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'■\.t. 
 
 
 
 '> ■ 
 
 
 
 OVERTHElSTERCOLOiMAL 
 
 
 ■ - . - ^'^/:- '.. ■ V'; ;' ■-^,B•:^•J>^• ^ , ;'.* '■7'•>^?-'•.^:• 
 
 ^ 
 
 AETIOLES ON THE MINING INDUSTEIES 
 
 
 TO VA SCOTIA &^EW BRUSSWICK 
 
 
 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF THE CITIES OF ST. JOHN AND HALIFAX. 
 
 
 > FRED. J. HAMILTON, 
 
 
 (5'ijeciai Corretpondent) 
 
 
 REI'RINTBD FROM TlIK MONTREAI. " OAaSTTS." 
 
 t 
 
 * 
 
 j 
 
 MONTREAL; • 
 
 ■ 
 
 "OAZETTK" PRINTING HOUSE, NF:vT TUB POSTUFFICE. 
 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 
 
 .- ■■ .■•:., f..- 
 
 ;.- ^ 
 
mm 
 
 ESOT-A^BIjISSEID 1871. 
 
 GENERAL INSURANCE AGENCY, 
 
 51 PRINCESS STBEET, ST. JOHN, N. B. 
 
 Fire, Life, IVIarine, Accident and Guarantee In- 
 surance effected on the most favorable ternfis- 
 
 '^' ■.■■' >^- 
 
 REPRESENTS HOME COMPANIES ONLY. 
 
 The Citizen's Insurance Company of 'Canada, 
 
 HEAD OFFICE: MONTREAL. 
 
 EstaKmsheJ) 1S64. 
 
 FIRE, LIFE. ACCIDENT AND GUARANTEE, 
 
 Capital .. .. .. 
 
 Deposited with Dominion GoTem^ment 
 
 ..-- $a,ooo,ooo.oo 
 
 103,000.00 
 
 ' Sir Hugh Allan, •• PresWent. 
 
 Ai)Oi.ptt Roy, ■•■ *a •• .... Vke-President. 
 
 DiREC-rORS. 
 ROBT. ASDERSON, N- B- CoRSE, HeNRY LrSfAN. 
 
 Canada Fire and IVIarine Insurance Company, 
 
 HEAD OFFICE: HAMILTON, ONT, 
 
 ESTABUSHM) 1S74. 
 
 Ca[Hta( -• .. .. Vy .. .. ; ,•• ' •' • 
 
 Deposited wHh the Dominion Government • • . . ■ , . 
 
 John Winkr, Esq., (of Messrs. J. Winer & Co.f .. .. 
 
 Geo. Roach. F»q., Mnyor fif Hamilton, 
 
 D. Thompson, Esq., M. P., County of Haldinoand 
 
 Chas. D. Cory, Pecretary and Mmager. 
 
 ..: $5,000,000:00 
 SOOOGOO 
 
 '. President, 
 f Vice-Presidents. 
 
 The Mutual Life Association of Canada, 
 
 HEAD OFFICE: HAMILTON, ONT. 
 
 TEE ONLY PURELY MUTUAL CAJiADlAN LIFE COMPANY. 
 
 Deposited wilh Dominion Governnnent $50,000.00. 
 
 LOCAL DIRECTORS. 
 
 For Ni!w Kruxswick. Fob Nova Scotia. For P. E. Island. 
 
 His Honor S. L. Tilley, Hon. Alex. K ith, P. C. L. Hon. L. C. Owen- 
 Lieut. Oov. New JJruns'k. Hon. Jeremiah Northiii-, Hon. Th« s. W. iJodd. 
 C. H. Fai"weath«r, l sq., HonllW. Smith, At. Gen. Hon. 1). Laird, Min Interior. 
 .Meliooti Esq., M P- Thos. Kenncy, Esq, Alaloolm McLeod, E.'q. 
 
 lleo 
 
 Himeon Janes. Esq. 
 Hon. Win. KeHey, 
 L. P. Fisher, Esq. "^ 
 
 Cathcart 'Ihompson, Esq- John Quirk, E.-'q. 
 
 J, DesBrisay, Esq. 
 
 Vivian W. Tipfkt, Agt .Fredericton. N.B. 
 
 Wm. SKiLtKN, Agt. Woodstock, N.B. 
 
 M. K. Benson, Agt Chnthatn, N.B. 
 
 C. N. Vhoom, Agt 8t. Stephen.N.B. 
 
 IL-EIJ^ 
 
 W. \\ .(iTLorK, Jr., Agt. St Andrews, N.B* 
 
 11. W. SmiXEJi, ARt St. Martins, N.B 
 
 C. 1). Jordan, Broker. ... St. John. N.B" 
 J. T. Cabfevter, " ..Indianp.town, N.B' 
 
 J«.. 
 
 General AuEnt and Brokeb, 
 51 Princess S1ret;tj Ht. Jqbi, N.B. 
 XiNM to amy tunannt placed irithout eartra <;/ieir(7e«< , *. 
 
 iiitjySn.^ iiHy 
 
 K ' -*;-* •■';'- ■ 
 
 i: 
 
A TRIP 
 
 '->,'- f, 
 
 OVER THE INTEROOLONIAL 
 
 
 ARTICLES ON THE KmiMG INDUSTRIES 
 
 OF 
 
 NOYA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUI^SWICK 
 
 WTTH 
 
 -.■ rjp-j^S^M^ /«kVSi«(9'(itsV.i 
 
 • A DESCRIPTION OF THE CITIES OF ST. JOHN AND hALIFAX. 
 
 BY 
 
 FRED. J, HAMILTON, 
 
 {Special Correapondt it.) 
 
 RE-PRINTED FROM THE MOXTEEAI, "GAZETTE." 
 
 \- 
 
 MONTREAL: 
 
 "OAZriTE " PRINTtNG HOUS!!?f NEXT THE NEW POST CFFICE. 
 
 1876. 
 
^0" 
 
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 4 
 
 "^ 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 ^'i?" 
 
 
 
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 J) 
 
 ENGINEERS' TOOLS. 
 
 LATHES, PLANERS, DRILLS, SHAPERS, PUNCH AN][> 
 
 SHEARING MACHINES, &c. 
 STEAM ENGINES, Vertical and Horizontal, io 
 Horse Power and upwards. 
 Fiil Specifications of all Machines will be furnished on 
 application. 
 
 JA.MES INQLIS, 
 
 327 Commissioners Street, Montreal. 
 
 THE MONTREAL 
 
 .i 
 
 SIR HUGH ALLAN, President. 
 
 A. W. OGILVIE, M,P.P., Vice-President. 
 
 Messrs. C. J. BRYDGES. 
 
 ANDREW ALLAN. 
 SIR FRANCIS HINCKS. 
 
 This Company receives goods on Storage. Property may 
 be consigned direct to the Company or to its care. 
 GEO. H. HANNA, JOHN S. HALL, 
 
 Secretary. Manager. 
 
 MOHTBBAL, September, 1876. 
 
 \mi 
 

 JL rr^ixjp 
 
 OVRR 
 
 THE INTEROOLONIAL. 
 
 IVO. 1. 
 
 FEOM EIVIEEE DU LOUP TO OAOOOTA. 
 
 Owing to the short time allowed for stopping at the former place, your 
 correspondent had no opportunity of ascertaining anything like a correct 
 description of the starting point of the Intercolonial Railway. It ig 
 sufficiently well known, however, to the general public, and does not 
 perhaps require any lengthy mention ; except, perhaps, to add that the 
 station arrangements were very similar to those of any other line. I tried 
 in vain to gather a few hasty notes ; but the energetic station master 
 informed me that probably he might have an hour or so to spare in the 
 course of a few days ; but at that precise moment his hands were too full 
 to attend to anything ; adding " that the same general hurry, bustle and 
 " business had been going on for the past two or three weeks." It may be 
 here remarked that the business of the road is greatly facilitated by the 
 punctual and admirable arrangements of the Grand Trunk Bailway. 
 There were no deiu/s, no confusion among employes, or mistakes. Every- 
 thing appeared to be in thorough working order, and might, so far as a 
 stranger was concerned, have been going on precisely in the same way for 
 the past ten years. Upon appealing to the conductor to satisfy my thirst 
 for knowledge in the public interest, he admitted he was a comparative 
 stranger along the road, and he could not give me any information what- 
 ever. But he was an exceedingly obliging fellow, and the way he assisted 
 an infirm old lady to the waiting-room was the perfection of railroad 
 gallantry. The incident was exceptional in my experience of railroad 
 officials, and is therefore noteworthy. 
 
 Having safely deposited his charge the signal " all aboard^' was given ; 
 the locomotive shrieked its loudest and we were en route to Cacouna, six 
 miles distant. 
 
 We had not been aboard more than five minutes before we passed through 
 a rock cutting some thirty or forty feet in height and about sixty yards in 
 
'Jt' 
 
 length, as near as could be judged. This is probably a forecast of some of 
 the greater difficulties which have been encountered in the constiuction of 
 the line at other points along the rou .0. The road between Riviere du 
 Loup and Cacouna is as smooth as coulr be wished — Lot even the faintest 
 symptom of a jolt or jar. Glimpses of the Falls could here and there be 
 obtained ; but thei is nothing worth mentioning in connection with the 
 scenery, save its generally wild and varied chai'acter. Picturesque bits of 
 rise and fall, here and there momentarily arrest the eye; but you find 
 nothing special to fascinate your gaze until you arrive 
 
 AT CACOUNA. 
 
 Here, however, you meet your first trial, which to even a healthy man 
 is not particularly pleasant. Four miles of muddy road, over rough rock 
 and mire (for it had been raining heavily), seated in an apology for a 
 carriage, the horses in which manifest a disposition to stop every five 
 minutes, for which you cannot blame them, you finally arrive at the 
 heart of the village. Five minutes more and the driver deposits you, 
 considerably shaken up, at the St. Lawrence Hall. 
 
 Sixty-two in the shade, a cheerful fire and the loudest kind of ulsters I 
 found to be tha "correct thing" at this, one of the most delightful of 
 watering-places. What a transition from the comparatively tropical region 
 of Montreal ! Here, at last, you find the perfection of repose. Fatigue 
 and want of sleep at once gave way to admiration of the beautiful 
 sce-iery from the balconies of the hotel. Perhaps it was the more 
 welcome because the least expected. For the first time you discover 
 that Cacouna is situated on a plateau sloping in a gradual decline to the 
 shore of the St. Lawrence, on the south bank of which it is built. But 
 admiration must wait upon appetite, After an excellent dinner and plenty 
 of it — to which every one appeared to do ample justice, my kind host 
 volunteered his services as guide, and proceeded to unfold the attractions 
 of this charming spot. Looking due north you have au uninterrupted 
 view for many miles. Immediately in front the bold range of the 
 Eooulements fringes the circuit of country lying east and west. Between 
 the river and the distant hills the sun shone upon the ascending 
 banks of show-white fog, gilding their outlines and giving them the 
 appearance of gilt-tipped masses of snowy vapour, while the surface of 
 the river, gently agitated by the rippling current, sparkled in the summer 
 light. The air was sharp and bracing. This glorious view, however, 
 conceals the dangerous Cacouna reefs, and woe to the unfortunate, inex- 
 perienced oarsman should he venture too near them. To the north-east 
 yoa have Cacouna, or Red Island, and following the same direction Green 
 Island is noticeable for its efl'ective and bold outline. The mouth of the 
 Saguenay is also clearly discernable, while above this beautiful scene the 
 purple sky streaked with bright, warm colors, gives a contrast to the 
 whole which is almost unsurpassed for its general effect. No wonder, 
 
 f 
 
' 
 
 then, that this is such a favorite retreat for tourists from all parts of the 
 continent. Since the opening of the line its charms have attracted a 
 number of New Brunswickers, who were heretofore strangcrH to its 
 beauties. The pleasant smell of the salt air invigorates and makes one 
 long for a dip in the river. The usual bathing hour is when the tide 
 comes in. The coldness of the water does not seem to deter the ladies 
 and gentlemen from thoroughly enjoying themselves in the element. 
 Every facility is afforded by the hotel company for this means of recreation. 
 I should think that Cacouna is the last place in the world where a graduate 
 of medicine would think of starting a practice. Nature has the monopoly 
 in this respect, and judging from the sun-burnt, healthy faces of its resi- 
 dents, one would suppose that disease in any form was here unknown. 
 
 But Cacouna does not entirely depend upon its scenery for its popularity, 
 for besides its scenic attractions it is a sportsman's paradise. Wild duck, 
 wild geese, wild swan, sea duck, wigeon and teal are waiting to be shot 
 for the amusement of the male sex. They are to be found plentifully in 
 the vicinity of what are known as the " Brandy Pots." How the name 
 originated is a geographical mystery ; but it is probably a satire upon the 
 fact that spirits are not allowed to be sold under t\ie laws of the municipal- 
 ity of Cacouna in less quantities than three gallons at a time. The season 
 for shooting is between the 15th of May and 1st September; but the 
 Government does not allow the birds to be shot except as aiticles of food, 
 and those who are found selling or bartering them for profit, do so at the 
 risk of a heavy penalty. Neither is shooting allowed one hour before 
 sunrise or one hour after sunset. 
 
 Those who may have a fondness for trout fishing can gratify it to their 
 hearts' content. Indeed Cacouna seems to be peculiarly favored in all that 
 pertains to watering places generally, while in many respects it is far 
 superior. 
 
 A word with regard to the hotel. It has comfortable accommodation for 
 300 persons. Indeed I believe it has that number at present on its books. 
 The rooms are large and comfortable, and if the cooking which came under 
 my personal attention is a fair sample of its average quality, it ought to 
 satisfy the most fastidious dyspeptic. The grounds are large and well 
 arranged, with every conceivable convenience for juvenile sports. There 
 is a cricket ground, archery, boating house, « meiTy go round," bathing- 
 house, swings, croquet lawns, yachts, bowling alleys, billiards, and in short 
 everything any reasonable person could desire, at a moderate cost. The 
 view from any part of the establishment is a picture. The servants 
 attached to the place are attentive and know their business. 
 
 In addition to the St. Lawrence Hall there are a number of smaller hotels 
 and summer residences, some of them perfect gems in their way, extending 
 for four miles along the plateau. Among the more prominent on the 
 Cacouna Boad is the seat of Sir Hugh Allan, a large square stone building 
 in the midet cf spacious lawn, garden, shrubbery and woodland, comprising 
 about thirteen acres. On the opposite side is the summer cottage of Mr. 
 
m- 
 
 ■:,■• 4 
 
 m 
 
 6 
 
 Joseph Hickson, with grounds attached. It is a neat unpretcutious, home- 
 lilie villa, apparently intended for comfort as well as ornament. At the 
 commencement of tlic village coming fro n Riviere du Loup you pass the 
 well-known seat of the Hon. James F< rrier. Adjoining the hotel, Mr. 
 Andrew Allan's elegant cottage stands out prominent and picturesque. 
 Next to it Mr. H. M. Gault of the Exchange Bank owns a property formerly 
 occupied by Mr. Mackenzie. Close hy is tho summer retreat of Mr. Freer, the 
 former Postmaster of Montreal. The varied architecture of the private 
 residences, most of which are painted white, considerably adds to the 
 natural beauty of Cacouna, their most striking feature being the general 
 air of thorough comfort. 
 
 The spiritual wants of the people are provided for by the Anglican, 
 Boman Catholic and Presbyterian Churches — neat ediflces, the largest of 
 which is the Boman Catholic. 
 
 The population proper, not including summer visitors, of Cacouna, num- 
 bers some 2,000 persons. It mainly consistsof farmers, who seem only to 
 to ca e about raising sufficient for their own consumption. The supplies 
 for the hotels come from Montreal and Quebec. The people seem to be 
 easy, good-natured and contented ; but ask any of them a question (at least 
 such was my experience) and they'll invariably respond, " don't know." 
 
 The parish covers an area of some seven miles, and in the course of 
 a long walk in which I interviewed from fifteen to twenty persons with 
 some enquiry touching local matters, the only individual in whom I suc- 
 ceeded in awakening an interest was an Indian, who wanted to negociate 
 for bead baskets at a dollar each, which I could buy in Montreal for half 
 the money. Finding his endeavors unsuccessful, he finally was reduced to 
 the same level as his white brother, and like him " didn't know." I am 
 much afraid that these simple people's education has been sadly neglected 
 in that mad pursuit for wealth, characteristic of places of a larger growth. 
 However, as I did'nt care about purchasing intelligence at the cost of my 
 pocket, I gave up the further pursuit of knowledge respecting this really 
 charming spot. 
 
 No. II. 
 
 FROM OAOOUNA TO TROIS PISTOLES. 
 
 Returning from the village of Cacouna to the station, during which the 
 horses travelled at a rate of speed only attained once a month, so the 
 driver informed me, I found the train was an hour late. I fully believe that 
 had those horses been aware of the fact they would have walked all the way. 
 Having plenty of time on my hands, I took a turn around the outskirts of 
 some of the farms along the railrcad track. In almost every instance 
 ignorance and neglect on the part of their owners seemed to pervade those 
 ape gies for fields, enclosed by abject apologies for fences. Good, rich 
 land, most of it black loam, was given over to the weeds. It is true there 
 
 
 'i 
 
 i 
 
had been an attempt made to clean a few fieids, probably several decades 
 since, and the effort was evidently one worth commemorating; for to mark 
 the spots when these feats of industry had been achieved, piles of stones 
 lie in the centre of the fields, mo? s-grown and covered with bankrupt ver- 
 dure. Seriously ppeaking, tho habuanta of Cacouna do not appreciate the 
 wealth which Nature has given them. Probably the advantages of the 
 Intercolonial may dawn upon their imaginations say thirty or forty years 
 from now ; but judging from the present indication I am afraid my antici- 
 pations are a trifle premature. 
 
 At 2 o'clock the train arrived in 8ight,'and after many efforts stopped 
 about five hundred yards aJbove the station, another illustration of the 
 proverb " The more haste, the less speed." This, I afterwards ascertained 
 from the conductor, was owing to an accident to the patent air brakes ; two 
 of the tubes of which had burst, thereby rendering the vacuums partly 
 inoperative. The same official said he had patched them up as well as he 
 could, but had some of the more nervous passengees been aware that they 
 had travelled with broken air brakes below tbem, I fancy they would have 
 been somewhat anxious. Of course the mishap was unforseen, but the 
 incident f hould be mentioned. Trifles such as these scmetlmes give birth 
 to " Appalling Accidents " and " Coroner's Inquests." 
 
 ST. ARSENE 
 ip the next stopping place on the road, four miles distant from Cacouna. 
 Between the two the grade is very steep, although the cuttings through 
 which the track passes are not deep. The sub-soil is mostly rock, with a 
 surface soil of claj and loam. The village lies south of Cacouna and has 
 a population of about two thousand souls. The land is remarkably rich, 
 consisting of red clay and loam. The population is exclusively agricultural, 
 And the farms in this small place are said to be excelled by none in the 
 Province for richness and average yield of acreage. To show you how 
 greatly in advance are these people of their neighbors in Cacouna, it was 
 stated to me, and not by a resident, that many of the farmers are worth 
 $20,000 a piece, most of which has been derived from the r*;eipt of agri- 
 cultural produce. Eight miles east of St. Arsene is 
 
 ISLE VERTE, 
 having a population of four thousand person . It is in the county and 
 district of Temifcouata. On the island itself, from which the parish takes 
 its name, there are about 60 farmers, who subsist chiefly on agriculture and 
 fishing. My informant, an intelligent gentleman, residing at Trois Pistoles, 
 and who has travelled extensively on this continent and in England, 
 assured me that the shooting at this place is unsurpassed. In the spring 
 and fall there are thousands of wild geese, ducks, snipe and larks. In fact 
 the island is said to literally swarm with them at these seasons of the year- 
 The fishery, too, is said to be the best between Quebec and Rimouski. 
 Herring, sardines, shad, eels, and a lew salmon are the staple articles of 
 pisciculture. The island is comparatively unknown, although of late 
 

 
 8 
 
 yeats a few have ■visited the place for the sake of its shooting. The view 
 from the island commands several prominant points of interest along the 
 St. Lawrence ; but it would be invidious to name this as specially attract- 
 ive, for as far as I have yet proceeded the scenery along the r&ute has been 
 extremely fine, almoat from any point you may wish to name. The parish 
 of Isle Verte in located on the maiu land, opposite the island. The greate" 
 part of it lies low, beneath the hill which faces the river. The people are 
 exclusively French,'and are, of course, Roman Catholics. There is a church 
 and twelve schools, and the inhabitants are moral, thrifty and attend to their 
 own business. Ten miles further east you arrive at 
 
 TROIS PISTOLES, 
 which is a pla je of some importance. As you approach the village by the 
 Intercolonial Railway uridge you have, from the cars, an exceedingly 
 pleasant view of hill and dale, skirting the little river of that name, wnich 
 empties itself into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 This bridge crosses the river of Trois Pistoles, and is built of iron. It is 
 so firmly built that you cannot tell, save by the hollow murmur of the 
 water below, that you arc not on terra firma. Its length is five hundred 
 feet, the height from the watgr to the floor being 80 feet. There is a side 
 spaoe for foot passengers, and the whole is a massive structure, but by no 
 means heavy in appeu-ace. 
 
 Before giving you a descripton of the place I must say something about 
 
 THE RAILWAY STATIONS, 
 which so far, ai-o admirably built, and well adapted for the purposes required. 
 But strange to say, the station masters don't appear to be able to give you 
 much information respecting the resources of the country, and, in conse- 
 quence you are compelled to resort to the inhabitants for details. The 
 same smooth, easy running is maintained all along the track. What few 
 cuttings you have to pass through are excellent specimens of excavation, the 
 quality of the work being apparent to the most unskilled amateur in rail- 
 road engineering. 
 
 THE STATION ^ 
 
 here beaic evidence of lae enterprise of the residents. Already several 
 new buildings are iu course of erection, one of which is intended as a fi »> 
 class hotel ; the others will be fitted up as storehouses A refreshment 
 room is in operation, and is well patronised. 
 
 TROIS PISTOLES HAS A TRADITION 
 
 which dates back two hundred years ago, and from which it derives its 
 name. I waa looking for the recital of some sanguinary deed of Indian 
 warfare, and took out my note book to record some horrible disaster 
 in connection with the legend, whii;h would combine romance ■with 
 adventure, and "hair breadth 'scapes" from Indian torture of by-gone 
 times, but I was mistaken, I would require a far more proliiic imaginatloa 
 than I posBcss to build a novel upon the following : It is said that 20a 
 

 
 9 
 
 years ago a weary, way-worn traveller was desirous of being conveyed to- 
 the opposite shore of the St. Lawrence. But the ferry man of those rimes 
 refused to row him over in his gondola unless he paid him three pistoles,. 
 cash in advance. The pilgrim was about to accede to the boatman's 
 requv<?st and r.-jllcd out the money to gratify the boatnian's greed for gain, 
 and just as he was about to hand it to that avaricious individual he dropped 
 it in the water — and it was lost. Here the. tiadition ends abruptly and 
 disappointingly. I thought it possible that some habitant might be able to 
 tell me whether the traveller's ghost was looking for it yet. That fact 
 would have put an interesting climax to the other^vise defective legend. 
 But no, nobody would satisfy me with absolute certainty on this point, so I 
 was fain to search elsewhere for facts more realistic. 
 
 THE VILLAGE 
 is built upon an elevation of about 60 feet above the river. The site is an,, 
 excellent one for a watering place. The open river in front is very broad 
 here, and the view when the morning tide comes in is extremely beautiful. 
 The shore on the opposite side is flat, but the breeze is invigorating and 
 sweet. One of the inhabit.iuts kindly gave me several interesting facts in 
 connection with the place. The parish is nine m'lep long and six miles 
 wide. It is tioundeu by the St. Lawrence on the north ; on the south by 
 what is known as the fourth range ; St. John de Dieu and Isle Verte on the 
 west and St. Simon on the east. The population is 4,500. There is a long 
 range of hills sheltering the village from the autumnal winds on the south , 
 which extends a distance of six miles. At the western extremity you have 
 the Basque Island, and at the eastern, the Islets D'Armour, two in number, 
 but very important to the prosperity of the place. These are simply small 
 fishing grounds. The municipality comprises a Mayor and six Council- 
 men. 
 
 A VERY STRICT PROHIBITORy LAW 
 is said to exist here ; but, like most measures of the kind, it is more 
 honoured in the breach than in the observance. A fine of $50 is the pen- 
 alty for selling whiskey without a license, for every ofence, and as the;/ 3 are 
 no licenses granted, the law becomes arbitrary. At a place where I had 
 the honour of being an invited guest, the landlord was so overjoyed to meet 
 a Montreal man, whom he evidently regarded as a curiosity, that he per- 
 sr.aded some one else to order in liquid refreshments. If the by-law 
 regarding the sale of liquor is strictly carried out in Trois Pistoles, that 
 landlord will have to pay $200 at the next Sessions. Just fifty dollars a 
 piece for four drinks. 
 
 The agricultural features of this beautiful and thriving village are 
 potatoes, rye, oatB, wheat and the raising of cattle. A large number of 
 pigs are also sold here annually. The average }ield per acre of the above 
 crops is as follows: — Potatoes, 250 bushels; rye, 10 to 12 bushels; oats,. 
 25 bushels. The butter is really splendid, and finds a ready sale at 20 cents 
 in the Quebec market. Some of the crops are a little l ickward, but ia 
 
1^ 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 promising condition. Particular attention has been paid of late years to 
 the wheat, which is said to be imp'-oving in value every year. It is expected 
 the hay-yield will be very large, the .-.veragecrop of which, heretofore, has 
 been 2,500 lbs to the acre ; although as much as 3,000 have been reached. 
 The soil is very rich, and, the inhabitants are fully alive to the impo'-- 
 tancc which the Intercolonial Railway will be to the place. The farms 
 are nearly all ov/ned by the people who till them, very few are rented. They 
 vary in size from 75 to 200 acres. Close by the station there is 6. paw mill 
 supplied with logs from the vicinity of Lake Temiscouata, 30 miles south 
 of the river. They are mostly spruce ; the supply of pine timber being 
 almost exfahusttd. The mill gives employme.it to 60 persons, and was owned 
 <by Mr. G. B. Hall of Quebec. Last year two English vessels of 500 tons each 
 'were laden with timber from this point. In addition to this there are two 
 -flour mills in the village. 
 
 With reference to the commerc^.al depression existing all over the 
 -country, its efl'ect here has been noticeable in 
 
 THE EXTENSION OF THE CREDIT SYSTEM 
 
 .to those farmers who cannot pay cash. In speaking upon the matter to an 
 intelligent merchant he said, " that a cash business was equivalent to no 
 Jjusiness at all : you must either sell for produce, give redit, or — close up« 
 My opinion with regard to the Intercolonial railway is that it cannot fail 
 to benefit us ; the freights are moderate and have been lately reduced, but 
 I cannot tell you what the scale is just now. But they are very moderate 
 to suit the times." Upon asking another farmer about the credit system 
 aixd its effect upon the people, he at first declined to give me any informa- 
 tion. He simply said : — '•'■ You be from de Commaircial — vot you call him ? — 
 de commaircial agenzee peeples ?" I soon set his mind at rest and finding 
 he had a grievance, even in this peaceful spot, he eased his mind by 
 explaining after much trouble, what oppressed him. In effect he said as 
 follows : — " Not being able to pay cash we sell our produce and stock at a 
 loss to ourselves, but a very large profit to the merchant, in exchange for 
 goods. He, 'In his turn, sends it by the railroad to Quebec, and receives 
 cash, while we have to content ourselves with what we get from the store." 
 Seeing no remedy for this state of things, I sympathised with him, where- 
 upon he sorely tempted a law-abiding citizen to score up 20 cents on the 
 slate (another insvance of the credit system) in exchange for rye ; but the 
 tempted one stood firm and resisted the overture in view of the fifty-dollar 
 penalty. Had tbat transaction been based upon a cash principle, I cannot 
 s&y what migbc have occurred. 
 
 Besides the small fishing grounds, already referred tc, there are 
 
 THREE FINE LAKES 
 
 "here, which yield, during the season, a good supply of salmon, sturgeon, 
 
 eels, sardines, &c. These lakes are St. Simon, east of the village, four and 
 
 • a half miles in length and one and a half in width; Caron Lake lies to 
 
 
< 
 
 11 
 
 the south j it is ono and a half mile long, and a quarter of a mile wide ; 
 D' Armour Lake east of Caron, is about the same area, and its trout are said 
 to be unesoelled. In the neighborhood of the village there are U 
 fisheries in all. 
 
 THE EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES, 
 secular and religious, are exceedingly good, among which the Convent of 
 Jesus and Marie ranks first. It is under the control of six sisters, who 
 attend to the education of sixty children. I was sorry my time would not 
 allow of a personal visit. There are besides one model school, where French 
 and English are taught, and thirteen elementary schools, exclusively 
 French, There are also two churehes, built in 1841-43. There is only 
 one Protestant family in the village. 
 
 I am informed the older people, who are tne xineal decendants of families 
 from old France, are very illiterate, the majority of them not being able to 
 read or write. NotwithstatJ.ding this fact, my informant tells me, they 
 speak the langu ige far more purely than you would suppose. The children 
 are healthy, intelligent-looking youngsters, and are compelled to attend 
 school reguln,rly. 
 
 THE CRIMINAL BUSINESS 
 
 is transacted by a magistrate and three conftnissioners, who hold quarterly 
 session. The transfer of deeds, &c., gives a remunerative employment to 
 three notaries, whiie one barrister has his hands tuU in the exercise of his 
 profession. The health of the people, as may be supposed, is good. Con- 
 tagion is unknown, and only think of it ye dwellers in cities, mosquitoes 
 and flies are strangers to the place. There are three doctors to attend to 
 the sick of the village— when there are any to attend to. The roads are 
 good, the water is pure, the bathing is all that could be desired, and, 
 altogether the inhabitants of Trois Pistoles are a quiet, moral, thrifty and 
 scrupulously clean people. The hotel accommodation is limited to two 
 boarding houses ; but I venture to assert ic will contrast favora bly with any 
 you will find at home. Tne boarding-house people here are not yet initia- 
 ted into the mysteries of that profession, for when I enquired, by way of 
 experiment, for hash, the matron looked as if I was propounding a conuu- 
 drum. 
 
 No. III. 
 
 FEOM TROIS PISTOLES TO BIG. 
 
 In my last letter I should have mentioned in addition to the iron bridge 
 at Riviere Du Loup (which is 300 feet long and 20 feet above the water) 
 there is also one, half a mile west of the station of Isle Verte, of two Roans 
 of 80 feet each, of the Howe truss pattern. These, with the bridge at 
 Trois Pistoles, already noticed, complete the number of bridges so far 
 reached. Before leaving Trois Pistoles reference should be made to 
 

 13 
 
 AN ENORMOUS CUTTING OF TOUGH BLUE CLAY, 
 which is about a quarter of a mile from the bridge. An official of the road 
 informed me that they had experie aced more trouble with this cutting 
 than with any other along the line. 7 here were 200 men at work when I was 
 there : filling in gaps made by the Jailing earth, and otherwise strengthen- 
 ing the work. There is also a side cutting on the west side 50 feet deep, 
 and a through cutting on the east side 28 feet deep. The great difficulties 
 which were originally encountered here were of the most disheartening 
 character ; but engineering skill has finally conquered Nature — provideds 
 Nature does not take it into her head some fine day to scatter the track with 
 huge fragments of her handiwork. Frequent apprehensions of some such 
 event have been expressed in my hearing by officials ana passengers. 
 There has been much discussion with reference to the wisdom of this cut- 
 ting in the first place. An eminent American engineer, a mtmber of the 
 lirm of Messrs. Clarke, Reeves & Co., of Philadelphia., contractors of two or 
 three of the bridges along the line, which will be referred to in their proper 
 places, is of opinion this cutting should never have been made. Of course, 
 in the absence of a map to enable your readers to imderstand the topography 
 of this part of the road, it is somewhat difficult to describe it intelligently. 
 But I will endeavour to give you the best description I can. The cutting 
 to the railway bridge of Trois Pistoles is in a straight line, as neai as may 
 be, The contention is that, had a curved track been made touching Tetu's 
 Mills, a distance of about one-third of a mile south of the present track, 
 continuing in the arc of a circle until the curve reached the continuation 
 of the line, this enormous amount of work would ha*re been avoided, and 
 the cutting need never have been made. The additional length of this 
 curve would not have been more than half a mile, and the saving to the 
 country it is estimated, would have been one-third less. The distance fronk 
 Riviere du Loup to Trois Pistoles is 27 miles. 
 Nine miles further we reach the village of 
 
 ST. SIMON. 
 
 The station is situated on an elevation of 292 feet above the sea level. 
 Between Trois Pistoles and St. Simon the work along the line is very light, 
 and does not need any special mention, except to note the same easy grade, 
 which makes travelling a perfect luxury compared to some railway 
 lines in the United States. The cars are comfortable and spacious, and 
 remarkable for their elegant and thorough workmanship, although the 
 lighting might be improved upon. 
 
