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I
^
SYNOPSIS
OF THE
^mxu of %m\m,
UNIVERSITY OF M'CILL COLLEGE.
SESSION 1859-60.
Montreal, Published by B. Dawson Sf Son.
SYJV
OPSIS
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OFJVI^LL COLLEGE.
Professor J. W. DAWSON, LL.D., F.
G-S. &c.
lDt«)ductory._Objec(s and limits oftlie Science ,„„.l, i .
uses and advantages. ^"ence— methods of stiidj—
o ■. J',,^"'"™"^"™ »" Animal Lire.
"^'^ri^tal^ar/l^tthfe^^^re?'"''"","' "^ O^S-i-J into
tLe latter, by sansatff a„dvo!uSta tTJ' '""' " "^i^-^d from
of ro™, eh^iea, -positiotrn-ro?::^^!^^^^^^^
II. Animal Histologt
""'^ WZ" "• "' ■"="'""■' ""'" g^««'. "ProJuotion and „e.
an.n,als-Microscopic exaSaSn of fe„e" "" '"■ ""^ '""^^
/ N r .• "'■ ^"'"''•""'s op TirE Animal.
W J^Mctions of the Animal Life -sen,-,ti„n , .
secretion, -A^Ssll-'^r^ifS-r/rl^X^*^ "'=-«''"•
IV. Classification of Animals.
(a) Observation of forms and structures,— relations of these to functions
and uses— relations to type or plan— homology and affinity, as
distinguished from analogy and adaptation.
(b) The species in Zoology,— its elementary character as the unit of
the science— its determination, by unity of form, structure and
instinct, and continuous reproduction, — its constancy and limits
of variation.
(c) Genera, orders and classes in Zoology,— their general basis in ho-
mology— and the special distinctive grounds on which they are
founded- natural and artificial arrangements— proper limits of the
genus- -evils of undue raultiphcation of genera.
(d) Provinces of the Animal Kingdom.
1 — Vertebrata.
2 — Articulata.
3— Mollusca.
4< — Radiata.
Type of structure in each province— limits of the provinces-
relative rank in nature.
^ i .
V. Descriptive Zoology.
(/■« the course of the. Lectures examples will be given of spexies representing each
or,/eror fiimili/ in the following arrangement, icith especial reference to
tii'iadian Zoology, and noHces of Gi.ographic,,l and Geological distribution.
J/ic classification adopted is based on a comparism of the conclusions of the
best authorities on the several groups, loith thevicm of exhibiting to the stu-
dent the natural affinities of animals in the clearest possible manner.
Class 1.
2.
3.
4.
a
it
it
ProviT^ice I.— RADIATA.
Protozoa — Animalcule, Sponges.
Acalephai— Jelly f.shes, and Hydroid polyps.
Anthozoa— Sea Anemones, Coral Animals.
Echinodermata— Sea urchins, Star fishes.
Class I. — Protozoa.
Order 1. RMzopoda :—
(a) Without shells—ex. Amoeba. Actinophrys
(b) Calcareous forarainated shells, Foraminifera
ex. Orbulina, Entosolenia, Miliolina, Polystomella.
(c) Sihcious shells, Poljcistina- ex. Podocjstir, Litho-
cvclia, Haliomma.
Order 2. Pon/era—ex. Spongia, Halichondria, Tethea, Spong-
illa.
Order 3. 7nfusoria~ex. Lucophrys, Loxodes, Vorticella. True
Iiraits;of this class, how separated from plants, gemmules
polyps, &c.
^
t
t
ClaSi II. — ACALEPHJB.
Order ! . Hydraidea, ox lly^vox^ Polyps-ex. Hydra, Tubularia
Carapanularia, Sertularia. ^ «», xuouiaria,
•* 2. S«>/«wqp/^om,orrhysogrades-.ei. Phvsalia.
6. Uiscophora, or Pulmogrades.
S ^^^^:^y^^-^^' Madeeria, Sarsia, &c.
(6) Clothed-eyed-ex.Rhizostoma, Cyanea,&c.
tT ' '"' Cihogrades-ex. Cydippe, Beroe. Ces-
^'''lif^°'^P'/r'"f °[ ^^^'^Pl^--^' and general embryonic
relations of Acalephs and Hydroids.
Class III. — AiVTHozoA, OR Polypi.
Oi^QT 1. Zoantharia, or Actinoids.
Fam. 1, Actiniadce-Qx. Actinia.
" 2. Xerdida-.ex. Zoanthes.
'* 3. Madrepondce-Qx. Fungia, Caryophyllia, As-
^, ^ ^, traea, Meandrina, &c.
Urder 2. Alcyonaria, or Alcyoooids.
Fam. 1. Alcyonidcc—Qx. Alcyonium.
" 2. Pc««a«M/2^«s--ex. Pennatula.
" 3. Tubiporidcs^ex. Tubipora.
" 4>. Corallidcz—ex. Corallium, Gorgonia, &c.
Reproduction of Anthozoa ; formation of coral reefs.
Class IV ECHINODERMATA.
Order 1. CH-aoidea—ftx. Comatula, Pentacrinus,
?• -|f^^o^^«— ex. Asterias, Ophiura, Euryale.
3. Echinoidea-.Qx. Echinus, Clypeaster, Cidari?
4-. Holothundea-^Gx. Holothuria.
5. Sipunculoidea—Qx. Sipunculus.
Reproduction and larval forms of Echin. derms.
«
Province II — MOLLUSCA.
Polyzoa or Bryzoa.—^Q^, Mats &c.
Tunicata — Tunicates.
^/•ac/i2b?;oc?a— Terebratulae, &c.
Lamellibranchiata— Ordinary bivalve shell-fish
Pteropala—Clios, Hyaleas.
Gasteropoda^V nivaive shell-fish and sea sluo-s.
Cgp^/opoc?a^Cuttle-fishes, Nautili. *
(a) Acephalous.
Class I.— Polyzoa or Bryozoa.
(a) (Infundibulata.)
Order 1. (Cheilostomata.)
Fam. 1. Catenicellidcs—ex. Catenicella.
Class 1.
" 2.
« 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(t
ti
^T |- ^^,l^ncula^^x, Hippothoa.
5. CabeTeadcc--^x. Caberea.
Fam. 1. Crisiadcc^Qx Crisia
Orders rr/ /^"'^^"^'^-ex. Discopo?a.
^ruer J. {Ctenostomata.)
Orders. (P.litrrr----Aic,onidiu..
Questions as to afSnities of Voljzot,,
Class II.— TUNICATA.
Order 1. {Asddics.)
Order2.(i?.>L4'^^^"^^ "~"''^'^^"°'"-
Fam. .1 5a/j«i/«.^ex. Salpa.
Class HI—Brachiopoda.
'5«--ex. itlijnconella, Atrvna
r' ^^^j^*~ex. Orthis, Lepta^na
„ J- tr««?*=-ei. Discioa.
8. im5«/,tf«_e,. L,.„^„,,_ o^_^,_^_
lia.
u
(t
((
(*)
Class IV.— Lameli.ibranchiata.
(a) (Asr'pfionida.)
Fam. 1. Oj^rW«_ex. OstreajAnomia.Pecten.Spon-
dylus, Plicatula. ^
2. Aviculijla:^ ex. Micnh, Meleagrina, Pinna.
3. Mytzhdce-ex. Mytilus, Modiola, Lithodcmus.
4. ArcadcB-ex. Area, Cucullaea, Nucula, Leda.
5. Tngomdce-ex. Trigonia.
6. £/«io»2c/fl;-ex. Unio, Anodon, Alaamodon.
Siphonida.)
