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INTRODUCTION. 
 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 The aim of the present work is to collect into a single volume and classify, 
 for the public convenience, all the information of a practical nature in regard to 
 the minerals of the province of Quebec, which has hitherto only existed in 
 scattered form in the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada, as well as in 
 those of the Crown Lands Department of Quebec and in reports of a private char- 
 acter. These are the sources upon which we have drawn, after carefully eliminating 
 everything foreign to the object of this work, or of a purely scientific interest 
 only, and adding all such data as personal observation has enabled us to gather 
 during more than eight years of fieldwork and investigation The sources of our 
 information are, moreover, noted, as occasion requires. ' • 
 
 The different points in the province at which the various minerals occur, as 
 well as those at which they are worked, have been designated with all possible 
 exactness, and, for facility of reference, an alphabetical table, indicating all the 
 localities mentioned, has been provided at the end of the volume. 
 
 Nearly all the mines referred to in the course of this work have been per- 
 sonally visited by us, and our information is not only derived from the most 
 reliable sources, but comes down to quite recent date. 
 
 The statistics relating to the production of the mines of the province and to 
 the volume of our mineral exports to other countries have been taken from the 
 official tables of trade and navigation issued by the Department of Customs at 
 Ottawa ; but as these returns, in so far as eacli province of the Dominion is 
 concerned, only show the figures of the exports from the different ports of 
 shipment, and as, in most cases, these figures materially differ from the real 
 ^ipr^duction of those provinces, it has been deemed advisable to only resort to 
 theifi ,in certain exceptional cases hereinafter specified. Moreover, most of the 
 companies, previously consulted by us on the subject, vouch for the accuracy of 
 the figures of their respective outputs as herein given. 
 
 The condition of the mines of the province is given for the period extending 
 to the close of 1889, and, in some cases, to the beginning of the current year. 
 
 167055 
 
,; GEOLOGICAL SKETCH 
 
 According to the latest conclusions of the Geological Survey of Canada, the 
 following are the only formations represented in this province : 
 
 Actual formation, represented by the superficial drift. •• 
 
 Quaternary formation, represented by the superficial drift. 
 
 (1) ' 
 
 Lower Carboniferous series, represented by the Bonaventure formation. 
 
 Devonian system, represented by the Gasp^ sandstones. 
 
 Silurian and Cambro-Silurian system, represented by the Medina, Trenton and Chazy 
 
 groups. 
 Cambrian system, represented by the upper portion of the Quebec group and the Calci- 
 
 ferous and Potsdam formations. 
 Pre-Cambrian system, represented bj' the crystalline schists of the Eastern Townships. 
 Archoan system, represented by the Huronian and Lauren tian formations. 
 Eruptive rocks, represented by the granites, syenites, trachytes, traps, &c. 
 
 The Laurentian formation occupies the northern portion of the Gulf and 
 River Saint Lawrence and contains phosphate, magnetic and titanic iron, plumbago 
 and mica, together with granites, labradorites, limestones, &c., which have hitherto 
 been little worked, but which are well adapted to furnish materials for building 
 and ornamental purposes. A multitude of very curious mineralogical specimens 
 are also met with in the crystallized state in the rocks of this system. 
 
 In the Huronian formation properly so called and noted in the neighborhood 
 of Lake Temiscamingue, a mine of argentiferous galena oc.urs. 
 
 The Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian formations constitute the rich mineral 
 district of the Eastern Townships and are characterized by the presence of the 
 ores of copper, magnetic end specular iron, antimony, nickel, silver, and auriferous 
 quartz. At several points in this region, the clay schists are quarried for roofing- 
 slates and the limestones yield excellent quick ]imc and building stone. The same 
 formations also contain the serpentines, which supply asbestos, soapstone and 
 chromic iron. 
 
 The Silurian and Cambro-Silurian formations occupy the valley of the Saint 
 Lawrence between Quebec and Montreal, and constitute the north-western limit 
 of the Eastern Townships' mineral district. They are more particularly ropre- 
 seuted by the Trenton group, in which natural gas is found and in which it is 
 also hoped to strike petroleum. The Trenton limestones furnish good quick 
 lime and the building stone largely used in the cities of Quebec and Montreal. 
 
 (1) The series between these two formations is not represented in the provinoo. 
 
rhood 
 
 In the Gasp^ district, the formation known as the Gasp6 series presents 
 itself. It is composed of Upper Silurian limestones and Devonian sandstones 
 and, at many points of this group, the presence of petroleum has been recognized. 
 
 The Lower Carboniferous formation (Bonaventure) is presented only by 
 small strips, on the south eastern coast of the Gaspe district, which form the 
 northern limit or rim of the coal basins of Nova Scotia and New-Brunswick, 
 but in which no workable coal seams have yet been discovered. 
 
 All these sedimentary formations are overlaid by alluvial deposits, frequently 
 of great thickness and especially so in the valley of the Saint Lawrence, and 
 these deposits yield the clay Used for ordinary brick-making. On the surface, 
 deposits of peat and bog iron are also numerous and sulphurous and oaline springs 
 abound in the Saint Lawrence valley. 
 
 In the interior, deposits of marl, sands and gravels are found. 
 
 In Beauce and adjoining counties, there are auriferous alluvions admittedly 
 of great rich xiess. , 
 
 The eruptive rocks in the districts to the southward of the Saint Lawrence 
 form mountains of no great height. Gray and white granites coyer extensive 
 surfaces, especially in the counties of Compton and Stanstead, and have long 
 been the source from which the cities of Sherbrooke, Quebec and Montreal have 
 derived some of their finest building material. 
 
 The Yamaska, Johnston, Rougemont, Montarville, Montreal, Rigaud, Brome 
 and ShefFord mountains are composed of diorite, dolerite and trachyte rocks. 
 
 The granites and syenites accompany the Laurentian rocks in Argenteuil, 
 Joliette, &c., and at several points on the north shore of the River and Gulf of 
 Saint Lawrence. , > 
 
 
 
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 IRON ORES 
 
 (1) 
 
 \ 
 
 The ores of iron are very abundant and of good quality in the province of 
 Quebec, but are not worked or only so to a small extent on account of the absence 
 of mineral fuel and the low import-duties imposed on foreign irons. At the 
 present time there are only two establishments in operation, smelting the bog ore 
 with chai'coal : the Radnor forges, with one blast furnace, on the river au Lard, 
 30 miles north of Three Rivers, and those of Drummondville, with two blast 
 furnaces, on the left bank of the river St. Francis, in the township of Grantham 
 (Drummond). ■' ■ / '"., 
 
 The Canadian import duties on pig iron are now $4 per net ton of 2,000 lbs., 
 the Federal Government further offering a bonus of $1 per net ton on all pig 
 iron made in Canada from Canadian ore, (2) which is equivalent to a protection of 
 the domestic metal to the extent of $5 per net ton of 2,000 lbs. or of $5.60 per 
 gross ton. The import duty on bituminous coal and on coke amounts to 60 cts. 
 per ton, while anthracite is admitted free of duty. We think tha,t the most 
 profitable way that we could adopt, under the circumstances, to develop our iron 
 mines would be to export the raw ore, and for this it seems to us that the 
 United States, which consume millions of tons yearly, would offei' us a most 
 favorable market, always making allowance for the fact that the best ore delivered 
 at the furnace is not worth more than $8 a ton, which would necesKitate short 
 distance or very economical carriage. . ; , • . •• 
 
 The existence of iron ore appears to have been known from the very earliest 
 times of the French colony. In 1737 the king of France, Louis XIV, authorized 
 the " Gonipagnie des Forges," to work and smelt the ore in the seigniory of St. 
 Maurice and the fief St. Etienne, near Three Rivers. This company at once 
 began operations and established the St. Maurice forges. ,. . 
 
 .'I 
 After several times changing owners, sjus well under the French as the 
 
 (1) Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1866-69 (T. Sterry Hunt) 1^73-74 <B; J. Harrington). 
 manufcK!ture of iron in Canada (J. H. Bartlett.) ■ ; , , ' ;. 
 
 (2) This bonus will be increased to f 2, between the Ist July, 1892, and 30 June, 1897. 
 
 The 
 
English regime, these establishments became in 1861 the property of Mr. John 
 McDougall, of Montreal, who carried them on down to 1883, when they were 
 definitely abandoned in consequence of the local scarcity of the ore and of fuel. 
 It is claimed for these forges, which are now the property of Mr. McDougall, that 
 they are the oldest of half the North American continent. 
 
 In 1798, a blast furnace and ♦'orges were established in the seigniory of Ba- 
 tiscan, near the river of the same name, but were also abandoned after a few 
 years. ., . 
 
 In 1860, the Radnor forges, on the river au Lard, in the seigniory of Cap de 
 la Madeleine, were started by Messrs Larue & Co., their establishment comprising 
 a blast furnace, charcoal kilns, forges and rolling mills. The firm had also a 
 foundry at Three Rivers to manufacture car wheels. The blast furnace and 
 foundry, now in other hands, are still in operation and turning out railway car 
 wheels, which are much esteemed, and, at the London International Exhibition of 
 1862, a pair of wheels, made at this foundry, were shown, which had run 150,000 
 miles. Towards the beginning of 1890, the furnaces and foundry became the 
 property of the " Canadian Iron Furnace Co." 
 
 About the same time, Mr. J. McDougall established another blast furnace 
 under the" name of the I'lslet Forges, at a short distance from the river St 
 Maurice, in the same seigniory. 
 
 In 1869, another blest furnace was started near the river aux Vaches, in 
 the county of Yamaska, and remained in operation until 1880, 
 
 In 1880, two other blast furnaces were established by Messrs. J. McDougall 
 & Co. on the river St. Francis, at Drummondville. in the township of Grantham 
 and these are still working. 
 
 In all th' e blast furnaces the ore treated is the variety known as iron bog 
 ore, which ii» very abundant in those regions, carries 40 to 50/^ of iron, and is 
 worked very cheaply. Charcoal is the fuel used. 
 
 In 1867, a Montreal company, (Canada Iron Mining and Manufacturing Co.) 
 built a blAflt furnace at Hull, near Ottawa, for the purpose of utilizing a very 
 important deposit of magnetic iron, but it only ran for a few years. 
 
 In 1873, the " Canadian Titanic Iron Co." erected two blast furnaces at St. 
 Urbain, county of Charlevoix, to work an extensive bed of titanic iron. Char- 
 coal was "the Conibustible used and the furnaces were connected with Baie St. Paul 
 by a small railway, but they were shut down after a very short experience, it 
 having been found that they did not yield sufficiently profitable economic results. 
 
 \ 
 
In 1867, the company called the " Moisic Iron Co." erected at Moisic (Sague- 
 nay) bloojuary furnaces to troat the magnetic sand, which is very abundant along 
 the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In order to utilize the output of 
 these furnaces, a forge and rolling mills were established at Montreal, while at 
 Quebec, a factory for the manufacture of stqel directly from the sand by the 
 Labreche-Viger process was projected. The sand was purified by Dr. Larue's 
 process. These establishments continued in operation until 1876, turning out 
 superior products, but without profitable resuitsfinancially, owing to the increase 
 ©f the duties in the United States. 
 
 In 1872, bloomary furnaces were erected by the " Haycock Iron Co." near 
 Ottawa, to work a bed of magnetic iron, but were only in bleist for a few years. 
 The mines and forges are presently the property of the " Ottawa Iron and Steel 
 Manufacturing Co." 
 
 Lastly, in 1881, the "Canadian Iron and Steel Co.," of Montreal, attempted 
 at Hochelaga, near Montreal, to manufacture iron directly from the ore with the 
 aid of Dr. Geo. Duryee's process and by using petroleum as fuel. Various ores 
 of the province were thus treated, but the experiment does not appear to have 
 succeeded, as the works have been abandoned. 
 
 It will consequently be seen that, of all the attempts made for the establish- 
 ment of iron metallurgy in the province, the Radnor and Drummondv ilie forges 
 •re tha only ones still extant. Apart from financial considerations, the failure of 
 these different enterprises appears to have been due, as already stated, to the 
 scarcity of fuel and the question of the customs tariflp. 
 
 In 1885, the " Bristol Iron Co." began the working of a mine of magnetic 
 iron, mixed with hematite, in the township of Bristol (Pontiac) for the purpose 
 of shipping the ore to the United States. But as this ore carried a strong pro- 
 portion of pyrite, roasting kilns had to be provided, which, however, do not appear 
 to have given satisfactory results, as, towards the close of 1889, the company 
 entered into contracts to ship the raw ore to the United States; and, until 
 further developments, this certainly seems to be the best way to turn to profit- 
 able account the products of our iron mines, if markets can be found for them 
 abroad. 
 
 "Sfc In the province of Quebec, iron occurs in the magnetic state in the rocks or 
 
 \ in the form of sands, as hematite (compact or specular) and in the shape of 
 bog ore. 
 
 Under the same head, notice will also be taken of titanic iron, chromic iron, 
 and iron 'pyrite. 
 
 ■f 
 
 I 
 
10 '' =; 
 ORES OF MAGNETITE AND HEMATITE. 
 
 We shall divide these ores into two gi'oups : lo. Those of the Liuuentian 
 formation which are found in the counties of Pontiac, Ottawa, Ai'genteuil, Terre- 
 bonne, St. Maurice and on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the 
 form of magnetic sand. 
 
 2o. Those of the Eastern Townships, which occur more particularly in the 
 altered rocks of the Quebec group (Cambrian and Pi'e-Cambrian fonnation) and 
 especially in the counties of Sherbrcoke, Brome, Wolfe, Beauce, Megantic, etc. 
 
 ORES OF I'HE LAURENTIAN ROCKS.— BRISTOL IRON MINE. 
 
 This mine, situated on lots 21 and 22 1 N of the 2nd range of Bristol (Pon- 
 tiac) was opened in 1872 ; but its development was only seriously begun in 1885, 
 when the present " Bristol Iron Co." started regular works. The ore is a mixture 
 of magnetite and hematite, with a variable proportion of iron pyrite, 
 carrying sometimes as much as 2i per cent, of sulphur. As the company's policy 
 is to export only the raw ore and not to smelt it on the spot, roasting kilns were 
 erected in 1883 to reduce to 7/10 per cent, the proportion of sulphur, and in 
 1885 a branch railway of 4| miles kng was built to connect the mine with the 
 " Pontiac and Pacific Junction R. R." .„ < 
 
 In 1888-89, another roaster, which reduces the sulphur to I per cent, was 
 added to the plant, and, towards the end of 1889, the company contracted for the 
 delivery of 5,000 tons of raw ore to be exported to the United States, with the 
 option to increase the figure to 20,000 tons. . '. ^ ■ 
 
 The company employs 60 men and its works are well equipped with steam 
 machinery for hoisting and pumping and compressed air drills. 
 
 The output amounts to 125 tons per day, but is capable of increase with a 
 stronger working staff. The bed carries two main veins (north and south) run- 
 ning in a direction N. N. W. following the strike of the Laurentian gneiss, and 
 showing variable but very rich thicknesses of from 150 to 250 feet. These veins 
 are distant two to three hundred feet from each other and have been traced for 
 a quarter of a mile. The mine has been chiefly worked on the south vein by 
 means of several openings, one of which is 150 feet deep, with a drift of 150 feet 
 and several cross drifts of 20, 50 and 100 feet — all these workings being wholly 
 in the ore, and the total output to date being about 12,000 tons. 
 
 7 
 
11 
 
 The manager of the mine hoH supplied the following analyses : 
 
 Iron - - 
 
 - 62.15 
 
 61.987 
 
 62.5 
 
 62.525 
 
 62.87 
 
 63.*'.4 
 
 Sulphur - 
 
 - 0.97 
 
 2.406 
 
 0.521 
 
 1.1678 
 
 2.221 
 
 1.08 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 - 0.0075 
 
 0.006 
 
 0.004 
 
 K 
 
 0.014 
 
 1.08 
 
 Silica - - 
 
 - 8.52 
 
 7.32 
 
 0.004 
 
 l< 
 
 « 
 
 1.08 
 
 } 
 
 The two first mentioned analyses were made on the raw ore and the four 
 last on the ore after roasting. 
 
 It is said that later roasting experiments have still further greatly rodiiced 
 the proportion of sulphur. * 
 
 Analysis of the Geological Survey of Canada : 
 
 Peroxide of iron 65.44 
 
 Protoxide of iron 14.50 
 
 Bisulphide of iron 2.74 
 
 Protoxide of manganese 0.11 
 
 Alumina 0.60 
 
 Lime 3 90 
 
 Magnesia 0.45 
 
 Silica 11.45 
 
 Carboni'' acid 1.64 
 
 Phosphu. ic acid traces 
 
 Titanic acid none 
 
 Water 0.14 
 
 Total metallic iron . 58.37 
 
 Sulphur 1.46 
 
 This mine possesses considerable importance in view of the fact that it is 
 actually the only one in operation in the province, and it is to be hoped that the 
 company's enterprise will be attended with success for the sake of encouraging 
 other industries of the same kind. , • : :. , . 
 
 MAGNETIC ORE OF HULL. . ' ■ / 
 
 A very important deposit of magnetic iron, mixed with red hematite and 
 graphite, occurs on lots 11 and 12 of th Vllth range of Hull (Ottawa), and was 
 worked in 1854 by Forsyth & Co., who shipped several hundred tons of the 
 mineral to Pittsburg, (U.S.) 
 
 In 1867, the " Canada Iron Mining and Manufacturing Company," of Mont- 
 
■^ w 
 
 lii 
 
 12 
 
 real, built a blast furnace at the mine and produced a certain quantity of superior 
 quality pig iron. The ore was tx'eated with charcoal, and peat coke was also 
 tried. In 1868, the furnace was blown out, the financial results not being deemed 
 satisfactory. The ore was then distinguished as red ore, colored by hematite, and 
 black. For some time afterwards the mineral was worked for exportation. Mr. 
 Harrington reports that in 1873 the output amounted to 15,000 tons, but since 
 then nothing has been done. 
 
 Analysis of the Geolof ical Survey of Canada : 
 
 . Black ore. Red ore. 
 
 Peroxide of iron. . . ; . . ,' . . . 73.90 93.82 66.20 
 
 Protoxide of iron .... 17.78 
 
 Oxide of manganese 0.12 traces 
 
 Alumina 0.61 0.79 traces 
 
 Lime 0. • 0.45 1.85 
 
 Magnesia 1.88 0.94 0.18 
 
 Phosphorus 0.027 0.08 0.015 
 
 Sulphm 0.085 0.11 0.28 
 
 Carbonic acid " " 1.17 
 
 Silica 20.27 3.75 11.11 
 
 Titanic acid 0. " 0. 
 
 Graphite " « 
 
 Water 3.27 
 
 . 100.042 100.06 99.295 
 
 Metallic iron... 53.51 67.94 60.17 
 
 The mine is situated at a distance of eight miles from Ottawa. 
 
 LEDUC IRON MINE. 
 
 Situated on lot 23 of the Vlth range of Wakefield (Ottawa). Magnetic iron 
 in the Laurentian rocks. 
 
 Analysis of the Geological Survey of Canada : 
 
 Peroxide of iron 64.593 
 
 Protoxide of iron 30.819 
 
 Titanic acid traces. 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.027 
 
 Sulphur 0. 
 
 Insoluble , . . 1.551 
 
 ' 96.990 
 
 MetaUic iron 69,185 
 
 Phosphorus 0.012 
 
 li 
 
^ w 
 
 f superior 
 was also 
 ig deemed 
 latite, and 
 iion. Mr. 
 but since 
 
 ed ore. 
 
 36.20 
 
 17.78 
 
 races 
 
 iraces 
 
 1.85 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.015 
 
 0.28 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.11 
 
 0. 
 
 )9.295 
 10.17 
 
 letic iron 
 
 \ 
 
 13 
 GRENVILLE IRON MINE. 
 
 Situated on lot V§ S 3 of Grenville (Argenteuil) where a vein of 20 to 25 
 feet occurs in the Laurentian gneiss, running about N. W. and appearing to hold 
 an average of 53.23 of metallic iron. In 1873, some workings were begun and 
 several hundred tons of the ore were extracted. Similar ores, but in less thick- 
 ness, outcrop on lota 4 of the Vllth, and 5 of the Vlllth range, as well as on lot 
 26 of the Vlth range, of the township of Wentworth. Another vein, with a 
 thickness of 20 feet, has been noted in the township of Grandison, in the same 
 county. ' , ... . • 
 
 .:.,';:■- ^: '^ ■ ' ST. JEROME MINE. . ..'^•' 
 
 In the seigniory of Mille Isles (Terrebonne) and at a short distance from the 
 town of St. Jerome, there is a vein of magnetic iron, running N. W., follow- 
 ing the stratification of the Laurentian gneiss, from which several hundred tons 
 of good ore have been extracted — the working also exposing the vein for a dis- 
 tance of 1500 feet, with a thickness of 14 feet. > ' , ; . 
 
 Under analysis, the ore gave the following results: 
 
 Iron '. 60.37 
 
 Titanic acid 0.55 
 
 Sulphur 0.452 > i 
 
 Phosphorus 0.028 " 
 
 Another analysis made by the School of Mines at Paris : 
 
 Insoluble rocks 21.00 
 
 . Titanic acid traces ' ,'.^ '\. 
 
 ' }^ " ■; . ' Peroxide of iron 77.30 • ; 
 
 Lime traces 
 
 Magnesia 3.30 
 
 ; /:■ Phosphoric acid 0. 
 
 .■■' ■ 101.00 
 
 Iroh 53.59 
 
 The iron was all considered in the state of peroxide. 
 
 Analysis of the Geological Survey of Canada : 
 
 Hygroscopic waver 0.0058 
 
 Peroxide of iron, 59.059 
 
 I 
 
WW. Jj«*«-£*W»*VW'.'I««>' - ... 
 
 ma 
 
 14 
 
 Protoxide of iron 26.807 
 
 Titanic acid 0. 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.015 
 
 Sulphur 0.001 
 
 Insoluble 9.897 
 
 95.779 
 
 Metallic iron .62.191 
 
 Phosphorus 0.007 
 
 J Sulphur 0.001 
 
 ' ST. BONIFACE mON MINE. 
 
 This mine is situated on lots 23 and 24 of the 7th range of Shawenegan 
 (St. Maurice) and carries an important vein of magnetite in the Laurentian 
 rocks. A blast furnace was erected in the neighborhood, but, the bog ore being 
 preferred, only very little of the mineral was taken out. The mine bears the 
 name of the Grondin Mine. The blast furnace has been long shut down. 
 
 . MAGNETIC IRON AT LAKE ABATAGOMAW. 
 
 ill 
 
 In the report of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1870-71, the late Mr. 
 J. Richardson notes an outcropping of magnetic iron with a breadth of 50 feet 
 and a visible length of 200 steps, on the north-west side of lake Abatagamaw, 
 beyond the Height of Land, in the lake Mistassini region. He also indicates in 
 the same neighborhood a small deposit of ochre on the north-west flank of Paint 
 Mountain. 
 
 OLIGIST IRON AND HEMATITE OF HULL. 
 
 This mine is located on lots 1 of the Xth range and 1 of the Xlth range of 
 Hull, and on lot 29, VI. of Templeton (Ottawa), and it is said that, in 1872. 
 5,000 tons of ore were extracted. Machinery was set up and a Catalan furnace 
 was built for the manufacture of the iron, and an admittedly excellent article, 
 was produced, but still the enterprise did not succeed. The property actually 
 belongs to the " Ottawa Iron and Steel Manufacturing Co.'i The ore is a massive 
 oligist iron occurring in the form of several beds in the Laurentian rocks, with a 
 north-easterly trend and a width of from several inches to several feet and car- 
 rying a little magnetite. It is the only place where workable oligist iron has 
 been found. The mine, which is known as the Haycock Mine and regarded as 
 very important, is 10 miles from Ottawa and 6J miles from Gatineau Point for 
 shipment. 
 
15 
 
 Analysis of the Geological Survey of Canada ; 
 
 lawenegan 
 
 iaurentian 
 
 ore being 
 
 bears the 
 
 vn. 
 
 B late Mr. 
 of 50 feet 
 fcagamaw, 
 iicates in 
 of Paint 
 
 range of 
 in 1872. 
 1 furnace 
 t article, 
 actually 
 massive 
 3, with a 
 and car- 
 iron has 
 irded as 
 *oint for 
 
 89.80 
 
 85.45 
 
 7.06 
 
 6.24 
 
 traces 
 
 0.15 
 
 (( 
 
 <( 
 
 traces 
 
 0.15 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.17 
 
 traces 
 
 0.13 
 
 traces 
 
 0.07 
 
 « 
 
 (( 
 
 <t 
 
 « 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.12 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.28 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 0.11 
 
 5.77 
 
 99.96 
 
 99.79 
 
 68.34 
 
 63.88 
 
 Peroxide of iron 88.08 
 
 Frotoxide of iron 6.86 
 
 Protoxide of manganese 0.24 
 
 Alur ina " 
 
 Lame 0.55 
 
 Magnesia 0.13 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.16 
 
 Sulphur 0.03 
 
 Carbonic acid " 
 
 Silica 
 
 Titanic acid 3.17 
 
 Graphite 0.35 
 
 Water 
 
 Insoluble 0.26 
 
 - -^ 99.83 
 
 Metallic iron 66.98 
 
 In the case of . the last analys i, the sample was an average one taken from 
 a large pile of ore. ■ 
 
 MAGNETIC SAND. 
 
 On the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, thare are numerous and 
 heavy deposits of magnetic iron in the form of sand; Indeed, it may be said to 
 exist in all the sands of the coast, but it attains considerable development at 
 certain points such as Moisic, Mingan, Betsiamits, Natashquan, Kagashka, &c. In 
 January 1867, Mr. W. M. Molson, of Montreal, had tests made by treating the 
 sand in a bloomary furnace, whereupon the " Moisic Iron Company " was 
 organized to smelt the mineral at Moisic, furnaces being established at Moisic, 
 and forges and rolling mills at Montreal. 
 
 » ■■■■ ' ..,,'...>..• ,^ 
 The magnetic sand is met with almost on the surface in stratified beds from 
 I hlan inch to 6 inches thick, but sometimes attaining 1| to 2 feet. These deposits 
 X extend over large surfaces on the coast, in some instances for several leagues. 
 \ Besides magnetic iron, this sand » .^ains quartz, red garnet and titanic iron. 
 
 The following analyses are taken from the report of Dr. Sterry Hunt : (Geol. 
 Survey, Canada, 1866-69.) 
 
 a 
 
^m^^limm 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 Protoxide of iron 70.10 
 
 Peroxide of iron " 
 
 Titanic acid 16.00 
 
 Oxide of manganese " 
 
 Lime " 
 
 Magnesia " 
 
 Insoluble 5.92 
 
 Metallic iron . 
 
 92.02 
 ,55.23 
 
 oisic. 
 
 Beteiaraits. 
 
 Mingan. 
 
 2 
 
 3 4 5 
 
 6 7 
 
 
 56.38 r 24.66 ( 
 \ 92.44 -V e 
 [ " 22.24 
 
 46.31 
 
 92.68 
 
 J6.92 
 
 « 
 
 « tt 
 
 4.15 
 
 28.95 3.40 26.95 
 
 6.50 31.60 
 
 0.40 
 
 1.10 undetermined 1.10 
 
 0.52 1.35 
 
 0.90 
 
 0.95 tracas 1.12 
 
 0.75 1.06 
 
 (I 
 
 0.72 
 
 0.70 0.50 
 
 1.95 
 
 8.75 3.85 23.80 
 
 4.20 15.50 
 
 100.08 96.13 
 66.73 43.85 
 
 99.67 
 66.56 
 
 100.59 99.59 96.32 
 34.94 65.58 36.00 
 
 Analysis No. 1 was that of the raw sand, 2, 4 and 6 of the magnetic por- 
 tions, and 3, 5 and 7 of the non-magnetic. 
 
 It will be remarked that all the iron is indicated in the state of protoxide in 
 the analysis of the raw ore or of the non-magnetic portion, on account of the 
 difficulty of determining the degree of oxydation of the iron in the titanic 
 mineral, which explains why the totals of the analyses are so much below 1 00. 
 
 The two next analyses were made in Belgium in the laboratories of metal- 
 lurgical companies : , ; 
 
 Protoxide of iron ! . . 28.04 
 
 Peroxide of iron 71.07 
 
 Sulpnur and phosphorus 00.00 
 
 Equivalent to metallic iron 70.56 
 
 < 
 I 
 1 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 Oxide of magnetic iron 91.719 
 
 Insoluble silicates 1.082 
 
 Alumina 3.340 
 
 Lime 2.750 
 
 Magnesia 0.389 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.099 
 
 Phosphoric acid traces 
 
 ' ^::-jj:}..C:: 99.379 
 
 Metallic iron 71.337 
 
 Phosphorus traces 
 
 Sulphur 0.039 
 
Mingan. 
 6 7 
 
 46.31 
 6.92 
 
 6.50 31.60 
 
 0.52 
 
 1.35 
 
 0.75 
 
 1.06 
 
 0.70 
 
 0.50 
 
 4.20 
 
 15.50 
 
 99.59 
 
 96.32 
 
 65.58 36.00 
 
 gneti 
 
 c por- 
 
 irotoxide in 
 
 3unt of the 
 
 the 
 
 bitanic 
 
 elow 100. 
 
 8 of 
 
 metal- 
 
 04 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 9 
 
 |H2 
 
 to 
 
 K) 
 89 
 99 
 ses 
 
 79 
 
 37 
 
 ses 
 39 
 
 17 
 
 Eight bloomary furnaces were built at Moisic, together with reverberating 
 furnaces for re-heating. 
 
 The chief market, for the Moisic blooms was then the United States, whither 
 they were shipped for a time and entered as pig iron subject to a duty of $7, but 
 from the 2nd March, 1875, in consequence of representations and protests from 
 tho American iron-workers, it was assessed in the class of iron in bars and sub- 
 jected to a duty of 1^ cent per lb., which completely closed to us the United 
 States market and forced the company to shut down its works, go into liquidation, 
 
 and sell out its property. 
 
 • /"k ,■ ':;•'.■ '-^N/ ■.„■ ■ 
 
 The Moisic iron was considered of excellent quality, equal to the best Swedish 
 irons and well suited for the manufacture of the finest steel. 
 
 The sand was purified by Dr. H. LaRue's process, which consisted of magnets 
 that isolated the magnetic pai't through a tympan. Dr. H. LaRue was also the 
 inventor of a patent process to produce steel directly from the ore. (1) 
 
 At the same time an attempt was made by a Quebec company, " The Quebec 
 Steel Works," to manufacture steel directly from the purified sands by the 
 Labreche-Viger process ; but, owing to a variety of reasons, including the death 
 of the inventor, the company did not succeed. 
 
 (1) Since then, several machines, based on the application of dynamic electricity, have been patented ; 
 aniong others, an apparatus invented by tho celebrated electrician, Edison. * 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
18 
 
 EASTERN TOWNSHIPS' ORBS. 
 
 ;;'V " ;• LEEDS IRON MINE. 
 
 ".'■ ■'/''-'" ''' ■ '''■' " ■■■'■. ■.;■■;- « . ' "• ■■.;«■ ..' ■ '■ 
 On the northern part of lot 7 of the Vth range of Leeds, there is a very 
 important outcropping of magnetic iron ore, stratified with the Pre-Cambrian 
 chloritic slates. There appears to be a certain number of parallel veins, running 
 N. N. E. and possessing a varying thickness. Other similar indications, as well 
 as scattered blocks, have been met with for a distance of one to two miles and 
 over a breadth of 700 feet, across the adjoining lots 1, 2 and 3 of the Xth range, 
 which seem to point to the existence of a very extensive bed. The encasing rock 
 also contains quarts: and calc-spar. This mine has not been worked for the general 
 reasons already indicated. It lies at a distance of 10 miles from Robertson station 
 on the Q. C. R., of 20 miles from Ste. Julie (Grand Trunk) and of 5 miles from 
 Leeds village. It would be easy to develop, as it occurs on hills about 50 feet 
 above the surrounding lands. ,' , , ., 
 
 Analysis of the Geological Survey of Canada: 
 
 -, Peroxide of iron 80.758 
 
 ' Protoxide of iron 13.588 
 
 Protoxide of manganese 0.056 
 
 Insoluble silica 0.012 
 
 ' Alumina 0.713 
 
 Lime 1.298 
 
 Magnesia 0.454 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.471 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.095 
 
 Titanic acid 0. 
 
 Hygi'oscopic water 0.049 
 
 Combination water 0.167 
 
 ' Organic matter 0.041 
 
 Insoluble 2.748 
 
 :-:..,;-,:;^':, .:■■ ,., ■ ^.^: ".: .^-i^; -^:•^^■■•=:.,^^,., _ ioo.450 
 
 , . ; .. Iron as peroxide 56.531 
 
 Iron as protoxide 10.568 
 
 Metallic iron, total 67.099 
 
 Phosphorus 0.206 
 
 Sulphur ■ . . 0.038 
 
1»^ 
 
 The insoluble residue, being also analyzed, contained : 
 
 Silica........ :........... 2.420 
 
 Alumina 0.270 
 
 Lime 0.014 ; : . 
 
 Magnesia 0,012 
 
 Potash 0.076 
 
 ''■■'■■ 2.792 
 
 'According to other assays, Mr. Hoffman estimates at 0.188% the average per- 
 centage of phosphorus. 
 
 BROME AND SUTTON MINES. 
 
 In the chloritic slates forming part of the altered rocks of the Quebec group, 
 (Cambrian) iron ores are found mixed with those slates to such an extent that 
 they may be regarded as genuine ores of oligist (specular) iron. The richness 
 of the veins varies according to the state of impregnation, but increases from the 
 extremities towards the centre, which is occasionally composed of nearly pure 
 ore carrying almost 78 % of peroxide of iron. The percentage of the workable 
 portions seems to vary between 25 and 70 % of peroxide of iron, with an average 
 of 45 %, which corresponds to 31 % of metallic iron. These ores are very quartzose 
 and contain very little magnesia and lime. They also appear to be free from 
 sulphur and phosphorus. ' 'V 
 
 The following analyses, though incomplete, nevertheless give an idea of tlieir 
 composition : (Geological Survey of Canada.) 
 
 Peroxide of iron 38,07 47.4 . , ■ 45.4 
 
 Insoluble 55.70 ;. 44.6 : . 5.25 
 
 Volatile 0.20 ,;,■ " '* 2.00 
 
 Alumina, magnevsia 4.02 2.00 , ^ " 
 
 Metallic iron • 31.8 
 
 Mil 
 
 
 The ore occurs over large sections in beds interstratified with slates and 
 quartz veins. For instance, on lot 5 of the IXth range of Sutton, a section of 20 
 feet has been noted, together with one of 60 feet on lot 6, and one of 50 feet, in 
 which there is a compact body of 15 feet, on lot 7. The working of the vein .it 
 this point yielded a hundred tons of good ore. 
 
 The same veins extend northward into the township of Brome, where out- 
 croppings are met on lots 1, 2 and 6, of the Ilird range, 5 and 6 of the IVth 
 range, and 4 of the Vth, with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 18 and 20 feet. 
 (III.l.) 
 
trn'-^-m'-'f 
 
 20 
 
 These beds are occasionally raised by the folds of the rock and then present 
 different dips; the, general direction being N. E. A little ore has been mined 
 on lots 5 and 6 of the IVth range. The ores from lots 7 of the IXth range of 
 Sutton, 1 of the Ilird and 5 and 6 of the IVth range of Brome, have, it appears, 
 been treated at Troy (U.S.) where, mixed with rich ores, they gave pretty good 
 results. The central point of these workings is about 2| miles from Sutton station 
 (C. P.R.) 
 
 In the Geology of Canada, 1863, these ores are called specular schists and 
 itabirites, and regarded as a mixture of grains of iron, quartz and chlorate, &c. 
 Those found on lot 45 of St. Armand East (Missisquoi) are considered to be 
 analogous ores. ■ ' :. ' 
 
 In the neighborhood of the mines of Brome and Sutton, the magnetic ore 
 found on lot 9 of the IXth range of Sutton should also be noted. It occurs in a 
 12 feet vein of dolomile, which also contains a vein of hematite 1 to 2 feet thick. 
 This dolomitic vein gives the following analysis : ■ • ^>'v . ,, v 
 
 Carbonate of lime 40.10 
 
 ■ " magnesia 20.20 
 
 ' " iron 10.65 
 
 " manganese 7.65 
 
 ' Insoluble 21.40 
 
 100.00 
 The vein is calculated to contain 56% of magnetic ore, equivalent to 36% 
 of metallic iron. . 
 
 The fact should also be noted that the ores of this region are frequently 
 titaniferous and contain from 1 to 2% of titanic acid. This titanic iron (1 and 2%) 
 seems to be derived from the admixture of titaniferous minerals and to not form 
 part of the ore itself. On lots 9, XI and 8, IX of Sutton and 1, III of Brome, 
 an ore has been found which is genuine titanic iron, showing, according to Mr. 
 B. J. Harrington, the following proportions : 
 
 ■ ^ SUTTON '■ - . ..V . gjjQ]yjg 
 
 ■v^ ^ XI. 9. IX. 8. III. 1. 
 
 Metallic iron 40.87 39.14 41.46 
 
 Titanic iron 27.20 29.86 24.16 
 
 at 
 hil 
 (Be 
 (Gi 
 
 SHERBROOKE IRON MINE. 
 
 This mine, which is known under the name of the " Belvedere Iron Mine," 
 occurs on lot 8 of the IXth range of Ascot. The ore is a mixture of magnetite 
 and hematite, impregnating the Pre-Cambrian sandstones. A cutting has been 
 made which lays bare the vein and from which some hundreds of tons have been 
 removed. The following analyses have been supplied by the owner of the mine : 
 
36% 
 
 21 
 
 Protoxide of iron 10.43 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron 59.09 
 
 Silica .'.v>.... 19.50 
 
 Magnesia 3.58 
 
 Lime 1.58 
 
 Protoxide of manganese 0.55 
 
 Carbonic acid 5.17 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.17 
 
 Titanic acid 0.00 
 
 Sulphur 0.06 
 
 Water 0.08 
 
 . . 100-21 
 
 Metallic iron 49.48 
 
 ■•., '■ • ■ '. > i' ■ *■ 
 
 Sescjuioxide of iron 34.75 
 
 Protoxide of iron , . 22.40 
 
 Protoxide of manganese 1.10 , - 
 
 Alumina 0.75 
 
 Magnesia 1.25 
 
 Sulphur 1.50 
 
 Phosphoric acid traces 
 
 Silica iind insoluble residue 38.25 
 
 • ' ' ■ ^ '■■■ ■ I 100.00 
 
 The general grade of the ore does not appear to be very high, on account of 
 its mixture with the country rock, but the quantity is abundant and the vein, 
 with an exposure approaching 6 feet thick, follows the slope of the rock, dipping 
 at an. angle of 45' and in a north easterly direction. The mjne is located on a 
 hill 1,000 feet above the river St. Francis, 2 miles from Lennoxville station, 
 (Boston and Maine Passumpsic R. R.), and 8 miles from Huntingdon station, 
 (Grand Trunk.) 
 
 S. E. SMITH'S MINE. ' '^'i 
 
 Situated on lot 21 of the Vlth range of Ascot., (Sherbrooke) about 2 miles 
 from Sherbrooke. The ore consists of slates of the Pre-Cambrian impregnated 
 with magnetic mineral for a thickness of 10 to 15 feet. Some work has been 
 done and several hundred tons taken out. The ore, which is slightly calcareous, 
 is considered of good quality. Specular iron is found or the surface. 
 
 Analysis of the Geological Survey : 
 
 Peroxide of iron 49.776 
 
 Protoxide of iron 24.725 
 
 
 
 't 
 
 ft 
 
 HI 
 
21 
 
 ntanic acid .0 
 
 / Phosphoric acid 1.512 
 
 Sulphur 0.024 
 
 . Insoluble matter 11.235 
 
 V , Metallic iron 55.074 • 
 
 Phosphorus 0.660 . . 
 
 ' Sulphur 0.024 
 
 In the neighborhood of Sherbrooke itself, remarkable specimens of compact 
 specular iron and hematite have also been found. 
 
 These ores are often seen in contact with outcropping veins carrying copper or 
 magnetic iron, but the workings have failed to bring to light any important 
 discovery. 
 
 MAGNETIC IRON OF LAKE NICOLET. 
 
 On the northern bank of Lake Nicolet, on lot 21 of the 1st range of Soutk 
 Ham (Wolfe) a very regular vein of iron occurs, with a thickness of 6 to 13 feet, 
 on the surface, and traceable by the outcroppings for a distanoe of 200 feet in a 
 north westerly direction. 
 
 This vein is found in the serpentine or rather at the contact of the serpea- 
 tine with the Cambrian slates, A remarkable peculiarity of this ore is that it i« 
 imbedded in the fissures of a bed of green carbonate of copper. An assay madft 
 by Mr. H. Nagant, chemist, of Quebec, has also shown tha presence of 4^ of ses- 
 quioxide of chrome. From a 12 feet pit, 100 tons of good ore were extracted, th« 
 vein at the bottom showing a thickness of 9 feet. This deposit is 10 miles 
 distant from the Garthby station of the Q. C. R. The mixture of the different 
 ores makes it an interesting study and may give it some industrial importance. 
 
 MAGNETIC IRON MINE IN THE SEIGNIORY OF RIGAUD- 
 
 VAUDREUIL (BEAUCE.) 
 
 Attention has also been called to a bed of magnetic and titanic iron in th© 
 serpentine near the river des Plantes, which is said to be 45 feet thick and t« be 
 composed of magnetic iron, properly so-called, and of ilmenite in very large pro- 
 portions. This deposit, which occurs at a distance of 4 miles from the branch of 
 the Quebec Central running to St. Fran9ois de Beauce, has not been worked. It 
 should be regarded rather as an ore of titanic iron, which moreover forms a third 
 of the mass. We shall again refer to it under the head of titanic iron. 
 
 We subjoin a list of all the localities where iron is known to exist in the 
 magnetic and oligist state, and, from the foregoing explanations, the lots contain- 
 ing the one or the other of those varieties can be easily ascertained ; — 
 
23 
 
 AroenteuiL— Grenville— V, 3^ S. ; VII, 4 ; VII, 5. 
 Wentworth— VI, 26. 
 Brome.— Bolton— XIV, 2. 
 
 Brome— III, 1, 2, 6 ; IV, 5, 6 ; V, 6^ E., 6^ E. 
 ' Sutton— VIII, 6 ;• IX. 5, 6, 7, 9 ; X, 7, 8 ; XI, 9. • 
 Drummond. — Simpson — XII, 8. ; ) • 
 
 Meqantic. — Inverness — 11,4. ; , ' 
 
 Ireland— IV, 12. , . 
 
 Leeds— V, 7; X, 2, 3; XIII, 17 ; XVI, 10^ S W. 
 MiSSiSQUOi. — St. Armand East — 45. 
 
 St. Armand West — 15. , 
 
 ' ■; Stanbridge— VI, 13 ; VII, 27. > ' ' ' : ' ^;' 
 
 Ottawa.— Buckingham— VIII, 19f S. ; IX. 17 J N. ; XI, 17 ; XII, 26^ N. 
 
 Hull— VII. 11, 12; XI, 1 ; XHI, 14^ N. , 
 
 .' . . Templeton— VI, 28^ N. 
 
 Wakefield— I, 7^ N. ; III. 18 19 ; IV, 13, 22. 23 ; V, 13^ S., 
 • 22 i E., 22^ W., 23, 24^ S., 24^ N. ; VI. 23^ S. 
 
 PoNTiAC— Bristol— I, 2, (II. 21, 22, Bristol Mining Co,) 
 Litchfield— I, 1, 12 ; VIII, 13. 
 Richmond. — Melbourne — I, 8. , , " • 
 
 Saguenay. — Betsiamits — I, 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 
 
 . Laval— I, 2, 3, 4. 5 ; II, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ; III, 23. 24, 
 25,26,27,28. 
 ' ^ : Lafleche— I, A. '. ' 
 
 Letellier— I, D, E ; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 
 ' . 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 
 
 Musquarro — I, 1. 2. 3, 4, 5, 6. 
 Sherbrooke. — Ascot — VI. 21; IX. 8. 16. ' ' • 
 
 Orford— XV, 21, 22. 
 St. Maurice. — Shawenegan — VII, 23, 24. 
 
 Stan stead. — Stanstead — XIII, 24. 
 Terrebonne.— Seigniory of Mille Isles (St. Jerome); Beresford — V, A, B, C. 
 Wolfe. — Ham South — 1,21. 
 
 Indications of magnetic iron have also been noted at several other points in 
 Pontiac and Joliette, as well as on the Mattawin and St. Maurice rivers and at 
 some places on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 BOG ORE. 
 
 L These ores are hydrous peroxides of iron, containing a large proportion of 
 organic matter. They occur in small patches or beds at or near the surface, in 
 the alluvions, frequently cissociated with deposits of peat, and their formation is 
 m 
 
 % 
 
 kk' 
 
 
 S, 
 
24 
 
 and passing over ferruginous deposits, dissolve and remove the iron in the fonn 
 of salts of protoxide, and the latter, on reaching the surface, become peroxydized 
 and insoluble in forming the deposits actually under consideration. These ores 
 have a honey -combed appearance, which makes them easy to smelt ; the organic 
 matter which they contain also facilitating their reduction. They are particu- 
 larly adapted to the manufacture of castings, and Canada was long supplied from 
 the St. Maurice forges, with the iron from which its stoves, axes, &c., were made. 
 
 The numerous deposits of bog ore, especially in the St. Lawrence valley, 
 induced the establishment of blast furnaces, which, generally speaking, gave 
 satisfactory results by using, as fuel, charcoal obtained from the adjoining forests, 
 and as motive power, the falls of the rivera. 
 
 The working of these deposits is primitive ; the ore is simply removed with 
 pick and shovel, and then washed, and in this way it can be delivered at the 
 furnace for SI to $2. The average theoretic yield is 50 % of metallic iron, but at 
 the furnace the practical yield is from 30 to 40%. 
 
 Reference has already been made to the blast furnaces established in the 
 province. As for the different deposits of this ore, it will be enough to simply 
 specify them, their description being uninteresting. Varying in thickness from 
 a few inches to several feet and sometimes attaining as much as 7 or 8 feet, they 
 cover surfaces of several acres and occasionally of several square miles. They are 
 also found in cei'tain lakes, such as Turtle lake (lie la Tortue) on the line of the 
 Piles railway. We propose to take a rapid glance at the blast furnaces in the 
 province : — 
 
 J. M. McDOUGALL & CO. 
 
 The blast furnaces of Drummondville are operated by this firm. They are 
 situated in the township of Grantham (Drummond) on the left bank of the river 
 St. Francis, a rapid in which is utilized to run a turbine driving the blower. The 
 establishment comprises two furnaces, heated by charcoal, with hot air blast, the 
 heating by air being derived from the waste gases of the blast furnace. The 
 blower is worked by a turbine and, at need, a steam engine is also used. There 
 are upwards of 14 charcoal kilns capable each of charring 60 cords of wood in 
 five days. , . • 
 
 The two blast furnaces are respectively 32 and 35 feet high jand are furnished 
 with five twyers, the blast produced having a pressure of an inch to an inch and 
 a half of mercury. These two blast furnaces are constructed, m the usual massive 
 form, of masonry. Their dimensions are as follows : 
 
 , . ;« Diameter at throat, 48 inches, 36 inches. 
 
 .' , ,, boshes 120 " 108 " 
 
 hearth 40 " 46 " 
 
20 
 
 Each furnace consumes, every 12 hours, 36 charges m»\de up as follows : 
 
 24 bushels of charcoal. ' 
 ' \, , . 1 banel or 600 lbs. of bog ore, 
 
 ' - 1 J bushel of lime. ^ 
 
 The two tappings in the 24 hours yield per furnace an average of five tons, 
 which is manufactured by the same company into car wheels at Montreal. 
 
 The company consumes about 10,000 tons of ore annually and, with its two 
 furnaces, can turn out from 3,000 to 4,000 tons of pig iron. The ore comes from 
 the townships of Simpson, Bulstrode, Grantham, Wickham, (Drummond), Acton 
 (Bagot) St. Wenceslas (Nicolet) and St. La^are (Vaudreuil.) 
 
 The limestone used as flux comes from the vicinity of Drummondville, and 
 about 1,600 tons of it a year are consumed. Attempts have been made to mix 
 the magnetic with the bog ore in the furnace, but the results obtained were not 
 satisfactory. 
 
 The company gives permanent employment to 75 men, on the average, 
 exclusive of those eng>'' I in hauling and in wood-cutting, who increase the 
 figure to 300 in winter. 
 
 These two blast furnaces have produced 30,000 tons pig iron since their 
 establishment in 1880 and 1881. At the time of our visit in 1889, only one had 
 been working uninterruptedly during the previous seven months. A branch 
 railway of half a mile long connects them with the Drummondville station 
 (C. P. R.) ' . ' 
 
 RADNOR FORGES. 
 
 M 
 
 
 This establishment, which comprises at present only one blast furnace, was 
 started in 1860 by Messrs LaRue & Co., who also erected the forges and rolling 
 mills now destroyed. The forges are situated in the Ste. Marguerite range of 
 the seigniory of Cap de la Madeleine (Champlain) at the place called Fermont, 
 on the river au Lard. All that remains of them now is the blast furnace, 21 '"eet 
 high, working with charcoal and the hot blast. The water power of the river au 
 Lard is used to drive a turbine, which works the blower, steam being employed 
 in its place at need. There are 8 charcoal kilns. The pig iron produced is utilized 
 at Three Rivers in the car wheel foundry of Messrs McDougall. The ore comes 
 from the neighborhood of Fermont and from Turtle Lake (d la Torlue) which 
 last is the company's property and from which the ore is removed by steam 
 dredges. In 1880, an estimate was made, showing that 4,000 tons a year could 
 be extracted from it during 20 years. The cost price of the ore extracted from 
 the lake is moreover much below the rate paid to the farmers for surface ore. 
 
29 
 
 Th« lime is procured in the neighborhood. The blast furnace, which was 
 several times blown out, was leased in 1889 to Mr. McDougall, of Three Rivers, 
 who worked it during a part of the year, and can turn out from 3 to 4 tons a day 
 or 1,200 to 1,500 tons a year. 
 
 The establishment is 2| miles distant from the branch railway between 
 Three Rivers and the Piles (C. P. R.), St. Maurice station, which is 25 miles from 
 Three Rivers. 
 
 The Radnor forges, together with the ore lands, lake a la Tortue "and the 
 foundry at Three Rivers, have just been purchased by the " Canada Iron Furnace 
 Co," of Montreal, which proposes to also erect a blast furnace at Three Rivers. 
 
 OTHER WORKINGS. 
 
 As already stated, blast furnaces to reduce the same kind of ore were also 
 erected on the Batiscan river, at I'lslet, and on the Yamaska river, but have been 
 abandoned. 
 
 As regards the deposits, we confine ourselves to giving a certain number of 
 analyses taken from the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada : 
 
 Vaiidreiiil Eardley 
 
 Peroxide of iron 74.50 76.95 57.15 
 
 Sesquioxide of manganese.. " " " 
 
 Alumina 0.30 0.80 1.60 
 
 Silica 7.10 1.50 21.10 
 
 Phosphoric acid 7.10 1.50 21.10 
 
 Volatile matter, . 
 
