iive Cafiles, we Jhall
jmd down a great Number of our fVarriors^ and of
thofe of the Nations in Alliance with us, as foon as
pjfible.

This we ajfureyou of from the Truth and Sincerity
if our Hearts •, and we receive, and Jhall preferue
this large Belt, [holding it up at the fame Time]
which you have now given us, as a War-Hatchet,

Brethren, This is the Belt of Union with which
we are to go Hand in Hand to the Gate of our Ene^
%ies, and by it we declare our Intention to conquer or
k in the common Caufe.

There is a Nation calVd the Meflefagues, whofe
delegates are here prefent : They confijt of five Caflles^
mtaining eight hundred Men, who are all determined^
and Jo agree to join us, in this common Caufe, againft
m Enemies the French, and their Indians ; and we
hdpe you, and the Commijfwners from Boi'ton, will
ife them in fuch a Manner that they will go home
mtent and fatisfied,

[Gave a Belt of Union, in which the Figures
of feveral Perfons joinM Hand in Hand,
was wrought.

^17,

ill:

The Perfon who interpreted, returned the To-hab
latthe End of every Paragraph, and having done
Idle fame at the Time they declared War, it occa-
fioned Laughter among them \ upon which, ob-
|ferving his Miftake, he began the War-Shout, in
jwhich all the Indians ']o\ntd.

The Mejfefagues are a Nation of Indians, living
hear the Place called De Troit by the French, and
Ifituate between Lake Erie and the Huron Lake.

After the Speaker had finiflied, his Excellency
[told them by the Interpreter, that the King their
|Father had ordered him to make them a Prefent on

N this

\^-

■>

i ■;:'!

278 The Hist OKY of the

this Occafion •, and that the Government of Virginia
had on the fame Occafion, fent them a Prefent.
The Commiflioners from Bofton at the fame Time
told them, that they had a Prefent from their Go-
vernment ; and as they were foon to return Home,
defired the Six Nations to come to their Lodgings
to receive it •, on which the Indians defired his Ex-
cellency to delay his Prefent to next Day, and they
immediately went to receive their Prefents from
the Commiflioners of the Majfachufets-Bay.

The next Day, the Prefents from the King being
expofed on one Part, and thofe from Virginia fe-
parately near them, it was agreed by the People of
Albany^ who had feen many publick Prefents given j
to the Six Nations on Treaties with them, that this
was the moft valuable ever given. His Excellency
on giving the Prefents, faid j

iii-.i

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cc
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I I

''• Brethren,

You here fee a Token of the Regard the
King your Father has for you ♦, and there
is a Token of the Friendlhip of the Government
of Virginia : But on this Occafion I cannot for-
bear taking Notice to you, that fome of your|
People being at Canada j when the News of the
Reduftion of Cape-Breton came there, and when
the French expected that Quebec would be im- 1
mediately attacked in Confequence of it, fevcral
of them joined with the French^ and promifedl
them Affiftance. This occafioned fome Uneafi-
nefs to your Brethren, being contrary to the]
Faith of your Nations, as well as to your Bre-
thren's Expectations j however, you may now,
by performing the Promifes you Yefterday made j
in the moft folemn Manner, remove all Sufpi-
cions ; and for ever fecure the Friendfhip of youri
Brethren, which hitherto has from the Beginning,
remained unviolated on their Parts. The Goods]
now before you, are Prefents to the Six Nations ;

" and,!

•■: ^J !

r Vkginia
Prefent.
me Time
their Co-
rn Home,
Lodgings
sd his Ex-
, and they
fents from
ay.

King being
Virginia fe-
i People of
ifents given
n, that this
i Excellency

Regard the
k and there'
jovernment
cannot for-
me of your
vJews of the
:, and when
ould be im-
f it, fevcral
id promifed
ome Uneafi-
rary to the
to your Bre-
1 may now,
lerday made

Five Indian Nations, G?r.

«< and, as we have received the Meffefagues into the
** Covenant between you and us, I exped that they
" Ihall fhare with you. Befides thefe general Pre-
« fents now made to your Nations, I have pre-
» pared proper Cloathing for your War-Captains,
« and the Warriors who (hall go under their Com-
« mand ; together with Arms, Ammunition and
" Provilions, which fhall be delivered to the fe-
" veral Parties at the Time they fhall go out on
I" Service."

What his Excellency faid having been interpret-
Icd by a Mohawk Sachem, the S?chem added of his
own Head, Tou now fee how you are here treated^
mlly like Brethren^ the Governor of Canada does not
\ttat his Indians y^ ;. they are fet on like his Dogs^ and
wpjrun on without Thought or Conjideration : Tou fee
VMt a noble Prefent is made to you \ if the Governor
\\ Canada fhouldfeize all the Goods in that Country^
\\ would not be in his Power to make fuch a Prefent.

The Onondaga Sachem, Speaker of the Six Na-^
\mSi immediately replied.

179

Brethren of New-Torky New-England, and
Virginia ; ♦

UrE heard, and obferve well, what you now and

formerly fpoke to us ; and we beg no mention may

Wiafter be made of what paffed lajl Fall, ftnce we

\fi now heartily entered into the War with you, and

^ive promifed as many fighting Men from each Caflle

Han be fpared-, and likewife to engage as great

umbers of every Nation in Alliance with us, as we

to join immediately with us in the War againjl

mrt all'Sufpi-P^ French, and th^ Nations who adhere to them.

(hip of your I

e Beginning, I Brethren of New-Tor k. New- England, and
The Goods I Virginia,

Six Nations ; I '^ou muft not fufpeSl that it proceeds from any Back-
4t ^^6,^^^dnefs in us, that a greater Number of our People

N 2 m do

*';!

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If I

iheg^
and t

* mar
*difli
told,

* neig

* agaii

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1 80 7J^ History of tbc

do not at this Inftant join with you ; the Reafon is^
I f)ur Caftles have but feiv fighting Men in them^ many
are now Abroad^ fome hunting and trading with far
dijlant Nations.^ and others out fighting agninjl our
Enemies ; all thefe we jhall recall Home as Jhon as
poffiblcy in order to enter with all our Force, into the
War againjl your and our common Enemy.

Brother, We hair ?io more to fay at this Time, hut
only to tell you^ we areforry that we canfo little flicv)
our Hearts by the Prefents we now offer -, our hunting 1
has been fo very poor ^ that we cannot make you Pyc-\
fents fuitable to our Inclinations.

The Mohawks added fcparately : IVe have hcm\
employed all Summer in your Service as Out-fcouts, io\
gain Ifitelligence, or in fome Alanner or other, am
thereby kept from hunting : We have no Furrs to offer
you, but we here prefent our Perfons^ to ferve soh
wherever you flxdl command.

That Day was fpent in dividing the Prcients
among themfelves. We were told, that thci'e Pre^
fents were divided into eight equal Parts, of whici
they gave two to the Meffefague Deputies.

The next Day the W ar-Kcttle was fet over thd
Fire, and towards Evening the Indians in his Exj
cellency's Prefence, where many Gentlemen atj
tended him, began the War-Dance, and continue^
it till late in the Night : They were painted as whej
they go to War. The Dance is a flow and folemj
Motion, accompanied with a pathetick Song. Tl
Indians in their Turns perform this fingly, but it i|
not eafy to defcribc the Particularities of it.
. His Excellency call'd feveral of the chief S2
chems Vv'ho had been ufeful in the Treaty, to hiij
in private, and gave them Prefents feverally -, neil
ther did he forget the Meffefague Deputies : He hal ""^ ^*.
a particular Conference with one of them in prj(/^^ *
vate, the other was fick of the Small-Pox. At fflfp"^^^.,
Cpnfcrence, this Deputy aflfured his Excellency ^ ^^^^ ^'

Five Indian Nations, &c.

the good Inclinations of his Nation to the Englljh^
and their Averfion to the French ; he liiid, ' That

* many of the Nations to the Weftward of them,

* difliked the French \ and as an Inftancc of it, he
told, ' That the French lately having prefled a
' neighbouring Nation to take up the Hatchet
' againft the Englijh^ they received it ; but made
' Ufe of it againft the French themfelves, and
' kiird all the French then with them, being fixty
' in Number, with the Lofs of only one Man of
r their own Nation.' His Excellency made him
handfome Prefents, and gave him a Belt to carry
to his Nation, with an Invitation to join in the War
againft the French \ the Meffefague received them
v/ith a ProtelTion of the moll fincere and hearty
Friendfliip -, and that he made no doubt of bring-
ing two, three, or four hundred Men of his Nati-
|on, toferve this Fall againft the Fr^w^^. He added.

That he and feveral of his Relations would im-
mediately ufe their beft Endeavours, with feve-
ral other Nations to the Weftward of them, who
were numerous, to join againft the French ; in
I' which, he faid^ he had great Hopes of Succefs,
becaufe they were diffatisfied with the French*
His Excellency took all poflible Care of the fick
iMefefague, had him brought into aHoufe, and or-
dered him, to be attended by two Phyficians •, but
the poor Man had the Misfortune to die, after he
had been above a Fortnight ill. When he found
himfelf near his iMid, he lent to the Governor, to
defirc him as his laft- Requeft, that his Excellency
would fend the firft French Scalp that fhould be
taken, to his Mother •, and when he was told that
his Excellency had promifed it, he fliewcd a Con-
tentednefs and Refignation to Death. This Misfor-
Itune was increafed by the Death of the other Mejfe-
mue Deputy likewife, who was taken ill in his Way
iHome, and died. The Six Nations took Care of
[their Wives and Children, who had come with

N 3 them j

i8i

liii::
i il'!"

' Si!:':

Mil

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I' ♦

[ *

182 • The History of the

them ; and it was not doubted but that they, and
all the Prefents given them, would be fafcly con-
veyed to their own Homes.

Having fo far given an Account of what palTed
with the Six Nations, it may be proper next to re-
late the Treaty with the Mehikanders^ or River In-
dians^ viz. The feveral Tribes of Indians living at
fcveral Places on each Side of Hudfon's River.

On his Excellency's Arrival at Albany, having
found that there had been a Negled in fending for
the Efcpus and Minijftnk Indians, he fent Orders for
them to be invited. The Mebikanders being con-
\eened the 2iil, his Excellency dired:ed Mr. Col-
den to fpeak to them in his Name and Words •,
whicli Mr. Colden did ; the other Gentlemen of the
Council, the Com miflioners from .6^(7», the Com -
miflioners for Indian Affairs, and feveral other Gen-
tlemen being prelent, in the Words following :

it
cc

«£
C(

cc
cc

" Children,

I A M glad to meet you at this Time, as are
likewife the Commiflioners from the Maja-
cbufets-Bay, who are now come hither to concur
with me upon the prefent Occafion •, and I take
this Opportunity to renew the ancient Covenant
Chain >yith you, in Behalf of this and all his
Majefty's Governments in America^ which you
know has always been kept bright and clean,
without any of the leaft Stain or Ruft, and which
by this Belt I ftrengthen. [Gave a Belt.]

*' Children, My meeting you here, befides re-
newing the Covenant Chain, is with Intention
that you fhould join your Force with ours, by
taking up the Hatchet againft our and your com-
mon Enemies the French, and their Indian ;
who have in a very unmanly Manner, by fculk-
ing Parties, murdered in cold Blood, many ot
your Brethren in this and the Province ot the
Majjachufefs-Bay.

" " This

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Five Indian Nations, &c.

" This Behaviour lays us under a Necelfity of
making Reprifals on them in like Manner, in
which I make no doubt of your AlTiftance i and
we are rcfolved to take a thorough Revenge of
our and your perpetual Enemies, by ri^ducing
the Country of Canada, that it may not be in
the Power of thefe perfidious, deceitful, and
cruel People, to do you or us any Injury for
the future : For which Purpofe all the neigkbour-
ing Colonies, together with many Ships of War
and Soldiers from Grtat-Britain^ are relblved to
unite their Force, a«d to attack Canada in all
Parts, both by Sea and Land ; and I make no
doubt, you will on this Occafion fhew yourfelves
dutiful Children, in joining heartily with us and
the Six Nations, in this glorious Enterprize ; by
which you will not only gain Honour and Re-
nown, but alfo Safety and Profperity to your-
felves, your Wives, and Children for ever after-
wards : And for which End I will furnilh your
fighting Men with Arms, Ammunition, Cloath-
ing, Provifions, and every Thing neceflTaiy for
the War." \Gave a fFar-Belt.]

183

On the 26th they gave their Anfwer, which was
interpreted in the following Words ; (the fame
Perfons being prefent, that were when the Gover-
nor's Speech was delivered to them.)

Father,

Tf/'E are glad to fee you ; and we are come to re-
new the Covenant Chain, and make it faft and
bright as ever, and free from Ruft^ and as a T'oken
thereof we give you this Belt. [Gave a Belt. ]

Father, JTou have told us what Mifchief the
French have done, and what Murders upon the Chrif-
tians they have committed -, therefore we declare from
our Hearts, and not from our Lips only, that as you
have ordered us to fhed the Enemies Blood in Return

N 4 for

I' !■

11 :

184 The History of the

for what they have done, we are refolved to live and
die with you in the common Caufe.

When yon Chriftians are at War, you make Peace
with one another, but it is not fo with us, therefore
we depend upon you to take Care of us -, in Confidence
of which, we now take up the Hatchet, and will
make Ufe of it againft the French, and their Indians.

[Gave a Belt with a Hatchet.]

After their Anfwer they began the War-Dance,
and his Excellency ordered a confiderable Prefent
in Goods to be publickly given them. None of
thefe are fufpeded to be under French Influence.

As there was no Advice of the Arrival of the
Fleet, and no Plan of Operations agreed on in Cafe
the Fleet did not arrive, the fupporting of about
feven hundred Indians was a great Expence to his
Excellency, for which he had no Allowance from
the Province of New-Tork, or for any other Charge
attending this Treaty : And as many of the Indi-
ans, (above twenty) had got the Small-pox, it be-
ing impradlicable to prevent their going into Town,
or converfing with the Town's People, ^nd the In-
dians becom'"2 uneafy by Reafon of the Sickncf';
of many, and Death of fome ; his Excellency
thought it moft prudent to difmifs them as foon as
poffible from this Place, and to give Orders to Mr.
Johnfon, to fend out feveral Parties from Schene^fadc,
or his own Settlement near the lower Mohazvk
Caftle, to harrafs the French Settlements in Canada \
and for that Purpofe delivered to him Cloathing,
Arms and Ammunition, to be given to the fight-
ing Men, as his Excellency had promifed them
whenever they entered on Service, and impowered
him to furnifh them with Provifions, and whatever
Neceflaries they fliould want.

Before they went, his Excellency fent to them,
to defire them to leave their Sick, with a Promife
to take all Care poflible of them, and that he would

order

Five Indian Nations, (Sc,

order Phyficians to attend them. They were very
fenfible of this Kindnefs, and acknowledged it;
but not above two or three could be prevailed to
ftay, who were fo ill that they could not be re-
moved : All polTible Care was taken of the other
Sick, in the Waggons which carried them to
kheneSlade.

On the 26th of September^ the Captains Staats
and Vromeriy brought the Indians living on the
Branches of the Sufquehannab River ; they came in

I the Indian Order, marching in a fingle Line one
after the other, and as they paffed the Fort, fa-
luted by a running Fire along the Line-, which
Salute the Governor ordered to be returned;, by a

|Difcharge of fome Cannon from the Fort.
On Monday the 8th of the fame Month his Ex-

Icellency fpoke to them, telling them the Sub-
Itance of what he had ordered to be faid to the

\h Nations, and their Anfwer ; and as this has
been fet forth at Length before, it is needlefs to
repeat what was then faid. The Reafon of his Ex-
cellency's fpeaking to them in this Manner was,
beca'ife thefe Nations living on the Sufquehannab
R'ver and its Branches, are known to be Depen-

I dents on the Six Nations.
The next Day they gave their Anfwer ; the Gen-

Idemen of the Council, the Commiflioners for /«-
iian Affairs, the Corporation of Albany^ the Officers
of the four Independent Companies, and f^veral

I Officers of the new Levies, and other Gentlemen
being prefent, as they were when his Excellency

I fpoke to the Indians: Their Anfwer was publickly

I interpreted as as follows •,

Brother of New-Tork,

IITE live at Ohguago •, what News you fend to
the Six Nations is not truly reported to us, nor
\vohat the Governor of CanadsL fends to them -, we have
\not been properly taken Notice of, nor timely acquaint-
ed

185

I i

":m

II,

'if %

..I

it J

V <

(i*

l86 The History of the

ed witb your Deftgn to treat with the Six Nations,
till near the Time that your Interview with them wasl
over; otherwife we Jhould have readily come alonA
with themy to hear what our Brother had to propofel
to us ', and if we had received earlier Notice^ a much]
larger Number of our fighting Men would have comt\
along with us : Our Settlements are fcattering, and]
fome of them at a great Diftance from others ^ and many]
of our Men are from Home a hunting ; we have\
howrjer, fent the Belt of Invitation forward to thofel
who live at a greater Diftance, that they maj be ahk\
at the Time appoint ed, to come and join us in the War\
as by your Belt we were defired.

Brother, You Tefterday informed us of what yo!i\
hadfaid to the Six Nations, and their Anfwer -, we\
are grieved that the Six Nations have not already]
made ufe of the Hatchet , but have hitherto kept it Im
them, and have not fent out their young Men to re-
venge the Murders which have been committed by tht\
Enemy,

We are refolved to tnake ufe of the Hatchet againfiX
the French, to revenge the Injuries done to you am
your People, our Brethren.

We have received at 'Times very different Kind of
News from the Six Nations, fometimes it feemed asif
the French, would le,Mafters', but it cannot be {o A
they are a deceitful People, and cannot be trufted-A
they make fair Promifes^ and have no Intention m
perform them ; they flatter themfelves with Hopes to],
be Mafters, but they floall be difappointed ; for wt\
Jhall keep the Hatchet firmly in our Hands, and art\
refolved to make Ufe of it.

We know feveral Roads that lead to Canada, 'J^t\
want to fee the Hatchet, that we may take it up.

Upon which his Excellency threw down ai
Hanger, which the Speaker took up and began]
the War-Dance, and feveral others danced the fame]
after him.

After]

Five Indian Nations, ^c.

After which they defircd his Excellency to take
Care of them, as he had promifed.

His Excellency returned tliem Thanks for their
fo readily taking up the Hatchet -, he laid, that he
would prefently fet the War-Kettle over the Fire»
and provide them with every Thing necclTary for
the War. His Excellency gave them a handfome
Prefent in publick for their Nations in general, and
private Prefents to their principal Sachems ; one of
which promifed, that after his return Home, he
would go round all the Indian Settlements, to in-
vite them into the War againft the Frenchy and their
Iniians ; and that he did not doubt to be able to
bring fix hundred Men from the Indian Settlements
on the Sufquebannab River and its Branches, to
march at any Time, and to any Place, his Excel-
lency (hould appoint, in order to join the Forces in-
tended againft Canada \ in the mean Time they
would caufe a Party of their Men to go out with
liis Men to fcour the Woods, and clear them of
the Frencb fculk i Indians.

About this Time, a Serjeant of Capt. Living-
^lon'% Company was furprized and killed by a fculk-
ing Party of Frencb Indians : In a few Minutes af-
ter the Account of this came to his Excellency, who
kppened to be dining at that Time in Capt. IVrex-
ih Tent, fourteen of the Sufquebannab Indians
were obferved running paft the Tent, in order to
crofs the River, and meet the Frencb Indians \
which his Excellency obferving, and being appre-
henfive that they might meet with fome of the
Parties of the new Levies that were gone out for
the fame Purpofe, and that they might be in Dan-
ger of being attacked through MiiSake •, he alk'd
if any of the Guard which then attended, would
voluntarily go along with the Indians ? Two Men
otFered themfelves, who went with one who un-
derllood the Indian Language, in order to prevent
Miftakes. Happy it was that this Precaution was
4 taken \

187

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" 1 W '

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i88 * ^e History of the '

taken ; for Capt. Fanning with a great Part of hi
Company, having gone out with the fame Int-^n-
tion of intercepting the French Indians^ he difcovcr-
ed this Party of our Indians^ and taking them tc
be French Indians^ he kept his Men under the Ccvci
of fome Bufhes, wi:h their Arms ready to fire^
cxpedbing the nearer Approach of the Indians
when one of the Chriftians who were with themj
obferving Capt. Fanning*^ Men, called out, anc
came up to Capt. Fanning when his Men were read]
to fire. None of the Parties that went out were
able to difcover any of the Enemy.

His Excellency afterwards fent out fixteen oj
thefe Indians^ and cloathed them for that PurpofeJ
together with about fixty Men detached from thd
Companies levied in the County of Albany^ in ordei
to fcour the Woods, and to advance as far as m
Lakes to gain Intelligence, by taking Prifoners oi
otherwife. While this Party was out, fome of th^
Indiars fell fick, and the others being apprehenfiv^
of the fame Mis£qrtune, they return*d, after having
been but a few Days in the Woods. His Excel-
lency then perceiving the Uneafincfs the Indiani
were under from the Apprehenfions of SicknefsJ
found it neceflary to difmils them all, on their Pro-
mife to return, whenever his Excellency fhould or-
der, with all the Force they fhall be able to colled ;]
and which, they laid, as before obferved, might
amount to fix hundred Men. The Number of In-
dians that came at this Time from the Sufquehannal
Kivcr, confifted only of about fixty fighting Mm,|
hc'fides old Men, Women, and Children: Morel
had come near to Albany , but having there heard]
of the Small-pox and Sicknefs that was at AlbanyX
and that many of the Six Nations had catched thcl
Infecibion, and fcveral uf them were dead, they rc-|
turned back.

After the Six Nations left u4lbany^ many of thcmj
were taken fick on their Way Home, before they

reached]

:nt out were

Five Indian Nations, &c,

Ircached the Mohawk Caftles, and a confiderable
Number of the brifkeft young Men of the Mohawks
|(Jied. This retarded the Execution of the Order
Igiven to Mr. Johnfon, to fend out Parties to harrafs
line French Settlements in Canada, though he ufed
lall the Means in his Power to effed it. While he
Iwas prefling them to this Purpofe, one of the Sa-
Ichems who had promifed to head a Party from the
Mtiajohary Caftle, faid, Tou feem to think that ws
m Brutes, that we have no Senfe of the Lofs of our
\hreft Relations, and fome of them the bravefi Men
m bad in our Nation : Tou mufl allow us Tin;e to be-
\ml our Misfortune.

About ten Days before his Excellency left Albany,
|j Party of upwards of feventy Men, confiiling of
fome of each Nation, went againft Canada : Some
IChriftians were of the Party to aflift and dired, and
to be Witneffes of the Behaviour of the Indians.
They were to avoid all the Lakes, and the ufual
Roads and Paffes to Canada, and were to go thro*
the Woods over Mountains, that are feldom palTed,
to prevent the Enemies difcovering them : But
after thefe had been out, Capt. Butler's Son, to
whom the chief Diredtion of this Party was com-
mitted, was taken ill of the Small -pox, and five
of the Indians were obliged to return to carry him
Home. Another fmall Party was fent out to take
Prifoners, and gain Intelligence at Crown-Point. At
the writing of this, it is not known what Succefs
they have had.

When the Six Nations had come as far as the
lower Mohawk Caftle, in their return Home, they
were met by about fix Men of their own Nations,
who delivered a Meflage from Canada^ which had
been brought by the Indian who was taken by the
French at Crown Point, and carried to Canada. The
Meflage was interpreted in the following Words :
" The Governor of Canada had called the Cahnu^
*' aga Indians Co him, and then connplained to

" them.

1S9

,^!

