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 Canadian Inatituta for Hiatorical Microraproduetiona / Inatitut Canadian da microraproduetiona hiatoriquaa 
 
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L'axemplaira filmt fut reproduit grice A la 
 g^nArosiU da: 
 
 Bibliothiqut 
 Agriculturi Canada 
 
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MKIOCOPr RHOIUTION \tXt CHART 
 
 lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) 
 
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 /1PPLIED MVHGE he 
 
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 Boc^Mttf, hwo TV* 14609 USA 
 
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 IZmBinOH CXSCITLAB Vo. 18. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGBIOULTFRE. 
 
 EZnEIXENTM. FABMS. 
 
 J. H. QRISDALE, B.Agr., 
 
 Director. 
 
 W. T. MACOUN, 
 
 Dominion Hortieulturlot 
 
 DlVmOll or HOKTIOin.TtJBB. 
 
 TOP-GRAFTING 
 
 BY 
 
 W. T. Macouk. 
 
 'V 
 
 
 Where there are trees which produce poor or unprofitable fruit they may bo oude 
 to bear good fruit by top^afting other varieties upon them. If it is desired to fww 
 a good variety which when grown in the ordinary way proves a fnilurc, on aooouat of 
 roovkiUing or sunscalding, it is possible to grow it successfully by top-graftia«. 
 V«rietie<. which ordinarily take a long time to come into bearing will fruit much 
 sooner when top-grafted. These are some of the most important results which may 
 be obtained by this method. 
 
 Up to the present time in Canada, top-grafting has usually been done on old o» 
 bearing trees which produced poor fruit, and as very satisfactory results have been 
 obtained this practice will continue to be popular. 
 
 The work is done in the spring before growth begins, but it is possible to graft 
 successfully even when the tree* are coming into leaf, provided the scion is quite dor- 
 niant, but the chances of success are much lessened if it is done late. As the shock 
 to a large tree would be very great if all or nearly all the branches on which the leaves 
 develop were cut off the first season, from three to four years should be devoted to 
 n-moving the top of the tree. If, however, a large number of scions are inserted the 
 top may be changed in leM time, but as a rule it is not wise to do it in less than three 
 years. J; urthermore, a too severe pruning at one time will cause a large number of 
 shoots to grow on the tree, and considerable labour will be involved in removing them 
 if many trees are trrafted. Cleft grafting is usually adopted in top-working tree^ it 
 being a simple and satisfactory method. 
 
 The branches to be grafted should not exceed an inch and a half or two inchea in 
 diameter. If they are larger it is so long before the stub heals over that disease may 
 set m. It is possible, however, to graft larger branches by putting in Qlore scions 
 The top-grafting of a large tree should be done with n view to having the new top as 
 symmetrical as possible, and great care should be taken in selecting the branches to 
 be grafted upon. After the branch is sawn off the stub is cleft by means of a mallet 
 and strong knife to the depth of an inch and a half or two inches. It is held open to 
 receive the scion by driving a wedge in it. .Scions for use in tap-grafting are cut from 
 dormant wood which has been kept in good condition in the manner hereafter d«t- 
 . ribe<l. They should have about three strong buds and be cut wedge-shape at the buo 
 (.ne si.le. however, being a little thicker than the other. Two scions aie now insertwi 
 
 «1J«3 — 1 
 
 
in the cleft of the stub, with the wide side of the wedge on the outside, and thrust 
 down until the lowest biid is almost on a line with the edge of the stub. The inner 
 baik of both scion and stub should meet at some point, so that the union will take 
 place readily, and this is more easily effected if the scion is given a slightly outward 
 slope whpn inserted. When the wedge has been withdrawn from the cleft the advan- 
 tage of having the wedge-shaped end of the scion thicker on one side will be apparent, 
 as it will be held much more tightly than il both sides were the same. If the scion is 
 not « tight fit all along there is something wrong in the way it has been out or tlip 
 stub has been cleft. The cut parts should now be covered with grafting wax to exclude 
 the air and hold the scion in place. Cotton is also sometimes wrapped around the wax 
 in order to more effectively hold the scion in place. If both of the scions grafted on 
 a stub should grow, the weaker one should be removed after most of the surface of the 
 stub has healed over. 
 