 . . 18.95 19.80 18.85 
 
 St. Maurice forges. 
 77.60 74.30 64.80 
 0.30 traces 5.50 
 
 (< II u 
 
 5.40 3.60 4.80 
 1.81 1.80 not de- 
 termined. 
 17.25 22.20 23.65 
 
 100.85 95.05 
 Metallic iron 52.15 53.86 
 
 99.20 
 40.00 
 
 102.26 101.90 98.75 
 54.32 52.01 45.36 
 
 Va idrciiil. 
 
 Peroxide of iron 40.96 
 
 Protoxide of iron " 
 
 Oxide of manganese 26.34 
 
 Alumina " 
 
 Lime 1.48 
 
 Mamiesia traces 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.60 
 
 Sulphuric acid traces 
 
 Insoluble matter and soluble silica . . 12.08 
 
 Water and orffanic matter 17.97 
 
 99.43 
 
 Metallicliron 28.67 
 
 L'Islet. 
 69.64 
 7.25 
 0.05 
 0.90 
 0.53 
 
 traces 
 
 If 
 
 0.05 
 
 1.93 
 
 22.04 
 
 102.38 
 54.36 
 
37 
 
 LIST OF LOTS ON WHICH BOG ORE IS FOUND: 
 
 L'AssoMPTiON Seigniory of Lachenaye. 
 
 Bellechasse Seigniory of St. Valier. 
 
 Champlain Seigniories of Champlain, of Cap de la Madeleine, of Batis- 
 
 can, and of St. Anne de la Parade, Radnor (Lake k la 
 
 Tortue)IL , ^ • 
 
 Chicoutimi Bagot II. ' ' '; 
 
 Drummond Simpson XII, 8. \ 
 
 G.\sp6 York II, 22, 26. 
 
 JoiJETi'E Augmentation of Lanoraie and Dautray, Kildare I, 7, 8 
 
 11,7,8; IV,7; V, 7. 
 
 Lfivis Seigniory of Lauzon (St. Lambert.) 
 
 LoTBiNifeRE Seigniory of Lotbiniere (mouth of the big river du Chone.) 
 
 Megantic Ireland, IV, 12. 
 
 MissiSQUOi Stanbridge, VI, 13 ; VII, 27. - 
 
 Ottawa Eardley, VIII, 21. ; : 
 
 PORTNEUF Cap Sant^. 
 
 St. Maurice Seigniory of Pointe du Lac, St. Etienne II, Augmentation 
 
 of Caxton, Fief St. Etienne IV. 
 
 Sherbrooke Ascot IX, 16. 
 
 Stanstead Stanstead XIII, 24. 
 
 Temiscouata ...... Seigniory of Cacouna, seigniory of He Verte, townships of 
 
 Viger and Wentworth. 
 A wo Mountains ... St. Eustache. 
 Vaudreuil Seigniory of Rigaud III, 12, 13, 14; seigniory of Vaudreuil, 
 
 Cote St. Charles, 16, 17. 
 Wolfe South Ham, I, 28. 
 
 TITANIC IRON. 
 
 The ores of titanic iron are principally met with in the anorthosite rocks of 
 the Upper Ijaurentian series, and, as demonstrated further on, extensive beds of 
 them exist in the province of Quebec, but unfortunately they have so far acquired 
 no economic value, on account of the extremely limited use of titanium in the 
 manufacture of paints and dyes and the ore itself being too lean n iron and too 
 refractory to be advantageously employed as iron ore. If industrial uses could 
 be found for the titanium, we could supply the world with immense quantities. 
 
 ST. URBAIN MINES. 
 
 1 
 
 This bed is remarkable from the fac]i that its working as an iron ore has 
 been attempted. It occurs on lot 1 7 of the seigniory of the C6te de Beaupr^ 
 (CLarlevoix county), near the village of St. Urbain, which is eight miles from 
 
ffiMi 
 
 ill!! 
 
 Pli 
 
 28 
 
 Baie St. Paul. It is situated on a hill 100 feet high, in which the ore bed has a 
 
 thickness of 90 feet, and is exposed for a length of 300 feet, followed by other 
 
 outcroppings for a distance of a mile. The ore is ilmenite (titaniferous iron) and 
 
 is occasionally found containing reddish grains of rutile or of brookite (titanic 
 
 acid). The mineral, which is non-magnetie, shows the following composition 
 
 according to the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada : 
 
 • .* ■■■■-. 
 Peroxide of iron 10.82 20.35 
 
 Protoxme of iron 37.06 29.57 
 
 Alumina 37.06 4.00 
 
 Lime " 1.00 
 
 Magnesia 3.60 3.17 
 
 Titanic acid 48.60 40.00 
 
 Silica " 1.91 
 
 99.68 100.00 
 Metallic iron 36.12 37.25 
 
 Analysis made at the School of Mines, Paris : 
 
 Peroxide of iron 47.60 
 
 Titanic acid 10.60 
 
 Silica 23.60 
 
 Alumina 12.30 
 
 Lime 3.30 
 
 Magnesia 3.00 
 
 . ■ • '', ' 100.40 
 
 Metallic iron ' 33.05 
 
 This analysis was made on a small sample probably containing a large pro- 
 portion of rock. , > 
 
 An analysis of the St. Urbain pig iron, made at the same School, gave 0.03 % 
 of titanium. By other analyses, 0.05, 0.26 and % were found. In 1871 an 
 English company, the " Canadian Titanic Iron Co.," erected at St. Urbain two 
 blast furnaces equipped with hot air blasts and a complete plant and laid down 
 a tramway to the river St. Lawrence. 
 
 The company also secured a certain quantity of wood-lands to manufacture 
 the charcoal for the furnaces, and limestone quarries were fiirther opened in the 
 neighborhood. The furnaces went into blast in November, 1872, and worked 
 until May, 1873, producing about 500 tons of excellent white pig iron. But, owing 
 to the refractory nature of the ore, 200 to 300 and even 400 bushels of charcoal 
 were required to make a ton of pig iron, and, under the cii'cumstances, the com- 
 
 
29 
 
 pany closed its works, went into liquidation and sold off the material at low price. 
 In 1880, the last of the plant was removed. This attempt definitely ssttles there- 
 fore the question of the titanic ores, which, however, have been sometimes 
 employed mixed with other ores for the hearths of puddling and re-hoating fur- 
 naces. The causes of their failure in other respects are traceable especially to the 
 lean percentage of iron and the refractory nature of the ore, but the quality of 
 the product obtained was good. ' .' ..... 
 
 OTHER BEDS. - ' ^ 
 
 Deposits of titanic iron occur under the same geological conditions at several 
 other points, which it is sufficient to merely mention, namely, at St. Jerome 
 (Terrebonne), at the river Duclos in the township of Bourget (Saguenay), and 
 at the Bay of Seven Islands on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the 
 oi'e at the latter place being also magnetic and showing the following composition | 
 
 Protoxide of iron 49.77 
 
 ■- Titanic acid 34.30 
 
 ■■: • '■ Insoluble 6.35 
 
 . v-.:--^'';- 90.42 
 
 „ ■ ., - Metallic iron ' 38.70 
 
 The difference to 100 arises from the iron being indicated as protoxide. It 
 is also found at Chateau-Richer (near Quebec) and at Rawdon (Montcalm). 
 
 All these ores are analogous in their composition to that of St. Urbain, con- 
 taining 30 to 40 % of titanic acid and the same proportion of metallic iron. 
 
 It should also be mentioned that the magnetic sands of the North shore also 
 contain a large propoi'tion of grains of titanic iron. • ' ';^ 
 
 ;,ii 
 
 li 
 
 ^.i 
 
 TITANIC IRON IN THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. 
 
 In the north-eastern corner of the seigniory of Rigaud-Vaudreuil (Beauce), 
 at a short distance from the river des Plantes, a bed occurs in the serpentine, 
 with a thickness, it is said, of 45 feet, and composed of magnetic and titanic iron, 
 which can be separated mechanically. It exists in the proportion of § of magnetic 
 iron to ^ of titanic iron, and presents the following composition, according to the 
 reports of the Geological Survey of Canada :— 
 
 Peroxide of iron 40.70 
 
 Titanic acid 48.60 
 
 Magnesia 2.44 
 
 Soluble 4.20 
 
 Water and loss 4.06 
 
 100.00 
 
r 30 
 
 In the iron ore beds of Brome and Sutton, there is a proportion of titanic 
 acid to the extent of 1 to 2, susceptible of increase occasionally so as to convert 
 the ore in question into genuine titanic iron. 
 
 LIST OF PLACES WHERE TITANIC IRON IS FOUND. 
 
 Beauce Seigniory of Rigaud-Vaudreuil. ' . ; - 
 
 Brome Brome III, l. . i; ;: 
 
 Sutton, IX, 8t XI, 9. 
 
 Charlevoix Seigniory of the Cote de Beaupr^, 17 (St. Urbain). 
 
 Chicoutimi Bourget, I, 34, 35. 
 
 Montcalm Rawdon (St. Julienne). 
 
 Saguenay North Shore (Seven Islands' Bay). ';;; 
 
 Terrebonne Gore of the seigniory of Mille Isles. , , 
 
 CHROMIC IRON. * ■ : 
 
 Until latterly, the salts of chrome or chromium were only employed in the 
 arts as pigments or for dyeing in the compound form of red bichromate of 
 potash, of the red and yellow chromates of lead and of the green oxyd of chi-o- 
 mium, of which there are several important manufactures in England and the 
 United States. Within a few years, however, they have been used in metallurgy 
 for the making of chromic steel, which is remarkable for its hardness and intended 
 for special uses. The demand for chrome ores has consequently increased ; but, 
 while the paint industry warranted the payment of as high as $40 to $60 a ton 
 for them, their use in metallui'gy would not be profitable at more than $15 to $20 
 a ton, which is their present average price. The specimens of Canadian chromic 
 iron were much remarked at the Antwerp Exhibition and the London Colonial 
 Exhibition, and led to demands for the ore. Unfortunately, as will be hereafter 
 shown, if the deposits of this mineral are numerous, they are of little importance. 
 Chromic iron occui's at many points throughout the Eastern Townships in the 
 serpentines associated with the Cambrian formations. It is frequently found 
 disseminated in those rocks and occasionally bunched or concentrated in the shape 
 of pockets of several tons to a hundred tons. The small capacity of the deposits 
 has hitherto prevented their profitable working ; still small quantities have been 
 extracted and shipped. Some work in this way has been done at the following 
 places: — , • ' ' . 
 
 South Ham, II, 20. — A dozen tons of the ore have been extracted, carrying 
 40 to 60% of the green sesquioxide. In the same township, on lot 27 of the 1st 
 range, its presence, with a thickness of 3 to 4 feet, has been noted. 
 
 Wolfestown (Wolfe) III, 24. — At this point, there is a deposit, 3 to 5 feet 
 thick and traceab^J for 600 feet, from which some 30 tons have been taken. 
 
mmm 
 
 31 ./- ' \,. .:■.;;.. 
 
 Thetford IV, 6 — Dr. J. Reed has worked on a deposit, 1 to 2 feet thick and 
 running for 100 feet, extracting 30 tons. . . 
 
 The same proprietor has shipped 36 tons from another bed in Leeds XI. 
 
 In the environs of Lake Memphremag'^g, an isolated block has been found, 
 weighing several hundred tons and holdmg 65% of chromic acid. 
 
 On Mount Albert, in Gasp^, many specimens of this iron are also found, some 
 of them weighing 20 lbs, but their source has not yet been traced. 
 
 We append the analyses of the Geological Survey of Canada : 
 
 .' Bolton. Tjake Memphremagog. 
 
 . ' ' Oxyde of chrome 45.90 49.75 
 
 , : Protoxide of iron 35.68 ' • 21.28 
 
 Alumina 3.20 11.30 
 
 ' Magnesia 15.03 - 18.13 
 
 ' ' 99.81 100.46 
 
 According to information in our possession, chromic iron would sell in Europe 
 at 95 francs the gross ton c. i. f. at Liverpool for 42% of sesquioxide in large 
 pieces or for 50% in ordinary pieces, with an increase of 2 francs per unit. 
 
 Some has been sold in the United States at $15 and $18 per 2,000 lbs. on the 
 cars. As may be seen, these prices are analogoirs. 
 
 It is to be hoped that important beds will be discovered which; at these prices, 
 might become sources of considerable profit. . 
 
 The important bed found on lot 21 of the 1st range of South Ham near Lake 
 Nicolet, the property of Dr. J. Reed, has already been noted under the head of 
 magnetic iron. It is well to recall that this bed occui-s in the neighborhood of 
 the serpentine and that it carries 4 per cent of sesquioxyde of chrome, which, 
 we suppose, should enhance its value. In the event of this proportion increasing 
 with the depth, the bed would then become workable to advantage. 
 
 LIS-T OF PLACES WHERE CHROMIC IRON HAS BEEN FOUND. 
 
 Brome Bolton, VI, 27, VII, 13, 23A W. 
 
 GASPfi Head of the river St. Anne, (Mount Albert). 
 
 Megantic Coleraine IV, 25. 
 
 Leeds X, 1. 
 
 Thetford IV, 16, 19. 
 
•... ,...._ 32 
 
 Richmond Melbourne VI, 22^, N. E. ' 
 
 Wolfe Garthby, (Isle of Breeches Lake). 
 
 South Ham I, 27, 11, II, 20. 
 
 Wolfestown II, 24J, N. W. ; III, 23, 24. 
 
 IRON PYRITES. 
 
 The chief sources of sulphur in the province are the cupriferous pyrites of the 
 Eastern Townships ; schists are also frequently found containing variable propor- 
 tions of cubic pyrite, but not in sufficient quantity to render them workable. 
 
 In the Laurentian rocks, as elsewhere mentioned, pyrites, often magnetic, are 
 also found mixed with the rocks. They have been noted especially in the 
 seigniory of d'Aillebout, in the gore of Lanoraie (Joliette), where they would 
 appear to exist in large masses, as well as in the seigniory of Terrebonne. Lastly, 
 pretty large specimens have been brought from the North shore of the St. 
 Lawrence. But so far we are not aware that any of these beds have been 
 investigated. 
 
 [M:: 
 
!i^T».7!P 
 
 33 
 
 OCHRES 
 
 The formation and compoHition of feiTuginous ochres being somewhat similar 
 to those of bog iron, they are consequently often found together in the same beds. 
 They occur abundantly in the superficial deposits of the valley of the St. Law- 
 rence and its tributaries. In the natural state, they possess little value, but, by 
 preparation, they acquire commercial importance, even though the prep-ration 
 be the rudimentary one of diluting the natural ochre in a tub, in which the mud 
 is kept in agitation by a wheel, which has the effect of precipitating the 
 heavy mattera such as sand, grains of limonite, &c., to the bottom, while the 
 lighter substances such as grass, wood, &c., are retained by a strainer, and the 
 water, holding in suspension only the finer particles, is run into tubs in which 
 they deposit themselves. After a sufficient rest for this purpose, the clear water 
 is drained off and the ochre dried, when '. .8 ready for shipment. The light 
 yellow to the deep brown ochres are obtained in this way. On the other hand, 
 by subjecting them to a moderate calcination in open kilns, fine red tints are 
 produced — the calcined product also becoming magnetic. In some cases, the raw 
 ochre is calcined without previous washing and is then crushed. Prices cannot be 
 gauged by the quotations of the paints of commerce, prepared or unprepared ; but 
 we estimate that unpulveriaed ochre, in the state above indicated, may be worth 
 from S25 to S30 a ton, increasing to $40 for the crushed product. The consumption 
 of ochres is relatively limited and thus far few of the deposits have in conse- 
 quence been worked. They are met with in surface deposits, from a few inches 
 to several feet and sometimes to 7 or 8 feet in thickness, frequently mixed with 
 peat or marl or interstratified with beds of those materials. They occasionally 
 cover large tracts as in the case of the deposit at St. Malo, near Thi'ee Rivers, 
 which, it is said, extends over 600 acres, those at Pointe du Lac, over 400, and 
 those at Manicouagan over 300, frequently to a depth in the latter instance of 5 
 to 6 feet. At the bottom the ochre is generally of a white or greenish color, due 
 probably to the fact that the iron is in the state of protoxide, but assumes a 
 yellow or brownish hue at the surface, where it often also appears black, owing 
 in all likelihood to the presence of the oxyde of manganese. According to chemical 
 analysis, natural ochre seems to be a compound, in which the iron exists^ partly 
 in the state of organic salts, which become transformed by calcination. We sub- 
 join an analysis of the natural ochre coming from Ste. Anne (Montmorency) : 
 
 3 
 
 
34 
 
 Peroxide of iron 59. 10 
 
 Organic acid 15.01 
 
 Insoluble silica 1.15 
 
 Sand 3.'()() 
 
 Water (by difference) 21.14 
 
 100.00 
 
 POINTE DU LAC— (St. MAruicE). 
 
 In 1851, this important deposit was worked for some tiire and ochres were 
 prepared and shipped to tlio United State.s. 
 
 : ST. MALO.— (Seigniory of Cap l»e la Madeleine). 
 
 This bed lias been regularly worked for the last 4 or 5 years by the "William 
 Johnson Co." of Montreal, which has established a factory on the spot, near Thi-ee 
 Rivers. This company manufactures a special paint called the " Johnson Magnetic 
 Iron Paint," which is prepared at Montreal by pulverizing and crushing tlie cal- 
 cined ochre from St. Malo. 
 
 The establishment at St. Malo consists of four calcining kilns or ovens in 
 which the ochre procured in the neighborhood is simply calcined without washing 
 and then bagged and sent to Monti'eal to be finished. It is situated quite close 
 to the line of the C. P. R., about midway between the stations at Champlain and 
 Three Rivers, and employs 40 men, working only in the summer time. Its out- 
 put for four months of 1889 has been estimated at 800 tons of calcined ochre. 
 
 The prices of these ochres per ton are as follows : 
 
 Calcined in the raw state $30 
 
 Calcined and crushed 40 
 
 The company has supplied the following analysis : 
 
 Peroxide of iron 92.00 
 
 Alumina 3.23 
 
 Silica 0.61 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.10 
 
 Combination water 2.54 
 
 Moisture 1.52 
 
 100.00 
 
■« 
 
 xn 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 Another analyHis of a sample dried at 212° Fahrenheit gave 92.66 of peroxide 
 of iron. 
 
 In view of the growing demand for its product, the company proposes to 
 extend its operations during tlie current year so as to increase its output. 
 
 In the vicinity of this same establishment, ochres were also calcined some 
 yean' ago by Mr. Normand, of Three Rivers, and it is in contemplation to reopen 
 these works on a larger scale next year. 
 
 
 LITTLE ROMAINE (North Shore.) 
 
 In 1883, the manufacture of dry ochre on a small scale was started by Mr. 
 Argall on the Little Romaine river in the township of Iberville (Saguenay). The 
 ochre was prepared, as already described, by purification and deposit and 
 a lai'ge number of varieties were obtained in this way ; calcined ochre was 
 also prepai'ed. A waterfall in the river was utilized for the motive power and 
 with the aid of 5 men, 4 tons a week were turned out. The establishment is still 
 in operation and it is proposed to enlarge it next season. We append several 
 analyses .supplied by Mi*. Argall. It should be remarked that the three first 
 relate to calcined ochres and the others to the natui'al ochres dried at a temper- 
 ature approaching 212° Fahrenheit : 
 
 Light Red. Brownish Red. Red. Light Yellow. Yellow. 
 
 6.8.5 
 21.75 
 0.77 
 64.83 
 3.70 
 2.10 
 
 100.00 
 
 Moisture at 212° F 1.10 
 
 Combination water 0.85 
 
 Protoxide of iron traces 
 
 Peroxide of iron 90.36 
 
 Silicious matter 4.80 
 
 Alumina (by difference) .... 2.89 
 
 2.40 
 4.65 
 0.77 
 83.91 
 5.45 
 2.82 
 
 100.00 100.00 
 
 2.75 
 2.45 
 0.26 
 88.36 
 3.35 
 2.83 
 
 lOOOO 
 
 5.85 
 16.45 
 
 0.26 
 72.14 
 
 3.05 
 
 2.25 
 
 100.00 
 
 i _ 
 
 It is probable that the "combination water" also includes the organic 
 matters in the case of the two la^t analyses. 
 
 i 
 
 C. ,1 j 
 
 MANICOUAGAN (North Shore.) 
 
 Two or three years since, an American fishing company established itself on 
 the peninsula of Manicouagan and accjuired the ochre beds there for the purpose 
 of working them ; but we have no infonnation as to its operations. 
 
86 
 
 LIST OF PLACES WHERE OCHRE HAS BEEN FOUND. 
 
 Champlain Seigniory of Cap de la Madeleine — St. Malo range (Wil- 
 liam Johnson Co.) 
 ^ Seigniory of Ste. Anne (Lake li la Peinture) — St. Max'garet 
 range. 
 
 Chicoutimi Simard IV, 24, 25, 26 ; V, 26, 27. 28. 
 
 Drummond Durham IV, 4. 
 
 Montcalm Chertsey. 
 
 Montmorency Ste. Anne — Mouth of the river Ste. Anne. 
 
 Ottawa Hull X, 15. Eardley. 
 
 PoNTiAC Mansfield. ^ 
 
 Saquena Y Betsiamits — Jeremie Islands, Escoumains. 
 
 Iberville III, 23, 24, 25. . 
 
 Manicouagan I, II, III, IV, V, VI. 
 
 Islets A, B,C. /:., 
 
 Des Monts — Blocks C,'^D. 
 
 St. Maurice Seigniory of Pointe du Lac — St. Nicholas range. 
 
 Vaudreuil Seigniory of Vaudreuil — Cote St. Charle.s, 17. 
 
87 
 
 MANGAN 
 
 In the province of Quebec, manganese only occurs in a few superficial depo- 
 sits in the form of earthy peroxide or wad, often associated with bog ore. It 13 
 also found in the form of a carbonate in the dolomites of the Ejiatera Townships, 
 especially in Sutton (Brome). But, at all these points, it does not occur in suffi- 
 cient purity or (juantity to be workable as an ore of manganese ; still, mixed 
 with the ores of iron, it improves their quality. It is also susceptible of utiliza- 
 tion in the manufacture of pigments. 
 
 At the Magdalen Islands, pyrolusite (peroxide of manganese), mixed with 
 hematite, has been noted. (1) » , , 
 
 II 
 
 M 
 
 LIST OF PLACES WHERE MANGANESE HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED. 
 
 Beauce . -. Seigniory Aubert-Gallion (Pozer river) — Seigniory of Ste. 
 
 Marie. 
 Seigniory of St. Joseph (St. Bruno concession). 
 
 Tring. .. --:-■-■:.■,;. . '-',■,■■ 
 
 Brome Bolton. ' "v 
 
 Sutton. . 
 
 GaspiS Magdalen Islands (Amherst Island), 
 
 Quebec Near the city of Quebec. ' * 
 
 Richmond Cleveland. > ^ 
 
 Stavsiead Stanstead IV, 24 ; X, 9. ..i _ 
 
 Shefford North Stukely I, 8. 
 
 Temi.scouata Seigniory of Cacouna. 
 
 (1) Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1879-80. The same report mentions the presence of work- 
 able gypsum or sulphate of lime on Amherst, Alright and Grindstone Islands. 
 
38 
 
 ir^ 
 
 The most important and indeed the only region in the province in which 
 copper mining is now carried on is that known as the Eastern Townships. 
 
 At Watsheshoo, on the north shore oF the Gulf of St. Lawrence, deposits of 
 
 copper have also been note<l, which appear to he identical with those stated in 
 
 the early records of the French colony to have been granted by Louis XV to 
 Jacijues Caitier's nephew. , 
 
 In his report to the Ueological Survey of 1870-71, Mr. J. Richardson also 
 refers to a deposit of pyritous copper on the N. W. bank of Lake Abatagamow, 
 beyond the Height of Land, in the region of Ljike Misttissini. 
 
 Previously to and about 1860, a great deal of prospecting for the metal wa» 
 done throughout the Eastern Townsliips and a number of strong working 
 companies were formed. Li LSG4, the price of copper reached its maximum at 
 40, 50 and even 59 cents per lb., a figure which it lias never since exceeded. 
 There was in concsequence a rapid development of mining, and concentrating and 
 smelting machinery was also erected ; but copper soon resumed its normal value 
 and as the ore, though abundant, was of low gi'ade and transport difficult, a 
 large ninnber of the mines were abandoned. From 1872, prices fell steadily 
 below 80 cents, until 1887, when they toucherl bottom at 10 to 13 cents per lb., 
 and when the formation, towards the end of that year, of a syndicate in France 
 to control the market induced a rise to 17 and 18 cents. But, owing to excessive 
 production, the price again declined, the syndicate went into bankruptey, and in 
 May, 1887, the quotation of copper had gone down to 10 and 11 cents, &c. 
 During this brief period of better prices, there was a hope that the copper industry 
 was about to take a fresh start in the province and new mming locations were 
 accordingly sought for and efforts made to organise :,^\v companies. The 
 company known as the " Excelsior Copper Co." dates frooi t^us period ; but the 
 sudden fall in copper abruptly put an end to the negotit^ions. At present there 
 are only four important companies working in the province. However, it is 
 well to remark that the ores, though generally lean in copper, contain a small 
 proportion of silver, and are well adapted to the making of sulphuric acid. It 
 would therefore he feasible for companies to establish themselves in the Eastern 
 Townships with a view to utilizing the sulphur, while the copper and silver 
 would add to the value of the ores. The industry would then be less liable to 
 suffer from the fluctuations of the market and would become permanently 
 
 !nB 
 
99 
 
 t'HtiibHHhed in the province. Ah will appear hereinafter, an intportant firm. 
 " Ci. H. NicholH & Co," of New York, ha.s, within the hint two yeavH, heffini the 
 nianufjicture of sulphuric acid at Capelton, and is also making cheuncal fertilizers, 
 into which Ottawa phosphates also enter as an inj^redient. This fact is of the 
 utmost iniportanc'> for the province iw regards the utilization of its niinerals. 
 
 The Geology of Canada, 186.1, and the report of the Geological Survey of 
 (^inada for 180(1 estahlish that, in the region of the Eastern Townships, there 
 exists .; certain number of folds or undulations in the strata in whose synclinal 
 areas important beds of copper ores occur, three great lines of these with an 
 apparently N. E. trend being noted. ' 
 
 The fii-st to the north end)races the mines of Acton, the second those of 
 Harvey Hill, and the third those of Capelton. 
 
 These formations belong to the middle seines of the Quebec group (Pre-Cam- 
 brian and Cand)rian) and are composed of chloritic, micaceous, argillaceous, (juart- 
 zose and talcose schists, interstratified with magnesian limestones fre([Uently 
 associated with diorite and serpentine. The o)"e is found ind)edded or cemented 
 in these limestones or impregnating the schists : the gangue being the limestone 
 and the (juart/ or .sometimes the schist forming the cjusing rock. 
 
 « 
 
 The copper- bearing strata are often affected by faults or dislocations, which 
 di.sturb their regular continuity, as well as traversed by (}uartzose vein.s .sometime.s 
 highly mineralized, as, for instance, at the Harvey Hill mines. 
 
 The following are the different states in which copper occurs : ^ 
 
 Native copper. • ■ 
 
 Cuprite or red oxyde containing theoretically 88.78/^ of copper 
 
 Melaconite or black oxyde 79.82 " 
 
 Malachite or gi*een hydro-carbonate 57.39 " 
 
 Azurite or blue hydro-carbonate 55.18 " 
 
 Chalcocite, (copper-glance,) vitreous siilphuret of copper 79.70 " 
 
 Boraite or erubescite, variegated sulphuret of copper and iron 
 
 (purple ore) 55.58 " 
 
 Chalcopyrite, yellow sulphuret of copper and iron 34.40 '' 
 
 Tetrahedrite or Fahlerz, grey arsenical copper, containing 
 in addition sulphur, copper, iron, arsenic, antimony, lead, 
 
 zinc, and frequently silver 25 to 40 " 
 
■HI 
 
 I i! 
 
 ii 
 
 40 
 
 It may be added that, in the sulphurets, the propoi'tion of ii'on may greatly 
 vary, and thus reduce the percentage much below the theoreticiil indication. 
 
 It may be said that all the varieties of copper have been found in the pro- 
 vince, but only the different sulphurets need be mentioned as workable and 
 worthy of attention. Native copper has been found in small quantities, but only 
 on the Etchemin river, near St. Anselme, in the seigniory of Lauzon, at the St. 
 Francis mine, in the township of Cleveland, and in ranges VII and VIII of 
 Halifax. The carbonates are occasionally met with in association with the sul- 
 phurets, but not in any marked quantities. 
 
 We shall distinguish two cla.sses of copper-bearing beds in the Eastern 
 Townships : ■ 
 
 1st. Those of low grade in copper, but forming very extensive deposits fol- 
 lowing the stratification of the casing rocks and chiefly composed of chalcopyrite 
 or the yellow sulphuret, carrying a heavy percentage of iron. 
 
 The most romsirkable depasits of this class are those of Capelton, of Garthby, 
 of Lake Memphremagog, tSrc. A gi'eat many others of equal importance are noted 
 in the report of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1866 ; but their woi'king 
 has been since abandoned, •■ ', . 
 
 As these ores grade in and abotit 5 ^, they consequently contain about 40% 
 of sulphur and a small (juantity of silver or less than an ounce per unit of copper. 
 
 They are chiefly sought for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Some com- 
 panies, however, have treated them by njasting in the open air or in kilns or 
 ovens, afterwards obtaining the copper either by smelting for mattes or by the 
 wet process. At the present time, this last process is not used by any company. 
 
 2o The high grade deposits, which occur in the form of regular lodes in a 
 gangue of quartz and feldspar, exemplified by the Harvey-Hill mines, in Avhich 
 chalcoc'te (copper glance) and bornite (purple ore) are found. In the same region, 
 high grade chalcopyr is met with impregnating the micaceous and talcose 
 schists. These high grade ores may be exported directly as ores of copper and it. 
 seems that they are much esteemed on the Swansea market : 
 
 Copper ores are sold according to gi'ade, which is determined either by the 
 dry method (Swansea method) or by deducting 2 units from the gi'ade obtained 
 by the electrolytic test, with a deduction of !534 to $38 per ton of copper for the 
 
mSmmmmmuj^ 
 
 :'M 
 
 41 
 
 expense of treating rich orts. The price is generally governed by the current |^ ji 
 
 -quotations of Chili bar. For instance, in the case of an ore grading 55°^, the A|.q' 
 
 -current rate of Chili bar being £60 and the deduction $38, the ton of copper 4*^1 
 ^ould be worth S300.38 = S262. ' ^ ! '■ 
 
 Equivalent for the ore 262 x 0.55 = $144.10. .• 
 
 Low grade ores are sold at open prices or for what they can bring. 
 
 In the case of the poor copper pyrite.' of the Eastern Townships utilized for 
 /bhe sulphur and carrying silver, the selhn-.' price is established on the following 
 biases, subject to the fluctuations of the market : l||j 
 
 Sulphur SO.IO per unit. 
 
 Copper 0.05 per lb. in the oro 
 
 Silver 0.835 per ounce. j.,. , . 
 
 EUSTIS MINING COMPANY (Boston). ''' 
 
 This company works the " Eustis mine " situated on lot 2 of the IXth range 
 'of Ascot (Sherbrooke). This mine, which was formerly known as tlie " Crown ;' 
 mine," has been successively developed by the " Orford Nickel and Copper Com- |i 
 pany," the "Orford Copper and Sulphur Company," and lastly, since 1887, by !? i 
 'the present ^company. The first workings were undertaken in 1872. The ore ^' 
 Tiirorked is a pyrite carrying an average of 5% of metallic copper and a slight 
 proportion of silver, the gangue being (|uartz, and is advantageously employed for « 
 the sulphur, in the manufacture o^' sulphiiric acid. It forms a visible vein on tlie 
 surface running with the stratification of the chloritic scliists (Pre-Cambrian) in a |' 
 general direction E. 30' N. with a southwardly dip at an average angle of 50^. The f 
 value of the vein is established by the outcroppings and the underground workings g. i 
 which follow it to a depth of 1600 feet. At the present time, the mine is worked 
 below by means of three inclined shafts, which expose the vein for a length of 
 400 feet, with a thickness ranging from 15 to 40 feet. This thickness moreover 
 varies at dift'erent points, attaining a nia.ximum of (35 feet. The ore is generally 
 massive and free from in)puvities. The grade is variable, but in the deepest shaft 
 (No. 1) it has reached 25^ of copper. The following test made on a shipnient of 
 400 tons is accepted as representing the average grade of the ore : ff. i3 
 
 Copper 4.70^^ 
 
 Silver 3 ounces 
 
 Sulphur. 40% 
 
 The silver is scattered throughout the whole mass and increases with the ' 
 'grade of the copper. 
 
 
; - , ■ 42 
 
 The mine was originally opened on the top of the hill, at a height of 600 feet 
 over the Massawippi river. Work was begun starting from this shaft (No. 5) 
 and, at a level of 400 feet lower, an adit, 1000 feet long.was run in to strike the 
 lode, the development of which has been continued by means of the three shafts 
 already mentioned and by leaving standing between them ore masses of 60 
 to 70 feet. These masses are from 50 to 120 feet high and constitute 
 an important reserve, which can be drawn upon and removed at will- 
 Mining work is carried on by means of compressed air diill» 
 and supports are provided for the mine by leaving pillars and putting up a few 
 timbers ; a single pump keeps down the water. As for the total output of the 
 mine since its first working, it is difficult to estimate it, but it is believed that it 
 cannot be far from 400,000 tons, and for the last ten years the annual output 
 has been from 25,000 to 30,000 tons. 
 
 A part of the ore extracted is treated by the company and the remainder m 
 shipped to New York for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, for which it i» 
 admittedly well adapted. At the works near the mine, there are 50 roasting- 
 ovens with a capacity of 1000 tons per month and 2 smelting furnaces for the 
 reduction of the ore into matte. 
 
 In addition, a portion of the crude ore is roasted in the open air in piles con- 
 taining as much as 250 tons and the combustion of which is kept up for two 
 months and upwards. According to an analysis communicated to lu^, thd roasted 
 ore contains : 
 
 Copper 5.3% i 
 
 Silver 3 ounces cS/10' ,' 
 
 The mattes turned out and supplied to the trade contain from 30 to 40% of 
 copper and from 23 to 28 ounces of silver. . \ • ' 
 
 The company employs 250 men, one half of whom are engaged in the under- 
 ground workings. >. 
 
 In 1888, 27,348 tons of crude ore were shipped, making, with the 1500 tons, 
 burnt in pile, a t(jtal of 28,848 tons. During the first 11 months of 1889 
 
 13,341 tons of crude ore were shipped. 
 10,474 tons were smelted 
 And there were 1,000 tons of small ore in pile. 
 
 30,815 
 
 Which, keeping the same proportion for December, would bring up the totaJk 
 
 
m 
 
 43 .,..;, .,^ ., 
 
 output for the year to 34,000 tons. During the 11 months in question, 1565 J 
 tons of mattes were shipped. .' ' , 
 
 G. H. NICHOLS & CO. (New York). 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
 w.l 
 
 Ml 
 
 im 
 
 This company chiefly works the " Albert " mine on lot 3 in the Vlllth range 
 of Ascot (Sherbrooke), but it also owns the " Hartford " mine, on lot 3 of the 
 IXth range, formerly worked by the " Canadian Copper and Sulphur Company." 
 The character of the ore is identical with that of the neighboring Eustis mine 
 and the output is also substantially the same. We are unfortunately unable to 
 supply any details in regard to this mine, as we have not yet had occasion to 
 visit 't. The company, which has its head(iuarters in New York, employs the 
 ore for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. In 1887, it established works at 
 Capelton for this purpose, and in 1889, it associated with them works for the 
 manufacture of chemical fertilizers and the treatment of Ottawa phosphates, of 
 which it used 500 tons during the course of the year. It is said that the greater 
 part of these fertilizers are consumed in the pi'ovince. To the latter, the great 
 importance of this industry cannot be too strongly insisted upon, providing, as 
 it does, for the treatment of our phosphates with the acid derived from our own 
 ores. In addition, most of the acid made is taken by the petroleum districts of 
 Ontario. The company employs about 300 hands in its mines and works, and its 
 annual output ranges between 30,000 and 40,000 tons of ore, about one sixth of 
 which is utilized on the spot and the remainder shipped to New York. A large 
 amount of ore has been taken out of tliis mine since its opening thirty or more 
 years ago, but vre are not in possession of the figures. ■, 
 
 The company has also lately acquired the old " Huntingdon " mines chiefly 
 situated on lot 8 in the Vlllth range of Bolton (Brome) and intends to develop 
 them shortly. ■ ? > 
 
 un 
 
 der- 
 
 MEMPHREMAGOG MINING COMPANY. 
 
 In 1889, this company opened a mine on lot 28 of the IXth range of Potton 
 (Brome). Tliis mine is located on the western shore of Lake Memphremagog 
 and on the N. W. flank of the Hog's Back mountain, at an altitude of 700 feet 
 over the level of the lake. The ore is copper pyrite heavily charged with iron 
 and is similar to that found in other parts of the Eastern Townships. The fact 
 however, should be noted that it is mixed with magnetic iron pyrite or pyrrho- 
 tine in the same way as the ore at the Huntingdon mine not far distant. 
 
 The following analyses made at New York have been supplied by the owners, 
 of the mine, the samples analyzed coming from the surface workings : 
 
 'a 
 
 I a 
 -I'l 
 
 A 
 

 mmrnm 
 
 Moisture 1.60 .... 
 
 Sulphur 46.70 41.71 
 
 Iron 37.68 32.10 
 
 Copper 2.25 5.00 
 
 Antimony 6.70 9.60 
 
 Nickel traces .... 
 
 Cobalt traces traces 
 
 Zinc .... 
 
 Lead .... 
 
 Arsenic traces 0.22 
 
 Silica 5.07 11.37 
 
 49.50 
 
 37.76 
 
 41.40 
 
 50.99 
 
 0.17 
 
 4.93 
 
 4.27 
 
 0.33 
 
 • • • • 
 
 1;71 
 
 ■ • • • 
 
 2.47 
 
 1.13 
 
 0.05 
 
 3.53 
 
 1.76 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 •f 
 
 A specimen, considered an average type, and analyzed by H. Nagant, 
 chemist, Quebec, gave the foUow^ing results : 
 
 ISi! :,; Moisture 0.15 ; " 
 
 ' Silica 5.00 / ^' 
 
 Lime and alumina 5.70 
 
 Sulphur 36.50 
 
 Iron 43.70 
 
 ,' Nickel traces ■ • _[ 
 
 Silver do 
 
 Zinc 2.30 
 
 Arsenic traces more or less considerable 
 
 Lead 0.30 
 
 : Copper 4.70 
 
 Antimony 1.65 ' 
 
 100.00 
 Specific gravity 4.17 
 
 According to Mr. Nagant, this ore is easily roasted, and, after undergoing 
 proper burning, does not retain more than 1% of sulphur. 
 
 The ore vein has been traced for a distance of 600 feet, with variable thick- 
 nesses ranging from 10 feet on the surface to 22 feet in the principal working. 
 In the spring of 1889, these workings consisted of a few open cuttings of no great 
 depth. The company worked during the remainder of the year with a few men 
 only, and took out 900 tons of ore which, however, have not been shipped. The 
 vein runs N. 30° E., dipping westward at an angle of 40°, and occurs between the 
 Pre-Cambrian schists and the diorite forming the Hog's Back mountain. The 
 
 ''i«..rdrfiif 
 
 il 
 
■■I 
 
 aBm m 
 
 -tj-l 
 
 46 
 
 loci^tion of the mine is 1 mile from Lake Memphremagog (Knowlton Landing-) 
 12 miles from the Canadian Pacific (Eastman Station) with which it is connected 
 by a good road, and .S miles from the Missisquoi and Black Rjver Valley Railway 
 (Bolton station), a line no longer in operation. 
 
 
 
 . ' OTHER MINES IN OPERATION. 
 
 In 1889, Mr. F. J. Falding did some important prospecting in Ascot on lots 
 5 of the Xlth range (" Howard Mine ") and 23 of the IlIrd range (Moulton Hill 
 Mine) and incidentally took out about 3000 tons of ore, the bulk of which was 
 shipped to the United States. On the last of these properties, a shaft had been 
 sunk on an incline for a distance of 150 feet, which exposes a vein or series of 
 veins apparently of great thickness, and at the Howard Mine a shaft of 200 feet 
 shows a vein of 9 to 10 feet, while the extensive underground workings exhibit 
 a large quantity of ore still standing. The Moulton Hill mine has just been 
 equipped with plant for an output of 100 to 150 tons of ore per day and a similar 
 equipment for the Howard mine is proposed. Tlie ore is analogous to that of 
 Capelton and both mines lie in proximity' to the railway. 
 
 In 1889, prospecting on lot 22 of the Ist range of Garthby (Wolfe) also led 
 to the discovery of a very rich deposit, which, it is said, will be shortly worked. 
 The ore, in this case, is the same low grade copper pyrite which occurs in the 
 vicinity of the diorite and serpentine and the bed appears to extend over the 
 adjoining lots. 
 
 ■ ; . EXCELSIOR COPPER CO. (Limited, London.) 
 
 This company, formed in London in 1888, is now working the old " Harvey 
 Hill Mine " on lot 17 of the XVth range of Leeds. It also owns all the lots which 
 were the property of the old " English and Canadian Mining Company," viz : 
 15i, 16, 17, I'*, 19, 20| in the Xlllth ; 15, 17^ 19, 20, 21| in the XlVth and 15, 
 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21| in the XVth range. 
 
 Towards 1860, the Harvey Hill Mine was worked on an extensive scale by 
 the old company, which even erected works for concentrating the ore and smelt- 
 ing it into mattes. Numerous shafts were sunk, including among others the 
 following : Kent, 168 feet. Eagle, 250, McGee, 23, Poulin, 32, Douglas, 60, Harvey 
 Hill, 70 ; Whitburn, 230 and Fremont, 60. The most important and productive 
 working appears to have been the " Fanny Eliza " vein, which, starting from the 
 Kent shaft, was followed for a distance of 1,000 feet to a depth of 564 feet 
 below the level of the shaft. 
 
 ; 
 
 M 
 
 'ATI I 
 
 <ii? 
 
 '.-*! 
 
46 
 
 An adit was further run in from the foot of the hill for a distance of 1 ,500 
 feet, recutting several veins which were worked by means of shaft No. 1, 82', No. 
 2, 138' and several other intermediate workings. 
 
 The ore occurs in two different forms : lo in beds in which the schists are 
 impregnated with the yellow sulphuret (chalcopyrite) and which range from 2 to 
 12 feet thick ; 2o, in quartz veins, in which variegated copper (bornite) tmd 
 vitreous copper or copper-glance (chalcocite) mixed with white feldspar, ai-e met 
 with, sometimes in solid masses, and sometimes disseminated through the rock. 
 The thickness of these courses is variable, ranging from 1 to 4 feet and upwards. 
 The most remarkable of them (the Fanny Eliza ve''>)was followed for a distance 
 of over 1000 feet and contained — it is said — pockets of very rich ore. 
 
 All these workings wei'e suspended during fifteen years, but the new com- 
 pany has re-op«nel some of them : in the Poulin and McGee shafts, which are 
 sunk on the same vein, in the Kent shaft, and on the veins and beds in the cross 
 cut. Lastly, the water is being pumped out from the Fanny Eliza vein, in the 
 hope of resuming work upon it. • i 
 
 The company started operate, us T. S88 and has since prosecuted them with 
 an average working staff of 100 men, luelusive of those employed in the re-equip- 
 ment. During a portion of the . ii" tei", the works have been suspended. In four 
 months and a half, 520 tons of 20% to :0% ■jie and 270 tons of 6% to 25% were 
 taken out and shipped. 
 
 According to the tests of Messrs. Vivian & Son, (if Swansea, the following 
 grades were determined in October, 1888: .. .• - . , \. . j , 
 
 Lot of 12 bags of 200 lbs 31|% of copper. 
 
 45. 49 " " ' / 
 
 46 12^ " 
 
 22 i3|" " •: : ,■ 
 
 240 14^" " r 
 
 i- 32 51f " " ' V ' 
 
 55 31|" 
 
 90 40i" 
 
 In addition, there remai.* over at the mine 400 tons of waste carrying about 
 5% of copper, which the company proposes to reduce, together with a large 
 amount of old waste. The company resumed work in the course of the summer 
 of 1889, and. in order to utilize this waste, a smelting furnace for mattes was 
 erected, to be heated in part with charcoal made on the company's property. 
 As the result of other searches, too, a vein carrying splendid ore has been found 
 on lot 17 in the XVth range and promises good results. 
 
 }. 
 
warn 
 
 47 
 
 On lot 17 of the Xlllth range, a quartz vein occurs, with specuhir iron and 
 a little copper, just alongside a bed of quartznse schists 'i-qj egnated with spec- 
 ular iron, and containing numerous specks of copper producing green Hakes of 
 the carbonate ; some very rich parts are also met with containing variegated 
 copper. An opening has been made in this bed, which was found to be several 
 feet thick and the ore has been used as a flux. At the period of our visit, in 
 .September, 1889, fifty men were employed at the mine, working only on lot 17 
 of the Xlllth range and in the Kent shaft, and we had occasion to notic(^ in the 
 pumped out portion of the " Fanny Eliza," some fine indications of variegated 
 copper. Attempts were then also being made to smelt the ore. 
 
 The mine lies near the village of St. Pierre de Broughton and at 8i miles 
 from the station of East Broughton, Q. C. R. 
 
 The ore generally contains silver ; gold has also been found in it, and molyb- 
 •lenite in the Kent shaft. 
 
 In the following list will be found indicated ail tlie lots on which copper has 
 to our knowledge been discovered, without stating to what class the ore belongs. 
 The names of the principal mines and of the companies that have worked them 
 are also given between parentheses. Except those hereinafter designated, all 
 these mines have been abandoned and it is possible that the properties may have 
 since changed hands by succession or otherwise. Nevertheless, many of them 
 are still very rich and there is no room to doubt that some of them will be again 
 worked to advantage. The greater part of them are referred to in the report of 
 the Geological Survey for 1866, which also contains a great deal of interesting 
 ^details in regard to the copper deposits of this region : 
 
 LIST OF LOTS ON WHICH COPPER IS FOUND. 
 
 AaTHABAsKA. — Bulstrode — II, 10. 
 
 Chester— I, 9, 10, 13 ; II, 9; IV, 9, 23; V, 4, 6, 9, 13 ; VI, 5, 8 
 
 (Viger Mine), 9, 15 ; VII, 7, 8, 24 ; VIII, 7 1 N. W. S. E., 19 ; 
 
 IX, 2^ S. W., 5, 19 ; X, 11, (19 Chester Mining Co.) ; XI, 10. 
 
 11, Craig's Road Range S., 11, 14, 
 Horton— V, 5. * v ^ 
 
 Tingwick— IV, 1 ; VII, 23 ; IX, 14, 17, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
 Warwick— I, 11 ; X, 9. 
 Bagot.— Acton— III, 31, (32 Acton Mine); IV, 31 : V, 32 ; VI, 28. 29, 30 ; 
 
 VII, 29, 37, 38; VIII, 26, 27, 28. 
 
 > JH^K'.i^ silti.i>,f,usi t 
 
48 
 
 Beauce.— Broughton— V, 10, 12 ; VI, 13. 
 
 Brome.— Brome— III, 1, 2, 6 ; IV, 2, 3, 6 ; V, 1, 5 (Canada Copper Mining:; 
 Co.); VI, 1, 2, 6, 7; VII, 6, 12 (Tibbet's Hill Mine); VIII,, 
 7, 13, 18, 19 ; IX, 13, 20, 21 ; X, 8, 23, 24, 27 ; XI, 16, 25. 
 Bolton— I, 1, 6, 10, 11; II, 4; IV, 1, 5, 18p. ; V, Ip., 28; VII, 1,. 
 14, 25, 26, 27 ; VIII, 4, 6, 8 (Huntingdon Mining Co.), 22 ; 
 IX, 2, 3 (Ives Mining Co.) ; X, 27 ; XI, 3. 
 Potton— V, 17, 20, 21, 24, 27 ; VI, 20, 24 ; IX, (28^ N. K Mem- 
 ^ phi'emagog Mining Co.) ; X, 14 
 
 Sutton— III, 2 ; IV, 5 ; V, 3 ; VI, 1, L, 6 ; VII, 9 ; VIII, 3, 4, 7, 8,.. 
 10, 14, 16 ; IX, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11 ; X, 4, 7, (8J W. Sutton Mining: 
 Co.), 10, (11, 12 North Sutton Mining Co.) ; XI, 3, 5. '^. (9^ 
 E. Brome Mining Co.), 10, 11, (12 North Sutton Mining Co.> 
 DORCHESTER. — Frampton — II, 14. 
 
 Drummond.— Durham— IV, 9 ; V, 9 ; VI, 6, 7, 8, 9^ N. E., 18, 23; VII, 5, 11,.. 
 
 (21 Durham Mine); VIII, 7; X, 17. , 
 Grantham — II, 4, 5. 
 Kingsey— I, 3, 4, 5 ; III, 2, 3, ^ N. E.— 4^ S. W.— IV, 3| N. E.,, 
 
 4; VIII, 8. 
 Simpson — 1,1; 11,1. ... 
 
 • ■ Upton — XX, (49 Bissonnette Mine), (51 Prince of Wales Mine);; 
 
 XXI, (49 McDougall Mine), (50 Upton Mine), 51. 
 Wendover— I, 1 ; II, 2. 
 Wickham— IX, 3, 14, 17, 18, If ^., (13 Wickham Mine), 14, 15,. 
 
 19; XII, 13,26. 
 
 LoTBiNifcRE. — Sgiy. St. Gilles de Beaui-ivage. 
 
 Handkerchief — St. Marguerite range, St. Marie concession, 3. . 
 Megantic— Halifax— I, 10; III, (10 Halifax Mining Co.), 16f N. W., 18; V^. 
 6, 18 ; VI, 6 ; VII, 5, (6 Megantic Mining Co.), 9, 21 ; VIII, (9> 
 Black Lake Mine) ; IX, 4, 6, (9 Black Mine) ; XI, 6, 7, 12. 
 Inverness— I, 7 ; H, 4, 19 ; III, 22 ; IV, 2, 4. 
 Ireland— I, 3 ; IX, 9 ; XI, 4 ; VI, 9^ N. W., 14 ; XI, 23. 
 Leeds— II, 6; IV, 4; IX, 8; X, 8, 9, 10, 11 ; XI, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13^ 
 20; XII, 10, 11, 13, 18; XIII; 16, 17, 23; XIV, 13| S. W., 
 14, (15; XV, 16, 17 Harvey Hill Mine Excelsior Copper- 
 ■ ^ Co.), 18. 
 
 y :^' Nelson— II, 8. ^ ^ "'v 
 
 Somerset— VIII, 14, 15. 
 Thetford— I, 6. 
 MissiSQUOi.— Dunham— I, 25, 26; II, 23 ; III, 14,; VII 10., 11 ; IX, 1, 2, 5.. 
 St. Armand East— 35, 36. 
 St. Armand West— 51, 52, 53.. 
 
49 
 
 8; V,. 
 
 [II. (9* 
 12. 
 
 12, IS. 
 S. W.. 
 
 )opper- 
 
 5. 
 
 Richmond, — Brompton — IX, 11, (28, 29 Brompton Gore Mine); X, 11, 14. 
 