Mm il'

190 T/6^ HisToliY o/'rA^ '

" them, that fome of the Six Nations, his Chil-
" dren, had killed fome of his People: You all I
** know, be /aid, that I am not hafty or paffionate,!
•' but will rather bear a great deal than fhew Re-
*« fentment, wherefore I am refolved to pafs this I
** over •, but in the mean Time I muft defire you
*' to go among the Six Nations, to find out the I
** Reafon of this Proceeding, and to tell them,
«' that if any Thing like it happen again, I will I
•' make them fmart : You may nevcrthelefs affure
*' my Children * of the Six Nations, that I love
*' and efteem them equally with the CahnuagasA
" or Shawendadies ^, being of the fame Blood.
'* And to convince them of my Love, I now fend
*« back to them one of their People that was taken
*' at Crown Point, without eating his Flelh. And]
** novf CahnuagaSf my Children, I would not have
*' you fpill any more Blood from Albany upwards,!
•* for I begin to pity their Weaknefs ; but turn
*' your Arms towards New-EngLnd, againft your
•* moft inveterate Enemies, there is the Place for]
•* you to gain Honour now.*'

The Cahnuagas gave the following Anfwer to
the Governor of Canada: Father, Tou are in ibe\
wrong, to dejlre us to go among the Six Nations for
InteUigeni'e, or mth Menaces -, fur fuch will only Jiir
them upj and bring them and all their Allies {who art
very manerous) upon ycu, to deftroy you at once. We
know they are not to be bullied by your IVords or ours,
wherefore. Father, "jue mujl leave you to go through
this tVork by yotirfelf.

After having as above, rr lated what had pafled
between them and the Governor of Canada, they
fent the following Meflage from themfelves.

Brethren

\n '■

• The Governor of Catincia calls the Six Nations^ {and all the
/«rfVa» Nations depending on him) Children^ as the Governor of
tienu-Tork calls thetn Bntlrett.

•' Another Settlement of Defcrters from the <5'/> Nations, and
dv. el!ing near Montreal.

, his Chil-
e: You all

Five Indian Nations, &c.

Brethren of the Six Nations, " We hear the Go-
' vernor of New-Tork has invited you to meet
» hitn •, we intreat you not to mind any Thing he
•paflionate,!" (hall fay, in order lo fet you againft us-, for if
n lhewRe-li< you do, you, as well as we, muftalldiie. Where-
to pafs thisB' fore. Brethren, we conjure you by all the Ties of
defire you|« Friendfhip fubfifting between us, to inform us of
any Defign that is plotting againft us-, and that
when any fuch Thing Ihall be difcovered, you
will fend an Exprefs to Cadarackui s where our
Fire always burns.

" Brethren, We fhall be glad to fee you next
Spring at Cahnuaga, to hold a Co^incil toge-
i" ther, where you fhall be as fate and welcome as
ever.

" Brethren, The Governor our Father, being in-
formed, that your Governor is raifing Men to
come againft Canada, dcfires us to tell you, that
he has one thoufand eight hundred Men at Crown
Point, ready to give them Battle ; in which
Number, the Men of eight Caftles of the Uta-
wawas are included.

** Brethren, Be not angry at our deftroying Sa-
raghtoga laft Fall -, Col. Schuyler dar'd us to it,
by faying he wifhed to fee a French Army there :
' We gratified him in his Wilh."
A Cahnuaga Indian was fent along with the Pri-
foner that was reftored ; but when he came near the
ttlements of the Six Nations, his Heart faiPd
im, and he fent the Prifoner forward by himfelf
ith the MefTage.

The Readinefs with which the Six Nations corn-
had pafled Hmiinicated this Meflage, and the flight they in all
anada, they JAppearance put upon it, is fome Proof of their Sin-
erity in the Promifes they made to his Excellency -,
either from any Thing which has happened can it
« Ihewn, that they were not fincere. On the con-
trary,

191

ind out the

tell them,

^ain, I will

hekfs affure

that I love

Cahnuagas,
fame Blood.

I now fend
at was taken
Flelh. And
uld not havi
my upwards,
s ; but turn
againft your

le Place for

Anfwer to
are in the
Nations for
will only Jiir
lies {who are
U once. We
ords or ours,
go through

dves.

Brethren

IS, (and all the
le Governor of

!''■ ':}

f fe

I . IK

Nations, and

* A French Fort oppofitc to Of^wfgo^ and the Eall End
ikrackui Lake, or loike Fronttnac,

■■'MWf'

it-

igz ■-■' "^he History of the

trary, it appears by Mr. Jobnfon's Letter to his Ex-
cellency of the 2ift of OSfohcr^ that feveral Parties]
are now out againft the French •, and that Mr. John-
fon having received Orders from Col. Roberts^ toj
fend as many Indians as poflible to join the Army,
all the Mohawks^ even their oldpft Men, were fittedl
out and ready ; and having fent to the upper!
Caftles at the fame Time, they appeared fo hearty,]
that there would not have remained above three olc
Men in any of the next Caftles : And that Col.|
Rjberts afterwards contradiding thefe Orders, thej
had appeared very uneafy on their being ftopt. It
was not expedted that they would enter into the
War without us, or by themfelves, neither arc
they a People of fo little Thought, as to give an)
Rcafon to expedl it from them.

When the Companies raifed in Penjylvania arj
rived at Albany ^ his Excellency was informed bj
their Captains, that Mr. Thomas Governor of thaj
Province, had fent Conrad Weifer their publick Inj
terpreter, among the Sufquehannah Indians; anc
that they expedted his Arrival at this Place in
little Time, with at leaft three hundred Indians
The Treaties with the Indians^ which Mr. Thomai
has publilhed, gave great Hopes of the Succefs thaj
Interpreter would have ; and thereby increafed th^
Difappointment, when Mr. Weifer arrived a fe\
Days before his Excellency left Albany ^ and did nc
bring one Indian with him.

His Excellency Governor Clinton^ had perhaj:
more Difficulties to ftruggle with on this Occafiur
than any Governor of New-Tork had at any Time j
The Six Nations had on feveral Occafions givei
Grounds of Miftruft -, the Governor of Canada wa
attempting all the Means in his Power to diver
their Affedtions from us ; the People of the Count]
of Albany had for fome Time paft, entertained
Diffatisfadion in the Conduct of the Commiflioner
for Indian Affairs > the Commifiioners themfeivej

Five. Indian Nations, G?r.

^ere divided in. their Sentiments, and^ feveral of.
them refured to. -attend their Meetings; and thty
confeffed to his Excellency, that they liad loft all
Influence on the Indians ^ Mr. Gpocb having de-
clined the Command of the Forces at ^llbany^ > ins
Excellency was forced likewifc to .undertake a new
and great Care, which he in no Manner expetlitd
when he left the City of New-Tork, . and which
from many Incidents, was attended with many
Difficulties. If thefe Things be duly confidered,
and the Dangers his Perfon was in from the Infec-
|tion of two different Difeafes, which at that Time
raged in the City of Albany^ of which great Num-
|bers died during his Refidence there of near three
I Months *, none can doubt of his hearty Zeal for
the Succefs of an Affair, in which the Safety and
Profperity of all the Colonies in North America^
I fere immediately concerned.

But as every one may not be fufHciently apprized
I of what Confequence the. Six Nations being hearty,
is to the Intereft of Great-Britain., it may be
proper to obferve. That though a Number of In^
\kns to march with the Army, which ^tas intended
to attack Canada^ would be of great Ufe in dif-
Govering.and defeating the Ambuflies of the Ene-
my's Indians., while they were every Day to be
guarded againfl by the Forces which were to march
by Land, and would by their Incurfions into the
Enemy's Country, terribly harafs them,, and keep
them from joming their Forces into any great Body
tooppofe the Defign ; thefe are not the moll con-
fiderable Advantages might be gained from the Af-
tcftion of the Six Nations at this Time, or any
Time of War-, for if the inland Extent of the Co-
lonics from Nova Scotia to Georgia be confidered,
and at the fame Time the numerous /vj/^?/ Nations
on the Continent of America^ who may by the Ar-
tifices of the French be induced to make Incurfions
[wery where •, and the cruel Methods by which the

■ * O Indians

193

!(■■■ 1

i!!^

I s.

3 i '-m't

Indians mak* Incurfions m ImaH Parties^ from th«
vaft Forcft whkh c^tfry Whefe cetera the Coniirwnt,
ahd which in many Pkces ie itopcnetra^lc ; it mwft
c'Ciderrtly appf ar, tha« though the Englifo Colonies
be of mtK:h fupcrior Fwce \n Numbers of Men,
yet their Numfeer wotild not be fuffide»t to protect
their Frontiers from the Inturficftw of the Indians m
evtty Phct : And, that white their Forces muft in
thifs Cafe be divided and fcattered all over their
Frontiers, it may be in the Power of the French in
Canada, to invade with Suc^efs any Part of the
Englijh Colonies. On the other Hand, if a proper
Attempt were to be made by tiie Northern Colonies
alone, without the Afllftanee of their Mother Coun-
try, but with the Afiiftance of the Indians^ it would
in all Appearance be fufiicient to reduce Canada -,
for if the Indian Nations can be perfuaded to join
heartily, (as from what is above related it feema
probable they may) it will be impofliblefor the In-
habitants of Canada to defend thcmfelrcs from the
Incurfions of thefe numerous Indian Nations, and
from a Body of regular Troops at the fame Time,
As the French are very fenfible of thefe Advantages
to be gain'd from the Friendfhip of the Indian Na-
tions, tliey ncgleft no Means in their Power to pro-
cure them : And it is to be hoped, that the North-
ern Colonies will be no lefs affiduous in a Matter on
which their Well-being at kail depends.

Some People wiHi that the Indians may remain
neuter, and think it advifeable to purfue Meafures
for thatPurpofe, by which many horrid Barbarities i
would be prevented. No doubt this is to be
wifhed i but can the Englifi Colonies by any Means
be affured, that the French will be fmcere . in pre-
ferving fuch a Neutrality ? And if they be not fin-
cere, we fhall more certainly expofe ourfelves to all!
thefe Calamities, than we arc now by Indians h6.Tim
engaged on both Sides. The Six Nations are by
their natural Inclinations, difpofed to War-like En-

- . terprizes :

«>

from thtf
Continent,
I ; it irmft
ib Colonies

s of Men,

to protect
t Indians in
ECS muft in

over their
le French in
Part of the
if a proper
em Colonics
other Coun-
iSy it would
Lice Canada •,
wied to join
ted it feemft
,e for the In-
rcs from the
Nations, and

fame Time.

Advantages
Indian Na-

may remain
ue Meafures
d Barbarities!
is is to be
y any Means !
icere . in pre-
\f be not fin-
jrfelves to all
Indians M^^
itions are by
A^ar-like En-
terprizes : '

fivE Indian Nations, (^r.

prizes : They never have been at Peace with all
their Neighbours, fince they were known to Chrif-
tians. The Reputation they liave gained among all
the Indtc:n Nations in North America^ gives them
an Influence in the Councils of every Nation. Jt
may then be eafy for tht Frmcb to turn thisDifpo-
fition to War in the Six Nations^ againil us, aod
by their Influence draw all the Indian Nations in
North America upon us. The Genius of the Si^
Nations will not fuflfer them to remain inactive,
w|iile their Neighbours are at War.

In the lalt Place, it may not be improper to oh-
j^ve at this Time, that though the Colonies to the
Southward (and the Inhabitants of the Parts of tl;e
Northern Colonies, v^hich are lefs expofed to the
Incurflons of Indians) think themfelves little cpn-
cerned in Intereft, or in the Confequenccs of the
prefent War \ yet if they would confider that the
Northern Polomes are really their Frontiers, and
that they defci)4 the others from all the Calariiitics
of a moll barbarous War ; the Southern Colonies
muft think tfiat f ny Contribution of Men and Mo-
ney, which is eypedted from them, is an eafy Pur-
chafe of the Freedom from fuch Calamities, to
which their Brethren are fubjefted ; and that while
they can follow their Occupations at Eafe, they are
much better enabled to fupport the Expence of a
War than the Northern Colonies are, where the In-
habitants are every Day in Danger of their Lives
from a cruel Enemy, while at tl]^eir daily and inno-
cent Labours. If the Southern Colonies negledt to
keep the War at a Diftance from them, they may
at an improper Time, become fenfible of the Evils
their Brethren fuffer, and o{ their own Folly at tjie
fame Time.

New-Tork, Dec. 2, 174^.

The Party of feventy Indians and Whites men-
tioned in this Treaty, did not go out together as

O 2. was

195

W :^

Pn '4

i I

« m

'-tx-

I i

I '.

"iod "' ^e History of the "•

was at firft intended, Sicknefs and other Incidents
made it nqceflary to alter the Meafures at firft pro-
pofed. One Party of thirty Indians and ten Whites
'went by thetnfelves. Thcfe fell upoii a French
■Settlement on the North-fide of St. Lawrence River,
alDOut ID Leagues above Montreal^ and brought
away eight Fr^wf^ Prifoners, one of them a Cap-
•tain of Militia, and four Scalps. Another Party
* of nine Indians went to the CahnnagaSy under Pre-
tence of continuihg the Neutrality with them, they
were introduced- to the Governor of Montreal Uii-
"dcr the Hime Pretence, who made them Prefents :
'STheir Defign was to gain what Intelligence they
'could, and afirer they had done this, they aded
'theit Part fo well, that they received feveral Let-
'ters^ one from the Governor of Montreal, and
'others from confiderable Perfons to the Comman-
dant of Fort St. Frederic at Crown Point, In their
Way thither, by which they were to return Home,
"they furprized fome French in a fmall Fort, killed
'five, and brought away one Prifoner and qne Scalp.
*They brought the French Prifoner and the Letters
to the commanding Officer at Albat^, and informed
' him of what they had feen and heard at* Montnal.

If !

V "* .

\% ' 'I ^1

■: i

f ..:

(%.'

v£a^.

COLLECTION

O F

CHARTERS

ANDOTHER PUBLICKACTS,

REI, ATINGTOTHE

Province of PENSYLVANIA^

VIZ.

I. The ROYAL CHARTER to WILLIAM

PENN, Efq;

II. The firft FRAME of Government, granted in

England, in 1682.

III. LAWS agreed upon in England,

IV. Certain CONDITIONS or CONCESSIONS.

V. The ACT of SETTLEMENT, made at ^5/?^,

1682.

VI. The fecond F RAM E of Government, granted 1683.

Vn. The CHARTER of the CITY of PHILA-^
DELPHI A, granted O^&^rr 25, 1701.

VIII. The New CHARTER of PRIVILEGES
to the Prgvince, granted ^^?^^rr 28, 1701,

!i;i ■ f

I '1

ih --^i

"1, f ^ I

i" :ll

%, '^',

Mk^:

■?

< J99 )

JJJJI l ..i. ' U^ ' IB.

|| I ■ I ' ■

■ : I' . — ' .M ■ ■' ■'■

7Z^ CHARTER <p/C^ar^es H.
of England, Scotland, France, and
foeland, Kjng, Defender of the
Fmthy 8cc.

Unto W 1 L L I A M 'P E N N, Proprietary And Go-
vernor of the Province of Pcnfylvania.

CHJ^ h E S, by ^he Gr^ce pf G OD, King
«f £n^landi Scotland, France ^ and Jrel^nJ^
JDefbiider of the Faith, ^c. To ^11 to whorp
thele Prefeni;s ifhall come. Greeting. "WHERfe-
AS our uuily and well-beloved Sybjed JVilliarii
Penn^ Eftji Sonftnd,Hek of ^ir fFiUiam Penn dt-
ceafed, (out ,of a comm<;«dable Defire to eqlarge
our Mngiijh Empire, and promote fuqh ufeful Com-
modities as may , be of Benefit to us aod ,our po-
minions, ^ alio to reduce the favage Natives by
gentle andjuft.Mawiers, to^the love of ciyU Society
and the Chriftian Religion) hath, humbly befoughic
lieave of .us, ,t;o tn^nfpprt.an ample Colpny unto a
•certain. Country hereinafter defcribed, in the Parts
of Amirica-) riot yet cultivated and planted;, and
hath lik^wife fo humbly befought oyr Royal Ma-
jefty to give, grant, apd confirm all the faid Coun-
try, witK cettain Privileges and Jurifdi<5lions, re-
quifite for the good Government and Safety of the
laid Country and Colony, to him and liis Heirs for
.ever. ^ , ... . "

S E C T. I.

KNOW XcE THEREFORF, That we
(favouring tlje Petition ^d good Purpofe of the
. . . . ■ O 4 feid

<i; ;■

Ip: .j-
111.

llf'

.'!«»

.';)!

.'!■.■

'ill' 1;'

1;: ; ''

ill ■' i

It I

200 The History of the

faid William Penn^ and having Regard to the Me-
mory and-Merits of his lat€ Father in divers Serr
vic^s, and particularly to his Conduct, Courage,
and Diicretion under our deareflBrother 7^M£6'
Duke of Tork^ in that fignal Battle and Vidpry
fought and obtained againft the Dutch Fleet, com-
manded by the Heer Van Opdam, in the Year 1665 :
In Confidcration thereof, of our fpecial Grace,. cer-
tain Knowledge, and meer Motion) have given and
granted, and by this our prefent Charter, for us,
our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give and grant unto
die faid IVilliam Pehn, his Heir-s and Afligns, ali
that Tracl or Fart of Land in America^ with the
Iflands therein contained, as the fame is bounded on
the .Eaft by Delawar River, iiom twelye. Miles
Diftance Northwards of Nnvcajlle Town unto the
three and fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude, iF
the faid River dOth extend fo far Northward : But
if the faid'Rivdr fhall not extend fo far Northward,
then by the faid. River fo far as it doth extend, and
from the Head of the faid River the Eaftern Bounds
are to be determined by a Meridian Line, to ht
drawn from the Head of the fai.d River, unto i\\t
faid forty-third Degree. The faid Land to extend
Weftward five Degrees in Longitude, to be com-
puted frorn the faid Eaftern Bounds •, and the faid
Lands to be boynded on the. North by the Begin-
ning of the three and fortieth Degree of Northern
Latitude, and on the South by a Circle drawn at
twelve Miles Diftance from, iV^^e^c^/^ Northward;
and Weftward unto the Beginning of the fortieth
Degree of Nfirthern Latitude, and then by a ftrait
Line Weftwards to the" Limits of Longitude above-
mentioned, r ,

S E C T. 11.
W E do alfo giye an.d gr^ut unto the faid /F/7-
liiim Pcnn-, his.Heir? and AftignSj the free and un-
difturbed Ufe and Continuance in, and Pafl*age\into,
and out of all and Angular Ports, Harbours, Bays',
■ * . • Waters,

I '■ 5

Five iNbiAN Nations, (^c.

Waters, Rivers, Ides, and Inlets, belonging" unto,
or leading to and fronn the Country or Iflands afore^
faid, ahd! all the Soils, Lands, Fields, Woods,
Underwoods, Mountains, Hills, Fcnns, Lies, Lakes,'
Rivers, Waters, Rivulets, Bays, and Inlets, fitu-.
ated or being within, or belonging to the Limits
or Bounds atorefaid, together with the Filhing of
all Sorts of Filh, Whales, Sturgeon, and all royal
and other Fifhes, in the Seas, Bays, Inlets, Waters,
or Rivers within the Premiffes, and all the Fifb
therein taken •, and alfo all Veins, Mines, Minerals,
and Quarries, as well difcovered as not difcovered^
of Gold, Silver, Gcmms, and precious Stones,
and all other whatfoever, be it Stones, Metals, or
6f any other'Thing or Matter whatfoever, found
or to be found within the Country, liles, or Limits
laforefaid. . - ,. - ;?

SECT. III. ' >

AND him, the faid William Penn, his Heirs and
lAfligns, we do by this our Royal Charter, for us, our
Heirs and Succeflbrs, make, create, and conftitute,
the true and abfolute Proprietary of the Country
aforefaid, and of all other the Premilles : Saving al-
ways to us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, the Faith and
Allegiance of the faid fVilliam Penny his Heirs and
Alfigns, and of all other Proprietaries, Tenants, and
inhabitants, that arc or fhali be within the Territories
and Precinds aforefaid ; and faving alfo, unto uSj
pur Heirs and Succeflbrs, the Sovereignty of the
aforefaid Country, to have, hold, poflefs, and en-
joy the faid Tra6t of Land, Country, Ifles, Inletsj
and other the PremiflTes, unto the faid IVilliam Penn^
his Heirs and Afligns, to the only proper .UXe
and Behoof of the faid William Perm, his Heirs
and Afligns, for ever, to be holden of us^ our
Heirs and Succeflibrs, Kings of England^ as of
our Cafl:le of Wind/or in our County of Berks, in
free and common Soccage, by Fealty only for all
fervices, and not in Capite or by Knights Service :,
' Yield-

20|

■ i

■ HI

I 'i

i. J

^P2 ^the HisroRV tf the -

Yielding and paying therefore «o us, ourHmrs and
Succeffor?, two Beaver-i3cins» to be dcliwered ai ms.
Caftle of Windsor on the firft Day of January in
every Year i and alfo the fifth Part of all Gold and
Silver Oar, v/hich fliall from Time to Time hap.
pen to be found within the Limits aforeiaid, clear
f£ all Charges. And of our further Grace, cer-
tain Knowledge, and meer Motion, we have thought
fit to erei5l, and we do hereby ered the aforeiaid
Country and Iilands into a Province and Seignorie,
■ and do call it FENSYL VANIA^ and fo from
henceforth will have it called. , : . . '

i I f *Pi

SECT. IV.

AND forafmwch as we have hereby made and
©rdained the dfoiciaidWillimji Penn, his .Heirs and j
Affigns, the true and abfolute Proprietaries of all j
the Lands and Dominions aforcfaid, KNOW YE I
THEREFORE, That we (repofing fpecial
Truft and Confidence in the fidelity, Wifdom,]
Juftice, and provident Circumfped^ion of the faid
Willtam Pcnn) for us, our Heirs and SucceiTors, dol
grant free, full, and ablblute Power (by Virtue of
thefe Prefents) to him and his Heirs, to his and!
their iDeputies, and Lieutenants for the -good and
happy Government of the faid Country, i to ordain,
make, and enad", and under his and their Seals toj
publifh any Laws w^hatfoever, for the rraifing otl
Money for publick Ufes of the laid Province, orj
for -any .other End, appertaining either unto thel
publick State, Peace, or Safety of the faid Coun-I
try, or unto the private Utility of particular Fer-j
fons, according unto their beft Difcretion, by andj
with:t]Ye Advice, Affcnt, and Approbation of the
Freemen of the iiiid- Country, or the greater Part
c>i them, or of their Delt gates or Deputies, whor
for the ^enadting of the laid Lav>?s, ^vkn, anil as
often as Need (hall require, we will that the iait'
Williiim Pemi and bis Heirs, Ihall aliemblc in fuel
.. . - 5ort

Heirs and
red at oiaff
January in
[Gold and
rime hap-
:£lid, clear

Five Indian Nations, ^c,

ISort and Form, as to him and them fliall feem bell",
lind the fame Laws duly to execute, unto and iTpdn
lill People within the faid Country and Limit*
lihereof.

irace, cer-
.ve thought
ic aforeiaid
I Seignorie,
md fo from

S E C T. V.

AND we do like wife give and grant unto the
[laid JVilliam Penn, and to his Heirs, and their De-
buties and Lieutenants, full Power and Authority,
10 appoint and eftablidi any Judges and Juftices,
taagiftrates and other Officers whatfoever, for what
Caufes foever, (for the Probates of Wills, and for
k granting of Adminillrations within the PreciruSts
orefaid) and with what Power foever, and infuch
form, as to the faid JVilliam Penn or his Heirs,
11 feem rnoft convenient : Alfo to remit, releafe,
ardon, and aboiifli (whether before Judgment or
er) all Crimes and Offences whatloever, com-
itted within the faid Country, againft the laid
,ws, (Treafon and wilful and malicious Murder
ly excepted, and in thofe Cai'es to grant Re-
rieves, until our Pleafure may be known thereinr)
d to do all and every other Thing and Things,
hich unto the compleat Eftablifhment of Juftice
to Courts and Tribunals, Forms of Judicature,
id Manner of Proceedings do belong, although
thefe Prefents exprefs Mention be not made
lereof ; and by Judges by them delegated, to
Province, orBiward Procefs, hold Pleas, and determine in all
ler unto thefc faid Courts and Tribunals all A«5lions, Suits,
■t faid Coun-Bnd Caufes whatfoevcr, as well criminal as civil,
articular Fer-Berfonal, real, and mixt ; which Laws fo, as afore-
tion, by andfcd, to be publilhed, our Pleafure is, and fo we
ation of theBnjoin, require, and command, fhall be moft abfo-
grciittr PiirtBjte and jwaikble in Law, and that all the Liege
)uties, whoniBcople and Subjects of us, our Heirs and Succef-
vkn, and aslors, do obferve and keep the fame inviolably in
that the iaitShofe Parts, fo far as they concern them, under the
•mbk in f^^lwain therein exprefled, ©r to be exprefled. PR O-
i^orl VIDEO

J made and
is :Heirs and
:taries of all
NOW YE
ofing fpecial
y, Wifdom,
I of the faid I
ucceflbrs, dol
by Virtue of
, to his and I
le-good and]
y, ito ordain,
heir Seals tol
le rraifmg'ofl

I! I

J-

t ,

1,^ I

204 7)^ History of the ''

VIDED ncvcrthelels, That the fame Laws b*|
confonant to Reafon, and not repugnant or con-
trary, but (as near as conveniently may be) agree-
able to the Laws and Statutes, and Rights ot thiil
our Kingdom of England, and faving and refcrvingl
to us, our Heirs and Sueceffors, the receiving, hear-l
ing, and determining of the Appeal and Appealsl
of all or any Perfon or Perfons, of, in, or belong^l
ing to the Territories aforefaid, or touching any!
Judgment to be there made or given.