 St. Simon has a population of about 700 persons. It is pleasantly 
 located in a valley, and its chief products are hay and grain. From this 
 point the scenery changes gradually in its character and becomes wild and 
 rugged. As it was impossible to get off at every station, for want of time, I 
 cannot give you more than a general idea of the surrounding view. It» 
 principal feature is the lake of St. Simon, already referred to in my last 
 paper, where some fine fishing may be had. Several grains of salt should 
 
13 
 
 be taken before arriving at any definite conclusions of the nitural wealth 
 of these small villages for the habitants would have you believe th^irg is, 
 of all places in the universe, the best. There are several charming bits of 
 river and hill, but by comparison with others more noteworthy they become 
 almost common-place. 
 
 One mile west cf the next station you strike 
 
 THE FIRST SNOW SHED 
 
 after leaving Riviere du Loup. This is cut through 600 feet of solid rock 
 and is 28 feet deep. A general description of this shed will answer for all. 
 The roof is flat and is supported by " strul s," or sticks at an incline, strongly 
 .«ecared in the rock work. 
 
 There is a conflict of opinion relative to the roofs. Those who profess 
 to know say they will be almost useless in the winter time, and if they had 
 been steep they would have been much better adapted for the purpose. 
 The sheds appear to be o^ery thinly roofed, although there is no doubt that 
 they are well supported by hundreds of these " struts " projecting from the 
 lock, each of which I should say is between three or four inches thick. 
 Whether a flat roof will dislodge snow sooner than a steep one remains to 
 be seen ; but the argument in favor of the adoption of the former is that 
 the wind will have a greater sweep over a level surface than over an incliu- 
 ■ed plane. However, experience will decide the question. The next station is 
 
 ST. FABIAN, 
 
 ten miles from St. Simon. Its elevation above the sea level is 439 feet. 
 This is the highest point between Riviere du Loup and St. Flavie, 28 miles 
 east of here, which will be noticed in its proper place. (It should be 
 understood that the term " east " is used for the sake of convenience, in 
 order to avoid the frequent changes and diversions of the line, which in 
 reality runs between Riviere du Loup and Moncton, according to the official 
 time table, from south to north. The word " east," therefore, means east of 
 Riviere du Loup). 
 
 The population of St. Fabian is about 400, and it lies south of the track. 
 It ia also a hay and grain country, and possesses exceedingly rich soil, 
 although but a comparatively small portion of it is level. The crops arc 
 in fair condition, but the heavy rains of the past few days will not be 
 favorable to their advancement. A chain of lakes, four or five in number, 
 runs through this portion of country, the largest being named after the 
 village. The scenery here becomes more imposing and wild ; reminding 
 those who have visited the northern counties of England, of Westmore- 
 land and Cumberland ; as you proceed you find the air becoming more 
 chilly and bracing. One would almost fancy that the fall had aiTived, and 
 if you do not provide yourself with a good, warm wrapper you will be apt to 
 repent you of your forgetfulness as the night advances. The purple hue of 
 the mountains which disappear in the mist of foggy clouds has a peculiar 
 effect upon the cold, grey surface of the water ; but there is a pilent gran- 
 tleur about the scenery, the sombre tints of which are relieved by the 
 
14 
 
 emerald verdure of spruce forebt skirting the base of the mountains, which 
 cannot but impress the tourist of the wonderful victory that man has. 
 achieved in this vast but solitary region. Had I the skill of those versa- 
 tile authors of the dime novel series, what could I desire more than to 
 create some glowing fiction of Indian life in the middle ages ? But, alas^ 
 there are no Indians here ; no, not even a bear to remind you of hunting 
 expeditions, or of hostile invasions of hungry and famished bruins among 
 the wigwams of the noble red men of the forest. Both Indian and bear are 
 far more sensible, and seek their meat where they will be more likely to 
 get it, than in this rough and almost forsaken spot. But stern, realities,, 
 not imaginings, demand attention just now. 
 
 A quarter mile west of St. Fabian station you pass through another 
 extensive snow shed, 900 feet long and 33 feet deep. This huge rock 
 fonnation has cost a small fortune to excavate. It is said dislodgments 
 frequently occur ; but these slides are not serious, ana a man at each sec- 
 tion is kept busy in s<ieing the line is clear, a sufficient time before the 
 arrival of each train to permit of the removal of the broken masses. Thia 
 excavation is cut through a curve at a radius of 1,400 feet to the circle. 
 
 One and a half mile east of St. Fabian station an iron bridge is construct- 
 ed over the Grand Bic River. This bridge is a eingle span of 80 feet in 
 length and its height is 35 feet from the water. 
 
 Maintaining the same easy motion you continue onward, little dreaming 
 of the 
 
 MAGNIFICENT SPECTACLE. 
 
 awaiting your admiration. It would not be fair to the reader to keep her 
 or him in suspense, notwithstanding what Mr. Martin F. Tupper has to say 
 about the sweet enjoyment of anticipation. 
 
 Two miles from Bic Station you arrive at Bic Mountain, which rises from 
 its rocky foundation to u height of 700 feet above sea level. This grand 
 natural monument cannot be described. It is covered with wild rough 
 vegetation, and as you look upward from the platform of the car, the spruce 
 trees edging the outer rim of its summit, strike you as a fitting coronet 
 purposely placed there by Nature — the crowning crest of her Divine skill . 
 It is almost perpendicular, made so in part by the cuttings for the track, 
 which partially encircle it with its iron belt at a height of 220 feet from its 
 base. To look up at it from below compels your admiration. To look 
 down from it from above is suggestive of involuntary suicide — if there is 
 such a thing. I regretted very much not having the acquaintance of the 
 American tourist who after seeing the Niagara Falls, and being of the 
 opinion that they were pretty fair, enquired when the next train was due 
 for Boston. Because had I the i)lea8ure of having him with me on Thurs- 
 day last, and had he dared have insulted Nature with any similar remark 
 touching Bic Mountain, it would have served him right to have put lAxa 
 off the cars in order to get up an enthusiasm some time during the next 
 twenty-four hours. If a man is callous to this majestic piece of natural 
 
15 
 
 and artificial construction, he must be a dangerous individual and should 
 be shunned by all conscientious people. 
 
 It was originally contemplated to build the road at the base of the moun-- 
 tain, but after the contract was awarded the intention was changed Ka^ 
 the original idea been carried out it would have necessitated h "fiw " it 
 330,000 yards of earth, 
 
 BIC- 
 
 Close to the station over the Little Bic Biver, is an iron lattice bridge 
 built by the Fairbairn Engineering Company of England. It has a single 
 span of 110 feet. It is an excellent piece of work, built on stone piers 
 of substantial Ashlan masonry, as indeed, are all the bridges along the 
 line. The station is as an elevation of 75 feet above the sea level ; andr 
 like all the stations thus &r, is tastefully a-^d substantially constructed. 
 
 But what can be said about Bic itself— one of the loveliest spots to be 
 found on the continent ! I am afraid there is nothing new that I can say 
 about Bic. The ground has been gone over before ; the scenery has been 
 described more graphically than I could hope to attempt. Mr. J. M- 
 Lemoine of Quebec, in his charming " Maple Leaves," has written about 
 all that is worth writing concerning Bic, and I must refer the reader to his 
 concise description of this modem Paradise, of which the beautiful Emily 
 Montague desired to be queen in the year 1767. Its history dates from 
 1603, and through its various phases of political ups and downs it is as 
 charming as ever. Events have not changed the tide of its natural love-- 
 liness. The railroad station may be said to be in the centre of the town. 
 Its population numbers about 700 persons. Bic is located in a hollow and 
 surrounded by everything charming and beautiful. Opposite the village 
 are two islands connected at low water. One of these islands is named Itle- 
 du Massacre. The other shall be nameless, for the reason that it hasn't anjr 
 name. 
 
 MASSACRE ISLAND 
 
 has a tradition ; a genuine firs* -class horror. Not a mere visionary affair 
 which leaves off in the middle in a state of unceriaixity ; but a bona fide 
 tradition to this effect : About one hundred and fdt, years ago, a party of 
 Micmac Indians, on their way to Gaspe, stopped at the Island, first securing 
 their canoes safely on shore. They passed the night in a cave situated in 
 the centre of the island, large enough to accommodate their party, which 
 numbered over one hundred young men. At that time the Micmacs were 
 at variance with the Iroquois. A war party of the latter, in search of the 
 unsuspecting Micmacs, came upon them suddenly in the night, built up 
 faggots around the mouth of the cave and set fire to them. Only two of 
 the unfortunate savages escaped the flames, but they were shot down by the 
 poisoned arrows of their foes. Two years ago human bones and stone 
 arrow heads were found in the cave. There is no reason to believe the 
 tradition is a fiction. The legend does not savor of exaggeration, for recent 
 events in connection with the massacre of Custer's men confirm the oft- 
 repeated stories of Indian atrocities. 
 
16 
 
 Looking seaward in fine weather you can see the north shore quite plainly, 
 -a distance of 30 miles. Two and a half miles east of Bic is Haute Bay. 
 Nearly every variety of the picturesque can be seen from this watering 
 place. In the spring there are hundreds or wild geese. The place is well 
 sheltered by the Shickshock range, skir.ing the northshore of the St. 
 Lawrence. Two miles west of Bic is Ha Ha Bay, famous for its pic-nics 
 -and sea bathing. The reader may remember that Bic is mentioned in con- 
 nection with the contemplated Harbour of Refuge at Cape L'Original, north 
 ■of the Isle du Massacre. No decision, however is yet reached by the 
 Government in regard to this matter. A number of modem dwelling- 
 houses are in course of erection. The hotel accommodation might be 
 better, and is scarcely sufficient to meet the growing size of the place. 
 There is no doubt that the Intercolonial Railway will be the means of 
 -making Bic the watering place of the future. 
 
 IVo. IV. 
 
 PROM EIO TO RIMOUSKI AND FATHER POINT. 
 
 T)ie character of the scenery from Bic to Rimouski gets rougher and 
 more grandly picturesque as you travel east. Lake and mountain, river, 
 roc' and forest get mixed up in every conceivable form it is possible to 
 imagine. The solitude increases, and Nature dons her sternest garments, 
 perfectly oblivious of the invasion of Science in her domains. The sun 
 andcl'^ud effects are extraordinary in their results. For instance, you will 
 find tlici summit of a mountain peeping forth in a long narrow streak of 
 bluish black between the golden lines of sunlight stretching across the 
 6ky. You cannot but admire what you suppose to be a rare phenomenon, 
 when some one informs you that that long black mark is the summit of a 
 mountain a dozen miles away. You think your informant is poking fun 
 at you : but you find this is literally correct. The eccentricities of shade 
 and light are limitless. One half of the side of a mountain will appear 
 dark and awesome ; the other half will be clothed with radiance. It has 
 been raining heavil)-, and you see the arc of the rainbow broken in half a 
 dozen places by inky bia».'k clouds. Towards evening the trees assume 
 fantastic shapes of all sorts of designs. A superstitious person left alone 
 in this country for half a day would get frightened out of his wits in less 
 •than half an hour. It would pay Dore to come here just for twenty-four 
 hours, and he would get studies enough to last him a lifetime. 
 
 Rimouski station is only sixty-seven feet above sea level. Half a mile 
 west of it you cross another iron bridge, 400 feet long (five spans of 80 
 feet each), 28 feet above the Rimouski river. The little break in the 
 scenery around the station subdues that feeling of loneliness which begins 
 to creep over you, and you breathe more freely when you find you have 
 not reached the end of civilization. 
 
17 
 
 RIMODSKI. 
 The situation of the town, which lies low, is very pleasant, and over- 
 looks the St. Lawrence at one of its grandest points. Immediately in 
 front is St. Barnaby's Island, which extends nearly the entire length of the 
 town proper. This island is associated with the name of Touissaint Car- 
 tier, who, after a narrow escape from death by shipwreck, made this place 
 his homo, where he devoted the remainder of his life to religious medita- 
 tion. He died on the 29th January, 1767, and is buried beneath the 
 doorway of the Catholic Church in the town. -An interesting review of 
 this remarkable man will be found in Lea Chroniques de Rimouski, vol. I., 
 p. 65, written by I'Abbe Chas. Quay, formerly Vicar of Rimouski Cathedral. 
 There are two volumes published by G. P. Delisle, Quebec, edition 1873, 
 copies of which should be had by every t-^urist who desires to know the 
 history o£ this ancient place. The work . , 'uU of incident, romance and 
 local interest. About thirty miles from here is Point Betsiamites, which 
 lies on the opposite shore. It can be seen distinctly on a clear day. The 
 view along the beach is very fine, and the surface of the river is pleasantly 
 dotted by the white bails of the fishing craft, and, occasionally, ocean steam- 
 ers. The houses are neatly aud substantially built, the gardens in front 
 being laid out with niuch taste. The population is about 2,000 and 
 exclusively Roman Catholic. The peoi)lc are hospitable and polite- 
 Through the kindness of the Vicar-General, Rev. E. Langeviu, I am 
 enabled .to present the reader with some information respecting 
 
 TEE RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL SEMINARIES 
 
 of Rimouski. 
 
 The Bishop of the Diocese is the Right Rev. John Langevin. His 
 jurisdiction comprises the districts of Rimouskf, Gaspe, the county of 
 Temiscouata and part of the county of Saguenay, from Riviere Pont Neuf 
 to Belle Isle. 
 
 The cathedral is a large Gothic structure, built of stone, and opened in 
 1859. Its dimensions are 200 feet by 75 feet. The height of the steeple 
 from the ground is 115 feet. 
 
 The educational institutions are situated on the main road, north of the 
 station. 
 
 First, is the Convent of the Congregation of Notre Dame, in charge of 
 Sister St. Laon. It is built on a hill named Mont St. Jean. The convent 
 has a frontage of 70 feet, with two wings, cast and west, each 70 x 45 feet. 
 Last year there were 200 pupils receiving education here, varying from 7 
 to 18 years of age. The structure is of brick, of the modern style, with 
 stone basement. It stands on an elevation of about 25 feet above the 
 river, and was erected at a cost of jEltjOOO. The education given is of the 
 highest order, and to show the reader the exertions the Roman Catholic 
 Church is making to give a good education to her children, the fees, 
 including board, do not exceed at this convent the ridiculously small sum 
 of seventy-two dollars per year I 
 
 2 
 
W9F 
 
 18 
 
 The second institution is the Convent of the Sisters of Charity, sitnated 
 north of the former building. It is in charge of Sister St. Pierre. Its 
 dimensions are 60 x 45 feet. It is modern in style, and is in the form of a 
 parallelogram. There is an addition being riade to it which will double 
 its present capacity. It provides a home foj oiphans and old ladies, and 
 <:;ombines the advantages of a hospital, all free. Admission to the -home 
 is by election. The election is held by a Mother Superior and by a Coun- 
 cil of five Sisters. There are two branches — one at Cacouna, the other at 
 •Carleton — in connection with this establishment. 
 
 The third institution is the College of St. Germain de Ilimouski, under 
 the direction of the following officers; — President, the Bishop of the 
 Diocese ; Vice-President, Rev. Desire Vezina ; Prefect of Students, Eev. J. 
 Couture, A.M., Graduate of Laval University, with which the College is 
 afifiliated ; Director of Studies, Kev. J. 0. Simard ; fiursar. Rev. Joseph 
 Dumas. This College gives a classical, commercial and theological 
 education. The building is of freestone, .situated 200 feet south of the 
 convent. The architecture is modern French. It is four storeys high. Its 
 dimensions are 300 feet frontage, with ells of 100 x 50 feet. It has accom- 
 modation for 250 students. The entire course of study takes 11 years, 
 and the students arc admitted from 10 to 25 years of age. The fees are 
 correspondingly low — in fact merely nominal, and include board and 
 ■tuition for eighty dollars per year. The secular priests receive for their 
 services as instructors from $50 to $100 per year, including board. This 
 college is not yet finished, and when completed it will cost $150,000. 
 Already $100,000 have been expended upon it. Last year a student from 
 here won the Prince of Wales' Medal in Philosophy at Laval University. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing there are eight cloistered nuns, of the order 
 of Carmelites, in retirement. 
 
 Nine young ladies of the Parish have formed a sisterhood, whose object 
 is to teach the poor of the vicinity. They receive no pay for their services 
 aud engage themselves to this duty to their lives' end. 
 
 There is only one free school in the town, which Mtnt into operation 
 August 1st. Eighty pupils have been registered, so far, on its books. But 
 4here t. -e twelve schools in the parish, which extends about 10 miles, and 
 is 3 miles wide. 
 
 THE MUNICIPALITY 
 
 ■consists of a Mayor and eight Councillors. The town was incorporated 
 under an Act of the Quebec Legislature on the 5th April, 1869. A prohi- 
 bitive liquor by-law is said to work well here. I, for one, can say I never 
 saw any intoxicating beverage either for sale or in any person's keeping 
 during my brief stay. The by-law certainly appears to be a success, com- 
 pared with a similar one at Troio Pistoles. The Vicar-General informed 
 me that a great difficulty is experienced in awakening the people of 
 Kimouski to a sense of the natural advantage of the place, and they are 
 slow to profit by the value which the Intercolonial Railway would be to 
 
19 
 
 them if they could only be aroused from their apathy and indifTeroncc. 
 After much trouble and n^paated public meetinp^a resolutions were passed 
 accepting the offer of a private company to erect water works here. This 
 action was gugjicsted by the uisaHtroiis fire at St. Johns, Quebec, and, ag 
 was the case there, so it is here — the only engine they have is out of 
 repair. 
 
 There is one good feature about the towns-people of Rimouski, and 
 should be mentioned : — The only lock-up in the place is tenantless. 
 
 The people are Consf-rvative in politics, the main issues against tlio 
 present Government being the Frt-e School question and the subject of 
 Divorce- It is a matter of public and out-spoken comment that the pre- 
 sent representatives to the House of Commons and to the Quebec 
 Legislature will not be returned at the next election. 
 
 A short distance from the town the -ovirnment has built a wharf, the 
 pier to which is three -quarters of a mile long and thirty feet wide, con- 
 connected by rails with the main line. A small tender has been built for 
 landing the mails from the ocean steamers, for which, purpose the wharf 
 was constructed. 
 
 In concluding my hurried description of Rimouski I must not forget to 
 refer to the excellent hotels with which it is provided. There are three or 
 four in the town, which for home-like attractiveness, comfort, cleanliness, 
 good food, excellent cooking and moderate charges, are equal to any I have 
 yet seen. 
 
 SHIPWRECKS. 
 
 Rimouski has been the sad scene of several shipwrecks of more than 
 ordinary interest. My time will not admit of giving you a detailed des- 
 cription of each ; but I append a list of the most historical. The first 
 notable storm of which there is any account took place on December 3rd 
 1832, when four wrecks occurred at the same time. These were the barques 
 Mary Ann and Jane, the Mountaineer, the brig James Langton and the 
 barque Emerald. 
 
 In June, 18J7, the barque United kingdom went ashore. In October, 
 1840, the Prince George was wrecked in a storm, at another point the ship 
 British Merchant shared the same f^te. 
 
 In November, 1363, the J. K. L. narrowly escaped shipwreck, and after 
 being detained on St. Barnaoy's Island was compelled to abandon a large 
 portion of her rigiung. 
 
 On the night of the first of November, 1870, the Elxtrick went to pieces 
 during a violent tempest. 
 
 These instances are given by residents to show the alleged necessity for 
 a harbour of refug<i at Father Point. 
 
 FATHER POINT. 
 There is uothing which makes you take so kindly to the infirmities of 
 human nature as a good breakfast before seven o'clock, a seat behind a horsd 
 
TT 
 
 20 
 
 r t 
 
 that will trot a mile in less than three minutes through a fine country an(F 
 over a capital road. In this liappy state of mind,accompaniocl hy a genial 
 gentleman, I left Rimouski this morning en ro'it$ to Father Point, six miles 
 distant. 
 
 On our way we struck another tradition, an I of course I had to stop and 
 examine it. This time the legend is connected with tbo 
 
 MIRACULOUS CHURCH OF ST. ANNE, 
 two or three miles from Rimouski. The story goes that a remarkable euro 
 was performed here a year ago An invalid who had been praying to tho 
 Virgin, was suddenly cured of lameness. In gratitude he left his crutch 
 as a thank-ofl'ering to la Bonne Mere. I stopped here, and went into tho 
 building, a plain brick edifice, built on an open common, facing the river. 
 The only occupant was a devout worshipper, who looked as if he were in 
 a final stage of consumption. He was on his knees praying away at a great 
 fate and spitting tobacco-juice around freely. He and I were the only two 
 persons about. The altar was dimly lighted, and the place exceedingly 
 dirty. The worshipper seemed to consider my presence as an intrusion. 
 But disregarding the look of annoyance that clouded his pallid features, I 
 devoted myself to the discovery of that crutch. After a few minutes, on 
 looking about me, I finally saw it suspended over the door, of what, appar- 
 ently, is intended as a small, private chapel. Yes there it was, sure enough, 
 a brand new crutch ! Not a well-worn, greasy, dilapidated-looking relic. 
 No. Nothing of the kind — simply some such a crutch as you could buy. 
 for a dollar. After such undeniable testimony as this I went away, per- 
 fectly satisfied that the tradition was all right. I admit I would have pre- 
 ferred interviewing the original owner of the article, but, however that was 
 not important, so long as the crutch was there to convince one of the truth 
 ©f the cure. Above the altar was a statue presented on the Fe'ast of St. 
 Anne (the 26th July), by the pilots of this district. (St. Anne is the 
 patron saint of Mariners.) Above it is a miniature ship. Below it is a Latin 
 text. On St. Anne's day there wtre 2,000 persons from all parts of the 
 country who visited the church, including the lame the weak, and the aged 
 (Df both sexes. I am told that the adjacent villages were completely 
 cpopulated for the time being ; but I am not told that any miracles were 
 performed on that occasion. 
 
 At Father Point there is a light house, pilot station, a meteorological 
 observatory, a storm drum signal station, and a telegraph office of the Mon- 
 treal Telegraph Company, all in one. The respective duties attached to 
 these offices are ably performed by Mr. John Mc Williams, who, although a 
 young man, probably knows as much about the surrounding country as 
 anyone. All the regular lines of river and ocean steamers have their pilots 
 here. About 20 in all call at this point. 
 
 THE LIGHT HOUSE 
 is 60 feet above the level of the sea. It is lighted by five mammoth 
 burners, each of which is reflected by an electro-plated copper disc 2 feet 
 
21 
 
 In diameter. To the east you can see St. Luce and St. Flavie. Lookin|f 
 
 west yau have Bamaby's Island, Bic Island, (15 miles distant), and Rim- 
 
 ouHki wharf. Due south you have St. Annaclet. This point has also been 
 
 mentioned as a harbour of refuge, in conscquenc"- of which a continual 
 
 rivalry is kept up between Father Point and Bic. 
 
 This important signal station is probably the best known on the St. 
 Lawrence Kiver. 
 
 IVo. V. 
 
 FROM EIMOUSn TO THE METAPEDIAO, N.B. 
 
 Petween tht-Ke points, 12.'5 miles distant, is the heaviest work along the 
 line; running through wild, rugged country, magnificent in its silent gran- 
 dour ; but perfectly useless from an agricultural stand point. To describe 
 it would be to repeat what has aiready been written concerning Bic and 
 Ilimouskl. It possesses the same diversitied characteristics. It is, in short, 
 one great stretch of natuial barbaric ?plendor^-one continuous u-i^eaving 
 of Nature, fed by a thousand streams. 
 
 The object of this letter in rather to show the gigantic skill which has 
 been displayed by engineering science. The fuctb which are here presented 
 will tell their story far more effectively than pages of elaborate word paint- 
 ing, 
 
 P^.TWEEN ST. LUCE AND MILL STREAM. 
 
 Between these stations there iivc nine stopping places, although but two 
 of them are entitled to the name of stations. 
 
 Ste. Luce, ten miles east of Rimouski, is 167 feet above sea-level. It is 
 a pretty pla-^-i and grows a small quantity of grain and wheat. 
 
 Ste. Flavie, 8 miles east, is one of the two exceptions referred to. The 
 •station is large and convenient. This point is 24G feet above sea level, The 
 town is on the shore, but the settlement continues nearly two miles along 
 the line. A large brick engine house here is said to have cost $30,000. 
 Four miles east of the station, the Metis River is crossed by an iron 
 bridge of 4 spans of 100 tei t each, built 36 feet above the water. Close to 
 the bridge is a heavy clay cutting, 1,500 feet long. 
 
 The next station is St. Octave, 561 feet above sea level. The settle- 
 ment is small and unimportant. Twelve miles from here, by the roadi 
 is Grand Metis, fiist settled by the Scotch in 1818. The arable country is 
 well farmed. At Little Metis, three miles from the station, there is excel- 
 lent fishing and bathing. At time of 'vriting there are 400 visitors at this 
 .place. Here we lose sight of the St. Lawrence, which has kept us company 
 iSo long, and turn inland. Between this point and 19 miles east, are 
 
1^ 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 22 
 
 SIX LARGE CUTTINGS, 
 
 oyer which snow sheds have been built, c ut through solid rock in almost 
 €veiy instance, representing a total of five thousand eight hundred feet of 
 excavation. The following table will shew the mileage, length and depth 
 of these sheds ; — 
 
 DlSTAJCES FROM 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Length 
 
 Depth. 
 
 ElVUDRB DU LOCP. 
 
 
 
 
 Miles. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 89 
 
 4 miles west of St. Octave. 
 
 1200 
 
 28 
 
 93 
 
 St. Octave. 
 
 3000 
 
 35 
 
 34 
 
 1 mile east of St. Octave. 
 
 200 
 
 29 
 
 96 
 
 2 mileb " " " 
 
 500 
 
 38 
 
 98 
 
 5 li K II l< 
 
 700 
 
 28 
 
 100 
 
 7 (( ti a it 
 
 200 
 
 35 
 
 On section 13, through which these cuttings run, there are 246,600 cubic 
 feet of rock, and 1,509,900 of earth excavation. 
 
 There is some high land between St. Octave and the next station, at the 
 98th mile from Riviere dn Loup, which is 708 feet above sea level, 
 
 Tartague is the next stopping place, 10 miles from St. Octave. Its 
 elevutioo is 565 feet. 
 
 To save space, I append a list of stations and bridges and snow sheds 
 between Tartague and Mill Stream : — 
 
 Distance from 
 EiviBRE DU Loup 
 
 Miles. 
 113 
 120 
 128 
 141 
 156 
 16'] 
 
 SxATiONS. 
 
 Saynbec 
 
 Cedar Hill 
 
 Amqui, opposite Lake Metapedia 
 
 Causaposcal 
 
 Assametquaghan 
 
 Mill Stream 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ABOVB 
 
 ^BA Levbl. 
 
 Feet. 
 573 
 540 
 537 
 446 
 265 
 166 
 
 Between these points are the following 
 
 IRON BRIDGES. 
 
 Quarter mile west of Sayabec, over the Sayabec River, one span of 24 
 feet. 
 
 One mile east of Sayabec station, one span of 80 feet, over the St. Pierre 
 Tirer. 
 
 !Four miles east of Cedar Hill station, one span of 80 feet over the 
 Tobagot river. 
 
 One half mile east of Amqui station, three spans of 5.0 feet each, ovei. 
 Indian Brook, a tributary of the Metapedia.. 
 
 .f| 
 
23 
 
 At CatisapoBcal station, over the Metapedia river, a " skew" bridge built 
 at an angle of forty-five degrees to the line of railway, three spans of lOO 
 feet each. 
 
 Five miles east of Causaposcal, over the same river, three spans of 10(> 
 ^iet built at an angle of forty-five degrees. 
 
 Four miles east of Assametquaghan, three spans of sixty feet each, over 
 McKinnon's Brook. 
 
 Two miles west of Mill Stream station, over the Metapedia, four spans,, 
 each of 100 feet, built on the "skew." 
 
 SNOW SHEDS. 
 
 The only snow sheds between Tartague and Mill Stream are : — 
 
 Five miles east of Tartague, 400 feet long and twenty feet deep. 
 
 The second is fivo miles east of Amqui station, 600 feet long and 20 feet 
 deep. 
 
 The highest elevation between St Octave and Mill Stream is at Lake 
 Malalat, half way lutween Tartague and Sayabec, at the 188th mile, of 
 743 feet above th(j sea. Causaposcal is the only station between St. 
 Octave and Mill Stream which has a building. Tenders, however, are 
 are being given for the construction of others as soon as possible. The 
 descent from the cars into the cheerless spaces at which you suppose you 
 are going to find a platform and depot is not inviting. Surrounded by 
 rock, mountain and crag, not even a sign of human life to meet you, is 
 not calculated to arouse the spirits even of the most sanguine of mortals. 
 In wet weather the mud is plentiful and adhesive. 
 
 In addition to the cuttings already givta between St. Octave and Mill 
 Stream there are 
 
 NINE TUNNELS 
 under the line, eight of which were driven through the rock to save 
 masonry for culverts. Two are 12 feet, one is 9 feet, and five are 6 feet in 
 diameter. The largest is 227 feet long, and the excavation 908 cubic yards. 
 The others are from 69 to 190 feet long. Perhaps the one most dfticult of 
 construction is that by which the Tartague stream is diverted. This is 
 18 X 20 feet, 454 feet long, and the excavation is 4,540 cubic yards. The 
 total excavation represented by these nine tunnels, is 6,745, and to their 
 approaches J 4,000 cubic yards. In the diversion of the river alone there 
 were excavations of 7,500 cubic vards of rock, and 20,654 cubic yards of 
 earth. 
 
 When the reader has well digested these facts he will be able to form some> 
 idea of the euoimous difficulties which have had to be surmounted in the 
 construction of this portion of the line. 
 
 Leaving Mill Stream station we travel ten miles further aad arrive at 
 
 THE METAPEDIAC. 
 The station is about 39 feet above the sea kvel. It is approached by a 
 bridge o le pattern, constructed of rolled plr.tes and flat 
 
li- 
 
 24 - 
 
 U: 
 
 iron struts. It has five spans of 200 feet each, and crosses the Restigouche. 
 Seven miles east of the station is anothe- of seven spans of 600 feet each, 
 crossing Christopher's Brook. 
 
 Tlif course of the line from St. Octav j, when you leave the St. Lawrence 
 is south by west until you come to Lake Malafat, between Tartague and 
 Sayabec. This lake is about a quarter of a mile long and ha) / a mile wide. 
 You continue twelve miles oast by south, when you sight the Metapdia 
 Lake about half way from its centre. It is sixteen milts long. You th-'u 
 ijtrike Salmon Lake, 15 miles distant. The latter is in reality a swelling 
 of the river which flows through it. 
 
 A Iter crossing the Restigouche you are in the Province of New Bruns- 
 wick. The Valley of the Metapediac wiil probably be within five years 
 from now the best known conutry in the Dominion. It is seventy miles 
 long ; extending from Restigouche to the lake. The line of railway closely 
 follows the course of the river. The nature of the surrounding country is 
 not favorable to the location of a line of railway ; but civilization is indebt- 
 ed to science for an acquaintance with this picturesque country. The cost 
 of construction of some portions of the line along the valley, which required 
 heavy masonry, and which necessitated the hauling of large blocks of 
 stone, was at the rate of $70,000 per mile. At Mill Stream and r.t Mann's 
 Hill you will find embankments built on slopes from 150 to 200 feet, and 
 which contain from 70,000 to 80 COO cubic yards of excavation. Solid rock, 
 cuttings from 20 to 46 feet in depth are frequently encountered. 
 
 The valley for about half its distance is not more tlian half a mile wide, 
 and is traversed by the Metapedia road, a military highway built by tho 
 Government in I8G2. It is on the east side of the river, and extends from 
 Cross Point to St. Flavie. Tht; hills along the valley, which range com- 
 mences above the source of the river at Grand Lake, are mostly conical in 
 shape, of an altitude of from 500 to 000 feet. The windings of the river, as 
 you catch the sun's reflection from time to time upon it, resemble some huge 
 but graceful silvery snake whose lustrous scales give back a million scin- 
 tilations. The scenery through t'l' .alley is more grandly picturesque at 
 sunrise and sunset, when you have Nature robed in all her golden t^ilendor. 
 The river rises in Lake Metapediac, 20 miles from the St. Lawrence, and is 
 surrounded by a well wooded country. Along the Lake Metapediac, there 
 are numerous small islands, irrejjular in shape but beautiful in appearance. 
 The Indien meaning of the Metapediac river, is " musical waters." lU 
 principal tributaries are the Amqui, Causaposcal, Assametquaglian and Mill 
 i^tream. The Cansaposcal form.-* a junction with the main river and is also 
 known as the Forks. The land iu rear of the mountains is said to bo 
 good along the .rea of the valley ; but it would not pay as a settlement. 
 
