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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata o [lelure, id □ 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■^- '■ 7^ 6 ^Scs- JAN 4 lil/Y VI, ArCILKOLOGY of TIIK TllOMl'SON RlVKR RkcHON, British Columbia. IJy I Iakian I. S.Mirii. I'l.viKs xxiv-xxvr. In the followin^r pathos are contained the results of arclKeoloi^ical investijj;a- tions carried on by the writer for the Jesiip North Pacific lixpedition in the Thompson River reLjion, between Spences liridge and Kamloops. The archiu- oh)gy of Lytton, a town situated at the conlluence of Thompson and I'"raser Rivers, has been described in Part III of this vokmie. Further researches were carried on at Spences Bridge, Kamloops, and in Nicola Valley.' ' Spences Bridge is situated on Thompson River, twenty-two miles above Lytton, and about one mile below the mouth of Nicola River. At this place Thompson River (lows through a narrow valley, about eight hundred feet above sea-level, between steep mountains cut out by its tributaries from the lolling plateau which extends from the Coast Range to the western slope of the Gold Range. The climate is dry, and, except where irrigation is resorted to, vegetation is scanty ; but open timber is found in the higher valleys. Cactus, sagebrush, grease- wood, and bunch-grass grow on the slopes, and cottonwood-trees border the streams. Great numbers of salmon that ascend Thompson River turn up Nicol,-\ River. Kamloops (Plate XX1\') is situated ninety-five miles above Lytlon, at the conlluence of North Thompson and South Thompson Rivers, in the central part of southern British Columbia. The river here (lows through a comparatively wide bottom-land, at an altitude of eleven hundred and sixty feet. The surround- ing country Is a rolling plateau. 'Phe climate Is as dry as at Lytton and Sjiences Bridge, so that vegetation is equally scanty and similar in character. The neigh- boring mountains have less timber than those near Lytton ; and the open hillsides, which are covered with bunch-grass and greasewood, are favorable for grazing. The Kamloops Indians slate that formerly great herds of el'- inhabited these hills, and that the neighboring tribes, as well as they themselves, nunted them. Salmon were also used for food, although the number of fish that reach this jKjint is not as great as the number that ascend to Spences iirldge or u[) Nicola Rivr. Consequently roots and berries, as well as deer and bear, were probably more extensively used than at places farther down the stream. Just below Kamloops the Thompson widens into Kamloops Lake, where wild fowl and fish abound and are easily accessible. A rocky cliff on the mrth shore of the lake, near the ' See map, p. i66, I'art IV, [401] AWJL44WW 4IJ2 SMI I II, \i<(ii i()i,(i(;\ OK I III; nioMi'soN Kivi;i< i ♦s- evidence pointing to u;n;it anti(iiiity. I'abrics that uvrc Iniriril with tli.' l...(l\ . aii.l wooden poles in the surroundiiij^ soil, were still in a fair state of presets ation. A detailed description of this ^ Fig. "iS7"') W''^ found. Sagebrush fabrics and wood were also found in the graves, but these would naturally last for a long time in the dry .sand. In one of the ravmes cutting the foot-hills were quantities of angular pieces of rock, which seem to be of the same material as that of which the chipped implements found in this region were made. It was not determini'd whether an outcrop of this rock was uncovered by erosion of the ravine, or whether these angular pieces had been carried down by water from a point higher un the hill- side. Following up the ravine, their occurrence became less frequent, and finally they seemed to be entirely absent. Workshops were not discovered in this ravine, but at several places on the Government Hill Site chips of glassy basalt were found in caches uncovered by the wind, and accompanied in one instance by small pebbles possibly used as chipping-hammers, and fragments of bone that may have been used in llaking. Cache forms and finished implements were found in the vicinity. On the whole, these places seem to have been small workshops. The first whites to reach this vicinity were the Hudson Bay Company's agents, who built a block-house on the point west of the mouth of North Thomp- son River. Here were found the graves of the Indians who first met the whit(;s. The bodies were buried stretched out on the back, with heads west, in wooden coffins put together with blacksmith-made iron nails. Near these graves were traces of underground houses. The Indians raised no objections to the explora- tion of these graves, although they knew that they were those of their immediate ancestors. They did not know to what people the graves at the other sites at Kamloops belonged. "«iHP SMITH, AKCH I'.OI.OilV OK rili-; IIIOM l'S( )N KIVI'.R Kl.dlON. I'i5 Al)mit two miles l)el()w this point, on the. nortlu'rn side; of tin- riviT, is a wind-swopt sand-knoll wIiltc evidences of a villai^c-site were found. Near tlie mouth of Tranquillc River, on the north side of Kaniloops i,.ike, above the nd painting's on Battle i?luff, were evidences of still another village-site. In Nicola X'.dley, at i.ikia (p.ti;n, about nine miles almve tln' nioiiili and on the cast side of the river, were a number of j^raves (Plate XW. I'ii;. i ). The bodies had been placed upon the surface at the foot of a rock-slide or l.ihis slope, and were coveretl by disturbing; the slope sufficiently to cause n>cks to slide down over them.' These ^^raves are usually marked by a few rocks piled up on them ; but the pile is so low, that it is difficult to distinguish it from other parts of the talus slope. In some cases a branch was inserted amont,' the rocks over the grave, and extended down to the body. One skeleton, resting upon ilie rock-slide, was in a little tent of poles covered with mats made of the stalks of the common cat- tail ( Ty/>//if latifolia L. ). The rock-slide had been worked tlown around the tent to a height of about two feet over the skeleton. Then; were no objects found with the body or in the tent. Another grave was without a tent, but contained a cell and chipped basalt [joints. The Indians knew of these graves, and considered them as belonging to the Thompson Indians, although they did not care much for them. Numerous pits, the remains of underground houses and food-caches, were located on the Hat between this slide and the river. At a point four miles farther up the valley, or thirteen miles from its mouth, is a rocky bluff which the Indians call Ka'iatamus a cani;.\, or " the shooting rock," on account of the following custom : The young men, when passing along the trail between the river and the rock, used to tr'- their ekill at lodging an arrow on its top. At the southern base of this cliff is a talus slope in which are a number of burials marked by posts and twigs. One of the posts is carved at th(; top to repre- sent a human face. These graves are also known by the I ndians to be those of the Thompsons, but they care very little for them, because no near relatives of the people buried there are living. There are house-pits about a mile below this place-, also about a quarter of a mile above it, and at various camping-places throughout the valley. They are so numerous that notes of all the sites wen; not taken. At some of them are cache-pits, and also circular saucer-shaped depressions which mark sites of summer lodges. The former arc deep, and surroimded by embankments. The graves of two children and one man, the latter known to have been buried in the fifties, were explored on the terrace overlooking Nicola River from the south, at the mouth of Nicola Lake and due south of the bridge. These graves were about eighteen inches deep, and above each of them was a pile of five or six bowlders. Red pictographs were reported by the Indians to be on a rock>' promontory which we saw near the middle of the lake, on its northern shore. At NxaxtetEx-, near Qe'iamix, on the Indian reserve at the eastern limit of Nicola Lake, south of Nicola River and of the church on the reserve, is an outcrop of rock in the Meander Hills. This is about three miles norlji of Ouilcjiena ' See Part IV, p. 330. L .(1)6 SMIIII, \K( II l.ol.oCN (i|. Illi; IIIOMI'SON KlVl'.k KKdION. (f hviltca'n.i). Then; arc tIirc(Mnaiii talus slopes l)ctw(!cn this knoll and the lake, in ail of \vhi{ h were; ,i,'ra\i's marked liy sticks anil twii^s. Charlie I'cilaNitca, who is al)out sixty jcarsof -.i^v and a hrother of the chief of this reserve, related that when he tirst saw the place;, it resembled a patch of small dead trees, so niMiie-rous W(;re the twij;s marking,' ^^raves on the slope. The rocks wen- jiiled up over the .graves, Init the piles were so low that they were dif'cult to find, except when marked hy twi;;s ( I'late XX\', I'ijr. 2). I lnlam(|en, or Iron-il(N-id, a man ahoiit seventy years of a^n:, who was horn at tile lower end of Nicola I,ak<', .and lived on this reserve, ,t,fave the following; history of these },'raves. ()n<' sprin^^, when his father was a yonnj,' man, and before he himself was horn, about fifty Nicola Athapascans wen; living- in an un(ler<,fround hous<' where the church is now.' l-'roni there on to the Hat close to the lake, between it and the rock-slides, a p.irty of about a himdred Thomjjson Indians were canipiuL; in lod,L,res ainonij the bushes which skirt the shore, and ^(ive the pl.ice its name. A few of them had come from near Spences Mridj^^e, and many from i.ytton, to (ish in Nicola Lake. In the eveninj,^ one of the Nicola Athapascans noticed some people without horses walkinjr alonjr the hillsides on tlw northern border of the lake. He reported what he had seem, but the people thou,i,du they were only hunti-rs or some persons out for a stroll. All went well until some time after dark, when they heard a cry like that of an owl from the hill- side; to the eastward. Then a coyote-cry answered, and so on, alonp the hillside surroundiuL,^ the camp on the eastward, until the cries of two owls, one fo.x, two coyotes, and a b.dd-hcaded ea,<,de, had been heard. The fires were burnin. see who utt(;red the cry. He objected; but the people made him ^o, never thinkinj^ it mii,du be an enemy's cry. Beinj^r afraid, the boy stuck a lit^hted piece of pitch wood in his heail-dress. When he had <,rone a little distance, a Shuswap warrior, om; of a party from near Kamloops, who had probably made the noise, jumpeo up and struck him on the head, killing him. Immediately, while most of the peoi)li; were still eatini^, not havin-,^ had time to learn of this murder, the war-cries of the entire attackincr party were heard. The enemy consisted of about two hundred youno warriors. They killed the whole fishing-party except a few young women, whom they made their slaves. Two Thompsons, one man and one woman, escaped by swimming across the lake. All the people in the underground house were; killed. The narrator did not know of any noted Indians being present among the victims. The Shuswap left most of the property of the slain be'hind, in their haste; to return before an avenging party could be organized. Shortly after this, Nkwala', a chief of the Nicola Athapa.scans, but partly of Okanagon blejod, arriveel with a party of friends from his home on the eastern ■!