^ SECT. VL

, AND forafmuch as in the Government of fd
great a Country, fudden Accidents do often hap-
pen, whereunto it will be necefiary to apply Reme-
dy before the Freeholders of the laid Province, oi
their Delegates or Deputies can be aflembled to the
making of Laws •, neither will it be convenient thal|
inftantly upon every fuch emergent Occafion, fd
great a Multitude. Ihould be called together: There-i
^'ore (for the better Government of the faid Coun-i
try) we will, and ordain, and by r hefe Prefents^
for us, O'lr Heirs and SucceiTors, do grant untc
the faid fVilliam Psnn and his Heirs, by themfelvesi
<)x by their Magiftrates and OfBctrs, in that Behall
duly to be ordained as aforefaid, to make and con-
ilitute fit and wholefome Ordinances, from Time
to Time, within the faid Country to be kept ar
obferved, as well for the Prefcrvation of the PeaceJ
as for the better Government of ; tlie People there
inhabiting*, and publickly to notify the fame to all
Perfons, wliom the fame doth or may any Way^
concern. Which Ordinances our Will and Pleafur«
li, fliall be obferved inviolably within the faid Pro^
vince, under the Pains therein to be exprefled, fd
as lUe faid Ordinances be confonant to Reafon, anc
b^ not repugnant nor contrary, but (fo far as con'
veniently may be) agreeable with the Laws of ouil
Kingdom of En^landy and. fo as the (aid Ordinance^

Five Indian Nations, &c.

I be not extended in any Sort to bind, change, or
take away the Right or Intereft of any Perlbn of
Pcrfons, for or in their Life, Members, Freehold,
Goods, or Chatties. And our farther Will and
Pleafureis, That the Laws for regulating and go-
verning of Property within the faid Province, as
well for the Ddcent and Enjoyment of Lands, as
Ekewife for the Enjoyment and Succefiioir of Goods
ind Chatties, and likewife as to Folunies, fhall be.
snd continue the fame, as they fhall be for die
Time being, by the general Courfe of the Law in
our Kingdom of England, until the faid Law* fiiall
be altered by the faid JVilliam Penn, his Heirs or
Afligns, and by the Freemen of the faid Province,
their Delegates or Deputies, or the greater Part of
Ithem. • ' '

SECT. VII.

AND to the End that the faid William Penn, or

I his Heirs, or other the Planters, Owners, or Inha-
bitants of the faid Province, may not at any Time

I hereafter (by Mifconftrudlion of the Power afore-
laid) through Inadvertency or Defign, depart from
that Faith and due Allegiance, which by the Laws

I of this our Realm of England, they and all our
Subje6ls, in our Dominions and Territories, always

I owe to us, our Heirs and Succelfors, by Colour of
any Extent or Largenefs of Powers hereby ^^iven,

I or pretended to be given, or by Force or Colo jr of
any Laws hereafter to be made in the faid Province,
by Virtue of any fuch Powers ; OUR farther
Will and Pleafure is, That a Tranfcript or Dupli-
cate of all Laws, which fliall be fo as aforefaid made
ind publilhed within the fliid Province, fhall within
five Years after the making tliereof, be tranfmitted,
•and delivered to the Privy Council, for the Time
bfing of us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs : And if any
of the faid Laws within the Space of fix Months
Jifter that they fliall be fo tranfmitted and delivtred^

4 be

io;

M!;i

1^05. , Th History of the

be declared by us, our Heirs and Succefibrs, In oup|
or their Privy Council, inconfiftent with the Sove-
reignty, or lawful Prerogative of us, our Heirs or
Succeffors, or contrary to the Faith and Allegiance
due to the legal Qovernment of this Realm, from
%\\Q faid William Pentty or his Heirs, or of the
l^lanters and Inhabitants of the faid Province, and I
that thereupon any of the faid Law^ fhall be ad-
judged and declared to be void by us, our Heir^
and Succeiibrs, under our or their Privy Seal, that
then and from thenceforth, fudiLaws, concerning
which fuch Judgment and Declaration Hiall be
made, Ihall become void : Otherwife the faid I
Laws fo tranfmitted, Ihall remain, and {land in f;'! I
Force, according to the true Intent and Meaning
thereof.

SECT. VIII.

FURTHERMORE, that this new Colony!
ipay the more happily increafe, by the Multitude j
of people reforting thither ; Therefore we, for usj
our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give and grant by]
thefe Prefents, Power, Licence, and Ljberty un
to all the Liege People and Subje^s, both prefentl
and future, of us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, (ex-
cepting thofe who fliall be efpecially forbidden) to
tranfport themfelves and Families unto the faid
Country, with fuch convenient Shipping as by the
I^aws of this our Kingdom of England they ought]
to ufe, and with fitting Provifion, paying only thej
Cuftoms therefore due, and there to fettle them-
felves, dwell and inhabit, and plant, for the pub-
Jick, and their o\vn private Advantage,

SECT. IX.

ANP FURTHERMORE, that our Sub-I
3?<51:s may be the rather encouraged to undertake
this Expedition with ready and chearful Mind5,|
KNOW YE, That we, of our fpedal Grace, cer-
tain i

Fivtf Indiam NAtJONS, G?r,

tsttti Knowledge, and mere Motion, do give and
grant by virtue of thefe P'-efents, as weH unto the
faid iVilliam Penny ard his Heirs, as to all others,
who fhall from time to time repair unto the faid
Country, with a Purpofe to inhabit or trade with
the Natives of the faid Coijntry, full Licence to
lade and freight in any Ports whatfoever, of us, our
Heirs and Sujcceffors» according to the Laws made,
or to be made within our Kingdom of England^ and
unto the faid Country, by them, their Servants or
Afligns, to tranfport all and fingular their Goods,
Wares and Merchandizes, as likewife all Sorts of
Grain whatfoever, ana all other Things whatfoever,
nccefiary for Food or Clothing, not prohibited by
the Laws and Statutes of our Kingdom and Domi-
nions to be carried out of the faid Kingdom, with-
out any Let or Moleftation of us, our Heirs or
SucccfTors, or of any of the Officers of us, our
Heirs or Succeflbrs •, faving always to us, our Heirs
and Succeflbrs, the legal Impofitions, Culloms, or
other Duties and Payments, for the faid Wares and
Merchandizes, by any Lavr or Statute due, or to
be due to us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs.

S E C T. X.

AND we do further, for us, ouf H irs and
Succeflbrs, give and grant unto the faid William
Pmtty his Heirs and Afligns, free and abfolute
Power, t© divide tlie laid Country and Iflands into
Towns, Hundreds and Counties, and to eredl and
incorporate Towns into Boroughs, and Boroughs
into Cities, and Co make and conllitutc Fairs and
Markets therein, with all other convv^xiient Privi-
leges and Immunities, according to the Merits of
the Inhabitants, and the Fitnels of the Places, and
to do all and every other I'hing and Things touch-
ing the Premifes, which to him or them Ihall {ctm
meet and requifite •, albeit they be fuch, as of tiieir
own Nature might otherwifc require a more fpedil
A Com-

29^

% \

H':': :J!i

f.) ! i

Wk m

•^08 > '''^'' The History of tberi

Commandment and Warrant, thaa Jn, thefe Pre-
fents is exprefled. •- * .. • ,■.-:.. - •. '

I'^'ij.)

;.;.,.. SECT. XI.

i WE will alio, and by thefe- Prefents, for us, our

•Heirs and Succeffors, we do give and grant Licence

by this our Charter, unto the faid William Penny

.his Heirs and AlTigns, and to all the Inhabitants

-and Dwellers in the Province aforefaid, both pre-

'fentandto come,, to import or unlade, by them-

felves or their Servants, Fadors, or Afllgns, all

.Merchandizes and Goods whatfoever, that fhall arife |

>of the Fruits and Commodities of the faid Province,

cither by Land or <>ea, into any of the Ports of us, |

-our Heirs or Succeffors, in our Kingdom o^ Eng-

' land, r^nd not into any other Country whatfover:

And we give him full Power to difpofe of the faidl

Goods, in the faid Ports; and if need.be within

.one Year next after the Unlading of the fame, to lade

the faid Merchandize and Goods ag.:in into the fame

;or other Ships, and to tranfport the fame into!

vjmy r.ther Countries, either pi our Dominions orl

foreign, according to Law.;., provided always, that

th^y pay fuch Cuftoms and Impofitions, Subfidies

and Duties for the fame, to us, our Heirs andSuc-

^ceflbrs, as the reft of our Subjeds of our Kingdom

iOi: England, for the Time beings Ihall be bound to

,pay, and do obferye the A6ls of Navigation, and]

mother Laws in that Behalf made. , . ..

;; '. ; s'ec t. xa: : , • ;

; AND i^URTFIERMORE, of 'our ample]

•and fpecial Grace» certain Knowledge, and. mere

'Motion, we do, for us, our, Heirs and Succeffors,

, igrant unto the i'^id JFiUiani Pemiy his Heirs and

, •Ailigns, hill and abfolute Power and Aiiihority,

. ito make, erect, and conftitutc, within the faidfro-

'vince, and. the Illcs and Inlets .aforefaid, fuch. and

, 'fo--many Sea- ports. Harbours, Creeks, Havens,'

'•.«.' " ' Keys,|

Five Indian NATtoi^S, &c.

Keys, and other Places, for Difcharging and Un-
lading of Goods and Merchandizes out of the
Ships, Boats, and other Vellels, and landing them
unto fuch and fo many Places, and with fuck
Rights, Jurifdidions, Liberties and Privileges unto
the faid Ports belonging, as to him and them (hall
feem moft expedient •, and that all and fingular the
Ships, Boats, and other Veflels, which fhall come
for Merchandize and Trade into the faid Province^
or out of the fame, Ihall be laden or unladen only
at fuch Ports as fhall be created and conftituted by
the faid IVilliam Penn^ his Heirs or Afllgns, (any
life, Cuftom, or Thing to the contrary notwith-
ftanding.) Provided, that the faid fVilliam Pentti
and his Heirs, and the Lieutenants and Governors
for the Time being, Ihall admit and receive in, and
about all fuch Havens, Ports, Creeks and Keys, all
Officers and their Deputies, who fliall from Time to
Time be appointed for that Purpofe by the Farmers
orCommiirioners of our Cuftoms for theTinae beins.

209

■is:

111!!'

SECT. XIII.

AND we do further appoint and ordain^ and
by thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs^
wc do grant unto the faid H^illUm Penn^ his Heirs
and Afllgns, That he, the faid Willian Petin, his Heirs
and Affigns, may from time to time for ever^ have
and enjoy the Cuftoms and Subfidics, in the Ports^
flarbours, and other Creeks and Plac«oS aforefuid^
Within tlie Province aforefaid, payable or due for Mer-
chandize and Wares there to be laded and unladed^
the faid Cuftoms and Subfidies to be reafonably
aireiTed upon any Occafion, by themfelves and the
People there as aforefaid to be aflfembied, to whom
we give Power by thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs
and Succefibrs, upon juftCaufe and due Prpportioil
to affel^ and impofe the fame -, laving unto us, our
Heirs and Succeflbrs, fuch Impofitions and Cuftoms,
as by Ad of Parliament arc and ftiall be appointed.

P SECT.

!i: ^■!i

210 The HisTORV of tbe ■

SECT. XIV.

AND it is our farther Will and Pleafure, That
' the faid William Penn, his Heirs and Afligns, fhall
from Time to Time conftitute and appoint an At-
torney or Agent, to refide in or near our City of
London^ who fliall make known the P'.ace where
he fhaH dwell, or may be found, unto the Clerks
of our Privy-Council for the Time being, or one
of them, and fhall be ready to appear in any of
cur Courts at JVeftminfter, to anfwer for any Mifde-
mcanor that fhall be committed, or by any wilful
Default or Neglect permitted by tlie faid fVilliam
Penn, his Heirs or AlTigns, againft the Laws of
Trade and Navigation ; and after it fhall be afcer-
tained in any of our faid Courts, what Damages
we or our Heirs or Succeffors Ihall have fuftained
by fuch Default or Negkdt, the faid William Penn,
his Heirs or Affigns, lliall pay the fame within one
Year after fuch Taxation, and Demand thereof,
from fuch Attorney j or in cafe there Ihall be no
fuch Attorney by the Space of one Year, or fuch
Attorney fhall not make Payment of fuch Damages
within the Space of a Year, and anfwer fuch othei'
Forfeitures and Penalties within the faid Time, as
by the Acfts of Parliament in England are and Ihall
be provided, according to the true Intent and
Meaning of thefc Prefents •, then it fhall be lawful
for us, our Heirs and Succeffors, to feize and re-
fume the Government of the faid Province or Coun-
try, and the fame to retain until Payment fhall be
made thereof : But notwithflanding any flich Seizure
or Refumption of the Government,, nothing con-
cerning the Propriety or Ownerfhip of any Lands,
Tenements, or other Hereditaments, or Goods or
Chatties, of any of the Adventurers, Planters, or
Owners, other than the refpedive Offenders there,
^lall any ways be affedled or molefted thereby.

SECT.

fituate
as welj
mies,
ed

Heirs

fents t(

by thej

cers, tl

of wh(

the faiJ

and to

Robbej

withoi

God's

being

War,

all andl

and

longetl
freely
ever hi

i i' 5

ure, That
gns, fhaH
nt an At-
ir City of
ice where
:he Clerks
ig, or one
in any of
.ny Mifde-
any "wilful
id iVilliam
t Laws of

I be afcer-
,t Damages
e fuftained
dliam Penn,
; within one
nd thereof,
ilhall be no
ar, or fuch
:h Damages

fuch othei*

d Time, as

ire and fhall

Intent and

II be lawful
eize and re-
ice orCoun-
ent fhall be
l^jch Seizure

othing con-
any Lands,
)r Goods or
Planters, or
enders there,

thereby.
SECT.

Five Indian Nations, &c.

SECT. XV.

PROVIDED always, and our Will and Plea-
fure is. That neither the faid JVilliam Penn^ nor
his Heirs, or any other the Inhabitants of the faid
Province, fhall at any Time hereafter have or main-
tain any Correfpondence with any other King,Prince>
or State, or with any of their Subjefts, who fhall
then be in War againft us, our Heirs and Succef-
fors •, nor fhall the faid William Penn^ or his Heirs,
or any other Inhabitants of the faid Province, make
War, or do any Aft of Hoftility againft any other
King, Prince, or State, or any of their Subjefts,
who fhall then be in League or Amity with us,
our Heirs and SuccefTors.

SECT. XVI.

AND, becaufe in fo remote a Country, and
fituate near many barbarous Nations, the Incurfions
as well of the Savages themfelves, as of other Ene-
mies, Pirates and Robbers, may probably be fear-
ed •, Therefore we have given, and for us, oijr
Heirs and SuccefTors, do give Power by thefe Pre-
fents to the faid William Penn^ his Heirs and AfTigns,
by themfelves or their Captains, or other their Offi-
cers, to levy, muller and train all Sorts of Men,
of what Condition foever, or wherefoever born, in
the faid Province oi Penfilvania for the Time being,
and to make War, and to purfue the Enemies and
Robbers aforefaid, as well by Sea as by Land, even
without the Limits of the faid Province, and by
God's AfTiflance to vanquifh and take them, and
being taken to put them to Death by the Law of
War, or to fave them at their Pleafure, and to do
all and every other Thing which unto the Charge
and Office of a Captain-General of an Army be-
longeth, or hath accuftomed to belong, as fully and
freely as any Captain -General of an Army hath
ever had the fame.

P 2 SECT.

2X1

;;ji

:1 '. ?

212 ^ ^^ HlStORY ^/l&i?

6 £ C *r. XVII.

And furthermore, t)f our fpccial
Grace, and of our certain Knowledge and mere
Motion, wc have given and granted, and by thefe
Prdfertts, for us, -our HtfJrs and Succeffors, do give
^d grant ^rfto the 4*aid Willram Pom, his Heirs and
• AtTigns, foil «nd abfolute Power, Licence and Au-
thority, that he, the faid William Pemi, his Heirs
and Affigns, Jrom time to thne 'hereafter for ever,
at his -or their own Wiil and Plcalure may afl'ign,
alien, grant, dcnlife, tn- errfedfF of the Premi&s
fbmany andfuch Parts and Parcels to hrtn that fhall
be willing to purchafe the fame, as they fhall think
fit, to have and to hold to them the firid Peifon and
Perfons willing to take and purchafe, their Heirs
and AiTigns, in Fee-fimple or Fee-tail, or for the
Ternri cf Life^ Lives 6r Years, to be held of the
fakl fVilliam Penn, h\s Heirs or Afligns, as of the
faid Seigniory d^WHndfir^ by fuch Services, Cuf-
-toms or Rents, as ftiall leem tneet to the faid Wil-
iiam Penn^ his Heirs or Affigns, and notimmedi-
-ately of us, our Heirs or Succeffors.

S E C T. XVtlll.

AND to the fame Perfon or Perfons, and to
all and every of them, we do give and grant by
thefe Frefents, for xis, our Heirs and Succelfors,
Licence, Authority and Power, that fuch Perfon
or Perfons may take the Premilfes, or any Parcel
thereof, of the aforefaid William Penn^ his Heirs or
AfTigns, and the fame hold xb themfelves, their
Heirs and Affigns, in what Eftate of Inheritance
foever, in Fee-fimple or in Fee-tail, or otherwife,
as to him, tht {d\dWilliwn Penn, his Heirs or Af-
figns, fhall feem expedient: The Statute madf
in the Parliament oi EDWARD, Son of King
HENRTy late King of Etjglmrd, our Predeceffor,
(commonly called ^he Statuts QtJiA emptores

TERRARUM,

ur fpccial
and mere
I by thefe
i, do give
Heirs and
e and Au-

his Heirs
r for ever,
nay afl'ign,

Premifies
a that Ihall
Ihall think
Perfon and
their Heirs
or tor the
held of the
, as of the
vices, Cuf-
le faid M'^il-
ot immedi-

ons, and to
nd grant by

Succeirors,
uch Perfon

any Parcel
his Heirs or
lelves, their

Inheritance
: otherwife,
^eirs or Ai-
:atute made
Ion of King
iPredeceflbr,

EMPTORES
ERRARUM)

FivB Indian Nations, C^c,

TERRAR17M, lately pubUfhed in aiir Kingdom of
England) in any wife not withstanding.

SECT. XIX.

AND by thefe Prefents we give and grant Li-
cence unto the faid tyiWuim Pem^ and his Heirs,
and likewife to all and every fuch Perfon or Pcrfons
to whom the faid William Penn^ or his Heirs, fhall
at any Time hereafter grant any Eftate or Inheri-
tance us aforefaid, to trt6t any Parcels of Land
within the Province aforefaid into Manors, by and
with the Licence to be firft had and obtained for
that Purpofc, under the Hand and Seal of the faid
William Penn^ or his Heirs ; and in every of the
faid Manors to have and to hold a Court-Baron,
with all things whatfoever which to a Court-Baron
do belong, and to have and to hoki View of Frank-
Pledge for the Confervation of the Peace, and the
better Government of thofe Parts, by themfelves
or their Stewards, or by the Lords for the Time
being of the Manors to be deputed when they fhall
be erefted, and in the fame to ufe all Things be-
longing to the View of Frank- Pledge. AND we
do further grant Licence and Authority, That every
fuch Perfon or Perfons who Ihall ere*^ any fuch
Manor or Manors, as aforefaid, fhall or may grant
all or any Part of his faid Land to any Perfon or
Perfons, in Fee-fimple, or any other Eftate of In-
heritance to be held of the faid Manors refpedlively,
fo as no farther Tenure fhall be created, but that
upon all further or other Alienations thereafter tp
be made, the faid Lands fo aliened fhall be held of
the fame Lord and his Heirs, of whom the Aliener
did then before hold, and by the like Rents and
Services whu:h were before due and accuftomed.

SEC T. XX.

AND FURTHER our Pleafure is, and by
thefe Prefents, for us, our H^irs and SucceiTors,

P 3 we

%
■f

•"

fin

i- ■ — -

I- n

214 The History of the

we do covenant and grant to and with the faid William
Penn^ his Heirs and Afligns,That we, our Heirs and
Succeflbrs, (hall at noTime hereafter fet or make, or
caufe to be fei. or made, any Impofition, Cuftom, or
other Taxation, Rate or Contribution whatfoever, in
and upon theDwellers and Inhabitants of the aforefaid
Province, for their Lands, Tenements, Goods or
Chatties within the faid Province, or in and upon any
Goods or Merchandizes within the Province, or to be
laden or unladen within the Ports orPIarbours of the
laid Province, unlefs the fame be with the Confent of
the Proprietary, or chief Governor, or Aflembly,
or by Adi of Parliament in England.

SECT. XXI.

AND our Pleafure is, and for us, our Heirs
and Succelfors, we charge and command, That
this ourDeclaration fliail from henceforth from Time
to Time be received and allowed in all our Courts,
and before all the Judges of us, our Heirs and Suc-
ceflbrs, for a fufficient lawful Difcharge, Payment
and Acquittance ; commanding all the Officers and
Minifters of us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, and en-
joining them upon Pain of our higheil Difpleafure,
that they do not prefume at any Time to attempt:
any thing to the contrary of the Premifles, or that
do in any fort withftand the fame, but that they be
at all Times aiding and aflifliing, as is fitting to the
faid IFilliam Penn^ and his Heirs, and unto the In-
habitants and Merchants of the Province afore iaid,
their Servants, Minifters, Faftors, and Afilgns, in
the full Ufe and Fruition of the Benefit of this our
Charter.

SECT. XXII.

AND our farther Pleafure is, and we do here-
by, for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, charge and
require, 'I'hat if any of the Inhabitants of the faid
Province, to the Number of Twenty, fiiall at any
Tmie hereafter be dcfirous, and fliall by any Writ-
ing;,

^ Five Indian Nations, &c»

ing, or by any Perfon deputed by them, fignify
fuch their Defire to the Bilhop of London for the
Time being, That any Preacher or Preachers, to
be approved of by the faid Bifhop, may be fent
unto them for their Inftmdion i That then fuch
Preacher or Preachers ihall and may refide with-
in the faid Province, without any Denial or Mo-
Jeftation whatfoven

SECT. XXIII.
AND if perchance hereafter any Doubt or Quef-
tion (hould arife, concerning the true Senfe and
Meaning of any Word, Claufc, or Sentence con-
tained in this our prefent Qharter, we will, ordain,
and command. That at all Times, and in all Things,
fuch Interpretation be made th .reof, and allowed
in any of our Courts whatlbever, as fhall be ad-
judged moft advantageous and favourable unto the
faid William Penn^ his Heirs and Afligns : Provid-
ed always no Interpretation be admitted thereof,
by which the Allegiance due unto us, our Heirs
and Succeffors, may fufFer any Prejudice or Dimi-
nution i although exprefs Mention be not made in
thefe Prefents of the true yearly Value, or Cer-
tainty of the PremilTes, or any Part thereof, or of
other Gifts and Grants made by us and our Pro-
genitors or Predeceflbrs unto the faid William Penn :
Any Statute, Aft, Ordinance, Provifion, Procla-
mation, or Reftraint heretofore had, made, pub-
lifhed, ordained, or provided, or any o'ler Thing,
Caufe or Matter whatfoever, to the contrary thereof
in any wife notwithftanding. IN WITNESS
whereof we have cauled thefe our Letters to be
made Patent : Witnefs OUR SELF, at Wejlmin-
fier, the Fourth Day of March , in the three and
thirtieth Year of our Reign. Amcque Domini One
Thoufand Six Hundred and Eighty-one.

By Writ of Privy Seal,

PIGOTT.