 L're are over 100 rapids along tlie Metapediac, some of which are so swift 
 that none but an experienced canoe oarsman dare venture over them. To 
 write up the valley of the Metaptdiac as it should be written would need 
 a small volume. Justice cannot bo done to tlie subject in a single letter. 
 
 The villxiro, though small, is excellently adapted for farming purposes 
 but within a limited area. Tho population is about 400. 
 
25 
 
 "CAMPING OUT" 
 
 The following sketch will give the reader a good idea of the attraction 
 Tield out to tourists and anglers : — 
 
 ' After the summit level is passed the train desceiids at the rate of 40 miles 
 «n hour down the valley of the Metapediac and along the banks of that 
 beautiful river. As the train flies along down the valley, we fear we are 
 likely to run in the river alongside of us. But the road-bed is good, and 
 the steel rails make the bed of the road like a billiard table. So we are 
 landed at tiie Metapediac station, opposite our friend Daniel Eraser's hospit- 
 ble door, before we realize that we are out of the Province of Quebec. The 
 Valley of the Metapediac contains some of the finest scenery in the Dom- 
 inion, and as the air is cool and good fishing is to be had here, I would 
 advise tourists or invalids to take a trip to the delightful place by cars, 
 and he or they could not be disappointed. 
 
 We met a party of gentlemen from St. John and Nov Vorkat Dalhousie 
 en route for fishing quarters on the grand Cascapcdia, tlie other side of the 
 Bay of Chaleur. They had a tug steamer hired to take them over (35 miles), 
 and offered us a passage with them, which would take us very near the 
 ;mouth of the little Cascapedia ; but when the time of sailing arrived and 
 no appearance of the steamer, we took the opportunity of a fair wind and 
 tide and the offer of a good boat, and arrived at our destination in 3.^ hours, 
 after a glorious sail down the Bay. 
 
 On Monday morning we had our two birch canoes and four men ready to 
 ascend the river 20 miles. Loadi' g a canoe Avith our baggage and provi- 
 sions for 14 days, we started on our way up the river in the directiun of 
 the Shick Shock mountain, and arrived at our camp at 6 p.m., after a hard 
 day's pulling. Some of the rapids look very ugly to a person not accustom- 
 ed to this mode of travel. Having built a large shanty 30 by 20 feet the 
 first time we came here, we soon found ourselves at home in this wild, 
 mountainous place, distant 18 miles from the nearest house. 
 
 The air was bracing, and the river water as clear as crystal, and as cold 
 as ice. Next morning, after a good bath in the river, wliich made our teeth 
 chatter, we started to lish, and went up ten miles to the foot of the river, 
 where the principal spawning bcdu of the salmon are. We had very line 
 sea trout fishing for the rest of the week, the fish weighing five pounds 
 each, and gave excellent sport in landing them. 
 
 On Saturday we went diiwn to New Richmond, and on the way netted 
 forty-three trout and three salmon, of about twenty-pounds each. 
 
 On the following Tuesday 1 went up the river about eight miles, and got 
 two salmon and forty trout, averaging as above in weight, and altogether, 
 we got in seven days fourteen salmon, and 800 pounds of very fine trout, of 
 which we pickled two barrel.s, aftir giving to our friends as much more 
 fresh. 
 
 On our way up the river we siiw a very larg.; eagle rising from oft" an 
 island in front of us, and on ariding we found the remains of a dead 
 rabbit, on which the monarch of birds was making his dinner. We also 
 
26 
 
 saw the fresh track of moose and deer on the island opposite our camp. 
 One of our Indians, (Black John) one evening went from the camp a short 
 •distnuce in search of birch bark to make a canoe, when he came to a large 
 tree, newly-stripped of its outer bark '>y a bear, to get at the inner bark, of 
 which he is very fond. 
 
 On our way down the river our me n told us of 
 
 A BEAVER DAM, 
 four hundred yards from the bank of the river. So, being anxious to see it,, 
 we took the things out of one of the canoes, and in a trice the four men 
 had it on their shoulders, and off wo started for the beaver dam. We very 
 soca arrived at a large sheet of water, about half a mile in length, formed 
 by the beavers felling large trees, somn 14 to 18 inches in diameter across 
 the lower end, and^hen smaller timber laid at an angle of 45 degrees into 
 the ground, with their upper ends restin n the cross beams. They then 
 fill up between with clay and small sticks, till the dam is as tight as a 
 drum. Near the upper end they have two houses,one about 1 2 feet in diame- 
 
 r end the other about eight feet (which, I presume, is the ladies' house or 
 nursery). The entrance to these houses is from below water and the shape 
 conical or very like a cock of hay. The bottom of the dam is covered with 
 a beautilul green carpet of moss, and as tht* water is very clear, you can see 
 ridges along the bottom and holes in them where the beaver makes him- 
 self at home when he is afraid of man or gets tired of his two story castle. 
 
 On examining the chips which these creatures cut from the trees they 
 had felled, I found some of them 4 to 5 inches long, and cut as if with 
 a woodman's axe. 
 
 Having engaged our schooner to come back for us on Saturday, to the- 
 mouth of the river, we arrived dripping with wet, but in excellent health 
 and with good appetites. We found oar skipper just arrived and ready for 
 us. At 5 o'clock nextmorninjj ■^e hoisted sail, and with a fair wind and 
 delicious trip arrived at Dalhousie tho same afternoon. 
 
 IVo. VI. 
 
 CAMPBELLTON AND DALHOUSIE. 
 
 After riding through thirteen mles of charming country Campbellton 
 is reached. It is located almost at the foot of the Sugar Loaf Mountain, 
 996 feet high, by actual measurement. Between Metapedia station and 
 Campbellton there is a cutting 40' » feet long and 25 wide. It is difficult 
 to say which is the more beautifwi river, the Bestigouche or the Metapedia, 
 which we have left behind us. The line of railway follows the course ot 
 the river. The Bestigouche river is in the county of Madaweqka. It is 
 220 miles long, and for half that distance it forms the dividing line between 
 the Provinces of Quebec and New Bnmswick. Five rivers empty into it, 
 
27 
 
 of which the chief are the Metapediac, the Cascapediac and the Gautawam- 
 kedgwick. The Restigooche empties into the Bay Chaleur, ard flows 
 through an extensive timber tract. The river gives employment to a 
 number of fishermen, who derivo their maintenance from the abundance 
 of salmon, trout, etc., which is to be be found in its waters. Lurge vessels 
 can navigate it to within thirty miles from its mouth. The Bonaventure 
 mountains extend along its narrow shore, and give the eye every variety 
 of landscape it can desire, filling the mind with wonder and admiration 
 for their magnificent and wild beauty. 
 
 The town of Campbellton is small, and its population does not exceed 
 fiOO persons. The Intercolonial will, however, be the means of adding 
 materially to its prosperity. Already several new stores are in course of 
 erection, and the general business air of the townsfolk strikes you favorably. 
 Many of them are Scctch settlers, thrifty and pushing. 
 
 There are several Government buildings in the vicinity of the station. 
 The station is of brick, and is occupied by the railroad cashier, Molson's 
 Bank agency, oiflce.s of the Assistant Superintendent, Chief Engineer's office, 
 the living apartments of the Station Master, beside the usual ticket ofiice, 
 waiting rooms, &c. A refreshment room has been added to the station. 
 North of the station house is the freight house. On the opposite side of 
 the track is the blacksmith's shop, the coal shed, the oil house, engine 
 house and car shop. 
 
 Campbellton is full of historical and local interest. It has two churches 
 — the Presbyterian and Roman Catholic. The former is the first Protest- 
 ant church east of Cacouna, 183 miles we t. I had the pleasure of meeting 
 two gentlemen who are the sons of the first white woman of British parents 
 born in this section. The gentlemen to whom I refer are A. Fergusonand 
 Robert Ferguson, Esquires, Conservatives of the old school. Their names 
 are so well known along the whole line that I am sure they will be lecog- 
 nized at once by a larpe number of persons. Both are bachelors and keep 
 open house with that generous hospitality typical of the English squire. 
 Although well advanced in years, they are stout, strong and vigorous. 
 
 The Messrs. Ferguson own a large fishery in front of their property. 
 
 The farms here are in excellent order. For the sake of comparison I 
 obtained the 
 
 AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE 
 
 of the various crops, and append a list, so that you may see how it com- 
 pares with those at Trois Pistoles, where, you will remember, I obtained a 
 similar statement. 
 
 Barley gives an average of 10 bushels per acre ; rye 10 bushels; wheat 
 8 bushels ; potatoes 24j barrels to^one barrel of seed. The figures with 
 regard to oats aud buckwheat I was unable to procure, but I am told they 
 ar' very satisfactory. 
 
 There are two salmon canning establishments here, but they are not in 
 operation at present. The first is owned by Mr. Hoegg, of Portland, Maine,,. 
 
28 
 
 just at the brck of the station ; thp second by Mr. Haddow, of Dalhousie, 
 four miles east of Campbellton. To accomodate this trade the Govern- 
 ment has constructed six refrig<rator cars, which I saw at the (.tation. 
 They are lined with zinc, and filled in with bark, and appear to be excel- 
 lent for the purpose. 
 
 At Cross Point, on the opposite shore, there is 
 
 AN INDIAN MISSION 
 under the spiritual care of the Eoman Catholic Church. The settlement 
 ■contains about 400 Mic-Macs, the oldest of whom in an old guide named 
 Sam Suke, now about seventy-eight years of age. They are a quiet faith- 
 ful people. The Government recently gave them 10,000 acres of wooded 
 land ; but b^'side this they have about 200 acres well under cultivation. 
 Their Church is a neat edifice, and the settlement from the New Brunswick 
 side looks like a thriving, picturesque town, very level but well sheltered. 
 Perhaps the most attractive feature of Campbellton is its 
 
 HISTORIC INTEREST. 
 
 In its immediate vicinity there are the remains of five French vessels of 
 •war which were sunk during the year 1760. The first two are at Old 
 Church Point, at the head of the tide, three miles from Campbellton on 
 the Quebec side ; there are also two at Bourdon opposite the Ferguson 
 piopcrty, and one at Cross Point. Others are reported to be sunk in the 
 channel some ten miles from the mouth of the river. They were sunk and 
 >burned by the French themselves in order to impede the progress of the 
 British fleet under Commodore Byron from ascending the river. The re- 
 mains of a portion of the wreck off Old Church Point can be seen at low 
 water, bot time has ro firmly fastened its timbers in the river's bed that 
 it is impossible to investigate its interior. Mr. Adam Ferguson has in his 
 possession two iron 18-pounders from these vessels. One is of twisted 
 iron, apparently hammered, the other is cast. They have tlie Jleur tie lya 
 of France stamped upon them, and are covered with, and partly eaten away 
 by rust. Tlie same genth-man lias a swivel guu captured from an Ameri- 
 can privateer during the war of 1812, which bears the broaf* arrow mark. 
 As the country became cleared, the settlers found cannon balls imbedded 
 in the trees and earth. They account for the fact by supposing that the 
 guns were loaded before i,ue vessels weie fired, as no fighting took place 
 at this point. 
 
 Mr. Lefebvre, of Carleton, 30 miles from here, ^las or had 
 
 A CURIOUS INDIAN IIELIC 
 ■which merits a description. While tht^ Metapediac military road (already 
 referred to in my last lettei) was being built on the Quebec side, six miles 
 from Campbellton, the workmen, in excavating the bank, came across the 
 remains of what was supposed to be an Indian. The head reposed on a 
 clear cut triangle of stone. On the region of the heart of the skeleton was 
 
 h 
 
 ■si 
 
29 
 
 a email marble ornament, suspended by a metal chain, either of copper or- 
 brass, very much corroded. The ornament is cut from a piece of greenish- 
 blue marble, perfectly smooth. It is six inches long, and in shape similar 
 to a whip-saw file. By the side of the remains there was also found a 
 metal chisel or axe, something like a ship carpenter's hawsyingiron. These 
 are the only pieces of metal ever found in this part of the country. Their 
 discovery has given rise to much speculation, and some associate the ar- 
 ticles with Freemasonry. It mav be thai, this is correct, for j heard from 
 an army officer in Kansas that his life was once saved by a Sioux Indian 
 who appeared familiar with several Masonic signs. The fact however, is 
 one in which antiquaries will find ample scope for conjecture. 
 
 It was with regret that I was compelled to leave this charming country,, 
 replete with delightful scenery and romantic incident, and proverbially 
 hospitable. Before closing my description, it may surprise your musical 
 readers to learn that young ladies who have never been fifty miles away- 
 from it in their lives are familiar with Thalberg's pianoforte studies. Fancy 
 hearing operatic morceaux in this country of rocks, hills and primitive sim- 
 plicity ! Campbellton w !'. always be gratefully remembered by your cor- 
 respondent, 
 
 DALHOUSIE. 
 
 Dalhousie station is nine miles east of here. It is seventy feet above 
 sea level. One mile east of Campbellton station you cress another iron 
 bridge of three spans of sixty feet ^dch over Mile Creek. The nature of 
 the country remains the same, so I will not recapitulate the superb scenery 
 to which no person can do justice. The track here is as good as ever ; but 
 the ballasting is not yet complete. The rails are as smooth and as even, 
 as a billiard-table ; the work being substantial and thorough. 
 
 The town of Dalhousie is on the beautiful Baie des Chaleur, seven 
 miles distant, over a rocky, uncomfortable road, full of ruts and mire. I 
 remained there with the firm conviction that I had placed the mosquitoes 
 under deep obligation for considerable nutriment. If they hadn't obtained 
 the traditional ounce of flesh, they certainly had no reason to complain of 
 not getting enough blood. Mosquitoes have that keen sense of perception 
 which enables them to scent a stranger half an hour before the cars arrive,, 
 and you find them waiting to receive you. They need no introduction be- 
 cause they introduce themselves. If any one was desirous of ascertaining 
 the nature of this country, he need only look at my swollen features to 
 get a tolerably fair idea of its rugged nature. My lineaments are all hills 
 and valleys. Seriously speaking, the misquitoes are an unmitigated nui- 
 sance. 
 
 The railway ru is back from Eel Eiver to Shore's Cove for six miles, nearly 
 in a straight line. The people feel very sore at its omitting to touch the 
 town. But this would have necessitated an additional distance of three 
 miles thjough costly cuttings, which would have had to be made. The 
 direction which the people desired was as follows : — Crossing Eel River 
 
m 
 
 I'i 
 
 30 
 
 Bay, runninj; around the Blore to Dalhousie lighthouse, passing bj 
 the Hamilton monument (t« which reference will be made directly), 
 through the town and along the bank of the Bestigouche to the present 
 station. I understand that offers have been made by contractors to build 
 a branch line for $50,000, but it is questionable whether a good road could 
 be built for this amount. At any rate, if the Dalhousians ever wish to 
 avail themselves of the natural advantages the place possesses, and which 
 would be increased fifty per cent., this line will have to be built, and until 
 it is the Intercolonial will be of but little use to them. . 
 
 I have said the town is situated at a point on the Bale des Chaleur. It 
 is bounded wtst and north by the Bestigouche, on the east by the Bay, 
 and on the south by the back country. It is naturally and admirably 
 fitted for a deep watat terminus. 
 
 Its population is about 1,200. The town has an area of five miles. 
 The principal industry is lumber, which }'ieldB an average of 15,000,000 
 per year, and 3,000 tons of square timber, principally spruce and Wrch. 
 The principal lumber merchant is George MofFatt, Esq., M.P., Conservative, 
 He owns a large saw mill here. 
 
 POINTS OP INTEBEST. 
 
 Harailton monument. This was erected by the inhabitants in memory 
 of the first merchant of Dalhousie. Indeed, the town was originally 
 named after him. It is said to be the largest monument erected to a pri- 
 vate individual in the Dominion. It stands on Dalhousie Hill, from which 
 may be seen the harbor, and the difi'erent churches, viz., the Episcopal, the 
 Eoman Catholic, and the Pfesbyterian. Numerous drives and walks can 
 be seen from this elevation. Fossil remains were discovered about two 
 years ago south-east of the town. Along the coast and within a quarter 
 of a mile of Dalhousie, there is abundance of herring, cod, eel and salmon. 
 
 HAMII/fON'S MONUMENT 
 
 is of free stone. It was cut in Glasgow, Scotland, and erected in 1851. 
 It stands 20 feet high, and bears the following inscription : — 
 
 In memory of 
 
 Captain John Hamilton, 
 
 a native of King's Cross, Arran, Scotland. 
 
 He was the first merchant who 
 
 settled at Dalhousie, and along with 
 
 many benevolent actions, built St. John's 
 
 Presbyterian Church, for which 
 
 his friends and countrymen here thus record 
 
 their gratitude. 
 
 He passed the last 10 years of his 
 
 life in his native land 
 
 and died at Irvine, 24th August, 1868. 
 
 Aged 80 years. 
 
 You will be able to form a pretty good idea of the economical tenden- 
 tsies of the people of Dalhousie when I tell >ou that the Government Dis- 
 
 > 
 
31 
 
 trict Saving's Bank received deposits in the county last year amoanting to 
 $120,000, exclusive of money held in Government bonds. The mv ney or- 
 der office alone did the largest business of any office within New Bruns- 
 wick, not excepting St. John, up to last year. This may be accounted for 
 by the absence of any local banking branch in the town. The population 
 in the county is about 5,000. 
 
 It is estimated that in 1874 there was probably 400,000 pounds of salmon 
 put up within the county of Resttgouche, and about the same quantity of 
 lobsters. (By the way, the shells of the latter are extensively used by some 
 farmers as manure. They say it makes an excellent article.) There are 
 four persons engaged in the lobster and salmon business, viz., Mr. George 
 Haddow, Mr. Hoegg, Mr. Windsor, at Campbellton and New Mills, and Mr. 
 Bain, also at the latter place. New Mills is sixteen miles east of Dalhousie 
 and will be referred to at the proper time. The advantage of Dalhousie, 
 bituatcd as it is, will at once bo apparent to the reader if ho will only look 
 at its situation on the map. I only regret that my time will not permit oi 
 a further description of this lovely point, which from nearly every side is 
 exceedingly beautiful. 
 
 ISO. VII. 
 
 FROM DALHOUSIE TO BATHUEST. 
 
 Before the traveller reaches Bathurst from Dalhousie he passes five sta- 
 tions, the vicinity of each being noted, more or less, for its salmon fishing. 
 These stations arc — 
 
 Oharlo, ten miles east of DalhouHic, forty-five feet above sea level. Half 
 way between it and Dalhousie there is an iron bridge, with a single span 
 of 100 feet, over Eel River. One mile east of Charlo Station there is 
 another bridge over the Charlo River, which empties into the Baio des 
 Chaleurs, of three spans of fifty feet each ; and within a few hundred feet 
 there is ft third bridge of two spars of fifty feet each. 
 
 New MiL. is the second station, and is thirty feet above the sea level. 
 I£alf a mile east of it is a bridge of two spans, each sixty feet, over the 
 Benjamin River, which also empties into the Bale des Chaleurs. 
 
 Six miles east of New Mills we come to another bridge of a single span 
 of eighty feet, over Nash's Creek; and a mile distant from the same, 
 crossing Louison's Brook, is one of sixty feet. 
 
 Jacquet River is the next station, nine miles from Charlo. It has an 
 elevation of forty^>nc feet. At the 227th mile from Riviere du Lonp, the 
 level rises to 227 feet above the sea. I should have mentioned that at one 
 mile west of the station there is a bridge of 300 feet in length— three 
 
32 
 
 \% 
 
 1 1; 
 
 Bpftns, of 100 feet each. Four miles east of the station is another, crossing 
 the Belleduue Kiver, of a single span of eighty feet. 
 
 Pelledune Station, nine miles from the former, is built at an elevation of 
 eighty feet. Two miles east of it is a snow-shed 300 fiet long and fifteen 
 feet deep. Near it, is another snow-shed GOO feet long aud eighteen feet 
 deep. 
 
 The next station is Petit Roche, eight miles from the former, at a sea 
 level of eighty-nine feet. Two miles west of it a bridge, with a single 
 span of eighty feet, crosses Elm Tree Kiver. Three miles east of the sta- 
 tion, over the Nigados Kiver, is a bridge with a single span of eighty feet.. 
 At the 238th mile from Riviere du Loup are two cuttings, or snow-sheds r 
 the first 1,000 feet long and twenty- five feet deep; the second 378 feet long 
 and twenty feet deep. This latter completes the number of snow-sheds, 
 which gives a total of fifteen, representing 10,9T8 yards of excavation, 
 mostly through solid rock, between St. Fabian and this point. The aver- 
 age depth of these cuttings is twenty-six and a half feet. These facts may 
 appear "ather dry reading, but they speak of gigantic difficulties overcome, 
 of long days of mental study and of many months of toil and labor. l)ry 
 as they may appear to some, they tell their tale of successful engineering 
 skill of which modern science may well be proud. 
 
 Three miles west of Bathurst Station a bridge of five spans, of 100 feet 
 each and seventy feet high, crosses the Tete-ti-gouche. It is a splendid 
 structure of the lattice girder pattern. The piers and abutments contair* 
 2,400 cubic yards of solid masonry. The rails on the bridge are sixty-five 
 feet from the river bed. 
 
 It would take too long to go thoroughly into the question of the coa- 
 fitruction of these bridges, which would only interest professional men. 
 However, the general reader has a sufficient description of them to form a 
 faint notion of the quality and quantity of the work along the line. The 
 above stations have the same neat apptarance which those west of Camp- 
 bellton possess, though much smaller. 
 
 Twelve miles from Petit Roche and 252 from Riviere d)i Loup is 
 
 BATHURST. 
 
 The station is at an elevation of thirty-five feet above the sea. The 
 building is built of brick, sixty-six feet long and thirty feet wide. It 13 
 built upon a stone foundation. The town is one and a quarter mile from 
 the station. It %vas originally settled in the year 1780 by three French 
 settlers named Hache, Doucette, and D'Aigle. The early history of New 
 Brunswick is closely identified with the place. The reader, if she or he be 
 so minded, would do well to study its history, which abounds with histor- 
 ical romance exceedingly interesting. My only desire, '.owever, is rather 
 to deal with the present age, and to tell what it has achieved in this- 
 era of progress and competition. 
 
 I ■ 
 
H3 
 
 Bathurst, Gloucester County, ie situated to the east of the station, and is 
 built on the shores of the harbor of Bathurst Bay, into which the rirers 
 Nlpisiguit, Tete-a-goHche, Middle River and Little River flow. These 
 streams are not tributaries, but independent rivers. The harbor is a 
 beautiful slicet of water, as smooth as glass, and affords capital boating. 
 The harbor is two and a half miles in diameter, and is entered f in Nlpi- 
 siguit Bay, which is nearly landlocked, and forms a portion of the Baiedes 
 Chaleurs. The channel, fourteen feet deep, runs between Carron and 
 Alston points, three miles from the town. Tl»t portion of the harbor 
 above the bridge, which connects the town with the village of 8t. Peter's 
 (by which name it is said Bathurst was eriginally called), is named the 
 Basin. This bridge is half a mile long. It may be stated that in order to 
 icake the railway more convenient, a project has been mooted for the con- 
 struction of another bridge from the foot of the principal street (Water 
 street) directly across to the railway station through the diameter of the 
 circle. This is alleged to be necessary to meet the requirements of the 
 business men. Ten thousand dollars, it is thought, would'be sufficient for 
 the purpose, and application to the Dominion Government is contem- 
 plated to meet this want. This improvement would sliorten the distance to 
 the town by half a mile. 
 
 The town covcis an area of a mile square. It is built on a peninsula 
 and contains a population of 1,200 persons. It is governed by the munici- 
 pality of the parish, and sends two representatives to that body. Its local 
 ■member in the Provincial Government is F. K. Burns, Esq , who is opposed 
 to the general policy of the Administration. The town is judiciously 
 planned, and the streets all run at right angles, and are well built. There 
 are about a dozen streets in all. 
 
 At the point at which the Nipisigiiit enters the harbor, a bridge 700 feet 
 long is built. The river has a sufficient depth of water to permit of navi- 
 gation two miles above its mouth. Near it the water dashes boldly along 
 the shore — on the town side. The locality is favorable for milling pur- 
 poses, and wc"ld be well supplied with lumber frrra the banks of the river, 
 which, ihroughout its course of 100 miles, is well timbered with pine and 
 spruce of good quality. From the vicinity of the other rivers large supplies 
 could be had. 
 
 POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 E.\cellent fishing can be had at Rough Waters, the Railway Bridge, 
 Round Rocks, Papineau Falls, Middle Landing ; at the Little and Big 
 Chain of Rocks, and at Grand Falls. The latter place is twenty miles 
 from Bathurst, abovo which no salmon can ascend. Tourists are pouring 
 in from all parts of the comntry. I met a company of gentlemen from 
 Halifax, St. John and Montreal, all eager for sport, faithful disciples of the 
 lamented Izaak. At all these places I have mentioned there are fishing 
 pools, and the scenery is in keeping with the beauty of the town, which 
 for quiet, rural and simple loveliness is unsurpassed anywhere in the Pro- 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 vince. The view of Grand Falls is very charming. It is approached 
 through a narrow gorge, one and a half miles long, between tall, towering 
 rliffg, which cast their shadows acrosH the stream. In some places the sun 
 never shines upon it. The water is as smooth as glass, and the retreat is 
 one where a love-sick maiden could pine away and die with perfect 
 stjccess. 
 
 If you want a good drive, you have your choice of the Bay Shore, Ca'"- 
 ron, or Alston Points, where, if you feel inclined, yon may batlie, or fish 
 for cod. A drive around the Basin also would well repay you, crossing 
 the Little and Middle llivers to enable you to get a splendid view from 
 Rocl.y Bridge. If you are fond of agricultural scenery you can find it 
 along the Tete-a-gouche River, passing tiie splendid farm and the former 
 summer residence of the late Francis Ferguson, Esij. Here you can esti- 
 mate at its proper value the agricultural wealth of the countr)' — notably 
 the well cultivated and richly stocked farm of Hon. John Ferguson. This 
 farm is said to be the finest in the Trovince, and contains nearly 400 acres 
 under the most approved system of cultivation. The Court House and 
 jail, now famous in connection with the trial of the Caraquet rioters, can 
 be seen from tlic hill. The former is a substantial building and a credit 
 to the town. If these are not enough attractions, there are others, ad 
 libitum. 
 
 COMMERCIAL. 
 
 The preserving and canning of salmon forms the most important com- 
 mercial item at present. Large <iuantitio8 were caught along the bay 
 shore, half of which was previous to this year canned for exportation^ 
 principally to England. As much as 400,000 pounds were sent out of the 
 country. 
 
 There being no banking facilities, merchants are obliged to transact 
 their businesss at a considerable disadvantage, having to handle their 
 paper, both payable and receivable, principally through two distant banks 
 which, they say, offers them little or no accommodation. Thus, in buying 
 or selling exchange or drafts or vice versa, the merchant has to pay 8 per 
 cent., and often a commission of I per cent, added. The smaller mer- 
 chants transact their financial afi"aii •> through the Money Order Department. 
 It is estimated that goods to the i j^ ount of $300,000 are sold annually m 
 the town. 
 
 The system of long credits aiid barter heretofore, through necessity, 
 observed, is now rapidly giving way to a ready money basis, from which 
 all parties are beginning to derive a marked benefit. Business here is 
 healthy, imports being light and the demand steAdy. This demand is 
 stimulated by the Intercolonial. The prospects of more than an average 
 crop are encouraging. The town is also deriving its siiare of income from 
 the large number of tourists who pour in from all quarters. 
 
 In the trade of canned fish, Br.thurst is probably one of the most im- 
 portant stations along the North Shore. The largest firms in this branch, 
 
 
> 
 
 35 
 
 of business are lilessrs. Ferguson, Ranklnc & Co., Windsor, and others. 
 The quantity of lobsters put up this year, it is thought, will exceed that 
 of salmon, owing to the fact that most of the latter liave been exported 
 fresh by rail. Among the larger exporters are Messrs. Baldwin k Molloy, 
 R. Armstrong and Enoch Pifer. These parties uso 
 
 FISH FREEZERS, 
 
 by which they are enabled to hold their fish until the market rilers- favor- 
 able inducements for their sale. 
 
 The one in use, by Mes.sra. Ualdwin & Molloy, is extremely ingenious 
 and simp'e in iti construction. It merely consists ui two refrigerator 
 vaults, 20 feet long, 12 leet wide, and 8 J feet high. Lach vault is a sepa- 
 rate chamber. The first contains 20 pipes, It inches in diameter ; the 
 second, the same number of pipes of an ecjual diameter, and three cylin- 
 ders of a diameter of 1 "^ inches. These pipes are fed with ice and salt 
 *rom the top, and around the side ot these chambers is a trough, in which 
 it is placed. The walls arc, on one side, 15 inchch thick ; well lined with 
 sawdust, and on t!ic other 2 feet in thickness. It will hold .'!,000 salmon, 
 and by some secret process, the fish retains its natural color aad bright- 
 ness. At the time of my visit, there were about fifteen hundred salmon 
 in store, weighing from 8 to :!0 pounds. The temperature depends upon 
 the regularity and quantity of the supply of ice and salt. The interior 
 was arranged with trays, upon which the fish were placed, anil the ther- 
 mometer registered IS"* above zero, although it is often as low as 16" 
 Coming out of the open air, with the tlK^rmometcr at 8V° in the shade, into 
 this intensel}' cold atmosphere, the shock to the system was exceedingly 
 telling. The cold strikes into your bones, and it was several hours before 
 the chill left me. It was so cold that an inch of snow encrusted the ex- 
 terior of the pipes. This invention is patented, and could be made to 
 apply to household purposes. I saw some hne mackerel here, weighing 
 from two to three pounds, selling for two cents each. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 The predominating creed here is the Roman Catholic, although there 
 are in addition to the Roman Catholic Church, the churches of the Epis- 
 copalian, Presbj'terian and Methodist denominations. The Conservative 
 element is gaining strength. The Free School question is the most im- 
 portant subject of local and provincial politics. A concession, I believe, 
 was obtained from the Provincial Board of Education last year by the local 
 representative, whereby the Catholic ratepayers should receive some bene- 
 fit from the object for which the people are taxed. With one exception, 
 the hotel accommodation is only middling, and that exception is the Wil- 
 bur House, a good, comfortable hotel, which is scarcely large enough for 
 the number of visitors who go there. 
 
/f 
 
 36 
 
 IVO. VII. 
 
 W''M 
 
 FROM BATHURST TO MIEAMIOHI. 
 
 Before writing of the Miramichi district, which includes the towns of 
 Chatham and Newcastle, mention must be made of the work Riong the 
 road. 
 
 There are three stations between these points, a distance of forty-four 
 miles. 
 
 The first is 
 
 Red Pine, three hundred and thirty-one feet above sea level, but before 
 this is reached you cross a bridge three miles east of Bathurst Station, over 
 Little River. It is a single span of sixty feet. Two miles further is 
 another, crossing the Nipisiguit River, of six spans, of one hundred feet 
 each and thirty-eight feet above the rii^er. This is a lattice girder. The 
 masonry is of granite, and the piers and abutments are founded in solid 
 rock. The cost of the bridge alone was $60,000. Five miles west of Red 
 Pine, and crossing the brook of that name is a plat«-girder bridge, with 
 three spans of forty feet each. The granite masoury appears to bo built 
 to last all doomsday, and gives evidence of thoroughly finished work. 
 The structure is handsome and imposing, and affords a fine photographic 
 study. On this section (16) there is a total of 2,318 yards of first-class 
 masonry, 955 yards of second-class, and 350,000 yards of earth cuttings. 
 
 The next station is Bartibogiie, 514 feet elevation above the sea. This 
 is the highest point between Bathurst and Newcastle. Four miles east of 
 the station and crossing the Bartibogue river, which empties into the Bay 
 Chaleur, is a lattice girder bridge, with a single span of eighty feet, ap- 
 proached from the east by an embankment containing 60,000 cubic yards 
 of earth. One mile west of the next station, you pass through a rock 
 cutting one and a quarter mile long, containing 125,000 cubic yards, and 
 tear by there is an embankment containing 60,000 cubic yards. 
 
 The third station is Beaver Brook, at an elevation, above sea level, of 
 three hundred and twenty-four feet. 
 
 The line along this portion of the road is nearly straight, passing through 
 a dull, uninteresting country, which, in contrast to the beautiful character 
 of the landscapes through which you have travelled, heightens your appre- 
 ciation of the splendid views left behind. 
 
 Ten miles from Beaver Brook you arrive at Miramichi Station. It is 
 one hundred and thirty-one feet above sea level. The water is supplied 
 from a brook, nearly two miles distant, by a reservoir six hundred by two 
 hundred and fifty feet. Its construction cost $10,000. 
 
 « ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
37 
 
 THE MIRAMICHI DISTRICT. 
 