Fain. 7. ChamidcB—Qx Chama, Diceras.
« Q -^"^'^.^'S-ex. Hippurites, Radiolites.
« irt ^^^^^«-ex. Tridacna, Hippopus.
" 10. Cardiada-ex. Cardium.
«" \l' ;^"^»«*f?^-ex. Lucina, Corbis, Kellia.
» 12. Cydadtda^^ex. Cyclas, Cyrena, Pisidium.
IJ. C;2^We2-ex. Cyprina, Astarte, Cardita.
« 15* MnT^f"'''' I«°"«' Cytherea, Petricola.
« i«* Tf^P'!?^^'^' ^a^ti-a, Gnathodon.
« 7 f f*^.»^^-^^. Tellina, Sanguinolaria, Donax.
!I" '5^^'*"'«~«^- Solen, Machaera.
ly. ^nattmdce-ex. Anatina, Pandora.
« oi ^f^^ocf^^enida2-ex. Gastrochaena.
21. PJwladidce-^Qx. Pholas, Teredo.
(J) Encephalous,
Pteropoda.
With external shell.
r -^«^«f w^f^tfj-ex. Limacina, Spinalis.
Without external shell. *
Fam. 3. Cliida-ex. Clio, Pelagia.
•Gasteropoda.
I'Nudeobranchiata, or Heteropoda.
J? am. 1. Firoltd(C~ex. Carinaria.
" 2. Atlantidrc~ex. Atlanta, Bellerophon, Maclu-
rea.
Order 2. Opisthobranchiata.
(a) (Nudibratichiate).
Fam. 1. Elysiadoi—ex Elysia.
" 2. P/42V/yrAo2<f«- ex. Phyllirhoe.
" 3. -4co//^re— ex. Aeolis, Glaucus.
" 4. Tntoniad<z—^x. Tritonia.
/»x ,«, " , ^* ^oridcR^ex Doris,
(o) {Teaibranchiate).
Fam. 6. Fhyllidladc&^ax. Phyllidia.
Class V.~
(a)
(*)
Class VI.-
Order
I
MR
Um-
■*! did*
(o) (Operculatc.)
Fam^. 3. ^uricumc-ex. Auricula.
"^KS-^" ^''""^-' ^-.vlus, Pb,3a,
" 5. Oncidiadce^.^x. Oncidium.
ii ?* -^'^'^^^^^-ex. Limax, Testacella
Order*. Prosobtanchiata.
(a) Witboat siphons, (nhlostomata.)
!: l- OkUonid«:-^j.. Chiton.
<;:^f <««^«-o.. Cal„traea. Crepidula, Pi.
. ,. rchisonia, lanthi." °"'' ^'«-''"»'»»™, Mu-
"10. S'^iSl- ^»«-. An,pui,aria.
'aria. Caecum. ^"""="''. Vermeto, Sca-
(6) With siphons. {Siphonostwiata.)
Fam 1. Cvpraadcc^^y,. Cjpraea.
„ 2. Volut2dce^ex. Voluta.
„ • ttrh;„a!S- ^--- ^-
Pjrula, Fusus. * ^"*°°' Tnchctropis,
« 6. 5rrc;«i,^«^ex. Strombus, Pteroceras.
Class VII.— Cephalopoda.
Order 1. (Tetr<i/jran-hmta.)
Fam. I. Nauiuiilcc—Qx. Nautilus, Lituitev
*' 2. Ort/uxe^atida'-^ex, Orthoceras, Goraphoceras,
Cjrtoceras, &c.
" 3. Aninionitidrn-Qx. Ammonites, llainites. Ba-
cuhtes, &LC. '
Order 2. {Diljrcmchiata.)
(rt) Decapoda.
Fam. 1. Tcuthid^-ex. Loligo, Belotuethis, Onycho-
teuthis. "'
" 2. J3(/cm?iaida;~ex. Belemnites.
** 3. Scpiuf/rc—ex. Sepia.
/7x ^. " ■*' ^Pirulidcc^ex. Spirula.
(6) Octopoda.
Fam. 1. Octfypodidoi—Gx. Octopus.
" 2. Argunautidcc-Gx. Argonauta.
Province III.— ARTICUIATA.
Class 1. Annulata—W ovras.
" 2. CVMs^^cm— Softshell-fisL.
•J 3. MynV/pot/a- Centipedes, M:ilii)edes.
" 4-. /nsfcirt— Insects.
« 5. Arachnida—m\it&, spiders, scorpions.
Class I.— Annulata.
Order I. Trcmatoda^ex. Echinococcus, Taenia, Bothryoce-
pbalus, Planaria. ^
« 2. Ncmatoidca-ex. (Jordius, Trichinu, Ascaris.
fetrongylus.
" 3. Sitctorid—ex. Sanguisnga.
" 4. Tcrrico/a—ex. Lumbricus, Nais.
" 5. TubicolcB-ex. Serpula. Sabella, Araphitrite, Tere-
bella, Spirorbis.
« 6. Errantia-Qx, Arenicola, Syllis, Nereis, Aphrodite.
Class IL— Crustacea.
Sub Class 1. (Rotzfera.)^ex. Uotifer, Ilydatiua, Stephaaoceros.
(Various opinions relating to the aflSnities of Rotifers, and uncer-
tamties attending them at present.)
Sub Class 2. {Entomostraca.)
Order 1. XipJmura—ex, Limulus.
" S* ^f 'of«^««-ex. Asaphus, Caljmene, Trinucleus.
6. Jr/iT/Uopoda— ex. BrsLnchipus.
" 4. C/ac?ocera— ex. Daphnia
8
Order 5. Ostrapoda^^x. Cjpris, Cjtherina.
r: ^^'P"'^'^—^^' Cyclops.
". Cirrepedia.
Fam. 1. Balcmida^^ex. Balanus, Coronula.
^. Verriiciilcs^ex. Verruca.
" 3, LqmdidcR—Qx. Lepas.
« ^- -^i^^-o^-ex.PenicuIus, Lernea, Achtheres.
Sub Class 3, (Malacostraca.)
(a) Edriophthalmla— Sessile eyes.
Order 1. LaeimJipocla—e\. Ca])rella.
{b) (Podophthalmia).- Stalked eyes.
4. Stomapoda—ex. Squilla.
" 5. Decapoda.
(a) Macroura-ex. Homarus, Astacus,
Crangon.
(b) Anomoura-ex. Pagurus, ilemipes.
(c) Brachyura-^ ex. Cancer, Pinnotheres.
Class III — Myriapoda.
^''^erl. Chihgnatha— ex. Julus.
2. Chilopoda—ex. Scolopendra, Lithobius.
Class IV. — Insecta.
^'iJf' i- •^/^«-«'^- I^episma, Podura, Pediculus.
Z. .^2^hamptera—ex. Pulex.
" 3. Diptera.
Fntn. 1. HJppoboscidcc-ex. Hippobosca.
■^ -. O^sinflfo— ex. Gasterophilau.
'• 3. MuscidcB-ex. Musca. Chlorops, Oscinis.
4'. Tabamdce—ex. Tabanus.
5. Tipulidcc--^x. Cecidomyia, Chirononius,
t). Cvlmd(i—ex. Culex.
" 4. Lepidoptera.
(«) Ileteroeero.
^^'^; d' ^'^'*''-^^'^'""-«''* I^'erophorus.
" 2. 7\/ie/«a_ex. Tinea.
« 3. ror^/rma-ex.Tortrix,Lozotaenia.
f • Pyr"l^'^ina—ex. Pyralis, Hespera.
o. GeoOTe<r2na-ex. Capera, Electra.
b. iVbc/ui/ia-ex. Catocala, Plusia.
