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Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole --^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 • 6 thp: panis AN HISTORICAJL OUTLINE OF CANADIAN INDIAN SLAVERY IN THE !RI(iHTP:ENTH CENTURY BY TArvIES CLELAND HAMILTON From Proceedings of the Canadicui Institute, N.S.-V0L L, Part L, No. 1, 1897. TORONTO : Arbuthnot Bros. & Co., Printers, LOMBARD STREET. u '( :i. ■*• \ THr: PANis AN HIST(3KICAL OITTLINli: CANADIAN INDIAN Sl.AVKRY IN TTIK EK;HTI':RNTII CEXrilKY BY JAMr:iS CT.Kr.AND IIAMII.TOX From Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, N.S. Vol. I., Part U No. 1, 1897. TORONTO : AkiiUTHNOT I5R0S. & Co., Printers, LOMllARD STREKI". ^ ^ 1 PROCEEDINGS Ol' THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE 19 The Panis— An Historical Outline oe Canadlw Indian Slavery in THE Eighteenth Century. By James Cleland II. milton, M,A., LL.B. (Kciiil December 12, iXrfi.) I. Examples of early American slavery among the Portuguese, Spaniards, and New Englanders. Story of Inkle and Yarico. Reference to panis in writing's of Hennepin, ("harlevois, Colonel Landmann, and Captain Knox. Dr. D. G. Brinton, J. G. Sliea, and Horatio Hale as to the Pawnees and Pani stock and their habitat. The New York and other early Colonial docu- ments referred to. II. The Lower Canada records as to panis in cities of Quebec, Three Rivers, Mont- real, and elsewhere. The punishment of slaves, the pillory, carcan and the rack. Panis in Montreal Hospital, in the seigniories. HI. Legal position of Canadian slaves : The statutes, ordinances, and edicts as to them. IV. Panis in Upper Canada, at Niagara and .Xniherstbcrg. The Huron Treaty ot 1764. The last pani. I. The I'ortuguoe in 1500 sent out an expedition o North America under Gaspar Cortereal, which entered Hudson's Straits, They brought away fifty-seven natives, to be sold as slaves and used as laborers. The supposed excellent (|ua]ity of these kidnapped natives. an cviii tlic I'uritan Colonists. In 1675 many towns, villages, and farnisti'ads in Ma^sai-luisilts and Rhode Island wtTC destroyed by the WampanoaKs, inider the famous Kiii(i I'liilii). There were few families in the region attacked who did not mourn some of their memhers. When rhilip had fallen, his chiefs, sachems and bravest men were put to death ; the rem;'inder were sold as slaves. The son of I'hilip, whose only crime was his relationship to this great chief, was among the prisoners, and was sent as a slave to Hermuda, whence he never leturned. An attempt to supply such labor for the New England home market led to speedy re|>entiince. A New ll.impshire i'rovincial Law^ of 1714 recited that notorious crimes and enormities had of late been conmiitted by Indians and other slaves within Her MajestyV plantations, .ind forbade the importation of any Indians to be used as slaves. Washington Irving was among the first who criticized the stern and cruel (matures of the I'uritans, They, he cried, trained the Indians for Heaven and then sent them there (2). The story of Inkle and Varico, as told by Steele, and familiar to all readers of The Si)ectator, illustrates the cruel practice of Europeans of the seventeenth century in treating all persons of darker coini>le.\ions than themselves as proper subjects for barter. Young Inkle, ■'in I'jiglish merchant adventurer, wanders from his ship on the American main, is found and saved by ^■arico, an Indian girl, with whom'he lived in tender corresi)on)." Next in date, refer to the story of the adventures of Alexander Henry, the fur trader at Michilimatinac in iji'i, when that ouli)ost of C.inada was taken and the garrison massacred by the Chippewas and Sacs, he was led to a hiding-place by a faithful pani slave woman, and ultimately escaped. Iler owner was Ch.irlcs Lang- lade, a French halfbreed merchant and inH'ipreter, ,ind afterwards one of the early settlers in Wisconsin, but her name is not Kiveti. The Sacs and Chippewas were then at enmity with the Pawnee nation, and made slaves of such of tlieni as they captured (j). Colonel Landniann relates that, in 1800, when jonrneying from .Amherslhur);! to St. Joseph's Island, he found a larpc Indian camp in busy preparation for the burning of a female prisoner, with a child at her breast. The usual horrors of lorture had bcKun. ,'ind death was threatened, but the woman, in stoicism only expected from the other se.