P 4 The

215

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:i •

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■I I

■g|6 ^'^^ HisTORV of the

The FRAME of the Government of the
Province of Penfihania m America : Together
with certain L AW S agreed upon mEngland,
By the Governor and divert Freemen of the
aforefaid Province. To be further explain-
ed and continued there, by the firft Provincial
Council that fliall be held, if they fee meet.

The P R E F A C E.

WHEN the great and wife GOD had made
the ff^'orld, of all his Creatures it plea fed him
to chufe Man his Deputy to rule it •, and to fit him
for fo great a Charge and Truft, he did not only qua-
lify him with Skill and Pozver, but with Integrity to
life them jufily. This native Goodnefs was equally his
Honour and his Happinefs ; and whilft he flood here, ail
vcent well', there was no need of coercive cr com*
puJfive Means -, the Precept of divine Love and Truth
in his Bofom was the Guide and Keeper of his Inno-
cency. But Ltifi prevailing againjt Duty, made a
lamentable Breach upon it j and the Law, that had
before no Power over him, took place upon him ami
his difohedient Pofierity, that fuch as would not live
cGiformable to the holy Law within, fhould fall under
the Reproof and CorretVion of the juft Law without^
in a judicial Adminifiration.

THIS the Jpcjlle leaches in dtvers of his Epiftles:
The Law (fays he) was added bccaufc of 'I'ranf-
grcirion : In another Place, Knov.ing that the Law
was not made tor the righteous Man •, but for thf:;
difobcdicnt and ungodly, for Sinners, for unholy
md prophane, for Murderers, for Whoremongers,
for them that dcHle themfelves with Mankind, and
for Men dealers, for Liars, for perjured Perfons,
&c. But this is not all, he opens and carries the
jyiatier of Government a little further : Let every
S^u] be fvibje*^^ to the higher Powers 5 for there is

Five Indian Nations, 6?r.

RO Power but of G.OD. The Powers that be arc
ordained of GOD : Whofoever therefore refifteth
the Power, refifteth the Ordinance of GOD. For
Rulers are not a Terror to good Works, but to
evil : Wilt thou then not be afraid of the Power ?
do that which is good, and thou (halt have Praifc
of the fame. — He is the Minifter of G O D to thee
for good. — Wherefore ye muft needs be fubjcdt,
not only for Wrath, but for Confcience iakc.

I'M IS fettles the divine Right of Govertimenf he-
I )ond Exception^ and that for two Ends : Firfi to terrify
ml Doers -, Secondly to cherifh thofe that do well \
wbish gives Government a Life beyond Corruption^
md makes it as durable in the Wordy as good Men
Ijball be. So that Government feems to me a Part of
Religion itfelf a Thing facred in its Inflitution and
End. For if it does not directly remove the Caufe, it
cmjhe: the Effe^s of Evily and is as fuch {though a
\hwer yet) an Emanation of the fame divine Power^
that is both Author and ObjeSf of pure Religion ; the
difference lying here^ that the one is more free and
mntaly the other more corporal and compulfive in its
Operations : But that is only to evil Doers ; Govern^
mnt itfelf being otherwife as capable of Kindnefs^
Qoodnefsy and Charity^ as a more private Society.
I ^hey weakly err, that think there is no other Ufe of
Government than Cerreoiiony which is the coarfefi
Part of it : Daily Experience tells us, that the Care
and Regulation of many other Affairs y more foft and
kily neceffary, make up much the greateft Part of
Government ; and which muft have followed the Peo~
I }ling of the PForldy had Adam never felly and will
mtinue among Men on Earth under the higheji At-
tainments they may arrive aty by the cominr of the
Ueffed Second Adam, the LORD from Heaven.
Thus much of Government in general^ as to it^ Rife
and End.

FOR particular Frames and Models, // will be^
tome me to fay litth ; and comparatively I will fay

nothing.

217

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2l8

- ne History of the ■

nothing. My Reafons are : Firft, That the Age is
too nice and difficult for it •, there being nothing the
Wits of Men are more bufy and divided upon. 'Tis
true, they feem to /igree in the End, to wit, Happi-
nefs ; but in the Means they differ j as to divine^ fo to
this human Felicity ; and the Caufe is much the fcme^
not always Want of Light and Knowledge^ but Want
of UJing them rightly. Men fide with their Paffions
agaififi their Reafon, and their finifter Interefts have
fo firong a Biafs upon their Minds,, that they lean to
them againft the good of the things they know.

Secondly, / do not find a Model in the Worlds that
"Time^ Place^ and fome fingular Emergencies have not
neceffarily altered \ nor is it eafy to frame a civil Go-
vernment ,» that fhall ferve all Places alike.

Thirdly, / know what is faid by the feveral Ad-
mirers of Monarchy, Ariltocracy, and Democracy,
which are the Rule of one, a few, and many, and
are the three common Ideas of Government, when
Men difcourfe on that Subject. But I chufe to folve
the Controverfy with this fmall Difiin£fion, and it be-
longs to all three : Any Government is free to the
People under it (whatever be the Frame) where the
I-.aws rule, and the People are a Party to thofe
Laws J and more than this is Tyranny, Oligarchy,, or
Confufion.

BUT Laftly, when all is faid, there is hardly one
Frame of Government in the World fo ill defigned by
its firft Founders, that m good Hands would not do
well enough -, and Story tells us, the beft in ill ones
can do nothing that is great or good ; Witnefs the
Jewifh and Roman States. Governments, like Clocks^
go from the Motion Men give them -, and as Govern-
ments are made and moved by Men, fo by them they
are ruined too. Wherefore Governments rather depend
upon Men, than Men upon Governments. Let Men
be good, and the Government can^t be bad \ if it he
ill, they will cure it. But if Men be bed,, let the

• • Govern-

Five Indian Nat.vJNs, &c.

Government he never fo goody they will endeavour to
warp and fpoil it to their Turn, ■ ' ' ' »■ -'

/ know fome fay^ Let us have good Laws, and na
matter for the Men that execute them : But let them
conjider^ That though good Laws do well, good Men
do better : For good Laws may want good Men, und
k ahlijhed or evaded by ill Men \ but good Men will
never want good Laws, nor fuffer ill onesi ^Tis true^
\lood Laws have fome awe upon ill Minifters, but
that is where 'they have no Power to efcape or abolifh
them, and the People are generally wife and good : But
n loofe and depraved People (which is to the^eflion)
love Laws and an AdminiJ^t at ion like themf elves. That
therefore which makes a good Conflitution^ mufl keep
it, viz. Men of Wifdom and Virtue, polities, that
kcaufe they defcend not with worldly Inheritances^
mufl be carefully propagated by a virtuous Education
of Touth i for which After-Ages will owe more to
the Care and Prudence of Founders and the fucceffive
Magiflracy, than to their Parents for their private
Patrimonies.

THESE Conft derations of the Weight of Govern^
mnt, and the nice and various Opinions about ity
made it uneafy to me to think of publifhing the enfuing
Frame and conditional Laws, forefeeing, both the
Cenfures they will meet with from Men of differing
Humours and Engagements, and the Occafion they way
(me of Bifcourfe beyond my Dejign.

BUT next to the Power of Ncceffity, (which is a
Solicitor that will take no Denial) this induced me to
a Compliance, that we have (with Reverence to GOD
and good Confcience to Men) to the beft of our Skilly
contrived and compofed the FRAME and LAWS
of this Government, to the great End of all Go-
vernment, viz. To llipport Fower in Reverence
with the People, and to'lecure tiie People from the
Abufe of Power •, that they juay be free by their jufi
Obedience, and the Magiftrates honourable for their
jufi Adminiflrat'ion : For Liberty without Obedience is

Confuftony

219

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320 ^^ History of tke

Confuji&n^ Mid Ohedien&e withoui Liberty^ is Slavery.
To carry this Evennefs is partly owing ta the Coujii-
twtiony and partly to- the Magiftracy : Where either
tf thefe fail. Government will be fubje^ to CqhvuI-
fism \. but where both are wanting^ it mufi be totally
jiukverted: Then where both meety the Government is
Uke t» endure. Which I humbly pray, and hope GOD
will pleafe to make the Lot of this of Penfilvania.
jhie», . • '■

- ■■•:'•■■ • WlLHAM Penn.

7»^ FRAME, &c.

TO ALL PEOPLE, To whom thefe Pre-
fents (hall come. WHEREAS King
CHARLES the Second, by his Letters Patents,
ttndcr the great Seal of England, for the Confidcr-
ation therein mentioned, harh been gracioufly pleafed
to give and grant unto me William Penn (by the
Name of William Penn, Efq-, Son and Heir of Sir|
William Penn deceafed) and to my Heirs and Af-
iigns for ever, all that Trad of Land, or Proviiue
called Penfilvania, in America, with divers great
Powers, Preheminences, Royalties, Jurifdidtions,
.md Authorities, necelTary for the Well-being and
Government thereof : NOW KNOW YE, That
for the Well-being and Government of the faid Pro-
vince, and tor the Encouragement of all the Free-
men and Planters that may be therein concerned, in
Piirliiance of the Powers afore-mentionC'l, I the
faid IVdliam Penn have declared, granted and con-
firmed, and by thefe Prefents, for me, my Heirs
and Affigns, do declare, grant and confirm unto
all fhe Freemen, Planters and Adventurers, of, in
and to the faid Province, tficfc Liberties, Franchifes,
and Properties, to be held, enjoyed and kept by
the Freemen, Planters and Inhabitan»-s of the faid
Province of Pcnfthania tor ever.

I M P R I M I S.

Five Indian Nations, &c.

221

IMPRIMIS.

T H AT the Government of this Province Khali,
according the Powers of the Patent, confifl: of die
Governor and Freemen of the laid Province, in
Form of a Provinciai Goiincil and General Aflem-
bly, by \diom all Laws Ihall be made. Officers
chofen, and pubKck Affairs tranfaded, as is here-
I after refpedively declared. That is to fay^

H.
THAT the Freemen of the faid Province fiiall
Ion the tvvcntieth Day of the twelfth MoRt?h, which
Ihall be in this prefent Year One ThaufandSix Hun-
\ted Eighty and Two, meet and aflbmble in fomc
fit Place, of which timely Notice Ihall be bclope-
hand given by the Governor or his Deputy, and
then and there fiiall chufe out of themfelves Se-
venty-two Pcribns of moft Note for their Wif-
dom, Virtue and Ability, who fhall meet ©n the
tenth Day of the §rft Month next enfuiDg, and
always be called and a(5t as the provincial Q;>uncil
I of the faid Province.

ra.

THAT at the firfl: Choice of fuch provincial
iCouncil, one third part t)f the faid provincial Coun-
cil fhall be chofen to ferve for three Years then next
enfuing, one third part for two Ytfars then next
eiriiiing, and one third part for one Year then next
following fuch 'Elciftion, and no longc^r •, and that
the faid third part fhall go out accordingly : And
|on the twentieth Day of the twelfth Month as afore-
aid, yearly fur ever afterward, the Freemen of
Ithe faid Province fliall in like Manner meet and
pemble together, and then chufe Twenty-^four
jPerfons, being one third of the faid Niimber, tp
|l(TV^ in provincial Council for three Years : It be-
|ng intended, that one third part of the whole pro-
vincial Council Talwavs confiftincr, and to confift

% V-\

ill H'

i. !i':^' 1

222 .^^ "fbe History of the

of feventy-two Perfons, as aforefaid) falling oflF
yearly, it fhali be yearly fupplied by fuch new
yearly Ele6lions, as aforefaid ; and that no one Per-
fon fhall continue therein longer than three Years :
And in cafe any Member fhall deceafe before the
laft Eledion during his Time, that then at the next
Eledion enfuing his Deceafe, another fliall be chofen
to fupply his Place for the remaining Time he was
fo have ferved, and no longer.

IV.

THAT after the firll feten Years, every one
Oi the faid third parts that goeth yearly off, fhall be
uncapable of being chofen again for one whole
Year following : That fo all may be fitted for Go-
vernment, and have Experience of the Care and
Burden of it.

THAT the provincial Council in all Cafes and I
Matters of Moment, as their arguing upon Bills
to be pafl into Laws, erecting Courts of Juftice,
giving Judgment upon Criminals impeached, and|
Choice of Officers, in fuch Manner as is herein after-
mentioned ; not Icfs than two -thirds of the whole]
provincial Council fhall make a §uorum ; and that
the Confent not Approbation of two-thirds of fuch
^orum fhall be had in all fuch Cafes and Matters
of Moment. And moreover, that in all Cafes and
Matters of leffer Moment, twenty-four Members
of the faid provincial Council fhall make 2i^orumA
the Majority of which twenty-four fh^ll and may
always determine in fuch Cafes andCaufes of lefTerj
Moment.

VI.

THAT in this provincial Council the Gover-
nor, or his Deputy, fliall or may always prefideJ
and have a treble Voice -, and the faid provincial
Council lliall always continue, and fit upon itsj
Qwn Adjournments and Committees.

VII.I

IvM'i

falling off
' fuch new
no one Per-
riree Years :
; before the

at the next
ill be chofen
'ime he was

, every one
off, fliall be
one whole
Ltted for Go-
he Care and

all Cafes and
r upon Bills
s of Juftice,
reached, and]
i herein after-
of the whole]
m *, and that
birds of fuch
and Matters
all Cafes and
)ur Members
ke 2l Quorum}
,^11 and may
lufes of leffer

Five Indian Nations, ^c.

VII.

THAT the Governor and provincial Council
fhall prepare and propofe to the general AfTembly
hereafter me itioned, all Bills, which they Ihall at
any Time think fit to be paffed into Laws within
the faid Province •, wliich Bills fhall be publifhed
and affixed to the moft noted Places in the irrha-
bited Parts thereof, thirty Days before the Meet-
ing of the general AfTembly, in order to the pafTing
them into Laws, or rejeding of them, as the ge-
neral AfTembly fhall fee meet.

VIIL

THAT ihe Governor and provir ial ouncil
fhall take care, that all Law3, Stat> -s ind Ordi-
nances, which fhall at any Time bf^ l id * within
the faid Province, be duly and diiig ^tly executed.

IX.

THAT the Governor and provincial Council
Ihall at all Times have the Care of the Peace and
Safety of the Province, and that nothing be by any
Perfon attempted to the Subvet€on of this Frame
of Government.

THAT the Governor and provincial Council
Ihall at all Times fettle and order the Situation of
all Cities, Ports, and Market-Towns in every
County, modelling therein all publick Buildings,
Streets, and Market- Places, and Ihall appoint all
necelTary Roads and Highways in the Province.

212

il the Cover- ■ XL

ways prefideji xhAT the Governor and provincial Council
id provincial I ji^li ^^ all Times have Power to infpeft the Ma-
fit upon it^lnagementof the publick Treafury, and punilh thofe
I ^^^^ ^^^ convert any Pa, t thereof to any other
Vll'i 4 Ufe,

.v*..

!^'^

224 , 3^^ History of the I

Ufe, than what hath been agreed upon by the Go-
vernor, provincial Council, and general Aflcmbly.

XII.

THAT the Governor and p'-ovincial Council
. ihall ere£t and order all publick School,?, and en-
. courage and reward the Authors of ufeful Sciences
and laudable Inventions in the faid Province.

XIII.

; T H AT for the better Managenient of the Powers |
and Truft aforefaid, the provincial Council ftiall
from time to time divide itfelf into four diftind
and proper Committees, for the more eafy Admini-
ftration of the Affairs of the Province, which divides I
the Seventy-two into four Eighteens, every ons of]
wliich Eightcens Ihall confift of fix out of each of
the three Orders or yearly Ele6lians, each of which|
Ihall have a diflindl Portion of Bufincfs, as follow
eth : Firjl, a Committee of Plantations, to fi tuate and|
fettle Cities, PorD!, and Market-Towns, and High-
ways, and to hear and decide all Suits and Contro-
verfics relating to Plantations. Secondly ^ a Com-I
mittee of Jufticcand Safety, to fecure the Peace]
of the Province, and puni% the Male-Adminiflra-
tion of thofe who fubvert Juftice to the Prejudice]
of the publick or private Intereft. Thirdly^ a Com-
mittee of Trade and Treafury, who fhall regulate]
all Trade and Commerce according to Law, en-J
courage Manufafture and Country-Growth, andj
defray the publick Charge of the Province. And]
.FourtMy^ a Committee of Manners, Education,]
and Arts, that all wicked and fcandalous Living!
may be prevented, and that Youth may be fuc-
cellively trained up in Virtue and ufrful Knowledge
and Arts : The y^iorum of each of which Com-
mittees beiiJg fix, ^ha^ is, two out of each of the
three Orders or yearly Eleftions, as aforefaid, make
a conftant and (landing Council of Twenty-four,

whiclil

)y the Go-
Affcmbly.

f the Powers
Duncil ihall
bur diftinft
ify Admini-
hich divklcs
every ons of
It of each of
ich of which
s, as follow-
to fi mate and
;, and High-
and Contro-
idly, a Com-
re the Peace
-Adminiftra-
:he Prejudice
rdly^ a Com
hall regulatd
to Law, en
jrowth, and
)vince. And
Education,
alous Living

may be fuc
al Knowledge

which Com
>f each of th
brefaid, mak'

VENTY-FOUR

whicl'

Five Indian Nations, &c.

which will have the Power of the provincial Coun-
cil, being the ^orum of it, in all Cafes not ex-
cepted in the fifth Article ; and in the faid Com-
mittees and ftanding Council of the Province, the
Governor or his Deputy fliall or may prefide, as
aforefaid j and in the Abfence of the Governor or
his Deputy, if no one is by either of them ap-
pointed, the faid Committees or Council ftiall ap-
point a Prefident for that Time, and not other-
wife ; and what fhall be refolved at fuch Commit-
tees, (hall be reported to the faid Council of the
Province, and ftiall be by them refolved and con-
firmed before the fame fhall be put in Execution ;
and that thefc refpedive Committees fhall not fit at
one and the fame Time, except in Cafes of Necef-
fity. ...

XIV.
AND, to the End that all Laws prepared by
the Governor and provincial Council aforefaid, may-
yet have the more full Concurrence of the Free-
inen of the Province, it is declared, granted, and
confirmed. That at the Time and Place or Places
for the Choice of a provincial Council as aforefaid,
the faid Freemen fhall yearly chufe Members to
ferve in a general AfTembly as their Reprefentatives,
not exceeding two hundred Perfons, who fhall yearly
meet from the twentieth Day of the fecond Month,
which ftiall be in the Year One Thoufand Six Hun-
ted Eighty and ^hree following, in the capital
Town or City of the faid Province, where during
eight Days the feveral Members may freely confer
with one another •, and, if any of them fee meet,
with a Committee of the provincidl Council (con-
fifting of three out of each of the four Committees
aforefaid, being twelve in all) which fhall be at that
Time, purpofely appointed to receive from any of
them Propofals for the Alterations or Amendment
of any of the laid propoftd and promulgated Bills :
And on the ninth Day from thei: fo meeting, the

Q^ laid

225

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r.ij ' \

I ;
• I

U }.

226 The Mi^TOfLY of the

faid general Affcmbly, after Reading over the pro-
pofcd Bills by the Clerk of the provincial Council,
and the Occafions and Motives for them being
opened by the Governor or his Deputy, ftiall give
their Affirmative or Negative, which to them fcem-
eth beft, in fuch Manner as herein after is exprefs*d.
But not lefs than two- thirds (hall make a Quorum
in the Faffing of Laws, and Choice of fuch OfR-
cers as are by them to be chofen.

XV.

THAT the Laws fo prepared and propofed as
aforefaid, that are affented to by the general AfTem-
bly, Ihall be enrolled as Laws of the Province, with
this Stile : By the Governor ^ with the /ijfent and ap-
probation of the Freemen in provincial Council and ge-
neral jfjfembly,

XVL

T H AT, for the better Eftabliffiment of the Go- 1
vernment and Laws of this Province, and to thel
End there may be an univerfal Satisfaftion in thel
Laying of the Fundamentals thereof; the generalj
Affembly fkall, or may for the firft Year, confiitj
of all the Freemen of and in the faid Province, and!
ever after it fhall be yearly chofen as aforefaid j(
which Number of two hundred fhall be enlargec
as the Country fhall encreafe in People, fo as it dc
not exceed five hundred at any Time : The Ap-
pointment and Proportioning of which, as alfo the
Laying and Methodizing of the Choice of the pro-
vincial Council and general Affembly in future
Times, mod equally to the Divifions of the Hun-
dreds and Counties, which the Country ffiall here-
after be divided into, fhall be in the Power of the
provincial Council to propofe, and the general Afj
lembly to refolve.

XVIL

THAT the Governor and the orovincial Coun-
cil fhall creft from time to time ftanding Courts o|

Jufticel

Five Indian Nations, &c,

Juftice, in fuch Places and Number as they fliall
judge convenient for the good Government of the
faid Province. And that the provincial Council
Ihall on the thirteenth Day of the firft Month yearly,
cle£l and prefent to the Governor or his Deputy, a
double Number of Perfons, to ferve for Judges,
Treafurers, Matters of Rolls, within the faid Pro-
vince for the Year next enfuing -, and the Freemen
of the faid Province in the County-Courts, when
they fhall be ereded, and till then in the general
AfTembly, fhall on the three and twentieth Day of
the fecond Month yearly, eled and prefent to the
Governor or his Deputy, a doubie Number of Per-
fons to ferve for Sheriffs, Juftices of the Peace,
and Coroners, for the Year next enfuing ; out of
which refpedtive Eledions and Prefentments, the
Governor or his Deputy fliall nominate and com-
miflionate the proper Number for each Office the
third Day after the faid Prefentments j or elfe the
firlt named in fuch Prefentment for each Office,
fhall (land and ferve for that Office the Year en-
fuing.

XYIII.
BUT forafmuch as the prefent Condition of
the Province requires fome immediate Settlement,
and admits not of fo quick a Revolution of Offi-
cers ; and to the End the faid Province may, with
all convenient Speed, be well ordered and fettled, I
William Penn do therefore think fit to norSinate
and appoint fuch Perfons for Judges, Treafurers,
Matters of the Rolls, Sheriffs, Juftices of the Peace,
and Coroners, as are mott fitly qualified for thofe
Employments •, to whom I fhall make and grant
Commilfions for the faid Officers, refpeiftively, to
hold to them to whom the fame fhall be granted,
for fo long Time as every fuch Perfon fiall well
behave himfelf in the Office or Place to him re-
fpedively granted, and no longer. And upon the
Deceafe or Difplacing of any of the faid Officers,

0^2 the

227

|;-:irt

1|(< 1

228 He History of the

the fucceeding Officer or Officers ftiall be chofen a
aforefaid.

XIX.

THAT the general Aflembly fhall continue fo
long as may be needful to impeach Criminals fit to
be "there impeached, to pafs Bills into Laws that
they fliall think fit to pafs into Laws, and till fuch
Time as the Governor and provincial Council Ihall
declare that they have nc^hing further to propofe
^nto them for their Aflent and Approbation : And
that Declaration Ihall be a Difmifs to the general
Aflembly for that time j which general Aflembly
Ihall be notwithftanding capable of aflembling to-
gether upon the Summons of the provincial Coun-
cil, at any Time during that Year, if the faid pro-
vincial Council fhall fee Occafion for their fo aflem-
bling.

XX.

THAT all theEleaions of Members or Re-
prefentatives of the People to ferve in provincial
Council and general Aflembly, and all Queftions
to be determined by both or either of them, that
relate to pafling of Bills into Laws, to the Choice
of Oflicers, to Impeachments made by the general
Alfembly, and Judgment of Criminals upon fuch
Impeachments by the provincial Council, and to
all other Cafes by them refpedtively judged of Im-
portance, fliall be refolved and determined by the
Ballot i and unlefs on fudden and indifpenfible Oc-
cafions, no Bufinefs in provincial Council, or its
refpe6live Committees, mall be finally determined
the fame Day that it is moved.