^'''': *.*L '^!'";'^'''^^_ '"'^'^^"•_ H e was one of t he greatest chiefs of the whole region, ' Remains of un.lergrouiHl houses were found where he saiil, ami were probaWy known to him. j SMIIII, Akfll i:()l.()(i\ ()!■ nil', IIIOMI'SON KIVKK KKCION. 407 and for him Nicola X'allcy is named, lie was j^rt-atly surprised to learn of the massacre, and |)ained to see the dead that had lieen left liy tlie Sluiswap warriors. .Some of the chililreii h.id heen tied in pairs, and thrown oNcr the handles of s|)ears that had l)een stnck into tlu' iioiise-p(iles ; ami a nund)er of liie older persons, as well as some of the children, had l)e(i. ■' Sec Part III, \>, 132 ; Notes on the Shuswap People of Iiriti-,h (,'oUiinbia, by (,e<^r{;c M. Davvbon ('I'rans. Koy. Soc. Canada, Section II, iSgi, pp. 11, iS) ; Note on the Occurrence of Jade in Hrilisli Cohinibia, and its Kniploynient by the Natives, by (Jeorge M. Dawson (Canadian Uecord of Science, Vol. II, No. b, .\pril. 18S7, p. 3(14) ; Notes on Specimens of Nephrite from British Columbia, l)y H. J. Harrington (Trans, Koy. Soc. Canada, Secticjn III, iStjo. p. 61) ; and other papers referred to in these puljlications. V wfmmmtm 4r..S sMiiii, .\Kcii.i:()i.()(iV or nil'; iiio.MrsoN kivkr riuhdn. fnunil. It sccnis tliat these Itowlders arc widely distriluiteil, and that wherever they oiciirrecl they were used lor making imphineiUs. I lere as elsewhi re toiii^li nuks, such as diorites, were employed for hamnurs, pestl.'s, etc. N'elldw lulue, of a more reddish color than that seen at Lytton,' was found at Kamloop', while wiiite calcareous or infusorial earths were not fiiund in tliis rcLiion, althouj^h tliere is no proof that they were not used, l-'ra.i;- ments of rock bearing' galena were found at Kamloops, as was also an iron awl. Some points ( l-'ii^r. ;,;,()) suitalile for arrows were made of lione. iieaver- teetli were made into dic(;. Boiu.' of the wiiale ( identified by I'rof. 11. !•". Oshorn) w.is imported from tin; scacoast, ami made into war-clubs of a form typical of tiiis n ;4ion. It is possihli; th,.t it was imported over the same route as were the dent.dium shells, which until recently came throui^h the Chilcotin country, from the re^^ion north of \ uiicouver Island. This is further emphasized by the absence of (■l(il>s of this material alonj^ Lower I'"ras(;r River. I'ecten shells were found, but no olivella-shell objects were seen above l.ytton. SIk lis of the fresh-water unio were found in little patches about three feet in diameter at the four larj^est sites at Kamloops in sufficient numbers to indicate that this .animal was used for food. I'"raj,niients of mattini; made of cat-tail stalks, fabrics of sagebrush-bark, fdjre of cedar, and charred bearberries, were found in the t^raves, but seeds of Lytlio- .■i/>cr»i!iin were' not seen. Ilniiliiii:; and l-'ishiiii^ ; /'>/i;x'iiio h'oots. — The implements used in procuring fooil in this region were fully as numerous as at l.ytton, and of a similar character. The chi|)ped points for arrows, spears, knives, etc., were usually made of glassy basalt. Numerous caches containing chips and blades of this material were found. IMades of the forms shown in I<"ig. 331 were abundant. The chips and Hakes which w'ere found in lots of thirty to a hundred in the caches are rather large, curved to the natural fracture, and often show bulbs of percussion. They are similar to chi|)s and llakes from other regions. Some show secondary chipping along one or more f eilges. Although usually waste material from the manufacture of chipped implements, they were imdoubtedly sometimes used, here as elsewhere, for cutting. I'oints chi|)ped from this material are very numerous, and e.xhibit a great variety of forms, A typical series is illustrated in iMg. t,t,2. One of these points (•""'S- jo-^ d was found crushed into pieces of wood resembling parts of a bow, so that it seemed to be hafted in the wood. The specimen shown in Fig. 332 / is slightly polished, and its edges are rounded, probably by the sand blowinc- ao3. " ami < ), anotlu.T ont: of waxy yc-llow chalccilony (hi^. ^;;. /'), and a fourth oni! of chert ( I'ij,'. ;,;,;,, ,/ ». I'our lieatitifully ihipped eomplex forms of i^lassy basalt are siiown in I'ij^r. 3;,4, // t,, <■. rile form sliown m I'l-;,,;!" was colk-ctcd FlK. 13^. Cliippcii r.iin Kiitiitoops ; t- 'gl"') r(il.i!,sy It.iH.iIl. I ll.it. SUIT. (,t::..). ./(,!%.<', /;,l?,l, ,f 1,JI,1. <-(,)!!l„i). /(,»,/■). tji^n"". Spt'iKis Hritl^c. /I.I8..I1. i:hi|i|«-d by M r. Tcit from a cache of badly formed points foimd near Spences liridj^'c. The Indians maintained that it was a piece of arrotv-stone J'"'/'""'"i>:''i'i-'i^''i"J''''V.'inJch\;ri.' k!»^^^^^^ shapetl by the Raven for no particular pur- pose, that the Raven shaped the arrow-stone accordin<; to iiis fancy, Inu that most of the forms he made resemble arrow-heads. Possibly these may have been used for scarifyin<^- the body or for surj,ncal operations. Two points rubbed out of slate have been found in this re^rion ( l-'ijr. 355). These, like the sea-shells and bone of the whale, probably came from the coast, where such forms are common, or they are at least imitations of forms ori^yinally belonj^dntj to the coast. Points for .arrow and spear heads rubbed out of i)one (^''.^^' .v)'') were not uncom- mon. Althouj^h I did not hnd any at Lytton, it is safe to a.s- sume that they were used there as w(;ll. The ba.se of the specimen shown in I'i^r. 3;/) 6 is thin and sufficiently wedge-slKH)eil to !)(• readily inserted in an arrow-shaft, while Vig. 3,14. Cciiiiplcv eiiippnil l'„iiiis .if Cl.issy ll.isalt /■'Tyifl. •■ i,!,h''K ■/!,&■<, ,■ i,l,l,„l, Nici.l^i Laic l,)8, i iiat. &1/X. H«- 335- .■^pfiiccs llrulyt; ; „':'',«■ .135,- Kulilifd Points made of SLtc. a (,)?«), Kainloups; * (.IS,.!), Siicn linage, i Hat. size. ' mmmmm mmmm 410 SMI III, ar(ili:oi.oc;y or' ihk thomi'son rivkr region. the s|i((inu-n shown in I'i^r. 336^ has a base nearly cylindrical inform. In the char- coal and soil adhering to the specimen is the impression of primary winjr-feaihers, with the tips pointing towards its base. 'Ihe specimen shown in Fig. 336 d is made of the heavy leg-bone of the elk or a like animal, and bears an artificial median groove on the surface opposite the marrow-canal. Of seven bone points that were buried with it, apparently in a pouch at the side of a body, three were of the I jj ^^ r m |; form shown in Fig. 336/ one of the form shown \J jj m I''' m \ 'nF'R-336.f, and two of the form shown in V }; \K I' im I Fig. 336//. Anotherone was apparently merely a splint with rounded back and hollowed front. pH ^ '1'^ Possibly two pieces like that shown in Fig. * 336/ were placed 01, e on each side of the one shown in Fig. 336 g, and lashed there by windings, to form the well-known salmon har- poon-head.' Each specimen of the shape shown in Fig. 336 / is considerably decomposed for about half its length from the tapering end, while the less acute end is better preserved. The different states of preservation of the two ends suggest that the points were inserted in a handle or hiM by windings, which affected the decomposition of the bone. The splint may have been simply a brace or filling between or outside of the others. Possibly the other specimens were additional barbs. This is not unlikely, because it is known that four- pronged spears were used by the Indians. On the other hand, these specimens may have been used as the barbs of fish- ■'ij:. nf*- ti-'iie I ) nat. size. .• i,(?.l, /'l,j;,l, ,/,/-< (,11, ,!,,»,,,,/), Kamloops; % mn mmmm SMITH, AR(.:H.K()L()GV OK THE IIIOMPSON RIVRR RKGK^N. ■M' 1> Bridge. Two of the specimens o^ this h)t show well-preserved impressions of winding, exactly as would be the case if they formed parts of a harpoon-point.' A bone harpoon-point made wholly of one piece of material, and with a barb, was found (Fig. 337, a). The barb, however, is broken off. The base is wedge-shaped, and could easily be inserted in the split end of a handle. Such harpoon-points, I was told by Baptiste, an old shaman who is still familiar with the ancient implements of the Indians, were used for spearing beaver.' A similar point, also said to be used for beaver-spearing, was secured by Mr. Teit from the Indians at Spences Bridge. Two other harpoon-points (Fig. i,^-;, fi, c) are much burned, and, as both are broken, their original shape cannot be determined. There are many pieces still less perfect, which were found scattered on the surface of the large burial-ground at Kamloops, while other pieces were found with cremated bones of children at the Government Site. I^'g- Zi^ " illustrates a bone object found on the surface of the Government Hill at Kamloops. It has been bleached and somewhat warped by the sun. The notch in the end extends slightly down the sides, but shows no rubbing. F'g- ii^ ^ illustrates a similar-shaped speci- men made of wood, which was found in a woven pouch in the grave at Spences Bridge. Still adhering to it are shreds of cedar-bark, while traces of red ochre cover it. The notch is rectangular, and the other end of the specimen is pointed like a sharpened lead- pencil. The.se specimens seem to be fore- shafts for arrows or spears, — the former possibly for a spear, while the latter, being delicate, would be more appropriate for a small arrow. In a grave near Nicola Lake were found fragments of a wooden bow of lenticular cross-section ornamented with parallel, irreg- ularly arranged, cuneiform incisions.'' Pieces of wood, some of which may have been part of a bow, were found in a grave at the mouth of Nicola Lake, and pieces of wood found in the second grave on the Govern- ment Hill at Kamloops resemble a bow of the type shown in F"ig. 220, Fart IV. ^.