 Cleveland— VIII, 23; IX, 11, 27 ; X, 24, 25, 28; XI. 19, 23, 24, 
 25 ; XII, 21, 22, (25 St. Francis Mine); XII, 21, 22, 23, 24, 
 
 25, (26 Jackson Mine) ; XIV, 5, 21, 22, 23, 26. 
 
 ; Melbourne— I, 2, 4. 5, 8 ; II, (2 Ryan Hill Mine,) 3, (6 Cold Spring 
 
 Mine) ; III, 2, 3, 6, 7 ; IV, (2 Balrath Mine), 3 ; V, 2 ; VI, 2, 
 3; VII, 1,3, 5; VIII, 5. 
 Shipton— II, 13 ; III, 7 ; V, 16 ; VII, 21 ; VHI, 22 ; X, 11. 
 Windsor— VIII, 8 ; XII, 6. ' 
 
 Sherbrooke.— Ascot— II, 25; III, 22, (23 Moulton Hill Mine); V, 17, 20, 24; 
 
 VI, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13. 14, 16, 17, 20 ; VII, 5, (11 Clark Mine), 
 
 (12 Sherbrooke Mine), 13, 14,15,16,19,21; VIII, 2, (3 G. 
 
 , ■ ' A. Nichols & Co. Albert Mine), 4^ S. E. Capel Mine, (4^ 
 
 N.E. Champion Mine), 6, 7, (8^ W. Ascot Mine), 8^ E., 9, 10, 11, 
 
 , • ■: 12, 13, (14 Short Mine); IX, (2 Eustis Mine), 3 Hartford 
 
 V': Mine.— 4 McCaw & Co., 6 Harrington Mine), 9, (10 Bel- 
 
 '/' ocdere Mine) 11, 13; X, 5 ; XI, 1, (3 Griffith Mine), 4, (5 
 
 Howard Mine). 
 Orford— r. A. 4, 8, 9, B. 9, F. 3, 6, 8; XII, 2, 5 ; XIII, (3 King 
 Mine), 4, 6; (XIV, 2, 3; XV, 2, 3 Carbuncle Hill Mine) ; 
 ■ ■'■' XVIII, 9, 16. 
 
 Shefford.— Ely— 1, 3, 9, 11, 12 ; II, (9, 10 Ely Copper Mining Co.), 22 ; III, 
 6, 8, 12 : IV 17 ; V, 7 ; XI, 23, 24. 
 ■ Granby— VI, 16 X, 17. 
 
 Hatley— I, 27 (28 Bird Hill Mine) ; II, 27, (28 Massawippi Mining 
 
 Co.) ; III, 26, 27, 28 ; IV, 25. 
 Milton— I, 11, 12, 13; II, 1, 2, 13; III, 1, 11; IV, 11; V, 19; 
 .■■■ , /.■„,;■ '■ • VII, 2; VIII, 2. ■■ . *. . 
 
 : ■, " " Roxton— II, 4; III, (23| W. Lord Aylmer), (23^ E. N. Lafon- 
 
 '^ ,. V taine); VII, 21, 27 ; VIII, 3, 26, 27 ; IX, 27, 28. 
 
 4 ;:;'' Shefford— II, 27, (28 Glencoe Mining Co.); Ill, 24, 26, 27,(28 
 Waterloo Mining Co.) 
 Stukely— I, (6 Grand Trunk Mine), 7, 9, 10 ; II, 7 ; III, 4 ; IV, 2, 
 • 4 ; VI, 9, 10, 13 ; VII, 1, 2, 8, 27 ; VIII, 2, 7, 8, 28 ; IX, 2, 3, 
 
 4, 5, 6, 8 ; X, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ; XI, 5, 11. > , ,. , , 
 
 Wolfe.— Garthby— I, S. 22 ; II, 19. 
 
 North Ham— III, 27 ; TV, 27, (28 Nicolet Branch Mine) ; A. 25, 
 
 26, 27, 28 ; B. 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 46. 
 South Ham— I, 22 ; II; 2, 26, 27. 
 
 Wolf estown— VII, 1, 4 ; IX, 4, 5, 6 ; X, 14 ; XI, 15, 16. 
 
 Wotton— I, 10 ; II, 22 ; III, 7 ; V, 7 ; VI, 7 ; VII, 6, 7 ; VIII, 1. 
 The presence of copper has also been noted in the seigniories of Gaspe (Lot- 
 binifere), Lauzon and Sillery, (Levis), St. Joseph (Beauce), as well as Watesheshoo 
 (North shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence), and at Lake Abatagoinow in the 
 region of Lake Mistasdini. 4 
 
 
 .'■'•'4 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
■^^ 
 
 00 
 
 LEA D 
 
 Galena or sulphuret of lead is only sparsely distributed throughout the 
 province of Quebec. In small quantities, it is often found associated with the 
 copper oras of the Eastern Townships, as at Upton, Acton, Ascot, Potton, St. 
 Armand and Chester. A mine has been recently opened on the shores of Lake 
 Memphremagog in Potton, but we lack information in regard to it. In all pro- 
 bability, however, it is identical with the one mentioned as having been opened 
 there thirty years ago. , 
 
 Some small and unimportant veins of galena have also been found in the 
 rocks of the Laurentian series, as at Buckingham and Baie St. Paul. 
 
 In the Oaspi sandstones, on the noi-th shore of Gasp6 Bay and especially f ,t 
 Little Gasp6, Grand Grfeve and Indian Co\ e, galena has been observed in numerote 
 veins, associated with calcite. About thirty years ago, an attempt was made to 
 work them at Little Gasp^ by sinking three trial shafts to a depth of 20 feet and 
 making a few cuttings, from which some 20 tons of the mineral were extracted, 
 holding 60% of lead and traces of silver. The thickness of the ore-bearing por- 
 tions of the veins did not exceed 8 to 10 inches. Since then, work upon them 
 has been suspended or has been confined to prospecting. In 1888, a St. Paul 
 (Minnesota) company sank a shaft to a depth of 40 feet at Indian Cove, but did 
 not further continue operations. The veins, which are small, but numerous, 
 appear to accompany the dislocations, which have brought the limestone to the 
 surface, and outcrop even on the sea shore. A more thorough seai'ch might lead 
 to the discovery of workable deposits. ^^ , 
 
 On lot 10| W. of the IVth range of Calumet Island (Pontiac) a deposit of 
 some importance has been found, containing a mixture of blende and galena, 
 carrying 12 ounces of silver to the ton. .^ 
 
 At St. Fabien, in the seigniory of Nicolas Rioux (Rimouski), veins of galena, 
 with sulphate of barytes have also been found, showing ore-bearing thicknesses 
 of 3 to 4 inches. Some work was done on them, and, in a shaft 14 feet deep, two 
 veins were met united, with a partly mineralized thickness of 7 to 12 inches. 
 The direction of these veins is N. 25° W., with an almost vertical dip. According 
 to an assay made at Quebec, the oi'e contained 60% of lead and only traces of 
 silver. Similar indications have been noted at St. Simon, in the same region. 
 
51 
 
 LAKE TEMI^CAMINGUE MINE. 
 
 ' ■ ' 'V ■ •. •■■ . ■ • ■ '■'' -''■'''■■/ 
 
 Although known sin' ; 1877, this mine, which wa« the property of E. Wright 
 kf Co., has only been worked to some extent siuce 1886. The property comprises 
 blocks A, B, C, of Duhamel, lot 1 of the Ilnd range of Guigues (Pontiac) and a 
 part called block D under the waters of the lake. The location of the mine is on 
 thti eastern side of Lake Temiscamingue. Although the nature of the deposit 
 which occurs in the Huronian formation, does not seem to be yet well established, 
 it has nevertheless been ascertained to have a thickness of 80 feet at the surface, 
 while its outcroppings have been traced for a distance of 1400 feet in a North 
 Easterly direction. In 1887-88, a shaft of 67 feet (17 x 20) was sunk and a 
 drift of 12 feet (12 x 6) was begun, and from all vhese workings, which were in 
 full in the ore bed, 2,500 to 3,000 tons, still at the mine, were taken out, so that 
 it will be seen that the mass of ore is considei'able. 
 
 Different assays have given the following results : 
 
 Rev. C. F. Marsan, of the Ottawa College : — At the surface 75% of galena, 
 and in the vein at t' e bottom, 82%, containing 1721.6 lbs of lead and 26.47 ounces 
 of silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. ' 
 
 'hit 
 
 ■I'ii'i j.t 
 
 m 
 
 
 M 
 
 „' fi 
 
 Royal School of Mines, London (England) : — An assay on 1000 lbs gave 26 
 ounces, 10 dwts., 1 gm. of silver to the ton. 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada : — 18 ounces, 229 and 18 ounces 958 of 
 silver. 
 
 losit of 
 cralena. 
 
 Other assays have given : ' , 
 
 Lead 50% — Silver 26 ounces, 7 dwts, 21 gra. 
 
 ■ • " 23 " 14 '• ; 
 
 21 " 17 " ' 
 
 " 657 50 " 2 " 7 " 
 
 ' /o 
 
 Which warrant the statement that the average grade is 52% of lead and 26 
 ounces of silver to the ton of ore. . . 
 
 galena, 
 knesses 
 eep, two 
 inches, 
 cording 
 iraces of 
 non. 
 
 The difficulties of communication appear to be the only serious obt,'^-'' to 
 the profitable development of this mine, which is situated fi,t a distance ol iOO 
 miles from the Mattawa station, (C. P. R.) itself 318 miles from Montreal. The 
 only channel of transport at present is by the Ottawa river, which is broken by 
 numerous rapids. 
 
 In addition to its other property, the firm owns a certain number of wood 
 
-m' 
 
 lots, \ West 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, of range I. of Duhamel, and has mode a quan- 
 tity of charcoal in order to reduce the ore on the ground — the mine being 
 equipped with hoisting, pumping and concentrating machinery. 
 
 The cost of transport will necessarily be very much reduced when the Lake 
 Temiscamingue Colonization railway (narrow guage) has been completed (1) 
 
 LIST OF LOCALITIES WHERE LEAD HAS BEEN OBSERVED 
 
 authabaska- 
 
 Bagot- 
 
 Bellechasse- 
 
 Brome- 
 
 Charlevoix- 
 
 Drummond- 
 
 Gaspe- 
 
 MlSSISQUOI- 
 
 Ottawa- 
 
 Pontiac- 
 
 RlMOUSKI- 
 
 Shefford- 
 Sherbrooke- 
 
 -Chester, II, 9, IX, 2, 5, X 19— Craig's road range 11 S 
 
 -Acton, V, 32 . ' ■^ 
 
 ■ -Mailloux, V. ' . , ' 
 
 -Potton, XI, 8 
 
 -Seif^iory of la Cote de Beaupr^, (River du Gouffre) 
 
 -Upton, XXI, 51. 
 
 -Cape Rosier — Grande Grfeve, Little Gasp6. 
 
 -St, Armand (Cook's Corner). 
 
 -Buckingham, IV, 21. 
 
 Denholme I., Lead Island. 
 
 Wakefield I, 6. 
 -Calumet Island. IV, ^ W.' 10. 
 
 Duhamel, blocks A. B. C. D. (Lake Temiscamingua mine) 
 
 Guigues II 1. 
 
 -Seigniory Nicholas Rioux (St. Ftibien). 
 -Stukely, VIII, 1 
 -Ascot IV, 15, IX, 9. 
 
 (I) Tlic mine ha« just, been purchased by Mr. Th. Wallace, of Now York, who proposes to concentrate 
 and smelt the ore on the spot. Borings witli the diamond dirll have confirmed the prevalent idea regarding^ 
 the extent and richness of the deposit. 80 men are presently employed at ,. j mine. By arrangement wltli 
 the Colonization Railway Company, the Canadian I'aciflc Railway is also building a branch line to connect 
 Lake Temiscamingue with Mattawa, which will greatly simplify the question of transportation. 
 
 .. \', 
 
rjuan- 
 being 
 
 If 
 
 
 Lake 
 
 ANTIMONY. 
 
 mine) 
 
 concentrate 
 
 regarding 
 
 cment witli 
 
 to connect 
 
 m. 
 
 Antimony has been only met with at one point in the province, on lot 28 of 
 the Ist range of South Ham (Wolfe) east of the Gosford road. Discovered in 1863, 
 
 c mine was first worked by the late Mr. Willis Russell, of Quebec. The mineral 
 occurs in the forms of native antimony, sulphide, kermesite (red oxysulphide), 
 senarmontite and valentinite (oxyd of antimony), the two latter being the rarest. 
 The different speci<'s are noticeable in blueish (juurtz veins cropping out at the 
 surface. The main vein intersects the Pre-Cambrian schists of the region, running 
 in a direction N. E., S. W. to E. W, and sometimes showing a thickness of 2 feet. 
 It hiis been traced for a distance of half a mile and portions are visibly mineral- 
 ized even on the surface in thicknesses of 3 to 4 inches. The thickness and rich- 
 ness of the vein varies as you descend, the (juartz being sometimes permeated 
 with the acicular crystals of the sulphides and the mineral at othei-s being 
 bunched or concentrated in rich pockets, some of which, struck in shafts 1 and 2 
 of the old workings, showed — it is said — as much as 2k 1" t in thickness. The 
 recent works appear to us to have established the fact that, at a depth of 100 
 
 let, the quartz vein has a thickness ol 6 feet. According to the jussays made 
 1 the opinion of experts, the mineral extracted will average 5%. There was 
 an idea that the antimony was disseminated througli the slates and that it might 
 be possible to work a portion of the mountain ; but our opinion is that the ore is 
 carried in well defined veins of quartz increasing in depth and sometimes richly 
 mineralized. The workings consist of two shafts of 60 and 100 feet respectively, 
 lowited at a distance of 40 feet from each other and connected at the bottom by 
 a drift, which has been prolonged for 70 feet along the vein. In 1886, the present 
 proprietor of the mine, Di'. J. Reed, had an adit driven in from near the bottom 
 of the hill to a distance of 380 feet, striking the 100 feet shaft, cutting the anti- 
 money-bearing strata and following them for a small distance. In addition to 
 these works, two open cuttings made by the former owner, and again exposing 
 the main vein and a few small bi-anches, should also be noted. Quite lately too, 
 another vein has been observed on the hill, with a mineralized thickness of 3 
 inches. 
 
 It is said that, from the old workings, 180 tons of the mineral were 
 extracted and shipped. Since then no regular woi'k has been done apart from 
 the driving of the adit just referred to. and only a few men have been employed 
 to keep the mine in ordei*. 
 
 M 
 
^K- 
 
 W^JK^AJ 
 
 54 
 
 With a view to enriching the ore on the spot, concentrating works run by 
 steam and consisting of a battery of 5 stamps, &c., were erected, and, though 
 unused for a long time, are still maintained in good condition. The mine, in 
 fact, is ready to be worked again, at any moment, no pumping being needed down 
 to the 100 feet level, which is drained by the adit. It is situated at a distance 
 of 10 miles from Garthby station (Q. C. R.) 
 
 The consumption of antimony is very limited, its principal employment 
 being in the manufacture of printing types and in some other alloys, but its 
 selling price is still pretty high — almost 25 cts. per lb. 
 
05 
 
 run by 
 though 
 line, in 
 id down 
 Ustance 
 
 NICKEL 
 
 ioyment 
 but its 
 
 Nickel has so far been found only at one point in the province — on lot 6 of 
 theXIIth range of Orford (Sherbrooke) where it occurs in the form of millerite or 
 sulphuret of nickel in small grains and prismatic crystals in rock composed of 
 a mixture of calcite, white pyroxenite and green chrome garnet. Towards 1861, 
 the " Orford Nickel and Copper Co." did some work on the mine. The millerite 
 holds 60% of nickel, but the bulk of the mineral does not yield more than 1%, 
 which is not enough to render it paying. Many of the serpentine and magne- 
 sian rocks of the Eastern Townships also contain nickel, but only in traces. 
 
 The "Geology of Canada, 1863," notes the existence of a vein of quartz in 
 the Xlth concession of the seigniory of d'Aillebout (Joliette), containing iron 
 pyrites and giving to analysis 0.55% of oxide of nickel. 
 
 It is not to our knowledge that any cobalt has been found in the province. 
 
 iSl 
 1 
 
 if 
 
 
 'iU 
 
-rflAjiatMAaetflMi 
 
 66 
 
 GOLD."' 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH. . ,. 
 
 \ ' ' ' .■. ^ ■.-•■.-':.. . 
 
 The existence of gold was first noticed, in 1835, in the valley of the Chau- 
 difere ; but the practical discovery of the precious metal only dates from the year 
 1846. Following this discovery, which was purely accidental, Mr. Charles de 
 Lery secured from the Provincial Government, by letters-patent, on the 18th 
 September, 184G, the exclusive right to mine and work for gold in the seigniory 
 of Rigaud-Vaudreuil. (Beauce) Associated with Dr. James Douglas, of Quebec, h 
 •began some surface washings on lot 75 of the 1st range North-East of the Chau- 
 di^re, established the presence of gold in notable quantities, and obtained even 
 some large nuggets. In 1847, the " Chaudiere Mining Co." worked a portion 
 of the bed of the river des Plantes and secured small (juantities of the metal. In 
 1851-52, the Canada Mining Co." undertook regular operations, with good results, 
 on the gravels of the river du Loup at St. George. Subsequently, these companies 
 abandoned their w^orks, and down to 1863 gold-s6eking in the region was left to 
 the exertions of individual miners or parties of miners, who carried it on by 
 panning or other primitive methods in the river beds, some of them making 
 extraordinary finds. From this last date, however, the gold mining industry may 
 be said to have taken a fresh start ; thex'e was a rush of miners to Beauce, and 
 their eftbrts were chiefly concentrated on the river Gilbert, on lots 16, 17, 18, 19, 
 20 and 21 of the deLery concession,v/here they secured excellent results by means 
 ot a relatively lude system of working. 
 
 In 1864, a company, formed under the name of the " De Lery Gold Mining 
 Co.", leased from the seigniors the right of searching and working for gold in the 
 seigniory of Rigaud-Vaudreuil during thirty years, which lease holds good to the 
 9th September, 1894. With a view to work the quartz, this company erected a 
 10 stamp crushing mill still existing near the Devil's Rapids on the Chaudiere, 
 which does not appear, however, to have yielded satisfactory results as it only 
 worked a very short time. Then legal difficulties arose between the companies, 
 the miners and the private owners of the surface, the latter refusing to any 
 longer recognize the validity of the De Lery patent, and, during this period, the 
 
 (1) Report of tho Geological Survey of Canada 1863-1866. Reports of the Quebec Cominlsslonor of Crown 
 LandH 1867-68-fi9-70-71-72-73-74-7.5-76-77-78-79-80-81-«2-83. Beauce Gold Mines (Mines d'or de la Bea%ice) by W. 
 Chapman. 
 
 
 go\i 
 
 
67 
 
 development of the industry was checked by lawsuits and material obstacles of 
 all kinds. ,■•/•'. .;>■;•:,,-■::',,/■ . v^^-f/.,;;^ .■.■■-;,.■„ ,,: 
 
 In 1865, the " Reciprocity Co." leased from the De Lery Company its mining 
 rights on the Gilbert, but met with little success. At the same time, the De Lery 
 Company also leased certain portions of its territory on the Gilbei't to groups of 
 miners, whose surface workings, though only consisting of open excavations from 
 10 to 20 feet deep, and conducted separately, without method or regularity- 
 nevertheless yielded relatively large quantities of the precious metal. 
 
 In 1867, M. W. P. Loekwood (1) acquired a "claim " of about half an acre in 
 superficies on the Gilbert, and thenceforward began to systematically investigate 
 the nature of the auriferous deposits and to steadily increase tlie area of his 
 property by the acquisition of additional territory until in 1873 his rights 
 extended over 18,000 acres, forming sections 3, 4, 7, of the seigniory of Rigaud- 
 Vaudreuil and covering especially the river Gilbert and its affluents. These three 
 sections comprised the concessions St. George, St. Gustave, St. Gaspard, (from lot 
 I A to 7 inclusively) St. Charles (from 1 to 41 B) and the 1st range N. E. (from 
 43 B to 83 B.) 
 
 In 1867-68 Mr. Loekwood organized the " Canadian and Noi'th West Land 
 and Mining Co." (limited) of which he was tha principal shareholder ; but this 
 company went into voluntary liquidation in 1871 and in 1873, he succeeded in 
 forming a new company called the "Gilbert and Chaudiere Gold fields Mining Co» 
 of Canada," which became the following year the " Chaudiere Gold field Co. of 
 Canada." During these five years (from 1867 to 1873) Mr Loekwood carried out 
 a large number of important works, including some fifty pits or shafts in the 
 valley of the Gilbert, especially from lot 15 of the De Lery concession to lots 74 
 and 75 of the 1st range North-East, seeking by these works, and by his reports, 
 to estt.blish the exact nature of the deposits, as well as to trace the origin of the 
 gold in them. During this period, gold digging was carried on by few other 
 miners. 
 
 The new company continued opei'ations, under Mr. Lockwood's management, 
 until 1876, but, in the beginning of 1877, tlie plant was destroyed by fire and 
 operations were suspended. About this time, too, troubles broke out afresh 
 between the company, the owners of the soil and the Government, the latter 
 having adopted the policy of issuing licenses to work small dimension " claims." 
 Profiting by these licensee, a number of private miners and small companies 
 took out a good deal of gold, among others the " St. Onge Company," which 
 worked with success on lot 11 of the St. Charles concession, while the Loekwood 
 company was working lot 12 of the same concession. Subsequently, the St. 
 
 ?51 
 
 
 11 
 
 (1) Sessional Papers, Quebec Legislature, 1889, Vol. 22. III. 
 
 
58 
 
 Onge company disposed of a portion of its rights to the Messrs. McArthur, of 
 Toronto. ^-^ ■■'v.:,-. ■ 'J;■■;,•:^;^.:^>-' 
 
 In 1878-79, Mr, Lockwood formed the " Canada Gold Co." represented by 
 Mr. J. N. Gordon — its territory comprising the whole of lot 12. During all this 
 time, lawsuits and struggles were going on for the possession of the richer 
 auriferous properties, which had been occupied without the authority of the 
 owner of the mining rights, the De Lery company, and in 1881, to endeavor to 
 put an end to these obstructions to the development of gold mining, the Provincial 
 Government undertook to contest the validity of the De Lery patent in the law 
 courts and took action to have it set aside as illegal, null and void. On the 22nd 
 June, 1883, the Superior Court dismissed this action and recognized the validity 
 of the title and, in 1884, this judgment was confirmed in appeal. 
 
 The Mining Act of 1880 regulated the conditions of work on Crown as well 
 as on private lands, maintaining at the same time the 2| per cent royalty on the 
 gross weight of all the gold and silver collected. Under the provisions of this 
 law, a few companies undertook to work, such as the " Aimsworth Co." on lot 
 13 and the " Beauce Mining and Milling Co." on lot 14 of the De Lery concession, 
 and operations were also resumed on the lots 6 to 10 of the St. Charles concession, 
 74 to 76 of the 1st range N. E., 30 of Chaussegros and 16 and 17 of De Lery. 
 On these properties, the old companies had done some work, which was continued 
 by the new companies, in most instances, without the authorization of the De Lery 
 Company, whose title was in dispute at the time. ; ■ 
 
 Finally, the question of the validity of the patent was definitely settled by 
 the judgment of the Court of Appeals, in December, 1883. As has been, seen, the 
 principal workings had been carried on in the seigniory of Rigaud-Vaudreui) 
 and especially on the Gilbert, which was the chief centre of activity. In other 
 parts of Beauce, however, there had been a good deal of prospecting and exploring 
 of streams. In Ditton (Compton) the Pope company had been working regularly 
 and taking out large quantities of gold without obstruction, their title being 
 indisputable. Towards 1881-82, a company, under the management of Mr. A. A. 
 Humphrey, endeavored to work the extensive surface alluvions on the river du 
 Loup, at Jersey Point, near the confluence of that stream with the Chaudifere, and 
 to wash the gravel by the hydraulic process, and built a flume, 20 miles in length, 
 and with a head of 150 feet of water. But, for a variety of reasons too long 
 to be here detailed, this enterprise proved a failure and the works were abandoned, 
 after washing only a portion of the gravel. 
 
 During late years, some work was done by the St. Onge Bros on Slate creek 
 (Ruisseau de I'Ardoise) near St. George, where a shaft was sunk to a depth of 
 165 feet. Some important prospecting was also done by small companies and 
 
 -f g^sgaffi ^g 
 
 
bhur, of 
 
 ited by 
 all this 
 ! richer 
 of the 
 javor to 
 ■ovincial 
 the law 
 he 22nd 
 validity 
 
 as well 
 y on the 
 IS of this 
 I." on lot 
 ncession, 
 incession, 
 De Lery. 
 onlinued 
 De Lery 
 
 ettled by 
 seen, the 
 ^audreuil 
 
 In other 
 exploring 
 regularly 
 itle being 
 Mr. A. A. 
 
 river du 
 iifere, and 
 in length, 
 
 too long 
 jandoned, 
 
 ate creek 
 
 depth of 
 
 anies and 
 
 59 
 
 associations represented by Mr. H. Sewell, on the river des Plantes, by Captain 
 Richards on Cumberland creek, by St. Onge Bros, on the Famine, and by 
 Messrs Coupal & McArthur on Des Meules creek (Ruisseau des Meules). This 
 iirm is the only one, which is still working to some extent, as detailed further on. 
 
 -'>.,- ■;-■-'" '^ ,■■'-■.■--" '^ ' ' ' ■ ■'%"■- - " - , ■ 
 
 '■ ALLUVIAL GOLD. 
 
 At the outset of the gold digging operations, the alluvial gold was only 
 sought for in the river beds and flats, but, later on, the important fact was recog- 
 nized that, to prosecute the search with success, it should extend down to the old 
 river channels buried many feet below the present level. The investigations 
 made by Mr. Lockwood and by the engineers and geologists sent out by the 
 companies which be organized have proven beyond question the existence and 
 value of one of these old channels in the valley of the Gilbert and have even 
 determined the conditions of its existence, its <limensions and the mode of working 
 it. Id getting down to it, the successive strata passed through beneath the 
 surface deposit were a layer of slightly auriferous gravel, blue clay, very fine 
 quicksand and, lastly, the gold-bearing gravel, in a thicknessof not more than 5 to 
 6 feet and the lowest depth of which, lying on the bedrock and vaiying from 1 
 to 1 1 feet thick, is the only rich portion worked. Underneath this gravel the 
 bedrock is composed of slates, often disaggi-egated for a depth of two to three 
 feet, which are also removed and waslied, tis they often hold gold in their cracks 
 and fissures. For the pui-pose of reaching these strata shafts were sunk to 30,50 
 and sometimes to 80,100 and even 165 feet. The sinking of these shafts is a costly 
 and difficult work, as blue clays, fine sands and frequently quicksands have to be 
 passed tlhrough, necessitating a great deal of staunch and solid timbering and 
 ■constant pumping. Operations in the gravel are then conducted by means of 
 drifts, which have also to be carefully timbered. In the first place, the barren 
 material overlying the auriferous gravel and the boulders or large stones mixed 
 with the latter are removed and left in the mine, and the pay dirt is then hoisted 
 to the surface to be washed. When the limit of the bed has been reached in a 
 transverse direction, these drifts are then filled up with the barren stuff and the 
 boulders left in the mine. 
 
 The pay gravel is washed in sluices by the ordinary processes, but. in a large 
 number of the old workings, a certain amount of the fine gold was lost by the 
 primitive methods of the early miners, washing with the pan or the rocker. 
 
 As already stated, the special nature of the gi'ound necessitated constant 
 pumping, but, where the lay of the land permitted, tunnels were made to drain 
 the mines and gave excellent results. 
 
 In certain parts of the district, and especially at the confluence of the rivers 
 
 
 I, 
 
 
■^, 
 
 60 
 
 Chaudi^re and du Jjoup, extensive deposits of alluvial gravel occur on the surface^ 
 the washing of which was tried by the hydraulic process consisting in the 
 breaking up of the gravels with the aid of a powerful jet of water. About 
 1881-82, a company, under the management of Mr. A. A. Humphrey, built a flume 
 20 miles long, which gave a head of 150 feet of water, but it worked only a short 
 time. The hydraulic process, in fact, does not seem to have yielded satisfactory 
 results, as the company had to suspend operations, notwithstanding the extensive 
 works it had carried out at Jersey Point. 
 
 The Beauce auriferous region covers a very extensive area, estimated at 
 15,000 square miles, embracing the valleys of the rivex's Chaudiere and du Loup 
 and of their tributaries and stretching from St. Joseph in the province of Quebec 
 to the American boundary line. But the scene of the most important and ex- 
 tensive workings for the precious metal has been the Gilbert river, whence alsO' 
 the gi'eater part of the gold recorded as having come from Beauce has been, 
 extracted. Some very large sized nuggets have been found, the biggest weighing 
 71 ounces, others 52 and 51 ounces and a large number respectively worth several 
 hundred dollars. 
 
 Mr. W. P. Lock wood (1) has especially contributed by his working and 
 perseverance during 23 years to practically prove the wealth of the region.. 
 Either by himself or by the companies due to his organization, upwards of 40 
 shafts were sunk from lot 15 of the De Lery concession to the Cliaudiere, or over 
 a distance of about three miles, thus proving the continuity of the auriferous 
 deposit. Ml'. Lockwood claims that, by the showing of these works, the amount 
 of gold in this bed was at least $50,000 to the acre, that, in certain portions, it 
 might even attain S60,000 to $100,000, and that, from an area of 10 acres on lots 
 15 to 20 of the De Lery concession over a million of dollars worth of the precious, 
 metal was taken out. Moreover, the numerous reports which we have consulted 
 on the subject are all very conclusive as to the richness and continuity of the 
 deposit, , , ;. . > , ; . 
 
 Some other workings on the rivers Famine, des Plantes and Chaudiere have 
 established the existence in those localities of similar deposits. In addition, it 
 may be said that the presence of gold has also been noted in nearly all the brooks 
 and rivei's of the region and notably on the following : Le Bras, Mill, des Meules, 
 Raccourci, Bertrand, Poulin, Veuilleux, Loubieres, Bolduc, Caron, Gosselin, Cum- 
 berland, Stafford, Pozer, Abenakis, Metgermette, Traveller's Rest, du Portage, 
 Samson, Grande Coud^e, &c., all of which have been explored by different par+ica 
 of miiiers. 
 
 The gold in Beauce holds a small proportion of silver, which may amount to 
 10 or 12y. The presence of mercury, in small quantity, fi-equently forming an 
 
 (1) Lockwood reports to the Crown Lands Commissioner, P. of Q. 
 
 ^5T^in(9r««Ken! S3 
 
 
61 
 
 pai. 
 
 .•amalgam on the surface of the precious metal, has also been noted, as well as 
 some grains of platinum containing traces of thoso rare metals, osmium and 
 iridium. The analyses of the Geological Survey of Canada show that, in the 
 specimens assayed, the proportion of fine gold amounted to 871, 892, 864, 867, 
 per thousand. 
 
 It seems now to be well established that the source of this alluvial gold is 
 local and that it has been derived from the quartz veins traversing the Cambrian 
 slates of the region. (1) In fact, as hereafter shown, these quartz veins are nearly 
 •everywhere gold-bearing and as further proof that they have been the source 
 of the alluvial gold, pieces of the latter have been frequently found still attached 
 to the quartz. It has also been remarked that the alluvions adjoining the quartz 
 veins are generally very rich. All these facts, coupled with the coarseness of the 
 ^old, naturally lead us to the conclusion that the precious metal has not come 
 from very far off. Geologists, moreover, note a remarkable analogy between this 
 region and the gold fields of Nova Scotia, where the auriferous quartz veins are 
 successfully worked. There is therefore room to hope that attention will also be 
 paid to the quartz veins, whose working is attended with less uncertainty. 
 
 It is very difficult, if not impossible, to estimate the exact qnantity of gold 
 that has been produced in the province on account of the uncertainty and irre- 
 gularity of the reports of the companies. We give, however the figures of the 
 production as derived from the reports of the Crown Lands Department, which 
 j-re the only official returns extant : 
 
 Weight. Value. 
 
 1867 $31,000 00 
 
 1868 Ist quarter 303 ounces 0.23 
 
 1870... 
 
 1876-77. 
 1877... 
 1878... 
 
 ■)'. . 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881 
 
 2nd 
 
 (( 
 
 432 
 
 " 12.7 
 
 8,100 00 
 
 3rd 
 
 <( 
 
 336 
 
 •' 17.12 
 
 
 4th 
 
 (( 
 
 324 
 
 " 16.23 
 
 
 1st 
 
 half 
 
 1,455 
 
 382 
 
 " 16.13 
 " 17.14 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 half 
 
 698 
 
 " 19.12 
 
 
 Ist 
 
 « 
 
 246 
 
 " 16.3 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 tt 
 
 . . > • 
 
 • ' >■ ■ ; ■•■," ■■ 
 
 13,617 75 
 
 Ist 
 
 « 
 
 • • • • 
 
 
 15,469 63 
 
 2nd 
 
 t( 
 
 • • > • 
 
 
 17,502 22 
 
 1st 
 
 quarter 
 
 228 
 
 8. 
 
 1,047 00 
 
 2nd 
 
 (( 
 
 634 
 
 6.22 
 
 10,432 92 
 
 2nd 
 
 half 
 
 • • • • 
 
 
 33,174 00 
 
 
 • • • • 
 
 pt. 1883 7,902 
 
 , " 2.4 
 
 56,375 31 
 
 ihSe 
 
 40,262 30 
 
 
 U> Report Qeologrical Survey, Canada, 1887. 
 
 '^^]^^ «>:.-i,u i«. /^t v:i.iwiA 
 
'W 
 
 62 
 
 Making a total of 12,956 ounces, 14 dwts, 13 gi*s, which, at $17.50 per ounce,, 
 give $226,743, to which we add, for the weight of the yields not given above. 
 $31,000 + 13,617.75 + 15,469.63 the whole forming a total of $279,095.38. 
 
 It will be remarked that there are no returns down to 1867, nor for the year 
 1869 nor for the years comprised between 1870 and 1876 and, again, between 1883 
 and 1890 inclusively, while the quantities of gold taken out at Compton are also 
 not given. Moreover, a good deal of work was done on properties in litigation, 
 from which the output could never be ascertained. It will consequently be 
 readily understood that the above total is very much below the figure of the real 
 production, which is a fact, moreover, repeatedly admitted in the reports of the 
 inspectors. In the opinion of several competent persons, the total of the gold 
 collected in the province would amount to not less than two millions of dollars' 
 worth. 
 
 Nuggets of remarkable size have been found on the Gilbert. The biggewt 
 weighed 71 ounces. One also of 52 ounces 11,892 (the Kilgour nugget) and 
 several of about 50 ounces were picked up, as well as others worth several 
 hundred dollars each. In examining iihe reports of the companies, we also 
 remark that they mention the extraction of large quantities of the precious 
 metal from small surfaces, for instance : 
 
 The " Canada Gold Company," from a single acre $65,000 00 
 
 James McRae, from 100 square feet 50,000 00 
 
 Tlie " St. Onge Co." took out an average per man per daj', during 
 
 two years, of 3 50' 
 
 The Poiilin Brothers, with the pan, in one day. . . 1,200 00 
 
 It is claimed that the workable surface of lots 16 to 21 of the De Lery con- 
 cession on the Gilbert yielded alone not less than $700,000 worth, the practical 
 production of the gravel being about $2.25 of gold to the cubic yard. 
 
 All these facts point to the great importance and wealth of the aux-iferous 
 district of Beauce and i i> is therefore much r,o be hoped that every obstacle to its 
 free development may be removed. As already remarked, numerous obstructions 
 ai'ose at the very moment that the minei*s were flocking into the district with 
 the most ardor. The impetus of the industry being thus checked, companies and 
 individuals retired discouraged from the struggle, and the bad reputation thus 
 acquired has survived the settlement of the legal difficulties to such an extent 
 that, even to day, these mines are still abandoned. 
 
 Experience has, however, proved that, to be profitable, the work, on account 
 of the attendant difficulties, must be done by wealthy companies, with a suitable 
 extent of ground, in the possession of which they must be assured for a sufficient 
 time. 
 
63 
 
 ■^''1 
 
 THE COUPAL, McARTHUR MINES. 
 
 This mine is situated at a distance of one mile south of the village of St 
 Francis, on lot 45 of the 1st range South-West, on the left bank of the Mill stream 
 and its tributary, the des Meules creek. 
 
 'If 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 The auriferous layer, which appears to be the old bed of the des Meules creek, 
 has been struck at a depth of 80 feet by a shaft which traverses the slates and 
 connects with it by a small drift. The draining of the mine is effected by means 
 of a tunnel of 500 feet, extending to the Mill stream. The strata passed through 
 in sinking the shaft to reach the gold-beai'ing gravel offered in this case much 
 greater difficulty than at other mines. They appear to have been the following : 
 
 -,- . 
 Vegetable .soil. ' • . , 
 
 Clay and boulders 30 feet. 
 
 Fine white sand mixed with boulders ,' 20 " 
 
 Blue clay 10 to 15 " 
 
 Hard gravel 10 to 12 " 
 
 Fine quicksand and water impossible to keep out 10 to 12 " 
 
 Auriferous gravel. 
 
 Slates (bed rock.) .^^ ' : . ./■ ' '■::"■': '' 'r-'s']' \\^^ K:<.^ :;,; . " ' ^'^'^y-y , ■ •'■ 
 
 
 
 
 The width of this basin is about 100 feet, and the paying or workable part 
 25 feet. The depth of the gravel is very slight, the gold occui-ing nearly always 
 in th'> fissures of the bed rock, the stratification of which runs in about the same 
 direction as the auriferous deposit. The same basin has been traced for a distance 
 of a mile by means of three other shafts and the tunnel by which the mine is 
 drained. 
 
 TKe company owns the mining rights on 5,000 acres, but has only worked 
 with a few men for the last three years, a part of this time having been devoted 
 to exploring and preparatory work. It has taken out 275 ounces of gold worth 
 $5,000, the largest nugget secured weighing a little over 8 ounces and l)eing 
 valued at $153. On the occasion of my last visit, in September, 1889, only 4. 
 men were at work in the mine and they estimated that the amount of the 
 precious metal found represented an average of more than 4 ounces or about SlOO 
 per 80 square feet. The same company has secured a large tract of land in the 
 valley of the Gilbert and there is room to hope that other important workings 
 will be shortly undertaken there. 
 
 
;;:»" 
 
 64 
 
 "GILBERT AND CHAUDlfcRE GOLD FIELDS CO. OF CANADA" 
 
 (Limited, London.) 
 
 This company, which is represented by Mr. W. P. Lockwood, is the same 
 mentioned in the preceding historical sketch describing the role he has played in 
 the development of our gold-inining industry. For some years past, it has 
 suspended operations, but has recently entered into new contracts with the 
 De Lery Company, the owner of the mining rights, and is now making serious 
 efforts to resume work itself or to cede to other companies a part of its territory, 
 in which the existence of alluvial gold and numerous quartz veins have been 
 noted. 
 
 GOLD IN DITTON (COMPTON.) - H 
 
 Besides the workings in Beauce, the search for alluvial gold has also been 
 •caiTied on in a regular way for twenty years in the township of Ditton (Compton) ; 
 but the quantity of ^He precious metal collected, though, no doubt, pretty large, 
 is not known. 
 
 These mines, called the Pope mines, after there proprietor, Hon. J. H. Pope, 
 are located on the Little Ditton river and embrace lots 33 and 34 of the IXth 
 range of Ditton. As in Beauce, the gravel rests on raised slates at a depth 
 varying from a few feet to 15 and 20 feet. The entire bed of the stream, as well 
 •Mi its flats, for the length of half a mile, has been washed, with a working force 
 of 10 to 15 men. The largest nugget found was worth S60. For the last five 
 years, Mr. Pope has abandoned operations and permits the miners to work on 
 their own account, without claiming any royalty or rent from thorn. In September, 
 1889, three parties of miners, numbering 10 men, were digging on small " claims," 
 and, on one of these, I saw S30 worth of the precious metal, including a piece 
 worth $15, collected in a single day. 
 
 Each pan washed on this stream, as well as on the Ditton and the Salmon 
 rivers, sh )ws gold and I was assured that the metal had also been found on 
 several of their tributaries, among others on lots 5 and 6 of the Vllth range of 
 Ditton, and 4 and 5 of the IVth range of Chesham (Salmon river), where some 
 small workings have been begun. / • v 
 
 On aci'iount of the slight depth of the alluvion covering the pay gravel, these 
 works are easily executed, open pits or cuttings being sufficient and shafts being 
 only lEreJy needed. Along the stream mentioned, numerous quartz veins have 
 also been looted. 
 
^.ssB-^i:! 
 
 B same 
 lyed in 
 it has 
 th the 
 serious 
 rritory, 
 'e been 
 
 66 
 
 ' * ■ . ■ ' ' ' 
 
 Gold was also found about thirty years ago in the alluvial strips on lots 11, 
 of the Xlth range and 2,3 and 6 of the Xlllth range of Ascot, and 19 of the Vth 
 range of Orford (Sherbrooke) and this gold was partially worked by companies. 
 These properties were then regarded as very important and also contained quartz 
 veins, but their working was not the less abandoned. 
 
 The presence of the precious metal has also been noted at several points in the 
 valley of the river St. Francis, but, apart from by the miners already enumerated, 
 it is not to our knowledge that any important work htus been done at any point 
 of that region. 
 
 •■ w ' 
 
 \ QUARTZ. 
 
 H 
 
 Iso been 
 mpton) ; 
 ,y large, 
 
 H. Pope, 
 
 he IXth 
 
 a depth 
 
 as well 
 
 ng force 
 
 Salmon 
 
 )und on 
 
 Irange of 
 
 lire some 
 
 ^el, these 
 Its being 
 lins have 
 
 The quartii of Beauce has as yet been but little worked, the only attempt at 
 development in that direction being the crushing mill established near the 
 Devil's Rapids, on the Chaudi^re. Whether owing to defective construction of 
 the mill or to other causes, this attempt was not successful — it being even 
 asserted that the mill did not yield up again the free gold put into it as a test, so 
 that this endeavor to work the quartz should be regarded as without significance 
 or bearing on the future possibilities of the quartz-cinishing industry. The mill 
 in question, which is provided with 10 stamps, is still standing. In the early 
 days of the alluvial gold workings, great uncertainty appears to have prevailed 
 as to the source of the precious metal, but it seems to be now well established 
 that its origin is purely local and that it has been derived from the decomposition 
 of the quartz veins traversing the Cambrian slates of the region, a theory which 
 is, moreover, confirmed by the coarseness of the gold found, especially in the 
 neighborhood of the quartz veins, as well as by the frequent discovery in the 
 alluvions of pieces showing scarcely any signs of abrasion from rolling and often 
 still adhering to their quartz gangue. Mr. R. W. Ells, of the Geological Survey 
 of Canada, (1887) sums up the question most conclusively in this sense and 
 suggests the advisability of search being made in the vicinity of the anticlinal 
 lines, according to the principle followed in the Nova-Scotian gold fields. Geolo- 
 gists, moreover, find that a great analogy exists between the formations of the 
 two regions. ,, ' 
 
 In the report of the Geological Survey for 1886, there is a report from 
 Mr. A. Michel, accompanied by assays by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, which established 
 the finding of gold in several veins. Out of 31 specimens assayed, 12 contained 
 gold in the proportion of S5.03 to $15.15 to the ton. Three samples, holding free or 
 visible gold, raised the percentage to $69.07 and $101.29. The same report 
 mentions other assays made at Boston and New- York, which gave heavy per- 
 centages of gold, ranging as high as $106 and even $136. These assays are cited 
 
 5 
 
 m 
 
 l:-\ 
 
 If i 
 
as reliable. The general result of these tests recognizes as gold-bearing the 
 quartz coming from the following lots : Seigniory Rigaud-Vaudreuil, St. Charles 
 concession, 19- 21 — De Lery concession, 13,20 — Liniere, I, 2, I range N. E. 83-62- 
 59 A 51 A. (/haussegros, 16. 
 
 Mr. A. Michel also found a little fine gold in a vein of quartz on lot 8 of the 
 Ist range of Lanibton. 
 
 According to assays made by Mr. Nagant, of Quebec, on specimens of our own 
 collecting, gold occurs in quartz derived from the following lots ; — Marlow, Ken- 
 nebec range, 79. Metgermette, near Portage lake, 'range VIII or IX, Linifere, near 
 Portage river, II section C, Ditton, (Compton) Salmon river, Free native gold 
 is not frequently visible in the quartz of Beauce ; still several veins of this class, 
 the most notable of which is the one traversing the Chaudiere at the Devil's 
 Rapids, have been found, in which the precious metal is said to have been 
 distinctly recognized by the naked eye. On Mr. Pope's property in Ditton, 
 a (juartz boulder was found .showing free gold, from which $600 worth of 
 the precious metal was extracted by breaking alone with a hammer. And 
 credible persons have also asserted that they obtained gold by crushing the 
 quaii/Z in a mortar and then washing it with the pan. The many known 
 quai'tz veins, however, have been but little worked of late years, the failure of 
 the mill already referred to having prevented any serious effort in that direction 
 on a large scale. Generally speaking, the veins are pretty thick, with a general 
 North-East direction, cutting the stratification at a slight angle. In one part 
 alone of the district of the Gilbert, some 40 have been noted with, thickesses 
 ranging from 5 to 12 feet and sometimes from 18 to 25 feet. These veins 
 have been pai'tially traced and their material assayed. They are moreover known 
 under local names, which it is needless to here mention ; but it may be stated 
 that several of them have yielded heavy percentages of the precious metal to the 
 assays and that, in the case of some of them, particles of gold were derived from 
 the mere ci-ushing of the quartz. <. 
 
 Numerous quartz veins have also been noted all along the Kennebec road 
 and on the different tributaries of the Chaudiere and river du Loup, as well as 
 on the Ditton and Salmon rivers in Compton and a multitude of other places. 
 
 Briefly stated, although the quartz veins of Beauce have not yet exbi^ ^ 
 free gold except in small quantities, they are not the less gold-bean j 
 workably so, too. There is also reason to hope for the discovery of real ich 
 veins, taking into account the fact that the alluvial gold has been derived trc-m 
 the quartz, and, in such case, their working would undoubtedly be easy in view 
 of their size and the proximity of means of communication and transport. These 
 quartz veins are therefore worthy of very serious attention and it is much to be 
 
ing the 
 Charles 
 ;. 83-62- 
 
 8 of the 
 
 : our own 
 ow, Ken- 
 ifere, near 
 ttive gold 
 this class, 
 e Devil's 
 lave been 
 in Bitton, 
 worth of 
 ler. And 
 shing the 
 ly known 
 failure of 
 ,t direction 
 a general 
 one part 
 thickesses 
 'hese veins 
 ver known 
 y be stated 
 iietal to the 
 srived from 
 
 mebec road 
 as well as 
 • places. 
 
 et exbibi -1 
 
 jearii 
 
 f real ich 
 erived tr(^m 
 asy in view 
 
 iport. These 
 much to be 
 
 •7 
 
 desired that serious attempts should be made to develop then», convinced as 
 we are beforehanil that judiciously conducted operations would lead to profitable 
 results. 
 
 The fact should also be noted that visible gold has been observed in several 
 quartz veins worked for copper at the Harvey Hill Mines, in the Handkerchief, 
 (Lotbini^re) and at Halifax (Megantic), Horton (Arthabaska) and several other 
 points. 
 
 i' - - ■ 9 
 
 X :• GOLD IN THE LAURENTIAN ROCKS. 
 
 'V-' ^ •' • • •, ",v '• ■.'■''_■ . .' ' 
 
 It is claimed that gold has been found in quartz veins in the rocks of the 
 Laurentides. 1 have before me analyses which assert its presence, but the speci- 
 mens of n»y own collection have not yielded the same result, and workings un- 
 dertaken opposite Mattawa, in Pontiac, in the vicinity of Buckingham, and in 
 the counties of Jolictte, Berthier and Montcalm do not appear to have turned out 
 profitably. Without wishing, however, to deny the possibility of the existence 
 of auriferous quartz, I must still say that it is not to my personal knowledge 
 that any has been found in that region of the province of Quebec. Nevertheless 
 some assays of pyritous Laurentian rocks made by Mi*. H. Nagant appear to 
 have detected traces of gold, which in that case would exist in the magnetic 
 pyrite. 
 
 In the report of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1878-79, an analysis 
 is recorded of a very small specimen of quartz mixed with apatite and iron 
 pyrite, and showing native gold, which gave 11 ounces 725 of the precious metal, 
 and 52 ounces 333 of silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. Several other localities in 
 Wakefield (Ottawa) and in the county of Pontiac, are also mentioned as gold- 
 bearing', but this statement is confirmed by no precise information. 
 
 LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES WHERE GOLD HAS 
 
 BEEN FOUND. 
 
 V,-,,.,. .,-...:'<"-'■ :''.',■. , _ •■ 
 
 AuTHABASKA. .Horton II, 17| S W. , , 
 
 Beauce Lambton A 1, 8. 
 
 Liniere — River Metgermette, East branch, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 
 
 River Metgermette, North branch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, U, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
 
 ,■■ 11,12. River Travellers' Rest 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9, 10, 11, 
 
 12, 13, 14. River Portage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 
 
 Marlow — Kennebec road range A East, A West. V^ N. W. of ^ 
 
 S. W. of 1, VI 1, VII 1. 
 Metgermette North — River Metgermette, East branch, 10 11, 12, 
 
 13, 14, 15, 16. River Metgermette, North 13, 14, 15. 
 
 .ti.'ii 
 
 i:> 
 
 
 
:-f w' 
 
 68 
 
 Mergermette South— River Traveller's Rest 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 
 
 15, 16, River Portage, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. VIII, 13, 14. 
 
 Risborough— XIV, 1. 2, 3, XV, 1, 2. XVI ^ S. W., 1. River du 
 
 Loup 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. 
 Seigniory Rigaud-Vaudreuil — (The gold mining rights have been 
 ceded over the whole seigniory) De Lery concession 13, 14; 
 ' 15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27. St. Charles 
 
 concession 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 19, 21. 1st range N. E. 8, 9A, 
 > ^ ■ 9B, 42, 43A, 47 A, 48. I rrfnge N. E. 49 A, 56, 57. 62, 63A, 
 
 63B, 75, 76. Chaussegros concession 29, 30. Fraser con- 
 cession S. E. 43, 44, 45, 46. St, Gaspard concession 37, 38. 
 ^ I range S. W. (44A, 44B, Coupal & McArthur) 55B. Sie. 
 Catherine concession A, B. 
 
 CoMPTON Chesham — III, 6. IV, 4, 5. 
 
 Ditton- VII, 5, 6. IX, 23, 24. X, 34|N. 
 Dorchester. . . Watford— III, 5, 6. IV, 2, 3. 
 LoTBiNifeRE . . . Seigniory of St. Giles de Beaurivage — Handkerchief concession. 
 
 Meg ANTIC Ireland — V, 11. 
 
 Leeds— XIV— . 14. ' , 
 
 Sherbrooke,. Ascot — XI, 11. XIJI, 2, 3, 6. 
 Orford— V, 19. 
 
 • This list is incomplete as regards Beauce, where gold has been found in 
 neai-ly all the streams and brooks flowing into the river du Loup and the Chau- 
 diei'e. 
 