XXL

THAT at all times, when, and fo often as it
fliall happen that the Governor iliall or may be an
Infant under the Age of one and twenty Years,
and no Guardians or Commiflioncrs are appointed
in Writing by the Father of the faid Infant, or that

fuch

chofen a&

Dntinuc fo
inals fit to
Laws that
d till fuch
luncil (hall
:o propofe
cion : And
:he general
1 Affembly
mbling to-
icial Coun-
le faid pro-
ir fo affem-

)ers or Re-
1 provincial
I Qucftions
them, that
the Choice
the general
upon fuch
icil, and to
iged of Im-
ined by the
penfible Oc-
unci), or its
r determined

b often as it
may be an
venty Years,
•e appointed
ifant, or that
fuch

Five Indian Nations, &c.

fuch Guardians or Commiflioners fhali be deceaied v
that during fuch Minority,, the provincial Council
fiiall from Time to Time, as they fhall fee meet,
conftitute and appoint.Guardians or Commiflioners,
not exceeding three j one of which three lliall pre-
fide as Deputy and chief Guardian, during fuch
Minority,^ and fhall have, and execute, with the
Confent of the other two, all the Power of a Go-
vernor, in all the publick Affairs and Concerns of
the fkid Province.

XXII.

THAT as often as any Day of the Month
mentioned in any Article of this Charter, fhall fall
upon the firll: Day of the Week, commonly called
the Lord's I>»jv, the Bufinefs appointed for that
Day fhall be deferred till the next Day, unlefs in
I cafe of Emergency.

xxin.

THAT no Adt, Law, or Ordinance whatfo-
cvcrj^, fhall at any time hereafter be made or done
I by the Governor of this Province, his Heirs or
I Alfigns» or by the Freemen in the provincial Coun-
cil, or the general Affembly, to alter, change or
diminifh the Form or EfFet^l of this Charter, or any
Part or Claufe thereof, or contrary to the true In-
tent and Meting thereof, without the Confent of
the Governor, his Heirs or Affigns, and fix Parts
of feven of the faid Freemen in provincial Council
I and general Affembly.

XXIV.

AND LASTLY, That I the faid miliamPenn,

Ifor myfelf, my Heirs and Alfigns, have folemnly

declared, granted, and confirmed, and do hereby

folemnly declare, grant, and confirm, That neither

I, my Heirs nor Alfigns, fhall procure or do any

[Thing or Things, whereby the Liberties in this

Q^ 3 Charter

2:29

„ Vr

i ^^1

iilf. ± \

230

ne History of the

Charter contained and exprefled (hall be infringed
or broken j and if any Thing b^^ procured by any
Perfon or Perfons contrary to thefe Premiffes, it
ihali be held of no Force or EfF^ft. IN WIT-
NESS whereof, I the faid JVilliam Penn have unto
this prefent Charter of Liberties fet my Hand and
broad Seal, t\{\sfive and twentieth Day of the fecond
Month, vulgarly called Aprils in the Year of our
LORD One Tboujand Six Hundred and Eighty-two.

"William Penn.

L AW S agreed upon in England, &c.

THAT the Charter of Liiberties, declared,
granted, and confirmed thtfive and twentieth
Day of the fecond Month, called Jpril^ 1682, be-
fore divers Witnefles, by William Penn, Governor
and chief Proprietor of Penjihania, to all the Free-
men and Planters of the faid Province -, is hereby
declared and approved, and fhall be for ever held
for Fundamental in the Government thereof, accord-
ing to the Limitations mentioned in the faid Charter.

II.
THAT every Inhabitant in the faid Province,
that is or fhall be a Purchafer of one hundred Acres
of Land, or upwards, his Heirs and Affigns, and
every Perfon who fhall have paid his PafTage, and
taken up one hundred Acres of Land at one Penny
an Acre, and have cultivated ten Acres thereof;
and every Perfon that hath been a Servant or Bonds-
man, and is free by his Service, that fhall have!
taken up his fifty Acres of Land, and cultivated
twenty thereof; and every Inhabitant, Artificer, or
other Refident in the faid Province, that pays Scot
and Lot to the Government, Ihall be deemed and'

^c-l

Five Indian Nations, fi?r,

accounted a Freeman of the faid Province : And
every fuch Perfon fhall and may be capable of elect-
ing, or being elected Reprefentatives of the People
in provincial Council or general Affembly in the
faid Province.

III.

THAT all Elea:ions of Members, or Repre-
fentatives of the People and Freemen of the Pro-
vince of Peft/thama, to ferve in provincial Council
or general Affembly to be held within the faid Pro-
vince, (hall be free and voluntary : And that the
Eledor, that ihall receive any Reward or Gift, in
Meat, Drink, Monies, or otherwife, fliall forfeit
his Right to elecl ; and fuch Perfon as (hrll diretft-
ly or indire(5lly give, promife, or beftow any fuch
Reward as aforefaid, to be eleded, fhall forfeit his
Election, and be thereby incapable to ferve as afore-
faid : And the provincial Council and general Af-
fembly fhall be the fole Judges of the Regularity
or Irregularity of the Eledlions of their own refpe^*
tive Members. ^■

IV.

THAT no Money or Goods fhall be raifed
upon, or paid by any of the People of this Pro-
vince by way of publick Tax, Cuftom, or Contri-
bution, but by a Law for that Purpofe made •, and
whofoever fhall levy, colled, or pay any Money
or Goods contrary thereunto, fliall be held a pub-
lick Enemy to the Province, and a Betrayer of the
Liberties of the People thereof.

231

I (.11

i^ ) ; hi

I i f

1 !l

Hi,

V.
THAT all Courts fhall be open, and Jufticc
(hall r^ither be fold, denied, nor delayed.

VI.
THAT in all Courts, all Perfons of all Perfua-
fions may freely appear in their own Way, and ac-
cording to theii' own Manner, and there perfonally

0^4 plead

ill

!!i

'$- '

it32 The Hist OKY of the -

plead their own Caufe themfelvcs j or if unable,
by their Friend : And the firft Procefs fhall be the
Exhibition of the Complaint in Court, fourteen
Days before the Trial ; and that the Party com-
plained againft may be fitted for the fame, he or
fhe fhall be fummoned, no lefs than ten Days be-
fore, and a Copy of the Complaint delivered him
or her, at his or her Dwelling-houfe. But before
the Complaint of any Pcrfon be received, he fhall
folemnly declare in Court, That he believes in his
Confcience his Caufe is juft.

VII.

THAT all Pleadings, ProcefTes, and Records
in Court fliall be fhort, and in Englijh^ and in an
ordinary and plain Charader, than they may be un-
derftood, and Juftice fpeedily adminiftred.

VIII.

.l|^THAT all Trials fhali be by twelve Men, and
m near as may be, Peers or Equals, and of the
Neighbourhood, and Mexi witliout jufl Exception
in Cafes of Life, there fliall be Brfl twenty-four re-
turned by ij r; Sheriffs lor a Grand Inqucfl, of whom
tv^eive at lr <^t fhall find the Complaint to be true -,
and then the twelve Men, or Peers, to be likewife
returned by the Sheriff, fhall have the final Judg-
ment. But reafonable Challenges fhall be always
admitted againfl the faid twelve Men, or any of
them.

IX.

THAT all Fees in all Cafes fhall be moderate,
and fettled by the provincial Council and general
AfTembly, and be hung up in a Table in every re-
ipedive Court-, and whofoever fhall be convided
of taking more, fhall pay two-fold, and be difmiffed
his Eniployment, one Moiety of which fhall go to
the Party wronged.

Five Inpian Nations, (3c,

. • • . X.

THAT all Prifons (hall be Work-houfes for
Felons, Vagrants, and loofe and idlePerfons -, whereof
one Ihall be in every County.

XI.

THAT all Prifoners Ihall be bailable by fuffi-
cicnt Sureties, unlefs for capital Offences, where the
Proof is evident, or the Prefumption great.

XII.

THAT all Perfons wrongfully imprifoned or
profecuted at Law, Ihall have double Damages
againft the Informer or Profecutor. .

XIII.

T H AT all Prifons Ihall be free as to Fees, Food,
and Lodging.

XIV.

THAT all Lands and Goods (hall be liable to
I pay Debts, except where there is legal liTue, and then
I all the Goods, and one third of the Land only,

XV.

THAT all Wills in Writing attefted by two
IWitneffes, (hall be of the fame Force, a? o Lands,
as other Conveyances, being legally pn ed within
forty Days, either within or without the faid Pro-
Ivince.

XVL

THAT feven Years quiet Poffeliion fhall give
Ian unqueftionable Right, except in Cafes of Infants,
Lunaticks, married Women, or Perfons beyond
I the Seas.

XVII.

THAT all Briberies and Extortions ,vhatfocvcr,
I ihall be feverely punilhed.

XVIII.

233,

ii-

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;|.

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23^ The History 0/ the^ ; :

XVIII.
THAT all Fines fliali be moderate, and faving
Mens Contenements, Merchandize, or Wainage,

XIX.

THAT all Marriages (not forbidden by the
Law of God, as to Nearnefs of Blood and Affinity
by Marriage) fhall be encouraged j but the Parents
or Guardians fhail be firft conlulted, and the Mar-
riage fhali be publifned before it be folemnized •,
and it fliall be folemnized by taking one another as
Hufband and Wifj, before credible Witneffes, and
a Certificate of the whole, under the Hands of Par-
tics and Witneifes, fhall be brought to the proper
Regiiler of that County, and Ihall be regiftred in
his Office.

XX.

AND to prevent Frauds and vexatious Suits
within the faid Province, that all Charters, Gifts,
Grants, ai^d Conveyances of Land, (except Leafes
for a Year or under) and all Bills, Bonds, and Spe-
cialties above five Pounds^ and not under three
Months, made in the faid Province, fhall be en-
rolled or regiftred in the publick Enrolment-Office
of the faid Province, within the Space of two
Months next after the Making thereof, elfe to be
void in Law. And all Deeds, Grants, and Con-
veyances of Land (except as aforefaid) within the
faid Province, and made out of the faid Province,
fhall be enrolled or regiftred as aforefaid, within fix
Months next after the Making thereof, and fettling
and conltituting an Enrolment-Office or Regiftry
within the faid Province, elfe to be void in Law againft
all Perfons whatfotver.

XXI.

THAT all Defacers or Corrupters of Charters,
Gifts, Grants, Bonds, Bills, Wills, Contrads, and
Conveyances, or that fhall deface or falfify any En-
rchncnt, Regiftry or Record within this Province,

- fhaiy

Five Indian Nations, ^c,

iliall make double Satisfadlion for the fame ; half
whereof fhall go to the Party wronged, and they Ihall
be difmiffed of all Places of Truft, and be pubiickly
difgraced as falfe Men.

XXII.
THAT there Ihall be a Regifter forBirtlis, Mar-
riages, Burials, Wills, and Letters of Adminifl-ra-
tion, diftind from the other Regiftry.

XXIII.
THAT there fliall be a Regifter for all Servants,
where their Names, Time, Wages, and Days of Pay-
ment Ihall be regiftred.

XXIV.
THAT all Ls.nds and Qoods of Felons ihall be
liable to make Satisfaftion to the Party wronged
twice the Value •, and for Want of Lands or Goods,
the Felons fhall be Bondmen to work in the common
Prifon or Work-houfe, or otherwife, till the Party
injured be fatisfied.

XXV.
T H AT the Eftates of capital Offenders, as Trai-
tors and Murderers, Ihall go one third to the next of
kin to the Sufferer, and the Remainder to the next of
kin to the Criminial.

XXVI.
THAT all Witnefles, coming or called to tef-
tify their Knowledge in or to any Matter or Thing
in any Court, or before any lawful Authority within
the faid Province, fhall there give or deliver in
their Evidence or Teftimony by folemnly promi-
fing to fpeak the Truth, the whole Truth, and no-
thing but the Truth, to the Matter or Thing in
Queftion. And in cafe any Perfon fo called to
Evidence, fhall be convided of wilful Falfhood,
fiich Perfon fhall fuffer and undergo fuch Damage
or Penalty, as the Perfon or Perfons againft whom
he or fhe bore falfe Witnefs, did or fliould under-
go J and fhall alfo make Satisfadtion to the Party

wronged.

^zi

I ^

, fi \ '\

I- ir

fiii

236 '^'Tle History of the -

wronged, and be publickiy expofed as a falfe Wit-
nefs, never to be credited in any Court, 05 before
any Magidrate in the faid Province.

XXVII.

AND to the end that all Officers chofen to
ferve within this Province, may with more Care and
Diligence anfwer the Truft repofed in them, it i&
agreed, That no fuch Perfon mall enjoy more than
one pubJick Office at one Time.

XXVIIL
THAT all Children within this Province of the
Age of twelve Years, ihall be taught fome ufeful
Trade or Skill, to the end none may be idle, but
the Poor may work to*live, and the Rich, if they
become poor, may not want.

XXIX.
THAT Servants be not kept longer than their
Time, and fuch as are careful, be both juftly and
kindly ufed in their Service, and put in fitting Equi-
page at the Expiration thereof, according toCuflom^

XXX.

THAT all fcandalous and malicious Reporters,
Backbiters, Defamers, and Spreaders of falfe News,
whether againft Magiftrates or private Perfons,
Ihall be accordingly feverely punillied, as Enemies
to the Peace and Concord of this Province.

XXXI.
THAT for the Encouragement of the Planters
and Traders in this Province, who are incorporated
into a Society, the Patent granted to them by fVii-
liam Penny Governor of the faid Province, is here-
by ratified and confirmed.

XXXII.

Five Indian Nations, &c.
»"«/^''- I XXXII.

0^ beiore

rhofen to ■ XXXIII.

Care and I THAT all Faftors or Correfpondents in the faid
em it is ■Province, wronging their Employers, fhall make
ciore than | Satisfadlion and one third over, to their faid Em-
ployers : And in cafe of the Death of any fuch
Fadtor or Correfpondent, the Committee of Trade
Ihall take care to fecure ui much of the decealed
nee of the ■ Party's Eftatc, as belongs to his ^aid refpedive Em-
:me ufeful |ploy«'-s.

idle, but I AAAlV.

h if they I THAT all Treafurers, Judges, Maflers of the
Rolls, Sheriffs; Juftices of the Peace, and other
Officers and Perfons whatfoever, relating to Courts
or Trials of Caufes, or any other Service in the
than their ■Government} and all Members clefted to ferve in
iuftlv and ■p'^ovinciai Council and general Affembly, and all
tine Fqui- B^^^ ^^^^ Right to ele<5t fuch Members, fhall be
oCuflom. W^^^ ^ profefs Faith in Jefus Chrift, and that are
not convided of ill Fame, or unfober and diihoneft
Converfation, and that are of twenty-one Years of

Reporters B^S^ ^' ^^^^ » *"^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^"^^^ ^® qualified, fhall
alfe News' W^ capable of the faid feveral Employments and Pri-
i Perfons! |vileges as aforefaid.
5 Enemies I XXXV.

;e, I THAT all Perfons living in this Province, who

confefs and acknowledge the one Almigh|y and Eter-
nal God, to be the Creator, Upiiolder and Ruler of
le Planters W^^ World ; and that hold themfelves obliged in
corporated ■Confcience to live peaceably and juftly in civil So-
m by IVtl- Iciety, fhall in no Ways be molelted or prejudiced
■e is here- I for their religious Perfuafion or Practice in Matters
of Faith and Worfhip, nor fhall they be compel rd
at any Time to frequent or maintain any religious

XXXII. iWorfliip, Place or Miniflry whatever.

XXXVI.

237

'"' '■.

t 1

i'' 5

■ "I.

ZiS

The History cf f^e

XXXVI.

THAT according to the good Example of the
primitive Chriftian^, and the Eafe of the Creation,
every frji Day of the Week, called the Lord's
Day, People (hall abftain from their common daily
Labour, that they may the better difpofe themfelves
to worlhip God according to their Underftandings.

XXXVII.

TH AT as a carelefs and corrupt Adminiftration
of Juftice draws the Wrath of God upon Magi-
ftrates, fo the Wildnefs and Loofenefs of the Peo-
ple provoke the Indignation of God againft a Coun-
try : Therefore, That all fuch Offences againft God, I
as Swearing, Curftng, Lying, prophane Talking,
Drunkennefs, Drinking of Healths, obfcene Words,!
Inceft, Sodomy, Rapes, Whoredom, Fornication,|
and other Uncleannels (not to be repeated) allTrea-
fons^ Mifprifions, Murders, Duels, Felony, Sedi-
tion, Maims, forcible Entries, and other Violences,!
to the Perfons and Eftates of the Inhabitants withii
this Province. All Prizes, Stage-plays, Cards,
Dice, Maygames, Gamefters, Mafques, Revels,
Bull-baitings, Cock-fightings, Bear-baitings, anc'
the like, which excite the People to Rudenefs, Cru-
elty, Loofenefs, and Irreligion, fhall be refpediveij
difcouraged and feverely punilh'd, according to the
Appointment of the Governor and Freemen in pro]
vincial Council and general AfTembly ; as alfo al
Proceedings contrary to thefe Laws, that are noj
here made exprefly penal.

* XXXVIII.

TH AT a Copy of thefe Laws Ihall be hung uj

in the provincial Council, and in publick Courts

Juftice : And that they fhall be read yearly at tf

Op'^ning of every provincial Council and general Al

fembly, ^nd Court of Juftice j and their Aflent Ihall I

tcftifiec

4-A

Five Indian Nations, &c.

tcftified, by their Handing up after the Reading
thereof.

XXXIX.
THAT there fiiall be at no time any Alteration
of any of thefe Laws, without the Confent of the
Governor, his Heirs or Afligns, and fix Parts of
fdven of the Freemen, met in provincial Council and
general Aflembly. •

THAT all other Matters and Things not hereFn
provided for, which fhall and may concern the pub-
lick Juftice, Peace or Safety of the laid Province ;
and the raifing and impofing Taxes, Cuftoms, Du-
ties, or other Charges whatfoever, Ihall be and are
hereby referred to the Order, Prudence and Deter-
mination of the Governor and Freemen in provin-
cial Council and general Aflembly, to be held from
time to time in the faid Province.

Signed and Sealed by the Governor and Freemen
aforefaid, the fifth Day of the third Months
called May, One Tboujand Six Hundred and
Eighty-Two.

239

Certain Conditions or Concessions agreed
upon by William Penn, Proprietor and
Governor of the Province o/'Penfilvania, and
thofe who are the Adventurers and Purchafers
in the fame Province y the Eleventh of July,
One Thotfand Six Hundred and Eighty-one.

FIRST.

THAT fo foon as it pleafeth God, that the
abovefaid Perfons arrive there, a certain Quan-
tity of Land or Ground Plat, Ihall be laid out for
a large Town or City, in the moft convenient Place
upon the River for Health and Navigation ; and

every

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every Purchafcr and Adventurer, fhall by Lot have
fo much Land therein as will anifwer to the Porpor-
tion which he hath bought or uken up upon Rent :
But it is to be noted, that the Surveyors fhall con-
(ider what Roads or Highways will be necefTary to
the Cities, Towns, or thro* the Lands. Great Roads
from City to City (hall not contain lefs than forty Foot
in Breadth, and fhall be firft laid out and declared
to be for Highways, before the Dividend of Acres
be laid out for the Purchafer ; and the like Obfer-
vation to be had for the Streets in the Towns and Ci-
ties, that there may be convenient Roads and Streets
preferved, not to be incroached upon by any Planter
or Builder, that none may build irregularly to the
Damage of another. In tbis^ Cuftom governs,

THAT the Land in the Town be laid out to-
gether after the Proportion of ten tboufand Acres of
the whole Country, that is, two bundrtd PicxtA if the
Place will bear it : However, that the Proportion
be by Lot, and entire, fo as thofe that defire to be
together, efpecially thofe that are by the Catalogue
laid together, may be fo laid together both in the
Town and Country.

in.

THAT when the Country-Lots are laid out,
every Purchafer, from one tboufand to ten tboufandl
Acres, or more, not to have above one tboufandl
Acres together, unlefs in tbree Years they plant a j
Family upon every tboufand Acres i^ but that all
fuch as purchafe together, lie together ; and if as {
many as comply with this Condition, that the whole |
be laid out together.

IV.

■-•il If if

THAT where any Number of Purchafers, more

or lefs, whofe Number of Acres amounts to Jive or

. . 4 ' t(n\

Lot have
c Porpor-
lon Rent :
fhall con-
:ce(fary to
'eat Roads
forty Foot
d declared
I of Acres
ike Obfcr-
ms and Ci-
and Streets
any Planter
urly to the
rvems.

laid out to-
ifi Acres of
/Veres if the

Proportion
defire to be
\t Catalogue

x>th in the

re laid out,
ten tboufandl
one tboufandl
hey plant a|
but that all
. v and if as I
lat the whole

:hafers, more
itstojJwor

tiv« Ikdiak Natioms, &c,

ten thou/and Acres, deiire to fit together in a Lot
or Townfhip, they Ihall have their Lot or Town-
fhip caft together, in fuch Places as have conve-
nient Harbours or navigable Rivers attending it, if
fuch can be found *, and in cafe any one or more
Purchafers plant not according to Agreement in this
ConceflTion, to the Prejudice of others of the fame
Townfhip, upon Complaint thereof made to the
Governor or his Deputy, with Afliftance, they may
award (if they fee Caufe) that the complaining Pur-
chafer may, paying the Survey-Money, and Pur-
chafe-Money, and Intereft thereof, be entitled, in-
rolled and lawfully invefted in the Lands fo not
feated.

THAT the Proportion of Lands that fhall be
laid out in the firft great Town or City, for every
Purchafer, fhall be after the Proportion of ten
Acres for twcrf five hundred Kat^ purchafed, if the
Place will allow it.

VI.

THAT notwithftanding there be no mention
made, in the feveral Deeds made to the Purchafers,
yet the faid IVilliam Penn does accord and declare,
that all Rivers, Rivulets, Woods and Underwoods,
Waters, Water-courfes, Quarries, Mines and Mi-
nerals (except Mines Royal) fhall be freely and fully
enjoyed, and wholly by the Purchafers, into whofe
Lot they fall.

VII.

THAT for tvftry fifty Acres that fhall be allot-
ted to a Servant at the End of his Service, his Quit-
Rent fhall be two Shillings per Annumy and the
Mailer or Owner of the Servant, when he fhall take
up the other fifty Acres, his Quit-Rent fhall be
I four Shillings by the Year, or if the Mafltrr of the
Servant (by Reafon in the Indentures he is fo obliged
to do) allot out to the Servant ^/y Acres in his own
Divifion, the faid Mafler fhall have on Demand al-

R lotted

241

w \

" l'

';J

■ 1

° 5

pif

'242 7J^ History of the

lotted him, from the Governor, the cne hundred
' Acres at the chief Rent ofjix Shillings per Annum.

VIIL

AND for the Encouragement of fuch as are in-
genious and willing to fearch out Gold and Silver
Mines in this Province, it is hereby agreed, that
they have Liberty to bore and dig in any Man's
Property, fully paying the Damage done •, and in
cafe a Difcovery fhould be made, that the Difco-
vertr have one fiflhy the Owner of the Soil (if not
the Difcoverer) a /f»/Z> Part, the Governor two fifths^
and the reft to the publick Treafury, faving to the
King the Share referved by Patent.

IX.

IN every hundred thoufand Acres, the Governor
and Proprietary, by Lot, refcrveth ten to himfelf,
what (ball lie but in one Place.

THAT every Man Ihall be bound to plant or
man fo much of his Share of Land as fliall be let
out and furveyed, within three Years after it is fo
let out and ilirveyed, or clfe it fliall be lawful for
new Comers to be fettled thereupon, paying to them
their Survey-Money, and they go up higher for
their Shares.

XI. '

Til K RE (hal! l)e no buying and felling, be it
with anbidiiin^ or one among another, of any Goods |
to be exported, but what Ihall be performed in pub-
lick Market, when fuch Places fhall be fet apart orl
erected, where they Ihall pafs the publick Stamp or|
Mark. If bad Ware, and prized as good, or de-
ceitful in Proportion or Weight, to forfeit the Valuel
as if good and full Weight and Proportion, to thej
publick Treafury of the Province, whether it be th(
Merchandize of the Indian^ or that of the Planters.

XIIJ

I the Nat
that is,
niay ]iv(|

preventi]

Iciiief.

things
^'id prol
any of d

hundred
Annum,

as are in-
,nd Silver
:eed, that
,ny Man's
; •, and in
:he Difco-
oil (if not
two fifths^
nng to the

e Governor
to himfelf,

to plant or
fliall be let

er it is fo
e lawful for
ing to them

higher for I

'elling, be it
f any Gootis
medinpub-
fet apart or
ck StaiT^p or
;ood, or de-
^it the Value
•tion, to the]
:hcr it be th(
■he Planters.

xnJ

t'lVE Indian Nations, &c.