 The celebrated lumbci- reigon traversed by the Miramichi river, which 
 drains 6,000 square miles of territory, is so well known by repute that it 
 does not need more than a passing mention of its principal features. The 
 river is divided into the Norjh-west and South-west branches. The head- 
 waters of the latter arc in Nortbuml)erland county, near the Nipisiguit. 
 The former takes its rise in the lakes of Victoria and Carleton coimties. 
 The greatest depth of the Miramichi, where its branches unite is abovo 
 Newcastle. From here it gradually widens into the Bay of Miramichi, and 
 eventually flows into the grc<».t Gulf of the St. Lawrence. The area of Mira- 
 michi proper is about 2,000 miles. It is with regret that time will not 
 permit of dwelling upon the historical associations of this district, the first 
 grant of wiach dates back 1690, to one Denis de Frousac. Cartier's name 
 is closely associated with this tract of country, the timber from which has 
 found its way into all parts of the civilized world. 
 
 THE GREAT FIRE OF OCTOBER, 1825, 
 
 will always form a part of the most notable portion of the history of New 
 Brunswick. That vast forest of llame, one hundred miles in length, des 
 troyed 8,000 square miles of country a million dollars worth of property, 
 the lives of 200 persons, nine hundred head of cattle and five hundred 
 buildings. Newcastle was burnt to the ground. Mr. W. K. Reynolds, Jr. 
 of St. John, N. B., has written a graphic history of chis fearful disaster— 
 probably the greatest fire in area the world has ever known. In it ho gives 
 many interesting particulars, and from it we take the above facts — the 
 number of persons excepted. 
 
 NEWCASTLE 
 
 is one-fourth of a mile from, and southeast of the station. It is about a 
 mile square, and has a population of nearly 2,000 person^. It stands on 
 the westerly bank of the Miramichi. 
 
 The principal industry is lumber. In the the town there are two saw 
 mills, with a cutting capacity of from 40,000 to 60,000 feet per day, princi- 
 pally of spruce timber. 
 
 The largest mill owners are Messrs. D. & J. Ritchie & Co. and W. Park. 
 Esq. Lumbermen over at the mills earn from $1.50 to $2.00 per day. 
 
 The following 
 
 CUSTOM HOUSE RETURNS OF LUMBER EXPORTS FOR 
 
 JUNE, 1876, 
 
 will enable the reader to arrive at an approximate idea of this branch of 
 ioduBtry. 
 
38 
 
 The exports to the European markets, chiefly England, were : — 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Battens 89,052 
 
 Deals 8,010,925 
 
 Deal ends 279,011 
 
 Scantling 479,982 
 
 Boards 34,531 
 
 Palings 420,750 
 
 Tons. 
 Birch 30 
 
 The coastwise exports, mostly to the United States were : — 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Dea.18 273,341 
 
 Deal ends 4,000 
 
 Scantlings 1,700 
 
 Boardb 109,717 
 
 Palings 23,825 
 
 Laths 238,500 
 
 Shingles 47,750 
 
 It should be mentioned that this docs not represent all the lumber pro- 
 perly within the port of Newcastle, for in addition to those mills referred 
 to there are three others that cut lumber for Chatham merchants, the 
 products being entered at that port. These would give an additional 
 amount of about ] 1,000,000 feet per annum. 
 
 Owing to the keen competition with the Pa. ific trade, the canned 
 salmon industry is almost at a stand still, although fresh salmon has been 
 largtly supplied during the present year. From June Ist to 14th there 
 were shipped to the United States 309 boxes, containing 5,444 fish, weigL- 
 ing, say, on an average, ten pounds. The largest shippers are Messrs. H. P« 
 & T. Crocker, Mr. E. C. Tozcr, and Messrs. Donald Morrison & Co. Large 
 quantities of bass are shipped from the northwest stream, about seven 
 miles west of the Branch. These fish are at times so plentiful that as 
 much as $70 worth have been caught in one night. This occurred a short 
 time ago. Shipments of trout, smelts and ocls arc also made on a smaller 
 scale. 
 
 There is a good-siLcd wharf in the town, the water being sixteen feet 
 deep at low tide, where two river steamers, owned by Messrs. K, R. Call 
 and John ('. IMiller, arrive and depart. The latter gentleman owns a hem- 
 lock bark-extract factory at Derby, nioe miles from Newcastle. One of 
 these vessels, the Era, makes four trips daiiy between Newcastle and Chat- 
 bam. There are also two ferries and four sti'am tugs in operation, which 
 are kept pretty busy during the summer. 
 
 The town L lit with gas, apparently of good quality. The works are run 
 at the private cost of Alex Stewart, who is the proprietor of the best hotel 
 in the place, the Wavcrley House, which is becoming well known for the 
 excellent comfo.t which its owner provides for his guests. Newcastle is 
 represented in the County Council, consisting of a warden and twenty-one 
 councillors. The county was incojporatod but recently, and met for the 
 
 > 
 
39 
 
 I 
 
 ,. 
 
 first time in Jaauary last. Tht. people are Conservatives, and a paper in 
 this interest, the Union Advocate, is circulated largely through the county. 
 There are five churches— the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Roman Catholic, 
 MethodiBt, and Baptist. The first of these predominates. 
 
 POINTS OP INTEREST. 
 There are many picturesque points in the vicinity of Newcastle. One of 
 these is Mill Cove, one mile below Newcastle. On each side is sloping; 
 high land, and a stream of the same name runs through the valley and 
 supplies power to the grist mill owned by the Hon. R. Hutchison. The 
 locality is well wooded with birch and maple groves, whose dazzling tints 
 of autumn foliage are said to be unsurpassed for their richness of color- 
 Beaubair's Island, owned by the Hon. Peter Mitchell, is also another inter- 
 esting place. It is just below the junction of the branches of the Miramichi 
 River. It is a favorite resort for tourists and ploasure-seekers. Here may 
 be seen the grave of the first British settler, William Davidson, of the 
 Miramichi District, who emigrated thither in 1764, and obtained a large 
 grant of land on the Southwest Branch. He constructed the first schooner 
 built on the Miramichi River in 1773. On his tombstone is the following : 
 
 Sacred to the Meiribry 
 
 of . ■t-.: 
 
 Wm. Davidson, Esq., 
 
 Reprosf ntative for the County of Northumberland, Province of New 
 
 Brunswick ; Judge of the Court of Common Pleas ; Contractor for 
 
 the Masts for His Majesty's Navy. He died on the 1 7th of 
 
 June 1790, aged 50. He was one of the frst settlers 
 
 of 'the river, and greatly instrumental in promoting 
 
 the settlement. He left a widow and 
 
 five children to deplore their loss. 
 
 " Memento Mori." 
 
 Many of the oldest families in St. John are descendants of the above. 
 
 Had I the time I might tell you of many other interesting features in 
 connection with the island. 
 
 Good fly-fishing for salmon, trout and gilse may be had at Big Hole, on 
 the Northwest River, fifteen miles distant. The waggon. road is fair, and 
 the steamers will carry you within five miles of it. 
 
 The people of Newcastle are industrious, thrifty and energetic, as may 
 Ive seen by the many tasteful residences and handsome churches, which are 
 ill on sites favorable for observation. They are hospitable and courteous 
 to stra gers, and whether it be amusement or business which receives 
 their attention, they attend to it thoro^ighly, as the following instance will 
 show : — . 
 
 HOW THE MIRAMICHI FOLKS AMUSE THEMSELVES. 
 
 A picnic was given recently by a local temperance society. The day 
 was hot and dusty. After arriving at their destination, the party waiter' 
 foi- somebody to start the amusements. Things were getting "slow," 
 and each waited for the other to enliven the festivities. Among those 
 
40 
 
 14 
 
 present were several visitors from other parts of the country. What was 
 to be done ? The reputation of Newcastle for fun and humor wa^/ at stake, 
 and that was a serious consideration. The very thought of such a dread- 
 ful calamity threw a funereal tone, \a it were, over the company. Whether 
 the heat or the ginger ' pop" had enervated the party, no one could tell. 
 In a fit of desperation, one of the picnickers offered to wager five cents 
 that he could out-roll his friend a distance of fifty yards. The bet 
 wag taken, and the contestants extended themselves at full length 
 upon the grass. Distance was measured, and the signal given. Now, 
 these two gentlemen were remarkable opposites in their build and appear- 
 ance. One was broad shouldered, but very thin, tapering down to a point, 
 herring-fashion. The other was large, bulky and robust, like a tommy- 
 cod. The race commenced with the thermometer almost 90 ® in the 
 shade. What the thin man lacked in fatness, he made up in speed ; but 
 his fat rival gained an impetus from his very roundness of body. All he 
 had to do was to give himself a jerk every once in a while, and roll him- 
 self by the mere force c ;' own momentum, It was a curious and 
 instructive sight to see the di "e air of gra\ity which settled upon the 
 
 features of the two parties. No, smile to relieve the business-like air 
 which fastened upon their perspiring coun'.enances. The thin man looked 
 furiously determined, and gained a foot ahead at the start. The fat man, 
 with compressed lips and serious mien, gave himself an extra jerk, and 
 made up the lost distance. The thin man got excited, and scratched his 
 nose badly. The fat man kept on and won the race. It was then a ques- 
 tion for the judges to decide whether the extra size of the fat man's body 
 should not be allowed to the thin man on the start. But it was ably argued 
 that this would not have been just, because the fat man, although larger 
 than his rival, required more strength to roll successfully. However, the 
 defeat of the thin man was repeated in two subsequent races, and the facts 
 are merely mentioned to show that when Newcastle men set about doing' 
 a thing, they do it thoroughly, even at a picnic. 
 
 i > 
 
 M 
 
 IS: 
 
 rvo. IX. 
 
 FROM MIRAMIOHI STATION TO CHATHAM 
 
 JUNCTION. 
 
 From Miramichi Station to Chatham Junction is six miles, and three 
 miles east of the former an iron bridge of the Phoenixville pattern, 1,200 
 feet long, of six spans, crosses the north-west branch of the Miramichi 
 River. This is the only structure between the two points ; but it affords 
 a splendid view and is an excellent specimen of massive masonry. 
 
 There is much to be said about Chatham itself, that I cannot give but a. 
 small space to the mention of the scenery along the line. Suilice it to> 
 
 i h 
 
i h 
 
 41 
 
 say it is nigged and bare of noteworthy remark, although it is somewhat 
 peculiar from itr very weediness— so to speak. 
 
 The town of 
 
 CHATHAM 
 is on the south side of Miramichi River, in the County of Northumber- 
 land. It is the largest town on the North Shore, and has a poitulation of 
 4,000. Th'? position of the town is direct north ot the station, about half 
 a mile distant. Its approacli by the river, coming from Newcastle, impres- 
 Bcs you favorably by its business-like appearance and commodious 
 wharves. There is a general air of sprightliness about it very pleasing to 
 the stranger. The largest wharf is 900 feet long, with a depth of water at 
 low tide, at one place of twenty feet, and at another of twenty-seven feet. 
 
 The town is built on a gentle slope. The streets are at right angles 
 and are broad, and well made. The principal street (Water street,) fonns 
 pttrl of the high road. It exteiuls a dlota icc of about a, mile iia the town, 
 and is about sixty feet wide. It is well lighted %vith gas, — far superior in 
 brilliancy to our Montreal gas — has good sidewalks, and the shops are 
 spacious and imposing. The second principal street is Wellington street, 
 running parallel with the former and is sixty-six feet wide. The lower 
 end of the town is encircled by one small liill in its rear, from which a 
 capital view may be had of the town and surrounding cotmtrj'. 
 
 RELIGIOUS, EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. 
 
 Chatham is well supplied with churches. It has two Presbyterian, one- 
 Episcopalian, one Methodist, and the Roman Catholic cathedral of the 
 diocese, in connection with which is a college and convent, both largely 
 patrimized. The schools are divided into three districts; three schools in 
 each, besides a high school and a grammar school. The principal build- 
 ings are the Mechanics' Institute and the Masonic Hall, both extremely, 
 cieditable structures. In addition to the usual temperance and chu.jh 
 societies, there are the St. Patrick's, St. George's and Highland Societies, 
 organized for benevolent purposes. 
 
 The County Poor House, situated at the upper end of the town, is a large 
 building governed by a Board of Commissioners appointed by the county. 
 The management is said to be excellent, each town paying its ratio- 
 of expenses for its own poor, besides a proportionate share for current ex- 
 penses. At the jtime of my visit there were only ten occupants in the 
 building, mostly aged persons, and not one of those ':"ime from Chatham. 
 
 The Chatham police force consists of but three m.n, whose services are 
 not often required. There are no water works, but the town is well sup- 
 plied with water from numerous springs, and several large tanks are placed 
 at convenient distances for fire purposes. 
 
 The fire department is a volunteer organization. There is one steam 
 engine, two hand engines, and one chemical extinguisher. A fire broke 
 out during my short stpy, and I had the opportunity of seeing the men^ 
 
42 
 
 "tomed out on short notice. This is the first town east of Riviere du Loup 
 that has an organized lire department. It is really extraordinary to find 
 the apathy with which the people of other places regard the possible con- 
 tingency of fire. In small towns, completely shut out from aid, should a 
 conflagration occur, there could be no possible means of escape from the 
 disastrous losses which would most asuredly follow without the aid of pro- 
 per apparatus. The lesson taught by the fire at St. John's seems to bo 
 wholly lost on the inhabitants of remote country places. When you do 
 ' come across a hand engine it is generally in a state of mechanical bank- 
 ruptcy — completely useless. While upon this subject, I may add that evi- 
 dences of the great Miramichi fire of 1825, already referred to, are still 
 to be seen along the North Shore by the dead trees which lie extended in 
 • one direction through the burnt woods. 
 
 COMMERCIAL. 
 
 Chatham does not bear any evidence of the "commercial depression." 
 The phrase seems to be unknown here. There is plenty of work to be 
 had, and poverty, as it is understood in Montreal, is unknown. When I 
 began to speak uf the check which our ti-ade had received, and the con- 
 tinue'd depressed state of the industries of the country, people began to 
 regard me as a sort of paid commissioner sent to Chatham to make out a 
 case against the Government. Said a man to me, whose ignorance of po- 
 litics was exceedingly amusing : — "We have no depression, sir ; Chatham 
 is GREATLY BLESSED, Sir. Indeed it is HIGHLY FAVORED, sir. We have 
 no politics, and, sir, I am glad to say we have no rJiticians, and that's the 
 reason, / yuess, ivhy we haven't got any commercial depresnon, sir. No, sir, 
 the only depression we experience in Chatham, sir, is we're getting down- 
 hearted because we can't get men to turn out work fast cnou'ifh, sir. Yes, 
 •sir, Chatham is the metropolis of the North Shore, and if you want to 
 settle down here, sir, this is the place to settle in. ' Having said this, the 
 Chatham man looked at me defiantly, and walkei off. His view of the 
 .subject, however, is scarcely exaggerated ; the people are industrious and 
 ■hnppy-Iooking. The staple produce is lumber. 
 
 THE LUMBER TRADE 
 
 Rffords employmont to at least 600 persons. There arc five mills in the 
 town and three in the vicinity. One of these employs three gangs of men 
 by day, cutting from 150,000 to 175,000 feet in ten hours ; also two gangs 
 by night, cutting from 100,000 to 120,000 in the same time. In this mill 
 alone 240 men are employed. Here the logs are taken out of the water in 
 the tree, passed through the mill, sawn, and in one minute and a half (by 
 checked time) the planks are placed in the vessel and ready for the foreign 
 market. At the wharf of this mill, seven vessels, averaging 500 tons 
 each, were being loaded as fast as possible. This fine mill^is the property 
 of Mr, J. B. Snowball. The Hon. Wm. Muirhcad owns the oldest saw-mill 
 'onthe Miramiohi, originally built by Joseph Cunard, about the year 1835. 
 
 > 
 
 ^ > 
 
 4 
 
43 
 
 ^;> 
 
 4 
 
 The wages of the men who are employed at or about the mills varies from 
 $1.25 to $2.50 per day. Most of the operatives owa the houses in which 
 they live, and not a few of them possess other property. 
 The following 
 
 TABLE OF EXPORTS FOR 1876, ENDING JUNE 30th, 
 represents the quantity and value of this Jirge industry :— 
 
 DEALS AND BOARD?. 
 
 Countries. Quantity. Value. 
 
 United Kingdom 88,200,000 feet. $905,393 
 
 France 1,157,000 « 11,573 
 
 Holland 782,000 « 8,590 
 
 StPierie 318,000 « 2,377 
 
 90,457,000 feet. 
 
 DEAL ENDS. 
 
 United Kingdom 3,720,000 feet. 
 
 France. 51,000 " 
 
 Holland 29,000 « 
 
 3,800,000 feet. 
 
 SCANTLING. 
 
 United Kingdom 2,969,000 feet. 
 
 TIMBER — PINE. 
 
 United Kingdom 1,853 tons. 
 
 TIMBER — BIRCH. 
 
 United Kingdom 
 France 
 
 817 tons. 
 
 31 " 
 
 United Kingdom . , 
 
 818 tons. 
 
 PALINGS. 
 
 2,543,000 pieces. 
 
 SPAUS. 
 
 .Number 44 
 
 $927,933 
 
 $ 27,439 
 365 
 204 
 
 $ 28,008 
 
 9 22,552 
 
 $ 14,255 
 
 $ 5,656 
 155 
 
 S 5,811 
 S 12,163 
 $ 17G 
 
 France 
 
 During the same period the imports were valued at $114,535; con- 
 sumption at $132,337, and the amount of duty paid to the Government, 
 
 $29,565.30 
 
 THE FISHERY QUESTION ONCE MORE. 
 
 There are three canning establishments within easy distance of 
 Ciiatham, viz., at Pox Island, Miramichi Bay, and Burnt Church, on the 
 north side, 2 4 miles distant. Large quantities are exported to England, 
 and also packed in ic and sent by rail to Boston and New York. 
 
 The oflicial returns for 1876 show the following fish exports :— 
 
 Pounds. Value. 
 
 Lob?fc<:r^ (canntd) United Kingdom 273,120 $21,968 
 
 Salmon,' do. do 49,698 6,801 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 4,29V 
 
 Pickb^d fish, United States 
 
 Barrels. 
 1,199 
 
 Total value $33,075 
 
44 
 
 In addition to its lumber and lishing trade, (Jiiatham has two Rteam 
 tanneries and two large iron foundries. 
 
 An extensive trade is also carried on between here and Prince Edward 
 Island. Oats, potatoes and other farm produce are taken in exchange 
 for lumber and manufactured goods. 
 
 In remarking upon the shipping of Chatham, it should be mentioned 
 that two-thirds of the vessels named below were loading at the time of 
 my visit. 
 
 LIST OP VESSELS IN PORT AUGUST Gxn, 1870 
 Owners, 
 Wm. Muirhead i ship 
 
 tons. 
 
 '. 1049 
 
 8 barques 4189 
 
 1 barquentine 395 
 
 1 briir 293 
 
 1 schooner 685 
 
 Total. 
 
 11 
 
 6511 
 
 J. B. Snowball 1 ship C81 
 
 " G barques .,..,3711 
 
 " , 2 brigs 713 
 
 " 1 barquentine 220 
 
 Total 10 
 
 George Stewart & Co 1 barque 
 
 '• 1 brig , . . 
 
 f ,X 
 
 Total 2 
 
 5325 
 
 353 
 318 
 
 671 
 
 A.M. Morrison 2 barques 869 
 
 " 1 brig 220 
 
 •' 1 brigantine 229 
 
 Total 
 
 • « • * ft 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Wm. Muirhead 12 
 
 J. B. Snowball . „ 10 
 
 George Stewart & Co 2 
 
 A, Morrison 4 
 
 isia 
 
 Tonnage, 
 
 6511 
 5325 ' 
 
 671 
 1318 
 
 13825 
 
 Total 28 
 
 All trading. 
 
 Besides these there were 28 other vessels loading and unloading, viz., 
 12 British, 7 Norwegian, 4 German, 2 United States, 2 Russian and 1 
 Austrian. 
 
 You will admit this is an important exhibit for a town of 4,000 persons. 
 POINTS OP INTEREST. 
 
 The country surrounding Chatham is generally level and has an agri- 
 cultural district extending from one to nine miles out of town. Nine miles,^ 
 
 i 'V 
 
 i 
 
^iV 
 
 45 
 
 south, you strike Black lliver, the settlements along which extend about 
 five miles, and easterly thirteen miles, where the river empties into Mira- 
 michi Bay. Good trout fishing may be had at Tubusciatic and at Burnt 
 Church River, which empties into Miramichi Bay, below Chatham. Abun- 
 dance of wildfowl may be shot in the spring and fall. Cariboo and moose 
 hunting is carried on extersively in mid-winter, but shooting is not per- 
 mitted after February Ist. They may be found in the direction of Barti- 
 bogue river, a tributary of the Miramichi, and at Point Escuminiac, the 
 southern entrance to the Bay. The Marine Hospital at Douglastown (a 
 settlement between Chatham and Newcastle) is a stone edilice, and is said 
 to be well adapted for the purpose. Douglastown was formerly known as the 
 centre of extensive milling operations. 
 
 RAILROiO) FREIGHTS 
 
 are said to give general satisfaction here. Flour is brought from Toronto 
 for f,55 per 100 barrels, and by steamer for $7.5 for the same quantity. 
 While upon the subject of transportation, let me tell you something of 
 the 
 
 CHATHAM BRANCH RAILWAY, . 
 
 which connects with the Intercolonial at Chatham Junction. The road is 
 eight miles long, and cost $70,000. It was opened July 25th, and is not 
 yet complete, though it connects with the day mail from Quebec, There 
 is no doubt that it will ultiSiately prove a paying concern, and it shows 
 that the Chatham people are fully alive to the great value which the In- 
 tercolonial will be to them. The line passes through rich farm lands, 
 crossing the highroads diagonally. The crops look in excellent condition 
 and the land is well tilled. The produce is principally oats, barley, wheat 
 potatoes and other roots. Some very line cattle and horses from imported 
 stock are owned by well-to-do farmers. Some have recently been brought 
 here from Prince Edward Island, and are in first-class condition. 
 
 Chatham is not only well favored, abundantly blessed and evidently 
 prosperous, but it is far ahead of any other town, for its size, in tlie Mari- 
 time Provinces. 
 
 • •; jvo. X. 
 
 FROM CHATHAM JUNCTION TO MONOTON. 
 
 Again I shall have to try the reader's patience by a dry recital of hard 
 facts. The beautiful scenery ; the picturesque attractions of lake, river^ 
 mountain and sky ; of fields of heather, of forests of pine ; of fishing, and 
 of traditional historic interest— these attractions are left far behind, and I 
 must again settle myself down to matters of commonplace description 
 which, however, must not be ommitted in the geneal record of the trip. 
 
t6 
 
 I' \ 
 
 THE BRIDGES OVER THE MIRAMICHI. 
 
 The description of the line would not be complete without gome re 
 ference to the superb samples of railroad engineering in connection with 
 the bridges of the Miramichi and Restigouche. They were erected by 
 Meesrs Clark, Reeves & Co., of Philadelphia, and are known as the Pratt 
 Truss. The difficulties which had to be surmounted were of a nature 
 requiring the skill of the ablest engineers. 
 
 The one crossing the South-West branch was commenced in May, 1871 
 and opened by Sir W. O'Grady Hale/ on the 28th August, 1875, The total 
 length is 1,244 feet, of six spans, approached by an embankment three 
 hundred feet in length, extending beyond the river bank, thus making the 
 total width of the river crossing nearly 1,550 feet. Before this could be 
 built gigantic preliminary difficulties were encountered, as for instance the 
 excavation, pumping, &c., previous to sinking the caissons thirty-five feet 
 below tiic river's bed. Nearly seven hundred yards of excavation were 
 required for each pier. These caissons were built of twelve inch lumber, 
 filled with concrete, seventy-three feet long, twenty-five feet broad and 
 thirty-five feet deep, and are simk to their entire depth in the gravelly soil. 
 These caissons form the foundations of the jners. Upon the top of the 
 caissons the masonry is built, covering the same plane area as the caissons 
 On the up-stream side are cutwaters, faced Avith granite, rising twenty fee 
 from the beginr ing of the masonry. The tops of the cutwaters have a flat 
 surface fifteen feet square. Tluse are built to avoid the ice jams which 
 might otherwise affect the structure. The piers contain seven hundred 
 and forty yards of masonry and are twenty-nine feet by ten at the top. 
 The stones used in building the piers range in courses, each stone being 
 from two feet, six inches at the bottom, to one foot three inches at the top- 
 The masonry is laid • ith Portland cement of the best quality. Thirteen 
 thousand barrels were used on this and on the North-West bridge, to which 
 reference will be made directly. Little or no vibration is felt beyond the 
 slight rumbling sound caused by the sleepers. The abutments contain 
 1 200 cubic yards of masonry. Each abutment is forty feet long by twenty- 
 nine feet extreme width. The superstructures of bridges of this kind were 
 previously built of wood, but it was thought better to use iron in this in- 
 stance. The truss work is eighty feet high and eighteen feet v.ivle. The 
 design of the " Pratt Truss " somewhat resembles an inverted hopper. Its 
 merit may be said to lie in the fact that the weight of the different por- 
 tions of the iron-work is relieved by the arrangement of tlie cross beam& 
 and railings, by which the strain bears equally upon each part, and the 
 whole is reduced to a minimum. Each span is a little over one hundred 
 tons in weight. The bridge is painted white, not only to give it a light 
 appearance, but for the easier detection of rust. 
 
 The North-West bridge differs only from the former in regard to the 
 foundation. This bridge was begun in 1872 and completed in September^ 
 1875. The caissons in this instance are "open." They are sunk to the 
 
 ^ V 
 
 
 4 '. 
 

 i '♦ 
 
 bed of the river and surrounded by sheet piling, driven f.ist to the gravei. 
 bed at au average distance of fifty feet below high water. The caissonK 
 are sixty feet long and thirty feet wide. The cutwaters have no tables ae 
 in the South-west bridge. The top of the masonry above the highest 
 spring tides is about twenty-five feet. The cost of these bridges is esti- 
 mated at one million dollars I 
 
 The gentlemen who assisted to construct ther,e monuments of scientific- 
 triumph — for they may well b« regarded as such — are Mr. Peter Grant, C. 
 E., who designed the plans ; Mr. A. S. Brown, of Messrs. Brown & Co., of 
 Belleville, Ont., who personally supervised the construction ; Mr. W. B. 
 Smellie, Superintending Engineer, and Mr. W.W.Lec, Managing Mechani.- 
 cal Engineer. 
 
 The description which 1 have attempted fulls far short of the true im- 
 pression of admiration which thes'; mammoth structures are calculated tc^ 
 inspire those who are familiar with all the details of engineering science. 
 
 But I had , _ , , 
 
 A NARROW ESCAPE 
 
 from a fearful infliction of enthusiasm on the part of a tourist whose idea*, 
 of poetry and science were very much mixed. The young gentleman find- 
 ing that I was connected with the Fourth Estate, improvised an elegant 
 tribute to "Science in the foie' t lonely," in which he, with the very best 
 intentions in the world, intended to convey a delicate compliment to the 
 enterprise of the Gazette in furnishing the public with an account of "A 
 Trip over the Intercolonial." He button-holed me with three samples of 
 machine poetry, which, measured by the foot, would have occupied about 
 a column of your journal. His fac ility for rhyming was extraordinary ; 
 his love of the beautiful was in proj ortion to his rhyme ; but his cpmpo- 
 sition lacked two important feature: — brevity and common sense. Hie- 
 indulgence in poetic license positively amounted to literary libertinism. 
 With a pleading and almost a fearful face, he begged my acceptance of 
 what he considered to be the best of his compositions. I give you two. 
 verses, because I should not like to discourage native talent even in its. 
 most crude form. This is what he has handed down to posterity :— 
 
 "THE POET'S TRIBUTE TO SCIENCE." ' 
 
 "Ye bridges who span Miramichi's fairest waters, 
 
 With iron-girt bands in this wild forest, lone ; ' "" ' 
 
 A tribute of science to our sons and our daughters, , . 
 
 Where :kill hath erected a home of its own. 
 The forest trees murmur in deep tribulation ; 
 
 The beaver and moose retreat PS in fear, 
 While the Iron King's shriek brings news that a nation 
 
 Has conquered the forest, the river, and deer. 
 
 What a good thing it is for editors xLui, men of genius like this 
 sometimes take a holiday. 
 
 There are yet eight railway stations to be disposed of before Moncton is- 
 
 reached. > 
 
 Chatham Junction is 123 feet above sea level. The station is 302 milcR 
 from Riviere du Loup. Four miles from it is Barnaby River station, at aii 
 
4F 
 
 ■elevation of but forty-nine feet. A q lartcr mile east of it and over tbo 
 first crossing of Barnaby River is a lattice girder bridge 100 feet long. 
 Ttic land retains the same uuintereating appearance as noted in my laat 
 letter. Four miles east of Barnaby River station and over the second 
 crossing of the river i.s another bridge with a single span of eighty feet. 
 The soil is about si.x foai deep, when you find freestone rock of good 
 ■<|uality and of which the masonry is composed. 
 
 The next station is Forest, 29* feet above sea level. Nine milep further 
 you reach 
 
 Ferris station, 257 feet above the sea. One mile east of Ferrio a bridge 
 ••■••ith a single span of eighty feet crosses the Kouchibouguacis River. The 
 ]and here is only remarkable for its almost utter worthlessnesa. This por- 
 tion of tlie line is on Section 21. beginning one mile west of the river, and 
 extending one and three-(iuarter miles east of the Miramichi. The section 
 •contains 140,000 cubic yards of rock cutting, 7,000 yards of earth and 
 8,000 yards of masonry. A culvert fifteen fee*^^ long spans the fifth cross- 
 ing of the Barnaby River. One mile beyond the fourth crossing the river 
 flows through a tunnel twenty feet square, cut through solid sandstone for 
 a distance of 110 feet. The gap is filled up with an embankment. The 
 course of the River Kouchibouguacis by means of a segmental arch thirty 
 feet long. This arch is cut through an embankment of 150,000 cubic 
 yards of earth. It is 1,,")00 feet long and sixty feet high. 
 
 Eleven miles distant from Truro is 
 
 Welford Station, at an elevation of 193 feet above the sea. Two mib 
 west of heie a single span bridge eighty feet long crosses the Richibucl 
 . River. From its central situation, it is thought that Weldford will be an 
 important station. 
 
 Coal Branch Station, nine miles east, is 203 feet above sea level. A 
 bridge of thiee spans, each forty feet long crosses the ■ ; 
 
 > 
 
 " ' COAL BRANCH RIVER. • ' - 
 
 Each bridge is forty-two feet above the river. On the east side of the sta- 
 tion is another of three spans of forty feet each. The river is a tributary 
 of the Richibucto, and small quantities of coal are found along its stream. 
 Five miles cast of Coal Branch River, a bridge of thirty spans crosses the 
 Buctouche River. 
 
 The next station, nine miles distant, is Canaan, 156 feet above the sea 
 It is crossed by a ten foot arched culvert The country is boggy and great 
 difficulty was experienced in poling and brushing the road through which 
 the line passes. Four miles east of Canaan River is a bridge of a single 
 span of twenty-four feet. Five miles east of the station is a second bridge 
 ■over the South Cocaignc River of a single span of twenty-four feet. 
 
 This is the last bridge along the line before reaching Moncton. 
 
 On following page you will find 
 
m 
 
 LIST w AM, THK BRIDGES hktwkkn RIVIERE UU LOUP and MONCTON. 
 
 '■"I 
 
 ^ ► 
 
 Miles- 
 
 
 I7i 
 27 
 47^ 
 55 
 «6J 
 88 
 ^ 105 
 112 J 
 114 
 124 
 128^ 
 136 
 , 141 
 146 
 1 60 
 ; 1G4 
 176 
 183 
 
 lyo 
 
 203 
 . 209 
 
 214^ 
 220 
 
 '- 221 
 . 222 
 .. .227 
 ■ 238 
 ' 243 
 
 249 
 1^ 254 
 ,; 255 
 ., 257 
 -' 260 
 ¥ 279 
 ; 299 
 %. 299^ 
 
 306| 
 , 310 
 ; 314 
 
 327 
 335 
 346 
 
 351 
 
 .359 
 
 363 
 
 Riviere dii Loup 
 
 J mile west of Isle Verte 
 
 Trois Pistoles 
 
 \ mile east of St. Fabian Station, over Grand Bic lliver. . 
 
 Bic Station, over Little Bic River 
 
 J mile west of Rimonski Station, over Rimouski River.. . . 
 