 ;MCii.'iii^ik^^f&Miuii:^iMjk>M-iii.i^'iVi^'i' 
 
69 
 
 1, 13. 14. 
 1,13,14. 
 tJiver du 
 
 ave been 
 ,n 13, 14; 
 . Charles 
 E. 8, 9A, 
 62, 63A, 
 aser con- 
 )n 37, 38. 
 5B. Stye. 
 
 icession. 
 
 n found in 
 the Chau- 
 
 Sl LVER. 
 
 No mining for silver is carried on in the province, although that metal has 
 been frequently found associated with other ores. Thus, for instance, without 
 alluding to the ores of galena, which always contain more or less of it, the copper 
 ores of the Eastern Townships cany silver, as already stated in the chapter on 
 copper, and sometimes even in pretty considerable proportion, especially when 
 the galena is mixed with copper pyrite, as in Acton, Ascot and Upton, where 
 compounds have occasionally been met with rich in silver and even in native 
 silver, but in small quantity. Only one mine may be classed as a silver mine. 
 It is the one situated in Marlow and Risborough (Beauce), of which a description 
 is subjoined : 
 
 ARMSTRONG & CO. (1) 
 
 = - » 
 
 This property is situated in the county of Beauce, on lots 1 of the Vlth 
 range of Marlow, 2J N, E. and 3 of the XlVth range, 1^ and 2 S. E. of the 
 XVth range and IJ S. W. of the XVIth range of Risborough. 
 
 The following information relates to this mine, which we have not had yet 
 occasion to visit. Its discovery occurred about 1880, when some prospecting 
 work was all that was done. 
 
 From 1885 to 1887, more impoi-tant works were undei'taken, establishing 
 the existence of a number of veins, of which four are well defined and exhibit 
 thicknesses ranging from a few inches to a foot and, even in one case, to two feet, 
 A portion of these veins run from East to West, dipping almost vertically and 
 comprising sandstones and slates of the Cambrian formation, "^he others are 
 regarded as cross veins in a perpendicular direction and a dip 45° East. 
 All these veins have been traced for distances of from 600 to 1800 feet, by means 
 of surface workings and shafts of 27, 18, 6 and 8 feet in depth. They are 
 composed of quartz with iron and copper pyrites, blende and galena,- the miner- 
 alized parts forming from one third to one half of the veins. 
 
 (I) Geological Survey of Canada, 1887-88. 
 
 * 
 
 M 
 
 fSl 
 
-fr 
 
 70 
 
 The works done so far have been only of an exploratory nature to prove the 
 continuity of the veins. • . 
 
 Several assays of the ore have given the following percentages of silver per 
 ton of 2000 lbs of the mineral : 
 
 Rev. E. Page, professor, Laval University 430 ounces 
 
 '. do do do 260 " 
 
 Prof. R. H. Richards, Boston 28 " 
 
 V do do 30.7 " 
 
 Canadian Geological Survey 43.663 " 
 
 Some other assays have detected traces of gold. The mine is situated at a 
 distance of 8 miles from the Kennebec road, and about 50 miles from St. Francis 
 Beauce (Q. C. R.) 
 
 '\y - : 
 
71 
 
 NATURAL COMBUSTIBL-E: GAS 
 
 (1) 
 
 The existence of natural gas in various parts of the world has been long" 
 known, but its utilization on a lai-ge scale for industrial purposes only dates from 
 1882-83, when it was first brought into notice in that way, in Pennsylvania, in 
 the United States, and since then the development of the industry has been so 
 great as to render its present importance very considerable. 
 
 In the province of Quebec the presence of this gas has been noted, for many 
 years, in the valley of the St. Lawrence, and especially in the vicinity of Louise- 
 ville. It has also been observed at the follow ing points : Chambly, Maisonneuve, 
 Longue Pointe, Varennes, St. Barnabe, Contrecoeur, St. Henri, L'Epiphanie, St. 
 Paul, St. Cuthbert, St. L^on, Ste. Anne de la Parade, Quebec, (Hare Point), 
 L'Acadie (near St. John's), St. Sulpice and St. Barth^lemi. / 
 
 In the month of August, 1880, Messrs Piret and Genest, of Three Rivers, 
 sunk the first well near the village of St. Maurice (St. Alexis range) through 54 
 feet of blue clay and gi-avel following a sort of pipe or conduit of hardened clay, 
 which is still preserved in the Geological Museum at Ottawa. At that depth, 
 however, they reached the Trenton limestone, witliout going further. 
 
 In the neighborhood, in the same St. Alexis range and in the St. Martin 
 range, farmers, putting down water pipes to depths ranging from 40 to 60 feet, 
 frequently noticed abundant escapes of gas, accompanied by sulphurous water. 
 
 In the same year, 1880, the abbe Laflamme read a paper on the subject at 
 Louiseville by the light of gas procured in the vicinity and thus proved the 
 possibility of utilizing this natural resource. 
 
 In 1883, Messrs Renaud Brothers nnd Dubois made a boi-ing to the rock, a 
 depth of 70 feet, on their property (No of the cadastre of St. Henri de Mas- 
 couche). They obtaineil a strong flow of gas, but the lack of means compelled 
 them to discontinue work. , . . 
 
 In 1885, Mr. Poirier, of St. Gregoire, (Nicolet) organized a small company ; a 
 boring was effected under favorable conditions on Mr. H. Trudel's property .(number 
 501 of the concession of Beaus^jour). The boring was pushed. >is far down as eleven 
 hundred and fifteen feet, and a fair quantity of gas \/as obtained from difierent 
 depths, as shown in the following statement : 
 
 (1) Report of tho Cotnmissionor of Crown LAnde, 1887. 
 
 «;^' 
 
\tWf^ 
 
 I.I I- 
 
 II: :r 
 
 72 
 
 Prom to 75 ft / '^ ft.— Clay and sand with some veins of 
 \ inodorous gas and water. 
 
 " 75 to 215 " i 140 ft. — Sandstone, somewhat calcareous. 
 
 " 215 to eiO". 
 
 •• 640 to 820". 
 •• 820 to 1115". 
 
 '425 ft.— Red and brown schists, soft, with 
 abundant emanations of gas, with the 
 odor of kerosene at 316, 370, 580, 640 
 feet, the 580 feet vein being the most 
 productive. 
 
 /ISO ft. — Impure limestone, oily beneath, a 
 \ vein of gas at 820 feet. 
 
 ... 1 255 ft. — Black schists, compact. 
 
 According to the latest information received, the gas is still flowing. 
 
 ^'nally, during the session of the Quebec Legislature, in 1886, a Canadian 
 company, under the name of the " Combustible Gases Company " and the presi- 
 dency of Mr. Cyrille Duquet, of Quebec, secured from the Provincial Government 
 the exclusive right of working and utilizing natural gas in the province of Quebec 
 for a period of 10 years, and, during the session of 1887, this period was extended 
 to 15 years. 
 
 In .387, this company made a boring of 1500 feet at Maisonneuve near 
 Montreal and four others of 500 to 600 feet at Louiseville (Maskinong^). Gas 
 was struck in pretty fair abundance by all these woi'kings, and was even made 
 use of down to the present year to heat the steam-boilers of the Louiseville 
 water works company. 
 
 The following is a statement by Abb6 Laflamme, of the geological sections of 
 the gas wells of the province : — 
 
 No. 1. WELL AT MAISONNEUVE (1,500 feet.) 
 
 Sy}"" jrficial drift 
 
 Utica shales at 76 feet. 
 
 Limestone " 160 " 
 
 Gas '• 270 " 
 
 Gas " 400 " 
 
 Limestone and shale " " " 
 
 Salt water " 630 " 
 
 Limestone '• " " 
 
 Lime.stone and petroleum-bearing shale. ..." 
 
 Limestone and iron pj'^rites " 
 
 Gius and sulphurous water " 1150 
 
 Pure limestone " 
 
 Arenaceous limestone " 
 
 Trenton 
 formation. 
 
 (( 
 
 the 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 ovei 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 H SI 
 
 
 iitta 
 
78 
 
 WELLS AT LOUISEVILLE. 
 
 Superficial drift 
 
 Utica Hhales 125 ft. 
 
 Hudson f 
 
 River J Gas and salt water 210 " 
 and Utica] do 200 " 
 
 formation I 
 Trenton limestone 
 Sandstone 
 
 (No 2, 545 ft.)-(No, 3, 295 ft.)-(No. 4, 695 ft.)-(No. 5, 300 ft.) 
 
 165 ft. 
 
 220 " 
 295 " 
 
 160 ft. 
 
 210 '• 
 280 " 
 
 350 " 
 
 No, 5 is distant 150 feet from No. 3 and presents the same conformation. 
 
 It 
 
 !anadian 
 le presi- 
 ernment 
 [ Quebec 
 jxtended 
 
 uve near 
 r^). Gas 
 ^en made 
 )uiseville 
 
 ctions of 
 
 WELL AT ST. GREGOIRE, (1,115 feet). 
 
 76 feet. 
 
 GO " 
 270 " 
 400 " 
 
 630 
 
 L50 
 
 Superficial drift 
 
 Calcareous sandstone at 75 feet. 
 
 Gas " 316 " 
 
 Medina red shale \ p / " 370 " 
 
 do J ^^ \ " 380 " 
 
 Hudson River 1 Impure magnesian limestone " 640 " 
 
 formation. | Black shale "820 " 
 
 In his summary report of 1887, Mr. A. R. C. Selwyn, director of the Geolo- 
 gical Survey of Canada, says on the subject of gas and petroleum : " / consider 
 that the probability of such reservoirs existing on the South shore, in the country 
 between Lake St. Peter and St. Hyaeinthe is very great, especially along or in 
 proximity to the central part of the line indicated by Sir W. E. Logan as the 
 course of the Deschanibault anticlinal." And, elsewhere, he adds: "In '-ny case 
 the quei^tion niay certainly be regarded as one of great importance in comparison 
 tvith the simill amount of money which would be required to thoroughly test it' 
 
 In 1863 and 1866, Sir W. Logan and Dr. T. Sterry Hunt intimated the 
 possibility of finding petroleum in the Trenton limestone. , 
 
 Measured in 1887 by Mr. Coste, the well at St. Gr^goire yielded at the rate 
 of 50,000 cubic feet of gas per 24 hours and it was further ascertained that, after 
 being closed for an hour, it gave a pressure according to the manometer of 350 
 lbs to the square inch. 
 
 A glance at the geological map of the province will show that the valley of 
 the St. Lawrence between Quebec and Montreal is fonned of Trenton limestone, 
 overlaid by Utica, Hudson River and Medina shales, the whole buried under 
 H superficial layer of alluvium avei-aging 50 to 80 feet thick, but occasionally 
 attaining as much >is 120 and even 160 feet. At several points along the North 
 
 4i, 
 
'^p^^ 
 
 74 
 
 shore, these formations outcrop and are visible at the surface, but they nre 
 usually overlaid by alluvial deposits. We are in possession of but little inform- 
 ation as regards the South shore, where these formations are possibly covered up 
 by other strata. But there is no question that, in the region south of Three Rivers, 
 red shales have been observed, which appear to belong to the Medina formation. 
 The borings at St. Gr^goire were undoubtedly made through similar shales and 
 the Trenton limestone had not yet been reached. The geological formation of the 
 South shore, as indicated on the map, is somewhat hypothetical, owing both to 
 the absence of borings and the thickness of the alluvial layer. It may, however, 
 be asserted that the formation comprised between Quebec and Montreal and 
 extending over 50 to 60 miles to the Southward very likely contains gas and 
 petroleum. , < 
 
 Most geologists admit that natural gas has its origin in the decomposition of 
 animal and vegetable organic remains, the aceumula,tion of the remotest geolo- 
 gical ages. Others, but in less number and belonging especially to what is termed 
 the practical class, hold that the gas is continuously produced by chemical action 
 in the bowels of the earth. • 
 
 The first theory would lead to the belief that the solid, liquid and gaseous 
 mineral combustibles have a common origin, through the production by decompo- 
 sition of different results in vegetable or animal matter. Under such circumstances, 
 gas and petroleum would be indigenous to the I'ocks in which they are found and 
 their quantity would therefore be limited and subject to exhaustion, as is the case 
 with all other mineral deposits. , .' • • 
 
 The advocates of the second theory hold that the superficial or sea water, 
 reaching great depths by infiltration, comes in contact with native metals at 
 high temperatures and there, in presence of carbon, and under strong pressure, is 
 decomposed, oxydizing the metals, forming hydrocarburets and piussing off into 
 the higher parts, where >they find outlets and porous i-ocks to absorb them. 
 According to this theory, the quantity of gas would be inexhausJtible, since it 
 would be formed unceasingly as in a great laboratory. 
 
 The American companies operating in this gas rely as a rule, on the first of 
 these theories and anticipate the day when the supply will be exhausted. Adopting 
 the fii-st hypothesis, the American geologists sum up as follows the conditions 
 under which workable accunmlations of gas are likely to exist. 
 
 lo The rock must evidently contain organic remains. 
 
 2o It must contain porous strata fit to contain oil or gas. 
 
ley are 
 inform- 
 ered up 
 Rivei'H, 
 -mation. 
 lies and 
 n of the 
 both to 
 lowever, 
 •eal and 
 gas and 
 
 sition of 
 st geolo- 
 8 termed 
 al action 
 
 I gaseous 
 iecompo- 
 tnstances, 
 ound and 
 I the case 
 
 ea water, 
 metals at 
 essure, is 
 g oiF into 
 rb them. 
 3, since it 
 
 le tirst of 
 Adopting 
 jonditions 
 
 75 
 
 3o It should be impermetible both above and below and should present 
 neither fissures nor chinks. 
 
 4o It must be wrinkled and present elevated parts wliere the gas may collect. 
 
 The same geologists lay down the principle that, whereas the oil and gas 
 have a common origin, they may be found in the same regions in variable pro- 
 portions. 
 
 Under the second theory, such accumulations of gas may be found in any 
 region where certain strategraphical conditions obtain. 
 
 As far as our province is concerned, these conditions seem to exist, at least 
 on the Soutli shore of the St. Lawrence. . , • ; 
 
 In the United States (1), natural gas is used extensively iu several States 
 and especially in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, New- York, &c. 
 
 Natural gas is also met with in the province of Ontario (Canada), where its 
 discovery for industrial purposes is especially due to Mr. E. Coste. 
 
 No analysis of the natural gas of this province has yet been made ; but for 
 information sake, we append an analysis of the Pittsburg (Ohio) gas made by 
 Mr. S. A. Ford, chemist to the " Edgard Thomson Steel Works Co." and considered 
 as indicating the average composition : — 
 
 Carbonic acid 0.6 
 
 Carbonic oxide 0.6 
 
 Oxygen 0.8 . 
 
 Bicarbureted hydrogen (defiant gas) 1.0 
 
 Ethylic hydride 5.0 
 
 Protocarbureted hydrogen (Marsh gas) 67.0 
 
 Hydrogen 22.0 
 
 Nitrogen ^ 3.0 
 
 ' ' \ ' 100. 
 
 Heating power 789,694 
 
 1,000 cubic feet of tliis gas weigh 38 lbs and have a heating power of 
 210,069,604 units. 
 
 The same heating power is obtained from 57.25 lbs of pure carbon, 62.97 lbs 
 of coke of 90 per cent of carbon, 54.4 lbs of bituminous Pittsburgh coal or, in 
 
 (1) "The geologic distribution of natural gas in the U. S."Ch. A. AHhurner ; I*rolimlnary report on Petroleum 
 and Gas : E. Orton.— Rf^jiorts of " Geological Survey of I'ennHylvunla and Ohio." There have been many other 
 publicatlonH on the petroleum and gas of the U. S. and a Pittsburg newspaper " The Iron Mami/acturcr" has. 
 published very importai.^ supplements* on the gas. 
 
 ■i'l 
 
76 
 
 other words, one ton of coal of 2,000 lbs would be equivalent to 36,764 cubic 
 feet of gas. These are theoretic figures, but it may be admitted, practically, 
 thp.t one pound of coal is equal to 7| cubic feet of gas. 
 
 The gas in a dry state has a specific gravity of 0.520 compared with air ; if 
 saturated with water, its density is 0.554. 
 
 Mixed with nine to fourteen times its volume of air, it explodes violently. 
 
 According to Professor C. C. Howard, of Columbus, the Findlay district 
 {Ohi j) gas is composed as follows : 
 
 Protocarbureted hydrogen 92.61 
 
 Bicarbureted hydrogen 0.30 
 
 Hydrogen 2.18 
 
 Nitrogen 3.61 , 
 
 Oxygen 0.34 
 
 Carbonic acid, ' 0.26 
 
 Carbonic oxide 0.50 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen 0.20 
 
 • '^"■""'' ' .■ ^ - 100. 
 
 Heating power 878,082 
 
 Specific gravity 0.57 
 
 The presence of the sulphuretted hydrogen imparts to the gas of this district 
 a disagreeable smell, which does not characterize the Pittsburg gas. 
 
 In the United States, natural gas is used for domestic heating, but little for 
 lighting. Industrially, it is employed for the generation of steam, for open hearth 
 melting in the manufacture of steel, as well as in iron puddling and heating 
 furnaces, glass works, pottery, brick and limekilns, &c., &c. It is also used instead 
 of steam or compressed air for machinery in the open air. 
 
 Its price is usually based on the corresponding price of coal, but, in some 
 districts, it is very cheap and is not even measured. 
 
 Wells have been found producing 15 millions of cubic feet of gas per 24 
 hours, with pressures of from 800 to 900 lbs to the square inch in the closed pipe, 
 
 According to official statistics, this gas, in 1885, replaced 3,131,600 tons 
 of coal worth $4,857,200,; in 1886, 6,453,000 tons worth $10,012,000; and in 
 1887, 9,867,000 tons worth $15,838,500. 
 
per 24 
 sed pipe, 
 
 77 
 
 The supply of natural gae is not considered inexhaustible, but the plant and 
 piping could be utilized for artificial gas manufactured in large quantities and 
 at a low price, and already important companies have been established for this 
 purpose. 
 
 In the province of Ontario, very productive wells have been sunk in a region 
 geologically later than that of this province. 
 
 I have no doubt whatever that judiciously and properly conducted borings 
 would lead to the discovery in this province of important reservoirs of gas and 
 probably also of petroleum. 
 
78 
 
 M"' 
 
 Although no search has yet been made for petroleum in the central portion 
 of the province of Quebec, it is nevertheless our opinion that it should be found 
 in the Trenton formation, especially in the Southern section of the valley of the 
 St. Lawrence. i ■: ■ r ,. ' . ^ ^ 
 
 In the Geology of Canada, 1863, Sir W. Logan, says : " The possibility of its 
 occurrence in available quantities in some part of the Trenton formation should 
 not be lost sight of." In the Geological Survey's report for 1866, Dr. T. Sterrj' 
 Hunt uses the following language : " The limestones of this formation may, in 
 some localities, prove to be valuable sources of petroleum." Subsequent facts 
 have confirmed the opinion of these two eminent geologists, especially since the 
 discovery of the vast oil fields of Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky in the same 
 formations as those in which natural gas has been disoovered. In the province 
 of Quebec, small cavities filled with petroleum have been found at the points 
 where these fornjations outcrop, as at Pointe aux Trembles and river k la Rose 
 (Montmorency) near Quebec. It frequently occurs, too, that certain beds of 
 Utica shales, in the same formation, are so impregnated with the oil as to burn 
 freely. This fact has been observed at Pointe Bleue and Pointe aux Trembles 
 on Lake St. John, and, as a further instance of it, it may b(» stated that Traverse 
 island in the same lake was on fire for a whole season. We shall not dwell at 
 any further length on this subject, preferring to leave to the future the task 
 of realizing our anticipations. 
 
 PETROLEUM IN GASPE DISTRICT. 
 
 The Easteni section of the Gaspo district, which is embraced in the county of 
 Gaspe,is occupied by what is geologically termed the Gaspe series (Gasp6 sandstones 
 and limestones), the sandstones corresponding to the Devonian formation and the 
 limestones to the Upper Silurian. The existence of petroleum in this region, 
 especially in the neighborhood of the anticlinals where the limestones come to 
 the surface, has long been recognized. 
 
 We propose to indicate the best known points at which petroleum appears 
 and which we have nearly all visited. 
 
 (1) Geological Survey of Canada 1863-1866. 
 
79 
 
 At Sandy Beach, on lot B of York, two wellH were sunk about twenty years 
 ago, one of which yielded some twenty barrels of oil. The spot can still be seen 
 covered with a blackish oil and little oily streams, and at Sandy Beach, as well 
 as at Haldimand, the oil oozes from the mud and shingle of the beach. About 
 a mile from Douglastown, on the right bank of the river St. John, a well was 
 unsuccessfully sunk to a depth of 125 feet on surface indications which are no 
 longer visible. Petroleum has also been noted at the second forks of the river 
 St. John. 
 
 At Tar Point, at the entrance of the Bay, petroleum has also been found in 
 a dyke of eruptive trap, which seems to traverse the region in an East to West 
 direction, and, together with other similar eruptive masses, to have given rise to 
 the anticlinal lines already noted. It has also been found at Seal Cove, at the 
 entrance of the Bay. 
 
 On the left bank of the York river, one mile from Gasp6, important indi- 
 cations have been noted, as well as near the following creeks : Silver Brook, Little 
 Forks, Grand Forks and Keg for a distance of 25 miles from Gaap^. At Silver 
 Brook, two wells sunk to depths respectivdy of 800 and 900 feet yielded small 
 (juantities of gas and very little oil. Near the Little Forks, we have ourselves 
 seen in two places the petroleum oozing out abundantly and impregnating the 
 soil. Several bucketsful might have been easily collected from holes on thfi 
 surface. We also remarked limestone outcrops, in the vicinity. These indications 
 occur near the ^orks of the " International Oil Co," 
 
 The existence of petroleum in Gasp6 was mentioned as far back as 1844 in 
 the report of the Geolggical Survey of Canada for that year. About tliirty years 
 since, companies were organized and made some borings in the environs of Gaspe 
 Basin. The most important of these a.ssociations, the " Gaspe Oil Co.", purchased 
 from the Government a large tract of land in the townships of Baillargeon, Blan- 
 chet, Gait and Larocque, amounting in all to about 30,000 acres and comprising 
 blocks 20^, 84, 38, 40, 42 and 44, on which borings were made to depths of 700 
 and 800 feet, on the left bank of the York river, near Silver Brook, but without 
 result. 
 
 am appears 
 
 At Sandy Beach, on the right hand side o£ Gasp^ Basin, a well of 700 feet, 
 sunk on lot B of York, yielded about 20 barrels of oil. Apart from this, we are 
 without information in regard to the works undertaken at that time, but it is 
 very probable that they were abandoned owing to the inadequacy of the results. 
 At all events there was no more talk of petroleum dov/n to 1886, when a St. 
 Paul (Minnesota) company, styled " The International Oil Co," purchased from 
 the Government the section A B of block 41 , forming 400 acres, in the township 
 of Gait. In 1888, this company made preparations to work, built a road to 17 
 
t ' 
 
 80 
 
 miles from Oasp^ along the left bank of the York river, brought in a Hmftll plant, 
 and Slink a well, but did not then proHecute the boring beyond 90 feet. • In the 
 fall of 1889, a better plant waH put in and the company made another lx)ring to 
 a depth of 450 feet, but witliout result, and the works were then suspended for 
 the winter. At the same time, an English company, the " Petroleum Oil Trust " 
 represented by Mr. J. Foley, sank two deep wells in the neighborhood of the old 
 well at Sandy Beach. This company took over the lands of the old " Gasp^ Oil 
 Co." and put in plant to make further l)oring8. It is equipped with a most 
 complete plant and provided with an experienced staff'. It is consequently in 
 a good position to succeed. 
 
 The section overlaid by the Gasp^ .sandstones extends around Gasp^ Basin 
 and especially over the valleys of the York, St. John and Dartmouth rivers. It 
 also stretches into the interior of the peninsula, covering a vast tract of unexplored 
 country and extending even to the line of the Intercolonial Railway towards the 
 river Cjusupscul. The thickness of these sandstones is supposed to be considerable^ 
 which would, in certain cases, necessitate very deep borings to strike the lime- 
 stone. Experts who have visited these regions have found certain analogies 
 between them and the oil region.* of the United States, but they are new, 
 compai-atively unexplored, and only a few borings have been made to test them. 
 It is therefore to be hoped that future work will succeed in determining the rich 
 workable parts, which certainly exist, in the district. 
 
 f:': 
 
 iHii 
 
81 
 
 I plant. 
 
 In the 
 >ring to 
 dec! for 
 Trust " 
 
 the old 
 i8p6 Oil 
 
 a most 
 jntly in 
 
 p6 Basin 
 vers. It 
 explored 
 rards the 
 nderable^ 
 the lime- 
 analogies 
 are new, 
 lest them, 
 g the rich 
 
 COAL. 
 
 As the carboniferous formation is represented only by a very small strip on 
 the South-Eastem coast of the Gasp6 district, it is not at all likely that coal will 
 be found in the province of Quebec. At several points and notably on the Island of 
 Orleans, and at Levis, St. Apollinaire and Sto. Sophie, small veins, three to four 
 inches thick at the most, of a shining black, brittle, coal-like substance, burning 
 without flame, have been met with. These f^mall deposits occur in shining black 
 shales readily decomposing on exposure to the air. Many years ago some workings 
 were undertaken in the connection at Levis and St. Apollinaire. At the latter 
 place, a pit was excavated to a depth of 20 feet and some barrels of the supposed 
 coal were, it is said, taken out and used in a blacksmith's forge. But, the for- 
 mations in which such substances are found are entirely dift'erent and much older 
 than the coal measures and it is moreover the opinion of the highest geological 
 authorities, that the idea of the possibility of finding real coal in the province 
 must be abandoned. 
 
 
 , >- 
 
 Mi 
 
 6 
 
■5^ 
 
 8S 
 
 iii:i, 
 
 (1) 
 
 ■i! 
 
 Peat abounds in the valley of the St. Lawrence, where large tracts in the shape 
 of bogs are found covered with it ; but thus far it has received no real attention 
 and we are not aware of any deposit being regularly worked at the present time. 
 
 About 1864, peat was worked at Bulstrode (Arthabaaka) (2) and it seems 
 that good results were obtained by forming it into a sort of pulp and cutting it 
 into bricks which were then left to dry and harden naturally In the air. It is 
 said that the peat thus made was employed as a fuel for generating steam on 
 locomotives and in iron puddling and that from it alpo was manufactured a char- 
 coal for the use of blast furnaces. It was also rioposed to mix it with magnetic 
 iron sand in the form of bricks for treatmerl; in the blast furnace. Within late 
 years, a company has also made exppvlments with compressed peat, which seem 
 to have given satisfaction, but we have no recent information on the subject. 
 
 However, on account of the great abundance of wood fuel in the country, 
 peat, as already stated, has thus far commanded little attention ; but there can be 
 no doubt that industrial development will lead in time to its utilization both for 
 industrial and domestic purposes and that it is in all probability destined to play 
 an important role in the future, especially in the absence of coal in the province 
 and in view of the fact that these peat deposits are generally of excellent quality. 
 Peat bogs are met with, covering surfaces of 15 to 20 miles square and attaining 
 sometimes a depth of 15, 25 and even 30 feet. In many places, the farmers 
 partially drain the shallower beds of peat, set fire to them in summer, and then 
 plough them up, an operation which is said to be attended with very good agri- 
 cultural results. The most extensive peat bogs occur in the seigniories of Laval- 
 trie and Lanoraie, (Joliette), where they cover tracts of 12 to 15 miles square, 
 with an average thickneas of 10 feet. In the valley of the river LacoUe, there 
 is another bog covering 15 to 20 miles of surface to a considerable but not yet 
 accurately measured depth, the peat from which is very dense, leaves little fwh 
 and appears to be of 8up<3rior quality. 
 
 In the seigniory of Ste. Marie de Monnoir, Rouville, and in the vicinity of 
 Bimouski and on the southern coast of Anticosti, peat also abounds. At the [ 
 
 (II aeo!0|.7 of Canada, 1863. 
 
 (t) Qeological Si<'. vej of Canada, 1806. 
 
 
83 
 
 latter place, there is, among others, one bog, which extends for a distance of 80 
 miles, with a breadth of 2 miles and a depth of 3 to 10 feet, the peat being of 
 good quality. 
 
 The following list indicates the principal localities where peat has been 
 
 noted 
 
 the shape 
 attention 
 sent time. 
 
 d it seems 
 
 cutting it 
 
 air. It ^8 
 y steam on 
 red a char- 
 h magnetic 
 Within late 
 which seem 
 iubject. 
 
 jhe country, 
 there can be 
 ion both for 
 ined to play 
 M province 
 lent quality. 
 ,nd attaining 
 the farmers 
 ter, and then 
 ;y good agri- 
 •ies of Laval- 
 miles square. 
 »lle, there 
 but not yet 
 es little peh 
 
 Arqenteuil. . .Grenville I 1, VII 4. 
 
 Harrington I 4, 5. V 1, 2. 
 AssOMPTiON. . . , Seigniory of L'Assomption. 
 
 Seigniory of St. Sulpice. 
 Champlain Fief St. Etienne (near St. Maurice river). 
 
 Seigniory of Champlain. 
 Huntingdon. . . Hemmingford. 
 JoLiETTE Seigniory of Lavaltrie. 
 
 Seigniory of Lanoraie. 
 Kamouraska . . Seigniory of River Quelle. 
 Napierville. . . Sherrington. 
 
 PoRTNEUF Fief d'Auteuil. 
 
 RiMOUSKi Duquesne. 
 
 Macp^s. 
 
 Matane. 
 
 McNider. 
 
 Madawaska road. 
 
 RouviLLE Seigniory of Ste. Marie de Monnoir. 
 
 Saguenay Anticosti. 
 
 St. John's Seigniory of de Levy. 
 
 ^ Seigniory of Longueuil. 
 
 Seigniory of Lacolle. 
 Temiscouata . . Seigniory of Green Island, I and II concessions. 
 Terrebonne. . .Seigniory of Mille Isles (rang double). 
 
 Ste. Anne des Flaines, 
 
 M 
 
 n^:-' 
 
 |he vicinity of 
 inds. At the | 
 
 
'~w^ 
 
 ■\\ 
 
 SHHl 
 
 84 
 
 GRAPH ITE.<^> 
 
 ': > 
 
 1 
 
 ofCaj 
 
 Graphite, or, as it is commonly called, plumbago, is found in two distinct 
 forms in the rocks of the Laurentian series : 
 
 lo In the compact form, in veins or seams of from a few inches to two or 
 three feet in thickness. 
 
 2o In the disseminated state, in the gneiss and calcites, in the proportion of 
 from 10 to 50 %s these deposits affecting the stratified form and varying from a 
 few feet to 20 and 25 feet in thickness. 
 
 TJ 
 brown 
 
 Fc 
 
 COMPACT GRAPHITE. 
 
 This variety is relatively rare and only a few veins of it have been met 
 with, in the townships of Buckingham (Ottawa) and Grenville (Argenteuil). 
 
 The most important <leposit is located in the N. W. corner of lot 21 of the 
 Vllth range of Buckingham and carries some fifteen veins of from 2 to 3 inches 
 thick on the surface. Openings were made in it to a depth of 60 feet and it is 
 said that the veins were foun ^ to widen out occasionally to 2 feet ; about 100 tons 
 of gi'aphite were taken from these workings. 
 
 The graphite in this mine is in every sense as fine as that of Ceylon and is 
 met with in all the varieties, compact, foliated, schistous and fibrous. The extent 
 of the deposit might, perhaps, not suffice for the requirements of a company 
 working on a large scale, but it might become an important adjunct to a manu- 
 facturer, who could also grind up the debris. The ore usually occurs in veins of 
 quartz and white-feldspar. , 
 
 Some work hfis also been done for compact graphite on lots V, 27, VI, 27, 28 
 and VII, 22 of Buckingham, as well as in the gore of Grenville (Argenteuil). 
 
 <1) Ooologlcal Survey of Canada, 1866, 1873-1871. 1870-76, 18T6-1877. 
 
 In t 
 
 the degn 
 
 w 
 
 It 
 
 to that o 
 
 Grap 
 white ca]( 
 iron mine 
 
Vgi 
 
 85 
 
 The following analyses are taken from the report of the Geological Survey 
 of Canada : ^ - , ,, .. , ., 
 
 , Carbon............. 99.675 97.626 99.S15 99.757 
 
 Ash 0.U2 1.780 0.076 * 0.135 
 
 -/ Volatile matter 0.178 0.594 0.109 0.108 
 
 100 100 100 100 
 
 The color of the ash varies from a light yellowish grey to a light reddish 
 brown 
 
 For comparison, we also give the following analyses from the same source : 
 
 CEYLON GRAPHITE 
 
 Carbon 99.792 99.679 98.817 99.284 
 
 Ash 0.050 0.213 0.283 0.415 
 
 Volatile matter. 0.158 0.108 0.900 0.301 
 
 100 100 100 100 
 
 TICONDEROGA (N. Y.) GRAPHITE. 
 
 Carbon 96.751 97.422 
 
 Ash 2.153 1.760 
 
 Volatile matter 1.191 0.818 
 
 100 100 
 
 In these two last cases, the color of the aah wtxs the same as in the firat and 
 the degree of combustibility was also materially the same. 
 
 It will consequently be seen that the vein graphite of Canada is analogous 
 to that of Ceylon. 
 
 DISSEMINATED GRAPHITE. 
 
 Graphite in the disseminated form occurs in the gneiss and in numerous 
 white calcite veins of the Laurentian formation. It has also been found at the 
 iron mine on lots 11 and 12 of the Vllth range of Hull township (Ottawa). 
 
 It 
 
 
 ■ i 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 ,^- 
 
Sometimes, the amount of graphite met with in this form has been found so 
 large as to induce working, but the attempts so far made in this direction have 
 only served to demonstrate the great difficulty of separating the graphite from 
 the carbonate of ^me. Moreover, some of the richest deposits contain a heavy 
 proportion of iron pyrite, which is also reckoned a noxious element or impurity 
 in the different applications of plumbago. 
 
 ■u ^ . . ■ . 
 
 The graphite disseminated in the gneiss appears therefore to be the only 
 kind worthy of present attention, as it contains neither lime, nor iron pyrite, or, 
 at all events, only a very slight proportion of the latter. Deposits of this class 
 exist in great abundance and have been worked in the township of Buckhingham. 
 These deposits are of variable thickness and occur in beds or layers of 2 to 25 
 feet, following the stratification of the Laurentian gneiss and also carrying a 
 variable percentage of the mineral — the graphite being sometimes widely disse- 
 minated and not forming more than 10% of the vein and at others isolated, giving 
 rise to masses which are nearly pure and which raise the average percentage of 
 the vein to as much as 70%. 
 
 The following analyses are taken from the Geological Survey of Canada : 
 
 Graphite 27.518 
 
 Soluble matter in hydrochloric acid 17.539 
 
 Insoluble 54.899 
 
 Hygroscopic water 0.044 
 
 22.385 
 
 23.798 
 
 30.516 
 
 19.467 
 
 21.285 
 
 2.475 
 
 56.408 
 
 53.741 
 
 66.874 
 
 1.740 
 
 1.176 
 
 0.135 
 
 Assays made by other chemists have given 26. 20%,U5 to 30%. 10 to 50% 
 and 25 to 40%. 
 
 Still, notwitstanding the abundarce of these deposits, the gi-aphite industry 
 is one of the most difficult, because the product cannot find a market unless in 
 the pure state, and because, to compete advantageously with that of Ceylon, it 
 must combine certain conditions of fineness and purity which necessitate the 
 employment of very complicated separating appliances, especially for the superior 
 qualities. Moreover, the demand for plumbago is iimited ; certain brands are 
 well known in the trade, and a company could not look for permanent working 
 success except through the superiority of its products and the uninterrupted 
 steadiness of its production. 
 
 The plumbago industry, which was started in the province of Quebec alwut 
 1867, owed its collapse to a fall in price provoked by other producers and to 
 uncertainty and want of uniformity in the products put on the market at the time 
 by the different Canadian companies, which had embarked in the enterprise. 
 
87 
 
 ound so 
 on have 
 te from 
 a heavy 
 otipurity 
 
 bhe only 
 ^^rite, or, 
 his class 
 linghani. 
 E 2 to 25 
 jryiug a 
 sly disse- 
 d, giving 
 jntage of 
 
 mada : 
 
 30.516 
 2.475 
 
 66.874 
 0.135 
 
 10 to 50% 
 
 ! industry 
 unless in 
 Ceylon, it 
 sitate the 
 e superior 
 )rRnd3 are 
 t working 
 iteiTupted 
 
 }bec alxjut 
 rs and to 
 t the time 
 •prise. 
 
 A glance at the following table will show the difference in the prices and 
 qualities of plumbago : — 
 
 1 
 
 . A was sold at from $1.75 to S0.25 per lb. 
 
 Al 
 A2 
 A3 
 A4 
 A5 
 A6 
 Bl 
 B2 
 B3 
 FF 
 
 30 " 
 
 12i " 
 
 30 " 
 
 10 
 
 30 " 
 
 6 
 
 30 " 
 
 6 
 
 20 " 
 
 5 
 
 20 " 
 
 5 
 
 20 " 
 
 2i " 
 
 20 " 
 
 2i " 
 
 20 " 
 
 ^ " 
 
 5 « 
 
 2 " 
 
 The A figures represent the superior grades, which differ from each other 
 according to the uses to which ohe fineness of their grain adapts them. 
 
 A is the extra quality in point of fineness and purity, but its use is very 
 limited. The B grades are inferior in purity and differ from each other in fine- 
 ness of gi-ain. F F (foundry facing is the refuse, which is the most abundant, but, 
 on the other hand the demand for it is small. It is employed by iron founders 
 for duating their moulds. 
 
 The following are the chief applications of graphite : 
 
 Electrotypy (A 0) Pencils, (A 0, A 1, A 2) Pianos, (A 1, A 2) Lubricant, (A 1, 
 A 2, A 3, A 4, A 5, A 6) Cruciblea,;(A 3, A 4, A 5, A 6) Black lead for stove polish 
 (B 1, B 2, B 3) Foundry facings, (F F.) 
 
 In 1878, the consumption for these different purposes in the United States 
 was OS follows : 
 
 Electrotypy 
 
 Lubricant 
 
 Pencils 50 
 
 Paints 100 
 
 Crucibles 4,800 
 
 Black lead for stove polish 3,000 
 
 3 tons. 
 30 " 
 
 « 
 « 
 
 8,033 
 
 Since then there has been a considerable increase in the consumption ; but 
 we are not in possession of the latest figures.. 
 
 
 -Mt^s^m 
 

 88 
 
 It will be remarked that about 60% of the production, including nearly tho 
 whole of the A grade, is absorbed by the manufacture of crucibles. , ,; 
 
 All the foregoing figures have been supplied by the " Dominion of Canada 
 Plumbago Co.," the only one at present working and to which further reference 
 will be made. . r 
 
 About 1860, in the township of Grenville, and about 1866, in the townships 
 of Lochaber and Buckingham, graphite working was begun by the " liOchaber 
 Plumbago Co.," which erected a mill and worked lots VIII, 24, XI, 23 and 24 in 
 Lochaber. The " Canada Plumbago Co.," which afterwards became the " Montreal 
 Plumbago Co.," also worked what was known as the " Cfistle " property, consisting 
 of lots VI, 28, and V, 23^ of Buckingham and built a mill in 1867, which was 
 burned in 1873, after working down to 1872. 
 
 The " Buckingham Mining Co." operated on lots VIII, | S 21, 22 of Buck- 
 ingham. 
 
 The "Dominion of Canada Plnmbago Co." worked lots VIII, 20i S, 21§ S 
 and VII, 21^ N. 
 
 Several other companies and a few private parties also worked in Bucking- 
 ham on the following lots : V 19^ S (Ste. Marie Mine) V, 24J S (St. Louis Mine.) 
 
 Considerable quantities of ore were extracted from these workings, and a 
 certain amount was shipped for assays and practical tests. But, for the reasons 
 already specified, all these mines have been shut down since 1875, with the single 
 e xception of those of the " Dominion of Canada Plumbago Co." The most 
 important deposits of the mineral seem to lie in the Western part of the VI, VII 
 and Vlllth ranges of Buckingham. 
 
 The disseminated graphite is treated in the following way : — First broken 
 into lumps and then crushed by oi'dinary stamps, the fine matter, mixed with 
 water, then passes into round buddies or tul)S, where the separation is effected by 
 circular brushes which keep the mass rotating, the heavier materials being 
 caiTied to the oiiter circumference by their specific gravity, while the lighter 
 graphite remains in the centre. The latter is then removed, dressed, and dried 
 in an oven, the finer gi-ades being ol»tained by grinding and running through a 
 centrifugal air separator. The refuse is either prepared by a second washing or 
 set apart for use as F F grade or for stove polish. 
 
 THE WALKKR PLUMBAGO MINES. 
 
 These mines were fomierly the property of the " Dominion of Canada 
 Plumbago Co.," which bought them in 1876 from Mr. W. H. Walker, of (Jttawa, 
 
89 
 
 \x\y tho 
 
 Canada 
 jference 
 
 w^nships 
 lochaber 
 id 24 in 
 lontreal 
 insisting 
 lich was 
 
 )f Buck- 
 
 S. 2U S 
 
 3ucking- 
 is Mine.) 
 
 gs, and a 
 i reasons 
 he single 
 'he most 
 VI. VII 
 
 broken 
 :ed with 
 ;cted by 
 being 
 liffhter 
 
 CD 
 
 nd dried 
 \rough a 
 ishiug or 
 
 Canada 
 Ottawa, 
 
 who, in turn, repurchased them from the company in 1879. They embrace the 
 following lota, in the township of Buckingham (Ottawa) : VII, 19^ N, 21^ N, 23^ 
 24; VIII, 19 J S, 20i S, 21^ S ; IX, 19^ S. 21. 
 
 Prospects at numerous points have shown the existence of graphite in 
 abundance on all the lots 19, 20 and 21 of the Vlllth range for disseminated 
 graphite and 21 of the Vllth range for vein graphite. 
 
 This last mentioned class of ore, although the richest, is limited as to 
 quantity, the amount produced thus far from the workings, which consist of 
 shafts and openings on 15 distinct veins, only reaching about 100 tons. At present 
 operations are suspended, but there remains at the mines a cex'tuin quantity of 
 rich debris, which might be groimd to advantage. 
 
 The most valuable portions of the property are those in which the disse- 
 minated graphite occurs. On lots 20 and 21 of tlie Vlllth range, there are several 
 beds of 3 to 25 feet in thickness, which have been worked on a hill 100 to 200 
 feet high, at the foot of which an opening was made followed by a drift (20 x 25) 
 I'unjaing for 70 feet into the ore. At the surface of this opening a block, weighing 
 4,870 lbs, was cut out, which figured at the Philadelphia Exhibition in 1876. 
 The same deposit e3(|^nd^ to the N. E. on lot 19 of the Vlllth range and to the 
 S. W. on lot 21 of the Vllth range. The quantity of mineral in sight is very 
 large and, doubtless, practically inexhaustible, the casing rock being gneiss. The 
 percentage of graphite, which it holds, is variable, but its average may be set 
 down at 25%. The workable surface covers about 100 acres. 
 
 Concentrating works were erected, abandoned, and then started again in 
 1888. They are now working and seem to yield good results. They consist of 
 a breakei', 2 crushers of 10 stamps each, 8 separating and dressing tubs (round- 
 buddies), a dryer, and 3 rutis of stones for grinding, besides blowers, mixers, 
 bolts and accessories, worked by a 100 hoi-se power steam engine, the whole 
 with a capacity of 20 tons of ore per 24 hours. The theoretical grade of 25% 
 corresponds to a practical yield of 15%, which would give 3 tons per day. 
 
 '"' The previous company used to also manufactui'e black lead for stove polish 
 and had further contracted with a Boston pencil manufacturing company to 
 make lead pencils with its graphite, which bore the name of the " Dominion of 
 Canada Plumbago Co." 
 
 Tlie company also owns a lumber mill, a barrel-making shop &c., as well as 
 a small tramway of a few hundred feet in length leading from the mine to the 
 concentrating works. During 1889, the latter were in operation for a part of 
 the summer with a working staff of 25 men and turned out about 50 tons of first 
 quality gi-aphite, besides 400 tons of less finished products. The machinery, 
 dwellings, &c., were also kept in good order, 
 
 m 
 
 .- '"1? ..L 
 
 
 %i 
 
 5t.> 
 
 tvt 
 
 -mJA ii^iitini^^J&^fi!^ f'jii ik- 
 
Hi 
 
 90 
 
 In view of the increased demand for plumbago, Mr. Walker proposes to 
 considerably enlarge his output and plant, which will furnish employment to 
 upwards of 60 workmen. Moreover, the capacity of the crushers at present 
 exceeds thac of the dressing shop and a large amount of the unfinished product 
 has in consequence accumulated. . " • 
 
 The mine lies at a distance of 6 miles from Buckingham village, which is 
 the terminus of a branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and it may be added 
 that the exhibits from it won the highest prizes at the Ottawa Exhibition of 1875, 
 the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, and the Paris Exhibition, of 1878, at which 
 last, Mr. Walker was honored with the decoration of the Legion of Honor. 
 
 LIST OF LOCALITIES WHERE GRAPHITE HAS BEEN NOTED. 
 
 Arqenteuil . . 
 
 Berthier . , . 
 Champlain . . 
 Charlevoix., 
 Maskinong6 . 
 Ottawa 
 
 Pontiac 
 
 St. Maurice. 
 
 , .Grenville, IV, 13. 14, V 10, X 2. 
 Gore of Grenville II 3, VII 1, 3. 
 
 '• Chatham IV 5. " 
 
 Petite Nation Seigniory. 
 
 Wentworth III, 1, 2. ' . * 
 
 .Brassard, C. 14, 16. ^ 
 
 . Radnor, II, (Pointe k la Mine). • * 
 
 . Seigniory of La C6te de Beaupr6 (Bay St. Paul). 
 . Lanaudi^re seigniory, Fontarabia concession (Ste. Ursule). 
 .Buckingham, IV, 22, 24, 25.— V, 19J S, 28J N, 24, 26^ N, 27.— 
 VI, 15| N, 15^ S, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 
 27, 28.— VII, 4^ W, 20 (20^ N, (Walker's Mines) 2H S, 
 22, 23, 24. 25, 26, 27, 28.— VIII (19f S, 20^ S, 21^ S, 
 ( Walker's Mines) IX 4^ W, 4^ E, 5.— X 3, 13, 17.— XI 4. 5. 
 Clyde II, 26. 
 
 Lochaber VIII, 23, 24, 25.— X 21, 22.— XI 23, 24, 25, 26^ E, 26^ 
 W.— XII 23. 
 . . Waltham (Black river). 
 . .Shawenegan IV, 13, 14.— V 13, 14.— VI 13, 14. 
 
91 
 
 */ 
 
 
 t 
 
 iu 
 
 I 
 
 This mineral, which miners also call cotton or rock cotton, has been only 
 worked since 1878 in the province of Quebec. But the industry has already 
 assumed so much development that the output, which only amounted at the 
 outset to a few hundred tons, had risen to 4,000 tons in 1888 and to 6,000 in 
 1889. 
 
 
 m 
 
 E, 26i 
 
 The information in our possession shows that the province of Quebec is the 
 country which supplies the largest (juantity of asbestos to the trade. It is 
 said that it has also been found in Italy, Corsica, Hungary, Sweden, Ruasia, 
 South Africa and South America, but, whether due to difficulty of transport 
 and extraction, scarcity of the mineral, or insufficiency of its quality, the 
 outputs of those countries are comparatively nu'l. A remarkable fact in the 
 connection is that, while the production has increased with the demand, prices 
 have also risen, so that, of late years, tusbestos lands have been eagerly sought 
 after. This is owing to the new uses which are being daily discovered for the 
 article. Asbestos is chiefly used for packing the joints of steam and hot air 
 pipes, &c., and as a covering for such pipes and for steam boilers. It is also 
 used as a packing for breeches of cannon and to isolate electric wires. Felts 
 or tissues to filter acids and to hold the residues from the manufacture of oils 
 intended to be compressed are also made out of it, as well as packing paper, 
 wall paper, felts, bricks, cements, paints. It is further employed as packing for 
 fire-proof safes, to imitate grate fires with gas heating, to make gas burners, 
 and to repair stoves and furnaces. Cloth': ^g for firemen, glass, iron and acid 
 workers, curtains for theatres and ropes for escape ladders used at fires have 
 also been manufactured from it, and, alone or in combination with other textile 
 substances, asbestos is employed with felt, India rubber or steel. 
 
 In the case of joints liable to friction, asbestos is mixed with powdered soap- 
 stone, which imparts to it a lubricating action. It is also used in this state as 
 packing for the pistons of steam engines. In fine, asbestos has a host of small 
 
 ■if. 
 
 i 
 
 (1) Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1887-88 (R. W. Elli.) Report of the CommlMloner of Crown 
 Lands (P. Q.) 1886. 
 
93 
 
 uses, such as glass makers' blocks, tobacco pipes &c., &c., which it would be too 
 tedious to detail. 
 
 The crude jvsbestos must moreover be put through several operations before 
 reaching these states, which do not all re(|uire the same quality. In the natural 
 state the (juality varies according to the longtii of the fibres and their degree 
 of tineness. 
 
 CHRYSOTILE 
 
 Canadian asbestos belongs to the mineral* igical variety named chry»olite. It 
 is a silicate of hydrous magnesia, with a speci tic gravity of 2. 6., which exclusively 
 occurs in serpentine, of which it is in reality a fibrous variety, with the following 
 composition : 
 
 • . 
 
 Hygroscopic water 12.20 
 
 Silica 40.42 
 
 Magnesia 33.21 
 
 Lime traces. 
 
 Protoxide of iron 5.77 
 
 Protoxide of manganese traces. 
 
 Alumina 6.69 
 
 Potash traces. 
 
 Soda 0.G8 
 
 Chlorine 0.22 
 
 Sulphuric »icid traces. 
 
 90.09 
 
 In color it is white or green, with a silky, shining appearance. The 
 fibres, taken separately, always look white. Veins of to 3 inches have been 
 found running in an almost normal direction with the walls of the encasing 
 serpentine. The most ordinary and profitably worked size seems to be from 
 three quarters of an inch to 2^ inches. Indeed, veins have been met with in 
 Broughton with threads of over 4 inches in length, but such specimens are rare. 
 
 Italian asbestos (1) is a variety of amphibole tremolite, showing the 
 following composition : . " ' 
 
 (1) The two occompnnying analyses have been taken from a proRpectus of the " Boll Asbestoa Co." 
 
93 
 
 Hygroscopic water 14.20 
 
 ' Silica 40.25 
 
 Magnesia 40.18 
 
 Lime traces. 
 
 Protoxide of iron 0.75 
 
 " manganese trace.s. 
 
 Alumina 2.82 
 
 Potash traces. 
 
 Soda 1.37 
 
 Chlorine 0.15 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.31 
 
 100.03 
 
 The fibre is occasionally several feet long and is imbedded longitudinally in 
 the rock. 
 
 ASBESTOS OF THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. 
 
 Canadian asbestos is divided into throe classes : 
 
 M 
 
 Istjclass. — Fibres long and bright. 
 
 2nd cla.s8. — Fibres not so long or so bright. 
 
 3rd class. — Fibrous material that cannot be ranked in the two foregoing 
 classes. 
 
 Lastly, under the name of waste, is classed all the small refuse of the mines 
 retaining^Home fibrous portions. This category is sold at a very low price, and 
 employed for certain uses such as cement, bricks, &c. 
 