\, was apparently indifferent to all. The Colonel negotiated for the purchase of both mother and child, and secured them in con- siileratiun 01 bix boiUeM of riini, "iliat is,' wniea Uie careiui iliiunicler "i»o of rum, mixed with four of water." The woman showed no app.iient feeling, nor did she express thanks for her delivery from a terrible fate. This was but a part of the stoic manner of her race. She told all to her people. ;ind before the youiiK officer left St. Joseph s Island, a nunvJier of the womairs relations came and. to show their srratitude, m;ide a considerable present of the finest skins they had been able at the instant to collect. The woman ;md child so saved were I';iwnee cajitives (8). The Capitulation at Montreal had taken place on the Stli of Septeiiibet , i-(w. and wo find the word pani used in its 47th section, wliich provides tiiat the negroes and Ijanis of both sexes should remain in their condition of slavery, and belong to their French ;ind Canadian masters, under British rule, as they had been before under the French regime, and that the masters were to be at liberty to ret.ain them or to sell them, and to train them in the Catholic religion, except those who had been made prisoners of war. Captain Knox visited Canada soon after this, ;ind. commenting loosely on this section of the treaty, states his belief that paiiis imply convicts condemned to .'■lavery (<)) . He gives no authority, and is entirely mistaken. This is the more to be regretted as others, .■issuming to write C.'inadian history, have copic. " The present number of the Caddoan stock is 2,259, settled in Fort Berthold Keservation, N. Dakota, and some on the Indian Territory some on the Ponca, Pawnee, and Otae Reservations, and others on the Kiowa, Comanche and Wichita Reser- vations." They are now self-supporting. i 1 1 PROCEEPINOS or rilK CANAmAN INSTITllTK. ^3 \ ! any Indian held in bomianc was called a pani. As to this our worthy and renowned Canadian etlincjioKist, Mr. Horatio llak', writes nic: " I'ani and I'awiue are un- duubtediy the same word, in dilTereiit urthograpiiies." He states that the article last quoted is from the pen of J. G. Shea, the distmguisheil '-noloKist, and editor of Charlcvois : " All that he wrote on Indian mailers is oi the highest authority — what Mr. lirniton wnies la aiao ciiiiiciy iiuaivvoiiii). " 1 iic I'atvucea were iii>c Ishmaelites. They had no friends upon the prairies, save those they had eontpicred and held by fear (ii)." In addition to the I'awnees, there w.is certainly another tribe which contributed slaves to Canada (i^j. In 171J the Keiiards, or I'oxes, en deavored to capture and destroy Fort Detroit, but were defeated and compelled lo surrender at discretion. Those found in arms were mas^acred. the rest were di> tributed as slaves among the victors. There are a few references in the Xew York Colonial Uocuments to panis. or lo Indians enslavi.'d by wliites. \ narrative, presented to tin.' .Mayor's Court of .\ew York City, 24th January. i(»St;. -omplaininK of the violent acts of tlie Lieutenant- Governor, Jacob Leysler, stales that an Indian slave of I'hilip French was. by him, dragged lo Fort William on the 2,?rd of the previous December, and there im- prisoned, but French was himself arrested by order of this bold (iovernor. and spent his Christmas in durance, for various matters of alleged contempt to His Honor. (Vol. 3, 676.) Colonel Ileatlicote reports to Lord Town>end, liritish Colonial Secretary, July i6th, 1715, that the Indians complain that their children, who h.iil been bound out for a limited time to be taught anil instructed by the Christians, were transferred to other plantations and sold for slaves. He adds, " And I don't know but that there may be some truth in what they allege." (Vol. 5, 433.) M. La Galissoniere's Journal of events in Canada, mnler date Nov. 11, 1747, says : "The f) HoWinB captives, as slaves was, as is well known, common with llie Indi^ins. The Cherokees and Choctaws also had many negroes 111 bondage. There are some instances in Canada of red men holdine blacks The most notable of these was Colonel Brant Thayendinagea, who had several, among them being his body." servams, Patton and Gansevllle, referred to In the writings of travellers such as Colonel Landmann and the PROCEEUINC.S OV THE CANADIAN INSIITI'TK dress standing upright and a feather waist-covering, the body tattoo-nrirked. Tliis comical figure, whether by accident or design, coincides with Mr. GrinncU's description of Pawnee Picts, or tattooed Pawnees. RolMn Michael Barrin, Count de la Gallissoniere, above mentioned, was Governor of New I'Vance, and a gentleman of scholarly taste and refinement. He is one of the leading characters in Mr. Kirby's excellent story, " The Golden Dog," the opening scene being laid in Quebec in 1748. Among the masters of Panis is the name of De Veaudreuil, who succeeded as Governor, and of the Chevalier la Corne St. Luc, a gallant soldier, who remained after the capitulation, and became a loyal defender of British rule. Other names, such as Henoit