 4 miles east of St. Flavie, over Metis River 
 
 2 miles east of Tartague, over Tarlague River 
 
 \ mile west of Sayabec, over Sayabec River 
 
 1 mile east of Sayabec, over St Pierre River 
 
 4 miles east of Cedar Hall Station, over Tobago River . . . 
 \ mile east of Amqui Station, over Amqui River 
 
 2 miles east of Amqui Station, over Indian Brook 
 
 At Causaposcal Station, over Metapedia River 
 
 5 miles cast of CausaposcftI, over Metapedia River 
 
 4 miles east of Assametquaghan, over McKinnon's Brook. 
 2 miles west of Mill Stream Station, over Metapedia River 
 
 At Metapedia Station, over Restigoucha River 
 
 7 mileseastof Metapedia Station, over Christopher's Brook 
 1 mile east of Campbellton Station, over Mill Creek 
 
 5 miles east of Dalhousie StnHon, over Eel River 
 
 1 mile east of Charlo Statior or north branch of Charlo R 
 
 Within 300 feet of south biuuch of Charlo River 
 
 J mile east of New Mills, over Benjamin River 
 
 6 miles east of New Mills, over Nash's Creek 
 
 7 miles east of New Mills, over Louison's Hrook 
 
 1 mile west of Jacquet River, and crossing it 
 
 4 miles east of Jacquet River, crossing BoUedune River. . 
 
 2 miles east of Petit Roche, over Elm Tree River 
 
 3 miles east of Petit Roche, over Nigados River 
 
 3 miles west of Bathurst, Tete-a-Qauche 
 
 2 miles east of Bathurst Station, over Middle River 
 
 3 miles east of Bathurst, over Little River 
 
 5 miles east of Bathurst, crossing Nipisiguit River 
 
 5 miles west of Red Pine Station, over Red Pine Brook . . 
 4 miles east of Bartibogue Station, over Bartibogue River 
 
 3 miles east of Miramichi, over North West Branch 
 
 i mile from the above, and over the South "West Branch. 
 I mile eastof Barnaby Sta'n,over first crossing of BarnabyR 
 
 4 miles " " " second " " 
 
 8 miles east of Barnaby Station, over the third crossing ol 
 Barnaby River 
 
 1 mile east of Ferris Station, near Rouchibouguacis River. 
 
 2 miles west of Weldford, over Richibucto River 
 
 At Coal Branch Station, over the North Coal Brook 
 
 Over S. Branch of the Coal Branch on east side of station. 
 
 5 miles east of Coal Branch, near the Burtouche River. . . 
 4 miles east of Canaan, over North Cocaigce River 
 
 3 miles west of Berrj''8 Mills, over North River 
 
 Total length, feet 
 
 300 
 160 
 50O 
 
 110 
 
 24(» 
 
 400 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 80 
 
 30 
 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 300 
 
 300 
 
 180 
 
 40<» 
 
 1000 
 
 420 
 
 180 
 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 120 
 
 80 
 
 60 
 
 300 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 SO 
 
 500 
 
 160 
 
 60 
 
 GOO 
 
 120 
 
 80 
 
 1200 
 
 1200 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 120 
 120 
 30 
 24 
 50 
 
 10838 
 
w 
 
 f i 
 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 The amount of money which these fo"ty-eight bridges cost, I have not 
 been able to ascertain. It is probable tliat even the Hon. the Minister of 
 Public Worlis has not yet completed his returns concerning them. 
 
 It should be mentioned that all those bridges over fifty foet span are the 
 lattice girder. Those within that length are of the ordinary plate girder 
 construction. Tlie difference is this : tlie former rest upon expansion rol- 
 lers to allow for construction and expansion, but no such provision is con- 
 sidered necessary for the plate girder bridge. There are only two wooden 
 bridges along the line and these are at Riviere du Loup and Trois Pistoles. 
 A contractor informed me that 75,000 yards of track between Campbelton 
 and Moncton have yet to be ballasted before the road can be said to be 
 thoroughly completed in this particular. 
 
 Berry's Mills is the next station which you pass ; it is 208 feet above sea 
 level. Between here and Jloncton tlie track is almost a straight line, and 
 continues for thirty-one miles from the former station. None of the 
 carves are greater than 2® 30"' with the exception of a 4® 30" curve just 
 before you reach Moncton, Some ofthejji even vary from .^ ® to 1 ® 30", 
 Tlie grade is exceedingly smooth, and standing on the platform of the last 
 car, the train going at a speed of forty miles per hour, the beauty of the 
 line is exceedingly pleasing to the eye. 
 
 As I nnot tell you much about the scenery between Miramichi and 
 Moncton (because I defy the greatest lover of nature to get up un enthu- 
 siasm about it), perhaps I maybe able to tell you something about the way 
 in which the country has been "cut up" along the line. The first section 
 from Moncton is ..^3. It terminates at a short distance west of Buctotiche. 
 The amount of masonry is 3,980 yards of the first class, and ] ,630 of the 
 Sv "ond class. There are 31,000 cubic yards of rock cutting and 021 cubic 
 yai 's of earth. A short distance east of Berry's Mills, at Jonathan Creek, 
 is ao embankment containing 150,000 cubic yards of earth. Near Berrj's 
 Mills, and east of the track, is the Lutz Mountain settlement, containing 
 a population of 300. On the west is Sttives Mountain settlement, whose 
 inhabitants chiefly grow potatoes, hay, oats and buckwheat. There is also 
 a fair sprin.vling of good lumber in the vicinity. West of here the trade 
 curves around the point of Indian Mountain by a half degree curve 1^ 
 miles in radius. 
 
 Nine miles from Berry's Station you reach Moncton, being a distance of 
 374 miles from Riviere du Loup. • 
 
 4 . 
 
 ]Vo. 3LI, 
 
 '•'^^H'P^: '^'i.t'il'Xi' 
 
 ,v»,tj, 
 
 - - MONOTOF. 
 
 This is the eastern terminus of tiic Northern Division of the Inter- 
 colonial. The station is about 42 feet above sea level. Before going into- 
 a description of the general offices, car shops, etc , of the Hue it would be- 
 well perhaps to say something of the town itseli'. 
 
I 
 
 
 4u 
 
 ■';;_;: \7;v-:' 7^'- ■■■' the TOWJT ;"■"'""■' '1: 
 
 contains a population of about 4,000, and is built on tho bend of tbo Peti- 
 codiac. This river is remarkable for the rapidity with which the tide ebbs 
 and flows. As the tide rushes along it forms a "bore" or wall of water, 
 making a breastwork, as it were, across the channel. The sight of this 
 immense body of water has indi:ced persons fvoui long distances to visit 
 the singular phenomenon. This " wall " commences at Stony Creek, 
 seven miles distant, and travels at tlie rate of seven miles per hour with 
 the flood tide. 
 
 The streets of Moncton are well laid out, although tho houses are some- 
 what scattered. The town contains seven churches. There are two 
 factories in Moncton ; the first, an iron foundry, owned by Mr. C. B. 
 Record, covers two and a half acres of ground and gives employment to 
 thirty-five men. The factory appears to be thoroughly well fitted in its 
 various departments, which includo the moulding shop, tho fitting shop, 
 blacksmiths', pattern and machine shops, in addition to a separate depart- 
 ment for the manufacture of plouglis, whicb have gained some celebrity 
 throughout the Province. The otiier establishment is a soap factory, 
 owned by Mr. Torrle. 
 
 Moncton is well provided with 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 '^)nc large building contains seven scliools, and three other edifices are 
 in course of construction. Tlie whole, when finished will cost about 
 $20,000, exclusive of an annual expense vo the people of the town of $3000 
 apart from county and Government aid. 
 
 From its central position Moncton is bound to come into prominence. 
 Already two bank branches are doing a fair business. The one is the bank 
 of Montreal, the other tho Bank of British North America. 
 
 There i? good whar.age here, and .vould make a capitol place for ship- 
 building and lumber business, both of Avliich industries have fallen oft' of 
 late. The question of building a dry dock at Moncton has been revived 
 from time to time ; but it is questionable whether it will be put into prac- 
 tical shape for some timet to come. Whether it would benefit the town or 
 not yet remains an open question. 
 
 THE SURHOUNDING COJNTRY 
 is devoted lo farming. The crops are well forward. Crossiusj tlie river 
 Peticodiac is a wooden bridge 1,700 feet long, which roj*s $8';,000. This 
 bridge connects with the county of Albert, which has a popuiuuo'i of 10,000. 
 The county is rich ! - Us mineral resources, and is the seat of the celebra- 
 ted Albert Mine, which has gained a reputation for the bituminous ciuality 
 of its coal. 
 
 A branch railway has been built fi'om Salisbury, fifteen miles aliove 
 Moncton, to Hopew(!irs Corner, forty miles long. 
 
 Twenty miles from here is Dorchester, the shire town of the county 
 
 Bi 
 

 52 
 
 (Westmoreland), where the new Penitentiary for the Maritime Provinces 
 is about to be built. Tliis edifice, it is said, will cost §500,000, but this 
 would appear to be an exaggerated estimate. 
 
 Moncton, which was only incorporated last year, is governed by a town 
 council of six members, who elect their own chairman. Two men consti- 
 tute the police force, llobberies occasionally occur, and, for a place of its 
 ^izc, two men are not enough. There is also a fire company, and an 
 cxellentnew engine, purchased last year. 
 
 A weekly paper, the Moncton Tvnes, is published in the Conservative 
 interest. 
 
 THE WORKING FORCE OF THE LINE FROM RIVIERE DU LOUP 
 
 TO HALIFAX. 
 
 From figures which have been furnished me here I have compiled the 
 following approximate table of weekly expenditure for wages alone. As I 
 could not get full particulars, on account of the absence of some of the 
 officials, the following statement must be taken as far below the actual cost 
 of working the road, for it will be observed that it does not include the 
 salaries of the highest officer,s. It is merely given to enable the reader to 
 form an approximate idea of the cost for labor only : — 
 
 1 * 
 
 "'* 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Employes.! 
 
 700 
 670 
 
 900 
 400 
 
 340 
 
 56 
 
 3,066 
 
 Nati'ke ok Duty. 
 
 Average 
 
 Daily 
 
 Wages. 
 
 $ c. 
 
 Shopmen. i 
 
 Engineers. | 
 
 This number includes other employes in 
 locomotive and car shops. The rate of wages 
 of these men is from $1.30 to S2.20. Placing' 
 it an average of $1.75 per day, it would repre-t 
 sent for 1 ,370 men a daily expenditure amount-^ 
 
 ing to ' 2,,397 50 
 
 Trackmen at $1.10 per day 990.00 
 
 Station men whose average wages are $500 
 per year, or per week $9.62. This for 400 
 
 men would give 
 
 Trainmen, including conduct'^rs, at $2.21 per 
 
 day, and brakesmen at $1.3.') per day 
 
 Say 75 conductors at $2.21 per day 
 
 Say 265 brakesmen at $1.35 per day 
 
 Officers and clerks. 
 
 Say 16 officers at an average salary of $1,000 
 j>er year ; or per week, each, $19.23 ; or for 
 
 tne 16 a tctal of 
 
 Say 40 clerks at an average of $600 per year ; 
 or per week, each, of $11.53, representing, 
 for the 40 
 
 ! Employes represent a total weekly cxpeudi- 
 I lure of 
 
 Average 
 Weekly 
 Wages. 
 
 $ c. 
 
 165.75 
 357.75' 
 
 14,385.00 
 5,940.00 
 
 3,848.00 
 
 994.50 
 2,146.50 
 
 307.68 
 461.20 
 
 28,082.88 
 
 ' 
 
6^ 
 
 1 * 
 
 ' 
 
 RECEIPTS FROM THE ROAD. 
 
 I wag much disappointed at not being ablo to get a copy of the Returns 
 of the Trafhc Receipts since tiie opening of the line, which I was informed 
 had not yet been made public, 'i'he only information I could get on this 
 point was that the receipts from trafiic since July 1st had been, in round 
 figures, about §100,000 per month. That the bulk of tho traffic wa.« 
 between Campbellton and St. John, of which fully .seventy per cent, was 
 between St. John and Moncton. 
 
 TIIE WORKSHOPS. 
 
 The shops, thnuirh large and roomy, are certainly not elaborate. There 
 is nothing superfluous or costly about them. Ckanlin'.ss and discipline 
 were very noticeable. There arc aboui four hundred men engaged here in 
 the various departments. The shops include the machine, erecting, black- 
 smiths', boiler, tinsmiths', carpenter, paint and pattern-maker's shops, be- 
 side the brass foundry. The machine and blacksmiths' shop alone cover 
 an aero of ground. An excellent provision is made in case of fire by 
 means of Knowles' steam pump, made in Boston, whicli has a capacity of 
 thro>ving 1,000 gallf)ns per minute. There are three car shops, the first is 
 two hundred and seventy-six by seventy-six feet, the second three hundred 
 by forty-five feet, and the third one hundred and seventy-five by forty feet. 
 At the time of my visit there were two hundred freight cars in course of 
 construction besides twenty others, inchuling passenger, express, smoking 
 and conductors' cars. There is a peculiarity in connection with the latter 
 which should be mentioned. There are twelve built, thirty feet long, and 
 ten feet wide, with a " bulge " or bow window in the side extending from 
 the body of the car, by which means the conductor-; can have an uninter- 
 rupted view of the whole train before and behind. It w 's originally sug- 
 gested to place an elevated seat for this pumogp above the roof of the car, 
 (as is the case in some of the cars in t ''nited States) but for some 
 reason or another this idea was abandoned. t li. ve the incsent plan is 
 
 designed by ;);. Robt. Luttrell. The workshops hk' su^ -tantially built of 
 brick, aii.l to describe properly would take at least two columns of yoiir 
 journal. It took me an hour and a half to go through the v.uious mechu;.- 
 ical departments, only casually noting the various objects of interest. Anv 
 description I would give you would be necessarily dry and perhap- iiniu- 
 teresting to the general reader. 
 
 THE GENERAL OFFICES ^ • 
 
 are in a largo, liandsome brick building, and aro. elaborately fitte<l wi' 
 the most improved office furniture and latest telegraphic improv. s. 
 
 The building is the headcjuarters for the General Superintendent, the Pay- 
 master, the Enginecer, Accountant, and Storekeeper. 
 
, 'I 
 
 r>4: 
 
 THl. STATION 
 
 is an oxoeodingly liandsorae building, to which is iittaclied a dining .saloon 
 said to 1)0 the finest in the Dominion. In the station is the General Pass- 
 eugei- Agent's otfice and Baggage Master's Department. 
 
 This letter eonclndes the full description of the Northern* Division of 
 the Intercolonial Ilailway, in ..le completion of which your correspondent 
 is much indebted to the oflicers, employees and private individuals along 
 the line, who have invariably given him every reasonable information they 
 have been iiblo to impart. 
 
 ST. JOM, N. B. 
 
 St> fur as the construction of the Intercolonial Ilailway is concerned, 
 there is little, if anything, to add to what has already been mentioned To 
 those who may not be familiar with the ofticial divisions of the line it 
 may be said that St. John is one of the termini of the Western Division, of 
 which Amherst, X. S., is the eastern terminu.^. The distance from Mbnc- 
 ton is eighty-nine miles, and from Riviere du Loup it is four hundred and 
 sixty-three miles. The country between Auiherst and St. John is agricul- 
 tural : passing the stations of Sackville, Dorchester, Moncton, Sa'isbury, 
 Sussex, Hampton, and Itothesay, in addition to smaller villages, which it 
 is not ueccs.sary to describe here. " 
 
 This division is not a now one, nnd it would be impossible in the gen- 
 eral features of these letters to observe the same completeness of detail 
 which has hitherto been followed out. And for a good reason ; the mon- 
 otony of description would soon weary the reader. However, the more 
 noteworthy places between St. John and Jloncton will be dealt with in 
 anotlicr form. 
 
 "With regard to St. John, there is so much to be ,sai<l and written about 
 it that one is almost at a loss to know whore to begin. To go back to 
 1604, when the first French ship sailed into its harbor on the 2 fth of June, 
 down to the present date, would require tlie gift of an historian to present 
 the details in their proper form. I cannot give any better reference to its 
 historical and commercial associations than to advise the reader to peruse 
 an excellent little work eJititled " St. John and its ]5usincss," compiled by 
 Mr. G. A. White. It contains everything of general interest from 1G04 to 
 1850, anil as a reference book it is handy and reliable. 
 
 The St. John of to-day is a strange mixture of rocks and water, of mag- 
 nilicence and sipialor. Tiu- difliculties of building and improving the city 
 have been and are still enormouSj and speak well for the energy and 
 indomitable pluck of the builders. Without intending to be piofane, it 
 may le truthfully asserted that St. John is emphallcally ;i " blasted city." 
 
 ■h 
 
 i 
 
55 
 
 ■M' 
 
 4h 
 
 But tliO hopes of its people are as bright and cheerful as their hearts and 
 inanners are warm and hospitable. If you want gas in j our house, you 
 must cut through rock to lay your pipe. It will cost you a small fortune 
 to do this. If you want water you must do likewise. In fact, if you 
 want anything in the way of street improvents, you are mot with difficult- 
 ies at almost every turn. The result is that taxes are about as high as 
 they can go. But St. John folk are a patient people. They always mur- 
 mur inwardly ; and never seem to care about knowing on what basis 
 assessments are made. For instance : a clerk with a salar\' of $G00 
 per year is taxed on his personal income at thirteen dollars ; another with 
 the same salary has to pay twenty dollars. Why this difference exists is 
 an enigma which no one can explain witli any degree of satisfaction. The 
 people grumble occasionally at mismanagement ; but it never amounts to 
 anything. Once in a wliile a liberal-hearted citizen will pray for an in- 
 junction to restrain the ]myment of salaries to Aldermen, and defray the 
 law costs out of his own pocket. The people let him do it and 
 nobo'ly seems to mind it, exce]it a few of tlie Aldermen, and even 
 they admire, in spite of themselves, the public spirit which 
 prompts the action. The commercial part of the town occupies 
 about a square mile. The officer along the market square are, with a few 
 exceptions, dingy, wooden structures; but tiiey contain the records of 
 owners of fleets of vessels which carry traffic to all parts of the world. 
 Water street, a tliorougbfare running north and south, parallel to the liar- 
 bor, is full of red brick blocks, not milike some of the back stieets of 
 Liverpool. But there is a business-) iktj air about the street which pos- 
 sesses a sort of attraction. True, there isn't much splendor Morth speaking 
 of; but then these blocks were not built for ornament, but for use. They 
 have served their purpose, aad their owners have grown rich. The wharves 
 in many places sadly need repairing, and they are in general keeping Avitb 
 the offices around them. The forests of masts standing out boldly in the 
 harbor, as seen from Fort Howe, a dismantled fort in tiie town of Portland, 
 adjoining the city, and northwest of the same, is a sight worth seeing,- 
 You have nothing iu Montreal to excel it in interest and diversity of 
 landscape. Partridge Island, with its lighthouse, two and a half miles from 
 the city ; the Suspension Bridge; Indiantown, a portion of Portland; and 
 the bold, broad sweep of water, on a clear day (which has been rare lately), 
 form one magnificent stretch of scenery, full of attraction and interest to 
 the observer. " -V'^ ■' ^ . !*■-" ■; "' '.■ ' ■ 
 
 The suburbs of St. John, whose interests are identical with the city, are 
 'Carleton on tlie v/est side of the harbor, Mduch was incorporated with the 
 city a ftw years ago, and Portland on the east side. The latter is control- 
 led by a town council, whose proceedings are usually characterized by 
 much oracular force, but very little executive ability. The rate-payers 
 have lately reduced the salary of their magistrate owing to the reduction 
 in the receipts of that portion of the municipal revenue derived from po- 
 .lice court tines. Whether this is an implied censure on the ability of that 
 
 -■'■'» 
 
\l: ; 
 
 56 
 
 m\ 
 
 excellent official I cannot say ; but j idging from the report of the proceed- 
 ings of the Portland Town Counc iJ published in the city newspapers one 
 would imagine that because the fines arc bccominp; fewer, the salary of the 
 magistrate should also become reduced in a like ritio. This is one view 
 of justice which will possess the appearance of novelty to Montrealers. 
 
 The streets in the city of St. John are built at right angles ; but it 
 would be more connect to say they arc mostly rectangular curves. Very 
 few of them are level, owing to the rocliy natu'-^ of the soil and the diffi- 
 culty of grading. The two principal thoroughfares are Prince William 
 street and King street. The former runs north and south ; the latter from 
 west to east. The appearance of the city from the Market Square is very 
 imposing. Both the above .streets are broad, well paved and well lighted. 
 The shops are very handsome, and the windows are ilressed with taste and 
 skill. The lamplighters of St. John, however, by a strange oversight pe- 
 culiar to those gentlemen, and not alone confined to St. John, often man- 
 age to brilliantly light up the thoroughfares to shame the moon on 
 pleasant evenings, and on dark nights they leave the city in Egyptian 
 gloom. This is supposed to arise from economical jirinciples, but the 
 error may be attributed to incorrect information obtained from old alman- 
 acs ; however, the facts remain the same. The west side of the harbor 
 has no gas. But it has very bad sidewalks, and between the one and the 
 other the result is a serious accident now and then ; a law suit for dam- 
 ages ; heavy compensation ; and thus the " penny wise and pound foolish 
 policy" works admirably, t'arleton people want all the improvements 
 which the eastern part of the city possesses, but do not want to pay for 
 them. There is much human nature in Carleton in this respect. 
 
 The principal thoroughfares in St. John, other than those already men- 
 tioned, are Germain street, running parallel with Prince William street ; 
 City road, on the north, and Main street on the. south. Charlotte, AVaterloo 
 and Brussels streets are also worthy of mention. 
 
 One of the sights of St. John is 
 
 .. 
 
 KING S'l'REET ON SATURDAY NIGHT. 
 
 Then the excellent asphalt sidewalks are thronged with thousands of 
 pedestrians, of all sizes, shades.and coloirs. At the head of King street is a 
 wooden urchway, with a bell tower — more useful than ornamental. The 
 archway is so mellowed by time that at a distance it looks like stone. The 
 •iesign is graceful, but the fiaud on the stone is very apparent when you 
 come to examine it. Stretching across the. roadway, on both sides of 
 Charlotte street for a distance of 300 or 400 yards, you find a procession of 
 idlers, with their hands in their pockets, helping the policemen to keep 
 tlie peace. In fact, you can scarcely tell the policemen from the lookers- 
 on. There they stand, gazing on the passing multitude, jesting, laughing, 
 cuinng and swearing, with the air of millionaires. This chronic habit of 
 street-corner loafing is peculiar to St. John. A few yoiing men, with. 
 
57 
 
 nothing to do, appropriate tlie lease of a street corner, and stay there till? 
 midnight. It doesn't matter whether it rains or shines, you will be almost 
 sure to find the same faces at the same corners ; imconsciously trying to 
 rub smooth the lamp posts and store corners with their shoulders. Thej 
 appear to appropriate their special rendezvous with the same right as a 
 crossing-sweeper appropriates a crossing. No matter to what part of the 
 city you may go, reputable or disreputable, you will invariably find the- 
 street lounger at his post. What they do or how they live is a mysterj'. . 
 But they appear to live Avell, and are kep*' busy — loafing. 
 
 The archway referred to is at the head of King square, which wonhi 
 make a capital garden if a little more attention was paid to it. This is ft 
 popular resort for itinerant preachers, where religion becomes a hollow 
 mockery "^^v the jest and gibes of those who go to scoff and remain to ridi- 
 cule. The Ohristianizing influenc(;s of religion are here a mere burlesques- 
 made so, unwittingly, by amateur theologians whose knowleegC' ©£ 
 <ioctrine is as limited as their knowledge of grammar. 
 
 King street, East, a coniinuation of King square, contains some fine pri- 
 vate residences. Queen square is also another popular resort. It is a few- 
 blocks south of the former. It is by far the superior of the two, but, like 
 the former, could be considerably improved. 
 
 But St. John possesses other attractions of a more substantial nature lE; 
 keeping with its enterprise and thrift. 
 
 ■>..-.« PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS. 
 
 First in point of beauty is the city Post Office on Prince William street,. . 
 erected at a cost of $200,000. Its dimensions are ninety and fifty feet, 
 built of stone. The style of architecture is modern. The front is really 
 superb, fully equal to any building of the size in Montreal. Each side of^,. 
 and over the entrance are si.xteen red, i)olished. Bay of Fundy granite 
 columns, the beauty of which excites general admiration. The roof L* » 
 mansard, surmounted by a graceful tower, from which an exquisite view ©f 
 many miles can be had. This fine office has every facility for tlic prompt 
 
 assortment and delivery of the mails. ,^ ■, 
 
 Next comes the V'S^j, . . ; t ^ ■ , ■, 
 
 NEW CITY MARKET. 
 
 This fine brick structure occupies a block nearly four hundred feet Icmg: 
 and eighty feet wide. Its western end faces Germain street, and the 
 eastern, Charlotte. There are two streets running parallel with and at each 
 side of the building. This handsome structure cost $^1.'5'),000, and it is 
 mainly due to the energy of the popular Mayor, Chipman Smith, Esq., 
 that the building was erected. It would pay the City Council of Montreal 
 to send a commissioner here to take a few lessons in the art of building a 
 market. The fioor is of asphalt, at a grade of fifteen feet. It has 1 ,500 feet 
 of stand accommodation. Every stall is thoroughly and neatJy fitted with.i 
 
f* 
 
 
 58 
 
 good collarage and ample water supply. The money was raised iu deben- 
 tures, which have forty years to run. It is expected that after paying the 
 interest on these debentures there will be a surplus left to retire them, so 
 that, eventually, tlie city will have a market of its own, free of debt, and 
 from which at least $U),000 per year will be realized. 
 
 In tlie western end of the building is a hall eighty by fifty feet, surround- 
 ed by a gallery twelve feet wide, the height of the ceiling being twenty- 
 four feet. This hall is adminibly suited for a 
 
 FREE PUBLIC LIBIUKY, ' • ■., ; 
 
 and I understand the City Council has. at the rc(iuest of many influential 
 citizens, expressed its willingnes to hand it over for that purpose. The 
 immense sulvantage which tliis would be to the public is apparent. St. 
 John, a city of so much importance to the Maritime Provinces. Avill doubt- 
 less secure this loug-felt want at an early day. I might tell you, if I had 
 time, of the fine lioman Catholic Cathedral on Waterloo street, built of 
 stone, and as perfect a specimen of Gothic architecture as any I have seen. 
 Or I might dilate on the Wiggins' Male Orphan Asylum, another handsome 
 red biick eilifice, four stories high. This is on Brittain street, and was 
 erected at the private cost of the late Stephen AViggins, Esq., merchant 
 and shipowner. Then I could ask you to accompany me to the Maritime 
 Bank, about which so much has been said of late ; an elegant stone build- 
 ing on tlie south-east corner of Market square. From there yuu can take 
 the ferry at Water street,'cross over to Carleton and view the Albert School 
 building. We have no public school building to surpass it Montreal ; in 
 fact it is the redeeming feature of (,'arleton. Whihi here, it would be well 
 to take a look at the suspension bridge, crossing the Falls of the St. John 
 lliver. It well repays a visit. This elegant bridge, six hundred and four 
 feet long, is one hundred feet above low water. It was built and projected 
 by W. K. Picynolds, Esq., of Lepreaux, and cost S80,000. It was finished 
 in 1853, and on the 1st of July, 1874, the Provincial Government bought 
 it and made it a free highway. Suppose we cross it ; take a glance ■• 
 up and down the river, inhale for a moment the fresh sea breeze 
 coming from the south, and look in for a moment on Dr. Sleev<'S, 
 the phy.sician of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum. He will tell 
 you that the fine red brick institution, with the extensive farm, gardens, 
 and shrubberies, is not large enough to accommodate the number nf un- 
 fortunate creatures who seek a home within its walls. Its ample corridors, 
 neat rooms, and generally clean appearance, do not, however, relieve you 
 of the feeling of sadness which creeps over you at the sight of such men- 
 tal prostration. Suppose, then, we leave it, not forgetting to contribute 
 ■our mite towards alleviating the wants of these jioor people. L( t us re- 
 traice our steps, wend our way to Carleton, and take the ferry to St. John. 
 Half an hour will bring us to where we started, and if you feel tired we 
 will take a carriage by the hour and "do" the remaining buildings of 
 
 A 
 
59 
 
 note. After glancing at the gmnite-faced Custom llousi', a substantial 
 building some 300 foet long, facing on Prince William street, it would not 
 be a bad idea to drive to the Victoria Hotel, at the corner of Duke and 
 trernuiin streets, and partake of a glass of claret with mine host Swett. 
 He will take you over one of the finest hotels in the Dominion, which oc- 
 cupies over 100 feet square. The hall alone is 40 x 20 feet, and tlie vesti- 
 bule 20 X 15 feet, the floors of wliich are inlaid with marble. The dining 
 rooms. ('){) X 25 feet, compels your admiration,by its elaborate magnificence. 
 But what sliall we say of the ladies' parlor, 100 feet long, by twenty feet 
 wide ? — fitted with all modern acquisitions of hotel luxury. The sleeping 
 apartments include 232 rooms, irrespective of private suites of chambers 
 for the creme de la cremc of society. You will be astonished when Mr. 
 Swctt tells you that this hotel requires the services of 200 employes dur- 
 ing the summer season. Refreshed by our claret we next drive to Trinity 
 Church, built on a rising eminence, and full of historic interest in connec- 
 tion with the growth of the citj' of St. John. The history dates back to 
 1797. That liuilding on the otlier side of the street, a little to the south 
 of where we are standing, is the scene of Manager E.A. McDowell's many 
 triumphs. It is the Academy of Music, not so large, certainly, but quite 
 as attractive as the Academy of Music at home. Perhaps the decorations 
 of the former are a trifle too elaborate ; but its acoustic (jualities are ex- 
 cellent. Now let us proceed to the Mohanics' Institute, a plain, unpre- 
 tentious looking building on Carleton street, which has a history of its own 
 worthy of tlie progress of this singular city. Of late years, the Mechanics' 
 Institute has been a misnomer. You never see any mechanics there, and, 
 so far as I know, I have' never heard of its being patronized by artisans 
 generally, except when the upper hall is let for popular entertainments. 
 Suppose we jump in our vehicle once more and drive to the Young Men's 
 Chri.stian Association building on Charlotte street, a very neat edifice, op- 
 posite the market house. The vooms are comfortable and well furnished, 
 and are amply i>rovided with all that is attractive to young men. But it 
 is a query to my mind whether the Association is not somcAvliat of a fail- 
 ure from a socialistic standpoint. I have been there tiiree times lately, 
 and on any occasion 1 have never seen above half a dozen persons there. 
 k \ The supply of papers and magazines is not so large as might be wished. 
 
 The liall, however, is very convenient and roomy, and is usually crowded 
 when free meetings are held. Now let as drive to St. Paul's Church, Port- 
 land, wliicli is undoubtedly, next to the Cathedral and Trinity Church, the 
 prettiest and most tasteful cluuch in the vicinity of St. John. It has a 
 good choir, and an excellent organ, and the general etfect of the building 
 on a fine summer afternoon, when the sun is shining tlirough the stained 
 glass windows, is exceedingly handsome and impressive. Heturning, sup- 
 pose we take the Winter-street School-house, Portland, and glance at the 
 excellent arrangements which are here provided for the instruction of the 
 , . . , . _ „ Blue-noses " of the future. That they are good is but faint praise — they 
 arc more than good; they are complete in every particular. GoodnesG is 
 
ou 
 
 only comparative, .tut the educational facilities which St. Joiin and Port- 
 land possess are superlative in their degree. The Victoria School-house, it 
 handsome, new four-storey brick luilding, has accommodation for 1,000 
 children. It stands on the corner of Duke and Sydney streets, and is. 
 almost palatial in its proportions, Boston has nothing to equal it for 
 similar purposes. 
 
 Now, let us pay the Jehu, and take dinner. What ! two dollars for one. 
 hour's drive? Well, of course, we can't see the elephant for nothing, .so 
 we'll give you one and call it square. 
 
 ■ MUNICIPAL. ' • ' 
 
 St. John has an excellent fire department, poorly paid, and an inferior 
 police force, which is paid quite as much as it is wortii. The former 
 deserves all that can be said about it in the way of praise. The men are 
 quick and reliable, and their fire apparatus is in keepl'ig with the excellent 
 i]Ualities of the firemen. 
 
 The police department is mixed. Its Chief is a hard-working official, 
 who has on several occasions demonstrated that his special forle is his 
 aptness for striking a " clue." During the past ytar he has had ample 
 opportunities for the exercise of this important faculty ; but, unfortunately, 
 his suoordinates lack the same perceptive power in following them up. 
 Probably the St. John police force does not contain three men who may 
 be termed professional policemen. They are poorly uniformed and disci- 
 plined, and have not arrived at that state of perfection you would expect to 
 rind in a city of so much importance. Seriously speaking, the St. John 
 police force is fifty years behind the age. Every criminal here whose 
 offence is aliove the grade of an ordinary " 'Irunk " comes from Halifax — 
 at least the papers say so, and, naturally, tht case in Halifax is vice versa. 
 But, unfortunately, recent experience has proved this rule does not always 
 apply. Honii^ criminals are occasionally discovered in their guilt, and 
 accordingly punished. I'or such there is excellent accommodation in the 
 city gaol, and not quite so good provision in the Provincial Penitentiary — 
 a building respecting Wi.ich the least said the better. . :■ . ii- ," 
 
 RAILROAD COMMUNICATION AND THE DEEP WATER 
 
 ,, TERMINUS. ' v/:!..:^.;.:>-.,VA/-,.V, 
 
 St. John in a short time will be excellently provided tor in this respect. 
 