 Serpentine is met with in several parallel bands or belts in the Etvstern 
 Townships running in a general N. E. direction with the diorite and accompa- 
 nying the Cambrian slates. It is frequently cut by large bodies of quartzoso 
 granites, which cover large surfaces in the mining districts. 
 
 All this serpentine is not productive and numerous varieties are met w^ith, 
 which contain little or no asbestos. 
 
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 The true asbestos-bearing serpentine is of a deep bottle green color, very 
 compact, and contains very little iron. 
 
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 The principal belt of serpentine seems to begin in Bolton, to the south of 
 the Vth and Vlth ranges and again shows itself on the 13th lot of the Vllth 
 range and on lots 8 and 9 of the Vlllth --ange, where a little asbestos has been 
 noted. It then passes into Orford, where it partly forms the mountains of that 
 township. It is next seen to the east of Brompton lake in Broughton on IX, 26 
 worked by the " Brompton Lake Asbestos Mining Co." The belt then appears 
 to pass to the northward and the serpentine is again found in Melbourne, ranges 
 V and VI, and in Cleveland, ranges XIV and XV, in the neighborhood of the 
 slate quarries. Some small veins of asbestos have been noted at this point. 
 Paying serpentine next occurs in Shipton, III 6 (VV, H. Jetfery's mine), as well 
 as to the south of Tingvick XI, 21, (Laurier Mining Co.) It again outcrops in 
 North Ham, towai ds lot 20 of the Ilird range, then in South Ham, around Lake 
 Nicolet, particularly on the li^rge island and on the eastern bank, where good 
 veins of asbestos have been found. 
 
 In Garthby, the serpentine is slaty and unproductive. In the eastern part 
 of Wolfestown begins the rrally rich section, which has its north western limit 
 on lots 21 of the IV, ill and II ranges. 
 
 The band then contracts from lot 24 of the 1st range at the corner of 
 Wolfestown, Coleraine -ind Ireland and enters the two latter townships, where 
 it expands and forms the mountains of Ireland and Coleraine, in the vicinity of 
 Black Lake and Lake Caribou. At the latter point, it assumes its greatest expan- 
 sion, its breadth reaching five miles and some of its hills rising to a height of 
 500 to 900 feet over Black Lake. Here are located the mines of Coleraine and 
 Black Lake along the line of the Q. C. R. 
 
 In this district, the serpentine belt is bounded to the south-east by Lake 
 Caribou and has been traced to lots 17 of A and B ranges of Coleraine, on the 
 Poudrier road ; to the north west after passing Black Lake, its limit is pretty 
 nearly the line of the Q, C, R. It follows that line, contracting all the time, to 
 Thetford, where it is not more than a thousand feet thick on both sides of the 
 railway, but contains the important mines of Thetford. 
 
 After passing the 26th lot, a little serpentine and asbestos are again found 
 on lots 16 and 17 of the I Vth range (J. Reed's mine), and also at the Broughton 
 mines, on lot 14 in the Vllth range of Broughton, where the serpentine is no 
 longer more than a few feet thick, but contains remarkably fine asbestos. 
 
 Another outcrop occurs in the neighborhood of Little Lake St. Francis 
 in Coleraine over a breadth of 1 J to 2 miles and a distance of 4 miles, forming 
 high hills of massive serpentiae, but containing only small veins of asbestos. 
 This outcrop ends at the Poudrier road towards lots 5 ana 6 of B range, so 
 
 m 
 
95 
 
 that after that the asbestos found in Thetf^rd is quartzose and unproductive 
 towards the middle of the VII, VIII, IX and :'th ranges. S*irpentine, containing 
 some small veins of asbestos, has also been .'.oteJ in the neighborhood of 
 Adstock mountain. 
 
 Serpentine holding a little asbestos is next seen on the river des Plantes in 
 the seigniory of Rigaud-Vaudreuil, on lot 8 of the 1st range N E, and in the 
 Vth range of Cranboume in the vicinity of the river Etchemin, 
 
 From this pomt, there has been little prospecting done and hardly any 
 serpentine is met with, except in Gasp6, at Mount Albert (at the head of the 
 river Ste. Anne) and at Mount Serpentine on the Dartmouth river. 
 
 It will thus be seen that serpentine tills a great place in the Eastern Town- 
 ships, but workable asbestos only occurs in a very small section. It is, however, 
 very probable that other discoveries will be made. 
 
 ASBESTOS MINING COMPANIES. 
 
 The most ipaportant districts are those of Thetford, Black Lake and Coleraine 
 and the following are the names of the companies working asbestos mines 
 throughout the region : 
 
 BROUGHTON. 
 
 Scottish Canadian Asbestos Co. (Limited, Glasgow) Broughton VII, 14, 
 
 V, 26. 
 V, 28. 
 V, 27| N. F. 
 
 V, 27J S. W. 
 
 VI, 27, 
 VI, 28. 
 
 THETFORD. 
 
 " King Bros." (Hampden Mine) Thetford 
 
 do (Thetford Royal Mine) do 
 
 " Bell Asbestos Co." (Limited London), do 
 
 " Ward & Ross." do 
 
 " Johnson Asbestos Mining Co." do 
 
 " Thetford Asbestos Co." (A. H. Murphy) do 
 
 " Lucke, Mitchell & Co." (Beaver Asbestos Co.).. Coleraine C. 31-32. 
 
 BLACK LAKE. 
 
 " Bell Asbestos Co." Coleraine B 27^ N.E. 28^ N.E, 
 
 "American Asbestos Co." (Limited, Liverpool), 
 
 (L. Wertheim) do 
 
 " Montreal Asbestos Co." (A. H. Murphy) do 
 
 '•Scottish Canadian Asbestos Co." (Limited, 
 
 Glasgow) do 
 
 " United Asbestos Co." (Limited, London form- 
 erly Frechette & Douville) do 
 
 " Anglo-Canadian Asbestos Co." (Limited, Lon- 
 don), Irwin & Hopper. do 
 
 " Laurier Mining Co." do 
 
 B.27^S.W.28iS.W. 
 B. 32. 
 
 N. E. of the Cole- 
 raine Mining 
 Company's 
 block. 
 
 ll 
 
^6 
 
 i Si 
 
 " Ste. Julie Mining Co." 
 
 " Johnson & Loomis." 
 
 " Black Lake Asbestos Mining Co." , 
 " Central Mining Co.'" 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 Central part of 
 the Colcraine 
 Mining Com- 
 pany's block. 
 
 COLERAINE. 
 
 " Lambly " Coleraine TS. W. part of the 
 
 " Megantic Mining Co." do -{ Coleraine Mining 
 
 "• [Company's block. 
 
 "King Bros" Ireland 11124,25. 
 
 " Bell Asbestos Co." (Bellemina) Wolfestown II 23, 24. 
 
 " Whyte Asbestos Co." Coleraine VI, 7, XII, 9. 
 
 do Garthby Is. 6^ n 5 III, 16. 
 
 DANVILLE. 
 
 W. H. Jeffery. 
 
 BROMPTON LAKE. 
 
 Shipton III 6. 
 
 " Brompton Lake Asbestos Mining Co." Brompton Gore IX 26. 
 
 The " Scottish Canadian Asbestos Co.," the " Montreal Asbestos Co.," " John- 
 ston & Loomis," and White Asbestos Co." have suspended their works for various 
 reasons, as also Messrs McDonald Bros of Sherbrooke, who had done some work 
 on XII, 8, of Coleraine (Little Lake St. Francis.) 
 
 The •' Lucke, Mitchell & Co.," Laurier Mining Co.," " Ste. Julie Mining Co.," 
 " Black Lake Asbestos Co.," " Central Mining Co.," " Brompton Lake Mining Co." 
 are new companies dating from 1889, which have only done prospecting work as 
 yet. 
 
 Prospecting work had also been done in Thetford IV, 16, 17 and in Cole- 
 raine, A 27, 28 29 by Dr J. Reed, in Ham III, 20 and in Tingwick XI, 21, by the 
 Laurier Mining Co., in Bolton VIII, J W 8 and 9 by Heney Bros of Sherbrooke. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 The asbestos is very irregularly scattered through the serpentine and shows 
 itself in the outcrops in the same way as in the solid rock ; the workings are 
 consequently simple quarries at the points where paying asbestos has been 
 discovered at the surface. The leading companies use compressed air for drilling 
 and derricks and steam for hoisting and pumping. It has been noted that steam 
 drilling does not yield good results, as the water introduced into the holes to clean 
 them ont only served to form plugs of asbestos which stopped the working of the 
 drills. • . . ^ ; 
 
 . large 
 
97 
 
 The deepest quarries do not exceed 100 feet below the surface level. The 
 large blocks of serpentine loosened by the blasts are broken by sledge hammers 
 or smaller blasts and the pieces containing the asbestos are then removed to the 
 cobbing shop, where boys break them up with small hammers and assort the as- 
 bestos according to quality. The refuse of all these operations is run through a 
 sifter and forms the waste. This work is necessarily tedious and expensive and 
 call.s for strict supervision. Some companies give out their cobbing by the job, 
 paying for it at the rate of $3 to $6 per ton of 2000 lbs,, first class being paid a 
 higher rate than the others. 
 
 In 1886, the " Scottish Canadian Asbestos Co." put up shops at Black Lake 
 to separate the asbestos mechanically from the rock. These appliances worked 
 well for the 2nd and 3rd classes, though insufficient for the 1st ; but the failure of 
 the company unfortunately broke oif the tests. The shop was chiefly composed 
 of an ordinary crusher, which discharges the broken rocks on an endless table 
 from which the cobbers remove the barren serpentine as it passes. The remain- 
 der is then run betw^een two rollers armed with rubber springs whence it is 
 carried to trommels, which retain the longer fibres constituting the first and 
 second classes, while the small stones and finer fibre pass through. The short 
 fibre forming the third class is then separated from the stones by a blower. 
 
 The " Anglo-Conadian Asbestos Co." uses a crusher and the broken product 
 is then run through a sifter, which seems to give good results. 
 
 
 
 shows 
 Kngs are 
 \n been 
 I drilling 
 It steam 
 Ito clean 
 Ig of the 
 
 The mining is usually done by day work ; but, in some mines, it is let out 
 to contract at the following prices : 1st class, $27 ; 2nd, S26 ; 3rd, $24 per ton of 
 2000 lbs. cobbed and placed in bags of 100 lbs., the company furninhing the bags. 
 
 We have made a number of calculations to determine the proportion of 
 asbestos in the rock, together with the proportions of the different qualities. 
 
 The proportion of the asbestos is necessarily very variable, but we consider 
 that one per cent represents the average of all thus far extracted and also the 
 limit of profitable working, an average of 2 to 3 per cent being very advantageous 
 and above 4 being exceptional. 
 
 As regards the proportion of the different qualities, it may be stated that it 
 is very variable according to the districts ; that of Thetford furnishing the 
 largest quantity of first class. ' . r 
 
 These proportions vary moreover with the mines, according to the output of 
 the moment, the care used in cobbing, &c., nearly every mine having its own 
 special brand, which is well known in the market, The bulk of the asbestos ia 
 
 7 
 
mmsoB umim 
 
 
 ^!ti: 
 
 t :, 
 
 98 ."'.,-•-■.;,., 
 
 shipped via the United States to England, Germany and Italy. The United 
 States only use a limited quantity. A small quantity of inferior quality has 
 been employed by the "Asbestos Mining and Manufacturing Co." of Quebec, 
 now in liquidation, (1) 
 
 The prices of the different classes also vary according to the mines and the 
 appearance and qualities of the waste they may still contain. They may, however 
 be quoted within the following limits : 
 
 1st class formerly worth $80 to $130 before 1889, is now quoted at $100 to $200 
 2nd " " " 50 " 75 " " " " 65 " 100 
 
 3rd " " " 15 " 35 " " " " 30 " 65 
 
 Waste is worth from 10 " 15 
 
 per ton of 2,000 lbs in bags placed on the cars. The price of $150 to $200 is for 
 extra qualities and small lots. (2) 
 
 The dressed asbestos still contains a considerable proportion of stone, which 
 may amount to 15 to 20% in the case of average qualities and to upwards in the 
 case of the inferior. 
 
 The wages paid are about the same as those mentioned in other parts of this 
 
 work. 
 
 ill! 
 
 ,t I- 
 
 GENERAL OUTPUT. 
 
 » 
 
 I 
 
 The general yield, according to our information, may be estimated as follows 
 
 • Before 1882 ." 1,220 tons. 
 
 In 1882 810 •' 
 
 " 1883 1,124 " 
 
 " 1884 1,504 " 
 
 " 1885 1,727 " ^ 
 
 " 1886 2,605 " 
 
 " 1887 4,061 " :. 
 
 " 1888 4,533 " ; ; 
 
 " 1889 6,067 " 
 
 <1) This company's plant was sold out in Marcli, 1889, but the factory will continue to run. 
 42) Recently, some has been sold as high as 9210 per ton. 
 
 ' '(,-..* ^/WKV; ' 
 
nited 
 J has 
 lebec, 
 
 ad the 
 )wever 
 
 io $200 
 " 100 
 " 65 
 
 00 is for 
 
 le, which 
 rds in the 
 
 99 
 This output was divided as follows by townships : 
 
 Thetford 14,632 tons. 
 
 Coleraine 5,808 " 
 
 Shipton 3.080 " 
 
 Broughton 100 " 
 
 Wolfestown 30 " 
 
 Total 23,650 
 
 The average selling price of asbestos is estimated to range between $60 
 and $70. 
 
 The tables of trade and navigation of Canada show that the following were 
 the shipments of asbestos during the years 1888 and 1889 to the 30th June in 
 each case. For the previous years, the asbestos is not indicated, being probably 
 embraced under the head of " other articles." The title " other countries " includes, 
 Belgium, France, Newfoundland. 
 
 
 rts of this 
 
 as follows 
 
 QUALITY. 
 
 WHITHER SHIPPED.* 
 
 1887-1888. 
 
 1888-1889. 
 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 { Eneland. 
 
 182 
 
 2.325 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 $ 13,28fi 
 
 175,691 
 
 2,975 
 
 1,100 
 
 145 
 3,979 
 
 ? 13,780 
 282,i;« 
 
 
 ; United States (1) 
 
 Ist. 
 
 j Germany 
 
 I Other countries 
 
 
 104 
 
 8,421 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 2,555 
 
 $ 193,052 
 
 4,228 
 
 $ 304,336 
 
 2nd. 
 
 ( England. 
 
 ,' United States. 
 ) Germany 
 
 \ Other countries., 
 
 Total. 
 
 58 
 
 512 
 
 51 
 
 691 
 
 2648 
 
 21,208 
 
 2,710 
 
 $ 26,566 
 
 87 
 
 108 
 
 42 
 
 2374 
 
 5.900 
 
 4,226 
 
 1,050 
 
 16 
 
 11.192 
 
 3rd. 
 
 England 
 
 United States... . 
 
 Germany 
 
 .Other countries,, 
 
 Total 
 
 General total. 
 
 150 
 16 
 
 252J 
 
 3,428i 
 
 l,895| 
 6,332 
 
 10 
 
 $ 8,737 
 
 ? 228,aS'5 
 
 .21 
 
 90 
 70 
 2 
 
 183 
 
 4,6484 
 
 4,610 
 
 2,800 
 80 
 
 $ 8,;i58 
 
 $ 323,886 
 
 (1) The bulk of this shipment gooB to the United States in transit for European countries. 
 
■v ; 
 
 100 
 
 ii! 
 
 m 
 
 THETFORD MINES. 
 
 The Quebec Central Railway runs through these mines, which are chiefly 
 situated on a small hill 170 feet over the Thetford river and 80 above Thetford 
 station. On this hill and its flanks, the serpentine is alike, generally white 
 and mottled on the surface, gi-een inside and fairly hard. A distinction, however, 
 must be made between the lands situated on the hill itself and those at its base, 
 the latter requiring the removal of a layer of surface soil from 2 to 10 feet deep 
 and the almost immediate use of machinery for hoisting and pumping. The 
 quality of the asbestos is the same in all the mines of this district. It is white, 
 remarkably silky and pure and the fibres are from a few lines to 2| and even 3 
 inches in length. We have even seen a white variety at the Johnson and Ward- 
 Ross mines, which measured 4 to 5 inches, and a variety, partly chrysotile and 
 partly hornblende, at King Bros' mine, on lot V 26, that measured 8 inches. A 
 sample of the latter product was very much admired at the Sherbrooke Exhibition 
 in 1889. But these last products are exceptional and only met with in small 
 quantities. 
 
 KING BROS. 
 
 This firm has been working since 1881 on the N. E. side of the above men- 
 tioned hill and to the south of lot 26 of the Vth range. The workings take the 
 form of two large open quarries in the serpentine to a depth of 70 to 80 feet and 
 for a breadth of 200 feet in one case and 100 in the other. 
 
 Since their outset, about 2,700 tons of asbestos have been extracted, 65 men 
 working constantly. The work is done by hand and the hoisting by horse 
 derricks. This year, a small steam pump has been set up to pump one of the 
 quarries. This mine bears the name of the Hampden mine. The firm is presently 
 putting in compressed air drills. 
 
 In the course of September, 1889, a pretty considerable landslide somewhat 
 retarded operations. 
 
 In 1888, the same firm began operations on lot 28 of the Vth range (Thet- 
 ford Royal Mine) on the other side of the railway line, where the ground is lower 
 and the soil has to be removed to lay the serpertine bare. In 1889, an excavation 
 of 30 X 50 and 25 feet deep was made. Steam drills were at once set to work 
 and steam was also used for hoisting and pumping. First class asbestos was 
 struck, similar to that on the hill, and some 50 tons were taken out by 20 hands. 
 Every thing therefore leads to the presumption that the success will be the same 
 as on the other side. A cutting made near the Thetford river has proved that 
 the serpentine does not extend beyond it. 
 
 \ 
 
..L;»e»;'«««M«!ic«vt«f ^.«.wEr7?jrffl»^. •,Kr;-i'gmK'mttni^,,M. 
 
 chiefly 
 'hetford 
 f white 
 lowever, 
 its base, 
 •eet deep 
 ig. The 
 is white, 
 id even 3 
 id Ward- 
 wtile and 
 iches. A 
 Ixhibition 
 t in small 
 
 tbove men- 
 *B take the 
 ;0 feet and 
 
 ed, 65 men 
 by horse 
 one of the 
 presently 
 
 somewhat 
 
 ange (Thet- 
 ind is lower 
 excavation 
 set to work 
 isbestos was 
 >y 20 hands, 
 be the same 
 proved that 
 
 101 
 
 Mine in Ireland. — The same firm owns a number of properties in the 
 township of Ireland on the great serpentine belt, and asbestos has been noted at 
 many points on them. On lots 24 and 25 of the Ilird range some prospecting 
 was done in 1888 and some work in 1889 ; two excavations were made on hills 
 500 feet over Black Lake, from which 50 tons of asbestos were extracted by 15 
 men during the summer. The indications are very good and warrant the hope 
 of a promising future in store for this mine ; the quality is that of Black Lake, 
 2nd class being the prevailing variety. 
 
 The mine is 5 miles distant from Coleraine station, and transport can only be 
 effected in winter, but there is reason to hopo that a good railway will be built 
 before long. 
 
 BELL ASBESTOS COMPANY, (Limited) London. 
 
 Lot V^ N. E. 27, formerly worked by the "Asbestos Packing Co." of Boston 
 was purchased about two years since, together with other properties, by the 
 present company, which has its headquarters and factories in London. This 
 property has justified the favorable reports made in regard to it. Opened in 
 1880, it has produced 6,800 tons of asbestos, the bulk of it first class. It is 
 situated on the hill of Thetford and is presently worked by means of three great 
 quarries to a depth of 80 feet below the summit. The mining is done by 
 compressed air drills and the hoisting and pumping by steam machinery. It is 
 estimated that the output of 1889 amounted to 1800 tons with a working force 
 of 100 men, which is the highest figure yet reached by any company. This mine 
 is regarded as the most important and valuable of the region in point of pro- 
 duction. 
 
 The company works only on one side of the Q. C. R. line, but it owns on the 
 game lot, on the other side, excellent indications which assure the future of the 
 mine. 
 
 Mine on the " Poudrier Road." — Besides the Thetford mine, this company 
 also works, at Black Lake, a mine located on the N. E. part of lots 27 and 28 of B 
 range of Coleraine near the Poudrier road. 
 
 This mine was opened in 1884 and 15 to 20 men are kept at work in it on 
 the same mountain as the " American Asbestos Co." 
 
 Very fine asbestos is found in it, of the same quality as that of Black Lake. 
 The total output has been about 300 tons, of which 200 were for 1889, All the 
 work is done by hand and only during the summer. The mine is 2 miles distant 
 from Black Lake station. 
 
 
 '1^ 
 
 n 
 
 •i\) 
 
 l! 
 
 
m 
 
 102 
 
 Belleviina. — This company also owns the Bellemina mine on lots 23 and 24 
 of the Ilnd range of Wolfestown (Wolfe.) This mine was worked in 1882 and 
 1883. Two large excavations and numerous " prospects " were made, but only 
 30 tons of good quality asbestos, but rather short, were taken out. The mine 
 has been since abandoned. It is located on a hill, 500 feet high, near the Wolfes- 
 town road and about 4 miles from Coleraine station. 
 
 WARD & ROSS. 
 
 This property, situated on lot V, i, S. W. 27, is worked by passing underneath 
 the line of the Quebec Central Railway. It leaves to the East a small corner of 2 
 to 3 acres in which an excavation 80 x 80, and 30 to 40 feet deep, has been made, 
 which has yielded about 1,600 tons of asbestos, partly, of first quality. The work 
 is done by hand and the hoisting by horse derricks. A steam pump was only 
 added to the plant in 1888 for the pumping. On the other side of the line, 
 where the ground is lower, an excavation was made in 1887, which was worked 
 with success and produced a certain quantity of first class asbestos. The mine 
 has been worked since 1880 and has produced about 350 tons of asbestos a year, 
 with a working staff of 40 men. 
 
 JOHNSON ASBESTOS MINING CO. 
 
 This mine occupies the N. W. part of lot VI, 27, on the south side of the 
 hill of Thetford. The asbestos has been worked by five excavations since 1878 
 and the total output ha3 amounted to 4,670 tons, mostly of first class. Work is 
 done by hand and steam drills and the hoisting and pumping by steam machinery. 
 The mine yields from 800 to 900 tons a year, working with 100 men. Like the 
 ^'^regoing mines, it has constantly returned large profits to its proprietors. The 
 same company own lots X 25, 26 of Ireland and B 25, 29, 30 and 31 o^ Cole- 
 raine, on which very good indications have been noted, but no work done. 
 
 THETFORD ASBESTOS COMPANY. 
 
 This mine, which was formerly the property of Mr. A. H. Murphy, is situ- 
 ated on the N. W. part of lot VI, 28, on low ground. It has only been opened 
 within the last two years, but real operations were only begun in 1889. The 
 company is working on an outcrop of serpentine, but, to develop the mine, as much 
 as 10 feet of soil had first to be removed and pumps at once put in. Thus far, all 
 the work has been done by hand, with 15 men, and a certain quantity of asbestos 
 has been taken out. The serpentine is the same as on the hill and the asbestos 
 is generally first class. In the fall of 1889, steam machinery was being put up. 
 
103 
 
 1 and 24 
 i82 and 
 but only 
 'he mine 
 sWolfee- 
 
 S 
 
 iderneath 
 jrner of 2 
 een made, 
 The work 
 
 was only 
 t the line, 
 IS worked 
 
 The mine 
 tos a year, 
 
 side of the 
 since 1878 
 
 Work is 
 machinery. 
 
 Like the 
 etors. The 
 31 o^ Cole- 
 lone. 
 
 phy, is situ- 
 )een opened 
 1889. The 
 ine, as much 
 Thus far, all 
 of asbestos 
 ;he asbestos 
 eing put up. 
 
 " LUCRE, MITCHELL & CO." 
 
 Although situated in Coleraine (range C, lots 31, 32) this mine is classed in 
 the Thetford district, the serpentine being the same and the asbestos first class. 
 In 1880, the mine was opened on the north corner of lot 32 and ten tons of first 
 class asbestos were extracted and shipped. At that time, the hill workings were 
 regarded as the only profitable ones and the mine was abandoned in the summer 
 of 1889, but the new proprietors made an important discovery on the same lot 
 and quite close to the line of the Q. C. R. This working has turned out a com- 
 plete success, a large number of 1 inch veins having been noted, a little rusted 
 on the surface, but perfectly light underneath, a few weeks' work having pro- 
 duced 8 tons of asbestos, of which H only were first class, on account of having 
 been taken from the surface. In addition, numerous outcrops of fine serpentine 
 containing first class asbestos, were also obseived on the same lot and on 
 lot 32, where the rock seems to be very rich, showing veins of 2 inches ; 
 from the old excavation, several tons were also taken out. The working surface 
 is therefore considerable, these two lots lying entirely in the richest part of the 
 serpentine belt and their direction being perpendicular to tlie Thetford lots. A 
 part of the property is low ground and requires the removal of the surface soil 
 and pumping. 
 
 The result of these prospects was sufficiently encouraging to induce the 
 owners to regularly open the mine and to form themselves into a company under 
 the name of " The Beaver Asbestos Co." Steam machinery for hoisting, pumping 
 and drilling is also being put up on lot 32. 
 
 BL.AOK L.AkCE: IVIUMEIS. 
 
 These mines are situated on large mountains of serpentine on the S. E. side 
 of the line of the Quebec Central Railway between Black Lake and Lake Caribou ; 
 a part of theni being on the lands of the Coleraine Mining Company (the old 
 Glover & Fry block) which lie between Coleraine and Black Lake stations and 
 embrace about 6,000 acres in the serpentine belt. The company has divided its 
 property into lots of difterent dimensions, but generally of 60 acres, which it 
 rents to working companies for 20 years at a royalty of $6 a ton with a minimum 
 of $1,000 a year, this royalty moreover being extinguishable by purchase. 
 
 The hills, which are, all of serpentine, are from 600 to 900 feet over the level 
 of Black Lake, which in turn is 160 feet below the level of the station. They are 
 bare of trees and all vegetation. The general quality of the Black Lake asbestos 
 is inferior to that of Thetford, the proportion of first class being much less and 
 the prevailing grade being second class. The length of the fibres is about the 
 same as that of Thetford. 
 
104 
 
 ANGLO-CANADIAN ASBESTOS COMPANY. (Limited) London. 
 
 ' The property of this company is included in tlie lands of the " Colcraine 
 Mining Company ", but has been bought out. Their mine was the first opened 
 at Black Lake by Mr. N. Noel, of Sherbrooke, in 1<S(S1. It was .sold to Mr. Chas. 
 Lionnais. in 1883, again the same year to Mr. L. A. Semcal, and lastly in 1886 to 
 Messrs Irwin and Hopper, of Montreal, who formed the present company and 
 enlarged its territory, which now covers 325 acres. The mine is worked by steam 
 machinery and compressed air drills — the actual workings consisting of three 
 excavations at the foot of the large mountain and two other excavations in the 
 S. E. side of a small hill lower down, together with a vertical (jxiavation to a 
 depth of 80 feet between the two hills. It is at the bottom of this excavation that 
 the finest product is found ; and 3,000 tons have in all been taken out. The average 
 yield is 600 tons a year, with a working force of 60 to 70 men, but the company 
 has opened new works and will largely increase its output. Considering the 
 extent and situation of its property, the company has great facilities for disposing 
 of its dumps of debris without interfering for a long time with the future of the 
 works. It has lately added a crusher to its plant to help the cobbing, the 
 crushed products being afterwai'ls run through a sifter. This innovation eftects, 
 a great saving, besides yielding a product of good quality. ^ 
 
 UNITED ASBESTOS COMPANY. (Limited). London. 
 
 This mine adjoins the " Anglo-Canadian Company's " property and is only of 
 small extent, bvit it has the reputation of having so far produced one of the best 
 qualities of asbestos at Black Lake. It has a frontage of only 372 feet at the foot 
 of the mountain and has been opened along this front by two large excavations 
 in the flank of the hill, from which ^,152 tons were taken out from 1885 to the 
 loth August, 1889. The mine was woi-ked by hand down to October, 1889, aus 
 the property of Messrs. Frechette & Douville, yielding 260 to 330 tons a year, 
 with 30 men working. The present company, which purchased it in October, 
 1 889, together with the rights of the Coleraine Mining Company, put in ^team 
 machinery and compressed air drills which are actually working and which 
 warrant the prospect of a greatly increased output. 
 
 SCOTTISH CANADIAN ASBESTOS COMPANY. 
 
 iJ! This mine is also on the lands of the Coleraine Mining Company, but has 
 
 also been bought out. Opened m 1884 by Mr. Chas. Lionnais, it became, in 1886, 
 the property of the present company, which is now in liquidation and has done 
 no work since 1888. This state of things, which is owing to special circumstances, 
 
 m 
 
100 
 
 leraine 
 opened 
 •. Chafl. 
 L886 to 
 ly and 
 T Hteain 
 i tliroe 
 3 in the 
 ion to a 
 ion that 
 averaj^e 
 Dmpanv 
 ring the 
 isposing- 
 •e of the 
 ing, the 
 1 effects, 
 
 is much to be regretted, as the mine is as good as any of the others at Black Lake, 
 It WHS worked by means of two large excavations at the foot of the mountc' 
 with stoam machinery and compressed air drills. When operations were shu 
 down, the number of hands employed was 80. Twelve hundred tons of asbestas 
 had been taken out, four hundred of which were during the last year. The 
 company had further established a mechanical separating shop, composed of crush- 
 ers, endless cobbing tables, rollers, trommels, blowers, &c. The asbestos rock was 
 conveyed to these works by a small tramway, and the work of separation, 
 usually so tedious and expensive, was greatly simplified as the apparatus could 
 turn out 20 tons of asbestos per day. They worked well, but were not 
 fcnind to be advantageous for the production of the superior or long fibre classes. 
 Nevertleless, we regard these improvements as a great step in advance and I have 
 no doul)t that they can be employed to advantage for the production of the 
 2n(l and 3rd classes from the waste wnich is so abundant at the mines and 
 which cannot be profitably hand-worked. This company is the only one that 
 has made this experiment and it is very desirable < ^ see it resume work. 
 
 The company also made a few openings in the western part of the property, 
 adjoining the Ireland line. This part is Ir and coven ■ with soil; but the 
 " prospects " led to the discovery of fine asbestos, ' ^sioes proving that the rich 
 belt oL lu^l 3stos-bearing serpentine continues in taat lirection. This i.iine, as well 
 •!S the two others, is a quarter of a mile distant from Black Lake station. 
 
 only of 
 the best 
 
 ihe foot 
 
 avations 
 
 ■;5 to the 
 
 1889, as 
 
 a year, 
 October, 
 in steam 
 which 
 
 but has 
 in 1886, 
 has done 
 nstances, 
 
 Fraser mine at Broughton. — The company also owns aii iisbestos mire on 
 lot VII, 14, of Broughton, Beauce. This mine is particularly remarkable from 
 the fact that the serpentine belt in it is very narrow, its breadth b )ing only 15 
 feet and in contact with the talc schists, which sometimes turn into regular 
 soapstone. The asbestos is contained, so to say, in a idugle vein of 8 to 10 
 inches, generally walled in, but yielding fibre of over 4 inches. In spots, the 
 vein divides into a multitude of small veins of a few lines only. We traced 
 the course of this serpentine belt for a distance of 900 feet, in an east-west 
 direction and extending over the lot VI, 14. The mine was opened in 1881 
 by Dr. J. Reed, afterwards worked by an American company, and in 1886 became 
 the property of the present company, which built a branch railway of \ mile 
 to connect with the Quebec Central Railway aLd did some important work, in- 
 cluding the sinking of three inclined shafts of 60 to 75 feet. A total of 100 tons 
 of first quality was taken out and there remains on the ground a quantity of waste, 
 which might be utilized for 3rd quality. The working of this mine is naturally 
 expensive, as it has to be conducted altogether differently from the quarry work- 
 ings of the other mines. It is necessary to make regular underground works, 
 which must also be timbered and kept pumped out. The mine has been abandoned 
 since the company has gone into liquidation. The asbestos procured from this 
 mine may be considered as of the highest quality, both as to beauty and length 
 of fibre. 
 
u 
 
 106 
 
 AMERICAN ASBESTOS COMPANY. (Limited) Liverpool. 
 
 m 
 
 This property, which formerly belonged io Dr. J. Reed, comprises the S. W. 
 half of iota 27 and 28 of rar.we B of Coleraine. It became, in November, 1888, 
 the property of Mr. L. Wertheim, manufacturer, of Franckfort-on-Maine, who 
 formed the present company of which ^e is the President and principal 
 stockholder. Before passing into the hands of this company, only a tew 
 openings had been made on the summit of the mou itain, from which 56 
 tons of the mineral were procured. In addition, 60 tons were taken out to 
 April, 1889. In the spring of 1889, the new company erected buildings, put in 
 machinery, built roads and erected a village of some 20 houses for its workmen. 
 It uses steam and compressed air, and, with 60 to 70 men, took out and shipped 
 400 tons to the close of the season of 1889, partly to Mr. Wertheim's own 
 factories. The output for 1889 amounted in all to 528 tons. In addition, 
 the company ran a tunnel 6x6 and 160 feet long, at the foot of the 
 mountain and 100 feet below the level of the actuel workings, in order to 
 facilitate the work of extraction. This tunnel is interesting from the fact 
 that,except in the case of the Broughton mine, which cannot be otherwise developed, 
 it affords the only instance of underground works for asbestos mining. This 
 style of work should in cei'tain cases render good service and obviate too large 
 quantities of waste, especially, when rocks, altogether barren or poor in asbestos, 
 have to be cut through. The mountain on which the mine is located is 800 feet 
 higher than Black Lake and 250 feet over the level of the adjacent lauds, which 
 presents great facilities for dumping. It will be further noted that, on ranges 
 ABC, the lots run N E in the same direction as the band of sei'pentine. 
 
 During last winter (1889-90) from December to March, 250 tons were taken 
 out, which presages a large output for 1890, especially when the preparatory 
 work (i/iie and the excellent indications recognized are taken into account. The 
 practical results obtained by this company must be regarded as remarkable for 
 the first year and we suppose that the financial result has been quite as satis- 
 factory'^. 
 
 The " Montreal Asbestos Co's " mine on lot B 32, Black Lake, should also be 
 mentioned. This mine was worked during four months in 1888 and turned out 
 50 tons of good asbestos. The " Loomis & Johnston " in the centre of the Cole- 
 raine Mining Company's block and in which some small excavations were i...ade 
 about the sam" time, along the line of the Quebec Central, yielding a few tons of 
 asbestos, also deserves to be noticed. These two mines are in a good location and 
 the work already done should encourage new trials. 
 
 •i: I 
 
 MttiilK^ ?, -: 
 
mm 
 
 107 
 
 .e S. W. 
 r, 1888, 
 le, who 
 rincipal 
 
 a tew 
 liich 55 
 
 out to 
 , put in 
 orkmen. 
 shipped 
 n's own 
 iddition, 
 
 of the 
 jrder to 
 the fact 
 sveloped, 
 g. This 
 too large 
 asbestos, 
 800 feet 
 Is. which 
 
 ranges 
 
 ire taken 
 paratory 
 nt. The 
 able for 
 as satis- 
 
 d also be 
 rned out 
 he Cole- 
 Bre u.ade 
 tons of 
 tion and 
 
 ^ 
 
 iVIIIVJES OR OOL_.E:RAirME:. 
 
 . V MEGANTIC MINING CO. 
 
 This mine, the property of Messrs. Fenwick & Sclater, of Montreal, is situated 
 in the S. W. part of the Coleraina Mining Company's block. This region was 
 discovered in 1886, when the mine was worked by Mr. J. Kennedy, who, in the 
 course of the same year, transferred his rights to the present company. The 
 works consist oi a single excavation on the hill 50 feet above the suiTounding 
 lands and 150 feet higher than the Coleraine station. The opening is 75 x 100 
 feet and 40 feet deep. The mine is worked by hand and has so far yielded 400 
 tons of asbestos. It is shut down in winter, but during the summer season an 
 average of 7 men is employed, besides a blacksmith and boys for cobbing. The 
 output has been about 100 tons a year. The property, which embraces 60 acres, 
 is a mile and a quarter distant from Coleraine station. 
 
 W. H. LAMBLY. 
 
 This property, also situated in the Coleraine Mining Company's block, adjoins 
 the foregoing mine to the North East and possesses a similar area. It was opened 
 in the spring of 1889. At about ten acres from the " Megan tic Mining Co's " 
 excavation, numerous veins of very fine quality asbestos were discovered. 
 Some work was done on them dui'ing the summer and about 25 tons were taken 
 out by a few hands. 
 
 daimvil_l.e:in/iiime:. 
 
 W. H. JEFFERY. . 
 
 This mine is the only one in the district and is situated on lot 6 of the Ilird 
 range of Shipton (Richmond) at a distance of 4 miles from Danville station 
 (G. T. R.) It is probable that serpentine occurs at many other points, but, if 
 so, it is buried beneath the arable soil, which is generally in the possession 
 of. farmers, while in Coleraine the ock outcrops everywhere and the small 
 
 
 
 m 
 
JSm 
 
 108 
 
 quantity of soil met with is little suited to cultivation. At the time of my last 
 visit, the workings comprised three large excavations, the deepest of which was 
 About 100 feet and is located on a plateau about 180 feet above the surrounding 
 lands. The mine has been worked since 1880 and has yielded in all aboat 3,080 
 tons of asbestos. Its present annual output is about 325 tons, with an average 
 staff of 35 workmen. It is altogether worked by hand labor, without the help 
 of any machinery. The asbestos is of very good quality, although the fibres 
 appear short. This mine has been regularly worked since the commencement 
 and appears to have yielded good profits to its owner. It is not worked in 
 winter time. 
 
 otme:rin/iiime:s. 
 
 The foregoing districts are the only ones regularly worked, but search has 
 been made and ViOrk done at other points, especially by the following com- 
 panies : 
 
 The " Brompton Lake Asbestos Mining Co." began work in the fall of 1889 
 on lot IX 26, of the Gore of Brompton (Richmond.) 
 
 The " Whyte Asbestos Co." worked without success on lot IX 9, of Coleraine 
 near Little Lake St. Francis, as well as in Garthby (Wolfe) I S 5 and 6. 
 
 The " Laurier Mining Co." worked in the fall of 1889 on the Coleraine 
 Mining Go's block to the S. W. of the " Anglo-Canadian Asbestos Co.," where the 
 "prospects" seemed encouraging. This company has also done some search 
 work on lot III, 20 of North Ham (Wolfe) and in Tingwick (Arthabaska) XI, 21. 
 
 The " Black Lake Asbestos Mining Co." to the S. W. of the Johnston & 
 Loomis mine and the " Ste Julie Mining Co." to the N. E. of the same mine on 
 the Coleraine Mining Go's block, at Black Lb.Ve, made some " prospects " in the 
 fall of 1889. 
 
 A new mine known as the " Central Mine " was opened by Steel & Co. in 
 the spring of 1890 on the same block, but on the other side of Black Lake. 
 • Dr. J. Reed has opened lots 27, 28, 29 of range A of Coleraine, where some 
 fine indications have been found ; he is having them actually worked by contract 
 and a certain quantity of asbestos has been already taken out. He has also 
 mined an lots IV, 16, 17, and 18 of Thetford, situated in a straight line one mile 
 from the Quebec Central, near •' Robertson Station," where workable and good 
 quality asbestos has been noted. He olso owns asbestos-bearing, but still un- 
 worked properties in South Ham, in the neighborhood of Lake Nicolet, 
 
109 
 
 ASBESTOS IN THE lAURENTIAN ROCKS. 
 
 Serpentine occurs at several points of the Laurentian formation, especially 
 in Grenville (Argenteuil), Templeton (Ottawa) and Calumet Island (Pontiac.) It 
 presents a honey yellow color and often holds veins of a very white, fine 
 and often translucid asbestos, which is remarkable, but unfortunately does not 
 exist in workable quantities. The veins are also generally very short. We have, 
 however, seen one that measured IJ inch. An attempt to work the mineral was 
 made on lot 10 of the VIII range of Templeton, but ^without satisfactory results. 
 
 i 
 
 ASBESTOS IN GASP 6. 
 
 Serpentine is found in the county of Gaspe, at Mount Serpentine, on the 
 Dartmouth river and at Mount i.ibert at the head of the river Ste Anne des 
 Monts. In the course of an exploration made in 1889, we discovered on Mount 
 Serpentine, in the vicinity of Ladies' Steps brook small veins of asbestos run- 
 ning up to i of an inch in green serpentine. 
 
 At Mount Alb( fc, the explorers of the Geological Survey note the probability 
 of the presence of asbestos in the serpentine, which, at that place, covers not less 
 than 10 square miles. 
 
 LIST OF ASBESTOS LOTS. 
 
 good 
 
 Arthabaska — Tingwick. — XI, 21. „ 
 
 Beauce — Adstock — V, 44. 
 
 Broughton~VI, 14. VII, 14. 
 
 Cranbourne— V, 37, 38. 
 
 Seigniory Rigaud Vaudreuil — I. N. E. 7, 8. > 
 
 Brome— Bolton— IV, 4J W. VIII, 8, 9. 
 
 Megantic — Coleraine — Coleraine Mining Block A. B. Range A, 19, 20, 21, 22, 
 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 2^. 29, 30, 31, 32. Range B, 4, 5, «, 17, 18, VB, 20, 
 
 21, 22. 23, 24, 25, 2o, (27| N. E., 28^ N. E. Bell Asbestos Co.,) (27J 
 
 S. W. 28 J S. W. American Asbestos Co.,) 29, 30, 31, 32. Range C. 
 
 ■ ' 19, 20. '>!. 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27,28, 29, 30, (31. 32, Lucke, Mitchell 
 
 ' ' • & Co.) xL 25, 26. Ill, 25, 26, 27, 28, IV, 25, 2», 27. VI, 
 
 7. VIII, 8, 9. X, 19i N. W., i»J N. E. XII, 8, 9. XIII, 4, 5, 6.7, 8, 9. 
 
 Ireland— II, 24, 25. Ill, (24, 25. King Bros,) IV, 26, 27. V, 28. 
 VI, 28. IX, 26. X, 25, 26. 
 
 
 ■'•'jf 
 
 iili 
 
Thetford— IV, 13, 16, 17, 18, V, 26. King Bros., 27^ N, E„ Bell 
 Asbestos Co., 27^ S. W., Ward-Ross, 28. King Bros, VI, 26, (27. 
 > Johnson Asbestos Mining Co.,) 28. Thetford Asbestos Mining Co. 
 
 Ottawa— Templeton— VIII, 10, 11. 
 
 Richmond — Brompton — IX, 26. Brompton Lake Asbestos Mining Co. 
 Cleveland— XIV, 7, 8, 9. XV, 6. 
 Shipton III, 6, Jeffery Mine. 
 
 Wolfe— Ham North— III, 20 
 
 Ham South— I. 17,25. 
 ;: Garthby— I, 5, 6. Ill, 16. 
 
 Island of Lake Nicolet. 
 
 Wolfestown— I 24, II 22^ S. E. of | S. W., 23, Bellemina, 24. Ill 33, 
 24, 26, IV, 24, 25, 26. 
 
 , Be^ 
 Br( 
 
 
Ill 
 
 K^l 
 
 SOAPSTONE. 
 
 l'1 
 
 This mineral is a variety of compact talc and is also called steatite. In color, 
 it varies from white to green and is remarkable for its softness and unctuosity. 
 Reduced to powder, it is used as a lubricator and as paint. Slate and tailors' pen- 
 cils are also made from it. It is very easily cut and, by subsequent calcining, 
 hardened, when it can be converted into small objects of marquetry. 
 
 Soapstone of good quality is abundantly scattered throughout the magnesian 
 rocks of the Eastern Townships and is itself a silicate of magnesia, but there is 
 actually only one deposit of the mineral, worked by the " Wolf estown Mining Co.," 
 the price being low and the demand limited. Crude soapstone, delivered on the 
 railway, is worth $6.50 per ton, and $8.50 at Montreal. Ground, it is worth 
 $16 per ton in lots of 5 tons and upwards. 
 
 WOLFESTOWN MINING CO. 
 
 The mine owned by this company is located on lot II 20 of Wolfesto^vn 
 (Wolfe). A quarry was opened a few years ago, from which 120 tons were 
 extracted in 1888 and 150 tons in 1889 by 5 or 6 men. Work is done by hand 
 and on a small scale. The mine is 6 to 8 miles distant from Coleraine station 
 (Q. C. R.) A portion of the output is pulverized at Montreal by the " Cyclone 
 Pulverizing Co." 
 
 More or less extensive beds of the mineral liave been noted at the following 
 points : 
 
 Beauce Broughton VII, 14. 
 
 Brome Bolton II | W 6, 26, IV^ W 4, VI 24. 
 
 Potton i E 20, VI 26. 
 ' ^' Sutton VII 10, 12. -V, ^ ^ 
 
 Meg ANTIC Thetford III 12. > " , ^ • 
 
 Stanstead Hatley V 19, 20, 21. 
 
112 
 
 Wolfe Garthby I S 6. ' 
 
 South Ham I 22, 24, 25. 
 
 Wolfestown I 20 (Wolfestown Mining Co.) 
 
 PoTSTONE. — Compact chlorate or potstone, which can be used for similar 
 purposes, has also been found in the same region. This mineral has not been 
 worked, but a considerable deposit of it exists on lot II, 26 of Bolton. It has 
 also been found on lot 12 of the IV range of Broughton. 
 
 ';;i^ 
 
 1828 
 was 
 
 to CO 
 
 consj 
 begai 
 real ( 
 an 01 
 until 
 
 follo\ 
 
 1 
 gangi 
 
 G 
 
 Bolivi; 
 the as 
 averag 
 
 ' Tl 
 
 climate 
 one hui 
 
I 
 
 113 
 
 PHOSPHATE OF LIME. 
 
 Apatite was first observed in Canada by Lieutenant Ingall on the Li^vre in 
 1829, only to be regarded at the time, however, as a mineralogical curiosity. It 
 was not till about 1840 that its economic value as an agi'icultural fertilizer began 
 to command attention in Europe, but since then phosphate deposits have been 
 constantly searched for and discovered in all parts of the world. In Canada, it 
 began to be worked about 1875 in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, but the 
 real development of the industry only dates from 1878. when it was marked by 
 an output of 4,000 tons, which has since gone on increasing from year to year 
 until an annual average of 25,000 tons has been reached during late years. 
 
 In the different countries, in which phosphate workings are carried on, the 
 following varieties are recognized : (1) 
 
 Soluble guanos and leached guanos, 
 
 Nodules or sands, frequently mixed with fossils, separating easily from their 
 gangue and closely enough conglomerated to form rocks. 
 
 Phosphorites in the form of compact or crystalline I'ocks. ^ 
 
 Guano is f otmd on certain islands in the Pacific off the coasts of Peru and 
 Bolivia. It is principally composed of the excrements of birds and contains, in 
 the assimilable state, nitrogen, phosphate, potash and sodium in the following 
 average proportions : 
 
 Nitrogen 10.90% 
 
 Phosphate 27.60% 
 
 Potassium and sodium 2to3 
 
 This is the soluble or nitrogenous variety which forms only in very dry 
 
 climates such as the coast of Peru, where it occurs in thicknesses of more than 
 
 1 one hundred feet mixed with the bones of sea fowl and marine animals. Analogous 
 
 (1) Bulletin Xo US of the United States Geologieal Surver.^by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr. 
 
 8 
 
deposits, but of less importance, have also been discovered and worked on certain 
 islands on the southern coast of Africa, near the Cape of Good Hope, on the coast 
 of Arabia and in Australia. 
 
 Another variety of guano is that which has been subjected to the action of 
 leaching by the rains or by sea water. It is partly mineralized and contains 
 scarcely any more soluble elements. It is met with on the islands in the Pacific 
 lying to the north-east oi' Australia, on the coast of Chili, and on certain of the 
 West India islands such as Sombrero, Navassa, Curacoa, &c. It contains 70 to 85 
 per cent of phosphate, with little or no nitrogen and alkalies. The Mingan islands, 
 in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, have been thought to contain deposits having an 
 analogy to guano and a similar origin, but the rainy weather of the Gulf seems 
 little fitted for the preservation of such deposits and it is therefore probable that 
 the soluble matter is quickly carried off by the water and the solid residue becomes 
 mixed with the soil. 
 
 i'i 
 
 i! 1 
 
 Nodules are rolled or rounded stones, the inside of which is frequently formed 
 of fossils and which present tlie appearance of coprolites (fossil exuviae) or of 
 shells ; occasionally, they also present a radiated appearance, their dimensions 
 varying from the size of a grain of sand to that of masses weighing a ton and 
 upwards. Generally speaking, these nodules are found imbedded in a soft clay 
 or marl or in the solid rock. In the former case, a sufficient percentage is secured 
 by extraction and washing ; in the latter, utilization is hardly possible, unless 
 the whole mass is of suitable grade (over 40 per cent). We may mention, as 
 examples of easily separated nodules, those of South Carolina, of France, &c., 
 while those of Russia are imbedded in the solid rock and are worked to less 
 advantage on account of their generally low grade. Sometimes, the phosphate 
 occurs in the form of sand as at la Somme (France), and in the district of Mons 
 (Belgium), and these deposits are in general easy and advantageous to work. 
 Phosphate in nodules or sand is also found in England, in the north and east of 
 France, in Belgium, (Mons), in Russia, and in North and South Carolina, Alabama 
 and Florida. 
 
 The deposits of nodules are usually encountered at little distance from the j 
 surface and are worked by quarries or trenches cr by dredging the rivers as in i 
 South Carolina. The nodules are generally of low grade, but, on account of their 
 abundance and the facility with which they are wrought, which renders them f 
 cheap, they are greatly sought after and all the more so because for agricultural] 
 purposes they can be applied directly to the land, when grov id. An idea of their! 
 importance can be gathered from the fact that South Carolina annually produces 
 a million of tons, of which it exports one half, that France produces 200,000 tons I 
 a year, Belgium 100,000 to 150,000, England 50,000, &c. 
 
116 
 
 )n certain 
 the coast 
 
 action of 
 1 contains 
 the Pacific 
 ain of the 
 IS 70 to 85 
 ;an islands, 
 
 having an 
 Gulf seems 
 obable that 
 Lue becomes 
 
 ntly formed 
 uvise) or of 
 dimensions 
 ■ a ton and 
 a a soft clay 
 ge is secured 
 ffiible, unless 
 mention, as 
 France, &c., 
 »rked to less 
 phosphate 
 irict of Mons 
 )us to work, 
 and east of 
 Lina, Alabama 
 
 Phosphorite is a variety of massive rock phosphate, sometimes attaining a 
 high grade and at others mixed with the encasing rocks. Several varieties of 
 phosphorite are recognized according to the countries in which they occur and 
 its crystalline state frequently brings it very near to apatite, but we shall follow 
 the practice of applying the name of phosphorites to the regular deposits of rock 
 phosphate met with in the uncrystallized formations. Phosphorites occur in 
 regular veins as in Spain or in irregular deposits as in the south of France. Their 
 grade is in general high and is only lowered by admixture with the encasing rocks, 
 and they are always treated for conversion into superphosphates. They are 
 found in Spain (Logrosan and Cac^res), in the south of France (Quercy, Lot, 
 Bordeaux phosphates), and in Nassau (Prussia). 
 