De Longueil and La Coste, are familiar to all readers of Canadian history. Some months ago a worthy member of the Canadian Institute, with a handful of ashes from an ancient kitchen-midden, by means of a microscope brought up the Huron inhabitants and their surroundings as they were when Champlain un- folded the fleur-de-lis on the Georgian Bay. Our attempt is now, with these disjointed historic fragments from the ashes of time, to produce for development some features of these humble persons, the domestic slaves, and of their sur- roundings in those grand old times, when slavery was a thing of course and the seigniorial tenure most flourished in the old regime. The Pani no doubt spoke in a patois of French and Illinoisan. His dress was a rude commingling of the styles of Quebec and the wild South. He had no taste for work at the tail of the plough, but supplied venison and fish, made bows and lacrosse sticks for the boys, and joined them in games and hunting. The S(|uaws waited on table, were the ladies' maids, the children's ayahs, and fashioned moose-skin moccasins, ;ulorncd with bright- tinted quills of the bristling porcupine. Removed from his native wilds, the Pani doubtless followed, to some extent, the religion of his masters, with its rites and ceremonies. But when he gazed on the rising sun. away from the presence of the Black-robe, we may imagine him imploring the protection of the dread Opirikut, god of his fathers: and when, in the winter evenings, the aurora flashed across the vault above, he saw the spirits of his friends in flight from the far sotnh land, and then his heart filled with longings for the l)anks of the Niobrara, where the ancestral tents were set and the buffalo shook the plains. With such suggestions, names and facts as have been placed before us, it only needs the wand of imagination to raise the curtain of si.x-score years and show the home of the seigneur among his habitant friends and neighbours beside the St. Lawrence, the St. Francis or the Chaudiere. And when there comes that happiest hour of the day, when the work is done and the night as yet is young, they gather into the great room, beech logs blaze and cast their light on bronzed features as they enter, capotes are thrown back, waist-sashes loosened, and the snf)w is shaken from homesi)un coats and deerskin leggings. Pleasant greetings and kind emiuiries pass around, and the news of the day is exchanged. The cure, the seigneur and the notary sit wheie all can see and hear. In ;ind out flits on moccasincd feet a dusky figure almost unnoticed, yet not unwelcome. He quiets barking dogs, brings a coal to light a pipe, or stirs the logs to a fresh blaze. He is the Indian slave, the pani. III. The edict of Louis XT\'. in 1688, .lutliorizing the importation of slaves from Africa, referred only to negroes. Some doubt seems to have existed as to the legal status of panis. and. to remove these. Jacques Raudot. Ninth Intendant, issued an ordinance at Quebec on .April r.^th. T700, referring to negroes and the Indian people called Panis, and declaring. "We, therefore, under the good pleasure of His Majesty, order that all the pnnU and negroes who have been bought, and who shall be purchased hereafter, shall belong 'n full nro'irietnrshin to those who have purchased them as their slaves.' Then followed an injunction, prohibiting the shaves from running away, and pro- visions for imposing on those who .aided tliem in so doing a fine of so livres Hocquart, Intendant under the Marquis de Beauharnois, Governor-General, \ 26 l'K(K.Ki:niNGS OF TIIK CANADIAN INSTITUTI-. in i;s6 issued an ordinance, declaring null all enfranchisements not made in com- pliance witii certain reKulations, and registered. A declaration of the I'aris Royal Council of 23rd July, 1745, declared that slaves who follow the enemy to the ( olonies of France, and their efifects, should belong to Ili> Most Christian Majesty. This was a precedent of General Butler's famous order, made more than a ciMitiiry later, coiitiscating slaves coming into the Union ranks as " contrabands." The I'arH.-inient (jf tlrcat Britain was, when Canada was secured to the Empire, very favourable ti,>p for life, and onlv iriven freedom gradually to their offspring ; but this proi)osal, though warmly debated, was not successful. In 1700, and again in 1800, .Mr. I'apinean presented petitions from many inhabitants of Montreal referring to the ordinances of hitendants Raudot and Ilocquart, also to the (,)uebe(: .'\ct. maintaining the former laws and usatres to the people of (."anada, and also to an .\ct of George III., under cover of which the petitioners allege a number of slaves, panis and negroes, were imported (18). TSiJls brought in on these )>etitions were much