7. i?omAycv.na-ex. Cllsiocampa, Troprea, Samia,
Arctia, Spilosorna. Saturnin-
'• «. ^/^Aengz/io-ex. Sphinx, DeiJephila, Aegeria.
«
<t
s
(5) Rophaloctra.
Fam. 1. HesperidcB^ex. Hesperia.
" 2. Lymenid^~ex, Chrjsophanus.
3. ^ympAaltdce^ex.Axgynm, Vanessa.
*. Uelecomd(B-^Qx. Danais.
« 5. Papilionid(B—Qx, Papilio, Colias.
Order 5. Hymenoptera.
(a) Securifera-ex Cimhex, Tenthredo, Tremex.
S ^Sr "• ^'''''''''' ^^'"P'^' ^P^-' C^nips, Chrysis.
Belerogt,na~ex. Formica, Myrmica.
^oMores-ex. Pepsis, Pelopaeus.
JJiploptera—Qx. Vcfipa.
AntJwphUa—Qx, Apis, Boinbus.
Order 6. Hemiptera.
(a) Heteropterous.
Fam. 1. G^^«^^^-«. Pentatoma, Cimex, Corcus,
(6) i^^L^f ^"^^-^^- ^«P^' ^-'^atra, Notonecta.
^T* ^ ^'^^'^fr^-ex. Cicada, Fulgora.
" 4.. Aphidti-ex. Aphis. ^
" 5. Gallimecta—ex. Coccus.
Order 7. Strepsiptera.
Ex. Xenas, Stjiops.
Order 8. Neuroptera.
(a) Suhulicarnes,
^T' o' |;*«»'?f-ex. Libellula, Agrion.
(c) Plidpennes.
Fam. 5. PhTyganid<R^n. Phrjganea.
Order 9. Orthoptera.
{a) Cursoricu
Fam. 1. Blo.ttidcB'-Qx. Blatta.
(*) sJLL^"""*'-''- M">«».I'Mi™, Spectra.
Fam. 3. AchetidtB^cx, Acheta.
« 4. Gryllide^^cx. Grjlius.
0. LocustidcB-Qx. Locusta.
Order TO. Coleoptera.
(a) Fseiidotrtmera.
Fam. CoccinellidcB^'-ex, Coccinella.
B
I
10
(b) Pseudotetramera.
Fam. ChrysomelidcB—ex. Cassida, Chrysomela.
CeramhycidcB'-ex. Clytus.
PryonidcB—ex. Orthosoma.
Curculionidce—ex. Ceutorhyncus, Balaninus.
yu) Heteromera.
Fam. MeloidcB—eTi. Meloe, Cantharis.
Tenebrionida—er. Tenebrio.
(rf) Pentamera.
Fam. Malachiid(B—e\. Malachius.
LampyridcB — ex. Lampyris.
Jjyddee—ex. Lycus.
Elaterid(B—ex. Elater.
Buprestida—ex. Buprestis, Stenuris.
Ijucanidez—ex. Lucanus.
ScarabaeidcB—ex. Melolontha.
BermestidcB—ex. Dermestes.
Staphylinidcn — ex. Ocypus.
SylphidcB—ex. Necrophorus.
Gyrinida—GX. Gyrinus.
DytiscidcB—ex. Dytiscus-
CarabidcB—ex. Harpalus, Chlcenius, Calosoma,
Carabus.
CidndelidcB—ex. Cicindela.
/ •
Class VII.— Arachnida.
Order 1. Dermophysa—ex. Demodex.
« 2. Trachearia—ex. Sarcoptes, Ixodes, Pbalangium,
Cbelifer.
«
3. Pulmo-trachearia.
Fam. 1. MygalidcB—tx. Mygale, Cteniza.
« 2. AraneidcB'—ex, Epeira, Aranea.
" 3. Lycoridcs — ex. Tarantula, Salticus.
Order 4. Pulmonnria.
Fam. 1. PhrynidcB—ex. Phrynus.
« 2. ScorpionidcR—e.x. Scorpio.
Place of the higher Articu'^tes in the system— mode of collection
and preservation of specimens.
Prcmnce IV.— VERTEBRATA.
Class 1. Pwces— Fishes.
« 2. ilej9««7za— Reptiles and Batrachians.
" 3. Aves— Birds.
« 4<. JMa»iwwj/ift— Mammals.
/ •
ma.
X
lum.
stion
11
Class I. — Pisces.
Cuvier's Clatsification :-^
Apoda; 5 L^pbobralTif 6' p'l^ewt'.r''''''" ' * "^^".i^^i
Agassiz^ Classification:—
Ctcnoidei.
Cjcloidei.
Placoidei.
Ganoidei.
Uses of these systems and objections to them.
Muller's Classification.
Order 1. Dermopteri-ex. Amphioxus, Petromjzon.
2. Malacopteri,
Muraenidce—ex. Muraena.
ClupeiadcB—Gx. Clupea.
Salmonida—ex. Salmo.
Cyi^rmecfe ex. Cyprinus. Leuciscus, Cata-
stomus. '
Esocidce—ax. Esox.
Siluridcr.—ex. Pimelodus.
Order 3. Pharyngognathi.
C?r^T?'^'^~"'^-^®'°''^^«''-Esox,Exocetus.
Cjewo-Zo^n^ _ex. Ctenolabrus, Tautoga.
Cyao-Xa5ncfe-ex. Labrus. ^
Order 4.. Anacanthini.
Ophidid(B-^x. Ophidium, Ammodvtes.
W«cfe-ex. Morrhua, Merlangus.
i^/cw/o«ec^^cfe-ex. Hjpoglossus, Platessa.
Order 5. AcantTiopteri.
P^m^-^ex^Perca, Lucio-Perca, Centrarchus,
^S^J^'^i"^"'^!^"^'*' ^°«"«' Gasterosteus.
ScwwAer2Gfe_ex. Scomber, Thynnus.
■^abynntlwbranchidcB—QX. Anabas.
■^lenmidcc^ex. Anarrhicas.
Lophiid<B—Qx. Lophius, Malthea.
Order 6. Plectognathi.
BalistidcR—^x. Balistes,
OatradonidcB'-Qx. Ostracion.
Order 7. L^ hobranchii.
Syngnathidis^ex. Syngnathus, Hippocampus.
Order 8. Ganoid^u.
LepidosteidcR—^x. Lepidosteus.
l*olypteridcB—ex. Polypterus.
AmiidcB~ex. Amia.
Sturionid(B—ex. Accipeaser.
Extinct genera of Ganoids.
Order 9. Protopteri.
Sirenidcs—ex, Lepidosiren.
Order 10= Holocephali.
CkimaeroidcB-^ex. Chimaera.
Order 11. Plagiostomi.
Cestracionida-^QX. Cestracion.
Careharidce—eyi. Carcharias.
Lamnidee—ex. Lamna. Selache.
GalddcB—ex. Mustelus.
Spinacidce^ex. Spinax.
ScymnidcB—ex. Scymnus.
Zygaenida—ex. Zygaena.
PristidcB—ex. Pristis.
Raiida—ex. Raia, Pastinaca, Cephaloptera.
Class II. — RfiPTiLiA.
Order 1. Batrachia or Amphibia.
(a) Apoda—ex. Caecilia.
{p) Amphipneusta^ex. Siren, Proteus, Menobranchus,
Menopoma.
(c)i7rorfe/a-.ex. Salamandra, Triton.
(d) Anura^ex. Rana, Bufo, Hyla.
Question cf the right of Batrachians to constitute a separate Class.
Order 2. Chelonia.
(a) Chelonii.
CMoniida^ ,.. Chelonia.
[p) AmydcB.