 Apatite is the variety of phosphate in the pure crystallized state, to which 
 the name of fluophosphate is also given on account of the presence of a strong 
 proportion of fluor. It carries the highest grade, its percentage occasionally 
 rising to 93. It always occurs in the eruptive or crystallized formations and in the 
 crystallized or crystalline state only. Apatite has been found in Norway, Spain 
 (Malpartida and Zarza), Portugal, and lastly, in Canada, in the provinces of Ontario 
 and Quebec. We propose to give information in regard to our own deposits and 
 the table appended will permit a comparison to be made with the principal foreign 
 phosphates and show that our phosphates carry the highest merchantable grade. 
 As it may be said, too, that the quantity is inexhaustible, it will be readily seen 
 what a splendid future is in store for this industry. 
 
 Scoria: of Dephosphoration. — As a source of phosphoric acid, we may also 
 mention the scoriae or slag resulting from dephosplioration of iron, of which 
 large quantities, estimated at 50,000 tons a year for France, 100,000 tons for 
 England, and 250,000 tons for Germany, are beginning to be employed. 
 
 'is 
 11 
 
 i I 
 
 'I 
 
 I: 
 
 Ince from the 
 rivers as in 
 [count of their I 
 Irenders them I 
 \v agricultural J 
 In idea of theirl 
 lally produces 
 ,200,000 tons 
 
116 
 
 :ll ' 
 
 '^l;.> 
 
 ■iiii 
 
 JZ3 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
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 Pm 
 I— I 
 
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 w 
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 w 
 
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 5 l5,5?2g5SS^ Q^«^«S Sg8888^-oSot2 
 
 
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 0) 
 02^ 
 
 gg-o goo 
 
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 « J^ rt H.«l. y. ■ 
 
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 g' g 3 I 
 
 ^ op a "^ 
 
 01 
 
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 o.j2 
 
 0.2 
 
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 13 
 
 
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 lU 
 
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 "-'73^o-r3'rtol5."5 2 'd acn-5 
 
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 tn 
 
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 !2; 
 
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 00 
 
 03 
 
 
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 tmo 4)1^*-* 
 
 ^ o 
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 ;?; 
 
 ■d 
 
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 2? f^ 
 
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 com 
 
 
 
 
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 Ph' 
 
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 'S'd'd 
 
 
117 
 
 "T! 
 
 
 CANADIAN APATITE (1) 
 
 This product occui*8 under the same conditions in the counties of Hastings, 
 Addington, Frontenac and Lanark, in the province of Ontario, where its present 
 output amounts to from 2,000 to 3,000 tons a year ; but we propose to only deal 
 here with the apatite found in the province of Quebec, where it exists in the 
 crystallized or crystalline state in the gneiss of the Laurentian formation. It is 
 always associated with other rocks, such as hornblende, feldspar, calcite, pyroxenite, 
 &c., in very irregular deposits anc' hence the uncertainty which attends their 
 working. It may be said to form pari .^f the above mentioned bands of rock, which 
 are met with in greater or less thicknt.oses. These bands traverse the Laurentian 
 gneiss and have sometimes a breadth of several miles as in Templeton, Portland 
 West, Bowman, and, in other instances, only of a few feet as in Buckingham and 
 Portland East. It is consequently easy to understand that, in the former case, they 
 take the form of pockets, while, in the latter, if the phosphate be abundant, it 
 may predominate in these bands and assume the appearance of regular veins. 
 Several hypotheses have been indulged in as to the origin of the Canadian apa- 
 tites and the other phosphate deposit? ; but it seems to be now generally admitted 
 that these deposits have had a chemical and not an organic origin, notwithstand- 
 ing the many organisms met with in certain categories of them. We incline to 
 this rational view, and, as far as our apatites are concerned, we maintain that 
 their deposits were primitively regular beds analogous to those already mentioned 
 and which have undergone a re-crystallization that has at the same time produced 
 the color by which they are actually distinguished. 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 
 The color of the Canadian apatite is red or green, varying from very deep to 
 very light green, the intermediate hue being the prevalent one. The color is 
 evidently not due to foreign matter, as the same high grades are found in all the 
 colors. The specific gi'avity is that theoritical of apatite, that is to say, in the neigh- 
 borhood of 3.2 and the mineral is frequently encountered in the form of hexagonal 
 crystals terminating in a point, some of which attain remarkable dimensions. In 
 the Geological Museum at Ottawa, a perfect crystal from the Emerald mine can 
 be seen measuring 62| inches in cii'cumference and weighing 550 lbs., which also 
 figured at the London Colonial Exhibition, and there also exists in situ at the 
 iEtna mine (Anglo Continental Guano Co.) an enormous crystal, which is estimated 
 to weigh several tons and which is 7 feet long by 4 wide. The most abundant 
 and best formed crystals are usually found imbedded in white and rose-colored 
 calcite. The variety in the form of sand, called " suerar phosphate," is also met 
 with. 
 
 (1) Reports of the Ottawa Geological Survey 1873-74, 1876-77, 1877-78, 1880-81-82, 1882-83-84. 
 
118 
 
 Analyses. — We append the analyses of Canadian apatites by Dr. C Hoff- 
 man, of the Geological Survey of Canada : (Report of 1877-78). 
 
 Phosnhoric acid 
 
 40.373 
 3.311 
 0.438 
 0.026 
 
 47.828 
 8.732 
 0.151 
 0.600 
 0.151 
 3.890 
 
 41.080 
 3.474 
 0.200 
 0.370 
 
 40.161 
 3.80:3 
 0.158 
 0.705 
 0.125 
 0.370 
 
 80.400 
 3.791 
 0.476 
 0.006 
 
 46.327 
 4.258 
 0.548 
 1.100 
 1.200 
 3.400 
 
 41.130 
 3.863 
 0.229 
 0.223 
 
 40.335 
 4.195 
 0.180 
 0.5m 
 0.004 
 3.060 
 
 40.868 
 3.731 
 0.428 
 0.106 
 
 48.475 
 4.168 
 0.158 
 0.835 
 0.905 
 1.150 
 
 40.518 
 3.377 
 0.086 
 0.855 
 
 40.041 
 3.603 
 0.205 
 0.267 
 0.083 
 1.600 
 
 40.812 
 
 Fluorine 
 
 3.564 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 0.010 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 0.618 
 
 Lime, 
 
 49.102 
 
 Calcium 
 
 3.763 
 
 Maomesia, 
 
 0.620 
 
 A.Iuniina 
 
 0.565 
 
 SeHuui-nxide of iron 
 
 0.125 
 
 Insoluble residue 
 
 0.630 
 
 
 
 
 100.500 
 
 90.506 
 
 100.512 
 
 00.884 
 
 100.823 
 
 09.666 
 
 00.729 
 
 Tri basic phosphate of lime 
 
 88.138 
 
 80.682 
 
 86.241 
 
 80.810 
 
 80.210 
 
 88.455 
 
 80.008 
 
 These samples must be regarded as choice specimens, as the most usual com- 
 mercial grade ranges about 80%. Still it is not rare to see cargoes rating at 85 
 and even to almost 87%. The following analyses were made in England on car- 
 goes of several hundred tons : 
 
 Cannon and Newton. 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.15 
 
 36.65 
 
 Chemists, G. H. Ogston. 
 
 Moisture 0.10 . . . 
 
 Water 0.50 . . . 
 
 Phosphoric acid 37.60 . , . 
 
 Lime 51.52 50.96 
 
 Oxide of iron and alumina 1.50 1.40 
 
 Magnesia and not determined 5.18 4.09 
 
 Carbonic acid 0.60 1.50 
 
 Insoluble 3.00 5.15 
 
 100.00 100.00 
 
 Equivalent to Tribasic phosphate of lime.. . 82.10 80.01 
 
 Carbonate of lime 1.36 3.40 
 
 The following analysis was made in New York in the case of a cargo of 250 
 tons of ground phosphate : 
 
 Moisture 0.040 
 
 Insoluble (quartz, mica, &c.) 1.160 
 
 Chloride of calcium 0.222 - 
 
 ^ Fluoride of calcium 11.193 
 
 Phosphate of alumina 0.899 , ' ; • • 
 
 Phosphate of iron 1.661 „.,_;; 
 
 • Phosphate of magnesia traces. 
 
 ■■■■ Phosphate of lime 84.852 
 
 100.027 
 
 Lii 
 
 nies 
 
 -liMf-MQ^Aj^^ty:. J Jt^iArJ.JHi^'M.Mi^^ 
 
HoflF- 
 
 40.812 
 3.554 
 O.OM) 
 0.518 
 
 49.102 
 3.763 
 
 o.eao 
 
 0.566 
 0.125 
 0.630 
 
 99.729 
 
 I 89.006 
 
 al com- 
 
 ig at 85 
 
 on car- 
 
 ^EWTON. 
 . . 0.10 
 . . 0.15 
 36.65 
 50.96 
 1.40 
 4.09 
 1.50 
 5.15 
 
 100.00 
 . 80.01 
 . 3.40 
 
 ro 
 
 of 250 
 
 
 n\ 
 
 119 
 
 The deposits, which are being worked at present, are those situated in the 
 northern part of Buckingham, Templeton and Portland East and West. Very 
 important deposits also exist in Hull, Wakefield, Bowman and Deuholm. as well 
 as in Derry, Lochaber, Bigelow, Villeneuve, McGill, Wells and Hiucks (Ottawa), 
 They have also been found in Kiamika, on the Lifevre, at 80 miles from Bucking- 
 ham, and in the townships of Lichfield, Mansfield, Pontefract, Calumet Island 
 and Wakimm, (Pontiac) ; in the townships of Maisonneuve and Provost, (Berthier) 
 at 100 milesnorth of the St. Lawrence, and in the toM'tiship of Caxton, (St. 
 Maurice). It may consequently be said that phosphate extends over a vast field 
 and that maiiy of the known deposits only await means of transportation to be 
 developed. \' 
 
 The companies actually working are the following : " 
 
 Anglo Continental Guano Co. (Limited, London). i 
 
 Ottawa Phosphate Co. (Limited). 
 
 W. A. A . 
 
 Dominion Phosphate Co. (Limited, London). -^ 
 
 Dominion Phosphate Co. (New- York). 
 
 Central Lake Mining Co. / 
 
 Canadian Phosphate Co. (Limited, London). 
 
 Phosphate of Lime Co. (Limited, London). 
 
 R. Blackburn. (East Templeton District Pliosphate Mining Syndicate, 
 Limited.) 
 
 J. MacLaren (The MacLaren Phosphate Syndicate, Limited.) 
 
 In addition, good properties are held by the following among other compa- 
 nies not actually working : 
 
 Anglo-Canadian Phosphate Co. (Limited, London). -. , 
 
 Soci6t6 Fran9ai8e des Phosphates du Canada. 
 
 I ...■'.'. ,-. 
 
 Ch. Lionnais & Co. . > , . . 
 
 Jackson Rae Phosphate Co. (Limited, London). 
 
 Without counting a multitude of mines opened up by private parties and 
 not regularly worked owing to lack of capital or means of transport. 
 
 ".M 
 
% 
 
 120 
 
 In the case of the mines in operation transport is effected from the mine to 
 the river du Li^vre by means of carts or tramways ; on the river to the village 
 of Buckingham by barges towed by steamboats ; and from Buckingham by rail 
 (Canadian Pacific) to Montreal, the port of shipment to Europe. A special branch 
 of 4 miles in length connects the wharf at Buckingham with the C. P. R. The 
 foregoing modes of transpor*^. apply to the valley of the Lievre. In Templeton, 
 transport is effected partly in winter by sleigh to the Ottawa river, and then in 
 the following summer by barges to Montreal. A small quantity is also forwarded 
 by rail from the station in East Templeton (C. P. R.) The transport question is 
 of great importance, since the more distant mines from the railway or the rivers 
 can only forward their outputs during the winter and then the minei-al can only 
 be shipped to England during the next summer. Thus, the phosphate extracted 
 during the summer of 1887 is only brought to the wharf or the railway during 
 the winter of 1887-^8 to be shipped to England during the summer of 1888, 
 equivalent to 8 months later, which occasions a loss of time and of interest on 
 capital. 
 
 
 The facilities of extraction are necessarily subordinate to the value of the 
 deposit ; thus, on a rich vein, the miner may immediately erect steam machinery, 
 build good roads, &c., whilst, in the case of other mines of an uncertain character, 
 he^cannot go beyond erecting temporary works and a small outfit. The cost of 
 extraction may therefore vary between $4 and .$12 a ton, the latter figure not 
 leaving i\ sufficient margin for profit. 
 
 COST OF MINING AND TR. .'PORT. 
 
 Extraction (profitable average) $5.00 to $8.00 
 
 Transport to the wharf over a distance of 1 ^ 
 
 to 5 miles by cart i 0.25 to 1.25 
 
 Transport to the wharf over a distance of 1 
 
 to 2 miles by tramway 0.20 
 
 Transport by river in barges over a distance 
 
 varying from 10 to 25 miles 0.30 to 0.60 
 
 Cost of transhipment at Buckingham 0.10 to 0.10 
 
 Transport by railway from Buckingham to 
 
 Montreal 1.25 to 1.25 
 
 Cost of transhipment at Montreal 0.25 to 0.25 
 
 Commission, insurance, &c 0.50 to 0.50 
 
 •-;",'.;;• ■-■:■■:",,':':-.-:' $7.65 to $11.95 
 
 For mines provided with tramways $7.60 to $10.90 
 
 \ 
 
e mine to 
 he village 
 tn by rail 
 ial branch 
 '. R. The 
 'empleton, 
 id then in 
 forwarded 
 [uestion is 
 the rivers 
 il can only 
 extracted 
 ay during 
 :r of 1888, 
 nterest on 
 
 due of the 
 machinery, 
 I character, 
 rhe cost of 
 ' figure not 
 
 )0 
 
 25 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 25 
 25 
 50 
 
 )5 
 )0 
 
 \ 
 
 ■: •^■■' ... ■(■'■,'■.:.- .' -.; " : • 121 '. ■ •;• .' . ^ 
 
 In the winter time, the hauling from the mine to Buckingham village land- 
 ing costs from $1.50 to $3.00 for distances of 10 to 30 miles, which increases the 
 above figures to $8.60 and $13.10. These figures apply to the Lievre valley ; but 
 in the case of the townships of Hull, Templeton and Wakefield, the last mentioned 
 prices apply at all seasons. 
 
 Needless to say, too, that these figures do not include the general costs of 
 management, interest on capital, etc. It is estimated that phosphate, yielding 
 80 p. 0., is worth $17 to $18 a ton, delivered at Montreal. Freights were quoted 
 during the summer of 1889 at : 
 
 From 5 to 7 shillings to Liverpool 
 
 " 8 to 14 " " London 
 
 12 " " Hamburg 
 
 In England, phosphate sells per unit and according to the market rate, and 
 in 1889 the prices were : 
 
 1 shilling ^ d. per unit for 80 p. c. 
 
 llj d for 75 p. c. 
 
 With a rise of 1/5 of a penny per unit. 
 
 Ground phosphate of 60 p. c. grade is worth 12 cents per unit, without 
 rise. The importance of the grade of the phosphate will be gathered from 
 the following : 
 
 80 p. c. being worth (1 sh. ^ d.) x 80 = £5 
 
 85 p. c. would be worth (1 sh. i d. + 1/5 d.) x 80 = £5 14 9 
 
 The highest price paid for phosphate has never exceeded 1 s. 6 d. 
 
 A sufficiency of Canadian laborers, familiar with mining work, and of horses 
 for teaming, is procurable in the region. In the case jf the more distan j mines, 
 the companies working them are obliged to board and lodge their men Some 
 companies have erected houses, which they rent to their hands and their families, 
 and find this system very advantageous, as it enables them to retain their em- 
 ployees near their mines. 
 
 Tlje wages paid are as follows : (1) 
 
 (1) Ab, In the course of this work, wo shall not have again occasion to note Other prices of labor, they 
 may be regarded as virtually the same in all parts of the province. 
 
 
 'J. i 'i. 
 Ham 
 
■I 
 
 :.■':" :-:':" 122 
 
 .. ' Per month. . V .' ' , 
 
 Sundry workmen (including board) $15 to $25 
 Children " " 6 to 10 
 
 ■ ' Board is estimated at $10 a month. ' 
 
 For day labor. 
 
 Laborers $0.60 to $0.80 (with board) or $0.90 to $1.15 (without board) 
 0.75 to 1.00 " " 1.25 to 1.40 
 
 Foremen, machinists, $1.25 to $2.00 (with board) or $1.60 to $2.40 (without board) 
 Double team and teamster, $3.00 (without board). 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 « 
 
 The following figures are taken from the tables of the trade and navigation 
 of Canada ; but, as each province is therein credited with the products shipped 
 through its ports, there is some confusion as to their real soui'ce. However, in 
 the case of phosphate, the bulk of the article comes from Quebec, except some 
 2000 to 3000 tons a year during recent years from Ontario, which would make a 
 total for that province of not more than 10,000 to 15,000 tons, inclusive of the 
 small quantities consumed in the country. We therefore subjoin t've figures of 
 the total shipments for the two provinces, as they approximately represent Que- 
 bec's output. The years indicated end on the 30th June, and under the head of 
 " Other Countries " are included Newfoundland, France, Denmark and Spain. 
 
 Years. 
 
 England. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Other coun- 
 tries. 
 
 U. States. 
 
 Totals. • 
 
 
 Ton. 
 
 Val$. 
 
 Ton. 
 
 Val$. 
 
 Ton. 
 
 Val$. 
 
 Ton. 
 
 Val$. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value $ 
 
 1877-78 
 
 2930 
 9385 
 6792 
 13199 
 13197 
 12263 
 21328 
 16878 
 23718 
 20465 
 18638 
 19690 
 
 53771 
 177949 
 108390 
 210364 
 258391 
 255816 
 451092 
 327508 
 407314 
 360313 
 368602 
 322269 
 
 
 
 732 
 
 188 
 
 10254 
 
 3478 
 
 39 
 
 2018 
 
 1182 
 
 2402 
 
 2800 
 
 220 
 
 32 
 
 745 
 
 532 
 
 733 
 
 1100 
 
 2911 
 
 otal. 
 
 887 
 
 28818 
 
 11492 
 
 29129 
 
 28976 
 
 2400 
 
 250 
 
 8980 
 
 6817 
 
 6223 
 
 13011 
 
 32463 
 
 3701 
 11927 
 
 7974 
 15701 
 17181 
 14478 
 21471 
 18984 
 25974 
 22803 
 21849 
 23158 
 
 64612 
 
 1878-79 
 1879-80 
 
 336 
 
 6050 
 
 216295 
 119882 
 
 1880-81 
 
 
 
 
 
 239493 
 
 1881-82 
 1882-83 
 
 1469 
 1995 
 
 31300 
 44500 
 
 435 
 
 9000 
 
 327667 
 302716 
 
 1883-84 
 
 111 
 
 1980 
 
 453322 
 
 1884-85 
 
 1361 
 1724 
 1595 
 2111 
 522 
 
 25800 
 17820 
 29613 
 38880 
 9850 
 
 362288 
 
 1885-86 
 
 
 
 431951 
 
 1886-87 
 1887-88 
 
 10 
 
 300 
 
 396449 
 397493 
 
 1888-89 
 
 
 
 860664 
 
 
 Gen 
 
 eral T 
 
 
 
 195,201 
 
 3,872,832 
 
 
 
''« 
 
 :'•;> 
 
 123 
 
 This total may be approximately apportioned as follows by townships, 
 allowing about 10,000 tons to the px-ovince of Ontario : 
 
 Portland 112,000 tons. 
 
 Templeton 30,000 
 
 BTickingham 30,000 
 
 Wakefield 10,000 
 
 Hull 2,500 , 
 
 Sundry 500 < 
 
 ' ' Or a total of 185,000 
 
 for the province of Quebec to the 30th June, 1889. 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 At present, the rock phosphate is shipped to England, and the ground 
 product to the United States. It is exclusively employed for making the super- 
 phosphates used in agriculture, but only in small quantities in Canada. In 
 Ontario, they are manufactured by the " Brockville Chemical and Superphos- 
 phate Co.", and, in Quebec, by G. H. Nichols & Co., at Capelton, near Sherbrooke, 
 where 500 tons of the mineral were used for the purpose in 1889. 
 
 There are three phosphate mills at Buckingham station : 
 
 That of the Canadian Phosphate Co., which owns the Crown Hill and Star 
 Hill mines, and which can turn out 6 to 7 tons a day ; the " Du Li^vre Phosphate 
 Mill, F. S, Shirley ", which grinds phosphates for different companies, and has a 
 capacity of 25 tons a day, and, lastly, Lomer, Rohr & Cos mill, lately erected, 
 which can put through 50 tons a day. 
 
 Inferior grade phosphates in sand are generally gi'ound. They are first 
 dried and then crashed, ground and bolted. The waste is about 3% to 5%. 
 
 These mills take their motive power from the falls of the river du Lievre. 
 Mr R. Blacburn pulverizes his low grade phosphate at the mine. 
 
 The working companies use steam and compressed air for hoisting, pumping 
 and drilling, and about 500 hands are employed in the industry, exclusive of the 
 number engaged in teaming and accessory works. Wood, which is still plentiful 
 in the region, supplies the fuel needed, and the mines require very little timbering 
 or pumping. The sorting or cobbing is done at the mines by hand ; but, at some 
 mines, a grating is used to separate the larger lumps of the mineral from the 
 smaller and the latter are then put into a rotary sifter, the resultant fine sand 
 forming the 75 per cent grade, while the small pieces are washed and handpicked. 
 
 M 
 
■■i; '^m 
 
 Low grade mineral of 60 to 65% is accidental and only met with in special 
 •cases. 
 
 The following may be taken as the type : 
 
 1st quality rock 80 to 87 
 
 1st quality sand 70 to 75 
 
 2nd quality " 60 to 65 
 
 The sand holds about 1^ p.c. of moisture in the summer and 4 p.c. in the 
 spring. - , 
 
 ■ 
 
 PHOSPHATE OF LIME CO. (Limited, London) 
 
 The mine known as the " High Rock Mine " was discovered in 1878 and 
 developed by various parties until 1881, when it passed into the hands of the 
 present company, one of the principal directors of which is Mr W. Pickford, of 
 London, The value of this mine has been tested by 34 open cuttirgs situated on 
 a high mountain 700 feet ibove the river du Lifevre, and comprising the lots VII 
 5, 6, 7 and 8 and VIII, 1 and 2 of Portland West, forming in all a block of 600 
 acres. Five of these pits are now being worked. Another mine known as the 
 Dugway Mine ", consisting of 3 acres in the centre of lot 9 of the Vlllth range, 
 was developed some six years ago by the company and since abandoned, but was 
 to have been reopened this spring with the aid of machinery. The company 
 employs 130 men at the mine, and uses compressed air drills and steam machinery 
 for hoisting and pumping. The workings at High Rock are connected with the 
 Lievre river by a small tramway, three feet wide and two miles long, following 
 the natural slope of the hill towards the river. Cars, capable of carrying three 
 tons, run down this slope naturally and are di'awn up hill again by horses. The 
 transport service from the pits to the cobbing sheds is also done by horse tram- 
 ways or stationary engines and by means of cables for heavy grades. • / 
 
 The development works of the mine consists of large open cuttings following 
 the phosphate veins underground and the deepest pit reaches a depth of 200 feet. 
 The main opening is shaft No. 11, which has been worked for several years with 
 excellent results. The entrance to the workings is on the west side of the 
 mountain, 160 feet below the level of the summit, and the phosphate vein has 
 been followed for a distance of 300 feet and to a depth of 70 feet, the thickest bed 
 so far reached being 30 feet. Masses of ore ha\ e also been left standing at intervals 
 to serve as pillars. This working still shows up very well, and, at the time of 
 my visit, m October, 1889, I was enabled to determine the thickness of certair,. 
 deposits of solid ore attaining from 12 to 15 feet and of remarkable purity. 11,000 
 tor . were extracted from this working during the years 1887 and 1888. 
 
125 
 
 n special 
 
 The grading of phosphate is effected through the usual processes of screening, 
 washing, sifting and handpicking, thus giving the saleable qualities : lo rock 
 and sand ; 2o sand. -' , 
 
 p.c. in the 
 
 1878 and 
 ids of the 
 ickford, of 
 dtuated on 
 le lots VII 
 )ck of 600 
 3wn as the 
 Ith range, 
 d, but was 
 
 company 
 machinery 
 d with the 
 
 following 
 ying three 
 )rses. The 
 lorse tram- 
 
 s following 
 if 200 feet, 
 years with 
 lide of the 
 te vein has 
 iickest bed 
 it intervals 
 the time of 
 3 of certain 
 ity. 11,000 
 8. 
 
 In the connection, it may be mentioned that the company only board about 
 half their men, the remainder living with their families in houses leased to them 
 by the company. This system is attended with several good results, such as 
 keeping the men near the workings. Some of the hands have also been employed 
 at this mine since the company went into operation. 
 
 The average annual output is about 6000 tons of higher grade and from 1500 
 to 2000 tons of loWer grade phosphate, and thus far the mine has yielded a total 
 of about 56,000 tons of first quality phosphate, carrying a percentage of 75 to 85. 
 
 The company are this year putting in an extensive plant comprising a com- 
 pressor for 12 drills, together with 4 boilers and accessories, the whole to be 
 located on the bank of the river. The compressed air will be conveyed over a 
 distance of 600 feet through a 5 inch pipe to the mine, which will be provided 
 with 3 new hoists and 7 or 8 more drills, and the company will then give employ- 
 ment to 100 more men. .;■. . 
 
 CANADIAN PHOSPHATE CO. (Limited, London). , 
 
 From 1882 to 1888, these mines were worked by the " Union Phosphate 
 Mining and Land Company," of New York, which developed more particularly 
 the " Star Hill Mine " on lots 8 and 9 of the Vllltb and lot 7 of the IXth range 
 of Portland West. 
 
 The present owners, having succeeded the former company, have acquired, 
 in addition to the above, lots 3 and 4 of the Vllth range, which are being deve- 
 loped under the name of the " Crown Hill Mine." There is only a distance of two 
 miles between the two mines. 
 
 Star Hill .Mine. — The chief workings at this mine consist of 4 pits (Nos. 2, 
 3, 4, 6) which are now worked at depths varying between 30 and 175 feet. The 
 old works consisted especially of two large quarries of 300 x 50 and 100 x 50, 
 contiguous to each other and reaching depths of 150 to 1 75 feet. The phosphate 
 occurs disseminated in large pockets in the rock and a considerable quantity of 
 the mineral has been extracted. The other workings are at a certain distance 
 apart from each other, and, in addition, fine indications are visible, especially on 
 lot 8, but have not yet been developed. 
 
 ^1 
 
\m: 
 
 
 126 
 
 Several of the above mentioned openings contain red phosphate, and, ste«ia 
 power is used for drilling, hoisting and pumping. 
 
 The Star Hill mine is connected with the Lievre river by a cart road three 
 and a half miles long and the hauling is done by carts in summer and sleighs in 
 winter ; but the company hope before long to have a tramway in operation. 
 
 Crown Hill Mine. — This mine, which has only been opened up within a few 
 years, has yielded well. The development work consists of three oi)enings, (Nos. 
 11, 15, 18) showing good beds of apatite. The deepest shaft is 120 feet and all 
 the workings are connected by inclined cable or horse tramways. A cable tram- 
 way, operated by machinery, leads to the company's wharf on the Lievre river, 
 one mile distant, and 600 feet below the level of the mine on the mountain. 
 Steam is used at the workings. 
 
 The "Canadian Phosphate Co." took over these mines on the 1st January, 
 1888, and their output to the 30th November of the same year amoiinted to 4036 
 tons, and, from the 1st December, 1888, to the 30th November, 1889, to 6560 
 tons, of which J was of first, J of second, and J of third quality, with an average 
 working force of 150 hands. This output they hope to increase this year. Since 
 the beginning of the works, the total yield of these mines appears to have been 
 approximately 33,000 tons. The company also own the lots VII, 3, 4 ; VIII, 
 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 ; IX, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ; X, 1, in Portland West. 
 
 The same company has at Buckingham station a phosphate mill run by the 
 water power of the Lievre. . 
 
 DOMINION PHOSPHATE CO. (New- York) 
 
 This company owns the " North Star Mine ", VIII, 19, Portland-East, and 
 
 "Washington" or " Landsdowne Mine", XI, N. p. 19, Buckingham. The latter, 
 
 which is near" the Emerald mine, was worked for some time ; but, as the result 
 
 did not meet expectations, the company abandoned it in 1883 and concentrated 
 
 all its operations at the " North Star Mine ", which had been worked by it since 
 
 1882. The preliminary workings at the surface gave the best indications, and 
 
 the company was accordingly induced to continue the excavations. An inclined 
 
 haxt at an angle of 20° was sunk to a depth of 605 feet following the phos- 
 
 'v/rf — which in some places showed in remarkable abundance. In 1885, at a 
 
 ^•1 of 200 feet, a powerful deposit, measuring 20 feet thick, by 60 feet long, 
 
 ' ■ truck. Since then, this shaft has been abandoned and another has been sunk 
 
 . present depth of 250 feet at an angle of 45°, with a rich showing of massive 
 
rt. ".V i 
 
 jTi ■"■71 
 
 id, stewa 
 
 oad three 
 sleighs in 
 tion. 
 
 hin a few 
 ngs, (Nos. 
 ;et and all 
 ible tram- 
 jvre river, 
 mountain. 
 
 ii7 
 
 phosphate. The company are sinking a third shaft with a view to continuing 
 the prosecution of the work under the same conditions. 
 
 This mine is the only one in which the workings are carried on at a great 
 depth and with regularity, but it may be remarked that the bed itself has the 
 advantage of possessing a certain amount of regularity. The mine, too, is well 
 supplied with plant and provided with steam hoisting and pumping machiiiery and 
 compressed air drills. It is situated on a hill 650 feet high and 4 miles distant 
 from the river du Lievre and employs 50 to 60 men, its annual output having 
 reached about 7,000 to 8,000 tons. The total yield so far has been 25,000 tons. The 
 ore is hauled summer and winter to the company's wharf on the Lifevre, but it is 
 pi'oposed to shortly lay down a tramway. It was at this mine that the first 
 compressed air appliances were put in to use on the Lievre. 
 
 t January, 
 ed to 4036 
 39, to 6560 
 an average 
 ear. Since 
 I have been 
 J, 4; VIII, 
 
 :un by the 
 
 East, and 
 The latter, 
 the result 
 mcentrated 
 iy it since 
 :ations, and 
 \xi inclined 
 the phos- 
 1885, at a 
 feet long, 
 been sunk 
 of massive 
 
 ' ' OTTAWA PHOSPHATE MINING CO. 
 
 The " Emerald Mine ", which is situated on lot 19 of the Xllth range of 
 Buckingham, has been worked by this company since 1884. Previously to that 
 time, it had been opened and worked by several parties, namely, by the old 
 " Buckingham Mining Co.", tl i by Murray & Allan, by W. A. Allan, and lastly, 
 by the actual company. It lies on a hill 360 feet high, and three or four hundred 
 yards from the river, and is distant eight miles from Buckingham village. The 
 workings consist of open cuttings at different levels, supported by the pillars that 
 have been left standing and connected by galleries. Water collects in these great pits, 
 and, to obviate pumping, a tunnel is being cut at the foot of the hill to drain them 
 and to facilitate the extraction of the masses of the mineral down to that level. 
 The deposit wears an appeai-ance of regularity, which warrants a presumption of 
 its richness. The veins are of great thickness, and we saw one, some years ago, 
 showing a solid breast of 90 feet of phosphate. The mineral is pure, but some- 
 times contains a little iron pyrite. The country rock is cut by trap dykes, the 
 largest of which, 30 to 35 feet thick and with a general east and west trend, 
 traverses the entire region. The average annual output of the mine is 5,000 tons, 
 with a working force of 50 men. Steam is not employed for any purpose and all 
 the work is done by hand. The total production of the mine since it was started 
 YCiky be set down at 35,000 tons. During the last two yeare, owing to preparatory 
 works, only 3,500 tons have been taken out, with a working force of 35 men. 
 
 This mine, which is a very remai-kable one, is most advantageously located. 
 The level of the tunnel is 250 feet below the summit of the hill and the mass of 
 mineral to be developed down to it would appear to be about 150 feet. 
 Altogether, the mine wears an excellent appearance and there is a good future 
 before it, although the property is very limited, being only 200 {.ores in superficies. 
 
 '»! 
 
128 
 
 ' . W. A. ALLAN. ■ ' 
 
 Mr. W. A. Allan may be regarded as the pioneer of the phosphate industry in 
 the Ottawa district and its development ia that region has been largely due to 
 his exertions. He has been the owner of some of the most important mines, such as 
 the Emerald and the North Star and the Villeneuve (mica), and also owns a 
 certain number of undeveloped properties. The mine known as the " Little 
 Rapids Mine," on lot 6 of the 1st range of Portland East, was put in working 
 order by him and he also owns lots 5 and 7 of the same range, where numerous 
 tests have shown the existence of phosphate in large quantities. 
 
 The " Little Rapids Mine," which was originally owned by the " Buckingham 
 Mining Co." has been worked since 1883 by Mr. Allan, who has synk several 
 shafts, the greatest depth attained being 210 and 220 feet, and opened several 
 cuttings, showing thicknesses of 5 to 6 feet of phosphate. The mine is situated on 
 a mountain 400 feet high and 4600 feet distant from the wharf on the river du 
 Lievre, with which it is connected by an inclined tramway, and the deposit 
 actually worked seems to affect a more regular formation. As the works, how- 
 ever, are more of a preparatory and exploratory nature with a view to the future 
 of the mine, only an average of 6 men has been employed and the output has 
 been necessarily small. Nevertheless, a certain quantity of high grade phosphate, 
 from 83% to 86% has been taken out and some thousands of tons more of the 
 mineral are in sight, no part of the reserve ore having been touched. The mine 
 is well equipped with steam pumping and hoisting apparatus and compressed air 
 drills, and, being in excellent condition, is ready to turn out a large yield as soon 
 as it is regularly worked. ; . j 
 
 Mr. Allan has also developed the Battle Lake mines in Templeton, and is 
 now engaged in opening a new mine on lots 27 and 28 of the IVth range of Port- 
 land West where the indications are remarkably fine, a cutting 40 feet long by 
 15 deep showing along its whole length splendid exposures of red phosphate- 
 from 13 to 20 feet thick, which also appear at many other points. 
 
 CENTRAL LAKE MINING CO. 
 
 The property of this company embraces lots 7, 8, 9 and 10 of the Xth range 
 of Portland West, but the most important workings are on lots 7 and 8. Some 
 prospects were made a long time ago, but the regular development work by Mr. 
 Franchot only dates back to the fall of 1887. The phosphate deposits occur in 
 hills averaging 200 to 300 feet in height around Central Lake. The indica- 
 tions are plentiful and the most important are to the number of twenty, from 
 
129 
 
 which 1,000 tons have been extracted, with 15 men. As these mines are situated 
 however, on the level of the High Rapids of the Li^vre, hauling from them can 
 only be done in winter ; but tliey will become much more important on the 
 completion of the dam and locks at Little Rapids, as the High Rapids will then 
 be submerged and, the mines being only one mile from the river, transport .an 
 then be easily effected in summer. 
 
 DOMINION PHOSPHATE CO. (Limited. London). 
 
 This company began work in October, 1889, on lot 8^ N. of the 1st range of 
 Portland East. The mine is situated on a hill, 200 feet high, at a distance of a 
 quarter of a mile from the Li^vre, on the level of the Little Rapids. The surface 
 indications show a vein of phosphate of from several inches to 2 and 3 feet thick, 
 for a distance of 300 to 400 feet. The company immediately put in steam drills 
 and is working with 30 men. It also owns lot 7 of the Ilnd range. 
 
 ANGLO-CONTINENTAL GUANO CO. (Limited, London). 
 
 Towards the end of 1889, this company acquired the lots 17^ N. and 18 J S. 
 of the Xllth range of Buckingham. The S. | of the lot 18 was the lot originally 
 owned by Sir J. A Grant, of Ottawa, on which important developments, including 
 a pit some 70 feet deep, were made with good results. It is estimated that 3,000 
 tons have been raised out of this shaft. Phosphate outcrops occur at numerous 
 points and under the same conditions as at the adjoining Emerald Mine. Lot 17 
 has been but lately explored, the prospects being very encouraging. The com- 
 pany is now at work and busy setting up machinery. The mines are known as 
 the "Squaw Hill" and " iEtna Phosphate Mines." 
 
 1 
 
 1 range 
 Some 
 
 by Mr. 
 )ccur in 
 
 indica- 
 y, from 
 
 9 
 
 .aiagni«»»s.»ic»»j 
 
130 
 
 XEMPLEXOIM DISTRICT. 
 
 Mr. R. BLACKBURN. 
 
 Before 1888, the properties at present owned by Mr. R. Rlackburn were in 
 the name of R. Blackburn and J. MacLaren, They embrace a large number of 
 lots in Templeton. 
 
 The principal mine worked is on lot 10 of the Xlth range. It consists of one 
 large excavation, 300 feet long, 200 feet wide and 130 feet deep which has been 
 extended westwards by underground workings comprising three levels of drifts 
 or galleries, of about 250 feet long and communicating with a shaft of 192 feet 
 exactly at the western extremity of the great excavation. The company 
 are cow sinicing in the eastern part a shaft, inclined at an angle of 60°, which 
 will pass under the principal excavation and connect with the deep shaft, which 
 it is intended to further deepen. These works will enable the company to con- 
 tinue the development of the mass, which was originally worked at the surface 
 in the early days of the mine. The situation of the mine is on ground of no great 
 height and steam has been employed for hoisting, pumping and drilling. This 
 mine is the richest in the Templeton district and turns out 3,000 tons a year, 
 working with 50 to 60 men. It has produced in all about 28,000 tons. The qua- 
 lity of the phosphate is remarkably pure, some shipments having graded nearly 
 87 per cent. On account of preparatory work in 1889, its output that year only 
 amounted to 1,400 tons. 
 
 Since 1889, the mine has been equipped with a pulverizer for the inferior 
 grades, which produces 4 tons a day, working with 3 men. 
 
 This mine is 11 miles from the Ottawa river and 14 miles from Templeton- 
 East (C. P. R.), the hauling being done both in winter and summer by waggon at 
 the rate of $1.50 per ton in winter and $2.50 in summer. The phosphate is for- 
 warded chiefly by barge to Ottawa. . ,' . 
 
 The mine was long worked by hand, and steam drills have only been in use 
 since 1885. In 1889, some prospecting work was done on the adjoining lot 11, 
 XI, the result being some fine discoveries, and a recent opening has a good 
 ahowing, from vrhich a good deal of phosphate has been taken out. 
 
, - ■ . ■ ■ . - 131 
 
 These mines were lately sold to an English company, which is workin^r them 
 under the name of the East Templeton District Phosphate Mining Syndicate 
 (Limited). The inclined shaft has been abandoned and work is proceeding in 
 the western part. Besides lots 10 and 11, this company owns several other 
 lots, including A N. 7, 8 and 9 of the same range. . 
 
 were in 
 imber of 
 
 J. MACLAREN. 
 
 Mr, MacLaren's properties were recently purchased by an English company, 
 " The MacLaren Phosphate Mining Syndicate " (Limited), which immediately 
 began operations with some 50 men, ox\ lots XII, 8 ; XI 7^ S ; 10^ N. ; VII, J N. 
 4, 5, 6. 
 
 1 
 
 (ts of one 
 has been 
 of drifts 
 t 192 feet 
 company 
 10°, which 
 ift, which 
 [ly to con- 
 le surface 
 f no great 
 ng. This 
 s a year, 
 The qua- 
 [ed nearly 
 year only 
 
 le inferior 
 
 LOMER, ROHR & CO. 
 
 Messrs. Lomer, Rohr & Co., phosphate commission agents at Montreal, formed 
 the " East Templeton District Phosphate Mining Syndicate " and the " MacLaren 
 Phosphate Mining Syndicate" of which they have retained the control and 
 management, as well as of the " Foxton Phosphate Mining Co." in Ontario. They 
 alsD buy phosphate from different companies and have contracted to again 
 work the Battle Lake mines and to re-dress old waste, especially at the Emerald 
 Mine. 
 
 They have also established a very important mill at the Li^vre basin for 
 concentrating and preparing the phosphate in the ground and granulated state. 
 These works, which furnish employment to some 30 men, are capable of turning 
 out over 50 tons a day. They comprise driers, rotary crushers, grinders, sorters, 
 bolters, air separators, &c., and their motive power is derived from the fails of 
 vne river. Shipments are made directly by the cars of the C. P. R. railway. All 
 the staffs of these different undertakings are under the direction of Messrs. Lomer, 
 Rohr & Co., who have their head office at Montreal. 
 
 ["empleton- 
 Iwaggon at 
 late is for- 
 
 been in use 
 Ling lot 11, 
 las a good 
 
 JACKSON RAE PHOSPHATE CO. (Limited, London). 
 
 Lot 9A W of the Xth range of Templeton has long been the property of Mr. 
 Rae, who formed a company in England last year. The old workings are very exten- 
 sive and consist of two large openings in the southern part of the lot, from which 
 several thousand tons of phosphate have been extracted. The works are presently 
 suspended. Transport is effected either by way of Templeton or by the Ottawa 
 river. The mine is 14 miles distant from Templeton. 
 
 ^1 
 
 i 
 
133 
 * ' CHAS. LIONAIS & CO. 
 
 In February, 1889, Mr. Lionais became largely ini -ested in the "Canada 
 Industrial Co.," (Limited) which owns 1300 acres of phosphate lands in Templeton, 
 including lots IX 16 and X 9^ E, and took the management of the works on the 
 last mentioned lot. Steam drills were put in and a good deal of work was done in 
 sinking four large pits from which a certain (juantity of phosphate was extracted ; 
 but the idea seems to have obtained that it was better to assure the future of the 
 min€ by preparatory works at the surface and the setting up of the necessary 
 plant. In 1889, 260 tons of 1st class out of 320 taken out of the exploratory 
 works were shipped and operations were suspended in the fall. 
 
 This mine is known under the name of the " Post Mine " and the company 
 propose to so develop it as to secure a large output this year. 
 
 The foregoing companies are those, which were working in 1889, but it is 
 well to also note some other companies which own good properties, but which 
 hav3 at present suspended operations for various reasons : 
 
 SOCIETY FRANgAISE DES PHOSPHATES DU CANADA. 
 
 This company, which has its headquarters at Bordeaux (France), owns the 
 following lots : Portland-East I 13, II 2^ W., 3i N. Ill 1, 2, IV 1| S. 2^ W. 3^ 
 N. VI. 7. 8. 9. 10. 22. 24. 1 p. N., 3. VII 7. 8. 9. 10. 21. 27. 28. VIII. 6. 9. 10. 11. 12. 16 , 
 17. 30., IX 4. 5. 9. 16. p. S., 17. 18. 19. 20. 30. 31. Portland-West, IV. 20, X. 3 
 Templeton, XIII 3, forming in all 4.795 acres. 
 
 Work was done on the lots in Portland-East III 1, 2, IV 1, VIII, 16, 17. 
 but not more than 2,000 tons were extracted, chiefly from lot 2 of the Ilird 
 range. The company, which was organized in 1881, closed its works in 1883. 
 
 has 
 
 ANGLO-CANADIAN PHOSFRArE CO. (Limited, London). 
 
 This company, after having worked for some time on lot XIII, 6, of 
 Templeton (Battle Lake Mine) where important development work was done, as 
 well as on lot lot X 2 of Portland-West, transferred the seat of its operations over 
 the province line to Oily lake and Bob's lake in Ontario. The following lots are 
 owned by the company : — Portland- East, 1, 4, II, 1| W, V, 13, 14 ; Portland- West, X 
 2, 4, 5 ; Templeton, XIII 6, 7 ; Gore of Templeton, 9, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 ; Bowman, 
 VII, 26, 27 ; Wakefield, II, 20| E 21|, N 22. The company was started in 1886 
 and suspended operations in the province of Quebec in 1887. Considerable 
 
tmuin 
 
 " Canada 
 'ompleton, 
 ks on the 
 [18 done in 
 extracted ; 
 iure of the 
 , necessary 
 xploratory 
 
 e company 
 
 133 
 
 development work had been done ut Battle Lake, steam machinery being used for 
 drilling and hoisting and the hauling being done in winter on the river du Li^vre. 
 Previously to I086, the company bore the name of the " Du Lii^vre River Land 
 and Phosphate Co." 
 
 GLASGOW CANADIAN PHOSPHATE CO. (Limited.) 
 
 This company owns ihe following lots : Portland-East IV 1^ N ; 2^ E ; D^ry, 
 II 1, Formed in in 1884, the company shut down its works in 1886 
 
 PHILADELPHIA AND CANADA PHOSPHATE CO. 
 
 39, but it is 
 but which 
 
 DA. 
 
 b 
 
 j, owns the 
 
 S. 2| W. 3i 
 
 0.11.12.16, 
 
 IV. 20, X. 3 
 
 III, 16, 17. 
 of the IlIrd 
 in 1883. 
 
 on). 
 
 XIII, 6, of 
 
 was done, as 
 ^rations over 
 Bv^ing lots are 
 and- West, X 
 6 ; Bowman, 
 rted in 1886 
 Considerable 
 
 Some work was done in 1883 on lot VIII, 27, Portland-East by this company, 
 which has not since operated. 
 
 CHAPLEAU & CO. ^ r 
 
 During 1883, work was done on lots 15, 16. 17, 18 of VI Portland-East, but 
 abandoned the following year. The firm also owns lots 5, 6 and 11 of VIII, 
 Portland-West. 
 
 TEMPLETON AND BLANCHE RIVER COMPANY. 
 
 This Montreal company worked on lot XI, 6, of Templeton during 1886, but 
 hM since suspended operations. 
 
 MARK HALDANE. 
 
 Important development work, consisting in numerous openings from 5 to 80 
 feet deep, has been done, with good returns, on an important phosphate deposit 
 in the best workable condition on lot 12, I of Wakefield. Previously to 1887, 
 4,500 tons had been raised from this mine and shipped. 
 
 The deposit worked is valuable and is remarkable for its regularity. Trans- 
 port is effected by teams for 15 miles to the river Ottawa and then by barges to 
 Montreal. 
 
.joranpn— 
 
 ^ '.■ 
 
 ^ GEMMILL&Co. ? 
 
 Considerable development work has been done by this firm on la IV, 24i^ S. 
 of Wakefield, from which 4,000 tons, generally of red phosphate, have been taken. 
 The deposit has been worked regularly by means of steam drills, &c., but the 
 ownere discontinued operations three years ago owing to the then low price of 
 phosphate. The ore was shipped via Ironside on the Gatineau to the Ottawa 
 river and by Templeton-East (C. P. R.) By the latter route, summer transport in- 
 volves barging across Lake McGregor. 
 
 The same firm has also opened mines on lots IV 24| N and V 22, 23, 24, of 
 the same township, as well a the following lots in Hull township : s 
 
 From lot XII, 10, about 1,000 tons of light green phosphate were taken out. 
 This bed shows a remarkable peculiarity, the phosphate occurring in numerous 
 veins distributed over the lot in a manner resembling that of certain deposits, in 
 Ontario • 200 tons of phosphate were also taken out from lot 14 of the same range. 
 On lots XIII, 12, 13, a shaft, 70 feet deep, was sunk and <ibout 300 tons 
 were taken out. The phosphate of this district is of a reddish green coler. It is 
 shipped via Ironside, seven miles distant. 
 
 DU LifiVRE PHOSPHATE MILLS (F. S. Shirley.) 
 
 y 
 
 ■'.•if 
 
 This property was formerly known as the " Du Lifevre Milling and Manu- 
 facturing Co." and includes the " Lillie " and " Arnold " mines on lots II, 2, 3 of 
 Derry. These mines, which were opened some years ago, show fine indications of 
 phosphate, but have been shut down until further ordei's. 
 
 Mr. Shirlej s mills at Seabuiy (Basin of the Lievre) near Buckingham station, 
 are run with a turbine deriving its motive power from the falls of the river du 
 Lievre and equipped with a rotary drier. The rock is thrown into the drier and 
 thence carried automatically to the crusher and grinder, pass through a bolter of 
 80 meshes to the square inch and are then bagged, the waste being about 5 per 
 cent, but "• saving which arrangements are now being made. 
 
 The mills are capable of treating 25 tons per day and grind phosphate for 
 different companies. A new metliod of treating the ground material has been 
 tried by Mr. Shirley, and produces what he terms a semi-soluble phosphate, 
 samples of which have been tested with the best results, it is said, on the 
 Ottawa experimental farm. (1) The works are actually suspended. 
 
 (1) Experimental farm report 1889, page £2. 
 
-^-1 
 
 V, 24i S. 
 en taken, 
 but the 
 V price of 
 B Ottawa 
 nsport in- 
 
 23, 24, of 
 
 taken out. 
 
 numerous 
 leposits, in 
 ame range. 
 
 300 tons 
 ;oler. It is 
 
 180 
 
 . OTHER MINES. (1) 
 
 In addition to the forlgoing, there is a large number of lots, which have 
 been opened by their owners and wh'ch show the finest indications ; among others 
 the following: 
 
 Wakefield Ill, 12^ N., 19, IX, 30. (Harris,) 
 
 Hull X, 15, (Scott's) XI 9| N., (Davis) XII, 9, (Prud'homme) 
 
 . XIV, luj S., XVI, 12i S., (Moore) 16. (Barber.) 
 
 Tbmpleton VII, 31 S., 4i S., 7. X. 7, (Grier) XII, 11^ S., (Miller) 12J 
 
 S., Gore 6, (Murphy.) 
 Portland West .... VI, 6, VII 1, 2, X, 6. 
 
 Portland East I, 3^ W. 
 
 Bowman I. 44, II, 31, 32. Ill, 33, 34, V, 27, 28, (Brazoau) VI, A, 
 
 32, VII, 7, 8. 
 
 Denholm VIII, 6. 
 
 Wells II, 13J E, 14^ E, III, 14. 
 
 and Manu- 
 II, 2, 3 of 
 ications of 
 
 lam station, 
 he river du 
 le drier and 
 a bolter of 
 about 5 per 
 
 losphate for 
 
 vl has been 
 
 phosphate, 
 
 aid, on the 
 
 We append a list of all the lots, which to our knowledge contain phosphate. 
 The numbers in large black letter type indicate the lots on which tho mimng^ 
 rights sfcill belong to the Crown. (2) These lots are in some cases occupied by fann- 
 ers, who however only own the surface. The brackets designate the most 
 important among the properties worked : 
 
 Berthier Brassard — C. 16. 
 
 Maisonneuve — IV, 11. 
 
 Ottawa Bowman— I, 43, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 56. II, 25, 26,27, 
 
 28, 31, 32, 33, 3», 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 — IH, IT, 18, 
 
 32, 33, 34, 35, 36— IV, lot A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, », lO, 12, 13, 
 14.._V, 4, 6, 8, 9, lO, II, 12, 15, 16, 17, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
 31.— VI, lot A, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 30, 31, 32.— VII, 6, 7, 8, 
 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 42, 43, 44, 
 
 '^•"\,. 57. 
 
 Buckingham— VII, 19, 2^ IX, 17, 20, X, 25, 26|S, 27, 28.— XT, 
 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25iS, 26, 27, 28.— XII IT^ S, (IVf N. 18J 
 S : Anglo-Continental Guano Co) (191 Emerald Mine, Ottawa 
 Phosphate Co.) 26 ^ N. 26 A S, 27, 28. 
 