^fVaig, « '.;;•), ^cHi)- sap -apers, K.imi.«ps. ) „.„ Digging-sticks were used in the region, several of the handles made of antler having been laund. Many of them are deco- rated by incised designs.^ ' See I'art IV, Fig. 231. » See Part IV, Fig. 7\b. ' See Part III, Kig. 20, which shows a specimen probal)ly used for the same purpose. * See Part III, p. 137 ; Part IV, p. 231. 4'- SMI I II, ARCU.KOI.OGV OV TIIK IHOMl'SON RIVKR RKdlON. I'Dr srciirinj,^ soft inner l)ark or sap for food, the Indians use bone scrapers, willi wliich llic trunk of tiie tree is scraped after tiie outer bark lias been removed.' Tile specimens slunvn in Imjt. 3;,9 probably served the same jjurpose. One of these ( l"it(. 3.59, a ) is made from the shoulder-blade of some larj^e mammal. It is consccpiently very thin. I'he ed^^es show that the bone was cut by j^roovin,!^ or incisinj; eacii side, and breakin.>,s in tlie same manner as the pieces of serpentine and nephrite were detached from Ijowlders. The broken ed) is smaller, but similar to the first. It is perforated, possibly for suspension, and does not show marks of cutting along its edges.' In big. 340 (r is shown a bone im|)lement made from a : agment of a long bone, sligiitly worked at the base, and shaped like a paper-cutter at the point, big. 340 /' represents another bone implement, very thin, with rounded etlgesat tin; base, and is shaped like the former. It is i)erforated at the centre, about an inch from the base, the iiole having been drilled or scraped from both sides. These two implements may have been used for cutting inner bark when the sap runs in .Xpril.' Tubes about four inches long, made from bird-bones cut off sijuarely at the ends, were secured. These were |)roba- bl)' used for drinking.' Pieces of birch-bark with perforations rcsemliling small needle-holes were found ; and in the second grave on the Ciovernment Mill a little dish was secured. It was made by turning up the sides of a piece of birch-bark, folding in the ends, and stitching them with a piece of bark. The speci- men may have been a drinking-cup, similar to those in use uj) to recent times. The present Indians make such dishes in which to market wild strawberries. l^nparatiou of l-'ood. — .Stone pestles served for crush- >.. ■.''■'■J iu!nV hhplemtiiiii.''"k!.mio,'.p"' j Ing drlcd meat, berries, etc., as well as for driving wedges, splitting wood, ami in like industries. Many of these l)estles are mere cylinders of tough rock, often but slightly changed from the natural pebble by a little pecking or rubbing. One of those found is over a foot in length. The tyi)ical form, which is common to this region and to the ujjper Cohunbia near Spokane, however, has a conoid body with a rounded or hat-shaped top (I'ig. 341, a, b). In some cases the top is of the form of a face or ' Sre I'arl IV, p. 233. '^ St'c l';ul 11 1. I'i^. 115, which \\ :is I'T'iliahly aNo used as .t sap-scraper ; not as a pciiilani, as staled i>n p. 151. ■' Ihitl, l-'i^;. 51, wliieh (iyutc «as helieveil by .Michel of l.ytton to represent such ati implernent. * .See Part IV, p. 313. •w^gm SMITH, ARCH.I'.OI.OdV OK VUK rilOMl'SdN RlVllK RKdlON. ■1 ' o Vig. 341. Stone Iliimmers. 1 iiat. sire. "Ill!«'' "llSi). Kamlncips; < (,l?o), Speiires llriilj; animal head (Hig. 341, f : sec also V\g. 295, Part 1\'). The last-nani('d s|)L'eimcii has a cylinu.ical strikinj^-hcad, which roscnibits that of thi; typical pestles of 1 .ytton. It mi^ht easily liave been l)ron;j[ht from there ; and it is surprising; that no more ])estles with cylinilrical strikini^-heads have been im- ported into this rei^ion. I'lat oval bowlders, like those seen at Lytton, are frecjuently found scattered on the surface of the sites. The typical specimen is made of granite, antl shows a decided saucer-shaj)ed depression in the centre of one side. This tends to confirm the belief that tiiese objects were used as anvils upt)n wiiich to crush food or pound other material. Haj)tiste said that small stones were used as anvils upon which to crush food in mouthful quantities for rich, toothless oltl persons when travellini;-. He said that these persons would use a 'arge stone when at home, but that a small one was lij^hter to carry when travelling;. 'Ihe food was placed between two pieces of skin and crushed with a small jjestle. Larj^e Hat pieces of sandstone, on which food was rubbed,' were not found in this region. The larije stone mortar shown in Fig. 342 was found cached as described on p. 436. It is made of granite, with bottom slightly concave. The bowl is about six inches across by four inches de(,'|j, and fairly smooth." The little stone mortar shown in Fig. 343 has a rather smooth, saucer - shaped bowl, with a smaller pecked pit in the base. Around it outside are four incised lines that are somewhat effaced, the specimen apparently having been last used as a hammer-stone. Mortars of the type shown in I'ig. 342 ' Sne Van III, p. fy. '' According to information secvircil liy I'rofcssor lio.is some years ago wliilc ;it I\aniloo|is, a largf stone dish, made o, serpentine or stea.ile, was found there in 1S74, and is said to have l)een nl to (ieneva, Switzerland ; another «.is said to have liecn secured hy I'rofessor Ilnlilnirlon and sent to Ottawa ; while a third ami fourth wen' taken to Victoria liy Jurlge O'Kiley and Mr. Ash. The last-named specimen is said to have reprcsi nled a woman in a silting posture, with a suiike sculptured on her l).aek, where was also a cup-shaped dc|ircssion. Fig. 34J (a434'- Sttiiic .Mnrt;ii f ■«• 343- K.-unlodl-s. 1 n.-it site. Fig. 343 ^■jl3n>- SloMc Mr)riar. Kainloup'i. ) ii:u. aizc. mmmmmm 414 SMIIH, ARCH.KOI.OGY OI' Tlir-: THOMI'SON RIVKR RECION. — ?-T\^ were not foiinti west of Kamloops. They are common, however, to tlie south, in Columbia Valley and in California. [•"ish-knives made of slate, like those found at Lytton, were rare at Kam- loops. They were not found at Spences Hridge or in Nicola Valley. The scar- city of slate knives among the finds is probably due to chance or to the fact that dried fish was a comparatively unimportant article of diet. It cannot be due to lack of contact with Coast tribes, because other objects are found, made of material imported from the coast, or exhibiting in their form the influence of coast culture. The slate knife illustrated in Fig. 344, like another one, has very dull edges, jnirsiA''"'' '■"'''""'' '^""'""'"'' all of which are about equally rubbed or rounded, as would be the case had the object been used as a skin- scraper. There is a wide shallow groove, perhaps one-fourth the width of the s|)ecimen, running lengthwise near one edge, and on the other side a similar gr<,;)ve near the opposite edge. Thv«: grooves disappear before reaching the c.kIs of the specimen. No shell spoons were found. The conical piles of sand held in place by burned and crackled pebbles, that are described on p. 403, are undoubtedly the sites where roots were baked, after being covered with leaves and ashes. The Indians boiled their food in baskets until recently. The scattered burned and crackled stones, and the entire absence of pottery, suggest that it was the custom in the past. We may naturally suppose that roasting before o|)en fires was also as customary as it is now. Habitations. — Here, as at Lytton, the ancient houses were similar to the underground houses inhabited by the Indians until within the last decade.' This is proved by the numerous pits, each surrounded by a circular embankment, found at all of the sites visited (Part III, I'late XIII, Fig. 2, also pp. 403 ff). Near them are often found the pits indicat- ing ancient food-caches or cellars. Tool<. — Wedges made of elk-antler were of the same sort, and were as numerous in the graves and on the surface as at Lytton. I'ndoubtedly they were here used for the same purposes, for splitting timbers, cutting firewood, and for gen- eral carpentry-work. Some of these wedges are much bat- tered by long use. The one illustrated in Fig. 345 shows grooves at the sides similar to those which are seen on some of the stone celts, the antler having been partly cut through from both sides, and then broken before the wedge was rubbeu to a point. Some of the wedges were made of very small prongs of antler sharpimed from both sides, and are almost small enough to serve as awls. ' See I'art IV, pp. 192-195. f"ig-345 'si?i). Wedge made of Antler. Ivamluops. \ nat. si? ■l<<«ai«inmP SMITH, ARCVLKOLOGY OF THR THOMPSON RIVER REGION. 415 While the stone hammers or pestles with convex bases were possiljjy larj^'ely used for crushin}f food and for a variety of other purposes, yet those with concave bases were undoubtedly oftener used as hammers for driving wedj^es, etc. The deeply-pitted hamme.-stone, such as is found in the Great Lake rej;ion, was not seen, but tough pebbles were used for pounding. Some of these are small, am! battered on only one end. Similar unbattered pebbles found with pieces of glassy basalt in the caches suggest that the former might have been chijiping- hammers. Others are mere pebbles the ends of which were flattened by use in pounding. One of these hammers (Fig. 346) is very smooth on one side, while the opposite side is slightly polished. The flattened ends are not battered, but appear as if the object had been used to pound some soft material, or as if while in use it had been protected, perhaps by being covered with skin. It may have served as a club-head.' The rubbed sides would tend to confirm the idea that it had been hafted. The specimen shown in Fig. 347 is a pebble which has been notched or grooved on two edges. It does not show any battered ends ; but another object of the same kind is slightly abraded on one side. These may have been sinkers for nets used when fishing in Kamloops Lake, or club-heads which were covered with skin when in use. Round stones somewhat similar to these were covered with skin and used as balls.