 It is often desirable to top-graft young trees, and this may be done very roiidily. 
 The main branches are cut back to within a short distance of the trunk, and the 
 ."cions grafted on, either by cleft or whip grafting. The closer the grafted part !.- to 
 the trunk the better, as the tree will be stronger than if the union occurred further 
 out on the limb, since the growth of graft and scion may not be equal. It is possible 
 to cut off the whole tcvp of the dree and graft suceeasfiilly on t\\v inn in trunk, when the 
 tree is young, but unless one is sure that the union will be perfect and the top not 
 outgrow the stock it is better not to run the risk of losing the tree. Furthermore, if 
 the whole top is cut off there will be such a growth the first season that the scions are 
 liable to get broken off. In top-gmfting a young tree that has been planted from 
 three to five years, it is better to take two season* to do the work, as the results will 
 Ite as a rule more satisfactory. In top-grafting it is usually desirable to begin with 
 the central rather than the side branches. 
 
 It is necessary to examine the sfrafted trees from time to time during the summer 
 and remove any young shoots from the stocks which are interfering with the scions. 
 It is not wise, however, especially when the tree has been out back severely for graft- 
 ing, to remove all the shoots until the grafts have grown considerably and furnish a 
 good leaf surface. McMahan, Haas and Hibernal apples make good stocks where the 
 winters are very severe, the last nained being most suitable for the prairies unless crab 
 npples are used whi<h are hardier but which do not make as good a union, and Tol- 
 niun a good one elsewhere. 
 
 SCIONS. 
 
 A» much of the success in grafting depends on the condition and quality of the 
 sciona, too much stress cannot be laid on the importance of having them of the best 
 (luality and in the beat condition at the time of grafting. 
 
 Soiona may be cut any time after the wood is well ripened in the autumn and 
 before the buds begin to swell in the spring. The best time, however, is in the autumn, 
 nt they may then be kept in the condition desired. If they ar» cut in cold weather 
 in winter, the treea from which they are taken may bo injiiro<l if large numbers ar<« 
 romoved from them, as the bark is liable to split. There is lo..is >ap also in the scions 
 at that time and thus the chance of their drying up is greater than if they were cut 
 in the autumn. One cannot tell very well, either, in winter whether the young woo<l 
 haa been injured or not. Scions should be cut from healthy, bearing trees. The woo<l 
 of old treea is liable to be diseased, and if diseased wood ie uaed it is likely toduoo 
 a diieaaed tree when grafted. Scions should also be cut from the most pisduotive 
 trees. Oocasionally, one or more tree-, of a variety will produce heavier crops than tl.% 
 others. If seiona are taken from these trees, it is possible that a larger propor- 
 tion of the trees grafted with them will prove more produotive than tlioy otherwise 
 •oall The scions shoi-ld be cut from the wood of the current season's growth, as 
 
!■ 
 
 f 
 
 older wood is not satisfactory. The buds should be well developed and the wood 
 thoroufrhly ripened. It is not wise to use the water-sprouts or young shoots which 
 spring from the main branches or trunks for this purpose. They may not be 
 thoroughly ripened, and it is also possible that sprouting propensities may be thus 
 developed in the grafted '.ees. The entire season's growth may be cut off and packed 
 away until required for grafting, when it should be cut into pieces from four to six 
 inches in length each having three well developed buds, if growth has not started 
 scions may be cut fresh from the tree and be successfully grafted. 
 
 Scions may be kept in good condition in m..ss, sawdust, sand or forest leaves. 
 These materials should be slightly moist, but not wet; the object being to keep the 
 scions fresh and plump without there being any danger of rotting. They should be 
 kept in a cool cellar which is n^t too dry, when tlie.v will remain dormant until ready 
 for use. 
 
 (iHAFTIN'C} WAX. 
 
 There are many kinds of grafting wax recommended, but it is unnecessary to 
 enumerate them all. One of the cheapest and best is that known as ' Reliable Wax ' 
 the receipt for which is as follows :—' Reliable \Vax.'— Resin, four parts by weight- 
 beeswax, two parts; tallow, one part. Melt together and pour into a pail of cold water! 
 Then grease the hands and pull the wax until it is nearly white. One of the best 
 waxes for either indoor or outdoor use. This should bo heated before using if too 
 hard. 
 
 A more pliable wax for outdoor use is made in the following proportions:— Resin, 
 five parts by weight, beeswax, one part; boiled linseed oil, one and a quarter parts. 
 
 Publiihtd by aHthority of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, MinitUrof Aaricultur.. Ottawa, Ont.