 The recent purchase by the Government of the Ballast wharf property 
 at a cost of S40,000, for the purpo.'^e of a deep water terminus, has given 
 general satisfaction. The intention is to run a short branch line from the 
 Intercolonial at Marsh Bridge. This line is partially completed. The 
 road will skirt Courtenay Bay, which extends from the Maish Bridge, on 
 the north-east side of the city, hugging the shore, and curving towards the 
 south-west, and touching at Ballast wharf. The corditiohs imder which 
 the sale has been effected are that the Government v. ill build the terminus. 
 
 V 
 
-4 
 
 i 
 
 'ii. 
 
 Gl 
 
 for the receipt of grain and other sliipments from all points of Canada ; the 
 city eiraplj'- reserving the riglit of way for street purposes. The moving 
 spirit in this purchase is siid to be Mr. Bois de Veber, M P. The benefit 
 is of course apparent, and there is no doubt that the worli. 'vill be speedily 
 pushed through. 
 
 By means of the Consolidated European and North American Railway 
 from Bangor, St. John is reached. 
 
 The Grand Southern, now under construction, will be seventy-five miles 
 long, and extend from St. Stephen. N. B., to Fairville, three miles from 
 St. John. In all probability, the line will extend to the ciiy. 
 
 I was almost forgetting to say something about 
 
 THE WATER AND GAS WORKS, 
 
 which are really a credit to the city, considering the miles of lojk exca- 
 vation which had to be blasted. These difhculties cannot be understood 
 by those who have not visited St. John, and it is one of the crowning 
 triumphs to the energy of the St. John peoplo to say that in a short time 
 every street in the city will be well supplied with water and gas. The 
 Corporation deserves all the credit that can be given it in this particular. 
 
 JOURNALISTIC. 
 
 This letter would not be complete without some reference to the Fourth 
 estate. St. John ha.s five political i)aper8— three dailies, one tri-weekly 
 and one weekly. The Daihj Telegiaiih, ostensibly a reform paper, is known 
 throughout the Dominion for its enterprise and vigor. I hope I may be 
 pardoned for intruding upon the " impersonality of journalism," as Mr. 
 (Joldwin Smith has it, in crediting those gentlemen connected with the 
 press for their energy in making their journals what they have. W. Elder, 
 Esq., M.P.P., editor and proprietor of the Telegraph, spares no expense in 
 making his journal in every way worthy of its high reputation as a news- 
 ]>aper. He is an accomplished scholar and polished writer; a far-seeing 
 |)olitician, with an eye to the present and future requirements of the age. 
 1 n making the Telegraph what it is, he has been ably assisted by Mr. James 
 JIannay, sub-editor, a gentleman who has worked for, and knows more of 
 the history and resources of New Brunswick than any one whom I have 
 met. He has the history of St. John at his fingers' ends. He is not only 
 a clever writer of great research, but also a poet of more than average 
 Ability. At present he has in the press a volume upon the "History of 
 Acadia " of some five hundred pages. Mr. Hannay's services deserve 
 recognition, and it is to him the St. John people are indebted for the vig- 
 rous fight the Telegraph made in defence of the Baie Verte Canal scheme 
 The Evening Globe is another spicy paper, partly owned by Mr. J. V. Ellis, 
 recently appointed Postmaster here. The Globe is a reliable paper and you 
 always know what it means, and it is credited with meaning just what it 
 says. In popular parlance, you alMys know where to find it. The News, 
 
h 
 
 ... ^m^ 
 
 the avowed oigan of tli<! Ornnpe parry (also llcfoiin), owned by Hon. E 
 Willis, is exceedingly popular with the Oiangfmin. Mr. J. L. Stewart is. 
 sub-editor, a pointed but somewhat reckless writer, whose ability is orcn- 
 sionally mnrrcd by sacrilirini,' tlie truth for tlu- sake of making a point. 
 Mr. Stewart is a genial, well educated gentleman, jiossessing extensive 
 information, combined with a shrewd, ready aptness for retort. Your 
 correspondent trusts that he will not be massacred for speaking the truth. 
 The Free.mnv (floman Catholic, Reform) is owned by Mr. Anglin, Speaker 
 of tlie Ilou.se of Commons. Mr. Anglin is a hard foe to light with on 
 paper. His literary ability is un(|Uestioned. A portly gentleman, cour- 
 teous and conversational, he administers through his journal literary tonic» 
 to those of his contemporaries with whose opinions he may differ. His. 
 memory is wonderful, and it is currently stated that in past years he has 
 l)rinted reports solely from memory, without notes. He is a keen writer, 
 unsparing in sarcasm, so roundly polished and carefully worded, that he is 
 hard to beat in a fair, open field for discussion. Tb.e Wntcliman, owned by 
 John Livingstone, Esq., the father of the JIaritime Press, is n staunch 
 Conservative weekly. He has already made his journal known far and 
 wide for the series of very clever papers entitled, " Our Rulers in Council," 
 the authorship of which is, so far, a mystery. Mr. Livingstone is a 
 thorough journalist in the best sense of the word. He is comely in i)erson, 
 ready in conversatii)n, and gi ntlemanly in tone. Where he gets his infor- 
 mation whereon to base his papers refernd to, nobody knows. Tin- 
 Watchman enjoys an extensive cirer.lation, and its typographical ai)i)earance 
 is second to no other journal in the Dominion. The stall' of the Watchman 
 has sustained a severe h)S8 in the recent ileath of Mr. G. B. P. Fielding, of 
 Cambridge University, a journalist formerly connected with the 6V//', the 
 yational, and other Toronto papers. Your correspondent, who had the 
 pleasure of his intimate confidence, can bear testimony to the excellent 
 qualities of Mr. Fielding's head and heart — qualities wliich entitle him to 
 the respectful admiration of every literary brother who knew him. Poor 
 fellow! he now lies in the rural ctmetery of St. John, with no stone to^ 
 mark his grave — dead to the world'.s remimlirances ; but his loveable traits 
 of disposition will ever live warm and bright in the hearts of those v.'ho 
 recognized in him an ability far above the average of journalists. Had 
 Mr. Fielding ever been peimitted by health to live to the age usual Iv 
 allotted to mankind, he would have found his level and not have died in 
 obscurity. For the sake of our profession, let us not permit his grave to 
 remain neglected and unmarked. Mr. Geo. Stewart, Jr., also contributes 
 to the Watrhvian. His name is well known as the former proprietor of 
 Sletvart's Quarterli/, a magazine which ought to have lived, but died for 
 want of an educated public to appreciate its bright pages. No other 
 magazine has yet compared with it for clever and sprightly reading. Mr. 
 H. L. Spencer — a name well known to several Canadian journalists — also 
 contributes to the Watchman. Mr. Spencer was formerly proprietor of the 
 
 /• 
 
 
 Maritime Monthly, which also came to us death from the same cause 
 
 r 
 

 68 
 
 And now I must bring my letter to a close. I mfglit tell you of tlic 
 clmrming scenery about St. John ; of the triumphB of the Paris i rew ; of itf 
 industries; of its fogs; of its 270,000 tons of shipping; of its lumbtr 
 resources, but, alas, St. John and I must part company. Its people arc 
 warm-hearted, loyal and true British subjects, whose forefathers gave iip 
 all they had in deft-nco of the British tlag, and whose sons point with pride 
 and reverence to tiie graveyard which contain the remains of tlie loyalist 
 fathers. I might tell you with what pride they recount the history of the 
 past; how their eyes kindle with kindly affection for oiu- good Queen 
 across the sea. I can only conclude by adding my humble testimony of 
 their many sterling (qualities; and as for their city, it will ever be kindly 
 remembered by your correspondent, notwithstanding what Bayard Taylor 
 and Charles Dudley Warner have written about it. And who shall say, 
 with its railroad ronnections and winter harbor, that it posses.ses no 
 interest to the good people of ilontreal ? 
 
 r 
 
 A 
 
 ISO. :x:iii. 
 
 THE QUAEEY AND MINERAL EESOU^CES OF NEW 
 
 BEUNSWICK. 
 
 One of the principal advantages which the Intercolonial Railway will be 
 to New Brunswick is the assistanci.- wiiieh it will give towards the devel- 
 opment of the mineral wealth of the Province — more especially her granite, 
 coal and plaster. The natural supply of these is unlimited. First in 
 importance, let me tell you .something about 
 
 ■ THE RED GRANITE QUAIUUES * 
 
 which lie on the western shore of Lake Utopia. I reached them by stage 
 from St. George, a distance of forty-seven miles from St. John, principally 
 over rough road, but pas-sing through a most delightfvl country. During 
 my trip I had ample opportunity of witnessing the devastations made by 
 the recent forest fires in the vicinity of Musquash, the smoke of which at 
 times darkened the atmosphere by its density. These quarries are about 
 two and a half miles from the town. The first and principal one i.s owned 
 by the Bay of Fundy lied Granite Company ; the second by the New 
 Brunswick Granite (/Ompany, whose works are located at C'arleton, oppo- 
 site St. John. The quarries and land of I ■« ■ t; t :: ;:.'■' 
 
 * ''■ THE BAY OF FUNDY RED GRANITE COMPANY 
 
 comprise 1,320 acres. The ground is nearly all rock, and consists mostly 
 of red granite ledges and hills, with a few spurs of ordinary trap rock, 
 separated by narrow valleys of rich, loamy soil,^ through which numcroua 
 
pp 
 
 - tSi^TT-j, 
 
 64 
 
 ■streams run, covered by beech, bircb, pir \ hemloffk, spruce, and a littlo 
 c<?dar. The timber varies from seven to fourteen .nches in diameter. 
 
 The ston3 on the eastern and southern portions cf the land is of a rich 
 • -dark red color, with some ledges of a clear salmon color. Further west, 
 . -and towards the nortliern boundaries of the land, the stone becomes 
 ^ightei in shade 
 
 la beauty of appearance, this latter shade is not to be compired with the 
 
 •dej)oeits on the eastern, southern and southwestern portions of the land. 
 
 The >land known as the Gilr'^ore or Ash lot is a perfect seam of ledges of a 
 
 good color, with valleys between the ledges covered witu a thick growth 
 
 ■of fir and pine, with some small bitch. 
 
 On the east side of the road there are a series of quarry faces of mid- 
 'dling, good, and very good red granitf>; about two chains from the road 
 aaad handy thereto. The stone here is in fine, large masses, most of it of 
 very good quality. 
 
 'le ledges run north and south nearly, but seem to radiate fiom a com- 
 yiLon centre, somewhere about the Gilmore or Ash lot, where they appear 
 to concentrate. 
 
 It is utterly impossible to estimate the quantity of tir.st-rate merchunt- 
 able red granite contained within the limits of the Company's land. It is 
 stxQ;p1y inexhaustible. There are hundreds of ledges, the outcrops of 
 which i-ei>rescnt from 5, 000 tons to 100,000 tons each, while as to Gray'. s 
 Mouirtain, which I et-timnte at TOO feet above the lake, being half a mile 
 long and n quarter mile broatl, and in Granite Mountain, estimated at GOO 
 feet atove the lake, one mile long and three-eighths of a miie wide. The 
 granite on the land ceded to the Company is said to be perfectly free from 
 those spots and veins which occasionally disfigure the Peterhead (Scotch) 
 gratiite, a,nd that, generally speaking, the ledges appear to be perfectly 
 homogeneous or to lie in large rectangular slabs and blocks, generally 
 inclined at »n angle of about 30 * from the north towards the horizon. 
 
 In only three instrnces, when making experimental blasts, (of which 
 ntarly one hundred have been put in), has seamy stone been met with. 
 
 Large deposits of good (juartz .sand, for grading purposes, extend along 
 ■the beaches around the lake. 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF THE GRANITE 
 
 was accidental. In the summer of 1872 Mr. C. Ward, Canadian artist of 
 the illustrated London Nrw,", at present Secretary for the Company, was 
 <le*»irou8 of fishing on Lake Eutopia. Mr. Ward approached a fisherman to 
 hire his boat, which was anchored to the shore by a large red stone. In 
 TKising it, its rich color attracted hit attention, and upon looking at it 
 cloeely he once saw what it was, and it occurred to him it might be ui'l- 
 .isod for a better purpose than as a primitive anchor. Instead of going on 
 Ahit intended fishipg trxcursion, he went hunting for red granite stone, aad 
 
05 
 
 the i..sult was the further discovery of immense ledges of beautiful, dark 
 red granite — and the result is the existence of the present quarries. 
 
 But the beauty of the stone in its natural state is nothing compared to 
 its richness when polished. To give you some idea of the vast proportions 
 which ihis industry has assumed, let me say a word with regard to 
 
 THE rOLISHING WORKS. • 
 
 They are located on the Lower Falls, on the beautiful river of Magagua- 
 davic, and within forty rods of the tide-water wharves. The j)OW3r is ob- 
 tained by a five-feet Lafelle (double turbine) whjcl, with twenty four feet 
 head. Its capacity is equal to one hundred and si.xty horse-power. The 
 foundations of the water-power machinery are laid in solid rock many feet 
 below the river. 
 
 The buildings occupy three sides of a hollow square two hundred and 
 eighty-four by one hundred and seventy-six feet. The enclosed ya\d is 
 covered by a travelling crane, moving along as well as from one building 
 to another. To this crane is atta:;hed a hoist of twenty feet, capable of 
 lifting eight tons. The machinery consists in part of four carriages, run- 
 ning under vertical rubbers capable of polishing from seventy to eighty 
 superficial feet ; also four hand vertical machines, three double run of 
 *' pendulums," one lathe with twenty-eight feet by three feet swing, two of 
 twenty feet by two feet; seven smaller lathes, besides iron and turning 
 lathes, drill and wood lathe in the repair shops. There were in the yard 
 when I was present two . lugh stones, for spires, twenty-two feet long by 
 two feet six inches square at the base. At the quarry there were two 
 stones for columns, sixteen feet long by three feet six inches square. The 
 men at that time were at work on an order for eighteen col-imns, thirteen 
 feet six inches long and one foot nine inches and one foot ten inches in 
 diameter. Four columns, weighing over ten tons each and three feet two 
 inches in diameter, were sent to the Philadelphia public building last year. 
 There are three decided tints of granite obtained from .he quarries, but the 
 bright, clear, red and light colored quartz predominate, and is generally 
 preferred in the market, The lighter shades are so like the Scotch as to 
 be scarcely distinguishable. 
 
 The works give employment to one hundred hands, the rate of wages 
 ranging from 50 cents i)er day for boys, and $2.50 for the best stone-cutters- 
 The best mechanics are Scotch. 
 
 The reputation which this Justly Cvilebrated granite has aeheived may 
 be inferred from the following facts and figures : Orders have been filled 
 for Toronto, Gait, London, Guelph, Bowman ville, and Parliament Buiblings, 
 Ottawa, in Ontario; for the Lee Building, Boston- Koening Post Building, 
 New York; Riviere Bank, Boston; New York Mutual Insurance Com- 
 pany's Building; Dime Savings Bank, New York; Public Building Phila- 
 delphia; Capitol Grounds, Washington ; Baptist Church, Chicago ; Central 
 Park Bridge; San Francisco: Florida; St. John Post Cfflce, and various 
 
 ■ 5 
 
e6 
 
 other places in New Brunswick. These and smaller orders represent ne: .iy 
 $80,000, and yet this important indiittry is still a puny infant compared 
 with what it doubtless will be in the future. The quarries of , ,j :, 
 
 THE NEW BRUNSWICK RED GRANITE COMPANY. 
 
 are about two miles from the forra€r, and though occupying a less exten- 
 sive area the nature of the granite remains much about the same. The 
 polishing works have recently been removed to St. John. It is needless 
 to recapitulate a necessarily similar description of these works. There 
 should, and probably will be, sufficient capital to carry on a highly renum- 
 erative business for both companies. The quarries of this Company are 
 silent at present, although some thirty hands were busily employed when 
 I was in St. John. The transportation of this granite over the Inter- 
 colonial via the 
 
 GRAND SOUTHERN RAILROAD. 
 
 will be greatly facilitated when the latter road is completed. It will be 
 from seventy-five to eighty miles in lengtb, with it termini at St. Stephen^ 
 N. B., and St. John. The Provincial Government has given a subsidy of 
 $.5,000 per mile. It will be a narrow gauge (three and a half feet) and 
 will connect at Bangor, thus making the line from Bangor to >t. John 
 forty miles shorter than at present. J. N. Green*^, Esq., of New York, is 
 the contractor, and when I tell you some twenty miles of road have been 
 graded in two months, you will have some idea of its rapidity of construc- 
 tion. The maximum grade is seventy-nine feet per mile. The sharpest 
 curvature is a 717 feet radius. The road bed stems to be built in a solid, 
 substantial manner. There are no wooden structures, the culverts being 
 all of granite. The principal difficulties will be the bridging of the Digde- 
 wash and Magaguadavic, also at Popologan, Little Big, New Rivers and 
 Musquash. The latter will be a draw bridge. It will probably be com- 
 pleted next fall. The advantages are that the Grand Southern will mater- 
 ially shorten the route to Prince Edward Island, Halifax, St. John and 
 Bangor. Tbe nature of the soil through which the line passes is loam and 
 gravel, with a small portion of clay. I drove over about nine miles of it 
 and so far as I could judge the work was well done. Next in importance 
 
 are 
 
 THE ALBERT MINES 
 
 near Dorchester, These were also discovered by accident in 1850. Some 
 consider it a variety of jet, others think it a coal, whi'e some suppose it 
 to be asphaltum. The vein has a thickness of from one inch to seventeen 
 feet, and it has been excavated to a depth of 1 ,162 feet. Since its first dis- 
 covery the following shipments iiave been made : — ■ . > 
 
 ih 
 
 ^;,■♦ 
 
 (. .« , 
 
07 
 
 h 
 
 1863,.... - 18,600 tons. 
 
 1864 19,300 
 
 186) 20,500 
 
 1866 20,500 
 
 1867 17,000 
 
 1868 12,400 
 
 1869 1 7,000 
 
 1870 6,000 
 
 1871 5,500 
 
 1872 5,000 
 
 1873 , 0,000 
 
 1874 7,000 ■ 
 
 Total 154,800 tons. 
 
 The Government royalty since Jan. 1st, 1866, amounts to$8/)29.29 The 
 albcrtite has been and is extensively used in the manufactuie of oil and 
 for mixing with other coals in the preparation of gas. It will yield 100 
 gallons of crude oil or 14,500 cul)ic foet of gas per ton, leaving, when used 
 with other coal, a valuable quality of coke. It has been sold for from $15 
 to $20 per ton. The mines give employment to about 100 men. 
 
 In the vicinity of Dorchester, at Budreau village, are several 
 FREESTONE QUARRIES. 
 
 The most important is owned by the Caledonia Freestone Company. This 
 excellent stone lor buildins; purposes was first quarried in 1856 from the 
 Budreau property, since which time the annual shipments have averaged 
 from 5,000 to 7,000 tons. The Caledonia quarries were opened in 1864. 
 The company ships anuuhily between 5,000 and 6,000 tons. There is also 
 another (piany at Mary's Point, Hopewell, and a third at Shepody Mount, 
 Albert County. These stones are remarkable for their color, durability, 
 and the ease with which they may be cut. They are almost free from 
 pyrites. The beds now being worked vary from two to six feet in thickness. 
 Blocks thirty feet long, weighing thirty tons, can readily be obtained. 
 
 In the same county, at Hillsboro, a tew miles from Dorchester, you 
 strike the 
 
 GYPSUM DEPOSITS 
 
 of the Albert Manufacturing Company. This mineral is distributed in 
 irregular masses with sandstone, marls and limestone. The richness of the 
 gypsum deposits is without limit. A portion of the rock now being 
 worked, from ninety to one hundred feet, contains a thicknesf of seventy 
 feet of pure gypsum, resting on beds of plaster of unknown depth. In its 
 neighborliood are large masses of snow-white alabaster, exceedingly beauti- 
 ful. There are extensive works erected here for grinding and calcination, 
 which have been in almost continuous operation since 1861. An average 
 of 600 barrels per day can be worked up, giving ejiployment to about 100 
 hands. 'j^ ^■"■' "'•■ ■ ■■ ' ''■ '"-''": ' ' - 
 
68 
 
 The following statement for 1875 will give you au idea of the scale 
 ■which this industry has achieved at Hillsboro : — 
 
 Plaster quarried, in tons 129,000 
 
 Do. shipped in rock, in tons 5,500 
 
 Do. ground and calcined, in bmrels 47,200 
 
 Do. do. for farming 800 
 
 The present price of the crude and ground plaster is G'lv. per barrel, 
 ,Iuty free ; Cidcined, $1. This, however; is subject to a tluty in the United 
 ■States of twenty per cent. 
 
 Gypsum is also found in birge quantities at Petitcodiac (delivered at the 
 station of the Intercolonial Kailway for 70c. per barrel, or 40c. in bulk) and 
 ut Tobitjue River, Victoria County. 1'hc railway will doubtless developc 
 the tacilities for manufacturing and shipping this valuable mineral. 
 
 As Jt would be impossible to do justice to the natural resources of New 
 Brunswick in less than a month, I have condensed the remaining portion 
 of the subject matter of my letter from a handy little pamphlet entitled 
 ''The Woods and Minerals of New Brunswick," written by Prof. L. W. 
 Bailey, of New Brunswick University, and Edward Jack, Esq , C.E., Sur- 
 veyor of Crown Lands. (The collection of woods sent to the Centennial 
 Exhibition from this Province contains over seventy distinct specimens, 
 which are too numerous to oven mention casually in a single letter.) 
 
 IltON. 
 
 The reader may have n iced that the arrangement of the minerals in 
 this letter is irregular. The fact is unavoidable, for the reason that those 
 previously noted are within easy distance of each other and are directly 
 connected with the Intercolonial Railway for shipment. The railway 
 would be of little use did it not aft'ect more or less the growth of the 
 mineral wealth of the Province, and it is in order to make it more readily 
 known that I have now referred to it in this concluding letter upon New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Bog iron ore, or liminite, is found in Burton, Sunbury County, and in 
 the parish of Maryland, in York County. Queen's County also contains it 
 to some extent. It extends over considerable areas, and has attained in 
 some instances a thickness of four or five feet, but no attempt has yet been 
 made to smelt these ores. A recent analysis of a specimen from Sunbury 
 County gave forty-seven per cent, of metal. 
 
 RED HEMATITE 
 
 is found at Jacksontown, near Woodstock, two miles from the west bank 
 of the St. John River, Carleton County. The ore was first discovered by a 
 geological surveying party from Maine, in 1836, under Dr. Chas. T. Jack- 
 son, who traced it from the Aristook region north-eastward to the St. John 
 River, and to the eastward of the latter, in bands extending fifteen or 
 
G9 
 
 4 > 
 
 twenty mllos in length, over tlie north and north-eastern portions of tlie^ 
 county of Carleton. Tlio width of the ore beds is from six inches to eight 
 feet, the average tliickncss being tliree and a half feet. 
 
 Forty thousand tons have Leon smelted at the Woodstock works while 
 in operation, and the nutal is remarka'ole for its admirable adaptation to 
 the manufacture ot steel. It also contains a large percentage of 
 manganese. 
 
 COrPEU. 
 
 This valuable mineral is found at Salmon River, Albert County ; Adams 
 Island, Charlotte County, and at Grand Manan Island. It is mostly found 
 in connection with a band of rocks extending along the southern coa.st of 
 the Province. These ores have not been worked, although several 
 attemjyts have been ma-.Ie. This is owing to the fact that they have not 
 yet been ascertained to be sufficiently concentrated to pay the cost of 
 extraction. A specimen from Salmon Piiver is said to have yieldal sixty- 
 two per cent, of copper. 
 
 At La TiHe there is a large tract of copper. A shaft is being sunk to ft 
 depth of 25 feet, on a lode about four thick. Another sImIC is beiug sunk 
 two hundred feet from the former where good indications have been 
 found. The cost of labour being low, these mines, it is thought, would be 
 hightly remunerative. From samples of copper already f;ubmitt(<l, theic 
 richness is beyond question. 
 
 MANGANESE. 
 
 Deposits of black Oxide of Manganese, associated with more or less of 
 manganite, havo been mined at Quaco, Markharnville, Kings County, and 
 at Shepody Mountain. The mineral is chieily iqet with in connection with, 
 limestones lying near the base of the series, distributed in the form of 
 veins, but chiefly in irregular masses, some of which are exceedingly pure. 
 The mines at Markhamville were first opened in 18G3, since Mhich time 
 G,000 tons havo been mined. The annual yield varies from 500 to 1,500 
 tons. The mines are eleven miles from the railway and the ore is subject 
 to a cartage of $3 per ton, but nevertheless they have been profitably 
 worked. The pr"v e varies from $15 to $^50 per ton. Manganesi' i'^ also 
 met with near lUithurst and in Kings County. The existence of 
 
 ANTIMONY 
 
 although known for a number of years, attracted little attention until 1802; 
 when fresh dis(Mjveries were made, and several companies were fjrmed iii 
 the parish of Prince William, York county. The mineral extends over an 
 area of several .square miles, occurring chieily in white quartz veins, with in- 
 tersections of hard clay slates and sandstont- s. The veins vary in thicknesr* 
 from a fi!W inches to six feet. A gn at deal of ore has be< n obtained with- 
 in a short distance of the surface iiy means of trenches dug on the course 
 
70 
 
 of the lodes ; but fihafts have been sunk to the depth of something over 
 100 feet. Extensive works have been erected on the property of the Lake 
 George Mining Company, including an SO-horse power engine, a SO-horse 
 power air-compresser engine, a Burleigh steam drill, I31ake\ rusher rollers, 
 and other apparatus for de.sulpherizatioii and smelting. Wlien in full op- 
 eration fifteen tons of metal were obtained every six weeKs ; the charges 
 (of 500 cwt.) yielding from forth-five to fifiy-five per cent, of regulus. The 
 Huxes used are chareoil, soda, or salt cake, and rosin. The value of the 
 metal on the ground is twelve to fourteen cents per pound. It is exported 
 to the United States and is valued in Boston at Sr2.2r) to $12.75, gold, per 
 ton. It is also used at the works in the manufacture of Babbit metal (con- 
 taining fifteen to twenty per cent of antimony, with lead and tin, or in the 
 better qualities, with lead, copper and tin,) atid valued at from 20 to 50 
 cents per pound. 
 
 BITUMINOUS COAL. 
 
 The only locality in which mining operations for this mineral are con- 
 ducted, is in and about the Newcastle river and along the shores of the 
 Grand Lake, in Queen's county. It is estimated that more then one-third 
 of the Province is occupied by rocks of the coal formation. The seam of 
 Grand Lake, a thickness of 22 to 26 inches, is sufficiently great to be 
 capable of Avorking. The scams are usually nearly or quite horizontal ; 
 they cover considerable areas, and when sufliciently near the surface are 
 readly removed. The beds near Newcastle River and Grand Lake are about 
 two feet thick, and are usually met with within 10 or 15 feet of the surface. 
 Coal has been removed from a number of points covering an area of over 
 one hundred square miles, indicating a total production capacity of nearly 
 155,000,000 tons. The mineral is a true bituminious coal of the caking 
 variety, and is employed for household and blacksmith's use. The 
 total annual production is about 2,000 chaldrons, which is sold in St. John 
 from Si. 50 to $8.i.() per chaldron. 
 
 BITUMINOUS SHALE. 
 
 These shales are principally found in the vicinity of the Albert mines, of 
 which they form the enclosing roiks. They extend to the eastwaid and 
 westward of that locality foi over fifty miles. The .Jiales are tough, dense 
 and fine grained, and, when rubbed, of a strongly bituminous odor. Several 
 fruitless attempts have been made at various times to use these shales in 
 the manafacture of oils, and works were erected at Baltimore, a few miles 
 distant ; but operations were abandoned owing to the heavy import duties 
 imposed by the United States, as well as to tlie heavy competition with 
 natural oils in that country. The shales in the best bed at B.altimore yield- 
 ed 63 gallons per ton, and were capable of yielding 7,500feet of gaa per ton. 
 .In 1865 about 2,000 tons were received from similer beds in Westmoreland 
 county, and sold in the United States at the rate of $6 per ton. 
 
 >kh 
 
71 
 
 It is somewhat singular that the New Brunswick press has been hitherto 
 reticent in the matter of the natural wealth of its Province. But it is an 
 encouraging sign to note the excertions (notwithstanding the depression 
 which in the freight business is said to have touched bottom) wliich are 
 4)eing made to biing thesi' industries into public notice by the formation of 
 public companies and in other ways. Capital is not wanted ; but the ch.ief 
 requisite so far seems to have been the want of experienced men who 
 thoroughly understand the capabilities of the various rescources at their 
 disposal. Before closing let me say I have just heard that a rich vein of 
 anthracite coal was discovered a ftw days ago at Little Lepreaux, on Mace's 
 Bay, near Lepreaux Harbor. Tlie news has caused some excitement, but 
 is belived to be true. 
 
 JNo. XIV. 
 
 HALIFAX, N.S. 
 
 Halifax, whose history dates back from July, 174!), like that of its sister 
 •city, St. John, is full of interesting associations, not necessary to repeat 
 here. Thoy form a part of the history of the Dominion, and the more 
 important facts are familiar to almost every school boy. But the Halifax 
 of to-day has an attraction to the tourist which cannot be overlooked. Its 
 beautiful situation, its magnificent harbor, its splendid scenery, its mili- 
 tary connections, its ocean traffic and its splendid buildings cannot be 
 described in detail in a single letter. The front of the city fringes the 
 well sheltered harbor, and as you turn towards the south and east from the 
 citadel the panoramic stretch of scenery gradually melts into the purple 
 haze of horizon and golden light. The picturesque abounds everywhere. 
 Indeed, you may look from almost any point and you will find something 
 new to charm you, whether it be hill, river, i.sland or lake ; or with a good 
 field glass you may take in one of the sublimest views the most enthusiastic 
 admirer of Nature could desire. 
 
 The excellent shelter afitbrded by MacNab's Island, which lies at its 
 mouth, gives security to the shipping from wind or tempest. Tlie island 
 is thickly covered with hardwood, and in the full beauty of its summer 
 foliage it can scarcely bo surpassed for pictorial effect. Eastern Passage 
 lies to the east of the island, while to the western extremity of the island, 
 on Meagher's Beach, stands the lighthouse. 
 
 St. George's Island, which literally lies in the heart of the harbor, pro- 
 tects it from invasion from hostile foes. The island is oval, and is strongly 
 fortified with several large guns, which command the city, wharves and 
 
 shipping. 
 
 The appearance of the city fiom the citadel is a peculiar mixture of 
 .«pires, smoke, house-tops and dust; and perhaps it cannot be truthfully 
 
 
72 
 
 said that, 8o far as the city itself is concerned, the view from tliis point 
 does it justice. The nortliern part of the city, or " North End," as it is- 
 called, is connpicuous for its many beautiful private residences. To the 
 west is " Dutch Village," while to the southwest of the town we reach the 
 head of the Northwest Arm, dotted with islands. Along the "Arm" sev- 
 eral nne mansions and country seats are being erected in the centre of rich 
 woodland, and the white hou.ses present a very charmng effect of light and 
 shade. Following the same direction the Park is reached, situated in the 
 centre of all that is lovely to the eye. West of the citadel lies the Com- 
 mon, where "Held days" are held by the garrison troops. South of the 
 Common arc the Public Gardens, containing about twenty acres. They 
 are really a credit to the city, and are equal to anything of the kind I have 
 seen in the Dominion. West of the Public Gardens you have Camp Hill 
 Cemetery, somewhat unattractive in its silent gloom 
 
 The city has a population of about 30,000 souls. It is throe miles long 
 and about one mile wide. 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 The Post Office building in Ilollis street may be said to be in the busi- 
 ness centre of the city. Close by are the Parliament buildings in HoUis 
 street, and near them is the Young Men's Christian Association building, a 
 four-storey edifice, recently erected, which is quite as imposing in its exte- 
 rior proportions as the one in Montreal. On the opposite side of tiie way 
 is the new Masonic Hall, on Pleasant street, and St. Mary's Cathedral, and 
 also close to it is the Government House. 
 
 The Halifax Club on Hollis street is also a modern handsome edifice > 
 from the centre of which the social phase of Halifax society may be said to 
 graduate. In addition to the numerous commercial and banking institu- 
 tions, many of which are fine noble blocks of solid stone, Halifax has 
 reason to be proud of its 
 
 FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY, 
 
 which contains some 10,000 volumes, and is free to all who wish to read 
 them. Naturally enough, the citizens pride themselves upon having an 
 institution in their midst which is so well conducted as this appears to be. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 For its size, Halifax has more charitable institutions than any other city 
 in the Maritime Provinces. Including tlie Asylum for the Insane at Dart- 
 mouth, opposite the city, erected on Mount Hope, and the Inebriate Asy- 
 lum near First Lake, there are no less than fifteen benevolent institutiens 
 for " all sorts and conditions of persons," where the blind, the maimed and 
 the halt can receive gratuitous assistance. To detail these as they deserve 
 would require a special aiticle. These societies, botii religious and secu- 
 lar, are a credit t) the city and to the persons who personally irteretit 
 
 A 
 
 II 
 
73 
 
 hemselves in their development. The asylums for the insane, and for 
 the hlind and deaf and dumb, deserve especial mention. 
 