^ Possibly some stones of the kind here described^ may have been used for this pur- pose. Stone celts, the longest specimens of which Baptiste Fig. 346. Fig. 347. Figs. 346 (lijs), 347 (iJSb). Stone Hammers. Kamloops. i nat. size. Fig. 348 (iSfi). ILinille made of Antler. Kamloops. J nat. si/e. said may have been used either as battle-axes or chisels,* were found throughout the entire region. The bleached piece of antler shown in Fig. 348 was possibly the handle of a stone chisel. The lower end is cut squarely across, and the upper end is bevelled. The specimen was found in pieces, the soft inner part of the antler being too much decomposed to determine whether the object was a handle or merely a cylinder of antler. It is the only archaeological evidence secured in this region that tends to prove a statement of Baptiste, that celt handles were made of antler. The material of the celts is green stone, apparently such as was used for the > See I'art IV, Big. 248. ' Ibid., p. 279. 'See Part HI, p. 142. * See I'art IV, p. 183. '*fl 4i:..(Nt,,l,nic. Kasl I'.ml .Nicla L.>kc. J ,i,,l. si,c. prOCCSSOf CUtting. P I 'See I'ttrl III, p. 143. ''Si-f r.irl HI, I'ii;. 41J. Midul iiriiluililj' iiKMiit sUatilc, of which jiipcs were mailc, ami in cutlini; which l)cavcr- Iteth might have- been used. ajjqe I'art IV, p. iSj. a ^jf^H^HRS SMITH, ARCII.I;oI.OC:Y of THR THOMPSON RIVER KKCION. 4': ("ells iii;ide ... ...p K.tmlniips. ) nai. %i/c Some pieces of slate with riil.bed edges, found at Kamloops, may liav(.' served the same inirpose; but pieces of sandstone similar to those foinulat I.yt- ton were entirely absent. It may be that nephrite implements were not manu- factured at any of the places investiijated, as is also suj,mestcd by the scarcity of cut bowlders, of which a sinjrle specimen only was found ; and this would account for the absence of these sandston(; cutters. Some of the .,rrooved bowlders found at i.ytton have small artificial scratches on them, reseml)lin>,f j^rlacial stria, such as would be made by a few large grains of sand under a rubbing-stone. The specimens shown in Fig. 349. a and /;, have either been battered at one end and afterwards rubbed smooth purposely or by continued use, or one end had never been fully sharpened, leaving part of the fractured sur- face uni)olished, while the edge itself was much rubbed. 'Ihe specimen shown in Fig. 349 c has been cut across at its upi)er end i)y a groove on each side. The end was broken off at that point, and part of the fractured surface was rubbed smooth. The impletnent with slanting edge, shown in Fig. 350 a, migh. well have served for a knife, even without hafting. Some speci- mens were much worn by use, handling, or by sand ijeing blown against them. Several have one side conve.x, the other flat. A few fragments of siliceous sandstone rubbed on the (lat sides were found, which probably served as rough whetstones and for grinding implements into shape. Whetstones, some of them similar to those found at Lytton, were frequently obtained on the surface and in graves. Sometimes several were found in a single grave. One of these (Fig. 35 i , „ ) is flat, and a groove runs diagonally pcross itras if it had been used to sharpen a chisel-iike object. Another one (Fig. _,^ , //) has also deep scratches. It is nearly square in cross-sec- tion. Still another one ( Fig. 351,0 is of fine-grained schist rubbed on the edge, somewhat as are the grit- stones u.sed for cutting serpentine and nephrite ; but it is concave in places, as if rubbed upon rather than used in |jloughing a groove. M a n )• o f thes(! whetstones were simple, finger- shaped pieces of slate Fi«.35.. whc>s>o„es. i „,«. ,i.e. or fiue-graiued .schist rubbed on all sides. The frequent presence of teaver-teeth, not made into dice, in the caches and graves, althou gh they were no t cut, as were some found at Lytton.' suggests that ' Sec Part in, Fig. 49. ^ ' ~ ^r::^ •JI.S SMITH. ARCH.KOI.OOY Of THli THOMPSON RIVER RKdlON. th.y wen; used for ciittinjr or for chipping; imp1 Cliipped Stone Implemcnls. Nsit. size. " fiKjl. ^' 's'iin"\ ' fjuSn"' Scrapers. Kainluops; (/ (ajit'i Knife. Kanlloops ; «■ (3)84 '■ /^ 'aiSl^i Drills. Kan,I-'nps: ctii?^), Drill. Spcnccs llriil};e. Baptiste, implements of this kind were used to rub or scrape small pieces of skin.' Some pieces of the metapodial bone of the deer, split or cut lengthwise, were rubbed on all edges, and sharpened to a spatulate shape ; others were rubbed on the broken edges of the middle part of the bone, as would have been the case had tiiey been used for skin-scrapers.^ Tor scraping and cutting, the chipped objects shown in Fig. 352, a-c, would have been useful. These are rather flat on one side, showing, besides the bulb of percussion, few if any places where chips have been detached. The other side is of the shape of a turtle-back, and shows much secondary chipping. The first of these is made of glassy basalt, the second of chert, the third of opal. Fig. 352 r/ shows an object similar in shape to the carving-knives used until recently." It is made of chert. Fig. 352, c- 'See Part III, Fig. 5s. illustrates the typical chipped specimens suitable » Ibiil., Fig. 65. 'See I'art IV, Figs. 125, 126. SMITH, ARCH.i;()|.(k;v Oh' riiK IIIOMI'SON klVKK Ki;(;iON. 410 for drills or pcrfonitors fouiul in this r(',irion. Tlic first of tiust; is m.i.lc of duTt, the second of aiulositic lava, tiic third of i^lassy i.asak. Pairs of coarse siliceous sandston.; arrowshaft-sinoothcrs, like those found at Lytton.' were frecjuently found in the -raves. They vary in lenytii from ahout two to seven inches. The object shown in I'ig. 353 is part of a larger object made of bone of the whale, but no other fragments of it were found. It shows at the lower end a rectangular cut, as if a hole had bv,en made through it from edge to edge ; and a groove extends along its edges, Possibly it was the end of the handle of a war-club, with the hole for a suspending-string and the grooves for receiving a thong for the same purpose, or a string of beads, or similar ornamental objects. The charred bone object shown '" F'g- 354" is shaped like a staple, and was whittled into shape. The ujjper end is blunt, and apparently not worn by use. The prongs are square on the inside, and rounded on the outer edges. They are rath- er sharp. A similar bone object, much bleached (lMg.354, b) was found on the surface of the large burial-place at Kam- loops. Its upper end is sharp- 1 ened, and forms a head of greater width than the rest of the object. Grooves begin with the deep notch at its base, and extend upward towards the (>bject. Kaiiiluups. \ nat. Hone Objects, Kaiiiliiops. J nal. size. point. The prongs are incised *■"'« 35S'al:i'(>. Skiii-scr-tper. Spcnccs llndgc. \ iiat. size. on their outer edges. If this object had originally been slipped over the end of a stick, and bound on, these incisions would have held the winding-strings in place. These objects may have been points for some implement, parts of dog-harnesses, or attachments of nets. The charred bone object shown in Fig. 354 r was found with the specimen illus- trated in Fig. 355, and it shows that it was whittled into shape. Both ends are broken off, but some of the Indians believe it to be part of a beaver-.spear point. Many implements were found which served for the preparation of skins and for sewing vegetable materials. Skin-scrapers made of pebbles of quartz, 'See Pari III, p. 146. m 430 SMI I II, .\R( ll.Kol.OCiV Ul illK rHOMl'SON KIVER RKGION. ;ir;jillitc, ^ranil(!, and other materials, were in j^eneral like those found at I.ytton. The s|)ecin)en siiown in I'ijf, ;?55 is nnnsually lari^i-, beinj,' over seven inches ami a iiaif lonjr. It is made liy thi|i|)inj,r th(.' vaI^i: of a iar^M' Hake on liotii siiles. A few arc dovetail sliape. Some larj;e chii)pe(l points made of glassy hasalt, ami similar in shape to tin- spicimens shown in l'"\^^. 331, would have serveil well for tile same |)urpose.' I he scrapers made of hone were practically of the .-.anie kind as those from n i.ytton. Scra|)ers made of sIionldiT-blades of larj^e mammals were jK ^ s(.'(iired, but none made from a fuil-longtii mi.-tapodial bone. The specimrn shown in l'"ijf. ,^56, made of the scapula of a deer, was found in the j^rave at Spt:nces Uriii^e. 'I'he ends still show traces of windint^s of vejjetable fibre ; ami tlu; whole specimen resembles tin; scrapers made of horses' ribs, wound at the ends with sage- brusii and skin, such as the present Indians use to beam skins.' Ac- cordintj t o Maptiste, the natural grooves in tile skin-scrapers and chisels matle of t h e metapodial bones o f the deer and elk- were used as receptacles for awls, and needles for making mats. When not in use, the whole scraper w.ts wrapped in skin or le>;tile, and the delicate implements were safely carried in its groove. Hesiih s the stone drills or perforators previously mentioned (Fig. 352, e-o), tliere were found several awls made of bone and one of iron. The specimen shown in Fig. 357 a is made of the proximal part of an ulna of a deer. Another one ^Fig. 337, <^) is made of one-half of the distal end of the metapodial of a deer. I'.ach of these specimens represents a type of awl, made of a special bone, which is widely distributed in America. The awl shown in Fig. 357 c is made of the distal end of the humerus of a bird, probably a goose or duck, and is cut diago- nally across. Fig. 357 rt' represents an iron awl, with handle made of bone, found in the pouch at the back of the skeleton in the first grave on the Government Hill at Kaiiiloops. The iron shaft is so much oxidized that notre.ce of metallic iron remains. It is (setting aside the copper, which may be of na'.ive origin) the only object suggesting contact with the whites, found at any of the old sites herein ' See Part IV, p. 1S5. s See I'arl III, Figs. 54, 65. [-~JJ Si nipf r iiLuic of ;i Sc.iliuli. Spruces ltriU);c. i iiat. 8i;c Fin. J57. Awls. Kanilonps. | nat. siye. ijiS.i. i^ljlijl. <■ dill), Hone Awls; ./(,J3,), Iron Aw' I SMiril, ARCII.KOl.Ol.S' Ol' IIIK IIIOM l'S( )N RIVKR KKdlON. J -'I ! if'l ^ )i } k ill /• u Fin, 358. Hnnc Needlfii. | mil. si/e. ■> IfHoi. ''tis.), Nit'iln Lalce;r(jJ»,.i),rff,J!