XIL
AND FORASMUCH as it Is ufual with
the Planters, to over- rearh the poor Natives of the
Country in Trade, by Goods not being good of
the Kind, or debafed with Mixtures, with which
they are fenfibly aggrieved, it is agreed, whatever
is fold to the Indians, in Confidoration of their Fur?,
fliall be fold in the Market- Place, and there fuffer
the Teft, whether good or bad j if good, to pafs ;
if not good, not to be fold for good, that the Na-
tives may hot be abufed nor provoked.

XIII.

THAT no Man fliall by any Ways or Means,
in Word or Deed, affront or wrong any Indian, bus
he fliall incur the fame Penalty of the Law, as if he
had committed it againfl: his Fellow-Planter -, and
if any Indian fliall abufe, in Word or Deed, any
Planter of this Province, that he fliall not be his
own Judge upon the Indian, but he fliall make his
Complaint to the Governor of the Province, or his
Lieutenant or Deputy, or fome inferior Magiftrate
near him, who fliall, to the utmoft: of his Power,
take Care with the King of the faid Indian, that all
[reafonable Satisfaction be made to the faid injured
Planter.

XIV.

THAT all Differences between the Planters and
I the Natives, fliall alfo be ended by twelve Men,
jthat is, by Jix Planters and fix Natives, that fo wc
may live friendly together as much as in us lieth,
[preventing all Occafions of Heart-burnings end Mif*
1 chief.

XV.

THAT the Indians fliall have Liberty to do all
IThings relating to the Improvement of their Ground,
and providing Siiftenance for their Families, that
any of the Planters fliall enjoy.
' R 2 XVI.

243

I; 1

i i^

!Pl

I hi;

1^'

244

ne HisTORV of the

¥ :

1 1

i i •

M I .
!

^iill

XVI.

THAT the Laws as to Slanders, Drunkennefs,
Swearings Curfing^ Pride in Apparel, Trefpaffcs,
Diftreffes, Replevins, Weights and Meafgres, fhall
be the fame as in England^ till altered by Law in
this Province.

XVII.

THAT all Ihall mark their Hogs, Sheep and
otiier Ca,ttle, and what are not marked within three
Months after it is in their Poflefiion, be it young
or old, it (hall be forfeited to the Governor, that
fo People may be compelled to avoid theOccafions
of much Strife between Planters.

xvin.

That in clearing the Ground, Care be taken
to leave one Acre ot Trees for every fiiie Acres
clearM, efpecially to prefervcOak and Mulberries for |
Silk and Shipping.

XIX.

THAT all Ship-Mafters fhall give an Account I
of their Countries, Names, Ships, Owners, Freights
and Paflengers, to an Officer to be appointed for
that Purpofe, which fhall be regiftred within two\
Days after their Arrival i and if they fhall refufe fo tol
do, that then none prefumc to trade with themJ
upon Forfeiture thereof ; and that fuch Maflers be!
looked upon, as having an evil Intention to tbel
Province.

XX.

THAT no Perfon leave the Province, without!
Publication being made thereof, in the Market-|
Place, three Weeks before, and a Certificate fror
fome Juftice of the Peace, of his Clearncfs witi
his Neighbours, and thofe he hath dealt withal, fa
far as fuch an AfTurance can be attained and given;
And if any Mafter of a Ship fhall, contrary here-
unto, receive and carry away any Perfon, that hat*

Five Indian Nations, &c,

not given that publick Notice, the faid Matter
ihall be liable to all Debts owing by the (aid Per-
fon, fo fccretly tranfported from the Province.
Laftly% tliat thefe are to be added to, or correded,
by and with the Confent of the Parties hereunto
fubfrnbed.

Seakd and ddhmd in ^"-"am Penh;

the Prefence of

William Boelham,
Harbert Springet,
Thomas Prudyard,

Scaled and delivered in the Prefence of all the PrO"
prietors who have hereunto fuhfcribed, except
Thomas Farrinbofrough and John Goodibn, in
the Prefence of

«45

Hugh Chamberlen,
R. Murray,
Harbert Springer,
Humphry South,
Thomas Barker,
Samuel Jobfon,
John-Jofeph Moore,

William Powel,
Richard Davie,
GrifHth Jones,
Hugh Lambe,
Thomas Farrinborrough,
John Goodfon.

! ti

ii-

Uv i

A£t ACT fl/' Settlement, made at
Chefter, 1682.

WHEREAS William Penn, Proprietary
and Governor of the Province of Penfyt-
vania^ and Territories thereunto belonging, hath,
out of his great Kindnefs and Goodnefs to the In-
habitants thereof, been favourably pleafed to give
and grant unto them a Charter of Liberties and Pri-
vileges, dated the twenty-fifth Day of the fecond
Month, One Thoufand Six Hundred and Eighty-two :
By which Charter it is faid, the Government ihall

R 3 confift

. „>

hi'

^^fc,

I i

\'\

H '

Li '

246 ne lii^TO^Y of the

confift of the Governor and Freemen of the faid
Province, in the Form of a provincial Council and
general Alfembly •, and that the provincial Council
fhall confift o'i fevetity-two Members, to be chofen
by the Freemen -, and that the gen:ral Affembly
may, the /r/? Year, confift ol the whole Body of the
Freeholders, and ever after of an elected Number,
not exceeding two hundred Perfons, without the
Confcnt of the provincial Council and general Afr
fembly : And fuch Aficmbly to fit yearly on the
twentieth Day of the third Month, as in the firfty
fecondy thirds fr^th^ fourteenth and ftxteenth Arti-
cles of the Charter, Reference being thereunto had,
doth more at large appear.

AND FORASMUCH as this Charter was
the firft of thofe probationary Laws, that were
agreed to and made by and between the Proprietary,
and Go- "or, and Freeman in England^ that were
Purcha \n this Province, which faid Laws, in
the whoic and in every Part thereof, were to be fub-
mitt^l to the Explanation and Confirmation of the
jirfi provincial Council and general Aficmbly that
was to be held in this Province, as by the Title and
firfi Law of the faid Agreement, doth plainly ap-
pear.

AND WHEREAS, the Proprietary and Go-
vernor hath, according to that Charter, iffued out
Writs to the refpedive Sheriffs of the fm Counties
of this Province, to fummon the Freemen thereof,
to chufe in each County twelve Perfons of moft
Note for their Sobriety, VVifdom, and Integrity, to
, ferve in provincial Council \ and alfo to intbrm the
Freemen that they might come, for this Time, in
their own Perfons, to make up a general Afi^embly,
according to C'lartcr. And that the faid refpedtive
Sherifl^s by their Returns, and the Freemen by their
Petitions to the Proprietary and Governor, have
plainly declared, that the Fewnefs of the People,
|iieir Inability in Eftate, and Unflcilfulnefs in Mat-
ters

'tin I?"

Five Indian Nations, (^c,

ters of Government, will not permit them to ferve
in lb large a Council and Aff/mbly, as by the Char-
ter is exnreflfed ; and therefore do defire, that the
Members now chofen to be their Deputies and Re-
prefentativcs, may firrve both for provincial Coun-
cil and general AlTcmbiy ; that is to fay, three out
of each bounty for the provincial Council, and the
remaining nine for the general Aflembly, according
to A6t, as fully and amply as if the laid provincial
Council and general Alfvinbly had confillcd of the
faid Numbers of Members menti(jned in the Char-
ter of Liberties, upon Confideration of the Pre-
mifes •, and that the Proprietary ana Governor may
teftify his great Willingncfs to comply with that
which may be moll eafy and plealing, he is willing
that it be enafted.

AND BE IT ENACTED by the Proprietary
and Governor, by and with the unanimous Advice
and Confent of the Freemen of this Province, and
Territories thereunto belonging, in provincial Coun-
cil and general Aflembly met, That the Numbers
defired by the Inhabitants in their feveral Petitions,
and exprefsM to be their Defires by the Sheriffs
Returns to the Proprietary and Governor, to ferve
as the provincial Council and general Aflembly,
be allowed and taken, to all Intents and Purpofes,
to be the provincial Council and general Aflfembly
of this Province : And that the ^tcrum fhall be
proportionably fettled, according to the Method
exprefs*d in the fifth Article •, that is to fay, two
thirds to make a ^orum in extraordinary Cafe.-,
and one third in ordinary Cafes, as is provided in
the faid fifth Article : Which faid provincial Coun-
cil and general Aflembly, fo already chofen, are
and fliall be held and reputed the legal provincial
Council and general Aflembly of the Province and
Territories thereof, for this prcfent Year ; and that
from and after the Expiration of this prefent Year,
the provincial Council fliall conflfl: of three Perfons

R 4 out

247.

■'I 1

iiii ''

..I

i\.

m'l^

II i

h I

248 ne HitroKY cf the

out of each County, as aforcfaid 5 nnd the Aflem-
bly fhall conlift of /?;? Perfons out of each County,
which faid provincial Council and general Affcmbly
may be hereafter enlarged, as the Governor, and
provincial Council and Aflembly (hall fee Caufe,
fo as the faid Number do not, at any time, exceed
the Limitations exprefs'd in the third and ftxteentb
Article of the Charter, any Thing in this Adt, or
any other Adt, Charter or Law, to the contrary in
any wife notwithftanding.

AND becaufe the Freemen of this Province and
Territories thereof, are deeply fcnfible of the kind
and good Intentions of the Proprietary and Gover-
nor in this Charter, and of the fingular Benefit that
redounds to them thereby, and are defirous that it
may in all Things beft anfwer the Defign of the
publick Good, the Freemen of the faid provincial
Council and general Aflembly met, having unani-
moufly requcfted fome Variations, Explanations
and Additions, in and to the faid Charter, he the
Proprietary and Governor, hath therefore yielded
that it be enadted :

AND it is hereby ENACTED, That the
Time for the Meeting of the Freemen of this Pro-
vince and Territories thereof, to chufe their Depu-
ties to reprefent and ferve them, in provincial
Council and general Aflembly, fhall be yearly here-
after, on the tenth Day of the Jirfi Month, which
Members fo choferi for the provincial Council, ihaU
make their Appearance, and give their Attendance,
in provincial Council, within twenty Days after their
]|&lo5bion 5 and the faid Members ele<5ted to ferve
in general Aflembly, ftxall yearly meet and aflemblc,
on the tenth Day of the laid third Month, to the
End and Purpofes declared in the Charter, at and
hi fuch Place as is liniited in the faid Charter, un-
)cfs the Governor and provincial Council Ihall, at
any time, fee Caufe to the contrary,

AND

\ h t-i ■ '

U 6 ^ ^

Five Indian Nations, (^c,

AKIv WHEREAS it is expicfsM in the faid
Charter, That the Governor and provincial Coun-
cil iliall prepare and propofe to the general Alftm-
bly, all Bills which they Ihall think fit to prfs into
Laws, within the faid Province: BE IT EN-
ACTED by the Authority aforefaid. That die
Governor and provincial Council, fhall have the
Power of preparing and projX)fing to the general
Alfcmbly, all Bills that they Ihall jointly alient to
and think fit to have pafs*d into Laws, in the faid
Province and Territories thereof, that are not in-
confiftcnt with, but according to the Powers grant-
ed by the King's Letters Patents to the Proprietary
and Governor aforefaid •, which Bills (ball be pub-
lifhed in the moft noted Towns and Places in the
faid Province and Territories thereof, twenty Days
before the Meeting of the general Affembly afore-
faid.

AND for the better Decifion and Determiftaition
of all Matters and Qiieftions upon Elections of Repre-
fentatives, and Debates in provincial Council and
general Affembly, It is hereby declared and EN-
ACTED, ^f. That all Queitions upon Elcdfeions
of Reprefentatives, and Debates in provincial Coun-
cil and general Affembly, in perfonal Matters, ihall
be decided by the Ballot *, and all Qiiefcions about

Ereparing and enading Laws, Ihall be determined
y the Vote. ..^a

AND that fo united an Intereft may have an
united Term and Stile to be exprefs*d by, It is
hereby declared and ENACTED, That the gp-
neral Affembly (hall be henceforth termed or call-
ed THE Assembly ; and the Meeting of the Go-
vernor, provincial Council, and Aflembly, and
their Adts and Proceedings, fhall be ftiled and
called THE Meetings, Sessions, Acts or Pro-
ceedings of the General Assembly of the Pro-
vince of Penfilvania, and the Territories thereunto be-
longing. And that the Freemen of this Province,

4nd

2«

If'

!Sf) ■''

' ,1

25® 7^^ History c/*//?^ '

and the Territories thereof, may not on their Part,
fcem unmindFiil or ungrateful to their i^roprietary
and Governor, for the Teftimony he kth been
pleafed to give, of his great Good- Wiil towai ds them
and theirs, nor be wanting of that Duty they owe
to him and themfelves, they have prayed Leave
hereby to declare their moft hearty Acceptance of
the faid Charter, and their humble Acknowledg-
ments for the fame, folemnly promifing, that they
will inviolably obferve and keep the fame, exxept
as is therein excepted, and will neither diredly nor
indireftly contrive, propofe, cnaft, or do any Thing
or Things whatfoever, by Virtue of the Power
thereby granted unto them, that Ihall or may re-
dound to the Prejudice or DifadvantRge of the Pro-
prietary and Governor, his Heirs and Succcflbrs, in
their juft Rights, Properties and Privileges, grant-
ed to him and them by the King's Letters Patents,
and Deeds of Rcleafe and Feoffment made to him
by JAMES Duke of YoftK and Albany, 6ff.
and whom they defire may be hereby acknowledged
and recognized the true and rightful Proprietaries
and Governors of the Province of Penfyhania, and
Territories annexed, according to the King's Let-
ters Patents, and Deeds of Releafe and Feoffment
from James^ Duke of Tork and Albany^ unto the
faid Proprietary and Governor, his Heirs and Suc-
ceflbrs ; any Thing in this Acl, or any other Att,
Grant, Charter, or Law, to the contrary of thcfe
TWngs herein and hereby explained, altered, limit-
ed, promifed, declared, and enaded, in any wile
notwithftanding. "

i I

Five Inpian Nations, &c.

yZv FRAME of the Government of the
Province of Penfylv^nia, and Territories
thereunto annexed in America. ,... . .

TO ALL PERSONS, To whom thefc
Prcfcnts may come. WHEREAS King
CHARLES the Second^ by his Letters Patents,
under the great Seal of England^ bearing Date the
fourth Day of March^ in the thirty and third Year
of the King, for divers Confiderations therein men-
tioned, hath been gracioudy pleafed to give and
grant unto me TVtlliam Penn (by the Name of
IVilUam Pern, Efq-, Son and Heir of Sir IVilliam
Penn dcceafcd) and to my Heirs and Afligns for
ever, all that Tiad of Land, or Province called
Penfyhania^ in America^ with divers great Powers,
Prcheminences, Royalties, Jurifdictions, and Au-
thorities, necellary lor the Well-being and Govern-
ment thereof. AND WHEREAS the King's
deareft Brother, Jatnes Duke of Tork and Albany,
&c. by his Deeds of Feoffment, under his Hand
and Seal, duly perfeded, bearing Date the four
and twentieth Day of Auguft, One Thou/and Six
Hundred Eighty and Two^ did grant unto me, my
Heirs and Affigns, all that Traft of Land, lying
and being from twelve Miles Northward of New-
cajile upon Delaware River, in America, to Cape
Hinlopen, upon the faid River and Bay of Delaware
Southward, together with all Royalties, Franqhifes,
Duties, Turifdidtions, Liberties and Privileges there-
unto belonging.

NOWKNOWYE, That for the Well-be-
ing and good Government of the faid Province and
Territories thereunto annexed, and for the Encou-
ragement of all the Freemen and Planters, that may
be therein concerned, in Purfuance of the Rights
and Powers afore-mentioned, I thfe faid IVilliam
Penn have declared, granted and confirmed, and
by thefe Prefents, for me, my Heirs and Afligns,

251

ILs 1

M rl

I-...1

f#^' : i

' :> j

252 . Ti&f History of ihe •

do declare, grant and confirm unto all the Free-
men, Planters and Adventurers of, in and to the
faid Province and Tehitories tlKreof, thefe Liber-
ties, Franchifes and Properties, fo far as in me
lieth, to be held, enjoyed and kept by the Free-
men, Planters and Adventurers of and in the laid
Province o^ Penfylvania and Territories thereunto an-
tiexed^ for ever. r

IMPRIMIS.
THAT the Government of this Province and
Territories thereof Ihall, from Time to Time, ac-
cording to the Powers of the Patent and Deeds of
Feoffment aforefaid, confift of the Proprietary and
Governor, and Freemen of the faid Province aiid
Territories thereof, in Form of provincial Council
and Affembly, which provincial Council Ihall con-
fift of eighteen Perfons, being ibree out of e^ch
County, and which Aflembly ihall confift of ihirty-
fix Perfons, being^y out of each County, Men of
moll Note for their Virtue, Wifdom and Ability,
by whom all Laws Ihall be made. Officers chofen,
and publick Affairs tranfadbed, as is hereafter limit-
ed and declaied.

THERE being three Perfons already chofen
for every refpedlive County of this Province and
T'^rritories thereof, to ferve in the provinrial Coun-
cil, one of them for three Years, (me for two Years,
and one for one Year -, and one of them being to go
off yearly in every County *, that on the tenth Day
of i)\tjirft Month yearly, for ever after, the Free-
men of the faid Province and Territories thereof
Ihall meet together in the moft convenient Place in
every County of this Province and Territories thereof,
then and there to chufe one Perfon, qualified as
aforefaid, in every County, being one third of the
Number to ferve in provincial Council, for three
Years •, it being intended, that one third of the
whole provincial Council, confiiling and to confift

^ Five Indian Natioks, &c,

of eighteen Perfons, falling off yearly, it lliali be
yearly fupplied with fuch yearly Ekdions, as afore-
faid •, and that one Perfon ftiall not continue in
longer than three Years -, and in Cafe any Member
fhall deceafe before the laft Eledion, during his
Time, that then at the next Eleftion enfuing his
Deceafe, another fhall be chofen to fupply his Place
for the remaining Time he was to have ferved, atid
no longer.

in.

THAT after the firft feven Years, every one
of the faid third Parts that goeth yearly off, fhall
be incapuble of being chofen again for one whole
Year following, that fo all that ai*e capable and
qualified as aforefaid, may be fitted for Govern-
ment, and have a Share of the Care and Burthen
of it.

IV.

THAT the provincial Council in all Cafes and
Matters of Moment, as their arguing upon Bills
to be jpafTed into Laws, or Proceedings about creft-
ing or Courts of JufHce, fitting in Judgment upon
Criminals impeached, and Choice of Officers in
fuch Manner as is herein after exprefled, not lefs
than two thirds of the whole f lail make a ^orum ;
and that the Confent and Approbation of two thirds
of that ^orum fhall be had in all fuch Cafes or
Matters of Moment: And that in all Cafes and
Matters of lefTer Moment, one third of the whole
fhall make a ^orum^ the Majority of which fhall
and may always determine in fuch Cafes and Caufes
of lefTer Moment.

THAT the Governor and provincial Council,
fhall have the Power of preparing and propofing to
the AlTembly hereafter mentioned, all Bills which
they fhall fee needful, and that fhall at any Time
be paft into Laws within the faid Province and Ter-
ritories thereof, which Bills fhall be publifhed and

4 affixed

253

lll:l

iih
If

I. . 'fl

', I

1?;^

^1*1

&< I

254 '« 7i6^ History ^//5(? v

affixed to the moft noted Place in every County of
this Province and Territories thereof, twenty Days
before the Meeting of the Aflembly, in order to
pafiing them into Laws.

;.•''. , / . ■■- VI. •;_;'.

THAT the Governor and provincial Council
Ihall take Care, that all Laws, Statutes, and Ordi-
nances, which fliall at any Time be made within the
faid Province and Territories, be duly and dili-
gently executed.

VII.

THAT the Governor and provincial Council
(hall, at all Times, have the Care of the Peace and
Safety of this Province and Territories thereof •,
and that nothing be by any Perfon attempted to
the Subverfion of this Frame of Government.

VIII.

THAT the Governor and provincial Council
fhall, at all Times, fettle and order the Situation
of all Cities and Market-tcwns in every County,
modelling therein all publick Buildings, Streets, and
Market-places ; and Ihail appoint all necefi'ary
Roads and Highways in this Province and Terri-
tories thereof.

IX.

THAT the Governor and provincial Council
Ihall, at all Times, have Power to infpe(^ the Ma-
nagement of the publick Treafury, and puniih
thofe who Ihall convert any Part thereof to any
other Ufe, than what hath been agreed upon by the
Governor, provincial Council, and Aflembly.

THAT the Governor and provincial Council,
Ihall ered and order all publick Schools, and en-
courage and reward the Aii.thors of ufeful Sciences
and laudable Inventions, in the faid Province and
Territories thereof. XI.

Five Indian Nations, &c,

XL
THAT one third of the provincial Council rc-
fiding v/ith the Governor, fhall with the Governor,
from Tinic to Time, have the Care of the Manage-
ment of all publick Affairs, relating to the Peace,
Juftice, Treafury, and Improvement of the Pro-
vince and Territories, and to the good Educatioa
of Youth, and Sobriety of the Manners of the In-
habitants therein, as aforefaid. ...

XII.

THAT the Governor or his Deputy, Ihall al-
ways prefide in the provincial Council, and that he
fhall at no Time therein perform any publick AA
of State whatfoever, that (hall or may relate unto
the Juftice, Trade, Treafury, or Safety of the Pro-
vince and Territories aforefaid, but by and with
the Advice and Confent of the provincial Council
thereof.

XIII.'

AND to the End that all Bills prepared and
agreed by the Governor and provincial Council, as
aforefaid, may yet havo the more full Concurrence
of the Freemen ot the Province and Territories
thereof, it is declared, granted and confirmed, that
at the Time and Place in every County, for the
Choice of one Perfon to ferve in provincial Council,
as aforefaid, the refpedlive Members thereof, at
their laid Meeting, lliall yearly chufe out of them-
ftlvcsjjx Peribns of moft Note, for Virtue, Wif-
dom, and Ability, to f>rve in Aflembly, as their
Rcprefi^ntatives, who Ihall yearly meet on the tenth
Day of the ihird Month, in the capital Town or
City of the faid Province, unlefs the Governor and
provincial Council fhall think fit to appoint ano-
ther Place to meet in, whtrc, during eight Days,
the ieveral Members may confer freely with one
another ; and if any of them fee meet, with a Com-
mittee

255

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gj;6 ' 72v History ^ the "

mitte of the provincial Council, which ihall be at:
that Time purpofely appointed, to receive from
any of them, Propofals for the Alterations or
Amkcndment of any of the faid proposed and pro-
mulgated Bills,; and on the ninib Day from theif
fo meeting, thc! faid Afiembly, after their reading
ever of the propofed Bills, by the Clerk of the
provincial Council, and the Occafions and Motives
ior them being opened by the Governor or his De-
puty, fhall, upon the Queftion by him put, give
their Affirmative or Negative, which to them
feemeth bcft, in fuch Manner as is hereafter ex-
preflfed : But not lefs than iwo thirds Ihall make a
^iGrtm in the pafllng of all Bills into Laws, and
Choice of fuch Officers as are by them to be chofen.

XIV.

THAT the Laws fo prepared and propofed as
aforefaid, that are aficnted to by the Alfembly,
fhali be enrolled as ]^aws of this Province and Ter-
ritories thereof, with this Stile, By the Governor^
with the /Ijfent and Approbation of the Freemen in
provincial Conmil and Affemhly met •, and from hence-
forth, the Meetings, ScflTions, Ads, and Proceed-
ir»gs of the Governor, provincial Council and Af-
fembly, fliall l>e ililed and called, T^he Meetings
Sejfions^ and Proceedings, of the general AJj'embly of
the Province of Penfylvania, and the 'Territories
thereunto bclcnging.

XV. '

AND that the Reprefent-itivcs of the People in
provincial Council and Afiembly, may in after Ages
bear fome Proportion with the Increafe and multi-
plying of die People, the Number of fuch Repre-
lentatives of the People, may be from Time to
Time incualcd and enlarged, \'o as at no Time the
Number exceed fcveiity-tivo for the provincial Coun-
cil, and iwo humbeJ for the AlTembly -, the Ap-
][X)intnKnt and Proportion * of which Number, as

alfo

'.i !!;

Five Indian Nations, &c,

alfo the laying and methodizing of the Choice of
fuch Reprefentatives in future Time, mod equally
to the Division of the Country, or Number of the
Inhabitants, is left to the Governor and provincial
Council to propofe, and the Aflembly to refolve,
fo that the Order of Proportion be ftrkStly obferved^
both in the Choice of the Council and the refpec-
tive Committees thereof, viz. one third to go off
and come in yearly.