 (1) a now company, '' The General Phosphate Corporation " (Limited, London) haa been recently fonnadL 
 but has not yet utartod operationa. 
 
 (2) The same indicationH apply to the other lists cited la this volume. 
 
ill 
 
 ■ •" ' ■> '■_ .--■■ 136 ■■■■ '-^ '-■■--/■'•• ^ 
 
 Bigelow— I, IJ E, 7^ E, 7 J W, 8.— II, 33.— Ill, 36, 40, 4».— 
 
 IV, 5, 6, 51, 52, 53, 54.— VI 5, «, 7, 9, lO. 
 Denholm— I, 2, 3, 4. 5, 6, 7.— V, ST— VII, 4.— VIII, 4, 6, 8, 9, 
 
 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 
 
 Rg. A, 23, 24, 28, 2», 30, 35, 36, 40, 41. : v.^^-.^r^- 
 Derry— I, 1, 5, O, lO.— II, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, lO, 28.— Ill, 1, 2.— 
 IV, 1, 2, 5.— V, 1, 2.— VI, 1, 2, 
 C Hull— X, 4, 6, 7, 15.— XI, 4J N, 5| N, 9^ N.— XII, 6^ S, 9, 10. 14, 
 
 XIII, ^ S.— XIV, lOi S,— XV, 16.— XVI, 12J S, 16, 17, 
 
 18, 19. 
 
 Hincks — XIV, 12, 13. (Phosphate has been noted at different 
 points in this township, but the exact numbers of the lots are not known.) 
 
 Lochaber— VII, 25^ N. 
 
 McGill— IV, 1, 2. 
 
 Portland-East— I, 1^ W. 1| E, 2, 3, 4, 5, (6. Little Rapids Mine) 
 
 7,(8^N. Dominion Phosphate Co., London). 12, 13.— II, 1, 2, 3, 
 
 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.— Ill, 1, 2, 4^ W, 4| E, 5, 6, 7, 8.— IV, 1, 2, 3. 
 —V, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14.— VI, 1| N, 1^ S, 2. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
 
 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26.— VII, 5, 
 6, 7, 8. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, (18 : North Star Mine) 
 
 19, 20, 21. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28.— VIII, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 
 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30.— IX, 4, 
 
 5, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 31.— X, 1, 2, 3, 4, 
 27, 28. 
 
 Portland-West— I, 2, 4, 25, 26, 27.— II, lO, 19, 21, 22. 24, 
 25, 29, 30.— Ill, 5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 26, 27, 
 28.— IV, 20, 25, 26, (27, 28 : W. A. Allan Mine), 32i N, 82^ b. 
 —V, 17, 18, 19, 26, 35, 36.— VI, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 17. 18, 
 25, 26.— VII, 1, 2. (3. 4: Crown Hill Mine), (6, 7: High 
 Rock Mine), 8, 19, 20. —VIII, 1^ E, 1^ W. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 
 8, (9 : Star Hill Mine) 10, 11, 13, 14p., 14r., 20, 21.— IX, 1, 
 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. (7 : Star Hill Mine) 8, 9, 10, 15, 17.— X. 1, 2, 3, 
 4. 5, 6, (7, 8, 9, 10 : Central Lake Mine) 11. 
 
 Templeton— VII, 3, 4, 7.— VIII, 6, 7. 8, 15, 17, 18.— IX, 5. 6, 9, 11, 
 
 . ' 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21. 26.— X, 5, 6. 7| N, 7i S, 8^ W, 8h E, 
 
 (9]^ E : Chas. Lionnais & Co,), (9J W, Jackson Rae Phosphate 
 
 ; ' '. Co.), 10, Hi E, 13, 14, 15, 16, 1". 18| N. 19, 23^ S, 234 N, 
 
 24 i N, 25, 27.— XI. 3, 4, 5, (6 : Templeton & Blanche Reiver 
 
 Phosphate Co.). 8. 9, (10: R. Blackburn Mine) 12J W, 12iE. 
 
 13. 14, 15, 17, 18^ S, 18i N, 24. 25| N, 25^ S.— XII, 5, 6,. 
 
-n^J^WaSWBWiWP* . )■:■ 
 
 
 0, 49 — 
 
 :, 6, 8, 9, 
 26, 
 
 [, 1. 2.- 
 
 9. 10. 14, 
 3, 16, 17, 
 
 ; different, 
 n.) 
 
 )ids Mine) 
 
 11, 1. 2, 3, 
 [V, 1, 2. 3. 
 , 8, 9, 10, 
 .-VII, 5, 
 itar Mine) 
 10, 11, 12, 
 10.— IX, 4, 
 , 2, 3. 4, 
 
 I, 22. 24, 
 
 25, 26, 27, 
 IN, 82^8. 
 6, 17, 18, 
 ), 7 : High 
 
 4, 5, 6, 7, 
 81.— IX, 1, 
 -X. 1, 2, 3, 
 
 ,5.6,9,11, 
 h W, 8| E, 
 ! Phosphate 
 
 5, 23^ N, 
 iche River 
 r W, 12iE. 
 -XII, 5, 6.. 
 
 7. 8, 9| S, »| N, lO, 11, 12, 14A N. E. 17^ N, 17| S. 18, 19i E. 
 
 . 20, 21, 22^. N, 22i S, 23^ N, 23i S, 24.— XIII, 3, 4, 5, (6", 7: 
 
 Anglo Canadian Phosphate Co.), 8, », 10, 11, 12, 1?, 14, 15, 
 
 16, 17, 18, 19. 20, 21 J W, 21 J E, 22, 23, 24, 25. 28. 
 
 Gore of Templeton— 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, la, 14, 15, 
 
 16, 17. 18. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 
 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. 37, 38, 39. 40, 41, 42. 43, 44, 45, 46. 
 
 Villeneuve-I. 32, 33, 34, 35, 36.— II, 1.— Ill, 5^ E, 5^ W.— 
 
 IV, 1, 2.— VI, 1, 2, 6.— VII, 1. - 
 
 Wells— I, 16. 17, 18.— II, 11, 12, 13pE. 14pE.— Ill 14. 
 Wakefield— I, 7iS, 11, (12 : Haldane's Mine). 13, 14|S. 14^N. 16, 
 
 17, 23^S, 24.— II. lO, 12, 13^S, 13iN, 14, 15, 16. 17AS, 
 17iN, 18iS. 19, 201E, 2<»iW. 23.~III, 12JN, 13iN, 16, 18, 
 19. 20iN, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30.— IV. 3|S, 1o|n, 22, 23, (24|S : 
 
 - ^ ■ Gemmill's Mine) 24|N, 25, 26, 29, 30.— V, lO, 20, 21, 221e, 
 
 22iW, 23, 24iS, 24iN, 25iN, 26. 27*8. 27iN. 28^N.— 
 VI, 24. 25, 26.- Vlli, 29.— IX, 30. 
 St. Maurice . . Caxton — Phosphate has also been noted in this township. 
 
 PONTIAC Calumet Island— VIII, 30, 31, 32. 33. 
 
 Litchfield— VI, 27.— VII. 26. / ^ 
 
 Mansfield— IV, 8, 9.— VI, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, *. ' 
 
 Pontefract— A, 14, 15, 16, 17. 18.— IV. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 7. 
 Waltham— B,15iW, 16iW. 17| W. . 
 
 As will be seen, the only deposits actually woiked are those in the southerrt 
 part of the county of Ottawa. 
 
 Improvement in the means of communication and transport will undoubt- 
 edly lead to the development also of the known deposits in the other townships 
 as well as to fresh discoveries. For instance, it is reported that important beds 
 have lately been discovered around lake Ste Marie in the township of Hincks. 
 
 ■ In the county of Pontiac, the presence of phosphate has been noted at 
 several points, but no attempt to work it has yet been made. I nevertheless 
 believe that this county has a fine future before it and that it offers a vast un- 
 explored field to prospectors. 
 
 m 
 
 ;IH] 
 
138 
 
 MICA. 
 
 Mica is very common in the Laurentian rocks and occasionally enters into 
 their composition. Large quantities of it are sometimes met in the phosphate 
 mines. Still the commercial quality, used in the arts, is relatively rare. It occurs 
 in the Laurentian formation and forms the variety known as muscovite. This 
 variety, colorless andjtransparent in thin sheets, assumes a greenish hue in the 
 mass. The colors of the other varieties are black, brown or smoked. The mus- 
 covite variety is found in veins of white or transparent quartz associated with 
 orthoclase feldspar, which also contain a great many rare crystallized minerals, 
 such as black or other colored tourmaline, red garnet, common emerald, opalescent 
 feldspar, and occasionally such ores of those rare metals, uranium and cerium, as 
 monazite, samarskite &c., which are very curious from the mineralogical point of 
 view. 
 
 The most abundant of these minerals is black tourmaline. The quartz, which 
 is often transparent, constitutes the real rock crystal ; and the feldspar is in- 
 variably white or but slightly colored. 
 
 To render them workable, such veins, containing only a small proportion of 
 mica, must be very thick, at least 50 feet, under ordinary circumstances, taking 
 into account the hardness of the rock to be worked and the variable dimensions 
 of the mica, which is often bent or stained, thus causing considerable waste. 
 Ground mica, which is employed in painting or as a lubricant, in the manufacture 
 of wall papers, theatre decorations &c., and white feldspar, which enters into 
 the composition of porcelain, may be regarded, however, as additional products 
 of the mica mines. Mica in plates or sheets is chiefly employed for the fronts of 
 stoves, but it has a multitude of other small uses, such as in ventilators, smoke- 
 consuming apparatus, isolators in electricity, &c. As it is not liable to be broken 
 by concussion, it is also employed instead of glass in the windows of ships of war 
 and of buildings, in which explosions are frequent. It may be remarked, however, 
 that very little mica is exported from Canada, but at the same time it is well to 
 note that the United States produce a certain quantity of it. Prices greatly depend 
 on the dimensions. The price list of the Villeneuve mine, for instance, shows 
 that mica of 2 x 2 inches is quoted at $0.50 per lb., of 3 X 3 at $2.25 ; 4 x 4 
 at S9.10; 5 x 5 at $12 ; 6 x 5 at $12.75, and 7 x 5 at $14.50. 
 
 il 
 
■■'ji>rxmw^^^^ 
 
 139 
 VILLENEITVE MINE. 
 
 rtion of 
 , taking 
 nensions 
 waste, 
 ifacture 
 ,ers into 
 oducts 
 rents of 
 smoke- 
 broken 
 of war 
 lowever, 
 well to 
 T depend 
 shows 
 4x4 
 
 This mine, situated on lots I, 30, 31 of Villeneuve township (Ottawa Co.), is 
 'the only mica mine developed in this province. The earliest development work 
 ■dates back from the summer of 1884, having been started by Mr, W. A. Allan, 
 the proprietor of the mine, who transferred it later on to the "British and 
 Canadian Mica Mining Co," (limited). The mine is now owned by Mr. S. P. 
 Franchot,and has been actively worked, from 1884 to 1888, and during that lapse 
 of time has supplied the trade with an output of about 35,000 lbs. of merchant- 
 able mica, representing an annual yield of 9,000 lbs. Nearlj' all the mica was 
 sold in Canada. The ore taken out of the mine is sent to Buckingham where 
 it is cut according to desired sizes, packed up and shipped. 
 
 The development work of the mine consists of one opening made against the 
 face of the mountain wherein the vein occurs, on the south part of the above 
 mentioned lots. This opening is about 70 ft. long x 50 wide, and 60 ft. deep. 
 An open cut has also been made on the mountain, which has an altitude of 150 ft. 
 above the neighbouring gi'ounds. The vein, 140 ft. thick, runs in a N. E. direc- 
 tion. Steam and compressed air have been used, with a staff of over twenty men. 
 Operations were suspended towards the spring of 1888 and were resumed in the 
 fall of 1889. 
 
 The mine is 3 miles distant from the Li^vre river with which it is connected 
 by a good wagon road, the wharf being about 20 miles distant from Buckingham 
 (C. P. R.), to which place the ore is transported by boats. 
 
 As usual, quartz, feldspar and tourmaline have also been found at this mine in 
 pretty large quantities, as well as certain rare minerals, such as common emerald, 
 red garnet and remarkable samples of cerite, monasite and uraninite (ores of 
 uranium and cerium). (1) 
 
 We saw a piece of mica measuring 30 x 22 inches. There has also been taken 
 out of this mine a crystal weighing 281 lbs., which yielded about $500 worth of 
 merchantable mica. 
 
 The company has also shipped a certain quantity of waste which is to be 
 'Converted into ground mica. 
 
 In this connection, it may also be mentioned that the feldspar of the Ville- 
 neuve mine has been recognized both in the United States and in England, as 
 remarkably fit to be utilized in the manufacture of porcelain ware. It has been 
 mixed with kaolin in a proportion of 52^ and the tests have given the best 
 
 (1) OtUwa Geol. Survoj, 1886, 
 
140 
 
 results. In 1889, about 400 tons were shipped to England and to the United 
 States, and although the price is not very high ($7 to $9 a ton), it maybe consid- 
 ered as a very important adjunct of the mica mining industry. 
 
 The following analyses show the remarkable purity of the feldspar : 
 
 Silica 64.7 63.96 64.61 
 
 Alumina ' 18.4 19.16 18.49 
 
 Potash and soda., not determined 16.88 16.90 
 
 Iron .. i ' • traces. 
 
 Magnesia 0.3 
 
 The two first analyses were made on specimens of feldspar from the Villeneuve 
 mine and the third analysis is the theoretical analysis of pure orthoclase feldspar. 
 
 The other mines discovered but not worked in the province are the 
 following : 
 
 t . - - 
 
 Wakejield (Ottawa. """IT iW. This lot shows a large vein of white quartz, 
 with green feldspar and diversely colored tourmaline. , , , 
 
 Maisonneuve, (Berthitr^ '"'^, 1 ,. A large vein, similar to the preceding one, 
 with emerald, garnet, samarskite (cclumbate of uranium, itrium and cerium) (1) 
 
 This mine is situated at 80 miles from St, Felix de Valois C, P. R, station. 
 It was opened seven years since and good mica was taken out, but, no doubt,, 
 owing to the remoteness of the mine and the dificulty of access, ^^ ork was sus- 
 pended. ; ., ; , 
 
 Watsheshoo, (Saguenay). At Wat?heshoo Bay, on the north shore of the 
 river St, Lawrence, some work was done during the summer of 1889 on a large 
 vein holding good mica, associated with white and rose-colored quartz, white and 
 green feldspar, tourmaline, garnet and emerald. ^ 
 
 In 1889, some very fine specimens were brought from a mica mine discovered 
 near Lake Manouan, to the north of the Peribonka and about 260 miles from 
 Lake St, John. \;^ V ; '^ 
 
 LIST OF PLACES WHERE MICA HAS BEEN FOUND. 
 
 Berthier Maisonneuve — II, 1, 2, 
 
 Chicputimi , , . ,Jonquiere8 — North range 21, at Lake k la Mine (North of the^ 
 River Peribonka,) 
 
 (1) Geological Survey of Canada, 1880-81-82. 
 
141 
 
 "^^^wa Buckingham IX, 20iS.— X 20^0. 
 
 Bouchette— I, 38 ; XlO; 11. ,;>•?;. 
 
 Low— XII, 36. . 
 
 ;>:;.„ Wakefield— VII, 25^E. ,''•;;;' 
 
 Villeneuve— I, 30, 31 (S. P. Franchot.) . ' 
 PoJ^^^iac Ca wood— II, 21, W. p.— 22^E. 
 
 f f^;"^^ Watsheshoo Point. (North shore of Gulf of St. Lawrence.) 
 
 .-St. Maurice. . .At the Six Falls (Six Chutes) north of the River du Loup. 
 
 A 
 
 
 li ■' >\ ^ 
 
 t i 
 
pp" 
 
 mmm 
 
 142 
 
 MOLYBDENITE. 
 
 Molybdenite or sulphuret of molybdenum occurs at several points in the- 
 province. Its resemblance to plumbago leads occasionally to its being mistaken 
 for that mineral, but from which it is distinguished by a characteristic difference. 
 While plumbago is incombustible, molybdenite, in the fire, gives off the odor of" 
 burning sulphur and leaves a yellowish residue. It also leaves a greenish 
 metallic streak on porcelain. 
 
 Molybdenite is used in chemistry and also for the manufacture of certain: 
 special pigments and dyes, but its consumption is very limited. 
 
 This mineral is generally met with in the foliated state in the quartz veins 
 of the Laurentian formation. It has also been found in the Harvey Hill copper 
 mines at Leeds. But the point where it seems to occur in most abundance is 
 Quetachoo-Manicouagan, on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where 
 it has been noted in workable quantities, though nothing has been done yet in 
 a regular way to develop it. 
 
 It is met with in the following localities : 
 
 Berthier Provost. 
 
 Meg ANTIC Leeds XV, 17. 
 
 PONTIAC Aldfield III, 1, 2. 
 
 Calumet Island, north range 13. 
 
 Waltham, (Black river.) , 
 
 Saguenay. . . .North shore (Quetachoo-Manicouagan.) 
 
 I 
 
143 
 
 MINERAL- WATERS. 
 
 Having given as yet no special studj? to the subject of the mineral waters 
 of the province, we are indebted for the greater part of the following informa- 
 tion to the Geology of Canada, 1863, (page 531 and following) from which we 
 sum up a special chapter : ... 
 
 These waters are divided into six classes and abound chiefly in the sedimen- 
 tary rocks; none of any note having been discovered in the Laurentian series 
 
 1st Class. Neutral waters containing chloryd of sodium, calcium and 
 magnesium ; they always contain iodids and bromids, sometimes with sulphates 
 together with small quantities of carbonate of lime and magnesia, and are 
 generally very bitter to the taste. They are found at Bay St. Paul (Charlevoix) 
 (this water is sulphurous), Les Eboulements (Charlevoix), in the Ilird concession 
 of the seigniory of River Quelle (Kamouraska), and at St. Benoit (Two Mountains). 
 
 2nd Class. This class includes a large number of saline waters, which differ 
 from»the first in containing, besides the chloryds of sodium, calcium and magne- 
 sium, considerable portions of bicarbonates of lime and magnesia. Small quanti- 
 ties of oxyd of iron and of baryta and strontia are also frequently present. 
 
 These waters are generally less bitter and more pleasant to the taste than 
 those of the first class, as they contain much smaller proportions of earthy 
 chlo:^ds. They occur in the Point du Jour range (L'Assomption), (Aurora 
 Spring) in the seigniory of Bale du Febvre, in the Grand Range (Yamaska), in 
 the neighborhood of Berthier (Berthier), on the river Yamachiche, in Caxton 
 (St. Maurice), at Champlain (Champlain), between Lanoraie and L'Industrie 
 (Joliette), in the Ilnd concession of the seigniory of Ste. Anne de la Pocati^re 
 (Kamouraska), at St. Eustache (Two Mountains), at Ste. Genevieve, on the Batis- 
 tiscan River (Champlain), and at St. Leon (Maskinong^). 
 
 , 3rd Class. The alkaline waters of this class contain, besides chlorid of 
 
 sodium, a small portion of carbonate of soda, with bicarbonates of lime and 
 magnesia. Small portions of baryta and strontia and of boracic and phosphoric 
 acids are often present in these waters, and bromids and iodids are very rarely 
 wanting. They are met with at the following places : Seigniory of Beloeil (Ver- 
 cheres), seigniory of La Baie du Febvre (Yamaska), in the environs of Chambly 
 
144 ' 
 
 in the range des Quarantes (Chambly), in Rawdon III, 25 (Montcalm), at St. 
 Hyacinthe (Providence Spring), at Ste. Martine (Chatauguay) (sulphurous water), 
 and at Varennes (Verchb-es). 
 
 4th Class. Alkaline waters, containing less chloryd of sodium and more car- 
 bonate of soda than those of the 3rd class. They generally contain a much smaller 
 amount of solid matters than the others and have no marked taste. They are 
 found in the vicinity of Chambly, at the Grand C6teau (Chambly, on the Jacques 
 Cartier River, at Marcotte's Well (Portneuf), this last being sulphurous ; in the 
 concession des Quarante (Nicolet), in the seigniory of the Baie du Febvre, in the 
 city of Quebec (St. John's Suburb), in Rawdon III, 27, (Montcalm), in the Ilnd 
 concession of the seigniory of Ste. Anne de la Pocatifere (Kamouraska) and at St. 
 Ours, on the Richelieu River (Richelieu). . ' 
 
 5th Class. This class includes acid waters, containing a large proportion of 
 free sulphuric acid, with sulphates of lime, magnesia, protoxyd of iron and 
 ahimina. They also contain some sulphuretted hydrogen and have an acid 
 styptic taste. Springs of this class are rare and have not been noted in the 
 province of Quebec, any more than those of the 6th class, which include certain 
 neutral saline waters cor taining sulphates of lime, magnesia and the alkalies, 
 together with chloryds in small quantities. 
 
 It has been remarked that certain of these springs, especially those of the 
 2nd and some of the 3rd class, also give forth combustible gas in abundance. 
 Moreovei", these springs seem to originate in the Trenton formations which 
 occupy the valley of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Several of them are utilized and a few are widely know^n and supply to 
 •consumption large quantities of mineral waters, more especially those of St. Leon, 
 Providence and Varennes, &c. . . 
 
 The province of Ontario also possesses a number of analogous springs, which 
 are turned to account. We have only indicated the springs noted in the Geology 
 of Canada, 1863, but there is a number of others in different sections of the 
 province, some of which furnish drinkable water. 
 
 We may note that the gas well at Maisonneuve, near Montreal, furnishes a 
 very good sulphurous water. :, 
 
 Mineral waters are found in the following places : 
 
 AssoMPTioN.. . . Point du Jour (Aurora). 
 
 Berthier Berthier. 
 
 Brome Potton VI., 28. 
 
wv'^^wm-i^^ 
 
 ii- ^c^-i-fi.nl.MM-Jn--- « — 
 
 at St. 
 water), 
 
 are car- 
 smaller 
 hey are 
 Jacques 
 ; in the 
 e, in the 
 he Ilnd 
 nd at St. 
 
 ortion o£ 
 iron and 
 . an acid 
 id in the 
 le certain 
 s alkalies, 
 
 145 
 
 Chambly Charnbly, Rang des Quarante. 
 
 Champlain. . .Champlain, Ste. Genevieve, Ste. Anne de la Perade. 
 Charlevoix Bay St. Paul, EiK)uleinents. ., ' 
 
 CiUTEAUGUAY.fete. Martine. 
 
 GASPfi Gtisp6 Basin South, Dartmouth river. 
 
 HocHELAGA . . . Maisonneuve. 
 
 JOLIEITE L'Industrie. ' - 
 
 Kamouhahka. . Seigniory of River Quelle, III concession. 
 Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, II concession. 
 
 Levis L^vis. 
 
 MASKiNONOfi. .St. L^on. 
 
 Montcalm Rawdon III, 25, 27. 
 
 Richelieu .... St. Ours. ' 
 
 St. Maurice . . Caxton, Yamachiche. 
 Two MouNTAiNs.St. Eustache. 
 VERCHfeRES. . . . Beloeil seigniory, Varennes. 
 Yamaska Bale du Febvre, Grand Rang. 
 
 )se of the 
 abundance. 
 )ns which 
 
 supply to 
 f St. Leon, 
 
 ings, which 
 le Geology 
 ms of the 
 
 furnishes a 
 
 1 
 
 .*. .pr'.sj.Hood ,'jv£Huoqxa P.aabdjjcr/on 
 
 ... yiorlT .>(oo'f bitr/o?. vlA-»'H)q adi ■ofti(!->fm o'tolod .aoixila iisiio-i 'xti ,dupb 
 0.) iBdi -loimr'^ -jdi Uh at ifor.fv; ,n:rr od oi jfai-f to ianonu; a'mi-vjo j! yjiiterjpf^aaoD 
 
w 
 
 U6 
 
 BUILDING MATERIALS. 
 
 The province of Quebec possesses, in its different formations and in grr 
 
 abundance, almost every kind of stone required for the purposes of both coinm- 
 
 and decorative architecture ; but, although carried on to some extent at various 
 points of the country, this industry may bs, said to be still in its infancy. 
 
 In the Laurentides, granites and gneiss of different colors are found, as well 
 as white limestones which are sometimes serpentinous, and labradorites which are 
 well adapted for decoration. ' 
 
 In the southern section, blue, green and red slates, compact limestones, sand- 
 stone, &c., abound and are suitable for roofing, the making of quick lime, and for 
 use as marbles, paving, flagstones, &c. Certain sandstones also make excellent 
 whetstones. In the same region, serpentines, magnesian limestones and fine 
 grey granites are also plentiful. 
 
 In the valleys of the St. Lawrence and its tributaries, there are extensive 
 deposits of clay for common brick-making and beds of marl occur at different 
 points, while the existence of infusorial earth has been lately noted at St. Justin, 
 in the county of Ma.skinong^. 
 
 SLATES. 
 
 In the Eastern Townships, beds of schists are found, which belong to the 
 Cambrian formation, and which are perfectly adapted for use as roofing slates. 
 These schists, which have been upraised without fracture, dip almost vertically 
 in a general N. E. direction and seem to follow an anticlinal undulation, the 
 principal of which embraces the quarries actually worked. At these quarries, ser- 
 pentine is found, on one side, and sandstones or unconformable schists on the other. 
 The existence of these slates has been long known, but they have as yet been only 
 partially wrought. Although the work is done by means of quarrying, it is 
 nevertheless expensive, because, in order to open a quarry, it is first necessary 
 to discover a large rock surface and then to remove, frequently to a considerable 
 depth, the rotten slates, before reaching the perfectly sound rock. There is 
 consequently a certain amount of risk to be run, which is all the greater, that to 
 
147 
 
 return a profit, the works must be conducted on a large scale. Only a wtiH^ 
 opened (juarry, wIkxsc quality and (juantity are well estjibiished, can be regarded 
 as possessing any value. This is the reason why there tin' so few q\iarri»'s 
 worked, although there is a pretty large demand for slates. Extensive works 
 have been undertaken and consitlerable sums of money have been expended at 
 the different points hereinafter specified, 
 
 in gT< 
 cmnm^.- 
 b various 
 
 1, as well 
 vhich are 
 
 nes, sand- 
 
 e, and for 
 
 ; excellent 
 
 and fine 
 
 extensiv<- 
 
 different 
 
 (t. Justin, 
 
 The " New Rockland Slate Co." in at present taking out slate on a large 
 scale. In the adjoining township, the St. Francis quarry promises well. At 
 Danville, the object of the workings is to produce school slates. Slates are used 
 for different pui'poses, such as roofing, billiard tables, water tanks, ochool slates, 
 &c. The slates found in the province are of a grayish blue color ; but red and 
 green slatrs have been found in Acton, where they have been already worked to 
 some extent. 
 
 "ROCKLAND SLATE CO." 
 
 This slate quarry was opened in 1864, by the " Rockland Slate Co.", who 
 
 worked it down to 1882. ' *' /' 
 
 f 
 
 At that date, the company reformed under the name of tlxe " New Rockland 
 Slate Co," and a greater impulse was given to the production. 
 
 The capital of the company was wholly applied to the purchase and stock- 
 ing of the property. In 1886, a tramway with a guage of 30 inches and a length 
 of 4J miles was laid down to connect the quarry with the Grand Trunk Railway 
 at 4 miles from Richmond, where the company has a siding, stores and wharves. 
 
 I 
 
 
 ii- 
 
 ill'' 
 
 Lng to the 
 ing slates, 
 vertically 
 llation, the 
 larries, ser- 
 , the other, 
 been only 
 [ying, it is 
 necessary 
 |)nsiderable 
 There is 
 Iber, that to 
 
 Except for pumping and drilling which are done by steam, the motive power 
 is derived from a water power on the Salmon River, where two turbines transmit 
 the necessary power, about 65 to 70 horse power, by means of cables 800 feet 
 long, to the works. 
 
 • '*!.•» -.v-fx-n J. 
 
 The company's property embraces lots 21, 22, 23 of the IV th range of Mel- 
 boL Tie and the quarry is on lot 23, on a hill 140 feet over the surround- 
 ing lands. The schists wrought for slates belong to the Cambrian formation 
 and dip almost vertically. Their color is a blueish grey. The band of workable 
 slate appears to be about 300 to 400 feet thick at this point and to be confined 
 between the unconformable schists and the serpentine. These schists appear to 
 occur on an anticlinal running in a N. N. E. direction. 
 
FXT^^^r 
 
 r 
 
 :i> ij 
 
 < » 
 
 ua 
 
 -Ifo/A^ccb^dihg tel an analjFsis (furfaiahed/iby 'jihieij^ftBipft|^^,/tlje!;f9|Jflyyjii^,>jVi9jijJ4 
 k^MK'^ bfe'tiic bodipbMtionlbf/tb«i8l»teitfiiup Imn viifju/p ;);i(M[7/ :rniiU[, bonoqo 
 
 iji l-oi./f'xjxo /!■ ■AilUtMliay;j.".o.".f.'i<i ^^^I;y. yK/aabisfKn Juut tlJUftTu-hnn wml oHuI 
 
 Ferrous oxide boBiowq^.-t'ij'ifiui'irfo/il^roq jno-xa'ftih yilj 
 
 Manganous oxide 0.39 
 
 I>y>:u cmt >;oij!f^ PQtwfe-^^rjrfo^ y30h,riq v)j-?>s.^rtbl7(r/^r'Jfft "hj^Sjj^ ;)f[.i .oflivrnKI 
 .heiijfa fooxlofi ,..>lSmla,«i/,w..^.aKk»Mrf;?HHd-,T^nflDt)Vf.j^,-ilJrT.' ,-.-Mfffi(j iatnJftiL -lo'l 
 hrrx. Im imf ■■iolUm,W i\mtiif)^j^-lo msv-joxeho^q-^Ai 'iti' \M^ ,.oiuk arlT .oV> 
 oi I.yv{-i(>v/ Y.Iwn!ji (.-jy,! ..,/juJ ^^^,li o-xorl// ,no,)oA iii l.m/o'i i^j-nl y/Hii H^i■^il^ roo'in 
 
 100.26 , , '^ 
 
 . .jnyjxy 9iiroH 
 
 Specific gravity 2.75 
 
 '■.00 >iTAJ>i dXAJ/IOOH" 
 This band is wrought by means of a quarry on two levels of 140 and 260 
 
 feet respectively, for a length of 500 feet and a width of 150 feet on top, with a 
 
 »»<orlvabl$ b^djf of,fi:opi|.3P0 t^ifOPif^e^^ 'j'hejdraining of the quarry is . effected 
 
 bv a 300 feet tunnel, which sends the water to the'Salinon^rivef. ' • ,' , 
 •^ ^r~-n oTrtY/^oh ^i [)y5l-io7/ 
 
 power. These d ,,,,(•,,,, , + . - , „ . * 
 
 a distance of 300 to 400 ^eet'^roina deptti^ or'2^0"'^eei''tey 'di^e'Wk^d-'Idfii 
 
 the I greatest ease and , would be found advantageous in a host of other open 
 
 iiY'VA-'n m>{ui HOfbiH 08 -lo OT^Bur; a rfjrw -mv/imnd a ,c)8Xf id .yi-ioqcnq odi 1o ^n\ 
 
 .8o-/<M,the[W.tpv|i,<?f %^iq^^ry,(ii^^^^^|,^,i;^a|ie|i that on& a giji^a^ ^art^o^s^ tb^^e 
 
 market in the form of slates, flagstones, water tanks, ace, the largest proportion 
 
 •ib«i»ir.UPieid,as. VAofittff slO'ii^s in Canada. . .The snecial measure adopted for slates is 
 iw^f^ V*ffrrA,ff;.,tM W'i^jfl^Y'^ ynoKo-ji; /TjiJw r^tii^nt, ],iw -niqiiiuq *io'i JqajxH 
 
 im9MMWm;myui 'j-iedw .-loviiJ nomls^^, y.li m, •i&v/oq TyJ,«7^ k mioi'I j.yvi-iyb ei 
 
 iyy'i OOH ayldra lo grtijora ^^({ ,i9woq 9H-to.( OT oi 50 tr/odr. .lov/oq viisg^oooft exit 
 
 These slates are sold at $4 per square for first quality ajij(^,,^^.,for aetqoud. 
 
 Flagstones or special objects are sold at prices ranging from 25 to 50 cents per 
 
 .1,^^^ ^«<J*>'?^.?P^ii^* tm-.£S .r -i„i ,,,,,,,,„, ^^,^,.,q ,,^„^^^^,,^^ ^,f,^, 
 
 n..(,),,ua?h-0 wmpwy)ha^(F^9ffk^p., , ai^]?y,,w^tpr^powe^^^^ f?,?ftn^ 
 
 ,,,(tei^,aa85gtw^j%!Cutt;j^g^^iJ,,8P^i<^fi^,,rjopfi^^^^ 
 
 ,.300i(hAii^,Wl?q,9,r9 J94p4,fp ]}p 
 
 ,^wM,^;3aijr,-fliUMo;r,i^um^w;iu.?;i?-WH^ftftyli^^ 
 
 .(['ifj')vi-iil) .'A y, Yi i; i(i ■'MI 
 (1) ▲ " square" is ttie qaantlt7 of slatas necessary to cover a ^ui 
 
 'Aik'ia'y6oii^P'' 
 
— '^w— 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 91 
 Ml 
 
 IT 
 
 yjisla 11991^ 
 
 40 and 260 
 top, with a 
 ficted 
 
 I) i'l !)95l-i<:w 
 
 yy the water 
 ,i^4tii]J(^rt for 
 
 other open 
 [li-i yilT 
 4 o(\i 'to ]gfii 
 
 b,s;oes ^^4^ Yj:® 
 ^tproportion 
 
 ^ for slates is 
 
 |a"l i)97i'i!3l) ei 
 
 50 cents per 
 
 IllOO 
 
 9(iT 
 
 land polisTnng 
 nploys, aDoul 
 
 149 
 
 represeniiittg'ia tiqtal of laJboat i650O, tons ijq ^889* Its ^atea a^e, o£(f. superior 
 quality and compare favorably with the best English and American slates. 
 Tested specially for their breaking and crushing st;rain, they gave the best 
 results. , ".,r ' " ■"■'/-<L 
 
 :: • (iji/.j.l in. ■urnA) --^'jri'xol, :r;.»'j/.aa 
 
 T^irriT. ... " 
 
 The company's head oflSce is at Monti'eal. o r tt v • , 
 
 ^ . ^ ^ •'-•J Ji ..! .;irjri r-fKojf.'i 
 
 '• ' '' •- -^ .no:}<fui(n'i. .!f:n>,;iHojK)(I 
 
 ST. FRANCIS SLATE QUARRt; •'.'^^•^/^ '01... u >: < > i^. t« j a( [ 
 
 ■ ':':: . / ,;fi ,ti jiiio-i" ! . . . .(iXoim M/'f 
 
 Long suspeiided.'the working of thi.s quarry was Ifttely, resumed by Mr. J. C. 
 Bedard. On thfe occasion of my last vitit,, some : li5 men wer^ at work in an 
 opening 300 feet long, 50 wide and 40 deep,; tind veijy fine-looking slate, like 
 that of New Rockland, ^-ab! being taken out. The quarry is on lot 5 of range XV, 
 of the township of Cleveland at a quarter of a mile fr^m the New Rockland Go's 
 loading wharf. 
 
 Messrs. Abbott and Fryer were the first to undertake the opening of this 
 quarry some vears ago. The pifesent owner proposes to work it on a large scale 
 and its good locatio'ri. ^ ,' weTi as ihy quality of th6 tock, and the • ea.s^ with 
 whicli it is \\w'k9d/ prpipise 6xc^Ileht rfe^iilty. ' Wh^n' fiit-st wcrkedi onlyi a 
 ifew thousand squares were taken Oti'l;, but it is now Hoped to Wm out from i 3,000 
 to 5,000 a year. The quarry was formerly worked on.y by hatiid and! with horse 
 derricks, but it is now equipped with steam machinery IVu- (b i!!;M^,f, lioioiing and 
 pumpihg. 'M. J.t^. Bedard i8 now ftlso working with 25 meh to op^ndiaother 
 quarry abotit '^00 feet' fi-otii the* liiie of th^ Grand Trunk, and hopes ; boi be able 
 shortly to furnish employment td'fet ^ff of 50 men^:,i''" -'Hi n'l .Imn H-ta^iH^ 99-idT 
 
 ! 'h ,Rim<H.k .j;-' 
 
 -iuiorniHuo-) .ti f,., DAJ^VILLE SLATE QUARRY. ^^ . "f^' ^\ 
 
 'jf(f;;ii •ttl.i 
 
 •■[;r 
 
 ,',,;Thes4te -from tills q^^ 
 repders it suitable for school slates, water tanks, flagstbhes^ &c;, iitid ^eherally 
 for all the uses to which sawn and polished slate is iapplied. It is" alsdttdajit^d 
 for roofing. •...*; .^'.'nuJe 
 
 ',''''T$e'^'qiar^^^^^ on lot r of' We Itth rang^%f's%t(iA,(Ri^ih6rid)Hf miles 
 from Danville station, apd employs some 60 men; '' ' " ' '" ^"'"ujii n uu, yiJtli 
 
 ■nihf moii >9tTU,frp P.umonwa yijj o-jgdJ ,lmiiiuM 1o fiwd-torbiVioa o/fi iii 
 
 *ia 
 
 11 
 
 ^1 
 
150 
 
 
 LIST OF LOTS ON WHICH SLATE HAS BEEN NOTED. 
 
 Bagot Acton, V, 25. 
 
 Beauce Jersey (River du Loup) 
 
 Tring . ' : , 
 
 Brome Sutton, II, 19. • 
 
 Dorchester . . Franipton, X, 2. 
 
 Drummond . . . Kingsey, 1, 4. . , ■ ■ ,- 
 
 M^^GANTio .... Halifax, I, 14. :! .; , 
 
 Richmond Brompton, V, 29. 
 
 Cleveland, IX, 6. XV (5, 6, St. Francis Slate Quarry). 
 '"'":- ■" Melbourne, II, 22, 23; IV, (23 New Rockland Slate Quarry) V, 
 
 • ■> 24, VI, 22, VII, 22. : * 
 
 ' '^- ^'' ■ Shipton, IV. (7 Danville Slate Co.) VII, 8. . ; 
 Sherbrooke . . Orford, V, 2. ^ 
 
 LIMESTONES. t 
 
 As wherever it outcrops, limestone is used either for quick-lime making or 
 for building stone, it would be needless to describe all the quarries and kilns. 
 We shall therefore limit ourselves to describing the different kinds of limestone 
 met with in the province. 
 
 The Trenton limestone outcrops on the north shore of the St. Lawrence in 
 the vicinity of Quebec as far as Ste Anne de la Perade and then to the north of 
 Three Rivers and in the neighborhood of Montreal. 
 
 At Lachevroti^re, in the seigniory of Lachevrotiere, and at St. Alban's, there 
 are four extensive quarries, which supplied the stone used in constructing the 
 Quebec public buildings, Parliament House, &c., and known under the name of 
 Deschambault limestone. This stone, which is grey in color and easily cut, occurs 
 in beds which furnish blocks of all sizes for building purposes and for railway 
 bridging. It takes a fine polish and has been used in some instances for tomb- 
 stones. 
 
 North of Three-Rivers, in the seigniory of Batiscan and Cap de la Madeleine, 
 there are a number of kilns for quick-lime making from the Trenton limestone, 
 which is also used as a flux in the iron blast furnaces of that district. 
 
 In the neighborhood of Montreal, there are numerous quarries, from which 
 are taken the stone and lime required for the buildings and bridges of that city. 
 
I (ill iiimlir ii I'i 
 
 151 
 
 Juarry) V, 
 
 making or 
 i and kilns, 
 f limestone 
 
 iawrence in 
 lie north of 
 
 [.Iban's, there 
 bructing the 
 the name of 
 ly cut, occurs 
 for railway 
 bs for tomb- 
 
 |la Madeleine, 
 )n limestone, 
 It 
 
 from which 
 of that city. 
 
 The pillars of the Victoria Bridge were in gi'eat part constructed of Trenton lime- 
 stone. Several of these quarries are on the limestone of the Chazy formation, 
 which also supplies fine building stones. There are quarries of this class at 
 Hochelaga, Sault-au-Recollet, Terrebonne, &c. 
 
 The Trenton limestone again outcrops in the environs of St. Hyacinthe where 
 it is used for making quick lime. ' * 
 
 Below Quebec, it is found on the Cote de Beaupoi^t and at Chateau-Richer. The 
 limestone from that place and from Chateau-Richer being used both for lime 
 burning and for building-stone in the foundations of houses, &c. The darker 
 limestone of Beauport can also be chipped with the hammer. Trenton limestone 
 is also found at the river a la Rose, Bale St. Paul Murray Bay, the Mingan 
 Islands, and lastly at Lake St. John. The Mingan stone, which is yellowish in 
 color and veiy fine in the grain, takes a beautiful polish and can be used as litho- 
 graphic stone. At all these points, the limestone is utilized either for building 
 stone or lime-burning for local requirements. 
 
 The blackstone of Quebec is used to manufacture a cement known as 
 the Gauvreau cement and is wrought by J. A. Gauvreau & Co. . ,: , 
 
 According to an analysis made by M. Pfister, Professor at the Montreal 
 Polytechnic School, the following is the composition of this limestone : (1) 
 
 Carbonate of lime 69.70 
 
 " " magnesia 1.12 
 
 Clay and free alumina 17.85 
 
 Sulphate of lime 1.61 
 
 Ferrous carbonate and pyrite 5.43 
 
 Hygrometric water 0.50 
 
 Organic matter, bitumen, alkalies, losses 3.79 
 
 100.00 
 
 Eastern Townships' Limestones. — The principal centre of operations is in the 
 townships of Dudswell, of which we shall have more to say hereafter. Lime- 
 stone has been worked thei'e for marble and lime-burning, as well as at 
 St. Armand, South Stukely (Sheflford) and at many other points. 
 
 The Eastern Townships are traversed by a band of magnesian limestone, 
 which ca.n occasionally be work ad. 
 
 (1) Report of tho CoinmlsBlonor of Public Works of the province of Quebec tor 1889. 
 
152 
 
 In the Gasp6 district, a limestone is found at Port Daniel, which yields a 
 lime that enjoys a high reputation. 
 
 Laurentian Limestones. — The limestones of this formation are white and 
 crystallized ; but their grain is not fine enough to permit of their being classed 
 among the better marbles ; they nevertheless take a beautiful polish and may be 
 used as common marble. , • 
 
 On lots A 10 of Pontefract and IV, 19, and adjoining lots of Litchfield (Pon- 
 tiac), I met with an outcropping of limestone, the grain of which appeared 
 remarkably fine ; such limestone may, in our opinion, be found at other points of 
 the Laurentian formation and be worked profitably for good marble. The lime- 
 stone is sometimes mixed with serpentine and may furnish fine varieties, as in 
 Grenville and Went worth (Argenteuil). . 
 
 Laurentian limestone occurs in Pontiac, Ottawa, Argenteuil, Joliette, Cham- 
 plain and St. Maurice. It is sometimes used for lime-burning and yields a very 
 fat lime. It has also been employed to some extent as ornamental stone at 
 Ottawa, and the church of Notre-Dame du Desert, Maniwaki, is wholly built of 
 white Laurentian limestone. 
 
 DOMINION LIME CO. 
 
 t 
 
 F 
 c 
 
 n 
 
 C( 
 
 a] 
 
 This company, which has its headquarters at Sherbrooke, also controls the 
 "Dudswell & Sherbrooke Lime Co," both companies being under the same manage- 
 ment. The " Dudswell & Sherbrooke Lime Co.," which has been established for 
 15 years runs, a quarry of compact blueish limestone on lot 18 of range VII of 
 the township of Dudswell '^Wolfe) and its works consists of a cutting, 500 feet 
 long and 70 feet deep, in the flank of a hill. The surface of this quarry is on a 
 level with the throats of the linie kilns, of which there are six in a single 
 range, five of them being built of stone and one only of iron. All the work is 
 done by hand. ■ ' • 
 
 01 
 
 
 th 
 fo 
 
 The " Dominion Lime Co.," which was established two years ago, is operating 
 three open quarries on small hills. Steam drills are employed. Small tramways 
 connect these quarries with a battery of four kilns a short distance oflf. This 
 company employs 40 men and the Dudswell Company 65. The capacity of each 
 kiln is 300 bushels, turning out a carload per kiln or 10 carloads a day by the 
 two companies. These kilns are close to wood which is used as fuel and which 
 costs SI. 50 per cord delivered at the kiln. Each kiln consumes 5 cords for each 
 charge of 12 hours. 
 
 an 
 
 sta 
 
 ad; 
 
■'•iiiiiriii'iiVi'i 
 
 l^ields a 
 
 153 
 
 According to an analysis furnished by the company, the composition of the 
 limestone is as follows : 
 
 ite and 
 classed 
 may be 
 
 Id (Pon- 
 ,ppeared 
 )oints of 
 he lime- 
 es, as in 
 
 e, Cham- 
 Is a very 
 stone at 
 J built of 
 
 Silica and insoluble 1.20 
 
 • Lime 55.53 
 
 Carbonic acid 43.47 
 
 Oxide of iron traces i 
 
 Magnesia traces 
 
 ^/ '^' ■ •• - ;^ ' 100.00 
 
 This limestone belongs to the Upper Silurian system. The kilns run 
 throughout the whole year and yield a fat lime of excellent quality, which is in 
 part shipped to the United States, about 25 per cent, only of the output being 
 consumed in Canada. This lime is considered to be specially suited to pulp 
 making. 
 
 The extraction and carriage are done under very favorable conditions, the 
 
 limestone only costing $0.20 per cubic yard, delivered at the kiln. The kilns are 
 
 connected with the Quebec Central Railway by two branch lines. The Dudswell 
 
 junction is 24 miles from Sherbrooke and 110 miles from L6vis. The company 
 also owns a barrel mill. 
 
 trols the 
 manage- 
 ished for 
 eVII of 
 500 feet 
 y is on a 
 a single 
 work is 
 
 operating 
 tramways 
 off. This 
 ly of each 
 ay by the 
 md which 
 s for each 
 
 According to the returns, supplied by the Geological Survey of Canada, the 
 output has been as fellows : . j"; 
 
 1886 401,700 bushels worth S75,700 
 
 1887 424,316 " " 79,137 
 
 1888 356,646 " " 61,489 
 
 These figures, however, are looked upon as very incomplete ; for instance 
 those for 1886 were furnished by 16 producers, those for 1887, by 21, and those 
 for 1888 by 7 only. 
 
 LITHOGRAPHIC STONE. 
 
 Beds of lithographic stone are found in the Trenton limestone. About 1880, 
 an attempt was made in the neighborhood of Chateau- Richer to work a grey 
 stone with a very fine grain, which was believed to be adapted to lithography. 
 
 The very light colored Mingan stone (North shore) seems to us to be equally ' 
 adapted to the same use and occurs, it is said, in workable beds. 
 
154 
 SANDSTONES. 
 
 A sandstone suitable for building purposes is found in the Potsdam formation 
 and has been noted at Lachute, Beauharnois, &c., and at the Gres on the St. Mau- 
 rice. At the latter point, it has beeen used for the masonry of the blast furnaces. 
 The Chazy formation also yields a sandstone, which has been used in the works 
 of the Grenville Canal. 
 
 At St. David de I'Aube Rivifere, county of Levis, a greenish sandstone has 
 been worked and employed in the sub-basement of the Parliament Buildings and 
 the Quebec Court House. This sandstone belongs to the Sillery formation. In 
 the neighborhood of St. David and at St. Joseph de Levis another greyish sand- 
 stone has been worked and used for paving Mountain Hill, Quebec, and in the 
 construction of the forts at L^vis. ' 
 
 At Trois Pistoles, a red and white sandstone is found which has been used 
 on the works of the Intercolonial railway and for house-building in Quebec. 
 
 At Cap a I'Aigle, near Murray Bay, (Charlevoix county) a green and white 
 sandstone has been worked and used for the front of the Quebec Court House. 
 
 In the environs of Gasp6 Basin, there is a fine gray sandstone belonging to 
 the Gasp6 series, which is well adapted to use. 
 
 : > GRANITE. ' ' ' 
 
 iSS^ 
 
 We have already referred to the granites of the Laurentian system and the 
 Eastern Townships. They have been put to local uses in a certain number of 
 places and it is unquestionable that the Laurentian formation can furnish very 
 beautiful granites. These Laurentian granites have been worked in the town- 
 ship of Grenville (Argenteuil). On the line of the Lake St. John Railway, near 
 the Miquick river (county of Portneuf), a greyish variety has been found and 
 used to construct the base of the Jacques-Cartier monument and the enclosure 
 wall of the Quebec Court House. This quarry is owned by Mr. Belanger, a Quebec 
 marble-cutter, who is now working it. Other granites have beeii notec' along the 
 same line of railway. The church of Hebertville, Lake St. John, is built of the red 
 country granite. The Geology of Canada, 1863, mentions a number of localities, 
 where the gneiss, granites and syenites are adapted io building purposes. We 
 have ourselves seen handsome red granite near St. Jean de Matha (Joliette), at 
 Caribou Point (North Shore) and specimens have also reached us from the Mis- 
 tassini rivor in the Lake St. John region. In addition to the Laurentian granites, 
 
tern 
 
 155 
 
 irmation 
 5t. Mau- 
 'urnaces. 
 le works 
 
 we have also referred to the greyish granites found at several points of the 
 Eastern Townships in the counties of Compton and Stanstead. At the London 
 Colonial Exhibition of 1886, a number of specimens of workable granite were 
 shown by the Geological Sui'vey of Canada. 
 
 To our knowledge there is but one quarry worked in Stanstead. We 
 append some information in regard to this undertaking : 
 
 tone has 
 ings and 
 ion. In 
 sh sand- 
 d in the 
 
 een used 
 uebec. 
 
 nd white 
 House. 
 
 nging to 
 
 V STANSTEAD GRANITE. 
 
 ■' ■ • .,■. ■■>•■. ,'v 
 
 Messrs. Haselton & Moir run two granite quarries on lots 3 of the IVth 
 range and 2 of the Ilird range of Stanstead. The first, which is the most 
 important, was opened in 1888 and has been in constant operation since that time. 
 
 According to the owners, tlie annual output shipped from 1875 to 1885 
 was 50 carloads. Since then the quantity has increased until in late years when 
 it reached : 
 
 In 1888, 125 carloads equivalent to 20,000 cubic feet 
 In 1889, 175 " " " 24,000 " 
 
 A carload amountinff to 130 to 140 c"bic feet. 
 
 The price of the granite varies according to the size of the blocks, but, in a 
 general way, the figures are as follows : 
 
 and the 
 umber of 
 lish very 
 le town- 
 vay, near 
 lund and 
 enclosure 
 a Quebec 
 along the 
 jf the red 
 localities, 
 ises. We 
 liette), at 
 the Mis- 
 granites, 
 
 Per cubic foot $0.50 for blocks of 25 to 35 squaie feet 
 0.75 " " 50 
 
 1.00 " " GO 
 
 " 1.25 '• " 75 
 
 « 
 
 Smaller sized blocks are worth 35 cents per cubic foot and for a thickness of || 
 less than 8 inches, 25 cents per linear foot. 
 
 The two quarries employ 25 to 35 men during the summer. In winter the 
 number is smaller and only for dressing the granite. 
 