„i), , /'il!oi,A'(iUjl, Kiuiilo.ips. y described, except the one west of the; inoulh of ilic N'ortli Tliotiiiisnii, wliidi w.is inhabited after tlie Iludsmi May Company sitiicd there. Ihe bone hanilir of this specimen is coscred witii incised lines, probably intended for ornamental purposes, and it is stained by copi)er salts. I'ine and coarse tiat needles math.- of bone were used throuLjhout the entire region for sewin>( together cat-tail stalks to form mats, and for other purposes. The specimen shown in Fig. 35.S a is least flat of all, being nearly half round in cross- section ; and the eye, which in most cases is about a third of the way from the end, is in this case at the tip. It is also con- nected with the end by what is apparently an accidental crack, but which makes the object resemble a self-threading needle. Another specimen (I'ig. 35S,/;) has the eye in the usual place, but it departs from the typical form by being made of a thinner piece of bone, so that it was not rubbed down enough to efface the marrow-canal. The eye is of a circular form, gouged from both sides. Fig. 358 f shows the type of bone needle of this region. It has the eye, which is lenticular in form and also cut from both sides, removed more than one-third its length from li.^ jnd. It is slightly curved, and made of part of a bone so thick that the cellular structure of the inner side is nearly rubbed away. l'''g> 35^ '?' shows a similar specimen, which has two shallow indentions evidently made purposely, — one near its middle, and the other opposite its eye. The specimen illustrated in Fig. 358 c differs from the typical form in having two eyes. One is located slightly nearer the centre than usual ; the other is removed about one- fourth the distance from the end. Fig. 358 / illustrates a piece of bone evidently intended for a needle, but not yet rubbed down or provided with an eye. The cellular structure of the inner side of the bone is very marked. The specimen shown in Fig. 358 ^ is of the shape of a knitting-needle. It is made of bone, and shows traces of winding which cover bands sepa- rated by five intervals of irregular size. It is slightly colored by red ochre. (liSii. 4ta bMIIII. AKCIIlOl.OCiV <»l IMi; IIIOMI'SON RIVKK Ri:(H<»N. A second spcrimcn.lM-arin^' four hands, but similar in all other details, was found to^rtl)er witii the one ilestrilxd hen'. //'./;•. Mesides the objects wIiIlIi may liave been used in war as well as in hunting; (siidi as cliipiicd points for spears, arrows, and knives), and others tiiat ma)' hav(! i)een tools as well as weai)ons (such as club-heads, and the long celts said to have been battle-axes), then; are some spcciinens which were probably useful onl)' in warfare. Prominent amonjf tliese were three; larj^e clubs founil at Kamloops. They are madt; from the rib-bones of the whale. They \ary from about nineteen inches to two feet in lenj^th. I'Or the j;reat(;r part of their lenjfth they arc like the natural bone, hmticular in cross-section. The handle occupies ne.irly, if not (juite, the upper third of the oljject; and on two of the specimens (I'ifj. 359) the knob of the hamlle is carved to represent a human head, adorned with what is apparently a feather head- dress. The carvings are practically bilaterally sym- metrical. The feathe,- head-dress may be clearly recogni; d in the smaller club (Fig. 359, 4 <3iSi^. Copper I'eiid.tnt. Kamloops. ) nat. size. ' See Part IV, p, 223. ' Ibid., p. 312, VC'^ SMITH, ARCH.KOI.OGY OF TIIK TIlOMl'SON RIVKR UKC.ION. 4^5 i'V- i<'S- V'K. i6a. Us- i''i (t13|I. Ccipper Peiiil.iiit, Nic.ila Lake. ) nat. size. >■" J«) (rMi)l. Necklace. Nitiila Lake. ) nal. size. The pc-ndants shown in ImV. ',63 ;,rc iikuIl' of thin copixT, each with a small irrctjLilar holo punched in the wide end. I'hey were found n-.-ar the neck of a skeleton. The copper disk shown in I'"ij,r. 364 has a small perforation, anil was probably a pendant for the ear. With the cop[)er objects sliown in Vl^. ;,63, others ( 1' i^s. 365, 366) were found in a mass near the neck of a skeleton. The last-named ti-ure shows wiiat is unmistakably a neck- lace of four strands of shell beads of cylin- drical form, about an eighth of an inch in diameter, and about a thirty-second of an inch in thickness, with a bore of about a thirty-second of an inch. These are strung on a cord made of vegetable fibre twisted to the left. The loops meet, and are held at the back by a cord, which is also twisted to the left. .Suspended from the middle of the front was a perforated copi)cr pendant, a fragment of which remains. Its shape resembled that of the pendants shown in I-'ig. 365, and iMgs. 87-89, Part III. The testimony of Charlie Tcilaxitca in regard to these specimens agrees with the finds. He said that they were probably worn on the chest by the daughters of chiefs. One of these pendants (l'"ig. 365) is suspended by a string the strands of which are twisted to the right, but other strands, noticeable in the knot, are twisted to the left. The string is tied twice around the pendant through the large centrpl opening. It then passes up through a whole dentalium shell ami through a small cylindrical bead made of vegetable material. As the neckl.ice near which this i)iece was found had a pendant, it seems probable that this speci- men may have been used for an ear-ornament, especially since another s|)ecimcn found in the same grave matches it, and dentaliuni shells and beads found loo.se near by may have been similarly attached to that s[)ecimen. Some fragments of mica that were found may have been fastened to the garments for ornamental purposes. In I*'ig. 367 is illustrated a ijemhmt made of bone, found in a pouch at tne back of a body. It is colored yellowish red by the ochre in the grave. The two edges are rounded, and the ends are sharp like those of a sap-scraper. The perforation, which is rather large, \>: goi.ged from both sides, and the surface of the specimen is scratched with crude lines. Its 'if' ft 426 SMITH, AK( ll,i:()l.(»(;V ()!• Illi; rilOMl'SON KIVKR KIXUON. V^rA Til f'7- Fia ('•S. l"il!. 3'«). Fii!. 370. •■'"*:■ ,»'7 'alS-'- l!"ric I'finl.iiil, K;HnI..ops. A rial. size. I'in. iWdlS,!. IViiil.inl iii.iilc iif Heap's Claw. Kainl<»i|n .) 11 Fit!. 3N i,!S,i. IViict.iiil m:i.li-,,( Inci'^iirnr llicr. Kamlo.ips. '■'"K- .17" 'sKr''- ISniie Ilc.iit. Kainlcojis. ^ n it. si/c. sIi;i|k; .iiul s\/a: arc: so closely related to the copper pemlanls that they sujTirost its use for a similar |nirpose, aIthoiii.;h it may l)a\<; .served as a sap-scrajicr. i'he nail or outer coveririL,^ of a hear-ciaw, cut across at the upper end, throuj^Ii wincli an ellipiicai ■ ' Sec al.s,. •■/'/.('., Kijjs. yfi-gS. SMITH, .\R(,H.i:oi,()(;v ok riii.; ijiompson ki\kr rkc.ion. 4-'; may have served as nose-ornaments, to be inserted liorizontally tl)r<)iii,di a liole in tile nasal septum. I'ljT. ;,;, sliows tlie us(; of tile rolls of co|)|)er in combination witli driualium shells for necklaces. ihcsc Ixads are strnn,^; on strini^s made -.f libr.', some of which are twisted to the rij^ht. A small fra<4ment of this ornament shows dentalium shells arranged on small cortls twisted to the left. There is a cord at right .m-^les to the snells which serves to keep the strings apart. This specimen is probably a portion of a large breast-shield, the rest of which had fallen to pieces. Numerous dentalium s'lells found in the same grave were prob- ably parts of this ornament. Such breast-shields art; fretpu^ntly seen among the present Indians of the North Pacific coast. In the graves at the lar^e burial-place at Kamloops some dentalium shells were found which bear iii- cised designs. 'I'hese designs are shown in I'ig. ,:;7y. Tju.- objects W(;re prob- ably nose-ornaments, ear-jjemlants, or parts of ornaments similar to that last mentioned. Besides simple shell beads made from sections of dentalium shells cut from about a thirty-second of an inch to an eighth of an inch, in len>,'th, there were also found on the surface of the large burial-place at Kamloops perforated disks or short cylinders of shell described as approximately an eighth of an inch in diameter, a thirty-second of an inch thick or long, with a' bore a thirty-seconil of an inch in diameleT. These are drilled from each side in the usual manner, tapering towards the centre. There are also b(,'ads similar to these, but of about twice the diamc^ter, and with a much less tajjering ptM-foration. brom ihr surface of the Government Hill a nmnb(;r of beads were secured, each made of a basal ring of a barnacle. The ends and (-dges had been rubbed to give the beails a somewhat synimetric.il form. No beads made of olivella shells were found. The object shown in Fig. 372 ,i is made of lluoriu;, has an almond sha|)e with one side flat, while over the curved upper side a gnxjve is cut not far above the middle of the object. I'ig. 372 /> shows another stone object. It is well worked on all surfaces, and apparently IKjIished by use. A perforation, as usual tapering from each entl towards the middle, extends through it from side to side. The base is Hat, and the ends rather sliarp. The entire object is square in cross-section, except that tiie u|)per corners are rounded and their edges notched. It suggests at once the bird-shaped stones of the Mississippi Valley, which Gushing beli(;ved were used in the li(;ad-dress. According to information obtained by Mr. Teit from Indians at .Spences Uridgc, :.s. fv:iin)oi>ps. J 11. tt. si/c. ivmaiiu i -u' L™ ■ .m ' juiiuiiuii 42,S SMirH, AKCII.lOI.ociY OK rHK 'i'MOMI'SON RIVKK RKGION. this (il)jcf;t (-.im] |)r()l);il)ly tin- former one also) may liavc hccn an attachment to A (lo^-liallcr, or, wliicli the)- tliouj^^lu far more likely, a sinker for a fish-lint;. (I'li/uiw. . Im/i\(i)/'i//s, .Viino/its. — Sets of dice made of beaver-teeth, similar to those fount! at Lytton,' hut varyini^ in the details of the number of incised marks and circular pits on them, were frt:(|uently found in the i^raves. The ;^ame playeil with these- has continu(;d in use amonq; many tribes of this territory until liic |ir(sciU (lay, and is consetjuently well known.' Tiic aslrat^ailus boni' of the deer' is often found in the sites of the Thompson kixcr rcL,ri()ii, and m.iy have been used, as it is farther east, as a dice. TuIies made of l)ird-I)one, varyinj; in lent^^lh from an inch and a half to two inches and a half, and of proportion.ite diameters, were found in the jjouches in ijraves. b'ive were found in out; ba^r, and one in another, so that their number does not seem si},rnificant. They were all colored by red ochre. Some of tiiem bear .. few notches or are sli<,ditly scratched ; but no design is noticed except on one, wliich has upon one side a row of di,aj,ronal scratches, and on the oiaer a dt)uble row of /ii^za.i,^ lines with five anj,des. Some of the specimen , show that the end of tile l)on<- was partly cut throujjh and then broken off ; others are cut smoothly. Tiic ends of all the tubes are fairly square. These may have been used as j:;ambling-bon(;s.' Tlicre wen,' found in the pouches in the tjrave at Spences Bridge, and in Nicola X'allcy, cylinders or oval liars of bone and wood about an inch and a half long. l'"our of these, made of bone, were found together in the grave at Spences Hridge. All are marked with incised lines. Three of them are shown in Fig. sj;^. The reverse sides of a and /> bear only transverse incisions. One made of wood, found in the second grave at the eastern end of Nicola Lake, is hollow. The bark is still on, and it has several notches on each side. Some whole shells of I\-(tcit cauvinus were found at the large A ^ burial-place at Kamloops. Each is perforated by an oval hole ■^ about half an inch long, cut through the flat valve about half an inch from the central apex of the shell, below the ligamcntal pit. These are evidently parts of rattles similar to those used in the dances of the present Coast Indians. TIk; stone pipes (Fig. 374) found in graves at the large burial- lace at Kamloops resemble in general those of Lytton. They are mad(! from steatite, are of tubular form, with a bowl the shape of a wine-glass. In the first specimen (Fig. 374, a) the tube for half an inch from the mouth is larger than the shaft, and forms a mouthpiece which shows traces of windings. The present Indians sometiuKJs wind the mouthpieces of their pipes with string, that they may the easier hold them with their teeth. The shaft has been broken near its junction with the bowl, and here also are stains \ t Hi; 37.1 iji'i'..! (> a lit II I i tl U- )l(l 11 cs ' Si'i' I'arl III, \-\^. i.«). * Sef ilij., p. 153 ; I'.ri IV, p. 272. "Sic I'nrt III, I'it;. 101. 'Sec I'ail IV, p. 275. SMITH, ARCH.KOLOGY OV HIE lllOMl'SON RIVER RECION. 4J9 ) as of \vin(lin_q;s. Possilily it had l)(;cii repaired in this way. The stem is niark(Hl off from the l)o\vl l)y tiiree carved rin<;s. Tin; l)()wl is small in proportion to the stem, and is cut sqn.irely across at the edi^^e. It is broken. It contains a mass of carbonaceous matter which yields ammonia on distillation. The lar^'c ash residue is alumina and silica. Another pipe made of mottled ^^rccn steatite (^'ii- 374' ''') '^ hit^hly polished, and the bowl is ornamented with incised lines. The cd. .■"If_ ArL — TliL' tfra()liic and |)lastic arts of the early people of this region are illustrated hy ent;ra\ inj^^s and carvin<^s in hone and stoncr, antler, anil on ilentalium shells. Many of the objects found in the t^raves are colored by red ochre. The cnj^ravini^fs closely n.-senihle the painted thjsijjjns of the pr). I'iy- .375 <■ shows a piece of antler of conoid shajje, with the tip cut sijuarely across. It is colored by red ochre found with it, and is slightly worn. I'rom base to tip extend three rows of incised lines, e-ach like an inverted letter V, placed one over the other at a distance of about one-eighth of an inch. According to information secured from the Indians by Mr. Teit, these may reprc::ent wood-worm Iiorings. The bone object shown in Fig. 376 has the form of an ellipse with broken ends, and bent to a cres- cent shape. The edges are rounded and smooth. In the middle of its outer surface, extending length- wise of the specimen, is an incised design similar to a ladder. Seven cross-lines show, some having been broken away with the ends of the specimen, which are lacking. A specimen similar in shape has been found in a shell-heap at North Saanich. I'ig. 377 rei)resents a delicate bone sap-scraper with a perforation at the top for suspension. It is decorated by drilled pits artistically arranged. There are also a few notches along one edge. The dagger described on p. 423 is ornamented with circles, circular pits, and incised lines. .Most of the lines e.xtend over the edge of the dagger to the other ' Sec I'arl II y'i- in- V\n. 378. KIl:. (Tft CHi,;ii. K uiilxips. } II. It. size. I''il4 J77'9ilii'. Saj>-iM:r.-i|wr. Sppiices llriili:,'. \ ii;il. si/t*. l-'iK. I78l,i1,il. rianijcr uiili Iiuisiil ll.sitii. K.iiiil<><<|)s. \ »M. siic. |i. 156; Part IV, p. 378. 'Sec Part 111, Fig. 21. SMITH. AkCH.KOI.OClY OI' IHK TMOMI'SON KIVKK KKC.ION. ■i;. ' Fig. 37<)iiJ!i;>. Incisid DesiKiis fr..m llcnt.iMiii,. sli.lls. K.iii Inops. ) 11.11. site. side, coniuxtin- some of the circles and pits. This is shown in Im- ^,-,S, in -.vhidi the ornamentation on the reverse of the da-.-er is drawn in i)r(.i, and 3.S0.' I lie last-named specimen represents a human headsurmountt:d by a human figure. There is a conoid-shaped hole resemhliiig a pipe-bowl in the forehead of the lower figure. On the back of the upper figure is a sculpture in relief, suggesting a lizard without leg.s. Between the throat of this figure and the back of the human figure there is a perforation made by two cone-shaped holes meeting from each side. This specimen resembles in a general way certain stone carvings found on ; southeastern Vancouver Island, in the Lillooet Valley north \ of Harrison Lake, and in the vicinity of Vale, B. C. All these specimens bear a certain re.semblance to sculptures of the region of Columbia River, the Ciulf of Georgia, and I'uget .Sound, ami may have originated under the influence of the culture of these district.s. Fig. 381 shows the tip of an antler which is carved to represent the head and neck of a bird. The mouth is indicated by a long furrow on each side, while each eye is represented by a drilled cone-shaped hole. The specimen is ciiarred. A/f^/w^^ of 77//;-/.?/.— The dead were evidently buried at a siiort distance from the vdlages. No burials were found in any of the pits marking the .sites of underground house.s. In most cases the bodies were buried in "the ground apparently at a depth of about three feet. The knees were drawn up" to the dim, and in some cases evidence was found that the bodj- was wrapped in faljri( s or mats, and then tied up with cords. Traces of red ochre and other paints ,m the bones and in the earth surrounding the skeleton give evidence either that the body was painted before l)urial, or that paints were buried with it. The body was also decorated with tiie ornaments of the decea.sed, such as ear-pendants nose-ornament, necklaces, etc. His tools were buried with him. Some were often put in a pouch, which seems to have been placed near the middle of the ' .See the B. C. .Mining Kecorcl, Christmas number, iSgy, where the .s.iinc specimen is .lescril.e.) I,y Mr. C. Ilill--I„„t. I'ii;. j8i of AlltltT. size. >5!5.'. C,rv,;,ITi,, Namloops. ] iKit. K.imliiiips, .j iiat. si/e. illrawn fr-.iii ii <.;is(, oriRinal in rlu- lVnvi1ni.1l .Niiisriiiii, Vic tori, i. II. (., fiirinerly nwricd hy Mr C. Hill-I\.i,t.l SMrill, AKCri.l'OI.OCV ok TIIK IIIOMI'SON rivkr rkc.ion. l)(P(ly. Ill tlics(.' pouclics wen- foiiiiil arrow-makers' tools, such as pieces of ylassy hasalt, linislicil arr.>vv-|)()inls and sliaft-sniootliers ; and also jfaiiilfliiij^-impleineiits, sudi as dice made of lieaver-teeth. (iraves of wonuMi containctl tlieir tools, such as needles for mat-makinj( and awls. In a few cases the ijrave was surrounded by a number of poles or by slabs of wood. It would seem that small tents were erected over the body, which i^r.idually dec.iyed, leaving onl)' the l)utt-(Mids of th(.' poles, which were burieil in tile s.'ind. ( )ne of the graves at Kainloo|)s was found surrounded by pieces of ,1 i)roken canoe arrantjed in the form of a conical tent over it (see I'late XXVI). ( )nly tile lower parts of the pieces of wood were preserved. It would seem that .ifter the tent had been erected, the sand was blown into it, and the lower part of the wood was covc^red, and thus protected from the weather. Three j^raves near the mouth of Nicola Lake were covered with a few bowlders. There is evidence tiiat these three j^raves arc of recent orinjin. One of them is known to have been made between 1840 and 1850. The evidence afforded by the finds as described here, aijrees closely with the ilescription of modern burial-customs of the Thomp- son Indians j^isen by Mr. leit.' In Nicola Valley a number of graves were found in rock-slides. In these the skeletons, with few exceptions, wen; placed on the back, with knees doubled up, the head towards the east. A remarkable number of larj^e celts of nephrite, a number of well-preserved copper pendants, and a necklace were found here. The bodies were covered by disturbing; tiie rock-sliiles and allowing some of the material to fall down over them. It would seem that a few rocks were placed on the tops of the graves in order to mark the sites. Besides this, poles or bnmches were put up over the graves. One of these graves was also covered by a small tent made of jioles that had been covered with mats. Near some of these bodies were found skeletons of dogs. Their bones were colored here and there with red ochre, and the rocks close by were also colored from contact with lumi)s of paint. .'