 THE FORTIFICATIONS 
 
 attract a large number of tourists, who throng the various forts and keep- 
 the military officials busily engaged in replying to an endless number of 
 questions.. At the present time it is estimated there are about 2,000 troops 
 in the garrison, consisting of the GOth lloyal Rifles, the 87th Foot, the 
 Royal Horse Artillery, and some detachments of the Corps of Engineers. 
 The soldiers have every facility for enjoyment and mental improvement, 
 liibraries, reading-rooms, billiards, refreshment rooms, where a good cup of 
 coffee and bread and butter may be had for three cents, and, in fact, every- 
 thing a man can reasonably want may be obtained. The opinion, however, 
 was frequently expressed to your correspondent that the present terirf of 
 enlistment (six years) has failed to answer the purpose originally intended. 
 The friends of the measure supposed that a better class of men could be 
 obtained, but experience has proved, by the sample of recruits sent out 
 from England since the new Enlistment Act has been in force, that the 
 very opposite has been the result. The physical and moral status of the 
 soldier of to-day is much inferior to that of ten years ago. Old and well- 
 tried men are fast leaving the service, and the result is the introduction of 
 an element entirely ut variance with the requirements of a good soldier. 
 
 Just now there arc no ships of war at the station, and the only vessel of 
 interest at present laying up is the Faraday, belonging to the Atlantic 
 Cable Company— one of the most complete scientific vessels afloat. It is 
 fitted with every improvement known to electricians, and it has on more 
 than one occasion demonstrated its fitness for the service of repairing 
 Atlantic cables. 
 
 THE CITADEL, 
 
 or, as it is known, the "Star Fort," is to an inexperienced eye the perfec- 
 tion of militiiry construction. But, strange to say, recent events have 
 proved it is far from being as strong as was formerly supposed. This is 
 illustrated by the fact that at the time of my visit t'.ie engineers were 
 repairing some twenty feet of wall, four to six feet in thickness, which had 
 given way from the shock caused by the firing of the morning and evening 
 gun ! A recent writer in Vaniii/ Fair has well said, in speaking of the 
 Royal Engineers, that they have been principally engaged of late years in 
 repairing each others' work. This is strictly true, as may be seen by the 
 recent improvements in several of the forts along the harbor, which were 
 necessitated by the mounting of eighteen-pounder guns, to accommodate 
 which extensive alterations had to be made in the original plans of some 
 of the fortifications, which had only just been completed win n the guns 
 arrived from England. If Halifax people had to pay for these enormous 
 renovations it would soon become a bankrupt c'ty. 
 
74 
 
 Two mill 8 from the centre of the city is Fort Ogilvio, and near it Fort 
 'C-'ambridge. Those forts are, of course, made as strongly as military 
 8 ;ience can make them. They are built of granite, (lose to the shore 
 are Point Pleasant Battery, the Northwest Arm Batt.jry, and, upon the 
 summit of the Park, the i'rince of Wales' Towor. 'I'hese are old fortifira- 
 ■t'.ons, and are stipposed to be retained " merely for the look of the thing." 
 Not far from the Northwest Arm is Melville Island, now a military prison, 
 formerly used as a place of confinement for the prisoners captured during 
 the war of ] s ] 2-1 4. St. George's Island stands in the centre of the harbor, 
 and contains one of ihe strongest, if not the strongest of forts. Fort Char- 
 lotte, lately rebuilt, is considered as stroi::,' as modern science can make it. 
 On the eastern shore of the harbor is another formidable structure named 
 Fort Clarence. Another line of batteries on the northwestern shore of 
 McNab's Island commands the harbor below St. George's Island. In atldi- 
 tion to these are the martello towers on Meagher's Beach and Sambro 
 Island, while en the land side is York Picdoubt. Halifax harbor may be 
 truthfully said to be the Cronstadt of America. The militixry cemetery is 
 at Fort Massey, near the south end of Queen street. 
 
 COMMERCIAL. 
 
 Halifax is tin; terminus of nine lines of steamers, also the terminus of 
 the eastern division of the Intercolonial Rm ' ay, as well as the starting 
 jioint of the Windsor & Annapolis Railwav ecently an effort has been 
 made to resuscitate a ( 'hamber of Commerce ; but it is an extraordinary 
 fact that nothwithstanding the vast amount of capital, the natural wealth 
 of mines within its reach, and the immense advantages which its lieautiful 
 harbor possesses for winter trade, the commercial enterprise in Halifax is 
 nominally dead. Let me give j'ou an illustration. Not long since, a meet- 
 ing of citzens was held to organize a Board of Trade. Speeches were made 
 subscriptions were ijromised, and all the enthusiam crcjitcd by a " novelty" 
 was brought to bear upon the subject. But, unfortunately, the first spasm 
 of interest was also its last, and to-day the Halifax Board of Trade meets 
 in a dingy, badly lighted room where it would be difficult to crowd fifty 
 persons into it -without making everybody feel uncomfortable. This fact 
 seems to be significant of the people. There can be no doubt about the 
 matter, that in point of superiority Halifax harbor is far ahead of St John. 
 It is comparatively free fiom tides, and not liable to dense fogs to which 
 .•iailors are subjected in approaching St. John harbor. But on the other 
 hand the merchants of St. .John do business, probably, witii half the 
 Province of Nova Scotia. There is no want of capital, but there is a large 
 <leficiency of pluck and energy which contribute to the vitality of a i)eople. 
 
 SOCIALISTIC. 
 
 Society in Halifax is largely imitative. It patterns itself after the fashion 
 of the military. If the military aristocracy of the Halifax Club gay "so 
 
75 
 
 and 80 is tlic correct thing," eociety in Haiifax follows suit and ask.- uo 
 questions. Wiietlier this is a good or a had sign, it is not for nic to say ; 
 but it would certainly appear that unless any special ali'air is '< under the 
 patronage of the officers of the garrison," Halifax prop'jr holds aloof and 
 becomes cold and unsympathetic. The consequnce is that tlie really intel- 
 lectual portion of society keeps within doors and shuts itself up within the 
 limits of its own circle, while the superfieial and " swell " element delights 
 in driving tandem and making itself generally obtrusive and remarkable. 
 The hospitality of the ^^arrison is unquestionable, but it is somewhat 
 trying to one not initiated into the mystery of military life to hear 
 people going into rhapsodies about Captain Smith's " dawg " or " Major 
 Jones'.s" Jolly thing in horsedesh ; or, it may be, " Lieutenant Black's love 
 affair with Mrs. Somebody-else, awfully rich, you know" Of course fash- 
 ionable society everywhere posst sses more or less shallowness ; but in 
 Halifax it is very hollow, and the echo is proportionately large. 
 
 THE PRESS. 
 
 There are five daily papers published in the city, the oldest of which is 
 the Acadian Recorder, established in 1813. The more influential morning 
 papers are the Herald and. the Chronicle; the former is in the Conservative 
 and the latter in the Reform intere t. The evening papers are the Citizen 
 and the Reporter. In addition to these there are several weekly secular 
 and religious journals. The daily papers, however, are creditable to the 
 city, but could be made more so if there was sufficient enterprise in the city, 
 out of which good material for journalistic abillity might be made. As it 
 is, this want, at times, is very much felt, and helps to retard the progress of 
 journalism. From a purely literary standi)«>int there is much ability in 
 Halifax, but it is somewhat cramped because at times there is really nothing 
 to write about. A good hotel is sadly needed in the city. True, there are 
 the "Halifax" and the "International," where strangers receive every atten- 
 tion ; but the city is growing, and year by year it is thronged with tour- 
 ists. There can be no doubt that, in this respect, Halifax can learn some 
 thing from St. John. In conclusion, the future of Halifax is largely in the 
 hands of its people, who, so far as my exerience goes, are exceedingly kind 
 and hospitable. Naturally, it is surrounded by everything that is beauti- 
 ful. Not only is it particularly favoured in a picturesiiue sense, but its 
 environs contain large mineral deposits, of which more will be said in a 
 future letter. 
 

 XV. 
 
 // 
 
 THE ANNAPOLIS VALLEY. 
 
 Leaving the Intircolonial at Halifax wo talie the train of the Windsor 
 & Annapolis Railway en route for Annapolis, passing through one of the 
 most beautiful stretches of scenery to be found on the continent. 
 
 From Halifax to V^'indsor, forty-five miles, the road, whicVi is now in 
 capital condition, runs through a country of rocks and hills. At first the 
 .surroundings do not impress you with any special admiration until you 
 reach Bedford Basin, a beautiful sheet of water, around which the railroad 
 runs for a disttvnce of eight miles. 
 
 At the head of the Basin is the village of Bedford, famous for its shad 
 fishing. Leaving it we pass thi-ough miles of lorefit\Scenery full of interest 
 from its imposing character. 
 
 The next place worthy of notice is Windsor, Here the River Avon is 
 spanned by an iron lattice girder bridge 1,IG0 feet long, supported on piers 
 and abutments of free stone. It was erected at a cost of jE32,000, The 
 town, which is famous as the seat of King's College, the oldest university 
 in the Province, is built on a large hill, and overlooks one of the most 
 beautiful views it is posjiible to imagine. The far-famed Basin of ]Minas, 
 with Cape Blomidon in the distance, reminds us that we have just entered 
 
 "THE LAM D OF EVANGELINE," 
 
 celebrated in Longfellow's immortal poem. Miles of orchard gardens, 
 where trees are loaded down with golden-colored, rich, juicy-looking fruit, 
 gives one an impression not soon forgotten. The sweet-scented hay per- 
 fumes the atmosphere M'ith its grateful fragrance, .and instinctively we 
 recall the lines : — 
 
 ■' Fn the AcnJian land, on the slioresi of the Basin of Minos, 
 Distant, sochided, still, the little village of (irand I're 
 Lay in the valley." 
 
 The Grand Pre of to-day, however, is in direct contrast with the poetical 
 <leKcription given by Longfellow, for the inhabitants appear to be the most 
 common-place of mortals. It is difficult to imagine that Longfellow has 
 never visited this spot, but has written solely from ima^nation. Again 
 are we reminded of the beauty of his description as we have Grand Pre : — 
 
 ".Still stiimls the IVr. st primeval ; but iindir the fliiidoof its brancheb 
 I'wells another race, with other cutitoni.s and liinguape. 
 Only along the .chores ot the mournful aiul uiisty Atlantic 
 Linger a few Acadian iieasants, whoes fatlicrs from exile 
 Wandered back to th( ir native land to die in it.s bosom. 
 In the fisherman's cot the wheel and the loom are still b^l^y ; 
 .Maidens still wear iheir Xornian cups and their kirtles of home.<piin, 
 And by the evening tire rejieat Evangeline's stoiy ; 
 While from its rocky caverns, the dee[)-voiccd ncighbc ring ocean 
 Speaks, and in recants disconsolate answers to the wail of the lor( st." 
 
 k h 
 
• h' 
 
 i ( 
 
 Close by tho Ktations of Gmrul I're, tradition says there is an apple tree 
 under which ashcH have bocn found, and where " BaHil's forge '' in Hupposed 
 to have been located. But it wtrikes mo this is a flimsy attempt to palm 
 off some spurious legend upon the traveller. Whether or not it follows 
 that a forge 8h( Id have been located at this particular spot merely because 
 ashes were found there I cannot say, but as nobody can prove that Basil 
 did not erect a forge there, let the tradition pass without further ccniraent. 
 
 But permit me to give you a legend of probably a more truthful character. 
 It consists of a copy of 
 
 A LETTEIl FROM THE POET, 
 
 received by Mr. J. P. Edwards, a conductor on the Windsor & Annapol>;< 
 Railway, and which will explain itself:— 
 
 [Copy.] 
 
 C'AMBlUDfiK, Sei)t. 2."), IST'i. 
 
 Mv Dear Sib : 
 
 I have had the pleasure of receiving from Mr. Henunell the two canes 
 which you were kind enough to send me as a souvenir of Acadia, and 
 hasten to thank you for this mark of your regard. 
 
 It has never been my good fortune to see the beautiful country through 
 which you pass daily, and I fear I shall never see it— save in imagina 
 tion. All the more shall I prize the branch of the apple tree from Grand 
 Pre and the white ash cane from tlu; top of Bloomidale. 
 
 I beg you to accept my cordial thanks for your kindnc .s in fending 
 them, and to believe me, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Henry W. LosnFELLow. 
 
 We next reach Wolfville, which boasts of a college of some repute, situated 
 in the midst of a thriving and industrious community. Soi ;e of the mos 
 conspicuous features of the country through which we pass in this section 
 are the huge dykes, comprising hundreds of acres, reclaimed and protected 
 from the Bay of Fundy by the original settlers, Acadian French. These 
 dykes enclose some of the richest hay grounds in the Province. 
 
 ♦ KENTVILLE 
 
 • 
 is the next place of importance. Here are the head offices of. the Windsor 
 & Annapolis Railway The rural beauty of the place strongly reminds 
 one of some lovely garden spot in Kent or Devonshire. The air is pure, 
 the scenery is beautiful, and the people are clean-looking and happy. The 
 air is particularly pure and refreshing, and indeed this charming spot is 
 unsurpassed for its many natural beauties. The village lies in a valley 
 bounded by the CornwalUs River, and is contiguous to the far-famed 
 *' Garden of Nova Scotia," in which it should be included as a part. Th.) 
 Ticinity is not only blessed by its rich crops of fruit and natural situatioi 
 
^"^ 
 
 78 
 
 but excellent salmon an-l trout fishing may be had during the seasou. 
 Woodcock, snipe, partridge and duck aie to be found in abundance during 
 the autumn, when hundreds of tourists pay their annual visit. 
 
 A short distance iVom Kentville we enter the great apple-growing 
 country of the Dominion, wh.ch lies in 
 
 THE ANNiPOLIS VALLEY, 
 
 rich in everthmg that is charming io the eye. The fertility almost 
 exceeds belief, while the beautiful landscapes along its border delights the 
 eyes and refreshes the senses, the mountains in the distance making a bold 
 back-ground pleasant in its relief and grandeur. 
 
 After casually noting Berwick, Aylsford and Kingston, the next stopping 
 place of any importance is 
 
 MIDDLETOX, 
 
 chiefiv remarkable for the falls on the Nictaux lUver, and the iron mines. 
 The scenery in the vicinity of the North Mountains is said to oc extremely 
 fine, 
 
 P issing Lawren jotown, we next arrive at 
 
 PARADISE. 
 
 Whoever named this place Paradise, is either the prince of satirists or 
 tlie simplest of humans. Paradisj, as seen Iroiu the sUition, is not a lovely 
 view but as seen from a distance it may in all sincerity be said that 
 
 " Disttmce lends enchantment to the view," 
 
 so far as Paradise is concerned. The place is as great a misnomer as Paris 
 in Vermont. Ind(Hd 1 half 5 .-pect tiiat some Jealous American hadbome- 
 thing to do with originating the Paradise of Nova Scotia, and the reason 
 why I think so is based upon the following story, which is vouched to me 
 as being correct. (By the way, there's always a certain amount af risk in 
 relating another i)erson's " original" story.) However, here it is: — It is 
 said that a Nova Scotian upon asking an ar.cient Vermont farmer who it 
 was who named one of the stations along tlic; line of the Vermont Central 
 Rjiilway, Paris, was told tliat it was called after Jeremiah Paris,who formerly 
 owned the land on wliich tiie ^t.ion was built. 
 
 "Then its origin has nothing to do with a young lady ^y the name of 
 Helen?" remarked the enquirer. 
 
 " If yer mean Helen Bigelow, maybe it has," cob I believe one of the 
 Parises married a Bigelow gal." 
 
 "Then probably the person / mean might have been a relation, a third 
 cousin perhaps. The lady I refjr to was Helen o'Troy." 
 
 The farmer " 'lowed he didn't know any such person, leastwise not in Li» 
 time.' ' •, 
 
 - k 
 
79 
 
 Glossing the Annapolis Rivfr, tiie road from Bridgeiown, the ntxt- 
 station, to 
 
 ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, 
 
 runs through the same charming country in the midst of a ricli valley. 
 
 Annapolis stands on the first site ,of the first town settled in Acadia. 
 Originally the town was named, hy De Monts, in 1605, Port Royal, 
 
 Ferlaud {cours du hiMorie du Canad-i) says : 
 
 " Port Royal, now Annapolis, founded in 1605, is the first durable settle- 
 ment formed by the Frencii in North America, and the most ancit-nt town 
 in this part of the world after St. Augustine." Annapolis, in all the old 
 records, bears a conspicuous part as being the headquarters of the French 
 in the New World. It has stood sioge after siege, and attacks from all 
 quarters. 
 
 Portions of the old fortifications are still titanding, wliile from the 
 summit a glorious prospect of the -'rounding country may be seen. 
 
 For thirty-si.x years Annapolis wu.. the .seat of Government, when in 174^ 
 it was transferred to Halifax, On the opposite side of the rivi r is Granville, 
 a place of some note in connection with shipbuilding. 
 
 And now I must close my brief description of this beautiful tract of 
 country, and acknowledge the courtesy of the kindly ofticials of the 
 Windsor & Annapolis Railway fof tiie facilities they have e.\tended your 
 correspondent ia writing up the natural garden of Nova Scotia. 
 
 The Company has provided ea.«y aiitl comfortable eoache.-;, and notwith- 
 standing the huge difficulties with which it has had to contend in tho past, 
 the excellent road-bed, and the charming scenery through whicli the road 
 runs, will doubtless secure in the fiitiue' a huge amount of tratiie from the 
 neighbouring Province and the United States. The fishing and shooting, 
 in its proper season, is good, and so far I could observe there i.s ainple 
 liotel accommodation alonu the road. 
 
 THE MINING INDUSTRIES OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 The extensive area in Nova Scotia covered by its niinenil deposits is so 
 vast as to render the difficulty of preventing even a general idea of the 
 subject very great. 
 
 A personal inspiiction of these large tracts of coal, iron anl gold has 
 rather the effects of bewildering the tourist than of adding to his stoi^k of 
 information in regard to them. It is, therefore, the intention of your cor- 
 respondent to give as far as available the results, from the best authorities, 
 of their workings. 
 
80 
 
 COAL. 
 
 The lleport of tlie Depaitnmtof Mines for the year 1875 is very conci 
 'ipon the subject, and from it we take the main facts in this article, having 
 reference only to the large and more import vnt workings. 
 
 CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 
 
 The trade of Cuniber'.and County alone shows an increase; exceeding 
 by 11,000 tons that of the pr/vio'js year. The increase steadily rose from 
 14,000 in 1872, to 20,000 in 1873 : and from 49,600 in 1874, to 60,944 tons 
 in 1875. Tlic local sales were 1,000 tons of round and 1,000 of stock, in 
 •excess of the year before ; and the exports of New Brunswick increased 
 11,000 tons; while the trade with the United States decreased 2,000 tons. 
 These figures arc given in round numbers. 
 
 .HOGGINS COAL MINES. 
 
 On lease :>1, adjoining, on the south, that of the Jogging Coal Mining 
 Association, a borc-hol( was put down at the corner where the road turns 
 in to the .loggins Mine, and the Joggius Main Scam pierced at the depth 
 of ],^28 feet. The hole was made by an American diamond drill, owned 
 by Mr. .John Logan and other."!, of Pictou — the same that was mentioned in 
 in the 'ast Report as having done its work so well. 
 
 No ottier r-ports of explorations made in this tield have been received 
 OX' epl fr/m the Njw Dominion • oal L'ompany, who have further proved 
 the .sc AHi.i on the area of the Hon. A .T. Smitii Tlie level on the main 
 s "am has been -Iriven 400 feet, and from it two drifis have be^a driven 
 northerly, which have intersected two other seams ; iho rirst two feet three 
 inches thick, at a distanc e of sixteen feet, and the second twenty-two 
 iache-x in thickness, at a distance of twenty-nine feel from the main seam. 
 It is expected that a slope will be put down on tlie main seam during the 
 -uinmer, to test the quality <>f the coal to tlie deep. The seam varies in 
 thickness from foin- feet to five feet six inches, with a parting of tire clay, 
 which, under more of the i over of the hill, is only six to eight inches In 
 thickness. 
 
 CHARACTER OF THE MINE. 
 
 rrolcBHor .1. W. Diurnoti, F. U H., roniurUs in )iiM work entitled '' Acadian 
 Uoology," 18,'^iH, pngiiB IHU, IIIO |0| I 
 
 " (iottl.— Only oho deposit of this mineral in now worked in Cumberland. 
 'I'ho Jnggins Main Seam, ron^Mlng of I wo ]h>i\h, three feet six inches and 
 one foot six inches tldck, with a clay jjarting hetween, varying from ono 
 foot to a few inciies. It is a frou burning bitundnoup coal of a fair (]uality.' 
 
 The apeciraen of .loggins coal from Main Scam is bright coal of uniform 
 
 ^ ^f. 
 
 
 n 
 
81 
 
 texture, with straight joints containing fibres of iron pyrites and calcareous 
 matter. 
 
 Moisture 2-5 
 
 Volatile Combustible Matter 36-3 
 
 Fixed Carbon 560 
 
 Reddish Gray Ashes , 5-2 
 
 N If, 
 
 I 'i 
 
 100 
 
 In further confirmation of the good character of this coal, it may be said 
 a very large number of certificates received from practical, reliable men who 
 have used it for steam and manufacturing purposes, and who testify cheer 
 fully to its superior steam-producing quality, its cheapness compared with 
 other coals, and also to the very encouragingfact of its gradual and continued 
 improvement as greater depth is obtained ; and so far as the science of geof- 
 ogy can determine, the quantity of coal contained in this seam is considered 
 unlimited. 
 
 ♦ SPRING HILL. 
 
 The mining of coal from the West or Hall Slope has been stopped, the 
 workings alon-j being kept free from water. In the East or Bycrs Slope 
 the levels have been so extended that the faces are now 800 feet apart. 
 
 The level going east has met with some difficulties, being first troubled 
 with a roll in the floor, and then with a thickening of the parting. The 
 rooms have been drivcm horizontally twelve feet wide, leaving pillars 
 SI ven or eight yards in thickness. One counter-balance has been put up 
 oil the east side, and two on the west, to lower the coal from the upper rooms 
 to the level. The workings are drained by a direct acting sieam pump 
 which forces the water a vertical height of 427 feet, through a column 820 
 feet long. The pump has a twenty-two inch cylinder, thirty inch stroke, 
 and nine inch plunger. To clean the slack coal of dust and fire clay, and 
 to prepare it the better for market, a screening appratus has been erected. 
 
 The coal from the screen is hoisted by a small engine forty-two feet 
 above the track, and passed through a circular screen four feet in diameter 
 and twtuity-lwo feet long. The upper nine feet isof fi\ e-eighths-inch mesh ; 
 then follokH four feet ofhalf-inch mesh, and then nin<! feet of seven-eighths- 
 irich uumh. The coal that passed through the upper Itmgths is thrown 
 aw^y, and that which goes through the lower is called nut coal. 
 
 The flue coal which i« thrown away, possibly might, if it were washed, 
 make good ccdte in a jHtjper oven. The rough exper'ment noticed, under 
 the head of Cokb cannot be accepted as a final test of the value of this coal 
 for coke , and a* there iw ^Tery likelihood of the demand at Londonderry 
 being large, a proper trial lUiould be made. 
 
 li^ 
 
 ->-■■ 
 
7"^ 
 
 82 
 
 PICTOU COUNTY. 
 
 The total coal sales of this county, while they exceeded those of 1'873 hy 
 3,000 tons, show a decline, when compared with the trade of the year before, 
 of nearly 21,000 tons — a quantity which is less by some 20,000 tons than tliat 
 of the sales of the Acadia Company are short of their annual average. That 
 company has again yielded the first place in the list of shipmentK, wliicli 
 for some years it he!!, and the Albion Mines have regained thei'- old 
 supremacy. The falling oft" in the home consumption is small — 4,<M)0 out of 
 107,000 tons ; in the United States trade it is very considerable, over 29,000 
 tons ; and in the trade with the West Indies nearly 1 7,000 tons. These 
 heavy losses of trade were in part balanced by the considerable increase in 
 the shipments to the Province of Quebec, 32,000 tons more than the 
 116,000 sent in 1874. The trade with other markets showed fluctuations 
 of little moment. There :s one increase yet to be noticed, that in the 
 demand for slack, which has .steadily advanced Prince Edward Island being 
 the largest customer,Jand taking 26,1)00 tons. 
 
 ALBION MINES. 
 
 The pair of stone drifts from the main seam in the Fo(>rd Pit have 
 reached the deep seam, at a distance of 185 yards, and provcti it there to 
 contain twenty feet of good coal. The .stone parting, wliicli is four feet 
 thick to the rise, was found only nine inches thick, and thu ovci hiving coal 
 to have increased from four feet to four feet six inches in thickness This 
 satisfactory condition of the .seam has induced the starting of an incline, 
 from the ("age Pit working.^, in a south-easterly direction, to open up that 
 portion of the deep seam. Until the drifts from the main seam proved tlic 
 coal to be of good quality, doubts had been entertained, because of tin; 
 inferior (quality of that immediat^ily to the rise, into which, sf>me time ago, 
 levels had been driven. The principal operations in the Cage Pit have 
 been towards the north, and three counter-balances are now going on that 
 side of the incline, and one has been started off the level on the south side. 
 The under-ground engine has been replaced by another which brings the 
 rake up with greater ease and speed. The return air-ways have been en- 
 larged, and some 30,000 feet of air now circulate through the workings. 
 The special pump at the foot of the incline now delivers the exhaust steam 
 into the suction, and while freeing the workings of a great inconvenience 
 assists the pump at its work. The Iwiieis on the surface havr been shedded 
 over, whereby a saving of fuel is eifected, and protection given to the 
 stokers during inclement weather. The great distance to which the steam 
 has to be taken underground causes a condensai.on of over 50 per cent., 
 and doubtless a saving would be effected were the .steam i)ipe coated for 
 its entire length with some non-conducting material. 
 
 In the Foord Pit the north levels have, for some time, been checked by 
 a fault which has at last been pierced, and the coal found beyond. The 
 
 <f 
 
 ' 
 
 ^jJiLf^UI^Miikji 
 
<'> 
 
 83 
 
 south sid»; also met a fault, but which was not expected to give much 
 trouble. 
 
 In hoisting the coal, the double-deck cages holding four tubs are now 
 used, and tlms about 80 per cent, more coal can be brought to bank in a 
 given time. 
 
 For the workmen, additional accomodation ol a superior class has been 
 provided. A boarding house containing fourteen rooms, and eight blocks 
 of two dwellings, each having a porch and containing two rooms. 
 
 VALE. 
 
 Some changes have been made in the method of working the McBain 
 Seam at this colliery. The pillars are now twenty ftet thick, and the bords 
 have been widened to sixteen feet. A second level has been driven below 
 the main level .is an air and water course, and horses have been introduced 
 to facilitate the transit. On the west side a fault of twenty feet has been 
 met with and pierced. 
 
 On the surface there are now ninety-two tentsments for the accomodation 
 of the workmen. Near the junction with the Pictou Branch Railway a 
 locomotive shed has been put up, and a new locomotive obtained, suitable 
 for the ordinary guage to which the railway track was changed daring the 
 summer. 
 
 No work of any moment was done on Mitchell and Barton's area. 
 
 CAFK BRETON COUNTY. 
 
 Tlie continued decline iu the produition of coal in this county has been 
 a sourct! of much suflferiug to the mining population, and it is greatly to 
 be feared that unless a change for the letter wtHtn takes place in the trade, 
 numbers i»f the m^n usaatiy employed about the m'nes will hav- to seek 
 elsewhere tor work and in new occupations lind empldvment. For not 
 even in the UruteU State** are the collieries open to them, since the trade 
 is there equai'v -^ dull and overdone as it is here. 
 
 Comparii^ *<t past with the previous year, there appear? a total decline 
 </f 32,314 ton*' , mmiyi up principally in the reduced shipments to the United 
 States and »Ve8t Indies, to which countries, dull ad the trade was during 
 tlie preceding year, nearly 18,000 and 15,0<X» tons were then .sent. The 
 hyme consumption m^vely shows an imrease of three hundred tons. The 
 trade with Newfoundland shows alone u marked increase, some 5,000 tons. 
 This advance, however, can hardly be considered permanent, as the sup- 
 plies wen; unusiudly short in St. Johns during the wintei- of 1874-75, and 
 thosf held in the jireseut winter of 1870-76 anj unusually large. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing, large tracts of coal are being worked more 
 Of loss in Victoria, Inverness, and ( 'olchester counties, but the Eeport does 
 not give any tiuancial statements concemiuji? them. 
 
84 
 
 COAL ANALYSES. 
 
 SEAMS. 
 
 Joggins (Main) 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Spring Hill (13 feet S 
 .seam) ( 
 
 Black Seam 
 Albion (Main) 
 
 11 ft.. \ 
 
 .1'' 
 
 ft* 
 /J I" 
 
 a CSV 
 
 s 
 
 1.34 
 
 .32 
 
 36. (H) 
 25.38 
 
 
 56.00 
 51.84 
 60 95 
 
 Albion (Deep) 
 
 McGrreKor . • • 
 Stellar • 
 
 Acadia 
 
 McBain. 
 Collins. . 
 
 Blockhouse 
 
 Phelan 
 
 1 321 
 
 Emery 
 
 Lorway (Gardiner) 
 Hub 
 
 Hjirbor 
 
 Lingan. 
 
 KOSK 
 
 -Sydney (Main) 
 
 Kdward'i< 
 
 McAuley 
 
 .27 
 
 128 
 
 :«..39 
 31.08 
 
 29.ft3j 
 
 25.7.'. 
 26.74 
 
 i;3 ou| 
 
 22.90 
 66 56 
 34.37 
 29.93 
 31.09 
 25.45 
 36 75 
 38. 80 
 40.80 
 31. 94 
 37.26 
 35.47 
 38.10 
 31.75 
 34.3.'i 
 ;36 54 
 L'S &2 
 .% 28 
 W A 
 .•i8 5(1 
 34.0ft 
 
 •50.46 
 64.94 
 
 36.20 
 
 .34.23 
 
 3003 
 
 38. 7( 
 
 26 94 
 
 .31.8' 
 
 .34.18 
 
 36.7 
 
 28. 88 
 
 ."6.15 
 
 32.07 
 
 56.98 
 60.83 
 i;6..50 
 61 ft) 
 68 ,50 
 67.85 
 25.231 
 ■57.57 
 60.351 
 60. 32! 
 62.63' 
 57.10 
 .55.80 
 56. 70; 
 62.79 
 58.391 
 61.67! 
 t-8.46 
 66. «5 
 61.97 
 62. 53 
 65 85 
 .58 ,56 
 67. 78 
 06, 50 
 62. 92 
 
 60 80 
 
 63.98 
 
 66. 91 
 
 58.40 
 
 67-5' 
 
 64.59 
 
 61.50 
 
 .56.97 
 
 60-4,5 
 
 58 01 
 
 64. 43 
 
 6. 
 12. 
 13. 
 10. 
 
 ■I. 
 
 3 
 
 5. 
 13 
 
 9. 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 8. 
 
 7. 
 
 9. 
 
 7. 
 11. 
 
 6. 
 
 5. 
 
 3. 
 
 5. 
 
 4. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 1. 
 
 3. 
 
 3' 
 5. 
 2. 
 
 K. 
 2. 
 
 4. 
 1, 
 3 
 2 
 5 
 3 
 4 
 6 
 7 
 5 
 3 
 
 .1-3 R 
 
 I.SH 
 
 I ^ 
 
 © 
 
 1. 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 67 
 
 80 
 
 15 
 
 98 
 
 05 
 
 .39 
 
 62 
 
 74 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 .3? 
 
 21 
 
 55 
 
 46 
 
 56 
 
 92 
 
 06 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 2-5 
 
 .35 2 
 
 862 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 70 
 
 .84 
 .22 
 .31 
 09 
 .77 
 
 55 
 86 
 65 
 
 "(JO 
 
 .50 
 
 .26 
 
 .4 
 
 .49 
 
 93 
 24 
 
 16 
 01 
 00 
 99 
 81 
 00 
 79 
 06 
 96 
 49 
 54 
 32 
 .27 
 .25j3 
 70 2 
 502 
 
 1484 9..560 
 
 2. at, 1342! 10,080 
 
 ■ ^ 9,84t; 
 
 o a 
 
 I ft* 
 
 
 9,340 
 
 7,180 15 
 
 1640 
 
 1460 
 
 9,5(X) 
 
 Authorities. 
 
 Daw.ion. 
 
 How. 
 
 \Voodhous9. 
 