TnonycideB—ex. Aspidonectes.
Chelydrice—ex. Chelydra.
Order 3. Ophidia.
CTotalida—ex. Crotalus, Pelias.
Coluberida-ex. Coluber, Tropidonotus, Calamaria,
Heterodon.
BoiidcB—Qx. Boa, Wenona.
2's7?A^QP2rf<8— ex. Rena.
I
f
I
us.
i
[ass.
T8
Order 4. Sauria.
ScincidcB-ex. Scincus, Anguls.
Lacertinida—ex. Lacerta, Zootoca.
Monitorides—ex. Monitor.
Geckotidce—ex. Platjdactylus.
ChamelponidcB—ex. Chameleon.
Iguanidce - ex. Iguana, Phrynosoma, Amblyrhvncus.
AgamidcB—ex. Draco. / / »
Notices of other Families.
Extinct Families— Palaeosaurida.
DinosauridcB.
Dicynodontidce.
Pterodactyli.
Enaliosauri.
Order 5. {Lmcata)-ex. Gavialis, Crocodilus, Alligator.
Extinct genera — Teleosaurus, Stenosaurus.
Class III.— AvES.
Order 1 . (Natatores.)
Fam. 1. ^natulce-ex.Mergvis, Fuligula, Anas, Anser.
2. Lartdcs^ex. Sterna, Larus.
' 3. Procellaridce-ex. Thalassidroma
4. P<?/ccamWre-ex. Phalacracorax.
" 5. ColymbidcB-ex. Colymbus.
" 6. Alcida—Qx. Uria.
« 7. Podocepid(B~ex. Podiceps, Fulica.
Order 2. {Grallatores.)
Fam. 1. Fhalaropidce-ex. Phalaropus.
" 2. RecurvirostridcB-ex. Himantopus.
5. CharadriadcB—ex. Charadrius.
4. Ral/idcs^ex. Rallus, Gallinula.
{>. ScolopacidcB-ex. Numenius, Tetanus. Sco-
lopax.
" 6, ArdcidcE^ex. Ardea.
Order 3. {Curmes.)
Fam. 1. StrutkionidcB—ex. Struthio.
" 2. Apterygidcs^ex. Apteryx.
Extinct genera -Epiornis, Dinornis.
Order 4. {Ratores.)
Fam. 1. Teiraonid(B-.Qx. Tetrao, Ortyx.
" 2. Cracidfs—Qx. Crax, Penelope.
" 3. Phasiamd(B—ex. Meleagris.
" 4. Columhid(e—Qx. Ectopistes, Columba.
Order 5. (Insessores.)
(a) Conirostres.
14
Corvid(S—ex. Corms.
FringillidcB—ex. Fringilla, Emberiza.
Amj)elid(B—ex. Bombycilla.
(ft) Dentirostres.
Laniidce — ex. Lanius.
MuscicapidtB—eTi. Muscicapa.
MerutidcB—ex. Turdus.
Sylviadce — ex. Sylvia, Syalia, Regulus.
Vireonides—ex. Vireo.
CerthiadcB—ex. Certhia.
(c) Fissirostres,
HirundinidcB—ex. Hirundo, Chaetura, Cbordeiles.
CaprimulgidcB — ex. Caprimulgus.
HcUcyonida — tx. Alcedo.
{d) Scansores.
PicidcB — ex. Picus.
Cuculides—ex. Coccyzus.
PsittacidcB—ex. Conurua.
(e) Tenuirostres.
Trochilidcs—ex. Trochilus.
Order 6, (Raptor es.)
VukuridcB—ex. Catbartes, Gypaetos.
Strigidc8—ex. Bubo, Surnia.
FalconidcB — ex. Aquila, Circus, Faico.
Class rV. — Mammalia.
(a) Ovo-Vivipara.
Sub Class 1. LyencephcUa,
Order 1. Monotremata — ex. Ornitborbyncus, Ecbidna.
" 2. Marsupialia.
(a) (Phytophagous) — ex. PbLscolomys, Macropus, Pbas-
colarctos, Petaurus.
(b) (Sarcophagous) — ex. Didelpbys, Cbironectes, Myrme-
cobius, Peracyon.
(b) Vivipara.
Sub Class 2. LissencephcUa.
Order 1. RoderJ;ia—Qx. Mus, Arctomys, Arvicola, Sicurus,
Tamias, Jaculus, Lepus, Hystrix, Castor.
" 2. Insectivora — ex. Sorex, Condylura.
" 3. Cheiroptera — ex. Vespertilio.
" 4-. Bruta—ex. Myrmecopbaga, Dasypus, Manis, Bra-
dy pus.
Extinct Genera — Megatberium, Mylodon.
y
15
SubClaaa3. GyrencephcUa.
Mutilata. \ ^^'' '• ^P^'?"~1i- ^/'«°»' Bal^noptera,
Ungulata. ^
Unguiculata
■1
Sub Class 4. Archencephala.
Order 1. Bimana—ex. Homo.
^. Strenia—ex. Manatus.
f " 3. Pachydermata.
' (a) Proboscide»-ex. Elephas.
(6; Perissodactyla-ex. Rhinoceros.
Tapirus, Equus.
(c) Artiodactjla— ex. Sua, Hippo-
potamus.
^^ Extinct Pachyderms.
4. Rummantia-^ex. Bos, Ovis, Capra.
Camelus.
" 6* ow^''''""'^-^'''«;^'-«"«'MusteIa.
t>. Q«a6^Mma«a-ex. Lemur, Pithecia,
Hjlobates, Simia, Troglodytes.
>
PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS.
{The following directions are extraru-i /v ^i.
I.-VERTEBRATA.
I.-PRESERVING THE SKIN.
Implements for Skinntvp ti,,. • i
in skinning vertebrated Jm^s'^^^ Ti'T^ f "f""^ ^^^"''•^d
2. A pair of sharp-pointed scissors and nnt f^'' .'""^^ '*'' ^ «<^alpel.
3. Needles and thread for sewZu^L- --^^ '^'^^^ '^""'^ blades,
hook bj which to suspend thlcfrca^ss of t"h?'°" ' '? ?'■ ''^'°- *' ^
ation of skinning. To prepare thp hoot V? *°''"^' ^"""^ ^^e oper-
three feet in length, and fasten ot end'lV > f ' '*"''^' ^^^^^'^ <>"« to
has had the barf broken off By ZJot. l' '''^\^t^ook which
the string ma^ be suspended to anaTor awl li'u V^^ ^^^'' '^^^
inserted into the bodj of an animTlm^^' 7 ''^' '^^^'^ *^« ^^ook is
the operation of skinning ' ^'" ^'^' ^''^ "«« of both hands in
ol^^^Tct:Zl^^^^^^^^ P-e-tion of skins
of the shops. This may be used ?n Z ^^' °' *!" '^°'"'"0'^ arsenic
powder to the moist skin^, or else m?xed wkh'^lo'f f ^^P"^^ ^""^ ^'7
consistency of molasses, and put on with .h ^'f ^o' °f. ^ater to thj
may be added to the alcoholfc .oL o„ Th?^' ^ ^'"'^ ^^'"Pbor
substitutes for arsenic: but initspnfl\ ^here are no satisfactory
arsenical soap, camphoJ, tKlCi:.^^ tZ^lir'^ ^^^-te^
the^L^ o^^^arm^rVt s^ blrdT 1'"^ T" ^^^^^ ^h upon
the most convenient ; foftheTar^^^^^^^^ lltfT''' ^.?"°° "'" ^e
grass, straw, sawdust bran r^.r:!' °^ ^^°^^ «'>' iarger. drv
used. Whatever b'stanee^si^^^^^^^^
perfectly dry. Under no c reL" tances slu^^^' '' f"^^" *° ^^'« ^t
wool, or feathers, be employed ^ ^"""^' ™*«er, as hair,
BIRDS.
to rrercL;XlS^^^^ °°^^^ ^^-'^ ^« -^e previous
value of the sp^edmenr:!!. " "^ ''''""'"^' '' '^'y ^'^ add much tithe
distL?b\Sn\t^^^^^^^^^^ t^e end of the tai, ; the
the length of the wing from the carnal o. 'f''''''^'^ ^^ngs / and
may be recorded as iuoy^^^Z^X'. ''T^'''''' The number.,
^*, Ob, u (as for a swan), without any
i '
17
on^Jhe back of the label a..a:r.r,:e J'^plr''"™^ ^»'"'«-
ca™„c",: &i" °' "" '^"'"'"' °f ""= f-'. I"", gum., membrane,.