\t the Government Site near Kamloops a number of small masses of children's bones were found. The Iiones in all of these were partly burned, and with them were many bone beads, chipped cache forms of glassy basalt, etc. They were found less than six inches deep, while some of the bones were on the surface. It is possible that these were uncovered by the wind. Near Kamloops a considerable number of caches were found which con- 'taincd pieces of glassy basalt and hammer-stones, while in others were bone awls, iK.'cdlcs, sap-scrapers, etc. These caches were not associated with any graves.- Coiii/usioii. — The finds made at Kamloops, Spences Bridge, and in Nicola Valley, corroborate the conclusions drawn from archreological investigation of the burial-ground at Lytton. The ancient culture of the whole of the southern interior of British Columbia was quite uniform, and resembled in all essential ' I'art IV, pp. 328, 329. ■' A cle(i\ilt'cl .iccmint of the nia(cri.it found in ihe graves ariJ caches will be found in the Appendix, pp. 434^. SMITH, ARCH.KOLOr.Y OF THK THOMl'SON KI\ Kk RKCION, 4;>.; points the culture of the present inhabitants of this ana. as dtiscribeil l)y James Teit in his mono^rraph on the Thompson Indians. It has Ixcn pointed out that this culture shows close affinities to that of the interior of ( )rt',s;on and of California, and that on the whole its affiliations are rather with the tribes of the Plains than with those of the North Pacific coast. Nevertheless there is evidence that the Coast people have inlluenced the culture of the interior of Mritish Columbia. Material such as shells and bone oi the whale, from which utensils and implements were made, was imported from the coast, ami some of the larv- inj^s of this rej^ion may perhaps be considered as made by artists familiar willi the art of the Coast Indians. The physical type of the people of the interior is (juite uniform, and a preliminary e.xamination of the skeletons of the prehistoric i)eople docs not suggest that any change of type has taken place. Measurements of the living show a certain amount of mi.xture with the Coast type to have extended some distance up Fraser River, but beyond this point there is a fundamental difference between the types of the coast and those of the interior, the former being characterized by broad faces and large heads, while the latter have narrow faces and small heads. Therefore it may be said that both culture and physical type suggest that the peoples of the coast and those of the interior developed on distinct lines, and that points of resemblance are due to later contact. i4i'ii>*el« .5 AIM'KNDIX I. LIST AND CAIAI.OOUK NUMIIKKS OK SUKIACIC KINDS, AND CONTENTS OK (IKAVKS AND CACIIKS, I'I'ON WHICH IHK I'KKCKDINO DKSCRII'- TION IS HASKD. Spknces Hkidck, I i « 11 ' S J > I) " J ft S 8 • 4 i S 1 . .W '. ,?52.V. .!55) Ho bJIIi, nlSi dlh^ Siirfaic linds. (Sec Ki^s. jjj ,-, /i, iu ", ,5.55 ^ s'Ss-sJJd. o«l(lcrs, sii. Ii as arc < omnion along llie river. Ilclow ihcst-, at a lieplli of (, inrlies, wcro inIK of l,ir( li-luik almiit half an in< li in diameter,' and some fragments of ped ({lassy basalt, including arrow- points, etc. ; and fragments of bark. (See I'igs. .yfi i) slSl-aiSl- <'.rave 4. — 2 carved penis-bones of the bear; i bone awl; 4 bone needles; birch- hark ; bark ; cliareoal ; 3c c hips of glassy basalt ; dentalium shells ; fragments of bone. (See ^''gs• 358 . 379) i.iilj"sil)5- tlrave 11. — 2 pieces of sandstone ; copper c!lay ; 2 wlietstones ; 2 claws ; a beaver- tooth ; a bear's canine tooth ; fragments of pecten shells ; dentalium shells ; a celt made of nei>hrite; 16 chii>s and chi|)ped points of glassy basalt; bone implements; copper disk. (See I'igs. 340 a, 364.) sSSj. t18i-sI"u- (Irave 12 (partly uncovered by the wind ; the skeleton, that of a man about fifty years of age, lay fle.ved, on the left side).— 2 pairs of arrowshaft-smoothers ; 2 rubbed stones ; 2 pieces of galena ; 2 pieces of yellow paint ; 1 piece of copper clay ; 4 cache forms ; 32 chips, 2 pieces, and 4 points of glassy liasalt ; 2 chipped chert scrapers ; a wedge of antler ; a bone needle ; pieces of bone, some of which are cut ; a broken harpoon-point of antler ; 43'^' sMiin, .\k(ii.i;()|,(k;v ok iiik iiiomi-son kivkr riuiion. I riililinl liiiiif jKiint ; .\ piiTCs of hcaviTlfctli ; ;i frosh-wntcr iinio slicll ; various oIijitIs nf li'iiif and aiilliT. (See Kins. .5,5,5 ,/, 557 ,;, ,558 c.) jlHn^tUf.- dr.in' I ( (a I liilil). — Dcnialiiiiii sluIN, iiiccrs of shell, rffiisc. 4 !5l"4illlii. 'ai he aliiiiil (1 iiii Ins diTii nnd joo fci'l from llu.' river.— Mono ini|d>'nu'nts, a lione a»l, and .5 sa|)-s< rajiers made cil bune. (See li^s. ,5 jy , ,557 ,;, 360 ii.) (InVK.KNMI N I Sllh, NKAH KAMIainl's, All (il llie hurnaii bunes loiind here were partly burned, and some were stained l)y rnji|u'r saltK. The surfare of thiti site resembled that of the lar^e liiiriai-nroiind. Flat I>onc iieads were nnmerons with some of the masses of burned liones. «Us tUn. lliU< sUSo-kHii tilt- Surface finds. (See Kins. 346, 353 /'-,/.) tiii-tih- Cache near foMowinniremaled remains, but not distinctly .associated with them (depth, 6 inches).— A slone morl.ir inverted over a chip and three chipped points of glassy basalt, a bone drinkiuKlube, a bone nee.lle with two eyes, three Ixine awls, a heaver-tooth dice,' a beaver Iciolli and other bone iniplenienls. (See I'lgs, 342, 557 /', 558 c /.) jUii i4",i. t'liarrcd huni.m boni's No. i (original depth, judginj- from topot-raphy, about 1 ft., p.ully uncovered by wino(ly may have liccn iilarcil on the Mirfa. <•, ih,- stakes and pir( fs nl .aii,,i' Inrminn a little l.urial-tent similar to the one I. un.l in the Nioila Valliy. When the sand was l.lown into the lent, it prrsfrvt'd tlie Iowit |Mirtion, while the upper part was destroyed liv natural forces. The liddy, pri.lialilv that of a woman about twenty years of aj;e, lay on its left side, with head towards the east, and le^s slightly Hexed, so that the thighd.oncs were alxml at right angles to the \erlel)ral roUimn. It was wrapped in a fabric daubed with red ochre, and in pieces of skin. The whole bundle was Ixnind with cords about a ipiarler <.f an indi in diameter, made of three strands of vegetable material twisted to the right. The libres of each strand were twisted to the left. Kour strings of dentalia, short c;lilulri< al shell beads, and long cylindrical copper beads, arranged on a string, extended across the forehead.' Similar c opper beads, dentalia, and pendants made of teeth, some being the canine teelh of elk, others the incisor teeth of deer, were found at the neck. .\ bag about one foot long by three inches wide, made of fabric, extended from near the shoulders to the middle of the back. It contained beaver-tooth dice, bone needles, an iron awl in a bone handle, five bone tubes, chips of glassy basalt, a bone pendant, bearberryseeds, and two bone objec Is showing ira.es of windings. I'aiticles of red ochre iiermeated the bag and the surrounding soil. (See Kigs. 357 '''. 35^. <, 3(>7, .Jfiy, .37 '. .375 '■) The iron awl found in this grave is the only objey4^. siSir-flSs- Surface finds near Kamloops. (See I'igs. 336 /;, 357 t.) Nicola Vallev. ToIji Tufs- Surface finds. • sHs- C.rave i (6 miles up the valley).— The skeleton, which rested on the ro< k-slide material, was m a lent of jjoles about seven feet long, covered with mats made of common cat-tail stalks •13-S S.MIIII, .\K(II.i;()I,()(;V OK THK llKJMl'SON RIVKR REGION. ( 'lyplhi liili/o/iti) scwcci together as shown in Fig. 131 c, Part IV. The talus nialvrial covereil tills lo ,1 (lf|.lh of alioiit two feet. The skull was south, the face east ; the hotly, wliii h was th.il 111 ;in iild woman, l.iy upon its liai k, with the legs closely tlexed and |)roje< ling upward. Tlnre were n(i iijpjecls with the skeleton or in the tei-t. aHfa. •,}Ai~t^l\- Orave 2 (also covered liy about two feet of talus). — The skidl was south, the f.u e east, the l.ody lying (Ui its hac k with legs < hjsely flexed and knees projei ting upward. .\ broken nephrite celt, a rnhlHil stone, a fresh-water unio shell, 2 chipped piei es, 2 chipped points, .Old a cliip of glassy basalt, were found at the right side (see I'ig. 351 <). The leg- bones were luurh deccuuposed, and badly broken by the rocks. MouiH OF Nicoi.A Lake. i;1'm- Surl'.u (find. — Skeletons of two c hildren found near here were eighteen inches deep, massed in .1 po( ket nf bl.u k soil, vhich extended 'own into the yellow subsoil about six inches. 'I'he top of each gr.ue, which .vas level with the surrounding surface, was covered with five or six bowlders. i\\\< ilji- ilj*- Skeleton of a man found near the children mentioned above was known to be that of a large perscui from l.ytton, who was born at Cisco. He was murdered in the fifties, and his f.imily buried him. The body lay upon the back, with head to the west, the legs < losely flexed, ami was (overed with woven fabrics, some of which had evidently been secured Ironi th',' wliites. .\ bundle of half-round wooden rods about three feet long, with a longitu- (lin.d groove down the middle of the flat si ok Nicoi.A I.aki;. Siirfai e find. (i~iilSs- I'ound in excavating. ;,. (irave i (a diiid) in the talus on the Indian reserve here. — The h'-ad was towards the east, the fai e towards the north. The skeleton was covered with aliout four inches of earth and eighteen inches of rock-slide material. It rested upon its right side, and a thin stratum of yellow ochre was found in the earth near the head. This was probably the yellow paint from the face or gaimenls. Among the rocks near this grave a piece of a human occii)ut was found, wlii< h bore knife-marks, as though the nead liad been cut ol'f. .