XVI.
THAT from and after the Death of this pre-
fcnt Governor, the provincial Council fhall, toge-
ther with the fucceeding Governor, ered from
Time to Time, Handing Courts of Juftice, in fuch
Places and Number, as they fhall judge convenient
for the good Government of the laid Province and
Territories thereof ; and that the provincial Council
fliall, on the thirteenth Day of the fecond Moiuh
then next enfuing, ele(5t and prefent to the Gover-
nor or his Deputy, a double Number of Perfons,
to ferve for Judges, Treafurers, and Mafters of
the Rolls, within the faid Province and Territories,
to continue fo long as they fhall well behave them-
felves in thofe Capacities refpedlivcly ; and the Free-
men of the faid Piovince, in an AlTembly met on
t!ie thirteenth Day of the third Month, yearly, fhall
eledt and then prefent to the Governor or his De-
puty, a double Number of Perlbns to ferve for
Sheriffs, Juftices of the Peace and Coroners, for
the Year next enfuing ; out of which rcfpeiSlivo
Kledions and Prefrntments, the Governor or his
Deputy, fhall nominate and commiflionate the pro-
per Number for cacii Office, the third Day after the
laid refpedlive Prefentments •, or elfc the /r/? named
in fuch Prefentment for each Office as aforefaid,
fliall Hand and ferve in that Office, the Time be-
fore refpedively limited •, and in Cafe of Death or
Default, fuch VaCiUicy fliall be fup^^lied by the
: S Governor

2S7

Ji.

J' ■*

)

I'
I' <

lilt

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258 ^e HtSToKV ef tbe

Govetnor and provincial Council in Manner afore-
(aid.

XVIL
THAT the Affembly fhall continue fo long as
may be needful, to impeach Criminals fit to be
there impeached, to pafs fuch Bills into Laws as are
propofed to them, which they fhall think fit to
pafs into I^aws •, and till fuch Time as the Governor
and provincial Council fhall declare, That they have
fiothing further to propofe unto them for their Ajfent
and Approbation \ and that Declaration fhall be a
Difmifs to the Affembly for that Time ; which Af-
fembly fhall be notwithllanding, capable of afTem-
bling together, upon the Summons of the Gover-
nor and provincial Council, at any Time during
that Year, if the Governor and provincial Council
fhall fee Occafion for their fo aflembling.

XVIII.

THAT all the Eledions of Members or Re-
prefentatives of the People to ferve in provincial
Council and Affembly, and all Queftions to be de-
termined by both or either of them, that relate to
Choice of Officers, and all or any other perfonal
Matters, fhall be refolved or determined by the
Ballot ; and all Things relating to the preparing
and pafTing of Bills into Laws, fhall be openly de-
clared and refolved by the Vote.

XIX.

THAT at all Times when the Proprietary and
Governor fhall happen to be an Infant, and under
the Age of one and twenty Years, and no Guardians
or Commiflioners are appointed in Writing, by the
Father of the faid Infant, or that fuch Guardian
fliall be dcceafed, that during fuch Minority, the
provincial Council fhallj from Time to Time, as

they

Five Indian Nations, {sfr.

they fliall fee meet, conftitute and appoint Guar-
dians and Commiflioners not exceeding threCy one
of which Ihall prefide as Deputy and chief Guar-
dian during fuch Minority, and Ihall have and ex-
ecute, with the Confent of one of the other two,
all the Power of a Governor in all publick Affairs
and Concerns of the faid Province and Territories
thereof, according to Charter ; which faid Guardian
fo appointed, Ihall alfo have the Care and Overfight
of the Eftate of the faid Minor, and be yearly ac-
countable and refponfible for the fame to the pro-
vincial Council, and the provincial Council to the
Minor^ when of Age^ or to the next Heir, in cafe
of the Minor's Death, for the Truft before expreffed.

XX.

THAT as often as any Days of the Month men-
tioned in any Article of this Charter, Ihall fall upon
the firft Day of the Week, commonly called the
Lord' 5-day y the Eufinefs appointed for that Day,
fl::^!^ be deferred until the next Day, unlefs in Cafes
of Emergency.

XXI.

AND for the Satisfaction and Encouragement
of all Aliens, I do give and grant, that if any
Alien, who is or fhall be a Purchafer, or who doth
or ihall inhaDit in this Province or Territories there-
of, fhall deceafe at any Time before he can v/ell be
naturalized, his Right and Interefl therein, fhall
notwithflanding defcend to his "Wife and Children,
or other his Relations, be he Teflate or Inteflate,
according to the Laws of this Province and Terri-
tories thereof in fuch Cafes provided, in as free
and ample Manner, to all Intents and Purpofes, as
if the faid Alien had been naturalized.

XXII.

AND that the Inhabitants of this Province and
Territories thereof, may be xcommodatcd with

S 2 fuch

259

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1.11

;,♦.

:Ui

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260 Th History of the

fuch Food and Suftenance, as God in his Prov'j-
cience hjith freely afforded, I do alfo further (^rant
to the Inhabitants of this Province and Territories
thereof, Liberty to fowl and hunt upon the Lands
they hold, and all other Lands therein not enclofed •,
and to filh in all Waters in the (aid Lands, and in
all Rivers and Rivulets in and belonging to this
Province and Territories thereof, with Liberty to
draw his or their Fifli on Shore on any Man's Lamis,
fo as it be not to the Detriment or Annoyance of
the Owner thereof, except fuch Lands as do lie up-
on Inland Rivulets that are not Boatablc, or which
are or may be hereafter ereded into Manors.

XXIII.

AND that all the Inhabitants of this Province
and Territories thereof, whether Purchafers or others,
may have the laft worldly Pledge of my good and
kind Intentions to them and theirs, I do give,
grant, and confirm to all, and every one of them,
full and quiet Poffcflion of their refpe6l:ve Lands,
to which they have any lawful or equitable Claim,
faving only fuch Rents and Services for the fame as
are or cufiomarily ought to be referved to me^ my
Heirs or AlTigns. , ■

XXIV. ■" '

TFI At no A(5t, Law or Ordinance whatfocvcr,
fhall at any Time hereafter be made or done by the
Proprietary and Governor of this Province and
Territories thereunto belonging, his Heirs or Af-
figns, or by the Freemen in provincial Council or
Afiembly, to alter, change, ordiminifh, the Form
or Effedt of this Charter, or any Part or Ciaufe
thereof, contrary to the true Intent and Meaning
thereof, without theConfent of the Proprietary and
Governor, his Heirs or Afligns, and Jtx Parts of
fez'en of the faid Freemen in provincial Council and
Aficmbly met.

XXV.

Five Ii^dian Nations, ^c.

261

XXV.

AND LASTLY, I the ^Mmiliam Peun,
Proprietary and Governor oi" the Province of Pen-
fylvania and Territories tlicreunto belong: t^s;, tor
me, my Heirs and AfTigns, have rolcnmly de-
clared, granted and confirmed, and do hereby Ib-
lemnly declare, grant and confirm, that neither I,
nor my Heirs nor Afligns, fiiail procure or do any
Thing or Things, whereby the Liberties in this
Charter contai ;d and cxprcffed, fliall be infringed
or broken : And if any Thing be procured by any
Perfon or Perfons, contrary to thefe Premifec, it
fliall be held of no Force or Effed. IN W I T-
N 1^'. S S whereof, I the faid JVilliam Penn^ at Phi-
ladelphia in Penfyhania^ have unto this prelent Char-
ter of Liberties fet my Hand and broad Seal, this
fecGud Day of the y^^W Month, in the Year of our
Lord one 'Thoufand fix Hundred Eighty and Three,
being the five and thirtieth Year of the King, and
the third Year of my Government.

WILLIAM PENN,

I' II IS within CHARTER, ivhich we have
difiirjfly heard read and thankfully received,
jhall he by us inviolably kept -, at Philadelphia,
the fecond Day of the fecond Month, one
Thoufand fix Hundred Eighty and Three.

The Members of the provincial Council prefent.

William Markham,
John Moll,
William llaige,
Chriftopher I^aylor-,
John Sinicock,
William Clayton,
Francis Whittwel,
TbojjMS Ilclme,

William Clark,
William Biles,
James Harrifon,
John Richardfon,
Philip-Thomas Lenman,

Sccr. Gov.
Richard Ingelo, CI. Coun.

The

262

7i?^ History of the

i:.

The Members of

Cafparus Harman,
John Darby,
Benjamin M^illiamSy
William Guefi,
Valentine Hollingfworthy
James Boyden^
Benuony Bijhop^
John Beazor, ■
John Hardingy
Andrews Bringfion^
Simon Irons,
John Woody
John CurtiSy
Daniel Brawny
William JFutcher,
John Kipjhaveny
Alexander Molejiiney
Robert Bracyy fen.
Thomas Bracy^
William Yardlyy
John HaJlingSy
Robert Wadey

the Affembly prefent
Thomas Ilajfald^
John Harty
Robert Hall,
Robert Bedwelly
William SimfmorCy
Samuel Darke,
Robert Lucas,
James WilliamSy
John Elunjion,
John Songhurfiy
John Hill,
Nicholas Walrty
Thomas Fitzwater,
John ClowSy
Luke Watfony
Jofeph Phipps,
Dennis Rotchford,
John Brinklair,
Henry Bowman,
Cornelius Verhoofe,
John Southworth, CI. ol
the Synod.

Some of the Inhabitants of Philadelphia prefcnt.

William Howely Henry Lewis,

Edmund Warner, Samuel Miles.

ri:

i^:^.

ire^ C H A R T E R ^/ the City 0/ P H I^
LAPELPHIA.

WIL L I AM PENNy Proprietary and Go-
vernor of the Province of Penjylvania, &c.
To all to whom thefe Prefents fhall come, fends
greeting. KNOW YE, That at the humble

Requeft

Five Indian Nations, Gfr.

Requeft of the Inhabitants and Settlers of this
Town of Philadelphia^ being fome of the firll Ad-
renturers and Purchafers withia thi«i Province, tor
their Encouragement, and for the more immediate
and entire Government of the faid Town, and bet-
ter Regulation of Trade therein : I have by Virtue
of the King's Letters Patent, under the Great Seal
of England^ ereded the faid Town into a Borough,
and by thefe Prefents do eredl the faid Town and
Borough of Philadelphia into a CITY-, which
faid City Ihall extend the Limits and Ik)iinds, as it
is laid out between Delaware and SI jlkill.

AND I do for me, my Heirs and AflTigns,
grant and ordain, that the Streets of the faid City,
fhall for ever continue as they are now laid out and
regulated •, and that the End of each Street extend-
ing into the River Delaware^ fhall be and continue
free for the Ufe and Service of the faid City, and
the Inhabitants thereof, who may improve the fame
for the bed Advantage of tl -: City, and build
Wharfs fo far out into the River there, as the
Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-council, herein
after mentioned, lliall fee meet.

AND I do nominate Edward Shippen to be the
prefent Mayor, who fhall fo continue until another
be chofen, as is herein after diredled.

AND I do hereby aflign and name Thomas Story
to be prefent Recorder, to do and execute all Things
which unto the Office of Recorder of the faid City
doth or may belong.

AND I do appoint Thomas Farmei' to be the
prefent Sheriff, and Robert Asjheton to be the pre-
fent Town-clerk, and Clerk of t^ie Peace, and
Clerk of the Court and Courts.

AND I do hereby name, conflitute, and ap-
point, Jojhua Carpenter, Griffith Jones, Anthony
Morris, Jofeph IVtlcox, Nathan Sta?ibury, Charles
Ready Thomas Mnjlers, and William Carter^ Citi-

S 4 zens

263

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264 7Z>t' History of the

zens and Inhabitants ot the faid City, to be the
prcfent Aldermen of the faid City ot" Philadelphia.

AND I do alfo nominate and appoint John
Parfons, JVtlUam Hudfou, JVilliam Lee^ Nehemiah
/IllcJiy 'Thomas Pafchal, John Bud, jun. Edward
Smouty Samuel Buckley^ James Jikinfon^ Pentecoft
Jeanne, hrancis Cook^ and Henry Badcocke^ to be the
twelve prcfent Common-council Men of the faid City.

AND 1 do by thefe Prefcnts, for me, my Heirs
and Succeflbrs, give, grant and declare, that the
faid Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common-
council Men tor the I'ime being, and they which
hereafter fliall be Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen aiu!
Common-council Men within the faid City, and
their Snccelfors, ior ever hereafter be and (hall be,
by Virtue of theie Prefents, one Body corporate
and politick in Deed, and by the Name of the
Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Philadel-
phia^ in the Province of Pcnfyhania : And them
by the Name of Mayor and Commonalty ot the
City of Philadelphia^ one Body politick and cor-
porate in Deed and in Name, 1 do for me, my
Heirs and Succeffors, fully create, conftitute and
confirm, by thefe Prefents ; and that by the fame
Name of Mayor and Commonalty of the City of
Philadelphia^ they may have perpetual Succeflion j
and tiiat they and their Succelfors, by the Name or
Miiyor and Commonalty of the City of Philadel-
phia^ be and at all Times hereafter fliall be Perfons
able and capable in Law, to have, get, receive,
and points. Lands and Tenements, Rents, Liber-
ties, Jurifdi6lior.s, Franchifes and Plereditaments,
to them and their Succeflbrs in Fee-fimple, at for
Term of Life, I^ives, Years, or otherwife •, and
alfo Goocis, Chattels, and other Things, of what
Nature, Kind, or Qiiality foever.

AND alio to give, grant, let, fell and afTign
the fame Lands, Tenements, Hereditaments, Goods,

Chattels

Five Indian Nations, &c.

Chattels, and to do and execute all other Things
about the fame, by the Name aforcfaid ; and alfo
that they be and fliall be for ever hereafter Pcrfons
able and capable in Law, to fue and be fued, plead
and be impleaded, anfwer and be anfwered unto,
defend and be defended, in all or any the Courts
and other Places, and before any Judges, Juilices,
and other Perfons whatfoever within the faid Pro-
vince, in all Manner of Actions, Suits, Complaints,
Pleas, Caufes and Matters whatfoever, and of what
Nature or Kind foever.

AND that it fhall and may be lawful to and for
the faid Mayor and Commonalty of the faid City
of Philadelphia, and their Succellbrs, for ever here-
after, to have and ufe one common Seal for the
fealing of all Bufmelfes touching the faid Corpora-
tion, and the fame from Time to 1 ime at their
Will and Pleafure to change or alter.

AND I do for me, my Heirs and Succeflbrs,
give, and by thefe Prefents, grant full Power and
Authority unto the Mayor, Recorder and Com-
mon-Council of the faid City of Philadelphia, or
any five or more of the Aldermen, and nine or
more of the Common-Council Men, the Mayor
and Recorder for the time being, or either of them,
being prefent, on the firfi third Day of the Week, in
the eighth Month yearly for ever hereafter, publickly
to meet at a convenient Room or Place within the
faid City, to be by them appointed for that Pur-
pofe, and then and there nominate, elcd and chufe
one of the Aldermen to be Mayor for that enfuing
Year.

AND alfo to add to the Number of Aldermtn and
Common-Council Men, fuch and fo many of thofe,
that by Virtue of thefe Pre fents fliall be admitted
Freemen of the laid City irom Time to Time, as
they the faid Mayor, Aldermen and Common-
Cguncil fliall fee Occafion.

AND

265

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2]66 ^h(^ History of the

AND that fuch Perfon who lliall be fo eleded
Mayor aforefaid, (hall within three Days next after
fuch Eledion, be prefented before the Governor of
this Province, or his Deputy for the time being,
and there fhall fubfcribe the Declarations and Pro-
feflion of his Chriftiaa Behef, according to the late
A6t of Parliament made in the firft Y^ar of King
fViliian^s Reign, entitled. An JSi for exempting
their Majejiies Subje5[s dijfenting f*'om the Church of
England, from the Penalties of certain Laws ; and
then and there the Mayor fo prefented, fhall make
hisfolcmn Affirmation and Engagement for the due
Execution of his Office.

AND that the Recorder, Sheriff, Aldermen,
and Common-council Men, and all other Officers
of the faid City, before they or any of them fhall
be admitted to execute their refpedive Offices,
fhall make and fubfcribe the faid Declarations and
Profeffion aforefaid, before the Mayor for the Time
being, and at the fame Time fhall be attefted for
the due Execution of their Offices refpedtively \
which Declarations, Promifes ai.d Atteftations, the
Mayor of the faid City for the Time being, is here-
by impowered to take and adminiftcr accordingly.

AND that the Mayor, Recorder and Alder-
men of the faid City, for the Time being, fhall be
Juftices of the Peace and Juftices of Oyer and Ter-
miner ; and are hereby impowered to a6l within the
laid City and Liberties thereof accordingly, as fully
and amply as any Juftice or Juftices of the Peace
or Oyer and Terminer, can or may do within the
faid Province.

A ^"^ D that they or any four or more of them
(whereof the Mayor and Recorder of the faid City
for the Time being, Ihall be tivo) fliall and may
for ever hereafter have Power and Authority, by
Virtue of thefe Preftnts, to hear and enquire into
all and all Manner gf Treafons, Murthers, Man-

flaughters,

Kk s

Five Indian Nations, (^c,

flaughters, and all Manner of Felonies and other
Crimes and Offences, Capital and Criminal, what-
loever, according to the Laws of this Province and
of the Kingdom of England, with Power alfo to
Jicar and determine all petty Larcenies, Routs,
Kiots, unlawful Afftmblies ; and to try and punifh
all Perfons that fhall be convidled for Drunkennefs,
Swearing, Scolding, breaking the Peace, or fuch
like Offences, which are by the Laws of this Pro-
vince to be punifhed by Fine, Imprifonment or
Whipping ; with Power alfo to award Proccfs againft
all Rioters and Breakers of the Peace, and to bind
them, and all other Offenders and Perfons of evil
Fame, to the Peace or good Behaviour, as any
Juftice or Juftices of the Peace can do, without
being accountable to me or my Heirs, for any Fines
or Amerciaments to be impofed for the faid Offences
or any of them.

AND I do hereby impower them or 2x\y four
of them (whereof the Mayor and Recorder for the
Time beings (hall be two) with the City Sheriff and
Town-clerk, to hold and keep a Court of Record,^
Quarterly, or oftener, if they fee Occafion, for the
enquiring, hearing and determining of the Pleas
and Matters aforefaid •, and upon their own View,
or after a legal Procedure in fome of thofe Courts,
to caufe all Nuifances and Encroachments in the
Streets of the faid City to be removed, and punifh
the Parties concerned, as the Law and Ufage in
fuch Cafes fhall require.

AND! do by thefe Prefents affign and ap-
point, that the prefent Mayor, Recorder, and Al-
dermen herein before-mentioned, be the prefent
Juftices of the Peace, and Oyer and Terminer,
within the faid City ; and that they and all others
that fhall be Mayors, Recorders and Aldermen of
the faid City for the Time being, fhall have full
Power and Authority, and are hereby impowered

4 aiid

ity

•I III".

6g T'^e History of tbe

and authorized, without any further or other Com-
milTion. to be Juftices of the Peace, and of Oyer
and Terminer, within the faid City for ever •, and
fliall alfo be Juftices of the Peace, and the Mayor
and Recorder Ihall be of the ^wriim of the Juftices
of the County Courts, Qtiarter-fefTions, Oy^r and
Terminer, and 'Goal Delivery, in the fiiid County
of Philadelphia'^ and fliall have full Power to award
Procefs, bind to the Peace or Behaviour, or com^
init to Prifon, for any Matter or Caufe, anfing
without the faid City and within the Body of the
Aforefaid County, as Occafion Ihall require ; and to
caufe Kalendars to be made of fuch Prifoners,
which, together with all Recognizances and Ex-
aminations taken before them, for or concerning
any Matter or Caufe not determinable by them,
fiiall be duly returned to the Judges or Juilices of
the faid County, in their relpedive Courts where
the fame ftiall be cognizable.

AND that it may be lawful to and for the faid
Mayor and Commonalty and their Succeflbrs, when
they fee Occafion, to eret^ a Goal or Prilbn and
Court-houfe within the faid City.

AND that the Mayor and Recorder for the
Time being, fhall have, and by thefe Prefents have
Power to take Recognizance of Debts there, ac-
cording to the Statute of Merchants, and of Adion
Burncl; and to ule and affix the common Seal
thereupon, and to all Certificates concerning the
fame.

AND that it may be lawful to and for the
Mayor of the faid City, for the Time being, for
rver hereafter to nominate, and from Time to Time
appoint the Clerk of the Market, who fliall have
Airize of Bread, Wine, Beer, Wood, and other
Things ; and to do, execute and perform all 'I'hings
belonging to the Clerk of the Market within the
faid City.

A N D

^i\

Five Indian Nations, ^c.

A N D I will that the Coroners to be cliQfen by
the County of Philadelphia for the Time being,
fhall hn Coroners of the faid City and Liberties
thereof i but that the Freemen and Inhabitants of
the faid City (hall from Time to Time, as often as
Occafion be, have equal Liberty with the Inhabi-
tants of the faid County, to recommend or chufe
Perfons to ferve in the refpedive Capacities of Co-
roners and Sheriffs for the County of Philadelphia^
who fhall refide within the faid City.

AND that the Sheriff or the faid City and
County for the Time being, fliall be the Water-
Bailiff, who Ihall and may execute and perform all
Things belonging to the Officer of Water-Bailiff,
upon Delazvare River, and all other navigable Ri-
vers and Creeks within the faid Province.

AND in Cafe the Mayor of the faid City for
the Time being, fliall, during the Time of his
Mayoralty, miibehave himfelf, or mifgovcrn in
that Office, I do hereby impower the Recorder,
Aldermen and Common-council Men, or fvc of
the Aldermen and nine of Lhe Common-council
Men of the faid City of Philadelphia^ for the l^ime
being, to remove fuch ^ayor from his Office ot
Mayoralty •, and in fuch Cafe, or in Cafe of the
Dtath of the faid Mayor for the Time being, that
then another fit Perfon fhall, mth'infou} Days ncxc
after fuch Death or Removal, be chofcn iii Manner
;is is above direded for eleding of Mayors, in the
Place of him fo dead or removed.

AND left there fhould be a Failure of Juftice
or Government in the laid City, in fuch Interval, I
do hereby appoint. That the eldctl Akierman for
the Time being, fliall take upon him tnc Office of
a Mayor there, and fhall excrcif;? the fame till ano-
ther Mayor becholcn as ai'orrlaielv and in Cafe of
the Difability of fuch tldcft Akierman, then the

269

ill

f^o ^he History of the

next in Seniority, (hall take upon him the faid Of-
fice of Mayor, to cxcrcife the fame as aforefaid.

AND in Cafe the Recorder, or any of the
Aldermen or Common-council Men of or belong-
ing to the faid City, for the Time beings fhall mif-
behave him or themfelves in their refpedlive Offices
and Places, they fhall be removed and others chofen
in their Stead, in Manner following, that is to fa)\
The Recorder for the Time being, may be re-
moved (for his Mifbehaviour) by the Mayor, and
two thirds of the Aldermen and Common-council
Men refpedively ; and in Cafe of fuch Removal or
of the Death of the Recorder, then to chufe ano-
ther fit Perfon fkilled in. the Law, to be the Re-
corder there, and fo to continue during Pleafure as
aforefaid.

AND the Alderman fo mifbehaving himfelf,
may be removed by the Mayor, Recorder and nine
of the Aldermen and Common- council Men ; and
in Cafe of fuch Removal or Death, then within
fow Days after, to chufe a fit Perfon or Perfons to
fupply fuch Vacancies -, and the Common-council
Men, Conftables, and Clerk cf the Market, for
Mifbehaviour, fhiU be removed and others chofen,
as is directed in the Cafe of Aldermen.