*. 11.6 sex. All these pomts should be recorded on the label
gettrts r's,etr„.ht''d'Li'f ":■ '"- ""'- ™^^ "y ''■="'. to.
plusffed up with rZn , "" "■■ posterior nostrils, should be
Sf tfe stomarr A ° '' '° '"'"™' "'" ^''"l"' "f '''"■'i and the dees
^.own, taHn,»ea;e notf tSr'Z d°.t Tafl fefinte o'^S
iJt^z ^fZ ^^:, t;,ni"rtL'i'^"sr ^i °"'^' '■"'"
protrude in small specimens tW Wii T ^ ^°"'^ *^^ intestines
being taken not to o' ^ ea LeC nI ^ ^' ''''''''''h S^o^^ care
rate'the skin on each side from the 5ZlT""i '"'"^ l"^ *° ^^P^"
the knee, and expose the thilh whl t'^ ' , ^f *''• "'^^'^ ^"^^ ^«^<=h
or thrust the knee up on the^ aLwn ^''^'ff '« '^^J" ^'°e hand, push
until you can place The sctor' orknif:.'"V'°'';V'^' f'"" ^^""'^'^ '*
joint iith the accompanym ' n^^eles Ph 'r^.i ""^ ^'^^^^^^ ^^^^
the skin and body trprrveV adhe^L ^'"'^^ '-^ ''"'^ «°tton between
base of the tail, and cuUhrouo-h thrvp; k 'f"..'^'1 '''"^ ^^°"^ ^^^^
care not to sev^r the bL of fhp n'lM q ''" "* /\' '^'^ J°''^t, taking
ing the hook into he low.r part of L ^""'i ^"^^ ^^ '"''''
which had better be relaxed nrevionslv^ hv f ';^*/'.*^'"g ^^e wmgs,
delicate membrane of lri:tL ib' c It e Skull' If'""'',!!"
Without cuttiW or teirlno- if . fi.on , ""'v '« tne skull, if possible,
. ^ ' ' ^ making one cut on each
18
side of the liead.
lower
through the small bone
-jaw with the skull, another lorh r^^ ^^'^ of the
base of the upper mandible^.^ bVtZf .-^ ofthe mouth at the
fourth through the skull behind the 3. T' °^*^^ 'ower, and a
the mouth, you vvill have freed the kull' fT P'ff".'' *° '^' ^o<>^ o)
bram and muscle. Should anything st^^ . P "' ^^'' '-accompanying
separately. In making the iirst^o cu L ' '^ '"'^ be removed
njure or sever the ;,y|oma, a 'maU bonl ' ?'',^"'^ ^' ^^^en not to
the upper mandible to the base of the Iot/'*'i^'°^ from the base of
particle of muscle and fat from the he d iT'^'r * ^''^"^ °«" « very
preservative abundantly to the sknlf-,"'^ °'^^"'^°'^ applying the
skin, restore these parts to their nt^l^f' I"'' °"*' «« ^'llL fo tie
■ngloperations, the skin shoulTbe hand7ed^°' ''"* t ^" ^^e preced!
ca., and ms.de of skin/ to absfrbThetreaTeCd'bi::?^^ °^ ''^ --
of the strings so that the winSir V. t '?°''- , ^'« *^« t^^o fnds
apart as when attached to the bodr s^' *f ^* ''™^ '''■^*'''"'^^
part or tarsus, and remove a I the muscle'" 'a' 'r^" 1^^" '' ^he scJiy
bone and skin, and, wrapping cottr/r a^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^nic to the
[ts place. Remove all the musrli J?"^ "'^ ^^n^' P"" i^ back to
base of the tail or the sk^^ aTd ,„?^ ^'' ,^^'*^'' '"^^ adhere to the
wherever this can be done 'm u? h°" P^'"'^ "^ *^^« Preservat ve
frorn the forearm by making tnelt T^'^^f ''^'"^^^ ^^e mu de
the two jomts may be exposed " "f n°°^ '*' ^'•^ '" many ca«es
towards the wrist^joint X a'h ^^^"o^^^^^^^ «%-g down {he "skin
loosened. -iuaesion of the qmlls to the bone being
The bird is now to be restnrp,! *
by means of a filling of cot n or toV°T"^''^^ ''' "^*"r«^' «bape
and puttmg cotton into the orbTts ami ,.n ^^'" ^^ °^^"^"°g the mou?h
these parts have their natural shaL PT/^' °^ ^^^ throat u„ti
after making a roll rif}>pr i -^ , . "'^^^t t^ke tow or coHnn Tj
stretched. FlIlX w/:?, J ""■"'-'. «■■« -ct if t„ ^u^^
i^, T°e «■= needle (rem the S .T'^^''^ " ">e upper
maDdibles together, adjust the rJ,h. ■"""« ""'"ards ; tie the leffs inH
of paper the size of t.he bi 5 ST' ',"!'''!"<"• l«P»ri"g a ef Lder
I
V
19
the body and allowed to dry in that position. Economy of space is
a great object of keeping skins, and such birds as herons, geese, swans,
&c., occupy too much room when outstretched.
In some instances, as among the ducks, woodpeckers, &c., the
head IS so large that the skin of the neck cannot be drawn over it
In such cases skm the neck down to the base of the skull, and cut it
off there. Then draw the head out again, and, making an incision on
the outside, down the back of the skull, skin the head. Be sure
..ot to make too long a cut, and to sew up the incision again.
Thesex of the specimen may be ascertained after skinning, bv
makmg an mcision m the side near the vertebric, and exposing the
win h 7'^7,.° ;f\"«'nf" of the back." The 'generative ofgans
wdl be found tightly bound to this region nearly opposite to the last
ribs and separating it from the intestines. The testicles of the male
will be observed as two spheroidal or ellipsoidal whitish bodies, vary-
mg with the season and species, from the size of a pin's head to that
of a hazel-nut. The ovaries of the female, consisting of a flattened
mass of spheres, variable m size with the season, will be found in the
same region.
For transportation, each skin of mammals as wel» as of birds should,
when possible, be wrapped in paper.
MAMMALS.
The mode of preparing mammals is precisely the same as for birds,
m all Its general features. Care should be taken not to make too
large an incision along the abdomen. The principal difficulty will be
experienced in skinning the tail. To effect this, pass the slipknot of
a piece of strong twme over the severed end of the tail, and fasten-
ing the vertebra3 firmly to some support, pull the twine towards the
tip until the skm is forced off. Should the animal be large, and
an abundance of preservative not at handj the skin had better remain
inverted. In all cases, it should be thoroughly and rapidly dried.