-,. f, i 5 11 - .1 J 5 0- < ' rave 2. — The bones, which were fully bleached, rested on the surface of the soil, and were (overed to a depth of about two feet by the rock-slide material. The hea(" was east, face west, and the legs were closely llexed. A double-edged celt of rephrite nearly loiir- teen inches in length was found lying diagonally across the chest, with its grooved edge south- west, < urvetl corners northwest, and most jierfectly formed edge to the southwest. A bone sapscraper, beaver-teeth, two bone implements, and a piece of pointed wood, were found at the top of the skull. Dcntalium shells and an awl of bone or antler were found under the head Haptiste, the Indian guide, believed this to be a girl's head-scratcher. A knife of glassy basalt was found under the left upper arm, and a wooden cylinder at the left ed)0w. The skeleton of a dog, also fully bleai iied, was found with the head west, and tail near the left shouliier of the skeleton. MH SMUH, ARCII.KOLOGY ok THH TIIOMI'SON rivdr rixiion. 4.)9 iSuii. )JcMi-iJ"ii- (""rave 3. — 'I'lic skoleldii rcsti'd upon tlic soil, and was lovorcii to a duiilli nl Din.' fool with rock. TIil- body la) iqion tlio l)a( k, willi tin; lu'ad west, face cast, and legs llcxcd, tlie kncfs projcctir;.; upward. 'I'lic right hand was llcNcd to the shonhicr. Three lieaver- teeth and a colt of nephrite over thirteen im lies in length, will) grooved side down and Idade west, werL' found on the right side of the skull. Near the M.ide of the celt was found a chippeil point of glassy basalt daubed with red ochre. .\ drinking-Hdie lay near the top of the skull, and a small celt of nephrite was secured fiom under the head. .\ bone needle, such as was used for sewing tules into mats, and a finer bone needle, were found p:'r,illel to this celt, and with it a double-bladed celt somewhat larger in si/e, also made of nephrite, with grooved side down, -^le scpiare blade east, and the diagonal blade west. Near the pelvis was a chip of glassy b.isall. I'ieces of burned skull-bones an-l a chin;-;;,', point of ihahedony were also found in the grave. I'robably the loilges of the vi.) ii'lll. iJf I ~l'p?9- (Irave 4. — The skull was found about one foot west of the skull of the third. The body lav upon the surface of the ground, and was ( overed with small fragments of roc k of the talus, .\bovc these were bowlders weighing from thirty to a hundred pounds. A post stood at tlie head, which was to the east, and fai:ed northward. The right nand was llev.ed to the shouk.er. Dentalium shells were found under the skull, and matting made of cat-tail stalk i sewed together, as shown in I'ig. 1,51 <•, Part IV, was taken from under llie back and arms. .V handle made of antler, for a root-digger, lay along the left upper arm, w ilh its larger cud at the shoulder, where were also a little mass of red ochre, a beaver-tooth, beads made of sei tions of dentalium shells, a small arrow-point of glassy basalt nitli its point towards the head, and a bone needle. Under the middle of the back was found a cylinder of co|iper, copper beads, and short -' skeloLon was that of a youth, and hiy on the surface of the soil, under eighteen inches of rock-slide niatc-ial. The head was south, with face west. The left parietal and some bones of the body were stained with copper salts, and coveretl with woven fabric and deer-skin on which the hair still remained. South of the head was a bundle, prob- ably a pouch made of deer-skin from which the hair had not been removed. Four strands of beads made of sections of dentalium siiells strung upon a cord were around 'he neck. The whole lornied a necklace tied at the bahiall mammal, part of a bird-skin, a perforated bear-claw through which was part of a thong, and two copper pendants, were found in this mass of material. A celt made of nephrite lay with its irregular blade east, flat side up, near the beads and skin. It may have luen in the pouch. The skull of a dog was found among the rocks covering the skeleton, .mil with it was a l.irge wedge made of ant' -. (.See l-'igs. 349 /■. 363, 365, 366.) li'i'l:! ~l'i3S- C'rave 6 cimtained only one bone, the fibula of an adult person. It rested on the surlace of the soil, covered by rock-slide material. Three chipped ; ieces of stone, a nat- ural piece of chalcedony of cone shape, and live fantastically chipped ] oinis of glassy basalt, were also in the grave, .\mong the stones above tin' grave w.is found a elt of green nephrite. (See Fig. 334, >-c.) sIJb- Grave 7. — The skeleton rested on the surface of the soil, under eighteen inches of rock-slide ^ ptp^vpnni •sm •o SMiril, .\KCU.V.Ol.OG\ OF THK THOMPSON RIVER REGION. iii.iliri.il. The skii < ovcrcd tlif f:i( ■•. »;is 1(1 tlif (.Msl, face west, .iiul llio legs were clusely Hexed. Tlic hands iS'ii. liSii. tISt' Oravc 8. — The skeleton rested on the surface of the soil, l)elow aliont eighteen inches of rock-slide niaterial. The neck-bones were west, and there was no sknll. The legs were flexed. The left arm as far as the elliow e.xtended along the side, the fore-arm then crossed to the |ielvis. .\n ornanieiileITK)N.\I. INFORMATION REGARDING SPECIMENS FIGURED IN PART III. The following additional information regarding specimens figured in Part III of this volume was secured at Spemes liridge and in Nicola Valley during 1899, from Ifaptiste, an old Indian shaman living in the valley ; Michel, an intelligent old indiau of l.ytton ; Salicti:, chief at Nicola Lake; and the brothers of the last named, James Michel .'"c ila.xitca and Charlie Tcilaxitca. When Baptiste and .Michel were children, objects of white manufacture were rarely if ever seen by them. Fig. I. I'his Maptlste considered to represent an unfinished pipe. The theory seems plausi- ble, altlunigh the pipe would have been very small. Michel of Lytton thought it represented a small hammer, to be liafted in a little handle and used by a slave or servant to crush food for a rich and toothless old person, the food being put betv een two pieces of skin or fabric, which accounts for the absence of a bruised surface on the object. I'ig. ;o. Daptiste thought that this represented a beaver-spear, and that a string was tied through the perforation in the base, so that the point might not pull out of the handle and allow the animal to escajie with it. This opinion was also held by M'chel of Lytton. Fig 3.S. A( cording to Daptiste, this rep.-esents an anvil upon which to crush food in mouthful ipiantities for ri. li, toothless old jiersons when travelling, larger anvils being used when in camn (see Part III, p. i,,y). I'ig. ,59. This is thought by liaptiste to represent a stone that, when covered with skin, wasn^e' as a ball 111 the game (lescHi.cd on p. 279 of Part IV, Mr. Teit approved this opinion, but Michel of l.ytton believed it to have been covered with skin and used as a club-head (.see Par. ' • |i. 26.O. lardly probable that specimens like the one shown in Fig. 247, which are not nearly so It is ha spherical even as the one illustrated in Fig. 39, should have been used in the game. Fig. 49 illustrates a specimen which liaptiste and Mr. Teit agree wa. undo ;btcd!y • -td for such purposes as chijiping arrow-points, carving wood, and cutting out steatite 1 ipes. Th'; "^. •;?>< mfiwmm T .sMnii, .\Kcn/i;oi.t)(;v or tiik iiiompson rivkr rhc.ion. 4t> ^l< ^1^ not imprcss-d with tlit opinion of Mi< hd of I.ylton, that it was usl-.I for dining niplirito (st-o footnote, p. 416). I'lg. 50. liaptislc considerod this to represent a large foreshaft anil he:al for an arrow mi. li as was formerly used to kill horses, dogs, and the like, to be plaeed on the grave of tlieir owner. He later concluded that it represented a knife, but said that it resembled these arrowheads. I'lg. 51. M'chej of I.ytloii , seems to satisfactorily prove that it was used for this purjiose. Figs. ::>r)-o8. Charlie Tcilaxitca says that such pendants were used for each ear, as well as in large numbers for necklaces (see p. 426). I'ig. 99. Charlie Tcilaxitca said of this, that when a child he saw nose-ornaments in use which were made of dentalium shells with a hair tassel at each end similar to the si)ecinien shown in V'k[ 99. Haptiste and Mr. Teit both approved this remark (see Fig. 197, Part IV), and also agreed that such shells with tassels may also have served as ear-pendants such as are described on p. 222, Part IV Mr. Teit said that all the Indians know of the use of such nose-ornaments. Fig. 102. Haptiste considers this to represent a drinking-tube ; and .Michel i,f l.yttc ■ ,1- firmed the statement, saying that at the time of the ceremonies when young giris received their manitous, they were not allowed to use a cup, but had to drink through such a tube for the period of one year. Modern drinking-tubes are illustrated on p. 313 of Part IV. Figs. 107, 109, 110. Baptiste said that these represented objects whi( h were kept simipiv .M'^m mfam A^nmmmm^'nimmmmmmm r^mimn \.\2 SMirif, AKCII.HOl.OC.V Of 'IMK IIIOMI'SON RIVHR Rl-XIION. Iici iiijsi- iliiy were < onsidcrcd nice or valuable. Charlie Tcilaxitta had the same opinion regarding I'igs. 101) and I lo. Kin. "t was sidtmilted to Mr. 'I'eit, Chief Salicli-,, Charlie 'I'cilaxitca, and Haptisle. They all agree lliat il is a lixliire for a doghaller to keep the loop from slipping up and choking the dog ; also that ll)e ( arving represents the maniiou of the owner of the dog, and was first seen in a dream. It rfsemliks, in general shape, and in having a mouth and tail, the specimens known to be such liMiires {««.• I'lirt I\', p. 2.(5). [■'ig. 1 16. Mr. '\\. -^a'd that thi.s represented a piece of cop])er that was probably being rolled arnuiid the ( ylindric al si : 1 it into a long bead, and that, as the person was at work upon it iniiMcdijtely bci -e death, i' ied with him. PLATE XXIV. -^55i™pW«HPF^WPH mPPVWPKPHIIi ^mwmmmKH _ c — o n -p X //«,^.„/(»,.S,/e l. •p a Z 1/5 3 6 < S 'lii^ > H o w ew •- !. -tTi'* 1 -..-'S^M "^■^^'W-**' "^ T Memoirs Am. Mus. Nut. Hist.. Vol. II. ■'.n'.- \X\ i.ihi , u I 111 I .k 1. 1 -. Nil . ; * '. 11 1 1 i I'.. •■ KinkMiii, uiii! (ii\\;.~. I AM Ish lii Nkcii* I \V.i Arrhft-olony or the Thompson River Reiiion. -* (■ wisss Meniou'P Ati.. Muss. Nut. Hist.. Vol. II. Plrt'r XXVI (il(\M ii\ (li'VKfSMhM Hill. K^MI'' I-. ■iff*. v54'«^* ._ "-s^-— ^'- H'^,^ '■^Wi^ "? I'll.. .'. \|IU nl Mil "^X.MI (iHAM. (IllN. Archseology oi the Thonijison Ri\. r Rr'.iioi:.