 Hartley. 
 
 13 
 
 10,217 17 
 
 ^i 9^66od6'5i 
 
 ..| ■ — 
 
 ..I 9,500-. 
 
 Dr. Percy. 
 
 .Joh'son. 
 
 Dawson. 
 
 How. 
 
 Broome. 
 
 How. 
 
 Manhattan (la,'^. 
 
 How. 
 
 Broome. 
 
 Broome. 
 
 Broome. 
 . • ■ jHow. 
 
 I Chapman. 
 
 . • • iDr. Torrey. 
 2.304J Manhattan Has. 
 ■ ■ . IHarringtnr.. 
 
 1480 
 
 90i 
 
 2011446 
 18:1441 
 ..11450 
 
 77 
 
 1.24 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 16.7 
 
 10.106! 17 
 
 9900 
 9,520 
 
 42 
 
 341.510 
 
 6,500 
 
 9,000 
 
 1946 
 
 18501 
 
 Harrington. 
 Percy. 
 Harrington. 
 Hurrii gton. 
 
 Harringtnn. 
 
 Harrington. 
 . . . .iMaiihattiin (las 
 2,314" Harrington. 
 . . . Ilmpcrial (iiii>. 
 2200!Chandler. 
 . . . .1 Harrington. 
 — |How. 
 . . . .jDawfon. 
 . . . .IJohnjaon. 
 . . . .iHow. 
 . .. JHow. 
 • . • 'Chapman. 
 
 m^ 
 
 15 
 
 Bicli.'fd. 
 Harrington. 
 
 For other analyses see How's "Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, 1868." and 
 (Geological Surrey Reports of Progress. 
 
 the 
 
 THE NOVA SCOTIA COAL TRADE WITH ^"HE UNITED STATES 
 
 AND ELSEWHERE. 
 
 There is one feature of the general trade which, as it shnwa a healthy 
 condition, is well worthy of more than passing attention — it is the trade 
 with the neighhoring ProvinceH Even in compctiticui with free American 
 coal, it haH more than doubled within the last four years. 
 
85 
 
 Coal sold to neighboring Provinces : 
 
 1871 168,577 tons. 
 
 1872!.'.'..'.". 285,433 " 
 
 1873 337,993 " 
 
 1874 .'538,754 " 
 
 1875 381,711 " 
 
 ■ 
 
 Nova Scotia Sold 
 
 At Home. 
 
 To other B. N. A, 
 Provinces. 
 
 1871 ,. 
 
 150,232 
 
 1872.. 
 
 199,88H 
 
 1873.. 
 
 215,295 
 
 1874.. 
 
 214,965 
 
 1875.. 
 
 212,630 
 
 168,577 
 285,433 
 337,983 
 338,754 
 381,711 
 
 Casada Imported From 
 
 United States. ! Great Britain. 
 
 216,633 
 
 428,455 
 671,224 
 512,835 
 
 190,680 
 177,904 
 131,338 
 186,753 
 
 Years. | Quantities. 
 
 1865.. 
 1866.. 
 1867.. 
 1868.. 
 1869.. 
 IBIO.. 
 1871.. 
 1872.. 
 1873.. 
 1874.. 
 1875.. 
 
 465,194 
 404,252 
 338,492 
 228,132 
 257,485 
 168,180 
 165,431 
 154,094 
 264,760 
 138,335 
 89,746 
 
 Duty. 
 
 Free. 
 $1.25 
 1.25 
 1.25 
 1.25 
 1.25 
 1.26 
 1.75 
 1.75 
 1.75 
 1.75 
 
 HE United States. 
 
 Canada Imported 
 
 
 
 FROM the 
 
 Authority. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Unit<;d States. 
 Custom House. 
 Reports. 
 11 
 
 
 
 216,633 
 
 11 
 Nova Scotia Dept. ot 
 Mines Reports, 
 li 
 
 428,455 
 
 671,124 
 512,835 
 
-86 
 
 S ( 
 » I 
 
 I 
 
 I. 
 
 THE GAS COALS EXPORTED WERE SENT FROM THE 
 FOLLOWING CAPE BRETON PORTS. 
 
 Ports. To New York. 
 Cow Bay, about 10,899 tons. 
 Sydney, " 11,172 
 
 Caledonia, " 445 
 
 Glace Bay, " 1,941 
 Lingan, " 760 
 
 To New England. 
 
 458 tons. 
 
 870 
 
 7,584 
 
 914 
 
 ] .3,786 
 
 IRON. 
 
 'I'he importations by the Dominion of Canada during the fiscal year 
 ending June 30th, 1876, of pig iron, amounted to the value of $1,229,989, 
 and of railway bars, fish plates, &c., to the value of $.5,289,454. 
 
 The Londonderry Mines, which are controlled by the Steel (Company of 
 Canada, it is thought, will he the means of developing the inexhatistible 
 quantity of ore which lies beneath the surface. The extensive preparations 
 which were being made at the time of my visit, wore of a character which 
 is extremely creditable to the Province. The two blast furnaces alone, it is 
 expected, will produce 600 to 700 tons of metal per week. The amount of 
 pig iron, however, consumed by the Lower Provinces does not exceed 600 
 tons annually, and consequently a market will have to be sought in (tntario 
 and Qneiiec. The mining department is under Ihe charge of Capt. Bryant, 
 an experienced and able English miner, who has under his charge some 
 300 miners, of whom a large number are Cornishmen. 
 
 Some 16 adits havi; been driven at the principal points along the line 
 of the deposits. At Cook's Brook one has been driven to the west 580 
 feet, and it has yet to go 350 feet before it is expected to cut the ore bed at 
 a depth of 150 feet from the surface. Another has been driven in the east 
 bank 585 feet, and has yet to go 230 leet more to reach the deposit of the 
 ore. At Slack's Brook an adit has been driven 980 feet, and it is shortly 
 expected to strike the ore. A surface level, No. 2, at Martin's Brook, 
 proved the existence of much ore in ground supposed to be nearly 
 worked out. No.7, the lowest adit of all, has been driven 1,290 feet. On 
 he east side of Londonderry the mining operations have been confined to 
 Folly Mountains, where five adits are in course of being driven at various 
 depths, for draining the extensive ore deposits already discovered in that 
 locality. The deepest striking the ore ground 250 feet from the surface. 
 The total quantity of ore in sight is variously estimat--.! up to 300,000 
 tons. 
 
 To convey the ore from the West Mines at Martin's Brook to the furnaces 
 ai Londonderry, a tramway of three feet guage, and two and a half miles 
 long, has been built and laid with steel rails ; and a branch of the ordinary 
 
 4 *.\ 
 
87 
 
 four feet eight inches and a half guage, five miles long, connects the East 
 Mines, at the base of Folly Mountain, with the Intercolonial Railway a 
 DeBert Station, and so with the works at Londonderry. 
 
 There are also some good iron ores at Cleveland, ou the west side of the 
 Nictaux River, Annapolis County, which are said to be of good quality. 
 At Springville, on the oast river of Pictou, extensive iron deposits exist. 
 
 The following Statement sbews the quantity and value of Pig Iron 
 imported into the Dominion of Canada by Provinces during the three 
 montlis ended 30th September, 1875. 
 
 <t 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 $ 
 
 Rkharks. 
 
 Ontario 
 
 49,957 
 
 221,980 
 
 3,340 
 
 11,700 
 
 11,700 
 
 11,700 
 
 502 
 
 47,520 
 176,812 
 2,671 
 9,692 
 9,692 
 9,692 
 408 
 
 Hamilton principally. 
 Montreal and Queb'-c only. 
 Halifax principally. 
 St. Joiin onlv. 
 
 Quebec 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 British Coluiubiu 
 
 Prince Edward Island. 
 
 Charlottetown. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 This mineral is found near Port Hood, Cruysborougli County, C.B. The 
 out-crop is said to be, at the latter jihu e, from eight to flftei-n inches wide, 
 and to contain bands of pure galena from two to three inches wide. An 
 analysis recently submitted gave 8612 of lead and -44 of silver, or an 
 equivalent oi 15-75 ounces per ton. 
 
 COPPER 
 
 has been found near Poison's Lake, Antigonish County. A vein was 
 found by sinking to a depth of sixteen feet to the bed rocks, over which a 
 drift was driven that laid bare the vein. An analysis made by Prof How 
 gave 19-21 of metalic ore, and another sample 29-7 of copper. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 The general opinion existing among bankers in Halifax wHh reference 
 to the gold yield of tin' Provini c is that, if tlie mining is carried on with 
 discretion and if owners are satisfied witli a fair per eentag(; of profit upon 
 their capital, there is no reason why it eannot be work(!d profitably. Hut 
 so far, " sensational ' experiments have hitherto proved a failure, and have 
 given the various claims a fictitious value during the temporary 
 excitement. 
 
 Mr. A. Heatherington. F.G.S., states the gross yield of gold from the 
 
88 
 
 various districts of Nova Scotia, from 1861 to 1875 iticlusive, to be as 
 follows : 
 
 District and Pkbiod. 
 
 GROSS YIELD. 
 
 Total 
 Quantity 
 
 ozs. 
 
 Sherbrooke 73 ygg 
 
 Waverley 49|875 
 
 Renfrew 27,060 
 
 Wine Harbor ; 24 367 
 
 Montagu - 15|806 
 
 Oldham 15^785 
 
 Tangier i i2,593 
 
 Stormont | io,996 
 
 Uniacke 8,261 
 
 Caribou 
 
 Ovens 
 
 Unclassified. . . 
 Gay's River. . , 
 Lawrencetown 
 
 Total. 
 
 3,162 
 2,292 
 1.890 
 1,472 
 642 
 
 dwt. 
 4 
 
 14 
 4 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 8 
 
 
 11 
 3 
 8 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 15 
 21 
 
 3 
 13 
 11 
 15 
 
 6i 
 
 6| 
 16, 
 
 3 
 15 
 
 Vai,dk. 
 At$19 4"6-6 
 Canada 
 Currency 
 per oz. 
 ^~| c." 
 1,439,875 60 
 970,913 90 
 526,772 08 
 474,353 63 
 307,707 53 
 307,293 13 
 245,152 05 
 214,055 92 
 160,825 45 
 61,556 76 
 44.625 64 
 36,800 48 
 28,765 75 
 10,551 54 
 
 248,072 14 22; 4,829,149 46 
 
 It may be mentioned that an excellent vein has been found at Fifteen 
 Mile Stream, near New Glasgow, which has been partly developed by Mr 
 James Jackson. ' 
 
 In conclusion your corrrespondent would remark that with proper enter- 
 prise and activity, with that practical knowledge necessary to the devel- 
 opment of the enormous natural wealth possessed by Nova Scotia, there is 
 no reason to believe but what she has a powerful agent in the Intercolonial 
 Railway ; but so long as the means of their realization is wanting ; so long 
 as her capitalists remain inactive, so long will these hidden treasures of 
 the earth remain comparatively useless. 
 
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COPPER 
 
 -OF- 
 
 ''e %.kk, 
 
 m$nt 
 
 !(• 
 
 In, 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Two Imndred acres of Copper Clami 
 skewing qztartz Lead of 4 feet 8 inches 
 zvide, arid cross seam from y to g feet 
 sulphate of Copper, Specimens now on 
 exhibition at CentemtiaL 
 
 For sale, apply to 
 
 JAMES McLEAN. 
 
 Le Etete. 
 
 JAMES C. MADIGAN, 
 
 U. S. Senator, 
 
 Houltori, Maine. 
 
 THOMAS R. JONES, 
 
 St. John, N. B. 
 
 '' 
 
TMlMOlEiW £ /RlMPILOOi MULWIM 
 
 - 
 
 The Avon Bridge— WixnsoR & Annapolis Railway— W .vdsor, N- S- 
 
 .1 
 
 The Short and Favorite Route 
 
 ]SI3TT^7'EEISr 
 
 HALIFAX and ST. JOHN. 
 
 Travellers in search of a Pleasure Toir, and visitors to Halifax and St. Johp 
 should not fail to take a j^urnHy through he fertile and picturesnue portions of 
 Nova Scotia traversed by the Windsok & Annapolis Railway. The Road runs 
 through the rich valleys of Annapolis and Cornwallis, (lurivalled in beauty and 
 variety of scenery, and the beuaitul 
 
 "LAND OF EVANGELINE 
 
 If 
 
 BO graphically desoribed in Longfellow's immortal poem. The streams abound in 
 tisb, aud game is plentiful, affording unlimited sport for rod or gun. 
 
 The trip between fr%Iifax and St. .Tohn bv this route is most enjoyable, combining 
 the advantages of a R >il and Steamboat Excursion, ihe tediousness of an all-rail 
 journey being pleasantly relieved by the invigorating run across the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Afk for tickets via WINDSOR & ANNAPOLIS RAILWAY, at Ottawa, Mon- 
 treal, Quebec, Dacville .Tuuotion and Bamror: on board the steatiors of the Inter- 
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 Hdllin Street, Uahfax, opposite the Ualitax Iloiel, whero baggage will be checked 
 and collected. 
 
 SMALL * HATHEWAY, Agents, 
 
 bt John, N. B. 
 
 P. ISNES, Manaobb, 
 
 Kentvilk!, N. 
 
 S. 
 
^i 
 
 I 
 
 
 HALIFAX HOTEL, 
 
 MOLLIS STREET, HALIFAX. 
 
 T/iis f.rst-dass Hotel is situated in the 
 central portion of the city, and affords every 
 facility for comfort and liberal accommoda- 
 tion. 
 
 The Hotel Coaches carry passengers to and 
 from the various Railroad Depots and Steam- 
 boat wharves. Rooms may be engaged by 
 telegraph, and a liberal reduction made to 
 parties. 
 
 The large patronage which has been giveft 
 this hotel by the travelling public, confirms 
 the unanimous opinions expressed as to its 
 comfort and excellent arrangements. 
 
 It is within easy reach of the Citadel and 
 other attractions. The servants are atten- 
 tive : the Culinary arrangements are unsur- 
 j)assed, and in fact every attention is given 
 io all who patronize the establishment. 
 
 TERMS: $2.00 PER DAY. 
 
 H. HESSLEIN & SON} 
 
 i^ 
 
<^ 
 
 IN &T. JOHN, N. B. 
 
 And get the Two loremost Specialties of the Age. 
 
 THE ANGLER'S SAFEGUARD, 
 
 ENDORSED BY SPORTSMEIT AND ANGLERS. 
 
 A safe and effectual preventative against the Ei^.ea of Black FUei» 
 
 Mosquitoe.", Gnats, &o. 
 
 Directions— Rub a little over the hands and face as required. 
 
 PREPARED AND SOLD BY 
 
 OEO. STEW'A.TIT, JR. 
 
 Pharmaceutical Chemist, 
 S4 KINQ STREET, : - ■ ST. JOHN, N. B- 
 
 IMPEUIA-Li 
 
 FURNITURE POLISH! 
 
 THE HOUSEWIFE'S C0MPANI02J, 
 
 For cleaning and renovating old and new Furniture, and 
 imparting a rich gloss to Bureaus, Pianos, Organs, Mcl»- 
 deons, Chairs, Tables, Bedsteads, Dressing Stands, What- 
 nots, &C.J &c. 
 
 T3S% 9M&S Sm 1?SS« 
 
 Rub the Furniture over with a flannel rag dipped in the Polisk, 
 *nd wipe dry with a cloth. Shake the bottle before using. 
 PREPARED AND SOLD BY 
 
 GEO. STEWj^ilT, JR- 
 
 Pharmacbotical Chemist, 
 «4, KING STKEE'I, I- • - ST. JOHN, N. B. 
 
ilK 
 
 •■?»> 
 
 mm%- 
 
 ST. JOHN, N. B. . 
 
 CORNER OF DUKE AND GEBMAIN STREETS. 
 
 Tkis popular and elegant establishment 
 has unrivalled facilities for the accommoda- 
 tion of the travelling public, and in point of 
 equipment is second to none in the Dominion, 
 
 TERMS, $3.00 PER DAY. 
 
 A REDUCTION MADE DURING THE WINTER SEASON. 
 
 Special rates on application'. Rooms may be engaged 
 by telegraph. 
 
 The press of the Dominion is unanimous in its verdict 
 of approval. 
 
 " One of the fioest hotels ia the Domiuion." — See Montreal Ckuette, Augi 
 asrtf, 1876. 
 
 G. W. SWETT, Manager. 
 
i) 
 
 THE CHEAPEST AND THE BEST[ 
 
 THE GREAT 
 
 ®@^^41 W11E^¥ 
 
 Ko money spent in commissions. The subscriber gets value for every 
 cent he pays. 
 
 THE WEEKLY GAZETTE 
 
 Commencing the first of July, 1876, will bo sent to subscribers for 
 
 o:n'e: dollar a. year. 
 
 The Gazkttb will be continued at its present size, and additional efforts- 
 will be made to make it 
 
 The Best Family Newspaper in the Dominion. 
 
 At the snggestion of a number of friends, who express a strong desire to 
 see the Gazbttb taken by every family in the Dominion, and the sound 
 Conservative viewd of which it is the exponent more widely diffused, the 
 Publishers have decided that they will furnish it at the very low rate of 
 
 ONE DOLLAR A YEAR. 
 
 As this price leaves a very small margin over the cost of paper and' 
 printing, no commissions or premiums of any kind can be paid. 
 
 The Publishers confidently ask the assistance of those in political sym- 
 pathy with the Great Conservative Party of Canada, to assist in extending 
 the circulation of the Gazettb. 
 
 The Gazbtti is an Eight Page Paper, and contains weekly forty-eight 
 columns of original and selected matter. 
 
 SEND FOR A SPECIMEN COPY. 
 
 REMEMBER IT IS ONLY 
 Bubecribe yourself, and then get your neighbor to do so also. Addres*. 
 
 T. & R. ^\rHITE, 
 
 THE GAZETTE, MONTREAL. 
 
 ' 
 
I 
 
 M. A. BUCKLEY, 
 
 -AND- 
 
 IMPORTER, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 BOOKS, 
 
 STATIONERY, 
 
 -AND- 
 
 FANCY GOODS, 
 
 1 
 U 
 
 RiifiLLE STREET, 
 
 HA LII^A^X, 
 
 QCOTXA* 
 
M . B. AiMON. 
 
 J. C. Mac/ntosh 
 
 s, 
 
 ALMON & MACINTOSH, 
 
 jiiiki!?, ^mlm S {sngfil flnaMisl j|s6iit?, 
 
 G«Tieral Banking and Exchange businojg transacted. 
 
 Liberal rate of interest allowed on permanent Deposits. 
 
 SPECIE and UNCURRENT MONEY bought and sold. 
 
 Members of the Halifax Stock Exchange. 
 
 Moneys invested in Substantial Securities. 
 
 Advances made on approved Bills of Lading and Warehouse Receipts. 
 
 GUARDIAN BUILLINCJ, 166 HOLLIS STREET, 
 HALIFAX, Jf. S. 
 
 d. OOK.IsrELITJS, 
 83 GRANVILLE STREET, 
 
 And Importer of Jewellery, Watches, Clocks, Plated 
 Goods, Spectacles, Sfc. 
 
 HAIR WORK MADE TO ORDER. 
 
 MONCTON 
 
 Jl»lm 
 
 STOVE, IPIjO'VT" 
 
 -AND- 
 
 MACHINERY MANUFACTORY, 
 
 Ij^OlJTCTOIsr, InT. jb. 
 
 C. B. RECORD. 
 
JONES & MORRISON, 
 
 BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS, 
 N-o. 37 KING STREET. 
 
 ©wj 
 
 PLAIN AND COLOUR STAMPING, INITIALS 
 CRESTS AND MONOGRAMS. 
 
 VISITING CARDS. 
 
 FINE WEDDING STATIONERY. 
 
 FINE MOURNING STATIONERY. 
 
 FINE POCKET BOOKS. 
 
 ^ DEALER.^ IK NEW AND STAMDARD BOOKS. j 
 
 English. French and American Papers & Envelopes. 
 
I, 
 
 )T. 
 
 II 
 
 mr 
 
 s. 
 
 ' > 
 
 #SA¥'i lllEl 
 
 PRINTING INK, 
 
 AGBl'fCY FOR CANADA: 
 
 374. 376 & 378 St. Paul Street, Montreal. 
 
 AND 
 
 54 COLBORNE STEEET, TORONTO, 
 
 TO PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 
 
 A long acquaintance, both in Europe and this country, with the manu- 
 facture of Printing Inks, Varnishes, and Fine Blacks, and the treatment 
 of Oils, together with extensive premises, constructed especially for our 
 purposes, including Black Houses and every approved facility for prepar- 
 ing Oils and Varnishes, united to the closest attention to all the details 
 of the trade, have enabled us to furnish, at moderate prices, goods that 
 have been favorably received wherever oflfered. 
 
 News Inki>i Book, Wood-Cut and "Enameled Card Inks; 
 Quick Drying Job Inks; Colored Inks; Bag Inks; Printers' 
 Varnish and Bobinaon's Quick Drying Reducing Prepara- 
 tion; Bobinson's Dryor; Printer's Gloss. 
 
 TO LITHOGRAPHERS. 
 
 We are now manufacturing Lithographic Black and Colored Inks on an 
 extensive scale, and would direct particular notice to our Lithographic 
 Varnisheb which are prepared with great care by a process peculiar to our- 
 selves, from pure, clear oil, and are entirely free from all foreign sub- 
 stances and injurious chemicals. Many of the largest Lithograpnic estab 
 lishments in this country have given these Varnishes the preference over 
 all others, foreign or domestic. 
 
 Send a trial order and for circulars and price-lists. 
 Address 
 
 CANADA PAPER COMPANY. 
 
V. 
 
 R. 
 
 Advantages Held Out to Emigrants 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Province of Quebec. 
 
 A FERTILE SOIL CAPABLE OP THE HIGHEST CULTIVATION, A 
 HEALTHY CLIMATE AND CHEAP LIVING, TAXATION EXCLU- 
 SIVELY FOR MUNICIPAL PURPOSES AND THE PARTIAL 
 SUPPORT OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 Very little capital is required to purchase a tarm. Cultivated land sells st 
 from $20 to ,^100 per acre, according to its proximity to the large towns. A 
 farm usually consists of from 80 to iOO acres. Purchase money payable half 
 cash; easy terms for the balance. In the neigho rhood of the new settlements, 
 excellent farms, half cleared, can be procured for $800 or $1000. Agricultural' 
 produce commands a ready sale at satisfactory prices. The banks of the Pro- 
 vince of Quebac, which are the safest in Canada, and in fact in America, pay 
 on an average eight per cent, to shareholders, and from four to live per cent. tC' 
 depositors. Gas, telegraph, and navigation companies pay as much as twelve 
 per cent to shareholders. Shares are always on the market at moderate rates.. 
 The best mortgages bring from six to eight per cent, per annum. The system 
 of hypothecary registration, in force in this province, protects the registered 
 creditor from- all fraud or loss. A descriptive schedule of all the real estate 
 of the Province is in Course of preparation. This schedule will be on view in 
 each registration ol!>ce,and will show the names of the proprietors, together with 
 the mortgage with Which their properties may be charged. It is already in 
 force in several counties. 
 
 The manufacturing industries of the Province, and especially those connect- 
 ed with the working of our inexhaustible iron mines, and our timber and wool 
 are making progress. 
 
 About 5,000,000 Acres 
 
 OF CR O WN LANDS, 
 
 Surveyed in Farm Lots of from 100 to 200 acres each, are at present on the 
 market, and can be obtained at rates varying from Is. to Sa. per 
 acre, payable in five annual instalments. 
 The Provincial Government expends, every year, largo sums in opening u(v 
 ready means of communication with the moat remote settlements. 
 
 t 
 
 \ 
 

 mmmmmmmmf 
 
 i 
 
 The works on these roads are ii source of lucurative employment to settlers,, 
 and thus assist them in their task of settlement. 
 
 The fullest Protection is accorded by Government to Zmigrants.. 
 
 So soon as thsy enter Canadian waters or land on the shores of the Province, 
 the law provides for their humane treatment. It even goes so far as to estab- 
 lish the terms which hotel-keepers shall charge for board and lodging. These 
 rates must be posted up in all boarding houses, and a heavy fine is imposed up- 
 on these who exceed the tariff, even to the slightest extent. The law only al- 
 lows a lien on the effects of the emigrant, for five days' board and lodging. 
 
 FREE PASSAGES FOR EMIGRANTS 
 FROM THE PORT OF ENTRY 
 
 To their destination in the Province. 
 
 For further information address personally, or by writing to the following Emi- 
 gration Agents of the Canadian Government :— Acjknts i\ Europk : P. T. Dore, 
 at London ; J. O'Neil, at London ; Chs. Foy, at Belfast ; Gustave Bossange, at 
 Paris; Richard Berns, at Anvers. AGK^JTS i.v Canada : L. Stafford, at Quebec; 
 J. J. Daly, at ^Montreal ; W. J. AVills, at Ottawa. These gentlemen will give, 
 without any charge, plans and pamphlets prepared by the Government of the 
 Province of Quebec, in which the emigrants will find interesting details res- 
 pecting the resources of the Province of Quebec, means of livelihood, wages, 
 lands for colonization. Ac. 
 
 B. Ibbotson, Immigration Agent lor the Province of Quebec ; office at 190 
 St. Autoine street, Montreal. 
 
 Immigrants landing at Quebec can obtain from the Department of Agricul- 
 ture and Immigration, in Quebec, whatever information they may require. 
 John Poupon, Esq., Provincial Immigration Agent, appointed for Queliec, will 
 ' -constantly in attendance at the Grand Trunk wharf, South Quebec, to re- 
 ouive emigrants intending to settle in the Province of Quebec. 
 
 C. B. DE BOUCHERVILLi:, 
 Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works^ 
 
 The "Watchman," 
 
 ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 A TVeehlij, published on SatuMays ; deyoted to Literature, 
 
 Politics ami Social Suhjeets. 
 
 THE ONLY OPPOSITION^JO'JRNAL IN ST. JOHN. 
 
 "Our Rulers in Council" apper.i- in the Watchman frjm time to time — 
 
 say, eveiy three weeks, except when Parliamont is fitting, when the 
 
 " Council's " Sessions are held weekly. 
 
 Tub Watchman is admittedly the most spicy, dashing, and vigorous, 
 opponent of tho Mackenzie Government among the Weekly Journals in 
 Canada, and a zealous upholder of Maritime interests. It is aii advocate 
 of Protection ; its motto being Home Manufactures, Home Labor, Home 
 Interests generally. 
 
 Judged by its merits, it is the cheapjat paper published in Canada, 
 J^'Ons Dollar per annum, in ADVANCB."®a As an advertising medium 
 it is not surpassed by any Maritime Journal. 
 j|jJ*Send for Specimen Copies, fbbb. Address 
 
 JOHN LIVINGSTON, 
 
 Editor and Propribtor-. 
 
 «ar-NOTICE.-Mr. Liunesto.i is prenared to supply Editorials. Correspondence, 
 Trade Statistics, Descriptive Sketches, etc , to Journals outside of St. J obn. lerms. 
 on application. 
 
v'? 
 
 ■I 
 
 I 
 
 BOHRER'S 
 
 AUTOMATIC PliO HAM GUIDE 
 
 OKEAT SAvliXG IN TIME & MONEY 
 
 To Parents and othe.s giving children Musical Education. 
 
 Most rapid progress macle by using this Hand Guide. ^ , 
 
 It corrects old faults and prevents new ones, and is an invaluable aid to the 
 
 acquisition of a smooth, even, and correct style of piano playing. 
 
 Highly recommended and its general adoption strongly urged by the most 
 
 distinguished Pianists and Piano Professors of Europe. 
 
 Read what some of them say : — 
 
 "Very excellent and practical for the first years of piano playing." — 
 Anton Ihihinstein. 
 
 "Destined to render great service both to Professors and Pupils." — Stephen 
 Heller. 
 
 "As a result of its U83, the time heretofore required in studying the piano 
 will be notably lessened." — Oeorge Jllathias, Prof. Conserv. of Music, Paris. 
 
 "I do not hesitate to declare that nothing could be better by which to 
 
 Require a correct style in legato playing, a good position of the hands, and 
 
 « delicate wrist movement. I therefore most sincerely recommend it to 
 
 all young pianists as a m(;ans of promoting and shortening their studies." 
 
 — Alfred Jaell. 
 
 ''A most ingenious and useful instrument, the adoption of which in all 
 elementary instruction I cannot urge too strongly." — Chas. Hatle, 
 
 "Indispensable for beginners, and even more advanced pupils. I anti- 
 cipate its introduction not only in the music schools of this country (Eng- 
 land), but in every private family where the pianoforte is taught." — Sir 
 Julius Benedict. 
 
 In addition to the abfive, chosen at random from among many equally 
 valuable testimonials, the liighest possible recommendations of this Hand 
 Guide have been received from the leading CoLservatories of Berlin, Stutt- 
 gart, Leipsic, Vienna, Dresden and Paiis, &c. at all of which institutions 
 orders for its immediate introduction have been issued. 
 
 Illustrated Pamphlets, containing cuts and description of the Hand 
 Guide, together with all the Kuropean testim* nials, &c., to be had of the 
 ' undersigned, and will be mailed free to any address. 
 
 Price, $6.00. For sale by C. C. DE ZOUCHE, 211 St. James St. 
 
 onts, 
 
 8l 
 
 ^ /. 
 
' 
 
 4> "-s'f \ '■: 
 
 
 ints. 
 
 1 
 
 
 GREAT INTERXATIONAL ROTTTE, 
 
 1 
 
 GRAND TRUNK m iLWAY 
 
 1500 Miles under One Management 
 
 THK GRlflikT 
 
 DIRECT GANADIi IIHIL i EIPRESS 
 
 BETWEEN THE EASTERN & WESTERN STATES. 
 
 MOSr DIRECT ROUTE TO APID FROM EKGLAND AND THE 
 ^WESTERN STATES OF THE UNION. ONLY TWO 
 TRANSHIPMENTS BETWEEN LIVERPOOL AND CHICAGO 
 
 OR CINCINNATI. 
 
 Goods sent through in Bond. 
 
 The CHEAPEST and BEST Route to all points EAST and WEST- 
 
 jg®" Closb connections made with all Connecting Lines, and Through 
 TiclietB isstied to all Important Points. 
 
 Accelleration of speed on the Express Trains, 
 
 New Cars on the Express Trains. 
 
 Pl'IiT^MAJI PALACE SI^UKPIAG CARS are iMJw rwn on the 
 GKAAiD TutJVK LIIVK. 
 
 ?or Sacramento, Salt Lake City, Omaha, and Intermediate Places 
 
 on the Pacific Eailway, 
 
 THS GB.mp. TRUJS'K IS TEE MOST DIRECT ROUTE. 
 
 Splendid PALACE CARS are now lun between Chicago and Mon- 
 treal and Chicago and Birflfelo without change. 
 
 Jli^ Be sure and ask for Tickets via the Qrar-i Trunk Railway. 
 
 « JOSEPH HICKSpN, 
 
 General Jlfana^er. 
 

 .;V ■" .^ 
 
 ^-^r' 
 
 I 
 
 Open for Passenger 1Vaf|c. 
 
 On aiii after MONDAY, the 3rd JULY, 1876, 
 EXPRESS PASSENGER TRAINS will run DAILY 
 (except Sundays) as follovrs :^ 
 
 II 
 
 12.65 
 1.06 
 1.45 
 3.i5 
 8,40 
 
 P.M. 
 
 i; 
 
 Leave Point Levi. ........ ... .>.. • T-^O^-M 
 
 " River da Loap. .*.... • • • 
 
 Arrive Cacouna ' 
 
 '< Trois Pistoles (Dinner) , ., . ,. . . 
 
 liiinousRi. ...... • ».i • • • • »^ • ivi» • f ■* . ... 
 
 Campbclltown (Supjper) ..../. .'. 
 
 DalliGusie ^, 9-11 " 
 
 " Bathmvt 10-55 " 
 
 « Miramichi ........... 12 . 20 A M 
 
 '( MonctoD 2.50 " 
 
 " St. Jolin , 6-50 
 
 « Halifax ....-* W. 40 
 
 ti 
 II 
 
 Qt^Pullman Cars on Express Trains. 
 
 The Pullman Oar karihg Quebec on Mondays, 
 Wvjdnesdays and Fridays will run through to St. John, 
 and on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays to Halifax. 
 
 These Trains connect at Point Levi with the Grand 
 Trunk Trains from Montreal at 10 o'clock p.m., and 
 with the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company's 
 Steamers. 
 
 ifit Class Fare from Montreial to Halifax ...... r » « ...... $1 7 . 05 
 
 do do to St. John. 15.00 
 
 2Dd Glass do toHalifaJ:,., HOO 
 
 do do to St. Jivhn 10.00 
 
 Ifontpeal, 29th Jutie, 1876. 
 
 C. J. BRYDGES, 
 
 GtfBerftl &npt.-ef Govt. B'j'S.f 
 
 ia( 
 
 
 <iS 
 

 inai 
 
IVi