The tails of some mammalia cannot be skinned as directed above
1 his IS particularly the case with beavers, opossums, and those species'
which use their tail for prehension or locomotion. Here the tail is
usually supp led with numerous tendinous muscles, which require it
to be skinned by making a cut along the lower surface or right side,
nearly from one end to the other, and removing the bone and flesh-
It should then be sewed up again, after a previous stuffing.
For the continued preservation of hair or fur of animals against
the attacks ol moths and other destructive insects, it will be neces-
sary to soak the skms in a solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol o
whiskey, allowing them to remain from one day to several weeks, ac-
cording to the size. After removal, the hair must be thoroughly
washed or rmsed in clean water, to remove as much as possibl? of
thesubhinafo ; otherwise, exposure to light will bleach all the colors.
iMuely powdered green vitriol, or copperas sprikled on either ha- or
20
REPTILES.
cbeTt le^fitSt'sSLd "'""' f '^«='«"Shvelve or eighteen i„
tionod, although T ■ ,,e,,„f f-' ""'"■'^".'S "> "»^ Prmcinlc, af "e Ln
for all reptile," '"' "•""•"'° '" ^l""'- "hen ,!o«il,£, is pre7eS;
oU.er reptile, „i|, preTnt't di^ Se"/ ''^*' '"' *"-S of frog, or
A ne skinning of t en.i,^ • .•■.
••ate the .skulffro,„ t ,e ,Vrlt V'T''- ^^''' '^'' '"o»th and sena-
muscles adherent to ti.: ^f^^ ,7';;^' f .^-hin, all s.nolZ^
the neck thus exposed and, holdin. oV./m' '^ """""^ ^''« ^tump of
he extremity of the tail. The skin fhni ' 1'7 ^^^ '^^^ <iowa to
to Its proper state, and then It t" ir?^ 'rr'^r'^.^''""'^ ^« '^'^^ore^
fekins of reptiles may be stadbd^v th' l^! "^'^' ^^ ^^"venient.-
useof.h.chtheirsl4eism;;eea1l;S:ed " "^^'^"^^' ^^ ^h«
thoaot'tLrrlklrniS'^^an'L'r ''^^'^ ^^ ''^P- - this wa, a,
must be separated byVknifeo'":^'^'^-. " ^he brel^a t
cera and lleshy parls have beef emo?.' ^.''^'.^"^' "^'«« ^h vi !
The sk,n of the he.d and neck muTht / '■''^?'"'^' ^'^ '*« position—
behead, and the vertebrae .n Ml VT"'''^ '«s"ie out us far as
rom the head, which,':^;" b'e ^ Ve^d^fro "th'^n' .^'^^'^^^ ""^e
the tongue, may be preserved wi h H.p V^?'^' ^''« ^'^'^'h and
nmg the legs and the tail ihl 7 '•"" '^^ ^''^ neck. In skin
the fle-shhaWn. been tmveV r'° '""T ^' ^'''^''^ '"«ide ou^ InJ
turned to their placesb; 2 ati. ^Th '''^•^'"'•^' *^^>^ «•■« ^oVe re^
a I.ttle cotton or to^r aroiml tCl /^'" °""'' t''^'". ^rst wiad.na-
to^hem when it ^rie.s/r^tt^'ZL ^"^^^"' ^^^ ^k'" ^^^Sf
iocis^lirtm tKSr '^^ J?f r ^ ^ /?"°^^ '- ^^^« two
of the lower jaw, and another from the osfo"'"' 1° ^he symphysis
to the vent or tip of the tail : kin offhr ' "?^ "^ *^*^ breastplate
fleshy parts and viscera without touhin! . f '"''""^ '^"^ '•«"»ove all
preservative, stuff, and .ew -n aS b"!/ ^f- "''''^'''' ''^''^' ^I^P'"
" When turtles, tortoises . ' r, ''°''
be preserved whole t l,V 'o/ r^^;!''; '' ^"j^^^tors. are too large to
cera stripped down iVom^he; .kl' ,h.^' '' l^'' ^'r^' the whole^vis
be put into spirit or solution ¥^0^^^^' ' "^' ''°^*^^' ^^ouTd
21
i
PISHBS.
tire^rS"' "'^' ''''-' ^'--' -0 'arge, a. best preserved en-
when spirit or solutions cannot t n o- 'T'' r u" '"^"^ ''ases/too!
which wrould otherwise be lost. P'°""'«^' ^ ^'^^ may be preserved
JJ'f.a :. tw3t[^;S^S\t",°'^ "^'' ^ ^- ^'- -hole
One-half of the fish can be kin„ernn . • ' '"f'""^^'' °'* '^Pti'e. 2.
preserved. ''"""''^' ^^^ nevertheless its natural forn,
^^os^'h^^^^ mrcdMes, and all
undergo the same process as ^nVeu .SovP^nr^"- ? '"'' ^'''''''^''' '^''""'d
t.Ies. An incision should be 'nade aturthr .'''u' 'f"?'^'' ^"^ "-^P-
remaining intact, or alo,,.- the bollv tL i ^'''■^ "'^'' ^he left always
the flesh, the fins cut at their bSin.. .? '''1" " "^'^^ ''^'"^^-ed from
ted until the base of the sS ^ ^p sed tV""' '"^ "^^^ '^"^^ '"-«-
should be cleaned, an applicat.Wnpe'serrn •'""''" ?"^'^^°^tJ'« '^«ad
after bemg stuffed in the ord'na y^la^v ewpi''' '"'^ '' ""'' '''^ ^^'°'«'
expanded when vvet, on a piec/orrtmT.l"'' f?".!"- ^ins may be
sufficiently stretched for the purpose aI'^ 7^''^ T'" ^^^P ^hem
the whole body and fins, to presSr^'soi^ewhat lin^olor' ''''"' ^"^
trf sltSrLS^Ef^J^^^^^ and CV^^,
and preserved. To eilect th'shyX n f .f ^^. """^ ''" ^'^'^^^d
s'de up ; the one it is intended fonr ""*''" ^able with the left
putting underneath ea h a p ee of na J." t ""^^t ''' '^' «"« by
^Irjing. When the finsareS tuZl : fi°r^'"'^ '' ^'" '-^^^ere on
or a kmfe all round ti,c body, a nitle w thh th! 1 "''? '"/ ^"'^'^ ^^''^^''^
<rom the upper and posterior par of tirhi , ?"' '"? '""t''^' l'°e«>
tail, across the base of the cau.h fin in ^' 'j'^"^ ^^^ ^ack to the
to the lower part of the heaclat n T?' f"'' ''''''' ^^'^"^ ^he bejiy
cut below their articulation ^ This 2" '"'"'' '""''"'' '"^"^^ ^»a' ''"(
body fVom the left side of the sir. n' ^^J?^''^**^ the whole of the
near the head, cut on'thel ly^;ft 'tl^ hX" '"% 'V '^''. ''''' ^hen
and proceed by m^kina- 1 sPrLn • V V^ ''^'"tral and pectoral fins
half of it. ClfantheS r J ; ;^^^-^^^ ---in^ nearly t^e'
cornea and pupil. Cuta c rcular , tee of hi l ^'' '/"'^ °°'^ ^he
the orbit and place it dose to the n mif a t ''fP'' ^^ ^^^ ^'^^ of
the head Vth cotton as 4lU^tl eld v'^'-^ ''^' ^'^T^^ «"
fix It on a board prenared fo- .i. f ^^' ^•""^ o^'er the skin and
base of t,,e ,i„3 " Kletr' f rr'^^/T:;'^"^ " t"° " ''»
the boay in order to give it a mfnr.f • ' i , '^'"^^ ^° I'^ace across
".. be ... „. .eV^ -r >K r ■;tvf: ^
•. -t^'.:.- .