AND I do alio, for me and my SuccefTors, by
tnefe Prefcnts, grant to the faid Mayor and Com-
monalty, and tlieir SuccefTors, that if any of the
Citizens of the faid City, fhall be hereafter nomi-
nated, elected, and choftn to the Office of Mayor,
Aldermen and romrnon-couucil Men as aforefaid,
and having Notice of his or their Eledion, fhall re-
fufe to undertake and execute that Office to which
he is fo chofen, that then, and fo often it fhall and
may be lawful for the Mayor and Recorder, Alder-
men and Common-council Men, or the m^jor Part
cf the Aldermen aiul Common-council Men for the
Time being, according to their Difcrction, to im-

pof:;

Five Indian Natioj^s, Gfr.

pofe fuch moderate Fines upon fuch Refufers, fo as
the Mayor's Fine exceed not forty Pounds, the Al-
derman's fi%)e and thirty Pounds, and Common-
council Men twenty Pounds, and other Officers pro-
portionably, to be levied by Diftrefs and Sale, by
Warrant under the common Seal, or by other law-
ful Ways, to the Ufe of the faid Corporation.

AND in fuch Cafes it Ihall be lawful to chufe
others to fupply the Defeats of fuch Refufers, in
Manner as is as above direded for Eleftions.

AND that it fhall and may be lawful to and for
the Mayor, Recordt^r, and at leaft three Aldermen
for the Time being, from Time to Time, lb often
as they fhall find Occafion, to fummon a Common-
council of the faid City.

AND that no Affembly or Meeting of the faid
Citizens, fhall be deemed or accounted a Common-
council, unlefs the faid Mayor and Recorder, and
at leafl three of the Aldermen for the Time being,
and nine of the Common-council Men be prefent.

AND alfo that the faid Mayor, Recorder, Al-
dermen and Common-council Men for the Time
being, from Time to Time, at their Common-
council, fhall have Power to admit fuch and fo many
Freemen into their Corporation and Society as they
fhall think fit.

A N D to make (and they may make, ordain,
conflitute and eftablilli) fuch and fo many good and
reafonable Laws, Ordinances and Conflitutions (not
repugnant to the Laws of England and this Go-
vernment) as to the greater Part of them at fuch
Common-council afTembled (where the Mayor and
Recorder for the Time being, are to be always pre-
fent) ihall feem neceffary and convenient for the
Government of the faid Ciiy.

AND the fame Laws, Ordinances, Orders and
Conflitutions fo to be made, to put in Ulb and Ex-
ecution accordingly, by the proper Officers of the

faid

'■'■»

271

SAW/*

7]6f History of fbe

faid City, and at their Pleafure to revoke, alter^
and make anew, as Occafion (hall require.

AND alfo impofe fuch Mul(5l;s and Amercia-
ments upon the Breakers of fuch Laws and Ordi-
nances, as to thpm in their Difcretion fhall be
thought rcafonable ; which Mul6ls, as alfo all other
Fines and Amerciaments to be fet or impofed by-
Virtue of the Powers granted, fhall be levied as
above is direded in Cafe of Fincs^ to the Ufe of
the faid Corporation^ without rendering any Ac-
count thereof to me, my Heirs and Succeflbrs ;
with Power to the Common-council aforefaid, to
mitigate, remit, or relcafe fuch Fines and Muldls,
upon the SubmilTion of the Parties. Provided al-
ways. That no Perfon or Perfons hereafter, fliall
have Right of eledling or being eleded, by Virtue
of thefe Prefents, to any Office or Place judicial or
minifterial, nor lliall be admitted Freemen of the
faid City, unlefs they be free Denizens of this Pro-
vince, and are of the Age of twenty-one Years or
upwards, and are Inhabitants of the faid City, and
have an Eftate of Inheritance or Freehold therein,
or are ^onh fifty Pounds in Money, or other Stock,
and have been refident in the faid City for the Space
of two Years, or fhall purchafe their Freedom of
the Mayor and Commonalty aforefaid.

AND I do further grant to the faid Mayor and
Commonalty of the City of Philadelphia^ that they
and their Succeflbrs, fliall and may for ever here-
after hold and keep within the faid City, in every
Week of the Year, tzvo Market-days, the one upon
the fourth Day of the Week, and the other upon
thefevefilh Day of the Week, in fuch Place or
Places as is, fnali, or may be appointed for that
Purpofc, by tlic faid Commonalty or their Succef-
fors, from Time to Time.

AND alfo two Fairs therein every Year, the
one of them to begin on the fifteenth Day of the

third

'•i

Five Indian Nations, &c.

third Month, called A%, yearly, and fo to be held
ir. ^nd about the Market-place, and continue for
that Day and two Days next following •, and the
other of the faid Fairs to be held in the aforefaid
Place on the ftxteenth Day of the ninth Month
yearly, and for two Days next after.

AND I do for me, my Heirs and Afligns, by
Virtue of the King's Letters Patenr, make, eredt
and conftitute the faid City of Philadelphia^ to be
a Port or Harbour for difcharging and unlading of
Goods and Merchandize out of Ships, Boats, and
other VefTels; and for landing and (hipping them in
or upon fuch and fo many Places, Keys and Wharfs
there, as by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-
council of the faid City, fball from Time to Time
be thought moft expedient for the Accommodation
and Service of the Officers of the Cuftoms, in the
Management of the King's Affairs and Prefervation
of his Duties, as well as for Conveniency of Trade.

AND I do ordain and declare, that the faid
Port or Harbour fhall be called the Port of Phila-
delphia^ and fliall extend and be accounted to extend
into all fuch Creeks, Rivers, and Places within this
Province, and fhall have fo many Wharfs, Keys,
Landing-places and Members belonging thereto,
for landing and fhipping of Goods, as the faid
Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-council for the
Time being, with the Approbation of the chief
Officer or Officers of the King's Cuflonis, Ihall
from Time to Time think fit to appoint.

AND I do alfo ordain, that the Landing-places
now and heretofore ufed at the Penny-pot -hoiife and
Blue-anchor^ faving to all Perfons tiieir jui'l and le-
gal Right and Properties in the J^ands fo to be
open ; as alfo the Swamp between /W's Bulluings
and the Society-hilU fhall be 1-fc open and common
for the Ufe and Service of the laid City and all
Others, with Liberty to dig Docks and make Har-

T . bours

273

.-ft'

t* r

274 ^^^ History of the

hours for Ships and Veffels, in all or any Part of the
faid Swamp.

AND I do hereby grant, that all the vacant
Land within the Bounds and Limits of the faid
City, fhall remain open as a free Common of Paf-
ture, for the Ufe of the Inhabitants of the faid
City, until the fame (hall be gradually taken in, in
order to build or improve thereon, and not other-
wife. Provided always^ That nothing herein con-
tained, (hall debar me or my Heirs in Time to
come, from fencing in all the vacant Lands that
lie between the Center Meeting- houfe and the Schuyl-
kill which I intend (hall be divided from the Land
by me allotted for Delaware Side, by a ftrait Line
along the Broad-ftreet from Edward Sbippenh Land
through the Center Square by Daniel Pegg^s Land ;
nor fhall the fencing or taking in any of the Streets,
happening to be within that Inclofure on Skuylkil^
be deemed or adjudged to be an Incroachment,
where it fhall not interfere or flop any of the Streets
or PafTages leading to any of the Houfes built or to
be built on that Side, any Thing herein contained
to the contrary notwithftanding.

AND I do grant, that this prefent Charter,
fliall, in all Courts of Law and Equity, be con-
llrued and taken moil favourably and beneficially,
for the faid Corporation.

IN WITNESS whereof, I have hereunto
fet my Iland, and caufed my great Seal to be af-
fixed. Dated at Philadelphia xhtfive and twentieth
Day of O£lober^ Anno Domini one Thoufatjd feven
Hundred and One^ and in the thirteenth Year of the
Reign of King WILLIAM the "Thirds over
England^ &;c. and the one and twentieth Year of
my Government.

WILLIAM PENN.

5 I

Tkt

vacant
the faid

of Paf-
the faid
n in, in
)t other-
ein con-
rime to
mds that
le Schuyl-
the Land
:rait Line
?«'s Land
y's Land ;
le Streets,
L Skuylkily
)achment,
ihe Streets
milt or to
contained

Charter,
be con-
ineficially,

hereunto
to be af-

twentietb
'and /even
ear of the
ird^ over
tb Year of

P£JViV.

Five Indian Nations, &c* 275

TZ'^ CHARTER 0/' PRIVILEGES

granted by William Penn, Efq-, to tlje
- Inhabitants of Penfylvania and 'Territories.

WILLIAM PENN, Proprietary and Go-
vernor of the Province of Penfylvania y and
Territories thereunto belonging. To all to whom
thefe Prefents Ihall come, fendeth Greetini^.
WHEREAS King CHARLES the Second,
by his Letters Patents j under the Great Seal of
England, bearing Date the fourth Day of March,
in the Year one ^houfand fix Hundred and Eighty,
was gracioufly pleafed to give and grant unto me,
and my Heirs and Affigns for ever, this Province of
Penfylvania, with divers great Powers and Jurif-
didtions for the well Government thereof.

AND WHEREAS the King's deareft Bro-
ther, JAMES Duke of TORKand ALBA NT,
&c. by his Deeds of Feoffment, under his Hand
and Seal duly perfedted, bearing Date the twenty-
fourth Day of Augufiy one Thoufand fix Hundred
Eighty and ^wo, did grant unto me, my Heirs and
Afligns, all that Trad: of Land, now called the
Territories of Penfylvania, together with Powers
and Jurifdiftions for the good Government thereof.
AND WHEREAS for the Encouragement
of all the Freemen and Planters, that might be
concerned in the faid Province and Territories, and
for the good Government thereof, I the faid Wil-
liam Penn, in the Year one I'houfandfix Hundred
Eighty and 'Three, for me, my Heirs and Afligns,
did grant and confirm unto all the Freemen, Plann-
ers and Adventurers therein, divers Liberties, Fran-
chifes and Properties, as by the faid Grant, enti-
tuled, The FRAME of the Government of the
Province of Penfylvania, and Territories t hereunto

T 2 bdongin^y

276 ^he History of the

belongings \n America^ may appear; which Charter
or Frame being found in lume Parts ot it, not fo
fuitable to the prefcnt Circumftances of the Inhabi-
tants, was in the third Month, in the Year one
Thoiifand feven Hundred^ delivered up to me, hy Jix
V^riso^ Jeven of the Freemen of this Province and
Territories, in general A ffembly met, Provifion be-
ing made in the faid Charter, for that End and
Purpofe.

AND WHEREAS I was then pleafed to
promife. That I would reftore the faid Charter to
them again, with necefiary Alterations, or in Lieu
thereof, give them another, better adapted to an-
fwer the prefent Circumftances and Conditions of
the faid Inhabitants •, which they have now, by
their Repiefentatives in general AiTembly, met at
Philudelphia^ requefted me to grant.

KNOW YE THEREFORE, Thatforthc
further Well-being and good Government of the
faid Province, and Territories ; and in Purfuance
of the Rights and Powers before-mentioned, I the
faid William Penn do declare, grant and confirm,
unto all the Freemen, Planters and Adventurers,
and other Inhabitants in this Province and Territo-
ries, thefe following Liberties, Franchifes and Pri-
vileges, fo far as in me lietii, to be held, enjoyed
and kept, by the Freemen, Planters and Adven-
turers, and other Inhabitants of and in the faid Pro-
vince and Territories thereunto annexed, for ever.

FIRST.
BECAUSE no People can be truly happy,
though under the greateft Enjoyment of civil Li-
berties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Con-
fciences, as to their religious Profefllon and Wor-
fhip : And Almighty God being the only Lord of
Confcience, Father of Lights and Spirits, and the
Author as well as Objed of all divine Knowledge,

Faith

I .1

Five Indian Nations, &c.

Faith and Worfliip, who only doth cnligliten the
Minds, and ptrfuade and convince the Uncltrdand-
ings oF People, I do hereby grant and declare.
That no Peribn or Perfons, inhabiting in this Pro-
vince or Territories, who fhall confels and acknow-
ledge One Almighty God, the Creator, Upholder
and Ruler of the World ; and protels him or tliem-
{dv^ obliged to live quietly under the civil Go-
vernment, fha!l be in any Cafe molcfted or preju-
diced, in his or their Peribn or Eltate, becaufe of
his or their confcientious Perfuafion or Pradice,
nor be compelled to Irequent or maintain any rcH-
gious Worlhip, Place or Miniftry, contrary to his
or their Mind, or to do or fuflfer any other Act or
Thing, contrary to their religious Perfuafion.

AND that all Perfons who alfo profefs to believe
in Jefus Cbriji, the Saviour of the World, Ihall be
capable (notwithftanding their other Perfuafions
and Praftices in Point of Confcience and Religion)
to ferve this Government in any Capacity, both le-
giflatively and executively,, he or they folemnly
promifing, when lawfully required. Allegiance to
the King as Sovereign, and Fidelity to the Pro-
prietary and Governor, and taking the Attefts as
now eltabliftied by the Law made at Newcajlle in
the Year one Thoufand and feven Hundred^ entitled.
An A£l directing the Attefis of Jeveral Officers and
Minijiers^ as nozv amended and confirmed by this pre-
Cent Alfembly.

II.

FOR the well governing of this Province and
Territories, there Ihall be an Aflembly yearly cho-
fen, by the Freemen thereof, to conlift oi four
Perfons out of each County, of moft Note for Vir-
tue, Wifdom and Ability, (or of a greater Num-
ber at any Time, as the Governor and Aflfembly
fhall agree) upon the firji Day of O^ober for ever ;
and fhall fit on the fourteenth Day of the fame

T 3 , Month,

277

•fl i
'♦1

278 T/je History of the

Month, at Pbiladelpbia, unlefs the Governor and
Council for the Time being, (hall fee Caufe to ap-
point another Place within the faid Province or Ter-
ritories : Which Affembly fhall have Power tochufe
a Speaker and other their Officers ; and fhall be
Judges of the Qualifications and E'edlions of their
own Members ; fit upon their own Adjournments ;
appoint Committees ; prepare Bills in order to pafs
into Laws •, impeach Criminals, and rcdrefs Griev-
ances i and ftiall have all other Powers and Privile-
ges of an Aflembly, according to the Rights of
the free-born Siibjeds of England, and as is ufual
in any of the King's Plantations in America.

A N D if any County or Counties, fhall refufe
or negleift to chufe their refpedive Reprefentativcs
as aforcfaid, or if chofen, do not meet to f^rve in
AfiTembJy, thofe who are fo chofen and met, fliall
have the full Power of an AflJcmbly, in as ample
Manner as if all the Reprefentativcs had been cho*
fen and met, provided they are not lefs than iwa
Thirds of the whole Number that ought to meet.

AND that the Qtiahfications of Eledlors and
Elefted, and all other Matters and Things relating
to Elections of Reprefentativcs to ferve in Affem-
blies, though : t herein particularly expreflfed, fhall
be and remain as by a Law of this Government,
made at New-Caftle in the Year one Thouf and f even
Hundred^ entitled. An A£t to afcertain the Number
of Members of Affembly^ and to regulate the Ele£iions,

III.
THAT the Freemen in each refpeflive Coun-
ty, at the Time and Place of meeting for electing
their Reprefentativcs to ferve in AfTembly, may as
often as there fhall be Occafion, -^hufe a double
Number of Perfons to prefent to the Governor for
Sheriffs and Coroners, to ferve for three Years, if
fo long they behave themfelvcs well 5 out of which

refpedtive

Five Indian Nations, &c.

rcfpeftive Eledions and Prefentments, the Gover-
nor fhall nominate and commilTiOnate one for each
of the faid Oiwces, the ibird Day after fuch Pre-
fcntment, or clfe the firjl named in fuch Prefent-
ment, for each Office as aforefaid, fhall (land and
ferve in that Office for the Time before refpedively
limited -, and in Cafe of Death or Default, fuch
Vacancies (hail be fupplied by the Governor, to
ferve to the End of the faid Term.

PROVIDED ALWAYS, That if the faid
Freemen, fhall at any Time negleft or decline to
chufe a Perfon or Perfons for either or both the afore-
faid Offices, then and in fuch Cafe, the Perfons
that are or fhall be in the refpedive Offices of She-
riffs or Coroners, at the Time of Eleftion, fhall re-
main therein, until they fhall be removed by ano-
ther Eledion as aforefaid.

AND that the Juflices of the refpedive Coun--
ties, fhall or may nominate and prefent to the Go-
vernor three Perfons, to ferve for Clerk of the
Peace for the faid County, when there is a Vacancy,
one of which the Governor fhall commiflionate,
within ten Days> after fuch Prefentment, or dk the
Jirft nominated, fhall ferve in the faid Office during
good Behaviour.

IV.

THAT the Laws of thij Government fhall be
in this Stile, viz. By tb-; Governor, with the Con-
fent and Approbation of the Freemen in General Af^
fembly met ; and fhall be, after Confirn.ation by the
Governor, forthwith recorded in the Rolls-office,
and kept at Philadelphia^ unlefs the Governor and
Affembly fhall agree to appoint another Place.

THAT all Criminals fhall have the fame Pri-
vileges of Witneffes and Council as their Profe-
cutors.

T 4 VL

279

28o

The History of the

' I

VI.

THAT no Pcilon or Perfons fhall or may, at
any Time hereafter, be obliged to anfwer any Com-
plainr, Matter or Thing whatfoever, relating to
Property, before the Governor and Council, or in
any other Piacr, but in ordinary Courfe of Juflice,
unl^rfs Appeals thereunto fhall be hereafter by Law
appointed. - \

VII.
T H /j T no Perfon within this Government,
fhall be licenced by (he Governor to keep an Ordi-
nary, Tavern, or H'^ufe of publick Entertainment,
but fuch who are firft recommended to him, under
the Hands of the Juftices of the refpedlive Coun-
ties, figned in open Court •, which Juftices are and
Ihali be hereby impowered, to fupprefs and forbid
any Perfon, keeping fuch Pubiick-houfe as afore-
faid, upon their Mifbehaviour, on fuch Penalties
as the Law doth or fhall diredl ; and to reconmend
others from Time to Time, as they ihall fee Oc-
cafion.

VIII.
I F any Perfon, through Temptation or Me-
lancholy, fhall deftroy himfelf, his Eftate, real and
perfonal, fliall notwithftanding dcfcend to his Wife
and Children, or Relations, as if he had died a na-
tural Death •, and if any Perfon fhall be deflroyed
or killed by Cafualty or Accident, there fliall be no
Forfeiture to the Governor by Reafon thereof.

AND no A6>, Law or Ordinance whatfoever,
fhall at any Time hereafter, be made or done, to
alter, change or diminifh the Form or Effedt of this
Charter, or of any Part or Claufe therein, con-
trary to the true Intent and Meaning thereof, with-
out the Confent of the Governor for the Time be-
'ing, and^^ Parts oi fcven of the AfTembly met.

BUT

X -v \

may, at
ny Com-
ating to
-i), or in

Juflice,
by Law

rnment,
an Ordi-
ainment,

, under
e Coim-

are and

I forbid
a fore-
Penalties
)nmend
fee Oc-

or Me-
•cal and
is Wife
d a na-
ftroyed
;l be no
f.

foever,
ne, to
of this
, con-
with-
ne be-
ict.

tUT

Five Indian Nations, &c,

BUT becaufe the Happinefs of Mankind de-
pends fo much upon the enjoying of Liberty of
their Confciences as aforefaid, I do hereby folemnly
declare, promife and grant, for me, my Heirs and
Afligns, that the firjl Article of this Charter re-
lating to Liberty of Confcience, and every Part and
Claufe therein, according to the true Intent and
Meaning thereof, (hall be kept and remain without
any Akcration, inviolably for ever.

AND LASTLY, I the faid William Penn,
Proprietary and Governor of the Province of Pen^
fyhania^ and Territories thereunto belonging, fcxr
myfelf, my Heirs and Affigns, have folemnly de-
clared, granted and confirmed, and do hereby fo-
lemnly declare, grant and confirm. That neither I,
my Heirs or Afligns, Ihall procure or do any Thing
or Thing§, whereby the Liberties in this Charter
contained and exprefled, nor any Part thereof, (hall
be infringed or broken : And if any Thing fhall be
procured or done, by any Perfon or Perfons, con-
trary to th'-fe Prefents, it fhall be held of no Force
or EfFea.

IN WITNESS whereof, I the faid miliam
Penn, at Philadelphia in Penjylvania, have unto
this prefent Charter of Liberties, let my Hand and
broad Seal, this twenty-eighth Day of 0£fcber^ in
the Year of qur Lord, one Thoufand feven Hundred
and One, being the thirteenth Year of the Reign of
King WILLIAM the Third, o^tv England, Scot-
land, France, and Ireland, &c. and the tzventy-jirjl
Year of my Government.

AND NOTWITHSTANDING the
Clofure and Ted of this prefent Charter as afore-
faid, I think fit to add this following Provifo there-
unto, as Part of the fame. That is to fay. That
notwithftanding any Claufe or Claufes in the above*
mentioned Charter, obliging the Province and
Territories, to join together in Legiflation, I am

content,

201

■ ■\

282 Tie History of the

content, and do hereby declare. That if the Reprc-
fentatives of the Province and Territories ihall not
hereafter agree to join together in Legiflation, and
that the fame fliail be fignified unto me, or my De*
puty, in open AffembJy, or otherwife, from under
the Hands and Seals of the Reprefentatives, for the
Time being, of the Province and Territories, or
the major Part of either of them, at any Time
within ihree Years from the Date hereof, that in
fuch Cafe, the Inhabitants of each of the ibree
Counties of this Province, fhall not have lefs than
eight Perfons to reprefent them in Aflembly, for
the Province ; and the Inhabitants of the Town of
Philadelphia (when the faid Town is incorporated)
two Perfons to reprefent them in Aflemuly -, and
the Inhabitants of each County in the Territories,
ihall have as many Perfons to reprefent them, in a
diftindl Aflembly for the Territories, as (hall be by
them requefted as aforefaid.

NOTWITHSTANDING which Separa-
' tion of the Province and Territories, in Refped of
Legiflation, I do hereby promife, grant and de-
clare. That the Inhabitants of both Province and
Territories, fliall feparatcly enjoy all other Liber-
ties, Privileges and Benefits, granted jointly to
them in this Charter, any Law, Ufage, or Cufl:om
of this Government heretofore made and prad:ifed,
or any Law made and pafled by this General Af-
fembly, to the contrary hereof notwithftanding.

WILLIAM PENN.

^HIS CHARTER of PRIVILEGES

being diftin^fly read in AJfembly^ and the whole
and every Part thereof, being approved of and
agreed to, by us, we do thankfully receive the
fame from eur Proprietary and Governor, at
Philadelphia, this twenty-eighth Day of Oc-
tober,

f^ 4

Five Indian Nations, &ci

tober, one Thoufand feven Hundred and One.
Signed on Behalf y and by Order of the /iffembly^

per Jofeph Growdon, Speaker.

iSi

Edward Shippen^
Phineas Pemherton^
Samuel Carpenter^
Griffith Owen^
Caleb Pufey,
tbomas Story^

1
J

.Proprietary and Gover-
^ nor*s Council.

FINIS.

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»k; 1;'

^bis Day is puhlijhedy

ALETHIA: Or, A General Syftem of Mo-
ral Truths and Natural Religion. Contained
in the Letters of SE LI MA, Emprefsof the Turks,
to her Daughter ISABELLA, at Grand Cairo.
With Hiftorical and Critical Notes, .v. >.

By Richard Murray, A. M. and J. U. B.

^id vcrum atque decens, Curo, & RogOy omnis in
hoc fum. *

Printed for T. Osborne, in Gray's-Inn.

This Day is puhlijhed^

Beautifully printed, in a mat Pocket yolume. Price
2 s. few\d, or 2 s. 6. d. bound,

A JOURNEY through Part of England
and Scotland along with the Army, under
the Command of his Royal Highnefs the Duke of
Cumberland. Wherein the Proceedings of the
Army, and the happy Suppreflion of the Rebel-
lion in the Year 1746, are particularly defcribed:
As alfo, the Natural Hillory and Antiqi^iities of
the feveral Places pafied through. Together with
the Manners and Cuftoms ot the differc.it People,
efpecially of the Highlanders. By a Volunteer.
Com p riled in feveral Letters to a Friend ip
Loneion.

Printed for T, Osborne, in Gray's-Inn,

fcf'

m of Mo-
Contained
he Turks,
md Cairo.

. U. B.

, omms in

Inn.

fje. Price

POLAND

y^ under
Duke of
s of the
; Rebel-
sfcribed.
Liities of
ler with
People,

NTEER.

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