 The quarry on lot 3 on the IV range is 1| mile from the station at Stanstead 
 junction (Boston and Maine R.R. Passumpsic), from which the stone is shipped. ;| 
 The quany on III 2 is on the shores of Lake Memphremagog, and the output is ', 
 shipped by the lake. The granite is of fine quality, greyish white in color, fairly i 
 close in grain, easily cut and very strong in resisting power. 
 
WP* 
 
 rmriTiBWii 
 
 166 
 
 At the points where it is wrought, it outcrops in the shape of small hills or- 
 mounds and the workings are not deep, all the operations being performed by hand. 
 
 This granite is largely used for building and railway purposes in the region. 
 At Sherbrooke, the buildings of the Eastern Townships Bank and the Post Office 
 have been constructed of it, while it is also freely employed for works of art. A 
 good deal is also shipped to Montreal and it has further been used at Quebec for 
 the enclosure wall of the grounds of the Parliament Buildings. 
 
 ;) .■• ., . ..- , ■■ ', " CLAYS. \i:^fA'-'} -'•''' 
 
 The clays form a heavy band in the St. Lawrence valley between Quebec 
 and Montreal, as well as at many other points of the country. They are generally 
 of the ordinary or common character suitable for brick, pottery and delft-making. 
 It is not to our knowledge that refractory clays or kaolin have been found in the 
 province of Quebec. 
 
 According to the statistics of the Geological Survey, the output of bricks 
 would appear to be as follows : ., 
 
 1886 23 reports 14,175 thousands worth $ 83,025 
 
 1887 25 " 18,820 " " 80,117 
 
 1888 22 " 24,925 " " 167,591 
 
 These figures are regarded as far below the real production, owing to the 
 incomplete number of the reports. jv : : - • 
 
 There are large brickyards at St. Jean Deschaillons. on tlie river St. Charles, 
 near Quebec, at St. Thomas de Montmagny, at Ascot, near Sherbrooke, at St. 
 Gabriel de Brandon, at River du Loup, etc., etc., and a multitude of other places.. 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
nsnzFjt^j^.'tg-; 
 
 167 
 
 (iUi 
 
 RARE OR PRECIOUS MINERALS. <^> 
 
 08-11/') 
 
 , ^i.ii,nough no mining for precious stones is carried on in tlie province of 
 Ouebec, a great variety of gems is nevertheless found especially in the Lauren- 
 tian rocks, (2) which in some instances are adapted to the purposes of jewellery. 
 
 Brown and red garnets are met with at very many points in the Lauren- 
 ti(^, ajti^|i,ijl|ie gneiss is often so filled with them as to become a nearly pure 
 gf^^^f^^pp^.^^ At St. Irenee (Charlevoix), crystals, five or six inches in diameter. 
 i^Yj^ JtjCi^i^Jp^ipd. The mica mines also contain tine specimens of them, and their 
 Hf^s^^p^ ^^^^|so been noted in the shore sands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Ouwarovite or green chi'ome garnet has been found on lot XII, 6, of Orford 
 |(jSh^pb|^^QQl«;e) i jie$ociated with nickel ore. These garnets are very handsome 
 •jjJilQoljoriibvit. wnfQrtunately too small to be utilizable. It is said however that 
 larger ones have been found in Wakefield (Ottawa). , . 
 
 ■* ■■',--'.■■'«.•. 
 
 The common emerald or beryl occurs in all the mica mines and sometimes in 
 pretty large crystals, but none have yet been found of value for jewellery. In the 
 same mines, black or green tourmalines are abundant and some rose-colored 
 specimens of these stones have also been met w ith. 
 
 I 
 
 Spinel has been found in the seigniory of D'Aillebout (Joliette), and in 
 Wakefield ; zircon in Templeton and Grenville ; epidote, associated with gneiss, 
 on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence, and among the Shick-Shock mountains 
 in the Gasp^ district ; olivine, in the eruptive rocks of the Eastern Townships 
 and in Mount Royal ; green or blue fluorite at several points in the Laurentian 
 rocks and notably at Hull, Bale St. Paul, &c. Certain varieties of opalescent or 
 colored feldspar occur in the Laurentides ; the feldspars commonly called moon- 
 stone (adulai'ia) and amazon-stone (microline), are met with on the North Shore 
 of the St. Lawrence and also in some mica mines. Amazon stone has also been 
 noted in Hull and Wakefield. Opalescent labradorite exists in great quantities 
 on the North Shore of the Gulf St. Lawrence, especially from Thunder river to 
 Sheldrake, and might be utilized for decorative purposes and the choice 
 
 (1) Geological Survey, Canada, 1887-88. 
 
 (2) Geological Survey, Canada, 1877-78. 
 
 ill 
 
158 
 
 crystals for tlie purposes of jewellery. Some very beautiful specimens are^ 
 common in all the mineralogical collections of the country. 
 
 The varieties of quartz, such as agate, jasper and rock crystal, are met with, 
 at several points in the province ; agate pebbles at Cape Rosier in the Gasp6 
 district ; jasper on the North Shore, at Hull, and in some parts of the Eastern 
 Townships, and real rock crystal in considerable abundance in the Villeneuve 
 mica mine. This Villeneuve mine, which has been mentioned often in the course 
 of this work, holds in addition some very rare and curious minerals such as. 
 monazite, cerite, uraninite, etc., which have been already alluded to. At the 
 Maisonneuve mica mine in Joliette, specimens of samarskite have been found.. 
 These minerals however are encountered in very small quantities. 
 
 The titanic iron deposits contain the usual ores of titanium, ilmenite, rutile, 
 brookite, etc. In the copper mines, some specimens of malachite are occasionally 
 found, but too small to of be gem value. A variety of compact diversely colored 
 steatite occurs at some points of the Eastern Townships in association with the 
 serpentines 01 chat region. 
 
 Other cabinet minerals are found in the province and may be be seen in all 
 the geological museums, but thus far, together with those above noted, they 
 possess hardly any but a scientific importance. 
 
 
169 
 
 MINING LAWS. 
 
 Our mines are regulated by "The Quebec General Mining Act, 1880" (43-44 
 Victoria, chapter 12), and the subsequent acts amending the same (44-45 Vict, 
 chap. 9 ; 47 Vict., chap. 22 ; 49-50 Vict, chap. 30 and 51-52 Vict., chap. 15), the 
 whole embraced in the Revised Statutes as amended by 52 Vict. 
 
 The mining rights belong to the Crown : 
 
 lo In the case of gold and silver; throughout the province, except on lands, 
 whereon such rights have been regularly conceded. (1426 R. S.) 
 
 2o. In the case of phosphates : on all lands not patented for agricultural 
 purposes before the 9th March, 1878. (1428 R. S.) ;, , ;• ; 
 
 3o. In the case of other minerals : on all lands sold for agricultural purposes 
 and not patented before the 24th July, 1880. (1429 R. S.) 
 
 4o. On all lands actually belonging to the Crown, (1423 R. S.) 
 
 5o. On all other lands, whatever may be the date of their letters patent, 
 when such letters patent contain a clause specially reserving the minerals. (1425 
 R. S.) 
 
 Private individuals may acquire these mining rights on the following terms : 
 
 (See 1442 R. S. and Order in Council, 10th December, 1885.) 
 
 lo. For iron and ochre, at S2.00 per acre, 
 
 2o. For phosphate, gold, silver, asbestos, lead, mica, plumbago, copper and 
 generally all i^inerals except iron and ochre, at $5 per acre. 
 
 These figures cover the price both of the surface and of the mining rights. 
 In the case where the surface has been purchased for agricultural purposes, it is 
 only necessary to pay the balance of the $2 or the $5 per acre due for the pro- 
 perty under the soil. 
 
 
 Si 
 
160 
 
 As rogards tho gold and silver in the gold irdning divisions of the Chaudiere 
 and St Francis, tho lands are granted according to the " claim " system and may 
 be acquired by purchase, lease, or by license and occupation permit on complying 
 with the re(iuirements of the law. 
 
 Gold and silver are subject to a royalty of 2J per cent, on the gross amount 
 of the gold or silver obtained and $0.50 cts. for and on each ton of phosphate of 
 lime in its raw state also collected. (1435 R. S.) 
 
 The proprietor of the soil has a preferential right over all other persons to 
 the purchase of the mine discovered on his land on complying with the require- 
 ments of the law. (1433 and 1440 R. S.) ' , 
 
 The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may modify the prices and conditions 
 of sale, lease, &c. (1442 R. S.) • , 
 
 The mining rights may form a property separate from the soil. (1424 R. S.) 
 
 I 
 
mtliere 
 id may 
 iplying 
 
 161 
 
 amount 
 (bate of 
 
 rsons to 
 require- 
 
 anditions 
 
 1-24 R. S.) 
 
 SUNDRY. 
 
 Wo have noted »w far ixs possible all the economic minerals found in the 
 province ; still there are a few others which may bo rejjarded as accidental : 
 
 Alum. — On lot 1 of the Vth range of Ireland (Mcgantic) slate schists, 
 impregnated with alum, are met with. This pi'oduct, however, does not appear 
 to have had a mineral origin. It seems rather to have been derived from 
 chemical combinations on the surface between the ashes of burnt wood and the 
 iron pyrite in the schists. 
 
 Sulphate of Baryte occurs in unimportant veins in ihe Laurentian rocks, 
 especially in the county of Ottawa and in the neighborhood of the Saguenay. 
 
 CUSTOMS' DUTIES 
 
 A 
 
 For the public information, we append an extract from the Canadian, as 
 well as from the American tariffs, showing the duties on minerals or the products 
 connected therewith. 
 
 N. S. E. means " not specified elsewhere." 
 
.-*<(pspww 
 
 .. m.mmiifam^ 
 
 'iip 
 
 i.. ' 
 
 f 
 
•1 
 
 N. K. S. MEANS NOT KLSEWHKRK SPECIFIED. 
 
 CANADA CUSTOMS' TARIFF 
 
 (REVISED TO 25th JUNE, 1890.) 
 
 Metals, Ores, Mineral and Chemical Products on 
 which duties are charged. 
 
 Acid sulphuric Jet per lb. 
 
 Alum, N. E. S 20 per cent ad valoretn 
 
 Antimony, N. E. S 20 per cent 
 
 Antimony, regiilus 20 per cent 
 
 Asbestos, crude 20 per cent 
 
 Asbestos, in any other form than crude, and 
 
 all other manufactures thereof 25 per cent 
 
 Asbestos, pulp 20 per cent 
 
 Acid, phosphate 3 eta. jwr lb 
 
 Barytes 20 per cent 
 
 Brick, building 20 per cent 
 
 Bricks and tiles, hollow and porous, firebrick 
 
 N. E. S 20 per cent 
 
 Brick for lining stoves 30 per cent 
 
 Babbit, metal , 10 per cent 
 
 Cement, stone or water limestone, from the 
 
 quarry, per ton of 13 cubic ft $1.00 
 
 Cement, hydraulic or water lime, ground, 
 
 Portland and R <man, including barrels 40cts per barrel 
 
 Cement in bulk or in bags 9ct« per biishel 
 
 Cement, Portland or Roman, in bulk or in i)ags.0ctii per bushel 
 
 Cement, other N. E. S. 20 per cent. 
 
 Chalk, manufactured 20 per cent. 
 
 Coke • 50ct8 per ton of 2000 lbs. 
 
 Copper in sheets of less than 4 inches wide 16 per cent. 
 
 Copper, old and scrap, in pigs, bar^, rods.bolte, 
 
 etc., seamless, drawn, tubing, copper sheath- > 
 
 ing not polished or coated 10 per cent. 
 
 J 
 
■m 
 
 164 
 
 Coal tar and pitch 10 per cent, ad valoretn 
 
 Coal, bituminous, per ton of 2000 lbs OOcts. 
 
 Coal, dust, other N, E. S 20 per cent. " 
 
 Coal oil and kerosene distilled, purified N.E.S. 7 1/5 per Imp. gal. 
 
 Carbolic or heavy oil 10 per cent, " 
 
 Diamonds, set 20 per cent. " 
 
 Fuller's earth 30 per cent. 
 
 Fireclay, retorts, crucibles, gas retorts, gas logs '. 20 per cent. 
 
 Ferro-manganese, ferro-silicon $2.00 per ton 
 
 Cast iron vessels, etc 
 
 per ton, but not 
 
 less than 30 per cent. 
 
 
 Iron bars, railway bars or rails of iron or steel 
 for railways or tramways of any form, pinch- 
 ed or not pinched N. E. S $6.00 per ton. 
 
 Sheet iron, common or black, not thinner than 
 No. 20 gauge $13.00 per ton. 
 
 (1) Pig iron $4 per ton. 
 
 Lead, old, scrap and pig 40cts per 100 lbs. 
 
 Lead bars, blocks and sheets 60 cts per 100 lbs. 
 
 Lead, all manufactures of, N. E. S 30 per cent. 
 
 Mineral waters, N. E. S 20 per cent. 
 
 Marble blocks and slabs, sawn on more than 
 two sides 25 per cent. 
 
 Marble blocks, from the quarry, in the rough, * 
 or sawn on two sides only, and not specially 
 shaped, containing 15 cubic feet and over 15 per cent. 
 
 Marble in blocks from the quarry wrought 
 or sawn on two sides only, and not especially ; v- ' 
 shaped, containing less than 15 cubic feet 10 per cent. 
 
 Marble, finished, and all manufactures of, N. 
 E. S 35 per cent. 
 
 Metal composition, N. E. S 20 per cent. 
 
 Mica 20 per cent. 
 
 Mmeral pulp.. 20 per cent. 
 
 Nickel and German silver, manufactures of, 
 not plated 25 per cent. 
 
 Nickel and German silver, manufactures of, if 
 plated 30 per cent. 
 
 Nickel salts 20 per cent. 
 
 Oxides, ochres, ochrous earth, fireproof, um- 
 bers and siennas, ground and unground, 
 washed or unwashed, calcined or raw 30 per cent. 
 
 Plaster of Paris or gypsum, ground, not cal- 
 cined .10 cts per 100 lbs. 
 
 Plaster of Paris, calcined or manufactured 16 cts per 100 lbs. 
 
 Plumbago 15 percent. 
 
 Plumbago, manufactures of 30 per cent. 
 
 Platinum, N. E. S 20 per cent. 
 
 Pencils, Lead, in wood or otherwise 30 per cent. '• 
 
 Pencils. Slate. 25 per cent. 
 
 Slates, for roofing, black and blue, when split 
 or dressed only 80 cts per square. 
 
 (1) The Citawa Qovomment, in order to encourag-e the manufacture of Iron, grr.nta a bounty of $1.00 per 
 ton upon iron pig made in Canada out of Canadian ore. 
 
 ThiH bounty will be of $2.00 per ton, from the l«t July 1892 to Juno 30, 1897. 
 
 
wm 
 
 mtmmmsumM 
 
 $1.00 p«r 
 
 — 165 — 
 
 
 Slates, for roofing, red, green or other colors, 
 
 when split or dressed only $1 per square. 
 
 Slates, school and writing slates 1 ct each and 20 per cent ad valorem 
 
 Slates of all kinds and manufactures of.N.E.S.l ct per square foot 
 
 and 25 per cent 
 
 Slate mantles 30 per cent 
 
 Slate slabs, square and in special shapes 1 ct per square foot 
 
 and 25 per cent 
 
 Steel, sheets of all gauge and widths, N. E. S. 
 
 valued at 4ct8 or less per lb, but not less than$12 per ton 30 per cent 
 
 Steel springs and axles of all kinds for cais 
 
 and tramways $30 per ton but not 
 
 les than 85 per cent 
 
 Stone, flagstones, sawn or otherwise dressed . . $2.00 per ton. 
 Stone, grindstones, not mounted and not less 
 
 than 12 in. in diameter $2.00 per ton. 
 
 Stone, rough freestone, sandstone and all 
 
 building stone except marble from the 
 
 quarry, not hammered or chiselled (13 cubic 
 
 feet to ton) $1 per ton. 
 
 Stone, dressed freestone and all other building 
 
 stone except marble, and all other manufac- 
 tures of stone or granite N. E. S 30 per cent 
 
 Stone, Lithographic not engraved 20 per cent 
 
 Stones precious, N. E. S. polished, but not set 
 
 or otherwise manufactured and imita^'on 
 
 thereof 10 per cent 
 
 Stones precious, other N. E. S 30 per cent 
 
 Sand, colored 20 per cent 
 
 Superphosphates, or manufactured fertilizers 20 per cent 
 
 Tinware and all other manufactures ot tin N. 
 
 E. S 25 per cent 
 
 Zinc, mamifactures of, N. E. S 25 per cent 
 
 m^fmmmrrmm. 
 
 MUM 
 
Metals, Ores, &c., exempt from duty in Canada. 
 
 
 Ahini, in bulk or .ly, ground or unground. 
 Aluminium and alumina, sulphate and chloride of alumina. 
 Antimony, not ground, pulverized or otherwise manufactured, 
 '^rsenic. 
 
 Bismuth, metallic, in its natiu-al state. 
 
 Borax, ground or imground in bulk of not less than 25 lbs only. 
 Brass, old and scrap. 
 Boracic acid. 
 
 Bricks for bakers' ovens, for building or repairing furnaces, for gas works, bath-bricks. 
 Burr stones, in blocks, rough or unmanufactured, not boimd up or prepared for binding 
 
 into mill stones. 
 B^.''on, gold and silver in bars, blocks or ingots. 
 Clays, fire clay, pipe clay. 
 Cinabar. 
 
 Colors, metallic, viz. oxide of cobalt, zinc and tin, N. E. S. 
 Cobalts, ore of. 
 
 Chalk and cliff stone, ground or unground. 
 
 Copper and brass, in sheets or plates of n«>t less than 4 inches in width. 
 Coal, anthracite. • 
 
 Coal dust. (Anthracite coal dust.) 
 
 Coal for steamers oti outward voyage to British or foreign ports. (Ship's stores). 
 Diamonds, imset, including black diamonds for borei-s. 
 Diamond drills, for prospecting for minerals, not to include motive power. 
 Diamonds, dust or bort. 
 Emery, in blocks crushed or poimded. 
 T'tM 'spar. 
 Puller's earth, not prepared. 
 
 Gypsum, crude, (sulphate of lime). 
 Gravels and sand. 
 
 Gas coke (the product of gas works) when used in Canadian manufactures only. 
 
 Scrap iron, and scrap steel, and fit only to be manufactured, being part of recovered from 
 any vessel wrecked in waters subject to the jurisdiction of Canada. 
 
 Iron Angles, Anchors, Beams, Knees, Masts, Plates (iron or steel combined) sheet iron, 
 for iron of composite ships or vessels. 
 
 Kryolite. 
 
 Litharge. 
 
 Mineralogical specimens. 
 
 Mineral waters, natural, not in bottles. 
 
 Manganese, oxide of. 
 
 Machinery, mining machinery imported within three years after the passing of this act, 
 which is at the time of its importation of a class or kind not manufactured in Canada. 
 
 Mercury, or quicksilver. ^ 
 
 Metal, yellow metal, in bars, l)olt8 and for sheathing. 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 Ores of metal, of all kinds, gold, silver, cobalt, &c. 
 
167 
 
 Precious stones, in the rough, viz. Agate, Amethyst, Aqua Marine, Blood Stone, 
 Carbuncle, Cats' eyes. Cameo, Coral, Cornelian, Crystal, Crysolite, 
 Crosordolite, Emerald, Garnet, Intaglio, Inlaid or Encrusted Stones 
 Onyx, Opal, Pearl, Ruby, Sardonyx, Sapphire, Topaz and Turquoise. 
 
 Precipitate of copper, crude. 
 
 Pumice, and pumice stones ground or unground. 
 
 Platinum wire. 
 
 Platinum tubing, pipes, &c., to be used in manufacture of sulphuric acid. (See Retorts.) 
 
 Retorts, condensers, tubing and pipe made of platinum imported by manufacturers of 
 sulphuric acid, for use in their manufacture of concentration of sulphuric acid. 
 
 Silex or crystallized quartz. 
 
 Sulphate of iron, (copperas.) 
 
 Sulphate of copper. 
 
 Sulphur in rolls or flour. 
 
 Steel sheets for iron or composite ships. 
 
 IBiteel sheets of not less than 11 or not over 18 wire gauge and cf)sting not less than $75 
 per ton of 2,2M lbs,, when imported by manufacturers of shovels and spjides for use 
 exclusively in such manufactures in their own factories. 
 
 St«el sheets, crucible sheets, 11 to 16 gauge, 2J to 18 inches wide, imported by man- 
 ufacturers of mower and reaper knives for inanufacture of such knives in their own 
 factories. 
 
 Terra Japonica. 
 
 Tin in blocks, pigs, bars and sheets, 
 
 Tin plates. 
 
 Zinc in blocks, pigs and sheets, 
 
 Zinc, metallic color, 
 
 Tiinc, dust. 
 
^spppypssp" 
 
 W^ 
 
 AMERICAN TARIFF. (1) 
 
 (REVISED TO 6th OCTOBER, 1890) 
 
 Metals, Ores, Mineral and Chemical Products on 
 which duties are charged. 
 
 A<;id. sulphuric or oil of vitriol Jet . 
 
 Alumina, alum, alum cake, patent alum, sul- 
 phate of alumina and aluminous cake, and 
 
 alum in crystals or ground 6/lOct, 
 
 Blue vitriol or sulphate of copper 2cts 
 
 Borax, crude or borate of soda or borate of lime.Sct 
 
 Refined Borax 5ct 
 
 Copperas or sulphate of iron 3/lOct. 
 
 Iodine, resublimed 30cts 
 
 Baryta, sulphate of barytes, unmanufactured 
 
 per ton $1.12 
 
 Manufactured per ton $6.72 
 
 Chrome, yellow, green, and all other chromium 
 colors in which lead and bichromate of po- 
 tash or soda are component parts 44ct 
 
 Ochre and ochrey earths, sienna, umber, dry,.. Jet 
 Vermillion, red and colors containing quick- 
 silver 12cts 
 
 Zinc, oxide, dry IJct 
 
 Litharge 3cts 
 
 Firebrick, plaivi, per ton $1.25 
 
 Glazed, enameled or decorated 45 per cent. 
 
 Tiles and brick, plain 25 per cent. 
 
 Ornamented 45 per cent. 
 
 Cement, Roman, Portland, hydraulic, in pack- 
 ages, including weight of packages of 100 Ibs.Scts 
 
 In bulk 7cta 
 
 Other cement 20 per cent. 
 
 Lime per 100 lbs. including weight of package. 6cts 
 
 (I) When a special unit of quantity like .ton, buehol, gallon etc., is not Bpeclfled, the figures picap tlm 
 duties per pound. 
 
 A. 
 
169 — 
 
 on 
 
 cnt. 
 
 ludP t)i« 
 
 Piaster of Paris or gypsum, ground per ton . . . .$1.00 
 
 Calcined, per ton $1.75 
 
 Clays or earths, unmanufactured, per ton $1..')0 
 
 Wrought or manufactured per ton .$3.00 
 
 China clay or kaolin, per ton $3.00 
 
 Marble, rough or squared, per cubic foot 65cts 
 
 Veined marble, sawed or dressed, per cubic foot.$1.10 
 
 Other manufactures of 50 per cent. 
 
 Burr stones 15 per cent. 
 
 Freestone, granite.sandstone, limestone, build- 
 ing stone, immanufactured, per cubic foot...llcts 
 
 Hewn, di-essed or polished 40 per cent. 
 
 Grindstones, per ton $1.75. 
 
 Slate, mantels, slabs .' 30 per cent. 
 
 Roofing slate 25 per cent. 
 
 Iron ore, per ton 75 cts. 
 
 Iron sulphur ore containing not more than SJ 
 
 per cent of copper, per ton 75cts. 
 
 More than 2 p.c. of copper,in addition on the 
 
 copper i ct. 
 
 Iron in pigs, kontledge, scraps 3/lOct. 
 
 Bar iron 1 in. wide g in. thick 8/lOct. 
 
 Bound iron | in. dianmter 1)/I0ct. 
 
 Iron bare, blooms, billets made by charcoal 
 
 fuel, per ton $22. 
 
 Forgings of iron or steel 2 3/lOcts. 
 
 Riiilway bai-s of iron or steel 6/lOct. 
 
 Ca-stings of malleable iron If .ct. 
 
 Aluminum, cri^dc and alloys 15 jjer cent. 
 
 Antimony, regidus or matal 3 ct. 
 
 Bra£s bars, pigs, old brass, yellovv metal tit 
 
 only for manufacture IJ ct. 
 
 Copper ores li ct. 
 
 Old copper for manufacture 1 ct. 
 
 Regulus of copper and copper cement SJ ct. 
 
 Copper in plates, bars or ingots not manu- 
 factured IJ ct. 
 
 Gold leaf, per pack 500 leaves $2. 
 
 Silver leaf, per pack 500 leaves 75 ct. 
 
 Lead ore and lead di'oss 1 J ct. 
 
 Provided that silver ore and all other 
 ores containing lead shall pay a duty 
 of 4 ct. per pound on lead therein. 
 
 In pigs and bars, molten and refuse 2 ct. 
 
 In sheets, ',ipes, shot 3 ct. 
 
 Metallic mineral substances, metals unurought, 
 
 not specially provided for 20 per cent. 
 
 Nickel, nickel oxide alloy 10 ct. 
 
 Quicksilver 10 ct. 
 
 Tin, black oxide, bar, block and pig, on and 
 
 after January 1, 1893 4ct8. 
 
 Zinc, in blocks or pigs If ct. 
 
 In sheet 2i ct. 
 
 Old for manufacture IJ ct. 
 
 SI I 
 
 iMi i mj n; i iii i iii ^ i )Piy 
 
i55 
 
 - ltd - 
 
 Manufactures of alabaster, amber, asbestos, 
 
 bladciors, cnial, gut, jet paste, spar and wax 25 per cent. 
 
 Load pencils, per gross 50ct and !30ct. 
 
 Slate pencils, per gross 4ct. 
 
 Pencil leads, not in wootl 10 per cent. 
 
 '"'oal, bituminous and shale per ton 75cts, 
 
 Coal, slack or culm per ton ; 5J0cts. 
 
 Coke 20 per cent. 
 
 Precious stones cut but not sot 10 per cent. 
 
 
mammmmaMi 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 Metals, ores, etc., exempt from duty in U. S. 
 
 cent, 
 cent. 
 
 Antimony ore. crude, sulphide of. 
 
 Apatite. 
 
 Arsenic and sulphide of, or orpiment. 
 
 Asbestos, unmanufactured. 
 
 Baryta, carbonate of witherite, 
 
 Bouxite, or bauxite. 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 Bromine. 
 
 Cadmium. 
 
 Calamine, 
 
 Cerium. 
 
 Chalk, unmanufactured. 
 
 Charcoal. 
 
 Clay— Common blue clay in casks suitable only for crucibles 
 Coal store3 of American vessels, but none shall be unloaded. 
 
 Coal tar, crude. 
 
 Cobalt, and cobalt ore. 
 
 Copper, old taken from the bottom of American vessels in foreign ports. 
 
 Cryolite. 
 
 Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or uncut, diamond dust and jewels to be 
 
 used in watches. 
 Emery ore. ' 
 
 Feldspar. 
 
 Flint, flints and ground flint stones. 
 
 Guano, manures and all substances expressly used for munures. 
 Hones and whetstones. 
 
 Iodine, crude. ' 
 
 Iridium, ^ 
 
 Kieserite. 
 
 Kyanite, or cyanite and kaiuite 
 Lava, unmanufactured. 
 Lithographic stones not engraved. 
 Loadstones. 
 Magnesite. 
 Magnesium. 
 Magnets. 
 
 Manganese, oxide and ore of. 
 Mineral waters, Jl not artiflcial. 
 Minerals, crude, or not advanced by manufactured 
 Ores, of gold, silver and nickel and nickel matte. Provided that ores of nickel and 
 
 nickel matte, containing more than 2 p. c. of copper, shall pay a duty of one half of 
 
 one cent per pound on the copner contained therein. 
 Osmium. 
 Palladium. 
 
 Pewter and Britannia metal, flt only to be manufactured, 
 Phosphates, crude oj* native, 
 
 ,jiBB 
 
 MBK.. 
 
 ■*« 
 
-ra-w 
 
 I 
 
 — 172 — - « 
 
 Plaster of Parin, jind Hulphate of lime, iingi-nimd. 
 
 Pltttina, in iriKots, bars, Hheel.s and wire. 
 
 Platinum, iinmauufactured, and apparatus uf platinum for chemical uses. 
 
 Plumbago. 
 
 Polishing stones. 
 
 Pumice. 
 
 Sodium. 
 
 Specimens of mineralogy for cabinets or as objects of science. 
 
 Stone and .sand burrstone in blocks, rough or manufactured pumice stone, rotten stone 
 and sand, ciude or manufactured. 
 
 Strontia, oxide, protoxide, utrontianite. 
 
 Sulphur, lac or precipitated, and sulphur or brimstones crude, in bulk (75 cents per Uin), 
 sulphur ore as pyrites or sulphurite of iron in its natural state, containing in excess of 
 twenty ftve per cent of sulphur (except on the copper contained therein) and sulphur not 
 otherwise provided for. 
 
 Sulphuric acid which at the temp(!rature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit does not exceed the 
 specific gravity of ones aiui three hundred and eighty thousandths for use in manufac- 
 turing superphosphate of lime or artiiicial manures of any kind, or for any agricultural 
 purpose, • 
 
 Tin ore and tin in bars, blocks, pigs or grain or granulated, until January 1, 1802, 
 
 Tripoli. 
 
 Uranium, oxide and salts of. • • ,, ,' 
 
 Mica. ■ - .' - " ,;■■ ' ■ ■' }'':■■ ;. . ""^ 
 
 Coal, anthracite. ' ' ' v . : 
 
 Chalk, unmanufactured. '. / # .■ ;' 
 
 ■,'•■" s 
 
 .-■* 
 
ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF PLACES 
 
 Abatagoinaw (lake) 14, ;W 
 
 Acton (Banot Co) 47, 52, 150 
 
 Acudie 71 
 
 Adstock (Heauco) IW) 
 
 Aldrtold (Pontiac) 142 
 
 Anticostl, (island) H2 
 
 Argentouil Co 5, 10, HI 
 
 Assoinption, (seign) Hi 
 
 Ascot (Sherbrooke), 20, 21, 23, 41, 43, 45, 49, 52, 
 
 im 
 Auteuil, flef, (Portneuf) 83 
 
 Bagot, (Chlcoutimi) 27 
 
 Hay of Seven Islands 21) 
 
 Ba'e St. Paul (Cliarlevoix) 8, 28, 145, 151 
 
 Bale du Fobvre (Yamaska) 145 
 
 Baillargeon (GaspA district) 70 
 
 Battle lake i;« 
 
 Batiscan, seign (Champlain) 27 
 
 Beauce, Co 10 
 
 Beresford (Terrebonne) 23 
 
 Berthier, town 144 
 
 Bekcil, aeign 145 
 
 Betsiamits, (Saguenay) 15, 2;i, -30 
 
 Beauport (Quebec Co) 151 
 
 Black lake (Megantic) 103 
 
 Bigelow (Ottawa) i;«! 
 
 Blanchet (Gaspe district) 70 
 
 Bonaveuture, Co 4 
 
 Bouchette (Ottawa) 141 
 
 Bourgct (Chlcoutimi) 20 
 
 Bowman (Ottawa) 135 
 
 Bolton (Brome) 23, 31, 43, 18, 100, 111, 112 
 
 Broughton (Beauce) 47, 48, 105, 111, 112 
 
 Brassard (Berthier) 90, 135 
 
 Bromo (Brome Co) 19, 23, :«, 48 
 
 Brome Co 10, 10 
 
 Brome, mountain 5 
 
 Brompton (Richmond) 40, 108, 150 
 
 Bristol (Pontiac) 9, 10, 2:i 
 
 Bulstrode ( Arthabaska) 47, 82 
 
 Buckingham (Ottiwa), 23, 52, 84, 90, 127, 128, 
 
 129, 185 
 
 C 
 
 Caxton (St. Maurice) 27, 137, 145 
 
 Cacouna (seign.) [Temiscouata] 27 
 
 Capelton 43 
 
 Cap de la Madeleine, seign. [Champlain] 25, 27, 
 
 Cap Sante (Portneuf) 27 
 
 Cawood (Pontiac) , .141 
 
 Cap au Gondron (Gaspe) (Tar Point) 79 
 
 Cap Rosier (( Jaspe) 62, 158 
 
 Cap a r Aigle ((Charlevoix) 154 
 
 Central lake 128 
 
 ChAtcau Richer 29, 151, 15:1 
 
 Chatham [.Vrgenteuil] 99 
 
 {'Imte, La, (Heiinharnois) 164 
 
 ChcHham (Compton), M 
 
 (JhausHcgroH, concession (Beauce) 68 
 
 Chertsey (Montcalm) .38 
 
 Chamhiy 71. 144 
 
 Champlain, (seign) 27, 145 
 
 (Hiester (.Vrthabaska) 47, 52 
 
 Cleveland (Richmond) 49, 110, 140 
 
 CIvde [Ottawal )K) 
 
 Coleraine (Megantic). . . 31, 94, 91, Wi, 107, 109 
 
 Compton, Co 5 
 
 ContreccBur, (Vercheres) 71 
 
 Cote de Heaupn-, (Charlevoix) 27, 62, 90 
 
 Cranbourne, (Dorchester) 100 
 
 D'Aillebout, seign. (Joliettc) 32, 55, 157 
 
 Danville (Richmond) 107, 149 
 
 Dautray [Joliettel 27 
 
 De lit'-ry, concession, (Deauce) W) 
 
 Des Monts (Saguenay) 3<l 
 
 Derry (Ottawa) VM 
 
 Deuholme (Ottawa),.. : 52 
 
 Deschambault 150 
 
 Ditton (Compton) 04, «H 
 
 Douglastown 79 
 
 Drummondville 7, 8, 24 
 
 Dunham (Missisqnoi Co) 48 
 
 Dnrliani (Dninmiond Co) 3fi, 48 
 
 Dudswcll (Wolfe Co) 151, 152 
 
 Duliamel (Pontiac) 52 
 
 E 
 
 Eardley (Ottawa Co) 27, :« 
 
 ElKinlements (Charlevoi.': Co) 143 
 
 Ely (Shellord Co) 49 
 
 Epiphanio (Assomplion) 71 
 
 F 
 
 .48 
 
 Frampton (Dorchester) . . 
 6 
 
 Gait (Gasp^) 79 
 
 Gaspi, district 5, 78, 109, 145, 154, 158 
 
 Garthby (Wolf© Co) 32, 49, 94. 109, Ug 
 
 ...^(wwUft rf iiii *- ■immv^mr--- 
 
"W 
 
 174 
 
 (Jrvap^, aoign. (liOthiiii^re) 41) 
 
 (irantham (Dniiiimond Co) 1, 24, 4M 
 
 Ciranby (HhoHoid Co) 4» 
 
 (Ironvlilo (ArKCntoulK^o), VA,Z\, «), KW, 162, 157 
 
 GrandiHHii (Tcrrt'honne Co) lU 
 
 GriiH, IcH, St. Maurice) 164 
 
 Guigues (Pontlac) 62 
 
 H 
 
 Harvoy Hill, (Mogantic Co) 45, 67, 142 
 
 Halifax (MugiuUic Co) 4H, 1«) 
 
 Handkerchief, range (Lotbiniore Co) 4H, ffj 
 
 llatley (Stannlcad Co) 4H, 111 
 
 Ham North (Wolfe Co)., 40, 108 
 
 Ham South (Wolfe Co), 22, 2:», 27, 30, 4», 53, KW, 
 
 112 
 
 Harrington (Argcnteuil Co) SJ 
 
 Haldimand ((jaspo Co) 70 
 
 Henimlngford (Huntingdon Co) SJ 
 
 HinckH (Ottnwa).. i:W 
 
 Hog's Back Mountain 43 
 
 TTorton (ArtliabaHka Co) 47 
 
 Hochelaga 0, 151 
 
 Hull (Ottawa) 8, 11, 14, 23, 3«, 85, 130, 157 
 
 Iberville (Saguenay) ;W 
 
 Island Calumet 50, 100, i::f7, 142 
 
 Island of Orl«ians (Quebec) 81 
 
 Island of la Traverse (Lake St. John) 78 
 
 Isle Verte fTendscouata] 83 
 
 Inverness (Megan tic Co) 23, 48 
 
 Ireland (Megantic Co) 23, '^, 48, (J8, 100 
 
 Islet (forges of 1') 8, 26 
 
 Jersey-Point (Beauce) ' 5ft 
 
 Johnston Mount 5, (57 
 
 Joliette 5, 143 
 
 Jonquicres (Chicoutimi) 140 
 
 Kenne^bec, road (Beauce) 6(5, 70 
 
 Kildare (Joliette) 27 
 
 Kingsoy (Drumnioud Co) 48, 150 
 
 Kiamika 110 
 
 Lachevrotifere, seign [Portneuf ] IfiO 
 
 Lachenaio (seign.) [L Assomption] 27 
 
 Lafleche (Saguenay) 23 
 
 Lambton (Beauce Co) 67, 68 
 
 Larocquc (Gasp<5 district) 70 
 
 Laval (Saguenay) 2;i 
 
 Lake a la Peinture 36 
 
 Lake St. John 78, 154 
 
 Lacollc, seign. [St. John's] . . .83 
 
 Lava,trie 83 
 
 Lano'raie 27,32,(53 
 
 Lauzon, seign. [Levis] 27, 40 
 
 L^vis....... 81, 145 
 
 Leeds (Megantic Co).. ..18, 23, 31, 45, 48, 68, 142 
 
 Leteliier (Saguenay) 211 
 
 Liniere (Beauce) 67 
 
 Lltchneld (Pontiac Co) 23, 137 
 
 r.ow (Ottawa Co) 141 
 
 Lotl)lnlcre Co .27 
 
 Lochnber (Ottawa Co) 88, IK), 136 
 
 LouiHevilio (Maskinoiig^) 72, 73 
 
 M 
 
 Mailloux (BellechasHo) 62 
 
 Maisonneuve (Hochelaga) 71, 72 
 
 Malbnic, [Murray Hay] 164 
 
 ManicouHgan (N'orlh Shore) 86, JtH, 142 
 
 Miiniwaki (Ottawa) 162 
 
 Marlow (lieauce) 66, 60 
 
 Manoi\an (lake) 140 
 
 Madawntika (Himouski) 83 
 
 MacN'ider 83 
 
 Macpes 83 
 
 Matane 83 
 
 Mansfield (Pontiac Co) :56, KH 
 
 Maisonneuve (Berthier Co) 140, 158 
 
 McGregor (lake) 
 
 McGill (Ottawa Co) 186 
 
 Memphrcmagog (lake) 31, 40, 165 
 
 MeU>ourne (Richmond Co).. ..23, 32, 40, 147, 150 
 
 Metgermette (Beauce) 6(5 
 
 Mingan, islands (North Shore).15, 114, 151, 153 
 
 Milton (Shefford Co) 40 
 
 Mille-Iles, seign. [Terrelionne] 13, 23 
 
 MIstassini (lake) 14, 38, 154 
 
 Montreal 5 
 
 Moisie (Saguenay) 0, 15, 16, 17 
 
 Montarvillc, mount 5 
 
 Mount Albert (Gaspe) 31 
 
 Mount-Boyal 6, 157 
 
 Musquaro 23 
 
 N 
 
 New-Rockland (Richmond Co) 147 
 
 Nelson (Megantic) 48 
 
 Nicolet lake 22, 108 
 
 O 
 
 Orford (Slierbrooke Co). ..23, 40, 55, 65, 150 157 
 Ottawa Co 
 
 Portland- West (Ottawa Co), 110, 124, 128, 127. 
 
 15i8, i:55, 130 
 Portland-East do 110, 126, 128, 132, 
 
 i;i5, 136 
 
 Pontefract (Pontiac Co) 137, 152 
 
 Provost (Berthier Co) 142 
 
 Potton (Brome Co) 43, 48, 52, 111. 144 
 
 Pointe du Jour, range (Assomption Co). 1415,144 
 
 Pointe du Lnc (St. Maurice Co) 27, 33, 34 
 
 Pointe aux Trembles (Quebec) 78 
 
 Pointe Bleue (I^ake St. John) 78 
 
 Portage lake (I5eauce) 66, 67 
 
 Pointe Caribou (North Shore) 154 
 
 Q 
 
 Quebec, city 5, 71, 150, 151 
 
 Quetachoo-Manicouagan (North Shore) 143 
 
i76 
 
 ...23, i:V7 
 ..111 
 
 . .27 
 HB, »KI, »«» 
 , . . . .72, 73 
 
 ....82 
 
 ... 71, 72 
 
 154 
 
 .85, >; U2 
 
 .!.. 152 
 
 ....(Ml, fl« 
 
 . ..140 
 
 ■ 88 
 
 83 
 
 '■■; 83 
 
 ■■■ ...83 
 
 ■.'.■..:w, 1*J7 
 
 ....140,158 
 
 '.'iSfl 
 
 ..■31, U), 155 
 49, 147. 150 
 
 114, 151, ir^ 
 
 49 
 
 .....13,2:1 
 
 .14,38,154 
 
 . ..5 
 
 ■.9; 15, 10, 17 
 
 . . .5 
 
 ■'■■■■.....31 
 
 ■.■.■...6,18^ 
 
 147 
 
 ... .48 
 ;...22, 108 
 
 5, H5, 150 157 
 
 124, 126, 127, 
 , vA 1:^5, 130 
 Il26, 128, 132, 
 ' i:i5, 136 
 ..137,152 
 
 142 
 
 ■52, 111, IM 
 ,. Co).143,144 
 r....27,33,;M 
 ......78 
 
 78 
 
 '....60,67 
 ...154 
 
 j), 71, 150, 151 
 liore) 142 
 
 Rapid (In Diublo (Chaudioro) OS 
 
 rUwdoii (iMpiitcalni Co).. 2J», 145 
 
 Itadnor, fopKCH (St. Maurice). . . .8, 25, 26, 27, 110 
 HlKaiid Vawdruuil, Hei. <Heauce)22, ,10, 06, 58, 6K 
 
 ItlKiiud, luuuiit 5 
 
 UiHborough (Beauoe) 68, (HI 
 
 Klver Salmon M, (Kl 
 
 River au Luvd 7, 8, 25 
 
 Ri vur a la Rohb 78, lol 
 
 River aux VaclioH H 
 
 River au Tonnorre (North Shore) 157 
 
 River HatlHcan 26, 143 
 
 River Chuudi<Te 60 
 
 River CanupHcul 80 
 
 River Dlttoii 64, (Kl 
 
 River dert Plantes 22, 50, (10 
 
 River du Loup fltJ, 58, 156 
 
 River des Mcules (W 
 
 River du Moulin (Kl 
 
 River du Portage .' 60 
 
 River du HraH ««) 
 
 River Dartmouth 80, l09, 145 
 
 River Etcheniin 40 
 
 River B'amlne 59 
 
 River Gilbert 56, -57, 60 
 
 River Grande-Coudiio 60 
 
 River JacqucH-Cartier 140 
 
 River du Li«vre..ll», 120, 12;J, 124, 126, 128, 129, 
 
 134, 139 
 
 River Metgermette 60 
 
 River Mlqulck (Portneuf Co) 154 
 
 River Noire 90 
 
 Rlvlere-Ouclle, Hoign. (Kamoura8ka)83, 143, 145 
 
 River Pozer 60 
 
 River Petite Romalne 35 
 
 River P^ribonka 140 
 
 River Raceourcl. (H) 
 
 River St. Maurice 23 
 
 River St. Franvis 8, 21, 24 
 
 River St. Charles (Quebec) 156 
 
 River Ste. Anne (Montmorency) 33 
 
 River St. John 70, 80 
 
 River Traveller's Rest 60 
 
 River Yamachiche 14;i 
 
 River York (Gaspe).. 80 
 
 Rulsseau d* Argent (Sliver brook) 79 
 
 Ruisseau Ab^nakis 60 
 
 Ruisseau Bertrand 60 
 
 Ruisseau Bolduc (JO 
 
 Ruisseau Caron 60 
 
 Ru'sseau Cumberland 60 
 
 Ruisseau de I'Ardoise (Slate creek) 58 
 
 Ruisseau du Barll (Keg creek) 79 
 
 Ruisseau Gosselin 60 
 
 Ruisseau Grande Fourche 79 
 
 Ruisseau Loubiores 60 
 
 Ruisseau Poulin 60 
 
 Ruisseau Petite Fourche 79 
 
 Ruisseau Samn'-a 60 
 
 Ruisseau Stafford (creek) 60 
 
 Ruisseau Veuilleux (JO 
 
 Roxton (Shefford Co) 49 
 
 Rougemout, mount 5 
 
 S 
 
 Sandy Beach (Gasp^) 79 
 
 Sault au IWcoilet '. 151 
 
 Shawenegan (St. Maurice) 14, 23, 90 
 
 Sheldrake (North Shore) 157 
 
 Shicksliock, mounts 157 
 
 Sherbrookc, city 8, 20, 21, 40, IBfl 
 
 Shipton (Richmond Co) 49, 110 
 
 Shefford (Shullord Co) 40 
 
 Sherrington (Naplerville Co) 88 
 
 Slu'O'ord, mount 8 ' 
 
 Simanl (Chlcoutimi Co) 38 
 
 Slllery, seign. [Qu«'l>ec| 40 
 
 Simpson (I^rumnuind Co) 23, 27, 48 
 
 Somerset (Mc'gantic Co) 48 
 
 Slanbrldg'e IMissisquoi) 28, 87 
 
 Stanstcad 6, 23, 27, 1B5 
 
 .St. Alban's 150 
 
 St. AloxlH 71 
 
 St. Anselm 40 
 
 St. Armand Kast (MissiHquoi)..20, '£i, 48, 52, lAl 
 
 St. Armand West (Mlsslsquol) 23, 48 
 
 St. Apollinaire 81 
 
 St. Harnabe 71 
 
 St. Bartheleml 71 
 
 St. Boniface 14 
 
 St. Charles, concession (Beauoe) 57 
 
 St. Cuthbert 7l 
 
 St. David de rAuberlvlfre (L^vls) 164 
 
 Si. Kustache (Two Mountains) 27, ^43 
 
 St. Etlenne, hef (Champlaln) 27, 83 
 
 St. Fablen (Rimouski) 52 
 
 St. Franvols, village (tleauce) 68 
 
 St. (laspard, concession <Bcauce) SJ 
 
 St. (iiles de Beaurivage, seign 48, 68 
 
 St. George (Beauce) 86 
 
 St. Grigoire (Nicolet) 71, 73, 74 
 
 St. Henri 71, 73 
 
 St. Hyacinthe 151 
 
 St. Ir6n6e (Cliarlevoix) 167 
 
 St. .Joseph de L^vis 184 
 
 St. Jean de Matha (Jollette) 184 
 
 St. Jean Deschaillons 156 
 
 St. Jerome (Terrebonne) 18, 29 
 
 St. Joseph, Beauce 49 
 
 St. Justin (Ma.skinon^e) 146 
 
 St. L^on (Maskinonge) 143, 145 
 
 St. Lawrence, gulf 4, 5, 9, 15, 32, 157 
 
 St. Lawrence, river 4, 5, 71, 156 
 
 St. Malo 34 
 
 St. Martin 71 
 
 St. Maurice, forges 7, 24 
 
 St. Maurice, seigniory 7 
 
 St. Paul 71 
 
 St. Pierre de Broughton 48, 109 
 
 St. Sulplce 71, 83 
 
 St. Thomas, Mbntmagny 156 
 
 St. Urbain (Charlevoix Co) 8, 27 
 
 St. Valier [IBellechasse] 27 
 
 Ste. Anne de la Perade (Champlain).27, 71, 145 
 
 Ste. Anne des Plaines (Terrebonne) 83 
 
 Ste. Anne des Monts 95 
 
 Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere (Kamouraska). ..145 
 
 Ste. Catherine cone. (Beauce) 68 
 
 Ste. Genevieve (rlv. Batlscan) 145 
 
 Ste. Marguerite, range (Champlaln) 36 
 
 Ste. Marie de MonnoTr (Rouville) 83 
 
 Ste. Martlne (Cliateauguay) 145 
 
 Ste. Sophie (Meeantlc) 81 
 
 Ste. Ursule (Masklnong^) 90 
 
 Stukely (Slieirord Co) :17, 40, 52, 151 
 
 Sutton, (Brome Co). ...19, 20, 23, 30, 4H, 111, 150 
 
 Temlscamingue lake 4, 51 
 
 Terrebonne, seign 32 
 
 Templeton, (Ottawa Co.). .14, 23, 110, 117, 119, 
 120, 121, 1:10, 131, 133, 135, 136, 157 
 
'•$ 
 
 
 .;Wbapsr<. 
 
 176 
 
 Thctford, (Megantic Co.).31, 48, 95, 100, 110, 111 
 
 Tingwlck, (Arlhabaska Co.) 108 
 
 Tortue lake 24 
 
 Three Rivers 7. 8, 25 
 
 Trois-PIstoleH, (Teniiscouata Co.) 154 
 
 U 
 
 Upton, ^Drummond Co.) 98 
 
 V 
 
 Varennes 71, 145 
 
 Vaudreuil, seigii. (Vaudreuil) 27, !iO 
 
 VercIuVreH C'o 
 
 Viger, (Vaudrcnil) 27 
 
 Vnieneuve, (Ottawa Co.) i:«7, 138, 189, 141 
 
 w 
 
 Wakefield, (Ottawa Co.) 12, 23, 52, 134, 135, 
 
 • 141, 157 
 
 Waltham, (Pontiac Co.) 90, 137, 142 
 
 Watesheshoo, (North Shore) 38, 141 
 
 Watford, (Dorchester Co.) 68 
 
 Wells (Ottawa) ••■ 137 
 
 Wendovei (Drummond Co.) 48 
 
 Went worth, (Argenteuil Co 13, 2:^. 90, 152 
 
 Wh.itworth, (Teniiscouata) 27 
 
 Windsor (Richmond) 49 
 
 Wickham f Drummond] 48 
 
 Wolfestown, [Wolfe Co]32, 49, 102, 110, 111, 112 
 Wotton, (Wolfe Co.) 49 
 
 Y 
 
 Yamaska mountain K 
 
 York, (Gaspe) 27 
 
 
 
 »tii^m»mtmiaiMil6k>M 
 
..5 
 27 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Paoes, 
 
 Intnxluction 3 
 
 Geolojrical Sketcli 4 
 
 Iron 7 
 
 Iron Pyrite 82 
 
 Ochres 33 
 
 Mnni^anese 37 
 
 Copper 8 
 
 Lead 50 
 
 Antimony , ; 63 
 
 Nickel 55 
 
 Gold 50 
 
 Silver 69 
 
 Natural CJas 71 
 
 Petroleum 78 
 
 Coal • 81 
 
 Peat 82 
 
 Graphite or Plumba<^o 84 
 
 Asbestos » 91 
 
 Soapst«)ne Ill 
 
 Phespliute of Lime 113 
 
 Mica 138 
 
 MolylKlenite 142 
 
 Mineral Waters 143 
 
 Building Materials 14(i 
 
 Rttre or Precious »St<^neK 157 
 
 Mining Laws 159 
 
 Miscellaneous 161 
 
 Cantulian Tariff : . . i 163 
 
 UnittHl States' Tariff 168 
 
 Alphabetical Table of Localities 173