22
destination, where they should be placed on suitable boards of proper
size, for permanent preservation.
Such a collection of well prepared fishes will be useful to the practi-
cal naturalist, and illustrate, in a more complete manner, to the public,
the diversified forms and characters of the class of fishes, which speci-
mens preserved in alcohol do not so readily show.
These skins may also oe preserved in alcohol.
2.— PRESERVING IX LIQUIDS.
The best material for preserving animals of moderate size is alcohol.
When spirits cannot be obtained, the following substitutes may be
used : —
I. Goadby's Solution. — The aluminous fluid, comprises rock
salt, 4- ounces ; alum, 2 ounces ; corrosive sublimate, 4 grains, boiling
water, 2 quarts. Tlir saline solution, composed of rock salt, 8 oun-
ces ; corrosive sublimate, 2 grains ; boiling water, 1 quart To be well
stirred, strained, and cooled.
II. A strong brine, to be used as hereafter indicated for Goadby's
Solution.
III. In extreme cases, '" y salt may be used, and the specimens salted
down like herring, &,c.
The alcohol, when of the ordinary strength, may be diluted with
one-fifth of water, unless it is necessary to crowd the specimens very
much. The fourth proof whiskey of ihe distillery, or the high wines,
constituting an alcohol of abut 60 per cent., will be found best suited
for collections made at permanent stations and for the museum
Lower proofs of rum or whiskey will also answer, but the specimens
must not be crowded at all.
To use Goadby's Solution, the animal should first be macerated for
a few hours in fresh water, to which about half its volume of the con.
centrated solution may then be added. After soaking thus for some
days, the specimens may be transferred to fresh concentrated solution.
When the aluminous fiuid is used to preserve vortebrate animals, these
should not remain in it for more than a few days ; after this, they are
to be soaked in fresh water, and transferred to the saline solution. An
immersion of some weeks in the aluminous fluid will cause a destruction
of the bones. Specimens must be kept submerged in these fluids
The Miccess of the operation will depend very much upon the use of a
weak solution in the first instance, ard a change to the saturated fluid
by one or two intermediate steps.
The collector should have a small keg, jar, tin box, or other suitable
vessel, partially filled with liquor, into which specimens maybe thrown
(alive if possible) as collected. The entrance of the spirit into the cavi-
ties of the body should be facilitated by opening the mouth, and making
a small incision in the abdomen a half or one inch long, or by injectinn-
2S
^ci-
the liquor into the intestines through the anus, by means cf a small
sjnnge. After the animal has soaked for some weeks in this liquor it
should be transfered to fresh. Care should be taken not to crowd the
specimens too much. When it is impossible to transfer specimens to
fresh spirits >rom (ime to time, the strongest alcohol should be origin-
allj used. **
To pack the specimens for transportation, procure a small keg,
which has been properly swelled, by allowing water to stand in it for
a day or two, and from this extract the head by knocking off the upper
hoops. Great care must be taken to make such marks on the hoops
and head, as will assist in their being replaced in precisely the same
relative position to each other and the keg that they originally held.
At the bottom of the keg place a layer of tow or rags, moistened in
liquor, then one of the specimens, then another of tow and another of
speciniens, and so on alternately until the keg is entirely fdled exclu-
sive of the spirit. Replace the head, drive down the hoops, and fill com-
pletely with spirits b> pouring through the bunghole . Allow it to stand
at least half an hour, and then, supplying the deficiency of the liquor,
insert the bung and fasten it securely. An oyster-can or other tin
vessel may be used to great advantage, in which case the aperture
should be soldered up and the vessel inclosed in a box. A glass jar or
bottle may also be employed, but there is always a risk of breakino-
and leaking. In the absence of tow or rags, chopped straw, fine shav*^
iDgs, or dry grass may be substituted.
It will conduce greatly to the perfect preservation of the specimens,
during transportation, jf each one is wrapped up in cotton cloth, or
even paper. A numbrr of smaller specimens may be rolled succes-
sively in the same wrapper. In this way friction, and the consequent
destruction of scales, fins, .\c. will be prevented almost entirely.
Should the specimens to be packed vary m size, the largest should
be placed at the bottom. If the disproportion be vftry great, the de-
licate objects at the top must be separated from those below, by
means of some immoveable partition, which, in the event of the vessel
being inverted, will prevent crushing. The most imperative rule, how-
ever, m packing, is to have the vessel perfectly full, any vacancy ex-
posing the whole to the risk of loss.
It is sometimes necessary to guard against the theft of the spirit em-
ployed, by individuals wiio will njc be deterred from drinking it by the
presence of reptiles, &c. This may be done by adding a small quan-
tity of tartar emetic, ipecacuanha, quassia, or some other disagreeable
substance. The addition of corrosive sublimate will add to the perser-
vative power of the spirit.
Speciraensoftheembryosof animals and of the soft parts obtained
by dissection of specimens, may be preserved in any of the ways above
indicated.
I
24
3. SKELETONS, &c.
Skulls of animals may be prepared by boiling m w Mer for a few hours
A little potash or lye added, will facilitate th. removal of the flesh.
Skeletons may be roughly prepared by skinning the animal and re-
moving aU the viscera, to^gethir with as much of the flesh as possibk^
The bones should then be exposed to the sun or air until completely
dried Previously, however, the brain of large animals should be re-
moved by separating the skull from the spine and extractmg the con-
sents through the large hole in the back of the head. In case it be-
comes neceiary to disjoint a skeleton, care should be taken to attach
a common mark to all the pieces, especially when more than one mdi-
vidual is packed in the same box.
Skulls and skeletons may frequently be picked up, already cleaned
by otSe animals or exposure to weather. By placing -all anima s
near an ant's nest, or in water occupied \;^X"%lV^e^ CX
tacea, very beautiful skeletons may be obtained. The sea-beach
sometimes affords rich treasures in the remains of porpoises, whales,
largea fishes, as sharks, and other aquatic species.
NESTS AND EGGS.
Nests require little preparation beyond packing so as to be secure
from crumbling or injury. The eggs of each nest when emptied may
be replaced in it and the lemainmg space filled with cotton.
E£gs, when fresh, and before the chick has formed, may be emptied
bv luaking a small pin-hole at each end, and blowing or sucking out the
contents. Should liatching have already commenced, an aperture
may be i^ade in one side by carefully pricking w th a '-e need e round a
small circle or ellipse, and thus cutting out a piece. The large kinds
iould be well wa^shed inside, and all allowed to dry before pack.ng
awav If the egg be too small for the name, a number should be
marked with ink corresponding to a memorandum list. Little precau-
Uon is required in packing beyond arranging m layers with cotton
and having the box entirely tilled.
The eggs ofreptiles, provided with a calcareous shell, can be pre-
pared in a similar way.
The effiis of lishes, salamanders, and frogs may be preserved in
spirits, and kept in small vials or bottles. A label should never be
omitted.
n.-INVERTEBRATA.
I.
; 0.
INSECTS, .
The harder kinds may be put in liquor, as above, but the vessel or
bottles should not be very large. Butterflies, wasps, flies, .^c, may be
pinned in boxes, or packed in layers with soft paper or cotton. Mmute
in a
iw hours
esh.
and re-
)ossible.
mpletely
d be re-
the CO ri-
se it be-
;o attach
one indi-
cleaned
1 animals
lall crus-
ea-beach
i, whales,
be secure
itied may
e emptied
ng out the
aperture
le round a
rge kinds
; packing
should be
le precau-
ith cotton
in be pre-
eserved in
d never be
le vessel or
zc, may be
n. Minute
When possible, a number of oy nr o «„ • i
mouths, well stopped by corks sLuM hi V^^'' ""'^^ ^^'f ^^^^
cork or soft wo™ Be?. L J'" •''°"r' "^ *«' '" l-^t lined with
to other bottles. They marif not h ^f"'"™ .'h°"W be tranfemd
directly j„ alcohol. ^ '^' "'" '""'J'' "-e killed by itnmersmg
The camphor should always be fixed in the k«- * . .
would break the feet and lllll'lf '^et^^^
talhne state. It may be kenf in t TL! V ^^" '" * 'o^^e and crys-
Pinned at the bott"m^of the boi ^ °^ '""^'"' '^^ '^^"^^^^ ^"^^ the^
3. RADIATES, MOLLUSKS &o
or any soft material which may be at hfnd ' "^ '" °°"''°'
-rXar:hVi;sSFi^4=^^^
-pa«.orsbell-r:Lt:ronfd%tnC^^^^^^^^^^^^^
legrSZ^t' hTif w^ml't d""''"°,r 'r-'f''''-^ ''■°-''^-
foundin the water shmld hi ' generally all worm-like animals
bottles or viaT" ' " "^ '"^"''""' '" »le»l'»lic liquor,and in smdl
3. MINUTE MICUOSCOPIO ORGANISMS
t^'^^HZ\f::Tiro::z rrr^ 'r, -^ '«-'"-, or
account of their i„tri„"ri„e«? but fc 'tr"" ''Y'^' "»' °°'^ "
general questions in physical ami ;'».,f i ■'"■ "'■"'°° '" ■■"portant
always b'e found to o?cn\h"i°lSg KS, .1''- "'" "»»'«
soils. ll''SI;S;l^tT' '""■"•" ''r' '" P»»' ■>»"• "eadow,.
' ' ^^ "^^° tiieseare remarkably light. ~
26
2. In the raud from the bottom of lakes and pools. A small hand-
ful of this mud or of the confervoid vegetation on the bottom, if dried
without squeezing, will retain the Diatomaceje and Desmidieae.
3. In the mud (dried) from the bottom and along the margins of
^^^'f^^l '° ^°^ locality. The muds from brackish and from fresh waters
will differ in their contents.
4. In soil from the banks of streams,
should both be collected.
The surface and subsoils
5. In the soundings brought up from the bottom of the sea or lakes.
These should be collected from the greatest possible depths. If an
armature be used to the lead, it should be of soap rather than fatty
matter, as being more readily removed from the organisms. The mud
which adheres to anchors, to rocks, &c., below high-^valtv-razxk, as
well as below /ow-water, should also be carefully gathered.
6. In bunches of damp moss from rocks, roofs of houses, trees, boat
pumps, &c.
7. In the deposits in the gutters and spouting of roofs of houses.
8. In the dust which at sea collects upon the sails or decks of
vessels. When not in sufficient quantity to be scraped off, enough
may be obtained for examination by rubbing a piece of soft clean
paper over the surface affected.
Specimens of all these substances should be gathered, and, when
moist, dried without squeezing. The quantity may vary from a few
grains to an ounce, depending on the mode of transportation to be
adopted. Every specimen,ascollected,shouldhavethe date, locality,
depth below the surface, collector, ^c, marked immediately upon
the envelope. ^ •*
For further directions, and for information respecting nets, dredges,
cabinets, &c., " Davies' Practical Naturalist's Guide,"* is recommend-
ed to the Student.
i
' McLachlan and Stewart, Edinburgh,
27
^mBt of fated Iktorj,
UNIVERSITY OF McGILL COLLEGE,
From the Calendar for 1869-60.
1. Zoology and Oompaeativb Phtsiology, (Second year's Students.)
plant. ^'"''"^ ''''""' "^ •^"'■'""' ^'^'' "'^^ °^*^^ ^^^^^^'^^ °f tb« ^-°»al to the
2. ^ni,«ai mstology.-.1^,^ elementary cell and its metamorphoses -Mi-
croscopic examination of tissues. ""iorpnoses. jvn-
lower a'lTmlfs" ''^ •^""'^"'*'-^^*^ -P--^ -Terence to the physiology of the
4. Prmci^Us of Classification. -Tyj^e or homology.-Analogy and adapta-
tion.-True nature of the species, genus, and other groups in Zoology
hrl ^;*ff ^i^^""'"^-^ -The Radiata, Mollusca. Articulata and Verte-
brata, illustrated by typical examples, and as far as possible by Canadian
species.-Notices of Geographical distribution of animals.
6. Instruction and Illustrations in collecting and preserving specimens,
and determinmg species. • o t- ,
Text.Books.~Syno]^3i3 by the Professor. Owen's Lectures.
II. BoTANY.~(Third year's Students.)
1. Vegetable Histology, or the Study of the Elementary Tissues of Plants
with a description of the Microscope and its uses in Botanical Investigations!
2. Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology, ov the Structure and Functions of
the Nutritive and Reproductive Organs of Plants.
3. Vegetable Nutrition, and General Phenomena connected with Plant
Li lie.
4 Taxological Botany, or the Classification of Plants-with a description
of the most important Natural Orders, under the Divisions. £.:o^.n<., Endo-
geiue and Cryptogamia. ® '
5. Geographical Botany, or the distribution of Plants over the Globe.
Text book.—Qr&y's Botanical Text-Book.
III.
Geology and Paleontology.— (Fourth year's Students.)
Hrt;. f''''''^'Sy.-Ohemioal and Physical characters of Minerals, including
CrysMlography ; Methods of determining Minerals, with examples ; Descrk,?
tive Mineralogy, with especial reference to the species important in a..uL
or useiul in the Arts. ' ' — a.-
*
I
« J; r ^I'l'^y-^'^'^^^'^^o^ of Rocks and their structure on the smdl
scaJe.-Ongm of Rocks, aqueous, volcaalc. plutonic, metamorphic-ArrZe
"nudati^n ' °° ''' '^''^ '''''' ^^^^"«-«-' ^'-^tion and disturbancfs;
3. Chronological Geology and Palceontology. -Data for determininrr t>,.
relative ages of formations. Classification according to a^ Zn. n .
Flora ofthe successive periods. Geology of British America' ""'
4. Practtca and Economical GeoZogy.-Methods of observation and of mak-
IV. Practical and Honor CoviiSB,-(Siude7its of the Fourth vear nn i ^
CM Students). Stn,.nts entering for honors mu(t havrpalTcStab^
the examinations in Elementary Chemistry, Zoolo-y, Boianv anrlP •
mental Physics ; and should know the Eleme'nts of Drf ;ing TtuTe'ts eT^^^^^
ing for pracical purposes will be required only to satisfj the Prof s or o
their fitness for the studies of the class. rroiessor ol
The course will consist of demonstrations and explanations on the following
subjects, with such modifications as may be found necessary to suit th fuZe
pursuits of students-Examination, determination, and description of splc
uTofTh? M ^''^''''''- '"' °' ''^"^^^^ '^''''^'^ - NatuL Hi ory.1
Use of the Microscope in original investigation-Preparation of Specimens
for study and preservation.-Special studies in the Zoology, GelgT and
Pa. ontology of British America, with field work when pracUcabl Students
will be requ.red to read such of the following books as may be appointed -
Owens Lectures on the Invertebrate Animals ; Jones' Animal Kingdom -
Lyell s Prmciples and Elements; De laBeche's Geological Observer fMurchi-
son s Si una ; and for local information, Logan & Hunt's Geology of Canada •
Dawson's Acadian Geology; Lyell's Travels in North America. Books o
reference will be furnished from the College Library.
PRIMED BY J. C. BKCKET, 38 GREAT ST. JAMB3 STREET, MONTREAL.'
«